Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

In Finland, cities were self-governing areas under the rule of the bourgeoisie, in which the city law was observed.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

The city's governing body was a jury.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

It consisted of a mayor and town men.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

Raad also had jurisdiction and sought to secure smooth trading with other cities and abroad.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

[2] The most influential group in the bourgeoisie was the power bourgeoisie engaged in foreign trade.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

In 1879, several laws were enacted to implement the freedom of business.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

In this case, the statutory privileges of the bourgeoisie were revoked to the extent that they concerned burghers as persons.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

[3] However, some of the privileges governing cities as public entities remained in force thereafter and were only finally revoked in 1995.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

[4] After 1879, suffrage in bourgeoisie elections required, among other things, residency in a city and a certain wealth status, but no longer the acquisition of special bourgeoisie rights.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

The Statute Riksdag continued fixed-term and auxiliary Riksdag assemblies until 1906, when they decided on parliamentary reform.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

The first State Legislative Replacement Parliament election took place in 1907.


Question: What city did the great Mirabeau live in?

bourgeoisie

See also Bourgeois (politics) (from contemporary usage of the word) Nobility Clergy Peasants Sources Category:Regulatory society Category:Policy concepts Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When is Norway's Independence Day celebrated?

National Day of Norway

Norway's National Day or Constitution Day (), or better known in Norway by its date as syttende mai, is celebrated annually on 17 May.


Question: When is Norway's Independence Day celebrated?

National Day of Norway

National Day is celebrated to commemorate the confirmation on 17 May in 1814 of the Constitution of Norway adopted by the National Assembly of Eidsvoll, largely still in force today.


Question: When is Norway's Independence Day celebrated?

National Day of Norway

[1] [2] On the same occasion, Norway declared independence after belonging to Denmark until the end of the 14th century.


Question: When is Norway's Independence Day celebrated?

National Day of Norway

Already in the same year, however, Norway was forced to give up its full independence and join with Sweden in a personal union, but was allowed to keep its own constitution.


Question: When is Norway's Independence Day celebrated?

National Day of Norway

[3] The Swedish-Norwegian Personal Union dissolved in 1905.


Question: When is Norway's Independence Day celebrated?

National Day of Norway

[4] The day is both a public, statutory holiday and a flagging day in Norway.


Question: When is Norway's Independence Day celebrated?

National Day of Norway

The day's festivities include processions of schoolchildren held in many localities.


Question: When is Norway's Independence Day celebrated?

National Day of Norway

[5] [1] Sources National Day Category:National Holidays Category:May Holidays


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

Dolphin [1] [2], or common dolphin [3], or runner [1] (Delphinus delphis), is the most common species of whale.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

All populations within the genus “Delphinus” were previously considered to be one and the same species, but today specimens from coastal seas in the southern hemisphere are considered to belong to their own species “Delphinus capensis”.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[4] [5] Distinctive Features The dolphin has a curved forehead and has a sonar organ suitable for sonar like other species in the dolphin family (Delphinidae).


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

The dolphin grows to a height of a couple of meters and can weigh more than a hundred kilograms.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[3] The upper jaw has 46—55 teeth on both sides, while the mandible has 40—50 teeth.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

The color of dolphins may vary.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

In general, the dorsal side is brown-grey and the stomach side is whitish-grey with a very clear wave-like border.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

From the eye to the forehead stretches a dark stripe.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

There is a difference in coloration compared to “D. capensis” species, as well in the number of dentition.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

The snout is distinctly blunter in “D. delphis” species.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

Distribution The common dolphin is now divided into two subspecies.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[5] The name species Delphinus delphis delphis is common and vibrant in the North Atlantic and eastern Pacific Ocean, and critically endangered in the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[4] The species prefers warm waters, so its permanent habitat extends only to the British Isles at its northernmost.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[6] In the eastern parts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, the dolphin is an occasional visitor.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[6] However, observations in Danish waters, for example, have become more common in the 21st century due to the abundance of the species around Scotland probably as a result of global warming.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[6] [7] The compromised Delphinus delphis ponticus subspecies lives only in the Black Sea and part of the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[4] The common dolphin has been found in Finnish territorial waters at least three times.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[6] Reportedly, the first sighting was made in 1893, when the dolphin died in a fishing net in Åland.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[8] The second sighting was not obtained until more than a century later, when a dead dolphin was found on the shores of Luvian island of Säpi in late summer 1997.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[8] After the discovery of the scavenger, it became apparent that a sea captain had seen one [8] [3] or, according to some sources, two [6] dolphins alive near Säpi.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[8] In studies, the Säpi individual turned out to be a male aged 5—7 years, and plans were made for its skeleton at the time to be placed in the Natural History Museum in Turku.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[8] For the third time dolphins visited Finnish waters in November 2006, when a mother and a cub were spotted off the Korppoo archipelago resort.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[6] [3] Another time they were seen alive in the Archipelago Sea, until about a week later they drowned in fishing nets.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[6] These two specimens were then to be preserved in the collections of the Helsinki Museum of Natural History.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

[3] Nutrition Dolphins trap in the herd and eat small fish such as mackerels, herrings and sardines.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

Reproduction Dolphins normally live in small flocks.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

They usually mate in the fall summer.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

The female carries just under a year.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

The cub is just under a metre tall at birth.


Question: What is the world's most common species of whale?

Dolphin

See also Bottle muzzle dolphin Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Great Animal Book| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| id= ISBN 951-0-22848-6}} References Category:Dolphins Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President of the Republic of Finland () is the head of state elected by the Finnish people.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

He leads Finland's foreign policy in cooperation with the State Council and is the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[1] He also appoints some of the most senior officials and judges of the Supreme Court.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In the absence of the President, his duties are exercised by the Prime Minister and, even when he is prevented, by a minister who deputises the Prime Minister.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[2] Election procedure Since 1994, the President of the Republic of Finland has been elected by direct popular election every six years.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Candidates for presidential elections are permitted to be placed both by registered parties with at least one MP elected in the previous parliamentary elections and by the associations of electors who collected a list of names of more than 20,000 supporters.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

If one of the candidates receives more than half of the votes in the first round, he or she shall be directly elected President of the Republic.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Otherwise, the two who received the most votes will be head-to-head in the second round, with more votes winning.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Prior to the 2018 elections, a second round had been required in every direct presidential election in Finland.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Prior to 1994, the President of the Republic was elected by elective election.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Voters chose 300 electors using proportional representation, followed by electors to elect the president.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

There were 301 electors in the 1982 and 1988 presidential elections.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President has also been elected several times by exceptional procedure (see Presidents of the Republic of Finland).


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The terms of office of the President of the Republic were limited to two consecutive 1991, meaning the same person may hold office for a maximum of twelve years in a row [3].


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The change was motivated by Urho Kekkonen's more than 25-year rule, when the position of President of the Republic was overemphasized by many.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Privileges Provided in the Constitution The President's rights in forming a government and dissolving parliament were restricted from the 1990s onwards and further in the Comprehensive Reform of the Constitution that came into effect on 1 March 2000.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Today, the Prime Minister is elected by Parliament, who is formally appointed by the President.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Under the proposals of the Prime Minister, other ministers are appointed by the President of the Republic


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In 2011, various amendments were made to the Constitution of Finland, which further limited the powers of the President.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

They came into effect on March 1, 2012.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Foreign Policy According to the Constitution, “the President leads foreign policy in cooperation with the State Council” [4].


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In a situation where the Council of State and the President disagree on a foreign policy decision, the matter is taken to a vote in parliament, whose position determines the course of action.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

He decides on Finland's foreign policy policy policy and, for example, appoints diplomats and meets heads of state of foreign countries during their official visits to Finland.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Legislative power The President of the Republic establishes the laws and has at his disposal a deferential veto.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Under the constitution, the law goes back to parliament unless the president confirms it in three months.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

If the same law is passed again by parliament without amendment, it will take effect without presidential confirmation.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President may seek an opinion on a bill from the Supreme Court or the Supreme Administrative Court.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[5] Tarja Halonen exercised this power once during his first term.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The parliament bent to the will of the president, and a couple of paragraphs changed during the new round of parliament.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The president can issue specifications in law, regulations, only on international affairs.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Previously, the president gave government motions to parliament, but they were passed to the State Council under the new 2012 constitutional reform.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Defence Policy The President of the Republic is the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Under exceptional circumstances, he can assign this role to another Finnish citizen, but at present only on a proposal from the Government.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[6] The President decides the most important Finnish defence policy decisions and lines.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

For example, he decides on the key fundamentals of military defense, significant changes in military defense readiness, and principles for the implementation of military defense.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President appoints the Commander of Defence Force and decides on other military appointment matters.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

He also appoints all officers.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[6] Office appointments In the past, many key officials were appointed by the president.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Under the 1919 form of government, he appointed bishops, professors, heads of central offices and land lords, among others.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[7] As a rule, civil servants are appointed by the Council of State unless otherwise provided for in respect of a post.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

However, certain officials are still appointed by the president.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[8] The President of the Republic appoints the Permanent Secretary and Rapporteurs of the Office of the President of the Republic, the Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General, the Prosecutor General and the Deputy Prosecutor General, the Heads of Missions, the Director General and Directors of the National Insurance Institute, the Governor of the Bank of Finland, Officers of the Armed Forces and Border Guard, Presidents and Members of the Supreme Court and the Council of State, Presidents of the Courts of Appeal and other members of the Court of Appeal and other members of the Court of Appeal, and other permanent judges as specifically provided for by law.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Office appointments are prepared and presented in the relevant ministries, not the office of the President of the Republic.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[9] Relation with the Lutheran Church For a long time, the President of the Republic appointed the bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland to their posts by confirming the results of the episcopal election.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

This was enacted in the 1919 form of government [7].


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The new constitution, which came into force in 2000, no longer existed, and in accordance with that the Church Act was also amended so that the result of the election was no longer subjected to the confirmation of the President, but the Chapter gives the elected power of attorney to the office of bishop [10].


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The change took effect at the beginning of March, the beginning of President Halonen, who is not affiliated with denominations.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

But the president has continued a tradition begun as early as the 1950s by opening an annual church solidarity collection.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Symbolic status and emblems When taking office, the President of the Republic of Finland gives a solemn affirmation: “I — who has been elected President of the Republic of Finland by the Finnish people, affirm that I, in my presidential office, sincerely and faithfully respect the constitutional law of the Republic and laws and with all my strength I contribute to the success of the Finnish people.” A person receives the lifetime rank of President upon entering the office of the President of the Republic.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The president of the republic is expected to act as an authoritative mediator between the parties.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

This is why the president has had a habit of handing over his party's membership book once he gets elected.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The Presidential Residence of the President of the Republic is the Presidential Palace in central Helsinki and the official residence of Mäntyniemi in Meilahti, Helsinki.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President's summer residence is Kultaranta in Naantali.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President of the Republic has his own tongued state flag, with a 3rd class Liberty Cross for civic merit in the tango-side upper field.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Designed by Eero Snellman, Bruno Tuukkanen and Olof Eriksson, the flag will be hoisted in the salko when the president boards a naval vessel, a fortress or when he arrives at his mission residence.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The March of Honour of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces, the President of the Republic, is the March of the Porites and is played in connection with state visits and at celebrations organised by the Armed Forces, where the President of the Republic is present.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The march is usually played upon the arrival of the president at the banquet hall itself.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The current official car of the President of the Republic is a black armored Mercedes-Benz S 600 L Guard.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The Office of the President of the Republic also operates Audi A8L Security from 2012.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President uses his official car quite rarely, mainly during state visits and on other festive occasions, for example when going to the opening of the Riksdag.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The coat of arms of Finland has been the registration symbol of the president's official car since 1925.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[11] The President also has at his disposal the representative boat Kultaranta VIII, designed for 18 people and two crew members.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

When travelling by train, the President had his own salon carriage at his disposal, the last of which (A1) was used by Presidents Mauno Koivisto, Martti Ahtisaari and Tarja Halonen.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Today, the President of the Republic uses the Government Wagon (A2) for train travel.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In domestic air transport, the President of the Republic may use helicopters of the armed forces.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

At the National Theatre, the president has his own stand on the left side of the stage of the big stage.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

At Helsinki Central Station, the President has his own entrance, the kind once used by the Grand Dukes of Finland.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The Jääkär Regiment of the Guard places an honorary company at the disposal of the President of the Republic, for example in connection with state visits and in front of the main entrance to the Presidential Palace of Honour.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The main responsibility for representative duties is 2.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The Jääkärikikomppania in the summer and the Military Police Company during the winter.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

These companies are referred to as Honorary Company.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The designation “kaarti” refers to the Imperial Finnish Guard and the White Guard, but also to the role of the Guard's Jaeger Regiment to act as the head of state's military force.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[12] Presidential remuneration and other benefits The remuneration and operating assets The annual remuneration received by the President of the Republic for his office shall be EUR 126000 as of 1 April 2013.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The reward is tax free.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[13] In the 2012 budget, an appropriation amounting to EUR 353000 has been allocated to the President's remuneration and operating resources.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

According to the draft budget, this appropriation may be used to pay expenditure under the Law on the President of the Republic's Remuneration.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Those expenditures include the actual premium, as well as housing benefits.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In addition, this appropriation may be used — other than Article Operational expenditure of the Office of the President of the Republic or to Article Expenditure on visits and meetings trips budgeted — to pay for expenditure arising from representation of the President or other activities.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[14] Delegation appropriation A special delegation appropriation was made to the President until 1 March 2012, but then the representation relating to the role and institution of the President of the Republic shall be paid from the operational expenditure of the Office of the President [15] for which in the draft budget 2012 the Office an appropriation of EUR 125000 has been transferred to the appropriations.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[14] The delegation appropriation amounted to EUR 171000 in 2011.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Working resources The State budget previously had a separately allocated point of expenditure of the President of the Republic, which was permitted to be used to pay the expenditure of the President of the Republic.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The appropriation amounted to EUR 65000 in the 2011 budget.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

This was not the president's personal coming.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[16] In 2012, this article was deleted, transferring EUR 30000 to the President's remuneration and operating assets and EUR 35000 to the operating expenditure of the Office of the President.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[14] The Housing Benefit is occupied by the President of the Republic of the Republic of three properties, all of which have housing, work and representation rooms: The Presidential Palace is the President's main working and representative premises, Mäntyniemi is the President's actual office residence, and the summer residence is Kultaranta.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Maintenance of real estate and necessary staff is funded from state funds.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[13] The right of the President of the Republic to annual leave or to leave is not specifically provided for.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President of the Republic is available at all times for the performance of the President's duties.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

He has no work or office hours and no actual annual leave.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[17] Tax exemption The President's remuneration, pension, survivor pension and housing or other benefits received from the State in addition to these are not taxable income.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[13] [18] Travel Right Although the matter is not specifically provided for by law, presidential domestic and foreign travel related to the performance of the presidential office are financed from state funds within the framework of the annual budget.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The draft budget for 2012 earmarked an appropriation of EUR 2850000.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[14] Pension Right The retired president is entitled to a pension equal to 60% of the premium.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The president may be offered retirement housing for a reasonable rent and workspaces for writing and archival work, as well as providing security or office services or other similar services.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The president's widow and children under the age of 18 are entitled to a survivor's pension equal to half the pension.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[19] EUR 35000000 was allocated in the 2011 budget to finance services to be used by retired presidents.


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[16] Impeachment by the President of the Constitution of Finland provides that the President of the Republic of Finland shall not be prosecuted unless it is a crime of treason, a crime of state fraud or a crime against humanity [20].


Question: Is a head of state the same thing as the president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Presidents of the Republic See also About Presidents of the Republic of Finland Presidents Forum of the President of the Republic New Year's address Independence Day reception Adjutant Finnish Presidents Tomb monuments Sources On topic elsewhere * Category:Government Class:Trust Actions Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin (, February 1, 1931, Butka, Russian SFNT, Soviet Union — April 23, 2007 [1] Moscow, Russia) was the first President of Russia from 1991 to 1999.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin also played a key role in the demise of the Soviet Union, and during his presidency Russia saw a large series of reforms towards a market economy.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The reform process was difficult after the abolition of the Soviet Union left behind major economic and social problems that marked Russia's entire 1990s.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

During Yeltsin's period, the Chechen War broke out.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Life before the presidency Early stages Boris Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931 in Sverdlovsk, Soviet Union.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

He attended the last classes of the Pushkin Middle School in Berezniki in the Perm region.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin was very successful at school, but as an unruly nature, he was often in quarrels with teachers and his father.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

He also participated in street fights.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

At age 12 or 13, Yeltsin was playing out of an Army warehouse with a drain grenade that blew out the index finger and thumb of his left hand.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin attended the Ural Polytechnical Institute in Sverdlovsk and studied construction.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

From 1955 to 1957, Yeltsin worked as foreman at the construction site, eventually being promoted through various stages to head of the Sverdlovsk Construction Combine in 1965.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Political career in the Soviet Union Yeltsin was a member of the Communist Party from 1961 to July 1990.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

He became in 1976 the party leader of the Sverdlovsk Oblast.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In 1977, he was ordered to carry out the demolition of the house of Ipatyev, the assassination site of the last Emperor of Russia, Nicholas II.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[2] Later, Yeltsin has described the event as an abhorrent cover-up of history.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In 1985, Yeltsin was appointed a member of the Politburo by Mikhail Gorbachev.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin was the First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the NKP, or Mayor of Moscow, from 24 December 1985 to 1987, when he was expelled from the Politburo and the post of Mayor after his criticism of Gorbachev and the pace of reforms.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin appeared in Moscow at the time as a populist and reformer.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[2] He was demoted to first deputy commissioner of the State Committee responsible for construction.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Gorbachev felt that Yeltsin was politically immature and irresponsible.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In the free elections of 1989, Yeltsin posed as a martyr and criticized perestroika for its failure to improve the quality of life of people.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin was clearly elected to the Congress of MPs.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[2] The Kremlin had even begun a campaign of vilification against Yeltsin, which, however, did not shake Yeltsin's popular popularity.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The people were dissatisfied with the policies of the country's leadership


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

He was elected President of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Socialist Federative Republic, or President, in May 1990.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Around the same time, the leading position of the Communist Party was dismantled, and a multi-party system was established.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

After Russia declared independence, Yeltsin resigned from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in July 1990.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In the presidential election held on 12 June 1991, Yeltsin received 57% of the vote, becoming the first President of Russia on 10 July 1991.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Coup and New Era A failed coup attempt on 18 August 1991 sought the ouster of Mikhail Gorbachev and Yeltsin.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin was involved in turning army troops against usurpers.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Popular forces defended the White House by positioning themselves as human shields around the Russian parliament, and Yeltsin gave a speech to the nation from the top of a tank.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

On 21 August, the coup plotters fled Moscow.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

After the attempted hijacking was completed, Yeltsin was considered a hero.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Gorbachev's power was gone.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Even if he returned to the presidency of the Soviet Union, politicians no longer obeyed him.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In the fall of 1991, Russia took over ministry after ministry and in November 1991 Yeltsin banned the Communist Party in Russia.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Ukraine seceded from the Soviet Union by referendum in early December 1991, after which Yeltsin met with the leaders of the Soviet republics in Belavežkaya Pushchea, Belarus.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

At the meeting, the Commonwealth of Independent States was established and the Soviet republics recognized each other as independent.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Gorbachev resigned on 25 December 1991 and the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Time as President First term Yeltsin ushered in a new era with the release of product prices on January 2, 1992, when citizens were also allowed to travel freely abroad.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The price liberation quickly drove the country into explosive inflation that impoverished the ordinary people.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Elsewhere, many former Komsomol actives and members of the former Communist Party became rich through credit speculation and opportunities arising from the privatization of Soviet assets.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Heavy new taxes went into effect but were circumvented.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The policies of Yeltsin's time were marked by emancipation, the strengthening of the press as an aid to democracy by exempting it from the prescribed VAT, privatisation, as well as the competition between oligarchs in the press and television that arose with privatisation.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Inflation and the crisis of collective agriculture caused by industry, especially the machine-building industry and also the strong ruble policy, caused the economy to reorient towards light industry and imports.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

These caused the weakening of the power of pro-Soviet elements of the Russian Federation.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin's popular popularity rapidly waned as economic reforms progressed, as Yeltsin was unable, among other things, to collect taxes from the country to pay wages.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Exploding inflation pushed up food prices and nullified the savings of many middle-income earners.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Old grannies used to sell their stuff at the market to buy food.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

People began to yearn for the Soviet Union, where livelihoods were scarce, but sure.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin soon replaced Yegor Gaidar, who began the reforms, to replace Viktor Chernomyrdin, head of the more moderate Russian gas company.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

At the beginning of Yeltsin's term, the country was governed mostly by presidential decrees, as the intervals between parliament and the president had been badly inflamed.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In Soviet times, the elected parliament began opposing Yeltsin's policies in the spring of 1992.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The Communists tried to bring the country under control in parliament.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Parliament tried to overthrow Yeltsin legally many times in the spring of 1993.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Aleksandr Rutskoi accused many members of Yeltsin's government of corruption and compiled evidence of corruption against, among others, Yegor Gaidar, Gennady Burbulis, Mikhail Poltoranin, Vladimir Šumeiko and Aleksandr Šohin, Anatoly Chubais and Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin soon sacked Rutskoi, and the oil-rich Tatarstan and Bashkiria wanted to secede from Russia.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Russia negotiated agreements with them that brought them, among other things, tax breaks.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

On 26 March 1992, the Communists attempted to push through Parliament a motion of no confidence aimed at overthrowing Yeltsin, but were unsuccessful.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

On 25 April 1993, Yeltsin won a popular vote measuring his support.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

On 1 September 1993, Yeltsin enacted a decree that suspended Vice President Rutskoi from office.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Parliament Speaker Ruslan Hasbulatov declared the decree to be unconstitutional.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[3] Yeltsin, contrary to a still valid article of Soviet law, dissolved the troublesome parliament on 21 September 1993.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Under this law, disbandment would result in the loss of presidential power.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Subsequently, Hasbulatov, the speaker opposed to Yeltsin of Parliament, and Vice President Aleksandr Rutskoi, declared the Soviet state into force again.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In a parliament house blockaded by Russians, Rutskoi was declared president.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Russia would be threatened by the power of “red-brown soups”, communists and fascists.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin managed to defeat his opponents, having succeeded in winning an army led by Minister of Defense Pavel Grachev on his side.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The army, among other things, shelled the parliament house overrun by the opposition with cannon.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

On 12 December, a new parliament was elected, with a large number of Communists and Liberal Democrats, but Yeltsin's party “The Choice of Russia” was poorly successful.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Around the same time, a Constituent Assembly was held.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The new constitution guaranteed the Russian president broad powers: the right to appoint the government, dismiss the prime minister and also the right in special cases to dissolve the Duma.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The new Constitution of Russia was adopted by a simple majority of the referendum, and also served as the basis for other legislation of a new kind of Russian Federation.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Privatization, which began in 1993, eventually transferred assets from the people to speculators as privatization vouchers piled up in the hands of pre-existing well-earners.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

With one voucher, due to inflation, you were able to eventually buy one bottle of vodka.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Privatization was aimed at fighting the threat of communism.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Although Yeltsin gave the regions of the Russian Federation great power, at least he did not tolerate their independence.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Chechnya had broken away from Russia as early as 1990.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin gave the order to start the First Chechen War.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The Russians suffered great losses in the war because they did not know how to respond to Chechen guerrilla tactics.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The Russians severely bombed Grozny, the capital of the country, which Yeltsin first denied, then reprimanded Pavel Grachev, the head of the armed forces, and left it to that effect.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Nor did Yeltsin address the brutality committed by the Russians in the war, which were discussed by Russian intellectuals and international human rights organizations.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The stationary, brutal and defeatist war also contributed to the weakening of Yeltsin's popular popularity.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In the war, Yeltsin wanted to stop the disintegration that threatened Russia by defeating the independence men led by Dzohar Dudayev and controlling the crime that was nesting in Chechnya and extending its influence to Russia.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Before the election, Yeltsin promised to end the war in Chechnya and won over anti-war campaigner Aleksandr Lebed from the ranks of the communists.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

After Yeltsin won the election, he continued the war to full effect.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin decided to end the war in 1996, and Lebed negotiated a peace treaty that same year.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

At the height of his power, Yeltsin began appointing relatives to key posts in his power, including his daughter Tatjana Dyachenko's 1996 advisor.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

The grouping of oligarchs and others who supported Yeltsin, who was born in the Kremlin, was dubbed the “family.”


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

It included Alexander Vološin, who headed the presidential administration; Tatjana Dyachenko, the president's daughter; and her later husband Valentin Jumashev; Pavel Borodin, Yeltsin's aide; and oligarchs Berezovski and Abramovits.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[4] Second term Yeltsin was elected president for the second time in the summer 1996 presidential election.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin's popular popularity before the election was only about 10%.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

At first, contemporary, streamlined Communist leader Gennady Zjuganov appeared to be a sure winner, with Yeltsin receiving only 35% of the vote in the first round.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Russia's big businessmen, oligarchs feared pre-election favourite Communist Zjuganov would win the election.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

However, Yeltsin left for the election and a well-planned massive election campaign and mainstream media such as the support of oligarch Boris Berezovsky's media empire turned 54% of the population to vote for Yeltsin.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin was seen dancing on television to the beat of contemporary music.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In the second round, Yeltsin received more than half of the votes.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

As early as November 1996, Yeltsin underwent quadruple bypass surgery and was hospitalized for months.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[5] Yeltsin's second term as president was marked by his poor health.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Behind the scenes, there was a power struggle over the next president.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin switched prime ministers at a tight pace for he feared they would become his challengers.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin had poor intervals e.g. Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin began to be charged with corruption too.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

According to General Koržakov of Yeltsin's security service, major businessman Roman Abramovich was the oligarch who most supported Yeltsin's “family”.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

To counterbalance, Yeltsin supported Abramovich against criminal charges.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

They concerned the usurpation of government property.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In 1998, Russia was mired in an evil economic crisis.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

In part, this unified Russia because the republics wishing to become independent in economic difficulties relied on Russia [6].


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

On May 15, 1999, Yeltsin survived a motion of no confidence passed by the Duma opposition, Democrats and Communists.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[7] [8] On 9 August 1999, in an impulsive manner, Yeltsin sacked his government, and Vladimir Putin became the new Prime Minister.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin was unpopular for his final months, with only 2 percent of the population supporting him.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[8] Yeltsin and his daughters Tatjana Dyachenko and Yelena Okulova were accused by the Prosecutor General Yuri Skuratov in 1999 of taking bribes from Swiss company Mabetex, which had received significant contracts.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Shortly after this, Yeltsin tried to dismiss Skuratov, but the decision to dismiss was rejected three times by the Federation Council.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Later, Skuratov was linked to a sex scandal and a nationwide TV channel showed a film of him doing things with prostitutes.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Suffering from health problems, Yeltsin announced that he would step aside just before the turn of the millennium on 31 December 1999 and appointed Prime Minister Putin as acting president until the spring 2000 presidential election.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

After becoming president, Putin ensured that Yeltsin received full immunity from all criminal charges.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[9] Death Boris Yeltsin died of a heart attack [10] [11] on 23 April 2007 at the age of 76 years. [12] [13].


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin was buried in Novodevich Cemetery on 25 April 2007, [14].


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

Yeltsin's body was on display at Christ the Saviour Cathedral in Moscow.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[15] Yeltsin was the first Russian head of state after 113 years to be buried with ecclesiastical expenditure since the death of Tsar Alexander III.


Question: Where did Boris Yeltsin pass away?

Boris Yeltsin

[16] President Putin declared a national day of mourning for Russia on the day of Yeltsin's death [17] See also Helsinki Summit 1997, meeting between Yeltsin and Bill Clinton Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Evangelista, Matthew| title = Chechnya Wars — Is Russia falling apart? | others = Translated by Yli-Vakkauri, Juhany| publisher = LIKE| year = 2004| id = ISBN 952-471-425-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Luukkanen, Arto| title = Project Putin| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN: 978-951-0-330309-1}} Check date values in: |accessdate=, | date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Literature Boris Yeltsin, Yeltsin, WSOY Juva 1990, ISBN 951-0-16361-9 Boris Yeltsin, Presidential Diary, Helsinki, Otava, 1994, ISBN 951-1-13375-6 On the subject elsewhere Category:Russian Presidents Category:Russian Defense Ministers Category:People born in 1931 Class:Persons who died in 2007 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Sir William Henry Bragg (2 July 1862 — 10 March 1942 London) was a British physicist.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Together with his son Sir William Lawrence Bragg (1890—1971), he studied the atomic structures of crystals using X-ray radiation.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Their work laid down the foundations of X-ray crystallography and brought them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[1] During his career, Bragg was a distinguished professor at three universities, a director of the Royal Institution and president of the Royal Society.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He was awarded the Rumford Medal in 1916 and the Copley Medal in 1930.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[2] In 1920 he was knighted.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[3] Life and Career Early life Bragg was born on 2 July 1862 at Stoneraise Place, in the village of Wigton, Cumberland.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

His father, Robert John Bragg, was a former sea merchant who had become a farmer.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Mother Mary Wood died when Bragg was seven years old.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

After the death of his mother, he moved in with his uncle the apothecary William Bragg in Market Harborough, Leicestershire.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

There, Bragg attended national school.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In 1873, aged 11, Bragg attended the Oxford Junior Local examinations, which he passed as the youngest in the whole country that year.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

His strongest subjects were mathematics and modern languages.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In 1875, Bragg began studying at King William's College on the Isle of Man.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Uncle William would have preferred him to go to Shrewsbury, but Robert's father decided otherwise.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The discipline of King William's College was strict and social as well as psychological pressure hard.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bullying between students was also common.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Biblical doctrines and going to hell were objects of public fear at King William's College.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg coped with school time by closely following school rules and focusing on his studies.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He developed a lifelong fear of the Bible, though he spoke of the connection between religion and science later.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

During his free time, Bragg sported from active and participated in social and educational activities offered by the school.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In his unpublished autobiography, he describes himself as a quiet and shy schoolboy.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He tells me he already liked studying mathematics back then.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In 1880, Bragg was rewarded with a scholarship to Trinity College, University of Cambridge.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

However, at 17, he was considered to be too young to start studying.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The following year, Bragg attempted to raise the scholarship, but was unsuccessful.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He was awarded a smaller scholarship to Trinity College due to his earlier success.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In 1881, Bragg began his studies at Trinity College.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He was initially shy and lonely and felt he could not join students' clubs.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Instead, he focused on studying and playing tennis.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg's coach for the Tripos experiment was Edward Routh, coached by J. J. Thomson, who believed in his abilities.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg did well in the 1882 trials.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

For the next three years, Bragg studied mathematics daily.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He spent on close study all morning, a couple of hours in the afternoon and another hour in the evening.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[4] Due to intensive study, Bragg received the third best grade (Third Wrangler) from the first part of the Tripos exams in 1884.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

For the next volume, Bragg specialized in physics and acquired practical experience.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In the trials of 1885, he achieved his best rating.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

It would have been possible for him to apply for a grant, but due to fierce competition, Bragg decided to embark on practical physics research in Cavendish's laboratory.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[5] By the end of the year he knew J. J. Thomson very well.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

University of Adelaide In late 1885, Thomson asked Bragg if his fellow student was applying for a newly vacated professorship at the University of Adelaide, Australia.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

This was an indirect admonition from Thomson and showed his faith in Bragg's abilities.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

It was also an encouragement to the young mathematician that people already his age would have a chance of being elected.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The selection for the post was made by J. J. Thomson and former holder of the post, Horace Lamb.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg was chosen from among 23 candidates specifically because of his mathematical skills.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The insistence of a professorship at the University of Adelaide (Elder Professor of Mathematics and Physics) meant Bragg had to familiarise himself with physics.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[2] Ten months of sea voyage offered a good opportunity to do so.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg began working at the University of Adelaide in 1886.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

His work was heavy, as there was a shortage of able students.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

For this reason, he concentrated on teaching and did not conduct research of his own, although following events in science.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He became friends with a local flamboyant, Postmaster General Sir Charles Todd, and in 1889 married his daughter Gwendoline.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Three children came from the marriage, William Lawrence, Robert, and Gwendolen.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg's assertiveness and persona grew in Adelaide and he quickly became popular.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He played golf and tennis, painted in watercolours and cycled diligently.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He also served as governor of the local library, museum and art gallery.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Scientific research Bragg began in the 1890s at a late age.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He first met Ernest Rutherford in 1895 while conducting experiments with the Hertz oscillator.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Rutherford became an important friend and supporter to him.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

After hearing of the discovery made by Wilhelm Röntgen, Bragg and his assistant built his own X-ray tube.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

It was used to describe William Lawrence's fractured elbow, in what was the first memory-marked medical use case of X-ray radiation in Australia.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[6] Bragg was also interested in Marie Curie's research with radon and procured it for his own experiments.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

However, these early experiments were replications of other results.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Research using X-rays and gamma rays Bragg's actual interest in research did not awaken until 1904, when he gave a presentation to the Australian Association of the Advancement of Science in Dunedin, New Zealand.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

For his presentation, Bragg read Philipp Lenard's research on the absorption of cathode rays into matter and became interested in how elementary particles permeate matter.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In Lenard's experiment, the reason for the decay of the electron beam had been suggested as its passage from close to the power center.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

However, Bragg concluded that based on Lenard's conclusion, alpha particles should penetrate thin tin paper easily given their mass.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He noted in his presentation that the throughput force of alpha particles is dependent on the distance they travel at times when the critical distance has been exceeded.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Otherwise, distance does not matter.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg built a simple device that he used to start measuring the range of alpha particles.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[7] This electrometer measured the ionization of an alpha particle as it passed through a thin layer of air.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Using the method, he obtained an accurate range for the alpha particle and additionally measured the variation in its ionization.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Together with Richard Kleeman, he found that the stopping force of matter is proportional to the square root of its atomic mass.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

This three years of intensive research brought Bragg fame in the scientific community.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He published 18 articles during that time, always every few months.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[4] Bragg did both theoretical and experimental research. [8] He sent his results to Rutherford, who encouraged him to continue his work.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1909 due to his scientific achievements.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[6] Bragg also studied how beta and gamma rays separated secondary electrons from matter.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He used to refer to them as beta rays.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

This research, together with Sir John Madsen, laid the groundwork for Bragg's understanding of the particle nature of X-ray radiation.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

They showed that the genesis of beta rays was dependent on the quality of gamma radiation, not its intensity.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg developed his view of the particle nature of X-ray and gamma radiation.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He concluded the rays were neutral, massive particles because they were not affected by electric and magnetic fields.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Thinking of the rays as neutral pairs supported Bragg's results.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[7] Particle theory explained many properties of X-rays and gamma rays.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In connection with his studies, Bragg found that ionization of X-rays is indirect because radiation releases secondary electrons.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He was the first to propose this and supported the theory with experiments.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

University of Leeds In 1908 Bragg was elected Professor of Physics at the University of Leeds (Cavendish Professor).


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

It was a tribute to the success brought by alpha particle research.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He and his family returned to England the following year.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The start at Leeds was heavy for Bragg.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He was overworked to get his teaching in the lab in order.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Students did not appreciate his lectures and the view of the nature of light caused quarrels with colleagues.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

For Bragg's Gwendoline wife, the move to England was even more onerous.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Beautiful and peaceful Adelaide turned into a filthy, industrialised Leeds.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The countryside of the north and the garden of one's own house, as well as an active social life, helped in the adaptation.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg's own adversity was tempered by knowledge of his son William Lawrence Bragg's success at Trinity College at Cambridge University.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

X-ray crystallography Max von Laue's observation in 1912 of X-ray diffraction in a single NaCl crystal gained the interest of Bragg and his son William Lawrence.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg found that if the crystal in Laue's diffraction images is a cube with an atom in each corner, then a straight line can be drawn between the origin of the coordinate system and each Laue point passing through the atom.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[7] William Lawrence Bragg explained this more simply by means of Bragg's law, which explains Laue's points to be rays folded by atoms in different planes.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg used his son's formula to calculate the distance between atomic planes once the wavelength of an X-ray beam is known.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[4] They published their first joint article in 1913.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg built an early X-ray spectrometer for research.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[4] The spectrometer acted as an ionizing chamber that detected and measured the rays.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Braggie's studies showed that the number of reflected rays could not be explained by just one level.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Whether the plane has an amplifying or debilitating effect on reflected rays is dependent on the distance of the planes from each other.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[4] Braggie's research e.g.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

the crystal structure of zinc and diamond brought them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Because of World War I, they and Max von Laue, who had been awarded a year earlier, did not receive their award until 1922.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[3] The same research created a new branch of science, X-ray crystallography.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The findings raised questions about whether the reflected rays had arisen when an X-ray hits a crystal.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg seized on this topic, for it provided an opportunity to defend his particle theory.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He studied reflected radiation in an ionization chamber and found that it ionizes the gas in much the same way as ordinary X-rays.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The results could only be explained if the X-ray emission was wave-like.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

However, Bragg noted that during the ionization process, the rays behave like well-organized particles.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[7] The Braggs jointly constructed an early X-ray spectrograph in which a platinum anticathode X-ray emission passes through the crystal being studied and refracts into an ionization chamber.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

If the refracted ray does not meet the requirements of Bragg's law, the crystal can be rotated until the law is realized.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

With this device, Braggit found that reflected radiation receives three maximums when the crystal is rotated.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

This enabled them to determine that the NaCl crystal studied by Laue is a complete cube.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Braggs also found that other crystals produced three maxims.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[7] This early ionization spectrometer is the basis for modern X-ray diffractionometers used for crystallographic research.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

[8] University College London In 1915 Bragg was appointed to the post of Professor of Physics at University College London (Quain Professor of Physics), but due to World War I he held the Navy service for the first few years.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg was an original member of The Board of Inventions and Research, founded in July 1915.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The administration's mission was to assist the Navy in the war effort.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg was placed at the head of the Anti-Submarine Means Development Division.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

They managed to build a hydrophone to be used for observation of underwater sounds, which was of great use in combat against submarines.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg was awarded the rank of Commander (CBE) in 1917 and was knighted in 1920.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In the same year, he became an honorary fellow of Trinity College.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

After the war, Bragg began working at University College, where he set up a team of researchers for research into crystalline structures.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

University College's research equipment was not in the best condition, so Bragg of the pupil began its healing.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He actively pursued his research in crystal structures.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The Braggs had divided the field of research into organic and inorganic crystals.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg took organic crystals and began by studying the chain structure of naphthalene using the powder method.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

For the study, he used an X-ray spectrograph he had developed in Leeds.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg's assumption was that the benzene ring is the correct, shape-preserving structure.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

His results confirmed this assumption.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg also studied the possible structure of the ice.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

At the Royal Institution In 1919 Bragg gave a Christmas Lecture (Christmas Lecture) at the Royal Institution.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The lecture aimed at young listeners was on the topic “World of Voices”.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

It reinforced Bragg's reputation as an excellent and inspiring lecturer capable of explaining scientific matters perceived as difficult to ordinary listeners.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In 1923, Sir James Dewar, the then director of the Royal Institution, died, and his seat became vacant.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Rutherford was welcomed for the post, who nonetheless declined and recommended Bragg in his place.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The Royal Institution provided Bragg with the resources he needed to conduct his own research.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg became Director of the Royal Institution (Fullerian Professor of Chemistry, Director of Laboratory, Superintendent of the House, Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory), under whose authority included the Davy-Faraday Laboratory among others.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The Royal Institution was not in the best shape when he started his work.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The researchers were aged and the research tool was obsolete.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Braggin managed to restore the Royal Institution to its old honour during the year.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He received help from Rutherford, who frequently visited the laboratory.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg brought his own research team there from University College.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Their primary task was to build new equipment for X-ray research and to continue working on chain structures of organic crystals.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg was unable to participate in the study as closely as he had in the past, but supervised it closely.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

His main duties included giving folksy lectures (Christmas Lectures), the subjects of which he also used in his scholarly presentations.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg and his wife had been living in a country flat in Wharfedale, but due to the long distance they moved to Watlands, Surrey.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The family's second son, Robert, had been killed during World War I fighting in France.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Gwendolen's daughter was a distinguished artist, and William Lawrence Bragg Professor at the University of Cambridge.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

The 1929 death of Bragg's Gwendoline wife was a great loss to the family and their friends.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

After her death, Gwendolen's daughter became her father's neighbor until his death.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

During the Bragg administration, the Royal Institution house was renovated and the lecture hall was converted to modern standards.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

X-ray generators were built in the Davy-Faraday laboratory to speed up research and make short-term exposure possible.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg actively followed new developments in science.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

At one point Bragg decided that, along with practical research, it would be good to have thorough theoretical research as well.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He actively supported the mathematical research of H. A. Jahn and W. H. J. Childs on the methane spectrum.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He was also interested in the study of K. Lonsdale and H. Smith on diffusion points that could be observed in organic and inorganic single crystals.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

On this subject Bragg also wrote his own articles and memos, the last just before his death.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Last years In 1930 Bragg was awarded the Copley Medal.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He had become a major figure in science and a national greatness.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He was an honorary doctorate at sixteen universities and a member of several scientific societies.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In 1931 Bragg was elected a Member of the Order of Merit (Order of Merit).


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

In 1935 he was elected president of the Royal Society, although Bragg considered himself too old for the position.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg had always been interested in bringing science to the nation.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

He participated in radio talk shows, which also remained his last public appearance.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Bragg's heart had begun to deteriorate and on Thursday, March 10, 1942, he died at his home.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

His memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gonzalo, Julio A.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

& López, Carmen Aragó (ed), Andrade, E.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

N. da C.| title= Great Solid State Physicists of the 20th Century| location = Singapore| publisher = World Scientific Publishing Co| year = 2003| version=Part I William Hnery Bragg| id = ISBN 981-238-336-0| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

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Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

From Röntgen to Marie Curie| id = ISBN 978-0-511-16369-2| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

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Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

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William Bragg

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William Bragg

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William Bragg


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William Bragg

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William Bragg


Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

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Question: Where did Sir William Bragg die?

William Bragg

Category:Australian physicists Category:British physicists Category:British nobles Category:Nobel physics prize winners Category:Copley Medal recipients Category:Those born in 1862 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Mars (symbol:) is a neighbouring planet to Earth and the fourth planet in the Solar System as calculated from the Sun.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

The planet is named after the god of war Mars, which appears in Roman mythology.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Reddish Mars has a diameter of about half the diameter of Earth, [1] and is unviable for humans.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[2] Mars has water present as steam, liquid [3] and ice, as well as a very thin gas perimeter, most of which is carbon dioxide and the remainder is mainly nitrogen.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[1] The thinness of the gas ring is due to the low gravity of Mars.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Mars, moreover, is so cold that carbon dioxide from its gas periphery condenses there from time to time in polar caps.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Mars also has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[4] There is no known life on Mars.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

In ancient times, there had been a dense circle of gas from the volcanoes on Mars, and by then there were vast seas on Mars.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[5] The surface of the present Mars resembles the deserts of Earth and the Moon.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Mars has craters, deep valleys, dried-out riverbeds and sand dunes, clouds and polar caps.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[5] Mars has been explored by many unmanned space probes.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Also, a hitherto unimplemented manned Mars flight is a common subject of planning.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

History Early observations As early as Mars was discovered to be one of the moving stars in the sky aka planets.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

The first to make this observation was reportedly the ancient Egyptians.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[6] Observations of Mars were made by telescope as early as the 17th century, when Christian Huygens saw a dark area later crossed into Syrtis Major on the planet's surface.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[7] Giacomo Maraldi noticed the planet rotating in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, seeing the polar bars as well.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Maraldi wasn't sure if the planet's dark features were part of the planet's surface, or cloud formations.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[8] The polar bars were also seen by William Herschel, who measured the diameter of the planet approximately correctly.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Herschel also found out the planet's spin time and noticed the tilt of the planet's axis, concluding that Mars has seasons.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[8] The first reasonably accurate maps were not drawn until the late 19th century.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Johann Hieronymus Schröter drew an image of Mars in the late 18th century and saw the planet's polar bars and some surface features.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

In his opinion, the dark features of the planet were clouds.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Flaugergues concluded in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that he could see the solid surface of Mars.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

In the 19th century, Fraunhofer began constructing the earlier considerably more accurate large-scale telescopes with achromatic lens.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[9] Beer and Mädler made sure in the 1830s that Martian features were not clouds and tried to determine the longitude of some features as well as measure surface shapes with reticks.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

They also noted seasonal variations in the southern polar cap of Mars and found the Martian polar caps to be of different sizes.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

They pretty carefully measured the planet's spin time.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[9] Subsequent research In 1877, Asaph Hall discovered the Martian moons Phobos and Deimos, [10] and in the same year Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli claimed to have seen channels on the Martian surface.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[11] Martian channels were hotly debated for about 25 years, and accurate observations of the 1909 opposition put an end to channel talk.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

They were optical illusions visible only with moderately imprecise telescopes.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[12] [13] Water vapor and oxygen were searched around the early 20th century in the Martian gas ring, but were not found.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

1910—1930 were confirmed by channel enthusiast Percival Lowell's observations of seasonal wandering of the dark regions of Mars.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[13] Clouds were observed, some of which were rightly thought to be related to differences in surface elevation.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

There was controversy over whether the polar bars on Mars were carbon dioxide ice or water ice.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[14] The atmospheric pressure was estimated to be approximately 85 millibars based on cloud observations.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

In 1920, a group of scientists used a thermopair to measure the temperature of Mars, which, depending on the region, was −70... +30°C, according to measurements.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[15] Around 1910—1960, it was speculated that dark areas on Mars would be vegetation where seasonal variations occur.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

In 1947, astronomer Gerard Kuiper discovered carbon dioxide in the gas ring of Mars.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[14] However, he did not believe polar caps were composed of carbon dioxide ice.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[14] In 1950, it was believed that the gas perimeter of Mars contained mostly nitrogen and less carbon dioxide.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

In the same year, Tombaugh, Öpik and Ralph B. Baldwin claimed that Mars has numerous craters like the Moon.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[15] Kuiper claimed in 1956 the dark, changing regions of Mars to be dust-covered lava fields.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[15] The same result came Russian V.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

V. Sharanov.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Around the same time, McLaughlin claimed Mars was volcanically active, an idea opposed by many others.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[15] In 1963, Audouin Dollfus and his team photographed from a high mountain the infrared spectrum of Mars.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

From this, it was concluded that Mars contains very scarce water, with a partial pressure of 4.2 millibars of CO2.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

According to this, the pressure in the gas perimeter of Mars is less than 25 millibars, and Mars is drier than any desert on Earth.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Previously, it was assumed a Martian gas perimeter pressure of 85 millibars.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[15] In 1965, the American space probe Mariner 4 flew past Mars and began a new period in Martian exploration.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[16] It revealed the craters on Mars and measured the planet's gas perimeter to be very thin.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[17] Based on studies announced by NASA in September 2015, there may be running water on the surface of Mars in the form of crystal-preceding perchlorate compounds (such as NaClo4 and Mg (Clo4) 2).


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[18] Space probes Mars have been approached by unmanned flights since 1960.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

American Mariner 4 passed over Mars on July 15, 1965, transmitting from there the first images of Martian craters.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[16] In the late 1960s, the passing flight probes Mariner 6 and 7 were sent to Mars, transmitting more images from there.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[19] [20] The American successful Mariner 9 mapped the surface of Mars in 1971.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[21] Around the same time, the Soviet Mars 2 lander became the first man-made device to land on the surface of Mars, although the soft landing was not successful as planned and the lander was destroyed.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[22] The Mars 3 lander experienced the same fate.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[22] In 1976, the first planned successful landing on the surface of Mars by an American Viking probe took place.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[23] At the turn of the 2003—04 season, Earth and Mars hit near ideal levels on their tracks, making sending probes advantageous.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Because of this, several probes were sent off in a short period of time.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Japanese Nozomi already missed the trip.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

It had difficulties starting with departure, and eventually contact with it was lost a bit before it got there.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[24] ESA's Mars Express probe carried with it a lander named Beagle 2 after Charles Darwin's HMS Beagle.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

The probe successfully settled through the poles on its circulating course, but disappeared.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

The fate of Beagle 2 is, for now, completely unknown.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[25] Nasa, in turn, built two near-identical landers, just in case: Spirit [26] and Opportunity [27] (Finnish “Henki” and “Opportunity”).


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

They proved successes and both probes have sent a wealth of footage and investigative information.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Spirit sent out its last signals in 2010.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[28] Opportunity remains operational.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

The latest major Mars lander is Curiosity, launched on November 26, 2011, for a trip with the Mars Science Laboratory.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Curiosity is intended to explore the possibility of life on the planet.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

The ATV landed on the planet's surface on August 6, 2012.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[29] On its Independence Day, 15 August 2012, India announced its intention to send a space probe to a track orbiting Mars to study the Mars gas ring.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

The Mars Orbiter Mission program probe is planned to be launched in November 2013 using a launch vehicle from the Indian Space Research Agency's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[30] [31] Physical characteristics Surface and geology Looking at the telescope, Mars shows darker and lighter areas (continents and seas, mare) and polar bars, which vary considerably with the season.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

The most famous topography visible from Earth is the dark Syrtis Major, which is probably dark matter flared by the volcano.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Mars resembles its surface shape part Moon, part Earth.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

The Northern Hemisphere has mostly pale former seabeds.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Much of the southern hemisphere of Mars is covered by craters, but there are other surface forms.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Space probes have found huge volcanoes on the surface of Mars, the tallest of which is Olympus Mons of the Tharsis massif and the widest is Alba Patera.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

East of it is the more than 4000km long, 200km wide and in places more than 9km deep rift valley Valles Marineris.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

[32] Hellas and Argyre are large ancient impact craters.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Water has occasionally flowed on the planet's surface.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

In so-called chaotic areas, thawing of permafrost has occurred.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Ancient river beds left by flowing water have been found in many places, including signs of ancient shorelines.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

Some craters show dust-covered glaciers.


Question: How many children does Mick March have?

Mars

One area resembles a frozen sea covered in dust.