Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Diesel oil has a slightly higher thermal content than that of petrol and, on the other hand, oil is more fire safer as a slower vaporisation.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The economy of a diesel engine is enhanced by the fact that diesel is obtained from oil refining more easily than gasoline.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

[4] Light fuel oil stands out in crude oil distillation, but gasoline must still be used in the standardising column to separate LPG.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In addition, the octane number of gasoline may need to be improved.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

[12] Rudolf Diesel first tried to make an engine powered by coal dust, but after a series of failures he concentrated on a well-functioning oil-fuelled engine.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

[13] The diesel engine was designed to run on oils similar to canola oil, among them peanut oil [1], and was initially known as the “oil engine”.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Initially, diesel engines were mainly powered by vegetable fats.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Poor quality fuel can cause problems with lubrication of fuel equipment and corrode metal and rubber parts of the engine.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Diesel Combustion Alloy Formation Fuel is injected into the cylinder through small holes in the injection nozzle at high pressure.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The diameter of the holes depends on the structure, age and size of the engine.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Usually the holes are up to about 0.5 mm in diameter.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Also a significant factor is the ratio of hole diameter to length, which is usually around 0.25.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The injection pressure is usually 20... 200 MPa (200... 2000 bar).


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The fuel penetrates the combustion chamber at high speed, which is usually hundreds of meters per second.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The fuel is subjected to high aerodynamic forces that cause the fuel jet to break down into small droplets.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The size of droplets can be described by, for example, the Sauter's mean diameter, which is basically the weighted average over the surface area of the volume of droplets.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Normally, the central diameter of the Sauter is of the order of 30 µm.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The temperature of the fuel contained in the droplets increases rapidly due to the high temperature of the air in the combustion chamber.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Fuel vapor evaporating from the surface of the droplets mixes with the air.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In the outermost part of the fuel jet, mixing is fastest because the fuel is in contact with hot air.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Ignition Fuel from the periphery areas of the fuel jet is the first to vaporize.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

However, the fuel vapor does not ignite immediately.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The ignition delay is due, among other things, to the finite rate of chemical reactions.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The ignition eventually occurs suddenly, resulting in a rapid increase in pressure, which is part of the sharp running sound (knocking) of the diesel engine.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The rapid initial stage of combustion is called premix combustion.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Combustion phase driven by mixing After premix combustion, the rate of combustion is limited by the rate of mixing of fuel vapor and air.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Naturally, fuel vapor cannot ignite unless it mixes with air and forms a flammable mixture.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The mixing speed is increased by factors such as air vorticity, the number of holes in the nozzles, engine running speed and injection pressure and jet speed.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Traditionally, small fast-running diesel engines for manufacturing technical reasons have used so-called “kill nozzles” with only one hole.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In addition, in fast-running engines, there is little time for combustion.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In this case, it has been mandatory to use a pre or vortex chamber into which the fuel is injected and connected through a small channel to the main combustion chamber.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The disadvantage was massive heat losses and loads.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Today it is possible to produce punch nozzles that enable direct injection technology at a lower cost, so vortex and pre-chamber engines are going down in history.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Local air coefficient and soot formation The outermost part of the fuel jet is first ignited and burns with a relatively purely white flame.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

However, the innermost part does not receive enough air, and the local air coefficient is small.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The innermost part of the jet burns with a brown flame and forms a large amount of soot.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

However, because the total air coefficient is large, the formed soot mostly burns as it mixes with unburned air as a result of air vorticity.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

However, some of the soot remains unburned, which is why the diesel engine produces significant particulate emissions.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Nowadays, in co-pressure supply, fuel is dispensed very precisely by solenoid valves.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Thus, the combustion is smooth and the walk is soft.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Emissions Diesel engine exhaust usually contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, soot and hydrocarbons.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The composition of the exhaust gas depends, among other things, on fuel, load, engine condition and age.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Nitrogen oxides, which cause factors such as acidification and respiratory symptoms, and soot, which contains carcinogens known as carcinogens, are usually considered the most harmful emissions.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Generalizing, petroleum fuels produce more harmful emissions than biofuels.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Emissions can be reduced, for example, by careful fire event management and exhaust after-treatment devices such as particulate trap, oxidation catalyst and urea injection.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

A popular method of reducing nitrogen oxides is exhaust recirculation, where some of the exhaust gases are piped into the intake duct.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Some 72,000 people died prematurely in 2012 due to emissions that come mainly from diesel cars, according to a report by the European Parliament.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

[14] Supercharging Diesel engine is well suited for turbocharging.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Today, a large proportion of diesel engines are turbocharged, because in this way it is easy to increase efficiency and engine power.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Unsupercharged motors are usually small high-speed engines whose application target is more important than power and efficiency.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Applications High-speed diesel engines (over 1000 rpm) are commonly used to power machinery, locomotives, vehicles and boats.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

There are also fast running aviation engines.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Medium fast engines (200—1000 rpm) are used in ships and locomotives, for example.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Slow-running engines (less than 200 rpm) are used in ships and power plants.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Diesel Power Plant A special diesel engine application is in power generation, which is due to the long age of large and slow-running two-stroke machines, an affordable purchase price and a diverse range of fuels.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The most common fuel is natural gas, the rarer coal dust obtained by grinding coal into dust, and is fed into the engine as a mixture with preheated air.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Diesel power plants produce surplus heat in addition to electricity, which is commonly utilized for district heating and for preheating fuel and intake air.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Diesel engine exhaust gases can be used to heat a steam boiler, which still uses a steam engine or steam turbine.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

At best, diesel plants have efficiencies of up to 60 per cent and compete with conventional coal-fired power plants.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Ship use Diesel engines are almost invariably used to power ships, as they convert fuel into work most efficiently and economically.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Gas and steam turbines are used only in special cases such as warships and fast-moving passenger ships.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Diesel-electric transmission has long been used in special ships such as icebreakers.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

This mode of use has also become common in cruise ships and ships for which rapid and versatile power regulation is important (short-haul ferries, research and dredging vessels, etc.)


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The advantage of a diesel-electric transmission is that the engine can run at optimum RPM all the time, while dispensing with separate electricity-generating auxiliary machinery (with the possible exception of an emergency generator).


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In addition, particularly in cruise ship use, the reduction in noise and vibration is a significant criterion for selection.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Rail traffic Electric drive has largely supplanted the diesel engine in rail service, but on unelectrified lines diesel locomotives are still used.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In long-distance countries such as the United States, diesel locomotives are more economical to operate than electrifying lines.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Advantages of diesel locomotives include simple fuel maintenance, suitability for all types of work, good efficiency and long fleet life cycle.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Finland is still running (2016) buses with the Dv 12 fleet, introduced in 1963.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Most diesel locomotives intended for bus driving are diesel-electric traction: in them, the diesel engine spins a generator that supplies power to the electric motors in the driving machinery.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In this case, the diesel engine always operates at an optical turn, and a separate mechanical gearbox is not required.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The disadvantages of diesel locomotives include complex construction and relative high cost.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Compared to an electric locomotive of comparable size, diesel locomotive tends to have significantly lower power output.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Locomotive diesel engines are usually both efficient in size and, on the other hand, as durable as possible.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The engines are typically highly turbocharged and four-stroke aircraft equipped with supercharge-air coolers.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

A notable exception to this is GM, which has been successfully producing two-stroke locomotive diesel engines since 1939 which have been used in various parts of the world.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

There has been a significant diesel fleet in Finland since 1952, when the first heavy-duty motor cars and motor locomotives were introduced into service.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Around the same time, the manufacture and use of well-known local transport motor carriages, known as puddle hats, began.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The line service, dominated by steam locomotives, passed to diesel locomotives around 1960—1973.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Subsequently, the main Finnish lines have been electrified, and electric locomotives have become dominant on the main lines.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The vehicle drive MAN company brought the first truck with a diesel engine for sale in Germany in 1924.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In passenger cars, the diesel engine entered series production in 1936 with the introduction of the Mercedes-Benz 260 D. In smaller-size cars, the diesel breakthrough began in 1975 with the introduction of the VW Golf Diesel on the market.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

[15] Diesel cars have gained popularity in Europe due to low consumption and better torque characteristics.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In Finland and Sweden, the share of diesel-powered cars has remained low because taxation favours gasoline-powered cars.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Diesel cars, as a rule, use diesel oil as fuel.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In Finland, cars are not allowed to use fuels that are less heavily taxed than diesel or petrol, such as light fuel oil.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

For the use of less heavily taxed fuels, a fuel charge [16] of EUR 330-1500 per day for cars and between EUR 100 and 670 per day for other vehicles shall be paid.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The tractor can be used with sanctioned fuel at a cost of €5 per day.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

[17] Fuel oil may be used, for example, in machinery, local engines, generators and heat generation.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Fuel oil may no longer be used in boats [18].


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Motorcycles with a diesel engine are used in e.g.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

India, where distances are long and fuel sales locations sparse.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

A diesel-powered motorcycle is very economical: fuel consumption is of the order of 1 l/100 km, in which case already a 10-liter tank can drive 1000 km.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The performance of a diesel-powered motorcycle is generally modest compared to a petrol-powered one, which is why diesel-powered motorcycles are rare in Europe.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Aviation use The rigidity requirements of a diesel engine have generally resulted in a significantly heavier design than the input engine, leaving the power-to-weight ratio too low for aviation use.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

In recent years, however, diesel engines have begun to be made from light alloy, and weight reduction has been possible.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

The most famous manufacturer of aviation diesel engines is the Thielert Group.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Advantages and disadvantages Advantages good efficiency, even at partial loads overall lower CO2 output than gasoline engine is well suited for turbocharging torsion characteristics compared to intake engines Disadvantages of intake engine compared to diesel engine imposes more stringent requirements for the rigidity of the structures, resulting in higher weight and price fuel equipment is more difficult to manufacture than in the input engine, resulting in higher manufacturing costs cylinder pressure rises faster than in the input engine, resulting in stronger oscillations of nitrogen oxides control is more difficult than in the input engine effective rotation speed range is lower than that of the input engine, which complicates the operation of the vehicle noisier input engine compared to Diesel engine manufacturers AGCO Power (previously Valmet Diesel) Allis-Chalmers American Locomotive Company (ALCO) Anglo Belgian Corporation Caterpillar Cummins Detroit Diesel Deutz Henan International Harvester Kubota Leyland Lister Petter MAN Diesel (formerly Burmeister & Wain, Alsthom, Napier & Son, SEMT Pielstick) Paxman (formerly English Electric and Ruston- Paxman) Perkins Rolls Royce Ruston Volvo Wärtsilä (formerly Sulzer) See also Partially pre-mixed combustion Reactivity controlled compression ignition Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chaline, Eric| title= 50 machines that changed world (50 Machines that Changed the Course of History) | publisher = Quid Publishing, (English version Moreni 2013) | year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-254-160-4| language = English | accessdate = 6.1.2014}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olah, George A.; Goeppert, Alain; Prakash, G.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

K. Surya| title = Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy| location = Weinheim, Germany| publisher = Wiley-vch| year = 2006| isbn = 3-527-31275-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

References On the topic elsewhere Diesel engine manufacturers: Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the ratio of diesel engine cylinder hole diameter to length in general?

Diesel engine

Category:19th century inventions Category:Internal combustion engines Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

Justin Pierre James Trudeau (December 25, 1971, Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian politician, the current Prime Minister of the country and leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[1] Trudeau emerged as Prime Minister of Canada after the Liberals gained a majority in the 2015 general election.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[2] Life and career Trudeau is the eldest son of longtime Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

He attended the International Baccalaureate program elsewhere and studied English and French literature at McGill University in Montreal and pedagogy at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

In politics, Trudeau gradually applied himself to politics after his father's death.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

He was elected to the Parliament of Canada in 2008.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[2] For the leadership of the Liberal Party, Trudeau was elected in April 2013 with over 80% support.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[3] In the October 2015 election, the Liberal Party led by Trudeau gained a majority in the Parliament of Canada.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

As recently as the autumn, the ruling Conservative Party, the Liberals and the New Democratic Party were even-handed in the opinion polls.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[4] In the previous 2011 election, the party had fallen to the third largest party for the first time in its history.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[5] Trudeau has indicated that he wants to increase investment in infrastructure and tighten Canada's climate policy.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

He has also told reporters that he wants to legalize marijuana, as well as increase taxes on the wealthy while lowering taxes on those earning less.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[2] After taking his oath of office, Trudeau was sworn in on November 4, 2015.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

The composition of Trudeau's government attracted attention, as for the first time in Canadian history, half of government ministers were women and those elected as ministers were predominantly young and represented diverse populations.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[6] Trudeau has publicly publicized that she is a feminist.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

The Liberal Party has also declared zero tolerance for sexual harassment.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[7] Harassment noise In the summer of 2018, a blogger published a newspaper clip from 2000 in which Trudeau is reported to have “grabbed a female journalist inappropriately” at a music festival.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

The name of the female journalist has not been released.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

Trudeau was not in politics at the time, but was nevertheless a well-known figure as the son of a former prime minister.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

Trudeau has repeatedly had to defend himself against the allegations and has said he does not test that he acted inappropriately.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[7] Private life Trudeau is married to television presenter Sophie Grégoire.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

They have three children.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[5] By religion, he is Catholic.


Question: When was Justin Trudeau elected prime minister?

Justin Trudeau

[8] Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Canadian politicians Category:Party chairmen Category:Living persons Class:Born in 1971


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The colonial history of South Africa began with the arrival of the first Dutch colonists in the country in 1652.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The period was marked by conflicts between colonists and the native inhabitants of the country on the one hand and the Boers on the other and the British who arrived in the area in the 1790s.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The colonial period ended with the formation of the Union of South Africa, founded in 1910.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

During the colonial period, in addition to the settlements of Kapmaa and Natal, the independent Transvaal and Oranje Free State Boer republics and various protectorates, the most notable of which was the creation of King Shaka, the most notable of which was the creation of King Shaka a Zulu state.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Kapmaa was initially held by the Dutch East Indies Trading Company and settled there, in addition to Dutch colonists, among other French Huguenots.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The British took control of the area permanently in 1806.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Thousands of Boers dissatisfied with British rule left Kapma for the so-called “Great trek” towards the hinterland, leading to the establishment of the independent Boer republics Oranje Free State and Transvaal.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Penetrating deeper inland, the Boers were mired in clashes with the country's indigenous population.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The discovery of huge deposits of diamonds and gold in the interior of South Africa in the second half of the 19th century drove the Boers and the British at odds as both willed natural riches under their control.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Eventually, Britain defeated the independent Boer republics in the Second Boer War and set about pushing for a unified South African federal state.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Early colonial period Reportedly the first Europeans on South African soil were visited by the Portuguese, who in the late 15th century sought a sea road to India.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

During the 16th century, the Portuguese visited the country's coast regularly, and other Europeans followed in the late 16th century.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[1] The Dutch East Indies Trade Company, formed in 1602, promoted Dutch economic interests in Asia and sought to secure a sea route leading there in Africa.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Because of this, Jan van Riebeeck, hired by a merchant company, arrived in Kapma in 1652 with the task of arranging maintenance for ships travelling to Asia.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

After a few years, the first Dutch colonists arrived in the area, who set about farming the land and trading with the trading company.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[2] By 1707, 1779 Dutch, German colonists and French Huguenots had settled in Kapma.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

By the end of the century, the colony grew to 15000 people and its area expanded proportionally even faster.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Many colonizers migrated from the coast to the inland inhabited by the Sans and Khos.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

By 1770, the Dutch settlement had moved some 650 miles from Cape Town.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Inland, the colonists lived as semi-mundic nomads.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

These families who moved inland came to be referred to as trekboers, or wandering farmers, and the designation was soon shortened to boer.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Trekboers skirmished continuously with the surrounding African tribes and between 1785 and 1795, 2000 men and women belonging to the San tribe died in skirmishes.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

A further 700 were subjected to slavery.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[3] In turn, colonists of Dutch origin who remained on the coast in Kapmaa were initiated to be referred to as the Dutch to distinguish themselves from the Trekboers.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

In the mid-18th century, there were more slaves than free citizens in Cape Country, namely European colonists.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The imported Asian slaves were mainly concentrated in cities and worked as craftsmen.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

With them, the faith of Islam also arrived in South Africa.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Slaves of African origin, on the other hand, worked mainly on farms and outside cities.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[1] As the Boers approached the territory of the Xhosa tribe, the resistance they encountered hardened.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Beginning in 1779, a series of frontier wars took place between the Boers and Xhos.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Trekboers were disappointed that the Dutch at Kapmaa did not support them in the war and in 1795 declared the area of Graaff Reinet an independent republic.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

In practice, this led to the eventual detachment of the Boers and the Kapmaan Dutch into two different populations.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Trekboers also took to using the expression Afrikaaners themselves to emphasize the fact that they had been born in Africa.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[3] However, plans for independence fell through in the same year with the arrival of the British in Cape Country.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[4] The Zulu Kingdom in the late 18th century political unrest arose among the northern Ngunis as a result of excessive population growth and commercial competition.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

As the eastern coastal region controlled by the Nguns was limited to the Indian Ocean, the Dragon Mountains, and the European-dominated Kapland, the acquisition of new farmland claimed by the growing population was only possible through internal wars.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Ethnic clashes between the Nguns led to the emergence of a new kind of military and administrative system.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Under the leadership of Shaka Zulu, dubbed the “Black Napoleon”, a new strong Zulu state emerged as the leading force in the region.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[5] The Nguni tribes were initially divided into three main factions, the kingdoms of Mtethwa led by Dingiswaoy, Ngwane led by Sobhuza and Ndwandwe led by Zwide.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

In 1817, Zwide and Dingiswaoy were struggling for control of Zuluma.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

During the war, Shaka rose to be the most important commander of the Dingiswaoy forces.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

He initiated the construction of a new kind of Zulu kingdom mainly through conquests.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Shaka is considered one of Africa's most prominent organisers of military and warfare.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

He replaced the long throwing spears previously used as weapons with short strike spears that could be used in combat repeatedly.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Zulu warriors began to approach the enemy even as quietly and invisible as possible, aiming to surprise it with a sudden scramble.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Using a new war tactic, Shaka soon defeated Zwide's forces.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[6] By the middle of the 1820s, Shaka already controlled a kingdom of over 100,000 people and his army numbered 40000 men.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Shaka concentrated power in the king's court and set about collecting taxes from the tribal chiefs.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

He also stationed units of his army around the kingdom to guarantee the loyalty of the territories.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Shaka also created a new kind of national feeling among the Zulus in emphasising the “Zuluism” of his kingdom.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The entire population of the kingdom was considered to belong to the Zulu tribe and all subjects had to show loyalty directly to the king.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Traditional nguni celebrations were made official festivals of the kingdom.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The new Zulu identity soon replaced the original identities of the tribes and groups under his command.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[7] During the 1820s, Shaka expanded his kingdom in the north as far as the frontier of present-day Mozambique, in the west beyond the Dragon Mountains, and in the south as far as the borders of the later Bantustan of Transkei.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

He also welcomed British merchants into his territory and sent diplomatic legations to the English court.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[7] In 1828, Shaka's half-brother Dingane carried out a successful conspiracy to assassinate Shaka and rose to become king of the Zulus.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Dingane's position on the throne, however, was not entirely stable throughout his reign.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[8] In the Battle of Blood River between the Voortrekkers and the Zulus, the Boers destroyed a large Zulu army under Andries Pretorius.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

After the battle, the Zulu Empire was mired in a domestic political crisis and disintegrated.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Dingane's half-brother Mpande fled south with thousands of followers to become a vassal of the Voortrekkers and beat Dingane's forces with the support of the Boers at the Battle of Magongo in 1840.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Dingane escaped and was murdered a year later in the Lebombo Mountains.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[8] The Zulus defended their living areas against the British right up to the fold of the 1870s and 1880s, but they eventually faced defeat due to the effective firearms of the Europeans.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[9] The Mfecan movement from Shakan conquests took off a large number of the population.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The refugees formed the so-called Mfecan movement (, also known by the Sesothonic name Difaqane and Lifaqane) whose effects were felt in Central and East Africa up to.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The demographic implications of the mfecan movement are unclear.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Based on previous research, it was thought that large swaths of Africa were deserted as a result, but more recent research suggests this view has been exaggerated.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

But its political implications were significant.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The state development of the various Bantu groups accelerated, and several new kingdoms such as Ndebele and Gaza emerged in Africa and the still existing Besotho (present-day Lesotho) and Swazi (present-day Swaziland).


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[6] Mfecane caused widespread suffering in the area.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Thousands of people died in wars and famines and numerous people were forced to flee their homes.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Many refugees drifted to Cape Country as migrant workers to poor conditions.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[7] The mayhem during Mfecane also allowed the Boers to spread further north, starting in the 1830s, laying the groundwork for the myth presented during apartheid about moving the Boers into “empty land”.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[10] Time of British rule In 1795, the British conquered Kapma as a strategic base against the French to control the sea road to the east.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

During the Napoleonic Wars it reverted for a short time to the Dutch, but already in 1806 it was reoccupied by the British.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The mercantilist economic system of the Dutch was reformed and the Kapmaa colony was integrated into the economic system of the British Empire.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[10] With the British, along with Protestant missionaries, evangelical missionaries came to the area, who believed that the indigenous population of the region could be perfectly assimilated into Western Christian culture.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Under the influence of missionary workers in 1828, the coloured population of the colony was guaranteed full civil rights and prohibited discrimination based on law.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The law, which came into effect in 1834, also abolished slavery in the territory after a four-year transitional period.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

However, the status of former slaves did not substantially improve after liberation and people of color continued to be discriminated against because of their social status as well as their race.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[10] In 1843, the British annexed the territory of Natal to secure shipping that had passed through Port Natal (now Durban).


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The large black population of the Natal region did not allow for an assimilating policy similar to Kapmaa and segregated areas of blacks were established inside the colony where they enjoyed self-rule in accordance with their traditional customs.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The cities of Natal were reserved for the white population.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Natal model of governance has been considered a model for later 20th century systems of racial segregation.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Extensive sugar plantations were established in the colony for which cheap labour was imported from India in the 1860s.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Soon Indian merchants and farmers also moved into the area.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[10] The Great Hike Between 1835 and 1843 about 12000 Boers left Kapma Colony for what is known as the Great Hike towards the north.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The reasons for the migration included economic problems, armed conflict between the Xhos and the Boers, and especially dissatisfaction with British rule.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The British, in the view of the Voortrekkers, had not offered them refuge against the Xhos and had furthered equality between African and European colonists, including by prohibiting the slave trade in Cape Country.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Voortrekkers felt that these actions had destroyed their traditional social order based on strict racial segregation.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Moreover, it compromised, in their view, the privileged position of Europeans according to God's will.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Voortrekkers left Kapma in several groups consisting of several hundred people and numerous bull wagons, as well as a large number of cattle.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Groups usually took shape around some particular individual leading figure.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[11] The first group of voortrekkers took off in 1835 under Louis Trichardt and Hans van Rensburg and made their way north to present-day Mpumalanga.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Other groups whose leaders included Andries Pretorius, Gert Maritz and Piet Retief soon followed suit.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

During negotiations with the Zulu king Dingane, the Voortrekkers gained themselves extensive territories of central and southern Natal, but on leaving the negotiations, the Boer negotiators were ambushed by the Zulu and killed.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Retief, who belonged to key Voortrekkerer leaders, was also killed in the ambush.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Zulus attacked the camp of the Boers still camped at the foot of the Dragon Mountains, killing about 500 Voortrekkers and stealing much of their cattle.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[12] Under Andries Pretorius, the Voortrekkers carried out a retaliatory strike.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

On 16 December 1838, the Zulus were perfectly beaten at the Battle of Blood River, where 464 Boers defeated King Dingane's estimated army of 15,000 imps.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The battle took its name from the fact that the blood of fallen Zulus stained the water of the nearby Ncome River red.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[13] After the victory, the Boers established the first short-lived republic in Natal, whose capital became Pietermaritzburg.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

In 1842, the British occupied the present city of Durban and annexed much of Natal.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

As a result, the Boers retreated behind Drakensberg.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[12] Inland, the Voortrekkers were grouped into two Boer republics, the Transvaal and the Oranje Free State.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

States' citizenship was limited only to persons of European background, although the Boers used much labour and slaves of African origin.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

By pressing through force, the Boers established allied relations with some of the African tribes surrounding them while destroying such tribes that perceived as a threat to their own existence.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

However, it was only with the emergence of extractive industries in the late 19th century that the Boer republics emerged as the undisputed dominions of the region and their success in maintaining governance throughout their territory.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[1] Diamond rushing in the 1860s found significant diamond deposits in the South African region, after which tens of thousands of people belonging to all ethnic groups in the country moved to the banks of the Vale River and into the surroundings of the present-day Kimberley Town area.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The mines made Kimberley the first major industrial centre in Africa and the world's largest producer of diamonds.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

For control of the area, a struggle began between Britain and the Boer republics, which ended in 1871 with the British annexation of the region as a colony of Western Griquama.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[14] The strategic importance of the region was substantially enhanced by the fact that Western Griquamaa constituted the only possible pathway for Britain to advance towards the north: in the east, German-controlled South West Africa was blocked, and in the west the region bordered the Oranje Free State and the Transvaal.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Throughout the Kapmaa trade with the interior parts of Africa ran along this corridor.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Cecil Rhodes, who made a huge fortune with diamonds and subsequently left for politics, campaigned actively in the Kapmaa Parliament for the annexation of the territory to Kapma, finally getting his way in 1880.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[15] [14] During the 1880s, diamond mines began to consolize and from them the huge De Beers company emerged, which practically had a monopoly position in the diamond trade.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The company was headed by Cecil Rhodes.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Rhodes exploited his fortune and influence and rose to become Prime Minister of the Colony in Kapma between 1890 and 1896.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[14] At the end of the 19th century, the second wave of European imperialism was lived, during which the great powers of Europe competed to take over the still undivided territories of the world.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The British sought to acquire above all the upper reaches of the Nile as well as a route between Egypt and South Africa.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

This idea, known as the “red line”, was first put forward by Cecil Rhodes.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda were conquered in the 1890s and early years of the 20th century.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

To further British imperialist aspirations, Rhodes also created a new corporation, the British South Africa Company, whose goal was set to capture and control the largest possible territories from southern Africa.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The company's control eventually fell into the territory of present-day Zambia and Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia).


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[14] With the development of extractive industries, South Africa underwent extensive changes.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The rail network connecting the inland coast to ports made it easier to transport goods and made agriculture more efficient.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Cities along the coast are also enjoying an economic upturn with the wealth brought by diamonds.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

At the same time, the black-dominated kingdoms were defeated one by one and annexed into white-dominated territories.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The most notable of these conflicts was the Zulu War of 1879, in which, despite the victory at the Battle of Isandlwana, the Zulu state was defeated and annexed to the colony of Natal in 1897.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The southern Sothas and Swazi states were also subjugated to the British Crown, but retained their status as separate kingdoms.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

From these territories emerged the present states of Swaziland and Lesotho.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[14] First Boer War The British consolidated their power after the Zulu War in most of South Africa's colonial territories.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

They had annexed the Transvaal to their colony by force in 1877.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Boers protested the annexation by rising up in rebellion in December 1880.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[16] At the Battle of Schuinshoogte on 8 February 1881, British troops were barely saved from destruction.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The greatest humiliation for the Britons, however, came on 27 February 1881 at the Battle of Majuba Hill, with several Boer troops taking a storming hill from which the British troops were driven out with severe losses.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[16] The British government led by William Gladstone considered the war forfeit and signed an armistice on 6 March.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The final peace treaty was signed on March 23, 1881.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Boers were granted self-government in the Transvaal under British control.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[16] Gold rush Europeans found the first alluvial gold reserves in Eersteling, present-day Limpopo Province as early as the 1840s—1870s.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

However, the country's first major gold rush did not begin until February 1873, when Alec “Wheelbarrow” Patterson and William Trafford discovered gold at Pilgrim's Creek.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Trafford registered his claim in September and Pilgrim's Rest officially became a goldfield.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

One year later, 1500 gold prospectors worked in the area with 4000 claims and by 1876 a small town had grown to the area.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[17] More historically significant, however, was the discovery of gold in the Transvaal Witwatersrand in 1886.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Unlike earlier deposits, in the Witwatersrand gold was deep in the rock and with its excavation and processing, South Africa began to form a modern industrial state.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[14] After the discovery of gold, thousands of British colonists began to slide across the border from Cape Country to the Transvaal.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The city of Johannesburg emerged from a shack village almost overnight when uitlanders (foreigners) camped near the mines.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The British moved to pressure Paul Kruger's administration to give the English-speaking colonists more rights.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[14] Reading into the willingness of English-speaking colonists to revolt and the support of mining company executives, Cecil Rhodes sponsored a failed coup in 1895, accompanied by an armed strike, the Jameson Offensive.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The illegal and unsuccessful invasion ended Rhodes' political career.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

However, Alfred Milner, the British Governor-General, was determined to overthrow the Kruger regime and bring the whole region under British rule.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Transvaal was forced to declare war on Britain in 1899.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[14] The Second Boer War After the Second Boer War was ignited, the Oranje Free State also joined it on the Transvaal side.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Early in the war, the Boer republics held the initiative in their hands and soon besieged the towns of Mafeking, Kimberley and Ladysmith.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Also in Kapma, some Afrikaaners rose up in rebellion.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

However, the British soon sent a large colonial army to South Africa under Lords Roberts and Kitchener and began a rapid advance towards the capitals of the Boer republics.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Kruger managed to escape the country a bit before Pretoria was overrun in June 1900.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

After the end of the actual war, many Boers continued guerrilla warfare for a long time against the British.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The British responded to this with large-scale terror, during which farms were burned and an estimated 26,000 women and children died in concentration camps.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[14] The war finally ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging in May 1902.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

As independent Boer states of the Transvaal and Oranje Free State ceased and were annexed as parts of the British Empire.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

However, the agreement promised future self-rule for the regions.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[18] Towards independence, the Governor of South Africa, Alfred Milner, considered it important after the Second Boer War to transform South Africa into a British society.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

He encouraged immigration from the mother country in order to bring a British majority to the electorate.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

At the same time, the legislation sought to fade the Dutch features of the Boers and a distinct national identity, for example by prohibiting the use of Dutch in public schools and law courts.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

However, the goals were not successful as the low wages paid by the country's mining industry failed to attract British colonists.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Towards the end of the 19th century, the sense of nationality known as Afrikaaner nationalism by the Boers began to intensify, and they began to establish their own “Christian-national” schools, emphasise the nature of Afrikaans as their own language separate from the Dutch language, and form a new identity for themselves as Afrikaaners, that is, as a people of Africa instead of the old migrant identity.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Two new parties were also formed to drive these ends: Louis Bothan and Jan Smuts's transvaalist Het Volk (Kansa) in 1905, and J. B.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

M. Hertzog's orangulate Orangia Unie in 1906.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

With the rise of the Liberals to power in Great Britain in 1906, the process of South Africa's independence accelerated and the Transvaal and the Oranje Free State gained full self-government as early as 1907.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Between 1908 and 1909, white South Africans from the four British colonies in the area gathered at the National Convention and decided to establish a South African federation.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Union of South Africa was formally established on 31 May 1910, with Louis Botha appointed as its first Prime Minister.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[19] The Constitution of the Union of South Africa was effectively an agreement of cooperation between the white populations of the country, the British and the Afrikaaners.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

In the Union, with few exceptions, only whites were entitled to vote and all members of Parliament were of European origin.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[20] Racial segregation and the roots of apartheid Although apartheid policies were formally implemented in South Africa in 1948, racial segregation in the country was already much earlier.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The economy of the Cape of Good Hope Colony, founded by the Dutch, was based on slaves imported from East Africa and Southeast Asia.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Following the British Empire's ban on slavery in the 1830s, racial discrimination continued in other forms in areas controlled by both the British and the Boers.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Although the British presented the mistreatment of Africans in the Boer republics as one of the causes of the Boer Wars between 1899 and 1902, Alfred Milner, the British Governor of South Africa, announced at the peace talks in 1901 that the blacks would be granted civil rights only in such a way as to “lest it jeopardize white racial supremacy”.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[21] The growing need for cheap labour in the mining industry also prompted the government to reform its policies towards the African majority.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Godfrey Lagden, Milner's Commissioner of Native Affairs in the Transvaal, was named chairman of the South Africa Native Affairs Commission (SANAC).


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The final report of the SANAC formulated a system of racial segregation that persisted in the country for nearly a century and was also formed as the basis of apartheid.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The commission's recommendation stripped Africans of the right to own land, decide their own administration or even work in areas other than those assigned to Africans.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Black families would be given a small parcel of land from these areas so that men could then be treated as migrant labour in mining towns.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Families were supposed to be able to independently make a living out of the land while a man worked in the mines.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Furthermore, Africans would not be allowed to vote or stand for election in any election in which Europeans had the right to vote.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[21] The policy of racial segregation and the disillusionment of Africans, Indians and Coloured people with the British administration's reluctance to remove it from their colonies led to a rise in resistance through new kinds of political organisations.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

In 1898, the South African Native Congress (South African Native Congress) was formed to safeguard the rights of Africans as citizens of the British Empire.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The Natal Indian Congress (Natal Indian Congress), founded by Mohandas Gandhi in 1894, sought to safeguard the rights of Indians, and the African People's Organisation (African Political Organisation, later African People's Organisation) pursued the Colours' cause.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Through these organizations, Africans, Indians and people of color set about organizing resistance to the government's policy of racial segregation.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

In 1906, Gandhi began a passive resistance campaign against the new Passport Act.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[21] In the same year, the Zulu chief Bambatha started an armed revolt, the causes of which included forced labour, confiscation of lands and taxation.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The rebellion was bloody defeated and resulted in the deaths of more than 3000 Africans.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

Bambatha was captured and executed.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

The uprising heightened white people's fear of a large-scale African uprising.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[22] The National Convention, which established the federal government, provided that all representatives of the parliament of a future state were to be of European origin and that voting rights would be determined by the previous laws of the Länder.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

In practice, this meant that in the Transvaal and Oranje only white men were eligible to vote, an economy-based system remained in Cape Country, with the vast majority of white men but only a fraction of people of colour or Africans eligible to vote.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

In Natal, Indians were not allowed to vote and only 0.08% of Africans were eligible to vote.


Question: Who was the Second Boer War fought between?

Colonial history of South Africa

[21] Sources Category:History of South Africa Category:Colonial History Category:History of the United Kingdom


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

SMS messages (abbreviation SMS, [1]) are short messages (originally up to 160 characters) sent over a cellular network typically from one cell phone to another.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Messages are forwarded through an SMS centre, which keeps the message safe until the target mobile phone is back online.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Text messaging gave rise to an entirely new kind of culture in the late 1990s, when people were able to send each other quick communications without calling.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

It was possible to send and read messages regardless of the time of day.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Due to the limited length of text messages, new abbreviations emerged, some of them have reached even as far as normal writing.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In some respects, text messages resemble email and instant messages on the Internet.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Birth History Transmission of text by radio communication is not very new in itself, as messages were transmitted letter by letter in Morse code as early as the end of the 19th century when the first wireless connections could be made.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

A more recent example from the pre-GSM period is the alphanumeric information transmitted to the pager display.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

When GSM began to be designed as a joint European project in the early 1980s, electronics had reached a level where small low-power text displays were possible and microprocessor technology could integrate enough intelligence into radio equipment for the implementation of complex new functions.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

All it took was insight and a willingness to also incorporate text communication into the mobile phone system.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In addition, it had to be done in a rational way technically and know how to take into account that not only the reception of SMS messages (as in search systems), but also to write a message on a mobile phone came to be possible.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

There is a widespread perception in Finland that the text message was invented by telecommunications engineer Matti Makkonen.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

The perception began to spread when the Helsingin Sanomat Monthly Annex in 2002 reported a conversation between Makkonen and two Finnish colleagues in a Copenhagen pizzeria.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Thinking about apps for digital mobile phone technology under development, they had begun ballooning the idea of text-shaped messages that would be sent from one phone to another.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In fact, text-format messaging was available on various systems even earlier, and you cannot name an individual inventor for SMS.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Makkonen himself has tried to play down his role in inventing the text message.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

[2] In 1984, the Nordic countries introduced an SMS feature to the then under development GSM system.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Initially, the case was brought to the GSM WP3 sub-working group drawn by J. Audestad (Norway).


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In February 1985, the GSM Main Working Group dealt with the SMS service on the basis of the work of WP3 (GSM Doc 90/84) and on the one hand, on the one hand, proposals arising from German and French cooperation (GSM Doc 19/85).


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

After that, SMS (Short Message Service) became part of the GSM specifications still in the same year (GSM Doc.28/85) based on the technology proposed by Germany and France, whereby a message travels through a telephone signaling channel and is thus receivable even during a call.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

The method chosen limited the length of the message packet to 160 characters.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Finns promoted SMS during its birth through Nordic mobile phone working groups.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

However, their idea led to the unrealised development branch presented by the Nordic countries in terms of the mediation technique (the so-called 'unrealized development'). Message Handling System based option).


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In the next phase, namely from 1987 onwards, SMS development moved from the main GSM working group to a small DGMH (Drafting Group Message Handling) group where the actual technical SMS specification was done under the direction of the Norwegian chairman.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

It was then that we defined e.g.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

service principles, network architecture and system functionality for SMS.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

The most active countries in this work were Finland, Norway and England.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In the final phase, additional features were developed in SMS such as voicemail icons, simple color and image features, and long text messages.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

At the time, the chairman of DGMH was English.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

The first text message is believed to have been sent in December 1992 from a computer to a mobile phone to Vodafone's GSM network in the UK.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

This was the testing of the network's SMS feature.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In Finland, SMS became available to mobile phone customers during 1994, but first only from the network facing the phone.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In 1995, text messages could also be keyed from the phone.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Most common mobile phones know how to chain messages so that if a message is more than 160 characters long, it is split into sections and sent in 160 character sections.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

If the receiving phone knows how to handle long messages, they appear as such normally.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Otherwise, the message will be displayed as several separate messages.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Online, long text messages are distributed according to the length of 160 characters, and also billed in accordance with the always starting 160 characters, although the message after advances in telephone technology leaves and becomes visible to the recipient as one long message.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

A new emerging form of text communication is turn-directional instant communication between an Internet-connected software application and mobile communications.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Today, subscriptions also offer unlimited amounts of SMS.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

This is partly to blame for increased texting among young people; according to a study conducted by the Pew Research Center, as many as a third of U.S. adolescents send more than 100 text messages a day.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In addition, about 87% of young people sleep next to their mobile phone (many young people use their phone as an alarm clock).


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

[3] Business Text Messaging is a highly profitable telecommunications business, as they can be charged the same as a minute call, even though it only reserves the telecommunications band for a mobile phone call that lasts a minute.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In particular, young people have started to offer mobile phone subscriptions, which focus on the large number of SMS messages.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

In addition to personal communication, text messaging is also used to guide automatics in industry and real estate services.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

By SMS it is possible to turn on, for example, the heating system of a property in, say, second homes.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

Societal Influence Texting has also begun to have social significance.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

A text message is a message that can be authenticated like a telex, for example, so denying its existence later is almost impossible because IMEI IDs identify mobile phones and SIM cards in the mobile phone contract.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

SMS messages have also been used for electoral influence and to organize direct civic action.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

The future of SMS While texting is still growing globally, especially in emerging markets, it faces increasing competition from other text-based messaging services.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

The so-called death of text messaging has been predicted more times already, but so far no decisive turn of events worldwide has occurred.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

[4] In Finland, on the other hand, the Finnish Finnish Communications Agency announced that the number of text messages sent by Finns had declined for the first time.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

The number of messages fell by 145 million at the start of the year, a total of about 2.5 billion.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

The same developments can be seen in other Nordic countries.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

[5] The strength of SMS remains that all mobile phones have, in principle, the capability to send and receive SMS messages.


Question: Did the popularity of text messages in Finland peak in 2012?

SMS

See also Multimedia Message Sources On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |date= (help) Category:Wireless Communication Category:Telephone Technology Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The Mitsubishi A5M, or Imperial Japanese Navy type designation Type 96 aircraft carrier destroyer (), was a single-plane, open-cockpit single-seat fighter aircraft equipped with fixed landing gear.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The was the first Imperial Japanese Navy fighter aircraft designed and manufactured in Japan.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Its design began in February 1934 [1], and its chief designer was Jirō Horikoshi.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The maiden flight took place in February 1935, with commissioning beginning in the spring of 1937.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

At least 980 pieces of machinery were produced.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[2] The A5M Claude was favoured by pilots and capable of movement.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The machine's performance was limited by a low-power 710—785 horsepower Nakajima Kotobuki star engine (in version A5M4) and light armament (2x 7.7mm machine guns and 60kg bombs).


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The top speed achieved by the same version was 440km/h, a legal height of 9800m and an operating distance of 1200km.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

As recently as the late 1930s, performance ratings were good when compared to other machines of the era.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[3] In December 1941, the machine type was on the support ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy: Hōshō, Ryūjō, and Zuihō [4], earlier that year still Sōryū.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[3] The machine type was withdrawn from front use in 1943.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Its successor was the A6M Reisen, commonly known as ZERO.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Background The Naval Staff began an ambitious equipping programme in April 1932 aimed at eliminating dependence on foreign aircraft suppliers.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Based on the 7-SHI specification, Nakajima and Mitsubishi manufactured aircraft B3N1 [5] and 1MF10 [6], both abandoned by the Navy after test flights.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The acquisition targeted the A4N1 aircraft based on Nakajima's A2N1 machine, which proved weak in service.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

In February 1934, the HQ issued new 9-SHI specifications for a new single-seat destroyer.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[7] According to the [8] 9-SHI requirements sketched by Lieutenant Commander Hideo Sawai, the fighter's maximum speed was to be 350km/h at 3000 m.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The speed of its climb to 5000 meters should be 6 minutes 30 seconds.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The wingspan of the plane should not exceed 11 meters and the length of 8 meters.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

It was to be armed with two 7.7 millimeter machine guns.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The requirements did not include equipment for aircraft carrier operations as there was a desire to facilitate planning to implement challenging requirements.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[7] Experimental 9-Shi single-seat fighter - Ka-14 Mitsubishi assigned Jiro Horikoshi as the chief designer of the new plane and he was assisted by Tomio Kubo, Yoshitoshi Sone, Masakichi Mizuno, Ysohimi Hatanaka, Yoshio Yoshikawa and Takefusa Mori.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Its starting point was set for high speed, lightness and easy controllability, which was considered significant after the failed 7-Shi tests.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The aircraft was fixed landing gear monoplane and all-metal fuselage.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The prototype was completed in January 1935 and its test flights commenced a month later at Kamigahara by Mitsubishi test pilot Yoshitaka Kajima as well as Navy Lieutenant Commander Sueto Kobayashi.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

During test flights, the plane reached a speed of 243 knots, exceeding Navy requirements.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[8] The first prototype was not suitable for short ground fields and the second prototype improved the feel of the pilot on landing by adding split ailerons invented by Tetsuo Noda in 1927.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The second prototype was tested at the Kusho Test Aerodrome and its military suitability at a flight lift stationed in Yokosuka.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Powered by the first prototype, the 600-horsepower Kotobuki 5 was switched to the 715-horsepower Kotobuki 3 in the second prototype.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The next three prototypes were fitted with 800-horsepower Hikari 1 engines with inadequate cooling system.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

In addition, the new engine reduced the pilot's forward visibility, as well as making the plane front-loading.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The aircraft was selected for serial production by the Naval Air Force Staff under the name as the Navy Type 96 Support Vessel Destroyer (A5M1), when it was powered by a 580 horsepower Nakajima Kotobuki 2-kai-1 engine which had proven reliable in service use.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[9] The attention-grabbing performance characteristics of the Ground Forces Air Force Ki-18 and Ki-33 The second prototype attracted interest in the Ground Force Air Corps, which ordered the corresponding aircraft with the designation Ki-18.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The plane was powered by a Nakajima Kotobuki 5 and was identical in all respects to the KA-14 except for the withdrawn aircraft carrier equipment.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Ground Force Air Force pilots tested the plane at Tachikawa, where it was found to be 45km/h faster than the on-duty biplane Kawasaki Ki-10-I fighter.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

However, the machine was found to be weak in the battle between machines.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The HQ created requirements for the new destroyer, which was to exceed the Ki-18 in speed and be superior to the Ki-10 in arc combat capability.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Mitsubishi made two Ki-33 machines based on the Ki-18 aircraft equipped with a Nakajima Ha-1a engine.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

However, Nakajima's Ki-27 proved better in test flights when selected.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[10] The A5M Mitsubishi A5M1 was taken into service by Imperial Japanese Navy air squadrons in early 1937.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

By the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, production lines had shifted to manufacturing A5M2A machines equipped with Nakajima Kotobuki 2 kai 3A engines.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

With the help of the 12th and 13th Kokutai A5M2 fighters that arrived in Shanghai, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Force achieved air supremacy after suffering severe losses while flying Nakajima A2N1 and A4N1 planes.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The machine type was also used in the testing of various new systems under development, such as the A6M2's auxiliary fuel tanks and the 20mm Oerlikon FF cannon (A5M1a).


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[11] During the fighting in China, production was switched to a sealable canopy, a 640 horsepower Kotobuki 3 engine, as well as the A5M2B with a three-blade propeller.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The pilots did not like the more limited visibility of the enclosed canopy and it was abandoned.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

In combat, the planes achieved complete air supremacy and they proved quite combat-resistant.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Two A5M3 prototypes, powered by 610 horsepower Hispano-Suizan liquid-cooled V12 engines acquired from France, were manufactured.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

In addition, the machines tested a 20-millimeter cannon firing through the engine.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Although the machines were slightly faster than the preceding models they were not ordered, however, due to a foreign engine supplier.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[12] As the Chinese withdrew their air force's planes from the range of operations of the A5M2 planes, the range requirement increased.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The improved A5M4 was externally identical, with its open cockpits, to the A5M2B machines of the rest of the series.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

It was powered by a Kotobuki 41 and the aircraft was fitted with an additional 160-litre tank under the fuselage.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The first new planes were handed over to combat troops in China in 1938 and they forced the Chinese to move their planes further and further from the front line.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The machine was the largest subtype in terms of manufacturing and remained in production at the Nagoya factory until 1940.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

In addition, K.K.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Two hundred aircraft were manufactured by Watanabe Tekkosho and Dai-Nijuichi Kaigun Kokusho, or Omura's 21st Fleet Air Depot.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

In the final stages of production, the engine was changed to the Kotobuki 41 kai, with minor modifications made to the structure.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

The aircraft type was withdrawn from combat duties in 1941.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

[13] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chant, Chris| title=II World War Airplanes| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2008| version=( English. Petri Kortesuo) Early work: Amber Books 1999| id = ISBN 978-951-23-5025-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Humble, Richard| title = WWII Planes| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1976| version = (English. Helge Seppälä) Early work: Salamander Books, 1975, London| id = ISBN 951-0-07838-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mondey, David| title= The Hamlyn Consise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II: The warplanes of Germany, Italy and Japan World War II| year = 2002| version = first edition 1984, London, England| id = ISBN 0-7858-1363-2| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the maiden flight of the Mitsubishi A5M fighter jet take place?

Mitsubishi A5M

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}