Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

When Bek came to Khan, he knelt and held a burning branch in his hand.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khan lived in seclusion in his palace and he only went out once at the head of a festive procession or because of the disaster that befell the country [48].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Khan's authority was also recognized by neighbouring pagan peoples as well as ordinary cassaars also.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khan was a factor in maintaining peace until the last days of the Khanate of Cassaars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Apparently the same type of dual rule was also held by the Hungarians.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

[49] The ruses have apparently also had that type of cassar borrowed dual rule.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

[50] The Tarhans, who were their nobles, were the supremest of the Khanate of Cassaars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Among them were many relatives of the king, below them the Eltebers, who were the leaders of the vassal peoples.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

[51] In the early stages, the Khanate of Kasar did not have any administration; it began to develop only as the Cassaars became acquainted with the social systems of the more developed neighbouring peoples.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In the Caucasus, the cassars introduced the Sassanid tax collection system, as well as placing overseers to monitor the actions of craftsmen and merchants.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In Crimean cities, the system of control of the cassairs was copied from the Byzantines.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassaars placed the Khan regent (tudun) as the overseer of the local government.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

During the Jewish period, the system of government developed quite rapidly.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

There was an outpost at hubs on trade routes where special officers charged customs duties.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The capital of the Khanate of Kasars, Itil, also had a judicial system.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It had 7 judges from different religions (2 pcs for each of the 3 religions of one god, plus 1 piece for Gentile believers).


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The judges were appointed by the King's official


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Various professions were practiced in the capital.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Craftsmen and merchants from other nations paid tax annually to the khan.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Between the 8th and 9th centuries, the Khanate of Kasars consisted of several territories governed in quite different ways.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The core of the kingdom lay in the lower reaches of the Volga.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It was mostly inhabited by cassaars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In that area, the Khan and nobles conducted an annual round of inspections, beginning in April and ending in September.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Strategic targets were handled directly by the central power.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The targets were the fortifications of the cassacks.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The most famous of them were the defensive fortress of the Sarkel Don route, as well as Samkerts at the mouth of the Kerch Strait between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Of great importance was also the old capital of the Kasars, Semender, on the coast of Dagestan.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The city was a special area by some estimates, ruled by a relative of the Khan of the Casaars, who was a Jewish ruler.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

A large part of the region was governed without interference from the central government in its actions.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Allies of the cassairs: Alans, Bulgars, Burtas, Hungarians, Slavs, as well as others were allowed to maintain their own social and political systems.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They all had their own rulers, who had to collect taxes and send them to the Khanate of Cassaars, as well as to give their daughters to the Khan's harem, as well as military troops for the Khan's use.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It is known that the Volga Bolgars paid a tax of one fur per economy.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

[52] The Slavs paid one silver coin per plough. [53].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The army at the time of the Arabian Kasar Wars was the lifting force behind the military force of the Kasars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

At the insistence of the cassars, the nations that depended on them had to hand over to the cassaars warrior groups.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The size of the army could be as high as 100—300 thousand warriors. [54].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The army was hull by cavalry.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Their battle tactics were typical of nomads: some of the cavalry were hidden until at an opportune moment they became involved in the fighting.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars knew how to conquer cities using siege equipment.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The military forces of the Casaars could even outperform the regular army of the Arab Caliphate, with capable warlords at the head [55].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Between the 8th and 9th centuries, the structure of their militia changed.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

After the ruler stopped the great war expeditions, he began to assemble troops of different nationalities who were not too closely related to each other.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The core of the army of the Casaars was a heavy cavalry guard assembled from warriors from the Muslim tribe of Arsija.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They lived in Itil and served the bek (emperor) by special contract.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Guard had its own vizier who agreed that they didn't have to fight against self-believers (Muslims).


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Most of the enemies of the cassairs were heathen peoples.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Warriors also got paid.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The male strength of the Guard, according to various sources, was 7—12 thousand warriors. [56].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Sarkel had a continuously changing 300 guard soldiers. [57].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In fact, the cassar army was already a professional army and with it the Khanate was able to survive more than 150 years against enemy armies even larger than that.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Guard was very influential, but not the only military force in the Khanate.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassar emperors also employed mercenaries from among the Slavs and Rusis.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of them were also in the capital.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The strength of the army of the Cassaars lay in the cavalry, which the local nobles had to supply to the monarch according to their rank.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Peoples dependent on the cassaars (Burtas and Bolgars) had to supply them with lifting people.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cossacks did not have a fleet although they knew how to make small boats, which they used to move along the Volga.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The main weapon in the cassacks was the bow gun.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In addition to that, the cavalry carried spears, swords, sabres, as well as axes and daggers.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The elite of the military forces in the Casaars wore armour outfits, leather armour, helmets and neck guards. [58].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

At the head of the war effort was the Khan as well as his close relatives or a commander from the Tarhanian nobles.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

With the diminished power of the Khans, the supreme commander of the military forces became a bek (emperor).


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassar warriors who remained prisoners also gained access to the army of the Abbasid Caliphate.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of them reached quite high positions such as personal servants of the caliphs and land lords in the provinces.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Byzantium also had casars as Guards. [59].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Economy The main source of livelihood of the population was cattle herding.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The oldest residential area of the Kasars was in Dagestan, where they grew grapes.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In the 7th to 8th centuries, in areas close to the sea (Crimea, the Taman Peninsula, the Kuban and along the Don), they switched from nomadic to farming. [60].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They grew wheat, barley, rice, fruits and vegetables.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

There also developed ironsmith works, jewellery and pottery making, which were oriented towards the local market.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Dishes were made by dreijaming.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The upper class became rich in the early days mostly through their raiding expeditions to neighboring countries.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

At a later stage, they also became rich through more peaceful means.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It was made possible by the growth of international trade from the late 7th century to early 8th century


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The merchants were mostly Jewish merchants.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Several international trade routes ran through the casaar.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The main trade thoroughfare in Eastern Europe became the Volga River, the lower and middle reaches of which were under the control of the Kasars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Volgan-Baltic river route ran from the Don estuary on a land isthmus along the drag sky to the Volga and thence to the land of the Slavs as well as the Baltic Sea shore states.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Many silver coin caches of dirhems obtained from Arabs have been found along this route.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In the upper reaches, the Rus also became important intermediaries.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

From the Volga Delta, from the city of Itil, merchants made their way along the Caspian Sea to sail, and from the southern shore in caravans along the land to Baghdad or Central Asia.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

According to archaeological finds, there were also land routes: a network of karaavanisarai from Horezma to the Lower Volga.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

From the Crimean port cities, the Khanate of the Kasars was also involved in trading with the Byzantine Empire.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Control of trade routes also made it possible that between the 8th and 9th centuries the main source of income for the cassairs were customs duties.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Itil became a considerable market town.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

At the same time, the cassaars themselves practiced traditional nomadic activity and did not participate in international trade.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

With it were mostly Jewish and Islamic communities.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khanate of the Casaars had been known as a major centre of the fur and slave trade.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Kasars' own export products were fish glue as well as sheep.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The casaar apparently also printed its own money, although this is still a contentious issue.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

A few Arab dirhem coins with the inscription “Land of the Casaars” have been found in the Kasaar area along the Don [61].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of the coins are from the late 8th century to the early 9th century and the rest are from the 830s.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

[62] There are also the five dirhams found in Spilling Gotland Sweden which read “Mohammed the Messenger of God” instead of the phrase: “Moses Messenger of God” [63].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Religion Originally the Cassaars worshipped their old pagan religions.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The most important place in their sanctuary was reserved for the god of heaven, Tengri.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Khan was considered to have received his power directly from him.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Khan possessed a special life force in his possession, which secured the success of the entire nation. [64].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In the pagan religion, Khan's position was supernatural demigod.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Arab historians mentioned that their faith resembled that of the Turks.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

[65] But it is unfortunate that he has not been left with a more detailed description.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Many mentions of the worldview of the nomadic people of Kasaaria have remained in historical sources.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Close allies and vassals of the Cassaars, namely the Huns of Dagestan, bowed not only to Tengri, but also the thunder god Kuar, as well as the god of female fertility, who resembled the ancient goddess Umai of the Turks.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They also believed in the gods of roads, as well as bowing to the sun, moon and thunder.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The funerals of nobles also featured human sacrifices as well as ritual dances in which naked warriors danced with swords. [66].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Rulers of the Cassaars There is little information about the rulers, as there are few written sources on the cassaars from the 6th to the 8th centuries.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Foreign sources have names are sometimes distorted and the status of names can have titles.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

More reliably, there are records: of three khanates who ruled in the 7th century, there are records of one khan from the 6th century, when the Cassaars were still allies of the Turks, as well as one khan from the 8th century.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Some time ago ancient Turkic paintings were found in Mongolia mentioning chief Kadyr of Kasar, who apparently has been the ruler of the Kasars in the 5th century.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Below is a list of known rulers and khans of the Cassaars and the years in which they have been mentioned: Before the establishment of the Khanate, Hazar (Hazarig in Syriac sources) [67] the mythical ancestor of the Cassaars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Sources don't give details of his actions.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Kadyr Kasar, a late 5th-century [68] contemporary of the Turkish Khan Bumyn (died in 552), who died shortly after Turkic.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Ebukagan (with Byzantines as Zievil), ruled from 626—630 [69] the head of the Casars in the Persian-Byzantine War of the 6th century.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

This may also have been the Khan of the West Turks, Ton Jabgu.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khans of Ibuzir Gljavan ruled 705—711 [70] as Bardzil (in older versions Barsbek, Bardzik), ruled 722—731 [71] the son of the ruling Khan, who commanded an army in the Arab War.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Parsbit, ruled from 730 as regent during the minor heir to the throne.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Khan's mother, who died the same year.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Bardzil was still alive at the time, but did not assume power for himself.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Vihror, reigned 732—750s [72] he gave his daughter Tsitsak as a wife to the future Emperor Constantine V of Byzantium.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Bagatur, reigned 759—763 [73] He ruled during the 762/763 war expedition.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

His daughter married around the year 760 to the Arab Armenian regent.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Zaharia, ruled 860—861 [74] during the Khanate to Kasaar came the legation of Constantinos Philosophos.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

?.. ut, period of reign unknown [75] part of a text related to the name of a person from the Crimean Mountains.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Beks, or emperors In Russian-language literature, Beks have been referred to as emperors.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In Joseph's letters to Hasdan ibn Šafrut, Minister of Economy of the Caliphate of Cordoba, 10 generations are known of the dynasty beginning with Obadia.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It may be that the list was enlarged because the second letter mentions 9 generations and Jehudi the Barcelonian letter 5 generations.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

[76] Further details of the actions of those three emperors are mentioned in a letter from an unknown Jewish cassar.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It is also mentioned there that the first ruler (either Bulan or Obadia) to convert to Judaism took the Jewish name Sabriel.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Apparently all emperors had the first name Turkic.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

One of them survived in the history of Derbent, where the cassaar emperor who ruled in 901 was called K-sa ibn Bulan [77].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Another mentioned was in al-Jakub's work (about v.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

891) named Jazid Bulaš. [78].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Obadia apparently Arab caliph Harun ar Rasid contemporary (786—809) Ezekia Manassia I Hanukkah Isaac Zavulon Manassia II Nissi Aaron I Menahem Benjamin (cassaar emperor) 880s—9th century Aaron II (cassaar emperor) 932—960 chapter wrote a letter to Hasdan ibn Šafrut around the year 961.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The reigns of the last three emperors have been defined by A.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

TR.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Novoseltsev. [79].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The main sources of information on the history of the Cassaars can be consulted from various literary sources, most of which are written by the neighboring peoples of the Kasars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They had a strong literary heritage.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The history of the cassairs is partly shrouded in obscurity.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

From the 4th—5th centuries, there are almost no mentions of cassaars, because in those times they were overshadowed by mightier peoples.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

There are mentions of cassaars from later centuries, but the years do not always add up.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Between the 6th and 7th centuries, the Casars were at their most formidable and are mentioned in connection with various wars of conquest.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Many of these events were recorded down no earlier than the mid-8th century.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

At that time, as the Arab geography flourished, information about the Kasaar state system was also recorded.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The greatest number of contemporaries records is from the 9th century, when the Cassaars left their own written mentions of their land, as well as accounts of other contemporaries from abroad such as Casaaria (Ibn Fadlan, Constantinos VII).


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Casaar Information Sources.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

No texts in Kasar have been found, although they apparently have existed since there are mentions of them. [80].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In any case, the Cossacks have been left with written texts.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They are part of the so-called Jewish Kasar Correspondence, which also contains two letters in Yiddish.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

One of them is that of the cassaar emperor Joseph from about 961 and the other is a so-called Cambridge documentary written by an unknown casar Jew circa the year 949.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Both documents mention the origins of the Casaars, their conversion to Judaism, the emperors who ruled and their achievements, and the geography of the Casaar.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

One more new casar Jewish source of information has recently been discovered, which was a letter of recommendation from the Kiev Jewish community (9th century.).


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

A few of the signatories to the letter, in addition to their Jewish name, also had a Casar (Turkish) name.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It was quite common practice in the Khanate of Casaars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The last sentence of the letter is written in Ancient Turkic text.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Texts of similar type (very short ones) have also been found in various archaeological excavations.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The texts have not yet been successfully deciphered.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Arabic-Persian Sources The largest and most diverse dataset can be found in different countries of the caliphate [81].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They are divided into two different types: historical and geographical works that mention the various contacts between the Casaar and the Islamic world.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Historical sources mention battles between the Kasars and the Persians, as well as the Kasar and Arab.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Geographical sources focus on peaceful intercourse, which was based on commerce.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The first case tells of the 6th to 7th centuries, when the Arabs fought with the cassaars in the Caucasus.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The second case recounts the 8th to 9th centuries, when Kasaar was an important transit route for international trade and a large Muslim community formed in the capital Itil.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

An even earlier era from the 5th century Arabs referred to Persian Sassanid chronicles, which unfortunately have not survived until our times.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Among historians, names are mentioned: Belazuri, al-Jakubi, at-Tabari, al-Kufi, Caliph ibn Hajjat, as well as others.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The role of the cassairs in the Caucasus in the late days of the Khanate is mentioned in the historiographics of the territories bordering the Caspian Sea.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

There have been few of them left.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The history of Derbent and the historiography of neighbouring regions is best mentioned in Munaim-Baš's work The Ottoman Empire.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Questions relating to the history of the cassairs would be difficult to ascertain without the geographical works.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In these sources, a lot of unique material can be found, which contemporaries noted, and secondly, they told about the structure of different kingdoms, of which there are no mention in Christian works.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Arab view of Kasaar was that the kingdom was located at the edge of the earth in an almost uninhabitable area.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

According to them, the area was first inhabited by the demonic peoples Gog and Magog, but as knowledge increased, imaginary views were replaced by more real views of the inhabitants of the region.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Thanks to the geography of the Arabs, the double allude of the Kasars (khan and bek), something about the conversion to Judaism of the Cassaars, the prevalence of Judaism, as well as something about their capital city, is also known.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Of great importance is also direct and indirect mentions of the composition of the people of the cassairs.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Among the geographical works, travel books and books about peoples were the most important.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They contained important information about trade routes.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Among the first such surviving works by Ibn Hordadbeh from the mid-8th century.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

From the same period, there are also works by Ibn Rust and Gardiz, detailing the peoples of Eastern Europe being of the same type as the work of the already lost Bukharan scientist al-Aihan.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The 9th century situation was described by the geographer of the classical school: Istarihi, Ibn Haukal, Al-Mukaddasi.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The last two writers also recorded important information about the destruction of Kasaar.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In addition to them, important travellers who recorded their travels were Ibn Fadlan and Al-Masudi, who visited the borders of Casaar.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Ibn Fadlan in 922 visited Volga Bolgaria and another in the 940s the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Byzantine sources.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Greek sources about the cassaars are quite scarce, because in those times Byzantine historiography was not in force.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

From the early days of the Khanate of Casaars there are 2 works with the same source work: Chronograph by Theophanos the Scientist (written at the beginning of the 8th century as well as the work of Breviarij Nikiforos from a slightly earlier period.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Byzantine sources cite the destruction of Greater Bolgaria as the reason for the rise of the Kasars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

This view is also confirmed in Joseph's Epistle, of which it is in the current history writing.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The later stages of the Khanate of Casaar have been narrated by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In 948—952, he wrote instructions to his son and successor Romanos on how to govern the kingdom in De Administrando Imperio, in which he collected information about the peoples surrounding Byzantium, as well as giving advice to his son on how to deal with different peoples.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Among these data are also confirmation of the Arab view of the dual rule of Casaar, information related to the construction of Sarkel, and the relations between the Casars-Hungarians, the Kasars-Petsenegs and the Casars-Alans.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

There is also apparently the only historical mention of unrest from the Khanate (apparently a rebellion of the Cavaars).


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Another important source of information is the biographies of different persons, whose heroes are mentioned in different political contexts.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Biographies have survived in both Greek and Slavic languages.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Casaar is mentioned in the following biographies, among others: John the Gothic (events in the late 8th century), Stefan Surožk (late 8th century), and especially Constantin-Kirill, which mentions a missionary visit to Kasaar in 860—861 as well as recounting the Christian view on the controversies of the cassairs.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In Byzantine literature, the toponym Kasaaria survived most distantly.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

That name was used for a long time from Eastern Crimea.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Later it was also used in Italian documents up to the 16th century. [82].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Armenian Sources.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Important sources also exist in the Ancient Armenian language.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They tell of the 6th—7th centuries, when the cassairs, or “northern barbarians,” ruled south of the Caucasus.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Armenians referred to the ruler of the Casars as “Emperor of the North” as a counterweight to the Byzantine Emperor, who was referred to as “Emperor of the West” as well as the Arab caliph “Emperor of the South”.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Armenian historiography mentions the cassaars as having appeared in the first centuries of our time.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Among the most important works relating to the history of the Kasars is the Geography of Аrmenia, written in the late 6th century by Anania Širakatsi as well as the history of the Aluanki lands from Moses Kagankatvats, who told the history of Caucasian Albania.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Levond's historical work from the 7th century is also important because it recounts outsiders' views on the Casaar-Arab wars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Georgian sources of information The most important from Georgian sources are later compiled works from the 10th to 18th centuries: the “Chronicle of Kartlis chevreb” as well as the “Adventures of Saint Abo the Tbilisian”, which ova cassar recounting events from the late 7th century.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Syriac sources Historians consider that the oldest mention of the cassaars is in the Syriac chronicle of Zahari Ritori from the late 5th century.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Later events are recounted in the work of Mikhail the Syrian (10th century) and Abu-al-Faradge (12th century).


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Russian sources There are very few East Slavic sources from the cassaars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

This is mainly due to the fact that Ancient Russian writing skills began only after the dissolution of the Khanate of the Kasars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The main source is the Chronicle of Nestor, for which information about the cassaars was collected partly from Byzantine literature and partly from oral lineage.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Most of the information is from the First Chronicle of Novgorod, written in the 1070s by the scribe Nikon, a monk from Kiev's Petser Cave Monastery, who lived for long periods in Tmutarakan.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

From the Russian-Kasar perspective, there is quite a bit of information, but they say something about the interaction of the cassars with the peoples that depend on them.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

There are few such mentions in history works.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The year 965 is mentioned in the chronicle as the year when the military forces of the Cassaars lost to Svyatoslav.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

An embassy of the Jewish cassairs to Vladimir in 986 is also mentioned, after which the casars are only mentioned in connection with events in the Principality of Tmutarakan.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Another important Ancient Russian source on the cassaars is Vladimir's memory and praise recorded by Yakov Mnih (late 10th century), detailing Vladimir's policy with the casars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In ancient Russian literature, there is a story from the 14th century: “The Story of the Emperor of the Casaars and his Wife”.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It tells the story of Byzantine emperor Justinian II who was married to a cassaar princess [83].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Jewish Sources There are mentions of Kasars in some Jewish sources.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

[84] Contemporaries from travellers en: Eldad ha-Dani (late 10th century), Saadia Gaon, head of the Babylonian diaspora (early 9th century), Karaimite priest En:Jacob Qirqisani (937), and Italian scribe Josif ben Gorion (mid-9th century).


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Of the later sources, the most extensive is Jehuda Galev's book Kuzari, which details the attitude of the cassars towards religious issues.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Its author sought to demonstrate the solemnity of Judaism, which is why he recounted with praise about the conversation between a cassaar emperor and a Jewish priest.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Galevi refers to the chronicles of the cassairs and tells the exact date of the reversal of the cassairs.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Rabbinism writers” attitudes towards the cassaars were either positive or impartial while the Karaim wrote about them negatively [85].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Western European Sources The works of Christian Europe as original sources mention almost nothing about the cassaars, but they do contain some fragmentary information that makes it easier to understand the attitude towards cassaars in the outside world.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassaars are first mentioned in a Latin source around the year 700 in the Anonymous of Ravenna.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

A few times they are mentioned in the Bavarian Land Record.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Around the year 864, an Aquitanian monk Kristian of Stavelo mentioned that the cassars practiced Judaism.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Hungarian historical sources, such as “Acts of the Hungarians”, appeared quite late, correspond to the 12th to 13th centuries, and examine the prospects of antiquity according to perceptions of that time.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

They say almost nothing about the cassaars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Archaeology To date, no clarity has yet been reached about the origin of the people of the Casaars and the Casaar heartlands, especially the lower reaches of the Volga, have not been studied enough.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Monuments in the main regions of the Khanate (along the Don, on the shore of the Sea of Azov and in the Crimea) have been linked above all to the archaeological culture of Saltin-Majatsk [86].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Its main peoples were the Alans in the forest steppe region and the Turks in the steppe region. [87].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

In the early 20th century, excavations began, which continued during the Soviet era and beyond, in which many urban settlements and fortifications have been found.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Two have been mentioned in written sources: Sarkel, located on the left bank of the Don (now called Tsimlyansk Ancient Castle of the Left Bank: sunk in the Tsimljansk reservoir), and Samkerts-Tamatarha (Taman Ancient Castle).


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The definition of Belener and Semender among the cities of contemporary Dagestan has been contradictory.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The search for the capital Itil has also been difficult and has not yet been verified.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It was long assumed that it could have become submerged as the surface of the Caspian Sea was elevated.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

[88] In 2008, a strong assumption came to archaeologists that Itil was located in the ancient castle of Samosdelsky in the Astrakhan Oblast in the same place where the city of Golden Orda was located.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

This assumption is based on the fact that the remains of an ancient city that predated the Mongolian period were found at the site.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

It is the only ancient city so old in the Astrakhan region.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The base formula for the ancient castle corresponds to the information cited about Itil in various written sources. [89].


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Archaeology problems in the Kasars also include how different archaeological findings can be linked to different historical written mentions of them.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Sources Literature Artamonov, Mikhail Illarionovits: История хазар.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

St. Petersburg, 1962.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

2nd edition, 2001.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

ISBN 5-8114-0377-1 Golb, Norman:.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

2nd edition М. Jerusalem, 2000.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

ISBN 5-93273-126-5 Zahoder, Boris Nikolayevits: М., 1962.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Oleg Ivik, V. Kljutsnikov: Хазары.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

М., 2013.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Artur Köstler:.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

St. Petersburg, 2001.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

ISBN 5-8071-0076-X Л., 1932.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Murad Gadzievits: Образование Хазарского каганата: По материалам археологических исследований и письменным данным данным.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Moscow, 1983. Moscow, 1963. М.,1990.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

S. A. Pletneva.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Moscow, 1976.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

2nd edition, 1986.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Brook K. A.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The Jews of Khazar.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

1st edition.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1999.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Dunlop D.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

M.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The History of the Jewiš Khazars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Princeton, 1954.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Golden P. B. Khazar Studies: A Historic-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazares.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Budapest, 1980.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

V.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Golden P. B., Ben-Šammai H., Róna-Tas A.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

(ed.)


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

The World of the Khazars.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

New Perspectives Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium hosted by the Ben Zvi Institute.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Leiden — Boston: Brill, 2007.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 Ludwig D. Struktur und gesellschaft des Chazaren-Reiches im Licht der schriftlichen Quellen.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Berlin, 1982.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Poliak A.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

N. Kazariyaah.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

Toldot mamlakha yehudit be-eiropa (Khazaria.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

History of the European Jewish Empire) (in Hebrew), Tel Aviv, 1944.


Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

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Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

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Question: What is the distance between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea?

Khanate of Casaars

() {{country data {{1}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size= | name= | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} {{country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size = | name= | altlink =national rugby union | altvar =rugby union}} ( ) {{country data {{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size= | name= | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} () {{country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size = | name= | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} {{country data {{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size= | name= | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} Category:Russian History Category:Central Asian History Category:Kasars


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

A car is a wheeled vehicle for the transport of persons and goods by engine.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The designation “car” is shortened from the word automobile, consisting of the Greek prefix άυτο-, áuto-, self-, and the Latin word mobilis, movable.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Cars are used to travel to work, hobby places and resorts.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Much of the various transports are done by car, and they serve the authorities and, for example, warfare.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Cars are also used for roadless maintenance, such as plowing.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

According to Finnish law, a car is “a motorised vehicle manufactured for the transport of persons or goods or for a specified special task, with at least four wheels or rollers and having a maximum design speed greater than 25 kilometres per hour”.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Lightweight quadricycles, i.e. moped cars, as well as tractors, motorworks and ATVs are also commonly excluded from the definition.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Etymology The Finnish word “auto” is an abbreviation of the word “automobile”.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The word is borrowed from international usage; for example, in English and French, the early designation of a car is “automobile”, and in Swedish “automobil”.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The word was created in the French language, but is based on ancient languages.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

“Car” is Old Greek and “mobile” is Latin, and these translates to some meaning “self-moving”.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The Swedish word “bil”, meaning car, is an abbreviation of the remainder of the automobil word.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

It derives from the word “piili” sometimes used in Finnish, which is also used, for example, in the connecting word “linjapiili”.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[2] Attempts have been made to invent Finnish designations for the car to replace the foreign word automobile.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The most popular of these is probably humming.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The word was introduced by Abel Klami in a contest for the Finnish magazine in 1907.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

“Grumming” failed to replace the automobile word, but it has nevertheless been used somewhat, including in recent years.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

With the hyry initial part, other automobile designations have also arisen in the vernacular, such as “hyryhorse” and “hyryhergyri”.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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“Grumming” has often been perceived as somehow jokey or funny, and has recently appeared in pachinos and Donald Duck, among others.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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The initial part of the word “hyry” is onomatopoetic, and describes the sound of a car.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The remainder of “sysy” can also be interpreted as onomatopoetic, but can also be seen to be related to the impetus verb.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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[3] Nicknames Cars have traditionally been given nicknames, but modern cars generally do not have them.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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Finnish nicknames for cars have been collected by Janne Seppälä, who has about 4000 of them in store, and he has a dissertation on the topic of the popular designations of two- and four-wheel vehicles.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[4] History As early as the 15th century self-propelled vehicles were designed, and Leonardo da Vinci, among others, considered the use of spring power in vehicles.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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Later, Isaac Newton developed the idea of a car moving with the power of a steam burst.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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The first cars to emerge at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries were powered by a steam engine, and the earliest car is often said to be Nicolas Josef Cugnot's three-wheeled steam car of 1769.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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It was a three-wheeled working aircraft for military use at four kilometres per hour, whose duties included, in particular, pulling heavy guns.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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Cugnot's steam car had a huge boiler in front of the front wheel, the water inside which could be vaporised by heating.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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The steam increased the pressure and pushed a piston attached to the front tyre from one end outward, causing the car to jerk into motion.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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The Cugnot steam engine was single-acting, meaning the steam engine only did the work in one direction, but the car's own kinetic energy pushed the piston back.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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The first car had to be stopped a few times per hour to allow the boiler to collect enough steam pressure again.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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The following year, Cugnot made his second car, which could already carry four passengers.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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Unfortunately, he was also given the dubious honour of experiencing a motor vehicle accident as the first person, resulting in Cugnot losing funding for his inventions.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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For the liner, steam cars did not reach the line until 1832, when cars made by Goldsworthy Gurney began running between Gloucester and Cheltenham in Great Britain.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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Rail influencers were understandably opposed to the prevalence of cars and managed to make car traffic much harder, for example, with bridge tolls more than ten times higher than horse carriages and a special red flag law under which cars came in front of always move pedestrian waving a red flag as a sign of danger.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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This law, repealed only more than 30 years later, of course, lowered car speeds in England considerably and slowed the development of automotive technology.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The predecessors of buses were popular around the world, but the steam engine was also used in lighter private cars with speeds averaging around 20km/h.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The Bollée family, in particular, assembled some very advanced steam cars between 1873 and 1883, the most famous of which is La Mancelle (1878), which is still in order.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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It had a chain drive, a steering wheel at the end of the vertical axle, and additionally the engine was positioned at the front, although the large boiler was wisely behind the cabin.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The weak characteristics of steam cars included a huge pressure cooker, high fuel consumption and, especially in the early stages, the large weight of the vehicle.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Alternatives to steam power were developed a lot, and electricity was the first solution.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The weak side of the electric car a century ago was the same as it is today: the high weight of the batteries and the difficulty of reaching an adequate operating radius.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Another option was to burn gas and convert the energy generated from it into mechanical kinetic energy.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The first automobile powered by gas was developed by Isaac de Rivas in 1804.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The main problem with a gas-powered car was storing gas.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

It was not until 1885 that the first car moving using a modern internal combustion engine, the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, was produced.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

It was manufactured by Karl F. Benz, founder of the famous Mercedes-Benz Group.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Almost at the same time another German, Gottlieb Daimler, was developing his own version of the internal combustion engine car, but credit for the first modern car is given to Benz.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

While Daimler co-operated with the German Nicolaus Otto, whose internal combustion engine type known as the input engine is still in use in most passenger cars today, Daimler developed its rotary engine more than three times faster.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

A little after the completion of Benz and Daimler cars, the automotive industry began to take staggering steps forward, and especially the French became famous for developing cars.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Among other things, the friction clutch, chain drive and differential gearbox were developed around this time.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Later, though, the chain drive changed to a rigid cardan drive and the differential was moved from the gearbox to the center stages of the rear axle.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

In the 1890s, a different type of engine was also announced, namely the Rudolf Diesel diesel engine.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

It used harder to burn diesel instead of petrol, and the fuel was not sprayed as a mixture with air, but both were fed separately.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Structure and operation The car has wheels connected by wheel retaining devices to the frame, as well as an engine for power and the necessary equipment for transferring power to the wheels and facilities for passengers, driver and goods.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

In addition, brakes are required to slow the car down.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Wheels and wheel support The wheels consist of a tyre and a rim which is attached to the wheel support devices via a wheel hub.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The car has at least four wheels, but large trucks can have eight wheels or more.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The steering angles of the wheels are also affected by the steering angles of the wheels, such as ploughing, camber and caster corners.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Frame, as well as bodywork and other superstructures Wheels associated with the frame by means of wheel support, as well as the engine, transmission and other key parts of the car.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The frame may consist of a self-supporting basket, or it can be a separate structure to which the basket will be attached.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The bodywork forms a space in the car where passengers or other cargo can be placed.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The body's job is to protect cargo from wind, rain, flying particles and, in the event of a crash, the effects of a collision.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The body can cover all or part of the car, and the car may also have more than one body.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Instead of a basket, various pallets, tanks or banks can be used when transporting cargo.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Engine The engine is the source of power of the car: it generates the power the car needs from fuel or electric current.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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Most cars use an internal combustion engine, more precisely a piston engine, which can run on gasoline or diesel.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Electric cars are also on the market.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

However, more common than those are hybrid cars, which use both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to lower consumption.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Engine efficiency The thermal efficiency of the input engine is typically around 10— 25%, but can theoretically be significantly higher.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Engine compression ratio is a key factor in efficiency.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[5] In a hybrid car, the input engine reaches the level of the diesel engine.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

A diesel engine produces around 40% efficiency, lower CO2 but higher emissions of nitrogen oxides relative to an equivalent input engine car.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[6] Car efficiency The efficiency of a passenger car equipped with an internal combustion engine is generally low.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[7] Up to 87% of passenger car fuel energy is lost to low engine efficiency, idle, or transmission.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Accessories such as air conditioning also take their part.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[8] Theoretically, the straightforward flat motion of a body moving on flat ground requires no energy at all.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

However, motion-resisting forces such as air resistance and rolling friction practically take up most of the energy released from fuel combustion.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Drivetrain and brakes A transmission is called a system by which the energy generated by the engine is converted into the rotational motion of the wheels.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The transmission is usually implemented mechanically, but hydraulic and electrical systems are also used.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Brakes are used to slow down the speed of the car.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

When braking, the brakes convert kinetic energy into heat.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Almost all service brakes in cars are based on the use of friction.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Today, disc and drum brakes, which are operated pneumatically or hydraulically, are most common in cars.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Heavy vehicles may also have an eddy current brake or exhaust brake for downhill driving.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Controls The car has controls for the driver to turn the wheels and use the brakes, engine, clutch and gearbox to drive the car.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Other devices Cars today have many additional devices designed to improve the driving and operating comfort of cars, as well as safety.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The most common accessories include car radio, CD player, GPS navigation device, air conditioning, central locking and traction control.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Various cars Cars are made for multiple uses.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Some of these are intended for the transport of passengers, some for the transport of goods.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The largest number of cars are passenger cars intended for the transport of a small number of people.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

One passenger car is usually suitable for travelling between two and nine people, including the driver.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Without exception, passenger cars also have a luggage compartment that can accommodate passengers' luggage.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The passenger car is the most used means of transport in terms of number and mileage.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

A taxi is a passenger car used to transport a passenger to a location requested by them for a fee.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The trucks are used to transport large cargoes of various substances and goods.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Trucks usually accommodate one or two people in addition to the driver.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Trucks can be used to carry loads of up to tens of tons.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Trucks with different main construction are suitable for various transport tasks.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Pallets can be used to transport gravel, waste or scrap metal, for example.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

For transporting logs, banks and a crane can be installed in the car to load or lift the logs.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

In refrigerated load baskets, perishable foods are transported in the warm.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The containers carry a variety of liquids such as fuels, milk or chemicals.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The truck can be coupled with an actual trailer, semi-trailer, centre axle trailer or combinations of trailers to increase the car's transport capacity.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Vans are used to transport small quantities of goods.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

They usually accommodate only one or two passengers in addition to the driver.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Large numbers of people are transported on buses.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

They can accommodate between 10 and 60 people in addition to the driver.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Buses often also have a large luggage compartment.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Buses are means of public transport, and usually run some line, namely a designated route, on a specified schedule, but they also run charter runs.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

The SUV is designed to be driven on bad roads or even in forests, swamps and other terrain.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

SUVs have particularly high ground clearance, all-wheel drive and large wheels.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Ambulances have seats for stretchers and equipment for providing emergency medical care.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Ambulances are also fitted with alarm lights and siren to make driving faster than other traffic and deviating from traffic rules safer.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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Fire trucks carry equipment needed to extinguish fires, protect the environment and save people.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Police cars are equipped with equipment needed for traffic control and other equipment needed for police duties.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

A variety of trailers can be attached to the cars, which can be used to transport things such as goods, a boat or another car.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Caravans can also be pulled by car.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

In the motorhome, the apartment part is connected to the car.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Records Smallest engine: Citroën 2CV (1948—1990) and Suzuki Fronte 1967 0.36l (375cm3) Shortest: Peel P50 (1962) - 1340mm (tricycle) Longest: Cadillac Fleetwood 75 (1975) - 6426mm Most powerful: Lotec Sirius (factory-reported) 1200hp @ 6300rpm (mitres) 1334hp) SSC Aero 1287hp Maximum top speed: Bugatti Veyron Supersport, 431,072km/h (268mph), July 4, 2010 at the Ehra-Lessien test track [9] Maximum top speed: The fastest car with a V8 puddle-head engine is probably the Flatfire (Ford), which exceeded the speed considered a magic ghost limit of 300 miles per hour in 2002, is therefore faster than the aforementioned (Bugatti Veyron).


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

After considerable modifications, the engine is still a genuine side-valve engine and produces more than 650 horsepower.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[10] [11] Best selling: Volkswagen Bubble - 21 million (Toyota Corolla is the best selling under the same model name - 32 million cars) Least sold in the world (excluding special models): Lamborghini LM002, 301 cars in six years Car dealership in Finland Cars are usually used as a rule as a means of raising income, that is, its main function is to act as a means of transport to work.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Separately from this, the purchase of a new car is not economically viable.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Due to its resale value, the ownership car is less loss-making than one acquired by leasing.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[12] The average car lifespan is approximately 19±1 years.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[13] The most common cars last just this, with the more expensive brands staying in traffic for longer, but few of them for more than 25 years.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[13] The life cycle of a car may also end earlier if its engine is run out, so to speak.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[14] A rare antique or specialty car may prove to be a profitable investment target.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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On a world scale, there are plenty of rare cars in Finland, recently imported especially rare American cars.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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Otherwise, the hobby vehicle culture has been in a strong position in Finland for many decades.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Major retail stores of new passenger cars in Finland include Veho Group, Kauppahuone Laakkonen, Delta Motor Group, MetroAuto Group, VV-car houses, User auto, Aro-Yhymmä, Rinta-Joupin Auto Dealer, Wetteri, Länäauto, Kamux, Jarmo Rinta-Jouppi, Bilia, Pörhön Auto Dealer and Autosalpa.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Turnover of enterprises in 2013 ranged from €1,041,000 to €129,000,000.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

(Auto-Latch).


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[15] Automotive sports Car racing is a subgenre of motorsport.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

In automotive sports, cars race in speed and accuracy.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

There are several species of car sports where different cars are driven on a variety of platforms.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

Statistics There were estimated to have been 551000000 cars in the world in 2005.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

Auto

[16] Distribution of passenger cars in Denmark in 2005.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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In parentheses typical representatives of the car class.


Question: How much does the Porsche 911 car model weigh?

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Small cars 34.1% (Peugeot 208, Opel Corsa, Volkswagen Polo, Škoda Fabia) Family cars 27.5% (Peugeot 308, Opel Astra, Toyota Corolla, Ford Focus, Volkswagen Golf) Family cars 19% (Citroën C5, Ford Mondeo, Volvo S60 and V60, Audi A4, Volkswagen Passat Large) cars 3.2% (Audi A6, BMW 5 Series, Volvo S90 and V90, Mercedes-Benz E-Series) Representative level cars 0.2% (Jaguar XJ, Mercedes-Benz S-series, Audi A8, BMW 7 Series) Sports cars 0.3% (Mercedes-Benz SLK series, Porsche 911, Audi TT) Minivans 12.4% (Citroën C4 Picasso, Opel Z1 Ford Galaxy, Renault Scénic) Others 3.4% See also Motoring Automotive Facelift (product) Concept car Alternative fuels Passenger car Cars Car-carbon car Flight car Transport policy List of car brands Mixed car Superauto Cars in Finland CAN bus Sources On topic elsewhere (Dissertation of Cultural History, Department of History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Turku December 2013) * Category:19th century inventions Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Persona 4 Arena, appeared in Japan as Persona 4: The Ultimate in Mayonaka Arena (), is a fighting game designed by Arc System Works and Atlus released in 2012.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

The game was initially released as a slot only, but later appeared on consoles as well.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

The events of the game are set two months after the events of the game Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4 and also features characters from the game Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 3.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

The plot involves a “P-1 Grand Prix” tournament set in the television world, in which Persoonan users are forced into battle against each other.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

In 2013, Persona 4 Arena Ultimax was released as a slot game sequel.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

In 2014, it also appeared on consoles.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

[1] [2] Gaming The game has two modes: Story Mode and Arcade Mode.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

In story mode, events are always presented from the perspective of the character chosen by the player.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Initially, only four characters can be used in the story mode and others unlock depending on the player's progression.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

The ending of each story part depends on the player's choices.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

In battle, players can different actions from different pieces.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Each character is able to make his own attack and, if desired, summon the assistance of his Persona.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

After using the persona, the player must make four standard attacks in order to summon it again.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Playable characters include Yu Narukami (the protagonist of Persona 4), Yosuke Hanamura, Chie Satonaka, Yukiko Amagi, Kanji Tatsumi, Teddie, Naoto Shirogane, Aigis, Mitsuru Kirijo, Akihiko Sanada, Elizabeth, Labrys, and Shadow Labrys (only in arcade mode).


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Plot In the Golden Week of 2012, Yu Narukami arrives for a few weeks to visit Inaba.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

At midnight, along with his friends Yosuke Hanamura, Chie Satonaka and Yukiko Amagi, he discovers the Midnight Channel (Midnight Channel) has begun to appear on television again.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

This time it's promoting a tournament called the “P-1 Grand Prix,” whose presenter looks like their friend, Teddie.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

In addition, Kanji Tatsumi and Rise Kujikawa have mysteriously disappeared, so Yu and his friends decide to leave for the television world to find out.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Meanwhile, Naoto Shirogane is investigating the actions of the head of Kirijo Group and former founder of SEES, Mitsuru Kirijo.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Mitsuru has formed a new group called Shadow Operatives in place of SEES, which also includes Akihiko Sanada, Shadow Track Weapon Aigis, as well as Fuuka Yamagishi.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

From their aircraft is hijacked by another Shadow Travelling weapon called Labrys, who gets caught up in the television world.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Shadow fighters head there to find him as Naoto secretly follows them.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Members of both Investigation Team (Investigation Team) and Shadow Operatives are pitted against each other in the P-1 Grand Prix and they encounter an unknown malevolent being (Malevolent Entity) impersonating themselves as their own Shadows.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

They also encounter Elizabeth from the Velvet Room (the Velvet Room), who had left her job to find a way to free Persona 3's protagonist from the Great Seal.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

He decides to fight Yu and Aigis in order to understand the true meaning of the Wild Card ability and eventually gets himself introduced to the Arkana of the Fool.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

When members of the Investigation Team and Shadow Operatives encounter “General Teddie”, who is plotting the P-1 Grand Prix, this is revealed to be the disguised Shadow of Labrys.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

They defeat it and Labrys accepts his Shadow, getting in place a Person named Ariadne.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

But then Labrys is hacked and the human talking through him is revealed to be the organizer of the tournament, who reveals that he intended to undermine the mental well-being of Persoonan users in order to turn these Personas into Shadows once again.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

After the connection is broken and Labrys is released, Mitsuru demands the members of the Investigation Team leave the matter to Shadow Operations.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

Labrys joins them to find the lost parts of their memories.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

However, Yu tells the other members of the Investigation Team that he plans to have them investigate, too.


Question: When is Persona 4 released?

Persona 4 Arena

In voice roles, Original English Sources Category:Megami Tensei Category:Video Games of 2012 Category:Slots Category:PlayStation 3 games Category:Xbox 360 games Category:Fighting Games Category:Electronic Sports Games


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The State of Israel [1] or Israel (,) is a state between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River in the Middle East.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel was established on the territory of Palestine in 1948.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

It is a parliamentary democracy in statesmanship and strongly a “Jewish state" [2], which is enshrined in law as an official ideology.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[3] However, Israel is multinational in population and diverse in its religious base, and not all recognise the principle of a nation-state for Jews.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[4] It has therefore led to ongoing internal unrest and clashes with the Palestinians throughout the existence of the State of Israel.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel has about 8.3 million inhabitants, according to a 2014 estimate.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[5] The official language is Hebrew, the official status of Arabic was removed in July 2018.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

78% of the inhabitants are Jewish, 17% are Arabs, the rest are Druuses and other minorities.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israeli Arabs are mostly Sunni Muslims or Christians by religion.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel's neighbours include the Arab states Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, as well as Palestine, which is recognised as independent by some states.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel has an area of 20700 km², including the Golan Heights, but not East Jerusalem or the West Bank and Gaza Strip.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

While Israel has neither admitted nor denied its nuclear weapon, it is widely thought to be the only nuclear-armed state in the Middle East.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[6] The name “Israel” has, in customary and liturgical use, for three thousand years denoted both Israel as a country and the entire Jewish people, whether they lived in Israel or in the diaspora.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The name is derived from the Bible, 1.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

From Genesis 32:28, where Jacob receives the new name Israel (perhaps śara + el meaning struggle with God) after struggling with an angel.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

There are different understandings of the name.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

According to some, the name derives from the verb śarar (“to rule, to be strong, to impose”), in which case the name would signify “God reigns” or “God judges”.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Other possible meanings include “Prince of God” or “Ēl fights”.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Regardless of the exact meaning, the twelve sons of Jacob were descended from the “12 tribes of Israel”.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The first historical mention of the word “Israel” is from the Egyptian in the steela of Merenptah, which details the military camps in Canaan Land.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel is mentioned in the paade as a people who had not formed a state and is dated to the 13th century BCE.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[7] The modern state was given the name “Medinat Yisrael”, meaning the State of Israel, and its citizens are Israelis.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Other name suggestions included Eretz Israel, Zion and Judea.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[8] History Inspired by Zionist causes, the territory of present-day Israel, then part of Turkey, began to emigrate Jews between 1881 and 1914.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

During these migrations, or aliyas, key national institutions began to form for Israel's future independence: efforts were made to revive the Hebrew language, and a Hebrew-language press and literature emerged in the region.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Jews also established political parties and trade associations.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

About half of the Jews who immigrated to the area during the Second Aliyah were disembarked by 1914, when the First World War interrupted immigration.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[9] The period of British rule In World War I, Great Britain took control of the region.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Zionists had been migrating to the area at the urging of Theodor Herzl since as early as the 19th century, but the migration accelerated, particularly after World War I, as comers were attracted by the right promised by Britain in the Balfour Declaration to establish a “national home” in Palestine.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In 1922, by decision of the League of Nations, Palestine was made a British Mandate Territory, which, however, soon separated 3/4, the eastern half of the Jordan River into Transjordan.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

At the end of World War II, there were already 650,000 Jews in the regions, and European Jews, uprooted by the Holocaust, arrived as a great wave to establish a new state.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

At the insistence of the Arabs, the Mandate administration eventually banned Jewish immigration almost completely.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[10] In the UN General Assembly, a motion was made to divide the territory into Arab and Jewish states.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Arab states surrounding Palestine opposed the motion and refused to recognize the Jewish state, while David Ben-Gurion, Israel's future, first prime minister, endorsed the plan.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

On 30 November 1947, the morning after the plan was approved, the violence escalated further, and on 11 December, London newspaper The Times reported that some 70 Jews, 50 Arabs and four Britons were killed in the clashes.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israeli armed organizations managed to seize all of the territory granted by the UN to Israel and part of the territory assigned to the Palestinians before the end of British rule.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Palestinians blamed these for a number of massacres of civilians, including the killing of more than 100 people in the Deir Yassin massacre between 9 and 11 April 1948.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[11] As a result of the fighting, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were forced to leave as refugees.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

An open war had broken out (kts.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israeli War of Independence).


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Establishment of Israel After the British left the territory, Israel was established on 14 May 1948 in Palestinian territory before the British Mandate expired at midnight on 15 May.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The conflict widened when Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, Lebanese and Iraqi forces invaded Israel.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In the ensuing war, the Soviet Union, which opposed the colonial system, supported Israel, while Britain, as an old colonial host, continued to support the Arabs against their independence colony.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The fighting took place mostly in territory designated for Palestinians.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In 1948, volunteer Jews left Finland to join soldiers in Israel, and the Finnish state also assisted Israel with weapons donations.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

These Finnish-Jewish volunteers constituted the largest pool of volunteers in the world compared to the rest of the Jewish diaspora in terms of the number of members of their Jewish community.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[12] By the end of the war, larger areas remained in Israeli possession than envisaged in the UN partition plan.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

At the same time Egypt occupied Gaza and Transjordan occupied the West Bank.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Large numbers of Arabs were forced to leave their neighbourhoods or fled the threat of violence.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

There were massacres of Arab civilians and Palestinian housing communities were destroyed.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

About half of the indigenous population relocated or were expelled out of the territory of the new Jewish state, virtually without the option of returning.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

According to the UN, a total of 711000 people [13].


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Because of the crisis in the Middle East that has persisted until these days, the refugee issue remains unresolved.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

After the creation of Israel, the largest number of Holocaust survivors began to migrate from Europe, and the country's population doubled in its first year of independence.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Over the next decade, 600,000 Jews fled or were deported from surrounding Arab countries and Iran to Israel.