Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Pilgrimage to Mecca (hadži) belongs to Muslim religious duties and is one of the five basic pillars of Islam.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Also Medina is the holy city of Islam.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Non-Muslims are not allowed into these cities.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[57] Economy The country probably accounts for about 16% of the world's known oil resources [18].


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Large fields have been discovered from 1936 to 1970, and estimates of the remaining funds have been questioned in the 2010s.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Oil production is entirely held by Saudi Aramco, owned by the king family.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[58] Oil imports 42% of GDP, 87% of government revenue and 90% of exports.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has been looking to invest in alternative industry in case oil resources run out.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

It has also planned to introduce a VAT and reduce government support in electricity, water and fuel prices.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[18] Ghawar is the largest oil field in Saudi Arabia and also in the world, the condition of which contributes significantly to the world's oil production volume.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[59] [60] Saudi Arabia is also rich in other natural resources: 4% of the world's gas resources, gold, iron, copper and phosphates.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[3] However, their exploitation is limited.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Despite the lack of water, the country sought food self-sufficiency in the 1980s and extensive irrigation systems were built on the land.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

But with wheat production priced at about four times the world price, the state has cut subsidies and encouraged farmers to switch to growing vegetables.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The most common crops, along with cereals, are dates and vegetables.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[3] [61] Citizens have been able to enjoy oil revenues.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Everyone receives free education, health care and enjoys numerous other perks.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[62] Poorer people can also get a parcel of land and a loan for building a house.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[63] The Saudi monetary unit is the rial.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

One Saudi riyal (SAR) is divided into 100 halalas.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[64] Traffic in Saudi Arabia is 81 aerodromes, 33 of which have a runway over three kilometres long.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[18] Major airports include King Khalid International Airport near Riyadh, King Abdilaziz International Airport in Jeddah and King Fahd International Airport near Dammam.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Medina Airport near Jeddah operates mainly at the time of pilgrimages.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The national airline is Saudi Arabian Airlines.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[65] Land transport links in and between major cities are good.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

There are almost 1400km of railway.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Port places exist on the coasts of the Red Sea (among others in Jeddah) and the Persian Gulf: Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Jeddah and Yanbu al Bahr.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[18] There are ferry services to Jeddah from Egypt and Sudan and intermittently from Yemen.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[65] Population Distribution Saudi Arabia's population is predominantly Arab (90%); Africans and Asians make up 10% of the population.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

There are less than a hundred thousand inhabitants of Western origin.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[3] By religion, practically all Saudi Arabians are Muslims.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[18] Sunnis are around 95% and Shiites 5%, traditionally especially in the eastern part of the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[66] A quarter of the population are foreign guest workers, making up 80% of the workforce.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[18] Foreign workers have been said to have been subject to widespread discrimination.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[67] Their contribution is still significant despite the Saudisation project.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[68] Culture Saudi Arabian urbanization has occurred over a few generations.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

As recently as 1950, about 40% of the population lived as nomads, another 40% in small villages and only 20% in towns.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In 1992, already two-thirds were urban dwellers.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[69] The most famous cities are Mecca, the holiest city in Islam, where the Prophet Muhammad was born and received his first revelation, and Medina, the first city Muhammad was allowed to convert entirely to Islam.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Around 2.5 million Muslims visit Mecca each year on pilgrimage.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[70] Traditional Arab music as well as more recent Western-influenced productions are popular in Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The traditional dance genre is ardha, which you can see, for example, at the annual Jenadriyah festival.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Among the well-known Saudi artists are Talal al-Maddah (d. 2000) and Jawad al-Ali.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

From Saudi Arabia is the record label Rotana owned by Prince Al-Walid ibn Talal ibn Abdelaziz al-Saud [71], which has had its production released by several of the most famous musicians in the Arab world.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

There are some well-known writers from Saudi Arabia, including Raja' al-Sani', a female writer who has reaped international fame, and the late Abdul Rahman Munif.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Turki al-Hamad, a contemporary prosaist and freethinker, has written about sensitive topics in his culture and sparked widespread outcry in conservative circles.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

His production is banned in the area, and religious leaders have landed him fatwas.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[72] Many customs associated with Saudi Arabian cuisine have been adopted from the Bedouin tradition.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In a number of dishes, rice, wheat, vegetables and spices are used.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

With the dishes, it is customary to enjoy traditional bread, khubzi, or kubezi.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Chicken and lamb are eaten a lot, but pork is forbidden.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

For example, muhalabia rice pudding and Arabic cake may be enjoyed as desserts.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Coffee drinking has a long tradition in the region.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[73] Modern Western food culture has also spread to Saudi Arabia; numerous McDonald's fast food restaurants have opened across the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[74] Alcohol consumption is completely prohibited, but non-alcoholic beer is available in the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The tallest building in the country is the 302 metre high Kingdom Centre skyscraper in Riyadh.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In the same city is the skyscraper Al Faisaliyah Center (266.9 m).


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The Abraj Al Bait Towers, which rises to Mecca, will become the second tallest building in the world when completed and the tallest building in Saudi Arabia in 2011.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[75] Some key mosques are located in Saudi Arabia: Masjid al-Haram (Mecca), Masjid al-Nabawi (Medina) and Masjid al-Quba (Medina).


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[76] The first two are the holiest mosques of Muslims.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[77] The King Saud Mosque is located in Jeddah.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[78] What is special about Saudi Arabia is that shops and offices are closed for five daily prayers.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The exact time of prayer moments varies.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[79] An important spiritual leader in the country is its Grand Mufti, who since 1999 has been Abd-al-Aziz Aal ash-Shaikh.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

He was preceded by Abd-al-Aziz ibn Baaz.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[80] Film The first cinemas opened in 2005 after a twenty-year ban, though only for women and children.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[24] There are only a small number of Saudi Arabian films.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In 2006, graduated from Keif al-hal? , which features Hisham Abdulrahman, among others.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[81] The Rotana company, which is part of the King family, led by Alwaleed bin Talal, has also worked on Arabic cinema.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The comedy Menahi (2008) produced by it also achieved great popularity.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[82] Wadjda, directed by Haifa al-Mansour, was screened at the Sodankylä Film Festival in 2013.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The film is about an 11-year-old girl who wants a bicycle.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Adult women are prohibited from riding a bicycle in Saudi Arabia and is even a criminal offence, for children cycling is allowed but frowned upon.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Wadjda is the first Saudi Arabian film directed by a woman.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The director had to do the job on outdoor shoots on a walkie-talkie from the van.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

One of the producers of the film is Alwaleed bin Talal.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

However, the most important contribution to the film's production was with Razor Filmproduction, a German production company specialising in Middle Eastern fiction cinema.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[83] A film festival was also held in Jeddah, the country's most libertarian city, since 2006, which was banned by the Ministry of the Interior in 2009.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[84] Education Education is free in Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[85] There are several universities, including King Saud University, King Abdilaziz University (KAU) and Islamic University of Medina.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The latter is a popular place of study among expatriate Muslims.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Finns have also been sent to Medina to study with Saudi resources.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[86] The new, more international King Abdullah University of Science and Technology () opened in September 2009.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[87] It is located on the shores of the Red Sea in Thuwal village.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[38] Recently, Saudi Arabia has sought to reform its education system so that terrorism could be prevented.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[88] Media King gained access to the radio network in 1932, and general use radio services came in 1948.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The media doesn't allow the presentation of any religion other than Islam.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Television beached the country in the 1960s and still comprehensively provides Saudi Arabians with both spiritual and secular repertoire.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

State-run Saudi TV broadcasts the program on four channels.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[89] Several daily newspapers appear in Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Appears in Arabic include Al-Riyadh and in English the Saudi Gazette and Arab News.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[89] The Internet has become widespread in Saudi Arabia rapidly.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The national domain is .sa.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In 2010, the country had 9.8 million internet users.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Access to a variety of sites is strictly restricted.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Almost ten thousand blogs appear.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[89] Sports Saudi Arabia participated in the Summer Olympics for the first time in 1972 and has since been involved in every Summer Olympics except 1980.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Three medals have come: Hadi Soua'an Al-Somaily received silver in the 400 m hurdles and Khaled Al-Eid bronze in showjumping at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and the showjumping team achieved bronze at London 2012.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[90] Saudi Arabia did not for a long time allow women to participate in the Olympics.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[91] In June 2012, Saudi Arabia finally gave permission for women to participate in the Olympic Games, and at the London Games the country had two female representatives, one in judo and the other in the 800 metres [92].


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The Saudi Arabia national football team was seen at the World Cup for the first time in 1994.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In the Asian championship, Saudi Arabia has won three times.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Well-known national team players include Muhammad al-Da'ayya', Majid Abdullah and Sami al-Jabir.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Clubs at the top of the National League include Al-Hilal, Al-Ittihad, Al-Shabab and Al-Nasr.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[93] The country's scholars of faith have declared football an un-Islamic sport and called for youth to leave it immediately.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[94] See also Blue Diamond Case Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kimmo Kiljunen| title = World countries: flags and history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Into| year= 2013| id = ISBN 978-952-264-157-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Helen Chapin Metz (ed.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

) | title = Saudi Arabic: A Country Study| publisher = GPO for the Library of Congress| year = 1992| format = [online version] | accessdate = 12.3.2017}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:42 Asia Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: So when was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty (), actually titled Freedom Illuminates the World (,), is a large statue of a female figure on the island of Liberty Island off New York City.


Question: So when was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The statue is a gift by the French people to the United States to commemorate the friendship between the two countries that began with the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776.


Question: So when was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The monument was proposed by Frenchman Édouard de Laboulaye in 1865, and he and sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi jointly designed the statue.


Question: So when was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The French made the statue themselves out of copper, iron and steel and were in charge of assembling it in the United States, and the US made the pedestal.


Question: So when was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty was unveiled on October 28, 1886.


Question: So when was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty plays the Goddess of Liberty.


Question: So when was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

In its left hand is a law board that reads the date of the United States Declaration of Independence, in its right hand is the torch of the Enlightenment, and on her left foot the goddess stomps on broken chains.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The female figure in the statue is 46 metres high and the entire statue, with its pedestals, is 93 metres high.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The statue became known not only as a symbol of freedom, but also for welcoming the millions of colonists who arrived in New York between 1886—1924 by ship.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Structure, dimensions and colour The lattice structure inside the Statue of Liberty is of piped iron and stainless steel.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[1] [2] At its centre is a four-legged truss tower with a spiral staircase inside.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The legs of the inner tower are connected by a horizontal and diagonal truss, and connected to an outer truss frame.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The surface of the statue is of copper damper forced into 2.4 millimeters, attached to the outer frame with more than 300,000 rivets.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[3] [1] The statue contains 28 tons of copper [4] in over 300 plates and was the largest copper structure of its time.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[1] The walls of the pedestal are up to six metres thick.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The plinth was cast from concrete and coated with granite boulders.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Its façade features columnar decorations.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[5] The statue is from the base of the pedestal to the torchhead 93 metres high.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The length of the figure from toe to crown is 34 meters, and from torchpoint 46 meters.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The statue weighs 225 tons.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The steps leading from the pedestal to the crown have 154 steps.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[3] The pedestal has stairs and an elevator.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[6] The crown of the statue has seven rays, one for each continent.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Each radius is 2.74 meters long.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[3] The statue is currently green in colour.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Its original colour was copper brown, but it began to patinate in 1900, and the statue was entirely green by 1906.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[7] The torch of the statue is gilded.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[3] History Laboulaye's idea of the statue of the idea was invented by a French American friend, admirer of President Abraham Lincoln, law and political scientist Édouard de Laboulaye (1811 [8] —1883 [9]).


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

In the Revolution of 1848, France had renounced the monarchy, but in 1852 Emperor Napoleon III assumed power for himself.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The French liberals, to whom Laboulaye counted, saw the United States as an example of a country that had been able to create a stable modern republic.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[10] Laboulaye had published in 1855—1866 a three-volume work on U.S. history.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

After the American Civil War broke out, he published an article in “The United States and France”.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Laboulaye emphasized in the article the historical bond between the two countries dating back to the American Revolutionary War.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[11] Laboulaye particularly admired the French general Lafayette, who had participated in the Revolutionary War.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[12] The United States Paris-Consular General John Bigelow circulated Laboulaye's article as a pamphlet throughout Europe and the United States.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Laboulaye himself never visited the United States, but was revered there as a great friend to America, and received an honorary doctorate from Harvard University in 1864.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[10] Laboulaye diligently supported the Northern States in the American Civil War and the re-election of Abraham Lincoln, who defended freedom.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

In 1865, the United States Congress enacted the 13th Amendment to the Constitution safeguarding individual freedoms and abolishing slavery.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[13] In the same year, Laboulaye became chairman of the French Emancipation Committee; the committee sought, among other things, to assist freed American slaves.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[14] Laboulayeen was greatly impressed by the prohibition of slavery in the United States and the victory of democracy.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The assassination of Abraham Lincoln shortly after the war shocked the French extensively, and Laboulaye suggested that the countries celebrate their friendship and shared ideals by jointly building a monument to freedom and American independence.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[15] Barthold's plan Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (1834—1904), the designer of the Statue of Liberty, was already an eminent sculptor when he met Laboulaye.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[16] In his pamphlet on a money-raising event in 1885, Bartholdi recounted that Laboulaye first described his idea of a collaborative monument at the dinners he organised in 1865, at which Bartholdi was involved.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[17] A statue project celebrating freedom and republicanism could not be started yet in the 1860s due to the political situation in France.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[18] However, Bartholdi began to gather ideas for the project on sculpture art of that time.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

He was apparently influenced at least by Auguste Dumont's Spirit of Liberty sculpture in the 1830s, in which a figure representing freedom raises a torch and holds broken chains in his other hand.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The ray crown, inherited from Roman art, had also been used in sculptures and medals celebrating freedom at that time.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[19] Bartholdi, who had previously travelled and influenced from the Middle East, had already created a plan in the late 1860s for a large lighthouse sculpture at the mouth of the newly completed Suez Canal with a female figure raising a lantern.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

However, the plan was not implemented.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[20] Later, Bartholdi disputed the connection between the Suez Lighthouse and the Statue of Liberty.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[21] On Barthold's first trip to the United States, Laboulaye and Bartholdi met again in early 1871 and discussed a fundraising plan for the statue project.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The men wanted the statue to be completed in five years so its unveiling could take place during celebrations of the 100th anniversary of US independence.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Neither had ever been to the United States himself, so Laboulaye suggested that Bartholdi go there as soon as possible to collect impressions of the country and obtain funding.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[22] Bartholdi sailed to the United States with his friend, the banker's son Simon, in June 1871.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

During the trip, he studied English, which he had not previously known.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

When the ship arrived off New York, Bartholdi sketched a giant bronze statue of a woman in her booklet off the harbor.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

She stayed at a hotel on Broadway and departed the next morning on 22 June by ferry to explore the harbor again.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

He found it in front of three islands, the smallest of which, Bedloe's Island, would be best suited as the site of the statue's placement.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[23] He explored the island for the next few weeks and became sure of its suitability.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

In Barthold's view, the statue along the shipping route would simultaneously serve as both a far-visible beacon and a unifying nation.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

At that time, though, the island belonged to the US state and had military buildings and a star-shaped fort.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[24] In New York, Bartholdi met newspaper publishers and the city's wealthiest businessmen, but none of them were interested in the statue project.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

From New York, Bartholdi continued on to other major cities in the eastern part of the country.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

In Washington DC, he met Senator and French-friend Charles Sumner.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

This was enthusiastic about the project and urged Barthold to return to the city in the fall when Congress would again convene.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

In Philadelphia, Bartholdi met with President Ulysses S. Grant, who, according to Barthold, liked the project and assured Barthold that finding a site for the statue would not be difficult.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[25] [26] During his journey, Bartholdi also prepared for his work by learning to understand the values and character of Americans.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

He explored, for example, the neo-classical architecture of the Capitol in Washington, which depicts the country's republican ideals.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[27] However, Bartholdi was repeatedly frustrated that the plan attracted little interest in the United States.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Many found the cooperation project too expensive and obliging in a country that was just recovering from civil war.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[28] As it was still more than a month until Congress convened, Bartholdi went on a train journey alone across the country to get to know it better, while seeking more support for his project.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[29] When he was back and Congress finally convened, it required that France first provide funding for the project before the United States could participate.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Bartholdi said in a letter to his mother at the time that there had been no clear result of his journey.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Prior to his return trip to France, Bartholdi lived for a time in Newport, Rhode Island, with his old artist friend John La Farge.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

This encouraged Barthold to take the project forward and also earned Barthold a useful commission to make a frieze for Boston.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

In Newport, Bartholdi made his first miniature model of his statue.


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[30] [30] There Bartholdi also became acquainted with architect Richard Morris Hunt, who later became the designer of the Statue of Liberty pedestal.


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Hunt's taste was neoclassical as was Barthold's.


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[31] However, the meeting did not lead to the men's cooperation until a decade later.


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[32] In Newport, Bartholdi also met his future wife Jeanne.


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[33] A fundraising campaign in France, Bartholdi returned to France in 1871.


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In the unstable situation of the country, Laboulaye had meanwhile fled Paris to Normandy, where the men met each other in December 1871.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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Laboulaye encouraged Barthold to continue his work on the design of the statue while organising a fundraising campaign himself.


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Laboulaye's time passed over the next three years, however, in assisting in the assembly of the French government and collecting war reparations for Prussia after the lost war.


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[34] During these years Bartholdi worked on three other sculptures, of which a sculpture showing Lafayette was to be published in New York in 1876.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[35] In France, the Franco-American Union (Union Franco-Amèrocaome) was founded in 1874, chaired by Laboulaye [36], with the task of raising funds for the statue project.


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At the same time, it was agreed that the French would build the statue and the Americans would build a pedestal.


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The committee collected 400,000 francs in France over five years.


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[9] Funds to make the statue were raised in various ways: in France, among other things, through public fees, entertainment events and sweepstakes, and in the United States through theatrical performances, art exhibitions, auctions and boxing matches.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[37] In France, public opinion was positive for the statue plan and broad support for it.


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However, some politicians pointed out that the United States had not supported France in its war with Prussia in 1870—1871, but had remained neutral.


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In addition to that, the United States had helped Prussia assist the Germans who were in the blockade of Paris during the blockade.


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Nor had the United States supported France since its revolution, thus forgetting the Treaty of Friendship between the two countries and France's part in American independence.


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[38] In April 1876, Laboulaye declared at a fundraising event for Paris at the Grand Opera: To design the statue, Bartholdi made the statue a model, which Laboulaye adopted in 1875.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

That same year, Laboulaye petitioned President Grant for permission to use Bedloe's Island (now called Liberty Island) as the site of the statue's placement, within the walls of the star-shaped Fort Wood fort completed on the island in 1812.


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[37] In October 1875, New York-based Harper's Weekly published a sketch of the Statue of Liberty's planned layout.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

It was then that people in the United States saw the image of the statue and read its description for the first time, even though its construction had not yet begun due to lack of funding.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[39] The original title of the statue was Freedom in Illuminating the World (La Liberté éclairant le monde).


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[10] Statues depicting freedom had traditionally held a sword and shield in their hands, but the statue, designed by Barthold, carried the torch of the Enlightenment and trampled chains, possibly borrowed by Bartholdi from a portrait of Abraham Lincoln.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The idea of the light rays on the statue's headdress he took from ancient art, where they depicted divine inspiration; rays had also been used in French art of that time to depict freedom, truth, faith, and republic.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[40] Bartholdi wanted to depict in seven rays the light emitted by the statue on seven continents and seven seas.


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[41] Lastly, Bartholdi chose a law board in the left hand of the statue, which referred to the Constitution of the United States.


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The cover of the board became the date of the United States Declaration of Independence in Roman numerals, July IV, MDCCLXXVI.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[42] Bartholdi gave the statue a contraposto posture, which depicted the certainty of what had already been achieved as well as the expectation of the future.


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He also straightened the position of the statue from its original plan, which gave it strength.


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Statue of Liberty

[43] The identity of the model or paragons of the Statue of Liberty's face has never been made clear.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The identity of the model began to be speculated in France immediately after the facial reveal: A young woman who fell in the revolution was proposed as the model, Isabella Eugenie Boyer, widow of sewing machine maker Isaac Merritt Singer [44], Barthold's wife Jeanne, and Barthold's mother Charlotte, whose The look, judging by the photos, was somewhat reminiscent of a statue.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[45] Possibly Bartholdi used his mother as the face model for the statue and his wife as the model for its arms.


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[46] For construction Bartholdi chose copper as the material for the statue, as it is light, adaptable and easily freighted in plates.


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As the manufacturer of the statue, he chose the Parisian company Gaget, Gauthier & Co.


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foundry, which had a lot of experience in statues and copper works.


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[47] Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was chosen as the statue's first engineer, whose responsibility was to design the interior structure of the statue.


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[48] Viollet-le-Duc proposed that the statue be filled with sand to make it sturdy.


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[49] Bartholdi began construction of the statue in 1876.


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[9] He ordered the makers of the statue to focus initially on the hand holding the torch in order to complete it for the centennial celebrations of American independence at Philadelpha.


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[50] Bartholdi travelled to the United States in the summer of 1876.


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However, the torch hand failed to make it to land for the Fourth of July celebrations.


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A frustrated Bartholdi was forced to stay on the ground to wait for its arrival, which happened at last 20.


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on Aug.


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[51] In September, a statue of Lafayette sculpted by Barthold was unveiled in New York, making Barthold very famous in the city at the same time.


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[52] During his journey, Bartholdi also reunited with Jeanne, who met five years earlier in Newport.


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They married in December 1876 in Newport, and the couple returned to France in February of the following year.


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[53] From the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, the statue's torch arm was exhibited to New York City, where it remained until 1882.


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[9] The statue's head and shoulders were completed in France in 1878 and were put on display at the Exposition Universelle.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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In 1879, Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, the engineer of the statue, died.


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[9] In his place, Bartholdi received the help of engineer Gustave Eiffel.


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Eiffel designed an iron ylon and statue support structure.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[37] [9] He rejected Viollet-le-Duc's idea of filling the statue with sand.


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The iron column designed by Eiffel consisted of triangles forming nine layers.


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From the fuselage departed crossbeams to the secondary structure.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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Eiffel also developed an inventive way of combining the structure with copper plates, which enabled the statue to expand and contract under temperature fluctuations, as well as withstand high winds.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[54] The structure invented by Eiffel, with parts attached to an iron central structure, later began to be utilized in skyscrapers.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[55] In 1881, even the last copper plates of the statue were completed: they began to be attached to the statue structures in Parc Monceau, where the locals received the statue to their admiration at the same time.


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[9] In 1883 Édouard de Laboulaye died.


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[9] The statue was completed in July 1884 and waited to be assembled in Paris for more than half a year while preparations were being made for its chartering to Bedloe's Island.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[56] A fundraising campaign in the United States and making the pedestal the United States Congress had approved in 1877 the donation and placement of the statue, and fundraising for the construction of the pedestal was begun in the country.


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Senator William Maxwell Evarts was named chairman of the fundraising committee.


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The committee raised $125,000 in seven years (about 2.7 million in today's money).


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[9] Evarts, chairman of the fundraising committee, asked American architect Richard Morris Hunt, who was known, among other things, for the spectacular mansions he designed for New York City.


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The architect agreed to the task with enthusiasm, as he had always been a friend of France and believed in the importance of the Statue of Liberty.


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He had also already designed spectacular statue pedestals before.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[57] Hunt took it upon himself to design a pedestal that would be large but would not take attention from the statue itself.


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He sought to combine in pedestal the architecture of Egyptian pyramids and astec temples.


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[58] Hunt was influenced by the lighthouse of Faros of Alexandria and gave his first draft the name Pharos I.


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[59] [58] Hunt completed the first design of the pedestal within a few months.


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[9] However, his first drafts of 1883 and 1884 were rejected by the committee as too expensive and too high.


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Hunt lowered the height of the pedestal and redesigned it under the name Pharos II.


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[58] Hunt's plan was finally approved in the summer of 1884.


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[60] Gustave Eiffel designed the statue's supporting structures to continue through the pedestal underground.


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Between the four steel beams was a shaft with running stairs and an elevator.


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[58] In 1883, excavations of pedestal foundations at Bedloe's Island, under the direction of Charles P. Stone, began.


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[9] The first stone of the pedestal was laid on August 5, 1884.


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However, work was halted in November after the money ran out.


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[61] Newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer set about supporting fundraising in his magazine The World, criticising the country's rich and middle class who had not adequately offered the project their support.


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[37] [9] Pulitzer began publishing the name of every donor in his magazine, and he wrote passionate appeals to his magazine himself.


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Soon donations began flowing in from wealthy and ordinary US citizens alike.


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The $100,000 required to build the stand was finally fully collected on August 11, 1885.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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There had been 120,000 individual donors in five months, with the most recent donating $250 by inventor Thomas Alva Edison.


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[62] Construction work on the stand continued, and it was completed in April 1886.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[37] [9] Shipping the statue to New York City, assembling and unveiling While the construction of the pedestal was still in standings in New York at the beginning of 1885, Bartholdi closed the statue that stood in Paris to the public and began dismantling it in parts for shipment to New York City.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[63] The statue was sent to New York City in May 1885 aboard the French frigate Isère, arriving there in June.


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The statue was 350 pieces in 214 containers and was assembled in four months.


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[37] On 1 June, the frigate was subjected to a severe storm while it was almost halfway down.


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[64] The finished statue was first scheduled to be unveiled in the late summer of 1886.


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Bartholdi moved the event to autumn, however, as the weather would then be more pleasant and New Yorkers present more.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

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[65] Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the statue's support structure, was unable to attend to supervise the erection of the statue, as he was busy with the construction work on the Eiffel Tower in Paris.


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The work was supervised by Hunt and Stone, according to his precise instructions.


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[66] The opening ceremony for the construction of the statue was held on July 12, 1886.


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The first rivet was inscribed with Barthold's name, on the second Pulitzer, on the third Eiffel, and on the fourth Hunt.


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Assembling the copper plates was started near the right heel of the statue.


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[66] On 20 October 1886, the nearly finished statue was covered with cloth, and was completed three days later.


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[9] The unveiling of the statue was on October 28, 1886, before the eyes of President Grover Cleveland and party guests on a damp and foggy day.


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The occasion was preceded by a large parade in New York City and several celebratory speeches at the foot of the statue.


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Bartholdi himself did not speak at the event, despite a request from the audience.


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Bartholdi accidentally unveiled the statue a little before his time at the ceremony when the party speaker took a break in his speech.


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Due to bad weather, the festive fireworks were not held until November 1.


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on the day.


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[67] The US press wrote enthusiastically about the unveiling ceremony: During the unveiling ceremony, a group of suffragettes protested from their craft that although the Statue of Liberty was a woman, women did not yet have political rights in the United States at the time.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Similarly, The Cleveland Gazette, a magazine for African-Americans, published an editorial critical of the idea of freedom proclaimed by the statue from the perspective of unprotected and oppressed African-Americans, although the magazine otherwise praised the statue.


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Statue of Liberty

[68] At the end of the unveiling ceremony, it was already dusk, and when the 3500 people on the island began to leave the pier, a scramble ensued in which people were injured.


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Late in the evening, the New York State Chamber of Commerce held a large party in Manhattan in honor of Barthold.


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Statue of Liberty

[69] After 1886 In 1888 a cast-iron spiral staircase was installed in the interior of the statue.


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The sonnet, written by Emma Lazarus, was carved into the plaque and attached to the base of the statue in 1903.


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The statue's first elevator was installed in 1907.


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Its surface was first repaired in 1918.


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[9] On 30 July 1916, German saboteurs detonated a bomb on nearby Black Tom Island.


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Statue of Liberty

The statue suffered $100,000 then worth of damage from shrapnel, and tourists have had no access to its torch since.


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Statue of Liberty

[70] Until 1901, the operation of the Statue of Liberty was provided by the United States Lighthouse Administration (United States Lighthouse Board) and then by the country's War Department.


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Fort Wood and the Statue of Liberty were declared a national monument in 1924.


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Beginning in 1933, the administration and maintenance of the monument was transferred to the National Park Service, which manages the country's national parks.


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[37] The island's name was changed from Bedloe's Island to Liberty Island in 1956.


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[37] The United States Immigration Museum opened on the statue's pedestal in 1972.


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[9] In 1982, fundraising for the Statue of Liberty Redevelopment Project began, with Lee Iacocca named as its director.


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Statue of Liberty

The renovation project was started in 1984 and was completed for the centenary of the statue on 5 July 1986.


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Statue of Liberty

[37] As part of the refurbishment, the statue's torch was replaced and its outer truss structure replaced with a stainless steel one.


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Statue of Liberty

[2] In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was annexed to the UNESCO World Heritage List.


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Statue of Liberty

[37] Auguste Bartholdi had hoped that statues of the great leaders of the United States would still be erected around the Statue of Liberty.


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Statue of Liberty

This wish never came true.


Question: How was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

However, in the 1980s, five iron sculptures by sculptor Phillip Ratner of the statue's three creators, as well as the Pulitzer and Lazarus, were erected on the north side of the statue.


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Statue of Liberty

[71] The Statue of Liberty exhibit opened in 1986 on the second floor of the statue's pedestal.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The exhibition features artifacts, images and other information about the statue's history, a life-size replica of the statue's head and foot, and the statue's original torch.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[72] Following the destruction of the Twin Towers in 2001, the interior of the Statue of Liberty was closed and repaired to be more resistant to terrorist attacks.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The statue's pedestal was reopened in August 2004, and the statue's crown in July 2009.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[73] Liberty Island normally receives approximately 3.5 million visitors annually.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[74] Inside the statue's crown may have been visited, but it requires advance booking.


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Statue of Liberty

[75] The statue was closed in October 2011 for refurbishment, and new stairs and a salvage elevator were installed with access all the way to the Crown.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[6] [74] It opened again to the public on October 28, 2012, but all of Liberty Island was closed immediately the next day due to the devastation caused to the island by Hurricane Sandy.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

The statue survived unscathed, and the island was opened to the public again on 4 July 2013.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[76] A statue as a recipient of immigrants Auguste Bartholdi described as early as 1876 the importance of the Statue of Liberty not only in terms of freedom but also in demonstrating the status of the United States as a refuge for the oppressed.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

After its completion, the statue became famous for standing to welcome the moaned travellers into their new lives.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[78] It is located on the shipping lane along which nearly 14 million emigrants arrived in New York between 1886 and 1924.


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Statue of Liberty

Ellis Island, which served as a reception centre, is adjacent to Liberty Island.


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Statue of Liberty

[79] In late 1883, New York-based poet Emma Lazarus scrambled her sonnet The New Colossus (The New Colossus) statue for a fundraising foundation in the United States.


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Statue of Liberty

[9] Lazarus had initially refused the foundation's request, saying he did not know how to write about the order.


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The next day, he visited Ward's Island, New York, to see the two thousand Jewish refugees who had arrived there from Russia.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Shocked by the plight and mistreatment of refugees, Lazarus already wrote a sonnet for the fundraising foundation the following day, 2 November 1883, in which the Statue of Liberty accepts refugees hungry for freedom.


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[80] The sonnet was engraved in 1903 on a bronze plaque placed on the pedestal of the statue.


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Statue of Liberty

[79] There are hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty throughout the world.


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Statue of Liberty

[82] Locations of the most famous and largest replicas include, among others, Luxembourg Park (Paris, probably the model used by Barthold), Île aux Cygnes (Paris, 11.5 metres), Bordeaux (2.5 metres), Colmar (Barthold's city of birth, 12 metres) [82]; in Germany Heide-Park (35 meters) [82]; in the United States Las Vegas (23 meters), Buffalo (9.1 meters), Birmingham, Alabama (11 meters).


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Statue of Liberty

[83] Statue in popular culture The Statue of Liberty has been featured in many films.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[84] The final scene of Alfred Hitchcock's film The Fifth Column Man (1942) takes place on the observation deck of the statue's torch from which the saboteur falls.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

For the film, copies of the statue's top and torch were built in the studio.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[85] In the final scene of the film Planet of the Apes (1968), the protagonist, while riding by the sea, finally finds the Statue of Liberty buried in the sand.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[84] In Remo — Unarmed and Dangerous (1985), the statue is wrapped in scaffolding due to restoration during filming, and the people of the film have adventures with them.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

[86] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Khan, Yasmin Sabina| title= Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty| location = Ithaka| publisher = Cornell University Press| year = 2010| isbn = 978-0-8014-4851-5| language = Transclusion error: {{I} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| accessdate = 3.6.2013}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Spiering, Frank| title= Bearer of a Million Dreams: The Biography of the Statue of Liberty| publisher = Jameson Books| year = 1986| language = Transclusion error: {{en} only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When was the Statue of Liberty made?

Statue of Liberty

References on the topic elsewhere Category:United States statues and sculptures Category:National Symbols of the United States Category:National Register of Historic Places sites in New York State Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Hydrology, or aquatic science, is a subfield of geophysics that studies the occurrence, properties, and circulation of water on Earth.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Its area of study focuses on the continents of Earth's water ring.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The oceans are studied from a geophysical perspective by physical marine science.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

In Finland, operational hydrological services such as flood and snow load assessment are operated by the Finnish Environment Institute SYKE.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Alaa can be studied at the Universities of Helsinki and Oulu, the Department of Geophysics, and the University of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Definition Hydrology literally means learning about water, the Greek word hydor is Finnish for water and logos doctrine.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Hydrology therefore deals in a broad sense with the physical and chemical properties of water, its occurrence, distribution and circulation on Earth, and its connections to the living and inanimate environment.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Some of the aspects included in this definition, such as marine science, are their independent sciences, and the study of water is additionally present in many other sciences.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Hydrology is defined for this reason today more narrowly as the elucidation of the different phases of the water cycle and their connections under different climatic and physiographic conditions.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[1] Subdivisions and Trends Hydrology can be divided into three areas depending on which part of the water ring is considered.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Hydrometeorology studies atmospheric water, surface water hydrology the origin and occurrence of water between the atmosphere and the ground surface, and geohydrology underground waters.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Hydrometeorology deals specifically with the origin, occurrence and quantity of atmospheric water and its variation.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Surface water hydrology can be further divided into cryology, which studies snow and ice, potamology, which studies flowing waters, and limnology, which studies lakes.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Limnology is also calculated to include the study of flowing waters and brackish waters.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Geohydrology research interests include the waters of both a water-saturated layer and a layer extending from above it to the ground surface.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The field is closely related to geology and pedology.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[1] In addition to the three main trends, other specific areas can be distinguished from hydrology.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Chemical hydrology studies the chemical properties of water, ecohydrology of water cycle and interactions between organisms, hydroinformatics information technology applications, isotope hydrology of water isotope fingerprints [2] and agglomeration hydrology hydrological peculiarities in the constructed in the environment.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[1] The directions of hydrology can be divided according to the approach and the method used in it.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Physical hydrology describes the processes under consideration according to natural activity.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Applied hydrology, on the other hand, seeks to solve the problems of water circulation and exploitation.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[1] Research Hydrology includes the study and monitoring of water reserves and the entire cycle of water in nature: rain, evaporation, runoff.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Hydrology and its applications are closely related to environmental research as well as water resource exploitation.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Floods and how to predict them is a global challenge for hydrology, as is access to and adequacy of drinking water for the entire globe.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Climate change and pollution increase the need for hydrological research.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

In Finland, research focuses on water volumes and flows in rivers and lakes, underground waters, thickness of snow and ice cover, time of spring floods and snow load on roofs.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

History People have always inhabited the banks of lakes and rivers, so throughout human history man has had an interest in taking care of fresh water.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The first canals and dams were built as early as 5000—6000 years ago.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Hydrological information became important information in early high cultures along the Indus, Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Yellow River and Nile.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[3] The earliest hydrological data was experiential, and it was not until ancient Greece that efforts were made to understand water behaviour.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The Romans began to apply many of the knowledge gathered through experience and built many aqueducts.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The first Roman aqueduct was completed in 312 BCE, but it was not until Heron the Alexandrian that he understood that the amount of water flowing in the lead depends not only on the diameter of the cord, but also on the speed of the water.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[4] The first scientists of the water cycle were Leonardo da Vinci and Bernard Palissy.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[5] It was not until the 17th century that the theoretical basis of hydrology began to be outlined.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

It was notably created by the Frenchmen Pierre Perrault, Edme Marriotte and Englishman Edmond Halley.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Perrault showed that the flow of the river is due to the precipitation and described the mechanism of rainwater absorption.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Mariotte, in turn, wrote, among other things, the emergence of sources and the determination of the rate of water flow.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Halley's research showed that roughly as much water evaporates from the ocean as rivers bring into them.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[4] Experimental hydrology made clear progress in the 18th century, helped by inventions in mathematics, flow mechanics and hydraulics.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The word hydrology roughly acquired its current meaning around 1750.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[3] During the 18th century, things were learned to know the basics of hydraulics include Bernoulli's law and Chézy's formula.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The German Reinhard Woltman, on the other hand, built a wingspan used for measurements of flows.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The golden age of experimental hydrology was set in the 19th century.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The Englishman John Dalton put forward 1802 in terms of brooding and water vapor pressure.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Developments in hydrometry during the 19th century included the Francis dam formula, the first flow measurement of Mississippi by Andrew A. Humphreys and Henry Larcom Abbot, and the determination of the Chézy coefficient.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

On the geohydrology side, Henry Darcy defined the 1856 groundwater flow law and Jules Dupuit 1863 well equation.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[4] The first official acknowledgments of the status of hydrology as a science came in the early 20th century when in 1922 the International Geodetic-Geophysical Union and in 1930 the American Geophysical Union established hydrology departments.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[3] Quantitative hydrology did not really begin to develop until the 1930s.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The unit runoff curve, presented by Leroy Sherman in 1932, was a major theoretical development, as it allowed to estimate the runoff from a hundredth.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The following year, Robert Horton put forward his theory of suckling.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

Hydrometeorology dealing with precipitation and evaporation developed in the 1940s.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[4] In the study of hydrology, computerization has meant change in the latter part of the 20th century.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

With the help of computers, laborious multivariate methods and various runoff simulation models have come into everyday use.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The first runoff model was developed in 1961 at Stanford University.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

The use of statistical mathematical methods and the application of different models continued to evolve in the 1970s and 1980s.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

[4] See also Water Economy Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mustonen, Seppo (ed.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

) | title = Applied hydrology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Water Association| year = 1986| isbn = 951-95555-1-X}} Juhani Virta: Basic course in hydrology.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

University of Helsinki Department of Geophysics in 1997.


Question: What does geohydrology mean?

Hydrology

References on the topic elsewhere (pdf) * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musicology, or musicology, is the systematic study of music and sound.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musicology belongs to the humanities.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musicology has traditionally been divided into general musicology and ethnomusicology, among which general musicology has focused on looking at Western art music and ethnomusicology research interests have included folk and popular music.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Nowadays, though, any vocal phenomenon in culture may be the subject of research.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music theory, music history, music analysis, as well as ethnomusicology, which have held a central place throughout the 20th century can be considered key blocks of musicology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

A pluralistic society and advances in technology have brought cultural music studies alongside these, as well as cognitive, music-psychological and computer-aided research.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

History In all the old high cultures, music, its structure and character have been considered and studied.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Examples can be found in China, India and Greece.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Western musicology stems largely from ancient Greece, where the links between music and mathematics and cosmology were central.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Antiquity Pythagoras Samosaine taught in the 5th century BCE that tunes of pure intervals related to each other like natural numbers and could be represented in ratios: octave 1:2, quint 2:3, quart 3:4, etc. In Plato's philosophy, the so-called ethos doctrine appears, according to which the compositions had moral and religious influences.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

By the harmony of the spheres, Plato meant how celestial bodies followed similar numbers ratios to intervals.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

In ancient musical philosophy, music was related to world order rather than everyday life, and the importance of dogmas outweighed that of experiences.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Empirical music research began in the Hellenistic period, and efforts were made to reform the Pythagorean tuning system.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

(mm.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Aristoxenos).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The last music theorist in antiquity was Boëthius (ca.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

480—524 share.).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

In his work De institutione musica music is divided into three genres: musica mundana, musica humana and musica instrumentalis.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Boëthius considered music to be part of philosophy, and music had moral and theological dimensions.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

His theories had a far-reaching effect, as music was taught accordingly in Europe for the next thousand years.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Medieval and Renaissance In the Middle Ages music was considered a ritual act, and intervals were subject to the so-called theology of intervals, according to which the overclimbing quart was forbidden (diabolus in musica).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The development of polyphony brought new problems to solve: rules for sound transport had to be found, and rhythmically unambiguous note writing had to be created.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

During the Renaissance music theorists began to view music pursuit as a symbolic activity it began to distance itself from theology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The circle of consonances was expanded and consonances and dissonances began to be considered even relative, that is, their pleasantness depended on musical connection (e.g.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Vincenzo Galilei and René Descartes).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The three-way conception arose in the 16th century (Gioseffo Zarlino).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

New Age Michael Praetorius' Syntagma musicum (1615—1621) was the first major musical-historical study.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Key studies in harmony doctrine included Jean-Philippe Rameau's Traité de l'harmonie (1722).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The first musical encyclopedias began to appear in the 18th century in France in Germany and Britain.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Around this time music criticism also began to develop due to concert activities and music magazines, and this also led to the emergence of an independent musical aesthetic.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The tuning of the keyboard instruments had been a problem that was solved around the year 1700 with equitable tuning.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

[1] In 1776, two musical historical works were published in England: A General History of the Science and Practice of Music by John Hawkins and A General History of Music by Charles Burney.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

These works applied a chronological approach to review and examined relationships of influence between composers, but their emphases were still value-coloured.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

It wasn't until studies in the 19th century that value-discernment began to recede.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Critical composer biographies began to be published in the early 19th century about J. S. Bach (Nikolaus Forkel, Philip Spitta) and Ludwig van Beethoven (F.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

G. Wegeler & Ferdinand Ries).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The term musicology () was introduced in 1863 as a new discipline began to arrive at universities.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musical history had focused on looking only at the history of Western music, but in the 19th century historical works were published involving other musical cultures: Raphael Kiesewetter's History of Music (1834), Geschichte der Musik (1862—1878) by August Wilhelm Ambrosi (1862—1878) and François Joseph Fétis's Histoire générale de la musique (1869—1876).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

These works can be considered precursors of ethnomusicology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The latter half of the 19th century was a golden age for the development of musicology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

At that time there was an increasing interest in earlier composers and schoolhouses, and musicological periodicals began to be published (e.g.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Jahrbuch der Musikwissenschaft 1863) and comprehensive publications and special studies critical of composers' production, as well as the establishment of musicological clubs.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Major founders of modern musicology were Germans Hermann von Helmholtz (1821—1894) and Hugo Riemann (1849—1919) and Austrian Guido Adler (1855—1941).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Helmholtz is considered the founder of experimental music psychology; Riemann developed systematic musicology, and Adler studied the basics of style analysis of music.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

A division into historical and systematic musicology originates from Adler.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Historical musicology focuses on the study of composers and compositions based on era and style, and systematic musicology examines the legal aspects of music itself, including acoustic, aesthetic, psychological, and music-theoretic perspectives.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Erich von Hornbostel (1877—1935) is considered to be the founder of comparative musicology, or ethnomusicology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

He became director of the phonogram archive in the Department of Psychology at the University of Berlin.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

During his time, the archive evolved into an internationally important archive of phonograms.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Among the founders of musical sociology can be mentioned Theodor W. Adorno (1903—1969).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

New musicology The designation new musicology () began to be used in the late 1980s from music research influenced by feminism, gender studies, queer studies and post-colonial studies, French structuralism and of post-structuralism.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The research perspective has shifted away from experienciality and music analysis towards a more humanistic way of looking at it.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Key representatives of the trend include US-based Susan McClary.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

History In Finland, music studies were already practiced in Finland during Swedish rule, when six doctoral theses on music were published at the Turku Academy.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

[2] The earliest of them was Henricus Munck's De usu organorum in templis (1697).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The university also had a music teacher's post.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

[3] Folk music was paged by Henrik Gabriel Porthan's work De poësi fennica (1766—1678).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Giuseppe Acerbi was the first to publish musical notes of Finnish folk tunes in Matka halki Finland v.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

in 1799.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

As early as the 19th century, the study of folk music became one of the main branches of musicology in our country.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The Finnish Literature Society started collecting folk tunes in the 1850s.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Composers and scholars alike have excelled as collectors (e.g.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Karl Collan, Johan Filip von Schantz, Henrik Borenius, Ilmari Krohn, Otto Andersson, Armas Launis and A.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

O. Väisänen).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Ilmari Krohn was the first university teacher of musicology: he held the position of teacher of musicology at the University of Helsinki starting in 1900 and an additional professorship in the subject from 1918 to 1935.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

He also initiated v.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

1911 a community of scholars of music scientists, which was later registered (1916) as the Finnish Musicological Society.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The first full professorship in musicology was established at the University of Helsinki only in 1956, but since 1926 there had been a combined professorship in musicology and folk poetry studies at Åbo Akademi.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Jean Sibelius has been one of the most important research subjects in general musicology, most notable for his achievement in Erik Tawaststjerna's five-volume biography of Sibelius (1965—1989).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music theory has been published by Ilmari Krohn, Martin Wegelius and Nils-Eric Ringbom.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music semiotics (Eero Tarasti) has also played a significant part in Finland.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Subgenres The broad field of research in musicology is often divided into the following disciplines, which can also be found in basic Finnish literature.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

[4] Each field relies on auxiliary sciences.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

History of Music Music History examines the development, performance and reception of music in so-called high cultures, especially in Western culture but also in India, for example.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musichistorical research seeks to describe historical states of affairs and relationships of influence, the history of the use and systematization of musical ingredients.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Important branches also include biographical research, as well as cultural and academic history, manuscript studies, and philology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Historical science is a key auxiliary science.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musical history began to be viewed systematically at the end of the 18th century, and in the second half of the 19th century it was a key part of music research in several universities.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Ethnomusicology Ethnomusicology studies music in its cultural context; that is, music is studied as culture and culture.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Traditionally, ethnomusicology has focused on outer European musical cultures and the study of folksy music.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

However, ethnomusicology does not exclude any particular music from the sphere of its research, and more recently studies of Western art music and popular music have also been conducted in ethnomusicology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music theory and music analysis Music theory looks specifically at the artistic-technical laws of compositional works in art music.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Research interests include tunes, intervals, scales and chords, as well as the melodic, rhythmic, harmonic and contrapunctic forms and architectural structure of the work.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The study has sought general law secrets that apply to all music.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Since the end of the 20th century, however, more relativistic viewpoints have been adopted, which take into account stylistic historical considerations, and it is no longer believed that there exists, for example, a “timeless” doctrine of harmony.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music theory is closely related to musical aesthetics.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music Aesthetics Music aesthetics explores the specific properties, mode of influence and purpose of music.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

In antiquity and the Middle Ages, the study of musical aesthetic was philosophical-speculative, but empirical and psychological review has become increasingly central since the 18th century.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

In the 20th century, the so-called phenomenological musical aesthetics became central, according to which musical events have their own, purely musical logic: the “content” of music is formed by musical forces — melodic, harmonic and rhythmic stresses and their unraveling — objective effects.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

However, this trend focuses on absolute instrument music.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Philosophy of music Music Philosophy is a branch of the philosophy of art that examines the essence of music and its meaning and general laws as interpreted by human experience.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music semiotics Music semiotics looks at music and musical works as character systems.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musical Sociology Music sociology examines the social and economic conditions of music and its pursuit.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musical sociology became possible as sociology became an independent science in the 19th century and the study of folk life developed.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Thus, music history began to look at how social factors affect the social status of a musician, what role different musical genres play in practical musical life, and how social factors influence the formation of compositional works.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

A model example of a music-sociological question is how the genesis of the bourgeois class influenced the development of concert activities and the popularity of symphony music.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The study of connections between commercialism and entertainment music also falls within the field of music sociology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music Psychology Music psychology studies musical talent, music creation and experience, and musical behaviors.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

The ethoscope of the Ancient Greeks, Baroque affective doctrine, and the emotional philosophy of Romanticism have represented the musical psychological question layouts of their own time.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Scientific music psychology did not begin to develop until the late 19th century (e.g.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Hermann Helmholtz).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Character psychology has also played an important role in music psychology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

There are two key trends in music psychology of our own time: brain research, which is naturally and cognitionally oriented, and humanistically oriented introspective research (e.g., psychoanalytic music studies).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Performing art research Applied fields Music education In addition to musicology, there is another musical subject found in universities, music education, which studies music in terms of teaching it and gives qualifications to work as an elementary and secondary school music teacher, among others .


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music education is placed either in the field of education in music (Sibelius Academy), humanities (University of Jyväskylä) or educational sciences (University of Oulu).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music Therapy Music therapy has numerous confluences with musicology.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Music can be used as an aid in psychotherapy, disease treatment and rehabilitation, and the knowledge accumulated from such use contributes to musical psychological research.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musicology in Finland Studying and working life Music science can be studied at the University of Helsinki, Turku, Eastern Finland and Jyväskylä and at Åbo Akademi.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

You can study ethnomusicology at the University of Helsinki and Tampere, computer aided music research at the University of Helsinki and the University of Jyväskylä.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

In all universities, musicology belongs to the humanities field of education.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

In addition, musicological studies and studies are also conducted at the Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics at Aalto University and in the Art Studies Units (contemporary culture, cultural history, etc.).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Musicologists are placed in various expert positions in arts and cultural organizations (events, organizations, institutes), the media sector (magazines, radio, TV, new media), and administrative positions of educational institutions and orchestras.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Typical occupational titles are, for example, call teacher, music teacher, producer, project designer and editor [5].


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Organizations, institutes and other actors Music science is promoted in Finland by scientific societies: the Finnish Musicological Society and the Finnish Ethnomusicological Society.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Finland also operates institutes and organizations such as Music Archive, Rhythmi Institute, Folk Music Institute and Music Export Finland, which contribute to the recognition and research of their own region.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Actors such as Yleisradio and the Finnish Literature Society have also contributed to the production of new musicological knowledge.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Well-known Finnish scholars Well-known Finnish musicologists with their most important fields: Otto Andersson (folk music) Erkki Ala-Könni (folk music) Fabian Dahlström (Finnish art music) Tuomas Eerola (music psychology) Seppo Heikinheimo (20th century art music) Mikko Heiniö (20th century art music) Joonas Kokkonen (art music) Kari Kilpeläinen (Sibelius research) Toivo Kuula (folk music) Ilmari Krohn (folk music, Sibelius studies) Heikki Laitinen (folk music) Veijo Murtomäki (Sibelius Studies) Tomi Mäkelä (20th century art music) Jarkko Niemi (folk music) Ilkka Oramo (20th century art music) Erkki Pekkilä (world music) Matti Rautio (music education) Erkki Salmenhaara (20th-century art music) Eero Tarasti (music semiotics) Erik Tawaststjerna (music) Sibelius Study).


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

O. Väisänen (folk music) Susanna Väimäki (music psychology) Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bengtsson, Ingmar| title = Musikvetenskap: En översikt| location = Stockholm| publisher = Esselte Studium| year = 1977| isbn = 91-24-27364- 3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blaukopf, Kurt| title = Musik im Wandel der Gesellschaft: Grundzüge der Musiksoziologie| location = Munich| publisher = Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag| year = 1982| isbn = 3-423-10352-3}}, replace with {{cite book| author = Calella, Michele — Urbanek, Nikolaus (ed.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

) | title = Historische Musikwissenschaft: Grundlagen und Perspektiven| location = Stuttgart| publisher = J. B. Metzler| year = 2013| isbn = 978-3-476-02462-6| language = Template:De}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eerola, Thomas — Louhivuori, Jukka — Moisala, Pirkko (ed.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

) | title = Introduction to music research| location = Helsinki| publisher = Musicological Society of Finn| year = 2003| version = Acta Musicologica Fennica, 24| isbn = 951-98479-2-8| id = ISSN}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hamilton, Andy| title = Aesthetics & Aesthetics IC| location = London| publisher = Continuum| year = 2007| isbn = 0-8264-8518-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huovinen, Erkki — Kuitunen, Jarmo| title = Introduction to music philosophy | location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise | year = 2008| isbn = 978-951-768-768-768-232-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Shenberg, Esti (ed.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

) | title=Music Semiotics: A Network of Significations| location = Farnham| publisher = Ashgate| year = 2012| version=In Honour of Raymond Monelle| isbn = 978-1-4094-1102-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

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Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

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Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stone-Davis, Férdia J.| title = Musical Beauty: Negotiating the Boundary between Subject and Object| location = Eugene (Or.


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

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Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology


Question: Is music therapy in Finland?

Musicology

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How is the lithosphere defined?

Pile tectonics

Plate tectonics is a scientific theory explaining the mechanism of motion of lithospheric slabs, or rock ring tiles, and the effects of motion.


Question: How is the lithosphere defined?

Pile tectonics

Earth's lithosphere, or rock ring, has been formed from several tectonic plates.


Question: How is the lithosphere defined?

Pile tectonics

They move continuously on top of the asthenosphere, that is, the high viscosity rock layer located beneath Earth's lithosphere, but friction resists movement between them, resulting in frequent earthquakes at the periphery points.


Question: How is the lithosphere defined?

Pile tectonics

Tiles may separate from each other, crash into each other or slide against each other.


Question: How is the lithosphere defined?

Pile tectonics

In the mid-oceans, the slabs separate from each other and thus form new seabed.


Question: How is the lithosphere defined?

Pile tectonics

When a marine slab collides with either another marine or continental slab, a subduction occurs, in which a marine slab protrudes beneath another slab.


Question: How is the lithosphere defined?

Pile tectonics

Deep sea graves and volcanic arches are formed at the subduction site.


Question: How is the lithosphere defined?

Pile tectonics

As two continental slabs collide, in turn, a warp mountain grows.


Question: How is the lithosphere defined?

Pile tectonics

In continental gliding zones, neither new crust nor destroy the old one, but those areas are particularly susceptible to earthquakes.