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Japan

In the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895, Japan gained Taiwan from China, and in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904—1905, Japan defeated a European superpower as the first Asian country.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

As a result of the war, Japan gained from Russia the southern part of Sakhalin and virtually free rein to retake Korea five years later.


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Japan

In World War I, Japan joined the side of the victorious Allies and was thus able to expand its sphere of influence.


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Japan

The brief liberal-leaning period of Taishō democracy of the 1910s and 1920s did not form a significant counterweight to the growing militarism.


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Japan

In 1923, the Great Kantō earthquake destroyed a significant partition of Tokyo, and by the late 1920s Japan was mired in economic depression.


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Japan

Economic difficulties increased the popularity of expansionist militarism and in the 1930s led to a transfer of power to the military.


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Japan

[9] In 1931, Japan occupied Manchuria and separated two years later from the League of Nations following its required Japanese withdrawal.


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Japan

In 1936, Japan entered into the Anticomintern Treaty with Germany and later Italy, and joined the Axis powers in 1941.


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Japan

In the summer of 1937, with the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese forces began to advance deeper and deeper into China.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The occupation of Indochina in 1940 opened the way for advancement further into Southeast Asia.


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Japan

The United States responded to Japan's actions with an oil embargo.


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Japan

On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States' Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii, drawing the United States into World War II.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Eventually, in 1945, the United States bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki with nuclear weapons, and the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, which surrendered to the Allies without conditions on September 2, 1945.


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Japan

The war cost Japan millions of lives and left the country's infrastructure, as well as almost every major city, devastated.


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Japan

The Allies established a war crimes tribunal to prosecute Japan's wartime leaders for war crimes, for example the Nanking Massacre.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[5] [9] After the war, the Allies — effectively the United States under Douglas MacArthur's leadership — occupied Japan until 1952.


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Japan

The occupation period meant rapid and radical political and social changes for Japan.


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Japan

The most significant reform was a new constitution, ratified in 1947, which denied Japan the establishment of an army, stripped the emperor of political power, gave women the right to vote, and established a bicameral parliament.


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Japan

Economic reforms, such as the Great Land Reform, helped Japan's democratization.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The country was admitted to membership of the United Nations in 1956.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The unprecedented economic boom that began with the Korean War of the 1950s—1970s, dubbed Japan's economic miracle, led to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and the emergence of a modern consumer society.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

By the 1980s, Japan had become one of the world's largest economies.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In the early 1990s, the country's so-called “bubble economy” burst, and Japan was mired in a recession lasting several years; the economic situation did not begin to improve until the 2000s.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Rapid growth and urbanisation of living standards have been accompanied by a rapid slowdown in population growth and an ageing population, internationalisation and westernization.


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Japan

In politics, since the 1950s, Japan was ruled almost continuously by the conservative LDP.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[10] Politics and Governance Domestic politics Japan is a constitutional monarchy.


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Japan

Japan's constitution defines the Japanese Emperor, acting as a ceremonial figurehead, as a “symbol of state and popular unity” and has had almost no political power since World War II.


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Japan

In practice, the emperor acts like Japan's head of state on diplomatic occasions.


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Japan

The current and 125th emperor is Akihito, who ascended the throne upon the death of his father Hirohito in 1989.


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Japan

The real political power rests with the Japanese prime minister and the parliament elected by the people.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[11] According to the Constitution of Japan, supreme power is vested in the people of Japan, who elect their elected representative to the parliament.


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Japan

The bicameral parliament () is Japan's sole legislative body.


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Japan

It consists of a 480-seat Lower or House of Representatives () and a 242-seat upper house ().


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Japan

Elections to the House of Commons are held every four years or when the Prime Minister has dissolved the House of Commons.


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Japan

Of the representatives, 300 are elected from single-representative constituencies and 180 by proportional representation from 11 constituencies.


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Japan

Members of the House of Lords are elected for six-year terms, half every three years.


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Japan

Of them, 96 are elected by proportional representation from a country-wide constituency, and the rest from constituencies equivalent to Japan's 47 prefectures.


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Japan

In elections to both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, therefore, two votes are cast, one for the party (proportional representation) and the other for an individual candidate.


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Japan

The right to vote is for all people aged 20 and over.


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Japan

Unlike the House of Commons, the House of Lords cannot be dissolved.


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Japan

[12] Executive power is exercised by the Government of Japan, which may consist of up to 17 ministers and is headed by the Prime Minister.


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Japan

He is elected from among the members of parliament, after which he is appointed to his office by the Emperor of Japan.


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Japan

The Prime Minister must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives


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Japan

[12] The current Prime Minister is Shinzō Abe.


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Japan

The conservative Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (LDP) was in power almost continuously from 1955 until 2009 — an exception formed by a brief coalition government of opposition parties in 1993.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The most prominent opposition party was the long social-liberal Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), which took a landslide victory in parliamentary elections in 2009, ending the LDP's long reign.


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Japan

Other notable parties include the Kōmeitō, the Communist Party of Japan, and the Social Democratic Party.


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Japan

[13] [14] Judiciary Historically, Japan's legal system was based on Chinese law.


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Japan

During the Edo period, it developed independently through text collections such as Kujikata osadamegak.


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Japan

Since the late 19th century, the country's legal system has largely been based on European, especially French and German, legal law.


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Japan

For example, Minpō's civil law, introduced in 1896, is based on German law, which in turn was based on Roman law.


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Japan

It is still in use with alterations made after World War II.


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Japan

[15] The body of Japanese law is formed by a collection of six statutes by Roppō, which includes the country's constitution.


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Japan

There are four degrees in the judicial system, the highest of which is the Supreme Court.


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Japan

[16] A United Nations committee has criticized Japan for its limited independence of the judiciary, the rarity of acquittal sentences and human rights abuses of detainees.


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Japan

[17] For example, the daiyō kangoku system, in which a suspect can be held in a police station without charge for more than 20 days, has been criticized.


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Japan

[18] Mediation is much more popular than litigation in Japan, due not only to practical problems in the functioning of the legal system, but also to cultural structures and practices such as giri.


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Japan

[19] Japan is as one of the few industrialized countries in use of the death penalty, which is practically given only for murder.


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Japan

A few people a year have been executed in Japan in recent years.


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Japan

There are a number of human rights concerns regarding the treatment of those sentenced to death.


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Japan

You can have to wait years for execution and waiting cells are not allowed to move freely except for toilet visits; prisoners are forced to spend most of their time in a sitting position.


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Japan

The length of meeting times with relatives and lawyers is limited to five minutes.


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Japan

The sentence might be enforced at any time with a few hours' notice.


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Japan

[20] [21] Foreign relations Japan maintains close economic and military ties with its main ally the United States.


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Japan

Security cooperation between the two countries forms a cornerstone of Japan's foreign policy.


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Japan

[22] A member of the United Nations Japan has been since 1956.


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Japan

The country has been an interim member of the UN Security Council a total of 18 times, most recently in 2005-06.


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Japan

Japan is also a member of the G4 group seeking permanent membership of the Security Council.


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Japan

[23] As a member of the G8, APEC and ASEAN+3, as well as a participant country of East Asia Summit, Japan is active in the management of its international relations.


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Japan

Japan is also the second most significant donor of development aid in the world: in 2004, the country donated 0.19 percent of its GDP to development aid.


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Japan

[24] Japan has several border disputes with its neighbours: with Russia over the Southern Kuril, with South Korea over the Liancourt Islands, with China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands, and with China over the status of Okinotorishima.


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Japan

At the end of World War II, the Soviets occupied Manchuria, northern Korea, Sakhalin and the Kuril, the status of the last of which is still disputed.


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Japan

The current dispute over the Liancourt Islands (and) has been ongoing since the 1950s, when South Korea occupied the islands.


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Japan

[25] The Senkaku Islands, in turn, lie in a potentially oil- and gas-rich area along important shipping routes.


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Japan

Japan also has a dispute with North Korea over Japanese intercepted into the country and North Korea's weapons of mass destruction program.


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Japan

Japan's war crimes during World War II are still chafing Japan's intervals, particularly with South Korea and China.


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Japan

The Armed Forces of Japan are limited by Article 9 of the country's constitution, which denies the country the right to a declaration of war and the use of armed forces in resolving international disputes.


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Japan

However, Japan has practically had an armed force since the 1950s known as the Self-Defence Forces () and which are technically part of the country's police force.


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Japan

The armed forces are administered by the Japanese Ministry of Defense and consist of the Self-Defence Land Forces (JGSDF), the Self-Defence Air Force (JASDF) and the Self-Defense Navy (JMSDF).


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Japan

The budget of Japan's armed forces is less than one percent of the country's GDP, but despite this, due to the size of the country, comparatively large, at $44.3 billion in 2005.


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Japan

[26] Joining the armed forces is entirely voluntary and members of the armed forces are civilian employees by law.


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Japan

In 2006, the active duty personnel of the armed forces numbered 239,900 people.


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Japan

[27] Japan also has US bases, from which it pays US aid () about $4.5 billion a year.


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Japan

[28] Since the 1992 amendment of the law, the Self-Defence Forces have participated in humanitarian missions e.g.


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Japan

Cambodia, Mozambique, Iraq and Indonesia.


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Japan

[29] The Japanese Government has set itself the goal of amending Article 9 of the Constitution so that the Japanese armed forces would have a more active role internationally and, for example, be able to participate more easily in peacekeeping missions abroad.


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Japan

A referendum is required for the change, which, however, under a law passed by Japan's parliament, cannot take place before 2010.


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Japan

[30] Geography Consisting of more than three thousand islands, Japan is located in East Asia on the Pacific coast.


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Japan

The country's main islands from north to south are Hokkaidō, Honshū (the main island), Shikoku and Kyūshū.


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Japan

The Ryūkyūū Islands, which also includes Okinawa, lie south of Kyūshū, extending over a thousand kilometers, almost as far as Taiwan.


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Japan

The total land area is 377835 square kilometres, of which approximately 75% to 80% is mountain [31] and almost equal parts are covered by forests.


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Japan

[32] As much of the country's territory is unsuitable for use by settlement, agriculture or industry due to steep elevation differences, climate and landslide risk from earthquakes, low-lying coastal areas of Japan have a very high population density.


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Japan

The country is one of the most densely populated in the world.


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Japan

Japan has a total of 29,751 kilometers of coastline.


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Japan

[33] The seas surrounding it are the Philippine Sea to the south, the Pacific to the east, the Ohotan Sea to the north, the Sea of Japan to the west and the East China Sea to the southwest.


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Japan

The country lies in a volcanic and earthquake-sensitive region along the “Pacific Ring of Fire” at the confluence of three tectonic plates.


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Japan

In total, there are about 160 volcanoes in the region, a third of which are active.


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Japan

[32] Japan is constantly experiencing small earthquakes and larger, destructive earthquakes several times a century.


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Japan

Earthquakes often lead to tsunamis.


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Japan

Severe earthquakes in recent history include the Kōbe earthquake in 1995, the Chūetsu earthquake in 2004, and the Tōhoku earthquake in 2011.


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Japan

Climate Japan is mainly located in the temperate zone, and the country has four seasons and five if the rainy season is counted.


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Japan

However, due to the length and variable topography of the Japanese archipelago, the country's climate is very diverse.


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Japan

In the north, winters are long and snow can fall abundantly, while in the southernmost islands the climate is already subtropical.


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Japan

In winter, a cold, dry wind blows from Siberia into the Sea of Japan and when faced with a warm air mass from the Pacific brings heavy snowfalls to the country's west coast.


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Japan

In summer, a humid wind blowing from the Pacific Ocean brings warm air to Japan.


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Japan

In late summer and early autumn, tropical low pressures in the equatorial region generate typhoons that often bring heavy rainfall.


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Japan

[34] [35] The country can be divided into six differing climatic zones: Hokkaidō: Japan's northernmost island has a cold-winter, but otherwise temperate warm-summer climate.


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Japan

The winters correspond in temperature to those of the southern coast of Finland and are approximately equal in length.


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Japan

However, spring and autumn are shorter than in southern Finland, and in Hokkaidō the summer lasts up to 5—5.5 months.


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Japan

The warmest month is August, when there are abundant heats, and the average daily temperature of about 20 degrees Celsius.


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Japan

The average temperature for the year is 7—9 degrees Celsius.


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Japan

Rainfall is relatively high, and due to seasonal winds, most of the rain is received towards the end of the year and at the very beginning of the year.


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Japan

In winter, Hokkaidō always has very much snow.


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Japan

However, springs and early summers are dry.


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Japan

Annual rainfall of 1000—1200 millimeters.


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Japan

[37] Sea of Japan: The climate is temperate.


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Japan

Winters are temperate, frosts are only occasionally in February.


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Japan

In winter, the same seasonal wind as Hokkaidō brings abundant snowfall to the area.


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Japan

Short winters correspond to Denmark or the Netherlands in average temperatures, and snow usually melts within days after it rains.


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Japan

However, summers are hot compared to Europe.


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Japan

Summers are 6—7 months long, with heats diurnal between July and September.


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Japan

The average heat for the year is about 10—12 degrees Celsius.


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Japan

In this area, rainfall is really abundant all year round, up to 2500 millimeters per year.


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Japan

[38] Central highlands: the region has a typical inland climate with large temperature differences between night and morning and winter and summer.


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Japan

Rainfall amounts are small in the valleys.


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Japan

Seto Inland Sea: The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions protect the islands of Shikoku and Kyūshō from winter cold and humid seasonal winds.


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Japan

This allows winters to be relatively warm, equivalent to almost Mediterranean winter temperatures.


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Japan

Summers are about 8—9 months long, and the climate is subtropical, although winters can be chilly at times.


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Japan

The coldest month is January.


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Japan

The average temperature for the year is around 16—17 degrees Celsius.


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Japan

Annual rainfall is around 2000 millimetres and most of it is obtained during summer time along with monsoon winds, winters are slightly drier.


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Japan

Heats are daily between June and September.


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Japan

[39] Pacific: On the east coast of Japan, winters are dry and cool, summers hot and humid due to the monsoon.


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Japan

The climate is something between temperate and subtropical depending on the region.


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Japan

In winter, temperatures move around 5 degrees during the day, zero at night.


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Japan

Winters are dry, as westerly winds acting as seasonal winds do little to bring moisture across the mountain range from the west.


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Japan

Summers are about 7—8 months long.


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Japan

It is hot and humid in summer, as the monsoon reaches the region.


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Japan


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Japan

The average temperature for the year is about 15 degrees and the annual precipitation is about 1200 millimeters.


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Japan

[40] Ryūkyūs Islands: the islands have a subtropical climate.


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Japan

Winters are warm and dry and summers hot and humid.


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Japan

Especially during the summer monsoon, rainfall amounts are very high, and tropical cyclones, or typhoons, are common.


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Japan

The average temperature for the year is about 20 degrees Celsius.


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Japan

Japan's rainy season begins on Okinawa early in May and progressively moves northward until it breaks up in northern Japan before arriving in Hokkaidō in late July.


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Japan

In the Tokyo area, in the central part of Honshūn Island, the rainy season lasts about six weeks: the average start date is June 8 and the end date is 20.


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Japan

on July.


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Japan

[41] Vegetation and fauna The length of the Japanese archipelago has led to a diverse vegetation and fauna like the climate.


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Japan

About 4500 native plant species live in Japan.


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Japan

The large number of species has been particularly affected by large variation in temperatures and high rainfall.


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Japan

The vegetation of Japan can be divided into five zones: a subtropical zone on the southernmost islands, a warm area of evergreen deciduous forests in the southern parts of the main islands, a cool area of hardwood forests in the northern part of Honshō and the south of Hokkaidō, the subalpine zone in central and northern Hokkaidō, and alpine zone in the mountainous regions of Honshūn and Hokkaidō.


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Japan

The vegetation of the subtropical region has links with the species of the Malaka Peninsula, while the vegetation of the central parts of the country rather to Korea and China.


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Japan

Over the course of a rich hundred years, Japan's plant variety has changed greatly not only due to urbanization, but also because of alien species introduced by humans from Europe and North America: an estimated 200—500 plant species have been introduced into the country since the Meiji period.


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Japan

[34] [42] The fauna of Japan consists largely of temperate zone species that arrived from China and Korea, but also subtropical and Siberian subarctic species from Southeast Asia.


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Japan

Because during its prehistory, the Japanese archipelago has been alternately separated from and alternately connected to mainland Asia, the migration history of animal species to the region is complex.


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Japan

Some endemic species live in Japan, such as the Japanese macaque and the Japanese giant salamander; the Ryūkyō Islands species, in turn, includes some “living fossils” such as those found in the iriomotenk.


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Japan

Despite the dense settlement, large land mammals live in the mountainous regions of Japan in relative numbers.


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Japan

They include bears, wild boars, raccoon dogs, foxes and deer, among others.


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Japan

About 600 bird species live on the territory of Japan; the country lies on a major bird migration route.


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Japan

The country's rich marine species, which includes porpoises, whales and dolphins in addition to numerous species of fish and crustaceans, owes much to meeting the cold and warm ocean currents in the surrounding areas of Japan.


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Japan

[34] [36] [42] Hunting Wildlife hunting is common in the forests of Japan, although several conventional hunting prey such as Serovi (Capricornis crispus), fox and pheasant are now wholly or partially tranquilized.


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Japan

However, raccoon dogs are still hunted for their fur, around 70,000 animals are hunted each year.


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Japan

[43] Wild boar is also common prey.


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Japan

Japan on map Western map of Japan from 1707.


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Japan

Korea and Japan on a British map from 1815.


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Japan

Modern topographic universal map of Japan.


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Japan

Japan in a satellite image in May 2003.


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Territorial division Japan is commonly divided into territories which, however, have no administrative significance.


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Japan

The largest and most populous island, Honshū is usually divided into five or more regions, which are from north to south Tōhoku, Kantō (includes Tokyo), Chūbu (the portion of the Sea of Japan forms the Hokuriku Region and the Pacific coast Tōkai Region), Kansai (includes Osaka and Kyoto), and Chūgoku.


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Japan

The other islands, Hokkaidō, Shikoku, Kyūshū, and Okinawa, form their own territories.


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Japan

Administratively, Japan is divided into 47 prefectures for which their own governor and unicameral parliament are elected for four years at a time.


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Japan

[44] There are four different types of prefectures which, however, do not differ administratively: one “metropolis” (— Tokyo), one “route” (— Hokkaidō), two urban prefectures (— Osaka and Kyoto), and 43 ordinary prefectures ().


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Japan

These are often referred to by the term todōfuken ().


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Japan

The prefectures are further subdivided into cities () and districts ().


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Japan

Each district is divided in turn into merchant (or machi) and villages (or mura).


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Japan

Hokkaidō is an exceptional case, as it is divided between the prefectural and urban level into 14 sub-prefectures ().


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Japan

A few other prefectures also have sub-prefectures.


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Japan

Like prefectures, municipalities (major cities, towns, villages) in Japan have an elected local government (mayor and council).


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Japan

Tokyo is a special case, as the city has a separate governor-led metropolitan government and is divided into 23 enclaves administered by its own council and mayor.


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Japan

[44] Also outside Tokyo, large cities are divided into segregated or sub-districts (), which, however, do not have their own local government.


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Japan

In addition, Japan has 17 major “official major cities” () with above-average power.


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Japan

Japan is undergoing an administrative reorganization in which major cities, towns and villages are joined together.


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Japan

The process will reduce administrative units smaller than prefectures and is hoped to cut costs for local governments.


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Japan

[45] Although Japan is a unitary state, local government still enjoys comparatively much autonomy in many areas.


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Japan

[44] Economy Japan is the third largest economy in the world, in terms of nominal GDP, after the United States and China, at $4.4 trillion.


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Japan

[46] Measured by purchasing power-adjusted gross domestic product, the country's economy is $3.8 trillion.


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Japan

[47] Significant economic sectors include banking and insurance, real estate, retail, transport and telecommunications.


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Japan

Japan has a large industrial capacity: several of the world's largest and most sophisticated manufacturers of motor vehicles, electrical equipment, machinery, metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and food are active in the country.


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Japan

Several leading, international technology companies and brands originate in Japan.


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Japan

[33] Due to infrastructure projects in particular, the construction industry has long been one of the largest industries in the country.


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Japan

On the whole, Japan has lighter taxation than industrialized countries in general.


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Japan

[48] In the Meiji Restoration, Japan abandoned the feudal social system and began rapid modernization and industrialization.


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Japan

From the beginning, the rulers of the Meiji period advocated a market economy and adopted free corporate capitalism from Britain and North America.


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Japan

The change was welcomed positively by a private sector full of aggressive entrepreneurs.


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Japan

[49] The rapid economic growth of Japan, which lasted from the 1960s to the 1980s, has been referred to as an “economic miracle”: in the 1960s the economy grew at around 10% a year, 5% in the 1970s and 4% in the 1980s.


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Japan

In the 1990s, Japan's bubble economic crisis led to a depression.


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Japan

The state of the economy did not improve in the following decade and in 2000-2001 it was worsened by the global recession.


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Japan

[33] The influence of state government began to be reduced and after 2005 the economy began to show signs of recovery.


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Japan

[50] The peculiarities of the Japanese economy have traditionally been the close cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks in conglomerates called keiretsu, and the guarantee of lifetime employment () in large companies.


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Japan

[51] Recently, however, some of the old economic structures have begun to be abandoned in favour of greater competitiveness.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[52] Japan operates the world's largest bank, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, with $1.7 trillion in assets.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[53] Japan Post Bank is the world's largest savings bank with approximately $3.2 trillion worth of savings.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[54] Japan also has one of the world's largest stock exchanges, the Tokyo Stock Exchange, and several of the world's largest financial companies and banks.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

For example, many big keirets and international companies such as Sony, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi and Toyota own banks and investment companies worth billions or trillions of dollars.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

While only about 15 percent of Japan's area is suitable for farming, agricultural yields per unit area are among the largest in the world.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

On the other hand, the state strongly supports and protects the country's small agricultural sector.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[55] With regard to rice, Japan is mainly self-sufficient, but the country is forced to import more than half of the food it needs from abroad.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japan has one of the largest fishing fleets in the world, with total catches accounting for 15% of the world's total catches.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japan's transport infrastructure is highly developed: in 2010, the country had 961366 kilometers of paved roads, 176 airports and 26435 kilometers of railways.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[33] Air services are operated mainly by All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines, while the railways are operated by several private companies in addition to the main operator Japan Railways.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

More than six million tourists in Japan visited in 2004, 3.6 million of whom came from other parts of Asia.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The number of tourists has been on a constant increase.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[56] Japan's main export partners are China (19.4%), the United States (15.7%), South Korea (8.1%), Hong Kong (5.5%) and Thailand (4.4% in 2010).


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Major export products include motor vehicles, electronics, semiconductors and chemicals.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Since Japan has only extremely limited natural resources, the country imports most of the raw materials it needs from abroad.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japan's main import partners are China (22.1%), the United States (9.9%), Australia (6.5%), Saudi Arabia (5.2%), the United Arab Emirates (4.2%), South Korea (4.1%) and Indonesia (4.1% in 2010).


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japan imports mainly machinery and equipment, fuels, food, chemicals, textiles, as well as various raw materials.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[33] Japan is one of the world's largest oil importing countries and is almost entirely dependent on the Middle East for oil.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[58] Science and Technology Japan is one of the world's leading states in the fields of scientific research, technology, mechanical engineering and medical research.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Approximately 700,000 researchers share a $130 billion budget for research and development, the third largest in the world.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[59] Japan has played a significant role in developments such as electronics, industrial robots, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Almost half of the world's industrial robots are in use in Japan and the country's industry is the most automated in the world.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[60] A significant number of the world's major automotive and semiconductor manufacturers originate from Japan.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japan has significant ambitions in space exploration, such as building a base on the Moon by 2030.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[61] Japan's space agency conducts aerospace research and develops rockets and satellites.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

It has built the Kibō Research Module, which was attached to the International Space Station during 2008 and 2009.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The population of Japan is home to a total of about 127 million people.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The country has a high population density and the population is concentrated for the most part in cities especially along the Pacific coast.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

A notable feature of the population is its ethnic and linguistic homogeneity: about 98.5% of the population are Japanese.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[33] However, there are some significant minorities living in Japan, indigenous to the country being the only ones living in the north and the Ryūkyūs of the southern islands, as well as the social minority Buraculais, who did jobs considered “dirty” by others in the feudal period, like the castes of India.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Minorities who immigrated include Koreans (0.5 percent of the population), Chinese (0.4 percent) and Brazilian-Japanese who returned to Japan.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[33] The country is also home to nearly 200,000 persons from the Philippines and tens of thousands of people who have emigrated from Peru.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[62] Japanese people have one of the highest life expectancies in the world, averaging more than 82 years in 2007.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japan's population is getting older remarkably fast.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Like other industrialized nations, since the post-World War II baby boom, birth rates have declined in the second half of the 20th century.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In 2007, already more than 20% of the population was over 65 years of age.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[33] Changes in population structure have created a number of social and economic problems, including, in particular, a decrease in the proportion of the working age population and the increased cost of maintaining social security, such as the public pension fund.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The transition is fuelled by a shift in attitudes and lifestyles: an increasing proportion of young Japanese adults are no longer starting a family and having children the way their parents do.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[63] Japan's population is projected to fall to 100 million by 2050 and 67 million by 2100.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[34] Experts have proposed, for example, immigration as a solution to the population problem, but the alternative has not received support, and even now there are major problems with the adaptation of foreigners moving to Japan.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[64] Religions In Japan institutionalized religion generally does not have a particularly large impact on daily life and can be difficult to distinguish from traditional rituals or superstition.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Approximately 84% of Japanese people are both Shinthian and Buddhist.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[33] Shinthism is a polytheistic natural religion original to Japan that served as the country's state religion from the 19th century until the end of World War II.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Buddhism arrived in Japan in the 5th century, after which it has been in a syncretistic relationship with Shinthism.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Couples might marry Shinthian, but funerals are Buddhist.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In addition, Japanese culture has been greatly influenced by Taoism and especially Confucianism.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[34] Christianity was allowed in Japan in the 19th century, and today about 0.7% of the country's population is Christian.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[33] Since the 19th century, several new religions (shinshūkyō) have also emerged in the country, the most notable of which include the Buddhist sect Sōka Gakkai.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Muslims are still a clearly smaller religious minority than Christians.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

There are about 115,000 to 125,000 of them, of whom only about ten percent are Japanese citizens.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[65] Mosques among Muslims living in the country are numerous.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The earliest of these is the Kōben Mosque, opened in 1935.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Education An education system similar to the present, with elementary and secondary schools and universities, began operating in Japan in the 1870s as a result of the Meiji Restoration.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[66] Since 1947, compulsory education has encompassed primary and secondary school, lasting a total of nine years (ages 6 to 15).


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Almost all students continue on to a three-year high school, and 75.9% of high school graduates go on to university, business school or other tertiary institution, according to the Department of Education.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[67] There is fierce competition in Japan's education system, especially when applying for tertiary education.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Many attend additional private schools outside the actual school (juku).


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

According to the Times Higher Education newspaper, Japan's two best-performing universities are Tokyo University and Kyoto University.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[68] In the 2003 PISA study, Japan ranked sixth in mathematics, fourteenth in reading, second in science and fourth in problem solving.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[69] Culture The formation of the original Japanese culture has been influenced by the sea surrounding Japan, which has slowed the outside cultural waves.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Until the Middle Ages, Japan was decisively influenced by the cultures of China and Korea.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In the Edo period that followed, which lasted several centuries, the country's culture matured relatively independently.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Since the 19th century, an eclectic modern culture combining Western and native features has developed in Japan.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[3] Zenbuddhism has greatly influenced many characteristic features of Japanese art, such as minimalism and spontaneity, as well as garden art, tea art, calligraphy, and ikebana, for example.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Traditional Japanese painting does not use perspective, and its most typical subjects are nature, mythology, and human depiction.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

A counterweight to the restrained art, often associated with fiction or calligraphy, forms the most famous form of Japanese painting, particularly the woodcut technique ukiyo-e, which is associated with the Edo period, whose masters included Hokusai, Hiroshige and Utamaro.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The synthesis of woodcuts and Western comics evolved into manga, a Japanese comic that reached its current form after World War II.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The film originated in Japan at the end of the 19th century, and the first sound film was completed in 1931.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

To international acclaim, Japanese cinema rose after Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon — the Devil's Gate won the top prize at the Venice Film Festival in the early 1950s.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[3] Japanese feature film, anime, is popular and often associated with manga.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The most central material in architecture has been untreated wood.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Buildings have come to be combined with the surrounding nature.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Public architecture, such as temple architecture, has been more ornamented and Chinese-influenced than reduced residential architecture.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[3] Modern architecture, whose most prominent representatives include Kenzō Tange and Tadao Andō, combines traditional striving for simplicity with Western building technology.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Pottery has been highly valued in Japan.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japanese pottery has often been closely associated with tea culture, whose connection is particularly known to raku pottery.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Another art form focused on use objects is the manufacture of lacquer objects (urushi).


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The most central element of traditional Japanese sculpture is Buddhist sculpture art.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Sculpture art reached its golden age in medieval times


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[3] Japanese dress remained uniform until the 19th century.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The most famous type of costume is the kimono, which is worn today alongside Western clothing.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

A notable feature of traditional Japanese clothing is the absence of buttons: clothes are tied closed with ribbons and belts.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[3] The earliest literary influences arrived in Japan from China and the country adopted a Chinese writing system.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The earliest significant works of Japanese literature are the history chronicles Kojiki and Nihonshoki and the 7th-century collection of waka poetry by Man'yōshū.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In the Heian period, its own Japanese chicken alphabet was developed.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The earliest work of narrative literature is probably the Taketori monogatari of the early 9th century; other notable works of early literature include the Pillow Book of Sei Shōnagon depicting court life of the Heian period and the Genji story of Murasaki Shikibu, considered the world's first novel.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The mainstream of poetry was formed by chain poetry renga.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

It was succeeded by the lighter haikai, known as Matsuo Bashō from the 17th century, and the urban kyōka.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

During the Edo period, literature shifted from the pastime of the samurai upper class to becoming available to the bourgeoisie and lower social classes, and literacy and book-printing became more common.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The entertainment culture of the Edo period can be seen, for example, in kasku literature, which later developed into rakugo comics.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[3] In the Meiji period, Japanese literature modernized and began to incorporate Western elements into itself.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The first “modern” novel writers were Sōseki Natsume and Mori Ōgai, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima, Osamu Dazai and, more recently, Haruki Murakami.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Two Japanese writers have won the Nobel Prize in Literature: Yasunari Kawabata in 1968 and Kenzaburō Ōe in 1994.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japanese music has often been in an integral connection with theatre.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The earliest musical influences arrived in Japan from Korea by the 40th century.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Classical gagaku music, borrowing from several different mainland Asian traditions, was born into the court.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In turn, musical theatre nō emerged from folksy entertainment, which developed at its peak and became established during the Muromachi period.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In between the Nō plays, humorous kyōgen plays were performed.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Bunraku puppet theatre evolved from jōruri ballads, which were previously accompanied by biwa and later shamisen.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

From these traditions, the Kabuki theatre originated in the Edo period, whose most typical accompaniment instrument is also the shamisen — in addition to the shamisen, two common traditional instruments are the shakuhachi and the koto.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Starting in the 19th century, Western music that arrived in Japan today forms an integral part of the country's culture.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Since World War II, modern European and American popular music has greatly influenced Japan: Japanese rock and pop as well as other styles of urban music such as hip hop have become increasingly popular.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[3] [70] Kitchen The basic raw material for Japanese cuisine is rice, although historically it has been more of a luxury item.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Raw materials are usually cooked as little as possible and the food is light.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Much attention is paid to the aesthetics and quality of food.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Under the influence of Buddhism, meat was hardly eaten in Japan before the Meiji period, and still fish and vegetables play a significant role in Japanese cuisine, although meat consumption has reached the consumption of fish.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[71] Seasonal dishes () are an important part of the kitchen.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Well-known Japanese fish dishes include sushi and sashimi, as well as tempura of Portuguese origin.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Meat dishes include, for example, sukiyaki, shabu-shabu, tonkatsu, and yakitori made from chicken.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Soy sauce, a substitute for salt, is used as the base seasoning; other foods made from soybeans include tofu and miso.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japanese cuisine also uses a lot of seaweed and canned vegetables (tsukemono).


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Dashi broth forms the basis for many dishes.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The vast majority of Japanese restaurants focus on serving some special cuisine, the exception being, for example, a pub-type restaurant izakaya.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

A common fast food is Chinese origin rāmen noodle, whose Japanese equivalents include soba and udon.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In Japanese sweets (wagashi) and desserts, tea and azuki bean paste (anko) are often used.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Food drinks include beer, which came to Japan at the end of the 19th century, and tea, which is most often green.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The most famous alcoholic beverage is sake, the stronger the drink again shōchū.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[34] [72] Sports and Games Japan's national sport has traditionally been sumo wrestling, which is still one of the most popular sports in the country.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Many martial arts such as judo, karate, and kendō are also practiced and widely watched.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

After the Meiji Restoration, several Western sports began to spread to Japan.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[73] Today, the most popular sport in the country, measured by both spectator and attendance numbers, is baseball, which has been played by professional teams since the 1930s.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[34] One of the most famous Japanese baseball players is Ichirō Suzuki, who won the Japan Most Valuable Player award several times and today plays in North America.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japan's national football professional league, J. League, was founded in 1992, after which football has also increased its popularity.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[74] Japan played host to the Football Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and hosted the 2002 Football World Cup together with South Korea.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics and Nagano the 1998 Winter Olympics.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Two well-known board games played in Japan are shōgi, which resembles chess, and originally Chinese go.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Developed from Western card games include hanafuda and karuta, a popular gambling game played in arcades while pachinko.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Japan has had considerable influence on video games, with a large proportion of the best-known manufacturers being Japanese (Nintendo, Sega, Sony, Konami, Capcom, Namco and Taito).


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

These companies have developed numerous popular game series.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Celebrations In Japan, there are a total of 15 national, feast and holiday days defined by law.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Excluded from these are several nationwide holidays, including setsubun, valentine's day, tanabata, obon, shichi-go-san, Christmas and New Year's Eve.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[75] [76] The traditional Japanese festival is matsuri, which has originally been an exclusively Shinthian celebration and whose origins can be traced back to the Yayoi period or earlier.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

Local matsurs are held in thousands each year.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

[34] The most notable of these are, for example, Gion matsuri in Kyoto, Tenjin matsuri in Osaka and Kanda matsuri in Tokyo.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The change of seasons is celebrated in Japan in the spring in the form of watching cherry blossoms (hanami) and in autumn by observing ruska (momijigari).


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

DatenamesJapanese-language nameNotes1.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

JanuaryNew Year ShōgatsuBefore the introduction of the Western Gregorian calendar in the 19th century, the New Year was celebrated according to the Chinese lunar calendar.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

New Year is one of the most significant celebrations of the year, which has its own traditions. The second Monday of January is the day of adulthood, which celebrates young people turning 20 years.11.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

FebruaryKenkoku kinen no Hi


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

or March 21, RequestEquinox Shunbun no HiSignificant day of the Buddhist calendar, when the ancestors are honored.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

AprilyShōwa no Hi


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The day kicks off a series of vacation days called Golden Week.3.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

May Kinenpō Kinenbi


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In May, despite its name (children's day), the feast day for boys.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The corresponding day for girls is hinamatsuri in March, which, however, is not a national holiday for the time being. Third Monday of July, the day of July, when the sea is celebrated.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

or 24 SeptemberEquinox Shūbun no Hisamantype holiday like the vernal equinox.Second Monday of October, the Day of Health and Sports, which commemorates the opening ceremony of the Tokyo Olympics in 1964.3. for the promotion of research.23.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

In November, Takinrō kansha no Hi


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

On Decemberthe Emperor's Birthday, Tennō TanjōbinYū Emperor Akihito was born on this day.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

The Imperial Palace will be opened to the public.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

See also List of cities in Japan List of emperors of Japan Japan-Finland relations Jasuko Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Macfarlane, Alan| title = Heart of Japan| others = Translated by Tero Valkonen| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2008| version=( Japan through the looking glass, 2007) | id = ISBN 978-951-796-541-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vesterinen, Ilmari (ed.


Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

) | title = There are mountains behind the mountains: Perspectives on Japan| location = Helsinki| publisher = University print| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-570-165-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vesterinen, Ilmari| title = Behind the Yellow Sea: Life and Phenomena in East Asia| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2003| version = Data Lipas 193| id = ISBN 951-746-461-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kena Kirsti| title = Perspectives of Far Eastern Theology; Publications of the Finnish Theological Literature Society 181| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-9111-93-X}} On topic elsewhere Official Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Japan

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Japan

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Japan

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Question: Do Buddhists own pets?

Japan

* Category:Key articles of screening Category:42 Asia


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The Soyuz () is a Russian spacecraft originally designed by Sergei Korolyov for the Soviet space program.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The ships are launched on a Soyuz launch vehicle and are part of the Soyuz space program.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Numerous variants of the ship have been made over time.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The Soyuz followed the Voshod spacecraft in the Soviet space program and was originally built as part of the Luna program.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Initially, they were also used as part of the ZOND program, to transport spaceflyers to the Saljut and Mir space stations, and today the International Space Station.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The first unmanned Soyuz was launched on 28 November 1966 and the first manned on 23 April 1967.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

During its long history, the ship's crew has been lost on initial flights Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

By 2015, more than 120 manned flights have been successfully made with different versions of the ship.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The structure of the spacecraft The Soyuz craft consists of three parts: the orbit module, the landing module and the service module.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The platform is protected during launch by a wind diameter located in the nose, which is disconnected once the craft has passed through the atmosphere.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The ship was fitted with an automatic docking system.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The platform can be operated automatically, or the pilot can operate independently.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The Soyuz is capable of carrying three cosmonauts into space and keeping them in space operational for 3.2 days.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Its passenger life support system produces about 1 atm of pressure and replaces water and carbon dioxide with oxygen.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Orbit Module The front part of the platform is an orbit module that contains all equipment not needed in landing, such as test equipment, cameras and cargo.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It also includes a possible docking station.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The orbit module can be isolated from the descent module if necessary, thereby acting as an airlock.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

By transferring engineering installations from previous manned space capsules to an orbital module that, at the end of flight, does not re-enter the atmosphere, the facilities used during Soyuz cosmonauts spaceflight increased significantly.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The orbit module could be built lighter than the re-entry capsule, as it does not need to be shielded for re-entry into Earth's atmosphere.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The command module of the Apollo spacecraft had six cubic metres of living space for the three astronauts and had a mass of 5000kg.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The Soyuz had 9 cubic metres of living space for a similarly sized crew, mostly in an orbital module.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Landing Module Cosmonauts use the descent module when launching the ship and its return back to Earth.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The landing module is coated with a heat-resistant coating that prevents the interior from heating as the ship flies at high speed through the atmosphere during re-entry to the ground.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The speed of the descent module is slowed down, first by atmospheric drag and then by brake shadows, until the main shadow opens and slows the pace of the ship to land to the surface of the earth.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Soft landing is ensured by solid fuel brake rockets operating at metre altitude and placed behind the heat shield.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

One of the requirements of the design of the landing module was that the ship should have maximum volumetric efficiency (internal volume divided by hull surface area).


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The best form for this would be a ball.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

However, the ball produces no lifting force and would result in a ballistic re-entry into the atmosphere.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Ballistic re-entry into the atmosphere is dangerous for the crew because of the ship's high deceleration.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It prevents the craft from being guided from orbit into the atmosphere after entering the atmosphere.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Because of this, it was decided to choose a “headlight” format for the Soyuz return capsule.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It has a hemispherical front, connected by a slight cone (7 degrees) a spherical heat shield.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Such a shape gives a small lift due to uneven weight distribution (?).


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The nickname for the shape is explained by the fact that at the time of the design of the Soyuz, almost all the headlights of cars were circular in shape.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Service Module There is a service module at the rear of the ship.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It is a barrel shaped pressurized tank in which systems for temperature control, electric power source, long-distance radio, radio telemetry and attitude control system and control system are located.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The unpressurized part of the service module houses the ship's main and backup engines: a solid-fuel propulsion system for orbital operation and exit.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The ship is also equipped with low-power rocket motors for attitude correction.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Outside the service module are the sensors of the attitude control system and solar panels, which are directed towards the sun by turning.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Dimensions version:Soyuz-A7K-OK7K-T7K-TMSOJUZ TSOJUZ TMSOJUZ TMSOJUZ TMA system mass ( kg) 5880656068006680685072507220Length (m) 7,407,957,487,487,487,487,487,486,98Diameter (m) 2,502,722,722,722,722,72Length (m)? 9,809,80/—8,3710,610,610,7Orbitmodule mass (kg) 1000110013501224110014501370Length (m) 3,003,452,983,102,982,982,98Diameter (m) 2,202,252,262,262,262,262,262,26Residential volume (m³) 2,205,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,005,5,005,00Return Capsule mass (kg) 2480281028502802300028502950Length (m) 2,302,242,242,242,242,24Diameter (m) 2,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,17Residential volume (m³) 4,004,003,504,003,503,50Maintenance module mass (kg) 240026502700265427502900Propellant (kg) 8305005005007772,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,172,17 880880Length (m) 2,102,262,262,262,262,262,26Diameter (m) 2,302,152,152,152,152,152,152,15Max.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Splitter (m) 2,502,722,722,722,722,722.72 Soyuz Versions Manned Soyuz ships have been developed over 40 years and have different generations of production versions.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The first manned version of the Soyuz was the 7K-OK.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It was carrying a crew of three.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Its docking system was experimental and intended only to connect two ships with each other without the possibility for the crew to move from one ship to another.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The cosmonauts had to do a spacewalk to move to another ship.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

This was done on Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 flights.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

This version of the Soyuz spacecraft was originally designed for lunar flight.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The Soyuz version 7K-L1 was designed for manned flight around the Moon.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It was based on the 7K-OK ship, but had several components removed to reduce weight.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

More notable upgrades included the modification of the orbit module (with additional space for housing and hardware) and a spare landing parachute.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The 7K-L1 platform was tested in the Zond program from 1968 to 1970.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

These occurred several failures in the atmospheric re-entry systems of the 7K-L1 version.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The goal of Soviet manned lunar orbit flight was abandoned based on these tests and the fact that NASA astronauts visited the moon in the summer of 1969.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The next manned version of the Soyuz was the 7K-OKS.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It was designed for space station flights.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

A docking station was implemented in it, through which the cosmonauts were able to move from one ship to another.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Two manned flights were made with this version.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

On re-entry into the atmosphere of the latter, or Soyuz 11-flight, its crew perished when the capsule's pressurization was lost in the middle of the re-entry phase.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Soyuz 1—11 were the first generation ships that were in service from 1967 to 1971.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

This first generation comprised the original Soyuz craft and the Soyuz associated with the Saljut 1 space station.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Flights to the Saljut space station were made starting in 1971.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The Soyuz spacecraft was matched by a crew of three but only without spacesuits.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

This created risks, especially during launch and re-entry.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

They were fitted with bent solar panels and an automatic Igla docking system.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

A short-range radar system was required to target the two spacecraft to dock.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The first nine spacecraft did not have a hatch at the docking station through which one could move from one ship to another.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

In them, the crew moved from the spacecraft to the space station using a spacewalk.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The complete redesign resulted in the second generation Soyuz, or 7K-T. One crew mode was removed from it to allow all cosmonauts to be fit to wear spacesuits both during departure and descent.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Changing solar panels to batteries was followed by limiting the length of the flight to two days without docking.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

A modified version of this ship flew as a Soyuz 13 flight - its Igla docking system had been replaced by a large Orion 2 astrophysical camera used to photograph space and Earth.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Another modified version was the 7K-T/A9, which was used on Almaz-class military space station flights.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Through this, it was possible to remotely control the space station.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The return capsule was fitted with a new parachute system.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The information on the 7K-T/A9 version is still secret.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The second generation Soyuz spacecraft were Soyuz 12—40 ships used from 1973 to 1981.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The ships docked at the Saljut space stations.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The two-person crew wore spacesuits throughout the flight.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The Soyuz ASTP spacecraft was designed for the Apollo-Soyuz test project, or politically motivated Apollo-Soyuz slimming flights.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

At the insistence of American astronauts, the ship's safety level was raised.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The Soyuz ASTP had new solar panels to allow for longer flight and the lack of the need to use electricity generated by Apollo during docking.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It featured a two-advisory docking system in place of the standard male docking system.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Its environmental management system was modified to allow interior air pressure to be lowered to 0.68 atmospheres (69 kPa) before docking with the Apollo.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

On the last flight of this version (Soyuz 22), the docking station was again replaced by a camera.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Subsequent major changes were made to the third-generation 'Soyuz T- version, which was used from 1976 to 1986.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It received new solar panels for longer flight time and had a redesigned IGLA approach system needed for docking.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

In addition, a new ship's pivot and position engine system came into its service module.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Fourth generation, or Soyuz TM ships, were commissioned in 1986 to service the Mir space station.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Use ended in 2003.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

A new docking and approach system, new radio equipment, an emergency system and a combined parachute/landing engine system were added to the Soyuz T-ship.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

A new automatic and error-proof approach and docking system called KURS allowed Soyuz TM to move independently from the space station without the space station making involuntary maneuvers as a “mirror image” caused by attitude control on the back of earlier models.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The fifth generation was Soyuz TMA entered service in 2003 and will be in service in the 2010s.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It has undergone several modifications to meet NASA requirements regarding greater seat maneuver in height and width for the crew (i.e.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

taller men fit aboard) and a developed parachute system.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It was also the first disposable spacecraft to use glass cockpit gauge technology.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It carries spaceflyers and cargo, as well as serving as a backup re-entry vessel (“lifeboat”) to the International Space Station.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Effects of Soyuz ships on other spacecraft The unmanned Progress spacecraft is based on Soyuz ships.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

It is used in servicing the International ISS Space Station and was used for a long time in servicing the Soviet Saljut and Mir space stations.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Progress ships are equipped with Soyuz automatic navigation and docking systems, but naturally do not carry a return pod.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Once the craft is emptied of cargo and filled with waste from the space station, it is dropped into the atmosphere, where it will burn up.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The docking system for the European Space Agency's ATV cargo ship, which began operation in 2008, is the same as for Progress ships.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

The Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft has, according to Western views, been heavily influenced by the Soyuz.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

On the subject elsewhere, David S.F.


Question: When is the first Soyuz spacecraft launched into space?

Soyuz (spacecraft)

Portree,, NASA RP-1357, 1995 See also Soyuz Space Program Manned Space Flight Vostok Program Category:Soyuz Program Category:Spacecraft Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Jazz [Jats] (harv.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

jatsi) is a genre of music born in the United States, incorporating many styles distantly separated from each other.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Most of them are characterized by a syncopated rocking rhythm, as well as the importance of improvisation.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Also a key contribution of wind instruments is one stamp-giving feature of jazz.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Jazz emerged no later than the 19th century among the African-American population of the Confederate States of America


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In its distinct forms, the genre of music was outlined in the twentieth century.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

New Orleans is especially considered to be the birthplace of jazz.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Jazz evolved from the vowel music, blues, and spiritual music of African-Americans.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Jazz was developed and originally performed by African-Americans.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

However, the first jazz ensemble to record was the Original Dixieland Jass Band, composed of white musicians, in 1917.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

[1] Jazz arrived in Finland in the 1920s.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

[2] Jazz is more often instrumental music, but singers are also met.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Jazz performers can be as much big big bands as solo artists.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Most often, however, there are at least three players, and band members' interaction is more central to popular music in jazz.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Instruments in jazz include various wind instruments, including saxophone, trumpet, cornet, clarinet, flute, and drag trombone; double bass (later also electric bass), piano, drums, electric organ, guitar, and vibraphone.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The electric guitar was originally introduced specifically to jazz music at the end of the 1930s.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In jazz music, a modern drum set also developed.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Improvisation in jazz A characteristic feature of Jazz is improvisation.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

There are also jazz songs to which improvisation does not belong, but usually improvised solos, or sometimes simultaneous improvisation by different soloists, belong to jazz performance.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Improvisation is decidedly more complex in jazz than in modern popular music or blues.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In blues, improvisation is most often based on a mollipentatonic scale or a bluesscale almost similar to it.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In this case, there is no need to care about chord changes, because usually only chords are used in blues that are all suitable for use with the same scale.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In contrast, jazz has a markedly larger number of different chords and the scales used with them.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The most important scales are church compositions, namely the modes of the Duur scale, as well as melodic molo harmonic scales (there are already 14 scales in total).


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In addition to these, for example, symmetric and pentatonic scales are also used.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Chord changes in jazz songs tend to be tight-lipped, whereby the player is forced to constantly change the scale they use during their solo.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Many scales and chords do not have very established names or symbols, instead several modes of notation are used.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Initially jazz improvisation was mainly a modification of a song's melody, but improvisation changed as jazz became increasingly free-form.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The development culminated into free jazz, where performance can even consist of completely free improvisation.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Especially in earlier times, improvisation was approached in jazz through scales rather than directly through chord tunes in the chord.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In jazz, the song structure is most often such that the theme is played at the beginning and end of the song, with improvisational sections of different players interspersed between the themes.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The solo often progresses through the chords of the theme, but especially when the songs recorded were still technically limited to three minutes, it was possible to disconnect smaller parts of the theme chord for different soloists so that everyone had time to play a solo during the same song.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In addition to the fact that a jazz song has a typical ABA structure (that is, at the beginning and end of the song there are two identical parts - in this case the theme - with a different section between them - solos), but especially in old jazz the theme itself has its internal ABA structure.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

History of Jazz Origin of Jazz The roots of jazz can be found in the music of blacks transported from West Africa to North America for slave labor.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The genesis of the musical genre probably began with the fact that slaves were not allowed to talk to each other during work, they invented work songs — singing was allowed.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Such songs are called by the appellation field hollers (“field slimmers”).


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

After the Civil War of the 1860s, slavery was ended and the development of musical culture gained momentum.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Genres of music called blues and ragtime, for example, were born.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Ragtime was pre-jazz, somewhat reminiscent of rapid march, most often performed on piano.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Ragtime's development locations included Texas, Florida, Tennessee, St. Louis, Oklahoma, and especially its most prominent centre, New Orleans in the Mississippi Delta.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The most famous ragtime composer was Scott Joplin, whose many songs are familiar to the general public even today.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Origin of the word “jazz” The origin of the word “jazz” has not been successfully clarified exhaustively.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The origin of the word is shown in e.g.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

the English slang terms “gism” or “jasm” meaning semen, as the term “jazzing” is intended for prostitution [3].


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Other possibilities have been considered, for example, the French verb “jaser" [3] or the word “chasse" [4], meaning predatory.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The origin of the word has also been speculated to be related to the first names of early musicians such as “Charles” (Chas.)


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

or “James” (Jas.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

) [3], The word “jass” - later jazz - first appeared as a musical term in Chicago in the mid-1910s.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

According to jazz historian Marshall Stearns, the then-meaning would not tolerate a weight outfit [5].


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

New Orleans New Orleans was a free-spirited city where several different cultures could mix easily and ragtime was also influenced there.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Ragtime music was often played in brothels.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

As ragtime evolved from marching to a little lighter and more versatile, it began to be called jazz.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The development of jazz began in the 1890s—1910s.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The original jazz featured influences from military marches, West African music, piano music, church and folk music, and French songs.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The most peculiar feature of jazz, compared to other musical styles of that time, was that the songs often played a prominent role in the songs by improvised solo contributions.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

However, New Orleans jazz, dixieland, did not have an actual soloist; it is a matter of so-called collective improvisation.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In it, wind instruments embellished an existing melody at once with the accompaniment of a rhythm group.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Improvisation made the songs vibrant and gave more feel to the songs.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

New Orleans jazz improvisation differs from improvising in modern jazz precisely in that it was essentially an embellishment of a finished melody, whereas in newer jazz, improvising freely over chords.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Pre-swing jazz has later been referred to by the term classic jazz.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Jazz is growing in popularity Jazz suddenly became a popular music genre especially among blacks.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

It was played at socialite invitations and even at some colourful funerals.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Africans had been banned from their traditional instruments because English-speaking colonial hosts feared slaves would especially use drums as a means of communication.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In addition, slaves were desired to convert to Christianity and were taught traditional Christian anthems and hymns.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Thus, blacks began singing their own music and building instruments themselves, as well as, where possible, learning Western instruments.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The general lineup of the first jazz ensembles was trumpet, clarinet and trombone, and sometimes saxophone.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Skilled trumpetists generally received a great deal of prestige.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

These included Buddy Bolden, Freddie Keppard and Joe “King” Oliver, among others.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Joe Oliver taught and supported Louis Armstrong with the trumpet during the early stages of his career [6].


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Some Caucasians became involved in jazz dabbling in the early days of the 20th century.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The first-ever and at the same time only jazz recording made before the 1920s was made by the Original Dixieland Jass Band, a band of Caucasian Carpases, in 1917 (jazz might often be spelled “jass” in its early days).


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

This gave a kick to the spread of jazz among Caucasians as well.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

[1] World War I did not affect life in the United States at all, and it did no harm to the development of jazz either.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Jazz played in New Orleans was the main style, but two genres of piano jazz also developed alongside it: stride and boogie woogie.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

When, in 1917, New Orleans outlawed previously legal prostitution, jazz began to be concentrated on the East Coast of the United States; Chicago, and later on New York as well.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In the 1920s, the sound record industry accelerated and jazz began to be properly recorded on records.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

This increased interest and also the number of jazz musicians.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In Finland in the 1920s, most jazz was in English or Swedish.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Among the working youth, accordion jazz emerged from national ingredients, combining yankees and polk with ragtime, and adding waltz romance, tango, cuplet and other material at arm's length to them.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Accordion jazz is very much related to the history of Dallapé, as it was a paragon of a style whose dominance only grew stronger in the 1930s and lasted until the Winter War.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The 1930s and the joining of big bandit Louis Armstrong in Fletcher Henderson's band laid new ground for really the whole jazz style direction.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

He developed a new style from the still rather rigid New Orleans jazz, which was more soloistic art than New Orleans jazz, raising the appreciation of jazz even further.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Before jazz was just so-called collective, but now players also played certain roles in songs.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

This was part of the reason jazz lineups were growing.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

[7] New York and Kansas City developed a style of jazz for big orchestras, which was the basis for the big band swing of the 1930s.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The use of large orchestras led to the need to make even more precise arrangements for jazz pieces.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Improvisation was more difficult in large configurations.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

However, more traditional jazz was still in greater popularity among big bands in the 1920s.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In the 1930s, jazz's power style was swing and major jazz orchestras were gaining popularity.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Duke Ellington was the most illustrious of swing composers and arrangers.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Swing music is especially lighter than classical jazz in rhythm and in it the songs have a carefully made adaptation.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Bebop Jazz was mainly performed in clubs, as the level of improvised playing suffers at large concerts.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

With the swing and precise fitting, the venue of the performance didn't matter in terms of playing.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

This led to commercialization and entertainment.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Tired of commercialized swing and easy improv, musicians flocked to play and compete for their playing skills with each other at New York's Harlem's Minton's Playhouse.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

A lot of new musicians also came along.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

There developed a genre of music called bebop, or re-bop, or bop.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Most of bebop's top names were previously swing soloists, for example Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The outbreak of World War II interrupted the development of musical genres.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Between 1943 and 1944, a recording ban was in effect in the United States.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

This hampered the position of commercial swing and also jazz, and bebop attracted more interest.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Bebop's new style was well suited to the post-war period, when cultures were still out of balance.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In Bebop, improvisation was no longer linked to melody but merely to chord structure.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The chord structure was a little more complicated, too.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Bebop initially received a lot of reviews because the musical genre is rather elusive.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

One motive in bebop was to deceive uninitiated laymen, especially white ones, for example by playing familiar songs with faster tempos and more complex chords and, of course, with a new name so that not everyone recognises them.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Bebop compositions differed much in melody and theme from early, but chord structures were usually borrowed from popular songs.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Bebop reflected the attitudes of blacks to their own space.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Bebop cultivated the pride of the black population.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The emergence of this jazz branch was a contributing backdrop to the civil rights struggles of the 1950s by blacks, through which African-Americans eventually gained full civil rights.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Bebop was usually played in ensembles of 4—5 people.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The instruments were usually saxophone, trumpet, double bass, piano and drums.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In Bebop, interaction between musicians was important for improvisation.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

It was the first style of jazz that was not meant to be danced.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Partly because of that, and also because of its elusiveness and revolutionary nature, bebop never became as popular with the common folk as swing.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

In the 1950s, not entirely new stylistic trends such as bebop came; instead, new styles, cool jazz and hard bop, were closely related to bebop.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

With Bebop, jazz became increasingly separated from commercial music.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

The song was now clearly less often heard in jazz music and large bigbands had also receded from the way of smaller groups.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Long improvised solos became increasingly central to jazz, and began to be used mostly rhythms to the beat of which one could no longer dance.


Question: What year was Jaco Pastorius born?

Jazz

Cool jazz Cool jazz was a musical genre developed especially by musicians studying at white young classical music colleges, in which the so-called “academic presentation”.