Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Castles, estates and churches in Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-1-17423-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fagerlund, Rainer & Villstrand, Nils Erik & Jern, Kurt & Itkonen, Mirja (Finland) | title = SubJECTS and subjects - Finland history 1523-1809| publisher = Schildts| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-50-1241-4}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hyymies, Kati (ed) | title = Ars Universitaria 1640—1990 — Portraits from the University of Helsinki Collections| publisher = Universitas Helsingiensis 350| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-45-5253-9| page = 204-208}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Katajala, Kimmo| title = Finnish Revolt — Peasant unrest and political culture in Finland during Swedish time (ca.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

1150—1800) | location = Vammala| publisher = SKS| year = 2002| id=ISBN 951-746-306-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = ed.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Matikkala, Antti & Brummer, Wilhelm| title = Persons and family capacities in Finland| publisher = SKS| year = 1994| id = ISBN 978-952-222-283-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nenonen, Marko & Kervinen, Timo| title = The salary of sin is death — Finns witch hunts 1500— 18th century| publisher = Otava| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-1-13081-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nenonen, Marko| title = Witch Hunts in Europe - Birth of a Myth| publisher = Atena kustannus Oy| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-796-438-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Palokangas, Markko & Santavuori, Martti et al.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

(ed.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

) | title = Turku Linna| publisher = Sotasokeat 1970| year = 1982 3. p}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Perälä, Anna| title = Knowledge and Skill Images — Woodcuts and authors of Finnish printed products 1647—1713| publisher = SKS| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-743-506-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja (ed) et al.| title = University of Helsinki Museo| publisher = University of Helsinki | year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-45-2679-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuomola, Simo (ed.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

) | title = Abo — Finnish metropolis, 17th century Turku | publisher = Turku Information Offering — Turku| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-9129-39-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ylikangas, Heikki| title = Violence to the power of the word — Finnish past from the Middle Ages to the present days | publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-923456-7}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish History Little Giant| publisher = WSOY| year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-0| page = 204-208}} error, replace with {{cite book| title = Large person| publisher = WSOY| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-0-26140-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = National Biography of Finland 1 (Aaku-Browalius) | location = Helsinki| publisher = SKS| year = 2003| version = Brahe, Per (1602—1680) Governor-General, Counselor, Chancellor of the Academy of Turku | id = ISBN 951-746-442-8| page = 769—773}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vierros, Tuure| title = The country was pleased with me — Per Brahe the Younger's story| publisher = Book Group | year = 1971}} — historical novel On the subject elsewhere, Nordisk Familjebok Category:Swedish nobles Category:Power counselors Category:Presidents of the Swedish Court of Appeal Category:Governors General of Finland Category:Born in 1602 Class:Those who died in 1680 Category:Screening key articles


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

The Sorb language (also: Vendi language) belongs to the West Slavic languages.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

The language is spoken in eastern Germany in Lausitz, or Sorb language, Lužica, located in the Brandenburg—Saxony region on Germany's eastern border and tangential to both Czech Republic and Poland.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

The language is divided into upper and lower sorbs, both of which have their own book language.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

[1] The Upper Sorb language (hornjoserbšćina or hornjoserbska rěč) is used in Upper Lausitz in the present-day state of Saxony.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

It is spoken in its native language by about 15000 people.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

Alasorbi (dolnoserbšćina or dolnoserbska rěc) is the mother tongue of about 7000 speakers, and is mostly used in Lower Lausitz, in the present-day state of Brandenburg.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

In addition, there are several tens of thousands of sorb experts, but their main language is German.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

All Sorb speakers also know German.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

The German language has influenced both vocabulary and sentence doctrine.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

[1] The kinship between Czech, Polish and Sorb is obvious, but their mutual intelligibility is still weak.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

The status of both Upper and Lower Orb as a minority language has been recognized in Germany.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

The bilingualism of Lausitz, or Lužica, is guaranteed by the laws of Saxony and Brandenburg.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

In several dozen schools in the area, sorb is a subject; in some schools, a few subjects are taught as sorb.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

Higher education in Sorb is hardly offered.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

At the university level, Sorb is studied and taught above all in Leipzig.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

In upper sorb, the newspaper Serbske Nowiny appears, in lower sorb (and in German) the weekly newspaper Nowy Casnik appears.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

In everyday life, such as when dealing with authorities, Sorbin speakers tend to use German.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

The preservation of the language is not immediately threatened, although the number of speakers may be declining.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

The language also has some speakers in the United States in Lee County, Texas, where a Sorbin-language newspaper still recently appeared.


Question: Where is the Sorb language spoken?

Sorbi

See also Sorbs Sources (in Sorbian) References elsewhere Category:German languages Category:West Slavic languages


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Taisism is a political term used to refer to the internal opposition of the Communist Party of Finland led by Taisto Sinisalo and the movement around it in the 1970s and 1980s.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The concept was invented by editors of Helsingin Sanomat in the early 1970s


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taists themselves never used the term they felt offensive, and in their own rhetoric the movement identified itself as, for example, the party's “class-bearing” or “healthy” forces.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Taisists are often controversially referred to as Stalinists.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The most prominent Taists were theatre, music and student radicals.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The voice supporter of the movement was the Informant.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Opposition to the SKP emerged in the mid-1960s — years before the term tasism was coined.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The quarrel began when a new reformist leadership was elected for the party, which the deposed took to criticising.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The criticism was directed at both nonethical and political issues.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Among other things, the opposition opposed new interpretations of Marxism-Leninism, their party's governmental policies, and participation in centralized income solutions.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Also at the heart was the defence of the Soviet Union and its Communist Party.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The quarrel continued within the SKP until the opposition in the mid-1980s separated and it formed the Communist Party of Finland (Unity) party.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Genesis and definition of the concept Taisism was a new word in the spring of 1971.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

According to Kimmo Rentola, it was a sign of a new escalation in the SKP party feud.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[1] For example, SKDL's departure from the board was largely due to SKP's situation.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Around the same time, the Socialist Students' Union, a community member of the SKDL, chose the opposition to SKP as its reference group.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Strike crunching also tightened the atmosphere.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Taavetti, a pachinist for People's News, wrote in March 1971 that he heard talk of “angry Taists who supposedly have put their pasmas in a mess.”


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[2] According to another story, the term tasism was coined according to journalist Aarno Laitinen in the editorial staff of Helsingin Sanomat by journalist Seppo Sännää.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[3] Taisists meant the opposition of the SKP with its allies, especially among whom the broad Marxist-Leninist student and youth movement that emerged in the early 1970s attracted attention.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

According to Relander, “the tactism matched the mouth, referred to the domestic figurehead of the trend, and above all described the phenomenon in question”.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[4] The figurehead was Taisto Sinisalo (1926—2002), who emerged as the number one name in the opposition when it entered the 1970s, at the latest after being elected as SKP Vice-President in the Extraordinary Assembly in 1970.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Taisism is a superconcept for quite different groups allied with the opposition to the SKP.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Yet the cohesive movement was not, even if it often tried to give a crackless image of itself.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Later, Taisism has often been spoken of only as a radical movement of youth, students and cultural workers, although the opposition to the SKP consisted largely of the traditional working-class sympathizers of the SKP.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The concept has always had a negative connotation above all, so it was not used by the opposition supporters of the SKP, some of whom are still unwilling to use it.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In its time, the movement called itself, for example, class bearers, healthy, or forces of unity.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

There has also been talk of the Informant movement, referring to the magazine and association which defined the political line of the opposition to the SKP.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

At the height of support, one could talk about the “13 MPs” of the SKP or SKDL.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Youth youth refers to young people in the 1970s who recognised the minority wing of the SKP as their leader.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Youth people were mostly members of either the Finnish Democratic Youth Union SDNL or the Socialist Students' Union SOL.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[5] The Taist youth movement has variously been referred to as student and youth in an effort to highlight the separation of phenomena from the opposition of the SKP.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Youth citizenship came into existence independently at the turn of the 1970s, only years after the start of a party dispute between the Teenager League and the Uusimaa Socialist Youth Union (USNL).


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

However, contacts with the SKP opposition quickly formed and the new allies were beneficial to both sides.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Young people were also driven by the majority in some places by a remarkably clammy attitude towards these.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Although in the early 1980s, some classroom comrades saw the entry of students into the movement as one of the reasons for its failures.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Student sentiment was strongly intertwined with SOL's 1971 project.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

SOL's journals held a theoretical discussion of the principles of the movement and presented the main positions.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In the mid-1970s, the Association of Scholars emerged from the circle of students, where academics experienced a brief heyday.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The rise of tasisticism in the student movement is explained by young people's disillusionment with the conservatism of the SDP and SKDL government.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Only the minority wing of the SKP was perceived to have a connection to the great myths of the revolution.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Building a left-wing movement outside of existing parties was never a serious goal.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[5] Despite its prominence, support in student elections always remained lower in student elections than among Coalition students, including in its peak years.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The visibility of Taisism among students in the 1970s must be understood as a result of charismatic leaders and good speakers.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The nostalgia that emphasises the innocent fun of the Taist student movement must be understood as the ex-youth people's own absolution of political radicalism, but as an insult in the context of the opposing party.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[5] The intense expansion of universities in the 1960s and 1970s provided natural breeding ground for communist student radicalism.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In the 1970s, the University of Tampere in particular was the most non-academic university in Finland, or higher education, with unusually limited academic middle and upper class backgrounds: 48 per cent of students came from working or working backgrounds. from farming families.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In 1975, the Marxist Groups of the University of Tampere (TYMR) held 41% of the board seats of social science organisations and six out of nine chairmanships.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[5] Cultural sensibility Cultural arts refers to Taist artists who played quite a prominent role in the movement.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Artists who recorded in the shelters of Love Records, such as Agit-prop, Aulikki Oksanen, Kristiina Halkola and Kaisa Korhonen, were celebrities nationwide, and Agit-prop's reputation hurried all the way abroad.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In the Finnish political song movement of the 1970s, tatism was the dominant phenomenon.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

1972 the Union of Cultural Workers (KTL) was formed to organize Marxist-Leninist cultural work.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Kristiina Halkola, who was an active member of the KTL, was elected Chair of the Democratic Alternative in 1986.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Some of the cultural sensibility also extended to the mass media.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The organisation of journalists who supported the minority of SKP was the Journalists Union.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Political line The SKP opposition line took shape in a confrontation with the majority.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In the line of the leadership of the party, elements were gradually discovered, which came to form the core of the line of Taisism.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The opposition felt it was fighting for an independent Communist Party.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

It felt that the SKP leadership was sabotaging the party in its pursuit of reforms, for example by abandoning some concepts.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The nature of SKDL due to the overlap between the activities of the SKP and the Finnish People's Democratic Union, the idea of unifying parties also gained support within the SKP in the 1960s.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

For the opposition, this did not suit and disputes over the role of SKDL formed one key part of the discussions.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

For example, the addition of the word socialism to SKDL resolutions was not suitable for the opposition.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taisists felt that the SKDL had to be, in accordance with its original purpose, a broad consortium of democratic forces, which should not and could not have an ideology of its own.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[6] This despite the fact that the SKDL had clearly become only a party of communists and socialists from the outset.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

As the exchange of opinions progressed in the 1970s, the attitudes of the Taists towards the socialists sharpened further and the disputes within the SKP were reflected in the activities of the SKDL.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taisists failed in their attempt to change the leadership of SKDL at the Federal Assembly in 1972, after which the Informant began accusing SKDL socialist chairman Ele Alenius of being a Maoist.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

According to the informant, Alenius planned to travel to China and spread the material in Finland.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The People's News refuted the allegations as untrue and the SKP Central Committee by a vote of 9—3 stated the allegations of Alenius' Maoism served only the Maoists and other disintegrating forces.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

SKDL's relations with NKP cooled thanks to campaigning by the Taists.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[7] Government issue Government policy was a key point of contention within the SKP after SKDL went into governments in the 1960s.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Taisists did not see participation in governments as essential as the party's insular majority, but wanted to emphasise the importance of mass movements and principled politics.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Although Erkki Tuominen of the opposition served as a minister for a short time in the early 1970s, there was no principle opposition to participation in governments.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

After SKDL left the government in 1971, this controversy was less noted but returned again in 1975 even worse after the Taists refused to support SKDL's return to ministerial socialism.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Being a governing party was only seen as facilitating the passage of reforms against the interests of the working class.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Taist MPs behaved like an opposition party in parliament, and in 1979, for example, even presented their own “shadow budget.”


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[8] The defragmentation of the trade union movement AY under a single central organisation (SAK), together with the Popular Front Government, marked the beginning of centralised revenue solutions.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Income policy became a swear word for the Taists, and they drew their own starkly economist line on the unions, presenting themselves as the true left.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Inflation, for example, was seen as a secret plot by burghers.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The only union dominated by the Taists was the small Rubber and Leather Workers' Union, although they controlled many large Metal Union departments, for example.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Persons Personal issues were also important and the party leadership was seen as “nesting bedbugs” such as Erkki Salomaa or Arvo Aalto, who received severe criticism.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The demands of the Taisonists could often be reduced to personal issues, as in 1982 when Taisto Sinisalo was removed from the vice-president's seat.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Sinisalo's fall from parliament in 1979 also had symbolic significance.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Admittedly, Sinisalo achieved his personal vote record just in the 1979 election.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taisists were sworn supporters of President Urho Kekkonen's friendly policy towards the east.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Kekkonen's frequent domestic politics in conflict with the SKP opposition had little bearing on his popularity.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

After Kekkonen, in the run-up to the presidential elections of 1982, the Taists already supported Ahti Karjalainen of Keskus before the decision of the candidate by this party.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

After the centre chose Johannes Estonian as their candidate, there was still hope among the people of the Taists that Karjalainen was included as a black horse.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The SDP's Mauno Koivisto, backed by a majority led by Aarne Saarinen, was met with great scepticism and the opposition would not agree to stand behind him.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[9] Suspicion was increased by the establishment of the Constitutional Right Party and the Finnish Countryside Party in support of Koivisto, considered far-right.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[10] Instead, they directed their support in the first round to the SKDL's own candidate Kalevi Kivistö, whose election they contested six years later in the 1988 elections.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Relation with the Soviet Union The movement wanted to be the most loyal flag bearer of proletarian internationalism in Finland.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Central to the interpretation is a commitment to the Soviet Union's leading role in the world communist movement.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

For example, the “Warsaw Pact Measures in Czechoslovakia 1968" was understood as necessary in the defence of socialism, and the occupation thus marked a key event in the divisional development of the entire SKP.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The world in this vision consisted of two major blocs, and everyone had to choose sides.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

A sharp distinction was made between “impartial humanism” and a working-class worldview.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Among the first stances of the Socialist Student Movement, which was taken over by the Taisists in 1971, was the acceptance of the occupation of Czechoslovakia.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

This became a collective recognition of the movement, a symbol to differentiate the movement from other communist movements in Finland.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taists made an active nest difference to the “unobtainable Sixties radicalism” as well as the reformist SKP majority.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[5] In applying their worldview to practice, the Taists effectively exposed “anti-Soviet sentiment” in the public eye, which was seen to be steadily increasing.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The movement vigorously pushed, among other things, a peace law banning war propaganda, which could have punished anti-Soviet acts on the basis of the Paris Peace Agreement.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taisists sought to promote Soviet endeavors, especially if they were considered to be beneficial to the working population of Finland as well.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Defence Forces Master of Political Science Kari Kaunismaa has said that many Taiso youths have applied to RUK to receive leadership training in case of a possible revolution.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[11] Anssi Sinnemäki, who worked as a journalist for the Taist newspaper Informant in the 1970s, has written that the climate for accepting violent solutions was shaped in the Taist movement and thus created a breeding ground for terrorism.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

“Terrorism was part of the spirit of the time.”


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

According to Sinnemäe, however, in Finland the leadership of the Soviet-controlled movement derailed the most radical left, which, however, did not completely eliminate the danger of terror.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[12] Organisation Position in SKP The main organisation of the Taisists were the eight district organisations it controlled, such as the key Uusimaa and Turku.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The organisation or department of the SKP, which had been taken over by another party, changed sides very rarely.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

New departments were established on an authentically “pure” basis.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The controversial Informant magazine was often justified by invoking the right to publish district organisations when the majority would have wanted to abolish it.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taists were clearly a minority in the SKP, although they always wanted to dispute this.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Their candidates received a minority of votes on SKDL's lists.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In the parliamentary elections of 1970, the opposition had a catch of 12 seats and ¼ of the SKDL's votes.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The maximum number of Taist MPs was 13, and the opposition maintained its position in parliament relatively large until 1987.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Within SKP, the stations remained virtually unchanged throughout the 1970s due to the so-called party agreement (1970—1981).


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

From “organizational measures” were refrained and the rules were stretched.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Other organisations The Advisory Board of Communists was dissolved under the Party Agreement in 1970, but the so-called circulation sections of the Informant Association, established by the opposition in the spring of 1969, continued to function and became a Takist in majority districts parallel organization.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[13] The association was headed by Markus Kainulainen (1970—1979) and Taisto Sinisalo, Erkki Tuominen, Aimo Aaltonen, Oiva Lehto and later, among others, Seppo Toiviainen, the chairmen of SOL and KTL also sat on the board.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The TA Association, which enjoyed plenty of Eastern solidarity, played a significant role in the funding of Taisist organisations and the positions that conflicted with it were not well regarded.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The party fight marked a strong emphasis on consensus and centralism in both the SKP majority and opposition.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taists were active and influenced in many mass organisations which were not a majority such as the Suomi-Soviet Society (SNS), thus contributing to the development known as the Finnization.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In the Finnish Peace Defenders, a tensive peace policy predominated.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taisolainen had their own organisations, such as the Association of Residents, the Association of Cultural Workers (KTL), the Journalists' Union and the Researchers' Union.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The People's Temperance Alliance (KRL) passed into control of the opposition in the mid-1970s.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The SOL played an important role in the communication of Taists and contacts with communists in other countries due to the organisation's more public and formal (community membership of SKDL) status compared to other Taisist organisations.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taisonians had an extensive press of their own.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The informal main voice supporter of the SKP opposition was the Informant, who, guided by Urho Jokinen, fiercely attacked the Revisionists.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Other publications by Taisonists included Hämeen Cooperation (SKDL/Tampere) (1970s), Arbetartidningen Enhet (“Swedish informant”), Torch (SOL), Torchbearer (SOL), Taveri (USNL and others), Koulutoveri (Socialist education pol.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

group) and a fellow Pioneer (opp of the SDPL. circuits).


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Helsinki-based Book Printing Kursive, which printed the informant and Arbetartidningen Enhet, was the target of an arson attempt which caused great stir in November 1977.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In addition, the outer walls of the building were toppled with swastikas.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taisists blamed the act on the far right and demanded that the state power harden its grip against it.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The following year, Turku-based businessman Pekka Siitoin, the plant fitter who started the fire, and three other individuals were sentenced to imprisonment for the act.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The fading of the movement The charm of Taisism began to dissipate strongly in the late 1970s and the decline in opposition support was evident both in the SKDL and in general.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The SKP majority grew increasingly tired of the rebellious opposition and the group, which advocated separating the entire opposition, received the name “axe line” from the Taists.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

At the same time, the so-called third-liners sought to seek new perspectives on the party's situation.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The formerly strong Takist movement among students rapidly withered in the early 1980s.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Finns grew tired of party politics more generally and sought a nest resignation for the “over-politicisation” of the 1970s.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The first indication of the running out of patience among the majority was the decision of the SKDL parliamentary group to dismiss all MPs in opposition from their group on 12 November 1981.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The opposition was separated from the SKP after the 20th Assembly (1984).


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Extraordinary Assemblies (1985 & 1986) formalized the separations, but those who were sacked clung more strongly to the party and its symbols.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The opposition held an Assembly of SKP Organizations in the spring of 1986, whose participants identified themselves as a quorum to deal with SKP's affairs.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[14] A week before SKP's 21st Assembly of Deputies (1987) held its own (21st)


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

the Communist Party of Finland (Unity) (SKPy) of its assembly, of which Taisto Sinisalo was elected chairman.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

On 12 April 1986, Democratic Alternative (1986—1990) was established as the Electoral Party, which received 4.2% (122181) of the vote and four MPs in the 1987 parliamentary election.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Democratic Alternative participated in the 1988 presidential election by fielding Jouko Kajanoja, who had been president of SKPY since autumn 1986, who received 56528 votes (1.9%).


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In 1987, the Communist Workers' Party (KTP), who stood up for Marxism-Leninism and opposed Gorbachevianism from SKPY.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Among other things, Markus Kainulainen, long-time SKP Uusimaa District Secretary, called for a new party in 1969.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The KTP has remained quite true to many of the principles originally championed by the SKP opposition.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The new SKP, which emerged at the bottom of SKPY in the mid-1990s, has been distancing itself from the principles of the early 1980s.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Legacy of Taisism Under the influence of the Taistic student movement, universities which had previously organised right-wing, or bourgeoisized their students from left-wing homes, began to produce students who recognised themselves as leftists en masse.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Thus, for the first time in Finland's history, a distinctly left-wing middle class emerged in the country.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[5] Themes of student realism in the 1970s recur in the social activism of 21st-century youth.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

For example, opposition to global capitalism and NATO with demonstrations is familiar from youth.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Furthermore, many environmental activists define their worldview as left-wing.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Pionerised by youth youth groups, at least in Attac, Friends of the Earth, Freethinkers and Left Youth.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[5] Despite the withering of the Taisist movement, the big baby boomers who were part of its student movement continued to live.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

They began to rise to power in the early 2000s as the previous generation retired from leadership positions.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

It is possible to create an indicative profile of them based on TYMR membership lists and statistics as well as research surveys.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The typical ex-Taist is socioeconomically middle-class and has found work consistent with his education.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

He most commonly votes for the Greens (45%) or Left Alliance (32%).


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

He opposes NATO membership (90%) and is active in at least one organization (61%).


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Although ex-Taists are often referred to as turncoats, their world of values remains strongly left-wing.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Thus, calling all ex-Taists a turncoat is not justified.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[5] In particular, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, debate has been the subject of much debate in the media and, for example, former Taisists have been called upon to condemn their “crimes”.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The relationship with the Soviet Union has been definitely the main theme and the Taists have been condemned as traitors or at the very least potential murderers.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In 2004, Ilkka Kyyvaara compiled the “Black Book of Taisolaisuus” [15] and Heikki Mäki-Kulmala in exchange for grey.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[16] In their books, both acknowledge that they were wrong but from different starting points.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Former Taisists can therefore be divided into those who wish to make a complete nest difference to the cause and demand confessional from others, and on the other hand those who felt that there were good points to Taisism.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

As the meaning of Taisism became obscured in the 1990s and 2000s, some have begun to see tasisism in all the politicians of the 1970s who were in some way leftist or sympathetic to the Soviet Union.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

However, the concept should be reserved for the most specific purpose for which it was once born and in which sense it was used during the existence of the Taisist movement.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Coat flipping is a moving option and thus problematic.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Twenty-first century conceptualism perceives turncoat as a transition to being pro-market economy, whereas in the 1970s, the stamp of turncoat was already acquired by the understanding of the majority wing of the communists.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

This explains why current ex-Taists are relatively indifferent to the stamp of the turncoat, for by the 1970s yardstick they admittedly have it.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[5] Writer Tommi Uschanov criticises the idea that the whole 1970s had been a time marked by stature, “where red flags flamed uninterrupted over everything”.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

He stresses that the Taists had only 5 to 6 per cent support in the election and a maximum of 13 MPs.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Using Taisism as a synonym for leftism is diversionary because the Taists sharply disagreed with the rest of the Left on many issues.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The rest of the left made strong efforts to counter the influence of the Taists and attempts to take over their organisations.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[17] In the left-wing alliance there have been prosecutions of anti-Stalism and Stalinism at equal intervals.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Ele Alenius, the former chairman of the SKDL, still believes that the Taists should not have been included in the Left Alliance.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

When she resigned from the position of chairman in 2006, Suvi-Anne Siimes accused former Taisists in her party (including Laakso, Tennilä and Tiusanen) of being the brakes on reform.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

He didn't want to support their election to parliament.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[18] Taisism has retained its usefulness as a political weapon, even as its ideological appeal has disappeared.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In addition to the Left Alliance, former Taists are influenced by the “new” SKP and KTP.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Perhaps the most prominent position of former student statesmen, however, has been reached by Satu Hassi, who was president of the Green League from 1997 to 2001.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The study of Tatolism has been of interest not only to the media but also researchers.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The emergence of the SKP party dispute in the 1960s has been studied in depth, for example by Veli-Pekka Leppänen in his book The Rifle or the Ballot Box.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Jukka Paastela's The Finnish Communist Party in the Finnish Political System 1963—1982 goes through a period of party dispersal in detail.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The transformation of youth development in the 1960s into taistism has been studied, among others, by Kimmo Rentola, from whom the Ghost of the Revolution was published in early 2005: The Leftist, Beljakov, Kekkonen 1970.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Among others, Tapani Suominen (Maybe we execute someone) and Laura Kolbe (Elite, Tradition, Murros) will follow developments in the longer term.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

In his two books (The beginning was the movement and the Last Tattos), Matti Hyvärinen has been studied by Matti Hyvärinen.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The psychohistory of art has been studied for many years by Jukka Relander.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Anna Kontula has studied the social roots of studentism and the remembrance of studentism.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Hermannschlacht, Taistoismus und unpolitischer Finne, written by Andreas Dörner together with Hyvärinen and Kari Palonen, has been published in German.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Memoirs The internal squabble within the SKP is addressed in many of the memoirs of leading figures in the party.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Negatively tinged experiences of Taisists can be read, for example, in the memoirs of Saarinen, Aalto or Alenius (SKDL), the majority leadership.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

The Taists themselves have been clammer when it comes to writing memoirs.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Sinisalo's memoirs appeared as early as 1978.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Svejk's son, published in 2004 by Esko-Juhani Tennilä, is one example of the memoirs of the Taist leadership.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Satu Hassi, MP of the Greens 1991—2004 and Meppi 2015— [19] Hannu Himanen [20] [21], former Ambassador Markus Kainulainen, SKDL MP (1975—1979) Lauri Kantola, SKDL MP (1962—1975) Mikko Kuoppa, SKDL MP (1962—1975), Left Alliance MP (1979—1987, 1995—2011) [22] Ensio Laine, MP for the Left Alliance (1968—1995) Pentti Liedes, SKDL MP (1954—1966, 1970—1983, 1983—1985) Marja-Liisa Löyttyjärvi, Left Alliance MP (1979—1991) Veikko Porkkala, UITBB Secretary-General (1960—1983) Pauli Puhakka, SKDL MP (1954—1983) Veijo Puhjo, Left Alliance MP (1995—2011) [22] Irma Rosnell, SKDL MP (1954—1987) Taisto Sinisalo, SKDL MP (1962—1979) [23] Marjatta Stenius-Kaukonen, Left Alliance MP (1975- 1995, 1999—2003) Oili Suomi, SKDL MP (1970—1972, 1977—1979) Sten Söderström, SKDL MP (1979—1987) Esko-Juhani Tennilä, Left Alliance MP (1975—2011) [22] Pentti Tiusanen, Left Alliance MP (1995—2011) [24] Erkki Tuominen, Leader of Valpo (1947-1949) Director of the National Institution (1962-?


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

), Minister of Justice (1970—1971) Pirkko Turpeinen-Saari, SKDL MP (1983—1987) Mirjam Vire-Tuominen, SKDL MP (1970—1979) [25] Erkki Virtanen, Left Alliance MP (2003—2015) [22] Rainer Virtanen, SKDL MP (1954—1972) Cultural influencers and researchers Kaj Chydenius, composer [26] Kristiina Halkola, actor [27] Heikki Kinnunen, actor [28] Kaisa Korhonen, first lecturer in directorial work at the Finnish Theatre School (1972—1977).


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[29] Katariina Lahti, theatre director.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[30] Marja-Leena Mikkola, author Aulikki Oksanen, writer Johannes Pakaslahti, docent of economic sciences Matti Rossi, author [31] Pirkko Saisio, author [32] Seppo Toiviainen, President of the Finnish Association of Researchers (1976-?


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

), MP (1979—1987) Anu Saari, theatre director.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[30] Sinikka Sokka, actress and singer, Green City Council candidate 2008.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[30] Journalists, media representatives and business leaders Yrjö Hakanen, journalist, chairman of SKP (1990—2013), Urho Jokinen, City Councillor of Helsinki (2004-), Editor-in-Chief (1970—1984) Ilkka Kyyvaara, journalist, writer.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[30] Jaakko Laakso, journalist, MP (1991—2011) [33] Leif Salmén, editor of Yle (1976-), poet and writer.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

[34] Rauno Setälä, journalist and cultural influencer Erkki Susi, Editor-in-Chief of the Informant (1984—2012) Nils Torvalds, Yle editor (1982-2008), RKP MEP (2012-) Björn Wahlroos, Chairman of Sampo Group boards, nowadays member of the RKP [5] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kylihavaara, Ilkka| title = Black Book| publisher = Tamk| year = 2004| id = ISBN 9513130363}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäki-Kulmala, Heikki| title = Grey Book of Tattle| location = Tampere| publisher = Pilot-cost| year = 2004| id = ISBN 952-464-183-6}} On the topic elsewhere - Student magazine (7/2004) article on the subject - Ben Zyskowicz (Ex.)


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Kai Hirvasnoro (8/2004) Kai Hirvasnoro: (Kansansnews weekly magazine 12/2004) Kansans' voice writings on the subject:,, J. P. Roos (Timo Kallinen/Informantaja) (Martti Valkonen) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arvo Sentence| title = Is there a need for a revolution in Finland? | location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1974| id = ISBN 951-30-3099-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Taisto Sinisalo| title = So changes the world: recollections and opinion| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1978| id = ISBN 951-30-4462-9} NNU Niklander: The moon leaves a mark.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Atena, 2006.


Question: How is Trotskyism defined?

Tantaism

Category:Tightfulness


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Actual conscription came into use in Finland by a law enacted by the Reichstag in 1878.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In 1901, on the basis of the February manifesto he issued two years earlier, Emperor Nicholas II decided to incorporate the Finnish army into the Russian army, the relevant law was adopted by the Reichstag of 1900.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

However, opponents of the Russification policy in Finland viewed the decision as unconstitutional and orchestrated call strikes.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

During the Finnish Civil War, both sides restored conscription and Finland has since based its defence on the conscription army.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Early stages of conscription In the medieval Swedish Empire, defence was based on the king's right to order peasants into service according to quotas given to villages.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The standing army was formed by the personal guard men of the king and the highest lords, up to a few hundred men.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The poorly trained and only local warfare militia that formed the main part of the army during the war was not suited to the rapid policy of conquest initiated by Sweden at the end of the 16th century.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

It was replaced at the beginning of the 17th century by crowds, which placed the obligation on villages to equip a certain number of men.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Sweden was, in the Thirty Years' War, one of the only countries to have conscribed troops, which greatly facilitated its war economy.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Finland equipped a number of men slightly larger than its actual population share in the wars, very few of whom returned from the war.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[1] [2] During the Swedish Great Power period in the middle of the 17th century, conscription was established in a population institution with a number of houses, i.e., the Swedish garrisoned a man for war.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The baiting soldier was given a croft, from the proceeds of which and any tyre work he made a living.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The cavalry was equipped by rustholls, who enjoyed partial tax exemption as a result.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Officers lived on the homestead of their troops in their official houses (wooden stalls), the proceeds of which amounted to their pay.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In the agrarian society of the time, a feedinginstitution was a fairly affordable and convenient way to organize the military.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The problem, however, was the part-time nature of the warfolk, which may have led to inadequate training.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[3] [4] In the wars of Gustav and Finland, the Rated Army fought comparatively effectively, but internal political problems limited the army's ability to operate.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In the Finnish War, the understrength Finnish forces, hardly supported from Sweden, were unable to prevent Russia from taking over the country.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

After Russia took over, the Finnish people were dispersed.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The tsar promised that Finns would not have to fight wars abroad.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The division was not abolished until the Hunger Year 1867, but the stalks mainly served as paupers' units while Russian military personnel handled the Finnish defences.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

During the Crimean War, however, a few battalions were assembled to combat a possible invasion.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

However, the Finnish Guard (Guards Battalion) survived, with a total of Finnish soldiers in the 1870s approx.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

(Previously, in addition to the Finnish Guard, there had also been other battalions of lesser significance and short-lived recruits.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

) [5] The Guard's main act of war was participation in the Turkish War of 1877—1878.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In its political significance, the battalion resembled the peacekeeping forces of modern Finland, which have shown the country's solidarity with the “international community”.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Similarly, the Guard Battalion was primarily tasked with showing loyalty to pan-national interests.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[6] In addition to Finnish units, Finland maintained a cadet school in Hamina, and many of those who attended it made spectacular careers in the Russian army, ranging from the rank of general.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In the new age, the first country to introduce universal conscription was revolutionary France (created Jourdan; 1798), which waged war against almost all of its neighbours.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Conscription allowed for a large mass army, and under the leadership of officers who rose from the ranks of the crew, the French armies prevented the fall of the revolutionary government.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Soon the initiative shifted to France, whose armies conquered most of Europe.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Other states also gradually introduced it as conscription, as it was the only way to acquire an army of equivalent size.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Furthermore, conscription was well suited to the romantic nationality idea of the time: the conscribed army identified with the people, and allowed for a strong identification of the interests of the state and the citizen.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In the 19th century, liberals generally opposed conscription as forced labour against human rights.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

This was intensified by the fact that Finland itself could not influence what kind of wars one would get into.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The pro-Swedes were on liberal lines and against war for Russia at all.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Moderate pacifism was widely supported, though the wars of the late 19th century began to eradicate faith in future peacetime.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Old Finns were pro-conscription; for example J. V. Snellman emphasized its importance educationally and as a unifier of civic circles; he felt that an unarmed people were morally unworthy.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The Phenomenans just saw the power of Prussia that created conscription, and for them it could also help Finland become independent.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The examples of antiquity strongly influenced moods and many were happy to identify with Finland and ancient Athens.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Conscription was the subject of heated debate from at least the 1860s until the time of independence.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Liberal pro-Swedes also wondered whether Finland could remain neutral in a possible future Western-Russian war, or whether Sweden could take Finland back in it.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Pro-Finns saw this reflection as contrary to the interests of the country, an irresponsible policy of adventure, as the Russian press commented on Finnish separatism efforts very sharply.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Furthermore, they considered the idea of returning to Swedish connection as treasonous.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[7] Conscription In 1870, the Emperor ordered conscription to be introduced in Russia.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The length of military service became 6 years (for those elected by lot, not for priests and students).


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

However, despite opposition from Russian War Minister Dmitry Miljutin, a separate conscription was enacted in Finland — a law to this effect was passed in 1878.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In preparation for Finland's conscription law, the law did not mention the state (Russia) but the obligation to defend the motherland.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Its own army was also believed to be reducing the number of Russian troops in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The troops' language was Swedish, Finnish as the language of instruction and Russian as the command language.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The general fear of using Finnish troops for Russian wars in far-away countries was reduced by the provision that Finnish troops were only allowed to be used domestically.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Only the Finnish Guard was allowed to operate in Russia and abroad.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

However, it became customary that every year one tark'sniper battalion participated in nationwide exercises in Krasnoye Selo.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In Finland, the conscription period was only 3 years and the troops were drawn up to 10% of the age category, in Russia 26%.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The regulars numbered 4000 men in arms and 12000 men in the reserve.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In addition, all other men took part in month-long reserve exercises for three consecutive summers, after which they acted as lifting crews.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

There was no such system in Russia.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Russia's attitude towards Finland's military forces was ambivalent.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

On the one hand, it welcomed Finland's involvement in the defence of the kingdom; on the other hand, it feared that a bigger Finnish army would pose a mutiny threat.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The rebellion threat was relaxed so that Finnish troops formed only mounted and infantry.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The artillery and pioneer troops would have been obtained from Russian troops stationed in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The Finnish army as part of the Russian Army in Emperor Nicholas II's February Manifesto 1899 began the first period of repression, and on 12 July 1901 a new conscription law was introduced.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[8] In it Finland was assimilated with other Russian governors, resulting in Russian officers being admitted to positions in the Finnish army and Finnish troops could be sent to other parts of the kingdom.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Officers and sub-officers also had to know Russian in the future.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Partly as a result, 437486 Finns signed a petition written by Leo Mechelin against the invitations.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In 1902, about 42—58% of call-age people participated in call-out strikes.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In subsequent years, however, the threat of punitive measures reduced the number of strikers to about 30%.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The passive resistance also involved priests, municipal officials, as well as doctors who were needed to carry out the vocations.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

On 29 March 1905, Emperor Nicholas II issued a proclamation ending, for the time being, the implementation of the Conscription Act of 1901.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

As compensation for this, Finland had to pay between 1905 and 1907 an annual grant of 10 million marks to the Empire's military fund (so-called military millions).


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

However, it was only granted by the Riksdag for 1905.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Gaining independence under the influence of Russia weakened in World War I and experienced two revolutions, Finland declared independence on 6 December 1917.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Subsequently, Russian troops were driven out of Finland by troops created from scratch in a sense, with General C.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

G.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

E. Mannerheim.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The Jaegers, Finnish youths who went secretly to Germany for military training, came to their aid.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Both sides started the war with volunteer troops: the White Patronage Counties, the Red Guards.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The White Party initially sought to recruit grenator battalions, but was not successful in this.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The arrival of the Jakeers allowed for the introduction of conscription; the Jakeers formed the officers and underofficers of the conscripted troops.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The Conscription Act of 1878 served as the legal basis.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The Battle of Tampere was finally settled by conscripted ice troops that had just arrived at the front, who were better trained and considerably more disciplined than the patrons.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The Reds tried at the end of the war to introduce conscription, but were virtually unsuccessful.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

After the Civil War of 1919, a more up-to-date, provisional law was enacted on conscription, setting a term of 1.5 years for service.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

A permanent law was obtained in 1922, reducing the length of service for the crew to one year.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Since then, the Finnish military has been based on conscription.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The Conscription Act was reformed in 1932 with 350 days for general service and 440 days for reserve officers and sub-officers.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Current situation Today, the abolition of conscription is debated partly because of a change in the nature of warfare, partly due to pan-European development, partly individual freedom, and on economic grounds.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In the immediate future, there is still no such solution in sight.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

Opponents of conscription believe that there is no need for a broad mass army at present, nor an economic opportunity.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

In the opinion of conscription advocates, the current conscription army is a well-trained force, in most matters reaching the level of a professional army, which would not be possible to maintain as a salaried army in the state economy.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

According to the Finnish Conscription Report published in 2010, funds used to maintain conscription could only sustain a small professional army made up of regular soldiers.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[9] However, the report has been criticized for making the alternatives used in its calculations uncomparable.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

According to the Ohi on campaign, a comparable alternative to a reservist army formed from conscripts would be a reservist army formed out of volunteers.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[10] The arguments of conscription opponents about the national economic burden of conscription and the infringement of individual liberty are generally not answered but are ignored in social debate.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The Citizens' Initiative and the Ohi on Campaign started to abolish conscription in September 2013.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[11] According to the initiative, conscription is an economically costly, unequal and outdated defence solution in view of realistic threats.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[12] The initiative garnered 7533 supporters over the course of six months.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

[13] See also Defence Forces Sources on the topic elsewhere.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

A study commissioned by the Ministry of Defence on the historical development of Finnish conscription and the pressures on it.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

The main source for this article.


Question: In what year is the Finnish army established?

History of conscription in Finland

History Category:Military history of Finland


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

History of Christianity from early Christianity to modern times.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The Roots of Christianity Christianity has emerged in the first century in the then Roman Empire.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Jesus did not establish religion, as Christianity did not exist yet when Jesus was alive, but only came into existence after Jesus died.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The first Christians were Jews, who were said to be a sect of the Nazarene because they recognized Jesus as the Messiah.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Not all Jews believed Jesus was the messiah and they are still waiting for the messiah to come.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Later, this sect became Christianity, and differentiated from Judaism as its own religion.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In the Bible, according to Acts of the Apostles, disciples were first appointed Christians in Antioch.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

[1] Life of Jesus The central figure of Christianity is Jesus Christ, who according to the Gospels and some historical documents lived in the territory of Israel at the beginning of the first century.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Jesus preached to people the coming of the kingdom of heaven and the need to repent.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The spread of Christianity was triggered shortly after Jesus' crucifixion around the year 30.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Jewish background According to the Christian faith Christ who became flesh had already been involved in the creation of the world.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

[2] The peoples whose faith was oriented by this expectation of the Messiah originated in Adam and Eve (Genesis 1.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

3:15) and continued their existence as a Jewish nation.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Jesus and his first followers were Jewish or Jewish proselytes.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

His teachings were based on the Hebrew Bible Tanakh, and sometimes he also referred to other old writings of Judaism.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Christianity continued to use Jewish scripture — Tanakh became the Old Testament of the Bible — and adopted such fundamental Jewish teachings as monotheism, the doctrine of one god (YHWH, Yahweh), and the expectation of the future messiah (moshiach, Greek Khristos, Christ).


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

However, according to the New Testament, leading figures in Judaism saw Jesus' teachings as incompatible with Judaism, although Judaism during the Roman Empire itself was very fragmented.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

According to a New Testament account, the clergy of the Temple in Jerusalem and the Sanhedrin, Jerusalem's supreme court of religious and civil law of that time, conspired against Jesus to persuade representatives of the Roman Empire to sentence him to death.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Jesus had taught things about his identity and power which they felt were inconsistent with the law of Moses and the Jewish traditions of the person and service of God.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Jesus taught that he was not only the “son of God” but also practically God himself: “He not only violated the Sabbath commandment, but also called God his own father and thus made himself equal to God" [3].


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Some considered that he wanted to destroy Herod's temple.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

“The High Priests and the Council as a whole seek false testimony against Jesus that would cause him to be put to death” [4].


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Since Jesus' crucifixion, leading Jewish figures have been said to have sought to silence those who followed his teachings.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

According to Acts, however, the disciples of Jesus, or the apostles, formed a community, separate from Judaism, joined through baptism and recognition of Jesus as the messiah, and which was equally well joined by uncircumcised gentiles.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

This group began to be called Nazarene or Christians.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The more people who had absolutely no ties to Judaism converted to Christian, the more clearly Christianity differentiated itself from Judaism.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Christianity continued many customs of Judaism, such as adopting the Jewish model of liturgical worship, transitioning from synagogues to congregations assembled in churches, as well as prayer, use of scripture, priesthood, religious calendar with certain events are remembered on certain days each year, the use of music in anthems and prayers, the payment of tithes to the church, fasting, as well as the giving of alms.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Christians introduced Jewish scriptures initially as a Greek translation, the Septuagint, into their own Bible, and later added the books of the New Testament to the canon of books.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Birth of Christianity The spread of Christianity was triggered shortly after Jesus' crucifixion around the year 30.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Christianity began to take shape immediately after Jesus' death and resurrection, as his companions followed his teaching and proclaimed his resurrection.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The proclamation began, according to Acts, on the first Pentecost, when they received the baptism of the Holy Spirit, which gave them the ability and courage to proclaim the Gospel, speak in tongues, and heal the sick.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In the first century of the beginning of the period, Christianity was particularly propagated by the highly educated Jew Paul — formerly Saul Tarsolese — and other apostles.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

According to the Bible, Jesus' followers were first called Christians in the city of Antioch, to which they had fled and settled after the early persecutions in Palestine.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Among the first conflicts within Christianity was the gentile issue; should Gentiles follow Jewish law?


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Like the Jerusalem Congregation, Paul did not call for the circumcision of pagans who converted to Christianity and observance of Jewish purity rules.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

On this issue he argued fiercely with Peter and James.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

An agreement was reached at the Jerusalem Apostolic Conference in the late forties, the result of which was that the Gentiles would not have to obey but a few Jewish acts [5].


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The meeting also agreed on the division of labour for the Apostles.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Peter was active among the Jews living in the diaspora, James among the Jewish Christians of Jerusalem, and Paul among the Gentiles.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The relative peace prevailing in the Roman Empire, good maritime and landforms enabled the rapid spread of Christianity in the territory of the empire over the next three centuries.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

But why did Christianity ignore all the other oriental religions that late Rome was full of?


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In the light of history, the three most obvious factors of success for Christianity were the following: High morality among Christians; they acted according to the best ideals of the time and their family and sex lives were chaste.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The moral crisis of the Roman Empire, the emptiness created by which Christianity had a social order and, due to high morality and asceticism, had an advantage over pagan cults.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Christianity's radical rearguard in the face of the imperial cult, which gained it adherents among slaves, soldiers and supremacists alike.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Radical community and mutual love as Christians gathered secretly from persecution in the catacombs and waited for the second coming of Christ.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In particular, the love of the fellow man of Christians led many to convert to Christianity.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

As epidemics of disease raged, for example, the Romans fled, leaving the sick to their own happiness while the Christians stayed to care for the sick.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Early Congregation Early Christianity is often referred to as “early Judeo-Christians”.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Jesus, his twelve disciples, later elected parish elders, as well as basically all early followers of Jesus were Jewish or Jewish proselytes.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

All 3000 Pentecostal converts mentioned by Acts were also Jews like all converts to Christianity until Peter baptized a Roman officer, Cornelius [6], traditionally regarded as the first Gentile convert.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

By this time, Christianity had split into Hellenistic and non-Hellenistic Judeo-Christians, or Koinee Greek (AP.T.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

6) and Aramaic (AP.T.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

1:19) to speaking Christians.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Since Cornelius' conversion and adoption, a third group, the Gentile Christians, came along.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The pagans were accepted because according to Isaiah's prophecy, all nations would come to turn to the Lord [7].


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The New Testament itself does not speak of “Gentile Christians” or “Judeo-Christians”.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Instead, for example, the Apostle Paul wrote of those who were circumcised and wished to distinguish themselves from the uncircumcised: “Then there will be no more Greek or Jew, neither circumcised nor uncircumcised, neither barbarian, Scythian, slave, nor free, but Christ is Everything, he is in all "[8].


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

It is generally thought that “circumcised” and “uncircumcised” refer to Jews and Greeks, which were the most common groups, but this is oversimplified, as there were also Jews in the province of first-century Judea who no longer circumcised themselves, as well as Greeks (proselytes) and others like Egyptians, Ethiopians and Arabs who circumcised themselves.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Regarding the first three centuries of Christianity's history, historiography is dependent on religious and apologetic writings.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

There are no actual chronicles of the period.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In the 3rd century, the early congregation may be considered an organized church in some way.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

By the early 3rd century, according to scholars estimates, Christians numbered a good six million of Rome's 60 million inhabitants.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The picture of the church of its time is quite clear: ecclesiastical posts, church administration, worship and the Christian calendar of celebrations became established.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Historians disagree as to the extent to which this picture can be placed in the earlier centuries, especially with regard to church organization such as the posts of bishops, in a hierarchy where each bishop was the sole lord of the parish of his city, with the Bishop of Rome claiming special status as pope, as the head of all churches, as well as the sacraments associated with the liturgy.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Evidence suggests that there have been indications for such a thing in the second century.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Main Trends of Early Christianity In the first centuries Christianity had a huge number of proclamators with different views on the teachings of Jesus and the content of the faith.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

A competitive situation ensued, the main participants of which were Jewish, Gnostic and Hellenist Christians.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

There were Jewish Christians in both the Palestinian territory and the diaspora.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

They continued the tradition of the Jerusalem Congregation and adhered to Jewish ordinances.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

This tendency was strong at first, but eventually fell into the fact that it was as difficult for it to gain adherents from the Gentiles as it was to gain the acceptance of the Jews.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The original and currently considered un-Christian interpretation of the faith was represented by Gnostic Christianity.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In Gnostic theology, man's goal is to be freed from the shackles of the body and the material world by means of sacred knowledge, or gnosis.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Jesus was not an atonement of sins to them, but a bringer of divine knowledge.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

They believed that Jesus was created by God as his first work and that is why he was called “the firstborn of creation”, therefore not born of God.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The Gnostic Christians continued to follow the teaching brought by Jesus but were subjected to persecution and were destroyed.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The most successful main tendency of Christianity was Hellenistic Christianity (Hellenic meaning Greek pagan religion), from which present-day Christendom can be considered inherited.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The key to success was the low threshold for conversion, as it did little to require the adherence to Jewish ordinances but all previous forms of worship received only a 'Christian denomination'.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Separation from Judaism Paul's Epistle to the Galatians is a vigorous inscription against those who wished to force gentiles to live according to Jewish customs [9].


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Paul wrote that if the Gentiles were required to adopt these customs and be circumcised, then Christ will no longer be of any use [10] for he had died because of vain, if righteousness can be achieved equally well through deeds [11].


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Paul suggests in this and other letters that this teaching does not contradict the teachings of the Twelve Apostles.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Instead, the teaching was entrusted to him as intended for those who had not been circumcised, just as Peter had been sent to those who had been circumcised [12].


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In support of Paul's failure to act alone, the Jerusalem assembly decided that no circumcision would be required of the new converts, but they were instructed to “shun one which has been contaminated by idolatry, and fornication, blood, and flesh from which blood is not counted” [13].


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

However, these commandments too were equally based on the law of Moses.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Some have interpreted that gentiles were told to obey these ordinances not because they were bound by the law, but because they would not provoke exacerbation among the law-abiding Jews with whom they lived.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Paul, however, mattered little in his conflicts with Jewish-Christians.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In the Second Corinthian Letter (2 Cor.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

11:5, 12:11) he called his opponents “excellent apostles” (υπερ λιαν αποστολων, hyper lian apostolôn).


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

He recounts in the Epistle of Galatians how he rebuked Peter for insisting that followers of Christ follow the food regulations of Judaism.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

However, Paul considered ethical statutes to be binding, even though cultural statutes were not it.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

He viewed the law as filtering through Christ, rather than being carried out in strict statutes that God gave when the Jews were separated from other peoples.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The Great Apostasy Many scholars have wondered what happened to those Christians who insisted on the circumcision of gentile converts.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Coptic Orthodox Church, which still practice circumcision, may be considered an obvious response.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The non-Paul of the twelve apostles were James the Righteous, Peter, and John.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The legacy of these “Nazarene” apostles lived for a time in Judea and surrounding areas.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Scholars have sought to trace their heritage from pairings of later groups such as the Ebionites and Elcasites.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

These groups rejected Christianity in its Paul form.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The groups have been of the opinion that, contrary to what Paul suggests in the Epistle of Galatians, the drunkenness between Paul and the other apostles would have been deep and permanent.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Today, scholars are ready to correct the Catholic Church's view of its own history from these studies.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Also, some Christian tendencies hold that the churches of the West and East (Catholic and Orthodox Church) abandoned the correct doctrine Jesus preached.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Among the writings of the Apostolic Fathers and other Church Fathers following the Apostolic period, there are mainly writings supporting the Paul view of Christianity by Christians who converted from paganism.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Instead, the views represented by Jerusalem's Jewish Christians, for example Jesus' brother James, have virtually disappeared in the first two centuries.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

By the time Paul's letters were written, however, they had still been regarded as “pillars of the congregation”.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

To Paul of the Jewish Christians, the opposing view of adhering to Jewish law and circumcision, for example, was thus lost out of the Orthodox Church.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Likewise, many other issues characteristic of early Christians were lost, such as various “secret scriptures”, initiation rites, and the public status of women.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

A picture of the partially lost practices of the early Church can be obtained from some of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, such as the Didakhee, as well as some other books of the apocrypha.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Persecuted Christianity For two hundred and fifty years, the church was a church of martyrs.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Christians were persecuted for refusing to worship the Roman emperor and the gods of the kingdom as gods.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The suspicion was heightened by the lack of Communion open to outsiders, prompting rumours of human sacrifice and lascivious expenditure, as well as fear and contempt for Christianity.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

[14] Persecutions existed especially during Nero, Domitian, Maximinus Thrax, Decius, Valerian, Diocletian and Galerius.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Emperor Nero falsely declared Christians in 64 guilty of the Fire of Rome, for which he burned vast numbers of Christians.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Decius ordered the first official persecutions in 250.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In 313, Constantine I and Licinius declared Christianity an accepted religion in the Edict of Milan, and the status of Christianity changed significantly.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

During the time of Theodosius the Great (378—395), Christianity became the only permitted religion in the Roman Empire.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In the East, the Church moved from persecution directly under imperial rule (so-called Caesaropapism), already as a result of the Acts of Constantine but especially Justinian.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

This formed into a problem for the Orthodox Church.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In the West, the church remained independent because the emperor was weak and papal power in turn well established.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

See also: Persecution of Christians First martyrs Several leading figures of early Christianity died as martyrs for their faith.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

There is a saying from this period “the blood of martyrs is the seed of the church”.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Among the most famous martyrs were: Saint Stefanos, protomartyr (first martyr) James the Elder Saint Paul Saint Peter Ignatios of Antioch, pupil of Apostle Peter and first bishop of Antioch after him Polykarpos, Bishop of Smyrna and Evangelist Disciple of John The First Apologets The first Christians, in general, were not particularly highly educated scholars, but ordinary people — Jesus was also a carpenter by training.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Gradually, learned middle and upper class representatives and philosophers also converted to Christianity, who became apologets of Christianity.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Apologets began the theological defense of Christianity against accusations by pagans and non-Christian philosophers.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Frequent debates took the form of scriptures and controversy among scholars forced apologists to formulate Christian doctrines in an exact form.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

It was discovered then that apologists, too, had conflicting understandings of Christian doctrine.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Later, doctrine was defined in the Consiles where the content of Christian doctrine was defined.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

When formulating the doctrine, words were not always enough, but sometimes different doctrinal concepts were exchanged with fists and the Emperor's soldiers had to intervene with their spears in the course of the game.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The losing parties were usually denounced as heretics.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Early apologists included: Justinos the Martyr, a convert from Greek philosophy Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, classified heresies to them in opposition to Clement I, fourth bishop of Rome (pope) Early heresies defined by Christianity The first problems for the early church was how to avoid the temptation to interpret faith in pagan terms.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Disputes over proper Christian doctrine began early.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The interconnection among Christians was lax in the first centuries, and as a result of various doctrinal disputes, the fringes of the church broke down in the first millennium.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Some of the schisms were cured, some exist to this day.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

After Christianity was legalized, the church organized and held church meetings to sort things out.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The assemblies that represented the whole church were called ecumenical ecclesiastical assemblies.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Ecclesiastical assemblies denounced some early Christian groups as heretics.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

One branch of Christianity was Gnosticism.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Others included the Judeo-Christian Ebionites and the Nazi Renes.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

In addition, there were various intra-church sects such as Marchionism, Monarchism, Montanoism, and Alogists.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Later various groups and local churches separated from or separated from the church, for example the Areioans, Apollinarians, Nestorians, Monophysites, and Monothelites.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

The religious-philosophical movement known as Gnosticism developed around the same time as Christianity.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Many Gnostics at the same time were also Christians and taught the synthesis of Christianity and Gnostic ideas.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

This makes it tricky to say whether Gnosticism originally arose as a separate religion that later embraced the ingredients of Christianity, or whether it arose as a branching out of Christianity.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Among the most notable trends in Gnosticism were Setian Gnosticism and Valentinian Christianity.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Gnosticism differed from Christianity, among other things, in that when in mainstream Christianity the gospel was interpreted literally, the Gnostics interpreted it metaphorically.


Question: When is Kristi's faith established?

History of Christianity

Doctrines different from the Christianity of Gnosticism included the idea of concealed, saving knowledge, or gnosis, an ignorant creator god, or demiurgist, and the divine origin of man chained to the human body.