Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

1905 was also the year of the Great Strike and Peltonen was inspired by social action again.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

He took an active part in the activities of the Finnish Federation founded in 1906 for a couple of years.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Peltonen published “Kirot”, a play considered difficult in 1908, in which he summarized the events of 1899—1905 in Finland.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

In early 1908 Peltonen travelled in Europe with a grant from the WSOY, exploring art exhibitions, theatre and museums.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Immediately after returning from the trip, he began writing a new novel, which appeared in 1909 under the name Refugees.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Peltonen had received the subject matter when he lived a few years earlier in Lapinlahti's Alalonga, Hovi house, where buyers arrived one day from Häme from Häme.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

The novel “Refugees” is considered the best of Linnankoski's works.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Returning to Askola, Peltonen's family's travelling life ended in 1909 when he bought a farm near his childhood home in Askola called Toivola.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

At Askola, Peltonen was involved in youth club activities, directed amateur plays and conducted conduct courses for villagers.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

He wrote the plays Samson and Delila, which appeared here in 1911, as well as Jephthah's Daughter and the Shrapnel collection of short stories, which appeared in 1913.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

During his years at Toivola, Peltonen also had a major novel project in progress, for which he planned his main work.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

The novel “Three Yrö” was intended to depict the stages of the Finnish race through the life stories of three brothers, Eino, Jussi and Antero Yrä.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

However, Peltonen's deteriorating health and the family's financial difficulties prevented the novel project from being completed and only a short snippet of it was eventually published in the short story “Hilja, the milk girl”.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

In 1913, suffering from overexertion and poor health, Peltonen was forced to leave for treatment at the Helsinki Deaconess Institute.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

He died there of anemia at the age of 43 on August 10, 1913.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Johannes Linnankoski's youth home is a home museum in Askola.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

[2] Works Settlement and building system in rural areas 1900 How every man got land 1900 Pencil 1900 Speech art 1901 Eternal battle, play 1903 Song of the scarlet flower 1905 How to build a new Finland 1905 Battle for Heikkilä house y.m.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

narratives, WSOY 1907 Curses, play 1907 Refugees 1908 Jephthah's daughter, play 1911 Samson and Delila, play 1911 Shards, short story collection 1913 Compiled works 1908—1915 Hilja, milk girl and other shards 1920 Clematis and hope trip 1931 Selected works 1953, 1971, 1973 Sången om den eldröda blomman, directed by Mauritz Stiller (Sweden) 1919 Sången om den eldröda blomman, directed by Per-Axel Branner (Sweden) 1934 Battle of the House of Heikkilä, directed by Teuvo Tulio 1936 Song of the Scarlet Flower, direction Teuvo Tulio 1938 In Passion, directed by Teuvo Tulio 1947 (based on the short story The Battle of Heikkilä House) Hilja — the milk girl, directed by Toivo Särkkä 1953 Sången om den eldröda blomman, directed by Gustaf Molander (Sweden) 1956 Song of the Scarlet Flower, directed by Mikko Niskanen 1971 Refugees, directed by Veikko Kerttula 1977 Sources Literature Aarne Anttila: Vihtori Peltonen — Johannes Linnankoski I. Porvoo 1921.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Aarne Anttila: Vihtori Peltonen — Johannes Linnankoski II.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Porvoo in 1927.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

From Aleksis Stone to Martti Merenmaa.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Porvoo in 1954.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Leevi Mättulä: The scarlet flower of life.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Porvoo in 1979.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

National filmography of Finland.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Parts 2.,3.,5 and 8.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Hki, Edita.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Tulio: An Anthology of Restless Blood.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

Edited by Sakari Toiviainen .Hki, SKS 2002 ISBN 951-746-333-2 Veikko Knuutila: Johannes Linnankoski my time in Karinais: Suomusjärvi, Veikko Knuutila 2013.


Question: When did Johannes Linnankoski die?

Johannes Linnankoski

ISBN 978-952-93-2460-6 On the subject elsewhere Freely downloaded Johannes Linnankoski e-books from the National Library and Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Category:History of Askola Category:Finnish writers Category:Finnish short story writers Category:Finnish playwrights Category:Born in 1869 Class:Those who died in 1913 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

M/S Antares (IMO number:) is a ro-ro cargo ship owned by the Norwegian shipping company Caiano Shipping.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[1] The ship's holder is the Norwegian company Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[2] The ship was built in 1988 at the Gdańsk Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Antares is registered under the flag of Norway and its home port is Oslo.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Today Finnish freight shipping company Finnlines operates the ship on the Turku—Travemünde route.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[3] Antares' sister ship is M/S Finnsailor, built in 1987 at the same shipyard.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[4] Specifications Antares body is made of steel.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[5] The length of the ship is 157.61 meters, the latitude is 25.32 meters, and the draught is 7.31 meters.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The total volume (gross tonnage) of the ship is 19963 and the volume (net tonnage) of the travel and cargo facilities is 5989.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The ship's dead weight, or carrying capacity, is 8793 tons.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The ship has a cargo capacity of 2090 lanemeters.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The ship has a top speed of 20.5 knots.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[4] [1] The ship has an ice rating of 1A Super, meaning it is able to travel alone under most ice conditions.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Vessel of this class are required to have high engine power and a strong hull.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[1] [6] Antares has a container capacity (TEU) of 335 + 76 and a cooling container capacity of 50.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[1] The ship's main engines are two Wärtsilä-Sulzer 12ZAV40 diesel engines, which together develop a power output of 14390 kilowatts.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[4] Antares weight water tanks have a combined volume of 5859 m³.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[5] Vessel type Antares is a ro-ro vessel (roll on roll off), meaning its loading takes place from the stern [7] on the wheels without a crane.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The RO-RO ship is the most competitive solution for speed-intensive and short transport, as it is fast to load and unload.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

There is always a lot of unused space left in cargo space, which is why ships are hardly used for ocean transport.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[8] Operating history 1986—2002 The ship was built at Gdańsk Shipyard in Poland and in order it is the 918th ship built at the shipyard.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[9] The ship's keel was laid down on 24 November 1986.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

On the last day of September in 1987, the ship was lowered into the waters.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

On August 31, 1988, it was handed over to the ownership of Finnish timber procurement company Thomesto Oy, which registered the vessel under the Finnish flag as Finnforest.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The home port became Helsinki.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

On the same day, the ship got underway in Finncarriers traffic.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

On September 7, 1988, Finncarriers purchased the ship, renamed it Antares, and began operating on that route Helsinki—Lübeck.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

On 18 April 1989, the ship was registered under Finnlines Group ownership in Helsinki.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Antares ran aground at Kovankivi, off Rauma, on 11 January 1991 at 6:30am.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

From the scene of the accident, it was about ten kilometres to the port of Rauma.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At the time of the accident, there was an 18-person crew on board, the northerly wind was blowing 10—17 m/s, and visibility was non-existent.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The ship caught aground at its midpoint, with severe ruptures on the outermost bottom of its double bottom and fuel tanks torn so badly that 12 tonnes of light fuel oil, or diesel, could drain into the sea.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[10] [11] [12] Heavy fuel oil also spilled into the sea.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

A strong northerly wind began to carry oil south, towards Uuttatown and Pyhämaa.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Before the day went dark, an oil slick formed from 40000—60000 litres had emerged south of the ship, with a width of 300—500 metres and a length of 5—6 km.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Oil also managed to threaten nearby bird islands, and due to high winds, oil booms were not established around Antares until the evening wore on.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

In addition, the crash area was important for knuckle fishing, with whitefish and herring spawning there.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

During the evening, the oil spill also stopped.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

High power pumps from the oil-fighting vessel Hall were provided by helicopter to the ship during the evening.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The Hall itself, as well as another oil-fighting ship, the Oili II, later arrived on the scene.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Four tugs had also reached the ground aground.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At no time was the ship in danger of sinking.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[12] On his accident voyage Antares was without a pilot on his way to Rauma to load stationery.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The cargo at the time of the accident was one hundred tons of cargo.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The ship carried 50 tons of light fuel oil as well as 36 tons of heavy fuel oil.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[12] Later, the wind turned westward, or into the open ocean, where the oil slick broke up and eventually dissipated.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Thanks to this, the Pyhämaa Bird Islands were saved from an oil disaster.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Antares was towed under observation by three oil interceptor ships to the port of Rauma, where it was again surrounded by oil booms.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

During the tow, no oil reached the sea.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[13] After a few days, Antares took his own planes from the port of Rauma towards Kiel, Germany, where the ship was repaired.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[14] In February 1991, the Chief of Antares issued a sea explanation in Turku that the extinguished edge mark and sudden snow deaf had been the reasons for the aground.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

According to the chief, neither he nor the crew were responsible for the aground for these reasons.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The chief had a line bullet book for the Rauma fairway.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[14] In late January 1998, the ship entered the Helsinki—Rauma—Gdynia—Rostock—Lübeck route.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[4] At the time, the ship's cargo consisted of Finnish paper exported to the Polish and German markets.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[15] From the beginning of January 1999 until September 1999, Antares was time-chartered, i.e. leased [16] for the Danish DFDS Tor Line AB.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Initially the charterer operated the ship between Rotterdam and Immingham and later between Gothenburg and Harwich.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

After the lease period, the ship moved back to its old route: Helsinki—Rauma—Gdynia—Rostock—Lübeck.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

In October 1999, Antares began operating services on the Helsinki—Helsingborg—Copenhagen—Århus route.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[4] In June 2000, the Norwegian shipping company Actinor RoRo II purchased Antares and leased it to Finncarriers.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

On 10 August, the ship entered the Norwegian flag, the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS).


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Actinor RoRo II acquired the crew for Antares through a Polish employment agency.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

With the exception of the Norwegian master, the entire crew was Polish.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

In October, the ship entered traffic between Uusikaupunki and Travemünde.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[4] [17] Accident at Uusikaupunki Harbour on 5 July 2001, the vessel was moored at Uusikaupunki Harbour on 5 July 2001.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The weather was good and the air temperature was +27°C.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

There were no surges or currents in the harbour basin.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Antares' third mate and engineer master had serviced the ship's MOB boat (man over board, or man overboard), or fast lifeboat, and made a test run on it in the harbour pool.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[17] Antares' first mate and petty officer supervised the loading of the ship on the ship's aft ramp.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The engineering master told him he wanted to go to the Antares engine room and asked if the first mate would come to replace his place on the Mob boat.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The first mate obeyed the request and entered the boat.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

He and the third mate moved the boat to its lifting location, after which secured the hook of the hoisting cable and securing it with a chain.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The boat was then raised almost up to its permanent mooring place.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

This happened between 3pm and 3:02 p.m.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

After lifting, as one of the co-pilot was about to disembark from the boat, a hoisting cable was betrayed and the boat fell into the sea with both co-pilots with it.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[17] Rescue work The Norwegian master of the ship was in his cabin at the time of the accident.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

He looked out the window of his cabin after noticing the ship was moving and hearing a sound.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The chief noticed that the Mob boat's taavet, or the boat-lifting and lowering device on board ships, had no steel wire left.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

In addition, the boat itself was missing.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The second mate then announced on the ship's internal walkie-talkie: The master, upon hearing this, ran to the stern ramp of Antares to ask the stevedore to call for help.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Between 3:10 p.m. and 3:11 p.m., the first four rescue units arrived on the scene.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

A fifth unit arrived later.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At 3.06pm police received word of what had happened and at 3.17pm the Marine Rescue Block Centre.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

After dropping into the water, the first mate swam to the Mob boat, which was submerged in some respects.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Upon reaching the boat, he saw a motorboat approaching him.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

A local man had seen the boat fall and had left to see what happened.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The man took the co-pilot into his boat and taken to the dock, from where the co-pilot further was transported to the hospital.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The first mate suffered muscle injuries and a right arm fracture in the fall.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The other person on board the Mob boat, the third mate, was not visible on the surface and rescue divers began searching for him.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At 16:00, the rescue dive was discontinued, after which a search dive began, as the object of the search was estimated to be dead.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Visibility underwater was nonexistent.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At 6 p.m., divers found the body of the dead co-pilot five metres from where the Mob boat fell, 10 metres below.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[17] The investigation of the accident An investigation into the accident began immediately by the police.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The occupational safety inspector of the Occupational Safety and Health and Safety and Maritime Inspector from the Department of Maritime Services also arrived at the scene.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The Accident Investigation Branch was also informed of the incident.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Sea captain Risto Repo was assigned to investigate the incident.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

As the ship is under the Norwegian flag, the Norwegian investigation was conducted by sea captain Finn Paulsrud.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Investigators prepared an investigative report as a collaborative effort.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The sea explanation took place at the Norwegian Embassy in Helsinki.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[17] On 9 July, while the ship was back in Uusitown, the police and accident investigator attended consultation with the crew of Antares and examined the Mob boat with its equipment and the boat's lifting cable.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The Finnish Central Criminal Police Laboratory carried out an examination of the lifting cable.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[17] Causes of the accident The cause of the accident has emerged that the clamp joint of the lifting cable, or the talurite, had failed.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The reason for the betrayal was either that when the wire had been used before what happened, it had been subjected to an external force or an error in the process of making the joint.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[17] Antares is the first vessel of its own type of ship to which a MOB boat was required.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[17] 2002—2006 In September 2002, the ship was time-charged for services between Harwich and Europoort by Stena Line UK.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Antares ran aground off the port of Europoort in the Netherlands on 3 December 2002.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[4] Military equipment to Turkey In February 2003, Antares was freighted for use by the British Ministry of Defence [4] to make U.S. shipments in preparation for the Iraq War.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

On 24 February, the ship made the news in Finland as it was unloading in Turkey U.S. military supplies that the military would possibly need in the Iraq war.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The war at that time had not yet begun.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

According to Seija Turunen, Finnlines' director of finance and communications, such chartering is normal business for the company, as several other shipping companies around the world had done the same.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Contracts related to chartering were commercial only.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Antares was the only Finnlines' ship in those transports.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

When visiting Turkey, the ship was normally Norwegian flagged and bore Finnlines insignia.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[7] The ship was time-chartered for Finnlines service on 15 May 2003.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

On 19 May, Antares began operating on the Malmö—Helsinki—Lübeck-Helsinki—Saint Petersburg route.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The route changed on 27 May: Helsinki—Copenhagen—Oslo—Helsingborg.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Again on 2 June, the route changed: Rauma—Gdynia—Rostock—Lübeck—Helsinki—Saint Petersburg.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

In 2004, the ship moved to the Uusicity—Rauma—Rostock—Lübeck—Travemünde route.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Still in late 2004, Antares began operating on the Lübeck-Kemi—Oulu line.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[4] Protests Early in the morning of November 7, 2005, the international environmental organization Greenpeace blockaded Antares at the Stora Enso Kemi plant and prevented it from leaving towards Germany.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

As cargo, the ship was fine paper.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Some of the protesters demonstrated on the platform, some blockaded the ship with buoys and boats, as well as swimming in the sea.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Some climbed onto the side of the ship and into mooring ropes.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At 1:05 p.m., Coast Guard boats arrived at the scene and police removed five protesters from the pier.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The emergency department also tried to remove climbers with a ladder car.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

After half an hour, the police took custody of those on the ship's mooring ropes.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At 14:00, those hanging on the sea side of Antares were removed.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At 3:15 p.m., Stora Enso banned media access to the area.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At 3:45 p.m., Lapland Radio reported that the ship was trying to leave port within half an hour.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

At the same time, police had also taken into custody those protesters who had tried to prevent the lifting of the loading ramp.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

It was not until 6 p.m. that Antares could leave, escorted by authorities, out of the harbour


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

By 11 p.m., all protesters were let loose.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[18] The rescue operation involved the police, emergency department, customs and the Coast Guard.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[18] The demonstration gained continuation starting at 7:30 in the morning of 10 November, when Greenpeace volunteers from many different countries, including Finland, blocked the vessel from entering the port of Lübeck, where the ship had departed from Kemi on 7 November.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

About 40 protesters even managed to hang on a drawbridge leading to the harbour at a height of about 40 metres and put a banner on the side of the ship.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Also attached to the bridge was a banner reading in German: Stoppt Urwaldzerstörung, stoppt Stora Enso ().


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Initially, Antares returned backwards, after which decided to attempt access to the platform.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

After the crew found that access to the platform was blocked, the ship had to make a u-turn.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[19] [20] The purpose of the protests was to prevent the logging of Finnish treasure forests and to try to prevent the sale of paper made of wood.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Germany, to which Antares tried to unload its cargo, is the biggest buyer for the Finnish paper industry.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[20] 2007— At the beginning of 2007, Antares entered service between Turku and Travemünde, replacing the smaller PowerLine 151.94 metre long Finnish M/S Global Freighter vessel which ran on the same route.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[21] On the evening of Monday 10 December 2007, Antares ran aground on Airisto, off the island of Iso-Kaskinen in Turku.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Iso-Kaskinen is located about 150 metres [22] north of Saaronniemi in Ruissalo.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[22] The Marine Rescue Centre learned at 5:40pm that the vessel had run aground, after which, among others, one tug and the Border Guard Outdoor Guard vessel VL Uisko were sent to the scene.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

On Tuesday night [23], the ship got off aground with its own machinery about an hour [23] and returned to the port of Pansio from where it had departed on Tuesday night [23].


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

There were 12 passengers on board at the time of the accident and 17 crew.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

There was no danger to them from running aground and everyone was spared injury.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The cargo included trailers, containers and trucks.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

No oil spills were caused by the run aground.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[24] [25] Antares received only minor ruptures and depressions in one of the weight water tanks on the front side.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[23] After a run aground, Antares was in the dock and returned to traffic at 23.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

on Dec.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[26] According to the original plan, the return was to take place at 22.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

on Dec.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[26] The M/S Runner train ferry carried Antares cargoes during the time spent at the shipyard.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

The Marine Rescue Centre has said the accident was caused by a navigational error and Esa Saari, Office Manager of the Maritime Institute, said the aground possibly was caused by human error.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[23] [24] Later in December 2007, the ship changed hands when Antares was acquired by Norwegian company Caiano Shipping.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[2] [27] [24] In early 2008, the ship first entered the Turku—Gdynia—Travemünde route [28] [29] [30] and in February to the Helsinki-Aarhus/Malmö route.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[31] In the autumn, the ship moved to the Lübeck-Saint Petersburg and Helsinki route.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

[32] Today the ship operates on the Turku—Travemünde route.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Sources On topic elsewhere (in Swedish) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who owns Wilhelmsen Ship Management AS?

S Antares

Category:Cargo ships


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The human race is a term previously used to distinguish and classify groups of people based on, for example, external features, geographical origin or lineage.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Definitions of the word race were and remain highly varied, as are the criteria applied to classification of races, but racial characteristics are thought to be inherited from parents to offspring.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Also, there is no consensus on what is meant by the expression human race or what it should mean.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Studies at the beginning of the millennium and the opening of the human genome provided indications that human populations of different origins are very similar in their DNA structure.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

However, studies with modern tools have shown that the link between differences in gene lineage to many current racial structures is entirely real.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[1] [2] [3] Genetic studies have, for example, shown different races to differ not only in terms of skin colour, but also in more complex dimensions and disease tendencies.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[1] [3] However, the use of the term “Race” has been greatly diminished by its politically incorrect use.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Scientists prefer to use the word population, which refers to a set of individuals reproducing with each other and does not include the concept of difference.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

As early as 1950, UNESCO recommended abandoning the concept of race when talking about people.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[4] Perceptions of races and specific racial divisions have varied from culture and time in history to time.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[5] Traditional Western definitions of race have been based on visible differences, especially in skin color, but also in factors such as facial features and hair quality.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Historically, three or four main breeds have been distinguished, with the names Caucasoids, Mongolids, and Negrids, or the white, yellow and black main race, according to skin color, but the indigenous population of North America has also been referred to as a distinct red main breed.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

All of these have different classifications divided into even smaller groups.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[6] Modern racial definitions do not result in such steep-bordered categories.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The contentiousness of the concept of race is also enhanced by the impact of racial perceptions on people's social identity.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[5] Race, as a concept, has always included meanings other than purely related to the different appearance of people.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Already in the racial classification of groups, Carl von Linné, the father of taxonomy, character traits were attached, and later, in the “scientific racism” developed by Francis Galton, it became a tool for valuing human groups.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[7] The interest of early race scientists and the general public has been focused on assumptions about the coupling of human external qualities to mental qualities such as intelligence and quality of character.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[8] According to several scholars, “race” as it is conceived in the United States, for example, is a social system developed in the 18th century to refer to populations brought together by colonialism, such as Indians, Africans and Europeans on the American continent.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Racial thinking as an ideology highlighting people's differences also spread to other continents.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Racial classifications became a way of distinguishing, valuing and controlling colonized and later, at the end of the 19th century, European peoples as well.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The classifications justify social, economic and political modes and systems based on inequality.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

During the 1930s and 1940s, National Socialists in Germany, under the guise of racial doctrine, destroyed about 11 million people belonging to the “lower races”, [9] which contributed to an overwhelming criticism of the concept of race after World War II.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Carl von Linné divided man into subspecies.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The concept of “race” entered parlance in the 18th century from animal breeding.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Efforts have been made to get rid of the concept of “race” due to connotations that have formed negative in society as a politically incorrect concept, although the denotation of the concept is the same as before and the concept is used to describe differences between people.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The concept of “race” is closely related to racism in parlance, and it has been desired to abandon the concept altogether because of this, and instead use the substitute term “ethnic group”, but as a concept race refers more to biological differences between people and ethnic group more to cultural differences .


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

History of Racial Definitions Some have suggested that in Jewish culture, Christianity or Islam and ancient Greece and Rome, no people were divided by external hallmarks into separate biological categories.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In the ancient world, the Greeks and Romans divided people mainly according to political relations and nationalities.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Nor was Aristotle's division into Greeks and Barbarians based on race but were divided into those who politically organised themselves into city-states (the Greeks) and those who did not act like this (the barbarians).


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The Romans distinguished themselves from others by the system of law they applied, and in the great monotheistic religions in the Middle Ages the division ran between right and infidels.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In Christianity and Islam, it was held that all people were capable of converting to the right faith.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Also, the concept of Jewish goy was related to the Jewish religion, not blood inheritance.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[10] Some cultures have developed racial classifications on social or economic grounds.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

For example, the breakdown of Hutu and Tutsis that led to the genocide in Rwanda has been seen to be initially based more on social class and economic factors than ethnic considerations.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to Philip Gourevitch, expressed somewhat generalistically, the Hutu became a Tutsi if he started raising cattle, and the Tutsi became a Hutu if he started farming the land.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[11] In the 19th century, John Hanning Speke strengthened the division with the Hamist theory based on scientific racism, that Tutsis belong to a “higher” Hami and Hutus to a “lower” Bantu race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[12] According to some theories, possibly the first breed appeared in Spain during the Reconquista, when Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon expelled from the country first Jews in 1492 and later Muslims in 1502.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

However, many of those to be expelled had converted to Christians to escape expulsion, causing Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada to order that the Inquisition should examine not only the religion of the persons but also the pedigree of these.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Only those who managed to prove their pedigree Christianity were allowed to remain in the country.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The edict soon evolved into the principle of “pure blood” (), which can be seen as a precursor to the concept of race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[10] The first racial classifications It has been argued that the first definitions of race date back to the 17th century and relate to European imperialism and the acquisition of colonies.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

A racial concept similar to the present appears for the first time in François Bernier's work “Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent” (“A new division of the Earth based on the species or races that inhabit it”).


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Based on his travels to Egypt, India and Persia, Bernier divided humanity into four races, the first colonizing most of Europe and North America, Persia and North and Central India spreading all the way to Indonesia.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The second group was located in sub-Saharan Africa, the third in East and Central Asia.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The fourth group was formed by the short stature Scandinavian Sami.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Bernier's classification was not hierarchical like later race theories.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[10] In Europe, the first systematic hierarchical racial classifications of humans arose in the mid-18th century.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The authors of these racial classifications were the most prominent scholars of the era such as Georges Leclerc de Buffon and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, and later in the 19th century Georges Cuvier.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[13] The father of taxonomy Carl von Linné divided humans in his book Systema naturae into four races: Homo sapiens americanus, which was reddish, temperamental and submissive; Homo sapiens europaeus: white, severe and strong; Homo sapiens asiaticus: yellow, melancholic and greedy, and Homo sapiens afer: black, passive and lazy.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Von Linné's racial division became the base of the long-held racial conception.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[7] These systems have subsequently been referred to as classical racial classifications.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In classical racial classifications, race was defined as a set of people with common observable or measurable bodily traits.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Of these traits, the most notable was initially skin colour, on which Blumenbach's classification into five races was also based: Caucasian (white), Mongolic (yellow), Ethiopian (black), Malaysian, and American race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[13] The racial theories that arose during the Enlightenment were part of a new comparative, typecasting and classifying approach of natural sciences to the world and various phenomena.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[14] Modern racism based on physical differences between people has been argued that it would not have been possible without the scientific thinking created by the Enlightenment.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Linné, Blumenbach and other 18th-century scholars enabled secular and “scientific racism” by studying humans as part of the animal kingdom and no longer as creations distinct from God's rest of nature.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[15] Before these classical racial classifications, race in Europe had generally been treated as a phenomenon to be assimilated with nationality, but now Europeans began to identify with a wider group of Caucasians.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The beauty ideal of Ancient Greece was formed at the bottom of the racial hierarchy, and the further any person was from this ideal, the less “Caucasian” he was.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[7] Classical racial theories categorized groups of people, in addition to physical trait such as skin color, according to factors such as beauty and ugliness, cultural level of development, and mental characteristics.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Although the classifications were racist in part, it was nevertheless believed that humanity was a unified species and variations were due to the habitat of each group.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[13] Physical anthropology and 'scientific racism' from the end of the 18th century onwards moved, with the general development of science, even in the study of human differences from visual estimates towards accurate measurements and statistical processing of results.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In physical anthropology, facial angles were initially measured and considered that the straighter the angle of the face, the more advanced or “human-like” a person or race was.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In the 1840s there was a shift to skull measurements, and especially the measurement of the width/length ratio of the skull, namely the width—longitudinal index.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

It was generally considered that the long-skulled were more capable than the broad-skulled ones.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[13] In the mid-19th century, the study of differences in humanity differentiated into its own discipline, physical anthropology.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Especially in Germany, representatives of physical anthropology considered themselves to be practicing “human natural history”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

With the emergence of a new discipline, racial studies also became more stigmatizing towards many groups of people than before.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

It was influenced by the emergence of polygenetism, that is, the perception of the division of humanity into several species, from the association of claims of mental and physical traits with craniometry, or craniometry, and also the interpretation of racial classifications based on evolutionary theory.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[13] This systematization of racial thought in the nineteenth century, later [16] which has come to be referred to as 'scientific racism', has been considered to be the most fundamental distinguishing feature of Western racism from racisms in other cultures.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[17] According to anatomist Robert Knox, who was characterised by Pekka Isaksson as the first scientific racist, “Race is everything: literature, science, art — in a word, civilization — all depend on it”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

By the end of the century, the concept of race had spread from natural sciences to history and social sciences as well.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[14] German historian and philosopher Christoph Meiners suggested in his work Historische Vergleichung, published as early as 1793, that the development of cultures is linked to racial types.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The cultures he divided into “savages”, “barbaric”, “incipiently enlightened” and “enlightened”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

He also created an ascending scale of humans, placing groups in the following order: human apes, “forest negroes”, “bush hottentots”, “bushmanns”, “South Sea Negroes”, Finns, Mongol nomadic peoples, West Asian nomads, South Sea island peoples, South Asians, Hindus, west asians and europeans.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Meiners also held that “inferiors” could not claim the same rights “with the superior”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[13] Based on the works of English anthropologist Francis Galton, particularly the book The Comparative Worth of Different Races (1869), the field of study of eugenics emerged in the latter part of the 19th century.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Galton placed the various races on an intelligence scale, with the Athenians located at the other extreme and below them, in descending order, the English, Scots and Northern Englishmen.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Below the British were Africans, and lowest in the classification were the indigenous people of Australia.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Galton's theories became very popular in Europe and the United States.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[18] Racial hygiene The knowledge of race by 19th century scholars was generally both essentialist, where race was defined by a list of characteristics, and taxonomic.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

However, developments in Darwinism, Social Darwinism, and Mendelian genetics called into question the accuracy of both definitions and called for a fundamental redefinition of race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Contrary to prevailing conceptions, British naturalist Charles Darwin suggested in 1872 that different races had evolved from a common ancestor in his book Manifestation of Emotions in Humans and Animals based on research on the interpretation of facial expressions.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[19] Initially liberal social Darwinists held that with development, man as a species, or at least the “white race”, becomes smarter, more civilized, and morally superior, even if the price for it in the Darwinist struggle for survival was the destruction of the “unfit”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

At the end of the 19th century, however, developmental belief transformed into pessimism while racist views and racial hygienic demands were strengthened.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In racial hygiene, it was held that humanity should be ennobled like domestic animals: the “unfit” came to be prevented from reproducing by, among other things, forced sterilizations, enacting marriage restrictions, or isolating them in institutions.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In the European cultural circle, racial hygiene focused first and foremost on fostering the heritage material of the “white race” and pruning the heritage material of other races from it.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Racial hygiene was also influenced by nationalism, as it was felt that within nations the spread of the best heritages needed to be promoted for the nation to thrive in the struggle between nations for living space.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[20] In the 19th century, Aryans were believed to have been a name used by the progenitor Europeans themselves.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

This conception was mostly based on the fact that the Irish self-language name “Éire” was thought to have the same root as the Ari-, Arya-, Ārya- and similar words from Sanskrit and other Indo-Iranian languages, from which “Aryan” was derived.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Because around this time language was associated with lineage, and because Europeans were thought to be racially superior, a conception of a superior “Aryan” race arose.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[21] According to racial hygienists, the two most significant threats were the mixing of different races and the quantitative growth of “inferior” races.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Within Europe, such a threat was the faster reproduction of the “inferior” alpine race considered primitive and primitive over the northern race, or “Aryans”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In 1910 Eugen Fischer suggested that pure Germanic blood had already disappeared from Spain, Portugal and Italy, was losing from France, and would eventually lose from Germany as well.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[20] At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, eugenics was popular in the United States and across western Europe.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[22] Beginning in the 1930s, eugenics lived especially in Nazi Germany, whose racial hygienic programs aimed to preserve the “pure” German race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

National Socialists conducted extensive, often brutal experiments on humans to test their theories of heredity.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Eugenics culminated in the German T4 eugenics programme, in which another hundred thousand people were murdered as “unviable lives” ().


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[23] In the United States, support for racial hygiene declined while an estimated 360000—375000 forced sterilizations were enforced in Germany and the eugenic program also expanded to include so-called “mercy killings”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The decline in support was motivated by factors such as public public opinion, opposition to the Catholic Church, and changing jurisprudence.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[24] The Department of Racial Hygiene was established in Sweden in 1921 with the mission of preventing Swedes from interbreeding with Finns and Lappans, among others.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Subsequent racial classifications in addition to the classification system for main races established in the 19th century, several more specific classifications and sub-breeds were also presented.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

For example, in the 1920s, Hans Günter divided Europeans into five different breeds: the northern (Aryan) race is long, blond, blue-eyed and long-skulled western, i.e. mediterranic breed is shorter, dark-haired, dark-eyed and long-skulled eastern, i.e. the alpine race is The short, short-skulled, brown-haired and brown-eyed Eastern Baltic breed is of short stature, short-skulled, blue-eyed, blond and coarse-haired and protruding from cheekbones The dinaric breed is long-statured, dark-haired, dark-eyed, short-skulled, broad-browed and facial features strong.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In the Günter classification, the Finns belonged to an Eastern Baltic race that was close in features to the Mongolids.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Later Finns have been regarded as a mixed people formed by the Northern and Eastern Baltic races.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[25] Subclasses of human races were sometimes referred to as human types.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

For example, the work The Racial Characters of the Swedish nation: Anthropologia suecica, published in 1926, considered Swedes to represent six different types of people so that the “purely Nordic type” represented 30per cent of the country's population.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[26] CaucasoidsCongoidsCapoidsMongolidsAustralids The American anthropologist Carleton Coon suggested in his 1962 book The Origin of Races (, not translated) that humanity was divided into five races: Caucasoids, Congoids, Capoids, Mongolids, and Australoids.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In this classification, the Mongolid race also includes Indians, Malays, and Pacific Islanders, while the Capoids, or Khoisans of southern Africa, formed their own race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Coon held that Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus five times in five regions, and that these five independent evolutionary “jumps” represented groups of racial classification.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to him, for example, the Caucasoids separated from Homo erectus 200,000 years before the Congoids.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Coon's theory was once very controversial in the scientific community.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[27] Today, Coon's theory of the evolution of races is generally considered wrong.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to the widely accepted view, Africa is the initial home of all humans, from which Homo sapiens migrated to other parts of the Earth no later than about 60000 years ago, gradually displacing Homo erectus everywhere.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[28] Coon's theory was also used, particularly in the United States, to justify a system of racial segregation: advocates of racial segregation held that African-Americans “younger” than the country's white population were not capable of fully participating in the country's society.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to Professor John P. Jackson, Coon also actively supported groups that pushed for racial segregation.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[27] Twentieth- and 21st-century race debate As early as 1950, the UNESCO position statement The Race Question recommends abandoning the term race when talking about the human species and replacing it with the term “ethnic group”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[4] A subsequent UNESCO position statement Proposals on the biological aspects of race from 1969 states that there is wide variation within all human populations and that no pure races in the sense of genetically homogeneous population exist within the human species.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to the UNESCO position statement, no racial classification system is able to divide humanity into distinct distinct racial groups, and the complexity of human history makes it difficult to place many human populations in these classifications.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[35] More recently, according to the positions of the American Anthropological Association and the Institute of Medicine, part of the United States National Academies of Sciences, among others, racial divisions have no biological basis whatsoever.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[9] [36] 78% of articles in the Journal of Physical Anthropology used racial classifications such as Negroid and Europid in 1931, but in 1965 the proportion was 36% and in 1996 no more 28%.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[37] Traditionally defined races account for a small proportion of genetic modification between human populations.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to US evolutionary biologist and geneticist Richard Lewontin, about 85 per cent of all genetic modification in humans is already evident within a single linguistic or national group and only 6 to 10 per cent of it can be explained by the traditional concept of race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[38] Several medical peer-reviewed scientific publications have dispensed with using race as an explanatory factor.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[39] Some scientists consider human races to be deficient in the concept of systematics, or biological classification.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Their view is that race is always, by definition, inaccurate, artificial and stuck in customs, and that the concept of race varies greatly from culture to culture.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to them, the concept of race is most easily understood socially.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

For example, historians Pekka Isaksson and Jouko Jokisalo have linked racial divisions to the racist legacy of Western history.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to them, categorizations and racial claims began to be dressed in the costume of science in the 18th century; racism became systematized as humanity was divided into races and types.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[40] Some members of the scientific community still find racial division useful.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Michael Levin has suggested that race is still still a useful concept and criticism of the concept of race is motivated more by political than scientific reasons.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Although the importance of racial classifications, according to Levin, will continue to be used in biological anthropology in the future, in the same way that a rough division such as spectral class will continue to be useful in cosmology.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[34] Since the 1990s, new data on genetics and evolutionary lineages have altered human perceptions of evolution, leading to a new evolutionary lines-based definition of race being proposed.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Some researchers have also argued that the concept of race is useful when talking about certain genetic phenomena, for example genetic clusters.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[34] Opinion Polls The scientific community uses the term “race” to varying degrees.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Some studies use the word “race” only in the taxonomic sense, while some only use the word “population”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In a 1985 US survey conducted by Lieberman et al, 1200 researchers from different fields answered the question, how many disagree with the following statement: “Within the species “There are biological races within Homo sapiens?” [41] Answers were divided as follows among representatives of different disciplines: [41] biologists 16% developmental psychologists 36% physical anthropologists 41% cultural anthropologists 53% among anthropologists with doctoral degrees the results were as follows: [41] agree 50% disagreed 42% In a 1999 revised poll of physical anthropologists no longer 31% and of cultural anthropologists 20% believed in races as a biological concept.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[42] On the basis of another survey conducted only among anthropologists, the majority of researchers in the field also no longer support the concept of race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[43] In a 2001 poll in Poland, only 25% of anthropologists rejected the concept of race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Unlike in the United States, however, in Poland anthropologists do not consider race to be a taxonomic concept, but rather as a synonym of the term “population”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The difference may be due to differences, education, or attitudes in anthropological schools or sociopolitical history, among other things.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[44] According to one study, in university physical anthropology textbooks from 1936—1984, the use of concepts referring to race had declined more than in biology textbooks.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Lieberman et al.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

suggested that the concept of “race” should not be used from Homo sapiens.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In addition, the researchers urged those biologists and anthropologists who continue to use the term to say in their lectures, among other things, that there is no consensus among scientists on the usefulness and accuracy of the term and that there is more variation within races than between them.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[41] Racial studies Since the 1940s, anthropologists have rejected the essentialist definition of race that mankind could be divided into a certain number of races by listing the external characteristics or traits of those belonging to these races, since external characteristics tend to change geographically gradually rather than abruptly.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

External properties are inherited independently of each other, and the existence of one property does not guarantee the existence of others.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

For example, the skin color of the native people changes when approaching the equator from light to darker, but this is not related to the shape of the nose or the quality of the hair.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Because of this, the attempt to divide people into biological populations based on appearance is considered both subjective and arbitrary among scientists.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[45] Since the 1960s, population genetic models and data have also challenged the taxonomic significance of race and some researchers have rejected the classification of human groups based on race or switched to using a definition of race based on populations, i.e., clines.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to stances from the American Anthropological Association and the Institute of Medicine of the United States Academy of Sciences, among others, racial divisions lack a biological base.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[9] [46] [47] [36] [48] Discussion of race has become more difficult because the race has been studied on at least two levels, globally and nationally, and pursuing different goals.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Evolutionary biologists tend to be interested in humanity as a whole and focus their studies on global differences between groups of people.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Therefore, taxonomic classifications are often useless.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Decision-makers and those working in practical professions (law enforcement, medicine) tend to be interested mainly in narrower genetic variation and therefore find taxonomic racial categories useful.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

For example, based on skull characteristics, one can usually judge what race and human type an individual belonged to.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

This can help considerably in the identification of the deceased.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[7] Differences in research and scale are evident in three studies published since 2002: “Genetic Structure of Human Populations” by Rosenberg et al., [49] “Evidence for Gradients of Human Genetic Diversity Within and Among Continents” [50] by Serre & Pääbo [50] and “Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies.” [51] Both Rosenberg and Serre & Pääbo studied general genetic variation but came to different conclusions.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

When Rosenberg studied specimens from different populations around the world without regard to geography, Serre & Pääbo took samples into account when choosing geography.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Rosenberg found evidence for genetic clusters (“races”).


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Serre & Pääbo, on the other hand, found that relative to geographic space, genetic variation in humans is continuous (from place to place) and clinial.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[50] Rosenberg's research was related to medical (epidemiological) question layouts, while Serren & Pääbo's interest was human evolution.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Tang et al.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

on the other hand, examine genetic variation in the United States based on which is the more important criterion in epidemiological research, a person's race (ethnicity) or geography.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Tang found that in the United States, race/ethnicity is a more important issue, unlike Serre & Pääbo.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Further research on self-defined race relative to population genetic structure reinforced Tang's conclusions.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Serre & Pääbo predicted the contradictions of the global and national levels in their analysis: To replace the concept of race, the concepts clique and population at the beginning of the 20th century, some anthropologists questioned and ultimately rejected the claim of the equivalence of biological races between linguistic and with cultural groups.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The rise of population genetics led some biologists and anthropologists to consider even the rejection of the entire concept of race reasonable.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The reasons for it were mainly four: empirical evidence, definitive problems, easy access to alternative concepts, and ethical problems.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[52] The concept of race was first challenged on empirical grounds by anthropologists Franz Boas, who studied phenotypes, [53] and Ashley Montagu, who relied on genetics.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Edward O. Wilson and W. Brown challenged the concept from the point of view of zoology and additionally rebuffed the claim of race and subspecies equivalence.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[54] One of the crucial new findings for redefining geno- and phenotypic variation was made by anthropologist C. Loring Brace: when variations influenced by natural selection, migration, or genetic drift follow geographic boundaries, geographic changes are “clines”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[55] This perspective focused attention on the problem of phenotypic, i.e. phenotypic racial definitions (e.g. definitions based on skin colour, head shape or hair type), they ignore a number of other factors (such as blood type) which are not consistent with those with racial definitions.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Thus, anthropologist Frank Livingstone concluded that because clinicians cross racial boundaries, “there are no races, but only cliques.”


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[56] After discovering that 85% of genetic variation in homo sapiens is common to all populations rather than between populations, geneticist Richard Lewontin posited that both “race” and “subspecies” are poor terms when applied to human populations.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[57] Lewontin's view has been criticized and seen as an error inference.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to A. W. F. Edwards, while genetic variation (single alleles) is mostly common to all human populations, this in itself says nothing about the appropriateness of racial classifications.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

When one considers a large set of alleles instead of individual alleles, one finds that their occurrence frequencies are statistically interdependent, such that in a given population certain alleles are more common than in another population.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Thus, racial classifications are possible.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[58] Whether or not Lewontin's view is an error inference depends, according to Ranajit Chakraborty, on how the concept of race is defined: if it is considered that racial groups should distinguish only one particular characteristic of the individual, Lewontin has shown that mankind does not divide into clear to racial groups.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

However, looking at a larger set of different characteristics are racial groups recognizable.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[59] D. J. Witherspoon et al.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

(2007) examined the question “how often two individuals from one population are genetically more different than two individuals selected from different populations”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The answer to the question depended on the number of loci studied: for ten loci the probability was about 30%, for one hundred about 20%, and for 1,000 about 10%.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In the case of human populations, numerous close and mixed populations further increase these odds.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

However, if several thousand loci and geographically distant populations are studied, the answer is 0%.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to researchers, caution should be taken when drawing conclusions about the phenotypes of individuals based on their geographical or genetic background.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[60] In addition to the above problems, since World War II, scholars have drawn attention to the use of racial beliefs as instigations for discrimination, apartheid, slavery, and genocide.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The moral and political problems associated with the division of humanity over races came to attention, particularly in the 1960s with the advent of the civil rights movement and colonialism critical movements in the United States.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Some scientists have either completely rejected the concept of race in favour of “population”, while some have switched to using “clinical”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The concepts are not mutually exclusive, and several scholars use both.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Many sociologists have replaced the word “race” with “ethnicity” when referring to groups that define themselves by religion, nationality, or “race”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[61] Models of human evolution Any biological racial definition must answer questions about the evolution of racial differences in human evolution.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

For almost the entire 20th century, however, anthropologists have had to rely on incomplete fossil material from the history of human evolution.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Their models have rarely provided a good basis for looking at the origins of breeds.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

However, contemporary research and molecular biology have yielded considerably new information about the human past.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

There has been intense debate among anthropologists about the origins of Homo sapiens.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Homo erectus migrated from Africa to Europe and Asia about a million years ago.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The debate centers on two theories: Did Homo erectus evolve into Homo sapiens roughly simultaneously in Europe, Africa and Asia, or did it only evolve in Africa, supplanting later Homo erectus in Europe and Asia?


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[27] Each model introduces different scenarios of racial genesis.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Defenders of the first model, including Frayer et al., [62] consider the anatomical continuity of fossils in regions of southern and central Europe, East Asia and Australia as evidence.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The anatomical similarities are thought to be due to genetic similarities.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Large genetic similarities between humans do not, according to their claims, prove a common ancestor, but rather reflect the constant gene flow between different human populations and the connections of these populations to each other.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The main feature of this model is that in it the evolution of Homo sapiens has millions of years of time, which is more than sufficient for different races to evolve.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

However, Leiberman and Jackson have pointed out that this model depends on a number of conclusions stemming from the concept of an already completed race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[63] Knowledge gained since the 1990s has led in biology to question race as an evolutionary line.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Widely understood, the concept of race has become synonymous with origin.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to the results of human genetic variation and archaeological research, East Africa is the initial home of all humans from which Homo sapiens migrated, replacing Homo erectus about 60000 years ago.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The indigenous people of Australia are considered an early migratory group that has remained isolated for a long time.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Most of the other groups, such as Europeans, Asians, and Native Americans, have been considered a single, related group to each other, born in later migration from Africa.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[64] [28] As recently as the early 2010s, it was generally thought that genetic classes corresponding to human races had emerged straightforwardly along their own lines of development after leaving Africa in the last 50,000 years.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

However, with the rapid development of research into ancient human DNA, which began in 2009, it has become clear that the current structure of human populations is completely different than it was still only ten thousand years ago.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The current populations are crossbreeds of the earlier populations that diverged equally from each other, which again were interbreeds of previous populations and so on.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

By interbreeding, these ancient populations have often disappeared, such as the North Euroasians who gave their lineage to Europeans and Native Americans.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[65] Since the 1980s, internal human genetic variation has been noted to be comparatively low, which has been interpreted as indicative of the species' youth and the species has been thought to be even too young to develop subspecies.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

However, the human genome contains about three billion nucleotides, and two humans differ by an average of three million nucleotides.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[38] Most of these differences are neutral, but some are also functional, contributing to phenotypic differences between humans.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In the field of population genetics, it is believed these neutral differences reflect human population history.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The human population passed through the bottleneck before rapid reproduction at the time of migrations arriving from Africa.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The consequence was divergence between African and Eurasian populations around 100000 years ago (about 5000 generations) and later differences between European and Asian populations 40000 years ago (about 2000 generations).


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[64] [66] Rapid growth of a small population has two significant effects on the distribution of genetic variation.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

First, the so-called founder effect occurs when founder populations bring with them to a new population only part of the genetic variation of the previous large population.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Second, as founder populations disperse more geographically, the likelihood of two individuals from different founding populations being reproduced decreases.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

It reduces gene flow between two geographic groups while increasing the genetic distance between the groups.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[67] In 2010, a research team led by Svante Pääbo published a study showing that non-African human populations contain between 1% and 4% of Neanderthal human genes, meaning species have proliferated with each other over history.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Some scientists, among them Milford H. Wolpoff see this as important evidence for distinct evolutionary lineages of races, while others, for example Christopher B. Stringer and Laurent Excoffier consider that species mixing is only a small minor detail of Homo sapiens in development and still regard Africa as the starter home of all people.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[68] New knowledge of human genetic variation has reignited the debate over the concept of race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Most of the disagreement concerns questions about how to interpret new information, particularly whether previous conclusions about race are correct.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

The large majority of scientists do not consider divorced groups in migrations from Africa to be subspecies.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Others, however, argue over whether those evolutionary lines should be called “racial” or “racial lines.”


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[49] [63] [50] Arguments in favour of racial lines The genetic statistical data shows some discrepancies in the average DNA sequences of human populations.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Some studies suggest peak values of average sequence divergence are obtained for populations whose distribution follows a specific geographical distribution, for example continents.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Studies find that people on the same continent can be similar to each other.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In general, however, the continent is too big a population unit for it, and the internal variation of the continent's human population tends to be greater than the average variation between continental populations.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Often population studies are criticized for creating group identity from the front.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

It has also been suggested that group identity could only be defined on the basis of genetic data, thus providing evidence for the prevailing population structure.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Take the Rosenberg Research Group, for example.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

was able to place 1056 individuals from 52 populations around the globe into six genetic clusters, five of which correspond to the traditional division into the Mongolid, Euripid, Negrid, Australidic, and the “red” human race of indigenous peoples of the Americas.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[49] However, studies that place individuals in groups leave unclear what measured differences have in common with the concept of race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Some of the racial or ethnic groups known to be historically mixed do not have a homogeneous lineage.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

For example, the lineage of many blacks in the United States is a mixture of West African and European lineage.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to a study published in 2005, a link can be shown between the ethnic identity assessed by U.S. and Taiwanese themselves and genetic groups statistically created for these by researchers.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Tang et al.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

analyzed DNA samples from 3636 individuals from 15 localities in the United States and Taiwan and presented an association based on the samples based on the individual's self-reported ethnic identity—White (White), Black (Black), East Asian (East Asian) or Latino (Hispanic) —with a 0.14% margin of error.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[51] Arguments against racial lines Studies have shown that 85% of all genetic variation between people is already found within a single linguistic or national group, for example French or Japanese.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Approximately 15% of the remaining variation occurs between national groups belonging to the same 'race' (e.g. between Japanese and Korean or French and Spanish) and only 6% — 10% of the variation occurs in traditionally defined races in between.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[38] However, in the opinion of anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson, there are far deeper methodological and conceptual problems for defining race on the basis of evolutionary lines.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

They point out that “molecular and biochemical evidence advocating the model already uses the concept of race in grouping their original specimens”.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

For example, large and varied groups of North Americans and Europeans are designated as pre-white even before DNA analysis.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

It limits and distorts interpretation, relationships along evolutionary lines, as well as ignoring important environmental factors that have already contributed to genetic variability in themselves.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

According to them, despite the significance of empirical research, many studies use the concept of race carelessly.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

They note that the authors of the studies find evidence for large differences because they have considered race to be a valid concept in the first place.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[63] New studies show that genetic variation is steady and persistent even in areas previously considered homogeneous and that gaps in studies are dependent on sampling patterns.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[50] The authors of the study do not question the meaning of research using evolutionary lines, but only the use of the word race, since already the term “population” suffices to explain the results of the research.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

Race in Forensic Anthropology Forensic anthropology seeks to identify a person's age, gender, and “race” or ethnic group from the human skeleton or part thereof.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In forensic anthropology, race determination is done by comparing a sample skull with measurements taken from skulls in reference collections.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In the United States, forensic anthropologists are able, with about 80% probability, to infer from the human skull a person's race.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

In the country, skulls are grouped by race, either on the basis of a person's birth certificate or post-mortem examination.


Question: What is the argument based on the different races of humanity?

The Human Race

[7] However, race here does not imply a purely biologically determined population, but states “in which socially created 'racial category' a person is placed”.