Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

These always update after new games or opening novelties are born.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Perhaps the most influential aspect of the game of letters chess itself is the emergence and development of chess programs.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The most famous program of yesteryear was Chessmaster, followed by Fritz, Shredder, Junior, Naum, Zappa, Rybka, etc.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

There are quite a number of programmes and of very different levels.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The above list is not exhaustive at all.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

In the spring of 2010, a newcomer named Stockfish entered the ranks of these programs.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The programme contains three interesting features.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Firstly, despite its high quality level, it is a free-to-air product available for download from the web.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Secondly, it is a so-called open program code product.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Any skilled chess enthusiast can take over a basic product and make changes to it consistent with their own views and skills.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The third important aspect of the product in Finnish terms is that one of the three developers is Finnish Joona Kiiski.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Their own chapter is formed by the so-called Nalimov endgame tables, where the absolute outcome of the game is calculated and tabulated with the assistance of computers.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

These tables comprise situations where the game board has a maximum of 6 pieces regardless of their location or type.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Kings are counted in this number.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

These tables can be used for free at several internet addresses or, of course, they can be obtained from an online store suitable for your computer.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Regarding the use of computer programs in letter chess, the world is divided interestingly.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

There are game platform keepers that prohibit the use of assistive programs, there are platforms (servers) that allow it, but the program used must be told to the opponent, there are gaming platforms that consider the use of programs morally dubious, but do not outright deny it, there are platforms, where the use of programs is allowed.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

In tournaments organised by the ICCF and also by the Finnish Kirjeshakkiliitto ry, computer programs with all their databases and help tables are allowed, but using people as advisers when thinking about transfers is prohibited.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The undeniable fact is, on this day, the beginning of 2009, that computer programs as chess players have evolved to a level where they are at least master-level.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

However, the best game results in Letter Chess are achieved not only by playing with the program, nor by playing solely with the human brain, but with a harmonious combination of these.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Top players, good players, still do well on the machine alone but are in trouble with the centaur.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The centaur, as a term, has established its place to mean a chess player playing letter chess computer-aided.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The centaur's role as a chess enthusiast will become even more pronounced with the advent of open source programs such as Stockfish.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Such products, especially in the hands of grandmasters, will increase the qualitative level of playing letter chess even further.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Letter chess as a subject of scientific research Letter chess has also been the subject of scientific research activities.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

This is exemplified by Tim Harding, editor of the Chess Mail, who received his PhD in 2009 with the subject “Letter Chess in Britain and Ireland 1824—1914".


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

[3] Sources on the topic elsewhere in SKL Category:Chess


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Jämsä is a town located in the Central Finland province on the western shore of Finland's second largest lake, Päijänne.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The town is inhabited by persons (), [1] and covers an area of km², of which km² are bodies of water ().


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

[2] Population density is Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Jämsä is the only medieval keeper of his province.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The municipality of Jämsä was established in 1866, trade rights it received in 1969, and it became a town in 1977.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Neighboring municipalities of Jämsä are Juupajoki, Jyväskylä, Keuruu, Kuhmoinen, Luhanka, Mäntä-Vilppula, Orivesi and Petäjävesi.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The municipality of Kuorevesi was annexed to Jämä in 2001.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

From the beginning of 2007, the eastern parts of Längelmäki belonging to the province of Pirkanmaa were annexed to Jämsä and the western parts to the city of Orivesi.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Around 2/3 of the inhabitants of Längelmäki lived in the area annexed to Jämsä.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The union had no effect on the number of MPs elected from the constituencies of Pirkanmaa and Central Finland in the 2007 parliamentary elections.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Municipal affiliations continued in 2009, when Jämsä and Jämsänkoski joined together.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

At the beginning of 1969, Jämsänkoski was annexed by the municipality of Koskenpää.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The new city was named Jämsä and the coat of arms of Jämsänkoski became the coat of arms.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

After World War II, emigrants from Valkjärvi and Kivennava were stationed in Jämsä.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The dialectical name of Jämsä is Jämsä.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The etymology of the name as to the origin of Jämsä-propri is not full certainty.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Janne Saarikivi has suggested that the name Jämsä is related to the sanue, which has evolved from the Northern Sami verb jápmit (to die).


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

There are several place names in the current Sami languages derived from the appellative jámeš (deceased).


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Max Wassmer once suggested that the name Jämsä is related to the shape and mode of flow of the river Jämsä.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

According to him, the river got its name before the permanent inhabitants of the Jämsä region from the way the river's flow consumes the banks.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The name may also be based on some ancient verb meaning eating, biting or hollowing out, from which the appellative meaning goatbird has since been derived.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

In dialects, this word is jämsä, jämpsä, or jämssa (gut-edged and branch-sided vuolin intended for leveling the inner surface of wooden vessels).


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

In the grass, the verb jämpsät (cleans the chunks from inside with a jamp) occurs.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

[3] Geography Location Jämsä is located on the western shore of Päijänne in a triangle formed by Tampere, Lahti and Jyväskylä, closer to the fronts of southern Finland than to the northern parts of its province.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The population centre of Finland, or Weber point, is located in Hauho about 80 kilometres southwest of the centre of Jämsä.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

It moves one kilometre per year away from Jämsä towards the south.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

[4] The 62nd parallel passes through Jämsä so that Koskenpää lies north of the latitude.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The south—north direction of Jämsä has a length of roughly 50 km, and the west-east direction is also about 50 kilometres.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The population focus, or the central Jämsä area, is in the southern part of the municipality quite close to the western shores of Päijänne.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Nature and Geology The nature of Jämsä is a type of wooded hill land that is typical of Järvi-Finland.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

The forests are coniferous, birch is also a common tree species.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Noble deciduous trees are on the northern edge of their natural range in Jämsä.


Question: How big is the shell water?

Jämsä

Lakes and rivers account for about one-seventh of Jämsä's area.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In addition to Päijänne, part of Längelmävede is located in the Jämsä district.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Other lakes in the locality include: Eäjärvi, Iso Rautavesi, Karkarisvesi, Koljonselkä, Kuorevesi, Nytkymenjärvi and Salosvesi.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsä's elevation above sea level is quite minimal, around 80—240 meters.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The vast majority of Jämsä's central drive and the surrounding wide area of farming rise to a maximum height of 120 metres.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The lowest-lying areas of the locality include the surface of Päijänne, which rises 78 metres above sea level.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Higher than two hundred metres include Kaipolan Mountain (233 metres) and the eastern slope of Mount Himos (220 metres).


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[5] There are large differences in height in Jämsänniemi in the Himus region, where the slopes of Päijänne and Himos lie side by side.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

From its bedrock, Jämsä belongs to the central Finnish deep violence region.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The prevailing species are coarse-grained granodiorites and granites, which are often porphyric and site erased in places.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In the area around Jämsä, mortified rock has also been found.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[5] The marginal formation of Inner Finland, similar to but younger than the Salpausselks, runs from Hämeenkangas, northwest of Tampere, through Orivesi and Jämsä to Laupau.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The meltwaters of the last glacial period associated with its formation and melting have shaped several valleys of Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Meltwaters from the glacier flowed down to numerous adolescent valleys in the present-day Jämsä region.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[6] The edge of the ice had retreated about 50 kilometres north of the edge formation as the climate became colder and the glacier proceeded to edge formation for about a hundred years until the climate began to warm again and the ice melted.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Meltwater has flowed through almost all valleys in Jämsä, the direction of which was the Ouninpohjan-Isojärvi valley.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[6] The best known of the several gorges in Jämsä is Sin Lock, located northwest of Jämsä city centre.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

There are numerous legends associated with the Sin Lock.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[7] The Vororot gorge complex is located southwest of the centre of Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[8] Notable gorges are also Mullikkarotti, Pirunirroni, Rotkojärvi or Ruuhijärvi and Syninlukko of Surmajärvi.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Climate Of the five main categories of the Finnish climate, Jämsä is placed in the second southernmost, or South Boreal zone.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[9] Deep Päijänne has a mild effect on the climate of southern central Finland and sometimes slows down snow flow until January.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

On average, permanent snow cover will be obtained in the Jämsä region by the end of November.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[10] The average temperature in February is around —8 °C, and July's turn around 17 °C.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The longest of the thermal seasons is winter, which begins on average in November and ends in early April.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Thermal spring is short, as the thermal summer begins on average in late May.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Thermal autumn begins slightly later than the rest of Central Finland, on average it arrives in mid-September.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[10] Average temperatures (°C) and precipitation (mm) at Hall Observation Station between 1981 and 2010.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The hall is located about 20 kilometres west of the centre of Jämsä and slightly higher relative to sea level than the centre.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Source Meteorological Institute.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[11] Measurement pointJanuaryPearlMarkThurkJuneyNovemberChristmas AverageYear Rainfall Days (min.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

1,0mm) Halli−7.5−7.8−3,32,79,514,016,814,69,34.1−1,4−5,43,8643118 Hall has an absolute highest temperature of 33.4 °C measured in July 2010 and the absolute lowest measured in January 1987 at −39.0 °C.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In the period 1981—2010, the average annual temperatures of the observation stations in Central Finland and Pirkanmaa were 3.3 °C... 4.4 °C.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[11] History Prehistory In the present Jämsä region, the ice age ended ten thousand years before the beginning of the period.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

At that time, the edge of the ice retreated about a mile in eight years.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The ice age left behind adolescent valleys, gravel beds and shales.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Päijänne was the top sea bay; it formed an independent water meeting around 6000 years BCE.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Ancient Päijänne stretched from the present-day Pihtiputa region to Salpausselä and its surface was ten metres higher than today.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Around the year 4000 BC.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Ancient Päijänne broke a drawway south of the present Kymi river and its surface fell rapidly.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Over the next millennia, the surface of Päijänne gradually decreased to its current level.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Lower water levels led to the creation of several small water meetings.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[12] Some old place names refer to a water line higher than the current one, such as the Saari in the middle of a field.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[13] Stone Age dwellings have been found in the Jämsä region, such as Hietamäki on the north side of Patajoki, where the oldest finds are dated to around 7550 BCE.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[14] Half a dozen iron-age dwellings have been found in the Jämsä region.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[15] Based on grave finds in Puttola, it has been concluded that Jämsä received its first inhabitants in the 9th century, when the Viking Age was lived.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

At that time, the period of unbroken settlement leading to modern times began.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The oldest traces of the settlement are of obscure origin.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

At the end of the Iron Age, Jämsä was the northernmost concentration of permanent settlement in Häme in Päijänne.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Numerous memories of an ancient Lappish settlement have remained in the name name of the locality.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsä was the hinterland of Häme and according to legend people migrated to the area from Sakhalahti and Sääksmäki.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Several keepers of southern Häme have villages with the same name as in Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[16] [17] There are two iron-age ancient castles in Jämsä: Pukinvuori and Linnasenvuori.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Middle Ages Häme was annexed to Catholic Finland in the mid-13th century.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Prior to that, the Novgorodian Byzantines had been missionary in the area and eastern Häme was partly baptized by them.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Finland was in the middle ground between two religions.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The era was warlike because the religious border was also an intermediate area during the early days of the Hanseatic trade.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

According to folk tales, the struggles of Novgorodians and Karelians against the Finns also extended to the Jämsä region.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Linnasenvuori was, according to tradition, an ancient camp site for Muscovites, but the Finns prevented the conqueror from camping there.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

According to the stories, the Muscovites (with them Karelians and Novgorodians) were struck by Finnish troops in what is known as Vermeadow, located on the western slope of Linnasenmäki.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[18] The earliest documentary mention of Jämsä dates from 1442.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The Administrator of Jämsä was probably established in the 1410s, when it was the northernmost administrator of Häme.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[19] First Jämsä was part of the betrothal of Hauho, and since 1582 the betrothal of Sääksmäki.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The tax municipalities of the administrator of Jämsä were Kauhkiala and Moiskala.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[18] Medieval Jämsä encompassed the area of the present-day city of Jämsä and Korpilahti, Petäjävesi, Muurame and Säynätsalo, but not Kuorwater and Längelmäki, which were originally part of the great keeper of Kangasala.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[20] [21] The first representative of public authority in Jämsä was the Catholic Church, Jämsä was the chapel of the parish of Sysmä, which became independent in 1442.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsä probably formed its own parish before 1500.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The first documentary mention of the vicar of Jämsä dates back to 1497.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

According to tradition, the earliest church in Jämsä was the church of St. Laurentius.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The Jämsä region belonged to the Diocese of Turku in the beginning, and since 1554 to the Diocese of Vyborg.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[20] New Age According to the first land book of Häme (1539), the number of houses in Jämsä was 91, 36 villages.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Population numbers grew rapidly around that time.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[22] In the 16th century a mill centre developed near the centre of Jämsänkoski.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Water flowed throughout the year in the rapids, making them the most efficient mill rapids in Häme.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[23] In the Mace War in 1597, the Jämsäläs joined the forces of other Hämäläish peasants.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Iivari Arvidinpoika Tawast murdered several hundred peasants tricked into surrendering at Nyystölä on the Padasjoki River, and furthermore the victors destroyed the obscurity keepers.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

About one-third of the farms in Jämsä were deserted.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The result was the migration of Savonians in the wilds of northern Häme to the Häme region of Päijänne.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

According to one theory, the Jämsä dialect began to savolise around that time and Iivari Arvidinboy became the most hated nobleman in Häme.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[24] [25] [26] Jämsä was burdened by recruits during the Thirty Years' War.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Most wanted to avoid getting into war and they fled to nowhere.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The horsemen were equipped with facilities at Auvila, Heikkilä and Yijälä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[27] In the period 1713—1721, the Russians also ravaged the Jämsä region; the locals' place of escape was Sinninlock.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

A monument to greatwrath is the Swordsman, an ancient and cultured pine tree in the loins of the Swordsman Cemetery.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Co-owner-owned agriculture gave way to private ownership in the big division, which was begun in 1756. At that time, there were 38 divisions and 189 villages in the Jämsä region.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[28] The wealthiest houses were located along the river Jämsänjoki.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[29] The industrialisation of the Jämsä region began in 1792 when Jämsänkoski received its first water saw.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Business life in the area began to buoyant.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[30] In the new county division implemented by Gustav III in 1775, Suur-Jämsä formed the northeastern corner of Häme County.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Petäjävesi and Korpilahti Veskooli were instead assigned to Vaasa County and thus Petäjävesi became administratively detached from Jämsää.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The county division remained until 1960, when the County of Central Finland was created, which in turn was annexed to the newly created County of Western Finland in 1997.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In 2009, the entire county body was abolished.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In the 19th century, during the Finnish War of 1809, up to 8000 Russian soldiers stayed in the Jämsä region.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The Jämsäläs had to surrender their arms and swear allegiance to the emperor.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The change of power went relatively peacefully, and it had quite a bit of impact on people's lives.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[31] The transition under Russian rule brought so-called baggies to Finland, which in fact were mostly Karelian trade travellers.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In 1845, Wolmar Schildt, a Jyväskylä physician, complained of the presence of venereal diseases in Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[32] Jämsä Municipality was established on 28 December 1866.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The seat was Rustholli of Auvila.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[33] The territory of the municipality encompassed present-day Jämsä except for Kuorevesi and Längelmäki.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The so-called Old Jämsä era began, which ended with the independence of Jämsänkoski and Koskenpää in 1926.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The administrative district of Jämsä was at its smallest between 1926 and 2001.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

After the turn of the millennium, Kuorevesi (2001) and most of Längelmäki (2007) were annexed to Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The municipal association of Jämsänkoski and Jämsä was a local eternity topic until they were finally annexed in 2009.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

More than 80 years of administrative resignation came to a head of its way.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsä's betrothal was founded in 1869.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In addition to Jämsä, the engagement originally included areas from Northern Häme (Eräjärvi, Kuhmalahti, Kuhmoinen, Kuorevesi, Luopioinen, Korpilahti, Muurame and Säynätsalo).


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Satakunta one year later, in connection with the 1960 engagement changes, Keuruu, Multia, Petäjävesi and Pihlajavesi were transferred from engagement to Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[34] The school establishment began to take shape in the second half of the 19th century.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsä received its first national school in 1869, although only a few percent of the youth went to school at the beginning.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The old-timers were opposed to school activities, as they saw it as corrupting the youth.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[35] At the same time, a strong temperance movement emerged in Jämsä, which guarded the people from the curses of liquor.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Industry developed: the first pulp mill in Jämsänkoski was completed in 1888, but it burned down eight years later and was replaced by a more modern plant, with electric light, among other things.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The export of paper abroad began.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[36] 20th century An important part of the civilisation of the locality was the grammar school.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In order to get it started in 1905, the Jämsän Finnish Joint School Limited Company was established, and the school started its operations in the same autumn.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In 1908, the building of the coeducational school was completed, which, based on its peculiar tower, received the name Tatti School in the mouth of the people


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Jämsä

The economy of the private school was partly based on government grants and partly on tuition fees.


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Jämsä

The Jämsä municipality took ownership of the school in 1968.


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Jämsä

[37] The parliamentary elections of 1907 highlighted the political preferences of Jämsäläs: the Social Democrats received about 70% of the votes cast.


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Jämsä

The new socialist mindset of factory workers was at odds among housemates accustomed to agrarian culture.


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Jämsä

However, no particular left-wing radicalisation occurred in the Jämsä region.


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Jämsä

[38] [39] Civil War during the Finnish Civil War 1918 Jämsä was excluded from the actual front fighting.


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Jämsä

There was a lot of white terror in Jämsä in the absence of red terror almost entirely.


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Jämsä

Dozens of members of workers' associations and suspected red were killed by Jämsä's patron municipalities.


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Jämsä

Some of the most famous persons involved in white terror in Jämsä were Hjalmar Saari, the master of the Saari estate, his deputy Johannes From or Rummin Jussi, and Veikko Sippola, a builder and patron boss in Kärkölä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Six dozen people were shot against the wall of the island's riihen, who were buried in Jämsä churchyard.


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Jämsä

Executions also took place in the tapuli of Jämsä Church.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[40] The workers fled Jämsä to Tampere, where some of them joined the Red Guards and took part, for example, in the battles of Länkipohja under the leadership of Ivar Jokinen, chief of the company in Jämsä.


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Jämsä

Samaine Jokinen was captured in the battle and was later shot at Saari.


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Jämsä

At least two books have been published on the events of Jämsä: Jukka Rislak's Time of Horror and posthumously published memoirs of Emil Aalto, a red soldier from Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

1920—2000 The rural municipality of Jämsä was divided into three independent rural municipalities in 1926.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Koskenpää rural municipality encompassed the northern third of old Jämsä (area 334.8 land km² in 1945), and the comparatively densely populated rural municipality of Jämsänkoski (57.8 land km² in 1945) was established in the middle of old Jämsä.


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Jämsä

The administrative district of Jämsä was determined by the southern third of old Jämsä and extensive areas on both sides of Jämsänkoski.


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Jämsä

The land area of the region was 655.7km² in 1945.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[41] Jämsä retained its coarse “u” form until the beginning of the next century, when Kuelwater was incorporated into Jämsä.


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Jämsä

The river arm of Jämsä was statisted before World War II as an agglomeration colony, or conurbation (founded 1923).


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Jämsä

In 1940 it had a population count of about 1100.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[42] In the mid-1920s, there were two cinemas in the Jämsä region, and they too showed the political divide of the time: one theatre was bourgeois and the other was the theatre of labour.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The depression of the 1930s brought down several farms in Jämsälä and the leather industry in the area became scarce.


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Jämsä

The number of beggars increased sharply.


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Jämsä

[43] An aircraft factory was established in Hall at the end of the 1930s, and a pending industrial colony developed in the area.


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Jämsä

[44] During the Winter War, thousands of evaks arrived in Jämsa, mostly from Karelia.


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Jämsä

Land ownership conditions caused friction between locals and colonists.


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Jämsä

[45] The Ilveslinna castle in Jämsänkoski served as a war hospital at the time of World War II, and the factory's heroes received a memorial on the island between the rapids of Patala.


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Jämsä

[46] After World War II, the industrialisation of Jämsä accelerated.


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Jämsä

Kaipola Paper Mill was established in 1952, in addition, a felt industry was created in Partala.


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Jämsä

In particular, Jämsänkoski's central area became a viable area with progressive municipal technology and housing conditions.


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Jämsä

Radio licences in the Jämsänkoskelais were particularly high when they entered the 1950s.


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Jämsä

[47] [48] In the 1960s, Jämsä's central drive experienced a metamorphosis.


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Jämsä

Pavements were built and streets were asphalted.


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Jämsä

In urban style, streets began to be given names.


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Jämsä

Jämsä became a merchant business at the end of the decade.


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Jämsä

[49] The understanding of the Jämsäläs regarding cultural environments turned out to be weak, almost all the old precious milieu were destroyed.


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Jämsä

[50] Environmental protection was also in a bad state.


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Jämsä

The river Jämsänjoki became polluted, sulphur emissions flooded from it and the fish died.


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Jämsä

[51] The tourism industry took a great leap forward in the 1980s, when the Himos Ski Centre began to be developed.


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Jämsä

The importance of service industries as an employer has gradually increased and the labour demand in industry has decreased.


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Jämsä

[52] In the early 2000s, several municipal associations were made in the Jämsä region.


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Jämsä

Jämsä, together with Kuhmoinen, moved to Pirkanmaa Hospital District at the beginning of 2013.


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Jämsä

[53] In the same context, the possibility of Jämsä changing the province from Central Finland to Pirkanmaa has begun to be discussed.


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Jämsä

The change of the province would reduce the population of the former by eight per cent, while the latter would increase its population by four per cent.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Development of transport links In the earliest times, waterways such as Päijänne and Jämsänjoki formed natural thoroughfares.


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Jämsä

In the 17th century, the road network in Häme was very sparse and it was a duty to maintain it.


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Jämsä

The most important roads ran far south of Jämsä: from Turku through Hämeenlinna to Vyborg and from Helsinki via Hämeenlinna and Pälkänen to Tammerkoski.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[54] One of the first major land transport connections through Jämsä was the road from Laupata to Pälkäne, which was marked on a map of 1696.


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Jämsä

Another old road link ran from Hollola to Kuhmois.


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Jämsä

The intersection of these two memorable land connections was located on Lake Alho.


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Jämsä

[55] The Jämsä—Jyväskylä road, or old quad road, began to be built in 1861.


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Jämsä

[33] Highway 4 ran along the western side of Päijänne until 1996 when it was moved to the east of the lake.


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Jämsä

The highway from Lahti to Jämsä was renamed to 24.


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Jämsä

Highway 9 was established with the advent of the 1938 road numbering system.


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Jämsä

Highways 9 and 24 intersect southwest of the center of Jämsä and are single carriageways in the Jämsä region.


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Jämsä

The routes of the highways were aligned for Jämsä to their current routes mainly in the 1950s and 1960s.


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Jämsä

Major renovations took place in 1989 and 2003, when, among other things, bypass lanes were built.


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Jämsä

The road from Jämä to Vilppula was completed in 1915.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[56] Bus service to Jyväskylä and Vilppula railway station was started in 1924.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[57] Long distance lines from Tampere and Lahti via Jämsä to Jyväskylä began in the 1920s and 1930s, when Jämsä Kirkonkylä became a busy hub for bus services.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[58] Jämsä was connected to the Finnish railway network in 1951, when the line from Orivede to Jämsänkoski was completed.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The section of track from Jämsänkoski to Jyväskylä was completed in 1977.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The Orivesi—Jyväskylä railway line is single track.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Before the completion of the Orivesi—Jämsänkoski line, the nearest railway station was located on the Tampere—Haapamäki line in Vilppula, opened in 1882.


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Jämsä

Dialects of the Jämsä region The original dialect of the Jämsä region must have been obscure.


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Jämsä

[59] The current Jämsä dialect belongs to the Päijät-Häme group of Savonian dialects.


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Jämsä

There is no complete certainty about the reasons for the savolisation of the Jämsä dialect, one possibility is considered to be the migration of Savonians to Häme after the mace war.


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Jämsä

The ancient Karelian population of the area may also have contributed to the savoicalisation of the dialect.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The border between Western and Eastern dialects now runs through the administrative district of Jämsä, so that in Kuorevesi and Längelmäki, the speech parsi is clearly western, while in the old Jämsä region you can hear an eastern influence on people's speech, which though is gradually disappearing.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[13] The diversion from Häme to Jämsä left its mark on the nomenclature of the Jämsä stem farms, which are mostly hazy, such as Apiala and Yijälä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Most of the names are derived from the Pälkänen and Sääksmäki regions.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

However, the oldest name layer is Lappish, such as Mella, which is based on the “mind” word for sand collision.


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Jämsä

[13] Population development in municipalities located in the current Jämsä region 1880—1999:188019011926195119681999Jämsä9898128899006106651275512867Jämsänkoski — 2668469864077749Koskenpää — 275525542116-²Old Jämsä Area98981288914429179172127820616Shell Waters 222727043157434934612819Längelmäki367141754865509235221797Current Jämsä region¹157961976822451273582826125232 [60] ¹Längelmäki is also included in the chapters, which were annexed to the city of Orivesi.


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Jämsä

²Attached to Jämsänkoski on 1 January 1969.


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Jämsä

The most significant population concentration of Jämsä has been located in the area of the present city centre, or Seppola, from early times.


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Jämsä

[13] In the 17th century, the number of houses in Jämsä was 104 and there were about 1100 inhabitants.


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Jämsä

New houses were built further and further away from Jämsänjokivarte.


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Jämsä

In 1880, the population of Jämsä was 9900.


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Jämsä

The administrative area of the municipality corresponded at that time to the current city of Jämsä with the exception of Kuorevesta and Längelmäki.


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Jämsä

The population of the present-day Jämsä region was 15800.¹ Jämsä was the third most forcible municipality in Häme County at the time.


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Jämsä

Swedish-speakers of Jämsä's population numbered 119 or 1.2%.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[61] By 1926, the population of Jämsä had increased almost one and a half fold since 1880.


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Jämsä

The population and large age groups inflated the population of the Jämsä region after World War II.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The growth of population numbers in Jämsä stopped in the 1970s.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The combined population of Jämsä and Jämsänkoski, or River Valley, remained at just over 20,000 in the last third of the 20th century.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The depopulation of the present-day Jämsä region accelerated after the recession of the 1990s.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The population of Jämsänkoski — with the exception of Koskenmaa — had fallen below 7000 prior to the 2009 Jämsä—Jämsänkoski Municipal Association.


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Jämsä

The population of Koskenpää, on the other hand, was about 700.


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Jämsä

[62] In the 2010s, the relatively sharp decline in the population of Jämsä has continued.


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Jämsä

The following graph shows the population trend of the town every five years since 1980.


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Jämsä

On 1 January 2017, the territorial division used is in line with the situation


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Jämsä

However, between 1980 and 2005, the population of the municipality of Längelmäki, which was divided in two, has been completely counted as part of Jämsä.


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Jämsä

[63] In 2012, Jämsä's agglomeration rate was 74.8%, which is ten percentage points lower than the Finnish average.


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Jämsä

People aged 65 and over made up about a quarter of the population.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The population of Jämsä is reduced by both the negative migration balance and the greater number of deaths compared to births.


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Jämsä

More than 70% of Jämsä people live in small or terraced houses.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The education level of the population is below the Finnish average.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[64] Conurbations At the end of 2017, Jämä had 20,877 inhabitants, of whom 15,328 lived in built-up areas, 5,388 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the residence of 161 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose coordinates of residence are known; the agglomeration rate of Jämsä is 74.0%.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[65] The agglomeration population of Jämsä is divided between five different agglomerations: [66] The city centre area is shown in bold.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The agglomerations marked with an asterisk (*) belong to this city only partially.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The central drive of Mänttä extends mainly to the area of the city of Mänttä-Vilppula.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Seppola Seppola is the central seat and administrative centre of Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

It is located in the central parts of Kuta as far as Jämsä with good transport links.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Highway 9 runs past Seppola and the junction of Mäntäntie and Old Nelostien is located next to Seppola.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Seppola is built on both sides of the Jämsänjoki River.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Seppola also has plenty of services, as well as a bus station and a railway station.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Himos is located about three kilometres east of Seppola, in the village of Säyrylä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Seppola Bridge and Main Street Seppola Old Bridge Seppola Chapel Jämsä railway station Seppola neighbourhoods Centre, Lukkoila, Keskinen, Palomäki, Hartusvuori, Särkijärvi, Åland lammi, Suonsaari, Ekonen, Kelhä, Käpälä, Mäntymäki, Pietilä, Tervasmäki, Lopotti, Swallow, Aukola, Pispala, Jaatilanrinne, Ahopelto, Vitikkala Seppola industrial areas Viiskulma and Kilpakorpi Jämsänkoski Jämsänkoski is the centre of the former town of the same name, which has grown together with Seppola to form the central conglomerate of Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The industrial development of Jämsänkoski began already in the 19th century and it developed into its own agglomeration.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

For a long time, Jämsänkoski was structurally a factory colony.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsänkoski is located north of Jämsä, also along the Jämsänjoki River.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The rapids of Jämsänjoki have contributed to the possibility of harnessing hydropower for industrial use.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The Jyväskylä line runs through Jämsänkoski, but the actual station is in Seppola.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

There is also a bus station in Jämsänkoski.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Patalankoski sparkles completed in Jämsänkoski Paperwork in the 1950s by the Jämsänkoski paper mill and Koskikeskinen Rekolankoski in 1927 Jämsänkoski neighborhoods Keskus, Kinula, Myllymäki, Asemamäki, Arvenmäki, Linnamäki, Lavamäki, Orivuori, Korvenmäki, Virtasalmi, Lehmisuo, Oinaala, Upper Oinaala, Koulinmäki, Korentola, Soutula, Tiitolanmäki, Rekola, Matara, Papinrinne, Kukkulanmäki, Puistola, Harjunkangas, Rasua Jämsänkoski industrial areas Myllymäki and Jämsänkoski paper mill Kaipola Kaipola is the southernmost agglomeration of Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Kaipola has originally been a small farming village at the mouth of the Jämsänjoki River.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Industrial development began in 1952 when the Kaipola paper mill was established there.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Kaipola developed into a small community that still has its own services.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Kaipola is located in the bottomjuka of Olkkola Bay, east of Old Nelostie.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The development of Kaipola has been strongly reflected in the development of the United Paper Mills.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The street name is selected according to other factory localities, Valkeakoskentie, Simpeleentie and Jämsänkoskenkatu.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Kaipola Pitkävuori Jumping Tower Kaipola Paper Factory in the 1950s Kaipola Paper Machinery in 1956 Kaipola Paper Factory in the 1950s Kaipola neighbourhoods Kaipola City Centre, Olkkola, Haapakorpi, Jokisuu Kaipola Industrial Areas Tiirinniemi and Kaipola Paper Factory Halli The hall is a small agglomeration in western Jämsä, in the area of old Kuorevesi.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The hall is a central location for the Finnish Air Force, there is a field and a training ground.


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Jämsä

Hall's aircraft industry started when Veljkset Karhumäki Oy was founded.


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Jämsä

Today, in the Hall, the aircraft industry is carried out by Patria.


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Jämsä

There is also an airport in the hall.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Bristol Bulldog Hall Old photograph from the state aircraft factory Koskenpää Koskenpää is a small village agglomeration north of Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Koskenpää is located on the shore of Kancharisvesi.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The industrial development of Koskenpää began in the 19th century with the advent of the felt slippers industry and tar burning.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

However, the development remained quite small compared to Jämsänkoski.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Koskenpää has its own church, shop and services.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Koskenpää wooden church Länkipohja Länkipohja is a small agglomeration on the border with Orivesi.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

It is the old centre of Längelmäki.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The village is located on the shores of Lake Säkkijärvi, along Highway 9.


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Jämsä

Länkipohja is a rather hilly area, close to Längelmävesi and Isojärvi National Park.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Kiviniemi space in Syväjärvi 1920s Parishes According to the 2018 regional division, Jämsä has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [67] Jämsä Parish Jämsä Regional Parish Jämsänkoski Regional Parish Koskenpää Church District Kuorevesi Regional Parish Längelmäki Church District of the parishes of the Finnish Orthodox Church in the Jämsä region serves as the Tampere Orthodox Parish.


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Jämsä

[68] Former parishes The following list lists the parishes abolished in the historical period in the present area of the city of Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[67] Jämsänkoski Parish (annexed to Jämsä Parish 2009) Koskenpää Parish (annexed to Jämsänkoski Parish 2004) Kuorevesi Parish (annexed to Jämsä Parish 2009) Längelmäki Parish (eastern part annexed to Kuorevesi Parish 2007) Rural villages Alhojärvi, Arvaja, Aeme, Edesniemi, Haapajoki, Haavisto, Hahkala, Hauvala, Hauvala, Heikkilä, Himos, Honkala, Hopsu, Jaatila, Ränlahti, Kaukiala, Kerkkola, Kiukkoila, Kuoreveden Kirkeniemi, Kähö, Kähpälä, Moiskala, Niemola, Olemola Kkola, Patajoki, Partala, Pietilä, Ruotsula, Saakoski, Saakoski , Sammallahti, Säyrylä, Tervala, Toivila, Vaheri, Vierelä, Viiala, Yijälä, Vekkula Kuorevesi wooden church is located in Kirkenes on the shores of Kuorevesi Business and industrial history Tourism Tourism in Jämsä has become a major industry.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Himos Ski Resort is located in Jämä and has expanded from a ski resort into a vibrant year-round tourist resort.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

During the summer, Himos hosts numerous major events, e.g.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

HimosFestival and IskelmäHimos.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsä also hosts the largest paintball game “Suurpeli” in the Nordic countries every year.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Finland's largest paintball attracts more than 600 players each August.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The popular Wanhan Witose canoeing route [69], with varying stretches of rapids and lake stretches, flows across Jämsä from Petäjävedi.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The paddling trail derives its names from an old five-mark note painted by Eliel Saarinen, dating from 1909.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The image of the banknote is painted from Wanhan Witonen canoeing route, Rasua cape, Jämsänkoski.


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Jämsä

Päijänne and nature play a central role in tourism in the Jämsä region.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

There is also Isojärvi National Park near Jämsä, which is a popular destination for excursions.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Industry Paper industry The largest employers in the municipality are UPM-Kymmene Oyj's two paper mills, Jokilaakso factories.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The distance between Kaipola and Jämsänkoski is approximately 14 kilometres.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsä is another highly industrialised municipality in Central Finland besides Äänekoski.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsänkoski Paper Mill Jämsänkoski Oy was founded in 1887 to engage in forest industry.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsänkoski Oy consisted of a sulfite cellulose and paper mill and a saw mill.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In 1920 the factory became part of the United Paper Mills, with which Jämsänkoski Oy was merged.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

At the same time, Jämsänkoski had developed into its own community and it gained merchant status in 1926.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsänkoski also served for a short time as the hub of the United Paper Mills in the 1940s during General Juuso Walden's tenure until the central branch was transferred to the company's largest paper mill, Valkeakoski Tervasaari.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The factory in Jämsänkoski is larger than the Kaipola factory with four working paper machines.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The annual capacity of the plant is 880,000 tons.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The factory in Jämsänkoski manufactures uncoated magazine paper as well as sticker and packaging paper.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In 2002, a biopower plant was established in Jämsänkoski.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Kaipola Paper Factory United Paperitehdat Kaipola established a paper mill at the mouth of Jämsänjoki, because the company had to fix the loss of the Myllykoski plant with a new factory.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

1952 A paper mill established in the village of Kaipola today manufactures LWC, newspaper and catalogue paper.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Before Helsingin Sanomat was printed on Kaipola paper, from the current journals the Finnish Kaipola paper is used by Rural Future, whose attachments are produced at the Anjala paper mill in Inkerois, Kouvola.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The Kaipola Paper Mill has three operating paper machines with annual production exceeding 700000 tonnes.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Kaipola is also home to Finland's largest stockade and its own steam power plant.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In the 1950s, Kaipola developed into its own small community thanks to the factory.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Kuoreveden Hall Aircraft Factory In addition to the paper industry, there is also an aircraft industry in Jämä, which is operated by Patria Kuoreveden Hall, which also houses the Air Force Technical School.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Jämsä is the only municipality in Finland that still has an aircraft industry.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The felt slippers industry in Jämsä started coming from Russia to Finland at the end of the 19th century, and the skill was also adopted in Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

A considerable concentration of felt industry was created in the Jämsä region, and at best there were up to ten small felt factories in Partala village.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The act of felt slippers was also adopted in Koskenpää early on.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Founded in 1921, Alex Lahtinen's carding shop and felt slippers shop is today the oldest felt slippers factory in Finland.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[70] In the 1990s, felt emerged as a fashion material from which items such as decorative items, clothing and accessories, hats, and jewelry are made.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The School of Arts and Crafts, founded in Petäjävede, also offers training in the field of felt.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Culture and education Building culture Jämsä building culture has distinctive features.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Many farms in Jämsä became prosperous in the 19th century, and they competed in wealth with each other.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Efforts were made to build or make the main house house fit the style flow of the time.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Thus, many of the grand houses today represent so-called refresher styles.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Neoclassicism is represented by Ruotsula and Kuikka, and a few houses at Ränlahti, Patajoki and Koskenpää have ingredients of the same style.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Neo-Gothic can be seen in the houses of Kaipola and Karhala.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The Neo-Renaissance is represented only in the Nikkar-style Vitikkala House.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Neo-Baroque, on the other hand, has stamped his stamp on the Saari estate.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

From the Baroque date back to the making of mansard roofs.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Such was also made retrospectively for several houses that otherwise represented another style.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Such are, for example, the Houses of Hay Shoe and Palmroth.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The maker of all mansard roofs has probably been one and the same builder, whose name is not known.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

It is a Jämsä peculiarity that mansard roofs can be seen in combination with other styles of houses.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[71] Education There are three schools in the center of Jämsä, Vitikkala Elementary School, Paunu School (Upper Secondary School) and Jämsä High School.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In addition, vocational training in Jämsä is provided by the Jämsä Vocational College, which has educational institutions on the Auvila campus (formerly Agricultural and Horticultural School and Health School) and Myllymäki Campus (former Forest Engineering School, Business School and Vocational School of Technology and Vocational School of Technology and the transport sector).


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The Jämsä Christian Folk College is located in Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[72] In the 1980s, food culture Jämsä's keeper dishes were named liponen, or meat cooked with swede chips and barley puree, buttermilk and granny buns.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[73] Sports In rink ball, Jämsäläinen Duo 96 plays in the men's main league.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In cross-country skiing, Jämsänkoski Ilves has been in the relay with SM-medals in the 2010s, and Anssi Pentsinen, representing the club, has participated in the World Championships.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The town of Jämsä is twinned with three Nordic twinned municipalities: Fagersta in Sweden Ballerup in Denmark Åsnes Norway Transport connections in Jämsä intersect with Highways 9 and 24, and the rail link between Tampere and Jyväskylä runs through Jämsä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Centralajama Seppola is on the Jämsänjoki river that descends from Kancharisvedi to Päijänne.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

The railway and bus station are located in the central drive at a distance of about 1.4 km from each other.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In addition, there are express shift stops closer to the railway station.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In the summer, Jämsä Vaheri village stops on ship shifts between Lahti and Jyväskylä.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

Distances from Jämsä Helsinki 220 km Hämeenlinna 130 km Jyväskylä 60 km Lahti 115 km Pori 200 km Tampere 90 km Turku 250 km Virrat 120 km Politics Jämsä City Council has 43 members.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

In the 2017 municipal election in Jämsä, their support was boosted by the Greens, the Left Alliance and the SDP, which retained its largest group position with 13 council seats with the centre second with seven seats.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

There are also six seats on the joint list of non-bound (Uusi Jämsä, SUJ).


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

[74] Well-known Jämsäläs Ali Aaltonen, newspaperman and Civil War Red Guard Valfrid Eskola, MP Johannes From, “Rummin Jussi”, peasant Iiris Hacklin, MP Heikki Helastinen, person who finished third in Talent Finland (5th production season) - Inger Hirvelä López, MP Väinö Huhtala, skier, Olympic champion 1960 Heikki Häyrynen, MP Severus Konkola, 19th century businessman Päivi Kuokkanen, owner of the Himos ski resort Markku Laamanen, a singer who used to 1968—1975 stage name Gulliver Kyösti Lehtonen, wrestler Juuso Mäkilähde, radio journalist and presenter Petter Ohls, composer Juhani Ojala, owner of Himos ski centre Niilo Patinen, MP Tuula Peltonen, MP Kristian Pulli, long jumper Pekka Ruuska (also known as Musta-Pekkaruuska), a person who finished 3rd in Talent Suomi (5th season) talent search competition Eric Savolainen, better known on YouTube as Lakko, is a Finnish YouTube user who plays video games and vlogs in Finnish Aarne Tanninen, journalist, Yleisradio Washington correspondent Jukka Virtanen, lyricist and television editor See also List of public art works and monuments in Jämsä Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kesäläinen, Tuomo & Kejonen, Aimo| title = Finnish gorges| location = Tallinna| publisher = Cryptobooks| year = 2014}} On the topic elsewhere Jukka Rislakki: The Age of Horror — Four Months of Violence in Jämsä 1918.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

in 2007.


Question: How big is the Shell Water?

Jämsä

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Choi Seung-hyun (Korean:; born November 4, 1987 [1]), better known by his stage name T.O.P (Korean:), is a South Korean artist and actor.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

He is best known as the rapper for the Korean band Big Bang.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

T.O.P has starred in television series I Am Sam and Iris and films Nineteen, Tazza: The Hidden Card and Student Regiment (Pohwasogeuro), among others.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

T.O.P and his bandmate G-Dragon recorded and released as a collaboration the album GD & TOP (2010).


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Three singles came out alongside the album: “High High,” “Oh Yeah,” and “Knock Out,” all of which have ranked in the top three on Gao charts, while “High High” became a chart hit.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

History 2005—2006: Debut with Big Bang Before joining the YG Entertainment record label, Seung Hyun was a rapper and a childhood friend of G-Dragon.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

G-Dragon stated that they were “neighborhood friends from middle school” who often danced and rapped together.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

[2] Although G-Dragon later moved out and they were no longer as close, he reconnected with Seung Hyun when YG Entertainment was looking for bachelors for his new boy group.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

The pair recorded several demos and sent them to Yang Hyun Suk, the general manager of YG Entertainment, who later invited Seung Hyun to auditions.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

The record company had initially rejected Seung Hyun, saying he was too “chubby” to fit in with an “idealistic version” of the idol.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Seung Hyun later shared that he “went home and worked out very much because he really wanted to join YG Entertainment.”


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Six months later, he returned and the contract was signed.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

He lost 20kg in 40 days.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

One of YG Entertainment's older artists, Se7en, gave him the stage name T.O.P, and became another of Big Bang's rappers, along with G-Dragon.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

The duo were initially paired with four others, which were Taeyang, Daesung, Seungri and So-1.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Their exercises for documentation for advertising.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

However, So-1 was separated from the record label and thus Big Bang made their official debut as a five-member.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Their first album, Since 2007, was quite a success [3], and included T.O.P'"s first solo “Big Boy”.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

The group achieved great success with their unveiling of the song “Lies” from their 2007 mini-album Always, which ranked at the top on many charts.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

The singles, “Last Farewell” from the mini-album Hot Issue and “Haru Haru” from the mini album Stand Up, also rose to the top spot.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

2007-2010: Solo career, films, GD&TOP After the band released albums and singles, T.O.P began working on his solo career.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

In April 2007, he co-starred with fellow Big Bang members Taeyang and G-Dragon on singer Lexy's single “Super Fly” from this album Rush.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Later that summer, she appeared as an actress in Red Roc's “Hello” music video.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

He later became the first Big Bang member to venture into acting, starting with the KBS2 drama, I Am Sam, in which he played the school's top brawler, Chae Musin.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

He also assumed the role of presenter at MBC's Music Core</i>on November 10, 2007, but was nevertheless forced to resign in April of the following year.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

In 2008, he collaborated with R&B artist Gummy on his album Comfort on the song “I'm Sorry”, with veteran singer Uhm Jung Hwa on this single"D.I.S.C.O.”


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

and with ZIA on the single “I Only See You”.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

In the same year, he was accepted to Dankook University for the Theatre Department.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

[4] T.O.P starred in the film Student Regiment, which was released in June 2010.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

She received many good reviews and acclaim for her performance; and eventually won many awards towards the end of the year, e.g.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Hallyu Popularity Award [5].


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

The film received one million viewers per week, making it the first film in 2010 to reach that viewership in South Korea.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

At the same time, he was also preparing his solo debut.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

During Big Bang's Big Show concert in January 2010, T.O.P performed his new single “Turn It Up”.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

The official music video released later garnered over one million viewers in just a few minutes.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

T.O.P is also the first Korean artist whose song was released worldwide on iTunes.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

In November 2010, YG Entertainment announced that T.O.P and his bandmate G-Dragon would be releasing a collaborative album.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Prior to the announcement of the album, the duo held the worldwide premiere of their album in Seoul, South Korea, Yeongdeungpo's Times Square, which was also shown live from YouTube.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

To promote their album, the duo released three singles: “High High,” “Oh Yeah,” and “Knock out.”


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

All three singles were released on the album.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

The singles achieved commercial success: “High High” was a chart hit, while “Oh Yeah” and “Knock Outt” soared to second and third place respectively.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

The album was released on Christmas Eve and debuted at number one garnering 200,000 pre-orders [6].


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

2011- In 2011, Big Bang went on hiatus, following Daesung's car accident and G-Dragon's marijuana clash.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

That same year, they won Best Worldwide Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

[7] In 2012, T.O.P had a starring role in the film Commitment (also known as Alumni), in which he played the son of a North Korean spy.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

[8] During the filming of the film, he injured his palm back on a piece of glass and was hospitalized to undergo surgery.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Filming was delayed for several weeks.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P

Despite his injury, he performed with Big bang on their world tour.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P.

[9] She won the Best New Actress award at the Asia Star Awards for her part at the Busan International Film Festival, and was the only Korean actress to win the award.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P.

[10] T.O.P was named one of the hottest sex symbols in 2013.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P.

[11] In November, she released the digital single “Doom Dada" [12] which she herself considered strange and strange.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P.

It was her first single since “Turn It Up”.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P.

She performed the song for the first time at the Mnet Asian Music Awards in Hong Kong in 2013.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P.

[13] Later, T.O.P appeared in English on Pixie Lott's 'Japanese album along with G-Dragon in the song “Dancing On My Own”.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P.

In 2014, T.O.P played the lead, Ham Dae-gil, in the film Tazza 2: The Hidden Card, which was a follow-up to the film Tazza: The High Rollers.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P.

In 2015, T.O.P debuted as a furniture designer in collaboration with Vitra, [14] and he received the Visual Culture Award from the Prudential Eye Awards.


Question: What was Choi Seung-hyu's first record?

T.O.P.

[15] On topic elsewhere Sources Category:South Korean singers Category:Living persons Category:Born in 1987


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Anti-aircraft combat is a weapon species, [1] whose mission is to protect targets from enemy air attack by impeding or disrupting the operation of enemy aircraft.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

More broadly, anti-aircraft combat is an activity aimed at maintaining the air supremacy of someone in a particular area, or an activity aimed at making it difficult to use an adversary's aircraft weapon effectively and minimize the effects of using an air-weapon.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Operationally, anti-aircraft combat can be divided into short-range near-aircraft, midrange anti-aircraft, long-range area anti-aircraft, as well as air protection.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Distribution of short-range anti-aircraft in Finland, short-range anti-aircraft defenses are divided into short range and ultra-short-range anti-aircraft defence.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Ultra-Short Range Anti-Aircraft In ultra-short-range anti-aircraft combat, the interceptor distance is less than five kilometers and the interceptor altitude is less than three kilometers.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Air-shooting Middle air combat can be performed by assault rifle air-shooting, which in Finland is taught in military service during the basic training period, light machine gun air-shooting or anti-aircraft machine gun shooting.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

However, aerial shooting can be practised with basically any direct-direction weapon.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

In Finland, 12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine guns are present in infantry armored personnel carriers, tank corps battle tanks, ships and boats and other vehicles and can also be used in ground combat for infantry assault rifles and light 7.62 mm backed by machine guns.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

IT machine guns are infantry support weapons.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The actual anti-aircraft weapon type uses more robust anti-aircraft cannons, or missiles.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Missiles Ultra-short range anti-aircraft combat includes shoulder-launched missiles, such as the Russian iTO 86 Igla missiles in Finland.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The Navy has similar French Matra Mistral missiles on their ships.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

On ships, the missile launcher is in a fixed rack.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Light Anti-Aircraft Cannon Brigades anti-aircraft batteries use e.g. cannons with 23 mm tubes.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

In Finland, Russian-made twin-tube ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft guns are in service as a fleet (23 Itk 61, colloquially “Sergei”) The cannon has a rate of fire of 2x17 rounds per second, and the projectile has an output velocity of over 970 m/s.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

23 iTK 61s have been modernized in Finland, inter alia, for aiming equipment, which is why the designation 23 iTk 95 is used for the redesigned light anti-aircraft cannons according to the 1995 renewal year.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

23 iTk 61 is really effective in skilled hands.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Short-range anti-aircraft combat In actual short-range anti-aircraft combat, the interceptor distance is 5—10 kilometers and the altitude is 3—5 kilometers.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Cannons In Finland, Swiss 35 mm light anti-aircraft cannons (35 Itk 88) and anti-aircraft tanks Itpsv 90 Marksman and ITPSV SU-57 are used.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Missiles The short-range anti-aircraft missile fleet in Finland consists of Crotale NG missile lavettes built on the modified Pasi Sisu XA-180 platform and the German-Swedish ASRAD-R, or Anti-Aircraft Missile System 2005, (iTO 2005) Medium Range Anti-Aircraft Medium range anti-aircraft defence in Finland is based on Russian regional anti-aircraft missiles iTO 96 BUK M1, whose interceptor range extends from at least ten kilometres to an interceptor range of fifty km and an interceptor altitude of at least five kilometres to twenty kilometres.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The fleet will be replaced during 2010—2020 by the Norwegian-US NASAMS fleet.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The NASAMS missile is based on the Amraam missile used in interceptors.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Long Range Anti-Aircraft Long-range anti-aircraft combat distance is at least fifty kilometers to an altitude of more than twenty kilometers.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

There are no anti-aircraft missiles for this range in Finland.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Long-range anti-aircraft combat is the responsibility of interceptors.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Armament Anti-aircraft has used several different types of cannons as its armament ever since the first aircraft took part in military action in World War I.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The accuracy of the first anti-aircraft guns was not to be praised, but on the other hand, the air gun did not yet play a war decisive role either.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

After World War II, additional ground-fired anti-aircraft missiles were developed, which were incorporated as part of anti-aircraft defence.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Today, both cannons and missiles are used in parallel.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Accurate radars, as well as calculators, are used to indicate air paints.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Anti-aircraft forces cooperated with fighter aircraft, together with aerial surveillance to form air defences.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

History Modifications of standard artillery systems were commonly used as long-range anti-aircraft guns.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Initially, only new tripods were made for standard parts, but before World War II anti-aircraft guns evolved into their own type with much better performance.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Guns' projectiles generally use detonators based on air pressure, time ignition, or contact.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The idea is to create an explosive cutoff in a certain area.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

A classic example of a large long-range anti-aircraft cannon is the German 88 millimeter cannon.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Systems like it were replaced by missiles in the 1950s.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Finnish anti-aircraft gun species As part of the field artillery in Finland, the anti-aircraft gun species is considered to have arisen on 1 July 1925 with the commencement of a gun-type training unit in Suomenlinna.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Aerial shooting began to be carried out on 16 September 1927.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Anti-aircraft operations were started on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russians as early as 1915, when the first anti-aircraft guns were brought to Suomenlinna.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

On the Germans side of World War I, the first users of anti-aircraft guns were ice keepers.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Also, the German Baltic Division in late spring 1918 used field guns in anti-aircraft capability.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

In Finland, the development of anti-aircraft artillery was influenced by the Coastal Artillery officers Captain Åke Törnroos and the Iceman Lieutenant Colonel Väinö Valve.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Anti-aircraft defence was particularly important for field artillery stationed in fixed positions, which had robust cannons and whose location was well known.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Anti-aircraft responsibility initially belonged to the coastal artillery, but anti-aircraft training also commenced in field artillery in 1926.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

As part of the Air Force, Anti-Aircraft separated as a weapon species from the Field Artillery on 1 January 1939, when it transferred at the same time from the Defence Branch of the Ground Forces to the Air Force.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Colonel Frans Helmis became Finland's first anti-aircraft inspector.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

In the Winter War, for the Air Force, the Soviet Union initially had a 7-fold air superiority, increasing 20-fold in the three months by the end of the war.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

700 localities were bombed.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Finnish anti-aircraft forces belonging to the Air Force's defence arm as a weapon species shot down at least 404 Soviet aircraft, damaging 376 aircraft.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Of the 404 drop, 280 occurred in the War Domain Field Army Domain.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The Air Force Air Corps downed 190 Soviet aircraft.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Statistically, for every anti-aircraft force gun, one Soviet aircraft was downed and another aircraft was damaged.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Ammunition was consumed by heavy guns averaging 163, 40 mm guns 391 and 20 mm guns 474, which must be considered minimal.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

By the Continuation War, anti-aircraft defenses were strengthened multiple times over by the acquisition of available weapons.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The number of anti-aircraft gun types increased to over 50, making maintenance and training difficult.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Severe pressure on Finnish airspace came in February 1944 when the Soviet Union tried to persuade Finland to peace by increasing pressure in the airspace.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The Soviet Remote Action Air Force (ADD) attacked Helsinki, Kotka, Turku, Oulu and Rovaniemi at night with heavy force.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Since Finland — unlike, say, Germany — did not have night interceptors, there was defense in reserve for anti-aircraft protection.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The urban losses did not become as great as what the Soviet Union had set as its goal of dislodging Finland from the war.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

After the strategic bombings of February 1944, the next major rally was the Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944, where instead of cities, a field army was targeted.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Only 1/3 of the total anti-aircraft armament was occupied by the Field Army, so it could have been moved from part population centres and inland targets (2/3) to part in support of the field army.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The fierceness of the fighting is informed by the fact that 95% (1031) of the drops in air defense occurred in the field army's war domain.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Aircraft combat accounted for 36.9% of the planes downed during the Continuation War, but 50% in 1944.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The drop rate of anti-aircraft guns targeted for the field army averaged two planes per cannon and an ammunition consumption of 468 shells per drop.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

169 anti-aircraft soldiers were downed and 397 were wounded.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Cold War Brings Missiles The end of World War II was marked by the atomic bombs used by the United States against Japan.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The high-flying strategic bomber rafts did not reach the anti-aircraft guns.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Therefore, the advantage began to be on the striker.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The Soviet Union reached the United States in 1949 by producing its own nuclear weapon and copying a Tupolev Tu-4 capable of carrying a bomb from a US Boeing B-29 Superfortress.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Another problem with anti-aircraft guns was that the flight speeds of the topping fighter aircraft had increased so much since the introduction of jet engines that anti-aircraft guns could not keep up with the rushing aircraft.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

As a solution, anti-aircraft missiles began to be developed as replacements for anti-aircraft guns.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Introducing to strategic bombers, anti-aircraft missiles became the first to enter service in the United States in 1954 and the Soviet Union in 1956, from which by the end of the 1950s spread to other countries as well.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Finland attempted to acquire anti-aircraft missiles in the early 1960s, but this would have been conditional on the lifting of the missile ban related to the Paris Peace Treaty.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Neither the United States nor Great Britain sold their newer stock to Finland.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

With the superiority of their air forces, countries equalizing the superiority of the Warsaw Pact ground forces had no interest in strengthening the anti-aircraft defenses of neutral Finland, since the flight paths of strategic bombers and later cruise missiles passed through southern Finland to the military of the Leningrad Military District to destinations.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The West German Roland system, on the other hand, was not considered suitable.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Finnish anti-aircraft missile procurement did not begin until 1978—1979, with the purchase from the Soviet Union of modern topping shoulder-launched missiles iTO 78 (Strela 2M), as well as the Ito 79 (S-125 M1 Petshora), a regional anti-aircraft missile suitable for protecting the metropolitan area.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The iTO 78 was replaced by the iTO 86M (Igla), which was the Soviet shoulder-launched lightweight short-range anti-aircraft missile following the Strelas.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

In the fold of the 1980s and 1990s the Ito 90 (Crotale NG) and the Navy iTO 91 (Matra Mistral) anti-aircraft missile systems were procured for the Land Forces in France.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Crotale's combat dimension is ten kilometres horizontally and six kilometres vertically.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The BUK M1, the regional anti-aircraft missiles, were acquired in the early 1990s from Russia by shortening the sovereign debt of bilateral trade inherited from the Soviet Union.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The BUK M1 is intended as a metropolitan shelter to counter not only aircraft and helicopters but cruise missiles, among other things.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

It is also limited suitable for combating ballistic targets such as artillery missiles.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The interceptor dimension of the system is 35 kilometres horizontally and 22 km vertically.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The system will be replaced in the 2010s by the Norwegian-US NASAMS system, which uses a variant of the AMRAAM missile.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Acquisition of a new short-range anti-aircraft missile system began towards the end of the 1990's.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The objective of the acquisition was to improve the anti-aircraft protection of contingency groups against infantry fighters and combat helicopters.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The acquisition ended up with the ASRAD-R anti-aircraft missile system supplied by the German company RDE.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

In Finland, the system received the name Anti-Aircraft Missile System 2005, iTo 2005.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The interceptor dimension of the system is five kilometres horizontally and five kilometres vertically.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The Finnish Navy has selected the South African Umkhonto anti-aircraft missile for its new Hamina-class missile boats.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

In Finland, the system received the name anti-aircraft missile ITO2004 UMKHONTO.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The Finnish Defence Force has decided to replace the ageing ITO 86M (Igla) missiles with anti-aircraft missiles based on Swedish Saab Bofors Dynamic AB's RBS 70 fleet.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

History of anti-aircraft batteries My anti-aircraft battery has been based in Finland in Turku, Turku Anti-Aircraft Battery (TuritPSTO), Oulu Anti-Aircraft Battery (OulitPSTO) and Salpausselä Anti-Aircraft Battery in Lahti (SalpitPsto) The latter later worked in Kouvola.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The locations of TuritPSTO's radiators were Pääskyvuori and Uittamo.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Today, anti-aircraft guns are making a vigorous comeback, although the range and hit accuracy of the missile fleet is many times that of them.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The price of the missiles is high and under certain conditions they have operational limitations.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Today, the Defence Forces use light terrain capable cannons such as 23 iTk 61-2 (ZU-23-2) as well as heavier radar-guided guns such as 35 iTk 88 (35 mm Swiss Oerlikon) to protect important targets.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Anti-missile systems that have already been deployed on ships longer, such as the U.S.-based Phalanx, are coming to ground use for combating low-altitude cruise missiles and even rockets with rocket launchers.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

The power of such projectile weapon systems is based on radar guidance, high rate of fire, and an excitation detonator projectile.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

For joint operations between the Anti-Aircraft Corps and the Air Force, there is a designated anti-aircraft officer in each of the three flight divisions.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Voluntary National Defence Training for Air Defence in general and anti-aircraft defence in particular can be introduced to the National Defence Training Association Air Defence District courses 18 and older as well as other reservists.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Biaudet, Bob| title = Passing Shooters — Anti-Aircraft Experiences in Continuation War Solution Battles| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002}} Haupt, Dirk Roland: Ballistiskt missilförsvar i Europa och folkrätten.


Question: What was the anti-aircraft protection in Helsinki in the autumn of 1939?

Anti-aircraft

Jus ad bellum, jus in bello och staters folkrättsliga ansvar ex delicto; i: (in Swedish) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lapland, Ahti| title = Anti-aircraft in Air War 1794—1945| publisher = Anti-Aircraft Foundation| year = 2000}} Citation error, with replace {{cite book| author = Lapland, Ahti| title = Anti-aircraft in the Cold War| publisher = Anti-Aircraft Foundation | year = 2003}} See also BUK M1 missile system ZU-23-2, light anti-aircraft cannon “Sergei” Post-war Finnish anti-aircraft units Sources Category:Anti-aircraft Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What club was raised by Mattias Tedenby?

Mattias Tedenby

Mattias Tedenby (born February 21, 1990 in Vetlanda, Sweden) is a Swedish ice hockey player who plays for SHL team HV71.


Question: What club was raised by Mattias Tedenby?

Mattias Tedenby

He's a real wide receiver from his playing position.


Question: What club was raised by Mattias Tedenby?

Mattias Tedenby

[1] Tedenby has played 120 NHL games in the past for the New Jersey Devils, who booked him in the first round as the 24th player in the summer of 2008.


Question: What club was raised by Mattias Tedenby?

Mattias Tedenby

[2] Despite his high reserve, he hasn't made a breakthrough in the NHL.


Question: What club was raised by Mattias Tedenby?

Mattias Tedenby

Style of play according to EliteProspects.com website, Tedenby's greatest strength is his speed.


Question: What club was raised by Mattias Tedenby?

Mattias Tedenby

Tedenby is quite small in stature, but he mostly places this shortcoming with his attitude and speed.


Question: What club was raised by Mattias Tedenby?

Mattias Tedenby

Tedenby also has good balance, technical skills and is happy to challenge opponents.