Question: Has Anderson “The Spider” Silva won MMA world titles?

Anderson Silva

[46] Private Life Anderson Silva is married to Dayane Silva


Question: Has Anderson “The Spider” Silva won MMA world titles?

Anderson Silva

The couple have five children.


Question: Has Anderson “The Spider” Silva won MMA world titles?

Anderson Silva

[47] Silva is the protagonist of the documentary film Like Water, released in 2011.


Question: Has Anderson “The Spider” Silva won MMA world titles?

Anderson Silva

The film chronicles his preparation for his bout with Chael Sonnen at UFC 117.


Question: Has Anderson “The Spider” Silva won MMA world titles?

Anderson Silva

[47] [48] Prior to his sports career, Silva worked at McDonald's.


Question: Has Anderson “The Spider” Silva won MMA world titles?

Anderson Silva

[49] Matches Sources on topic elsewhere Category:Brazilian MMA fighters Category:MMA fighters convicted of doping violation Category:Living persons Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor (often also Ockham's razor, principle of thrift [1]) is the principle that the number of factors explaining phenomena should be minimal.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The explanations must therefore eliminate all additional factors, that is, theories should be as simple as possible.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to Occam's Razor, the simplest of competing, equally explanatory theories should be chosen.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[2] Occam's razor is named after the English Franciscan brother and philosopher William Occamite.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The designation “razor” refers to the idea that the principle cuts out of the theory excess assumptions, or from the ontology assumed by the theory, away excess entities.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The principle originally described the tendency of Vilhelm's nominalist thought towards minimalism.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Today it is often understood as a rule of thumb favouring economics and simplicity, especially in scientific theories.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor can be talked about as a simplicity principle that one should assume no more than necessary.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to the broader simplicity principle, the simplest explanation is most likely to be the best one.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

For example, a single tree burned on a cinder in a forest might be the result of a flying saucer landing on the ground or, say, a lightning strike.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's Razor says lightning strike is a better explanation because it requires fewer assumptions.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In ancient times, imaginary monsters were placed in unexplored areas of nautical charts that were believed to be lurking there.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor is also used to eliminate assumptions such as this one.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

For Occam's Razor, there is a revision corollary once put forward by Albert Einstein, Einstein's grindstone, that a theory must be as simple as possible, but not too simple, to be most likely true.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to it, a more complex theory that explains things simpler better and more gaply is most likely true.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Walter Chatton, a controversial associate of William Ockhamile, put forward an “anti-razor” for the razor: if a smaller number of entities is not enough, assume more.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor is an attractive and intuitive principle, but it is difficult to accurately formulate which explanation is simpler than the other.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Ideally, there are two theories in which the set of starting assumptions (premises) of one is included in the set of the output assumptions of the other.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In practice, you can hardly deal with the complexity of theories this simply.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

History of William the Occamite (ca.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

1285—1349) is known as a prominent nominalist, but the general public knows him first and foremost for the principle named after him, known as “Occam's (or Ockham's) razor”: entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem (“things should not be duplicated unnecessarily”, otherwise saying what can be explained by the assumption of fewer numbers of entities is pointless explained by the assumption of more entities).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[2] [3] [4] The idea sums up the minimalist trait general to Vilhelm's philosophical thought well, but it has not been found in any of his works as such.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The closest that is known from him in terms of thought seems to be numquam ponenda est pluralitas sine necessitate (“multiplicity should not be assumed unnecessarily”).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

It appears in Vilhelm's theological work Quaestiones et decisiones in quattuor libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi (i, dist.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

27, qu.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

2, K), which dealt with the Sentences of Petrus Lombardus.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In Summa Totius Logicae (i.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

12) William put forward the corresponding principle of thrift frustra fit per plura quod potest fieri per pauciora (“it is pointless to use more things for what can be done with less”).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[3] [4] The principle was common in medieval philosophy and can be traced back to the works of earlier philosophers: these include e.g.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Alhazen (965-1039), [5] Maimonides (1138-1204), Duns Scotus (1265—1308), Thomas Aquinese (ca.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

1225—1274) and even Aristotle (384—322 BCE).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[1] [6] The designation “Occam's Razor” first appears in a work by William Hamilton (1788—1856) in 1852, hundreds of years after the death of William Ockhamitic.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

William therefore did not actually invent the razor named after him, but has been associated with him possibly because he used it frequently and effectively.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[7] Although William put forward the principle in many different forms, its most famous formulation comes not from him himself but from John Ponce of 1639.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[3] Justification Aesthetic and Practical Justifications Before the 20th century it was generally thought that nature itself is simple and therefore simpler explanations of natural phenomena were more likely to be true.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

This idea was based on the aesthetic value that simplicity has for human thought.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Thomas Aquinese formulated this idea in the 13th century, saying, “if something can be achieved pertinently by means of one, it is superfluous to do it by means of several; because we find that nature does not use two spacers when one is sufficient”.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[8] The general form of the razor used in a selection situation between two equally explanatory hypotheses can be justified by the fact that simplicity has practical value.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The aim of hypotheses is to give an accurate description of a phenomenon, and simplicity is a valuable feature of the explanation because it makes the explanation easier to understand and exploit.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Thus, if two hypotheses are equally explanatory and neither seems more accurate than the other, the simpler one should be preferred over complex because simplicity is practical.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Empirical arguments One way in which a theory or principle can be justified is by empirical method; in other words, if simpler explanations seemed to have been more often true than more complex ones, this would support Occam's razor.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor, however, is not a theory in the sense that it is a model based on inductive reasoning that can be used in explaining and predicting observations; instead, it is a heuristic maxim for making a choice between theories.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

This way it cannot be justified against some other hypothetical alternative, because this would easily lead to a perimeter conclusion.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor can be seen as a completely outside principle of empirical science.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

It's a widely accepted assumption or mode of discussion.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

There is little empirical support for the idea that reality is simple or that the simplest explanations are more likely to be true than complex. [9].


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The falsifiability criterion Karl Popper held that the preference for simple theories need not be justified on practical or aesthetic grounds alone.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Simplicity may be favoured based on his principle of falsifiability: we prefer simple theories over complex ones because their empirical content is greater and because they are more testable.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[10] In other words, simpler theory can be applied in more cases than complex theories, and are therefore easier to prove to be incorrect when necessary.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Informativity argument Elliott Sober put forward earlier in Popper's style that simplicity is coupled with “informativity”: the simplest theory is the most informative insofar as less information is required to answer the questions asked.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[11] However, Sober has later rejected this idea of simplicity because it fails to provide information theoretical justification for simplicity.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

He now considers that simplicity is not enough unless it reflects something more basic.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to him, philosophers may have made the mistake of giving simplicity an existence sui generis, when in reality it only acquires meaning in some particular context.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[12] Logicality argument Richard Swinburne advocates simplicity on logical grounds: the simplest hypothesis offered as an explanation for some phenomenon is more likely to be true than any other hypothesis available, that is, the predictions it generates are more likely to be true than the predictions produced by other hypotheses; and the principle that simplicity is evidence for truth is an aprioric knowledge theoretic principle.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[13] According to Swinburne, we have an innate tendency to favour simplicity, and the striving for simplicity is in line with everyday sense.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Since empirical data cannot determine which theory is correct (see: subdetermination and Duhem—Quine thesis), we must apply some criterion to determine which theory should be used.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Since it would be absurd not to have any logical method to choose any hypothesis from among hypotheses that fit together infinitely many empirical datasets, we should choose the simplest theory: “science is either irrational, or the simplicity principle is fundamental synthetic aprioric truth”.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[13] Probability Theoretical Justifications One intuitive argument for Occam's razor use is a direct result of probability theory: any new additional assumptions increase the possibility of errors.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

If the assumption doesn't improve the accuracy of the theory, its only consequence is that it increases the probability that the entire theory is flawed.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Applications Scientific method Occam's razor can be used as an aid to the scientific method in a situation where two theories explain the same observational data equally.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In this case, the theories choose the option that requires the least assumptions.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The point of Occam's razor principle is to propose consideration of simpler theories (for many reasons) until the evidential power of more complex theories is able to surpass the principle of simplicity.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The simplest theory is thus often the weakest theory, whose task is essentially to shift the burden of proof to the presenters of more complex theories.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In science, Occam's razor is also sometimes used as a heuristic rule (“rule of thumb”) to guide scientists in the development of theoretical models, than as a rule that would help make choices between two competing models.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[14] [15] As a scientific method, Occam's razor expresses an information-theoretic, ontological and heuristic mode of discussion, not a logical principle or the outcome of scientific inquiry.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[12] [16] [17] [18] In physics, the principle of thrift has been an important heuristic principle in the development and application of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, [19] [20] Pierre Louis Maupertuis and Leonhard Euler's development and application of the principle of least influence [21] and Louis de Broglie, Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger in the development of quantum mechanics.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[15] [22] [23] In chemistry, Occam's razor is often an important heuristic principle in the development of reaction mechanistic models.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[24] [25] While the principle is useful for developing reaction mechanistic models, it has nevertheless been found to fail in choosing between published models.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[15] Occam's razor is often a preservable tool that maintains “normal science”.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

There are exceptions, however, when the application of the principle has made the scientist a reluctant revolutionary of science; for example, Max Planck formulated his now-accepted quantum hypothesis and held to it, utilizing Occam's razor logic.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[15] However, there are also cases where misuse of the principle has suppressed or slowed scientific progress due mainly to a reluctance to accept more complex theories as an explainer of observational data.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[18] For example, DNA was initially rejected as a carrier of genetic information; proteins were assumed to be the carrier because the explanation seemed even simpler at the time.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor is a logical principle that, according to which the scientist evaluates probably the simplest possible explanations for the observational data.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

However, simplicity and complexity are relative concepts whose meaning depends on the context in which they are applied and the applicant's understanding.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Without an objective criterion for simplicity, Occam's razor itself does not support making objective choices.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[18] One example is the problem in 19th-century physics of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in space.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

It may seem that it is more complicated to assume a separate medium of light, the ether, than to watch light simply propagate in a vacuum.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

However, all previously known waves were propagated by some physical matter, and for many physicists it seemed simpler for a long time to postulate a separate matter than to form a theory of how waves would travel without a neurotransmitter.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Later, the idea of the existence of ether was abandoned.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The history of science has shown Occam's Razor to have encouraged those presenting more complex theories to back up their claims with the latest evidence rather than relying solely on the material available at any given time.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Although theories compatible with the available data are often preferred to the simplest, they may develop into complexity with time as evidence for new observations is made.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[14] [17] Furthermore, a feature of theories is that a theory can become increasingly complex in favour of its structure (or syntax) as its ontology (or semantics) develops simpler at the same time, or vice versa.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[16] One example is the oft-cited relativity.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The problem with Occam's razor is the potential subjectivity in utilizing the principle.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

A simple theory of a single worldview easily appears as simple, clear, logical and even self-evident, questioning the more complex theories that contradict it, especially if they additionally require incomprehensible explanations and absurd additional assumptions.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor might thus become a “mirror of prejudice.”


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

If several models of a natural law make exactly the same testable predictions, they are the same, and the principle of thrift is not needed to choose between them.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

For example, the mechanics of Newton, Hamiltonian, and Lagrange coincide.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Physicists are not interested in utilizing Occam's razor to say that two of the models would be false.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Similarly, there is no need to choose between wave and matrix formats in quantum mechanics.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[17] Statistics on Occam's razor has attempted to develop formal representations based on probability theory in order to apply it in statistical inference.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Scientists have put forward, for example, a link between Occam's razor and Kolmogorov complexity.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

One problem with the original Occam's razor design is that it is only suitable for models that are equal in terms of explanatory power (i.e. it favours simpler otherwise equally good designs).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

A more general form can be derived from the razor using Bayesian model comparison.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

It can be used to compare models that do not fit the observational data to the same extent.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In this case it is possible to establish a balance between the complexity of the model and the power of explanation.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Various approaches include the information criterion of Aall, Bayesian information criterion, Bayesian variation learning, and Laplace approximation.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

William H. Jefferys and James O. Berger [26] have sought to generalize and quantify the original razor default concept.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

They have defined it as the degree at which the model attempts to unnecessarily accommodate the possible observational data.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The model they propose seeks to balance the accuracy of the predictions produced by the theory and the sharpness of the theories: theories that produce their sharply correct predictions are favored more than theories that would have additionally included a large number of possible outcomes.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Burden of Certificate The most common applications of Occam's razor is the burden of the certificate.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

This means that the person making any positive claim or theory will have to provide evidence for it.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

This is especially true of claims of existence.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

William Occamite himself held that the principle of the razor does not permit the denial of the existence of any, unnecessary thing, only calls for the assumption of unnecessary things to be avoided.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

This was because, according to him, people can never know what is really necessary and what is not.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[27] In philosophy, however, the burden of testimony can be applied, for example, to questions about the existence of universals, mental, and God.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Metaphysics: the existence of universals William the Occamian has often been regarded as having applied the razor principle himself to his nominalist position in the universal dispute, although on the other hand there have also been entirely separate arguments based on logic.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[27] William wrote that many errors in philosophy originate from the assertion that each separate thing is always matched by a separate word, so that there are as many distinct entities as there are different names or words by which they are denoted.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[28] We are therefore inclined to assume that all words correspond to some existing entity (hand theorealism).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to Vilhelm, this leads to all sorts of absurd situations, such as “the accidence inheroi through inherence”, “the chimera is nothing because it has non-micity”, “the man is the father thanks to fatherhood” and so on.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

We would instead say, for example, “a man is a father because he has a son”.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[29] Philosophy of mind: existence of the mental George Berkeley was a subjective idealist who held that the whole reality is explainable through the mind alone.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

He utilized Occam's razor in his argument against idealism's metaphysical rival, materialism, or material concept of reality.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to Berkeley, his metaphysics did not need matter and therefore matter was eliminable.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In 20th-century philosophy of mind, J. J. C. Smart utilized Occam's razor when, in his article “Sensations and Brain Processes” (1959), he supported type-identity theory with its use against mind-body dualism.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to dualists, there are two types of substances in the universe, physical (including body) and mental (such as mind).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Proponents of identity theory, on the other hand, consider everything to be physical, including mind and consciousness, and nothing non-physical exists (physicalism).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Of these two theories, dualism and identity theory, the latter seems to be the simpler because it binds to a smaller number of different entities.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Paul Churchland has also used Occam's razor against dualism.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The advantage of materialism, he argues, is that the existence of physical things is certain, while the existence of mental things is not.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

However, Churchland says this is not yet decisive between dualism and materialism as a justification; [30] what is decisive instead is the greater explanatory power of the materialistic view given the research findings of neurobiology.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to Dale Jacquette, Occam's razor is the main rationale behind eliminativism and reductionism in philosophy of mind.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to eliminativism, such entities within the ontology of everyday psychology as “joy”, “grief”, “desire”, and “fear” are eliminable and replaceable by the ontology of finished neuroscience.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[31] Philosophy of Religion: The Existence of God In philosophy of religion Occam's razor has often been applied to the question of God's existence: if the concept of God does not help in explaining the universe, then it can be argued that God is irrelevant and should be “cut out”.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[32] The idea is based on the assertion that belief in God requires more and more complex assumptions to explain the universe than disbelief.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

For example, Richard Dawkins argues in his documentary The Root of All Evil? that none of the miracle healings brought about by the Virgin Mary of Lourdes require the existence of God as an explanation; healings have always been about diseases that could have healed themselves as well.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The history of theistic thought has produced many arguments that seek to show that this is not the case — that the difficulties faced by a theory without a God-assumption are equal to or greater than that of a theory that assumes God.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

For example, cosmological testimony posits that the universe must have a first cause, and that this cause is God; and teleological testimony posits that planning and order are observed in the universe, which must originate from the supernatural intellect.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Most of the scientific community disapproves of such arguments, and favors explanations that deal with the same phenomena based on existing scientific models.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

However, the existence of God has also been defended on other kinds of grounds (among them Reformed epistemology, presuppositional apologetics, and fideism).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Although Occam's razor is now often used against theism, William the Occamite himself was a theist.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

He held that certain Christian texts were factual, and their message equivalent to both logic and sensory perceptions.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In his view, diversity should not be assumed unless it could be shown to be necessary through (a) reason, (b) experience, or (c) someone's infallible authority; where the latter referred to the Bible, saints, and certain pronouncements of the Church (the Pope).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[15] According to Wilhelm, an explanation that is not in harmony with reason, experience, or the sources cited cannot be read as valid.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Incorrect use of Occam's razor can also be misused, thus becoming an argumentation error.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor doesn't mean that “the simplest explanation is the correct explanation”, but “the simplest explanation is most likely the correct explanation”.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The formula for abuse is as follows: Theory A is simpler than theory B. Thus theory A is true For example, classical physics is simpler as a theory than later theories of physics, but it should still not be preferred over later theories because it is relative to them incorrect in many ways.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The theory's first requirement is that it works; that the predictions it produces are correct, and it is not falsified.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor can only be used once theories have passed these tests, and one is in a selection situation with two or more theories supported to the same extent by the observational data.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The simplest theories should therefore be favoured ceteris paribus, while other things remain unchanged.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In this case, other things include the support the theory receives from the observational data.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Occam's razor can also be abused in skepticism taken too far: That the moonwalks are staged in the studio is a much simpler explanation than that man actually would have visited the Moon.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Therefore, there is no reason to regard moonwalks as anything other than staged television theatre.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

However, this explanation ignores the fact that a moonwalking hoax would require a conspiracy of such a large scale that its creation and secrecy would likely be more demanding to actually perform moonwalks.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Galileo Galilei gushed about Occam's razor abuse in his Dialogue.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

In it, the principle is used by Simplicio.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Galilei points out ironically that if you really wanted to start with a small number of different entities, then the letters could be thought of as basic, because using them could be used to assemble all human knowledge.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Anti-razors Occam's razor has now and then faced opposition from those who have deemed it too extreme or ill-advised.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

The most famous “anti-razor” design comes from Walter Chatton.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

He was a contemporary of William the Occamite, and developed his own anti-razor as a counterpart to Vilhelm's idea: “if three things are not enough to explain something, one should assume a fourth thing, and so on”.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Anti-razors have also been styled by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Immanuel Kant and Karl Menger.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Leibniz's version took the form of the principle of abundance (as Arthur Lovejoy has called it) form.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

According to the idea, God created the most diverse and abundant of all possible worlds.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Kant wanted to limit Occam's razor sanctions and therefore created his own counterrazor: entium varietates non temere esse minuendas (“to be diversity should not be reduced thoughtlessly”).


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

[33] Menger considered mathematicians to be too sparing with respect to entities, so he formulated his own law, which can be presented in two forms: “entities shall not be reduced to the point that they are inadequate” and “it is pointless to do with less that which requires more”.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

A less serious but extreme version of the anti-razor is the 'Pataphysics' developed by Alfred Jarry, which seeks to see all events in the universe as completely separate and independent events that do not follow any laws other than their own.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Example Two trees have fallen on a windy night.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Consider both possible explanations: The wind has felled the trees.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Two meteorites have both toppled one tree, collided and eradicated any trace of their existence.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

While both explanations are possible, when applying Occam's razor we should prefer the first explanation because the first explanation is simpler and it assumes fewer entities.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

See also Eliminativism KISS Principle Reductionism Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ariew, Roger| title = Ockham's Razor: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Ockham's Principle of Parsimony| publisher = Champaign-Urbana, University of Illinois| year = 1976}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Häyry, Heta & Karttunen, Hannu & Virtanen, Matti (ed.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

) | title = Devil's Advocate: Guidebook for skeptic| publisher = Helsinki: Astronomical Association Ursa| year = 1989| version = Ursa publications 38| id = ISBN 951-9269-48-7| format = [online version]}} On topic elsewhere entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Carroll, Robert T. Sr.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

(ed.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Stork, David G.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

(ed.


Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

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Question: In what country was Occam's razor principle invented?

Occam's Razor

Category:Philosophy terms Category:Ontology Category:Philosophy of Science Category:Principles Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United FC is a north-east English football club founded in 1892.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The club is based in Newcastle upon Tyne and blood enemy Sunderland AFC south of the River Tyne.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United plays in black and white-striped gaming outfits and its home stadium is St James' Park.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The team currently plays in the English Premier League, the highest league level in England, where it rose from the English Championship Series at the conclusion of the 2016—17 season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United are known by the nickname The Magpies ().


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The team's supporters are often referred to as The Toon Army or Geordies.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United's traditional endorsement song is Blaydon Races.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

For several years, Mark Knopfler's song Going Home (Theme of the Local Hero), played at Newcastle's home matches as players run onto the pitch, has also formed into a kind of club theme song.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[1] Newcastle United's traditional home game outfit is a black and white striped jersey, black trousers and black socks.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, that playing outfit is not Newcastle's original home game outfit, as the team played its home matches until 1894 wearing red shirts and white trousers.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United's current logo is based on the coat of arms of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, which also includes two seahorses.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The club's now-shaped logo has been in use since the 1988—1989 season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[2] History of Newcastle's first football clubs The city of Newcastle's first football club Tyne Association was founded in 1877.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Stanley Cricket Club founded in 1881 in Byker as Newcastle's second football club.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The club's name was taken in 1882 as Newcastle East End FC.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

West End Cricket Club established a third football club in the town in August 1882, taking the name Newcastle West End FC.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[3] In 1889, the Northern Football League was formed, where Newcastle West End and Newcastle East End moved to play.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

After a few years Newcastle West End ran into financial problems and some of the club's players moved on to play for Newcastle East End.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Eventually Newcastle East End and Newcastle West End decided to merge in May 1892.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In order to strengthen the club's supporter base, it was felt that a new merger club to be formed needed a new name.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

For example, Newcastle Rangers, Newcastle City and Newcastle FC were proposed as the club's new name.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Eventually, Newcastle United was chosen as the club's name.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The new name sought to emphasise the fact that the club had come into being as a result of the merger of the two clubs.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle West End's home stadium, St James' Park, was chosen as the home stadium of the new club.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[3] Early years (1892—1939) Newly formed Newcastle United attempted to qualify at the start of the 1892—1893 season to play in the English 1st Division, but the club was not accepted into Division One.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle thus continued in the Northern Football League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the following season, 1893—1894, Newcastle United again sought promotion to the English 1st Division, but the club was still not accepted.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, Newcastle United were accepted to play in England's English 2nd Division.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United's first match in the English 2nd Division was an away match played on 2 September 1893 against London-based Woolwich Arsenal, or current club Arsenal.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The match finished tied 2—2.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[3] In the 1897—1898 season, Newcastle finished second in Division 2 and rose to the English 1st Division for the first time.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

At the conclusion of the first Division One season, 1898—1899, Newcastle United finished thirteenth.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The first decade of the 20th century was a successful one for Newcastle United.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

A number of promising players emerged into the Newcastle squad.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United's style of play developed into a fast short-pass game and the club began to achieve success.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United won the Division One title for the first time in the 1904—1905 season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[4] Newcastle amassed 48 points during the season, beating second-placed Everton by a point.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United came close to winning the doubles title in the same season, as Newcastle lost in the FA Cup final to Aston Villa by goals 0—2.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The following season, 1905—1906, Newcastle lost in the FA Cup final to Everton by a reading of 0—1.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the 1906—1907 season, Newcastle won the Division One Championship, the highest league level in England, for the second time.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The championship came with 51 points and a three-point difference to Bristol City.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The next notable achievement was the FA Cup Final qualification place achieved in the 1907—1908 season, where the team lost 1—3 to Wolverhampton.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[5] In the 1908—1909 season, Newcastle United won the Division 1 title for the third time.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Despite the championship, the season also accommodated bitter disappointments.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In December, Newcastle lost 9—1 to Sunderland, although the match was 1—1 in a half-time situation.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, Newcastle won the championship by 53 points, a seven-point difference to Everton and a nine-point difference to Sunderland.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The following season, 1909—1910, Newcastle United appeared for the fourth time in an FA Cup final, eventually managing to win the FA Cup for the first time.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[4] In the final, the team defeated Barnsley in a rematch 2—0.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The first final had ended in a 1—1 draw.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The following year, Newcastle United still made it to the FA Cup final, but lost it to Bradford City in a rematch played after a goalless draw by goals 0—1.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[5] In the early years of the 1910s, Newcastle's grips in Division One deteriorated.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The club remained below tenth place for the 1912—1915 seasons.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Football kits were interrupted by World War I for the duration of 1915-1919.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

After World War I, Newcastle United re-emerged as the top team in Division One as new players emerged.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Attacker Hughie Gallacher, who also served as the team's captain, emerged as the team's most important player.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Other key players in the squad included Neil Harris, Stan Seymour and Frank Hudspeth.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In 1924, Newcastle United progressed, after a 14-year hiatus, all the way to the FA Cup Final.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the final, Newcastle United defeated Aston Villa.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The FA Cup win was the second in the club's history.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

At the conclusion of the 1926—1927 season, Newcastle United won the English 1st Division Championship for the fourth time.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the early 1930s Newcastle United's playing performances deteriorated and in the 1930—1931 season the club was already close to relegation, eventually finishing seventeenth in Division One.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United lost their season-ending team top scorer, Hughie Gallacher, to Chelsea.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The next major victory Newcastle United achieved in the 1931—1932 season, when the club won the FA Cup for the third time in the club's history.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the final, Newcastle defeated Arsenal 2—1.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[4] At the conclusion of the 1933—1934 season, Newcastle United were relegated to Division Two after being in Division One continuously for 35 seasons.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle were among the top teams in Division 2 for many seasons but failed to climb back into Division One.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

For the duration of World War II, 1939—1946, football kits in England were suspended and no matches were played.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[4] Era in Division One (1946—1961) After the Second World War, a new team was once again undertaken at Newcastle.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

under manager George Martin.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

At the conclusion of the 1946—1947 season, Newcastle United finished fifth in Division Two.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the following season, 1947—1948, Newcastle United achieved second place and rose to Division One.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The 1948—1949 league season went well in Division One, with Newcastle eventually finishing fourth in the series.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The team's most important player emerged as striker Jackie Milburn, under whose leadership the first few seasons in Division One were successful.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The 1949—1950 season also went well with the team finishing fifth in the series.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Milburn formed a dangerous striker duo with acquired Chilean striker George Robledo in the squad.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Following George Martin, Stan Seymour took over as manager again in 1950.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the 1951—1952 season, George Robledo was the top scorer of the entire 1st Division.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

At the same time, Robledo became the first foreign player to win the 1st Division goal kingship.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United's standings remained throughout the 1950s with both sides of tenth place in Division One.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United managed to win the FA Cup three times in the 1950s, in 1951, 1952 and 1955.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the late 1950s, Len White emerged as Newcastle United's star striker.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

White played for Newcastle during the 1952—1962 seasons, scoring 197 goals in 245 games.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, Newcastle's player material began to deteriorate around the turn of the 1960s.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In 1958, Charlie Mitten became the new manager.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The team managed to retain their place in Division 1, but eventually ended the 1960—1961 season saw Newcastle relegated to the 2.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

to the division.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[4] Joe Harvey's time (1962—1975) as Newcastle United's new manager was appointed in 1962 by Joe Harvey.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Harvey's goal was to lift Newcastle back into Division One.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, Newcastle were forced to seek a serial rise in Division Two for four seasons.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

It was not until the 1964—1965 season that Newcastle won Division 2 and climbed back to Division One.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The first few seasons in Division One were a successful battle to retain a league place.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Between the 1967—1973 seasons, Newcastle United standings fluctuated either side of tenth place.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

During these seasons Newcastle's most important players were strikers Pop Robson and Malcolm Macdonald.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In manager Joe Harvey's final seasons, 1973—1974 and 1974—1975, Newcastle finished fifteenth twice in a row with Macdonald once again being the team's top scorer.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Under Joe Harvey, Newcastle progressed all the way to the FA Cup Final in the 1973—1974 season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Malcolm Macdonald was among the team's most important players with his eight goals as Newcastle progressed after colourful stages and many rematches to the Fa Cup final after a 19-year hiatus.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the FA Cup final, however, Liverpool, coached by Bill Shankly, were too strong.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Kevin Keegan settled the final with his two goals and eventually Liverpool won the final 3—0.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[4] With varying degrees of success (1976—1992) after Joe Harvey, Gordon Lee became Newcastle manager.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Under Lee's leadership, Newcastle United achieved fifteenth place in Division One in the 1975—1976 season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the middle of the following 1976—1977 season Lee took over as Everton manager and Lee's assistant coach Richard Dinnis was appointed as the new manager.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Despite the changes Newcastle United finished the season nicely finishing fifth in Division One.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The following 1977—1978 season started miserably and Newcastle lost ten consecutive matches.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In early November, manager Dinnis was sacked and Bill McGarry was appointed as the new manager.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

At the conclusion of the season, Newcastle United were relegated to Division Two, where the club remained until 1984.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[4] At the conclusion of the 1983—84 season, Newcastle United won Division 2 and climbed back to Division One.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

After five seasons in Division 1, Newcastle United were relegated again to Division Two in the 1988—1989 season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The constant wave movement continued, as in the 1989—1990 season Newcastle were still fighting for ascension to Division One, but in the following seasons Newcastle's grips deteriorated.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The 1991—92 season became really difficult and the club was in danger of relegation to Division 3.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, there were major changes in the ownership of the club, which was struggling with poor playing performances and constant danger of relegation.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United rose to become the principal owner of millionaire John Hall, who also became chairman of the club in 1992.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[4] Kevin Keegan era (1992—97) Chairman Hall initiated rapid measures in Newcastle.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Manager Osvaldo Ardiles was sacked and was replaced as the new manager by Kevin Keegan.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Under Keegan's leadership, Newcastle managed to avoid relegation and thus retained their place in the English 2nd Division.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Manager Keegan's new player acquisitions included defender Barry Venison, midfielders Robert Lee and Paul Bracewell and striker Andy Cole, bought from Bristol City.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

With the help of new acquisitions, Newcastle won the Division One title at the conclusion of the 1992—93 season and rose to the newly created Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Keegan continued to strengthen the squad by acquiring Peter Beardsley from Everton, Ruel Fox from Norwich City and Darren Peacock from Queens Park Rangers.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The team's first season in the 1993—94 Premier League was a successful one, as the team finished third in the league.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The ranking was the club's highest league ranking since 1927.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Andy Cole and Peter Beardsley emerged as the team's most important players in their first premiership season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

At the end of the season, Cole won the overall Premier League goal kingship with 34 goals.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Due to the attack-winning style of play favoured by manager Keegan, sports television channel Sky Sports began nominating the team under the designation “The Entertainers”.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[6] Another premiership season, 1994—95, was more challenging for Newcastle.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Before the season started, Belgian defender Philippe Albert from RSC Anderlecht was acquired in defence.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In January 1995, striker Andy Cole was sold to Manchester United for £6.25 million.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the player trade, Newcastle also gained midfielder Keith Gillespie.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Cole's sale sparked astonishment among supporters.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Sales of the top scorer weakened the team and Newcastle's grip on the pitch deteriorated.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the end, the team finished sixth in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[7] Prior to the start of the 1995—96 season, Newcastle were again strengthened with new players.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

New players included defender Warren Barton, who switched from Wimbledon, midfielder David Ginola, as well as goalkeeper Shaka Hislop, who has moved from Reading.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

To replace Andy Cole, Keegan bought from Queens Park Rangers for £6m, England striker Les Ferdinand.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The squad was strengthened even further as the season wore on by acquiring striker Faustino Asprilla from Parma and midfielder David Batty from Blackburn Rovers.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[8] Newcastle's early season was going well and by early 1996 the points difference between Newcastle, who led the Premier League, and second-placed Manchester United, had already grown to 12 points.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The rest of the season did not go well, however.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In late December 1995, Newcastle lost at Old Trafford to Manchester United 2—0.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In March 1996, Newcastle lost at home at St. James Park again to Manchester United 0—1.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Next up was a 2—0 away defeat to Arsenal.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Kirvelev's defeat was experienced on 3 April at Anfield as Liverpool beat Newcastle at home 4—3.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

What emerged as the match decider in extra time was Liverpool's Stan Collymore, who scored the match-winning goal.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The match has been considered later to be one of the classic matches of the Kevin Keegan era.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Due to defeats and surprising draws, Newcastle lost their lead and eventually Manchester United won the league championship.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle United finished second in the series, losing the championship by a 4-point difference.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[7] Manager Kevin Keegan decided to continue growing the team's offensive power.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Keegan's aim was to acquire England national striker Alan Shearer from Blackburn Rovers for the team.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

A native of Newcastle, Shearer was also interested in a move to Newcastle, although he had also been interested by many other major European clubs.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Eventually Alan Shearer moved on to Newcastle on 30 July 1996 for £15 million.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The transfer amount was the world record sum for football transfers of that moment.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[9] The 1996—97 season started well for Newcastle, but problems began in November.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The team played seven winless matches in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The winless streak was not broken until the end of December with Newcastle beating Tottenham 7—1 at home.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Kevin Keegan's successful era at Newcastle came to an unexpected end in January 1997, when Keegan announced his resignation from manager duties.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

As a reason for the resignation, Keegan declared that he had done everything he could at Newcastle and no longer wanted to continue.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[10] Kenny Dalglish's brief stint at Newcastle (1997—98) Following Keegan's resignation as Newcastle's new manager, Kenny Dalglish was chosen on a three-and-a-half-year contract.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Dalglish decided to change the team's style of play to be more defensively triumphant.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Under Dalglish's management, Newcastle played their last ten Premier League matches of the 1997—98 season without loss and eventually rose to second place in the Premier League, losing the league championship to Manchester United by a seven-point difference.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[11] The following season, 1997—98, Newcastle defeated Dinamo Zagreb in the Champions League qualifier and advanced to the group stage.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle were drawn into the same starting group with Barcelona, Kiev Dynamo and PSV Eindhoven.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the first match of the group, Newcastle defeated Barcelona 3—2 at home.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle also managed to beat Kiev Dynamo at home and play a tie at the away.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

As a result of two defeats to PSV Eindhoven, as well as an away defeat to Barcelona, Newcastle remained third in their group.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Continuing from the block survived the Kiev Dynamo.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[12] In the Premier League, Newcastle's season went poorly and the team finished only thirteenth.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the FA Cup, Newcastle survived to the final, where they lost 2—0 to Arsenal.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The player deals Dalglish made sparked a backlash among the club's supporters.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle's popular players Peter Beardsley, Lee Clark, Les Ferdinand and David Ginola were sold off as Dalglish built a squad suited to his style of play.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

To replace him, Dalglish acquired experienced and very elderly players such as, for example, John Barnes, Ian Rush and Stuart Pearce.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Along with experienced players, Dalglish also acquired goalkeeper Shay Given and midfielder Gary Speed for Newcastle, who forged a long career at Newcastle.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Dalglish was sacked by Newcastle chairman Freddy Shepherd in August 1998.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Dalglish only had time to serve seventeen months as Newcastle manager.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[13] Dutchman Ruud Gullit was appointed as the new manager.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Gullit took it upon himself to overhaul Newcastle's style of play towards his own way of playing, which Gullit characterised by the term sexy football.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle finished thirteenth in the Premier League again.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the FA Cup, Newcastle United progressed all the way to the final.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, in the FA Cup Final, Manchester United defeated Newcastle 2—0.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

At the start of the 1999—2000 season, Ruud Gullit was sacked after just four games, with Newcastle finishing last in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[14] Bobby Robson era (1999—2004) Former England national football team head coach Bobby Robson was appointed as the new manager.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In Robson's first match, Newcastle won 8—0 Sheffield Wednesday.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Under Robson's leadership, Newcastle United finished eleventh in the Premier League and progressed as far as the semi-finals in the FA Cup.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the 2000—01 season, Robson began to strengthen the Newcastle squad by acquiring striker Carl Cortin from Wimbedon.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Alan Shearer's injury during the season took away attacking powers.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The team's top scorer was Carl Cort with six premiership goals.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Eventually Newcastle again finished eleventh in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

At the start of the 2001—02 season Robson strengthened the squad.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

New acquisitions included striker Craig Bellamy from Coventry, Laurent Robert from PSG and Jermaine Jenas from Nottingham.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Newcastle eventually finished fourth in the Premier League, achieving a place in the Champions League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Alan Shearer was Newcastle's season top scorer with 23 Premier League goals.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Shearer was also among the top four scorers in the entire Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[15] The 2002—03 season started badly with Newcastle winning just one of their first five Premier League games.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the Champions League, Newcastle were drawn into the same group with Kiev Dynamo, Feyenoord and Juventus.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The first matches did not go well, with Newcastle losing 2—0 to Dynamo first in Kiev, then 0—1 at home to Feyenoord, and still 2—0 away to Juventus.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, Newcastle managed to win at home to Juventus 1—0 at home and a week later at home to Dynamo 2—1.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The continuation was thus left to the final match, in which Feyenoord came against.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the match, Newcastle quickly moved into a 0—2 away lead at the start of the second half, but Feyenoord came up tied 2—2.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The match was eventually settled by a goal scored by Newcastle striker Craig Bellamy in extra time.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The win allowed Newcastle to survive second of their starting group to go on with Juventus.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[16] Improved game performances also started to show in the Premier League, where Newcastle began to rise towards the top spot.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Between December and March, Newcastle played seventeen matches in the Premier League, of which it lost only two and played three ties.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, due to a poorly fluent April, Newcastle could no longer climb into the title battle with Manchester United and Arsenal.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Eventually Newcastle finished third in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the Champions League, Newcastle ended up in the same extension block with Barcelona, Inter and Bayer Leverkusen.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the further block, Newcastle finished third with seven points and thus did not survive the continuation.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[17] In the 2003—04 season, Newcastle finished fifth in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the Champions League qualifier, Newcastle lost on penalty kicks to Partizan Belgrade, failing to qualify for the Champions League group stage.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In the UEFA Cup, Newcastle advanced to the semifinals, where the team lost to Olympique de Marseille.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Despite moderate achievements manager Robson was sacked in August 2004.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[18] At the start of the 2004—05 season, Graeme Souness was appointed as Newcastle's new manager.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[19] Newcastle strengthened their squad in August 2005 by acquiring Michael Owen for £17m from Real Madrid.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[20] Under Souness, however, Newcastle failed to achieve success and Souness was sacked in February 2006.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

He was replaced as the new manager by Glenn Roeder.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[21] The 2005—06 season finally went well as Newcastle finished seventh in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

At the conclusion of the season, Alan Shearer ended his playing career.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

By quitting, Shearer had emerged as Newcastle's all-time leading scorer with his 206 goals.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[22] At the conclusion of the 2008—09 season, the club was relegated to the English Championship Series after 16 Premier League years.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, Newcastle's vision in the Championship was cut short, with its return as a series winner back to the Premier League for the 2010—11 season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The 2010—11 season in the Premier League started surprisingly well under manager Chris Hughton and Newcastle were best placed fifth in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

As the season progressed, grips on the field deteriorated.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

In early December, Chris Hughton was forced to leave his place and Alan Pardew was chosen as the new manager.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

One of the top moments of the season was experienced in a home match against Arsenal played in early February.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

After a first-half run, Arsenal led the match 4—0.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

However, in the second half, Newcastle went up to a 4—4 draw.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

The season finally ended successfully with Newcastle finishing twelfth.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

[23] Newcastle overhauled their squad well before the start of the 2011—12 season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Among the team's frame players, Kevin Nolan, Joey Barton, Jose Enrique moved away from Newcastle.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

New acquisitions included midfielder Yohan Cabaye, strikers Demba Ba and Papiss Cissé and defender Davide Santon.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

Thanks to successful acquisitions, Newcastle's early season started brilliantly and the team played eleven matches in a row without loss.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United FC

After a successful early season, Newcastle played six matches without a win.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

In the January transfer window, Newcastle acquired Senegalese striker Papiss Cissé from Freiburg.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

Cissé proved to be a good acquisition, scoring 13 Premier League goals in 14 games.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

Under Demba Ba and Papiss Cissé, Newcastle eventually finished fifth in the Premier League, surviving to the Europa League next.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

[24] The 2012—13 season formed a difficult one.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

The early season was weak and Newcastle sank to the bottom of the Premier League, particularly because of weak defending.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

In January, Newcastle were active in the player market.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

Striker Demba Ba was sold to Chelsea.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

During January, French defenders Mathieu Debuchy and Mapou Yanga-Mbiwa and midfielders Moussa Sissoko and Massadio Haïdara and striker Yoan Gouffran joined the squad.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

After further acquisitions, the number of French players at Newcastle rose to ten.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

The new acquisitions allowed Newcastle to improve their playing fixtures and the team eventually finished sixteenth in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

From the following 2013—14 season, Newcastle United performed slightly better.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

After a moderate early season, Newcastle rose to fifth in the Premier League thanks to a winning streak in November.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

Loïc Rémy, a French striker on loan from Queens Park Rangers, rose to a big role as the season wore on.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

The turning point of the season has been considered to be the sale of the midfielder n.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

The gap left by Cabaye in Newcastle's midfield was reflected in the team's playing performances.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

Newcastle's rest of the season went miserably, with only two wins and eight defeats resulting from the last ten games of the season.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

Despite a miserable finish to the season, Newcastle finished 10th in the Premier League.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

Achievements in English Championship: 1905, 1907, 1909, 1927 FA Cup win: 1910, 1924, 1932, 1951, 1952, 1955 Championship/1.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

division: 1965, 1993, 2010, 2017 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup win: 1969 Intertoto Cup win: 2006 Newcastle United, standings by season 1988—2014 [25] Representative team | colspan=7 style="background: #000000 "align=center| Goalkeepers |- | colspan=7 style="background: #000000 "align=center| Defenders |- | colspan=7 style="background: #000000" align=center| Midfielders |- | colspan=7 style="background: #000000 "align=center| Attackers Players On loan Updated 20 August 2018.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

[26] NumberPlayer Placement Team End Date4 Jack ColbackKK Nottingham Forest31.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

May 20199 Dwight GayLeh West Bromwich Albion31.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

May 2019 Notable players Before 1900—1930s: Jimmy Lawrence (1904—1922) Frank Hudspeth (1910—1929) Tommy McDonald (1921—1931) Hughie Gallacher (1925—1930) Neil Harris (1920—1925) 1940s—1950s: Jackie Milburn (1943—1957) Len Shackleton (1946—1948) George Robledo (1949—1953) Bobby Mitchell (1949—1961) Len White (1953—1962) 1960s: Bryan Robson (1962—1971) David Craig (1962—1978) Bobby Moncur (1963—1974) Wyn Davies (1966—1971) 1970s: Malcolm Macdonald (1971—1976) 1980- Chapter: Chris Waddle (1980—1985) Kevin Keegan (1982—1984) Peter Beardsley (1983—1987) Paul Gascoigne (1985—1988) 1990s: Steve Watson (1991—1998) Robert Lee (1992—2002) John Beresford (1992—98) Andy Cole (1993—95) Peter Beardsley (1993—1997) Darren Peacock (1994—98) Philippe Albert (1994—99) Les Ferdinand (1995—97) David Ginola (1995—97) Alan Shearer (1996—2006) David Batty (1996—98) John Barnes (1997—99) 2000s: Shay Given (1997—2009) Gary Speed (1998—2004) Nolberto Solano (1998—2007) Kieron Dyer (1999—2007) Craig Bellamy (2001—05) Laurent Robert (2001—06) Michael Owen (2005—2009) Obafemi Martins (2006—09) Andy Carroll (2006—2011) Fabricio Coloccini (2008—) Finns who played for Newcastle United Shefki Kuqi Otto Huuhtanen Best scorers through time Most matches Player transfer records Updated on 20 August 2018.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

[29] Most expensive purchases Transfer total25.0M €21.0M €20.0M €20.0M €18.5M €18.35M €16.0M €16.0M €15.7M €15.5M Player Michael Owen Alan Shearer Albert Luque Georginio Wijnaldum Aleksandar Mitrović Florian Thauvin Jonjo Shelvey Obafemi Martins Andros Townsend Damien Duff Old club Real Madrid Blackburn Deportivo PSV Eindhoven Anderlecht Marseille Swansea City Inter Milan Tottenham Hotspur Chelsea Year200519962005201520152015201520152015200620152006 Most expensive sales Transfer total41.0M €35.0M €27.5M €25.0M €20.20M €18.3M €15.6M €15.0M €15.0M €15.0M Player Andy Carroll Moussa Sissoko Georginio Wijnaldum Yohan Cabaye Aleksandar Mitrović Jonathan Woodgate Andros Townsend Mathieu Debuchy Jermaine Jenas James Milner New club Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Liverpool PSG Fulham Real Madrid Crystal Palace Arsenal Tottenham Hotspur Aston Villa 2010201620162013201820042016201420052008 Newcastle managers Sources: Newcastle United FC [30] + Interim manager Newcastle United managers' statistics exclude interim managers [31] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Joannou, Paul| title = Newcastle United: The Ultimate Record 1881-2011| publisher = N Publishing| year = 2011| version = (Newcastle United: The Ultimate Record 1881-2011, 2011.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

) | id = ISBN 978-0-9568156-0-6}} On topic elsewhere.


Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

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Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

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Newcastle United F.C.

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Question: Has Joseph MacDonald always played as a goalkeeper?

Newcastle United F.C.

Category:English football clubs Category:Sports in Newcastle upon Tyne Category:Sports clubs founded in 1892 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Zionism is a national movement of Jews born in the 19th century whose main goal was to create a state of their own for Jews.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[1] The State of Israel was founded in 1948, and today Zionism effectively means supporting Israel financially and political.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[2] The Zionist movement was founded by Theodor Herzl, who in 1896 set out the basic principles of Zionism in his book The Jewish State and organized the world's first Zionist Congress in Switzerland in 1897.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Along with Palestine, Argentina and Uganda were also planned as a homeland for the Jews, but the Zionist Congress of 1906 defined Palestine as the homeland of Jews.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[3] The name of ideology comes from Zion, which is the biblical name of Jerusalem.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

The word was first used by the Viennese writer and early Zionist Nathan Birnbaum in 1892 at a public colloquium in Vienna.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[4] The Jewish diaspora as a background to Zionism, according to the Old Testament, the Jewish connection with Israel originated from the beginning of Jewish history, when God first advised Abraham the way to the land where he was to settle.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Since then, the Land of Israel has always had a special status for the Jews, which has been reflected, among other things, in accounts of Jacob, Moses and the captivity of Babylon.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[5] Despite the expulsions, Jews inhabited Israel right up until the 10th century, when most of them fell into the diaspora with the Second Jewish War lost to the Romans.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Later in the Muslim reign, the status of Jews in the region ranged from discrimination to the oppressed, and as a result of the Crusades, Jewish settlement in the holy city of Jerusalem disappeared altogether at times.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

The area designated as Palestine by the Romans was poor land, and the small Jewish settlement came to terms largely with donations.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

However, no one else considered the land their homeland either; the Arabs knew Israel as Southern Syria and the Arab inhabitants of Palestine were known as Syrians.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[5] However, Jews never forgot that they lived in the diaspora; instead, the idea of Israel as a homeland remained an essential part of Jewish national identity.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

The main ritual of the Jews, the Seder, ends with the words “Next year in Jerusalem.”


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

The strength and persistence of this connection explains the rapid growth of Zionism from a small political movement in the 19th century to a force uniting most Jews that gave rise to the state of Israel in 1948.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[5] Birth Stages Ideological background Zionism is part of the nationalism that developed in Europe from the end of the 18th century onwards, or nationalism, according to which political sovereignty belongs to the nation.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Jews were emancipated during the 19th century, gaining civil rights and religious freedom in several Western European countries.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

However, due to emancipation, they were forced to recreate their Jewish identity, for they no longer lived apart.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

The third important factor in the genesis of Zionism was anti-Semitism, or anti-Semitism, which was still strong, especially in Eastern Europe, but still found in Western Europe in its new ethnic form.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[6] Zionism sought to provide an answer to both the Jewish identity problem and to the threat posed by antisemitism.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

In a departure from several competing ideologies, Zionism wanted to emphasize the Jewish people's own special quality and establish their own state.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Instead, Reform Jews urged Jews to assimilate into the ruling population and Orthodox Jews wanted to pursue an isolated and tradition-based life within European states.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Non-Zionist Jewish socialism also attracted many Jews in the late 19th century and did not include the concept of a single unified Jewish people.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[7] At birth, Zionism was primarily a secular movement whose adherents were predominantly secularized Jews.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

The majority of religious Jews rejected Zionism as heresy, for it rejected the expectation of the Messiah.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

The Zionists created a new, national Jewish identity alongside religious and cultural identity.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

They anchored Zionism as a consistent extension of Jewish history, which had been a constant struggle against anti-Semitism and an effort to return to the Land of Israel, the Holy Land.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Different from other national movements, however, Jews lacked a ready area of land and a language common to all, upon which national identity was primarily built.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

As a result, Zionism developed into an emigrant movement.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[8] The rise of Zionism in Russia in the late 19th century Russia was home to the largest Jewish community in the world


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

However, the position of Jews in the country steadily deteriorated as the pogroms worsened, and Jews began to flee.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Some left for the West and the United States, but some dreamed of change to Palestine.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

During the First Aliyah, which began in 1882, between 25,000 and 35000 Jews emigrated to Palestine ruled by the Ottoman Empire [9], although the region was infertile and the comers were subject to outside help.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

In 1882, the Bulu Organization was also founded in Russia, which sought to permanently colonize Palestine with Jews and develop agriculture in the region.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

However, the organization's efforts failed due to the ruggedness of the country and Arab invasions.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

Today, however, BILU are considered important predecessors of the later Zionist movement and kibbutz movement.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

[10] Pre-fighters of Zionism The main pre-fighters of Zionism before the emergence of the Zionist movement proper were Rabbi Yehuda Alkalai (1798—1878) and Zvi Hirsch Kalischer (1995—1874) and German socialist Moses Hess (1812—1875).


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

The thinking of the rabbis emerged from the Jewish religious tradition, and, according to them, the return of Jews to the Holy Land would hasten the coming of the Messiah and the eventual salvation of the Jews.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

According to Hess, ethnic anti-Semitism would make assimilation of Jews into Western society impossible, and he dreamed of a socialist model state in Palestine.


Question: How is Zionism defined?

Zionism

In Leo Pinsker's (1821—1898) pamphlet Autoemanzipation (1882), key elements of Zionist theory are already included.