Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He met with other students once a week and they discussed, among other things, whether mathematics could be returned to logic, and Wittgenstein, at the urging of his fellow students, undertook reading Principles of Mathematics, a work by Bertrand Russell on that subject.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[40] He also closely studied Gottlob Frege's work Grundgesetze der Arithmetik and in the spring of 1909 sent Russell's friend Philip Jourdain a proposal for a solution to Russell's paradox, a problem Russell had found in Frege's doctrine of mass.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Jourdain, however, was not happy with the settlement, as was not Russell.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

According to Wittgenstein's sister Hermine, despite this, Wittgenstein was obsessively enthusiastic about the philosophy of mathematics, and was haunted by the cross-pull of the two vocations.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, he still focused primarily on aeronautical engineering, perhaps because of Jourdain's response.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[42] Wittgenstein first designed an aero-engine in which the propeller was rotated by small jet engines at the ends of the blades.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[43] His research was first aimed at the jet engine, but in his second year in Manchester he concentrated on the design of the propellet itself.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He also applied for a patent for improvements to propell he had developed.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The patent application is dated November 22, 1910, and was approved in June 1911.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[44] To Cambridge In the summer of 1911, Wittgenstein travelled to Jena to meet the mathematician and philosopher Gottlob Frege.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He wanted to show him an outline of one of his philosophical works.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Frege was not particularly convinced by the work, and perhaps for that reason nothing has survived of the work or its outline.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, Frege urged Wittgenstein to leave to study at Cambridge University as a pupil of Bertrand Russell.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[45] [note 1] In the autumn of 1911, Wittgenstein relocated to Cambridge, although still enrolled in Manchester.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

She met Russell for the first time on 18 October when she came to introduce herself to his room without prior notice.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He began attending Russell's lectures, which were often attended by only a few students.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He actively participated in discussion at lectures, and often accompanied Russell after lecture to his room in order to continue the discussion.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Russell was initially unconvinced of Wittgenstein's abilities to work on philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[46] At the end of the first semester, Wittgenstein still hesitated whether he would continue studying flight engineering or concentrate on philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Russell asked her to do an essay on a topic she wanted during her holiday, and after reading it Russell was convinced of her talent.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[47] [6] Later, Wittgenstein said Russell's encouragement dispelled his suicidal thoughts that have persecuted him for nine years.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[48] On 1 February 1912, Wittgenstein became a fellow of Trinity College, and in June Russell became his tutor.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Since Wittgenstein had never formally studied logic, Russell assigned logician W. E. Johnson to tutor him, but as early as a few weeks later this severed the teaching relationship, as Wittgenstein did not listen to him but argued constantly.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[49] [50] Wittgenstein became friends with Russell, and after serving as Wittgenstein's tutor for one semester, Russell became convinced that he would be the right person to develop forward the work he had begun in the field of logic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Russell considered Wittgenstein to be his kindred soul, but as early as the end of the semester, Wittgenstein criticised his popular work and an article on the existence of matter that he was writing.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[51] [52] In his first semester Wittgenstein had focused on logic and Russell, but in the following semester he began, among other things, with lectures by George Edward Moore on psychology.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Moore and Wittgenstein quickly became friends.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[53] [54] At the beginning of the summer semester, Wittgenstein met David Pinsent at some evening gatherings organised by Russell.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Pinsent was a well-liked mathematics student coming from a cultured family.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

They initially conducted music-related psychological experiments together, and shortly after meeting them, Wittgenstein unexpectedly asked Pinsent to travel with him to Iceland.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

They started going to concerts and dinners together.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[55] [56] Around the same time, Wittgenstein experienced a kind of religious awakening after seeing Ludwig Anzengruber's play Die Kreuzelschreiber: he began to regard as the basis of religiosity the stoic idea that whatever might happen in the outside world, he himself would be safe.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[57] [58] [59] At the beginning of summer vacation, Wittgenstein moved to G.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

To E. Moore's former apartment at Whewell's Court, where from then on he always lived during his time at Cambridge.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He travelled to his home in Vienna in July and underwent hernia surgery.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In September he returned to England and travelled with Pinsent to Iceland.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[60] [61] After Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge, Russell arranged for him and John Maynard Keynes to meet, and the men became friends.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[62] [63] Keynes, together with Lytton Strachey, led a secret society of Cambridge Apostoles, and the club was interested in having Wittgenstein as its member because Russell valued him.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[64] Although Russell, who was himself a member of the Apostles, doubted whether Wittgenstein would like to join the Society because of the homosexual atmosphere within the secret society, [63] Wittgenstein was elected a member of the Apostles in November.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, he left the club already at the end of the year.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[65] [66] He worked on symbolic logic in the fall semester and gave a presentation in December entitled “What is Philosophy?” at the university's Moral Science Club debating club, in whose activities he took an active part.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[67] [68] On his trip to Vienna after the end of the semester, Wittgenstein visited Frege in Jena.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He ended up rejecting the type theory developed by Russell during his leave, [69] [70] and although it was the cornerstone of Russell's attempt to restore mathematics to logic, this was not interested in defending his position.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Russell had abandoned logic almost entirely, and the men did not cooperate again after this.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[71] In January 1913, Wittgenstein's father Karl Wittgenstein died of cancer.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In March 1913, Wittgenstein's first writing, a book review of P. Coffey's book The Science of Logic, was published.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[72] He also translated, together with Philip Jourdain, Frege's work Grundgesetze der Arithmetik into English.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[73] [6] He devoted himself to the study of logic, and when, during the Easter holiday, he felt that he could find no more new ideas, he fell into despair.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

At the end of the summer, however, she felt her work was going well and when she met Pinsent in August in London, she told him she had made a big breakthrough in logic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, no material on Wittgenstein's work has remained from this period.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[74] Pinsent had come to London because Wittgenstein had asked him to go on holiday to Spain, but Wittgenstein had changed his mind: they were going to Norway.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Before their departure, Wittgenstein travelled to Cambridge to meet Russell and Alfred North Whitehead, both of whom, according to Pinsent, were very interested in Wittgenstein's ideas.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In Norway, Wittgenstein and Pinsent stayed in a hotel in the village of Øystese along the Hardanger Fjord, and Wittgenstein began to work hard on logic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[75] [76] His moods varied depending on how his work was going, and he feared he would die before he could finish his work.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Because of this, he agreed with Russell that they would meet as soon as possible so that he could present her with his thoughts.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

At the end of the holiday, he began planning to move to Norway in order to devote himself fully to the study of logic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[77] [78] Wittgenstein and Pinsent returned from vacation in October.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

While visiting London, Wittgenstein told Russell of his thoughts, and Russell allowed a stenographer to write them down.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The inscription is the first of Wittgenstein's surviving philosophical works, and was published as an appendix to the work Notebooks 1914—1916 under the name Notes on Logic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[79] [80] The inscription addresses the idea that Russell's type theory could be rendered redundant by developing an appropriate system of symbols, and thus foreshadows the distinction Wittgenstein made in his “Tractatus logico-philosophicus” work on “Tractatus logico-philosophicus”.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[81] To Norway Russell opposed Wittgenstein's plan to emigrate to Norway alone and tried to talk him out of it but to no avail.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[82] [note 2] He set out in October 1913 towards Norway, the village of Skjolden on the Sogne Fjord.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[83] [84] Skjolden was an ideal place for him to work, and the year he spent there was one of the most prolific of his life: already a few weeks later, he told Russell in a letter that he was convinced that all theorems of logic could be derived from a single basic proposition.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

This fundamental theorem would express a method by which it would be possible to determine the truth value of every sentence in logic, regardless of the truth values of its elementary sentences.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He later developed such a method in the form of the truth table method.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[85] Before Christmas 1913, however, Wittgenstein became depressed again.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He spent Christmas in Vienna with his family, which caused him further anxiety.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[86] Early in the year, Wittgenstein and Russell quarreled in their correspondence, and Wittgenstein announced that he would never write to Russell or meet him again.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Russell was able to appease her, but their relationship was not as close after this as it once was.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[87] [88] In March 1914 George Edward Moore came to Skjolden to meet Wittgenstein.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

On each night of the two-week visit, Wittgenstein told Moore of his progress in logic and also dictated remarks to him published as an appendix to the work Notebooks 1914—1916.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Central to the comments is the distinction between showing and saying something.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[89] [90] On his return to Cambridge, Moore inquired whether Logik's thesis written by Wittgenstein in Norway would be suitable for this Bachelor of Arts degree, but as the text lacked an introduction and source entries, it did not qualify.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein was infuriated by this and sent Moore an angry letter severing their friendship for several years, although Moore was undecided on whether the text was valid as a thesis.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[91] [92] [93] All texts written by Wittgenstein in Norway, including Logik, have disappeared.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[94] After Moore's departure, he began building a house in Skjolden with a plan to stay in Norway for a longer period of time, perhaps even for good.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, he left before the house was completed in June 1914 for Vienna.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He planned to spend the early summer with his family, holidaying with Pinsent, visiting England to see his friends and returning to Skjolden in the autumn.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[95] [96] World War I Behind the Front Line, Wittgenstein had received a great inheritance upon his father's death.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[6] In July, he wrote to Ludwig von Ficker, editor of the cultural publication “Der Brenner”, stating that he wanted to donate 100,000 kroner to be distributed to Austrian artists.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Ficker traveled to Vienna to meet Wittgenstein on 26—27.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

July and introduced Wittgenstein to architect Adolf Loos, something Wittgenstein greatly delighted in.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Among others, Loos and poets Georg Trakl and Rainer Maria Rilke received a share of the donation.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[97] [98] On 28 July 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia, and World War I broke out.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In the following days, Wittgenstein and Pinsent were still planning their holiday in their correspondence, but soon England and Austria-Hungary were at war on different sides, and Wittgenstein failed to leave the country.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He volunteered for the army on 7 August, although he had been discharged from service due to a hernia.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

His motives for joining the army were not merely patriotic; he wanted to do something other than thought work [99] and felt it his duty to share the burden of war on the people.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[100] Wittgenstein was assigned to an artillery regiment in Kraków for the Eastern Front.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He served on the ship Goplana, which had been recaptured from the Russians, on the Vistula River and apparently took no part in the fighting.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He disliked his fellow service members and in his diary compared his situation to his school days in Linz.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[101] [102] However, his mind was altered by the Gospel of Leo Tolstoy, which he found in a Cracow bookstore, which he experienced a religious conversion.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He again began to rely on the idea that whatever happened in the “outside world,” he himself would be safe.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[103] Wittgenstein's job on the ship was to use a searchlight at night, which was often very dangerous.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was writing a lot about logic at the time and came up with the image theory of language in late September.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[104] [100] He later told Georg Henrik von Wright that when reading a report in the newspaper about a trial in Paris on a car crash that was rare at that time, he had come to think that the court hearing was used to illustrate events. miniature models described the event because their relationship to each other corresponded to that of the creatures in a real crash, and a similar structural equivalence relationship would also apply between sentences and states of things.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The proposition therefore describes the possible state of affairs by virtue of its logical structure.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[105] By early November, the Austrian forces were in retreat, and Goplana headed towards Kraków, where the troops were to stay for the winter, while Wittgenstein received a letter from Georg Trakl.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Trakl hoped that Wittgenstein would come to see him in Kraków, where he was under psychiatric care.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein was very enthusiastic about the appointment, but by the time he arrived in Kraków on 5 November, Trakl had died of an overdose of cocaine prescribed to him in hospital.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[106] [107] In December 1914, Wittgenstein was transferred to an artillery workshop in Kraków and was tasked with cataloging vehicles in the barracks.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He got a room of his own and liked his new fellow service members.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[108] [109] At that time he did not have the time or interest to consider philosophy, but he read, among other things, a compilation work by Friedrich Nietzsche featuring the work Antichrist.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Although he accepted parts of Nietzsche's criticism of Christianity, he was increasingly convinced that Christianity was “the only sure path to happiness.”


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

For Wittgenstein, religion was not so much about beliefs, but more importantly about feelings and practices.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[110] Wittgenstein was soon appointed military official and later adjutant.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[111] In early February, he was placed in charge of the workshops, but he did not feel comfortable in the role of supervisor.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[112] Difficulties were caused by the fact that he held the rank of officer without an equivalent military rank.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[111] He asked for a promotion or transfer to another position, but nothing happened.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In the first months of 1915 he did not write philosophy, but was in correspondence with Keynes and Pinsent, among others.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[113] In April he was placed in charge of his entire workshop.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In May and June, he began to work on philosophy again: in those months he wrote about a third of the notes, later published as Notebooks 1914—1916.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[114] [115] Wittgenstein was slightly injured in an explosion on an artillery workshop in the summer of 1915.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was first in hospital for about a week and then in Vienna for a three-week holiday.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

On his return from leave, the artillery workshop had been moved to Sokal, the territory of present-day Ukraine, where the Austrian army had advanced in the Gorlice-Tarnów offenings, and the smithy now served as a train station.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He became friends with Dr. Max Bieler, and they discussed daily for several hours on topics such as philosophy, the Gospel of Tolstoy or the Karamazov Brothers of Fyodor Dostoevsky.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[116] [117] Wittgenstein also first began to compile his observations into the form of a treatise.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[118] On the front line In March 1916, Wittgenstein was finally moved out of the versa when he was assigned to an artillery regiment attached to the Austrian Seventh Army on the southern part of the Eastern Front, close to the Romanian border.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He had waited a long time for the chance to take part in the battle, but soon after his arrival he fell ill.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was not left behind, however, and soon after he was healed, he was assigned, at his own request, to be a lookout at a dangerous location.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He prayed constantly and thanked God for his survival.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He didn't like his new fellow service members.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[119] [120] In March—May he wrote little logic, but when the Russian forces began the Brusilov Offensive in June and Wittgenstein's regiment suffered great losses, the nature of his work began to expand from pure logic to include, among others, God and the meaning of life, and he began to think that these philosophical reflections on life are connected to his works on logic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was awarded the Badge of Honour during the attack because, despite prompts, he had not left his guard post and was promoted first to Vormeister and later to Corporal.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In late August, he was sent to Olomouc for officer training.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Before moving there, he was on holiday in Vienna.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[121] [122] Wittgenstein received from Adolf Loos the name and address of this former pupil, Paul Engelmann, who lived in Olomouc.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Introduced by Engelmann to his circle of friends made up of young cultured men, Wittgenstein enjoyed their company.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Particularly well, however, Wittgenstein befriended Engelmann, and they discussed much, among other things, religion and the book that Wittgenstein was going on.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[123] [124] Wittgenstein returned to the front line in January 1917, now promoted to reserve lieutenant in the Austrian Third Army north of the Carpathians.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[125] [126] After the February Revolution, it was quiet on the Eastern Front, and Wittgenstein received leave, which he spent in Vienna.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In July, however, the Russian army began the Kerensk Offensive, and Wittgensten was awarded the Medal of Merit for the defensive struggle.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[127] He remained in Ukraine right up to the Peace of Brest-Litovsk until March 1918.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Probably from this period is an early version of the “Tractatus logico-philosophicus”, published under the name Prototractatus.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[128] Wittgenstein had been promoted to lieutenant in February 1918, and in March he was transferred to an artillery regiment to the Italian Front.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He fell ill shortly after arriving in Italy and was briefly in a war hospital in Bolzano.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[129] However, he was able to take part in the attack in July.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was presented with being awarded the highest Medal of Merit of the Austro-Hungarian Army for his activities, but was eventually awarded the lesser rank of merit.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, the attack itself was not successful.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[130] In July, Wittgenstein was granted leave until the end of September.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[130] He spent his holidays in Vienna as well as [6] with his uncle Paul Wittgenstein in Hallein, where he completed the final version of the Tractatus.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He had received a letter from David Pinsent's mother in July telling her that Pinsent died in a plane crash on 8 May [130] in England, where he had served as a test pilot [6].


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein was grief-stricken and contemplated suicide and decided to dedicate Tractatus to Pinsent's memory.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[130] He sent the work to the Jahoda print, which published Karl Kraus's works, but they refused to publish the work.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein offered in a letter to Gottlob Frege a copy of the work and he said he would be happy to read it.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In late October, he travelled to Olomouc to read his works on Paul Engelmann and from there returned directly to Italy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[131] The ranks of the Austro-Hungarian army began with crevices.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Ludwig's brother Kurt Wittgenstein shot himself after his subordinates failed to follow his orders.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[132] On 3 November, Wittgenstein was taken prisoner, like all Austrian troops in the area.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[6] First he was placed in a prison camp near Como, where he became friends with carver Michael Drobil and teacher Ludwig Hänsel.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In January 1919, the men were transferred to another camp at Cassino.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

While there, she decided to become a national school teacher.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[133] In February he received a postcard sent to Russell, with whom he had not been in contact for three years.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[134] He succeeded, with the assistance of Keynes, to send a copy of the manuscript to Russell, [135] and by the summer he had also sent copies to Frege and Engelmann: it is not known how he had managed to manufacture three copies of his work.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[136] Engelmann liked the work, [136] but Frege, whose opinion he apparently expected most, drew attention in his letter only to ambiguities in terminology and not at all to substantive considerations, and even these observations concerned only the first pages of the work.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[137] Russel, on the other hand, had clearly understood the observations on the logic of the work, but did not accept the idea that some things cannot be said, but can only be shown.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[138] He reported that he considered the book very important, but at times obscure.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein was released from the prison camp on 21 August 1919 [139], and he returned to Vienna.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[6] After the war in Vienna At the end of the war, Wittgenstein was one of the richest people in Europe, but within a month of returning home he handed over his entire fortune to his siblings.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[140] [141] In September he moved away from his family and began teaching training.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[6] [141] During this time he was distressed and hatched the idea of suicide.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[142] His pain was compounded by the fact that he did not get Tractatus published.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He first tried to persuade Wilhelm Braumüller, who published Otto Weininger's Gender and Character, to publish his book, [143] but refused when Braumüller suggested that Wittgenstein pay the printing costs himself.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He next inquired to Frege whether it would be possible to publish the book in a journal for which he had written articles.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Frege wrote to Wittgenstein that the book would be more likely to be published if divided into parts, [144] but Wittgenstein did not agree to this.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He then wrote to Ludwig Ficker inquiring whether the book could be published in Der Brenner.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[145] He sent Ficker a manuscript and, in his second letter, set out his famous view of how Tractatus should be understood: the more important part of the book is the one not written in it.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[146] The book was not published in Der Brenner either, but Ficker was still trying to find the book through the publisher Rainer Maria Rilke.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[147] However, this was not successful either.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[148] In November, Wittgenstein moved in with family acquaintances of the Wittgensteins, the Sjögren family, and became friends with Arvid Sjögren, the son of the family.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[149] In December he travelled to The Hague to meet Russell to explain Tractatus to him.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Although Russell had reservations about some of the ideas in the book, [150] he offered to write a foreword to it.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

When Wittgenstein contacted the Reclam publishing house located in Leipzig after returning to Vienna, they wanted to get acquainted with the book, thanks to the famous Russell.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, Wittgenstein became disillusioned with Russell's preface [151] and in sending it to Reclam he told him that it should not be published in connection with the book, causing the publishing house to reject the book.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein became deeply depressed, and in the summer of 1920 he wrote to Russell that he would be allowed to do whatever he wanted with the book.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[152] Wittgenstein again pondered suicide, but took comfort from his correspondence with Paul Engelmann.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[153] As a national school teacher on 7 July, Wittgenstein graduated from teacher training.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[154] He worked for the summer as a gardener for Klosterneuburg Abbey.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Long hours helped ease his anxiety, but he was still saddened by Pinsent's death.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In the autumn he started working as a teacher: he was first assigned to a small town south of Vienna, but he refused because he wanted to go to the countryside.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Eventually he obtained a place in the small and poor village of Trattenbach.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[155] His endeavour, however, was not to improve the living conditions of country children, but to develop them internally by teaching them mathematics and reading literature and the Bible.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[156] Ludwig Hänsel, Michael Drobil and Arvid Sjögren visited him frequently.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[157] Wittgenstein was considered strange by the villagers, and rumors soon began circulating that he would be a rich baron.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein, as a teacher in accordance with the principles of the Austrian School Reform movement, sought to encourage pupils to think independently instead of mere memorization, [158] but he used corporal punishment, which was not in line with the doctrines of the Reform movement.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[159] In the spring and summer semester of 1921, Wittgenstein's enthusiasm for Trattenbach began to fade as the students' parents, as well as the other teacher, objected to his attempts to teach children more profoundly than usual.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[160] Russell, who was in China, told Wittgenstein in a letter that he had left the publication of Tractatus to his former pupil Dorothy Wrinch.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[161] [6] Wittgenstein spent his summer holidays in Norway with Arvid Sjögren and lived in Skjolden in his cottage, which had been completed during the war.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[162] On returning from his holiday, he received a letter from Russell, who had returned to England, informing him that Tractatus would be published in The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method monograph series, the editor of which was Russell's friend Charles Kay Ogden.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Unaware of this, Wrinch had approached German publishing houses when Cambridge University Press had refused to publish the book, and received an approving response from Wilhelm Ostwald thanks to Russell's foreword.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The book was published in Ostwald's Annalen der Naturphilosophie periodical, [163] but had many misspellings and incorrect signs in the place of logical connectives.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[164] In the winter of 1921—1922, Frank Ramsey, an 18-year-old student at the time, translated Tractatus into English, and Wittgenstein received the translation in March.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein elaborated on the inaccuracies resulting from errors in Ostwald's edition and misunderstandings by Ramsey, and edited the translation to be more fluent in English.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[165] He also chose as the title of the book a direct translation of Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung and Russell's proposed name Philosophical Logic instead of Moore's suggestion Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, which paraphrases the name of Baruch Spinoza's work Tractatus theologico-politicus.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[166] When it became apparent that a note later sent by Wittgenstein had been omitted from Ostwald's edition, Ogden asked if Wittgenstein could send further clarifying propositions to the elusive book, but this was adamantly refused by this.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[167] In June, Wittgenstein ceded all rights to Kegan Paul, publisher of The International Library, and thus received no compensation whatsoever for the publication of the book or royalties from its sale.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[168] In August [6] Wittgenstein and Russell met in Innsbruck.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

They quarreled over religious and moral considerations, and their friendship ended with this meeting.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[169] In September, Wittgenstein left Trattenbach and taught for a while in the village of Haßbach, but already in November he transferred to Puchberg.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He didn't like the people of either village.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In November, he also received his first copy of Tractatus.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[170] The book began to attract interest in Vienna and Cambridge university circles, among others.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[171] Ramsey did his first review of the book in Mind's October.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[6] In September 1923, Ramsey came to see Wittgenstein at Puchberg for a fortnight.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

They went through Tractatus line by line, and Wittgenstein made corrections to the book, which have been included in its later editions.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[172] Wittgenstein asked Ramsey to inquire whether Tractatus would be suitable as a thesis for his Bachelor of Arts degree.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

On his return to England, Ramsey reported in a letter that this was not successful because of the new regulations.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[173] However, John Maynard Keynes, through Ramsey, began to persuade Wittgenstein to England.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[174] In 1924, Ramsey lived in Vienna for six months to undergo psychoanalysis and talk regularly with Wittgenstein.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[175] Wittgenstein spent the summer of 1924 in Vienna [176], and in September he moved on to teach in Otterthal, a neighbouring village of Trattenbachn.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[177] There, with the help of his pupils, he wrote a dictionary for the use of the pupils of the primary school Wörterbuch für Volksschule.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[178] The book was published in 1926, after adding some words and omitting a preface by Wittgenstein, whose language was considered poor German by the publisher.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[179] In early 1925, Wittgenstein's old friend William Eccles asked him in a letter to come to Manchester.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He travelled to England in October and first stayed with Keynes in Lewes.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[180] After visiting Eccles, he visited Cambridge, where he met his friend W. E. Johnson, as well as Ramsey, with whom he feuded fiercely.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[181] In April 1926, Wittgenstein was forced to resign his teaching post at Otterthal because he had hit one of his pupils in such a way that he lost consciousness.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[182] When he defended himself at trial, he felt the urge to lie about how much he chastised his students.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

This weakness of mind produced him pain for several years.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[183] Back to philosophy After leaving Otterthal, Wittgenstein inquired about the Viennese monastery whether he could become a monk there.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

This was not successful, but he worked for three months as a monastery gardener.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[183] During this time his mother died.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In the summer of 1926, Wittgenstein returned to Vienna and was asked by his sister Margarete to design a house for his sister along with Paul Engelmann.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[184] [185] Engelmann had made preliminary plans while Wittgenstein was still in Otterthal, but when Wittgenstein joined the project, he took over the main responsibility for the design.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[186] Wittgenstein emphasised clarity and precision rather than practicality in his design and instructed builders very precisely.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[187] Margarete moved into the house in late 1928.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[188] During his time in Vienna, Wittgenstein met Marguerite Respinger, a Swiss almost half his junior.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[189] They began dating, and Respinger apparently became the only woman Wittgenstein fell in love with during his life.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[190] At that time, Wittgenstein also sculpted a bust, for which Respinger served as a model.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[191] While Wittgenstein was building the Haus Wittgenstein, Margarete arranged for Moritz Schlick and Wittgenstein to meet.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

There had been a close reading of Tractatus in Schlick's debating circle, the later Vienna circuit, and Schlick had tried to meet Wittgenstein already while he was in Otterthal.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In the summer of 1927, Schlick, Friedrich Waismann, Rudolf Carnap, and sometimes also Herbert Feigl began attending regular talks with Wittgenstein, as he had refused to come to Schilk's discussion circle meetings.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein, however, insisted that the debate should not always be philosophical, and he might, for example, read poetry to men.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

They soon realised that Wittgenstein, whose Tractatus was regarded among the Vienna circle as a precursor work by his clarity and precision, was not a positivist like them, but was a reminder of his attitudes towards people and problems as an artist rather than a scientist.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[192] [193] In March 1928, Wittgenstein attended a lecture in Vienna by Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, leader of the intuitionist philosophy trend in mathematics.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Brouwer's intuitionism was an opposing view to Russellian logism, in which mathematics is sought to return mathematics to logic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

According to Herber Feigl, Wittgenstein was greatly influenced by the lecture, and the evening after the lecture marked Wittgenstein's return to philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, despite Brouwer's strong influence, Wittgenstein did not convert to an intuitionist; the trend appealed to him rather because of his continental anti-rationalist perspective.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Still, Wittgenstein agreed with Brouwer, among other things, that mathematics cannot and does not need to be restored to logic, that mathematics need not be shown to be consistant, and that there is no reality of mathematics independent of the human mind that mathematicians would investigate.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein's late period philosophy can therefore be seen as an elaboration of such ideas into new areas, away from the logical atomism of Tractatus.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[194] Returning to Cambridge In November 1928, following the completion of Haus Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein announced in a letter to Keynes that he was coming to England.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, due to his ill health, he was not able to leave Vienna until January 1929.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[195] At Cambridge, Keynes attempted to bring Wittgenstein back together with the secret society of the Apostles.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The Society elected Wittgenstein as its honorary member, as Tractatus had become a fashionable work at the university and Wittgenstein himself almost a cult figure.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein met a few times at Keynes's dinner invitations with the apostles, as well as members of the Bloomsbury group, but did not much enjoy their company.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[196] After Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge, Frank Ramsey became his co-worker and best friend.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

At university, Wittgenstein's official status was as a graduate student, and Ramsey, 17 years younger than him, had been named as his tutor, although in practice men worked equally on similar problems.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[197] However, there were differences in their interests and ways of thinking: unlike Ramsey, Wittgenstein was not interested in basing mathematics on logic; he preferred to explore the reasons for which the ambiguities in mathematics philosophy arose at all.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[198] Another person important to the development of Wittgenstein's philosophy was the Italian economist Piero Sraffa, whom Wittgenstein met at least once a week.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The criticism Sraffa made was thorough and made Wittgenstein see the problems from entirely new angles.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

According to a famous anecdote, Wittgenstein rejected the image theory of language precisely in conversation with Sraffa [199]: he had made a Neapolitan gesture swipe with his fingertips from below his chin outwards and asked Wittgenstein what was the logical form of that gesture.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[200] Wittgenstein also reported that the anthropological perspective in his late philosophy, manifested, among other things, in the view that expressions can only have meaning in the “stream of life” is precisely thanks to Sraffa.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Aside from Ramsey and Sraffa, Wittgenstein had little involvement with other teachers at the university.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The previously broken friendship between him and Moore now continued, and he had a warm friendship with W. E. Johnson as well, but with neither man he collaborated on philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

His relationship with Keynes during that time was not very close.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

His circle of friends consisted mainly of students considerably younger than him.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[201] At the end of the second term, Wittgenstein's financial situation was dire.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He applied to Trinity College for a fellowship, and apparently in order to convince the bodies deciding on the grant, the award of a doctorate to Wittgenstein was forced.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein used his dissertation on Tractatus, and at the dissertation held on 18 June 1929, Moore, as well as Russell, who met Wittgenstein for the first time since 1922, served as examiners.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

After Wittgenstein had been awarded the rank of Doctor, Trinity College gave him a grant of £100.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[202] Over the summer, Wittgenstein wrote an article entitled Some Remarks on Logical Form, which was the only philosophical writing he published since Tractatus.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The article was to be discussed in July at a joint conference of the Aristotelian Society and the Mind Association in Nottingham, but shortly after the article went into print, Wittgenstein rejected it and instead read a paper at a conference on the concept of infinity in mathematics, which did not In turn, not preserved.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein did not appreciate meetings of this nature, and the Nottingham Conference was the only such gathering he attended during his life.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, he became friends at the conference with Gilbert Ryle.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[203] In November 1929 [204] Wittgenstein gave a presentation at a meeting of The Heretics society.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He chose ethics as his subject and delivered the only general-minded lecture of his life in which he sought to correct erroneous notions of Tractatus as a positivist and anti-metaphysics work.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[205] The presentation was published in 1965 and has been translated as Presentation on Ethics.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[206] Philosophical midterms Wittgenstein travelled to Vienna for Christmas.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

At the time, he planned to write an autobiography in which he would indefensively reveal a real, even disgusting side of himself.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

This, however, he never did, despite considering it for several more years.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[207] In Vienna he began working with Friedrich Waismann on the book Logik, Sprache, Philosophie.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Waismann also sought to keep the other members of the discussion circle of Moritz Schlick, who had proclaimed the Vienna Circle, clear on Wittgenstein's latest ideas.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The book was intended to become an introduction to Tractatus' ideas, but Wittgenstein's views developed so rapidly during that time that the book would instead have become a representation of his latest philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Later, Wittgenstein withdrew from the entire project.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[208] The members of the Vienna Circle did not base much on some of the Kantian features seen in Wittgenstein's philosophy during that time, but they adopted from Wittgenstein as the central thesis of their philosophy the idea that the meaning of expression is determined by its verification, i.e. verification, method (see.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

verificationist meaning theory).


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Later Wittgenstein denied at any time that he intended that a theory of meaning could be established on this principle, but it is clear from his notes that he had given the method of verification a central place in his philosophy during that time.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[209] Frank Ramsey had fallen ill while Wittgenstein was in Vienna, and he died in January 1930 when Wittgenstein had returned to Cambridge.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Upon his return, Wittgenstein began pulling the course under the title “Philosophy”.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

His manner of lecturing was eccentric: he lectured without notes and seemed rather to think aloud to himself, pausing for minutes at times to think quietly, periodically cursing his stupidity.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[210] By spring, Wittgenstein's fellowship was at an end, and Moore asked Russell that he familiarize himself with Wittgenstein's latest ideas and report to Trinity College.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

During the Easter holiday, Wittgenstein dictated to Russell a manuscript published under the name Philosophical Remarks.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The text is generally considered a product of his intermediate period: he had replaced Tractatus' theory of meaning with the principle of verification, which he in turn would soon come to reject.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[211] Russell was unable to get to know Wittgenstein's views very deeply, but thanks to a letter of recommendation that he wrote, Wittgenstein was awarded a grant of £100.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[212] Towards the Late Period When returning from Vienna to Cambridge in the autumn, Wittgenstein was convinced that he had found the right philosophical method: philosophy should not create theories to solve its problems, as sciences do, but its problems are solved by arranging things already known again.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

On the other hand, he considered the consequences of this idea dangerous because previously personal philosophy would thus become merely problem-solving.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He had been influenced by Oswald Spengler's “The Pericato of the West” and saw such a development as characteristic of the society of his time more broadly.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[213] However, in his draft preface to his manuscript written in the fall of 1930, he stressed that the spirit and ends of his writings were different from those of Western civilization.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[214] Wittgenstein stressed that the syntax of thought, using his own term “grammar”, is not achievable through analysis, as no ultimate rules of grammar exist.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

We can only see if we notice a rule that manifests itself in the relationship between notes and melody, for example: unless we notice, no explanation will make us understand the rule, and if we do, no explanation is needed any more.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

This idea can be seen as a crucial difference between his midterm and late philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[215] At the end of 1930, Trinity College awarded Wittgenstein a five-year grant which guaranteed his livelihood for the time being.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[216] The following year he devoted much time to designing his autobiography, and during this time he often referred to Otto Weininger in his notebooks and conversations.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Weininger was himself homosexual and Jewish, and his book Sex and Character was anti-Semitic and misogynistic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[217] Although Wittgenstein did not share Weininger's misogyny and said in one of his letters to Moore that Weininger's greatness lies in his enormous error, he still seemed to have embraced Weiniger's views on Judaism.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein seemed to think that many of his disgusting character traits had something to do with his Jewishness.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He also thought that Jews — including himself — were incapable of original thought, which is ironic insofar as he was just developing a problem-solving approach unique to the history of philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Although he used expressions that were read as anti-Semitic in his notes during that time, hers were first and foremost introspective confessions.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[218] After 1931, however, he stopped using such expressions.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[219] In the early summer of 1931, Wittgenstein travelled with Marguerite Respinger to Norway.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein's purpose was to prepare for their future together.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, he insisted that they would not spend time together, but that both should devote their time to spiritual preparation for their life together.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Respinger was unenthusiastic about this, and after the trip, definitively rejected the idea of marrying Wittgenstein, even though their friendship did not end.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[220] On his return to Vienna, he attempted to deliver a coherent work from his notes, whose working title was now “Philosophical Grammar”.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He picked out remarks he considered best from his notes over and over again, arranging them into new draft manuscripts.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[221] The following summer, Wittgenstein again attempted to assemble a publishable work from his manuscripts.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He dictated to the typist a total of a large number of his submissions, and from this emerged a manuscript referred to in the Wittgenstein study as “the Big Typescript”.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[222] In the following semester, Wittgenstein gave two lecture series under the titles “Philosophy” and “Philosophy of Mathematicians”.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In the former lectures he introduced the method of studying language he invented, language games, and in the latter lectures he criticized especially those views that mathematics was based on logic and that mathematics seeks objective facts.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[223] The lectures were attended by third-year student Francis Skinner, who was almost obsessively attached to Wittgenstein, and Wittgenstein was interested in him too.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Skinner began helping Wittgenstein with his writing and devoted his three post-graduate years to bringing his work into publishing order.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[224] Blue and Brown Book The following academic year, 1933—1934, Wittgenstein and Skinner spent almost all of their time together.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein gave the same lecture series as the previous academic year, but because the lectures were so popular, he did not want to lecture, instead choosing to dictate notes to the five pupils.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

These notes were stapled to blue covers, for which reason the volume began to be referred to as the “Blue Book”.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

It was the first publication on Wittgenstein's late-period philosophy and the method of solving philosophical problems based on the language game, and the volume eventually spread much wider than Wittgenstein had intended, even to the Oxford Department of Philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[225] In 1934, Wittgenstein began planning to leave his academic life and move with Skinner to the Soviet Union, where they would support themselves as laborers.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[226] In the autumn they began to study Russian.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[227] Although Wittgenstein's political views tilted to the left, Marxism was hardly the reason he wanted to enter the Soviet Union; rather, he was attracted to the simple way of life that he believed prevailed in Russia.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[228] In the following academic year 1934—1935, Wittgenstein dictated another volume, “The Brown Book”, to Skinner and Alice Ambrose.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

It was not meant to replace lectures such as “The Blue Book”; in it Wittgenstein wanted only to present the results of his work.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[229] However, he did not plan to publish a book.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[230] In the summer of 1935, Wittgenstein began preparing a trip to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

His friends got the impression that he was going to leave philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[231] In September he finally travelled to Leningrad alone because Skinner had fallen ill.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[232] He met professors of philosophy in Leningrad and Moscow, and it became apparent to him that he would be allowed to live in the Soviet Union if he worked as a teacher, but as a laborer he would not be admitted.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[233] He wondered for another couple of years whether he would accept a teaching post in Moscow, until in the summer of 1937 the Germans or Austrians were no longer welcome in the Soviet Union due to political developments.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[234] In the fall of 1935, the final year of the Wittgenstein fellowship period began.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In his lectures, he criticised the notion that the object of experience was some particular entity, the so-called sensory content.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[235] After Christmas, PhD student Rush Rhees began attending Wittgenstein's lectures, becoming one of Wittgenstein's closest friends.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[236] With the murder of Moritz Schlick in June, the collaboration between Wittgenstein and Waismann to publish the book came to a definitive end.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[237] The work was published in 1965, following the death of both men.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[238] Again for Norway In August 1936, Wittgenstein left for Norway to finish his notes in printing condition, as he had done in 1913.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[239] Skinner did not leave with him, for Wittgenstein had persuaded him to accept a job as a mechanic at Cambridge.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[240] Initially, Wittgenstein used the Brown Book as a basis while working on his book, but abandoned it in early November.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He then wrote from scratch a new beginning for his book, forming Notes 1—188 on Philosophical Studies.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[241] This is the only section of Wittgenstein's late production that he was entirely satisfied with.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[242] At the same time that Wittgenstein was writing his works, he also wrote confessions in which he described such moments in his life when he had been dishonest or otherwise weak in character.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He felt it was important to be honest with himself and to swallow his pride not only so that he could be a good person, but to be able to write good philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

During the Christmas break, he presented his confession to his relatives and friends, including Paul Engelmann, Moore and Skinner.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[243] The confessions dealt with, among other things, that he had allowed people to understand that he was a quarter Jewish when in fact three of his four grandparents were Jewish, [244] as well as the fact that he had lied in connection with Otterthal's trial.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He even went to Otterthal to personally apologise for his actions to the children he taught and their parents.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[245] In the spring of 1937, Wittgenstein's work made little progress.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

During the summer he lived in Vienna with his family, as well as in Cambridge with Skinner, and dictated to him the first 188 observations of Philosophical Studies.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[246] After returning to Norway in the autumn, he was depressed and missed Skinner.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[247] Skinner visited him, but even after he left, he was worried and anxious.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, he continued to write, and completed remarks which he intended as the latter half of his work, but which have been published in the first volume of the work Remarks on the Basics of Mathematics.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[248] He left Norway in December.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[249] Became professor at Cambridge After spending Christmas in Vienna, Wittgenstein moved in February 1938 to Dublin, the old residence of his old friend psychiatrist Maurice Drury.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Feeling unable to write, he began to plan to train as a psychiatrist, as he had done many times before in his life, and Drury arranged for him to meet mental health patients at St. Patrick's Hospital.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[250] Wittgenstein's thinking was also disturbed by concerns that his nationality may have been changing with the ongoing Anschluss, the annexation of Austria into Germany.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[251] When the annexation took place in March Wittgenstein wanted to leave for Vienna to ensure that his family was safe, but Piero Sraffa advised him to obtain British citizenship first if he wanted to get out of Austria.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[252] In April 1938, Wittgenstein had moved to Cambridge to live with Skinner and started lecturing at the university.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

As Wittgenstein did not want to lecture to a large group, there was no awareness of his lectures as usual; rather, a few other lecturers reported them to students who they thought might be interested in them.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

After all, only a dozen students attended the lectures.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein dealt with topics such as aesthetics and religious faith in his lectures, and students' notes from the lectures have subsequently been published.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The lectures are unique in Wittgenstein's production, not only because of their subject matter, but also because it is possible to derive from them a clear picture of his understanding of the purpose of philosophy.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He opposed the application of problem-solving under the scientific method to philosophy, as well as looking at religious faith and aesthetics, where applying the scientific method would lead equally to superficialities and misunderstandings.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[253] In the summer, Wittgenstein was preparing for the publication of his book.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, when the book was offered to Cambridge University Press in September for publication, he withdrew from the project because he was not satisfied with the second volume of the book, dealing with the philosophy of mathematics, nor with the English translation made by Rhees.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein had decided to apply for the professorship of philosophy, which had been left open after Moore resigned, and quickly tinkered with the translation so that Keynes, who was part of the selectors, could read the book.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

This hardly had an impact, however, as Wittgenstein was widely regarded at the time as one of the most brilliant philosophers of his time, and the professor's chair was awarded to him in February 1939.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The post of Philosopher Professor at Cambridge University in turn facilitated the application process for Wittgenstein's citizenship, [254] and he was granted British citizenship in April.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[255] After obtaining a British passport, Wittgenstein travelled to Berlin, Vienna and New York to agree with the Nazi authorities an arrangement envisaged by Margarete in which the family's large monetary assets abroad would be transferred to the Nazis in exchange for Hermann Christian Wittgenstein's descendants would be treated as Mischlings, only partly Jewish.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In February 1940, the German authorities decided that even the laws governing the Mischlings would not apply to the Wittgensteins, and the Nuremberg Laws would thus cause them no annoyance.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[256] [257] In the school year 1939, Wittgenstein gave a lecture series on the philosophy of mathematics.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In lectures, he criticized the application of the scientific method to mathematics and the metaphysics behind mathematics.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The lectures were attended by mathematician Alan Turing, and the lectures often formed as a debate by these men, with Wittgenstein disparaging the relevance of mathematical logic and Turing advocating it.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[258] Wittgenstein's lectures were also attended by Norman Malcolm, an American doctoral student who became a close friend of Wittgenstein.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[259] In 1940, Skinner's co-worker, 19-year-old Keith Kirk, at Skinner's suggestion, began to visit Wittgenstein in private instruction.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein became infatuated with Kirk, but this one had no idea of Wittgenstein's feelings.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The following year, private lessons stopped when Kirk moved away from Cambridge.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In October 1941, Wittgenstein learned that Skinner had contracted polio and died.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein was greatly upset and felt guilty that he had been indifferent to Skinner in his final years.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[260] World War II In the first two years after World War II was ignited, Wittgenstein continued to lecture at Cambridge, although he very much wanted to do something related to the war effort.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Finally, in the fall of 1941, his friend Gilbert Ryle arranged for him to have a place at Guy's Hospital, where his brother, Professor of Medicine John Ryle, worked as a doctor.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein soon began work as a hospital usher, and his job was to deliver medicine to patients.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

While working at Guy's Hospital, Wittgenstein focused mainly on the philosophy of mathematics in his philosophical work, as he wanted to improve the latter half of his book.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[261] Wittgenstein became acquainted at the hospital with physician Basil Reeve, who together with Dr. Grant examined people wounded in air raids.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein became interested in the research work of this and eventually joined Reeve and Grant's research group that moved to Newcastle in March 1943.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The purpose of the study was to develop more accurate diagnoses and therapies, for which accurate data on the effects of injuries were needed.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein's job here was to cut up frozen pieces of tissue and dye them.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He also developed a device used to measure the paradoxical pulse that accurately measured pulse pressure.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein worked diligently and did not write philosophy at all when he was at Newcastle.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[262] In January 1944, Reeve and Grant relocated to Italy and were replaced by a new doctor on the research team.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, Wittgenstein left back for Cambridge after only three weeks of this.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[263] Back to Cambridge, Wittgenstein wanted to finish his book before returning to Cambridge to teach, and he believed that the best place to do this would be Swansea, where he could have a conversation with Rush Rhees.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was granted a leave of absence until the autumn of 1944.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[264] In his first two months, Wittgenstein's writings dealt with the philosophy of mathematics, but he soon became more interested in the philosophy of psychology, and thereafter no longer during his life returned to finalise his remarks on the philosophy of mathematics.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Even so, he considered these remarks to be part of Philosophical Studies.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, Wittgenstein changed the structure of the book during this period so that, after remarks on following the rule, what followed was now the philosophy of mathematics rather than the private language argument and the privacy of experience.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[265] In October, Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Russell, too, had returned from the United States to Cambridge, but the intervals between the men were not warm.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The relationships between Moore and Wittgenstein, on the other hand, were still close, but since Moore was already old and unfit, his wife forbade Wittgenstein to have a long conversation with him.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[266] In his lectures in the autumn semester, Wittgenstein dealt with problems related to the philosophy of psychology, of which he had written at Swansea.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[267] After the Christmas holiday, Wittgenstein again tried to bring his book into publication order and wrote the final version of the Preface to Philosophical Studies.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, for the rest of the year, he continued to expand the section on psychological concepts.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In the summer, he dictated a script for this, but did not consider it a ready-made version, either.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[268] During the summer, Wittgenstein became concerned because of the atrocities of the end of World War II.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was adamant that the end of the war meant nothing more than a truce, and that there would be an even bigger and more brutal war than the previous ones.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[269] During the autumn of 1945 and early 1946, Wittgenstein completed the first volume of Philosophical Studies.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He still wasn't going to publish the book, van went through it with his friends so even someone could understand the book after he died.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was convinced that his book would be completely misunderstood once it was published.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

By the summer of 1946, he had become convinced that a nuclear war lay ahead that would destroy humanity.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Underlying this fear, as well as his disdain for academic philosophy, was his disgust for the influence of science: science had, on the one hand, spawned an atomic bomb-like weapon of mass destruction and, on the other, encouraged philosophers to a prevalence aspiring thought.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

His own thinking he considered completely contrary to such worship of science.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[270] In 1946, Wittgenstein fell in love with Ben Richards, in his 20s, who was studying medicine at Cambridge.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[271] However, there is no indication that Richards was romantically in love with Wittgenstein or was homosexual at all.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[272] In October of the same year, he attended a meeting that became famous at the Moral Science Club, where Karl Popper gave a presentation on “Are there philosophical problems?”.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Popper recounted in his autobiography that in the middle of a heated conversation, Wittgenstein, threatening with a coal-bar, ordered Popper to give one example of a moral code.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

When Popper said, “Let's not threaten a visiting lecturer with a coal rod,” Wittgenstein stormed out of the room.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[273] Many of those present, however, have disputed Popper's version of the course of events.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[274] Wittgenstein gave his lecture on the philosophy of psychology in the academic year 1946 and also drew seminars on the philosophy of mathematics.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In the spring, he decided to stop teaching and give up the post of professor.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In his final series of lectures, he discussed topics he later came to cover in the second volume of Philosophical Studies, and presented, among other things, the duck-hare double aspect image.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[275] Before leaving Vienna, Wittgenstein completed the manuscript published as the first part of the work Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[276] Last years Wittgenstein emigrated from England to Ireland, Dublin.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was compiling the second volume of Philosophical Studies on the basis of a manuscript he had prepared, but digestive problems interfered with his work.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He became depressed and moved to Maurice Drury's brother's cottage in Connemara on the west coast of Ireland.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[277] He lived there alone during the summer of 1948, during which time his physical and mental health improved.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[278] He left Connemara in August, visiting among others Ben Richards in Uxbridge and his cancer-stricken sister Hermine in Vienna.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

On his return to Cambridge, he dictated the manuscript, which was later published as the second volume of the work Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In October he planned to return to Connemara but, due to his poor health, moved to a Dublin hotel for the winter.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He wrote a series of remarks at the hotel during 1948, published as Last Writings on the Philosophy of Psychology.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[279] Wittgenstein visited Hermine in Vienna in April 1949.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

On his return to Dublin, he completed the manuscript published as the second part of Philosophical Studies.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He planned to leave for Norman Malcolm in the United States, and before leaving he stayed for a month in Cambridge with Richards and Georg Henrik von Wright, who succeeded him in the post of Professor of Philosophy at Cambridge University.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

During this time he dictated his script to a typist, and it remained the last manuscript he prepared.