Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

de Camp, L. Sprague (1976).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Sauk City, WI: Arkham House.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-87054-076-9.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 76017991.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Derewenda, Zygmunt S. (2007).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“On Wine, Chirality and Crystallography”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Acta Crystallographica A.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

It's 64.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Dimand, Maurice S. (1969).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Islamic Glass and Crystal”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

3: Greece to Master F.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

V.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

B. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Book Company.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 68026314.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Dimand, Maurice S. (1969a).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Islamic Painting”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

3: Greece to Master F.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

V.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 68026314.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Dimand, Maurice S. (1969b).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Islamic Pottery and Tiles”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

3: Greece to Master F.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

V.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 68026314.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Dimand, Maurice S. (1969c).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Islamic Textiles”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

3: Greece to Master F.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

V.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 68026314.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Dunn, Kevin M.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Caveman Chemistry: 28 Projects, from the Creation of Fire to the Production of Plastics.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Universal Publishers.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-1-5811-2566-5.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

to the Present (2nd ed.).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

New York, NY: Harper & Row Publishers.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-06-181235-8.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Eglash, Ron (1999).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-8135-2614-0.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 98026043.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

El-Hibri, Tayeb (2011).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The Empire in Iraq: 763—861".


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Robinson, Chase F.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The New Cambridge History of Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

1: The Formation of the Islamic World: Sixth to Eleventh Centuries.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick (1961) [1950].


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

China: A Short Cultural History.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Praeger.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Floor, W. (2011).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Persian Gulf: Bandar Abbas: The Natural Trade Gateway of Southeast Iran.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 1-9338-2343-7.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Floor, W. (2010).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Persian Gulf: The Rise and Fall of Bandar-e Lengeh: The Distribution Center for the Arabian Coast: 1750-1930.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 1-9338-2339-9.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Frazier, Ian (25 April 2005).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Invaders: Destroying Baghdad”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The New Yorker.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

81 (10): 48-55.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISSN 0028-792X.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Ghosh, Stanley (1961).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Embers in Cathay.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Garden City, NY: Doubleday.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 61010347.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1982) [1962].


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Shaw, Stanford J.; Polk, William R., eds.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Studies on the Civilization of Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Princeton University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-691-05354-5.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Giles, Herbert Allen (1915).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Confucianism and its Rivals.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

New York, NY: C. Scribner's Sons.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 15017669.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Giles, Herbert Allen (1886).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

A glossary of Reference on Subjects Connected with the Far East (2nd ed.).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Hong Kong: Messrs.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Lane, Craswford and Co.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 16016428.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2002).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The New Encyclopedia of Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-7591-0190-6.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Gordon, Matthew (2001).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The breaking of a thousand swords: A History of the Turkish Military of Samarra: A.H.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

200—275/815—889 C.E.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-7914-4795-6.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Grant, John; Clute, John (1999).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The Encyclopedia of Fantasy”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Arabic fantasy.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-312-19869-8.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 96037472.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Gregorian, Vartan (2003).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-8157-3282-1.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2003006189.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Hermann, Heinrich (1912).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Chinesische Geschichte [Chinese History] (in German).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

D. Gundert.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Hill, Donald Routledge (1993).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

in Islamic Science and Engineering.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-7486-0455-3.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 94139614.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Hoiberg, Dale H., ed.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Abbasid Dynasty”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Encyclopedia Britannica.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

I: A-Ak — Bayes (15th ed.).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Chicago, IL.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Hoiberg, Dale H., ed.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Nestorian”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Encyclopedia Britannica.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

VIII: Menage — Ottawa (15th ed.).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Chicago, IL.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Holt, Peter M.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

from the University of London.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

47 (3): 501—507.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Huff, Toby E.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West (2nd ed.).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-5218-2302-1.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2002035017.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Isichei, Elizabeth (1997).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

A History of African Societies to 1870.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-5214-5599-2.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 97159218.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Jenkins, Everett Allo (1999).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Muslim Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Jefferson, NC: McFarland.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-7864-0431-0.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 98049332.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Kennedy, Hugh (1990).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Abbasid caliphate: a historical introduction”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Ashtiany, Julia; Johnstone, T. M.; Latham, J. D.; Serjeant, R.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

B.; Smith, G. Rex.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Abbasid Belles Lettres.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-521-24016-6.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Kennedy, Hugh N.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (2nd edition).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Ltd.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-582-40525-4.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 85016597.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (1989).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-0289-7211-2.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 89008129.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Labib, Subhi Y. (1969).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Capitalism in Medieval Islam”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Journal of Economic History.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

29 (1): 79—96.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Lapidus, Ira (2002).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

A History of Islamic Societies.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-521-77056-4.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Leaman, Oliver (1998).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Islamic Philosophy”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Routledge.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Archived from the original on 3 May 2015.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Retrieved 3 May 2015.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Lewis, Bernard (1995).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The Middle East”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Cambridge History of Iran.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-5212-9135-4.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Lucas, Adam Robert (2005).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Technology and Culture.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

46 (1): 1—30.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, eds.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Abbasids”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cambridge Biographical Dictionary.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-521-39518-6.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 90001542.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Meisami, Julie Scott (1999).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Persian Historiography: To the End of the Twelfth Century.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-7486-1276-5.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2012494440.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Mikaberidze, Alexander (2004).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Napoleon Series.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Mottahedeh, Roy (1975).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The ʿAbbāsid Caliphate in Iran”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Frye, R.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

N.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Cambridge History of Iran.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Ahmed, Leila (1992).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Women and Gender in Islam: The Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Yale University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-300-05583-2.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Moule, Arthur Evans (1914).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Chinese People: A Handbook on China.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

New York, NY: London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 14001359.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Ochsenwald, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Middle East: A History (6th ed.).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-07-244233-6.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2003041213.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Pavlidis, T. (2010).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“11: Turks and Byzantine Decline”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Goldschmidt Jr., Arthur; Davidson, Lawrence.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

A Concise History of the Middle East (9th ed.).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Boulder, CO: Westview Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-8133-4388-7.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2009005664.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Perry, J. (1979).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran: 1747-1779.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-2266-6098-2.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Rabin, Sheila (15 August 2015).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Nicolaus Copernicus”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Stanford.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Ruano, Eloy Benito; Burgos, Manuel Espadas (1992).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

17e Congrès international des sciences historiques: Madrid, du 26 août au 2 septembre 1990 [17th International Congress of Historical Sciences: Madrid, From August 26 to September 2, 1990] (in French).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Comité international des sciences historiques [International Committee of Historical Sciences].


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-84-600-8154-8.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Schwarz, George R.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“History of the Caravel”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Nautical Arcaheology.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

from Texas A & M University.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Smith, Bradley; Weng, Wango H. C.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

China: A History in Art.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

New York, NY: Harper & Row.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-0601-3932-3.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 72076978.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Sourdel, D.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Abbasid Caliphate”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Cambridge History of Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

1A: The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-521-21946-4.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Söylemez, Mehmet Mahfuz (2005).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The Jundishapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

22 (2): 1—27.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Spuler, Bertold (1960).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Muslim World: A Historical Survey.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

I: The Age of the Caliphs.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Translated by Bagley, F.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

R.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

C. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-685-23328-6.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 61001030.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Toomer, G. J. (December 1964).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Book Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Isis.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

55 (4): 463—465.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Vallely, Paul (11 March 2006).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“How Islamic Inventors Changed the World”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Independent.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

London, UK.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Vásáry, István (2005).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans: 1185-1365.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-5218-3756-1.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2005296238.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Verma, R.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

L.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Al-Hazen: Father of Modern Optics.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Visser, Reidar (2005).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 3-8258-8799-5.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Wade, Geoffrey (2012).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Southeast Asian Islam and Southern China in the Fourteenth Century”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Warren, John (2005).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly Mismanaged Affair”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Third World Quarterly.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

26 (4—5): 815—30.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Wilber, Donald N.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Abbasid Architecture”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

1: Aa-Ceylon.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Book Company.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 68026314.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Category:Former Asian states Category:Former European states Category:History of Iran Category:History of Saudi Arabia


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hedgehog, or European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), is a spiny nocturnal species found in Western Europe as well as in the most temperate parts of northern Europe.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

In Finland, the hedgehog lives as a companion to a settlement in a cultural environment all the way up to the Bothnian Sea, occasionally further north.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The full-grown hedgehog is about 20—30 centimeters long and weighs between 0.4 and 1.2 kilograms.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

It lives to an average of three or four years old.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

In most of Europe, the hedgehog spends the winter in hibernation, which in Finland lasts six or seven months.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hedgehog is omnivorous and eats insects and small vertebrates in particular.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

History The hedgehog is descended from hedgehog preforms that lived in the Early Cretaceous about 90 million years ago.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[1] The hedgehog has survived as it is today for millions of years and is sometimes referred to as a living fossil.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[2] In appearance and size The hedgehog is about 20—30 centimeters long, with a tail measuring 1.5 to 4 centimeters.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hedgehog weighs 0.4—1.2 kilograms, sometimes up to 1.9 kilograms.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[3] However, weight varies considerably with season.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

A hedgehog woken up from winter hibernation can weigh less than 300 grams, but it gains weight rapidly in early summer.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[4] The hedgehog's face, abdomen and lower flanks are covered with bushy hair.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hair on the legs is thinner.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The chest is brown and the legs are black.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hedgehog has a tapered, long, proboscis and movable upper lip with nostrils at the apex.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The eyes of the hedgehog are round and blackish-brown.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The earlobes are visible.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hedgehog's legs are long but are usually not noticed due to the way the hedgehog moves and bushy abdominal hairs.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

When walking, the hedgehog keeps his legs bent but straightens them when running, thus increasing in height by ten centimeters.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The legs have strong claws and sensors suitable for digging.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[5] The hedgehog has 36 teeth, and its dentition is unspecialized.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The incisors of the lower jaw point forward.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The upper teeth are sharp and sparse.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The other teeth are small and sharp, and the last intermediate teeth and molars are wide and glared.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Chicks have baby teeth, which begin to be replaced by permanent teeth at three to four months of age.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[6] The hedgehog has a mustache a few inches long.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[6] The dorsal side of the hedgehog is covered by specialised spines of dorsal hairs, of which the hedgehog has about 6000.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hollow spines are 2—3 centimeters in length.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[3] The spines are attached to the skin by means of a bulbous root, and underneath each spike is its own muscle.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The honeycomb structure of the spike is flexible, and the spikes protect, for example, a circulating hedgehog from smaller bumps.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hedgehog spines regenerate, and the single spike falls off at about one year old.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[7] The size and coloring of the hedgehog varies slightly in different countries.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

In Britain, hedgehogs tend to be smaller and slightly darker than in Finland.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Central European hedgehogs, meanwhile, are slightly larger.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Spain's hedgehogs are paler again.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[8] Males are larger than females on average, but the size of the hedgehog depends on other factors.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The male and female are quite similar in appearance, and can only be distinguished from each other by close inspection.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The female's genitalia are closer to the anus than the male's.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[5] Hedgehog feces are 3—5 centimeters long and cylindrical in shape.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

One end of the feces is usually sharper than the other, and there are often indigestible parts of insects among them.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[9] Colour variants Leukistic, or light, hedgehogs occur intermittently, though rarely.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Leucistic hedgehogs are suspected to possess two rare recessive genes that cause the hedgehog to have black eyes and cream-colored spines.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

However, leucistic hedgehogs are not outright albinos.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[10] Pale hedgehogs are extremely rare, except in North Ronaldsay on the island of Alderney, where 25% of hedgehogs are leucistic.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[11] Actual albino urchins are also present, though rarely.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[12] Leukistic hedgehogs have also been found in Finland.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Age The hedgehog lives to an average of three or four years old.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

However, most hedgehogs die as early as their first year of life, most of them during winter hibernation.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Up to four years of age, 10% of hedgehogs live, with up to seven years of age possible under favourable conditions.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

In captivity, the hedgehog can sometimes rarely live beyond ten years old, and in Germany a hedgehog has allegedly been made to live up to 16 years old.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[13] The age of a young hedgehog can be inferred from its size.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The age of an older hedgehog can only be reliably determined in the laboratory by counting its mandibular growth zones.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[13] Distribution and habitat Hedgehog is found naturally in the southwestern, western and northern parts of Europe and in Russia in the eastern region of Finland and the Baltic States.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[14] The species has been planted in the Azores and New Zealand.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[14] In Finland, the hedgehog has spread towards the north with human assistance.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[15] The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the hedgehog as a species vibrant.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[14] However, it is rare in Sardinia, where it is hunted by dogs.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[14] In Finland, the hedgehog almost always lives as a companion to settlement in a cultural environment, and one study did not find it a couple hundred meters farther from the residential building.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Especially in the coniferous forest, the hedgehog doesn't like it.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Elsewhere in Europe, hedgehogs also meet from deciduous forests.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

In Central Europe, the hedgehog usually lives in low-lying soils, but in southern Europe it has also been found in mountains up to 1000 m altitude.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[16] In Finland, hedgehogs are found in southern and central Finland in the region from the bothnian bottomland up to Kainuusen.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[17] Occasionally the hedgehog occurs further north, and the hedgehog has been observed in Rovaniemi and as far north as Ivalo.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[18] [19] The hedgehog lives in Finland on the northern border of its habitat.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

In the north, the hedgehog's survival is hampered by the brevity of the summer season, as the hedgehog needs at least 155 days to mate, gestation, wean chicks and grow big enough for winter.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hedgehog also needs deciduous trees as its nesting material, and in the very north there are few deciduous trees.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Nor is the hedgehog's reserve nutrition just enough for a winter hibernation longer than seven months.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The winter mortality rate of hedgehogs is high in the north.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[20] Hedgehogs lived on the territory of Finland even before the beginning of the period during the long-prevailing heat period.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

According to Ilkka Koivisto, it is possible that the hedgehog would have been preserved in southwestern Finland since ancient times.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Hedgehogs have been introduced to the southern coast of Finland from the Baltics and Sweden in the 19th century.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The first mention of a hedgehog in Finnish papers dates back to 1879, when Hämäläinen wrote about the observation [21].


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Before that, the hedgehog is reported only to be found in Uusimaa.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

In Åland and the Turku archipelago, hedgehogs are known to have occurred no later than 1916.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[17] Recently, Finland's hedgehog stocks have declined everywhere.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[17] The hedgehog has been a provincial mammal in Uusimaa since the early 1990s.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[22] Behavior Circle Hedgehogs are domicile loyal nocturnal animals.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Chicks are often permanently left quite close to their home nest.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[23] Hedgehogs have extensive organ circles, but do not have the tight turf that they would defend or mark.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[24] However, hedgehogs, as a rule, live in their own circumstances and may even shun other individuals.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[23] Male urchins sometimes fight with each other, especially in areas where living space is scarce.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

When they fight, hedgehogs butt each other and try to bite each other off the legs.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The weaker party usually gives up quickly.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[25] There are several smaller core areas within the individual hedgehog's life circle.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

In one core area, the hedgehog thrives from a few days to weeks.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The size of the habitats varies considerably, and the dog habitat is approximately 80 hectares wide at active time.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

During estrus, the male may rotate with up to four females copulating, but the organ circle of males after the estrus period decreases considerably, the core circle is then no longer 13 to 23 hectares wide.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Females have habitats ranging from 32 to 39 hectares and core areas 5—9 hectares wide.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

They are at their smallest during an estrus period when females might expect males within just a few hundred metres of the winter nest.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[24] Movement The hedgehog usually sleeps for days in its summer nest, in grass or under a bush.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Summer nests with hedgehogs are used at the same time, usually several.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[26] The hedgehog goes out at dusk.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

At night, hedgehogs move quite a lot in relation to their size, although even then they may be resting in place at times.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

At their busiest, hedgehogs are a couple of hours before midnight.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

In the evening and early night they usually spend on food foraging and morning hours exploring the environment and building a nest.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[27] Spitting A hedgehog has a peculiar mode of behavior called spitting or foaming.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

That's when they develop foamy saliva in their mouths, which they lubricate on the back and side, for which hedgehogs might have to contort themselves into remarkably difficult positions.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[28] Spitting lasts up to 20 minutes, but it can be over even in a short moment.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The operation is related to the vomeronasal organ, but its exact cause is not known.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

However, it can be triggered by different scents.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Occasionally, males have been seen salivating at mating time, but the desire to attract the opposite sex is insufficient to be the cause of spitting, as it also occurs outside of mating time.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Females and males salivate themselves equally, but young specimens apparently old more.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

[29] Vocalization Hedgehogs are mostly silent.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

When confronted with a representative of the opposite sex, the hedgehog, especially the female, may begin to squash.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

The hedgehog also squeezes and snorts when sniffing nourishment.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

A frightened hedgehog might howl at a loud noise.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Sometimes hedgehogs cough, hiss or peep like birds.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

hedgehog

Small chicks will beep in their nest and when they are bigger than they are afraid of getting rid of their mother.


Question: Is it worth calling a hedgehog a living fossil?

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A frightened hedgehog's heartbeat might be audible.


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[30] Defending The hedgehog's first defensive reaction is to skitter to run away.


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A secondary defensive response is to stiffen in place and reflexively raise the spines upright.


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If the danger persists, if the hedgehog is touched, or if the hedgehog is lost in a fight, it retreats partially or, in final distress, completely into the sheds of its spines.


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Collecting takes place in just a couple of seconds and is possible thanks to special and complex skin muscles covering the back and sides.


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A hedgehog can stay a ball for hours.


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It also sleeps and overwinters in a semi-spherical ball position, usually on its side.


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The hedgehog also knows how to tilt his spikes from side to side when needed towards the opponent.


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[31] Nutrition The hedgehog is omnivorous and can taste almost all food of the appropriate size, from insects to small vertebrates.


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[32] Diet varies by location, prey availability and season, but hedgehog's natural nutrition includes beetles, leaf bugs, centipedes, ants, pinctails and spiders.


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[33] However, hedgehogs also feed on larvae, snails, earthworms, frogs, siliclizards, and the chicks of mice, voles and ground-nesting birds.


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[33] [32] In addition to live animals, scavengers and plant food, such as acorns, mushrooms and berries, are suitable for the hedgehog.


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[32] Eating plants is not necessarily intentional; plant food they eat mainly in the face of compulsion; with lack of nutrition, up to a fifth of the diet may consist of herbal matter.


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[33] Senses The sense of smell is the main sense of the hedgehog.


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The hedgehog can smell foraging from three inches deep and on the surface of the earth from a metre away.


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The sense of smell also warns the hedgehog of dangers, and the smell allows the hedgehog to identify its species mates and their sex.


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The hedgehog also has a vomeronasal organ for odor recognition.


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In addition to the sense of smell, the hedgehog uses the sense of hearing in addition to the sense of smell.


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The hedgehog's sense of vision is rather weak.


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[34] Reproduction The hedgehog reaches sexual maturity in the spring after birth, but hedgehogs awake in captivity throughout the winter have been observed to become sexually mature as early as six months of age.


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[35] The horny period of hedgehogs begins immediately after their wintering hibernation, in late April or early May.


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The time of its onset varies from region to region, depending on temperature differences.


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Males leave upon awakening in search of females.


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They don't have much time to seek nourishment during the estrus, so males continue to decline in weight in addition to the weight lost in hibernation.


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[35] Males woo females in a long courting ceremony lasting up to several hours.


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The male rotates around the female and tends to approach it, although the female rejects the convergence and turns away.


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Animals also sniff at each other, and the female makes naughty vocalizations.


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Animals are between cheeks to cheek until after a while they squeak and spin again.


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[32] The female does not surrender easily and pokes the male with her forehead spines and may even attempt to bite.


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[36] In mating, the female lowers her spines down.


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They then turn behind and form a slippery surface.


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[32] The male is forced to take the female by the neck spines to reach the female by the neck spines in order to reach the female.


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[37] Mating lasts approximately 10 minutes, and males and females may mate multiple times over a single night.


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[36] At the end of pregnancy, the female begins to build a natal nest, which may be located under rhizomes, in burrows of stones, or in heaps of leaves and tonsils.


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The nest site should be as dry as possible and the mother may make more fledging nests just in case.


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[36] The carrying period is five to six weeks, with two to ten chicks in one litter.


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On average, a litter has just over five offspring.


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[37] Childbirth lasts from a few minutes to several hours, and chicks can be born both head and backside first.


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After giving birth, the mother licks the chicks clean and bites her umbilical cords across.


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[36] Chicks are born hairless, blind and deaf, are 6—10 centimeters long and weigh 8—25 grams.


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At birth, the spines are hidden under the pink skin, but within a few hours of birth, the first white spines may already penetrate the skin.


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In a few days, the hedgehog chick begins to become the first darker, white-tipped spines, and in about six weeks the chick will have the colouration of an adult individual.


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The female has five pairs of mammals, and the mammary glands develop late in pregnancy.


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The mother breastfeeds the chicks for 4—6 weeks with protein- and high-fat milk.


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[36] Chicks live their first three weeks in a nest located in a sheltered location.


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They still follow their mother after leaving the nest and suck its milk for a further three weeks.


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About six weeks from their birth, the chicks begin independent lives.


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[37] Weaned chicks average between 16 and 18 centimeters long and 120-350 grams in weight.


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[38] Wintering If the winter is warm enough, the hedgehog will stay awake throughout the winter.


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However, if snow and frost prevent the hedgehog from finding enough insects and worms, the hedgehog spends the winter in winter hibernation.


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The fat layer acquired in the summer serves as a fuel and insulating layer during winter rest.


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During winter hibernation, the hedgehog is incapacitated and cannot respond to disturbance conditions such as water draining into the nest.


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[39] In Finland, hedgehogs often fall into winter hibernation in October.


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In Finland, southern Sweden and Denmark, the hedgehog is usually in winter hibernation for about seven months of the year.


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In England, the hedgehog overwinters for 4—5 months.


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In short winters, a hedgehog can survive only six months of hibernation in Finland.


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In captivity, the hedgehog may not wander at all into winter hibernation.


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In southern Europe, hedgehogs can go into summer hibernation during hot mid-summer.


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[40] A hedgehog can build its winter nest in a wide variety of places: in a pile of trees and leaves, in a stack of trees or boards, in a ground burrow, under a tree root, under dense shrubs, under a fallen tree trunk, under a shed or floor, or in any rather protected place.


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In its nest, the hedgehog carries dry leaves and hay with its mouth, sometimes also twigs or moss.


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Branches keep the nest sturdy.


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The winter nest built by the hedgehog is less than half a meter in diameter, spherical or oval, and slightly flat.


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The hedgehog's winter nest is usually home to one hedgehog at a time.


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The hedgehog can sometimes change nests during the winter.


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It does not use its old nest again in subsequent winters.


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[41] The hedgehog can also overwinter in a man-made winter nest.


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[42] In winter hibernation, the hedgehog's body temperature drops by up to 35 degrees up to +2 to 4 degrees, and its energy and oxygen consumption is reduced to one hundredth.


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To urinate and remove the nitrogen generated in its body, the hedgehog awakens and warms its body to normal temperature every 7—10 days.


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The hedgehog also wakes up when its heat drops below four degrees plus so that it doesn't frostbite to death.


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Waking up from hibernation takes about 2—5 hours and consumes plenty of energy.


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[39] During hibernation, the hedgehog loses half its body weight.


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More than half of hedgehogs hibernating for the first time die in Finland during a regular winter.


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[39] Half of adult hedgehogs in Finland may also die in bad years.


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In Sweden, England and Germany, even a third of adult hedgehogs die during the winter.


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[43] Hedgehogs die in winter if the fat layer they collect is not thick enough, or their nests are damaged or wetted.


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Mild winters also thinning hedgehog populations, because if it becomes mild during winter and snow melts, hedgehogs may wake up from winter hibernation too early.


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This is when new frosts tend to be the fate of hedgehogs, because hedgehogs consume a lot of energy when they wake up and do not necessarily have time to protect themselves again for winter.


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Low snowfall is also harmful: thick layers of snow around the nests that last through the winter keep the nest temperature appropriate and improve the hedgehog's chances of survival.


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[1] Feeding the hedgehog miniature|Hedgehogs are happy to drink from the water container Feeding the hedgehog in the yard can start in the spring when the hedgehogs start moving.


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However, feeding should be interrupted for June—July.


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In mid-summer, the hedgehog finds more diverse nutrition in nature than is provided to it by man, and summer feeding can also overfatten the hedgehog, causing it various problems.


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However, in the event of troublesome weather conditions, the hedgehog can be fed regardless of the season.


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Such are back winter, cold, drought and heat, as well as heavy rainfall.


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For summer feeding, it is good to use several saucers so that hedgehogs can accommodate everyone to eat.


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Cleanliness should also be taken care of.


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[44] In autumn, the hedgehog benefits most from feeding.


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Feeding should continue as long as hedgehogs are eating before their winter hibernation.


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[44] The hedgehog should weigh at least 800 grams during hibernation in Finnish conditions.


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[44] A hedgehog needs a lot of water, so you can bring a water cup with fresh water to the yard.


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The hedgehog water cup should be washed with hot water every day, and also hands should always be washed after processing the cup.


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[44] The hedgehog can provide protein-rich nutrition such as canned food and sausages for cats and dogs, as well as dry food that has been soaked in water for a couple of hours.


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The hedgehog can also be given cooked and unsalted fish and meat, as well as peanuts, crushed enough for humans to mix with cooking oil.


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The fish needs to be cooked to prevent the hedgehog from getting the enzyme thiaminase from the fish, as this causes a deficiency of vitamin B1 in the hedgehog.


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[44] [45] When cooked, parasites that may be hidden in fish also die and do not spread to the hedgehog's body.


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[45] A hedgehog should not be given raw fish, spicy or salted food, bread or bun, industrial food such as sausages, or food containing additives.


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Vegetables or root vegetables should not be given to the hedgehog either, as the hedgehog is not vegetarian but craves protein and energy-giving food.


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[44] The hedgehog should not be given cow's milk, as the hedgehog gets diarrhoea and stomach pain because the hedgehog lacks lactose digesting enzyme.


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It is also not good to give sour-milk products and lactose-free dairy products, as they are not of particular benefit to hedgehogs and cannot be processed by the body of all hedgehogs.


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[44] Threats and Diseases The hedgehog's life is dangerous in many ways, with only less than ten per cent of hedgehogs living beyond the age of four.


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Many hedgehogs die in the north during winter hibernation from energy deprivation.


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A significant proportion of hedgehogs, up to a third in some countries, are hit by a car.


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Traffic signs for hedgehogs have been erected next to some roads.


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Hedgehogs die as victims of machinery used in agriculture and yards, such as barnacle cutters, as well as clinging to nets.


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Hedgehogs also easily fall into pits and pools of water, and cannot get up from them.


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Mouse and rat traps, as well as poisons of all kinds, can be damaging to hedgehogs.


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The cleanliness of the yards robs the hedgehog of the grasses and piles of leaves it needs, and the critters that feed on the hedgehog of habitat.


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[46] The hedgehog has some enemies, but other animals are not a particularly bad threat to it.


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From diseases, the hedgehog suffers the same as other wildlife, and the hedgehog does not spread disease to humans.


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The most common disease of the hedgehog is salmonellosis.


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Fleas, ticks and other external parasites on hedgehogs are usually found in the most abundant quantity, and internal parasites can also bother the hedgehog.


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[47] Conservation The hedgehog is a tranquilized species in Finland.


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The hedgehog must not be caught, disturbed, moved or killed, and its nest must not be disposed of.


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The amount of compensation for killing a hedgehog is set at EUR 101 in Finland.


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[48] [49] A hedgehog must not be taken as a pet and the animal should not be brought home unless it is sick or damaged.


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However, the hedgehog is allowed to be fed in the yard, but special attention must be paid to feed the hedgehog in order to provide the hedgehog with suitable nutrition.


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The hedgehog is also allowed to build a winter hut for hibernation.


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[50] Cultural History Use The hedgehog has often been regarded as a sacred and wise animal.


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The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder and the German philosopher Albertus Magnus, who lived in the 13th century, believed that hedgehogs could predict weather.


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[51] For the Romans, hedgehog back skin was a sought-after commodity.


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They used hedgehog leather to card wool, among other things.


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The Germans, on the other hand, used hedgehog fat and internal organs to treat disease, as the hedgehog was believed to have magical abilities.


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Edward Topsell (1572—1625) collected several uses of hedgehogs in his book.


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According to him, the hedgehog's body parts were able to improve, among other things, night vision, leprosy and urinary stones.


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In eastern parts of Gotland, hedgehog spines, in turn, were used to cure dental diseases.


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The spike was inserted into the root of the sore tooth and allowed blood to leak.


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The spike was then hidden under a rock and it was hoped the pain would remain in the spike's hiding place.


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[51] The hedgehog has been used for food for thousands of years, but in Europe it has been used regularly by the Roma mainly.


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They coated the hedgehog with clay before frying, and as the fry was completed, the hard clay crust was broken, leaving the hedgehog spikes in the clay.


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In the Middle Ages, however, hedgehogs were a delicacy of the rich and, in 1425, a banquet food in England.


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[51] Hedgehog in literature The hedgehog is often depicted in literature as a sympathetic, kind, and caring animal.


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The hedgehog stories of different European countries do not differ much from each other.


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In picture and storybooks, the hedgehog is often a clothed and prickly little person.


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Specially, such hedgehogs do not behave, as food for example is honey tea with biscuits.


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[52] In the Grimm brothers' fairy tale “The Hare and the Hedgehog”, the hedgehog is also resourceful and is able to defeat the fast hare with fast brains and cooperation.


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[53] William Shakespeare, on the other hand, writes in a Midsummer Night's Dream play among hedgehog snakes and other disgusting animals.


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[52] Known in Finland is Kirsi Kunnas's poem “The sentimental hedgehog”, which was chosen in 2014 by the public vote on Yle's website as the most beloved poem in Kunnas.


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[54] [55] In addition to “Sentimental hedgehog”, the children's song “Siili goes milking” have shaped much later Finnish hedgehog descriptions of children's books, songs and poems.


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[54] Hedgehog in fine art The portrait of the Hedgehog was painted in the late 16th century by the German painter Hans Hoffman, who made it a watercolour-gouache painting.


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The hedgehog is so lifelike looking that Hoffman is suspected of having made a sketch of a living model, even though it wasn't very common.


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Hedgehogs have also been used as a subject by Belgian Pieter Snayers, whose work shows a hedgehog pruning against the background of a fruit still life, and English rural photographer Edwin Henry Landseer, who painted in 1828 his dog molesting a hedgehog gone to the collector in Jacko with a Hedgehog.


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However, in modern painting art, the hedgehog has appeared very rarely.


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[56] Hedgehog in popular culture, Milla Paloniemi's cartoon The cursing hedgehog gained great popularity in Finland in the late 2000s.


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[57] Sonic the Hedgehog ('Sonic Hedgehog') is the official mascot and video game character of video game company Sega.


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See also Four-toed hedgehog, or African pygmy hedgehog, popular as a pet Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bjärvall, Anders & Ullström, Staffan| title = Finnish mammals | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-251-633-5 }} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nyström, Tuula & Kinnunen, Tiina| title = Protection and care of the European hedgehog | location = Turku| publisher = Frog | year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-483-103-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turk| author = Turku Tia, Kaarina| title = Hedgehog: Courtyard wild pet| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-1-15361-7}} References Literature Massimo Vacchetta & Antonella Tomaselli: A pinch of luck.


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Tallinn: Aviador Kustannus, 2018.


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ISBN 978-952-7063-41-5.


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Category:Hedgehogs Category:Living fossils Category:Provincial animals of Sweden Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

The Myyrmann explosion occurred in the Myyrmäki district of Vantaa on 11 October 2002.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

During an ongoing clown show aimed at children in the lobby of the shopping centre, a homemade bomb coated with shoots exploded, killing seven people and wounding 164.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

Three of the fatalities were minors, including two born in 1985 and one in 1995.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

[1] The adults who died were women born in 1963 and 1965, a man born in 1978, and a male person born in 1983, who was revealed to be the bomb maker, Petri Erkki-Tapio Gerdt (17 April 1983 — 11 October 2002) [2] There is no definite evidence of the intentionality of the act.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

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[3] [4] Timeline of events Summer and Autumn 2002 Petri Gerdt worked for three months at a summer job at a department store in Hong Kong, where she was working for the last time on the Sunday before the bombing.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

[5] Some of the bomb's raw materials and parts had been sourced from the workplace.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

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[6] After the summer, Petri Gerdt continued to work in the department store only occasionally, citing the rush of study and hobbies.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

During the summer and autumn, Petri Gerdt withdrew the chemicals needed for the bomb from several different movements.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

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[7] Some pharmacies had refused to sell chemicals to Gerdt because he had not been able to credibly explain what he needed them for.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

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Friday, October 11, 2002 In the morning, Petri Gerdt's parents left for work as normal and did not notice anything special in Petri's behavior.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

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Petri Gerdt left her home in Tikkurila during the morning hours before 12pm.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

Gerdt left his mobile phone sealed on a shelf where it was later found by police.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

He also left his computer on in sleep mode.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

[7] At 12:12pm Gerdt boarded the bus line 84, which ran between Tikkurila and Mellunmäki.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

Investigations did not establish his actions and movements over the next four hours.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

It is speculated that he would have hidden some of the bomb paraphernalia in the nearby forests of Mellunmäki, while also finishing his bomb.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

In Mellunmäki there are ruins of fortifications from World War I, among which it is easy to find stash places.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

He could also visit the Itäkeskus or metro, moving elsewhere in the Helsinki area.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

[8] At 4:10pm Gerdt got on the bus line 84K from Mellunmäki metro station and returned to Tikkurila.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

At 5:10pm, an eyewitness observed Gerdt on the Tikkurila Asemaroad heading towards Tikkurila Station and its adjacent bus terminal.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

At 5:15 or 5:18pm, Gerdt boarded bus number 50, which went to Myyrmäki.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

At 6 p.m., Gerdt arrived in Myyrmäki.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

There is no specific information on his movements between 6 p.m. and 7:20 p.m.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

From 7 p.m. to 7:20 p.m., eyewitness sightings of Gerdt in and around the Myyrmann shopping centre.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

He went to the public toilet on the second floor to finish his bomb.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

An 11-year-old boy (Tubetor Eddspeaks) observed him handling a backpack and shoots under the door of a toilet cubicle.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

The boy initially mistook this sound for the sound of a belt buckle, but later discovered it was the sound of shoots.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

[9] At 7:20 p.m., CCTV captured Gerdt with certainty the first time in Myyrmann.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann explosion

Surveillance cameras, however, did not capture the scene of the explosion.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

At 7:30 p.m., Petri Gerdt was sitting on benches adjacent to the blast site.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

The backpack containing the bomb was still next to his feet at the time.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

7:30 p.m. — There are vague eyewitness observations of Gerdt's movements.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

According to a criminal investigation, the bomb was in his arms when it exploded, about a metre high, with Gerdt in an upright position at the time of the explosion.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

At 7:35 p.m., a bomb exploded in Gerdt's lap, killing him instantly.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Gerdt's body was blurted 15 feet and slammed against the window of the sports store Intersport.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

In addition to Gerdt, the bomb killed two adult women, an adult man and three minors.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

166 bystanders were wounded to varying degrees, some seriously.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

At 7:36:49 p.m., the first 911 call was made to 911.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

At 7:38 p.m., the first rescue units arrived on the scene.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

At 8:04pm STT released the first news of the Myyrmann bomb.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Yle sent an additional news broadcast of the event.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

[10] By 8:50pm, the last seriously injured patients had been transferred to hospitals.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Crime scene investigators moved on to the scene of the explosion.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

At 9 p.m., authorities held their first briefing in Myyrmann.


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Myrmann Explosion

At 9.30pm, a crisis assistance point opened at Kilter School near Mykyrmann.


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Myrmann Explosion

At 11:10 p.m., the emergency department finished rescue work.


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Myrmann Explosion

The incident passed to the police.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Saturday 12 October 2002 At 1:30 a.m. As criminal suspicions were confirmed, investigative responsibility was transferred from the Vantaa Police to the Central Criminal Police.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

At 3am, police said they suspected the Myyrmann explosion was a deliberate crime rather than an accident.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Petri Gerdt Petri Gerdt is described as a quiet, lonely, reclusive, shy, kind person who took note of others and appreciated others.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

He had not been diagnosed with any mental disorder or anything similar.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

His father, Armas Gerdt, describes his son as having been a sensitive character, tirained as a child by the cries of a small fall or a haired owl and who, when smaller, had his way.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

The father describes Gerdt as having a childish nature to some extent.


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Myrmann Explosion

[7] Dating relationships or otherwise a wide circle of friends she knowingly never had.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

He didn't make any friends even from his basketball hobby, which he was good at (he got e.g.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

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Most Valuable Player award).


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Petri was extremely lonely, and many of her contacts were online.


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Myrmann Explosion

Gerdt was never visited by others his age, except sometimes playing computer games on the family computer, the likes of which many did not yet have at that time.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

However, the visits stopped completely when he was ten years old.


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Myrmann Explosion

[2] [7] Gerdt spent a lot of time in his room and on the family computer.


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Myrmann Explosion

For the rest of the time, he was in school or basketball practice.


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Myrmann Explosion

“When Petri wasn't at school or basketball practice, she was home,” Gerdt's father describes.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

On October 11, 2002, Petri was not heard at home in the evening, which was not usual for Gerdt.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

On the morning of Saturday 12 October 2002, the family had wondered where he might be: “And he (Petri) couldn't even stay at anyone's house for the night, for he didn't have any mates,” Gerdt's father describes.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

[2] Childhood and adolescence Petri Gerdt (Petri Erkki-Tapio Gerdt) was born into the family as the first child.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

On Gerdt's birth a year later, their family moved to Tikkurila in a detached house.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

There were almost no families with children of the same age in the area, so Gerdt was left alone as far as this environment was concerned.


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Myrmann Explosion

Later, she was reluctant to go out alone anymore.


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Myrmann Explosion

The only good friend of her own caliber was her younger sister.


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Myrmann Explosion

“If the sister was home, Petri had a buddy,” the father describes.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

[2] At school, Gerdt was heavily bullied and discriminated against, although he disputed this when asked about it.


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Myrmann Explosion

“Yes he (the father) sometimes asked about it, but the boy was proud, didn't admit once,” Gerdt's father recalls.


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Myrmann Explosion

Bullying was at its worst in middle school where no one tackled bullying.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Bullying was seen as isolation, exclusivity from punters and group work, among other things.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Reasons for bullying included Gerdt's bizarre walking habit and physical education performance at school (e.g.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

skating and skiing).


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

He was possibly bullied even in high school.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Given Gerdt was quite tall (187cm), the bullying probably would have been mental.


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Myrmann Explosion

[7] In spite of everything, Petri Gerdt's school performance was good.


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Myrmann Explosion

He had a great interest in nature, which is also informed by the fact that he excelled at the national Metsävisa 1999, receiving an honorable mention.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

[7] After high school, the matriculation exams had fared worse than Gerdt expected, which may have depressed him further.


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Myrmann Explosion

He had qualified to study chemistry at EVTEK [11], although he had primarily wanted to go to university.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

For the summer, he had been working for a Hong Kong shop.


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Myrmann Explosion

He even wanted to work for weekends and could do several weeks of work without days off.


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Myrmann Explosion

In the workplace he was liked and he served clients well.


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Myrmann Explosion

“Over the summer, parents had gone to see how the boy was doing at adult jobs.


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Myrmann Explosion

The work seemed to be going well,” Gerdt's father recalls.


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Myrmann Explosion

[2] Theories about the cause of the explosion The cause of the bomb explosion and Petri Gerdt's motives never survived.


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Myrmann Explosion

There is no definite evidence that he wished to harm other persons or himself.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

[12] Gerdt was never shown to possess suicidal thoughts or a desire to harm others.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

A criminal investigation found that he had no intention of dying, at least not in the explosion itself.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

However, the bomb was possibly intended to detonate in Myyrmann, but there is no information on whether the bomb was intended to detonate while the shopping centre was still open or after closing time.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

The bomb had a timer.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Gerdt may have tried to put his backpack containing the bomb in the trash can first.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

A trash can would have been a good hiding place for the backpack that contained the bomb.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

[13] [7] Accident Petri Gerdt's father Armas Gerdt speculates in his book Petri's Journey to Myyrmann that Petri Gerdt would have been taking the bomb to be detonated in the nearby forest of Myyrmann, and that the bomb exploded in the shopping centre by accident.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

There might have been people at the blast site planned by Petri, and Gerdt would have waited in Myyrmann for a better moment to detonate the bomb.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

[2] He had experimented similarly with smaller bombs.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

Self-made explosives can be extremely unstable and can detonate unexpectedly.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

However, the bomb exploded in the central location of the Myyrmann shopping centre and was lined with 6000 steel shoots and nails.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

In addition, the sun had already been set for an hour at the time the bomb exploded (the sun went down at 6:26 p.m.).


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

[14] Damage According to this theory, the bomb was intended to explode in the Myyrmann shopping centre, but only after the closing time of the mall, causing only material destruction to the property.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

This theory is warred by the fact that Petri Gerdt arrived in Myyrmäki as early as 6 p.m., and not just shortly before closing time.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

The bomb also exploded in a prominent location.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

The height of one meter from the ground was optimal for damaging the middle body of people.


Question: What was the cause of the Myrmann explosion?

Myrmann Explosion

The bomb was lined with 6000 steel shoots and nails, but on the other hand the shotguns also increase destructive power against fixed targets.