Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

It did not prevent Soviet-Russia from supporting the Finnish Red Guard during the 1918 War.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A victory for the Reds would have eased the precarious position of the Bolsheviks, and therefore attempts were made to exploit the national disunity of the Finns.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

However, due to the internal crisis in Russia, support was insufficient.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[91] Soviet-Russia supported Red Finland with arms supplies and troops loyal to the Soviet government.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Former demoralized troops of the Tsarist army were leaving Finland at a steady pace, and Lev Trotski also urged them to leave the country on 31 January.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

His goal was the creation of a new, reliable Red Army in St. Petersburg.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

V.I.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin stated, “We send weapons to the Finns, but not troop detachments that proved unworthy,” but the Soviet government sent military detachments from St. Petersburg to Finland.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Afterwards, it has been suggested that the Russian People's Commissar for War Affairs, Nikolai Podvoiski, ordered the 42nd Army Corps stationed in Finland on 23 January to disarm the patronage municipalities”.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The only official document on Podvoisk's order is in the Senate Minutes of January 24, which states that Podvoiski, according to the information received by the Senate, had given orders to the military personnel stationed in Vyborg to disarm arms from the patronage that had arrived in the city to keep order.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

According to the Senate, Podvoisk's order therefore did not apply to the entire 42nd Army Corps, nor to all the patronage municipalities, but only to the garrison of Vyborg and only the patron municipalities who arrived in the city.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The act was motivated both by the action of the Finnish White Army against the Russians in southern Ostrobothnia on 28 January and the assumption that the socialist revolution would spread to Central Europe.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

With Finland's direction, the declaration, due to Russia's weakness, was mainly the value of political pressure.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[92] The objectives of the intervention of the German Empire in the spring of 1918 in the direction of Finland and Fennoscandia were superpower, economic and military political.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Germans wanted access to raw material resources from both Finland and the Kola Peninsula.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Karelian Isthmus, meanwhile, was able to threaten the Russian capital, St. Petersburg.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, Germany was troubled by British Navy operations in the Arctic Ocean and Murmansk on the Kola Peninsula.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish activists had requested German troops in Finland as early as the summer of 1917, but in Berlin the main goal was peace with Soviet Russia, because of the Western Front.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

During the Brest-Litovsk peace talks that started in December 1917, Germany advanced its interests in Finland by promising to demobilize Jääkäribattalion 27 and selling 70,000 rifles to patronage municipalities.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

However, Lev Trotski broke off peace talks on 10 February 1918, although Lenin supported the peace treaty.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Trotsky did not advocate a continuation of the war either, but a situation where there is no final peace, but the ceasefire continues unchanged, although not negotiated.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The German war leadership eventually decided to seek a solution and restart the war effort against Russia on 18 February and, as a front action, there were calls for “requests for assistance” from its immediate neighbours to justify the invasion.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Edvard Hjelt, acting as Ambassador of the White Government of Finland in Germany, made his request on 14 February at the urging of Germany.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A new offensive by the German army in the Baltic direction quickly imploded the Russian defences, leading to the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty between the two countries on 3 March 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

According to it, Soviet Russia ceded Finland, the Baltics, Poland and Ukraine to Germany's sphere of influence by recognizing independence.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[93] German war-command V.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The wishes of I. Lenin had thus finally come true.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The course of the war Skirmishing in Karelia The war has been considered to have started for the Reds on 27 January 1918 at 11pm and for the Whites on 28 January 1918 at 3 am.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On closer inspection, it is not as simple as this; activities that resembled a civil war began earlier in January, particularly in Karelia.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[94] The reason must have been that neither of the warheads had their own forces under control.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, the city of Vyborg was one of the most strategically central localities in Finland for the war, and it is also estimated that on both sides the leadership eventually played an active role in the background of the events.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In the battle between the Reds and the Whites, it was both about control of Vyborg and the acquisition of weapons.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The struggle began 17—20.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On January, after the Workers' Guards penetrated the local patron's armoury at the Pietinen factory and the Whites captured a shipment of rifles aimed at Mikkeli in Taavet, after which the ensuing skirmish claimed two casualties.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On 21 January, a battalion of about 600 patronage men was commanded from the Karelian countrykeepers to Vyborg, where on 22 January it occupied the city's railway station, but was eventually forced to retreat to the Russian Island.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On 27 January, the battalion resumed its fight on Kämärä south of Vyborg, where for a time it intercepted the so-called gun trains from Petersburg and attempted to capture military equipment from them.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The trains, under the direction of Eino and Jukka Rahja, were bringing the large cargo of weapons promised by Lenin to the Finnish Workers' Guards in early January 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The patronage hijacking venture failed, and the trains, with their cargo, eventually reached Vyborg, which remained under the control of the Reds.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Battle of Kämärä is considered the first war act of the Civil War.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[95] [96] The activities of the Russians in the Karelian skirmishes were poorly run and contradictory.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Russian soldiers took part in action against the Whites in Vyborg accompanied the Reds on 19 January and 22 January, but the bulk of the city's understaffed garrison (strength 1000—1500 men) remained inactive as well as perceived their position as weak and threatened.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

As Red and White activity accelerated, and the patronage corps moved to Vyborg and the disarmament of Russian garrisons and troops at Sortavala, Antrea and Joensuu 22—25.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

January, On 23 January, Soviet Russian Commissioner for War Affairs Nikolai Podvoiski issued orders to Russian forces in Vyborg to unilaterally disarm the White Guards.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The order contradicted the decision of the Russian Regional Committee of Finland which emphasised the neutrality of the Russian Regional Committee.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Podvoiski was finally forced to cancel his orders on 26 January 1918 due to pressure from the representatives of the Senate of Finland and the passivity of his own soldiers.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[97] On the red side, the activity of the patronage municipalities was perceived to threaten the entry of the European gun trains into Finland, so on 23 January, the leadership of the Workers' Guards ordered the Guards in the vicinity of the Saint Petersburg to Helsinki railway to protect trains.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, the measure also contributed to the beginning of the revolution.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, for example, the Kotka Red Guard, one of the strongest red divisions in Finland, began its mobilization on 23—24.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

on Jan.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On 22 January 1918, during the events in Vyborg Region, Lieutenant Woldemar Hägglund, sent a message to Mannerheim: “Karelia will rise with all its men to liberate the country from the shame of anarchy.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

We trust brave Ostrobothnia men to fulfil their duty”.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[98] [76] The activities of the patrons in the Vyborg region before the beginning of the war were known as the Karelian Rising.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The beginning of the war on the Red side raised a red lantern on the tower of the Helsinki Workers' House to mark the beginning of the revolution on the evening of 26 January 1918 at 11pm.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards, centered on the Bridge Island, marched through Pitkänsilla to the centre and manned the call centre, the railway station and the telegraph.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[94] The Red Guard took control of Helsinki on the morning of 28 January.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A total of six members of the Senate moved from the capital to Vaasa, where they continued to work for the government as senators of Vaasa.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

President of the Senate (now.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister) Pehr Evind Svinhufvud attempted to travel from Helsinki to Vaasa by Russian Navy aircraft, but the Finnish pilot could not get the plane to work.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Svinhufvud eventually reached Tallinn by icebreaker Tarmo and thence via Germany and Sweden to northern Finland.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Some senators and bourgeois politicians, among them K. J. Ståhlberg, Lauri Ingman and Kyösti Kallio were left hiding in red Helsinki “underground” until the arrival of the Germans.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[99] A Finnish People's Delegation was established in Helsinki on 28 January as the government of the Red Side.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In connection with its list of names, it published a declaration dated to the same day “Finnish workmen, citizens!” , which informed the start of the revolution.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[100] The disunited front between Red and White Finland settled in the fragmented early part of the war, roughly speaking, on the line Pori—Ikaalinen—Kuru—Vilppula—Länkibase—Padasjoki—Heinola—Mäntyharju— Savitaipale—Lappeenranta—Antrea—Rautu.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On both sides behind the front, localities remained in the control of the opponent, which were purged of enemies within February 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In White Finland, red bases included Oulu, Tornio, Kemi, Raahe, Kuopio and Varkaus.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In Red Finland, Uusikaupunki, Siuntio-Kirkkonummi and Porvoo region remained in control of the Whites.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war was a “railway war” because the railways were the main transmission route for large forces.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Therefore, the two sides fought not only for possession of important population centers but also for control of key rail hubs (e.g.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Haapamäki, Tampere, Kouvola and Vyborg).


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Both the Red and White Guards had a strength of 50000—90,000 troops during the war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards consisted mostly of volunteer troops.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Between 11000—15000 volunteers fought on the White side.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The remainder were troops assembled through general conscription which came into force in white Finland on 18 February 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In both Guards, the volunteers” main motives for joining were economic factors such as victualling and pay, as well as ideality and, moreover, environmental pressure but also pressure.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[101] On the Red side, the Guards' specialty was women's (girl) companies established mainly in industrial localities, where the first female soldiers in Finnish history (about 2000 women) fought.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Another peculiarity among the troops on both sides of the front was the minors, predominantly child soldiers aged 15—17, who on the red side also included girls.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The backbone of the Finnish White Army was formed by peasants and civilisation.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Red Guard fought mainly against the working population of built-up areas and the low-resourced in rural areas.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[102] Fronts of War There were already clearly three fronts formed in the war, called Western, Central and Eastern Fronts by the Reds.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The western front line ran approximately from Merikarvi to Kulla and from north of Suodenniemi to south of Virtoja.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The central front passed through Misusmaja and Länkipohja to Lusi.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The eastern front ran from it through Mouhu and Joutseno from north of Vyborg to Ladoga.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[103] The White war effort was divided into four front blocks; the Western Front, which comprised the Satakunta and Häme fronts, the Central Front, or the Savo Front, and the Eastern Front, the Karelian Front.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, after the invasion of the Germans, fighting took place in Uusimaa, Southern Häme and Päijät-Häme.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Individual battles were also fought north of the front line.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[104] Red Guards during the first phase of the Civil War between 27 January and 14 March 1918, the initiative and major offensive activity was in the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Commander-in-Chief of the Guard (in chronological order): Ali Aaltonen, Eero Haapalainen and the triumvirate Eino Rahja, Adolf Taimi, Evert Eloranta and Kullervo Manner last.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

As soon as the fighting began, the Red Guards' military weaknesses were exposed: a lack of military professionalism and professional officers, and a poorly trained, unruly crew.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds suffered their first losses through weapons of their own, damage shots, among other things.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The most functioning level in the Red Guard organization was a company or platoon, or plutoona.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Their chiefs were democratically chosen among and among the members of the unit, so the outcome in terms of management quality was very haphazard.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Guards' pressure tolerance in battle was poor, which, along with unskilled leadership, easily led to the attack being stalled and defences being betrayed.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

As a result of the losses, entire detachments of troops could leave the front back to the homestead, with the war-command unable to prevent it.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Among the best troops in terms of field eligibility were detachments assembled from rural areas.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The best of their fighting spirit were the urban divisions, especially the Helsinki Red Guard Corps, as well as the Saint Petersburg Finns.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[105] On the other hand, local situations raised new responsible and talented leaders (for example Hugo Salmela, Mikko Kokko, Oskari Rantala, Jalmari Parikka), but it was not enough to correct the entire management problem of the Red Guards.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds tried to correct their weaknesses, including by establishing the Kallio War School in Helsinki, which was intended to train officers for the use of the Red Guards.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The school did not record to finish its course before the end of the war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The end result was the failure of the Reds attack phase due to tactical errors and lack of will to fight at frontline level.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards, after all, can be called the pay army of armed civilians.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the Red Terror, too, is probably explainable by the frustration generated by the Guard's poor fighting ability.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The most successful battles of the Finnish Red Guard involved the April retreat phase from Finland to Russia, among them the fierce battles of Hauho and Tuulos in Syrjänta on 27—29.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

on April 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In them, the Red Guards' will to fight was mostly based on sheltering their own civilian refugees, and victories no longer had local significance.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[106] Russian troops in Finland due to the decadence of the Russian army and war fatigue, the proportion of Russian soldiers in the civil war's frontal battles was ultimately low, apart from the Karelian population.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The strength of the Old Tsarist Army forces in Finland had been around 100000 [107] — 125000 soldiers in August 1917.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[108] From November—December 1917 onwards, troop numbers began to contract, both due to planned military transfers and demobilisation and steadily increasing indiscipline and desertion.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[109] At the start of the Civil War on 27 January 1918, Russian soldiers numbered no more than 40000 men in Finland.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[110] [111] Following the entry into force of the Brest-Litovsk Peace between Soviet Russia and Germany on 3 March, about 6,000 troops staying in Finland were ordered to withdraw from the country within 2 months.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

By the end of March 1918, the detachments of the old army had mostly left Finland.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[112] [113] In the end, only 7000—10000 Russian soldiers, some already in Finland and some who came to the country during the war from Saint Petersburg, were variously active in the 1918 war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Significant Russian detachments were not persuaded into the war effort, with only 1000—4000 soldiers fighting as detachments of 100—1000 men intermittently on various fronts.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, until the latter half of February 1918, some Russian officers served in charge of the Red Guards' war effort: Colonel Mikhail Svetšnikov in Western Finland and I. Yeremeyev in Eastern Finland.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

However, cooperation between Russians and Finns went poorly due to language problems and mutual mistrust, among other things.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

During the Reds offensive phase from early February until mid-March, the front line moved almost no further north, although the Whites' fighting capability was at its weakest at the time.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[114] [115] [116] The number and importance of Russian soldiers involved in the civil war diminished starring Red Finland from 18 February, following the resumption of the war effort between Germany and Russia.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The troops either disbanded or were moved to protect St. Petersburg, and thereafter Soviet-Russian support for the Reds was largely arms aid.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Military activities on the Karelian Isthmus, which continued until the end of the war by the Russians, on the other hand, supported the Red Guard, but its main purpose was the defence of Saint Petersburg.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

From the rest of Finland, a significant portion of both active and passive Russian soldiers in the civil war had been withdrawn even before the invasion phase of the Finnish White Army.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[117] White Army at War Disarmament of Russian forces in southern Ostrobothnia 28—31.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

January went from whites mostly easily and calmly.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On 24 January, the regional committee representing Russia in Finland had informed the Senate in Vaasa that the “methodical demobilisation” of Russian troops would continue as before.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On 30 January, based on ambivalent propaganda from the Vaasa Senate and the Mannerheim Staff, a declaration aimed only at Russians was issued that the Finnish Peasant Army did not wage war against Russian soldiers.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, it was emphasized to fight against the Russians.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Many Russian officers who were in Finland supported whites.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In early 1918, the Soviet government instructed garrisons in Finland to observe neutrality, and some garrison committees gave locally similar assurances.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Despite these, the Russian government of Ostrobothnia often worked closely with the patronage municipalities.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The head of sea defense in the Gulf of Bothnia, Vice Admiral Nikolai Podgurski helped General Mannerheim in disarming the garrison of Vaasa.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[118] In return for his support for disarmament, Mannerheim arranged for the Russian officers' pay, housing conditions and victualling, and gave them freedom of movement in Vaasa.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On Seinäjoki, Russian troops settled in their former lodges.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Mannerheim promised the Russians that he would deal with the troops from the country via Sortavala or Rovaniemi and return the weapons along the border.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The troops were eventually closed to prison camps and the weapons were put into their own use, as the transport was not successful and the attitude towards Russian soldiers became very negative after the Jaeger Battalion reached Vaasa from Germany.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[119] In the early stages of the Civil War, the White Army and Russian soldiers fought against each other to a significant extent on the front, mainly in Ruovesi, Vilppula, Mäntyharju Front and Karelian Isthmus.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[120] Initiative for Whites In the second phase of the war, from 15 March 1918 until the end of the war (15 May), the initiative passed to the White Finnish Army.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Its success and victory was mainly based on officers clearly more skilled than the Red Guards.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The White Army's officer corps consisted of Finnish officers who served in the former Imperial Russian Army, foreign volunteer officers, and ice keepers trained in Germany (1300 men involved in the war).


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

This was reflected in better strategic and tactical planning for the war effort, as well as the execution of operations.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, especially with regard to the rank-men who were part of the working population, it was tragic that in Germany the men who prepared the Finns' liberation and subversion movement against Russia eventually ended up fighting their own citizens.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A couple of hundred icers remained in Germany for the duration of the civil war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[121] The military skills of untrained volunteers and conscripted rankmen in the White Guards, on the other hand, were no better than those of the Red Guards.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Jääkäri Sulo-Weikko Pekkola recalled: “Near the village of Sääksjärvi, a battle arose, as it arises from people unfamiliar with war movements, a lot shot, open walked.” Like the Red Guards, white soldiers could leave the fronts on their own initiative.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The longest training in Finland had been received by some 200 men who applied to the Police School (Röktyslipusto) established on 19 September 1917 at the Saksanniemi Manor in Porvoo.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

They formed the hull of the Uusimaa Dragoon Regiment, founded in January 1918 in Lappajärvi.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

From December 1917, patronage councils conducted platoon and squad leader training in Vimpel at Vimpel School and Vöyr School in Vöyr, but as a whole military instruction did not cover a significant portion of the white troops.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Vöyr War School became operational on 26 January 1918, training was supposed to last three weeks, but already in two days the war school children from Vöyr were commanded into the fighting.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The headquarters of the Ostrobothnia patrons were moved to Ylistaro and the Vöyr School was also moved there.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[122] The detachments of Finland's own military personnel had been disbanded in 1901 and the last Finnish Guard in 1905, so actual military training and experience was only available to the men of Jääkäribattalion 27, who gained greater personal freedom than usual in conducting battles.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[123] In addition to serious educational deficiencies, the White Army leadership judged that the motivation of white soldiers, especially smallholders in central and northern Finland, to wage war against the Finnish Reds might be weak.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Therefore, war propaganda strongly emphasised that the battle was being fought mainly against the “red-knuckle” of the Russian army, and in the final stages of the war an even more prominent emphasis was placed on the Revolutionary War aspect of the battle.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, the conscription law imposed in white Finland obscured opposition, but nearly 30000 men of conscription age in white Finland, apparently those who were supporters of the labour movement, missed invitations.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, a significant number of men with the weakest combat motivation had been deprived from the white army, and in the population outside Southern Finland, there was also strong opposition to the labour movement and socialism on the grounds of Christian religiosity.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[124] Based on their poor fighting ability, the names of the Finnish armies, the White Guard and the Red Guard are mistaken in terms of military tradition.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The designation “guard” usually refers to the best troop detachments of armies, originally the Bodyguard Guards of the Rulers.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In Russia and Finland, the troops who fought against the Reds were called the White Guards.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guard designation was already used in Finland in connection with the 1905 revolution.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[125] The Finnish Guards should have been the best in the fight against revolution and subversion, the volunteer vanguard of the Civil War.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Settlement Tampere The most significant war movement of the Finnish White Army was the battle for control of Tampere from 16 March to 6 April 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

As a result of the battle, the White Army recaptured from the Reds the largest industrial centre


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The war effort began in Längelmäki Länkibottom, located northeast of the city and was also accompanied by struggles north and northwest of the region on the Vilppula—Kuru—Kyröskoski—Suodenniemi line.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere was encircled in the Battle of Lempäälä on 24 March and the recapture of Siuro on 26 March.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

on March.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[126] The battle for the city of Tampere became the fiercest clash of the civil war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

It was by then the largest battle fought in the Nordic countries, involving 16000 whites and 14000 reds.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards' defensive will and capability were elevated and the Guards showed significant determination in the defence of Tampere.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The White warleadership placed some of its best and most striking forces on the offensive, among them some of the new Ice Guard regiments.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

At the Battle of Kalevankangas Cemetery, so to speak on Bloody Maundy Thursday 28 March, no more openings and no damage shots were fired, as some units of the White Army suffered more than 50% combat losses.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Fifty Ickeers fell and the Swedish Volunteer Brigade lost about 10% of its crew.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The decisive attack by the Whites, which led to the recapture of central Tampere, began during the night of 3 April 1918 with intense artillery fire.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Battle of Tampere was the first, relentless city war fought block by block in Finnish history, which, at least in hindsight, contains a lot of tragic symbolism.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The settlement battle of the civil war took place in the city, where the industrialisation, economic and political modernization of Finland and the development that improved the intellectual and material state of the whole people had begun.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[127] The battle on the isthmus between Lake Saint and Näsijärvi was also a civil war between the Finns at its purest.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The bulk of the Russian army had left Finland during the month of March, and German troops were only just entering the country.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Whites fell in the battles of Tampere between 700 and 900 men.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards lost 1000—1500 fighters, and one of their best leaders, Hugo Salmela.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The prisoners were left with 11000—12000 reds.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Civilian casualties were 71.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

They perished mainly under artillery fire.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

For the duration of the fighting, the civilian population was sheltered in the city's stone churches, Tampere Cathedral and Alexander Church.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere neighbourhoods including Tammela and Kyttalä were almost completely destroyed.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[128] After the takeover of Tampere, the retreat of the Red Guards from Western Finland began.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The focus of the White attack was shifted to Vyborg, which was overrun by 29.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

on april.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[129] The Battle of Vyborg involved 18,500 whites and 7,000 reds.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The White Army lost about 50 men fallen.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Between 500 and 800 Red Guards fell and 12000—15000 of them were captured.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Almost all the Reds fell in the Battle of Naulasaari, which was created by the Reds in Vyborg attempting a breakthrough west of the city on 28—29.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

on april.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

As spoils of war, the Whites received 300 cannons, 200 machine guns, an armoured train, more than 400 loads of groceries, cannon ammunition, and cartridge stores.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[130] German troops in Finland 30.3


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Germany left a note to the Bolshevik government about the “flowing” Red Russian Guards from St Petersburg, threatening to take action if it did not stop.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The troops were already on their way.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin tended to forbid the authorities in Saint Petersburg to send any more Russian troops to Finland.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[131] A German naval detachment came ashore on the Åland Islands on 5 March 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In the third phase of the war, the White Army's general invasion of southern Finland was supplemented by the invasion of Hanko by the German Baltic Division led by Major General Rüdiger von der Goltz on 3 April 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The reconciliation of German and Russian troops, in compliance with the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, was coordinated by a special Hanko Treaty.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The strength of the division was 10,000 troops.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Further, at Loviisa came ashore on 7 April, advanced from Tallinn, about a brigade strong detachment at Brandenstein (3000 men).


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Advancing from Hanko, the detachment conquered Helsinki 12—13.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

April (Battle of Helsinki 1918), Hyvinkää on 21 April, Riihimäki on 22 April and Hämeenlinna on 26 April 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The mobilized brigade from Loviisa recaptured Lahti on 19 April, severing contacts between the Western and Eastern Red Guards.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The German forces significantly accelerated the military defeat of the Red Guards and shortened the duration of the war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, Finland came under German influence after the war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[132] Sweden's ambivalent role Sweden refused to participate officially in the Finnish Civil War, but 84 volunteer Swedish officers gave significant support to the white war-leadership.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, a detachment of volunteer Swedish soldiers led by Captain Hjalmar Frisell was sent to White Finland, called the Swedish Brigade.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

However, its actual total strength, 250—550 men (strength data varying) was mainly equivalent to a strengthened battalion.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[133] In addition to volunteer soldiers, Sweden furthered its foreign policy interests in Finland by sending a naval and military detachment to Åland on 15 February 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The motive for the act was the Åland people's “requests for help” to Sweden.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In fact, geopolitical power factors were to blame.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

However, Swedish forces were forced to withdraw from Åland by May 1918 after a German naval detachment reached it on 5 March 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[134] Air operations at Russian airports in Finland had essentially ceased to exist after the pilots returned to Russia, mostly with the so-called Whites.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A few planes from Russian airports had remained in use by the Reds, mainly Stetin M-9 flying boats.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

There were no Finnish pilots, so some Russian pilots who remained in Finland were hired as instructors.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Red's air operations in the Civil War got underway when five aircraft were sent from Vyborg on 24 February 1918, arriving in Riihimäki the next day.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[135] Flight divisions were established in Helsinki (Hermann Airport), Tampere, Valkeala (Utti) and Vyborg.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

There was no actual air detachment unified HQ; the departments operated independently most likely subordinate to front staffs.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A special flying school was established in Helsinki, which, however, did not have time to train any pilots.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Two planes were sent to Tampere and three to Kouvola.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The machines sent to Tampere were Nieuport branded.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

One of them was reconnaissance (Nieuport 10), and the other fighter aircraft (Nieuport 17).


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Four Russian flight officers and six mechanics also arrived in Tampere.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

An aircraft took off from Tampere for the first time on 1 March 1918 from Naistenlahti.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[135] [136] The two Nieuport planes in Tampere were used in the battles in the direction of Vilppulan-Mänttä.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The planes were used for reconnaissance, but bombs were also dropped from them, [137] [138] In addition to these, the Reds apparently had two more aircraft at their disposal in the Eastern Front Flight Section.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the machines fell into the possession of whites either as early as the war or after the end of the war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the planes were destroyed.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Air operations encompassed reconnaissance, bomb dropping, flyer dissemination, and artillery fire lookout, but operations were ineffective on all fronts.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The reason was poor management, poor condition of machinery, poor maintenance of machinery and indifference of Russian pilots.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[135] [139] White flight operations originated with Swedish donation planes and 5 Nieuport planes purchased from the Russians, 4 of which arrived to Antrea flown by hired Russian pilots, and aircraft left over from the Russians.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[140] A Morane-Saulnier Parasol plane donated by Count Eric von Rose arrived from Sweden on which he had painted blue swastikas, this plane was numbered 1 sex and the plane was the first aircraft of the Mannerheim army.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On 16 April 1918 the plane was destroyed after crushing into the ice of Näsijärvi, after the engine stopped, the plane's Swedish pilot and Finnish mechanic died.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[141] Three biplane N.A.B were also obtained from Sweden.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Albatros aircraft in late February 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Of the Albatros machines, two were received as donations and the third was purchased.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The intention was to use aircraft as support for whites, but they were not, as civilian aircraft, suitable for the conditions of the Civil War.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[142] There were no Finnish instructors, but the pilots and mechanics of the machines came from Sweden.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Lieutenant Bertil Mårtenson had received pilot training in Germany, but he remained in Germany for the duration of the civil war, among other things, to buy aircraft for Finland.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

29 Swedes, 7 Russians, 4 Finns and 2 Danes flew in the Finnish Air Force, joined by a few Germans.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The action was piecemeal reconnaissance until the German armed forces brought their own aircraft, but their use, too, was irrelevant to the course of the war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[143] The first airport in independent Finland was located in Kolho, where the first aircraft was brought by rail on 7 March 1918, and from which the plane first took off the ice in Kaijanselä on 17 March 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Air Force received nine Stetin M-9 aircraft left behind by the Russians in 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The first war flight was conducted in the direction of Lyly, where flight endoscopy was used to obtain data on the movements of the reds.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

As the fighting moved towards Tamperetta, the airport moved first to Orivede and then to Tampere Kaukajärvi.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The importance of the airgun in the Civil War was nonexistent.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[138] [144] Political terror The 1918 war was characterised by political violence, differentiated into red and white terror.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Due to the trauma experienced by both sides, attempts were made to explain the executions afterwards as acts outside of combat activity, merely outbursts of primitive feelings of anger.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[145] Historical research, however, has also linked the terror of 1918 as one form of warfare.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

It provided a model of previous civil wars, political violence, as well as from across World War I fronts where terror was widespread and widespread in some places.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin's book “State and Revolution”, written in Helsinki, contains a direct call to political terror.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The goal of terror was both the destruction of the opponent's power structures and the creation of a powerful deterrent effect.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Although the executions, on the other hand, took forms of local and personal revenge, at least a third of the Red Terror is thought to have been systematic activities planned by the Red Guard leadership.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The main part of the white terror is estimated to have been premeditated and organised warfare imposed by the top war-command in connection with the “final takeover” of captured territories.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

“Officially” and especially at the beginning of the war, both the Vaasa Senate and the People's Delegation opposed terrorist activities.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[146] The key implementers of the Red and White Terror were the strike and reconnaissance forces, which operated independently under the auspices of the upper war-command, called the Flying Detachments.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

They consisted of between 10 and 80 select mounted soldiers.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

At age, warriors in the Flying Section tended to be younger than the men of the Front Corps (the youngest military boys aged 13—14).


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The department was headed by a senior leader with strong authority, under whom the “flying” performed “search and destroy” missions as well as enforcing self-proclaimed executions or death sentences imposed by the courts.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[147] Red Terror The Reds massacred between 1400 and 1650 civilian personnel in the territories they controlled.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Executions were plentiful between the end of January and the end of February, around 700.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In March, executions were reduced to about 200 victims.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Terror surged in April and early May 1918 with the Reds” defeat assured; the slain numbered about 700.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[148] The motivation for political violence was the destruction of those in leading positions of the opposing party, as well as personal aggression in some places.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The majority of those executed were active patrons, manor owners, householders, politicians, police officers, teachers and senior officials, as well as industry leaders and owners.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Some 90 people listed as red or (moderate) socialist were also among the victims of terror.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Although Red Terror was not specifically directed against the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland, ten priests were killed in all by the Reds (about 1,200 pastors in total in the parishes).


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The murders were partly committed for reasons of ideality, but especially in rural areas, the clergy represented the traditional power system of society.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[149] A significant part of the red terror was carried out in the so-called terror centres of Kouvolan-Kymenlaakso and Toijala region.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A total of 300—350 victims were executed in them.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[150] Significant acts of violence by the Reds from January to April, 1918, also include e.g.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

following mass shootings: 31.1.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The shooting of 15 patrons in Kangasa, i.e. Suinula massacre.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The murder of 10 prisoners along the road from Vihti to Nummela, at the crossroads of Ojakkala.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Among those murdered were e.g.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A South Ostrobothnian chief police constable who, at the time of his capture in January, was in the line of duty.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[151] [152] 2.2. shooting of a group of prisoners in Nummela.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[151] 6.2.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The execution of 11 whites in the courtyard of the Lyceum of Pori, or the so-called. Pori Lyceum massacre 10.3.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

16 shooting of a staff member of A. Ahlström Oy on the border of Pori and Noormarkku, so called. Coliaspring massacre 19.4.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Kuurila train killings in Kuurila.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The execution of 23 white prisoners in Lappeenranta, i.e. Lappeenranta massacre.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The slaying of 30 white inmates in the Vyborg County Jail The massacre at the Vyborg County Jail.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[153] White terror in White terror destroyed those who rose up in rebellion and their supporters across the board.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The main focus was on punishing Red Guards leaders as well as those involved in the Red regime, red terror and war effort.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Relatively, the strongest retrofit was directed at Russian soldiers.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In the end, the number of people who perished in the White Terror rose significantly higher than the number of people killed in the Red Terror: between 7,000 and 10,000 victims.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Executions were divided in time in different ways than the corresponding red violence.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In the early stages of the war, around 350 were killed in February 1918, around 500 in March, around 1800 in April, around 4600 in May and about 300 in June 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In the early part of the war, the most significant event of white terror was the massacre carried out in connection with the takeover of Varkaus on 21 February 1918, in which 80—90 Reds were executed.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The case has been called the Huruslahti lottery.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A total of 100 to 140 people were executed in the theft by mid-March 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Significantly less than personal losses, 13 victims, but of significant symbolic value, was the blood acts in Harmoisten Sickroom on 10 March 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

During the peak period of terror, in the two weeks between late April and early May 1918, there were about 200 executions per day, with a total of 2500—3000 lives killed.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Hans Kalm's forces fired on Lahti from 1 May to 31.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Between 150 and 200 women numbered red between May 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A total of 300—600 female persons perished in the executions.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

As far as white terror is concerned, it remains permanently unclear which part of the Red Guards who perished in the fighting really fell and which part were executed immediately after the fighting.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The terror committed by the white side also includes the only ethnic massacre in the history of independent Finland, carried out after the invasion of Vyborg.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Russian civilians belonging to the population of Vyborg, including children and the elderly, were gathered in an area known as the Vallie, where they were executed by firing squad.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The act of terrorism differed from other white terror because it targeted an ethnic group and was not based on political selection.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

A significant number of Russians shot were actually politically right-wing.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Similar acts were carried out in other cities conquered by the Whites, e.g.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Lappeenranta and Tampere, where almost all captured Russians were executed.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

With its more than 200 victims, however, the executions in Vyborg were by far the most significant of these war crimes.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[154] [155] Executed red women According to research carried out by non-fiction writer and researcher Master Tauno Tukkinen, about 200 of those executed were women, i.e. Hans Kalm's share in the slayings and outright murders of child and female soldiers was probably higher than any on the other white side of the officers involved in the civil war.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Likewise, his share of outright suspected war crimes was perhaps higher than any other white commander.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The executions of Red Corps nurses in the Hennala prison camp by Kalm's forces can be considered outright killings.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The average age of women shot in the bay has been said to be around 20 years.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In fact, all those executed were by no means women, as Tukkinen found thirty seventeen and twenty-five even younger girls among the slain.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The youngest were children aged just 14 and 15.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[156] Among the women executed in Lahti there were also young mothers who remained orphans.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Almost all of the executions of the women fell into the first two weeks of May, meaning they were put into action shortly after the Germans led by Colonel Otto von Brandenstein had recaptured Lahti in late April and guarding the Hennala prison camp was the responsibility of Kalm's forces.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

“In Lahti, however, the women were not executed by the Germans, but by the Finns,” says Tukkinen, who wrote on the matter.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

As regards white terror, it remains permanently unclear which of the Red Guards who perished in the fighting were executed immediately after the fighting and who really fell during the struggles.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[157] [158] The motive for female soldiers joining the Red Guards was usually pay, but also cause, class hatred or adventurism.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[159] However, in order to alleviate the sentence, the cause was later allowed to conceal and justify the decision by starvation [160].


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

According to Thomas Hoppu, there were no more than 2600 women in the Female Guards, 60 of them died in fighting, 25 fled to Russia, and [159] some 270 [160] were executed.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Terror Scars Terror was an effective and terrifying weapon in the Civil War.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, it gave the opposing side a significant propaganda asset and an opportunity to justify its own violence by the other side's actions.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war was the first conflict in Finland in which, above all, propaganda from the newspaper press played a major role.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Red and White Finnish newspaper news described the opposing party's terrorist activities in detail, magnifying and colouring both casualty numbers and events.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[161] According to the red and white press, “the savage acts of ferocious and cowardly wild beasts and the land moistened with the blood of innocent victims cried revenge upon the traitors of their people”.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

And the writings didn't fall short of an armed response.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Political violence by the opposing party also provided an even clearer motive for the war when it could be shown to be fought tangibly for the 'spirit and life' of one's own reference group.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Apart from the death of the victims, the most central and long-lasting impact of the executions was the mental trauma they caused in generations of contemporaries and posterity alike.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In this respect, posterity has long prevailed mainly from the victimhood aspect of the side of the war with which it is identified.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

There is also a more honest look at the contribution of one's own reference group and of their own ancestors as agents of terror.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[162] It was because of terrorist acts that the wounds of the civil war slowly expired and the war continued on a mental level at least until the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Finns of 1918 certainly did not leave a light intellectual legacy behind for those to come.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[163] War Decision Under the pressure of a successful Finnish-German invasion, the People's Delegation moved from Helsinki on 8 April to Vyborg, with the exception of some members of the delegation (Edvard Gylling, for example) from there on to Saint Petersburg on 25 April 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The exodus of the leaders provoked intense bitterness among the Reds.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Long caravans of red refugees who wandered from Satakunta and Häme towards Saint Petersburg surrendered Lahti and Koski (Hl.)


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

in the area between 1 and 2.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

May.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The last Resistance colonies of the Reds, located in Kymenlaakso, gave up the battle on 5 May 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war ended after Russian soldiers withdrew on 14 May from the fortress of Ino on the Karelian Isthmus and the occupation of its destroyed cannon positions by Finnish whites on 15 May.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Initially embracing anti-war thinking, the Finnish labour movement had suffered defeat in the Civil War.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

White people confined Red Guards to prison camps.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate of Vaasa returned from Ostrobothnia to Helsinki on 2 May 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In the capital, however, it was not received by detachments of the Finnish White Army, but by the honorary company of the Imperial German Baltic Division with their ringers, and Major-General Rüdiger von der Goltz, dubbed the “true state administrator” of Finland.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

White General Mannerheim held a major victory parade in honour of his army in Helsinki on 16 May 1918, despite German troops.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Missing peace treaty No formal armistice and peace negotiations typical of many wars took place and no formal treaties to end the Finnish Civil War were ever signed.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[164] Postwar events Consequences of war The Finnish civil war ended on 15 May 1918, but its acute effects continued in Finland until at least the end of 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The war severely shattered and damaged Finnish society.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

It was not just the gap between the parties to the war, but also the internal problems of the power groups.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

White Finland was divided into two camps: one in favour of monarchy and narrowed democracy, the other supported republicanism, broad democracy and social reforms.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Ultra-conservatives had been permanently opposed to parliamentarianism.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

More moderate conservatives supported parliamentarianism at first, but the events of 1917—1918 turned them against widespread democracy, and led them to seek counter-force in parliament from a long tradition of monarchy.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The statesmanship dispute was the most significant internal watershed for the victors: due to the protracted internal war and in the precarious situation that followed, the majority of conservatives and non-socialists supported Germany's strong position in Finland.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, activists hoped for support from the Germans for the project to recapture East Karelia.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[165] [166] The war of 1918 also fragmented the Finnish labour movement, partly on the basis of the internal division established in January 1918 into moderate social democrats seeking to cooperate with non-socialists and left-wing socialists in Finland as well as revolutionaries to communists operating in Russia backed by the Bolsheviks.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[167] Power in Finland was held by P.E.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Svinhufvud, J. K. Paasikivi's bourgeois senate, the so-called stub parliament mainly without SDP MPs and Imperial Germany.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

After the end of the war, Finland's economy was on the ground.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Both exports and imports had plummeted and the industry was suffering from shortages of raw materials and labour.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the trade agreement with Germany limited the country's freedom to raise its exports.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The economic situation did not return to pre-war levels until the mid-1920s.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In terms of the economy, however, the war did not treat different segments of the population the same.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Counted as changes in real incomes, the losers were industrial working people and civil service crews, as well as the winners agricultural producers, who had been benefited by strong rising food prices.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The main problem in 1918 was food shortages.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

It was already suffering in 1917, but actual hunger was seen mainly in Kainulu and North Karelia, which were not regions torn apart by political strife.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war, which was supposed to solve all the problems, eventually brought hunger to southern Finland as well.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The situation only improved in 1919 when food imports and the country's own agriculture were brought in order through, among other things, the Crofters Act enacted on 17 July 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

[168] The treaties signed by the representatives of the Senate Edvard Hjelt and Rafael Erich on 7 March 1918 with representatives of the German Empire, the peace treaty and the accompanying trade and shipping treaty and the secret exchange of notes on military matters without the knowledge of the Senate were bound by Finland To Germany, curtailing the country's independence.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, in June 1918, the Germans proposed a military alliance between the two countries.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

Disputes associated with the German trend led to the resignation of White General Mannerheim on 27 May 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Parliament (111 delegates out of 200) chose the blue cross flag instead of the red lion flag.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The colour of the old flag was considered too much to suggest socialism.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

On the motion of Paasikivi's monarchist-majority Senate, and also due to German pressure, the stub parliament finally elected Prince Friedrich Karl of Hesse as King of Finland on 9 October 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

However, the king did not have time to formally step on his throne and the Kingdom of Finland did not materialize in practice.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

The October royal election took advantage of the form of government from the period of Swedish rule of 1772, which had been in force in the Grand Duchy of Finland, and whose validity after the March 1917 Revolution was disputed during the struggle for statesmanship in 1918.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

According to the view of the republicans, Finland was made a republic by the Declaration of Independence on December 6, 1917, and it became only “technically” to confirm an independent Finland in the new state form.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

In the view of monarchists, only the “principle of republic” had been accepted in the Declaration of Independence, and the 1918 war changed both the dominance within the country and the attitude towards republicanism to a more negative one.


Question: How many people are estimated to have been incarcerated in prison camps following Finland's civil war?

Finnish Civil War

They wanted to replace the Gustavian constitution of 1772 with a more modern monarchist state form.