Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

This is possible through joint decisions taken by the Union institutions.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The EU institutions are the elected European Parliament, the European Council of Heads of State and Government of the Member States, the Council representing the governments of the Member States and the European Commission, which draws up proposals for new EU legislation for approval by Parliament and the Council.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Other key institutions include the Court of Justice of the European Union, which ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied in the same way in all member states, and the European Central Bank and the Court of Auditors.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[2] The total number of staff of the EU institutions is approximately 40000 employees.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In October 2012, the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[3] History of European integration British Prime Minister Winston Churchill put forward the idea of a “United States of Europe” and the prevention of wars in Zurich after World War II in the autumn of 1946.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The initiative led to the creation of the Council of Europe in 1949.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In addition to Churchill, Konrad Adenauer, Alcide De Gasperi and Robert Schuman were active in the opposition to totalitarianism and the intention for peace.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

New structures based on the mutual interest of the parties were to be created in Western Europe.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

They would, on the other hand, be based on treaties guaranteeing respect for the rule of law and equality between countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[4] Europe wanted to avoid another major war, and efforts were made to eliminate tension between Germany and France by placing the coal resources of the Saar region, the countries' border region, under the control of an international, independent authority.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Coal and Steel Community was established in 1951 and the Constitution was signed in Paris by Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] As a result of the creation of the Coal and Steel Community, cooperation between European countries expanded, and the agreements between the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community were signed in Rome in 1957.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Economic Community was based on a customs union between member countries and a progressive common market.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The agreement decided to establish common policies for agriculture, transport, labour movement and important sectors of the economy.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] Common institutions were established for the three communities.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In 1967, the Merger Agreement came into force, creating a common council and a common commission for the European Communities.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] The European Community expanded in 1973 with the accession of the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Greece became a member in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] The 1970s also saw the development of political cooperation, supported by the establishment of the European Council in 1974, as a system outside the Community structures.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The influence of the European Parliament was consolidated, and the first direct elections to elect MEPs were held in 1979.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In 1986, the Single European Act was signed, followed by the creation of an internal market which made the Community a closer economic area.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] The political situation in Europe changed radically with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the socialist countries seeking to leave the Soviet front.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Germans were reunified in December 1990, and the Soviet Union ceased to exist at the end of 1991.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Meanwhile, member states were negotiating a new treaty that would create the European Union (EU).


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[6] The European Community changed its name to the European Union with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Union cooperation extended to foreign and security policy and justice and home affairs.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Finland, Sweden and Austria joined the European Union in 1995, but Norway was excluded from the referendum result.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] The Maastricht Treaty Plan for Economic and Monetary Union was implemented in three phases.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Central Bank became operational in 1999.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In 2002, 12 countries adopted the single currency of the euro.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] In March 2000, the EU adopted the so-called Lisbon Strategy to modernise the Union's economy.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[6] As the European Union continued its enlargement into Eastern and Central Europe, the institutional structure and decision-making of the Union were modernized and intensified.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 strengthened cooperation in justice and home affairs and strengthened the common foreign and security policy.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Treaty of Nice prepared the Union for 2004 enlargement.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Ten new countries joined the European Union: Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Estonia.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The number of Member States increased to 27 in 2007, with Bulgaria and Romania also joining the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Croatia became a member in 2013.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] The European Constitutional Treaty was signed in Rome in 2004.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The purpose of the Agreement was to clarify the division of competences between the Union and the Member States, to simplify the legal system of the Union and to increase democratic, efficiency and transparency in Union decision-making.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

However, the treaty failed to be ratified, as referendums in France and Holland had majorities voting against it.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Treaty of Lisbon 2007 was adopted in each member state in accordance with the countries' own constitutional provisions.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The agreement entered into force in December 2009 after Ireland also accepted it.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] In the context of the global economic crisis in 2009, it became apparent that Greece had long misrepresented its economic statistics.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Euro countries and the International Monetary Fund backed Greece with guarantees worth hundreds of billions of euros.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Euro countries also established the European Financial Stability Facility and the European Stability Mechanism to safeguard financial stability in the euro area.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

After Greece, aid packages also had to be made to Spain, Ireland, Cyprus and Portugal.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] The European Union was awarded the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize for promoting peace, reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] Great Britain decided in a referendum in 2016 to secede from the European Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In addition, the European Union has been hit by the crisis in Ukraine, the refugee crisis and terrorism.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[5] Member States Terms of Membership Legal requirements The process of political and economic integration in Europe has always been open to European countries ready to sign treaties and adopt EU law in full.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

According to Article 237 of the Treaty of Rome, “any European State may apply for membership of the Community”.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In addition, according to Article F of the Maastricht Treaty, Member States must have a state system based on the “principles of democracy”.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[13] Candidate countries and Copenhagen criteria Candidate countries are referred to as countries which have applied for membership of the EU and whose application has been formally approved.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The current candidate countries are Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Iceland, who had previously been a candidate for membership, has withdrawn its application.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Membership negotiations with Turkey began in October 2005, with Iceland in July 2010 (but broke down in August 2013), with Montenegro in December 2010, with Serbia in January 2014 and with Albania in June 2014 [14].


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

With Balkan countries, the EU has special association agreements designed to pave the way to EU membership.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[15] Before accession, a candidate country must fulfil the Copenhagen criteria.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The criteria were set by the European Council in 1993 for former communist countries to become members of the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

According to them, the new Member States must have: [13] stable national institutions to ensure respect for democracy, legal order and human rights, respect and protection of minorities in a functioning market economy and the ability to cope with the internal Union competitive pressure and the functioning of market forces, the capacity to comply with the obligations of the Member States and to support all objectives of the Union: public administrations in new countries must be able to apply and administer EU legislation in practice.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Each candidate country's specific terms of membership are defined in negotiations with the European Commission, which usually last for years.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[16] Accession event Prior to the actual membership negotiations, convergence negotiations take place.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

First, the European Council approves the opening of accession negotiations with the new Member State, followed by comparison of the laws of the new candidate country with Union acts.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

There are usually 35 sets of negotiations, and criteria for their assessment are agreed before negotiations begin.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

There will be separate negotiations for each set of negotiations, which could take years.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

When the applicant country fulfils the criteria for the negotiating sets, it will present both its country's position on negotiations and proposals for measures to bring into force a matter, and the Council of Ministers will then adopt the EU position on negotiations between the Commission and the Member State.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The actual accession negotiations will take place between each candidate country and the Commission.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

After accession negotiations, the applicant country must fulfil the terms of membership and adjust its legislation in accordance with Union requirements.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Where appropriate, special arrangements may be granted to the applicant country or a transitional period to bring a matter in order.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Thereafter, the representatives of the Member States meeting in the Council must unanimously endorse membership.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In practice, Member States' position has already been asked several times before this stage.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Parliament must also receive the assent of an absolute majority of its members.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Member States and the candidate country or countries ratify the Treaty of Accession according to their own constitutional procedures.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[13] Candidate countries will receive EU support during the negotiation period to make it easier for them to bridge economic development gaps.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

For example, the ten countries that joined in 2004 received €41 billion in aid.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[13] The limits of EU enlargement Geographical borders When the EU Constitutional Treaty was debated, it became apparent that many Europeans are concerned by the question of the Union's borders and even identity.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Turkey's potential membership, for example, raises the question of the status of Caucasus countries such as Armenia and Georgia.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Baltic states, meanwhile, support Ukrainian membership, but the political situation in Belarus and Moldova's strategic position are problematic.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Russian membership could create an unsustainable imbalance in the Union, both politically and geographically.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

On the other hand, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland are not in the process of applying to join the Union, even if they fulfil the conditions of membership, as public opinion is against accession in these countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[17] Administrative restrictions The national languages of all EU countries are official languages of the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The question has been raised whether parallel use of all languages is necessary in all situations.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[18] Institutions, other bodies and agencies Official institutions The European Union has seven official institutions, each of which has its own function: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union i.e. the Council of Ministers, the European Commission, the European Union the Court of Justice, the European Court of Auditors and the European Central Bank.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[19] The European Parliament employs 751 MEPs from 28 Member States, in number proportional to the population of each country.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

They are elected by direct popular election in European Parliament elections held every five years to represent EU citizens.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The seats of Parliament are Strasbourg, Brussels and Luxembourg.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[20] [21] The three main tasks of the European Parliament are legislation, control and budget.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Parliament adopts EU legislation based on the proposals of the European Commission together with the Council of the EU.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It decides on international agreements and EU enlargements and evaluates the European Commission's work programme and requests legislative proposals from the Commission.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Parliament acts as the democratic guardian of all the institutions of the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Among other things, it elects the president of the European Commission, approves the new commission and can force it to resign.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Parliament decides on the EU budget together with the Council and approves the Union's long-term budget.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[20] Parliament works in committees where legislation is prepared and in plenary sessions where legislation is passed.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[20] The European Council defines general policy priorities, but does not have legislative powers.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Council consists of the Heads of EU countries, the President of the European Council and the President of the Commission.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Council shall meet at least twice in each six-month period, usually for a period of two or three days.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[21] The European Council is the official initiator in the context of the main sectors of the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It also has the power to agree on difficult issues on which the Council of the European Union has failed to agree.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Council also deals with topical topics related to the common foreign and security policy, so that the EU can appear as a single front in diplomatic matters.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[22] The Council of the European Union, or the Council of Ministers in the Council of the European Union, is governed by the government and ministers of each EU country.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Council is chaired by each EU country in turn.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[21] All meetings of the Council are attended by one minister from each Member State, depending on the subject matter: whether it is, for example, foreign affairs, agriculture or transport.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[23] The Council has legislative powers which it shares with the European Parliament.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In addition, the Council shall adopt the budget together with Parliament.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Council also concludes international agreements negotiated by the European Commission.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[23] Decisions shall be taken by the Council either by majority or unanimous vote, depending on the subject at hand.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

A unanimous decision is required on important issues such as treaty amendment, initiation of a new common policy or accession of a new Member State.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In most other situations, qualified majority voting is used, meaning a certain predetermined number of votes is required to approve a decision.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The number of votes in each EU country roughly corresponds to the size of its population.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[22] European Commission The European Commission represents the interests of the Union as a whole.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Its members are elected by the governments of member countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[21] Members are appointed for five years at a time.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The appointments are agreed between the Member States and must be approved by the European Parliament.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Commission is answerable to Parliament and the Commission must resign if Parliament votes no confidence in it.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Since 2004, the Commission has had one member for each Member State.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[24] The Commission is very independent because it needs to look out for the interests of the EU as a whole and cannot take instructions from the government of any Member State.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

As the 'guardian of the Treaty', it must ensure that legislation drafted by the Council and Parliament is implemented in the Member States.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

If this does not happen, the Commission may refer the case to the Court of Justice of the European Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Commission is the executive arm of the EU, so it implements the decisions taken by the Council and has broad powers to manage common EU policies, such as research and technology, development aid, regional policy, and appropriations for them.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[24] The European Commission is assisted mainly by an official crew based in Brussels and Luxembourg, consisting of 36 Directorates-General and branches.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[24] Court of Justice The job of the Court of Justice of the European Union is to ensure that EU law is respected and the Treaties are interpreted and applied correctly.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Court is based in Luxembourg and consists of one judge from each Member State and eight Advocates-General.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Judges are appointed by common agreement between the governments of the Member States for a term of six years, renewable.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[24] Court of Auditors The Court of Auditors of the European Union takes care that the Union's revenue and expenditure are correctly and legally measured and the budget has been properly managed.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It shall have one member from each Member State appointed by agreement between Member States after consultation with the European Parliament.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[24] The European Central Bank (ECB) in Frankfurt is responsible for the euro and EU monetary policy.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[25] Other bodies The seven official EU institutions are supported by five other important bodies: the European Economic and Social Committee, the European Committee of the Regions, the European Investment Bank, the European Ombudsman and the European Data Protection Supervisor.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[19] The European External Action Service shall assist the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[21] Interinstitutional bodies and agencies The institutional bodies are the Publications Office, which produces and distributes publications on the EU, the Staff Selection Office which employs staff for EU institutions and other bodies, a staff training centre providing training for EU staff, as well as the IT crisis team dealing with threats to the IT systems of the institutions.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[26] Agencies have been decentralised to the Member States of the European Union to perform certain technical, scientific or administrative tasks.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[19] Supreme Leaders Jean-Claude Juncker, European Commission President Donald Tusk, European Council President Antonio Tajani, European Parliament President Federica Mogherini, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Mario Draghi , the President of the European Central Bank European Union law The law of the European Union is divided into primary legislation, namely treaties and secondary legislation.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[27] Treaties All the activities of the European Union are based on its Treaties.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

They are binding agreements concluded between Member States defining the objectives of the Union, its rules and decision-making procedures for its institutions, and relations between the Union and its Member States.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Treaties are voluntarily and democratically adopted by the Member States of the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[28] The main Treaties of the European Union including the years of entry into force: [28] Treaty of Lisbon (2009) Treaty of Nice (2003) Treaty of Amsterdam (1999) Treaty on European Union, i.e. Maastricht Treaty (1993) Single European Act (1987) Treaty (1967) Treaties of Rome, namely the EEC and Euratom Treaties (1958) Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (1952-2002) Secondary legislation of the European Union includes, inter alia, regulations, directives and decisions.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

They are derived from the principles and objectives laid down in the Treaties.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[27] Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, decision-making has been adopted in accordance with the general legislative procedure known as the ordinary legislative procedure.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Exceptionally, the common foreign and security policy uses an intergovernmental procedure, and in the case of justice and home affairs delegated to the Union, special procedures in which Member States retain considerable competence remain applicable.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[29] Legislation The most important form of decision in the European Union is legislation.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It can be divided into binding instruments, non-binding instruments, as well as other instruments.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[29] The Union's binding instruments are the Regulation, the Directive and the Decision.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[29] The regulation is a compulsory instrument in general application.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It is binding in its entirety and binding on the institutions, the Member States and the persons to whom it is addressed.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Regulation shall apply as such in all Member States from the moment of its entry into force, and its legal effects are binding on the national legislation of all Member States simultaneously and uniformly.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[29] The directive is a compulsory instrument in general application which is, however, more flexible than the Regulation, since States are free to choose the means to fulfil that obligation.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Directive is mainly used to approximate and harmonise the laws of the Member States.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[29] The Decision is a binding instrument in its entirety and cannot be implemented inadequately, selectively or in part.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The decision may be addressed to one or more recipients or issued without a specified recipient.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[29] There are around 70% of Union law legislation (2012), around 26% of decisions and 4% directives.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

By directives, the EU seeks to harmonise the administration of justice in the territory of the Union, while other provisions aim to refine the legal basis and guide its application and interpretation.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[29] Recommendations and opinions are non-binding instruments of Union law.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

They do not have a binding character, but they can be considered to have political impact.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[29] Other instruments of Union law include, inter alia, internal institutional rules and various operational programmes.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Non-legislative decisions include deciding on the Union budget, decisions relating to the common foreign and security policy, deciding on amendments to the Treaties and the open method of coordination.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[29] Competences The European Union is only able to take decisions in those policy areas in which it has jurisdiction.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The competences of the European Union in different policy areas can be divided into four categories, depending on how wide they are.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[30] Areas for which competences have been delegated to the EU in full or almost all: [30] Foreign trade Competition policy Agricultural policy Fisheries policy Competences and decision-making in the euro Areas in which the EU plays a strong role and Member States limited influence: [30] Environmental policy Regional policy Internal market Research and product development Combating cross-border crime Areas where Member States and the EU have a strong role only to play a role: [30] Social policy Foreign policy Defence Taxation Health care Fiscal policy of Member States Sectors where competences reside solely or almost exclusively with Member States: [30] Educational policy Cultural policy Housing Political agendas Union decision-making influences the political agenda of political decision-makers, that is, the set of issues which, at a given time, are of particular interest to decision-makers.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The political agenda determines which issues end up on the table.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In addition to the Union's overall decision-making agenda, each EU institution can also be defined with its own decision-making agenda in relation to its tasks.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

By lobbying, various interest groups seek to influence the end of the Union's decision-making agenda on issues important to themselves.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[31] The legislative process is defined and delineated by three fundamental principles of the administration of justice in the European Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Firstly, the Union can only act in those areas where the Member States have separately ceded powers to it.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Secondly, Union law takes precedence over international law.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Thirdly, all solutions and decisions aim as close as possible to the object of decision-making.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[32] The legislation of the European Union follows what is known as the usual, or ordinary, legislative procedure.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The roles of the various institutions are defined in the Treaties of the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Commission alone has an indivisible right of initiative with regard to Union law.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Parliament must approve the bill before it can come into force.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The bill also needs the approval of the EU Council.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Any of these three institutions can make or introduce amendments to the bill.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[33] The actual consideration of the bill can be divided into four phases.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In the first stage, the commission will issue a bill.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

After a preliminary examination, the proposal will proceed to first reading, first in the European Parliament, then in the Council.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

If the positions of Parliament and the Council differ, the bill will proceed to a second reading in Parliament, which is now based on a 'common position' formulated by the Council.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

If the Council approves all the amendments tabled by Parliament, the proposal shall have legal force.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Otherwise, the bill will proceed to the conciliation stage, that is, the third reading, which will take place in a special reconciliation committee.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The compromise proposal it has made will either be accepted or rejected in a vote by the European Parliament.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[34] Specific decision-making procedures Amendment procedure The Treaties of the European Union may be amended through the normal amending procedure or simplified amending procedure.Under the normal amending procedure, the Government of a Member State, the European Parliament or the Commission shall submit a proposal to the European Council for amendments to the Treaties.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Council will then convene a special convention to prepare a draft for a special intergovernmental conference.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Under it, member governments are holding discussions to find consensus to change the treaties.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

If, due to the narrowness and paucity of the draft amendment, the European Council decides not to convene a convention, it will give the Intergovernmental Conference a mandate to prepare a treaty amendment.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Finally, in both cases, Member States will decide whether to ratify the amendments adopted during the process.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Amendments to the Treaties will enter into force only if the new treaty is ratified by all Member States.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Under the simplified amendment procedure, the Treaties can be amended to a limited extent by means of a much lighter procedure than the normal amendment procedure.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It is used in areas that rely on 'internal policy' of the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In addition, by means of the bridge procedure, the passerelle procedure, the European Council may, by unanimous decision, introduce a majority decision or a normal legislative procedure, provided that the European Parliament supports the decision of the European Council.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In addition, any proposal to introduce the passerelle procedure must be adopted by all national parliaments.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[35] Open method of coordination The open method of coordination is a flexible and light method introduced in 2000, which is used in support of, inter alia, the reform of national economic systems, employment and social policy, education and research policy.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The methodology is based on voluntary cooperation between Member States with the aim of mutual learning.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Initially, the Council will determine the objectives and common indicators will be drawn up.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Participating Member States draw up their own operational programmes and, after the agreed period, their performance will be assessed.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Member States exchange experiences and practices and seek to dispense with poor practices and to increase information on the impact of different practices in different circumstances.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[36] The implementation and control of decisions within the framework of the European Union shall be exercised by the Council and the Commission.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The majority of decisions taken by the Union are taken by the Member States.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The first stage of implementation is the legal implementation by which the measures required for the actual application of Union legislation are carried out.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Regulations apply immediately after their entry into force, but the implementation of the directives requires a change in national law.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The second stage is practical implementation, i.e. concrete implementation of the decisions taken.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The main responsibility for implementing decisions is usually borne by the officials of the Member States.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The third stage consists in the control of decisions.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Compliance with the obligations of a Member State shall be monitored by the Commission, which may, if necessary, bring proceedings against a particular Member State.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The enforcement of Union legislation is also carried out by national courts.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[37] Funding and Budget The size of the current annual EU budget is approximately one per cent of the EU countries' combined GDP and is financed from so-called EU own resources.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In 2014, the budget of the European Union was around €135.5 billion.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[38] The budget shall not exceed 1,24% of the combined gross national income of all Member States.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[39] In practice, the budget has remained below this ceiling and was, for example, very close to 1% of gross national income (GNI) through the 2000s.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The funds come mainly from customs duties, VAT and Member States' levies.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[39] The annual budget is decided by the Council and Parliament on the basis of a proposal from the Commission.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Commission shall draw up a preliminary draft budget, which will be considered by the European Parliament and the Council and seek to reach agreement on it.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Finally, the House votes to pass the budget.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[40] Parliament is also empowered to reject a budget if it considers that its priorities have not been met.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In this case, the Commission must draw up a new draft.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[41] The budget for each year falls within the seven-year budget period referred to as the 'financial perspective'.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Commission, the European Parliament and the Council commit themselves to a joint agreement aimed at guaranteeing budgetary discipline, establishing a long-term plan and improving cooperation in the framework of the budgetary procedure.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

This agreement also includes a multiannual financial framework which sets out annual ceilings for each budget heading.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Parliament and the European Court of Auditors shall monitor that the budget is managed efficiently.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Every year, the EU institutions must demonstrate to Parliament that they are spending the funds allocated to them appropriately.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[42] For the period 2014-2020, EU expenditure is as follows: [38] Sustainable growth and employment 47% Protection and management of natural resources 38.9% EU as a global player 6,1% citizenship, freedom, security and justice 1,6% other expenditure (incl. administration) 6.4%.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Internal Market The internal market of the European Union comprises the removal of barriers to trade between the Member States of the Union in order to improve trade activity.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Restrictions on trade and free competition between Member States have been gradually lifted, but the internal market does not yet represent a single economic area.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Some sectors of the economy, mainly public services, have been left under national law and individual EU countries continue to have primary responsibility for their own taxation and social welfare.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[43] Economic and Monetary Union — euro Most countries in the European Union use the euro as a common currency.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It was introduced for non-cash transactions in 1999 and for all payments in 2002, when euro banknotes and coins were also issued.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Of the 15 then member countries, all but Denmark, the United Kingdom and Sweden have taken the euro.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Later in 2007 Slovenia adopted the euro, 2008 Malta and Cyprus, 2009 Slovakia, 2011 Estonia, 2014 Latvia and in 2015 Lithuania.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Other new Member States are preparing to adopt the euro as they meet the required criteria.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Central Bank monitors monetary stability and Member States are committed to promoting growth and economic convergence [44].


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The introduction of euro banknotes and coins also had a significant psychological impact.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

More than two-thirds of EU citizens manage their personal finances denominated in euros.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The common currency allows consumers to compare prices in different countries directly.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[45] Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was created in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty, which contained a binding implementation plan for economic and monetary union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[46] The economic crisis in the euro area forced EMU out of the Maastricht Treaty world, where the member countries had strong economic sovereignty and had almost no solidarity with each other's public finances.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Many have seen this as a development towards a federal government.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The three models for the future of the study published by Etla and the Foreign Policy Institute in 2014 are the Federal EMU, the Fiscal Union-EMU and the Banking Union EMU, which is now born.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

A possible federation was seen as troublesome for Finland, in the view of the study authors, if the important Sweden and Britain were to be excluded, for example, by some form of associate membership.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[47] Freedom, security and the right to open the internal borders of the EU has been an obvious advantage for ordinary people when they can travel without border controls.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Admittedly, the EU's external border controls have been tightened in order to combat trafficking in human beings, drug smuggling, organised crime, illegal immigration and terrorism.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[48] The Treaty establishing the European Community did not envisage the integration of European countries in matters of justice or home affairs.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

However, free movement also made it important to guarantee the same protection and legal protection for everyone anywhere in the EU.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The original Treaties were gradually amended over the years by the Single European Act, the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) and the Treaty of Amsterdam.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[48] Free movement in the Schengen area In 1985, the governments of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Germany signed an agreement in Schengen that facilitated travel between the two countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The countries agreed to end all person checks at their common borders, harmonise non-EU controls at borders and introduce a common visa policy.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[48] Thus a zone known as the Schengen zone was created, with no internal borders.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Schengen complex has since become part of the EU Treaty and the Schengen area has expanded.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Today, the agreement includes 26 countries: European Union countries, excluding Britain and Ireland, plus Norway, Iceland and Switzerland.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Asylum and Migration Governments in EU countries have agreed that asylum applications will be processed according to mutually agreed principles.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In 1999, the objective was to have a common asylum procedure in the Union and to have a valid and uniform status throughout the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Refugee Fund was also established


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

However, a true common EU asylum and migration policy has not materialised.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[49] France and Germany have told Poland and Hungary that they must accept migrants or leave the European Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[50] To combat international crime and terrorism, the EU has set up the Schengen Information System (SIS).


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It allows authorities to exchange information about individuals for whom an arrest warrant or extradition request has been issued or stolen property such as vehicles or art objects.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[51] Another milestone has been the establishment of Europol.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It is an EU body of police and customs authorities based in The Hague that deals with the full spectrum of international crime.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[52] Towards the European area of justice, different legal systems exist in the different Member States of the European Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

However, the Eurojust unit has been set up in The Hague in 2003 to assist the investigative and prosecutorial authorities of different countries to cooperate.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Arrest Warrant, which has been in force since January 2004, replaces lengthy extradition procedures.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[52] In the field of civil law, efforts have been made to facilitate the enforcement of court decisions in cross-border divorce, legal separation, custody and alimony cases.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

This allows judgments in one country to be applied in other EU countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Common procedures also simplify and accelerate the mediation of civil claims that cross state borders but are minor and unchallenged, such as debt or bankruptcy cases.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[52] Foreign policy Objectives for the European Union's foreign policy include the EU's common foreign and security policy, the common security and defence policy and other international actions of the EU.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[53] The objectives of the European Union's foreign policy are defined in the EU Treaties.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) are based on the Maastricht (1992), Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) treaties.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[54] EU Member States have the opportunity to define the Union's foreign policy guidelines and the limits of action.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[55] EU foreign policy decision-making takes place as an intergovernmental process and decisions are taken by the Council or the European Council.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[56] The overall objective of the European Union's foreign policy is to promote and safeguard the interests and values of the EU.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

So-called European values form the basis of the EU's foreign policy agenda.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In addition to promoting peace and stability, the foreign policy objectives enshrined in the Treaties of the Union include promoting global sustainable development, the fight against poverty and the defence and promotion of human rights in accordance with the UN Declaration of Human Rights.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

As defined by the Treaty of Lisbon, the Union's international action must be based on the values that have served as a basis for European integration.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In its international activities, the Union must also commit itself to democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, equality and solidarity.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In addition, the Union must endeavour, for example, to promote environmental protection and disaster response, peacekeeping, conflict prevention and strengthening international security.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

One objective of the agreement is also to form a zone of prosperity and good neighbourly relations around the Union, through which stability is enhanced in the immediate vicinity of the EU.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[57] Along with the treaties establishing general guidelines, a key document defining the practical objectives of EU foreign policy has been the European Security Strategy of 2003.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The three main objectives outlined by the strategy are to combat threats, strengthening security in the EU's neighbouring regions and strengthening multilateralism, which contributes to the strengthening of a multipolar world order in which the United Nations would play the most important role.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[58] In 2016, the European Union published a Global Strategy on Foreign and Security Policy, which sets out the Union's common vision and action plan for EU action in the world.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Its five objectives are the security of the Union, crisis resilience of states and societies in the EU's eastern and southern neighbourhoods, an integrated approach to conflicts, cooperative regional systems and global management in the 21st century.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[59] Instruments To achieve its foreign policy objectives, the European Union uses four main instruments.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Diplomatic instruments include declarations and official contacts.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Legal instruments include international law treaties, often “partnership and cooperation agreements” as with Russia and the CIS countries, or “convergence agreements” such as Mediterranean non-EU countries, European countries seeking EU membership, and Africa, Caribbean and Pacific with countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Incentive schemes include a system of generalised tariff preferences, full EU membership and various positive and negative sanctions.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Military and civilian crisis management tools include various military operations as well as support for post-conflict state-building.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[60] The strengthening of the EU's warring dimension in the 21st century has prompted debate on the relationship between the military alliance NATO and the EU.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[61] The United States accepts that the European Union may use some NATO assets, such as intelligence, communications network, command equipment and transport capacity, in operations in which the United States has no involvement.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[54] Data collection on terrorism and the fight against it has extended the concept of traditional defence cooperation.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[62] Trade policy The European Union has a common commercial policy.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Union accounts for around 20% of world imports and exports.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

An integral part of the EU's trade policy is the WTO.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In international trade negotiations, the Union's member states are represented by the European Commission, which also addresses the EU's speeches at the WTO.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Commission will work closely with the Member States and the European Parliament.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Final decisions will be taken by the European Council.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Negotiating mandates and international agreements and various trade policy actions shall be decided by the Council of the European Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[63] The EU's trade policy is linked to its development aid policy.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[64] Most developing countries' exports to the EU are tariff-free or have reduced tariffs.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Preferential treatment aims to promote economic growth in poor countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[65] Development Cooperation as development partners of the European Union consists of approximately 160 countries, regions and organisations from around the world.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The EU and its member countries spent a total of about €58 billion on development cooperation in 2014, more than half of all public development aid in the world.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Both the European Union and each Member State have its own development cooperation and policies.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Member States agree among themselves on common practices and principles to guide the implementation of development cooperation between the Member States.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Union's development cooperation is financed through the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI) and the European Development Fund (EDF) outside the EU budget.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[63] Security Member States of the European Union have so-called security guarantees, i.e. a mutual obligation to assist each other militarily if necessary.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Union also works closely with NATO and has the opportunity to rely on NATO command and command systems in crisis management.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[63] Crisis management The European Union has been involved in a number of crisis management tasks around the world.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Participation in crisis management operations is voluntary for Member States.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In 2004, the Union agreed to form a rapid reaction combat force.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[63] The corps consists of troop divisions of the national armed forces and do not constitute a special “euro army”.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

There is an effort to cooperate in the manufacture of weapons and the development of weapons systems to be compatible.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The Thessaloniki European Council decided in 2003 to establish a European Defence Agency.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[66] The European Union has also had a number of civilian crisis management operations in crisis areas and in areas where the structures of the judicial system need support and training.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[63] Relations with the rest of the world, the European Union has established association, cooperation and trade agreements with a number of partners to strengthen relations with third countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The EU also holds regular peak and ministerial meetings.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[63] Relations between the EU and the Mediterranean countries to improve cooperation between the EU and the Mediterranean countries was established in 2008.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[67] The Eastern Partnership European Union agreed at the 2009 Summit in Prague to strengthen its policies and strengthen relations with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The cooperation and development objectives of this so-called Eastern Partnership focus specifically on four themes: [68] democracy, good governance and stability, economic integration and stability, energy security and people-to-people connections.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The purpose of the programme is to bring countries socially and economically closer to the European Union and encourage their own reform processes.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[69] Africa policy When the Treaty of Rome was concluded in 1957, the overseas territories and countries of the Member States also became associated countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Colonial rule unraveled in the 1960s, when the relationship transformed into intercourse between independent states.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In June 2000, the Cotonou Agreement was concluded in the capital of Benin between the European Union and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It is the most ambitious trade and support agreement so far between developing and industrialized countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It also introduced procedures to deal with human rights violations.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[70] The population of the European Union population in 2017 was about 511 million.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[72] The EU population is growing both naturally and as a result of net migration.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

At the same time, the population of the Union


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[73] The European Union has 24 official languages: Bulgarian, English, Spanish, Dutch, Irish, Italian, Greek, Croatian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Portuguese, Polish, French, Romanian, Swedish, Slovak, Slovenian, Finnish, Danish, Czech, Hungarian and Estonian.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

All EU regulations and other legislation are published in all these languages except Irish, and EU citizens have the right to communicate with the institutions of the Union in any official language.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

More than 60 native regional and minority languages, such as Sámi, are spoken in EU countries, with around 40 million speakers.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The EU has a multilingualism policy aimed at supporting European linguistic diversity and promoting language learning.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[74] The European Union's standard of living, as measured by purchasing power adjusted gross domestic product, is highest in Western European countries and the Nordic countries, and the lowest in Eastern European countries.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[73] The EU has set up Structural Funds in order to develop poorer regions and to smooth out disparities.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[75] Energy, Environment and Transport, the EU aims to increase the share of renewable energy sources in energy consumption to 20% and to improve energy efficiency by 20% by 2020.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[76] The EU has set a target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels by 20% by 2020 and 40% by 2030.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[76] The EU already managed to meet its 2020 target in 2016.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[77] The Member States of the European Union depend on energy imports, as imports, for example, comprised 52,3% of energy consumed in 2005.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta depend almost entirely on energy imports, but Denmark is a net energy exporter and Poland and Britain's dependence on imports is minimal.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[78] Three-quarters of EU freight is carried by road, with more than three in four passengers moving along roads.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The EU is encouraging people to use public transport and transport companies to move freight onto trains, ships and barges to ease congestion on the roads and save the environment.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[79] Arts and Culture The European Parliament and the Commission created the European Capital of Culture programme, which annually chooses a European city as the Capital of Culture.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[80] Other cultural projects in the EU have included the seven-year cultural programmes Culture 2000 (2000-2006) [81] and Culture 2007 (2007-2013) [82] and the European Culture Month, [80] various media programmes such as Media I (1991—1995), Media II (1996-2000), Media Plus (2001-2006) [83] and the 2007-2013 media programme [84] and the European Youth Orchestra [85].


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The European Union Prize for Literature was presented for the first time in 2009.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The award is part of the Creative Europe Programme, which aims to support the book publishing industry in Europe.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[86] Citizens' rights European citizenship are enshrined in the Treaty.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

According to it, “a citizen of the Union shall be anyone holding the nationality of a Member State.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Citizenship of the Union complements but does not replace that of a Member State. ' Under the Maastricht Treaty, citizens of the European Union have the right to travel, work and live anywhere in the territory of the Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Everyone, regardless of nationality, has the right to vote and stand as a candidate in municipal and European elections in the EU country of residence.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[87] The 1999 Amsterdam Treaty strengthened the concept of fundamental rights.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It says action can be taken against an EU country if it fails to respect the fundamental rights of EU citizens.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The agreement extended the principle of non-discrimination to include gender, race, religion, age and sexual orientation in addition to citizenship.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[87] The post of European Justice has been established to bring the EU closer to citizens.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Furthermore, citizens of the Union have the right to petition the European Parliament.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[88] Union emblems The symbols of the European Union include the flag of Europe, whose 12 stars depict unity and harmony, and the European anthem, derived from Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Europe Day is celebrated on 9 May.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

The motto of the EU is 'Unified in Diversity'.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[89] 19 of the Member States have a common currency, the euro.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[89] Withdrawal from the European Union has become possible with the introduction of Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2010.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[90] Brexit is the process that leads to Britain's resignation from the European Union.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In the referendum on 23 June 2016, a majority (52%) voted in favour of EU secession.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

On March 29, 2017, the British government activated Article 50th of the EU Treaty and thus began the process of resignation.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Britain is due to leave the EU at 23:00 (UTC) on 29 March 2019, when the deadline for negotiating a withdrawal agreement expires unless an extension is agreed.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[91] Attitudes towards the EU Attitudes towards membership of the European Union citizens' opinions on the Union are measured by the annual Eurobarometer survey published by the European Parliament.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

According to a poll published in May 2018, around 60% of EU citizens think their country's membership of the Union is a good thing, and 67% feel that their country benefits from EU membership.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Support for EU membership is highest in Luxembourg.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

In 2018, support for EU membership was at its highest level in 10 years.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

At its lowest, support has been in 2011.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[92] EU-Criticism The professors of EU studies at the University of Sussex Aleks Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart divide Euroscepticism into two parts with hard-liners and soft-liners.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[93] [94] [95] [96] [97] Hardliners oppose the European Union out of principle.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

They want to decouple their own country from EU membership and are aiming for the abolition of the whole EU [96].


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Szcherbiak and Taggart classify the parties of the European Parliament Free and Democratic Europe Group, which has no Finnish members, as belonging to that group.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[98] Critics of the soft-line support EU membership and the existence of the EU, but oppose certain EU politicians and federal developments.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Critics of the soft line include the Nordic Green Left group in parliament, of which the Left Alliance is a member, and the European Conservatives and Reformists group, whose Finnish members include the Perusive Finns.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

[99] [100] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aro, Pekka O.; Kemppainen, Reijo| title = European Community — basic| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs in cooperation with the Economic Information Office| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-47-7150-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Clerc, Louis & Elo, Elimo| title| title = Cause to Institution: History and Structures of the European Union| publisher = Key| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-304-028-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fontaine, Pascal| title = 12 lessons from Europe| location = Luxembourg| publisher = European Commission| year = 2007| id = ISBN 92-79-02867-7}} Kemppinen, Reijo 2002,, ISBN 951-37-3675-X Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Erkkilä, Tero; Tiilikainen, Teija| title = Key to EU concepts | publisher her = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Europe -information| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-724-460-6| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Basic information about Europe and European| location = Luxembourg| publisher = European Commission| year = 2007| id = ISBN 92-79-03612-2}} European Commission, 2004, European Commission, 2005,, ISBN 92-894-9529-4 - Official Annual Report on EU Activities by the European Commission References Literature in Finnish Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aherto, Suvi; Ekholm, Peter| title = Lust for union!


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Kitchen discussions about the European Union| location = Helsinki| publisher = Europeans| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-92-1771-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hägglund, Gustav| title = European Defense| publisher = Thought| year = 2004}} Citation error, replace with {{{ cite book| author = Hämäläinen, Unto| title = Brief History of Westernization | publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| version = Drawings: Terho}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Liikanen, Erkki| title = Brussels Diaries 1990—1994| publisher = Otava| year = 1995}} Citation, error replace with {{cite book| author = Lipponen, Sponge| title = Towards Europe| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2001}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuosma, Tapio| title = Brave New Europe: Constitution of the European Union| location = Espoo| publisher = Livres Belles-Lettres| year = 2005| id = ISBN 952-99178-7-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuusela, Hanna; Bruun, Otto (ed.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

) | title = from Europe nothing new?


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Citizens in search of the European Union| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-495-107-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nieminen, Hannu; Karppinen, Kari; Mörä, Tuomo (ed.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

) | title = Does Europe exist?


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Perspectives on European publicity and democracy| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-952-495-062-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pihkala, Erkki| title = Integrating Europe: Economic History of the European Union| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2008| version = Editorials of the Society of Finnish Literature 1168| id = ISBN 978-951-746-974-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Tapio; Saari, Juho (ed.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

) | title = Future of Europe| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-495-037-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rehn, Olli| title = European selection of Finland is not a cyclical policy| publisher = WSOY| year = 2006}} Citation error , replace with {{cite book| author = Ruonala, Marko| title = EU basic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Europeinforma| year = 2008| version=Europe 192| id = ISBN 978-951-724-639-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esko| title = Emumumunaus| publisher = Into Kustannus Oy| year = 2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stubb, Alexander| title = Margin to Core.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Finland in the European Union 1989—2003| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 2006}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tiilikainen, Teija; Palosaari, Teemu (ed.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

) | title = Theory of Integration | location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-495-042-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Toivanen, Erkki| title = European| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-1- 18930-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Viinamäki, Olli-Pekka| title = European Government and Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-495-012-1}} In English Wallace, William; Wallace, Helen: Policy-making in the Union of Europe ( various editions since the 1970s) Wallace, William: The Dynamics of European Integration (1990) Wallace, William: The Transformation of Western Europe (1990) Rehn, Olli: Europe's Next Frontiers (2006) Nieminen, Ari: Towards a European Society?


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Integration and Regulation of Capitalism.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Department of Sociology, Research Reports No.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

It's 245.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Helsinki University Printing House, Helsinki 2005.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Aho, Esko: Creating an Innovative Europe (2006) Grabbe, Heather: The EU's Transformative Power.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Europeanization through Conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe (2006) Grant, Charles: Europe's blurred boundaries: rethinking enlargement and neighbourhood policy (2006) Leonard, Mark: Why Europe wull run the 21st Century (2005) In French Schuman, Robert: Pour L'Europe (2005; first edition of 1963) On the topic of other EU information in Finnish and Swedish — EU-related news Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many customs union are there?

European Union

— EU law collection * Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates Category:United Nations observer members Category:Key articles on screening


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The Solar System is a system formed by the Sun and all bodies orbiting the Sun, such as planets, moons, meteoroids, comets, and minor planets such as asteroids and trans-Neptunic objects.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Circular minor planets are called dwarf planets.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

[1] [2] [3] The planets of the Solar System are away from the Sun including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Pluto, formerly part of the planets, was classified as a dwarf planet and a plutoid towards the end of the 2000 decade.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Pluto's fate is not unique because the asteroids Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta were also the first discovered asteroids to be counted among the planets in the early 19th century.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The age of the solar system has been estimated at about 4.6 billion years.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Other stars have also been observed to have their own planetary communities formed by exoplanets.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

[1] [2] [4] [5] The size and location of the Solar System lies within the Sun's area of influence, the heliosphere.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The heliosphere extends to a distance of about 150—200 AU from the Sun, according to estimates.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The distance of Neptune's posterior Kuiper Belt from the Sun is about 30—55 AU.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The Oort cloud distance is estimated to be around 5000—100000AU.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

[6] [7] The proportions of the Solar System can be illustrated by depicting the Sun with a 10-centimetre diameter orange.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

In this case, Earth would be comparable to the head of a pinhead orbiting an orange at a distance of 11 metres.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Located in the Kuiper Belt, the dwarf planet Pluto would orbit the Orange-Sun at an average distance of more than 400 meters, and on an elliptical track from the zone region, the central distance of the orbital distance from the dwarf planet Eriksen would be more than 700 meters from the orange.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

[8] [9] On a very oval track, the central distance of the distant object, Sedna, would be almost 6km on this scale, [10] and the orbits of the objects in the Oort cloud would be up to 55—1100km from the orange.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

[7] The solar system's area of influence is not a symmetrical sphere, but an asymmetric “chicken egg” that is slightly flattened from one edge.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The theory suggests that the cause of the shape might be the collision of the solar wind with interstellar matter.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

[11] [12] Location in the Milky Way The solar system is located approximately 25,000 to 28000 light years from the center of our home galaxy, the Milky Way, between the helical branches of the galaxy.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The solar system orbits the center of the Milky Way at a pace of 220 kilometres per second, with one galactic round lasting 226 million years.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The orbit around the centre of the Milky Way is exceptional, being almost circular in shape and located at such a distance that the solar system's track velocity matches that of the density wave forming the helical branches of the Milky Way.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Thus, the Solar System has remained beyond spiral branches for up to several billion years, avoiding radiation from supernovae, which occurs more frequently in denser helical branches and thus prevents non-small-scale life from emerging on planets.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Properties and structure for estimating the distances of planets have been developed by the Titius—Bode law.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

In reality, not all planets follow the distances given by the formula quite precisely.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The Solar System targets the Sun, a star of the G2 spectral class containing 99.86% of the mass of the entire solar system with eight planets that are away from the Sun including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

planets orbiting moons planet-orbiting dust and other small material from which the rings of gas planets form asteroids, which are mainly smaller bodies of actual planets orbiting in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

They consist mostly of stone and metal.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The largest of the zone's tracks Ceres is read as a dwarf planet.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

It is to date the only asteroid classified as a dwarf planet.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

After Ceres, the largest asteroids are Vesta, Pallas and Hygiea.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

asteroid moons, which are smaller bodies orbiting asteroids, some asteroids have two moons.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

meteoroids, which are bodies less than ten metres in size and are dropped to the ground as meteorites and seen as shooting stars, i.e. meteors, comets are primarily composed of ice and orbit the Sun in often very elliptical tracks interplanetary dust that appears as zodiac light Objects back to Neptune are, like asteroids, minor planets, but they are not always counted as asteroids.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

They are more similar in composition to icy comets.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Similar to asteroids, trans-neptunic objects also have moons of their own.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The Kuiper Belt is the region behind Neptune in which a lot of trans-Neptunic targets are orbiting.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The three largest sites in the zone: Pluto, Haumea and Makemake are read as dwarf planets.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The objects of the fragmented reel circle on eccentric and inclined tracks that take them from the Kuiper Belt distance even much farther.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The largest of these bodies is Eris, classified as a dwarf planet.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Some trans-Neptunic objects such as Sedna and orbit the Sun in oval tracks entirely outside the Kuiper Belt.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The Oort cloud is a region thought to surround the Sun at a distance of 5000—100000 AU.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

So far (situation 2015), the most distant object observed is V774104, a 500-1000 km diameter body 15 billion km from the Sun.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Its orbit is not clear so far.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

[13] Hypothetical objects The birth of the Solar System The solar system arose approximately 4.6 billion years ago by condensation of interstellar matter, gas and dust.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Under the influence of gravity, interstellar matter began to slowly pile up and spin around its center while heating up.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The heating was caused by friction caused by the falling motion, rotation and vorticity of the gas.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The cloud exceeded critical mass, allowing the central search force of the rotation and the thermal motion of the gas to stop the shrinkage.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Due to the central search force caused by rotation, the early Solar System was flattened into a protoplanetary disc.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

In the direction of the axis of rotation, the initial spherical cloud quickly sank into the heap, but the centrifugal force caused by the rotation braked the shrinkage in the equatorial direction.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Most of the matter in the original gas cloud condensed in the center.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The centre of the cloud was intensely heated by friction caused by the falling motion of the gas compartments and, when the critical temperature and density exceeded, a nuclear reaction was triggered there, resulting in the Sun.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The solar wind generated from solar activity blew away dust and gas, especially in the direction of the poles.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Gas continued to fall into the wafer surrounding the sun.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The gas spinner was hotter near the born sun than farther away, where water and very far away even methane appeared solid.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

In the dust disk, the particles bonded into increasingly bulky pieces, the largest of which eventually reached planetary proportions.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Pile up was possible then if the tracks did not collide at high speed with respect to each other.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Collisions at high speeds, in turn, chopped up tracks and created dust, which, among other things, crashed into larger bodies.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Planetesials about 1—10 km in size were created, which grew larger and larger as time went on.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

According to the counts, in about a million years, bodies more than 100 miles in diameter emerged, growing into about 60 oligarchs, a large planet with bodies smaller than the Sun orbiting between them.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

In the late stages of the birth of the solar system, oligarchs ran into each other.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The trajectories of oligarchs far apart changed over a long period of time towards collisions because planets well away from each other could interfere with each other's tracks.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Some of the oligarchs were singled out far from the Sun in mutual near-bypasses: the smaller skipper gained momentum from the attraction of the passing piece.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The planets closest to the sun were unable to keep much gas around them, as temperatures were too high to do so.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

In the colder region, the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, formed further afield, were left covered by a gas ring that grew so thick over time that the lowest deposits liquefied.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

Away from the Sun, tracks may also have emerged from ice, such as many moons of gas planets, comets and the Kuiper Belt bodies.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

According to contemporary theories, the resulting planets roamed somewhat in the gas- dust and planetesimal paint wafer that surrounded the early sun.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

This was due to the attraction of gas and dust.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

For example, a large planet induced spiral branches in the gas wafer, which, together with the tidal forces of the planets, caused subtle track changes.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The trajectories of the giant planets changed as thousands of planetary paints passed near them.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

In addition, in the early stages of the solar system, the mutual gravitational forces of large, relatively close to each other planets caused changes in trajectories in the long run.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The birth theory fits a set of observations: planets orbit the Sun in one plane and all in the same direction; also most moons orbit their parent bodies in the same direction; likewise, the direction of rotation of the Sun and almost all planets and moons is the same; The lax structure of asteroids might suggest accumulation of many pieces; The cratering of the Moon and the emergence of the oceans indicates large collisions during the final phase of accumulation; Also, the Moon itself is thought to have arisen after Theia, a protoplanet the size of Mars, collided with the Early Earth; Computer calculations support this claim: according to them, the birth of the Moon in other ways would be a comparatively unlikely event.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

See also Future of the Solar System Comet Zodiac Light Pajamäki Solar System Model Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hotakainen, Markus| title = Guide to the Solar System | location = Helsinki| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-593-257-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Oja, Heikki| title = Sibelius to Underworld.


Question: How old is our solar system?

Solar system

The fascinating nomenclature of our solar system| location = Helsing| publisher = Ursa| year = 2003| isbn = 952-5329-25-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Oja, Heikki| title = Solar System new| location = Helsing| publisher = Ursa| year = 2008| isbn = 978-952-529329| -72-8}} On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

Berlin (, [bˈˈliːn],) is the capital of Germany and one of the states of Germany.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

With around 3.4 million inhabitants, it is also Germany's largest and the second largest city in the European Union after London.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

[1] Unlike some other urban areas (for example, Greater Paris with a population of about 12 million), in Berlin, the official city boundaries and the actual boundaries of an urban-built area correspond quite well to each other.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

However, the more loosely defined Berlin metropolitan area continues far into the environment and is home to around 4.4 to 5.9 million people depending on the definition of the region.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

[2] [3] According to Eurostat, the metropolitan area has a population of around five million (2012).


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

[4] With its internationally renowned cultural institutions, universities and events, Berlin is one of the most important scientific and cultural centres in Europe.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

As the capital of the EU's most populous member country, it is also an influential political centre and an important transport hub.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

In addition, the city is known for its vibrant nightlife and international and free-spirited atmosphere, which attracts especially young migrants.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

Despite its capital status, Berlin is not Germany's most important city in all respects: for example, the country's financial and air transport hub is Frankfurt am Main, the most prosperous city is the port city Hamburg, and the most significant technology hub is Munich.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

Established in the early 13th century, Berlin was elevated to the capital of Prussia in 1701 and the reunified German Empire in 1871.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

After World War II, the city was divided into occupation sectors, of which, under the control of the United States, Britain, and France, were formed West Berlin and Soviet-controlled East Berlin.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

The Federal Republic of Germany had designated Bonn only as its provisional capital with the aim of the same as the declaration of the German Democratic Republic, meaning both would have had the same city, all of Berlin, but its supreme decision-making power still remained with the four occupying powers.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

They gave up their rights in 1990 when Germany reunified and Berlin once again became the capital of Germany and one of Europe's busiest developing metropolises.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

Geography Berlin is located in eastern Germany about 70km from the Polish border.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

The town is entirely surrounded by the state of Brandenburg and thus forms an enclave.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

The maximum length of the region in the east—west direction is 45km and 38km in the north-south direction.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

[5] The area is shaped by the Ice Age, and with its abundant forests and lakes it resembles Finnish conditions to some extent.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

Of the area is water 6.7%, forest 18.3%, recreational areas 11.9% and agricultural use 4.2%.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

[5] The town is born on the side of the River Spree, which, after splitting the centre, connects to Havel in the western part of the city.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

The latter river is in the Berlin region rather a series of lakes, the largest of which is the Wannsee.


Question: When did Berlin become the capital of Germany?

Berlin

The terrain is quite flat; the highest peaks are the Großer Müggelberg (115.4m) as well as the Teufelsberg (120.1m) piled from World War II rubble.