Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Certain types of risk factors, such as predisposing gene lineage or early CNS development disorder [9], increase the likelihood that the brain will respond psychotically to stress-inducing environmental factors such as stress, life crisis, trauma, or substance abuse.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[34] Environmental factors In 2004 it was discovered that foetal lead exposure and schizophrenia later in life may be related.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[35] [36] [37] In 2009 the theory has been developed further [38].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

A study has been published in 2013 that predisposes foetal lead exposure to schizophrenia later in life.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Lead exposure is not sufficient in itself; lead must block the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), which affects brain development, learning, and memory.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[39] [40] [41] According to a 2005 review, up to two-thirds of the incidence of schizophrenia may be due to traumatic childhood maltreatment experiences resulting from stress and psychosis sensitivity [42].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Eighty percent of schizophrenics have been diagnosed with trauma background.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[43] The traumas of patients with schizophrenia have been associated with maltreatment as children, such as violence, abuse or neglect, accidents or victimization of crime.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Children who have experienced trauma are three times more likely than others to develop schizophrenia on average (3% probability).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Also, the degree of severity of trauma increases the likelihood.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[44] [45] As a child, the likelihood of developing psychosis diseases, of which schizophrenia is the most common, is 50 times higher.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[46] Traumatic experiences affect the content of psychotic symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations are often flashbacks of trauma experiences and sensations during trauma, rather than insignificant products of the mind.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[43] Those who have been bullied as children have an average twice (2%) likelihood of developing schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The effect is in the severity and duration of the bullying.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[47] Those traumatised in war are clearly more likely than others to be diagnosed as schizophrenics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, in some of them, psychosis may also be caused by a dissociation disorder.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[43] Those who immigrated to a foreign country as refugees have a threefold risk of developing schizophrenia and other psychosis diseases, and other migrants double.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Migrants from sub-Saharan Africa to Sweden had the same risk of psychosis disease as refugees.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[48] Other risk factors include lack of family support, loneliness, life insecurity, [34], the experience of being abandoned [49], other tough childhood experiences and severe stress.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[17] Stress can be associated with a burdensome life situation or individual events.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, stress is caused by job change, moving, going to the military, interpersonal issues, illness or loss of a loved one, moving out of a childhood home, socializing, choosing a profession and starting to study.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[34] According to Finnish research, genetic predisposition may make a child more sensitive to conflicts in the family environment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For adopted children with only a low genetic risk, the family climate had no effect on the risk of getting sick.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

If the biological parent of the adopted child had a disease of the spectrum of schizophrenia, but the emotional atmosphere of the adoptive family was warm, relationships with children were not marked by criticality and there were no intergenerational problems, the child's risk of developing disorders in the schizophrenia group was 5.8% (when the average risk a child with schizophrenia has 10%).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

If the family experienced those problems, the probability increased to 36.8%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[50] Studies have found that neurolobiological findings typical of schizophrenia and other serious mental health problems are consistent in studies related to chronic stress, substance use, loneliness, and especially early childhood traumatization with observed neurobiological findings.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Early childhood experiences affecting brain development also have a particularly large impact on how an individual responds to stressful situations as an adult, according to studies.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, studies on rhesus macaques have found that early childhood experiences shape brain structure, neurotransmitter system function, gene expression, and behavioural and response patterns that predominate later in adulthood.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to these studies, early childhood growth environment also contributes greatly to the manifestation of traits known to be hereditary.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] [51] [52] Vitamin D deficiency may predispose to schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is twice as common in those with vitamin D deficiency than in those who get enough of it.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

65% of schizophrenics suffer from vitamin D deficiency.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has long been known to be more common in people born in winter and spring, as well as in cold and low-sunny countries compared to the south.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, it is also possible that getting sick reduces outdoor activities and therefore vitamin D intake.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Also, antipsychotics may interfere with the formation of vitamin D on the skin.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[53] Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii have been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[54] The parasite can be obtained through cat feces or poorly cooked meat.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Arsenault et.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

al studied the effect of school bullying and maltreatment on the risk of psychosis in 12-year-old identical twins.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It said the risk of psychosis was 5.7-fold when the risk was not controlled by non-identical twins.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

When the results took into account the genetic impact of the risk by comparing the risk to non-identical twins, the risk dropped by 3.8.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[55] On the other hand, childhood differences in childhood maltreatment experiences have been linked to negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia in identical twins, and this difference cannot naturally be explained by the influence of genes.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[56] Organ Causes Heredity Factors Scientists have long known that schizophrenia occurs in certain genera.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[57] However, 60% of people with schizophrenia are from families in which no other people with schizophrenia are known.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[58] The disease is not caused by gene inheritance alone.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The risk of developing an identical twin in a person with schizophrenia, calculated on the basis of twin studies, is only 50%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[59] Hereditary predisposition affects such that the child of a person with schizophrenia has a 10% probability of developing schizophrenia [60] and a sister has a 9% probability of developing schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[61] When both parents develop schizophrenia, the child's probability of contracting the disease is 46%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[62] If a second-degree relative (uncle, uncle, aunt or grandparent) has schizophrenia, there is a 3% risk of developing the disease. [61].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Estimates of heredity produced by various twin studies vary somewhat.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Heredity factors are thought to account for up to 80 per cent of susceptibility to disease, according to twin studies.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[63] In a Finnish population-based twin study, 83% of predisposition to disease (95% CI 76-90%) was due to hereditary factors and 17% to interpersonal factors that were not common to family members.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[64] On the other hand, in another Finnish study of twins, the concordance of identical twins for schizophrenia was only 11%, indicating a large influence of environmental factors in the development of the disorder [65].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

This study is the third largest study of twins related to schizophrenia in the world by sampling, and the concordance it gives to identical twins is among the smallest that has ever been found [7].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Also, an American study of war veterans estimated the concordancy of identical twins at only 13.5% [66].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In one study of a small sample, 0% of variation in the incidence of schizophrenia could be explained by gene lineage.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In this study, concordancy in nonidentical twins was 50% and 22% for identical twins when using the most stringent Schneider criteria to determine schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[67] In particular, twin studies conducted before 1962 have been considered to be of low quality and provide higher heredity estimates for schizophrenia than newer studies.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Many studies have involved numerous problems.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, in studies diagnoses have not been blinded, criteria for schizophrenia vary or not presented, samples are small and do not reliably represent the population as a whole, the methods used to determine zygosity are unreliable in some studies, and in many studies have not adequately described the research methods.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In so-called classical studies published before 1962, the concordancy of schizophrenia was 61.2% for identical twins and 23.2% respectively, ranging from 11% (Koskenvuo et al.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

1984) and 67% (Franzek and Beckman 1998).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Interpreting heredity estimates produced by twin studies must take into account the fact that there are two different methods by which concordancy between twins is calculated.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Especially in classical studies, concordancy between twins expresses the proportion that concordant twins with regards to schizophrenia represent of all twin pairs.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, if three out of ten identical pairs of twins in three both develop schizophrenia, then concordance is 30%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Since the 1960s, however, many schizophrenia researchers have begun to favour a different method of calculation.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Here, concordance refers to the proportion in which one of the twin siblings with schizophrenia has also contracted schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In this method, in other words, each pair of twins concordant with schizophrenia is counted twice if they have been independently identified in search of subjects.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In other words, if, according to the previous example, 3/10 of a pair of twins is concordant with regards to schizophrenia, the concordance value becomes 46%, or 6/13, by this method.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Critics have criticized the use of this method in part because in twin studies of schizophrenia, study subjects are not usually identified separately.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Thus, according to them, some schizophrenia researchers use this method unjustifiably to artificially inflate the concordance of schizophrenia up to tens of percent higher than they would be when using another method.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, according to Tienari's 1975 study of the public station, the concordancy of identical twins relative to all identical twins was 15% (3/20) and for non-identical twins was 7.5% (3/42).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The result was remarkably low compared to many previous studies.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In 1987, Kendler calculated Tienari's results using the second method and obtained 33% (the correct result with this method would have been 26%, but 33% was what was reported as the result).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The difference in concordancy values produced by the same study can therefore be as high as 73% depending on the method by which the value is calculated.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[7] Twin studies are based on the assumption that the environmental impact of identical and non-identical twins would be similar.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, they cannot reliably distinguish between genes and environmental influences, according to many scientists.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

This is also manifested in the fact that the results of twin studies with non-identical twins depend heavily on whether same-sex nonidentical twins or different-sex nonidentical twins are studied: for same-sex twins, the concordance of schizophrenia is 11.3% and for different sex twins 4.7%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[68] Also, according to a Swedish study of twins, the association of psychosis risk in non-identical twins of the same sex was more than twice as strong as in people of different sex.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[69] It has been repeatedly shown that identical twins possess a more similar environment than non-identical twins.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

This is a particularly big problem in schizophrenia-related twin studies, since most of them deal with twins who grew up together.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It has been studied that identical twins experience more identity confusion and psychological intimacy than non-identical twins, and are treated much more similarly than non-identical twins.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

These factors may particularly strongly influence the results of twin studies associated with schizophrenia when it is known that childhood maltreatment is one of the major risk factors for schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Research suggests that identical twins living in a shared environment were more similar in relation to childhood maltreatment than non-identical twins (z ≥ 3.53, p < 0.001).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The co-variation of environmental factors and genes contributes to explaining why the results given by twin studies are strongly at odds with genetic studies.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, according to the most extensive genetic study to date, the gene regions associated with schizophrenia explain only 3.4% of the variation in the incidence of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The finding is nowhere near the high heredity estimates given by twin studies [5] [70] [71] That international study on schizophrenia has identified more than one hundred gene regions associated with schizophrenia that specifically control brain learning and memory and between brain cells communication.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[72] The same genes also lead to a stronger body defence system than usual.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[17] Of these more than 100 gene regions, each raises an estimated 0.1% risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to the researchers, the results suggest the possibility, although they do not prove that the high heredity estimates given by twin studies are wrong.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Although numerous genetic studies related to schizophrenia have repeatedly found gene domains associated with schizophrenia, the results of these studies have not been able to be replicated in subsequent studies.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Genetic studies in schizophrenia have been said to have been plagued by a decades-long cycle of false positives, in which numerous positive research results with high media publicity have been unable to be replicated.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] With the high heredity estimates given by twin studies, there is also the observation that schizophrenics are less likely to have children than the rest of the population, so genes predisposing to schizophrenia are not effectively inherited, but the disease still occurs from generation to generation about as much.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The incidence would drop if the disease was inherited simply.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Nearly all people with schizophrenia were murdered or sterilized by the Nazis in Nazi Germany 1939−1945, but the schizophrenia did not disappear.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[73] In fact, it has been noted that the incidence of schizophrenia doubled after World War II in Germany and was significantly higher than in many other countries using the same diagnostic criteria.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, according to a 1965 study in Manheim, Germany, the incidence of schizophrenia was 53.5/100,000 inhabitants, compared with 23.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in England, for example, and 21.5/100,000 in the United States.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Some attempts have been made to explain this difference by population changes: for example, 13% of the population in Mannheim were workers of foreign origin.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, according to studies, the incidence of schizophrenia was significantly lower among them than in the general population.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[74] Neurotransmitters Schizophrenia has long been considered a dopamine-related disease of the brain.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to dopamine theory, excessive activity of the central nervous system neurotransmitter dopamine causes delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders, while its passivity leads to disruption of information processing and loss of emotions.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Drug treatment for schizophrenia is based on dopamine theory.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to the glutamate theory presented in the 1980s, it is instead about the neurotransmitter glutamate.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The results have been varied, so symptoms may result from combinations of multiple CNS neurotransmitter dysfunctions.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[75] Evidence of neurotransmitter dysfunction in schizophrenia and other psychosis diseases is mainly indirect.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, neuroleptics commonly used to treat schizophrenia were utilized as sedatives in the context of surgical operations until it was discovered that their sedative effect was also effective in calming patients with psychosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Their effect on dopamine receptors was not noticed until later.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Studies related to the dopamine hypothesis are based on neuroimaging studies and post-mortem examinations of the brains of patients with schizophrenia, as well as the measurement of the concentration of the dopamine metabolite HVA in the cerebrospinal fluid.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Most neuroimaging studies have been unable to find a difference in the activity of the dopaminergic system in the brain of schizophrenia patients or the density of dopamine receptors relative to healthy subjects if other factors have been taken into account.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, it has been noticed that neuroleptics increase the density of dopamine receptors in the brain, which explains, for example, the abnormalities found in the density of dopamine receptors found in some post-mortem studies in patients with schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Animal studies have also found that neuroleptics have been linked to a higher density of D2 receptors.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The concentration of HVA in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia has not differed from healthy subjects.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] The dopaminergic system has been speculated to be linked, among other things, to the development of paranoid delusions because one of the functions of dopamine is associated with threat anticipation.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, childhood maltreatment has been repeatedly noted to be associated with dysregulation of the dopaminergic system.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Life experiences thus burdening may, according to some hypotheses, sensitise the dopaminergic system in a way that predisposes to the development of paranoid biases.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Low-grade inflammation of the central nervous system Inflammation maintained by microglias, cells responsible for brain resistance, may be a factor in schizophrenia symptoms, and worsening inflammation exacerbates symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[12] In patients with schizophrenia, a clear reduction in central nervous system mass and microglial cell activation associated with chronic inflammation has been observed.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In addition, large amounts of cytokines and other markers of inflammation are found in the blood and spinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[76] Autoimmune diseases and severe inflammation increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Chronic stress also increases the risk of schizophrenia, as it may increase the number of inflammatory cytokines and contribute to the emergence of chronic inflammation [77].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In connection with psychosis of the inflammatory condition of the brain, it has been thought to be related to it interfering with the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Some studies suggest a disruption in the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors has been linked to psychotic biases and impaired cognitive performance.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[13] [14] Substance abuse According to a 2015 study, smoking is suspected to cause schizophrenia, as 57% of people with schizophrenia had smoked before becoming ill.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

People who smoke daily are twice as likely as non-smokers to develop schizophrenia (2% probability) and schizophrenics who smoked before they get sick are also on average years earlier than other schizophrenics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Smoking causes permanent changes in the brain's signal transmission chains.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[78] The study does not yet tell us whether it is, however, that tobacco only early the onset of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

If smoking causes new cases of schizophrenia, smoking rates should also be reflected in the prevalence of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Nicotine temporarily corrects disturbances in the processing of sound signals in schizophrenics, so smoking can also be caused by self-medication of symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[79] 75% of schizophrenics smoke and most abundant (minus.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

25 cigarettes/day).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[80] The third factor demonstrated in several studies is that the same gene factors predispose to both schizophrenia and nicotine addiction.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[79] The reason for the association between schizophrenia and smoking may be all three mechanisms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[78] In 2017, it has been discovered that schizophrenics use nicotine as self-medication to reverse the hypofrontality of the brain's frontal lobe cortex, i.e. poor blood supply, as nicotine has such a reversing effect in the brain.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[81] There are conflicting research data on the link between cannabis and schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Both people with schizophrenia and pre-existing conditions use cannabis and amphetamines more often than the rest of the population.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Cannabis users are approximately twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as others [82], meaning they have the same 2% likelihood of contracting disease as smokers.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, cannabis smokers may be smokers, that is, add cannabis to tobacco, or smoke more typically than others.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In a Swedish conscript study from 2002, cannabis use increased the risk of disease among men over a 27-year period, which was also linked to the amount of intoxication used.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The study speculated that the use of cannabis as a relief of schizophrenia symptoms does not explain the link.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[83] However, schizophrenia has not become widespread in countries where cannabis use has increased in a decade.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[84] A British study from 2014 supports the hypothesis that the same genes increase both susceptibility to disease and likelihood of using cannabis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[82] There have also been results that cannabis itself does not cause, but only brings forward the onset of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[85] Alcohol addicts are three times more likely to develop schizophrenia, but the link is due to a higher risk for schizophrenics to become alcoholic.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[86] The same gene variant increases susceptibility to both schizophrenia and alcoholism.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[87] On the other hand, it has also been studied that the stigma associated with schizophrenia and related discrimination is linked to alcohol problems in patients with schizophrenia [4].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to one study, drinking five cups of coffee combined with stress increases the likelihood of imagining non-existent sounds.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, caffeine has never been suspected to have a link to schizophrenia because it is perceived as a safe intoxication, so the issue has not been investigated.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[88] Early development disorders An infectious disease during the middle third of pregnancy in the mother increases some risk of child schizophrenia [17], as do diseases of the defense system.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia may be caused by the inflammation they cause.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

If the CRP concentration of inflammation was greater than 10 mg/l, the probability of developing schizophrenia was almost 60% higher than others (1.6% probability).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[89] Complications during childbirth have also been linked to prevalence.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In childbirth, those suffering from oxygen deprivation have a 4.4-fold increased risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[90] [91] [92] Inflammation may also be related to stress response in the body, which has been linked to many disorders other than schizophrenia [15].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Geneus-environment interaction Some of the factors that predict schizophrenia are potentially influenced by both lineage and early development and environmental factors.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Such factors include emergence from an unwanted pregnancy, parental psychosis disorders [93] [94], slow development of childhood motor skills, and personality traits such as anxiety sensitivity, tendency to withdraw from interpersonal relationships, learning disabilities [34] and creativity.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[95] Prevention Contraindications to predisposing environmental factors such as good living conditions and a safe childhood protect against developing schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[34] Symptoms Symptoms of schizophrenia are diverse and individual, there is not just one type of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Symptoms can be divided according to the course of the disease into precancerous symptoms, symptoms of the acute phase of psychosis and aftersymptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

By type, they can be divided into positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, diffuse speech and behaviour, catatonia, muscle stiffness) and negative symptoms (loss of emotions, speech impairment, involuntary and inability to feel pleasure).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

“Positive” symptom refers to a symptom that is additional to a healthy mind, and the “negative” symptom again manifests itself as a deficiency in relation to health.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

A person with schizophrenia, or schizophrenic, may suffer from delusions (often peculiar or stalking) and hallucinations (especially auditory hallucinations).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia causes a decrease in functional capacity from previous levels of ability to function, difficulty in working and social relationships, and the illness is characterized by withdrawal from social relationships and unwillingness to stay in touch with other people.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

A schizophrenic can talk little and have little to express his feelings.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In social situations, reciprocal feelings may be absent.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenics are often passive and sit quietly to themselves for long periods, enveloped in their own thoughts.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Illness may include disorganized speech or missteps in operational control, which mean complication of methodology and subconscious routines.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Preliminary symptoms Preliminary symptoms can last from a few days to years, [9] and can be difficult to link to a psychosis disease.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Patients and their families do not very easily recognize gradually coming symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

They might also associate deviant thinking and behavioral changes with substance abuse, stress or other things.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[96] Normally, the pre-symptoms seen initially in patients are less dramatic changes such as attention deficit disorders, social withdrawal, and bodily clumsiness.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[96] Preliminary symptoms include anxiety, restlessness, irritability, anger, depression, lack of motivation, passivity, lack of pleasure, suicidal thoughts, mood swings, apathy, inability to concentrate, impaired conceptual thinking, impaired conceptual thinking, impaired thoughts, loss of appetite, difficulty sleeping, obsessive thoughts and functions, bizarre speech, perception distortion, withdrawal from social relations, impairment of schooling or working.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[9] As early as possible symptom recognition and access to treatment are important goals as they can help avoid the onset of psychosis and thus improve prognosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[9] Symptoms of the acute phase In the acute stage, mainly positive symptoms occur, sometimes at the same time also negative symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Most patients at this stage have been ill for quite some time, since the actual psychotic symptoms usually appear only after the disease process of schizophrenia has already endured.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[96] Psychosis means that it is difficult or impossible for a person to distinguish between what is true and what is not, that is, a blurring sense of reality.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Psychosis consists of delusions, the kind of hallucinations that are not understood as delusions or both.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[97] In addition to psychosis, there may be thought disturbances in the acute phase.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Hallucinations not understood as delusions Auditory hallucinations are the most common hallucinations found in schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Up to 60−80% of schizophrenics hear sounds [98], while the proportion of those hearing voices is only 10-15% in healthy people.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[99] Voices may comment on a person's actions or thoughts, repeat his or her thoughts, or be more whispers or blurs where words cannot be made clear.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[100] You can also discuss with them.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In tone they can be accusatory, abusive, negative, aggressive, hateful, violent, torturous, advisory, commanding, playful, supportive, sarcastic, entertaining, sexual, benevolent, comforting or humorous, allowing a person to laugh at them even out loud .


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[100] [101] [102] Culture affects the content of auditory hallucinations; according to one study, schizophrenics in the United States experienced their auditory hallucinations solely as tormenting, in India and Ghana often positive.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In Ghana, more than half believed votes belonged to a god and they dealt with religious matters.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In India, voices were more likely to be perceived as older relatives or ancestors.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Voices commanded to do housework or deal with sexual matters.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[100] Sensory perceptions have generally changed in other ways as well: colours or sounds may seem, for example, unusually strong.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[103] Delusions Delusions are baseless beliefs.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

A person may feel that others know or share their most intimate thoughts, feelings and activities.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

He might explain his feeling by thinking that there are natural or supernatural forces that have a peculiar effect on his thoughts and actions.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The most common delusions are paranoid bones, which is, most often, fears of being persecuted or spied on.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[101] Paranoid disorder may include imagining that a person's phone is being bugged or that their apartment has CCTV cameras or listening devices used to monitor them.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[104] Experiencing a relationship bias, or meaning experience, means that a person mistakenly believes that ordinary things have a meaning associated with him/herself.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, he might think newspaper writings, internet forums or TV shows deal with him, or that messages are sent to him through them.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[104] In this case, speech can sometimes become incomprehensible to others.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

A person can feel that they are the center of all events.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Thought disorders Thought disorder refers to the inability to think and speak logically and systematically.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

There may be disturbances in the structure of thinking and speech; for example, difficulty connecting evocations with each other, or speech may be very illogical, or completely confusing.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Sometimes, speech can cling to detail and be poor in content, tiring, or repeating the same thing.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[101] There may be pauses in the patient's thought flow and extra things may penetrate between thoughts, whereby the sufferer may be mistaken to think that some outside factor is taking thoughts out of the mind.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[103] The level of consciousness and intelligence are normally maintained, although deficits in the processing of information, such as memory may develop over time.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Difficulty sleeping In schizophrenia, in particular, is manifested by difficulty falling asleep and nocturnal wakefulness.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

There is also a decrease in deep sleep.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Deterioration of sleep reduces vigor and concentration, and thus significantly complicates other symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[105] Conventional features of schizophrenia: regression from previous levels of social function, sudden fluctuations in mental state apathetics, scarcity of speech, stray sensations, delusional sensations, the most common of which vocal delusions problems of attention and concentration of information processing, new learning and linguistic memory problems catatonic postural behavior depression, self-harm.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Aftersymptoms Aftersymptoms The aftermath is dominated by negative symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, neuroleptics used in the treatment of schizophrenia also cause disturbances in memory and thought functions, loss of emotions, loss of interest and willpower and passivity, and inability to feel pleasure.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Diagnosis of schizophrenia requires the fulfillment of certain criteria, which are clarified in the ICD-10 classification of diseases.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The essence is that the symptoms are environmentally independent and long-lasting.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia can be diagnosed in humans with very different symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia can be perceived as a syndrome rather than a uniform disease.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The category of schizophrenia in the ICD-10 disease classification is F20.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is classified into the following main types F20.0—F20.3: paranoid schizophrenia — the type of schizophrenia most common in Western countries.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[106] Mainly in young adults, with symptoms of paranoia and auditory hallucinations.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

hebephrenic schizophrenia — A severe form of schizophrenia that occurs at a young age, which is characterized by feelings, isolation and thought disorders.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

catatonic schizophrenia — a mental illness currently rare in the Western world, in which psychomotor disorders are typical.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

undifferentiated schizophrenia — None of the above.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

and their diagnosis requires the following general criteria: At least one of the following syndromes or symptoms occurs most of the time (or some time during most days) during a psychotic illness period lasting at least one month: Echoing thoughts, thoughts transfer or deprivation or transmission of thoughts Experiences associated with controlling, influencing or being guided in relation to body or limb movements or specific thoughts, activities or sensations; delusional observations.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Hearing hallucinations, where voices comment on a patient's behavior or discuss the patient with each other, or another type of sounds that are heard from some part of the body.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Other persistent delusions that are unsuitable for culture and completely impossible (e.g., the ability to control the weather, or to communicate with aliens from another world).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Alternatively, at least two of the following syndromes or symptoms occur most of the time (or some time during most days) during a psychotic illness period lasting at least one month: Long-lasting hallucinations of any sense that occur daily for at least one month and involving delusions (which can be either transient or partial) without obvious mood-related content, or involving persistent overrated thoughts.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Neologisms (personal words invented by the patient) breaks or detached intervening thoughts that break the course of ordinary thought.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

As a result, there is a fragmentation of speech or loss of meaning.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Catatonic behaviour such as arousal, stopping in strange positions or waxy tendency, negativism, mutism (not speaking), and complete stagnation.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

“Negative” symptoms such as marked apathetics, low speech and lacrimation or mismatch of emotions.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Differential diagnoses It is necessary to ensure that the symptoms are not caused by depressive or antipsychotics [107] [108] [109] [108] and it should also be noted that the criteria have not been met since the development of the affective disorder and the disorder cannot be considered as an organ brain disease or alcohol or alcohol or intoxication, addiction or withdrawal symptoms associated with substance abuse or use of a medicinal substance affecting the functioning of the central nervous system.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Differential diagnostics must also take into account various dissociative disorders, particularly dissociative identity disorder, or “tributary personality disorder”, with significant overlapping symptoms with psychosis diseases, but nevertheless a clearly divergent overall disease picture.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[110] A diagnosis of schizophrenia should not be made if a person has abundant symptoms of depression or mania unless it is clear that schizophrenic symptoms have occurred prior to the affective disorder.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia should not be diagnosed either during obvious brain disease or symptoms of intoxication or withdrawal.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

When diagnostically assessing abnormal experiences and behaviours, it is important to remember the impact of culture or specific subculture or potential low talent and avoid making a false positive assessment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In addition, differential diagnoses such as Asperger's syndrome or other autism spectrum disorders should be excluded.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Although there are clear differences between Asperger's syndrome and schizophrenia, psychodynamic examination can lead to misinterpretations and misdiagnosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[111] A single psychosis may not be caused by schizophrenia, but may be, for example, so-called reactive psychosis caused by shock or chemical psychosis triggered by substance use.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Classification Question Medically, the causes, mechanism and course of the disease of schizophrenia are poorly understood despite long research.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It is sometimes suggested that schizophrenia should be divided into several different diseases based on different manifestations, because they differ so much from each other.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Mental illness was divided into two groups in the 19th century, from their current names schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, which are now classified as different diseases.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

There is controversy in psychiatry as to whether they are just different forms of the same disease after all.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Diseases have more genes in common than distinguishing.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Genes that distinguish diseases account for about 48 percent of gene variation in schizophrenics, and 31 percent of gene variation in those with bipolar disorder.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In between the two diseases, there is an additional schizoaffective disorder that combines the features of each.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[112] A schizophrenic offspring has a multiple risk of developing not only schizophrenia but also bipolar disorder.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The elevated risk is not due to upbringing, as it also applies to biological adoption children.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[113] Many researchers have criticized the validity of the diagnosis of schizophrenia partly because symptoms typical of schizsorenia can also be found in other categories of psychiatric disorders and many schizophrenia patients also meet other psychiatric disorders such as depression, manic diagnostic criteria for depressivity, panic disorder, dissociation disorder or post-traumatic stress reaction.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In one study, people with dissociative identity disorder experienced even more symptoms of schizophrenia than those given a diagnosis of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

After all, there is no reliable evidence that symptoms typical of schizophrenia occur together but do not occur in other disorders.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, a WHO study published in 1974 compared clusters of different symptoms in humans with diagnostic symptom classes.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to the study, the symptom picture of patients with schizophrenia did not form a distinctive profile; instead, the people who were the subject of the study were much more homogeneous in their symptoms than the diagnostic classifications suggested.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] The validity and reliability of schizophrenia have also been criticized from other perspectives.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia diagnosis presented in the DSM-V can be met in 15 different ways in two people without having a single common symptom.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Furthermore, according to the DSM-IV, there did not need to be even two symptoms, but one was enough when (a) two or more voices commented on a person's thoughts and behaviour, if (b) two or more voices conversing with each other, or if (c) delusions are bizzaric.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Research suggests that there is no consensus for the definition of “bizzari”, although on average 6% of schizophrenia diagnoses have been made on the basis of this symptom alone.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] The diagnosis of schizophrenia contained in the DSM-V always requires the co-occurrence of two symptoms and has removed the term “bizzari” from the schizophrenia criterion system following criticism of it.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[114] However, a new diagnosis of “unspecified schizophrenia” has entered the manual, which does not require consideration of the duration of symptoms or fulfilment of all symptoms characteristic of the schizophrenia criterion, such as delusions or hallucinations.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, the diagnosis has been criticised for being vague, which, according to criticism, can lead to increasing problems with diagnosis validity and reliability.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[115] In particular, the ICD classification in use in Europe and emerging countries differs somewhat from the DSM diagnostic manual in terms of diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It requires symptoms to last only one month, while DSM requires symptoms to last six months to meet the criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

ICD-10 does not require the disorder to be accompanied by a decrease in social or professional capacity.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Thus, it is possible that a fully functional individual may receive a diagnosis of lifelong mental illness.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It also contains a longer list of symptoms typical of schizophrenia, than the DSM diagnostic manual.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

As a result, it involves even more questions about the validity and reliability of diagnosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Herron et.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

al (1992) identified a total of 16 different schizophrenia classification systems.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Depending on which classification system was used, 1-203 of the 248 patients studied met the criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Ways to classify and acquire information about a patient's symptoms also vary.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, McGorry et al.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

(1995) examined the concordance of eight methods used to diagnose psychotic disorder contained in DSM-IVs.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to the results, the consistency between the different methods ranged from 53 to 65%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

One study found no statistically significant association between the two diagnostic processes used by the researchers and the schizophrenia diagnoses made by clinicians.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Some studies suggest that a patient's socioeconomic background is linked to whether they are diagnosed with schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder with the same symptom pattern.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The impact of socioeconomic background on diagnosis is unconscious, as psychiatrists do not know that they make diagnoses based on factors other than the person's symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Ethnic background is also thought to have a link with how sensitively a patient is given a diagnosis of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It is speculated that because of this, some ethnic minorities with schizophrenia have a remarkably much better prognosis than the average for people with schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] The validity of schizophrenia diagnosis can also be criticized based on the fact that its prognosis varies greatly between individuals.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The prognosis of schizophrenia is determined by three facts: 1) there is considerable variation in it 2) many of those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia recover fully 3) psychosocial factors are most strongly linked to the prognosis of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Many long-term studies suggest an estimated 13-78% recovery from schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The majority of estimates are placed between 30-55%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia diagnosis therefore has poor predictive validity contrary to what is often claimed.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Treatment A sufferer with schizophrenia may lack a sense of illness altogether, leaving responsibility for the patient's care often left to one's own.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[116] The onset of schizophrenia typically results in early stages of hospitalization, which continues later as an outpatient.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Treatment of schizophrenia is usually based on long-term use of antipsychotics [117] which suppress the functioning of the central nervous system, aimed at eliminating psychosis and preventing its recurrence.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, the Tornio region has a so-called open dialogue treatment model in place, the cornerstone of which, rather than medication, is listening to the patient and having equal conversation, which has proven in studies to be the most effective and cheapest treatment for schizophrenia and other psychosis diseases.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[117] Treatment of schizophrenia requires good planning and consideration of the patient's immediate family and family.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The illness can be accompanied by difficulties in interacting with others, inability to go to work, as well as difficulties in adhering to a treatment regimen.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, the lack of time to go out is one of the reasons why 42% of those transferred from hospital to outpatient treatment for the first time do not pick up their medication at the pharmacy.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In Finland, 7.8% of patients with schizophrenia transferred to outpatient care are admitted to hospital within a month, which is less than the average in OECD countries.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Within a few months, however, the repatriation will be less successful.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The reason has been assessed as an outpatient treatment leaves a person to cope alone with their problems.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[118] A schizophrenic may also become homeless due to the difficulties of everyday life he encounters, in which case it may be difficult to follow a treatment regimen.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Formerly homeless, there was also a habit of discharging schizophrenics from hospital without housing.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[119] Schizophrenia is resistant to treatment in a small proportion of patients, i.e. the treatments tried have not worked.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Treatment of treatment-resistant schizophrenia is challenging.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The old and potent clozapine is used to treat treatment-resistant schizophrenia, which, however, has even more side effects than newer antipsychotics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[120] One of the major difficulties in treating schizophrenia is comorbide substance abuse disorder.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

By this is meant double diagnosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[121] Medication Schizophrenia is primarily treated with persistent antipsychotic medication [117] (neuroleptics) in Finland, with the exception of Tornio, whose action is based on suppressing central nervous system function.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to the Finnish Recommendation for Schizophrenia, the efficacy of antipsychotics, especially in the treatment of positive symptoms, has been conclusively proven in controlled trials.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Due to the risk of recurrence of psychosis, drug therapy for psychosis is recommended to be continued after at least 2-5 initial psychosis, depending on how sensitive the patient is to external life events.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In studies, psychosis recurs within one year after initial psychosis in 55% of patients treated with placebo and 15-25% of patients receiving antipsychotic medicine.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[122] [10] [123] According to the “Fair Care Recommendation”, deficient treatment compliance is a major contributing factor to the treatment of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to studies, 30% of hospitalized patients, as well as 45-65%, at least periodically fail to follow the medication prescription.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[124] [125] The treatment model of open dialogue in Tornio developed in the 1980s the so-called 'open dialogue' treatment model (the so-called 'open dialogue' treatment model. A model) [117] in which treatment begins within a day of contact with the patient [126].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The treatment model is designed to prevent the chronicling of psychosis [126] and starts from the idea that mental health problems are primarily caused by social interaction problems between people.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[117] Only 35 per cent of patients with psychosis in the Tornio region are prescribed antipsychotic medication, while elsewhere these medicines are prescribed to all sufferers of psychosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[117] If an antipsychotic is used, the doses should be kept low to avoid side effects.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[126] The most important form of treatment is an egalitarian discussion involving not only the patient, physician and other medical staff, but also the patient's loved ones.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The open-dialog treatment model has proved to be markedly more effective and cheaper than the model used elsewhere in Finland, with only 24 per cent of patients having re-entered psychosis during the two-year follow-up period, compared with 71 per cent of those treated elsewhere in Finland of patients.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[117] In the area where the open dialogue model has been used in the treatment of psychoses, the incidence of schizophrenia has fallen by one tenth over a 20-year period, despite the lack of noticeable changes in the population of the region.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Elsewhere in Finland, the incidence of schizophrenia has even been on a slight rise recently.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The change can be explained by a culture of treatment, which also allows for early intervention in the course of psychosis and thus to prevent prolonged psychotic symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[11] [8] Other treatment In addition to medical treatment, patients with schizophrenia are sometimes also given psychosocial treatment, which may include, inter alia, supportive discussions, occupational therapy, psychoeduction, i.e. information about the disease and how to treat it, working with the patient's relatives such as: family work, cognitive psychotherapy and cognitive rehabilitation.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[9] The aim of therapies is not only to support the patient/rehabilitator's ability to function, but also to increase the patient's desire to undergo treatment and use medications.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[127] The historical treatments for schizophenia today are mainly isolation, or “safety therapy”, bed binding, or “resting bandages”, and occasionally electrotherapy.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[128] Resting bandages are wide leather beams to tie the patient to a bed for an average of 10 hours at a time.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Bed binding is usually treated for patient confusion and occasionally aggression or disruptive behavior as well.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[129] Forecast According to a Finnish study published in 2015, 13.5% of Finns affected will recover if the recovery is defined as having a good functional capacity for at least two years and at most minor symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

A measure of good functioning is considered, for example, that the patient is in employment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Despite advances in medications and other treatment, recovery from schizophrenia is no more common than it was decades ago; fewer and fewer are showing signs of recovery.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

This is thought to be accompanied by heightened labour demands.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[130] According to pharmaceutical company Lundbeck AB, approximately 3% recover fully and overall functional performance is maintained in 15% to 22% of sufferers.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[131] With age, symptoms often ease and sometimes a person is cured of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[132] The new-generation antipsychotics advertised as effective have not increased the number of people recovering from schizophrenia [130], but with the open dialogue treatment model that has been in use in Tornio for decades, 76 per cent of patients recovered well enough to not recur psychosis for two years during the follow-up period, after recurrence in 71 per cent of conventionally treated patients.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[117] According to WHO international studies, there have been surprising differences between countries in the prognosis of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, according to a study published in 1969, living in a developing country greatly improved the prognosis of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The researchers suspected this was because patients' drug treatment compliance in developing countries was higher than in wealthier Western countries.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Another WHO study published in 1992 examined the association of drug compliance with the prognosis of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to that study, in poor countries, only 16% of schizophrenia patients ate medication for their disease, compared with 61% in Western countries.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The medication, contrary to the hypothesis, did not have the expected association with the prognosis of schizophrenia; instead, the prognosis was weakest in those countries with the most prevalent drug treatment (Russia) and the best in those countries with the rarest drug treatment (Nigeria).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Even in this study, living in a developing country was strongly linked to a good prognosis: on average, about 60% of schizophrenics recovered, while in affluent countries nearly 60% became chronically ill.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The 1997 study also echoed the findings of the previous two studies.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[3] [133] Schizophrenia is associated with a high risk of suicide.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

One in two schizophrenics attempt suicide [134] and about 5% commit suicide.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The suicide rate is down like everyone else.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[135] Men with schizophrenia have 15 years shorter lifespan than men without schizophrenia, according to a study conducted at the Swedish University of Lund.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to the same study, women with schizophrenia have 12 years shorter lifespan than women without schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The difference in lifetimes is explained by cardiovascular disease and cancers, which schizophrenics have more than the rest of the population [136] and the fact that people with schizophrenia receive worse and later treatment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[137] A part of the cause of cardiovascular disease and cancer is smoking.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Of schizophrenics, 75 percent are smokers.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[80] and the majority of smokers are large consumers of tobacco (25 cigarettes or more per day).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[138] The use of neuroleptics also increases the risk of life-impairing cardiovascular diseases [139].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The “Fair Treatment for Schizophrenia Recommendation” emphasizes that regular medication has been linked to lower overall mortality.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, the research evidence on the subject is contradictory.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The Going Care recommendation is largely based on Tiihonen et.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

al (2009) for a published study that examined the association between neuroleptic use and mortality between 1996-2006.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The study found that lower mortality rates were linked to regular medication use over an 11-year follow-up period.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[140] However, the study has been criticised for inadequate reporting of research-related data, poor control of other impressive variables, and failure to record deaths in hospital, resulting in 64% of the mortality rate missing out on the study to the outside.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[141] Some studies suggest that long-term use of neuroleptics may be associated with increased overall mortality.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[142] Schizophrenia's estimated course of illness and the decrease in functional capacity it causes are generally considered to be affected by e.g.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

the following factors.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Poor prognosis is often associated [143] male sex early onset of disease triggering factors long-term pre-symptoms and slow onset of illness poor activity level predominance of negative symptoms vague disease picture Early hallucinations and delusions no depressive symptoms of central nervous system changes or dysfunction, no more permanent relationship with weak social support in the family environment, weakness of the absent, delayed or poor treatment of the disease numbness.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

A good prognosis is often associated [143] female sex with late onset of symptoms associated with so-called triggers rapid onset of symptoms preceding illness Good functioning symptom image weighting on positive symptoms (excl. early hallucinations or delusions) persecution sensations and/or depressive symptoms no central nervous system structural abnormalities/dysfunction more permanent relationship social network good support family environment no major problems timely initiated and effective treatment sensation of illness.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Comorbidities People with schizophrenia have a 50% higher likelihood of developing autoimmune diseases.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Scientists suspect infections underlie the perceived link.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[144] The effect of Stigma on Schizophrenia is increasingly taboo.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In Finland, for example, there is not a single surviving public figure who has come out of the closet with schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to the 2015 Mental Health Barometer, 32% of Finns would not want a schizophrenic as their neighbour.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[145] Schizophrenia can appear more frightening than reality in people's minds because of ignorance and false beliefs.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[146] S<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[117544,117562,2,2]}'>chizophrenic is still used, for example, as a press accepted barking word when referring to conflicting people or unrealistic politics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[147] [148] [149] The stigma affects politicians and job seekers with schizophrenia, for example.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to a Japanese book published in 2012, 58-74% of Japanese people would not vote for a politician they know has schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

54-58% wouldn't vote depressed either.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

48-61% of Japanese people wouldn't hire a person to work if they knew this to be schizophrenic.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In addition to their personal opinion, respondents speculated that others agreed with them.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

75% imagined that people with hallucinations or delusions live predominantly in hospital, which is not the case.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[150] For fear of being stigmatized as mentally ill, many people who recognise symptoms of schizophrenia themselves are afraid to seek treatment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The stigma undermines the social status of schizophrenics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Because of the fear of stigma, there may also be a greater threshold to pursue their rights by organizing behind a front organization.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[151] Reasons for stigma Schizophrenia are sometimes associated with violence.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In truth, schizophrenics are more closeted and timid.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[152] Women with schizophrenia and other psychosis diseases are eight times more likely than other women to be perpetrators of violence, and men with schizophrenia or psychosis are five times more likely than other men, respectively.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses do not cause violence; instead, the difference is fully explained by the greater likelihood of schizophrenics using intoxicants, which again have been linked to violence.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[153] News reporting warning that substance use leads to schizophrenia is often intentionally simplifying, although the link between different substance abuse and schizophrenia may be multifactorial and can be attributed to several factors.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The stigma of schizophrenia is meant to limit substance use, but the alarmist news coverage with schizophrenia contributes to strengthening the stigma of schizophrenia, alienating the disease from everyday life, even though schizophrenia is a disease among others.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenics may be imagined to be constantly either in psychosis or at risk of slipping into it, which is not the case with most schizophrenics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

A person can recover from schizophrenia into good shape, and yet he's still schizophrenic.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is not synonymous with irrationality.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In films, psychosis is often depicted combined with horror and unhappy fate.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In the Soviet Union, the stigma of schizophrenia was exploited and at the same time maintained by the state's imprisonment of dissidents in a mental hospital.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The captives were alleged to be suffering from creeping schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It has been studied that biomedical mental image of schizophrenia as a strongly inherited brain dysfunction has been linked to stigma.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Overall, based on 22 statistical studies covering 14 countries and 17 experimental studies covering six countries, it has been calculated that 90% of biological causal explanation models are associated with negative attitudes relative to people with schizophrenia diagnosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Of psychosocial causal explanatory models, 92% are associated with positive attitudes relative to schizophrenics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, one German study found that belief in schizophrenia as a “brain disease” and a strongly inherited disorder were linked to images of schizophrenics as dangerous, as well as a desire to stay away from people with schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to one experimental study, offering biological explanatory models to viewers in the context of a video depicting hallucinations and delusions significantly increased viewers' negative attitudes associated with the supposed dangerousness and unpredictability of psychotic symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] The link between biological explanatory patterns and negative attitudes contributes to explaining why research suggests that the stigma associated with schizophrenia has not decreased, but even worsened.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Although psychosocial models of explanation remain common among lay people, efforts have been made to correct these views, understood to be unscientific, over the decades through various campaigns aimed at improving the public's “mental health literacy”.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

These campaigns have been characterized by an emphasis on biological explanation models and seeing schizophrenia as one somatic disease among others.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Efforts have also been made to educate relatives of patients with schizophrenia through psychoedution to understand the biological and strongly hereditary nature of the disease.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Patients' understanding of the psychosocial origins of their illness is explained as being because they suffer from a sense of illness typical of schizophrenia, and thus do not understand their own condition.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, the researchers say biological explanation models are not workable ways to reduce the stigma associated with schizophrenia and self-tigmatization of patients.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] According to an international study of 27 countries published in 2009, schizophrenics face the fourth highest level of discrimination in Finland.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In Finland, the study was conducted in Vaasa.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Two out of three Finnish schizophrenics faced discrimination in their circle of friends and nearly half in their family.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Work-life discrimination, such as employment discrimination, was also common.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Because of the diagnosis, victimization of violence such as assault or accessibility was twice as common in Finland.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Few felt they had received positive differentiation because of their mental health issues.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[154] Discrimination leads to self-discrimination.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The majority of Finnish people with schizophrenia had failed to seek employment or education because of their diagnosis, according to the study.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Most also felt the need to hide their diagnosis from others.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Kristian Wahlbeck, a professor at THL, speculated that discrimination stems from poor or inadequate outpatient care for those discriminated against.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[154] In health care, illnesses in mental health rehabilitators such as schizophrenics are not taken as seriously as those of others, but rather physical symptoms may be explained by mental health problems or inadmissible due to understatement.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Patients may not be up to or know how to require good care.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Delay in treatment has resulted in a number of deaths in Finland, especially when the patient has not had next of kin who required treatment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[155] At least one hospital has outright refused to treat the physical illness of a patient in the psychiatric ward because the person was in psychosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

A patient with a pulmonary embolism died due to lack of treatment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Police suspected manslaughter and breach of duty, but evidence was insufficient to bring charges.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[156] According to a French study, the most common cause of death for schizophrenics after suicide was cancer, from which they were four times more likely than the rest of the population to die.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenic men died far more often than others from lung cancer and women from breast cancer.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Researchers speculate not only smoking but also because people with schizophrenia have cancer discovered later than usual or their treatment differs in some ways from that of others.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[137] In mental illness treatment, silencing of problems is still present by explaining criticism with patient psychoticism.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[157] Patients diagnosed as schizophrenics at Kupittaan Hospital in Turku may be overmedicated among other mistreatment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Inappropriate treatment worsens the condition of those seeking treatment, especially as a result of a trauma-triggered disease.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[158] The so-called chemical sequestration, or crippling the patient with medicines, is sometimes aimed at addressing staff shortages.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[159] In social welfare In 2000, the European Court of Human Rights sentenced the Finnish state to pay compensation in a case involving the custody of children in which the right of a woman with schizophrenia and her spouse to respect for private and family life had been violated.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Their children were taken into advance care directly from the maternity hospital in 1993 and parent-child appointments were restricted.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[160] Parents were informed from the outset that this was a long-term custody case.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Although the woman's impaired mental health improved due to her custody, the authorities did not attempt to reunite the family, which ultimately made reunification impossible.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[161] The assessment of custody has since been refined.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[160] Not all elderly people may receive a place in elderly services due to a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but an elderly person may have to live in a mental health unit even if the symptoms of the disease have been under control for dozens of years.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[155] Other Effects Adverse effects of antipsychotics Antipsychotics shrink the brains of people with schizophrenia more than the brain normally shrinks with age.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The brain shrinks the more the longer the medication takes [162] and the greater the amount of medication.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[163] The volume of cerebrospinal fluid increases again.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Shrinkage is caused by antipsychotics of both the old and the new knee.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[164] As recently as 2010, it was thought in Finland that the shrinkage was due to progressive brain processes underlying schizophrenia itself.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[162] There was no association with decreased brain reduction in symptoms or decreased cognitive levels.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[163] However, the link was only discovered in 2014 and no longer follow-up of adverse reactions has yet been done.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[164] Antipsychotics slightly increase the risk of venous blood clots in schizophrenics, as they affect platelet formation and blood clotting.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The risk is higher for new users and those taking atypical, second-generation antipsychotics such as quetiapine.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The risk does not appear permanent but disappears if the medication is stopped.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[165] Antipsychotic medication increases threefold the risk of dying from a heart attack or other sudden heart syndrome.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Antipsychotic medication increases the risk of developing and dying from heart problems.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Concomitant use of psychosis and antidepressants raises the risk of death 18-fold, especially in users of the phenthiazine antipsychotic drug.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In the Finnish study, the subjects were 66 years old on average, so the results do not directly inform younger people's risk.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[166] According to the study, adolescents taking antipsychotics (under 17 years of age) also developed heart symptoms such as heart rhythm disturbances more often than others.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

They also had factors predisposing to heart problems, including obesity, diabetes and increased blood pressure.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The problems piled up for those taking multiple drugs simultaneously.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

By the end of the study, up to a quarter of the adolescents had at least one metabolic or cardiovascular disorder.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[167] Schizophrenics, compared to their age, have a four-fold risk of developing dementia under 65 and twice the risk of developing it during their lives.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[168] Antipsychotics are known to accelerate the onset of dementia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[169] Dementia is also predisposed to by heart problems and smoking, which are common in schizophrenics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[168] Approximately half of those cancers on long-term antipsychotics gain weight.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In patients not treated with drugs, weight decreases rather than rises.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Being overweight is a significant health hazard that increases the number of mm.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

prevalence of cardiovascular diseases.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Gaining weight is one of the biggest reasons for patients to refuse antipsychotics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[170] Antipsychotics increase the risk of diabetes in people of all ages.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The risk of developing adult-type diabetes among young people taking antipsychotics is three times higher than those of healthy people of the same age and twice that of other adolescents with mental health problems who are not on antipsychotic medication.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

During the IP (1.5 years), the risk was not very high in practice, but the long-term risks have not been studied and are probably higher.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The researchers recommend keeping adolescents' antipsychotics as short as possible and monitoring patients' risk factors and development of diabetes.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[171] Schizophrenia and type 1 herpes virus MRI has found that in people with schizophrenia, type 1 herpes virus causes grey matter atrophy in the valgus warp of the brain.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[54] Employment According to a 2008 study, 7% of Finnish people with schizophrenia work and 80% are retired.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[172] Just under 60% of all psychosis patients are on disability pensions.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[117] 11.5% of people working in France, 12.9% in Britain and 30.3% of sufferers in Germany.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[173] In the United States, it has been estimated that with the best possible support, 30% to 80% of sufferers would be put into employment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Exclusion from working life is due to discrimination in addition to symptoms and the care system's low interest in vocational rehabilitation.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[174] Training to be a professional pilot requires that the applicant does not have “significant problems/illnesses that can be interpreted as mental.”


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[175] Under the law, working in railway safety roles is prevented by “any psychotic disorder”.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Safety duties include the transport of rolling stock, shunting, traffic control, responsible for road safety in track work, the role of a security officer, and installation and maintenance of safety equipment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[176] In some professions, search requirements are more vaguely indicated.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, someone applying to be a police officer “must not have an illness or injury that precludes acting as a police officer.”


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[177] Fertilization treatments and adoption in Finland there is no separate guidance on the provision of fertilization treatment to a schizophrenic, but the law prohibits the administration of conception treatment if it is apparent that a balanced development cannot be secured for the child.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In this case, the doctor may refuse treatment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[178] Diseases considered permanent, such as schizophrenia, are often an obstacle to adoption, according to Valvira.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[179] In Finland, however, the adoption board assesses the applicant's suitability first on a case-by-case basis, assessing the child's best interests.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Applicants are required to have mental stability.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

If the adoption applicant's illness is chronic, limits his ability to care for the child or has a poor prognosis, he should submit to the board a specialist's opinion about his health condition.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[180] Therefore, if the applicant's picture of illness was very mild or had been cured of schizophrenia decades earlier, the fact that schizophrenia tends to be seen as a permanent disease is emphasised in terms of the need for a specialist's assessment.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In Finland, Danish adoption guidance is also used to help with health assessment.