Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Later, during the spring of 1906, the task passed to representatives of the Grand Strike Committee, who, however, did not have the same prestige.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The intervals between Commander-in-Chief Kaarlo Luoto and the party leadership were cool, which caused the Red Guards to drift further and further away from the party.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In April 1906, a Red Guard Assembly was held, with 150 representatives from 87 Guards in attendance.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Paavo Leppänen and Jalmari Kirjarinta were present from the party administration.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The leading committee elected at the meeting consisted mostly of previously unknown persons involved in the labour movement for a short time.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Luoto was removed from the position of Commander-in-Chief due to alleged financial irregularities and Johan Kock was again elected in his place.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

He had only entered the labour movement during the Great Strike, which is why Kock did not own its traditional anti-violence views, but as a former officer openly emphasized armed action.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Due to his lack of contacts with the leading Social Democrats, the separation of the Red Guards from the control of the party and the Grand Strike Committee further deepened.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[19] When Emperor Nicholas II confirmed the new electoral law and the Reichstag order on 20 July, the task under the Red Guard rules had been fulfilled.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, at the meeting that began the next day at the Old Student House in Helsinki, the Guard's representative office decided to continue the operation.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The meeting almost completely broke away from party control and even turned against the party leadership.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Independence was wanted to be emphasised, among other things, by the Red Guard's own newspaper, whose establishment was abandoned in the absence of financial conditions.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The number of Red Guards members had grown to the point that by the summer members were already estimated to be 25,000.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

At the same time, it began in earnest to emerge alongside the SDP as a serious player in the labour movement.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[19] Viapori Rebellion and Hakaniemi Riot The Red Guard led by Kock worked closely with the Russian revolutionaries and at the turn of July—August 1906 it took part in the events of the military revolt that broke out in the sea fortress of Viapori without party leadership permission.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On 30 July, after the revolt was launched, Kock self-proclaimed a grand strike on Helsinki for the next day.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Legation of the Guard, which in addition to Kock included John Mannerstam and Jean Boldt previously complete strangers to the party leadership, called for the party to declare a nationwide strike.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Their efforts provoked strong resistance within the party leadership and the Grand Strike Committee, and both sided with opposition to the strike.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Eventually, the party administration referred the matter to the Grand Strike Committee, which ended up declaring a strike on Helsinki, in order to avoid possible violence.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The strike was supported by Kaarlo Luoto, Eero Haapalainen and Matti Kurikka, among others, who thus sought to strengthen their own position in a whole new situation when the old leading figures of the SDP had lost their authority.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

For example, Eetu Salin and Taavi Tainio were shouted down from the rosette during a meeting in the courtyard of the Workers' House in Helsinki to contain the Red Guards who joined the revolt.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[19] After the strike declaration, the Helsinki Red Guard sent 300 men to King's Island in support of mutinying Russian soldiers.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition to this, a special railway company was formed, which, with the support of the local Red Guards, on 1 August cut the main line on the section of line between Tikkurila and Riihimäki and the Saint Petersburg line at Hikika.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Two railway bridges were also blown up north of Riihimäki.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The intention was to prevent the Russians from moving troops to Helsinki to defeat the rebellion.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[21] According to some sources, some 100—150 Red Guard members would have participated in fighting against Russian Cossacks and infantry loyal to the government on Katajanokka.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Along with the Red Guards, the rebels were also assisted by bourgeois activists who also had the goal of overthrowing the Tsarist power.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On 2 August, the last day of the Viapori Rebellion, the situation between the Red Guards and the Student Protection Guard escalated into a violent confrontation.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Guardian Guard tried to keep the tram traffic running, but the carriages manned by the student students were stopped at Hakaniemi market.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

An angry mob surrounded the Guardian Guards and began slamming them with stones, after which an exchange of shots arose in the square.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The mounted police managed to calm the situation down briefly, but when a new detachment of 60 Guardian Guards arrived on the scene, along with ten Russian matruses supporting the Red Guards, another exchange of shots broke out, resulting in two Red Guards and seven members of the Guardian Guard being killed.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The situation lapsed when student students fled the scene and Russian Cossacks dispersed the crowd that remained at the scene.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

This was the first violent conflict between the Red Guards and the Patron Communities.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[22] After the Viapori rebellion was defeated, about one hundred Red Guards soldiers were captured, 77 of whom were sentenced to discipline room sentences of various lengths.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, Johan Kock, with the help of activists, managed to escape via Sweden and Great Britain to the United States, where he died in 1915.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The exact number of Red Guards killed in the rebellion is unknown, but the number of fallen and executed is estimated at around 150.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[23] Abolition The failure of the revolt in Viapori was a heavy blow for the Red Guard and due to the events in Hakaniemi it also lost the support of bourgeois activists.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The opportunity was now offered to the SDP leadership to rid the Guard, which threatened the party's position.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The People's Journal in Tampere published a call for the dismissal and abolition of the Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

When, on 3 August, the Senate, as a result of the Hakaniemi riot, ordered both the Red Guards and the Student Protection Guards to be disbanded, an embarrassing situation was resolved to suit the party leadership.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[19] The matter was addressed at an extraordinary party conference in Oulu at the end of August, where Jussi Tuominen and Jussi Vatanen, who were members of the Red Guard leadership, declared that they were not aware of any plans for the revolt that Kock had kept secret.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, criticism of the Red Guards at the meeting was not heard, as Kaarlo Kalke, a Turkish tailor master and long-line Social Democrat, had left a written wish to refrain from it in speeches.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[19] Instead, the Guard was defended, inter alia, by the fact that it was better than the police in keeping order, for example, in the troubled Kymenlaakso.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

According to some party conference delegates, the Red Guards should have been converted into free-fire brigades or sports clubs because of the fear that with the abolition, members of the Workers' Unions would go along with the activities of the bourgeois Force League.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[24] The problem of continuing again saw that after the Senate's decision, the Guards should have operated underground, an idea entirely foreign to the labour movement.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[25] Jussi Tuominen, who was a representative of the Red Guards, also supported abolition, but insisted in his speech that they should be admitted to having done great service to the Labour cause.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[24] Eventually, the party caucus unanimously decided to abolish the Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[24] However, some of the party conference delegates set up an underground armed parallel organisation for the SDP as a replacement for the Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The secret meeting included Väinö and Sulo Wuolijoki, as well as Timo Korpimaa and Leo Laukki, who influenced workers activists.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

According to them, the Finnish labour movement had to prepare for a revolution in Russia, the support of which they saw as the only way to consolidate autonomy and the continuation of popular development.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[26] Secret Guards were active at least in Turku and especially in and around Vyborg, where radical Russian revolutionaries and even anarchists were influenced by radical Russian revolutionaries and even anarchists.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The creation of a parallel organization came to the attention of other Social Democrats as early as September 1906.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[26] They were strongly condemned by the party leadership, and at the same time the activities of the Guards began to wane as public interest was directed towards the upcoming elections and the subsequent parliamentary work.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[19] Moreover, the attitude of the older knee of the labour movement was also influenced by Yrjö Mäkelin, for example, regularly criticising underground activities in the People's Journal.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[27] Some underground organisations collaborated with labour activists, but their activities too were already halted during 1907 after the secret printing was revealed and the engineer Severi Alante, who ran it, went into exile in North America.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, Johan Kock, who had fled to the United States earlier, was still in contact with the Underground Guards, who were still waiting for him to return one day as head of the Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In July 1907, Kock founded the Association for the Finnish-Russian Revolution, which published flyers circulated in Finland and a newspaper called Tahto of Poorälistö.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[27] During the following autumn, the activities of underground organisations were terminally halted as the labour movement concentrated on the initiated parliamentary work.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

While still in 1908, Matti Kurikka founded an organisation called Suoja Suoja, aimed at armed resistance against the Russian government, it failed to gain much support.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[19] The 1917 Order Guards Battle for Ordinary Power begins The ouster of Emperor Nicholas II in the March 1917 Revolution brought down the ordinal power in Finland as well, with the capture of Governor-General Franz Albert Sey on 16 March.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Subsequently, large popular assemblies took place across the country calling for the Tsarist police force under his command to resign.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Senate tried to rein in citizens who acted self-empowered, but in the end the police lost their position altogether.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Responsibility for the ordinal power passed to the Russian military people, who in turn handed it over to organized labour.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[28] When the status of the organizational commissions and councils established by the local divisions of the SDP together with local authorities in the spring became established, the militia calling the ordinaries began to become militias.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In other localities, the establishment of the militia took place in agreement between the working people and the bourgeoisie, but in places the bourgeois city councils attempted to restore the status of the deposed police department.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

By the end of March, a total of 18 towns entered the People's Militia System.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The bourgeoisie now feared that all organisational power would be hijacked by the working people, and thus the struggle to fill the power vacuum began until the autumn.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, the militia system was short lived, with Senator Allan Serlachius in charge of police issues issuing orders for it to be abolished as early as the end of May.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[28] Spring and Summer Strike Guards With the new situation that emerged after the February Revolution, the labour movement at the same time began to accelerate its own demands with strikes and job stoppages, organised across the country by up to several hundred.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Since municipal and city councils were still composed only of the wealthy bourgeoisie at the time, several localities also sought to redistribute municipal power by using municipal general strikes as a means of pressure.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Temporary picket vigils and order guards were set up to order the strikes.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

They were temporary formations that usually disintegrated while the strike ended.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Strike Guards were, as a rule, unarmed, and also did not have any longer-term plans aimed at revolution.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] However, during May, Ordinary Guards began to be organised within the Labour Movement, which in nature resembled the Red Guards disbanded in August 1906.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On 12 May, a meeting of two hundred former Red Guards was held in Kaisaniemi, Helsinki, where plans were made to re-establish them.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The New Guards were considered to have the same function as in 1905—1906 of maintaining order, protecting citizens, and safeguarding freedom of speech and assembly for the labour movement.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, the Helsinki Parliament of Workers' Organisations, set up alongside the bourgeois Helsinki City Council, opposed the project.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

At the same time, other parts of Finland were also activated, for example in Pori the Social Democratic Local Organisation established a special workers' order and at a meeting of organized workers in Tampere on 16 May it was decided to create its own militia crew.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[30] The Workers' Order Guard emerges The Social Democratic Party had a negative view of the armed Guards until the autumn of 1917, when the situation changed with the establishment of patronage municipalities by the bourgeoisie.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] Social instability, with various industrial action and agricultural strikes, had escalated throughout the summer until the first violent confrontation took place in Huittis 13.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

July.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[31] The first incident that claimed a fatality occurred on 9 August, when the police shot dead a workman Simo Saarikko (b.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[32] As a result of the Huitic dairy skirmish and the food riots that followed in August, the bourgeoisie began to establish their own patronage municipalities, to which the labour movement responded by forming its own Guards of Order.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On 3 September, the Helsinki Parliament of Workers' Organisations, which opposed the new Red Guards, decided to establish an organisation called the Social Democratic Party Organizers.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

It differed substantially from the temporary Strike Guards of the spring and summer, consequently in their place a direct continuation of the Red Guards which had been disbanded “for the time being” in 1906.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The rules of the organisation were approved by the party and operated under the control of labour associations as well as professional departments.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Ingredients were also active within the organisation which sought to form it into an armed revolutionary organisation.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

These managed to acquire a small number of weapons from the Russian Bolsheviks.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] By mid-October, Guards had been established in 17 towns and 20 rural counties.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Their membership numbers at that stage have been estimated at around 7,000 to 8,000.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Most of the Guards were based in the industrial localities of Uusimaa, Turku and Pori and Vyborg counties.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The party's interest in the Guards increased further after parliamentary elections in October, when the left lost the majority position it had gained in them a year earlier.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Russian Provisional Government, with the help of the Finnish bourgeoisie, had dissolved the previous parliament at the turn of July—August as a result of the dispute over the proxy law.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The measure caused great bitterness in the labour movement and in many places were prepared to resort to foreign parliamentary means such as the Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

When the bourgeoisie established armed patronage municipalities at the same time, it was felt that the labour movement also needed to be counter-balanced by its own fighting organisation.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Pressure also came from the field, as persistent inflation, unemployment and food shortages plaguing the country increased demands for direct action among working people and the poor as the parliamentary road looked exhausted.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] On 20 October, a declaration from the Finnish Professional Association (SAJ) was published in the workers' journals, which called on the party's local organizations as well as professional departments to set up ordinal guards for the anticipated major strike.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The intention was to create a nationwide guard capable of stopping the entire business life of the Grand Duchy.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

At the same time, preparations were also made for a revolution in Russia, the effects of which would also be reflected in Finland.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Following the proclamation, the Guard Rules were quickly drafted and published in the press four days later.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The rules were based on the Red Guard Rules of 1905-06, but the name now became the Finnish Workers' Ordinance Guard because of the desire to get rid of the old reputation of the Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Guards were quickly established across the country, so that after three weeks there were already a total of 237.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition to towns and industrial localities, Ordinary Guards were also established in rural keepers.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Members in them numbered about 30,000 at the time.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] November General Strike On 1 November, a ten-point Me Demand programme, drawn up by the SDP party leadership, was published in the press, which envisaged, inter alia, the implementation of Finland's independence by agreement with the Russian government and the constituent convening the National Assembly.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition, it contained social reforms demanded by the labour movement.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In Russia 7th—8.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Inspired by the November revolution, the SAJ and the SDP established the Central Workers' Revolutionary Council on the Russian model, which, in order to boost the We Demand programme, declared a general strike to begin on 14.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

on Nov.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] The purpose of the Central Council was that during the strike the power would be exercised by the local strike committees, but in several localities it passed to the Labour Guards of Order.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

They carried out, among other things, home inspections, in which the apartments of wealthy burghers searched for food to be confiscated, as well as weapons.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Patronage municipalities were generally poorly armed, so inspections were favoured voluntarily, but violent clashes foreshadowing civil war ensued in some localities.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In Helsinki, the Order Guard received rifles from the Russian revolutionary matruuses, under the cover of which it captured a couple of hundred burghers and occupied the Läätytalo, and thus even prevented the Senate from working.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] Following the end of the strike, the SDP party leadership condemned the self-empowered actions of the Ordering Guards, and on the last day of November, a five-man “supreme commission” was elected as their new leadership body.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[33] At the same time Ali Aaltonen, who had previously served in the Russian Army as a lieutenant, was chosen as Commander-in-Chief of the Order Guard, when Adolf Taimi of Saint Petersburg refused the position.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Aaltonen even had war experience in the Russo-Japanese War.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[34] The party then attempted to take control of the Guards once and for all in Tampere from 16—18.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

at the Assembly of Deputies of the Labour Guards on


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

After the vote, new rules were adopted stating that the Guards were under the absolute authority of the SDP and SAJ.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, the Guards in the major cities had already become so radicalised that they were no longer under the control of the party or the Central Profession Organisation.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] Civil War The Finnish Red Guard is established after Finland gained independence, the confrontation between the working people and the bourgeoisie continued to escalate and as the parties became armed the situation developed towards violent confrontation.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The first Red Guard came into existence on 6 January 1918 when the Helsinki Workers' Ordinary Guard was reorganized into the Helsinki Red Guard, and at the same time it declared itself independent of the party.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[35] Three days later, the Sipoo skirmish that claimed two casualties occurred when the Helsinki Red Guard attempted to carry out food and weapons seizures in Sipoo.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[36] In response to the actions of the Helsinki Red Guard, a bourgeois majority parliament gave the Senate a week later the mandate to create a strong ordinal power.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Ali Aaltonen, Commander-in-Chief of the Order Guards, had at the same time travelled to Soviet Russia to acquire armament for the Workers' Order Guards, and eventually managed to obtain some 10,000 rifles and a dozen cannons.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On January 16, the Senate allocated funding for the creation of a police force, and announced that they were not intended against Russian military personnel who were still in the country.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

This further stoked moods when the labour movement interpreted that the police had therefore been formed to defeat it.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] Over the next week, a number of violent incidents were seen across the country.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The most notable was 19—20.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

January The Pietinen factory skirmish took place in Vyborg, which some scientists consider even to be the real beginning of the Civil War.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Other clashes included the Taavet skirmish in Luumäki and the Ruotsilan skirmish in Kiikka.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[37] [38] The party leadership of the SDP long opposed armed revolution, but was eventually forced to bend under pressure from the radical Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The decision was also influenced by the proclamation of the Senate on 25 January which made the patron municipalities the official Finnish army.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The labour movement saw this as an open declaration of war against the working class, and at a meeting the next day the Finnish Workers' Ordering Guard and the Helsinki Red Guard were merged into the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] The revolution kicks off after the Red Guard was set up late in the evening of 26 January, a red lantern was lit on the tower of the Helsinki Workers' House to signal the beginning of the revolution.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The next day, the bourgeois politicians still held a meeting at the Weathering House, but fled the scene after the Red Guards issued warrants for their arrest.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Subsequently, the occupation of administrative buildings and other buildings central to the functioning of the society began and on Monday 28 January the entire capital was practically held by the Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On the same day, the Finnish People's Delegation was formed as a revolutionary government, with Kullervo Manner elected to head.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The bourgeois senate fled to Vaasa, where it soon resumed its activities.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[29] [35] After the revolutionary declaration of the workers' organizations, the Red Guards initially took control of Vyborg, Kouvola, Lahti and Riihimäki in addition to Helsinki while sheltering the gun train arriving from Saint Petersburg.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In Tampere, Turku, Pori and Kotka, the dominance of the reds was so great that the patron municipalities withdrew from the cities with favour, while the reds voluntarily left Ostrobothnia in the possession of the whites.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

When they were still taking power armed in Lapland, Kainulu, Savo and most of Karelia, the border between red and white Finland was formed by the end of February on the line Pori—Tampere—Lahti—Lappeenranta—Vyborg.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

At the start of the war, personnel changes were made immediately at the head of the Red Guards when Ali Aaltonen, known for his reckless alcohol use, was traded for Eero Haapalainen on 27 January.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Adolf Taimi of St. Peter's was appointed as his assistant.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[39] Red Guard Field Army The Finnish Red Guard warfare was derived from the General Staff in Smolna, Helsinki, under which front staffs were subordinated and the district and local staffs still under them.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Commander-in-Chief Eero Haapalainen was ousted from his post due to poor war success on 20 March, [40] when a trio of Eino Rahja, Adolf Taimi and Evert Eloranta were chosen to replace him.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[41] The Chief of Staff was the American Finn August Wesley and the military adviser was Russian Colonel Mikhail Svetchnikov, who was responsible, among other things, for drawing up the Red War Plans.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[42] [43] After the Battle of Tampere, which ended in defeat, the Reds warleadership moved from Helsinki to Vyborg on 9 April, and at the same time Kullervo Manner became Commander-in-Chief, who also chaired the People's Delegation under the dictator's powers.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[44] Mainland and numerous other leaders of the Reds fled to Soviet Russia on 24—25.


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Red Guard

April, after which the Red Guard ripples fought for a week and a half without war-leadership until the last surrendered at Kymenlaakso 5.


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Red Guard

May.


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Red Guard

[45] The process of assembling the local Red Guards into a field army capable of warfare did not begin until mid-February.


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Red Guard

Like other armies, the Finnish Red Guard was organised into regiments and battalions, but in practice the largest operating units remained the companies.


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Red Guard

They were run according to the organizational principles of the labour movement, which meant that the units chose their chiefs themselves and were also able to dismiss them if they wished.


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Red Guard

Leading figures from labour organisations, who generally had no military background whatsoever, were selected for the positions.


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Red Guard

The Red Guard was a volunteer-based pay army, with crews earning about 450 marks per month.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The war was generally fought like a normal working day.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The war effort commenced in the morning and after nightfall the troops returned again to their lodges.


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Red Guard

Due to lack of communication connections, the front and general staffs did not always know the strength or location of the troops in service, which led to companies often deciding their movements according to their own assessments of the situation.


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Red Guard

[46] The strength of the Finnish Red Guard at the start of mobilization on 27 January was between 20,000 and 30,000 men, of whom only a few thousand were armed.


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Red Guard

At the same time, however, a gunload of 15,000 rifles was already arriving from St. Petersburg.


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Red Guard

At the end of the war, the strength numbered about 75,000 men, according to the General Staff's own calculations.


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Red Guard

The wartime total probably rose to over 100,000 men, of whom the front had a maximum of 30,000—40,000 men at the same time.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[35] [47] The largest individual Guards in addition to the Helsinki Red Guards were the Tampere and Vyborg Red Guards and the Finnish Red Guard in Saint Petersburg.


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Red Guard

[48] In addition, some 2,600 female Guardsmen fought in the Red ranks, as well as 3,000 to 4,000 Russians.


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Red Guard

[46] [49] Military action Red Guard warfare had been divided into “western”, “northern”, “middle” and “eastern front”, which today are generally spoken of according to the division used by whites as Satakunta, Häme, Savo and Karelian fronts.


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Red Guard

There were still a number of smaller regional frontal lobes within them.


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Red Guard

[50] The attack phase launched by the Reds at the end of February was aimed at cutting off the cross-rail line from Vaasa to Sortavala, thus isolating the White forces in Ostrobothnia and Karelia from each other.


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Red Guard

The first general attack began on 21 February and the second on 10 March, but the advance stalled quickly both times, with little to move the front line further north.


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Red Guard

[51] The Red Guard offensive phase fell short, as the Whites began their own major offensive on the Häme front to recapture Tampere as early as 15 March.


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Red Guard

Tampere was the most important city in terms of Red warfare, the loss of which on 6 April settled the war once and for all.


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Red Guard

Troops of the German Baltic Division, which had arrived in support of the Whites, came ashore at Hanko on 3 April, and captured Helsinki on 13 April.


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Red Guard

At the same time, the escape of the Reds from Southwest Finland and Satakunta began.


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Red Guard

By the end of April, the Germans occupied the localities along the main line as far as Hämeenlinna and soon took control of Lahti as well, thus closing the route of the Reds fleeing to the east.


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Red Guard

The last significant battle was fought at Vyborg, which surrendered on 29 April.


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Red Guard

The remaining Red Guards surrendered their weapons to the Germans at Ahvenkoski, Kymenlaakso, on 5 May, and the Red Guard war was over.


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Red Guard

[52] Terror The Civil War also included terror carried out by both sides, referring to executions carried out outside of actual combat activities.


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Red Guard

Red terror is understood to have begun as early as the autumn 1917 general strike, when 25 people counted as white were killed across the country.


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Red Guard

22 of these took place in Helsinki or elsewhere in the Uusimaa County region.


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Red Guard

In other skirmishes during the strike, five whites and at least two reds were killed.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In the period between the general strike and the outbreak of the civil war, another 15 more people were killed.


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Red Guard

After the war ignited, red terror was concentrated in the counties of Uusimaa, Häme and Vyborg, so that at the beginning of the war it occurred most in Uusimaa and at the end again in Häme and Karelia.


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Red Guard

[53] The leadership of the Reds was against terror, yet unable to control what the individual Red Guards were doing.


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Red Guard

At the beginning of the war, some of the Red Guards chiefs thought intimidation with terror was even necessary, but it was usually caused by the Reds” personal resentment against the wealthy bourgeoisie.


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Red Guard

In the late stages of the war, it was also accompanied by bitterness caused by defeat.


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Red Guard

In addition to whites, terror also targeted their henchmen or representatives of working people suspected of being spies.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The total number of people killed during the Red Terror was about 1,650.


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Red Guard

Executions were usually carried out by some local command, but it is normally impossible to ascertain the execution orders who were in ultimate charge.


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Red Guard

[53] White terror began immediately upon the start of the war, where captured Red Guards and Red backed civilians deemed dangerous were executed on varying grounds.


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Red Guard

However, the actual terror wave did not kick in until February 25, when General C.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

G.


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Red Guard

E. Mannerheim issued the so-called Let's Shoot on the Spot Declaration.


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Red Guard

With it, white troops had broad powers to carry out executions at their own discretion, which in practice meant that surrendered Red Guards were shot immediately after the battle without trial.


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Red Guard

Terror also included the purge of white-occupied areas of Red sympathizers, which were generally considered to be, for example, all active in the labour movement, whether they had participated in armed activities or otherwise supported the Red Guards.


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Red Guard

White terror was also accompanied by national fervor, leading to extensive executions of Russians in Tampere, Vyborg and Joensuu.


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Red Guard

The most widespread white terror ended in mid-May, when Mannerheim finally outlawed death sentences imposed by field rights, but executions were still carried out sporadically over several months.


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Red Guard

In total, more than 8,300 men and women were killed in the White Terror.


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Red Guard

[54] Losses Red Guard front losses totaled about 5,700 fallen, of which female Guardsmen numbered 130.


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Red Guard

However, a large proportion are those executed immediately after the surrender, so the true number of those fallen in a battle situation is not clear.


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Red Guard

[55] [56] The highest number of dead came on the Häme front, where about 1,900 Reds were killed in the fighting, around 1,000 on the Karelian front, 600 in Savo and 500 in Satakunta.


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Red Guard

Some 1,500 Reds were downed or executed in the fighting against the Germans.


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Red Guard

In addition, just under 200 were killed in clashes north of the front line.


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Red Guard

[45] The number of wounded has been estimated at 10,000—12,000.


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Red Guard

[57] Counting the victims of white terror as well as those killed in prison camps, the total losses of the Reds are approximately 26,000 persons, including about 880 women.


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Red Guard

In addition to the Red Guards who carried the gun, the chapter also includes other supporters of Reds or those counted red by whites.


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Red Guard

[45] [56] Swedish Red Guards died in fighting 1,200 and later at least 400 perished in prison camps.


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Red Guard

[58] Hero Funeral Fallen Red Guards were often buried in mass graves near battle sites, but the deceased were also transported to their native localities where solemn hero funerals were held.


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Red Guard

For example, in Helsinki they were held in Mäntymäki, Tampere in Pyyniki and Vyborg in Papulanmäki.


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Red Guard

[59] [60] Hero funerals were also held in other major cities, as well as in some rural localities.


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Red Guard

After the end of the war, whites opened most of the graves and moved the deceased by discriminating to the located large mass graves.


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Red Guard

After the fighting, those executed were usually buried in unmarked mass graves, of which no information was given to their kin.


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Red Guard

[61] Only some of the mass graves are today in their original sites, as deceased people have been moved to comrade graves in churchyards.


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Red Guard

[62] After the Civil War Prison camps and pardons Since the Battle of Tampere, which ended in early April, tens of thousands of surrendered Red Guards remained in the hands of the Whites, whose execution was no longer possible.


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Red Guard

They began to be placed in prison camps, which by the end of the war had more than 80,000 Reds.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[63] In addition, in the final phase of the war, tens of thousands of Red refugees sought east from western and southern Finland, thought to have been on the move up to 100,000.


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Red Guard

In addition to Red Guard fighters, other Reds supporters, as well as members of their families, were included.


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Red Guard

After the Battle of Lahti, which ended on 30 April, around 30,000 Red refugees remained in the hands of Whites and Germans, 22,000 of whom were placed in a short-term concentration camp known as Fellman's Field.


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Red Guard

Most of the women and children were soon released, and the men were transferred to prison camps across southern Finland.


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Red Guard

[64] The largest prison camps were the prison camps in Hämeenlinna, Hennala, Tampere, Suomenlinna, Tammisaari and Riihimäki, some of which even held more than 10,000 prisoners.


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Red Guard

Conditions were very poor, due to which, by September 1918, about 12,000 prisoners were dying from starvation, pestilence or executions in the camps.


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Red Guard

[63] Red prisoners were allowed on parole from mid-September 1918, when the prison camps passed from the POW to the Correctional Board, which served as civil authorities.


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Red Guard

Pressure from Western powers was also to blame for the demolition of the prison camps.


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Red Guard

After the turn of the year, there were only 6,100 prisoners, and in 1921, when civil rights were restored to 40,000 former Red Guards, there were only about 100 left.


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Red Guard

The last 50 Red prisoners were released in 1927.


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Red Guard

[65] Some 13,000 [66] Red Guards in Soviet Russia of the Red Refugees attempting to the East eventually managed to escape to Soviet Karelia or St. Petersburg, where some 6,000 Reds arrived.


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Red Guard

Refugees were initially received by the Finnish Red Guard of Saint Petersburg, until after its abolition on 6 May, a special committee headed by Yrjö Sirola was set up to manage the affairs of refugees.


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Red Guard

When conditions in the city plagued by food shortages were very poor, about 3,000 refugees were resettled since the turn of April—May in the Bui refugee camp set up northeast of Moscow in Kostroma Governorate.


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Red Guard

However, it was quickly drained already during the summer, when refugees established settlements in the Urals and Siberia.


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Red Guard

[67] In July, family members of Red Guards were returned to Finland by two trains.


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Red Guard

[68] A company that fought in the Russian Civil War was also formed out of Red Guards in the Buj camp.


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Red Guard

[69] In Saint Petersburg, former Red Guards joined the Red Army and were also involved in the activities of the Communist Party of Finland, which was founded in Moscow in August 1918.


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Red Guard

In 1918—1922, Red Guards participated in the battles of the Russian Civil War across the country and some also fought against Finnish whites who attacked East Karelia in tribal wars.


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Red Guard

[70] In June 1918, the so-called Muurmann Legion was formed out of the Red Guards fighting in Karelia in Viena, acting under the British forces involved in the Northern Russian Intervention initiated by the Circum-Powers.


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Red Guard

The unit was established by V


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

With the permission of I. Lenin, on condition that it not be used against the Bolsheviks.


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Red Guard

The purpose of the Muurmann Legion was thus to repel a potentially threatening attack by the German and Finnish armies of the Allied forces, but it was eventually forced into only one small battle and was dissolved by the summer of 1919.


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Red Guard

[69] According to an estimate by Toivo Antikainen, some 2,000 Red Guards who fled to Soviet Russia fell in fighting or died from other causes during the war effort during the Russian Civil War, but only the identity of less than 500 is known.


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Red Guard

[70] In November 1918, the St. Petersburg International Red Officers School began operation, from its courses dozens of former Red Guards graduates.


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Red Guard

[69] Several of them subsequently created long careers in the Soviet Red Army.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The most illustrious Finnish Red Officers were Akseli Anttila, Eyolf Mattsson, Eemeli Toikka and Toivo Tommola, all of whom were former Red Guards.


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Red Guard

Also briefly serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Red Guard, Eino Rahja rose to the rank of Army Commander of the Lieutenant-General.


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Red Guard

[71] The most famous of the female Guardsmen who fled to Russia was Toini Mäkelä, who led a women's company fighting against the Finns in East Karelia.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[72] In August 1920, the so-called Kuusinen Club killings took place in Saint Petersburg, where Tuomas W. Hyrskymurto and Jukka Rahja, who held high positions in the Red Guard organisation, were killed during the civil war.


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Red Guard

Later, at the end of the 1930s, a large number of Finnish Red officers were executed in connection with Stalin's persecutions.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Toivo Little, who survived, thinks that the Red Guards who remained in Soviet Russia would have once been worth returning to Finland because, according to him, “the decapitation of Mannerheim was no worse than Stalin's.” [73] The Red Guards who fled to Sweden besides Soviet Russia. Red Guards fled to Sweden, where, in the early stages of the civil war, several hundred Reds moved from White-dominated territory.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

They journeyed to Sweden over the Kaarku or Tornion River.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The attitude on the part of the authorities was initially negative because the Revolutionary Red Guards were considered dangerous to social peace.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

There had already been unrest and rioting in northern Sweden, which was hit by food shortages.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

When information about the reality of the war in Finland hurried all the way to Sweden, the authorities withdrew the ban on entering the country later in the spring.


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Red Guard

Nonetheless, border controls were tightened to prevent the entry of “unsuitable Finnish elements”.


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Red Guard

Counting the members of the People's Delegation who sought asylum in Sweden after the end of the war, a total of about 700 Reds fled to the country.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[74] Furthermore, a smaller number of Red Guards fled to Ruija on the Norwegian side.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[75] In the autumn of 1918, Red Guards who fled to Sweden established a secret detachment called the Swedish Battalion of the Finnish Red Guard.


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Red Guard

The intention was to form four companies of 125 men who, after military training, would take part in the revolution struggle in northern Finland.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The battalion had time to train in northern Sweden and the Norwegian fells before its organisation was exposed by Swedish security officials during 1920.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

A total of about 200 men joined the battalion commanded by Jussi Railo.


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Red Guard

[76] [77] The Red Guards of Northern Finland in Soviet Russia founded a special military organization in October—November 1918, which began to promote revolutionary activities in Finland.


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Red Guard

[78] The underground organization's military activities were concentrated in Lapland, where most of the Red Guards had fled to Sweden, Norway, or Soviet Russia, and thus avoided punitive actions by whites.


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Red Guard

They were still ready to continue the revolution in southern Finland.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition, there was solid support for the labor movement and the left among the population of the province, which had often been further reinforced in some places by the Civil War's experience with whites.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The activities of the military organization initially aimed at starting the revolution with the help of the Red Guards in Lapland and northern Sweden, and later, from 1921 onwards, to establish an underground military organization under Comintern instruction.


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Red Guard

[79] Lapland contacts were managed both from St. Petersburg through the Karelian Red Guards in Viena and from northern Sweden, where instructions came from former members of the People's Delegation in Stockholm.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Networks were established in the sparsely populated province, stretching from northern Sweden across Lapland to Karelia in Viena, as well as through Norway all the way to Murmansk.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition to the Red Refugees and the Reds of Lapland, the liaison men were sympathetic to them, such as reindeer and forestry workers and traders, who were naturally able to move around the frontier areas for their profession.


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Red Guard

The network also smuggled underground print and weapons and ammunition into Finland.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition, the front men were tasked with observing border patrols and local patronage municipalities.


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Red Guard

The operation was led by Aleksi Tuorila, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Red Officer School from Luleå, who grew up in Rovaniemi and Kemijärvi.


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Red Guard

[80] Three war plans were made for armed operations in northern Finland, none of which were implemented.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

According to the first plan drawn up by Jussi Railio, armed struggle was supposed to start as early as 15 February 1919.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, it was completely unrealistic, as by the time there would have been no way to organise troops and their armament.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The second plan, drawn up by Yrjö Karppanen, was to be implemented at the turn of July—August 1919.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Its aim was to launch a revolution in northern Finland with the support of the Swedish Battalion of the Finnish Red Guard, but eventually the intention was abandoned due to, among other things, the unfavourable development of the German and Hungarian revolutions and the changing military situation in the Muurmann region.


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Red Guard

The Third War Plan, completed at the end of 1919, was no longer intended to start a revolution in Finland; instead, a Swedish battalion would be sent to the Muurmann region to fight against British forces as well as the Russian White Army along with the Bolsheviks.


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Red Guard

The Swedish Battalion as well as Muurmann's Legion would also have jointly supported Edvard Gylling's plan for the establishment of the Karelian Commune and the Scandinavian Revolution.


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Red Guard

However, the war plan lost its relevance when the British left in the winter of 1920 and Gylling founded the Karelian Working People's Commune in May.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[81] The Red Guards began to be established since 1920, at least in Kemi, Rovaniemi, Sodankylä, Kemijärvi and Kuolajärvi.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Particularly active was the keeper of Kuolajärvi, known for his leftism, where more Guards were established in the villages of Kotala, Saijala and Tuutijärvi, among others.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Red Guards' activities were led by the Oulu Military Committee, whose chief was Leo Mäkelin, the Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

There is no precise information on the numbers of Red Guards, but several dozen persons were involved in the operation at Kola Lake, for example, although not all of whom were armed Guards, and the Red Guards at Kem included 20 men.


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Red Guard

[80] In February 1922, a small-scale armed revolt of forestry workers called the Fat Rebellion took place in the area between Kuolajärvi and Savukoski, which ultimately remained the only rebellion plan of the SKP military organisation.


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Red Guard

Due to the settled situation in Soviet-Russia, the armed action eventually did not arouse much enthusiasm; instead, the Red Guards faded rapidly after the spring of 1922.


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Red Guard

[80] Later decades Social status Germany's defeat in World War I also meant the end of the German trend in Finnish foreign policy, which mitigated the social rejection and even outright rejection of the Red Guards and other Reds persecution.


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Red Guard

This made possible the mass amnesties of the Reds, which began in 1919, as well as the restoration of civil rights, and at the same time the Social Democrats were also immediately involved in political activities.


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Red Guard

[82] Although the SDP emerged as a larger party already in the parliamentary elections of 1919 and as the Prime Minister Party in 1926, the division between white and red Finland remained in society for a long time.


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Red Guard

A “national defragmentation” between different social classes began to be talked about as early as the early 1920s, but in practice it began to materialise only after the right-wing radicalist phase at the end of the following decade with the growing threat of war and eventually the Winter War.


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Red Guard

[83] From former Red Guards, ministers Emil Skog, Valdemar Liljeström and Viljo Rantala emerged as prominent social influences.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition, numerous Red Guard veterans served as MPs.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Red Guards maimed in the war did not initially receive any compensation from the authorities, but had to be on the aid of poor aid and the support of their aid organisations until the end of the Winter War.


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Red Guard

It was only afterwards that they were granted a so-called extra pension, and finally in 1948 the Red-Valids also became eligible for statutory compensation with the new War Injury Act.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition, they were still granted one-time compensation by the state in 1961.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[84] Other major improvements, in turn, were the pension reforms of 1957 and 1969, when the widows of the Red Guards became covered by folk and survivor pensions.


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Red Guard

In 1973, the State Council decided to pay compensation to those in prison camps.


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Red Guard

Approximately 11,000 applications were submitted.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[85] The invitation to military service of men belonging to the Red Guards in the Winter and Continuation War was prohibited by the Conscription Act 1922.


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Red Guard

However, according to the memoirs of Minister Juho Niukkoen, a delegation assembled from former Red Guards chiefs proposed in October 1939 to Interior Minister Urho Kekkonen to create a troop detachment from the old Red Guards, with Major U.


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Red Guard

V. Rauanheimo.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The government welcomed the issue, after which Rauanheimo began planning to assemble it together with the chairman of SAK E.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

A.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Vuoren, SDP Party Secretary Aleksi Aaltonen and General Aarne Sihvo.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, preparations were interrupted by the start of the war until it became re-instituted in January 1940 at the initiative of MP Martti Peltonen, who was also a former Red Guardsman.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Commander-in-Chief C.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

G.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

E. Mannerheim approved the motion, but in the end it did not materialize because it was no longer possible to take more trainables at Army training centers in February.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[86] Subsequently, the SDP and the patronage municipalities entered into an agreement that allowed former Red Guards and other members of the labour movement to join patronage municipalities.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[86] Former Red Guards were also eligible for the Continuation War which broke out in the summer of 1941.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Among them was also Arvid Janhunen, who was awarded with the Mannerheim Cross.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[87] In addition, the Winter and Continuation Wars involved a large number of sons of former Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[88] Veteran and Traditional Organizations White Veterans of the Civil War established their own veterans' organizations immediately after the end of the war, but for Red Guards it became possible only after the Winter War.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In August 1940, a veteran organisation of leftist frontmen who participated in the Winter War was founded in Tampere, whose activities were later joined by Red Guard veterans.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, it was already disbanded by the authorities during November and December 1940.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[89] As the political situation changed after the end of the Continuation War, the left-wing frontmen were founded by the Finnish Union of Comrades in August 1944.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

It was also joined by former Red Guards who in May 1947 established their own commission inside the organisation.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Its status, in turn, was formalised in 1952, when the Central Organisation of Former Red Guards (EPK) was born for Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The association ceased operations in 1980.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[90] The Former Red Guards Association, which separated from the EBA in 1953, continued until 1984.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[91] The Red Guard invalids had also tried to organise themselves as early as the end of the 1920s, but they were unable to start their activities due to the authorities and the last organisation was dissolved by court order in the spring of 1932.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In January 1945, the Association of Red Invalids was founded in Helsinki, which after a year expanded nationwide and operated since 1948 under the name Red Valiids of the Year 1918.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The association ceased operations in 1986.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[84] In 2010, the Finnish Workers' Organisation Guard Traditional Association was established in Tampere, whose mission is to cherish the memory of the Red Guard.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[92] Research literature on the Red Guards began to appear immediately after the end of the Civil War.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

They were initially commemorative albums released by local labour associations, containing the personal details and photographs of a member killed in the war mostly.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In 1925, Mikhail Svetšnikov's work Revolution and Civil War in Finland appeared, which was a general representation of Red Warfare, but the first book on Red Guards was Alex Halonen's 1928 Finnish class war published in North America.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

It contained, in addition to the writings of figures belonging to the Red Guards, a wealth of reminiscences of Red Guards. A year later, the Red Guard front, supplied by Jukka Lehtosaari, appeared in the Soviet Union.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Until the late 1930s, these works represented politically coloured class war literature until the first critical works appeared.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

They were represented by the Finnish Red Guard (1938) written by Emil Saarinen under the pseudonym “Arvid Luhtakanta” and Jalmari Parika's memoir Last taisto (1938).


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[93] The actual history study represented the interpretation of white people until Juhani Paasivirta published in 1957 the work Finland in 1918.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

It used the term “Civil War” instead of the “War of Independence” for the first time, and the piece also presented right-leaning estimates of the losses suffered by the Reds for the first time.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In the late 1960s, Jaakko Paavolainen published his research on civil war terror and prison camps.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[93] Eventually, in 1967, the Ministry of Education established the Red Guard History Committee, which became tasked with producing an independent account of the history of the Red Guards and the People's Mission.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Professor L.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

A committee headed by A. Puntila published four works in the 1980s, including Jussi T. Lappalainen's two-volume Red Guard War (1981) and Marja-Leena Salkola's dissertation on the genesis and development of the Workers' Guards into the Red Guard (1985).


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[94] However, more detailed research did not begin until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, [93] when Heikki Ylikankaa's 1993 edition of Tie Tampere was the lead.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

After him, the Civil War and the Red Guards have been studied by numerous historians of the younger generation, including Marko Tikka, Aapo Roselius, Tuomas Hoppu and Teemu Middleweight.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[95] For example, Aapo Roselius published a study in 2006 funded by the Prime Minister's Office on frontal losses in the Civil War, which he showed as much as 65% higher than previously thought for reds.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[96] Tuomas Hoppu, on the other hand, published the first extensive study of the Red Female Guards in 2017.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[97] In 1998—2003, the Finnish War Killings 1914—1922 project, launched on the initiative of Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen, was carried out with the task of examining those killed in the wars of 1914—1922.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

As a result, a name file of some 40,000 people killed in war conditions was compiled, which was also posted on the internet in 2001.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[98] It was the first time that any attempt was made to explain the names of all the Red victims.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[93] Also, Aapo Roselius' research published in 2006 is based on material compiled in connection with the project.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[96] Mass graves and memorials After the end of the war, congregations often did not agree to bury bodies that had ended up with relatives on consecrated ground, but were lowered outside the cemetery fences.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[61] Nor did a large number of priests agree to bless the deceased.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Gathering at graves, taking flowers or erecting tombstones was initially entirely forbidden.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[61] Later, the relatives of the fallen, as well as labour organisations, erected monuments, which were usually wooden crosses or simple memorial stones.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition, graves were demarcated by various fencing.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[99] [100] Monuments, however, were often vandalized by whites or their supporters, might be toppled or even blown up.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[101] [102] In Varkaus, for example, a memorial stone erected by the local workers' association was stolen and submerged in the lake.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In addition, landowners, parishes and authorities objected in many places to the monuments.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[103] Church councils could prohibit their erection and the police disposed of the already existing ones, as was the case in Hämeenlinna, for example.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[104] Tomb monuments did not become practically permitted until 1940, when Marshal C.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

G.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

E. Mannerheim issued an order for the Memorial Day of the Fallen to be celebrated in honor of the fallen of the Winter War as well as the fallen from both sides of the Civil War


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Both sides in the Civil War were named “fallen for their convictions”, but in practice the term was just attached to the Reds.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[105] More broadly, however, grave monuments began to be erected only after the political situation in the country changed after World War II.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

With the end of the Continuation War, 117 memorials to the Reds were unveiled across the country by the mid-1950s.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

They were erected mostly on mass graves and execution sites.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[106] [107] Furthermore, mass graves outside the cemeteries began at that time to be annexed to the Blessed Land, and at the same time the relocation of the deceased elsewhere to comrade graves.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[61] However, some of the relatives opposed the reburial of the deceased, since the old burial sites had already been sacred to them.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[105] Also, the church began blessing red mass graves generally only after the Winter War.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

During the Continuation War, a nationwide project was launched to ecclesiastical blessing of red burial sites.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[108] Nonetheless, blessing ceremonies have been held until recent years, such as in Huittis in 2008, when Bishop Kari Mäkinen blessed 241 red deceased.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[109] The largest mass grave of reds is located in Dragsvik, Tammisaari, where more than 3,000 reds who died in Tammisaari prison camp are buried.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[110] There are 1,500 to 3,000 buried in the large mass grave of Ahvenisto Cemetery in Hämeenlinna, [104] about 2,750 [111] in Kalevankangas in Tampere and more than 1,300 reds in Santahamina, Helsinki.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[112] There are large mass graves during the battle, among others, in what is now Russia, where up to 1,200 Reds and Russians fallen during the Battle of Raudu were buried.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[113] In addition to mass graves, there are numerous single graves across the country where the identity of the deceased resting is often unknown.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[104] There are also grave sites whose entry into the civil war is not fully assured.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

One such grave of four Red Guards came to light in connection with a homicide investigation from the Hikikikä village of Hausjärvi in the summer of 2017.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[114] [115] Similar forgotten graves may be dozens more in the forests of southern Finland.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Forest graves have been mapped, among others, at Hauho, where the remains of over forty deceased people were moved to a comrade grave in the early 1980s.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

However, establishing the identity of the deceased is almost impossible today.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[116] The Crescendo, a national monument to the Reds, is located at Helsinki Zoo.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Sculptor Taisto Martiskaisinen's sculpture was originally supposed to be a monument to the Revolution and the Red Guards, but it was only when it was made dedicated to the memory of all the red victims of the war that government power was brought behind the monument, as well as sufficiently wide civil circles that enabled the implementation of .


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[117] The sculpture was unveiled at solemn expenditure in August 1970, when thousands of Red Guard veterans were also present.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[118] Other well-known reds memorials include sculpture by sculptor Jussi Hietanen at Kalevankangas mass grave in Tampere, [119] Erkki Kannosto's Red Prisoners Monument in Lahti unveiled in 1978, 1988 unveiled in Tammisaari mass grave [110] and Marja Kanervo's 2004 environmental artwork commemorating the Suomenlinna prison camp.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[120] A monument to Finnish Red Guards erected during Soviet times in 1961 is located in Vyborg.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

At least 600 Red Guards and Russians executed after the Battle of Vyborg are buried at the site.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[121] Monuments to reds, however, tend to be simple stone pases carved by unknown authors, often inscribed with the names of the dead reds of each locality.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The traditions of labour organisations still include visits to comrades' graves especially at May Day, but candles and remembrance wreaths are also customary to be taken on Independence Day, Christmas and the anniversary of the start of the civil war.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[122] [123] In 2005, the Tampere-based Workers' Museum Werstas opened an online service where information on more than 250 monuments to red people from all over Finland has been collected.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[61] A new updated version of the site was introduced in September 2017.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[104] New monuments are also still being erected.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

For example, Pori's reds are due to have their own monument in Keski-Pori Church Park in 2018.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[124] Like the national monument in Helsinki, it becomes a monument to all reds.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[125] Another ongoing project is in Raahe, where a memorial to Red Guards transferred from the Tampere region and executed is planned.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[126] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Apunen, Osmo| title = History of Independent Finland 1.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

From border country to republic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1991| isbn = 951-35515-7-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kujala, Antti| title = Birth of Confrontation Society: Autumn 1905 Grand Strike in Helsinki and Rest of Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society for Labour History and Tradition| year = 2016| isbn = 978-952-59764-9-6| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salkola, Marja-Leena| title = Birth and Development of the Workers' Guards as Red Guards 1917—18 before the Civil War.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Part 1| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ministry of Education | year = 1985| isbn = 951-85973-9-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Soikkanen, Hannu| title = Entry of Socialism in Finland: until the first elections to a unicameral parliament | location = Porvoo; Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 1961| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ed.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Halonen Alex| title = Finnish Class War| publisher = American Finland. Sos.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Publisher Union| year = 1928}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roos, Sigurd| title = Finnish National Strike.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

I Helsinki| location = Helsinki| publisher = Alex F. Lindberg| year = 1907}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = ed.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Matti Klinge| title = Finnish National Biography 6. part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = From You: Tenth Anniversary Memoria| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Hämeenland| year = 1928}} References On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The Republic of Lebanon (), or Lebanon (), is a state in the Middle East on the shores of the Mediterranean.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

It is bordered by Syria to the east and north and Israel to the south.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The capital of the country is Beirut, located on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Beirut has a population of about 1.8 million people.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Because of its location, the country has been implicated in the unrest in the Middle East that followed the establishment of the state of Israel.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

After the 1975—1990 civil war, there was relative calm in the country until 2006 Israel launched force action against Hezbollah, a Shiite Muslim armed faction operating in Lebanese territory.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[1] The climate and food culture of the country are typical of the Mediterranean region.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The economy is service-oriented, important areas are tourism and banking.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The Lebanese cedar depicted on the flag and coat of arms of the country has become rare, but other forests still suffice in the Lebanese mountains.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The geography of Lebanon is a fairly small country (10400 square kilometers) and almost rectangular in shape.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

It averages 56 kilometres wide, at its widest centre 88 kilometres, and narrows south of it and just north.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[2] It has 210km of coastline as well as a land border with Syria for 375km and 79km with Israel.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[3] The main part of Lebanon is formed by the Lebanese Mountains, whose highest peak, Qurnat al-Sawda, rises to an altitude of 3083 m.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Behind the mountains, when viewed from the Mediterranean, is the fertile Bekaa Valley and beyond that, on the Syrian border, the Anti-Lebanese mountain range, whose highest peak, Talaal Musa, soars to an altitude of more than 2600 meters.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The Bekaa Valley is mainly at an elevation of about 500 m above sea level.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The Litani River flows south from the Bekaa Valley, turns near the Golan to the west and separates the Upper Galilee there from the Lebanon Mountains.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The northern border with Syria is formed by the Nahr al-Kabir River.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[2] The largest cities are mainly on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, in the Bekaa Valley and in the northern parts of the country.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The coastal plain is very narrow.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

For Tripoli, the plateau is 6.5 kilometres wide; at nearby Juniyah, after a 1.5-mile-wide coastal plain, the terrain soars to 750 metres on a 6.5km journey from the seafront.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[2] Lebanon has a Mediterranean climate, which includes a long hot and dry summer and a cool, rainy winter.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

On the coast, summers are hot and humid but rainless.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Dew is abundant and important for farming.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The Lebanon Mountains protect the Bekaa Valley from the influence of the sea, so the climate is more continental there and snow falls more often than in the Lebanon Mountains, although they are higher.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[4] Lebanon is on an important route for migratory birds, with over 400 species of birds found in the country.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Many of them have been relentlessly hunted despite the bans.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[5] Lebanon is the most forested of the Mediterranean states.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Iron oaks, various conifers and Lebanese cedar, a national tree that is becoming increasingly rare, grow in the mountains.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Many fruit trees grow on the coasts.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[6] History Early stages Present-day Lebanon was one of the main regions of the ancient Phoenicians.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The culture of this sailor people flourished around 2700—500 BCE.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Towards the end of this period, the region was conquered first by the Assyrians, later by the Babylonians, and Persia.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Alexander the Great conquered Tyre in 332 BC.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

After Alexander's death, it remained to the Seleucids.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

It was overrun by Rome in the first century BCE, and the area was part of the Province of Syria in the Roman Empire.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

After the dissolution of the Roman Empire, it belonged to Eastern Roman territories right up to the Islamic conquest.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Christianity spread from the Galilee, and the influence of Islam increased when the Umaijads established their capital in nearby Damascus.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[7] [8] In the Middle Ages, Lebanon was on an important crusade route.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The route of the First Crusade passed through the country, belonging to various crusading states up until the 15th century, when it was conquered by the Mameluks of Egypt.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[9] The rule of the Mameluchs ended with the conquest of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Mount Lebanon was the retreat for many persecuted groups.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

During the Ottoman Empire, it was an autonomous province of Maronite Christians.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[10] The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after World War I, when the League of Nations assigned Lebanon and Syria as French Mandate Territories.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

In addition to the Lebanon Mountains, northern Lebanon, southern Lebanon and the pre-Syrian province of Biqa were annexed.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[11] Christians remained the majority in the country.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

In 1926, the Constitution of the Republic of Lebanon was adopted, which divided political influence between the various groups.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[12] World War II and independence Still under French control, Lebanon passed in 1940 to Vichy France.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

It was conquered by Free French and British forces in June 1941, and the country was declared independent on 26 November and the mandate ended.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

However, the new government was arrested by the French, and their release on 22 November 1944 is considered the country's Independence Day.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

French troops withdrew from the country in 1946.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[12] Lebanon participated in the 1948—1949 war against Israel.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[12] Lebanon's economy grew strongly with the Arab oil trade and the country's status as a banking hub.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[13] The country's first president, Bechara el-Khoury, was forced to resign by the 1952 corruption scandal.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

He was succeeded by Camille Chamoun.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[14] In 1956, relations with Egypt became increasingly intense when Lebanon failed to condemn the Western powers that invaded Egypt.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Sunni Prime Minister Rashid Karami backed Chamoun.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Muslims in the country, in particular, hoped to join the United Arab Republic founded by Arab nationalists Egypt and Syria, while Christians advocated links with the West.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

A revolt by pro-Nasser Muslims and the 1958 fall of Iraq's pro-Western monarchy prompted Chamoun to request assistance from the United States on 14 July 1958.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Under the Eisenhower Doctrine proclaimed in January 1957, the United States would send economic and military aid to Middle Eastern countries to counterbalance Soviet influence.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[11] With Operation Blue Bat, the U.S. forces occupied Beirut's airport, ports and roads leading to the city.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The operation was a success and the troops were already withdrawn that year.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[12] In the 1960s, Beirut and its surroundings in particular became rich thanks to tourism and banking, and Lebanon became known as the “Switzerland of the Middle East” and Beirut as the “Paris of the Middle East”.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

However, other parts of the country remained destitute.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Lebanon did not participate in the 1967 Israel War, but found itself complicit in its consequences when Palestinian refugees began using the land as a base for anti-Israel efforts.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

In December 1968, Israel attacked Beirut Airport and destroyed 13 aircraft in retaliation for a PFLP strike by Palestinians.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[11] In November 1969, Army commander Emile Boustany and Palestine Liberation Organization PLO chairman Yasser Arafat concluded a secret agreement in Cairo that allowed Palestinian camps to be established in Lebanon.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Following Jordan's 1970 “Black September”, the PLO leadership and Arafat relocated to Lebanon.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

On April 10, 1973, Israeli commandos stormed Beirut and killed three Palestinian leaders.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

This led to the resignation of the Lebanese government the next day


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

With the Palestinian problem, relations between Muslims and Christians became tighter.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[12] Civil War A full-scale civil war began in April 1975 between Christian Phalangists and Palestinians.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Palestinian troops joined mainly leftist Muslims as fighting spread throughout the country.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

In June 1976, the country's president requested support from Syrian forces.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The deterrent power of Syrians and other Arabs moved to separate the fighting parties.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Beirut calmed down, but warring shifted to southern Lebanon.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[12] Israel launched a major offensive in 1978 when the PLO had attacked a bus in northern Israel and occupied southern Lebanon as far as the Litani River.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The UN Security Council ordered Israel to withdraw from the country and established a UNIFIL peacekeeping force.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

However, Israel transferred its occupation zone to the South Lebanese Army it supported, mainly of Christians, led by Major Sa'ad Haddad.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Israel also maintained a 12-mile “security zone” north of its own border.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[12] In 1981, a ceasefire negotiated under US leadership held for nearly a year, except for occasional PLO rocket attacks on northern Israel.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

On 6 June 1982, Israel launched a full-scale offensive with the goal of driving both the PLO and Syrian forces from the country.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[12] Israel conquered East Beirut with the support of Maronite Christian leaders.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

Through U.S. mediation, PLO and Syrian forces withdrew from Beirut.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

In September 1982, the first multinational peacekeeping force from the United States, France and Italy entered the country.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[11] The Lebanese army almost completely collapsed in February 1984.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The Muslims and Druze had moved into different factions.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

There were plenty of bombings and aircraft hijacking against Western countries.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

The perpetrators were mainly small groups of Shiites who believed that the presence of US and Israeli forces served mainly the interests of Christians.


Question: What was the population of Lebanon in 2018?

Lebanon

[12] In the spring of 1983, Israel and Lebanon agreed on the withdrawal of Israel and the creation of a security zone in the south of Lebanon.