Question: What was the first Uuno Turhpuro film?

Uuno Turhpuro (film)

Authors Directed by: Ere Kokkonen Screenplay: Spede Pasanen Description: Antero Takala (studio photography) & Kari Sohlberg (exterior) Recording: Niilo Tolonen (studio recording) & Paul Jyrälä (field recording) Music: Jaakko Salo Set design: Arto Rautvuori Cameras: Klaus Relander (operateur), Seppo Kohvakka (Operator), Jorma Kairavuo (Operator) & Eero Lietola (Operator) Mixer: Ritva Alakoski Photo observation: Kaarina Timonen & Ari Koski Photo strip: Kalevi Uusivuori, Boris Krüger, Pertti Mutanen & Raimo Pehkonen Organiser: Allan Lindfors Photography Secretary: Titus Jokinen Producer: Pertti Pasanen Cutting: Taina Kanth Song lyrics: Jukka Virtanen (music track Uuno Turhapuro) Musicians: Film names: Uuno Turhapuro TV-uuno Uuno Turhapuro - on the shady side of the refrigerator Uuno Turhapuro on the shady side of the fridge Numbskull Uselessbrook Bébert Bocal Negative cutting: Leena Palmu Production: Film production Spede Pasanen Oy Production cost: 600,000 mk Graduation year: 1973 TV performances [4] Reviews in the video guide from 1994 Bello Romano says Uuno's basic idea is here in the first movie at its freshest.


Question: What was the first Uuno Turvapuro film?

Uuno Turhpuro (film)

He gives the film three stars out of five, equating to a verbal assessment of “good”.


Question: What was the first Uuno Turvapuro film?

Uuno Turhpuro (film)

[5] Sources On the topic elsewhere Please use a more specific IMDb template.


Question: What was the first Uuno Turvapuro film?

Uuno Turhpuro (film)

See the documentation for available templates.


Question: What was the first Uuno Turvapuro film?

Uuno Turhpuro (film)

Category: Uuno Turhapuro films Category:Films of 1973 Category:Films directed by Ere Kokkonen Category:Films based on television series


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Soviet Union (abbreviation NL [1];), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (; abbreviation SNTL [1], ven.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

СССР [1], SSSR [1]) was a socialist state dominated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1991.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The predecessor of the Soviet Union was Soviet Russia, born of the October Revolution.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was one of the winning states of World War II.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union was the world's second superpower and had the second largest gross domestic product in the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In 1991, the Soviet Union was the largest country in the world by area (22.4 million square kilometers) and the third largest in terms of population (almost 300 million inhabitants).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The capital of the Soviet Union was Moscow.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Soviet Union consisted of Soviet republics, the number of which varied.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the late days of the Soviet Union there were fifteen.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Baltic states became independent in August 1991, and the remaining 12 Soviet republics agreed among themselves to abolish the Soviet Union on 8 December 1991.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev announced his resignation from office on 25 December 1991, as the state he led no longer existed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Eleven former Soviet republics formed a regional organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States, after the dissolution.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The international law successor state of the Soviet Union became the largest state to exist as a Soviet republic, Russia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was a permanent member of the UN Security Council.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In addition to the Soviet Union, the Soviet republics of Ukraine and Belarus also belonged to the United Nations.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[2] The name Soviet Union dates back to the tradition of workers' councils () in the Russian Empire, through which Bolsheviks and the socialist movement as a whole in Russia organise their decision-making in an inclusive manner.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The name of the councils survived as the name of the local governments, regions, councils of republics and parliaments of the Soviet Union, such that the country's parliament became the Supreme Council in the 1936 Constitution.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

History Early stages Social unrest, saturation with authoritarian emperor rule, combat fatigue caused by World War I and the long-simmering need for change finally led to the 1917 implosion of Imperial Russia and the February Revolution.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The interim government led by the Duma soon fell when the Bolshevit Party assumed a dominant position under its leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in the October Revolution.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In connection with the October Revolution, a civil war broke out in Russia between the reds and whites.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Both further sought to keep Russia united and fought against the nationalists of the former parts of the Russian Empire seeking independence.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

On the same occasion, a number of small states broke away from Russia, including Finland and Poland.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Reds won the civil war, after which conditions calmed down so much that it was possible, under the leadership of Soviet-Russia, to establish a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics by the 1922 Constitution.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[3] On 30 December 1922, Russia and the Soviet republics of Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia, which had separated from it after the revolution, merged into the Soviet Union, becoming the first socialist state in the world to seek communism.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the same year, the Armoured Ship Potemkin, a Soviet national film directed by Lenin's court director Sergei Eisenstein, was also completed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Film played a major role in a country where illiteracy was widespread.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

After civil war-communism during the civil war, the government began to allow private enterprising alongside nationalised industry.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The seizure of hundreds in rural areas was replaced by a tax.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, the underdevelopment of industrial production led to severe inflation and market speculation, resulting in a shortage of food in cities.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In its early days, the Soviet Union was considerably weaker than the Empire militarily and sought to avoid conflict.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Military and economic growth of the Soviet Union began in the 1930s under Stalin's regime.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[4] Stalin's period After Lenin's death in January 1924, the troika Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev rose to power.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

There was a power struggle within the party between Lev Trotsky of the left, Nikolai Buharin of the right and Josif Stalin of the centre.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Trotsky's left-opposition stance aimed, in accordance with the principle of continuous revolution, that the revolution would spread uninterrupted to other countries.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In practice, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic had lost the opportunity for a series of revolutions in central Eastern Europe and Central Europe after the failure of the Spartacist rebellion in Germany of 1919 and when the Poles had repelled the invasion of Warsaw and obtained the Second Peace of Riga, which guaranteed Poland as an independent bourgeois republic.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Stalin was more prepared to proceed according to Buharin's “Socialism in One Country” principle, which meant, from the position of broad-based world revolutionism, an intensive development of the Russian economy.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[5] This effectively included the modernization of the land, the main points of which were the industrialization program and the collectivization of agriculture into sovhoes and colkhoses to finance it.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Through Lenin's NEP program, the prosperous peasant class, the kulaks, resisted collectivization and were allowed to experience state retaliation: forced relocation to Asia, expropriations and executions.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In economic life, market forces were replaced by centralist five-year planning for the national economy.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Stalin also developed military might.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Already in the 1930s, the Soviet Union became one of the most militarily powerful countries in the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[6] Stalin intensified Soviet totalitarianism by strengthening the state police (Czeka and NKVD).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

He also carried out extensive purges in the 1930s known as Stalin's persecutions, in which, for example, almost the entire former leadership was deposed and executed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Even tens of millions of people were sent to prison camps (GULAG), liquidated, or they simply disappeared.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Despite this, the Soviet Union developed in the years before the war into a powerful industrial power.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[7] Europe was generally prepared for war in the 1930s, despite the opposing efforts of the League of Nations, which was considered weak.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Maksim Litvinov, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR in the League of Nations, opposed the efforts of Italy, Japan and Germany, at the same time trying to balance the growth of German power in Europe with a federal policy, primarily with France, which, because of the Popular Front policy, was political prerequisites.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Another way for the Soviet Union to try to resist Italy and Germany was to participate in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Comintern, a collaborative organization of world communist parties supporting Soviet foreign policy, was involved.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

As the entente cordiale did not work effectively enough for the Soviet Union against Germany, the Soviets finally decided to acquire time to equip themselves for war against Germany by allying with the latter in August 1939.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The alliance was the result of British-Franco-Soviet military negotiations in which the Western powers did not pledge a significant number of divisions for the fight against Germany should war break out.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

World War II Time Shortly before the start of World War II, on August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union unexpectedly entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

It later emerged that the agreement was also accompanied by a secret additional protocol on the division of interests between countries in Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea region.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

According to it, the Soviet sphere of interest included Finland and the Baltic states, among others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In early September of the same year, Germany and the Soviet Union started a war against Poland.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Germany quickly occupied the country except for its eastern part, which was conquered by the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

At the end of November, the Soviet Union invaded Finland and began the Winter War in an effort to conquer Finland in accordance with the division of interests.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

To start the war, the Soviets staged the so-called. Mainila's shots to justify the attack to win it international approval.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The invasion of Finland was not successful, but the Soviet Union was able to annex territories belonging to Finland in Karelia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the summer of 1940, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed the Baltic States, and in the same year Bessarabia, which had belonged to Romania, was annexed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Soviet Union planned a new war against Finland, but Hitler, despite Molotov's pleas, was no longer willing to do so.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, the Soviets continued to plan the war effort and the positioning of troops in anticipation of a new offensive.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In 1941, Germany went to war against the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the early stages, the Soviet Union was forced to retreat against a materially superior Germany, suffering huge male losses in Belarus, among others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Western Allies, mainly the United States, substantially supported the Soviet war effort by supplying it with war material.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Germans remaining in the mot at Stalingrad in February 1943 decisively changed the course of the war.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

During the war years, the Soviet Union developed militarily into one of the strongest states in the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In 1945, World War II ended with German defeat and Allied victory.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[8] The Eastern Front is referred to as the war effort that took place during World War II, mainly in Eastern Europe.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The designation is used in parallel with the Western Front, which was located in Western Europe.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

On the Eastern Front, facing each other were Germany with its allies and the Soviet Union between June 1941 and May 1945.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Events on the Eastern Front had many consequences: the Soviet Union emerged as an industrial and military superpower for nearly 50 years; Germany was divided into British, Soviet, French and US occupation zones, and later the Federal Republic of Germany; and the German Democratic to the Republic, and Berlin was continuously occupied.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Many Eastern and Central European countries were also occupied, effectively becoming Soviet-controlled popular democracies.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In addition, Polish state territory moved 200 km westward to previously German-held territories.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

World War II also led to a continued U.S. military presence in Western and Central Europe to counter the Soviet threat.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[9] During World War II, the Soviet Union also waged war against Finland, declaring war on Japan in the very final stages of World War II.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the Paris Peace Treaty, the Soviet Union received territories from Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Finland.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was also left with the Baltic states annexed to it as early as 1940 and, after the war, part of East Prussia, which had belonged to Germany, the Kaliningrad region and the South Sakhalin and Kuril, which had belonged to Japan, were annexed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Besides, the Soviet Union annexed most of eastern central Europe into its circle of interest.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The losing Germany of the war was divided into four occupation zones, one belonging to the Soviet Union, the others to the Western Allies.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The original plan to govern Germany jointly was scrapped in 1946—1947 as the intervals between East and West became tighter.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[10] With Japan, the Soviet Union never concluded a peace treaty, and the dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands continues even today between Russia and Japan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[9] Cold War Stalin died in 1953, and after him in the Soviet leadership came Nikita Khrushchev.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

A period of de-escalation in domestic politics followed, and many of those convicted of betrayal under Stalin received a reputational restoration.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Khrushchev, however, was criticised especially for the inefficiency of the financial leadership, and the management troika Leonid Brezhnev, Nikolai Podgornyi and Alexei Kosygin took over.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

As a longtime foreign minister, Andrei Gromyko was influenced.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Cold War also contrasted two ideological worlds.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The West saw the states of the East as undemocratic, authoritarian communist dictatorships, and the East respectively, the states of the West as bourgeois imperialists and disenfranchisers.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In both cases, the propaganda of the state apparatus influenced public opinion and made ideologies — communism and capitalism — powerfully negative and emotional; at the same time, links with actual political and economic theories were severed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[11] After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States struggled for hegemony during the Cold War.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The battle was fought through several so-called proxy wars, that is, entities allied with different parties waged war with each other in their respective territories, with the Soviet Union and the US supporting their own camp.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, no direct war was ever fought, apparently due to the bulky nuclear reserves of both.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[12] The atmosphere of the Cold War led to numerous conflicts, some of which were armed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Proxy wars were fought in Vietnam, Angola, Korea and Afghanistan, among others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

These wars were not directly opposed by the great powers, but often the forces of one superpower and a state on the side of the other bloc.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[11] In Latin America, the United States undermined, either secretly or publicly, governments it considered too leftist (Chile and Allende, Guatemala and Arbenz, for example).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

A form of proxy war was waged against the Sandinist government in Nicaragua with the help of mercenaries.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Direct warfare against Cuba was abandoned after the Bay of Pigs fiasco.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Many smaller Caribbean island nations were also occupied from time to time.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[11] Eastern European countries, meanwhile, were under strict Soviet surveillance policies.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Any uprisings or deviations from the Kremlin line were quickly suppressed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The most famous repressions were the overthrow of the Hungarian uprising and the occupation of Czechoslovakia that ended the Prague Spring.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[13] During the Cold War, both superpowers sought to incorporate new states into their spheres of interest.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, the most central topic of US-Soviet rivalry was military power, and nuclear weapons in particular emerged as central.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

They were closely associated with the development of nuclear energy to produce nuclear weapons material and advances in military rocket technology, so-called nuclear missiles.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

From the 1950s until the end of the Cold War, there was a balance of terror between the two superpowers, with each side capable of inflicting such devastation on the other side if necessary that nuclear aggression would have been practically suicidal.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Thus, nuclear weapons were considered to have secured a long, but freezing period of peace.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[14] End of the Soviet Union Elderly party leaders Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko perished in the early 1980s one after another.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Eventually, in March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the most prominent position of the Soviet Union, as the country was effectively run by the Politburo, the political commission of the party.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Gorbachev initiated a policy of reform that became known under the names “perestroika” (″rebuilding”), “glasnost” (″openness”) and “uskorenije” (″accelerating”).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The political climate was freed up and the rigorous economic planning under Brezhnev was relaxed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

But instead of improving the system, the reforms only increased its instability.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

As censorship loosened, the media quickly dug up national and economic problems that had been covered up for a long time.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Silenced issues such as poor housing conditions, food shortages, alcoholism, widespread pollution and steadily rising mortality rates received greater attention all the time.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Atrocities during Stalin's regime also became public.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Old and reformist circles clashed drastically, and Gorbachev, who balanced between extremes, ran into trouble trying to control the process he initiated himself.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[15] In 1988, Gorbachev declared that the Soviet Union would reject the so-called Brezhnev Doctrine and allow democratic reforms in Eastern Europe.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The intention was to strengthen the Soviet Union, which had begun menacingly from its Nazi unions, but the state could not withstand the reforms.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

This led, starting in 1989, to a whole series of power changes in Europe.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The revolutions were mostly peaceful with the exception of Romania.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

They led to the collapse of communism's dominance in Europe.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Within the Soviet Union, however, Gorbachev's regime had come under great suspicion and criticism from the Soviet leadership, especially among the old ones.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, Boris Yeltsin, a Democrat who won parliamentary elections in 1989 in Russia, was the most famous critic of Gorbachev, who opposed the old people in particular.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In March 1991, the first and last referendum in the country's history was held in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

On December 24, 1990, following a proposal by the delegates of the Soviet People's Congress, Soviet citizens were asked if they wanted to maintain the Soviet Union as a reformed federation of independent republics that would guarantee people of all nationalities the same rights and freedoms.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the March referendum, 113512812, or 77.85% of the electorate, voted for the reformed Federation of Soviet Socialist Republics.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, the result of the referendum was buried in other problems, and mainly in infighting between Gorbachev and Yeltsin, which intensified as the spring wore on.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Old Ones persuaded Gorbachev to their side at the end of 1990, but failed to defeat the Baltic rebellions in the bloody clashes of January 1991 in which dozens were killed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In August 1991, a group of hardline communists under Vice President Gennady Janayev attempted to pull off a coup.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

They wanted to prevent further dispersing and destabilizing changes in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

During the coup, Gorbachev was imprisoned for three days in the Crimean peninsula in his state holiday home.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, the hijacking boiled down to size as Boris Yeltsin gathered citizens and soldiers on his side to oppose the coup.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Emergency Committee, which took power, represented the supremest legal authority: in addition to the vice president, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Defense, the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Chairman of the KGB, the Deputy Chairman of the Defence Council and the Chief of the Presidential Office were members of the Emergency Committee


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Gorbachev regained his nominal position as President of the Soviet Union, but he found that public opinion and the power apparatus had shifted fully to support Yeltsin.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Baltic states declared independence.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Ukraine also voted for independence in December, despite having previously agreed to remain in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

On December 8, the leaders of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia met, established the CIS, and denied the existence of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the end, Gorbachev had to bend to this decision, and he resigned on 25 December 1991.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The next day, the Soviet Union ceased to exist.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[16] After the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation inherited the status of the Soviet Union, but economically and politically weakened.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In 2009, the majority of Russians thought the dissolution of the Soviet Union was an accident.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

16% of Russians supported the restoration of the Soviet Union in its original form.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[17] Among the parties, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, founded on the ruins of the NKP, has pushed for the re-establishment of the Soviet Union and the councils on a voluntary basis.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[18] Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the status of socialism as the official cause of the states has diminished worldwide.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In 1990, the German Democratic Republic was annexed into the Federal Republic of Germany.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Yugoslavia broke up in 1991.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Today, the most prominent state in the world calling itself socialist is the People's Republic of China.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Other well-known states calling themselves socialist include Cuba and Vietnam.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[19] Governance and Politics The Supreme Command of the Soviet Union was a socialist federal state in which supreme power lay with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (NKP).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[20] The one-party system was justified by three main arguments: Historical reasons, namely the Bolsheviks being left without allies in the Russian Civil War, and the absence of opposing social classes — means of production and land assets nationalised — and high turnout.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

During the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s, the country began to move towards a multi-party system, the likes of which, however, were never created.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Since the time of Stalin, the supreme power of the Soviet Union rested with the head of the NKP, that is, the Secretary-General of the Central Committee, commonly referred to as Leader of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[21] However, Lenin is generally regarded as the first leader of the Soviet Union, although he was not General Secretary of the Communist Party, but served as President of the Council of People's Commissars, i.e., effectively Prime Minister from 1917 to 1922.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Soviet Union also had an official head of state whose powers were lower than those of the Secretary-General of the NKP Central Committee.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The President of the Executive Central Committee of the Congress of the Soviet Union, since 1938 the President of the Bureau of the Supreme Soviet was appointed Head of State.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[21] The actual office of president was not introduced in the Soviet Union until May 1989, when the posts of Soviet leader and head of state were merged into a unified presidential post.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

From 1977 onwards Leonid Brežnev served as both General Secretary and Head of State of the Communist Party, as did after him Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko and, since 1988, Mikhail Gorbachev.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Soviet leaders 1917—1922 — Vladimir Ilyich Lenin 1922—1953 — Josif Stalin 1953—1955 — Georgi Malenkov 1955—1964 — Nikita Khrushchev 1964—1982 — Leonid Brezhnev 1982—1984 — Yuri Andropov 1984—1985 — Konstantin Chernenko 1985—1991 — Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union heads of state 1917 — Lev Kamenev 1917—1919 — Yakov Sverdlov 1919—1946 — Mikhail Kalinin 1946—1953 — Nikolai Švernik 1953—1960 — Kliment Vorošilov 1960—1964 — Leonid Brezhnev 1964—1965 — Anastas Mikojan 1965—1977 — Nikolai Podgornyi 1977—1982 — Leonid Brezhnev 1985—1977 2—1983 — Vasily Kuznetsov 1983—1984 — Yuri Andropov 1984 — Vasily Kuznetsov 1984—1985 — Konstantin Chernenko 1985 — Vasily Kuznetsov 1985—1988 — Andrei Gromyko 1988—1991 — Mikhail Gorbachev Government and People's Representative Council of the Soviet Government headed by the Council of Ministers chairman, who was elected by an internal party vote.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Over the course of Soviet history, prime ministers changed frequently, and they did not have significant political power.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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According to the constitution, it was up to the Council of Ministers and its chairman to implement the decisions of the party.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[22] In practice, the Parliament of the Soviet Union consisted of representatives and supporters of the only party, the Communist Party.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[23] Parliament was divided into different councils of ministers, each with its own domains and functions.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Key parliamentary influencers were senior figures in the party, such as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (which held supreme power), the President of the Council of Ministers (the “Prime Minister”), and the President of the Bureau of the Supreme Soviet.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Parliament met in the Moscow Kremlin.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[24] The Supreme Soviet was the supreme governing body of the Soviet Union over which the Central Committee of the Communist Party had key influence.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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It was bicameral, with both chambers (the Federation Council and the Council of Nationalities) having equal power.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In 1989, each chamber had 750 members and each had a term of four years.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The Presidium handled the day-to-day functions of the Supreme Council when it was not convened.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[25] In practice, until perestroika, the Supreme Council was subordinate to the Politburo and had no real power.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate, the Supreme Council considered the Republics' declarations of sovereignty in a decision it adopted in October 1990 to be illegal.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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On 26 December 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union was


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Each Soviet republic had its own local government, which decided local matters.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In local government, the top administrative bodies were the Regional Court and the Executive Council.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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There was also a People's Court with a three-year term in the administration.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The local government district also included the Workers' and Peasants' Council.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The People's Court and the Workers' and Peasants' Council were elected by the voters.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The Workers' and Peasants' Council was empowered to elect members of the Territorial Court and Executive Council.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[26] Multiple lists of candidates were not allowed, but in a secret election there was an option to vote against a candidate as well, and therefore the selection of a suitable candidate had to be carried out carefully.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In the 1960s, for example, 55% of the members of district councils were members of the Communist Party.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[27] [28] High turnout rates in local government elections, often over 99%, raised suspicion of the integrity of the elections.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Foreign Policy Main articles: Warsaw Pact and SEV After World War II, Soviet foreign policy sought to ensure internal security, especially by maintaining a system of interests in Eastern Europe, and increasing influence in developing countries.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The Soviet Union also sought peaceful coexistence with Western countries.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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It maintained diplomatic relations with most of the world's states and was a permanent member of the UN Security Council.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The founding members of the UN were also Belarus and Ukraine, although these did not have a de facto foreign policy of their own.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[29] The Soviet Union established the anti-NATO Warsaw Pact in 1955, joined by all Eastern Bloc countries except Yugoslavia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Members of the military alliance undertook to defend each other if necessary, should one or more Member States come under attack.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The Warsaw Pact was largely led from Moscow and supported by Soviet troops stationed in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[30] From 1949 to 1991, the Soviet Union was a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The SEV was an economic community of socialist states and a competitor to the European Economic Community.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Initially, the SEV was essentially a Soviet counterbet to Marshall aid, but it later acquired contrasting features.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The developed industrialized countries of eastern central Europe, before the rest of Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic, played the role of net contributor economically.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The SEV was particularly important for Cuba, which managed to make up for decades for the lack of Western markets resulting from the American economic blockade.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[31] The SEV organization sought to achieve all decisions unanimously.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Members did not have a separate veto; in the event of disagreement, they could opt out of projects they did not want to participate in.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Decisions so made satisfied everyone, but not everyone committed to them.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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This was one of the main weaknesses of SEV, along with the markedly different industrial development rates of the Member States.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Indeed, the SEV was generally regarded as a weak economic union in the West, and its functioning was not at the level of the European Economic Community.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[32] In the 1980s, full members of SEV were East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Cuba, the Soviet Union, Vietnam, Mongolia and Romania.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[33] The Federation was dissolved in 1991 following the abandonment of a socialist planned economy by the end of the Cold War.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Internal Security for the Internal Security of the USSR was a commission subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior NKVD, heir to the notorious Volunteer Troop-leaning Czech Republic (ВЧК), which was disbanded in 1922.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Beginning in 1954 operated from the ministry at least ostensibly independent of the KGB.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The KGB was the State Security Police of the Soviet Union from 1954 to 1991.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Its job was to handle external security and intelligence, except military intelligence, which belonged to the GRU.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The KGB's domain was roughly equivalent to the US CIA and the FBI's counterintelligence division, but the KGB also included, for example, the Soviet Border Guard.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the FSB was established in Russia as the successor to the Soviet KGB.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In Belarus, the security police still operate under the KGB name.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[34] Fatalities According to the calculations of political scientist Radolph Rummel, a total of 62 million people died during the establishment of the Soviet Union and its predecessor Soviet Russia and during the period of power from 1917 to 1991.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Rummel calculated that to include about 39.5 million deaths in concentration camps, about 8.3 million killed in acts of terrorism, about 7.8 million killed in forced famines, and about 4.3 million killed in rides (engl.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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deportation) dead.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In the post-World War II period, only about 15.6 million of the deaths are scheduled, and only about 6.9 million of the deaths in the post-Stalin period.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The figures do not include those killed in World War II battles.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[35] According to history professor Norman Naimark, Stalin executed nearly a million Soviet citizens.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[36] Civil War (1917) total


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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3,284,000 terror 750,000 concentration camps 34,000 forced famine 2,500,000 New Economic Policy (1923) total.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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2,200,000 Collectivization (1929) in total.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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11,440,000 terror 1,733,000 ride deaths 1,400,000 concentration camps 3,306,000 forced famine 5,000,000 Great Terror (1936) total.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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4,345,000 terror 1,000,000 ride deaths 65,000 concentration camps 3,280,000 Before World War II (1939) total.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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5,104,000 terror 1,932,000 ride deaths 283,000 concentration camps 2,889,000 Second World War (1941) total.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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13,053,000 terror 1,257,000 ride deaths 1,036,000 concentration camps 10,761,000 After World War II (1946) total.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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15,613,000 terror 1,376,000 ride-hailing deaths 1,557,000 concentration camps 12,348,000 since Stalin (1954) total.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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6,872,000 terror 250,000 ride deaths 8000 concentration camps 6,613,000 [35] Geography The Soviet Union was the largest nation in the world by area, encompassing territories from both Europe and Asia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The western part of the Soviet Union belonged to Eastern Europe, but three-quarters of the area was located in Asia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In total, the Soviet Union included about one-sixth of the total area of the world, exactly 22400000 square kilometers.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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There were 11 time zones in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The major residential areas were concentrated mainly in Europe, but also in Southwest Asia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Harvi settlement was in Siberia and other parts of the Northeast and Northern Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[37] [38] The northernmost area of the Soviet Union was Chelyuskin Cape, with its northernmost point at 77° 45' N latitude.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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If the islands are included, the northernmost corner was the Fligell headland on Rudolf Island (81° 50' north latitude).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The southernmost tip was found in the Turkmenian Soviet Socialist Republic, the village of Childuhter near Kushka.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The easternmost point was on Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait (169° 02' west longitude) and the westernmost in the Gulf of Gdańsk in the Baltic Sea (16° 08' east longitude).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The northernmost and southernmost points had a distance of almost 5000 kilometers, and the easternmost and westernmost points had a distance of almost 10,000 km.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[38] [39] The Soviet Union had a total of 12 border neighbours: Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The length of the borders totaled more than 60000 kilometers.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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3/4 of the borders were common with the socialist states of the time.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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There were maritime boundaries on 13 seashore beaches belonging to the Northern Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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2/3 of the borders of the Soviet Union were maritime boundary.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[38] [40] The highest point in the Soviet Union was Pik Kommunizma, located in the Pamir Mountains, with a height of 7495 m. The largest river in the Soviet Union was the Yenisei, which is the largest river descending into the Arctic Ocean in the North.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Its length is 5539 km.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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On the European side, the largest river in the Soviet Union was the Volga, which is the longest and most abundant river in Europe.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The length of the Volga is 3685 kilometers.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Other notable rivers included the Ob, Lena, Ural and Amur.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Today, Pik Kommunizma is called Ismail Samani, and is located in Tajikistan; the aforementioned rivers are mainly located on Russian territory.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Elevation ratios in the Soviet Union ranged from mountainous to flat lowlands.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The largest number of mountain ranges were in the northern and eastern parts of the Soviet Union, while the southern and western parts had more plains.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Among the largest lakes in Soviet territory were Lake Aral, Lake Ladoga, Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[38] [40] Climate Soviet Union extended into three climatic zones: cold, temperate and subtropical zones.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The coldest temperatures in winter were normally below −30°C and the warmest temperatures were above +30°C in summer.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The lowest temperatures were measured in the northern parts of Siberia, where the cold record fell below as low as −70°C.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The warmest areas were in Uzbekistan, where temperatures were above +50°C.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[38] [41] The lowest temperature (−71.1 °C) was measured in 1964 in Oimjakon, Yikutia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The warmest value on the territory of the Soviet Union again was obtained on July 29, 1983 on the territory of Turkmenistan — +51.7 °C.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Urbanization The Soviet Union was already remarkably extensive in terms of area and natural resources at its birth.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The largest cities in Russia in the 19th century were St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw and Kharkiv.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[42] Later Warsaw became the capital of independent Poland, and Russian-speaking Kharkiv in Ukraine was overshadowed by the growing economic centre Kiev.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Peter, transformed into Leningrad, retained its idiosyncrasies, but became industrialized, and a large number of civilisation moved abroad.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Moscow became the capital of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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World War II shifted the focus of the economy towards the east anyway, where resources seemed inexhaustible.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The peculiarity of the urban structure in the Soviet Union became, partly due to the abundant supply of energy, long distances and economic interdependence of regions far from each other.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Many towns were even born without the surrounding rural settlement to secure an adequate food supply for the city.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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This kept the regions more strictly dependent on Central Command, but was even fatal when the Soviet Union fell apart when necessities suddenly had to be imported from abroad.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[43] The largest cities at the end of the Soviet Union numbered a total of 23 million cities in 1989, about half of them on the territory of the Russian SFNT.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The three largest cities were Moscow with 8.8 million, Leningrad with 4.4 million, and Kiev with 2.6 million inhabitants.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Other millionaire cities included Alma-Ata, Baku, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Gorky, Kharkiv, Yerevan, Kazan, Kuibyshev, Minsk, Novosibirsk, Odessa, Omsk, Perm, Rostov, Sverdlovsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Chelyabinsk and Ufa.


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Notable cities with less than a million inhabitants included Chișinău, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Riga, Tallinn, Vilnius, Vladivostok and Volgograd, among others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[44] [45] Enlargement The original Soviet Union encompassed the Soviet republics of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Later, the autonomous Soviet republics of Kazahstan and Kyrgyz were detached from the Russian SFNT, which became republics of their own within the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In 1925, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were peacefully joined the Soviet Union, from which in 1929 Tajikistan was separated.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In 1936, Transcaucasia was divided between the republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Grosia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In 1940, the Karelian-Finnish SNT was established in East Karelia, to which some of the territories conquered from Finland in the Winter War were annexed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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It was top its own republic, but was annexed in 1956 into the Russian SFNT and demoted to the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[46] The Soviet Union expanded especially in the 1940s during the period of Stalin's rule.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In 1940, the Baltic republics Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were annexed to the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Around the same time, the Soviet Union occupied territories from Finland and Japan, the Kaliningrad Oblast from Germany, the territories of Moldavia and western Ukraine from Romania, and eastern Poland, among others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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These territories were annexed by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The Tannu-Tuva People's Republic from Central Asia joined the Soviet Union on 11 October 1944.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[47] [48] The borders of the Soviet Union remained the same until the 1990s, when the state began to disintegrate.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Dissolution began in 1990, when parts of the Soviet republics became independent.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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During 1991, most of the Soviet republics seceded from the union and formed their own independent states.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The rest of the Soviet republics became independent in December 1991, when the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The administrative division of the Soviet Union consisted of 15 different republics, namely Soviet republics.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Each Soviet republic had its own communist party and internal governing bodies with the exception of the largest Soviet republic, Russia, which had no administration of its own.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The center of state administration was located in Moscow, the capital of the Russian SFNT, which was also the capital of the entire state.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Each Soviet republic had its own capital, where internal administration buildings were located.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[49] The Soviet republics had partial right of self-government.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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According to the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Soviet republics had the right to secede from the Soviet Union, and the law applied in 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Some of the Soviet republics had their own administrative division, consisting of autonomous Soviet republics.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The most autonomous Soviet republics were in Russia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Autonomous Soviet republics did not gain independence when the Soviet Union dissolved.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[26] Army The first Soviet state army was the Red Army of the Workers and Peasants, which was called the Red Army.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The Red Army was founded on 23 February 1918 in the Russian Civil War as the Army of the Red Guards.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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After the Reds won the civil war in 1921, it became the Soviet Army.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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February 23 was an important national holiday in the Soviet Union, later also celebrated as Red Army Day.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Lev Trotsky, who served as both the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in charge of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the War People's Commissar in charge of the Minister of Defence from 1918 to 1924, is widely regarded as the founder of the Red Army.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[50] When founded, the Red Army was based on volunteerism and was unfamiliar with military values or troop-section symbols.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The officers were democratically elected.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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On 29 May 1918, however, men aged 18—40 were made conscripted.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In order to carry out a major recruiting operation, regional military commissariats responsible for calling boards (военный комиссариат, военкомат; vojenkomat) were established.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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They served in this function and under this name right up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Military commissariats should not be confused with political commissars (politruks) of the military.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[51] A political commissar was placed in each Red Army unit with the power to overturn decisions of unit commanders if they contradicted Communist Party principles.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Although this inevitably rendered the command system ineffective, the party leadership found it important to control the officer corps, which, as the civil war progressed, included more and more officers from the former Imperial Army.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[52] In the Russian Civil War of 1918—1920, the Red Army fought against white counter-revolutionary armies and Poland, and was also used to suppress internal revolts.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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By the end of the war, nearly five million men were serving in the Red Army.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Prior to the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army waged war against Japan and Finland, among others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Of these, the Winter War against Finland in particular attracted a lot of attention in the Western world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[53] When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the strength of the Red Army was estimated at 1.5 million men.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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It was weakened by political purges and was badly caught by the attack.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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During the first weeks of war, practically the entire Soviet air force was razed to the fields and hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers were motivated into huge mots.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[54] At the time of the Great Patriotic War, 15—20 million officers and soldiers were recruited into the Red Army, of whom 7—10 million were killed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[55] Red Army soldiers who were captured by the Germans were often executed directly in the field or transported to prison camps in inhumane conditions.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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They were also killed in extermination camps as part of the Holocaust.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The portion of prisoners released at the end of the war was not much better, as surrender was punishable either by execution or by years of forced labour in Siberia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In invading Germany, Red Army soldiers also committed countless war crimes: looting, extermination, and rape of German women.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[56] After the war won and the fall of Berlin, renowned respect for the Red Army and its prestige rose considerably in Soviet society.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The final step on the road from revolutionary arms corps to state permanent army was taken in 1946 when the “Invincible Red Army” was transformed into the armed forces of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[57] After the war, troops were demobilized and the strength of the army was reduced to an estimated five million.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Units of the Soviet Army, which had liberated Eastern European countries from German rule, remained ashore as occupying forces.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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It led to these countries becoming members of the socialist bloc and, in effect, satellite states of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The largest number of Soviet army troops were deployed in the German Democratic Republic to counter the threat of NATO troops.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[58] During the Cold War, the Soviet Union devoted a great deal of resources to develop nuclear weapons of its military, especially ballistic missiles and nuclear submarines.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Conflicts were resolved only through so-called proxy wars, in which the United States and the Soviet Union supported governments or rebel movements as needed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[14] In 1979, however, the Soviet Army intervened directly in the civil war in Afghanistan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The goal of the Soviet Union was to support a secular regime friendly to it, threatened by Muslim guerrillas.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The United States and Pakistan supported the guerrillas financially and with military equipment, including supplying them with American Stinger anti-aircraft missiles intended to fight the air supremacy of Soviet forces.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Mikhail Gorbachev finally withdrew troops from the country in 1988.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The Red Army was dissolved in 1991 at the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its assets were distributed among successor states.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Most of the army, including the majority of the nuclear missile forces, were attached to the Army of the Russian Federation.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Troops stationed in Eastern Europe were withdrawn between 1991 and 1994.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Space program The Soviet space program was based on research carried out alone by Russian teacher Konstantin Tsiolkovsky from the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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He was the first to study the possibility of spaceflight mathematically.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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He did relatively little experimental research, but still developed methods such as rocket control, liquid propellants, and the principle of multi-stage rocket.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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As early as 1921, the Soviet state began funding rocket research from the budget of the armed forces.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Gird research groups developed rockets starting in the mid-1920s.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the 1930s, Sergei Korolyov rose to the head of rocket research, but he fell into captivity due to purges by the armed forces.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

During World War II, research in the field of rockets focused on ground force rockets and aircraft rocket propulsion.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[59] Under Korolyov, the Soviet Union developed the first intercontinental missile in the 1950s that would have been able to carry a nuclear weapon to the United States.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The R-7 missile was first launched on 21 August 1957.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Both the Soviet Union and the United States announced in 1955 that they planned to launch a satellite during the International Geophysical Year (1957—1958).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

After the successful test launch of the missile, the first satellite Sputnik 1 was quickly built and launched on 4 October 1957.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

As part of the rocket programme, the Baikonur Cosmodrome was built in the Tiuratam area.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[59] Economy The Soviet economy was a planned economy in which Marxist-Leninist socialism was implemented.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the Soviet Constitution, the goal of the economic system and society as a whole said communism, that is, a classless, socially egalitarian society based on joint ownership of the means of production.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Communism was not considered to have been achieved in the Soviet Union; ideologically the status quo was seen as a kind of transition to a new society.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Officially, the Soviet Union lived the stage of dictatorship of the proletariat in the transition to communism.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, according to widespread perception, the issue was rather a dictatorship of the party-elites, which may have played a role in the collapse of the entire system.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

According to the constitution, the principle of communism was “to each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”, but as long as communism was unattainable, the principle was “to each according to his abilities, to each according to his contribution”, which referred to the attempt to pay wages according to the labor input.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[60] The Soviet Union rapidly industrialized soon after its founding, accompanied by intense urbanization.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Livelihoods went from agriculture-intensive to industrial-intensive.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

After World War II, a significant role was played by the reconstruction of the European-side part of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The amount of Soviet industrial production grew to be the largest in Europe and the second largest in the world, but the average standard of living still lagged behind that of the Western, as the Soviet Union was also the third most abundant country in the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the Soviet Union, private ownership of the means of production, land and natural resources had been abolished.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The accepted forms of ownership were state ownership, or so-called pan-national ownership, and cooperative ownership.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In addition, people were entitled to private property: they owned the consumer goods they bought, received or inherited as gifts.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The countrymen also had private ownership of animals and small vegetable orchards.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

By the 1970s, pan-national ownership included almost all industry and financial activities, and efforts were made to further increase the proportion, as pan-national ownership was considered the most advanced form of collective ownership in Soviet ideology.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Cooperatives existed mainly in agriculture as common farms known as kolhoos, as well as in some handicrafts.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[61] The main part of Soviet production arose in collective production, but on a small scale also in private.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

During the first 10 years of the Soviet state, private peasants and artisans formed the main part of the population.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, Soviet production was systematically directed in a collective direction, especially during the Stalin period also through violent coercive measures.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Still, small-scale private production was permitted in the Soviet Union throughout its existence, such as watchmakers, cobblers, painters and other similar practitioners.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Doctors also held private receptions.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, private individuals were not allowed to hire workers, as this was considered, according to Marx's doctrines, a deprivation of foreign work.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[62] The economy was managed according to a centralised plan, which left individual production units with little autonomous power to decide.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

There were three levels of plans: long-term, five-year and annual plans were made.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The planning body of the Federal Republics of the USSR, Gosplan, determined the quantitative and qualitative goals of the national economy, that is, norms.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

These objectives were divided both regionally and by industry and all the way up to each factory or other production unit.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The profit made by the production facilities was distributed to several parties.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The main part of the state spent on its own budget, but part of the profit remained on production facilities.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Production plants spent their share on repairs, production development, stimulus funds and funds for regional economic development.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[63] According to Albania, which opposed the Soviet Union, in practice, the activities of Soviet enterprises were very similar to capitalist corporations.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[64] Socialists in the West also criticised the system, naming it state capitalism.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[45] The monetary unit of the Soviet Union was also the ruble and its sub-unit kopeck in use in the Russian Empire.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

One ruble was equivalent to a hundred kopecks worth.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the ruble as its currency has been used by Belarus and Russia


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Other Soviet republics have adopted different-denominated monetary units since independence.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[62] After winning the civil war and intervention, Soviet Russia pursued a new economic policy, the NEP (Новая экономическая Политика, Novaya Ekonomitšeskaya Politika), which required stable monetary conditions due to private investment.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Soviet Union stabilized monetary conditions in 1924 by tying the ruble to the gold standard and exchanging 50,000 Soviet Russian rubles, sovznak (совзнак) for one new ruble.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Another period of inflation dated back to World War II.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In 1947, monetary conditions were stabilized by cutting deposits.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[65] The Soviet ruble was not an internationally convertible currency and was not allowed to be exported.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Efforts were made to keep its value stable, but in practice the country's indebtedness to the West caused the growth of the black market.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[66] The gold ruble was also called the currency ruble.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Although it had an international quotation, it was not freely convertible.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Electrification programme The electrification programme was provided by GOELRO (Gosudarstvennaya kommisja po elektrifikatsii Rossii), the State Committee for Electrification of Russia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

It comes amid a move by Soviet-Russia to embark on a major industrialisation programme to catch up with the gap compared to Western countries.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[67] The goal of GOELRO was not so much to create heavy industry, but to improve labour productivity through electrification.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In many sectors of the national economy, human and animal labour could be replaced by electricity.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

A wider exploitation of coal grades, peat, timber and gas of low heat value was sought, locally including oil shale.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[67] The plan encompassed both a sectoral and region-specific implementation plan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

To this end, the Nationwide Plan was divided into seven regional basic plans: Northern, Medium-Industrial, Southern, Volga Stem, Urals, Caucasus, and Western Siberia-Turkestan Plan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[67] GOELRO was already planned from the start on a statutory basis, so its implementation would be guaranteed by a centralised economic plan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

GOELRO became the first comprehensive state plan of Soviet-Russia and the Soviet Union and served as a paragon for the State Plan (GOSPLAN), which organised the five-year planning of the entire national economy.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

GOELRO as a State Committee was dissolved already in June 1921, after which its work was continued by GOSPLAN.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[68] The first volume A of GOELRO became completed by 1926.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The goal was to restore reduced production in the Civil War.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

By 1935, construction related objectives had been accomplished.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Heavy electrotechnical import substitution industries also developed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

1923 Elektrosila delivered the first four 7.5 MW turbines to Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

By the middle of the 1930s, Elektrozavod (электрозавод) and Dinamo (Динамо) had already been established in Moscow, Krasnyi kotelšchik (Красный котельщик) and Taganrog, Turbogeneratornyi zavod imeni S. M. Kirova (Турбоик) генераторный завод имени С. М. Кирова) to Kharkov.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Since 1934, the Soviet Union was self-sufficient in the construction of power equipment.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Prisoner labour was also used for extensive industrialisation, and capital goods were acquired by exporting grain abroad.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the mid-1930s, grain exports led to famine along the Volga and especially in Ukraine, where millions of people died.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[68] Industry As foreign trade was comparatively small, heavy industry played a large role in the economic life of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In its final phase, the country was responsible for about 20% of the world's industrial production.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[69] Major aircraft manufacturers included Tupolev, Ilyushin and Antonov, car manufacturers included VAZ (Lada), GAZ (Volga) and AZLK (Moskvich).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The industry was organized into large combinates with the task of processing a particular raw material up to the end products.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In general, the combinates were the main employers in their own region, stamping the entire region.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[65] The Soviet Union had large natural resources, but were mostly elusive in the northern parts of Siberia and the Kola Peninsula.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Much of the industry served military production and hardly participated in civilian production.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

This hampered the transfer of advances in military engineering to other production life.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In addition, the scientific research, centered around the USSR Academy of Sciences, in itself very high quality, had little contact with technology, which slowed down the development of technology.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[70] One problem of the Soviet industry was the focus on quantity.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Production facilities were evaluated mainly on production figures, which hampered quality development.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Furthermore, designers tended to raise performance requirements based on past performance, which is why a breakthrough in productivity would essentially only have raised the performance standard for the following year.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Furthermore, it has been speculated that an ideological viewpoint prevented productivity raising.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Separation of labor was not a real possibility, even if automation had reduced the need for work.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In addition, the influential military-industrial sector sought to produce convenient, simple devices, which may have created mental resistance to advanced automation and information technology.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[71] In terms of natural resources, the Soviet Union was one of the richest countries in the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Major natural resources included oil, natural gas, coal, diamonds, several minerals, and wood.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The exploitation of natural resources was complicated in part by their location in hard-to-reach areas of Siberia and the Kola Peninsula.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was also criticized for wasting non-renewable natural resources.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[72] The most significant export products were oil, natural gas and timber.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The economy achieved, especially through oil exports, a reasonable standard of living for citizens.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The high proportion of the military industry left the development of some consumables at the back end, and compared to developed Western countries, for example, many western automobile brands, but tights and gum also gained no less than cult status in comparison of systems.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[32] Agriculture The most grained land areas of the Soviet Union were located in the western part of the country in Belarus, Ukraine and southern Russia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

North of these areas began a coniferous forest zone, on the north side of which there was infertile hare.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the east, the terrain gradually changed from steppe to semi-desert and eventually desert.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

These areas require irrigation to allow farming.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The best agricultural lands were therefore located in the deciduous forest zone, and especially in the former steppes, with black soil of the same grade in grain quality as in the US Central West.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

On the coasts of the Caspian and Black Sea there were small areas of leather-leafed plants suitable for fruit growing.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[73] [74] Soviet agriculture was realised by co-owned farms, which were either cooperative colhoses or state-owned sovhooses.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the Sovhooses, farm workers, like industrial laborers, were paid and enjoyed similar social benefits.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In general, sovhooses were specialised in a particular field of production, and their machinery and fertilizers were of better quality than in colhoses.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Kolhoses were formally owned by farm labourers and had the right to sell a share exceeding production quotas in the food market.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The standard of living of farm workers in knocks was determined by the economic situation of kolkhos.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In addition, each farmworker usually had an area of about half an acre for his own personal farming and small livestock.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Although the area of these regions was minimal compared to the whole, they produced a very large proportion of Soviet agricultural production.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[75] [45] Partly this was due to the large amount of labour in private production and the feed and grazing land made available by the state farms to the private.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[76] The Soviet Union was capable of growing grain for the needs of its own population, but before Khrushchev's time, disappearances caused mass slaughters when forage grain had to be used for human consumption.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

During the Khrushchev period, the necessary grain began to be purchased abroad, mainly in the West, which constantly strained the national economy.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The most important grain was wheat, but barley, rye, oats and rice were also cultivated.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Attempts to grow corn in the Khrushchev period failed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[77] The cultivation of root crops and vegetables was common in the European parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Important crops included potato, cabbage, swede, turnip and onion.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the late days of the country, large-scale construction work on greenhouses made it possible that tomato and cucumber were mostly available in population centres throughout the year.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Sugar beet, cotton, sunflower and other industrial raw material crops were cultivated in semi-deserts under the cover of artificial irrigation.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

After World War II, hemp and flax cultivation slowly regressed in the growing areas of these plants in the Caucasus and the Baltics.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[78] Grosia was the centre of tea cultivation, while Moldova was responsible for the most part of pan-allied fruit production.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Tobacco was mostly grown in southern Russia and the Caucasus, but the Soviet Union still had to import much of the tobacco it consumed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[79] Livestock farming was given much attention in the Soviet Union, as the production of meat, eggs and milk was a visible way of raising the standard of living of the population.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Part of the production was provided by industrialised special establishments, which were neither sovhoose nor colkhoses, and produced most of the eggs and chicken meat.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Livestock farming was also the main form of agriculture outside the actual agricultural area.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, it was not particularly productive.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In Finland, for example, the productivity of dairy cattle was about double the Soviet average.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

One problem was the lack of crowded feed, which feeding cotton and sunflower seeds was not enough to compensate for.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[80] [45] Fishing Fishing was a major part of Soviet food production, and in the 1970s—1980s the country had the second largest fishing fleet in the world after Japan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Most of the catch was caught in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Specifically, efforts were made to develop fisheries in the Pacific Ocean, as the best fishing grounds in the Atlantic remained within fishing zones declared by various states.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Attempts were also made to solve the problem by expanding fish farming and inland fisheries in the 1980s.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[81] Many fish species important to the Soviet Union suffer from pollution, dehydration and overfishing.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[82] Forestry in the Soviet Union accounted for a quarter of the world's forest resources and 60% of coniferous timber resources.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The forest area was 747 million hectares and the tree area was 80 billion m³, of which conifers 84%.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Forests covered 38% of the land area.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Annual growth was 800 million m³, approximately 500 million m³ in forests covered by logging operations.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The area of support for forestry was the taiga zone.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the Urals and to the west were pine, spruce and birch as the main tree species, larch, pine, sembra pine, spruce, plantain and birch in the east.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The most common tree species was larch (28 billion m³ in total).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Of the forest resources, 83% were located in areas east of the Urals, but only 35% of logging occurred there.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[83] The focus of logging was shifting all the time from the Urals to the east.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Total logging totaled 390 million m³.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the European part of the country, too much felling had been carried out for a long time, so the purchase of wood had to be reduced there since the 1960s.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Deciduous trees still formed a reserve that could be increasingly exploited.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The logging was mostly done in open logging, and forest management was low compared to timber use.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[45] Problems with production control The Soviet Union was grappling with the productive problems of an all-encompassing planned economy.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In a market economy, the formation of prices on the basis of supply and demand allows production decisions to be decentralized to be made efficiently: production of products running low on the market increases and the oversupplied falls solely through price signals, without anyone having to feel the overall situation of the production system.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In a planned economy like the Soviet Union, manufacturers of products do not make decisions about half the prices as well as on production volumes.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Instead, they were decided by an economic planning bureaucracy of mammoth proportions in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

At the top of the bureaucracy was the Supreme Economic Council


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

It was governed by numerous councils, committees and agencies at the federal, state republics and local levels with overlapping powers.