Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

For this reason, AT&T, the largest telecommunications operator in the United States, turned to its own research facility, the Bell Telephone Laboratory, and asked the latter to develop an electron tube replacement component for amplifier use in telephone networks.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[6] [7] Point Contact Transistor Even before World War II, Shockley and physicist Walter Brattain had attempted to build a semiconductor amplifier, but they failed.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[5] Shortly after World War II, in order to replace the electron tube with some other component, a research team was re-established in Bell's Telephone Laboratory, with William Shockley chosen as the leader.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

He gathered a number of able scientists in the group, among whom the physicists John Bardeen and Brattain were key figures.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley's goal was an amplifier in which the magnitude of the electric current travelling in a semiconductor could be adjusted by an electric field.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The device could not be made to work and the electric field did not appear to penetrate the substance, leading Bardeen to conclude that charges on the surface of the semiconductor prevented the field from penetrating deeper into the semiconductor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Bardeen and Brattain worked to solve this problem practically without Shockley when they managed a semi-damage to get the first transistor working on 16 December 1947.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The first transistor amplifier served as a piece of germanium, to which gold contacts were connected close to each other.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Such a transistor was called a point-contact transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The component was named transistor in Bell's laboratory because in the device the current controlled the voltage, meaning it was transresistivity (transmission resistance).


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The transistor is therefore an abbreviation for transresistivity.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[8] Shockley was proud of Bardeen and Brattain's achievement in developing a point contact transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

On the other hand, he was outraged because they had succeeded where he had failed himself.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[5] The junction transistor After the invention of the point contact transistor in January 1948, Shockley was able to explain the motion of electrons in the transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

On the same occasion, he invented a new type of transistor, or junction transistor, which consisted of three layers of semiconductor and which quickly supplanted the point-contact transistor altogether.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The advantage of the junction transistor was that there was no need for unreliable point contacts.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[8] The junction transistor was also suitable for mass production.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Due to the release of the transistor, the patenting disputes, and the Nobel Prize due to patent issues, Bell's laboratory did not publicize the invention of the transistor until a press conference on June 30, 1949.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The value of the invention was not immediately fully understood in the public eye, as, for example, in the New York Times about the invention of the transistor, there was only a small article in the middle pages of the magazine.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[8] Bell's lab was also in an awkward situation.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Its management knew that Bardeen and Brattain had invented and designed the first transistor, or point-contact transistor, themselves, practically without Shockley.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

On the other hand, Shockley was the leader of the research team and it seemed out of place that he should not receive credit for the invention, especially since he had developed an even better transistor, known as the junction transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Because of this, the management of the laboratory issued an order that each image of the inventors of the transistor should include William Shockley.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley should also serve as the official Speaker on the matter.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

This suited Shockley, while Bardeen and Brattain were not interested in publicity.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[5] In any case, only about a year after the invention of the transistor, Bardeen and Brattain's intervals with Shockley deteriorated sharply and neither Bardeen nor Brattain were no longer working on further development of the transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Brattain also refused to work any longer with Shockley and Bardeen resigned.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[9] When Bell's patent agents began working on submitting a patent application for the transistor, they unexpectedly discovered a patent applied for by Julius Lilienfeld [10] which became clear that many of Shockley's ideas were already expected and was patented by Lilienfeld.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Eventually, it turned out that a patent could be applied for Bardeen and Brattain's ideas, but no longer Shockley's.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Later, however, Shockley invented the junction transistor, for which he received a patent, while Bardeen and Brattain received a patent on a point-contact transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[8] At no point did Shockley attempt to get credit for inventing the transistor from Brattain and Bardeen, but he acted forcefully in favour of being remembered for inventing the transistor as well.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

However, Shockley's name does not appear on the original point-contact transistor patent application.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[9] In 1956 Shockley was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Bardeen and Brattain for their work on semiconductors and the invention of the transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] In his Nobel presentation, he gave full credit to Brattain and Bardeen for inventing the point-contact transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[11] Shockley Semiconductor in the mid-1950s Shockley returned back to California.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The reason for this was disagreements with Bell's management, such as disputes over the names of inventors in the transistor patent.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

However, Shockley's obstacle to advancing in Bell has been considered his own abrasive management style.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley resigned from his position as head of the Department of Transistor Physics in 1955.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] The first transistors used germanium as a semiconductor material.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley, however, understood that silicon would come to replace germanium eventually as a semiconductor material in transistors.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Texas Instruments had started production of silicon transistors in 1954 and Shockley thought he would do better at the issue: he founded the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments in Mountain View, California, in 1955 with entrepreneur Arnold Beckmann with.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[3] Shockley became CEO of the company.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The purpose of the company's activities was the research, development and manufacture of semiconductor devices and the new transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] Shockley hired a group of young talented scientists and engineers for his company.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[3] Along with transistors, Shockley had the idea of a diode that would consist of four layers and could be used as a switch to simplify large and complex telephone switch networks.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Such a diode is today called a Shockley diode.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley became convinced that the new diode he invented would be as important an invention as the transistor and he kept the whole diode project secret, even in his own company.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley's beleaguered, autocratic and unpredictable management style, combined with paranoia, made him far too awkward for a business leader.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[8] When Shockley decided to discontinue silicon-based semiconductor research the best employees finally got bored and started a new company called Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[3] Shockley called these individuals “eight traitors” and stated that they would never succeed.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The eight individuals in question later left Fairchild and set up their own companies, including Intel, Advanced Micro Devices and so on.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Thus Shockley therefore provided the initial impetus for the emergence of Silicon Valley in California.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[8] Shockley was never able to make the Shockley diode a commercial success, although its technology and function were eventually understood and the device was put into production in the 1960s.The advent of integrated circuits on the market allowed the multi-transistor integration needed for the switch function for one and to the same piece of pipe, causing Shockley to lose the advantage of his own solution.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley Semiconductor was sold to the company Clevite Transistor in April 1960.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[12] At no time did William Shockley become enriched with semiconductors.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Instead, colleagues who left Shockley Semiconductor and the scientists and engineers that Shockley initially hired quickly became rich.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Mischievously, the type of transistor used most today in both digital logic and memory circuits is the so-called channel transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley's original goal had specifically been a device similar to a channel transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[8] However, at no time did he manufacture one in his own company.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[9] As a professor at Stanford University, following the failure of the Shockley Semiconductor attempt to gain great commercial success, Shockley moved on to become a professor and teacher at Stanford University in 1963.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] He was an excellent teacher and he had studied how to teach creativity and problem solving.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

He also worked in public schools with the intention of helping teachers teach science.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[9] Statements on race and eugenics while working at Stanford University, Shockley began giving speeches on the problems of population growth.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

In 1963, he gave a speech at Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota in which he posited, the least gifted people were reproducing fastest, while the most gifted portion of the population used birth control rationing and had fewer children.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[9] According to Shockley, the future of humanity was threatened because people with lower IQ gained more offspring than people with high IQ scores.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

This, on the other hand, would eventually lead to a lowering of humanity's IQ and the downfall of civilization.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley also claimed for several years that whites were genetically superior to blacks, for which he was widely resented and despised.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[13] In his opinion, people with low IQ or who carried genetic diseases should be paid to consent to sterilization.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[14] Shockley himself considered his work important for the future of humanity's genetics, and considered this research to be the most important aspect of his own career.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Biologists and geneticists put off Shockley's theories, pointing out that eugenics was a racist idea that the Nazis had used in World War II.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Eugenics was also devoid of scientific ground.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[3] [9] Shockley was attacked in the press, television and scientific publications.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

In the end, Shockley could no longer appear in public without protesters showing up.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[9] In 1981, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper compared Shockley's views to those of Adolf Hitler and Shockley sued the magazine for libel.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley won the trial and the paper was sentenced to damages, but for only $1.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[14] He also donated sperm to a sperm bank founded by Robert Klark Graham, which was referred to in the media as the “Nobel Prize sperm bank”.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

The purpose of the bank was to pursue the best genes in mankind [13] and Shockley's will was to guarantee a continuum of his own genes.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[14] Last years In his final years Shockley had been vilified and forgotten and his reputation was in tatters.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

He retreated to his home on the Stanford University campus and isolated himself from all other people except his wife.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley had divorced his first wife in 1955 and remarried some months later to Emmy Lanning Shockley, who served as a psychiatric nurse.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley had only some friends and in his final years his wife was practically his only friend.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

She had not seen one of her sons in more than 20 years, she rarely spoke with her other son or had contact with her daughter.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley died in 1989 of prostate cancer.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

His children read about the funeral in the paper.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[3] [15] Honors and awards Shockley received several awards for his work: Shockley received the Medal for Merit in 1946 for his work in the War Department.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] He received the Morris Leibmann Memorial Prize of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1952.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] In 1953, he received the Oliver E. Buckley Solid State Physics Prize of the American Physical Society.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] In 1954, he received the Cyrus B. Comstock Award of the National Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] In 1956 Shockley was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics along with his former Bell Laboratory colleagues John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain for their work on semiconductors and invention of the transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] In 1963, he was selected as a recipient of the Holley Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] Shockley was elected honorary doctorates at the University of Pennsylvania, Rutgers University in New Jersey, and Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] In 1980, he received the Maurice Liebman Memorial Award from IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers, now Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)).


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

In 1999, Time magazine selected the 100 most important people who lived in the 20th century, Shockley was chosen as one of them.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[15] Patents Shockley has more than 50 patents for its work.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] Listed below are some of the most important.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

U.S.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Patent 2502488, Semiconductor Amplifier, Apr.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

in 1950.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

His first issued patent relating to transistors.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

U.S.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Patent 2569347, Circuit element utilizing semiconductive material, Sept.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

in 1951.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

He was the first to apply for a patent relating to transistors (the patent first applied for on 26 June 1948).


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

U.S.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Patent 2655609, Bistable Circuits, Oct.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

in 1953.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Circuit used in computers.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

U.S.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Patent 2787564, Forming Semiconductive Devices by Ionic Bombardment, Apr.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

in 1957.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Patent relating to the processing and manufacture of semiconductor devices.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

U.S.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Patent 3031275, Process for Growing Single Crystals, Apr.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

in 1962.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Patent relating to the semiconductor process, more specifically the processing of monocrystalline semiconductor materials.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

U.S.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Patent 3053635, Method of Growing Silicon Carbide Crystals, Sept.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

in 1962.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Patent on the use of silicon in semiconductor processing.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Meaning Semiconductor devices developed by Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain quickly supplanted electrode tubes previously used for the same purpose.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[16] Publications Shockley was a contributor to several scientific and technical publications.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Below some pre-World War II.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

R.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

P. Johnson and W. Shockley, “An Electron Microscope for Filaments: Emission and Adsorption by Tungsten Single Crystals,” Physical Review 49, p. 436—440, 1936.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

J. C. Slater and W. Shockley, “Optical Absorption by the Alkali Halides,” Physical Review 50, p. 705—719, 1936.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

W. Shockley, “Electronic Energy Bands in Sodium Chloride,” Physical Review 50, p. 754—759, 1936.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

W. Shockley, “The Empty Lattice Test of the Cellular Method in Solids,” Physical Review 52, p. 866—872, 1937.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

W. Shockley, “On the Surface States Associated with a Periodic Potential,” Physical Review 56, p. 317—323, 1939.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

J. Steigman, W. Shockley and F.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

C. Nix, “The Self-Diffusion of Copper,” Physical Review 56, p. 13—21, 1939.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Literature Below books in which William Shockley was the author.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

W. Shockley, Electrons and holes in semiconductors, with applications to transistor electronics.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Krieger, 1956.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

ISBN 0-88275-382-7.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

W. Shockley and W.A.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Gong, Mechanics.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Charles E. Merrill Books, Inc., 1966.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

W. Shockley and R. Pearson, Shockley is the author of Eugenics and Race: The Application of Science to the Solution of Human Problems.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Scott-Townsend, 1992.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

ISBN 1-878465-03-1.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Below are books about William Shockley.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

M. Riordan and L. Hoddeson, author of Crystal Fire: The Invention of the Transistor and the Birth of the Information Age.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

W. W. Norton & Company, 1997.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

ISBN 0-393-31851-6.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

J. Shurkin, Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

ISBN 978-1-4039-8815-7.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

W. H. Tucker, author of The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

from the University of Illinois Press, 2007.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

ISBN 978-0-252-07463-9.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Dataset| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-20-5809-X}} References Category:American physicists Category:Nobel Physics Prize Laureates Category:Born in 1910 Class:In 1989 dead Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 Munich, German Empire — 23 May 1945 in Lüneburg, Allied occupied Germany) was one of the most influential figures in Nazi Germany.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The chiefdom of the SS and the Gestapo guaranteed him a very central position at the head of a dictatorial state.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler was responsible for organizing the German concentration and extermination camp system and was thus one of the main culprits of the Holocaust.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Youth Himmler was born in Munich into a middle-class German family.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

During World War I he served as an officer pupil in the 11th Bavarian Regiment but did not take part in the fighting.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[1] Himmler studied at the University of Technology and graduated as a laboratory technician.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

He joined the activities of the nationalist Reichskriegsflagge movement organised by Ernst Röhm and took part in the Beer Met Coup of 1923, where he served as flag bearer for the group that took over the War Ministry building.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[2] After the end of the war, Himmler took an active part in the activities of the paramilitary, right-wing Freikorps, fighting the Communists, Social Democrats and other factions he considered enemies of Germany.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

In 1923, he joined the National Socialist Party.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

He later joined SA and was soon promoted to head the SS, originally established as Adolf Hitler's Patronage Guard.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The development of Himmler's SS SS in peacetime, Himmler developed the SS into a true inner ring of the National Socialist Party, with strict membership requirements.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

After the National Socialists came to power in 1933, Himmler was led one by one by one by one by one by one by one by one by one by the political police of the German states, eventually including the Gestapo in 1934, whose members were incorporated into the SS


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The establishment of a secret police under its authority was Hermann Göring's idea.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The power in Himmler's hands increased further when, in April 1934, he became chief of the Gestapo and its activities expanded throughout the country.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The Treason Act, enacted in the same year, prohibited people from criticizing the Nazi Party.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler was involved in plotting against the SA leadership, and a major purge was carried out within the party, so to speak, on the night of the long knives.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

With Hitler's permission, the SS massacred much of SA's senior staff, including Ernst Röhm.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[3] After the dissolution of SA power, the SS, led by Himmler, was admittedly the most powerful security body in Nazi Germany.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

In 1940, Himmler reorganized the Waffen-SS as the armed wing of the SS, thus greatly increasing the number of members while loosening the tight entry screen.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The increase in power of the SS during the war At the outbreak of war in 1939, Totenkopf units of the SS were responsible for the concentration camp and later extermination camp system.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The duties of the SS also included screening Jews, Roma, homosexuals, communists, “sub-humans” and other politically unreliable substances from the population and passport them into camps.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Thus, Himmler was one of the chief architects of Nazi Germany's genocidal machinery.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Adolf Galland recalls in his biography that he flew with Himmler and Albert Speer in March 1942 to the Eastern Front.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

From the window of the plane, the camps of thousands of Soviet prisoners of war were momentarily visible.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Galland said he was confused when Himmler stated that Himmler's visit to Finland in 1942 In the summer of 1942, Himmler visited Finland with one purpose of demanding that Finland extradite Jews to Germany, of whom he has a list of names.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Finnish intelligence bodies already had a picture of German violence against the Jewish minority and the civilian population of the occupied Russian territories at that time.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Finland's highest state and military command had long beforehand been aware of Himmler's visit, but its true reasons were shrouded in obscurity.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Because the visit was suspected of involving sensitive matters, efforts were made to keep it secret from publicity.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's entourage included his personal masseuse, Felix Kersten, an adjutant, as well as two security personnel.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The visit began with a meeting between Himmler and President Risto Ryti at the president's leisure residence in Tamminiemi.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

There is no certainty as to the content of Himmler and Ryti's conversations, but they probably sidestep at least the Jewish issue as Ryti labelled Himmler in his diary as “an extremely strident anti-Semite.”


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On the second day of his visit, Himmler met Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim at Headquarters in Mikkeli, from where the trip continued to an inspection visit of German troops to Rovaniemi and Kiestinki.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] After the end of the official part, Himmler stayed at the villa of the Chief Medical Officer of the Armed Forces, Medical Major-General Eino Suolahti in Tyrväö for the remainder of his visit.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's holiday resort had been subject to strict requirements: it had to be isolable from its surroundings and from there had to be a direct telephone connection to Hitler's headquarters in Germany.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] While Himmler was dining with his Finnish masters, Finnish military intelligence broke into Himmler's room and photographed Himmler's list of the Jews to be extradited.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

For the most part, Finland managed to repel repeated demands throughout the rest of the war that the Jews be extradited to Germany.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[5] During his famous Jewish conversation with Prime Minister Jukka Rangell, Himmler took a car trip from Vehoniemi in Kangasala to Rangell's summer villa in Luopioisi.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] In addition, Himmler proposed a joint German-Finnish operation to take Sweden.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

This was immediately rebuffed by the Finns.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The most detailed description of Himmler's visit to Finland was written by reserve Lieutenant Eino E. Suolahti, set for the duration of the visit.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Gustav Vilkuna, a later academician who served as head of the State Information Institute, said as early as the 1950s Finnish authorities had access to Himmler's portfolio.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Colonel Kalle Lehmus, the head of the information department at the headquarters, recalled the shoot in the 1960s as being successful in such a way that Himmler's German security detail guarding the briefcase was lured to the grog during welcome ceremonies.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] Before his visit in the summer of 1942, Himmler had visited Finland twice.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

His first visit took place in February 1941, when he visited Kirkenes, Norway, he also stopped by Kolttakönä on the Finnish side of Petsamo.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On his second visit to Lapland in early 1942, Himmler met Kaarlo Hillilä, the Landlord of the County of Lapland, to whom he told quite openly about the ongoing ethnic cleansing of Jews and Roma.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] Himmler in the war leadership 1944—1945 Himmler was pleased by the idea of becoming a military leader, so towards the end of the war he aspired to the duties of commander of major war action groups.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

However, for the position of military leader, Himmler was inexperienced and incompetent, which had a negative impact on Germany's already poor war success on the Western Front in 1944—1945.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Shocked by Himmler's impropriety in the duties, Panzer General Heinz Guderian believed that Himmler's only motive was to fade glory for himself.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Late in 1944, Himmler qualified as commander of Army Group Oberrhein.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The Army Group was up against the 7th Army of the United States Land Forces and the 1st Army of the French Land Forces at Alsace on the west bank side of the Rhine.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The commander of the Americans was General Alexander Patch and the commander of the French was General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On 1 January 1945, Himmler's Army Group launched Operation Nordwind to lighten the situation of the stagnating Ardennes Offensive.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

In late January, Himmler was moved east after initial military success.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On 24 January Army Group Oberrhein's operations ceased, and on 25 January Operation Nordwind officially ended.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Elderly, Heer had failed to repel the Red Army's Vistula—Oder operation marching towards Germany, so Hitler appointed Himmler as commander of the new Army Group Vistula to deter Soviet offensives in Berlin.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

In Schneidemühl, Himmler established the Army Group Vistula Command, whose headquarters was his special train Sonderzug Styria.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler accepted the Staff's request for a counterattack, but after Heer failed in the operation, Himmler made Gruppenführer Heinz Lammerding of the SS Corps his chief of staff.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's headquarters moved first to Falkenburg and then to the west bank of the Oder.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Under the fracturing of German defensive lines, the heightened military atmosphere and pressure from Hitler, Himmler seemed nervous and discretionary at meetings.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

He embraced Hitler's ideas to severely punish the retreating German troops and not to give in to an enemy slinging into Germany.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On January 30, Himmler gave orders to his troops to execute any German soldiers caught in an attempt to disembark unauthorized in the middle of the battle.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

In mid-February, General Walther Wenck assumed command of the Pomeranian Offensive from Himmler.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On 13 March, Himmler definitively abandoned Army Group Vistula command under illness and went to a sanatorium in Hohenlychen.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

General Guderian paid a visit to Himmler and took a note to Hitler asking for permission to leave the military leader's duties.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler accepted the request and appointed Himmler to succeed Army Group Vistula commander General Gotthard Heinric.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

In the last stages Himmler lost faith in the spring of 1945 in Germany's war success and realized the inexorable collapse of the kingdom.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

However, he envisioned the US and British governments forgiving Nazi war crimes because they needed Germany to become a continental European ally to defeat Bolshevism and the Soviet Union.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler wanted to make peace with the Anglo-American forces and enter German leadership.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

In truth, the Allies had agreed to eradicate German National Socialism and to try all Nazi leaders in war crimes trials.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The Allies had also discovered the massacres committed by Himmler's SS in Poland and other countries conquered by Germany, so Himmler had been ordered imprisoned for crimes against humanity.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Negotiating an armistice and the release of Nordic prisoners, Himmler met Hitler for the last time on 20 April at his 56th birthday in Berlin, which was approached day by day by day by day by day by day by day by day by day by day by day.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler announced a personal decision not to leave the capital despite the impending Soviet invasion.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler left Berlin believing Hitler to be incapable of leading Germany because Hitler had stayed behind with Nazi officials loyal to him, such as propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels and party office leader Martin Bormann, in the Führerbunker beneath Berlin.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

At the Swedish consulate in Lübeck, Himmler confided to Count Folke Bernadotte that Hitler would die within two hours and Himmler was Germany's de facto leader.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler wanted Bernadotte to send General Dwight D. Eisenhower a proposal in which Himmler agreed to a truce with the Western Allies.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler believed the U.S. and Britain would accept the proposal and turn against the Soviet Union alongside the Wehrmacht.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Bernadotte, however, told Himmler that approval of the truce by the Western Allies is very unlikely.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Through Bernadotte, Himmler's proposal passed to President Harry S. Truman and Prime Minister Winston Churchill, but both rebuffed the deal because Hitler's fate had remained unclear and the German leadership's affiliation to Himmler could not be formally confirmed.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On 28 April, Britain's public broadcaster BBC made a radio broadcast of a Reuters news story saying Himmler had demanded German leadership and had negotiated a truce.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

In Berlin, caught up in urban warfare, Hitler heard the news of Himmler's negotiations.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On 23 April, Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring had asked Hitler in a telegram for power to be transferred to him, which Hitler had interpreted as treason and a coup d'état.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler hadn't even announced his plans to Hitler.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler had regarded Himmler as one of the most loyal Nazi leaders, calling him the “loyal Heinrich” ().


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler accused Himmler and the SS of having betrayed him and said Himmler had committed the most heinous betrayal he had experienced in his life.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's betrayal was part of Hitler's motives for writing his political will.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler declared Himmler and Göring traitors, stripped these of their posts and took away from them their membership of the National Socialist Workers' Party.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

SS-Reichsführer Karl Hanke was appointed to succeed Himmler at the head of the SS.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler also ordered the execution of Himmler's adjutant, Hermann Fegelein.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On April 30, Hitler committed suicide.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's negotiations with Bernadotte led to the release of 27,000 Swedish, Norwegian and Danish prisoners of Nazi concentration camps.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Bernadotte himself was involved in leading the rescue operation.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

However, Himmler failed to conclude a truce and went to Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz in Plön in order to obtain asylum.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler, in his will, had ordered Dönitz to be head of Germany, but Dönitz rebuffed Himmler and denied him permission to participate in the activities of the refugee government established in Flensburg.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Dönitz was referring to Hitler's will, in which Himmler had been stripped of all power.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Next, Himmler attempted to defect to the side of the Americans and presented General Eisenhower with an offer to surrender all of Germany to Allied possession.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

In return, the Americans should have given Himmler immunity from war crimes trials and access as an official in Germany's future form of government.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Eisenhower rebuffed Himmler's suggestion, classified as a war criminal.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On 8 May, Grand Admiral Dönitz signed the Treaty of German Surrender, ending warfare in Europe.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The escape attempt Himmler escaped with only two Gestapo security personnel still loyal to their former leader.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler adopted a German military police uniform and forged documents, shaved his moustache, put an eyepatch over his left eye, and posed under the pseudonym “Heinrich Hitzinger”.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

However, British Land Force soldiers involved in the German occupation discovered what appeared to be a regular military police officer the contents of the documents were fabricated and decided to take him in for questioning.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On 22 May, Major Sidney Excell' troops arrested Himmler near Bremenvörde and transported him to an interrogation centre in Lüneburg.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler revealed to the Britons his identity, although he understood to have been imprisoned as a prisoner of war and to be tried for his crimes.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On May 23, Himmler killed himself by biting a broken one of the deadly toxic cyanide capsules he had hidden in his mouth.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

His last words are often reported to have been “I am Heinrich Himmler!” (Ich bin Heinrich Himmler!).


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

After an autopsy, Himmler was buried in a forest near Lüneburg.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The British left the location of the tomb secret so that the burial site would not become a neo-Nazi pilgrimage site.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

History and mythology hobbies Himmler was interested in various mythologies, and can be considered a kind of early personification of the New Age movement movement.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

His thinking had drawn strong influences from the “Blood and Earth” lore, in which Germanic peoples are raised above other peoples.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

It also included a strong belief in a creator god.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[6] Himmler, without fear of costs, ordered to repair the old Wewelsburg Castle as a sanctuary of German civilization, where the SS Brotherhood was to be formed.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Since 1934, SS officers met several times a year at the castle.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's assistant Karl Wolff showed each SS chief a monastic chamber in which the latter stayed surrounded by treasures from Old Germany and may have delved into German mysticism.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The 12 leading SS officers were planted in a King Arthurian style round table beneath coats of arms resembling medieval ones.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[7] Together with Adolf Hitler, Himmler was interested in the world ice theory of the Austrian Hans Hörbiger, according to which ice fills space.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Ice fragments cause sunspots, and the Milky Way has formed from ice chunks created in a major collision.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[8] Himmler was also interested in Karelia.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

When he received a kantele as a gift, he immediately wanted to order the SS management ten more from the deck.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

On the wall of his study he kept a photograph of Karelian poetry singer Timo Lipitsä.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[9] Letters and diaries Himmler's letters from 1927 to 1945 have ended up in Israel in the possession of a collector.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Copies of them have been obtained by German magazine Die Welt.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

The magazine does not say how the letters ended up with the collector, nor has it yet reported their contents.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[10] In 2016, Himmler's diaries were found in the archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense in Podolsk and were reportedly to be published in 2017 a book.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

[11] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikki A. Reenhead| title=Grandson| publisher = Otava| year = 1998| id=ISBN 9511137972}} Enqvist, K.: An incredible journey into the world of believers.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

WSOY 2012, ISBN 978-951-0-38972-0 References Literature by Heather Pringle: Himmler's Great Plan (2009) On the topic elsewhere Book review of the works: Himmler, Katrin; Wildt, Michael (eds.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

): Himmler privat.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Briefe eines Massenmörders.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Piper Verlag, 2014 and Moors, Markus; Pfeiffer, Moritz (eds.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

): Heinrich Himmlers Taschenkalender 1940.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2013.


Question: How did Heinrich Himmler die?

Heinrich Himmler

(Agricola book reviews, 4.4.2014) Aamulehti: 30.7.2017 Category:NSDAP Politicians Category:SS-Generals Category:German Reich Ministers Category:People who committed suicide Class:People born in 1900 Class:Persons who died in 1945 Class:Holocaust realization Participated Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Education in Finland consists of education and training as well as higher education, complemented by adult education and free educational work.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The body of the education system is compulsory and free nine-year primary school for all.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

In post-primary studies, one can choose a vocational college or secondary school leading to colleges, either university or polytechnic.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Finns are a well-educated nation, around 70% have studied beyond primary school and a relatively large proportion of the population receives higher education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Finland has performed well in comparisons measuring the level of basic education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

An elementary school-based system similar to the current one has been in place since the 1970s.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Prior to that, in the parallel school system, the population was already split in half by the age of about ten, with only a portion of the age class leaving for grammar school.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Finnish education system The Finnish education system is grouped into three levels of education: nine-year primary education (primary school), subsequent secondary education (upper secondary school and vocational schools) and higher education (polytechnics and universities).


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Adult education is available at all levels of education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[1] Children from the age of six who start primary school the following year are obliged as of 2015 to attend pre-school education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Before that, preschool school was attended by almost every child.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[2] Primary school classroom and subject teachers and vocational education teachers undertake pedagogical studies in addition to higher education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Kindergarten teachers and preschool teachers also have university degrees.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[3] Primary education refers to primary school, that is, free general education, governed by the Basic Education Act.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Primary school is usually started in the year the child reaches the age of seven.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

For one year, parents can apply for a change in the age of starting school if, based on psychological tests, the child is already ready to start schooling or needs an extra year to mature.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Primary school normally takes nine years to complete.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[4] There is no qualification from primary school, but it gives qualifications to apply for post-secondary education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[1] All persons aged 7 to 16 in Finland are compulsory schooled by law, which obliges them to attend primary education or parents to carry out education in another way.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

If the basic education curriculum is completed in less than 10 years, compulsory education can also end there.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[4] In 2017, there were 2276 primary schools in Finland with a total of 556,742 pupils.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[5] General secondary school education and vocational education Post-primary education includes upper secondary school education and vocational training (vocational undergraduate, vocational and specialized professional qualifications).


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[1] The three-year upper secondary school education is general education and prepares for baccalaureate.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Following the lower Secondary students may apply for basic vocational education or Tertiary studies.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[1] In 2017, there were 340 upper secondary schools in Finland [6].


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

In secondary schools, 92,374 students were enrolled for matriculation [7].


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The number of high school students has declined in the 21st century.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[8] A professional undergraduate has the basic skills in the field and the professional qualifications required for employment.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The scope of the degree is 120 credits and the study period is three years.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Previous studies and work experience can reduce study time.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[1] In 2014, 72000 students completed a vocational degree, 53% of whom were women.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The number of vocational graduates is increasing every year.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The highest number of students are in the engineering and transport and social, health and physical education fields.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[9] Professional and specialist vocational qualifications are additional vocational training.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

They can be taken as display degrees, and preparatory training is provided for the qualifications.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[1] Also, a three-year professional undergraduate may apply to colleges in any field.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[10] Higher education system: universities and universities of applied sciences The universities emphasize scientific research and teaching based on it.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Polytechnic universities provide practical training and training that meets the needs of working life.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[1] In universities, i.e. colleges of science and art, you can pursue lower and higher university degrees, as well as postgraduate scientific degrees, such as licentiate and doctoral degrees.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[1] In 2014, 17500 students started the lower university degree and 7000 students.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Fewer than 1700 students started their PhD.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The highest number of students was in commerce and administration, as well as humanities and education, with about 25% each.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The third highest number of students was in engineering and transport, at 19 per cent.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[11] It takes between 3.5 and 4.5 years to complete a polytechnic degree.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

A higher polytechnic degree is subject to a degree in applied sciences or other applicable qualifications, as well as at least three years' work experience after completing a previous degree.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[1] Adult Education According to the law, which came into force from the beginning of 2014, every worker has the right to receive training that promotes their skills at least three days a year.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The employer may receive financial assistance to provide training.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[12] For unemployed jobseekers and persons at risk of unemployment, adult labour market training is organised.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Training is often aimed at a vocational qualification or part of it and mostly involves learning at work.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[13] In addition to education aimed at qualifications, education within the scope of free education is organised in Finland, for example in folk colleges and civic and labour colleges.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The studies of free education are general education, hobby-oriented and social studies.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

It may be formed in the evenings by a few hours of weekly continuous courses, or short courses lasting throughout the day.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Based on the principle of lifelong learning, free civilisation is intended to support the diverse development of individuals' personalities and their ability to function in the Community and to promote the realization of democracy, equality and diversity in society.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[14] Educational attainment of Finns A relatively large part of the population receives higher education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

In the 90s, Finland's figures were the world's top in the OECD comparison, but by 2017 55 countries had overtaken Finland on this metric.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[16] In 2013, approximately 30% of adults had someone with a tertiary degree and an additional 40% had a secondary degree.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

There are slightly more college degrees for women than men.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[15] Children of higher education parents in Finland are eight times more likely to end up in higher education than those from uneducated families.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Ninety per cent of children with higher education in Helsinki completed secondary school, almost always high school, with just over half of the children of the uneducated.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[17] Education Assessment The level of education is assessed worldwide, including through PISA studies.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Finland has done well in these studies measuring primary school level.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[18] In contrast, in studies measuring the level of universities, the rankings have not been very high.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The University of Helsinki and Aalto University are generally ranked best in these listings.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[19] In Finland, education is evaluated and supervised by the Ministry of Education and Culture, but actual ranking lists of the “superiority” of educational institutions are not published.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Many media outlets, for example the television channel MTV3, have published annual high school comparisons based on baccalaureate statistics [20].


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Most comparisons made by communications do not take into account pupils' baseline, for example by weighting admission limits, so the comparison may not directly inform the quality of the education itself.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[21] History Schools came to Finland in the Middle Ages with the church.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The first schools in Finland were in Turku.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

In connection with Turku Cathedral, training was given to future priests in a cathedral school founded in the 13th century, in addition to which the city had a monastery school operated by the Dominicans.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The first high school was established in Turku in 1630.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[22] The first university in Finland was the Royal Academy of Turku, founded in 1640.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[23] Popular education was in the middle of the 19th century under the control of the Church.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Basically, all parents had an obligation to teach their child to read and know the rudiments of Christianity.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

This was enforced from the end of the 17th century by kinkers, with which clergy interrogated the knowledge of Christianity by children and adults.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

However, the parents' work was helped by a cycle school run by the church, where the teacher moved from one teaching position to another several times over the course of the year.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

An itinerant teacher enabled pupils to have a rudimentary study opportunity when their own village or locality did not have access to a national school education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[24] Uno Cygnaeus is known in Finland as the father of national school.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

He submitted a motion to the Senate in 1857, and according to his proposals, the National School Ordinance of 1866 was enacted.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The decree provided for a municipality-organised national school institution, separate from the church, based specifically on Swiss paragons.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The national school was four-year, and the establishment of one was voluntary for the municipality.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The ecclesiastical school still lived alongside the national school for decades.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

It was not until the District Allocation Ordinance of 1898 that forced municipalities to establish national schools in all population centers in their area.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

However, attending a folk school only became compulsory with the passage of the Compulsory Education Act 1921.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[25] Long transitional periods were granted to peripheral areas.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

In the municipalities of Lapland and Raja-Karelia, the most remote villages were admitted to the national school system only in the 1950s.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[26] In the cities, private “preparatory schools” competed in primary education with the national school for middle and upper-class children up until the 1940s.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[27] The national school became longer to six years in the 1950s and finally to eight years in the 1960s, and the grammar school system was also renewed.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

At the same time, design work began, as a result of which Finland switched from a parallel school system to a primary school system.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The old middle school was merged with the top classes of the national school to form the elementary school middle school.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

At the same time, previously private or state grammar schools, as a rule, were municipalized.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Secondary schools survived as a form of school separate from vocational education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Primary school reform took place in phases from north to south between 1972 and 1978.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[28] Vocational education grew in the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

In the 1990s, the first polytechnics were established.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[29] Decision-making related to education was in the hands of the Church until 1869.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

It was then that the High Board of Education was established.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The Board of Vocational Education was formed in 1966, and in 1991 it was merged with the School Board to form the Board of Education.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

The current Basic Education Act and Ordinance dates back to 1998.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[29] Pupil care in Finland is offered to all pupils, regardless of social status, a free lunch during the school day.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

This has been done since 1948.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

School meals to this extent are rare in the world.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[30] Dental care for schoolchildren became statutory in 1956.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[29] Today it is part of school health care, which also includes health checks for the entire age category and open receptions for the health nurse.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[31] Also part of pupil care are the services of a school psychologist.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

As of 2015, municipalities are recommended to acquire one psychologist per 1,000 pupils.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

[32] See also History of vocational education in Finland Animal husbandry schools in Finland Training in commerce in Finland Flight training in Finland Flight engineering teaching in Finland Agricultural schools in Finland Music education in Finland Finnish School Museum Art Basic education Dance training in Finland Photography education in Finland University degrees in Finland Entrepreneurship training in Finland Sources On topic elsewhere.


Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

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Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

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Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

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Question: In what year is studying for the profession started?

Education in Finland

Category:38 Education, Teaching * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The Eastern Ukraine War (also Ukrainian Crisis, Ukrainian War [1] or War in Donbass) was an armed clash between Ukrainian government and Russian-backed forces, rebels or separatists in eastern Ukraine that began in April 2014.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russia had been planning takeovers of Crimea and eastern Ukraine even before the 2014 events that began in the year.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[2] As early as 2008, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced: “If Ukraine goes to NATO, it will go without Crimea and east”.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[3] Before the beginning of the crisis in eastern Ukraine proper, Russian forces occupied Crimea.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The events in eastern Ukraine are also partly prompted by the 2012 Language Law, revoked by the Ukrainian parliament in late February 2014, which safeguarded the status of Russian and other minority languages in Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

This decision alarmed Ukraine's Russian-speaking population.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The events began when protests were launched in several cities in eastern Ukraine against Ukraine's new state leadership.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The Ukrainian president later withdrew the approval of the language law amendment, but protesting continued.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

In eastern Ukraine, protesters occupied government buildings in many localities.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The squatters, who included troops of Russian intelligence agencies, opposed the new regime in the country and demanded greater self-rule for the regions or the annexation of the predominantly Russian-speaking regions of eastern Ukraine into Russia.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Of the inhabitants of the easternmost Ukraine, about 10% were born in Russia.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[2] Ukraine responded to the protests with its “anti-terrorist operation”.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The operation began to prosper between June and July 2014, when the insurgency center Slovjansk imploded.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

One of the turning points in the crisis can be considered mid-July, when Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down and nearly 300 civilians were killed.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Nearly one million Ukrainians have been displaced as internally displaced by the fighting.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

In addition to these people, the UN estimates around 600,000 people have applied for asylum or residence permits in Ukraine's neighboring states, mainly Russia, but also Belarus, Moldova, Poland, Hungary and Romania.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[4] Western powers supported the Ukrainian government in the crisis and Russia the rebels.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Ukraine accused Russia of being the cause and party to the crisis, and the EU and NATO also viewed Russia as operating in eastern Ukraine, among other things, arming troops.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russia has denied it is fighting an outright war in Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Still, Russia has said the separatist helpers are volunteer Russians.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

In the crisis, a ceasefire agreement was reached (so-called. Minsk II) in February 2015, but fighting has broken out occasionally despite that.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The crisis can be seen as a frozen conflict, according to some experts.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[5] At the time of the escalation of the crisis, there was a lot of contradictory, unclear and even incorrect information in the media about the crisis in eastern Ukraine, which was due to the fact that both Russian and Ukrainian media were spreading a lot of unsubstantiated rumors and news, the reliability of which was difficult to establish reliability. find out.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Crisis-related communication across media can therefore be seen as an example of modern information warfare.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

With the crisis, the US and EU imposed economic sanctions on Russia and Russia counter-sanctions, which are still in place.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

On 30 June 2017, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov acknowledged joining his country's forces in fighting in Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

According to Lavrov, Russia's actions were a response to Russian-speakers facing difficulties and discrimination in post-coup Ukraine [6] [7].


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The causes of war in Ukraine there was a long dispute between Ukrainians and Russians, which manifested itself, among other things, as a language dispute.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The war in eastern Ukraine began when a revolution occurred in Ukraine in February 2014.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The subversion brought down the pro-Russian government of President Yanukovych.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Power was taken by Ukrainian-nationalists, pro-euro and others.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Yanukovych fled to Russia.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

After Ukraine's parliament revoked the status of the Russian language, pro-Russian activists responded with a wave of protest across Ukraine, mostly in Crimea, Odessa and eastern Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Especially in eastern Ukraine, the government in Kiev did not have much support.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russia as the trigger for the crisis?


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

In Ukraine and Western countries, the crisis is often seen as either triggered by Russia or as having a strong stake in the crisis as backers of the separatists.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

According to this view, Russia would have preferred to keep Ukraine as its ally, and it sought to weaken Ukraine by creating instability in the country without waging widespread war [8].


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russia's attempt to secure energy transport routes to European markets has been cited as one of the reasons for the crisis.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russia's particular concern was keeping gas pipelines running across Ukraine to central and southern Europe under control.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Losing them would have meant big losses for the Russian economy.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[2] It has also been suggested that Putin's goal would have been to capture control of the Ukrainian strategic arms industry, invaluable to Russia.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[9] According to a document obtained by the Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta, Russia was planning to capture Crimea and take over eastern Ukraine as early as Yanukovych was in power in Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[10] For the Russian leadership, the accession of Ukrainian leaders to the Western camp is a major threat and, moreover, Ukraine is a perpetual route of invasion by Western conquistadors.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The rise of pro-Western politicians to the Ukrainian leadership was a foretaste of the nightmare for Putin and this is likely the reason Russia has acted in the way it acted in the Ukraine crisis.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[11] The dissolution of the Soviet Union was, in the view of the Russian leadership, an injustice that must be sought to be corrected.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Putin stated in 2005 that “The dissolution of the Soviet Union was the greatest geopolitical disaster of the century (20th century).


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[12] According to an article published in Russia Insider in 2014, the presence of shale gas could be a factor in the conflict.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The Dnieper Donetsk basin, in the eastern parts of which fighting has taken place, is a major oil and gas producing area in Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[13] According to an article published by Reuters in 2012, Ukraine imported about half of its gas from Russia at steadily rising prices in previous years.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[14] Ukraine Memorandum Russian opposition newspaper Novaya Gazeta published in February 2015 a Russian regime memorandum prepared before the collapse of the pro-Russian Ukrainian regime.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[15] A memorandum of early February 2014 [16] talks about chopping Ukraine into parts and annexing regions of eastern Ukraine to Russia.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Among the authors of the memo is alleged to have included Konstantin Malofeyev, a conservative-patriotic grand-businessman known to be supporting the rebels.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Malofeyev knows many of the insurgency chiefs involved in events in eastern Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[17] According to leaked emails, Malofeyev is involved in a secret patriotic brotherhood.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[18] Struggle of interest, nationality issue Russia considers that the spread of Western trade and military alliances close to it is a disadvantage and a threat.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[19] More broadly, this is a division of interests between the European Union and the Eurasian Customs Union, which might be part of Ukraine's interest but a mutually exclusive possibility for both sides.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[20] NATO expansion represents a serious threat in Russia's view [21] [22] and contrary to what has been agreed.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[23] Russia is particularly opposed to Ukraine joining NATO [24] because it perceives it as a security threat to itself.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Thus there is a perception in the West that Russia wants to weaken and intimidate Ukraine, lest the country join Western alliances.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Some observers think Russia wants control over Ukraine's arms industry.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[25] Russia thinks the West, with its economic sanctions, wants to drive the country into revolution.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[26] In December 2014, the Ukrainian parliament authorised the country to join military alliances, effectively NATO [27].


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russia expressed opposition to it.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[28] [29] However, it was not possible for Ukraine to directly join NATO for many years.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

There has been ethnic tension between traditionally Russian-speaking eastern Ukrainians and Ukrainian-speaking western Ukrainians.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[30] In the view of pro-Russian separatists, the new Ukrainian government trampled and threatened the rights of Russian speakers.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

So nationalist activists wanted independence or joining Russia.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russian-speakers in eastern Ukraine did not trust the new Kiev central government, but did not want to join Russia either.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Separatists often accused the new Kiev government of being fascist.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Even though they were right-wing extremists in the Right Sector, like the Ukrainian Interior Ministry forces, the government was more moderate on the right.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Crisis designation Ukrainian security officials said in February 2014 that they were starting an “anti-terrorist operation” (, engl.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Anti Terrorist Operation - ATO) throughout the country.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[31] In early July, the country's administration announced that it would restart the ATO mission.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[32] Ukraine did not declare martial law, martial law or do anything else to call Ukraine a country at war.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

On July 23, 2014, the Red Cross announced that it considered the events to be a civil war in Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[33] Head of the Department of Strategy at the National Defence College, Lieutenant Colonel Torsti Sirén said in August the conflict in Ukraine met the definitions of war from a researcher's point of view.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[1] On September 3, Helsingin Sanomat decided to start using the name Ukrainian War.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[34] Phases of the crisis Early stages of the crisis Ukraine's economic problems gave rise to a desire within the country to join the European Union.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

This gave rise to a popular movement that began to organize protests.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

When the government used fierce violence at the end of February 2014 to quash protests, it drifted into a dead end.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russian-backed President Viktor Yanukovych fled the country.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The provisional government that came to power was considered illegal and fascist by the Russian media.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Parliament tried to amend the law on the status of Russians to be discriminatory against Russians.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Soon Russian activists started a wave of protest and the Ukrainian government accused Russia of fomenting this unrest.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Sporadic clashes began to occur between Russian and Ukrainian activists.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The struggle between activists and the regime in Crimea soon led to Russian intervention.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

In early May 2014, 48 persons were killed in violence and arson in Odessa, much of it protesters opposed to the Ukrainian government.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Ukrainian Prime Minister Arseni Jatsenjuk blamed Russia for the Odessa massacre and announced he was ramping up the operation in eastern Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[35] Despite rumors and charges, all identified victims were residents of Odessa.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[36] Soon Russian activists held a referendum in Crimea, resulting in the annexation of the region to Russia.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russia's actions in Ukraine were fiercely opposed by the West.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

As Western powers supporting Ukraine's government began pressuring Russia with economic sanctions, the crisis escalated into an international one.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

War 2014 Various separatist groups operating in eastern Ukraine's Donetsk and Luhansk regions began occupying government buildings in eastern Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The Ukrainian riot police were powerless and in part unwilling to prevent these takeovers.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

On 11 April 2014, Interior Minister Arsen Avakov threatened to stop the takeovers by force if they continued [37].


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

On April 14, Ukraine's acting President Oleksandr Turchynov announced the start of an “anti-terrorist operation” against the rebels.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[38] In the anti-terrorist operation initially elite Ukrainian soldiers surrendered to pro-Russian separatists.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[39] There seemed to be a lack of willingness to fight and betrayal in the Ukrainian army.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

In May, fighting took place on the territory of Donetsk airport, among other things.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The rebels had barricaded themselves in the cities of Slovyansk and Kramatorsk, among others.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The Slovyansk group was led by Russian military intelligence officer Igor Girkin alias “Strelkov" [40].


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The various rebel groups also had mutual hackles.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Those who came from Russia were believed to be aiming for the head of the neck in rebel groups.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Lawlessness and governance with characteristics of reign of terror prevailed in rebel areas.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Kramatorsk was particularly severely shelled by the Ukrainian army, and the people fled the city.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Pro-Russian rebels shot down Ukrainian army planes and helicopters.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The Ukrainian army managed to rally its forces in June 2014 for a wide-ranging operation against the rebels.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Using heavy armament, the army managed in early July to drive the rebels out of the Slovyansk neighborhoods to Donetsk.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[41] The army began shelling Donetsk, blockading it after long battles.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Besieged Donetsk was facing shortages of water, electricity and petrol, among other things.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russian troops called volunteers with heavy weapons penetrated eastern Ukraine to aid distressed rebels in late August 2014.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Rebels advanced in many areas.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The Ukrainian army suffered heavy losses and quickly withdrew.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[42] [43] In September, pro-Russian forces had control of the entire Russian border in eastern Ukraine behind the Luhansk—Mariupol line.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[44] Of the Russian-speaking residents of eastern Ukraine living in rebel territory, the majority did not want to be connected to Ukraine. [45].


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russia denied any involvement in the war effort.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[46] In September 2014, a ceasefire was agreed and peace pledges were made in Minsk.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Fighting quieted down in many places but continued near Donetsk, among other places.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Russia appeared to have withdrawn its troops.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The fighting didn't break in October, either.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Rebels in the Donbass region held parliamentary and executive elections on 2 November 2014.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

In the opinion of the Ukrainian government, the elections violated the ceasefire agreement.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

So the government cut off funding for rebel areas and cut it off from the rest of the country, and sent more troops into eastern Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

On the other hand, the rebels said Ukraine was violating the ceasefire agreement and seeking a new offensive.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

By early November, Russia had increased its forces on the border again, with pro-Russian tanks crossing the border, according to the Ukrainian military.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[47] Russia again declared that it has no soldiers in Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

A lot of heavy weapons were moved near Donetsk on the pro-Russian side, [48] and there was fierce shelling.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[49] There were increasing inter-fighting between the various rebel groups at the end of 2014.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[50] 2015 Fighting intensified again in mid-January 2015 [51] when rebels who got on top of the neck attacked several areas.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[52] [53] The parties to the crisis and the major European powers agreed on a new ceasefire in Minsk on 12 February 2015 [54], but among other things the border issue remained unresolved.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[55] Russia delivered about 50 tanks, as well as dozens of rocket launcher systems and armored vehicles, to Ukraine during the peace talks.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[56] A fragile ceasefire silenced the fighting [57], but they escalated again in May in many places.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[58] In May, trainers arrived in western Ukraine from the United States. [59].


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The rebels were preparing for further attacks in May 2015 [60] [61], as did Ukrainian forces.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The fighting escalated in the summer of 2015.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[62] [63] Fighting intensified [64] after insurgents attacked. [65].


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The rebels claimed for themselves the entire Donetsk and Luhansk regions [66] on the Russian side of the border with Ukraine was the largest concentration of forces during the crisis.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[67] The fighting quieted down in September, when the new ceasefire held quite well.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[68] Both sides withdrew their heavy weapons from the front in October.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[69] But the trade war between Russia and Ukraine accelerated.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[70] There were still isolated incidents.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[71] 2016 and 2017 In 2016—17, the war rippled on both fronts despite new ceasefires.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Separatists seek to take over stategic targets.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

These included Mariupol and the nearby road to Avdijivka.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

The Ukrainians were able to repel the rebel advance. [72].


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

In July 2017, the West allowed arms aid to Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

Observers say Russia was aiming for rapid expansions of territory in Ukraine.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[73] There were about nine assassinations in Ukraine, for which the Ukrainian regime blamed Russia.


Question: Why did western Ukraine fall?

War in eastern Ukraine

[74] [75] But in the fall of 2017 Russia proposed a limited peacekeeping mission in its interests to Ukraine.