Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

It is no wonder, as Topelius and Koskinen commented on the manuscripts of Elfving's works.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Agathon Meurman served as Elfving's atelier critic and provided the finale editions of the works.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Of the foreign prequels, it is probably the novels of Walter Scott that influenced Elfving's production the most.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

However, the role of women in Elfving's novels in war is obviously anomalous compared to male writers and may be juxtaposed with, for example, the female aspect of Fredrika Runeberg's historical novels.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Elfving's female characters break down the social boundaries of a woman stronger than Fredrika Runeberg's women, such as Alli of Härkmann's sons, who accompanies the militia apparently without taking part in the actual fighting though.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Miihkal tries to prevent Alli from going to war, because this is “only a woman, like a bird in a burning honga”, but Estely is refuted: “What you have said now, I have said many times myself,” replied Alli, bowing to his work in sorrow, “but it is in vain to think of the dangers which are not yet seen yet What I must do shall be done, and my way shall not become darker than He will, who has spread the dark shadows of time over all of us.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

If my power wasn't so low!


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

If only I was a man!” Alli wears man's clothes as he goes to the Russians camp following his son to war next Iikka.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Maria Sprengtport of the Century tradition also follows, despite being a woman.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Elfving's works are heavily religious, and the protagonists often refer to God, as in the snippet above by Allik.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Patriotism intertwines with religiosity in prayers that the battle would be won.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

In this regard, Elfving's books can be seen as supporting the national ideology of his time, which, with the appearance of Härkmann's sons, was already broken by the realism of the 1880s—1890s.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

On the other hand, Elfving's folk portrayal was praised in reviews, although it was not quite as idealising as that of Runeberg, for example (Antero of Härkmann's sons, for example).


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Works Sons of Härkmann (Werner Söderström 1887; second edition in 1908 under the name of Härkman's sons) Sprengtporten pupils (unpublished) The legacy of the century, Part One, Part Two, During Adolescence (Werner Söderström 1902; co-volume in 1914) Freely downloadable Aura e-books and Sources Aspelin-Haapkylä, Eliel: History of Finnish Theatre II.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Desert, Brother Matti: Fredrik Elfving, Elfving, Betty:.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Huhtala, Liisi: National Biography.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Rock, O.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

A.: Newer Finnish literature.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Syveoja, Hannu: “Finland's future see”: a nationalist tradition in a historical novel and short story of the time of autonomy.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Syvaoja, Hannu: Category:Writers of historical novels Category:Finnish writers Category:Finnish writers for children and young people Category:People born in 1837 Category:Persons who died in 1923


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

Ronald William “Ron” Howard (born March 1, 1954 in Duncan, Oklahoma) is an American film director, actor and producer.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

[1] Career Acting career Howard began his acting career as a child in the 1950s.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

His best known role as a child actor was the role of Opie Taylor in the popular situation comedy series The Andy Griffith Show, which aired from 1960 to 1968.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

He also guest-starred in many other television series and also appeared in both television and theatrical films.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

In the creator records of series and films, his name was noted at the time as “Ronny Howard”.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

[1] [2] Howard's most famous role work as an adult is the role of Richie Cunningham in the 1970s blockbuster series Days of Happiness.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

Howard starred in series regulars from 1974 until 1980, when he left the series to focus on his directorial career.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

However, he visited the series a few times in the following years as well.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

The best-known film in which Howard has a major role is Svengigang '62 (American Graffiti), directed by George Lucas, from 1973, in which his role person is Steve Bolander.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

[1] [2] [3] Directorial Career The first feature-length film directed by Howard is a low-budget action comedy The Great Car Blowing (Grand Theft Auto) which premiered in 1977, in which Howard himself played the role of the male protagonist, Sam Freeman.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

After a major car blowout, he directed a few television films and in 1982 was the turn of the next theatrical film when the comedy film Night Shift (Night Shift), starring Michael Keaton and Henry Winkler, premiered.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

[1] [4] In his later career, Howard has directed several very successful films, including the romantic comedy Splash, which starred Tom Hanks and Daryl Hannah, the science fiction film Cocoon — The Fountain of Youth (Cocoon), which received Oscars for visual effects and male cast (Don Ameche), and among others Starred by Hanks, Kevin Bacon and Bill Paxton, Apollo 13, which received nine Oscar nominations and won two awards, for recording and cutting.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

For Howard, Apollo 13 brought a Best Directing Golden Globe nomination.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

In 2002, Howard received the Best Directing Oscar for the drama film A Beautiful Mind (A Beautiful Mind) and was also nominated for a BAFTA Award and Golden Globe, among others.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

The film also received Best Film, Best Supporting Actor (Jennifer Connelly) and Best Adapted Screenplay Oscars.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

Howard was nominated for the Best Directing Oscar for the second time in 2009 for the film Frost/Nixon, but missed out on the award at the time.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

[1] [5] [6] [7] [8] In 2006, “The Da Vinci Code” (“The Da Vinci Code”), directed by Howard, was premiered, based on Dan Brown's novel of the same name.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

Made on a budget of US$125 million, the film was the second most-watched film of 2006 worldwide and grossed over US$758 million in its theatrical run.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

Howard also directed the film's sequel Angels and Demons (Angels & Demons), which appeared in 2009.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

[1] [9] Producer Along with directing, Howard has also worked as a film and television producer.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

In 1986, with Brian Grazer, he founded the production company Imagine Entertainment.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

The company has produced many films by Howard and other creators, as well as television series 24, Felicity and Sukubug, among others.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

He also served as the narrator voice in Sukuvia.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

[1] [2] Private life Howard has been married to Cheryl Howard (o.s. Alley) since 1975.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

They have four children, a daughter born in 1981, Bryce Dallas Howard, who also is an actress, twin daughters born in 1985, as well as a son born in 1987.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

[1] Howard's father Rance Howard and brother Clint Howard are both actors.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

His mother, Jean Speegle Howard, who died in 2000, was also an actress.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

They have also starred in many films directed by Ron Howard.


Question: What was Ron Howard's first film?

Ron Hard

[1] Filmography as director The Great Car Blow (Grand Theft Auto) (1977) Night Shift (1982) Splash (1984) Cocoon — Fountain of Youth (Cocoon) (1985) Gung Ho — Cars, Cars (Gung Ho) (1986) Willow — The Great Adventure (Willow) (1988) Family is the Best (Parenthood) (1989) Firestorm (Backdraft) (1991) Faraway Land (Far and Away) (1992) Home (The Paper) (1994) Apollo 13 (1995) Ransom — Ransom (1996) Edtv (1999) The Grinch (How the Grinch Stole Christmas) (2000) A Beautiful Mind (A Beautiful Mind) (2001) Missing (The Missing) (2003) Cinderella Man (2005) The Da Vinci Code (The Da Vinci Code) (2006) Frost/Nixon (2008) Angels & Demons (Angels & Demons) (2009) Evil Place (The Dilemma) (2011) Rush (2013) Struggle against the Sea (In the Heart of the Sea) (2015) Inferno (2016) Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018) (replaced Phil Lord and Christopher Miller in the middle of production) Sources Category:US film directors Category:US actors Category:Golden Globe Award recipients Category:Best Directing Academy Award Laureates Category:Hollywood Walk of Fame Category:Daytime Emmy Award recipients Category:Born in 1954 Category:Living Persons Category:Key articles of screening Category:American child actors


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In Finland, an apartment building is typically a residential building of 3—4 storeys.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Buildings over eight storeys are rare.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

More than 50,000 apartment buildings have been built in Finland since 1880, well over half of which have been built after 1970.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The most extensive apartment blocks are located in Helsinki, Tampere, Turku, Espoo and Vantaa.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

About a quarter of all apartment buildings are located in Helsinki.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Only one tenth of the country's apartment building stock was completed before World War II, and 70 per cent of that is located in Helsinki.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Helsinki has often been a pioneer in the construction industry, from which reforms have spread to other parts of Finland.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[1] History of the construction of apartment buildings 1870—1920: Stone houses of urban centres in Finnish cities began to be built in multi-storey residential and commercial houses at the end of the 19th century, according to international models.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Influences came from Stockholm, Berlin, Vienna and Paris.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The first development began to appear in Helsinki, where the breakthrough of apartment buildings began in the 1870s in different parts of the city.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In Turku, apartment buildings began to be built in the 1880s in the Kauppatori area and the first three-storey house in Tampere was completed in 1885.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[3] As the first apartment buildings were built just in the centre quarters and the developers wanted to maximise the area to be leased, the houses formed uniform phalanxes along the streets and yard wings filled much of the site.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The great frame depth required photoshoots and courtyards.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Old stone houses may also have been elevated with new floors.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[4] The first apartment buildings were built primarily for rent, and their developers were wealthy businessmen, merchants and senior civil servants.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Builders and architects may also have acted as developers.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Corporate-form construction did not begin properly until the Limited Liability Companies Act 1895.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The same designer was usually responsible for both the layout and the structures of the building.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Initially, not only architects served as designers, but also building masters rose to a significant position by the end of the century.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Separate construction plans only began to be drawn up in the early 20th century with the advent of reinforced concrete structures.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

They were usually in charge of an engineer or a builder.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Water, ventilation and electricity plans were handled by contracting shops in the HVIS sector.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

All work was mostly done by hand, starting from the lifting and transporting of building materials.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[3] Often houses had an underground basement floor.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

If the building was not made commercial premises on the ground floor, the first residential floor was elevated above street level.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the first construction orders, no restrictions were imposed on the number of storeys.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Usually houses were three or four storeys, but especially in Helsinki were built higher than this.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In 1861, Helsinki's first four-storey building on Meritullinkatu was completed and in 1873 a five-storey building in Fabianinkatu.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

A six-story Mercurius commercial and residential house was completed on the North Esplanade in 1889.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the 1895 construction order, the height of the houses was limited to five storeys from public and main locations, and from the sides of streets over 18 metres wide in Helsinki, elsewhere to four.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In Tampere and Turku, similar restrictions came into force in 1898 and 1907.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[4] 1920—1940 After World War I, housing shortages also hit the middle class and construction was low during the shortage period.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The “crazy years of construction” that began in the mid-1920s were cut short as the universal depression extended to Finland as well.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In its weakest year, 1933, only about 1,000 dwellings were completed.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

From the middle of the decade, construction activity again buoyed, with about 7,000 homes built in 1938.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

During the inter-world war period, construction activities were mostly carried out by condominiums set up by grynders, and construction sites covered either a single building or at most a group of buildings.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[5] Beginning in the 1930s, construction materials began to be raised at the sites by mechanical force, but horizontal transfers had to be made by hand.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Most houses began to be designed by architects.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[5] In the 1920s, an effort was made for a uniform streetscape with walled house rows.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Large apartment buildings from this era exist only in Helsinki: Etu-Töölö, Vallila, Kallio, Alppiharju, Käpylä and Kumpula.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Only individual apartment buildings were built in other parts of Finland.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[6] 1940—1960 During the war period, housing construction was greatly reduced, but resumed with the coming of peace at a lively pace.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Much of the housing was built in the 1940s in the countryside.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

A shortage of building materials plagued until 1952.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

There was considerable housing shortage: more than 125,00 dwellings were lost in the area renditions, new residents had to be found for the evacos, and the population growth was strong.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Along with private entities, municipalities and non-profit entities, such as Social Housing Oy (later Sato), the City of Helsinki Housing Production Committee (1948) and the Housing Foundation.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Founded in 1949, Arava financed construction with low-interest loans from the government.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

From the 1950s, construction projects were sought to be carried out as large groups of buildings or suburbs.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Standardisation, prefabricated construction, machining and industrial mass production were seen as solutions to the housing shortage.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Principles of industrial production were outlined and element experiments were carried out in the 1950s, but reality they did not become until the 1960s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The easiest element construction was in complementary building parts such as stairwells and balconies.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The elements of the first full-block house were made at the site of the house (As oy Mäntyviita in Tapiola).


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[7] 1960—1975: The Suburbs Era In the 1960s and 1970s, apartment building production was concentrated in suburbs that began to be built to address the housing shortage caused by land migration.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The busiest suburban development was in the early 1970s, when 46,200 high-rise apartments were completed in the peak year of 1974.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The aim was to produce as many housing as possible, and Aravakin instructed that parts of the house had to aim for “industrial serial production exported as far as possible”: no unnecessary overhangs or bends should be built.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the 1960s, item-specific design gave way, and at its extreme, house-specific design was not needed at all with a large building shop combining finished model lamellas.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The engineer at the prefabricated factory became an architect.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[8] In the early 1960s, suburban houses were sited according to the principle of open, terrain forms in preferred air directions.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Such sculptural design design is represented by, among others, Pihlajamäki of Helsinki and Viitaniemi of Jyväskylä.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

During the 1960s, suburban buildings began to be placed more systematically in rectangular groups at the bottom of a checkerboard pattern, resulting in increased building efficiency.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In some cases, the checkerboard formula was designed based on the trajectories of tower cranes.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Ideally formed a tightly and efficiently built “compact city”.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The differentiation of motoring and walking was also a goal.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Examples of such construction include Merihaka and East Pasila in Helsinki, as well as Hervanta in Tampere and Koivukylä in Vantaa.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The goals were best realised in Olar, Espoo.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[8] The floor plans for lamellar and point apartment buildings were adapted for serial production.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

A popular type of house was a 4-storey lamellar house with a basement level.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In addition to the 5−8 storey elevator houses, groups of houses over ten storeys were also built.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[8] During the area construction of the 1960−1970s, the focus was on building manufacturing efficiency at the expense of the quality of finished buildings.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The quality of the elements was affected by many things: there was a lack of construction knowledge, and rapid heat treatment of elements in concrete foundries reduced their quality.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Development work in the 1980s and 1990s has brought longer life to precast blocks.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[9] 1975—2000 The amount of high-rise construction began to decline in the late 1970s, with the focus shifting towards single-family, double and townhouses.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the following peak year of construction, 1990, apartment condominiums were completed at just less than half of the 1974 peak.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

After the high tide of the late 1980s came the Long Depression.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The focus shifted to arava production.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the 1990s, a new migration to cities began and at the end of the decade the share of apartment building production rose again to almost half of all housing production.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[10] Opposition to the spatial construction of the 1970s rose so that the 1979 arava guidelines brought qualitative goals alongside quantitative ones: exterior architecture required “human proximity of proportions, stimulus and adaptation to the environment”.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Arava had a key influence on apartment building from 1962 to 1993, as its guidelines formed the highest standard of practical quality.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Hitas, the regulatory system for the price and quality level of housing in Helsinki, also initially relied on arava guidelines.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[10] Part-owner-occupied dwellings and housing rights residences came alongside ownership and rental housing, the first of which were completed in 1991.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[11] As the wave of migration subsided, the focus was on replenishment construction and the reclamation of unbuilt areas adjacent to the central areas for residential use.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

There was variability in house types.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The 1980s were characterized by more varied house massing and smaller building sizes.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Industrial areas were transformed into residential areas, especially in the 1990s: in Helsinki such areas as Vuosaari, Ruoholahti, Pikku Huopalahti, Herttoniemi and Arabiaranta.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Lessons were learned from the mistakes of the area construction and the zoning sought to create variation in the cityscape.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The new areas were divided into smaller entities between developers and planners.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Precise zoning guidelines largely determined the implementation of the areas, for example the red brick facades of West Pasila and Katajanokka were in accordance with the guidelines.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[12] Building technology Piling In unfavourable construction sites, such as fill soil or loamy soil, the weight of the building must be transferred through piles to the load-bearing soil.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Until the 1960s, wood was mainly used as pile material, requiring placement below the groundwater surface in order to survive — otherwise the piles could rot.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Many houses set up on wooden piles were built in Turku, as the city centre is located on the banks of the river Aura on top of a layer of clay tens of metres thick.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Failure of foundations can lead to sagging of buildings and, as a result, cracks in the facade and frame.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

There was a shift from wood piles to reinforced concrete and steel in the 1960s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[13] Frame Types In houses completed before 1920, as a rule, a brickwork frame was used as a frame, with load-bearing exterior walls and in-house load-bearing longitudinal heartwalls laid of brick.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The outer wall was usually two bricks thick and its lower part was sheltered by a stone base.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The walls of the lower floors were thicker than the upper floors in accordance with the order of construction.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The facade was left either brick-faced or it was plastered and painted with lime paint.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In 1900−1915, the ground floor was often upholstered with wooden panels.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[14] In the 1920s, the brickwork frame remained, but on the lowest floor it may have been replaced with concrete pillars to allow for the modifiability of the commercial space.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Heartwalls were not always built, and in houses with a lot of small flats they could also be located transversely to the frame.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Heartwalls could also be replaced with reinforced concrete pillars, thus using a mixed frame for the house; it became common in Helsinki in the 1930s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The staircases, however, were generally brickwork.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Better heat-insulating multi-hole brick allowed for a narrower brick wall, increasing the amount of floor area to be leased or sold.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[15] In the 1950s, attempts were made to speed up and rationalise brickwork on brickwork including by using brick pallets to transport bricks and using larger-than-usual large bricks.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The most popular frame type of the 1940s and early 1950s was mixed frame, with load-bearing structures inside being reinforced concrete pillars.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Some were also built entirely of reinforced concrete pillar-frame houses.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the mid-1950s, concrete supplanted brick as load-bearing wall construction, with concrete wall frame becoming the most common frame structure.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The walls were insulated from the outside with aerated concrete and the facade plastered.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Rationalization was promoted by the transition from board molds to cassette molds and eventually large molds that required a crane.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The first large-formwork building was completed in Kuopio in 1958.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[16] In the 1960s, concrete supplanted brick in load-bearing structures.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The most common type of frame became the bookcase frame, the load-bearing vertical structure of which was formed by concrete walls.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

At its most purely, the frame type was in lamellar houses, where, relative to the frame, the transverse walls and closed gables were load-bearing structures; in a point house, the relative proportion of load-bearing walls was greater.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Different methods of implementation occurred from the bookshelf body in terms of midfloor and outer wall solutions.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[17] Until the mid-1960s, the bookshelf frame was largely carried out with on-site construction: load-bearing partitions and intermediate bases were cast on site.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Stairs, balconies and light partitions may have been ready-made.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[18] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the most common type of construction was a part-element bookcase frame, which was partly carried out with construction and partly ready-made elements.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[17] On the site, partitions and intermediate bases were cast with large moulds, but the facades were mainly executed with elements.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the implementation of the exterior wall, the common solution was to use a concrete sandwich element.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The first full-block apartment buildings were already completed in 1961—1962 in Helsinki, Turku and Kuopio.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The partition and intermediate foundation elements were massive concrete blocks.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Among the last sites made in brickwork was Ströms district in Helsinki 1963—1965.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[18] In 1970, the Finnish BES (precast concrete standard) system was announced.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the BES full-panel house, the intermediate bases were prestressed cavity or U tiles, allowing for a span of more than 10 meters.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Because of this, load-bearing partitions existed mainly between apartments.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

First BES. house was completed in Tampere in 1971.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Alongside BES, a PLS 80 system was developed from concrete pillar frames, which however failed to gain popularity.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

(150) BES technology remained until the end of the century the most common method of execution of the hull, but alongside it also began to cast load-bearing walls and intermediate bases on site.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The exterior walls were in the period 1975-2000 usually made of concrete sandwich elements or spot masonry brick walls with precast concrete or heavy wall behind them.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[19] In the 1990s there were also experiments to find alternatives to BES, such as steel and wood frame apartment buildings.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The first bearing steel frame was completed in Tampere in 1991.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Towards the end of the decade, wood-frame 3-4-story houses were built in several localities, utilizing the American platform-frame system.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[20] The intermediate and upper bottoms Until the 1910s, the intermediate floors of residential floors were generally supported with wooden beams, or hammers.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Building orders did not allow a wooden base under fireplaces or over basements or gateways.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Fireplaces were supported by brick vaults and track rails projecting from the brickwork.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

On top of the basements, gateways and vestibule halls, either a barrel or cross vault brick-bricked, or a cape vault was built on top of the basements, gateways and vestibule halls.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[21] In the early 20th century, intermediate bases were built on I-steels or track rails; the underside was formed by a (steel) concrete slab cast on beams, sometimes also a plastered wooden structure.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Reinforced concrete beams were first used in the first decades of the early 20th century, and after numerous different stages of development, the lower slab beam became established as the most common type of intermediate foundation.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In a reinforced concrete slab, tensile stress is applied to the beam reinforcement steels and compressive stress is applied to the concrete.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[22] Midsoles were filled with construction waste, natural products or by-products for sound and heat insulation reasons.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[23] In the 1930s—1930s, intermediate bases were almost always reinforced concrete lower slab beams.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Massive reinforced concrete slabs were also experimented with in some houses.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[24] Until the early 1970s, it was common to use a massive reinforced concrete slab cast at the site as an intermediate base, with a longest span of 5—6 metres.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the early 1960s, a still “swimming” reinforced concrete slab was cast over it to insulate the sound, but this was abandoned for cost reasons.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The BES system also became an alternative to prestressed cavity and U-tiles, the manufacture of which in Finland began in 1970.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Tension on the hollow slabs was formed by the reinforcement of the underside.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[25] Massive midsole elements were either room-sized site elements, smaller factory-made elements suitable for road transport, or module-sized 120cm wide.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[26] The intermediate foundation elements were attached to each other and to the load-bearing partitions by welding and concrete solders.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[27] Manufacture of U-tiles compliant with BES ceased in 1983, but hollow slabs continued to be produced, and they were the most common intermediate floor construction for the period 1975—2000.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In some localities, such as Kuopio, spot cast midsoles were more common.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

From 1979, intermediate floor solutions combining prefabricated shell slab and stationary casting were also produced.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[28] Facades The street-side facade of the building is decorative — smooth courtyard facades may not even be presented in the building drawings.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The buildings of the late 19th century have been characterised as Neo-Renaissance style, as they resembled Renaissance-era Italian palaces in terms of proportions and decorativeness.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

On the facades, the impression of three-layering was sought, regardless of the number of floors.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In parsing, the Doorese, Ionian, and Corinthian column systems were repeated.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The lower floors were decorated with rustication in an attempt to imitate large stone bullion.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

It was made of brick and plaster.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The higher you went, the lighter the decoration was.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The windows were decorated with columns, triangle gables and mouldings.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The eaves were large.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The corners of the building may have been decorated with chamfers or corner towers.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Various detailed decorative parts were usually made of plaster.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[23] The Art Nouveau houses of the early 20th century abandoned the decorations and symmetry of the Neo-Renaissance style.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In place came uniform light-tone splash-up surfaces.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Decorative details drawn from the nature and history of Finland were executed from natural stone or plaster instead of plaster ornaments.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

With the advent of Art Nouveau classicism of the 1910s, classical forms motifs and symmetry returned to the ranges again.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Houses may have had semi-circular or angular bay windows.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Clean-masonry brick facades began to become common in the 1910s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[29] The neoclassical façades of the 1920s were ascetic and smooth-faced.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The windows were right on the face of the facade and the decorative plasterings were based on a few decorative motifs inherited from antiquity.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In Helsinki, the facades of houses were controlled by design diagrams.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The prevailing facade in Etu-Töölö was pure-masonry brick.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

With the advent of functionalism, the facades became even simpler.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Novelties included balconies and corner windows.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

For funk facades, white plaster was characterized by white plaster.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The transition was phased, with classical decorative motifs appearing in houses even in the 1930s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The turn of the decades also saw a brief Art Deco era flourishing in decorative motifs in houses representing both classicism and funk [30] Clean-masonry brick, plaster and facade panels were the dominant elements of facades in the early 1960s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Architects preferred the streamlined look that emerged from ribbon windows and retracted balconies.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The end walls were upholstered with aerated concrete or brick.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the late 1960s, checkerboard panel facades became more common and concrete sandwich elements began to be used in the end walls.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

On the long sides, the elements were room-wide, and were attached to the gables of load-bearing partitions.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[31] The use of checkerboard elements continued in the BES prefabricated houses of the 1970s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The two room wide facade elements were mainly used by A. Halimmatka Oy since 1968.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The low-cost high-rise was formed of similar checkered elements, and the facade was dominated by balcony towers placed on the outside of the fuselage.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Occasionally horizontal or vertical strips were made on the exterior to modify the look.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Some houses were upholstered with pure-masonry red brick.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[31] In the late 1970s, the facades began to be paved with brick tiles, ceramic tiles and, beginning in the 1980s, coloured concrete.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the late 1980s, the facades also began to be toyed with postmodern shapes and colours.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Sizes and placement of windows could vary on the same facade, balcony support solutions diversified, and decorations returned.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The depression period of the early 1990s saw a return to more restrained expression, but improved prefabricated technology allowed windows to be placed more variously than before.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The facades of prefabricated houses were again plastered or cleaned masonry.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In 1995, the new minimum floor height (3 m) changed the look not only of the facades, but also of the apartments.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[32] Windows in the dwellings of the 1880−90s used a three-pane jamb window without intermediate sash, but in the early 20th century the upper window began to be divided into small panes with intermediate frames.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The window seats were originally wood, but cracked from the heat from the radiators, and concrete slabs were replaced in their place.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[33] Until the 1970s, the windows were double-glazed, both of which opened in.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Arava regulations called for limiting the number of window types, so a drop-down ventilation window was placed in connection with each window.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Strip windows in the 1960s may have had large panes of glass, but unlike checkered windows, they had to be installed separately at the site.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

By the late 1960s, windows tended to be square.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[34] Balconies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries houses rarely had balconies in conjunction with the apartment.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Occasionally they might be used as decorative elements of the facade.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[33] Until 1968, the arava rules prohibited the construction of balconies in studio apartments.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the 1960s, cantilevered balconies were popularised, but towards the end of the decade, balcony towers based on load-bearing piel walls began to become common.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Water roofing In the 19th century, the most common roofing material for houses was steel damper, which was initially easily rusting black sheet metal.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Galvanized sheet metal began to be used in Helsinki in the 1910s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The tin roof was usually painted with either black coal tar or oil paint.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

For appearance reasons occasionally architects used brick roofs in houses, but steel sheet metal was still used around chimneys and other awkward points.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The roof was supported by wooden rafters.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In keeping with the construction order, adjacent houses were separated by firewalls rising above the water roof.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[33] In the early 1960s, gable roofs and bolted roofs were common, but within a decade flat roofs began to become more common so that in the 1970s, flat roofs were already built in most houses.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The flat roof was made directly on the heat insulator.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[35] Staircases At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, many apartment buildings also had kitchen staircases from which transported to kitchens and small dwellings.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Before the water toilets, a dry toilet waste bin was also taken into the yard through the kitchen steps.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

A representative main staircase led to the largest apartments, with the foyer lobby vaulted and clad in its wall and ceiling surfaces with plaster and stair decorations and murals.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the Neo-Renaissance houses, the floor marbles in the foyer lobbies, or stone paraphrase paintings, were colourful and patterned.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Stairs were often supported with track rails or I-steels.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The popular facing material for the main staircase was Tallinn limestone.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[36] In the 1920s—1930s, staircases were often placed on the side of the courtyard, although in Töölö the entrance was invariably on the street side.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

A common solution for staircases was a free-range stair formed of reinforced concrete ingots.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

their upper surface was mosaic concrete or stained concrete.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The contrast was accentuated in the art-deco staircases of the 1930s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

As a novelty, weeding shafts were built in some of the stairwells leading to the waste room on the basement level.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Elevators were built in four-story or taller houses.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[37] In the 1960s and 1970s, the most common type of stair was the prefabricated, two-arm straight stair.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The stairwells may have been without natural light except for the roof flap.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The stair steps were mosaic concrete and the levels usually made of plastic slabs.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Elevators were only built in houses of five storeys or higher, as arava guidelines forbade it otherwise.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[35] At the turn of the twentieth century, international urban design ideals arrived in Finland, which emphasised comprehensive construction design in protest at checkered station zoning.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the view of architects, the zoning with disregard for terrain forms was mechanical plot measurement led by engineers.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The first city plan competition in Finland was held in 1898 for the design of the Töölö district.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the station plan, the street network followed natural forms and public buildings were placed among the highlights of the urban structure.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Construction of yard wings was restricted.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the early 20th century, garden urban art spread to Finland influenced the design of the Helsinki Eira, for example.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In Eira, however, villas in accordance with the garden city ideal turned into small-apartment buildings.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[4] When in the early 1920s the goal was still to form uniform walled rows of houses, at the turn of the 1920s—1930s functionalism revolutionized zoning principles.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The goal became an open block structure and the clear distinction between the street and courtyard facade disappeared.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Urban areas were desired to be divided into separate areas for housing, work and recreation.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

There was a desire to eliminate the social and health grievances associated with the close-knit block.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Four regions represent this design principle: Sunila, Taka-Töölö, Rautpohja and Helsinki Olympic Village.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Incidentally, most urban construction was supplement construction to existing box blocks.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In 1921 an 8-storey apartment building was completed in Ullanlinna in Helsinki and a 10-storey building in 1929 to Albertinkatu.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[38] In the 1940s, the open building style of functionalism merged with the suburban approach, and a Finnish forest town was born.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the 1950s, new residential areas were dispersed apart from the urban structure into their own units.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The buildings were positioned according to terrain shapes in favorable air directions.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Some of the areas were small and intermingled with terrain, but some were sculptural compositions, with overlong lamellar houses bisected by overlong lamellar houses and tower blocks elevated on the hills.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The 1950s also saw the start of a wave of renovations in urban centres, with the old building stock replaced by bulkier residential and commercial buildings.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

At the same time, the old screen formula was broken by placing buildings loose from the street line.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The open-block structure allowed exploratory floor plans (such as the Knake House completed in Helsinki in 1951).


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The most common building was a 3—4 story lamellar house, but 3—8 storey point houses were also built.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[39] In order to protect old houses, city plans began to be drawn up in Helsinki, which marked the right to build artificially low.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The developer would not have been allowed to build in place of the house to be demolished beyond half the floor area of the earlier house, thereby curbing urges to demolish.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[40] In the late 1970s, efforts were made to produce clearly outlined, checker-based block assemblies where traffic was arranged as in a traditional box block.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The Malminkartano in Helsinki sought to avoid a suburban structure centered on mere housing in accordance with the doctrines of functionalism by paying attention to the stimulus of the environment and placing jobs in the area.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Often, the areas sought to mix rental and owner-occupied and small- and high-rise housing.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[41] In the 1990s there was an emphasis on ecology and a good urban environment.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

There was a desire to develop construction at the site.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[11] Dwellings The apartment buildings were inhabited in the early days by the upper social classes, which was reflected in many ways by the way the buildings were executed.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Small dwellings, horse stables and latrines were located in the yard wings, but there were luxurious grand dwellings in the streetside spaces.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

A 19th-century grand dwelling could cover an entire floor and be between 200 and 300 square feet.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The passage from room to room was designed so that the main stair was a guest for the host and the service staff used the kitchen stairs.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Rooms were passable and the representative rooms were located on the street side — on the courtyard side were the bedrooms, the kitchen and the facilities for the servicemen.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[42] Stone residential barracks for working people did not become common in Finland.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In Helsinki, workers' residential apartment buildings were built in the eastern city and contained mostly one-room apartments.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Common toilets were located in the courtyard.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

As waterlogs became more common, a communal latrine was placed in the corridor.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

For the first time, the minimum height of a dwelling was defined in the Helsinki building order in 1895 (2.7 m), but dwellings were generally higher than this.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Until the beginning of the 20th century, representative residential apartments had a height of 3.5—3.6 meters or more.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[42] The dwellings of the 1960−1970s were looser than those of the 1950s.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The maximum area of Arava residences was 120 square metres in 1968, and rooms were rarely the size of the permitted minimum of 20 square metres.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[43] Due to the requirements of the Arava instructions and the minimization of the types of elements, the rooms were often the same width.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Popular module thinking tied all dimensions to multiples of some particular base module.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In the Arava Guidelines, the recommendation was 3 m.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The prestressed 12 m wide midfloor elements of the 1970s basically freed up floor plans, but making recesses and projections was tricky.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

In freehold residences, auxiliary kitchens and apartment sauna units were built.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[44] Apartment buildings from different decades The first residential apartment building in Finland, Noak's Ark, is located in Suomenlinna, Helsinki.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

It was built in the late 18th century.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Completed in Helsinki in 1883, the Grönqvist House, designed by Theodor Höijer, represents the Neo-Renaissance style.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The Standertskjöld House, completed in 1885 in Helsinki, represents the Neo-Renaissance style.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

The Art Nouveau style Koito House in Helsinki, Finland, was completed in 1907.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Jugendia at Katajanokka, Helsinki.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Neoclassicism in Turku at the corner of Kaarinankatu and Kerttulinkatu.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

1920s Art Nouveau classicism on Hauhontie in Vallila, Helsinki.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Architect Martti Väliangas.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Located in Vuosaari, Helsinki, Cirrus is the tallest residential apartment building in Finland.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Anssi Lassila, As Oy Jyväskylä Puukuokka 1, 2015, Finland's largest wooden apartment building.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

[45] See also Central Kitchen House Type House Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Neuvonen, Petri (ed.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

) | title = Apartment buildings 1880—2000| location = Tampere| publisher = Building Information Foundation; Civil Engineering Centre Foundation & Museum Agency| year = 2006| id = ISBN 10:951-682-795-2}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkiö, Erkki| title = Apartment buildings 1940-1960| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-682-186-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkiö, Erkki et al.| title = Apartment buildings 1960-1975| publisher = Rakentieto Oy, Building Information Foundation| year = 1994| id = 9BN 51-682-279-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Neuvonen, Petri; Mäkiö, Erkki; Malinen, Maarit| title = Apartment buildings 1880-1940| publisher = Rakentieto Oy| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-682-668-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Neuvonen, Petri (ed.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

) | title = Apartment buildings 1975-2000| publisher = Building Information Foundation RTS| year = 2015| id = ISBN 978-951-682-883-4}} On the topic elsewhere, video footage of the construction of a Töölöläinen apartment building in the early 20th century.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Yle, a short film about the city of Helsinki.


Question: In what decade was the first house built in Finland?

Apartment buildings in Finland

Live archive Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Category:Buildings and structures in Finland


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

This article gives an overview of the geography of the American continent.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The American continent is geographically divided into three parts: North America, Central America, and South America.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Central America is not its own continent, but its Latino culture clearly distinguishes it from other North American states, so that is why it is treated as its own territory.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

North America has an area of 25.3 million square kilometers and has a temperate climate.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Tropical climate Central America is formed by continental states and islands in the Caribbean Sea.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

South America covers an area of 17.6 million square kilometers and, due to its long shape, extends from the tropics to the subpolar region, which is why the climatic differences in the continent are large.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the northern parts of South America, extensive areas belong to the tropics, while the southern parts are in the more temperate zone.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The seas that boundary the Americas are the Atlantic Ocean on the east side and the Pacific Ocean on the west side.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In addition to the oceans, the shores of the mainland are washed out by the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea, Baffin Gulf, Hudson Gulf, Labrador Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The states of North American states are the United States and Canada.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In addition to these, North America includes non-autonomous regions: Saint-Pierre and Miquelon belonging to France, Bermuda belonging to Britain, Greenland in Denmark and the Norwegian island of Jan Mayen.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Central American mainland states include Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Panama.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Of the Caribbean Sea islands included in the region, the two largest are Cuba and Hispaniola, where the Dominican Republic and Haiti are located.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In addition to these, there are several small island states and several non-autonomous territories controlled by different states are also located in the region.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The boundaries of South America's 12 states date back to the colonial period, when the great powers of Europe controlled the entire region.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Portugal established the largest colony in South America with Brazil Spain controlling most of the remaining territory.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Spanish colonies included present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Of the small countries in the northern parts of the continent, Great Britain included Guyana, France French Guiana and the Netherlands Suriname.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Surfaces and bodies of water North America The most notable mountain range in North America is the Cordillieeri Warp Mountains, which rely on young mountain ranges.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The cordilliers extend through the entire western part of the North Continent from Alaska to the Isthmus of Central America.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The mountain range came into being when the American and Pacific slabs met.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The Rocky Mountains form the Eastern Branch of the Cordillieers, with several peaks reaching elevations of more than four thousand feet.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Of the western branches of the mountain range, the most famous is the Sierra Nevada.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Closed basins remain between the mountain ranges, for example the Mojave Desert and Death Valley (Death Valley), as well as several salt lakes.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In Death Valley, the lowest point is 86 meters below sea level.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The other notable mountain range in North America is the ancient Appalachian Mountains on the east coast of the United States, whose highest peak, Mount Mitchell, is 2037 feet high.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Between this mountain range and the coast is a vast coastal plain.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The inner part of the continent consists of lowlands and plains.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The most significant rivers in North America are the 4088 mile-long Missouri and the 3766 mile-long Mississippi.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The Saint Lawrence River connects the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States to the Atlantic.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The largest of the lakes is Upper Lake with an area of 82100 square kilometres.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The roughly 3,000-mile-long Rio Grande flows along the U.S.-Mexico border.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Central America The isthmus of Central America was created by the collision of the Caribbean and Cocos slab, resulting in the sharp mountains and volcanoes typical of the region.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The Caribbean islands, meanwhile, were elevated as the Caribbean slab pushed toward the American slab.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The territory of Mexico collided with the Pacific and North American slab.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

There are many volcanoes 3000—4000 metres high in the mountain ranges, and several islands in the Caribbean Sea are volcanic.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

There are also coral islands in the area, such as the Bahamas.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

South America The western edge of the South American continent is followed by the Andes Mountain Range, which arose at the point of collision between the South American and Pacific tectonic plates.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

This mountain chain still has earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The mountain range is narrow in the northern part of the continent, but expands at its midpoints towards the highlands at an altitude of 4000 m, where Lake Titicaca is located.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

After the highlands, the Andes taper again towards the south.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The most significant body of water in tropical South America is the 6570-mile-long Amazon basin area covering eight million square kilometres.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The river basin is bounded on the south by the Mato Grosso Plateau and the Brazilian Uplands.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

To the north, the border is the Guyana Highlands.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In Venezuela, you can find the world's tallest waterfall: the 979 metre-high Angel Fall.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Climate and Vegetation North America The climate of North America is predominantly temperate, ranging from the warmer temperate of the east coast of southern Canada and the northeastern and northwestern United States to cooler and wetter.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Southern California has a Mediterranean climate and, at the southern tip of Florida, a two-seasonal tropical climate.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Within the continents of the United States, a wide range of tornadoes occur in the interior and tropical cyclones, hurricanes, which are born in the Caribbean Sea, often pass into the southeastern parts of the country.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

There are a lot of different forests on the continent.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the eastern parts of the United States, predominantly deciduous forests grow; in the west along the Pacific Ocean shore, in turn, thrive tall tree species such as redwood and fir trees, as well as maple, oak, and ash.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Dwarfism boreal forest grows in the interior of the country, where migratory animals such as deer, vapiti, caribou and elk live.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Other animals living in forests on the mainland include black and grizzly bear, lynx and beaver.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Typical of the central parts of the continent is grassy vegetation.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

High prairie grass grows in areas where annual rainfall exceeds 750 millimetres, low turn on prairies where rainfall is only about 370 millimetres.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The more northerly parts of the continent, Canada and Alaska, have tundra vegetation consisting of small shrubs, mosses, and grasses.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Animals that thrive here include caribou, reindeer and lemmings.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Bear, wolf, fox and lynx are also common.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Central America Central America The climate of Central America is tropical in its basic type, but due to mountains and varied topography, climatic conditions vary.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Low-lying areas, where the climate can be hot and humid tropical and vegetation rainforest, are few.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In higher regions, the climate is almost temperate, for example in the highlands of Mexico.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The slopes of some mountains get moist winds, bringing a lot of rainfall, and in such places the vegetation is very lush.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Northeast Mexico is not affected by such rains and its climate is semi-arid.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the area of abundant rainfall, tropical alwaysgreen forests grow, and dense undergrowth, among them ferns and lianas, are protected by these.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

A large animal spectrum is also found in these areas, but many species are at risk of extinction due to hunting and forest logging.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Drier areas, such as Mexico's Yucatan, have predominantly shrub vegetation.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

There are also hurricanes in the Central American region almost every year.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

South America South America is a long continent and its climate is tropical in the north, while the south is predominantly temperate.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Because of this, the climatic differences on the continent are large.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela lie in the humid tropical zone with extensive forest areas.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The world's largest remaining rainforest in the Amazon region is also here.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

However, the rainforest area is contracting at a threatening rate due to the spread of agriculture and settlement, as well as logging.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The fauna of the Amazon rainforest is rich and many unique plant species grow in the area.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the north of the continent, rainy and dry seasons vary making deciduous trees the typical vegetation of the region.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In areas with low rainfall, shrubs and thorn scrubs are common.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the subtropical and temperate regions of the southern parts of the continent, there are predominantly grassland and few trees.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the desert region of the west, vegetation is extremely sparse.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The driest region on the continent is the Atacama Desert in Chile.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Temperate region rainforests grow in southern parts of Chile.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The South American animal species is very abundant, among them there are many endangered species such as the giant ant bear and the giant armadillo.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Less at risk of extinction are, for example, llamas, ant bears, armadillos and leguanas.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The sea waters of the temperate zone on the west coast of the continent are cooled and nourished by the Peruna Stream, which makes the population of marine life abundant.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Population and Languages North America The two major states of North America, the United States and Canada, are home to a total of 348 million people (2012).


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The principal language is English, with the exception of French-speaking Quebec in Canada.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Some American Indian languages have survived as minority languages.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the southern states of the United States formerly part of Mexico, California, New Mexico and Texas, Latino populations speak Spanish and with the wave of migration from Mexico and Cuba the Spanish language has grown in importance in the United States, especially in Florida and New York.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In North American states, the predominant religion is Christianity, in Canada the largest faith group is Roman-Catholics, of which there are 42.6% of the population.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the United States, Protestants are in the majority with 51.3%.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Central America A total of 157.5 million people live in the continental states of Central America and 36 million in the Caribbean islands (2012).


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Due to the colonial background of the states, the official languages in the region include Spanish, English, French and Dutch.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The mainland states are Spanish-speaking with the exception of Belize, whose official language is English.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Among the island states Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic are Spanish-speaking, although there is also English spoken in Puerto Rico.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The rest of the islands are for the most part English-speaking, for example Jamaica and the Bahamas.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the Central American countries, the predominant religion is Roman-Catholicism.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

South America South America is home to approximately 398 million people (2012).


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The continent's original inhabitants include Native Americans who are believed to have migrated from Asia along the ancient land stock of the Bering.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

During the colonial period, Portuguese and Spanish settlers migrated to the continent in abundance and they brought with them Africans as agricultural labour.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In the 20th century, there were a lot of emigrants from Europe, but many migrants came from Asia as well.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Of the indigenous, or Native American languages, most have disappeared, but in some areas they are still in common use, for example Guarani is spoken in Paraguay.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

The official languages of the states in the region include languages inherited from colonial powers: Portuguese in Brazil and Spanish in most of the other countries.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

In South American countries, the main religion is Roman-Catholicism, with the exception however Suriname, where Roman-Catholics are only the 3rd largest faith group after Hindus and Protestants.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Unlike other countries in the Americas, Muslims also have a relatively high percentage of the population, at 19.6%.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Sources Martin, Penny & Olds, Margaret (eds.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

): Geographica - a large atlas of the world: continents, countries, peoples.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Könemann, 2003.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

ISBN 3-89731-916-0.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

CIA — The World Factbook,.


Question: What is the rainiest continent?

Geography of America

Category:America


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

A watch is a device for measuring and displaying time.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

The three fundamentals of the watch are the power supply, the display calculator system, as well as a start regulator that connects the other two parts.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

[1] A modern clock presents the time of day in hours, minutes and seconds from the change of day.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

The time is displayed on the dial either from the position of the wise men or as digital numbers.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

In the wise clock, the hourly visor, the minute wise, and the second visor rotate a circular sequence of numbers.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Before the invention of the mechanical clock in the Middle Ages, people had used such things as sundials, hourglasses, and water clocks.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Small watches, such as wristwatches, are usually carried along.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Public places tend to have bigger, fixed clocks.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

There is also a clock on computers and mobile phones.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

The function of the clock is not always just to show time, for example, in a clock switch, the function of the clockwork is also to direct the device to work at a specific moment of time.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

The watch can also issue wake-up alerts.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

History The first gauge of time introduced was a stick erected on the ground, which allowed people to deduce quite accurately how much of the day had passed and how much was still left before sunset.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

The stick cast a shadow on the ground that moved as the Sun in the sky.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

From this rudimentary time-meter was developed around 3500 BCE.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

sundial, which was the first actual type of clock.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

It too had a cantilever, the shadow of which moved according to the sun on a circular platform divided into twelve sectors.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

These sectors corresponded to the twelve hours of the day, although at that time the hour was not yet an established concept.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Because of this, the length of the day, and therefore the hours, varied, among other things, according to the seasons.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

The sundial was for a long time the dominant time gauge, but what makes it impractical is that its functionality is firmly tied to the Sun's light.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

If the sky is cloudy or it is night, no sundial can be used because the Sun's light does not cast a shadow.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

[2] It was only when the first water clocks were developed in Egypt about 3400 years ago.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

A water clock is a vessel filled with water with a small hole in the bottom.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Water pours out of this hole, and you can see the passage of time by looking at how much water is left.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

In the 7th century, a new revolutionary time-gauge was invented: the sand clock, or hourglass.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Its principle of operation is the same in basic features as in a water clock.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

The hourglass has two tanks on top of each other and time is measured by the runoff of sand from the upper vessel to the lower one.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

The hourglasses beat in their accuracy all previous time-metrics.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Tower bells in churches only began to become common in Europe with the development in 1280 in Bedfordshire, England, of the first bell operating by gravity.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

The watch contained a gear and weight and at best it threw from the correct time only about 15 minutes in one 24 hours.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

In the 15th century, spring-driven and movable watches became common and in the early 16th century pocket watches began to appear as well.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

In the 1580s, Galileo Galilei discovered that the swing time of pendulums of the same length does not depend on the size of the weight, nor on the angle of swing, but is constant.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Dutchman Christiaan Huygens developed the first usable pendulum clock.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Early clocks usually only had an hourly visor.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

Minute and second visors were already being tried at the end of the 16th century, but the minute wise did not become common until about 1680, the second wise a little later.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

[3] With the development of clocks, people's perception of time changed.


Question: What were used as clocks in the Middle Ages before the invention of the mechanical clock?

clocked

It used to be liked as a stream, but thanks to the clocks it turned into small periods, units of time.