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In practice, however, a 700-year tradition prevents them from varying on whims.


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[26] However, there is talk of an unwritten constitution that governs the functioning of the bodies of state, whereby, for example, the monarch abides from political decisions and the supremest executive power vested in that law is exercised by the Prime Minister.


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The Parliament of the United Kingdom is bicameral.


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Members to the 650-member lower house () are elected by election and to the upper house () are appointed.


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Members of the House of Lords include about 700 lifelong recipients of personal nobility and bishops of the Church of England.


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The Lords Act 1999 ended heritable membership of the House of Lords, but its 92 surviving seats inherited were allowed to remain members.


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Members of the House of Commons are elected from single-representative constituencies.


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Elections to the House of Commons must be held at least every five years, but often take place before the deadline.


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[2] The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons, since 2016 Theresa May of the Conservatives.


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[2] Since the 1920s, the main parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.


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The electoral system for single-candidate constituencies favours a two-party system, with either of the parties usually holding governmental responsibility.


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The third largest party is the Liberal Democratic Party, formed in 1988 by the merger of the old Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party.


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It advocates changing the electoral system and abandoning the two-party system.


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[33] In the 2010 election, the Liberal Democrats won 23% of the vote, but less than ten percent of the seats.


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[2] In the House of Commons elected in 2010, the Conservatives have 305 seats, Labour 258, the Liberal Democrats 57 and the others have 30.


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[2] In 1999, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh People's Assembly were established, over which the Scottish Parliament has legislative powers.


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Since 2003, Northern Ireland has its own 108-member parliament and a further 18 seats in the Westminster Parliament.


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The transfer of power to Belfast was frozen in 2003 but completed in 2010.


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[26] Active in various countries include the nationalist Welsh Plaid Cymru, the Scottish National Party and Cornwall's Mebyon Kernow, who advocate either more autonomy or independence for the countries.


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[34] Theresa May announced on 18 April 2017 that the country would hold general elections on 6 June 2017.


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In the past, he has promised elections only in 2020.


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[35] Contrary to what had been anticipated, the outcome of the election was a disappointment for the Conservatives, as the expected great success did not come.


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The party remained just and just the largest, but lost its majority position in Parliament.


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[36] In the final results, the Conservatives won 42.4% of the vote and 318 seats; Labour, on the other hand, received 40.4% of the vote and 262 seats.


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[37] Foreign Policy The United Kingdom is a member of the Commonwealth, European Union and NATO.


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It has a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council and veto power over its decisions.


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By 2003, it had exercised its right 32 times, 23 times to support the United States and alone on issues concerning Zimbabwe.


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[38] Since the Brexit referendum, the British Government has begun a process leading to the withdrawal from the EU at 23:00 (UTC) on 29 March 2019, unless an extension is agreed.


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[39] The United Kingdom is one of the few nuclear weapons states.


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Its deterrent includes four Vanguard-class ballistic missile submarines each armed with sixteen Trident II missiles and 48 nuclear warheads.


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The system was introduced in 1994 to replace the Resolution-class submarines and Polaris missiles introduced in 1968.


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[40] The Air Force gave up WE.177 nuclear weapons in 1998 and the Navy in 1992.


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[41] The planned life of the Trident Guidelines will end in 2024.


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In 2006, the Prime Minister announced that Britain was planning to renew submarines and Trident missiles, which would extend their operational period until the 2040s.


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[42] The United Kingdom has traditionally enjoyed a close relationship with the United States.


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The phrase was already formulated by Winston Churchill, and its continuation has been questioned in the 2010s.


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[43] Parts of the United Kingdom: At the top level of NUTS, the United Kingdom is divided into 12 regions: nine regions (regions), Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.


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[44] There are nine areas in England still divided into 34 counties (county) and 47 administrative units known as Unitary authority.


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Outside this regional division, there are 36 metropolitan areas and 33 London subdivisions.


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There are 32 local council-run areas in Scotland.


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There are 22 municipalities in Wales, of which 10 are urban districts (county borough), nine are counties and three are urban.


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There are 26 municipalities in Northern Ireland.


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[44] The United Kingdom, as a remnant of the British Empire, also has a series of enclaves.


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De jure these British overseas territories (former crown colonies) are not parts of the United Kingdom, but Britain handles their foreign policy.


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These include: [45] Anguilla Bermuda British Indian Ocean Territory () British Virgin Islands () Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Saint Helena South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands () Turks and Caicos Islands.


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Also comparable to these are the self-governing islands in the vicinity of Britain, the Isle of Man (), as well as Jersey and Guernsey.


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In addition, the United Kingdom has military bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia in Cyprus. [46].


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It has claimed an area of 17,09400 square miles in size from Antarctica.


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[47] In the Finnish language, the country as a whole is referred to as Britain, Great Britain or English.


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[1] In fact, however, England is only one part of the United Kingdom.


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The British, especially the Welsh, Scots and Northern Irish, may find offensive the use of the name to mean the state as a whole.


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[48] [49] The Finnish Language Board recommends preferably using the name Britannia, but also accepts the name English for the whole state.


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[50] From 1801, when Ireland became part of the Kingdom, until 1921, when Ireland became independent, the state was called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.


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This was preceded by the Kingdom of Great Britain, formed in 1707 with the unification of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland.


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Economy The UK economy is one of the largest in the world, measured by purchasing power adjusted GDP, ninth in the world and second in Europe (after Germany) in 2017. inflation, interest rates and unemployment (4.4% in 2017) have remained low.


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[2] Great Britain was the cradle of the Industrial Revolution, but today industry still produces a fifth of GDP (19% in 2017).


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coal mining is almost completely exhausted.


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Industry's share of the economy is still declining.


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North Sea oil and gas resources are running out and the country has been a net importer of energy since 2005.


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[2] 80% of electricity is generated by fossil fuels, making the UK 2008 the eighth largest carbon emitter in the world.


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[51] In 2010, 47% of electricity was generated by gas, 28% by coal, 16% by nuclear power and 7% from renewable energy sources.


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It is planned to increase the share of renewable energy sources to 30% by 2020.


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[52] Agriculture is efficient and highly mechanised, producing 60% of food consumed with less than 2% of the labour force.


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[2] Agriculture has experienced setbacks due to mad cow disease and the extensive foot-and-mouth crisis of 2001.


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[53] The services sector, particularly banking and insurance and business services, account for the majority of GDP and employ more than 80% of the workforce.


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[2] The City of London is a global financial centre and the London Stock Exchange among the largest in the world.


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[54] [55] Tourism is also an important source of income, with over 30 million tourists visiting the country every year, [56] making it the sixth most popular tourist destination in the world.


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With the recession, the number of tourists and the amount of money they spend has dwindled.


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[57] Major export products include industrial goods, fuels, chemicals, food, beverages and tobacco.


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The biggest destination countries for exports are the United States, Germany, France, Ireland and Belgium.


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[2] The British government has opted out of joining the eurozone and opinion polls suggest the people support the decision.


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[2] Transport in Britain is 505 airports, nine of which have runways more than three kilometres long.


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[2] In 2011, the busiest fields were Heathrow, Gatwick, Manchester, Stansted, Luton, Edinburgh, Birmingham, Glasgow and Bristol.


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[58] There are 16,454km of railways.


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[2] In 2010, 1,353 million journeys were made on the railway, totaling 65 billion km.


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Train traffic grew by around 6 to 7 per cent compared with the previous year.


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90.9 per cent of the trains ran on time.


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[59] The international train service comes along the Eurotunnel from the Channel, and the trains running it also bring cars.


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[60] Freight ports include Dover, Felixstowe, Immingham, Liverpool, London, Southampton and Teesport in England, Forth Ports in Scotland and Milford Haven in Wales.


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[2] Passenger ferries operate from Holyhead to Ireland, Dover to France, Harwich and Hull to Holland and Belgium, Portsmouth to Spain and Newcastle to Norway and Sweden.


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[60] Britain has left-hand traffic.


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Population In July 2011, the UK was estimated to have a population of 62,698,362.


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Ethnically broken down, English people make up 81.5%, Scots 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Northern Irish 1.8% and West Indians, Indians, Pakistanis and others 2.8% of the population.


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[2] In the 2011 census, 59.5% of the population reported themselves as Christians.


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[2] In a survey conducted in 2017, 41% answered this way.


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[61] According to 2007 statistics, ten per cent of the population attended church every week, the highest number of regular church-goers was in Northern Ireland, the fewest in Wales.


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[62] The Church of England is the official state church.


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[63] The Catholic Church has about five million members.


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[64] The main language is the English language.


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More than half a million Welsh people speak Welsh, which is part of the Celtic languages, which is also used to broadcast radio and television programmes.


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Gaelic is spoken by about 58,000 people in Scotland, mostly in the Hebrides.


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In Northern Ireland, 95000 people speak Irish.


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In total, 12 indigenous languages are spoken in the country according to Ethnologue's definitions.


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The major immigrant languages are Punjabi (East and West Punjabi with a total of 574000 speakers), Urdu and Bengali (400,000 both), and Sylheti, sometimes counted as a Bengali dialect (300,000 speakers) [65] According to a 2004 WHO survey, British alcohol consumption is 22 in the world. Ranked, converted to pure alcohol at slightly more than ten litres per adult.


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Consumption in Finland, Belgium and Saint Lucia in the Caribbean is almost at the same level.


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[66] Education Education is compulsory between the age of five and sixteenth, but in January 2007 the government announced that it would extend compulsory education until the age of 18.


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Most of the children attend free public school.


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Until the age of eleven, primary school is attended, followed by secondary school.


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Between the ages of fourteen and sixteen, study for the GCSE exam.


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After the age of sixteenth, a pupil can choose a sixth form college, finishing with an A-Level (Advanced Levels) exam in which two to five subjects are written, followed by aspiring to university.


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In Scotland, the names of the exams are Standards Grades and National Qualifications.


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The Northern Ireland system differs somewhat from the one described above.


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[67] Major Urban Areas In Britain there are 12 metropolitan areas with a population exceeding million: [68] Culture The United Kingdom is made up of four interconnected nations, and while the way of life is broadly similar, the culture has differences, both between these nations and at the local and regional level.


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The key issue for the Scottish National Party is the economy, not least the distribution of North Sea oil revenues, while the Welsh National Party is interested in preserving language and culture.


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Dialect and way of speaking often inform a person's background and homeland.


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Supporting your own football team has become a major point of pride for many.


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[21] Among the major tourist destinations in addition to major cities, historic sites such as Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrews, York and Bath.


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Famous natural attractions include the White Cliffs of Dover, the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland and Loch Ness in Scotland.


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Well-known for its landscapes are the Welsh and Scottish mountain ranges, the English Lake District of the Lake District and the Peak District.


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[69] In addition to Christian holidays and New Year, Guy Fawkes night is celebrated 5.


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on Nov.


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[70] There are numerous famous universities and colleges in the United Kingdom, the oldest of which are the universities of Cambridge and Oxford.


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Many world-renowned scholars have emerged in Britain, including Sir Isaac Newton, James Watt, Charles Darwin, Michael Faraday, Charles Babbage, Alexander Fleming, Alan Turing, Tim Berners-Lee, Richard Dawkins and Stephen Hawking. [71].


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Literature British literature is among the most central to European culture.


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It has a long history and great cultural influence on the whole of Western literature.


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The first major English literary output was the Canterbury stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century.


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What makes the case remarkable is that the majority of court poets used Latin, the proxy language of that culture.


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[72] The most famous British figure of Elizabeth I's time was William Shakespeare, who is regarded as one of the most outstanding writers of all time and the most proficient English language.


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Shakespeare's literary production is extensive including plays, sonnets and poems.


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Particularly known he is precisely for his plays, the most famous of which are A Midsummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and Othello [73] Novels began to be written in larger numbers starting in the 18th century.


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In the early 19th century, literature was dominated by the Romanticism era, when the poetry genre was influenced by William Blake, John Keats and Lord Byron.


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The Victorian era was a golden age of realism in English literature.


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It was represented by Jane Austen, Brontë's siblings (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, George Eliot and Thomas Hardy.


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[74] Of these, the works of Charles Dickens in particular are said to have a significant influence on British culture, including the refurbishment of the Christmas tradition in 19th-century England with the Christmas Story.


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With the First World War, the popularity of war literature and poetry rose.


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Romance literature soon developed into the most popular form of literature and it is today.


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Other illustrious British novel writers have included Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, Mary Shelley (Frankenstein), J. R.


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R. Tolkien (Lord of the Rings), Rudyard Kipling (The Jungle Book), D. H. Lawrence, George Orwell (Animal Revolution, In 1984), Salman Rushdie, Zadie Smith, Agatha Christie, Virginia Woolf and J. K. Rowling (Harry Potter).


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Among the poets to be mentioned are T. S. Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, and Rudyard Kipling.


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[75] The Nobel Prize in Literature includes Rudyard Kipling in 1907, John Galsworthy in 1932, T. S. Eliot in 1948.


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Bertrand Russell 1950, Winston Churchill 1953, Elias Canetti 1981, William Golding 1983, V.


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S. Naipaul in 2001, Harold Pinter in 2005 and Doris Lessing in 2007.


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[76] Theatre British theatre has a long tradition since Shakespearean times.


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Today, London's West End is the centre of the theatre world.


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[77] Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber has dominated the West End for many years, conquered Broadway as well and his musicals have been made into popular films.


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[78] The world-famous Royal Shakespeare Company is based in Shakespeare's hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon and also performs elsewhere.


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[79] Notable current playwrights include Alan Ayckbourn, John James Osborne, Harold Pinter, Tom Stoppard and Arnold Wesker.


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[80] Music Music is of central importance in Britain, where much significant and globally renowned pop music has been made.


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Britain is considered a superpower of Western popular music along with the United States.


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The most popular British band of all time is The Beatles which is also the most successful band in the world.


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More than one billion recordings have been sold worldwide from the band.


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[81] Other well-known and popular British bands since the 1960s have included The Rolling Stones, Queen, The Who, The Kinks and Cream, known for guitarist Eric Clapton, as well as Welsh Tom Jones.


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The world success achieved by these and many other British ensembles active in the 1960s has been referenced by the English term “the British Invasion”.


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[82] The UK has also come from Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Elton John, David Bowie, Dire Straits, The Police, Deep Purple, Sex Pistols, Genesis, Saxon, Phil Collins, Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Def Leppard, George Michael, The Smiths, Judas Priest and many newer giant successes such as One Direction, Depeche Mode, The Wanted, Oasis, Radiohead, Spice Girls, Coldplay and Robbie Williams.


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[83] [84] Famous British composers include Henry Purcell, Edward Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten and Andrew Lloyd Webber (among others, The Phantom of the Opera).


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Britain has many high-profile orchestras such as the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.


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London is one of the world's music centres, many important concert halls and the Royal Opera House, one of the most important opera houses in the world, are located there.


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[85] Film and Television In 2000, the British Film Institute invited a thousand experts to evaluate the best films of all time in the country.


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[86] The third man (1949), Short Luck (1945) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962) received the most votes.


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[87] Out of the 100 best films, Alec Guinness has nine, Michael Caine has seven and Julie Christie has six starring.


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David Lean directed six of them.


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[86] British-born Alfred Hitchcock and Charles Chaplin made much of their careers in the United States.


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[88] [89] The cornerstone of British television is the state-owned public broadcaster BBC, which has several channels in television and radio.


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BBC television channels are public service channels on which no adverts are aired.


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It also serves as a producer of television series and programs.


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The BBC's production is hugely extensive and comprises drama, comedy (britcom), documentaries and feature-length films.


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Familiar to Finns from the BBC include sitcoms Pokka Keeps, Monty Python's Flying Circus, detective series Miss Marple and New Sherlock.


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The BBC's repertoire also includes Doctor Who, the longest-running TV series of all time.


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The BBC also owns the rights to a number of big-class sporting events, including the Olympics, the European Football Championship and World Cup, and the F1 series (from 2008 to 2015, as of 2016, the rights are held by Channel 4).


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The BBC also represents Britain as a member of the European Broadcasting Corporation also in the Eurovision Song Contests.


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The BBC plays a significant role in the history of the development of television technology and radio communications.


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During World War II, it was one of the most important mass media in the world and its radio broadcasts were listened to across Europe.


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It also adopted, as the first European TV company, to introduce regular colour broadcasts on the BBC Two channel in 1967.


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There are several commercial channels operating in Britain, the largest of which (and at the same time the only ones covering the whole country) are the public-run but advertising-funded Channel 4 and the commercial ITV (former.


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Channel 3).


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Of these, ITV is the longer-lived and was once created as a consortium of several TV industry players to bring competition to the BBC.


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ITV now owns TV operators Granada Television and Yorkshire Television and has therefore grown by far to become Britain's second largest media company.


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ITV has broadcast many classics from British television on its channels, including The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, Mr. Bean and long-running drama series Emmerdale and A Matter of the Heart (Heartbeat).


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Channel 4 primarily airs American programmes aimed at young people and has developed an internationally renowned Big Brother format.


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Britain is also well known for its comedians, the most famous of which include John Cleese and the Monty Python humour group, Rowan Atkinson and Sacha Baron Cohen.


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Among the most-watched television series in Finland are several British series such as Emmerdale, Miss Marple, The Midsomer Murders and the BBC nature documentaries presented by Richard Attenborough, shown by Avara nature.


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[90] Visual Arts The oldest art objects found in the British Isles are Stone Age grave finds.


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Copper, tin were used in the Bronze Age, and in Wessex also gold.


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The Celts brought new art traditions, stone and wood were used alongside metals.


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In the reign of the Romans, statues, busts and tomb monuments began to be made.


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As new materials, they brought glass and mosaics.


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[91] The 19th century saw the development of a stylistic direction of painting called the English school for portraits and landscape paintings.


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Its top names included Joshua Reynolds, George Stubbs and Thomas Gainsborough.


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In the late 18th and 19th century, British art was at its most radical, represented by William Blake, John Constable, William Hogarth and William Turner.


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[92] Above all, Turner's quasi-abstract landscapes later greatly influenced the development of Impressionism.


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[93] Beginning in the 1840s, British preraphaelites were influenced, who painted colourful and detailed paintings of often religious subjects.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

The Arts and Crafts movement, founded by William Morris, produced wallpaper and tiles typical of the Victorian era.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[92] Children's books illustrated by Beatrix Potter have endeared from year to year.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Notable British artists of the 20th century include Henry Moore, Lucian Freud, Barbara Hepworth, Frank Auerbach and Francis Bacon.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[94] As a reaction to Abstract Expressionism, pop art emerged in the 1950s, represented by Richard Hamilton, Eduardo Paolozzi, Peter Blake, Allen Jones and David Hockney.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

In the late 1980s, the Young British Artists movement included Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[92] The 2000s have also featured Mark Wallinger, Chris Ofili, Gilbert & George, Mike Nelson and Steve McQueen.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[94] Since 1984, a British artist under the age of 50 has been awarded the Great Turner Prize.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Major art institutions in the country include the Allied Artists Association, Royal College of Art, Royal Society of Arts, Royal Academy of Arts, Tate Britain and Tate Modern.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Food The most famous manifestation of British food culture is the sturdy English breakfast.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

It often involves sausages, eggs boiled, fried or scrambled eggs, fried bacon, toast, champignons, fried tomatoes and beans.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[95] Another important meal is fish and chips, which is deep-fried baked fish and french fries.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Fish and chips dishes are sold in stalls similar to hot dogs as well as pubs with beer.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

At Sunday lunch, Brits have had the habit of eating roast beef and Yorkshire pudding for ages.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

On top of that, there are a number of popular regional dishes around the UK, including haggis (stuffed lamb's stomach) in Scotland and Welsh Rarebit (toast with plenty of egg and cheese) in Wales.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[96] [97] Brits are very big lovers of tea and beer.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Afternoon tea developed as a concept into British culture in the 1840s, and today one-fifth of the world's tea is consumed in Britain.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[98] Tea is often served in cafes garnished with various side dishes.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[99] Beer is Britain's national drink and is produced in the country by 1200 different brands.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[98] Beer is also drunk from large colts, but the intention is not to get drunk.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Young people drink mixes called soda wines quickly for the purpose of drunkenness.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[100] Scotch whisky, meanwhile, is a major export product.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[98] Social classes in Britain social classes play a greater role than ethnicity.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Many define themselves as representatives of the working class or middle class.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Few admit to belonging to the upper class, but that is usually defined by nobles who inherited land property.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

A working-class background is respectable but deprived.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Education is low, housing is rented and wages are received weekly, typically for industrial jobs.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

The working class is associated with Labour and union values, but in real life class boundaries are not as straightforward as they are in speeches by critics of the class system and politicians.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[21] Although the class system is considered old-school, for example, children's school performance is still strongly tied to social class.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[101] Sport The most popular sport in Great Britain is football, and the sport has been developed in England.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

The English Football Association is the oldest football association in the world.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland all have their own football national teams.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

In the FIFA rankings in January 2012, England were fifth, Scotland 48, Wales 49 and Northern Ireland 87.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

England have won a one-time world title at their home Games in 1966 and everyone else has played at least once in World Cup competitions.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[102] [103] In addition to football, rugby and cricket, among others, are popular team sports in Great Britain.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Their roots are in Britain, and both rugby league and rugby union are played in England, Scotland and Wales.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[103] The most popular individual sports are swimming, snooker, tennis, athletics, motor racing, golf and boxing.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[104] Notable British sporting events include the British Open golf tournament, the Wimbledon tennis tournament and the Royal Ascot gallop competition.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[103] Wimbledon is the most important competition in the tennis world, having already been staged 125 times.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[105] The first World Championship sectional race in motorsport was run at the Silverstone circuit in 1950, renamed Formula One.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[106] Although in many sports England and Scotland have their own teams, for the Olympics Great Britain has participated with a joint team for every modern Olympic Games.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Today it sends around 300 to the Summer Olympics, and 30—50 athletes to the Winter Olympics.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[107] London has hosted the Olympic Games in 1908, 1948 and 2012.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[108] There have been hundreds of medals Britons have received and the country has excelled particularly in athletics, tennis, rowing, sailing and figure skating.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[103] Steve Redgrave, the gold-winning rower in five consecutive Olympic Games, has been called Britain's greatest Olympic athlete.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

[109] See also England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales List of monarchs of the United Kingdom British royal family British cuisine Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fuller, Barbara| title = Great Britain| location = Tarrytown, New York| publisher = Marshall Cavendish| year = 2005| isbn=9780761418450| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many counties are there in the UK?

United Kingdom

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate = 25.1.2012}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:41.4 British Isles Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala is the national epic of Finland and the Republic of Karelia.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

It is based on the Finnish-Karelian folk poems compiled by Elias Lönnrot (1802—1884) from 1828 onwards.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The first edition of the actual Kalevala, or Old Kalevala, appeared in 1835, and the New Kalevala now known as just Kalevala in 1849.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala's poems are Kalevalan poetry, meaning they are made in a kalevalan poetry measure.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The poems contained in the Kalevala are not directly in the form sung by the poem singers, but have been edited, their language style has been unified and corrected, and some parts of the poems have been moved to a different place and in a different context than in the poems originally noted in memory.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Osan Lönnrot has been poetic himself to form coherent plot patterns.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

There is a creation myth at the beginning of Kalevala, according to which the world was born from the egg of a mess.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Among other things, Kalevala describes disputes between the Kalevala and Nordic peoples and various protagonists, vengeance trips and propositional journeys, and the construction and plunder of Sampo.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Events end with the advent of Christianity.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala has been of great importance as a creator of Finnish national feeling.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

It has also contributed extensively to the arts and sciences.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[1] History Origin of poems It is speculated that the Finnish people developed an original song form in their great cultural breakdown around 500—1000 BCE.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The new vocal form was characterised by the prelude and narration of the verse, as well as the unstanzable nature.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The four-stroke poem measure of the stanzas is now known as the kalevalam measure.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[2] Old Finnish folk poetry has strata of different ages.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Among the oldest are myth poems that tell of the genesis of the world and culture.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The protagonist of the narrative poems is often a formidable singer and knower who makes knowledge-seeking journeys into the world of the deceased.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The adventures of the heroes of the songs of Kalevala take place in the overseas Nordic region.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The poems also included lyrical songs interpreting a person's own personal moods, ritual poetry for weddings and bear finches, and incantations.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[2] There have been two strong research traditions about the birthplace of the Kalevalan poems, the controversy between which was once periodically bitter.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Lönnrot himself stated in the opening words of the New Kalevala that the poems had originated in “Permia” on the western coast of the White Sea.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The view of the poems' only Karelian tradition prevailed after this for a couple of decades and only the exact location was disputed until Aksel Borenius put forward a theory about the western origin of the poems.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Today, there is a prevalent notion that Kalevala has both a western and eastern poetry tradition.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[3] Matti Pölla and earlier Matti Kuuvi have suggested that a significant part of the Kalevalese poetry came to Karelia with migrants from Ostrobothnia and Savo.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Pölla has also suggested that among these colonists there may also have been lineages of Sages fleeing the Mace War or accused of witchcraft.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

According to Pöllä, the roots of poetry deposited in the Viena region can be found in the tradition found in Kainuu and Northern Ostrobothnia, but it also has influences from Karelia and Savo.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[4] The use of Kalealamita slowly began to disappear from Finland after the Reformation of the 16th century, when the Lutheran Church banned the song tradition as pagan and, on the other hand, as the European language of poem based on weights and rhymes spread to the country.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

From Western Finland, the old tradition of poem singing gave way first and later from the rest of the country.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In Viena Karelia, the tradition has survived until these days.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[2] Poetry Collection Professor Henrik Gabriel Porthan of Turku Academy and his student Christfried Ganander collected Kalevalan vocabulary in the 18th century for Mythologia Fennica.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the 19th century, Finns became more widely interested in memorizing old folk poems.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[5] A tradition of epic poetry can be found in almost all peoples of the world, and in many cases it has also been compiled as written epics.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the Western world, the most famous epics at the time of the birth of Kalevala probably have been the Iliad and Odyssey claimed to have been written by Homer.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The paragon of Homer contributed decisively to the awakening of Elias Lönnrot's idea of epic, and Kalevalaa would hardly have been born without the model of the epics that preceded it.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[6] Elias Lönnrot, who studied to become a doctor in Helsinki, went on his first poem collecting trip in the spring of 1828.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He chose a 130 penincorner journey from Sammat to Karelia and back to Laukko mainly on foot.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

With his beautiful flute playing, he attracted the people around him and became aware of the folk poems from them.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the village of Hummovaara in Kesälahti, she met the poetry singer Juhana Kainulainen, who had time to sing for Lönnrot for the third day.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

From Kainualainen, Lönnrot noted nearly fifty poems, many of them spells by woodsmen.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

From his first outing, Lönnrot recovered poems and spells in total over 6000 verses.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[7] For his second poem collecting voyage, Lönnrot left in May 1831.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

However, a planned excursion to Karelia in Viena failed after Lönnrot contracted a fever early in the journey.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In August, he was called back to Helsinki to fight a cholera epidemic.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[8] After completing his medical studies in the spring of 1832, Lönnrot went on his third collecting expedition, again to Viena.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The beginning of the excursion with the promoters was mainly fun, but Lönnrot from Viena received 3000 verses.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[8] After returning from his third collecting trip, Lönnrot moved to Oulu as assistant physician and then as district doctor to Kajaani.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the autumn of 1833, he embarked on his fourth collecting expedition, which became the most relevant to Kalevala's genesis.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the year, Lönnrot met Ontrei Malinen, who sang eight long poems to him, totaling 806 verses.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[9] These included a 366-verse sampo-themed section and other major narrative ingredients of Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[10] After a conversation with Vaassila Kieleväinen, who lived near Malinen, Lönnrot began to believe that by combining different poems he could create a large cohesive whole.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

After returning from this excursion, Lönnrot began writing a miniature poetry about Väinämöinen.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He was supposed to publish a manuscript of the Poetry Assembly from Väinämöinen in the spring of 1834, but before that he still wanted to meet a few well-known poem singers.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[9] On his fifth collection expedition in spring 1834, Lönnrot initially met Martiska Karjalainen in Viena's Lonka village, from whom he received nearly thirty long songs.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

At the end of the excursion, he arrived in Latvajärvi, where Arhippa Perttunen sang several new poems and inadequately known poems to him for three days in intact ensembles.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

An impressed Lönnrot considered Perttu to be the last true poem singer.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

After the fifth voyage, Lönnrot wrote the manuscript of his epic, which was completed on 28 February 1835.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[9] Lönnrot's goal was to compile the poems into a broad, plotfully progressive narrative according to the model of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey epics.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He also pruned Christian and other “modern” features of poems, made changes to place names and personalities such as Ilmarinen, composed individual poems from the ingredients of several poems, and made selections about poems.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He additionally sepitated entirely new verses of the materials of folk poems if necessary — the verses from the Kalevala, which Lönnrot confessed, account for 3% of the Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[11] Lönnrot did not raise the persons of the poem singers he heard, for he saw folk poems as common poems for the whole people.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

However, in the introduction to several of his works, Lönnrot mentioned at least one important singer by name, and from his travelogues, letters and other information, more than 70 singers have been identified whom he listened to on his excursions.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[12] Lönnrot toured most frequently in the Karelian regions of Viena east of Kajaani.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He also went on collecting trips on the Finnish side, mainly in Eastern Finland.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

This does not mean that Western Finland has not played any part in the genesis of Kalevala's poems; from there the poetry singing tradition just disappeared earlier.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

West Finnish dialect features also appear in the poems.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Western Finland is therefore not a “poet-free” region.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Unlike the rest of Kalevala, the origin of the Kullervo poem is in Inker, where it was collected and submitted to Lönnrot by D.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

E.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

D.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Europaeus.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[13] Many others collected poems and many of them have been recovered.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The Finnish Folk Poetry Archive is the largest in the world.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[14] Kalevala publications Lönnrot published five different Kalevalas.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Sikormä-Kalevala was first published in 1833, with concise Lemminkäis, Väinämöis and wedding poems.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the same year there was also an epic Poetry Assembly from Väinämöinen, which was later renamed Alku-Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[15] The Lemminkäinen poetry of Sikermä-Kalevala had 825 verses, the Väinämöinen poetry of 1867 verses and the Naimaa hymns 449 verses.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The poetry meeting in Väinämöinen already had 5052 verses.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[16] The first edition of the actual Kalevala (or Old Kalevala) appeared in 1835.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Lönnrot gave it the title Kalewala or Wanhoja Karelian Poems from the ancient times of the Finnish people and it is divided into 32 poems and 12078 stanzas.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[16] Lönnrot conjectured when building the Old Kalevala that the poems were from pre-Christianity and depicted historical events.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He believed that Karelians, Hämians and Estonians would have wandered from Asia in ancient times under a Kaleva like Moses.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[15] Kalevala immediately attracted interest in academic circles, as it gave importance to Finnish-language literature and ancient culture to the Finnish people.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

According to Johan Gabriel Linsén, president of the Finnish Literary Society, Kalevala gave Finnish literature “almost a European meaning”.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Although the work was well received by academic circles, Kalevala was not a sales success.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

An edition of 500 copies was taken from it, which was enough to be sold for 12 years.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[15] Kalevala was also interested abroad, M.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

A. Castrén's Swedish notation appeared in 1841.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In French, the work was translated by Louis Léouzon Le Duc, who served in Finland as governess to a Russian count's family and was interested in Finnish folk poetry.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

A French edition appeared in 1845.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Thanks to the translations, Kalevala gained fame abroad, for example Jacob Grimm gave an illustrious presentation of the work in the spring of 1845 at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[17] The so-called New Kalevala, most often referred to as just Kalevala, was completed in 1849.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[18] It contains 50 poems and 22795 verses.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

It was even earlier versions more of Lönnrot's own creation.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[16] When building the New Kalevala, Lönnrot no longer believed that the poems could be restored to their original form.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He felt at this point that he knew the poems better than the poem singers, so he combined poems and their subjects according to his own vision.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[19] Lönnrot became professor of Finnish in autumn 1853 and gave Kalevala lectures for 17 semesters.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Based on his teaching experience, Lönnrot began to consider the work from an educational perspective as well.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He therefore decided to undertake editing his work for the fifth time when asked for a shortened edition to address the need for schools.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The school-Kalevala manuscript was ready in April 1861.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

It was not received with great enthusiasm and, for example, J. V. Snellman felt that the abbreviated establishment had lost its poetics and epicity.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

School-Kalevala was not in long-term use in schools.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The “easy-priced” Kalevala, published by the Finnish Literature Society, began to be used in teaching in the 1870s.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

However, in the lower classes, the students received their information from Zachris Topelius's Book of the Country, and in the upper classes the schoolchildren already read the actual Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[19] Publication of poetry recordings After the appearance of the New Kalevala in the 1850s, scholars such as D.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

E.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

D. Europaeus, began to insist on getting acquainted with the poetry recordings used by Lönnrot.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

However, Lönnrot delayed their publication, even though he had promised it in the opening sentence of his work.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

For the use of scholars, this very extensive and unorganized collection of manuscripts came in 1874.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The first volume of the recordings, Kalevala's reproductions, was published in 1888, after which scholars had the first opportunity to begin exploring in more detail the relationship between Kalevala and folk poetry.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

From this began a debate over how much Kalevala came to be regarded as a creation of Lönnrot himself and how much as authentic folk poetry.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

As the extent of Lönnrot's editing and creation work became clear in the 1880s, the problem of authorship was solved by making Lönnrot the “last poem singer”.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[20] The name Kalevala is the seat or homeland of the heroes featured in the Kalevala epic.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The name comes from Kaleva, the mythical ancestor of the Finns and the father of Väinämöinen.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala is a nation of Kaleva's descendants, and Kalevala's heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen are Kaleva's sons.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kaleva was also interpreted in early works and writings on ancient history as a paragon of evil and an enemy of the divine order, but Lönnrot transformed him into an early hero by selecting and interpreting poetry material.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kaleva of Lönnrot is the first immigrator to Finland and thus the progenitor of all the Finns, or Kalevians, of the Finnish tribe.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The second name of Kalevala appears as Väinölä.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[21] In original folk poetry, Kalevala is mentioned only occasionally.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

These verses were recorded in 1837 in Kellovaara: In Kalevala, the name is mentioned 26 times in various forms, often with his second name Väinölä, for example at the beginning of the third poem: Language Kalevala language is mainly Eastern dialects of the Finnish language as well as those spoken in Viena Karelia Vienan dialects, from whose territory Lönnrot most poems collected.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Vienaan dialects are read as dialects of the Karelian language, but Lönnrot himself considered them dialects of the Finnish language.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Lönnrot modified the language of the poems to be easier for Finns to understand and made sonic compromises between the vernacular and the traditional literary language.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In Old Kalevala, Karelians are more abundant than in the New Kalevala, especially in vocabulary, but also somewhat in sound, form and leadership doctrine.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[22] In Kalevala, the foreign letters b, c, d, f, q, w, x, z and å are not used in Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[23] Similar to Eastern dialects, Lönnrot did not use the letter d as a weak equivalent of t in poems, but did use d nonetheless in the introduction, synopses and poem names.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[24] The long vowels a and ä-vowels Lönnrot denoted aa and ä in the main emphatic first syllables, but further back in the word, in accordance with the Vienese and Eastern dialects, oa and eta.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

As early as Old Kalevala, Lönnrot began to use the ts of southeastern dialects rather than the tt and ht of other dialects on a somewhat regular basis.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[25] Kalevala made the Eastern dialects of Finnish and the Karelian language more familiar to Finns.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

It introduced new sound and form doctrinal features into the Finnish language, influenced Finnish word formation and introduced new words into Finnish.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[26] The Old Kalevala has been calculated to have 184 words entering the Modern Finnish dictionary that first appeared in VK.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Apart from these, the 197 words used in VK had not yet appeared in Swedish publications, as is now common words such as, organize and so.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Many types of cords also became familiar to Finns just from Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[27] Events Poems 1—10: First Väinämöis episode: The creation of the world and the birth of Väinämöinen; The encounter between Väinämöinen and Joukahainen; Joukahainen promises his sister Aino's hand to Väinämöinen in exchange for his life; Aino drowns; Joukahainen takes revenge; wounded Väinämöinen swims Pohjolaan and meets Pohjola's mistress Louhe; Louhi helps Väinämöinen return home in exchange for promising to arrange a skilled blacksmith to forge Sampo, a miraculous rich-making mill; Väinämöinen forces Ilmarinen to Pohjola with his spellbinding skills; Ilmarinen forges Sammo when she is promised a magnificent Nordic maiden as a consort; however, to Ilmarinen's disappointment, the maiden refuses to go on her way.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Poems 11—15: First Lemminkäis episode: Lemminkäinen robs Kyllik and they make vows: neither does Lemminkäinen wars nor Kyllikki villages, but vows are broken; Lemminkäinen travels to Pohjola to propose to Pohjola's daughter to become a better wife; works of merit which Lemminkäinen will performs: skiing Hiiden deer (succeeds on the second attempt) and derail Hiiden gelding as well as shoot the swan of Underworld; however, the wet-hat cattle shepherd slays Lemminkäinen and throws this body into the stream of the Underworld; Lemminkäinen's mother rakes her son from the Tuonela river and recreates him to life.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Poems 16—18: Second Väinämöis episode: Väinämöinen searches for the spellwords needed to build a boat, first from Tuonela and then from Antero Vipusen; Väinämöinen sails to Pohjola; Ilmarinen and Väinämöinen compete for the hand of Pohjola's daughter.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Poems 19—25: Ilmarinen's wedding (first Ilmaris episode): The mistress of Pohjola demands merit work from her daughter; Ilmarinen performs the tasks required with the assistance of Pohjola's daughter: ploughing a green field, derails Tuonen bear and Underworld wolf, and brings Tuonela pike from Tuonela river; Ilmarinen and Pohjola daughter's wedding; the slaughter of a great bull and a story about brewing beer.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Poems 26—30: Second episode of Lemminkäis: Lemminkäinen is resentful because he is not invited to the wedding; he travels to Pohjola and defeats the Pohjola host in a duel; the army is exorcised to take revenge on Lemminkäinen; Lemminkäinen escapes to Saari on his mother's advice; after returning home, he discovers his home burned; she goes on a revenge trip to Pohjola with her partner Tiera; Pohjola's mistress freezes the sea and Lemminkäinen must return home.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Poems 31—36: Kullervo episode: Untamo slays his brother Kalervo's people, except for the wife who gives birth to Kullervo; Untamo tries to murder Kullervo but fails; Kullervo is sold as a slave to Ilmarinen; Ilmarinen's wife torments Kullervo by baking a stone inside the bread; Kullervo swears revenge and the wife is killed; Kullervo escapes and finds his family unharmed near Lapland; Kullervo seduces the maiden and later discovers her to be his own sister; sister slays herself; Kullervo destroys Untamola, slaying Untamo's family and upon returning home discovers everyone dead; Kullervo slays himself.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Poems 37—38: Second Ilmaris episode: Ilmarinen forges himself a wife out of gold and silver, but finds this cold and rejects her; after this, Ilmarinen robs the second daughter of the mistress of Pohjola; the girl insults Ilmar, so this spells the girl into a log; Ilmarinen tells Väinämöinen Pohjolan the carefree lives of the people that Sampo guarantees.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Poems 39—44: Sampo robbery (third Väinämöis period): Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen sail to plunder Sampo; the boat is caught on the shoulders of the great pike; Väinämöinen slays the pike and its jawbone is made the first kantele; Väinämöinen lulls everyone in the Pohjola hall to sleep with his song, and Sampo is robbed; the wretch awakens the Nordic people; the mistress of the Nordic conjures up mist, storm and Iku-Turso to stop the robbers; kantele falls into the sea in a storm; Nordic mistress conjures up a large army, transforms herself into an eagle and fights Sammo; Sampo is shattered and loses into the sea.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Poems 45—49: Louhe's revenge on Kalevala: Väinämöinen prepares a new birch kantele; Pohjola's mistress sends Kalevala to kill people and bear to kill livestock; Väinämöinen heals the people and knocks down the bear; Pohjola's mistress hides the moon and sun and steals fire from Kalevala ; Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen return the fire and Ilmarinen forces the mistress of the Nordic to return the sun and moon to the sky.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Poem 50: Marjatta episode: Marjatta becomes pregnant with lingonberry she eats and gives birth to a boy in a stable, comparing to the Virgin Mary and Jesus; her parents curse and abandon her; Väinämöinen orders the boy to be put to death in the marsh; the boy begins to speak and sound about Väinämöi, reminding of this for the sins of youth; Estonia baptizes the boy king of Karelia; Väinämöinen gets angry and sails away, leaving an inheritance of ringing and kantele.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Persons The protagonist of Kalevala is the Sage hero Väinämöinen, who has magical gifts of singing and playing.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He's been complicit already in the creation of the world.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He plays the chanterelle, the most important of which is made from the jawbone of a pike.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Väinämöinen's search for wife is one of the central themes.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

However, he never finds a wife — among them one of the maidens, Joukahainen's sister Aino, drowns rather than marry Väinämöinen.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Väinämöinen participates in the robbery of Sampo from Pohjola.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Seppo Ilmarinen is a heroic blacksmith who draws comparisons to Weyland of Germanic mythology and Daidalus in Greek.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He builds, among other things, the firmament and the Sampo.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He wins to marry the Maiden of North, whom Kullervo later kills.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Ilmarinen also participates in the robbery of Sampo.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Louhi, the mistress of Pohjola, is the Shamanist matriarch of the Kalevala enemy people.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He promises his daughter Ilmarinen as a reward for building Sampo.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

After Sampo's robbery, he moves the sun and moon out of place and steals the fire from Kalevala's people.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Joukahainen is a young challenger to Väinämöinen, who, in order to save himself, promises his sister Aino to Väinämöinen after losing a singing contest.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Joukahainen tries to take revenge on Väinämöinen by killing her.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

His attempt fails, but results in Väinämöinen promising to build a Sammon for Louhe in return for the fact that he saved him.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kullervo is a maltreated orphan child raised in Untamola, who never grows properly due to a cruel childhood.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He is an unfit slave who is impossible to get killed.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He murders Ilmarinen's wife in retaliation for the bread, whose stone baked inside shattered Kullervo's knife.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

He finds his home in Kalervola and accidentally seduces his sister to a “moss bed”.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

After identifying each other, the sister drowns in startled rapids and Kullervo punishes himself by going on a war expedition to Untamola.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

After destroying Untamo's people, Kullervo returns to his home and finds his entire home people dead.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kullervo kills himself with his sword.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Lemminkäinen is a handsome but ruthless hero.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

His mother is forced to retrieve his body from the stream of the Underworld and restore him to life, where the Osiris myth is repeated.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Lemminkäinen kills the Pohjola host at the conclusion of a battle of songs and swords.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Lemminkäinen is also involved in robbing Sampo.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Geography Kalevala's main venue is Kalevala land, or Väinölä, which is home to Väinämöinen and many other main characters.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala is a beautiful, grainy and lush land.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The cold Nordic land is the enemy of Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

It is ruled by Louhi, the mistress of the Nordic region, and is also home to witches and monsters.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Animals living in Metsola, or Tapiola, as well as the mythical forest folk dominated by Tapio and Mielikki.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The water kingdom Ahtola is ruled by Ahti and Vellamo.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Tuonela, or Netherworld, is a kingdom of the dead located behind the Tuonela River.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[28] Since the time of Lönnrot, Kalevala and Pohjola have been attempted to locate Kalevala and Pohjola on a map, and several theories have been put forward as to their location.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

According to some scholars, the question is immaterial, and Pohjola is mythical in its foundation.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Some scholars, however, see in Kalevala references to actual places.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Elias Lönnrot placed the North East of the White Sea.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[29] The Book of the Land of Topelius reckons that Väinölä was located on the southern shore of Ladoga and on the northern shore of Lake Ladoga.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The sea of Kalevala was circumnavigable from the western side or carried by water, as is the case in the plunder of Sampo.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[30] Pohjola has also been located in places such as Lapland, Satakunta and Southern Ostrobothnia.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

These placements have been justified by place names found in Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

For example, it has been observed that the name Louhi is densely found in northern Karelia.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

According to scholars, however, the nomenclature of the poems may have changed over time as stories spread from singer and region to region.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

It has also been suggested that there have been several Nordic countries, as the name has always been associated with others, hostile groups or tribes.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

According to Matti Klinge, Kalevala was located in northern Estonia and southwestern Finland, and Pohjola in Satakunta and eastern Sweden.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The sea linking these, which does not exist in Karelia, is much on display in folk poems.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[29] National and political significance Kalevala became a hallmark of the nation's past, nationality, language and culture for the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the 19th century.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

A Finnish identity began to be built on it, which at that time was still on a fragile basis.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The work brought Finland's small and unknown people to the consciousness of other Europeans.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[31] Kalevala maintained its nationalist significance well into the 20th century.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[32] Kalevala has been used for political, ideological and cultural purposes since its appearance, and the work has been harnessed at different times and depending on different business cycles to serve different ideas.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The Kalevala has been the subject of a hegemonic struggle over who it and the Kalevalan cultural heritage belong to, and who or which group most correctly interprets it.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the early 20th century, efforts were made to incorporate Kalevala as an integral part of the cultural activities of the working people.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the 1930s, various political fronts reinforced their ideological interpretations of the epic.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the political struggle that began after World War II over the heritage of Finnish national culture played a central role in Kalevala's interpretations.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala has also played a part in cooperation between Finland and the Soviet Union in the form of film.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Regionally politically, the heritage of the Kalevalan world is sometimes articulated with regions, the building of their identity and their business life.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[33] Kalevala has justified belligerence (for example, the Ice March: And we will rise Kullervo in revenge) and peace (for example, the Confessors of Humanity).


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala has also inspired neo-pagans, especially groups like the Uko faith inspired by the national romanticism of the early 20th century.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

However, contemporary neo-pagans are more critical of the Kalevala, preferring to study the authentic folk poems behind it.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[34] Cultural influence Art and literature Kalevala has had a great influence on Finnish art, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

It has inspired literature, music and figurative art alike.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala has been influenced by Aleksis Kivi, Eino Leino, Juhani Aho, Robert Kajanus, Jean Sibelius, Oskari Merikanto, Erkki Melartin, Leevi Madetoja, Uuno Klami and, above all, Akseli Gallén-Kallela.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala has inspired many writers outside Finland as well, among them Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and J. R.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

R.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Tolkien.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[35] Kristian Huitula's comic adaptation Kalevala (2000) contains all 50 poems by Kalevala with the original poetry dimension.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[36] Music Kalevala has been of interest to composers since its appearance, and its influence has remained steady for decades.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In 2008, there were already around 500 Kalevala-themed compositions.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[37] The first major Kalevala-themed composition was the Kullervo Overture by Filip von Schantz, premiered in 1860 in Helsinki.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[37] The first Kalevala Oopera in Finnish and at the same time the first opera in Finnish was Oskar Merikanto's Miss Pohja (1898), which sought to involve all the key events of Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[38] Jean Sibelius made extensive use of Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

His works include Kullervo (1892), Lemminkäinen series, Pohjola's daughter, Tapiola and Luotar.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[39] Uuno Klam's Kalevala series premiered in December 1933.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[40] The most notable work associated with the theme made in the 1940s was the Kanteletar song series by Yrjö Kilpinen.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The most famous Kalevala compositions of the next decade include Ahti Sonninen's song series Taivahan takas and Jouko Tolosen Notku young virgin.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[41] Einojuhani Rautavaara created three notable Kalevala works between 1975 and 1985.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[42] Aulis Sallisin, among others, composed an opera of the same name inspired by Aleksis Kivi's play Kullervo, which even became an international success.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[43] In Finnish popular music, Kalevala themes have shifted especially to metal music, the most famous example of the band Amorphis.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[44] Television and films The first serious project of a Kalevala-themed film was born in 1919, but the plans of Finnish Film Art remained unimplemented.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The first filmatizations from Häidenvietto Karelia Poetry (1921) and Kalevala lands (1935) were ethnological documentary films with material derived from the Kalevalan tradition.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[45] Häidenetto in Karelian poetry is generally considered to be the first Finnish film composed.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

It also attracted attention and was even a reasonable audience success.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[46] Although it attracted positive publicity, it received no followers and remained Kalevalaseura's only film.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Wedding in the Karelian poetry lands focuses on one subject, but Kaleva lands are a cross-section of the customs of the Kalevaans living in Karelia.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[47] The first actual Kalevala filmatization was the Finnish-Soviet collaborative film Sampo (1959).


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[48] The best known animated versions are Reino Niiniranna's Kalevala (1975) and Riitta Nelimarka and Jaakko Seeck's six-part Story of Sampo (1971—1974).


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[49] Paavo Haaviko's well-known work “Iron Age” was loosely based on Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[50] Newer adaptations Kai Nieminen wrote Kalevala 1999 (Finnish Literature Society, 1999) in celebration of the 150th anniversary of New Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

According to the author, the work is an attempt to open the locks of old language and dialectical expression so that the contemporary reader can access the work without resorting to explanations.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[51] Crafts Kalevala has also been used as an inspiration for crafts, as well as the Kalevala CAL quilt known as the Finland 100 project.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Translations of Kalevala had already been translated into 61 languages by 2010.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[52] Among the first it was translated into Swedish (1841, New Kalevala 1864—1868), French (1845/1867), Russian (1847/1889), German (1852), Hungarian (1871), English (1868, 1888, 1907, 1963, 1989) and Estonian (1891—1898).


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[53] [54] Although the language of the original poems underlying Kalevala is predominantly Karelian, an actual Karelian translation of the work was obtained only in 2009, when the Karelian Language Society published a translation by Zinaida Dubinina into aunus karelia.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[55] Among the mystics, Kalevala contains valuable information about the old beliefs and myths of the Finns and Karelians.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

This information can be utilized by researchers and laypeople alike.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

On the basis of Kalevala, advanced assumptions and thought games have also been developed (e.g. Timo Heikkilä's studies).


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Kalevala, at least, is also illustrated by Ior Bock's work on the saga of the Bock family, which features names familiar from Kalevala, although the story itself does not coincide with Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[56] Pekka Ervast published in 1916 the book The Key of Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In the book, the Kalevala is treated as a holy book enclosing in itself the knowledge and experience of great knowers and wise men.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The Kalevala Key interprets the Kalevala from aspects such as mystery knowledge, inner chastity doctrine and magic.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

According to Ervasti's interpretation of the holy trinity of creative deities in Kalevala, the names Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen and Väinämöinen are used.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

[57] See also Starter Big oak Kalevala persons Väinölä or Kalevala Country Kalealamitta Sampo Suur-Kalevala Pohjola Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aho, Kalevi| title = Kalevala Cultural History| number = Kalevala and Finnish art music| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literary Literary | year = 2008| version = Edited by Ulla Piela, Seppo Knuuttila and Pekka Laaksonen| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}}} Immonen, Kari & Kallioniemi, Kari & Kärki, Kimi & Laine, Kimmo & Salmi, Hannu: Kalewhale popular culture.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala Cultural History| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2008| version = Edited by Ulla Piela, Seppo Knuuttila and Pekka Laaksonen| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Laaksonen, Pekka| title = Symbols of Finns| number = How did Kalevala become a national epic? | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2005| version = Edited by Tero Halonen and Laura Aro| isbn = 951-796-394-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Piela, Ulla & Knuuttila, Seppo & Laaksonen, Pekka| title = Kalevala cultural history| location = Helsinki publisher = Finnish Literature Society | year = 2008| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society, 1179| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}} References Literature Kalevala editions Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = Illustrated and designed by Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

22nd edition (1st edition 1922) | isbn = 978-951-0-24270-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1982 (5th edition 1994) | version = Pre-and back title: Juhla-Kalevala and Akseli Gallen-Kallevala Art.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Compiled and created as an epic by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Photos and decoration: Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Photo essays and delivery: Avi Gallen-Kallela.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

The layout of the work is based on Koru-Kalevala, published in 1922 by Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

2nd edition| isbn = 951-0-11253-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Created by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Hannu Väisänen| isbn = 951-1-16061-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2005| version = Compiled by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Editories of the Finnish Literature Society 14 (31st edition) | isbn = 951-746-669-2}} Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Aarno Karimo and Hugo Otava.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Huddersfield: Pellervo club, 1953.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Mukaelmia Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kunnas, Mauri & Kunnas, Tarja| title = Dogs Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1992 (15th edition 2007) | isbn = 951-1-12244-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkinen, Kirsti| title = Finnish children's Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2002| version = Narrated by Kirsti Mäkinen.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Pirkko-Liisa Surojegin| isbn = 951-1-17468-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nieminen, Kai| title = Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Nyt| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2011| version = Kai Nieminen based on the 1849 Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

2nd Revised Edition.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Renewed facility from Kalevala 1999.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society, 1326| isbn = 978-952-222-295-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pottonen, Risto| title = Kalevala Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Books on Demand| year = 2009| isbn = 978-952-498-748-6}}, replace with {{ cite book| author = Rintala, Aulis| title = Kalevala in Finnish | location = Tampere| publisher = Pilot-cost| year = 2006| version = Edited by Aulis Rintala| isbn = 952-464-408-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tolkien, J. R.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

R.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

(ed.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Fliegler, Verlyn) | title = Kullervo story| others = Translated by Juva, Kersti, Kankaanpää, Jaakko & Martin, Alice| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2016| version = (The Story of Kullervo, 2015, written 1912—1914.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

) | id = ISBN 978-951-0-41845-1}} Change literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anttonen, Pertti & Kuusu, Matti| title = Kalevala-Lipas| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1999| version = New institution (1st institution 1985).


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society, 740| isbn = 951-746-045-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkinen, Reijo| title = Kalevalainen natua| publisher = Arcticmedia| year = 2009| version = Images Hannu Hautala| isbn = 978-951-98612-5-8} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Raimo| title = Kalevala Dictionary| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-1-23222-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala and guide to reading it| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finn Literary Society | year = 2015| version = Charts, editorial work: Liisa Kaski| isbn = 978-952-222-579-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ojanperä, Riitta (ed.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

) | title = Kalevala in pictures| location = Helsinki| publisher = State Art Museum, Ateneum Art Museum| year = 2009| version = Ateneum publications, 55| isbn = 978-951-53-3154-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentikäinen, Juha| title = Kalevala Mythology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1987| isbn = 951-662-403-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Piela, Ulla & Knuuttila, Seppo & Kupiainen, Tarja (ed.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

) | title = Kalevalan good and obscenity| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1999| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society, 746| id = ISBN 951-746-089-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siikala, Anna-Leena| title = Mythology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literatures| year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-393-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turunen, Aimo| title = Kalevala Dictionar| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Literature Follow| year = 1949}} On topic elsewhere (Kalevalaseura) Kalevala site for schoolchildren — and others (Kalevalaseura) (Project Gutenberg) Kalewala or wanhoja Karelian poems from the ancient times of the Finnish people.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Appeared in 1835 Old Kalevala.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Digital copy of the song from the National Library.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Knowledge package, Finnish Literature Society, 1998.


Question: Who wrote Kalevala?

Kalevala

Yle Living Archive * Category:Creation fables Category:Books of the 1830s Category:Key articles of screening Category:The works of Elias Lönnrot


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Quantum chemistry is a field of physical chemistry that uses quantum mechanics to examine problems in chemistry.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

The behaviour and reactions of electrons and molecules in atoms are mathematically modeled by means given by physics and mathematics.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Quantum chemistry is closely related to theoretical physics.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

For example, when the properties of molecules are studied by computing calculations, it is perhaps not at all necessary to prepare the molecule itself experimentally.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Quantum chemistry and molecular modelling are the basic tools of current chemical research.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

History The history of quantum chemistry is a continuation of the history and theory of quantum mechanics.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Physicist and chemist Michael Faraday played a large role in laying the foundations of quantum mechanics when he discovered the existence of cathode rays in 1838.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Albert Einstein's theory of relativity from 1905 was a consequence of earlier theories of quantum mechanics.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Many consider the birth of quantum chemistry to the discovery of the Schrödinger equation and its application to solve the basic state of a hydrogen atom in 1926.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Another major influence in advancing quantum chemistry research was American Linus Pauling, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1954.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

[1] Calculating the electron structure of molecules Valence bond theory Valence bond theory looks at individual bonds.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

In it, the orbitals of adjacent atoms cover each other and electrons located on the orbitals are concentrated on the bond orbitals that form.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Thus, electrons localize to a specific bond.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

The model works in most two-atomic molecules, but this larger theory needs to be extended to hybrid orbitals.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

[2] Molecular orbital theory Molecular orbital theory looks at the formation of molecular orbitals by combining the valence shell orbitals of atoms.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

In this case, as many molecular orbitals are formed as atoms have valence orbitals.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

The orbitals that form divide into binding and disintegrating.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

The electrons in the binding orbitals are concentrated between the atoms involved in the bond, while the electrons in the decaying orbitals tend away from between the atoms.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Only those atomic orbitals with energies of the same magnitude and the symmetry is suitable are able to form molecular orbitals.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

[2] Density functional theory Density functional theory is used to study the electron structure of microscopic systems.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Pierre Hohenberg and Walter Kohn laid the foundation for the theory in 1964 by demonstrating the electron density determining the electron density of the electron system unambiguously. [3].


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model The quantum mechanical atomic model falls under the entirety of modern physics and is presented in a fairly demanding mathematical language.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

In quantum mechanics, an electron is thought of simultaneously as both a particle and a wave.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

[4] The electron is therefore viewed as the wave motion for which Erwin Schrödinger developed the wave equation.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

According to him, an electron bound to the nucleus of an atom looks like a standing wave [5].


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Solutions of the wave equation provide a probability density for the presence of an electron in the atomic nucleus environment [6].


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

The solution allows the electron of a hydrogen atom to obtain possible energy states in which the electron can place outside the atomic nucleus.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

These energy states are represented as atomic orbitals described by a series of numbers named quantum numbers. [5].


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

There are four quantum numbers, of which the main quantum number, the side quantum number, and the magnetic quantum number have been obtained based on the solution of the wave equation.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

In addition, there is a fourth quantum number, the spin quantum number.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Calculation of chemical reactions Ab initio methods Ab initio methods are able to mathematically model physical and mathematical models.


Question: Who invented density function theory?

Quantum chemistry

Due to mathematical complexity, analytic solutions of Schrödinger's equations do not produce a decent result, which is why one has to settle for mere approximations.