Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

When 0.01<NK<1, the flow is called intermediate.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

With NK>1, the gas is so sparse that molecules mostly crash into the walls of the hardware.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In this case, we are talking about molecular flow.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In a state of molecular flow, molecules move haphazardly independently of each other in the direction of lower molecular density and heat transfer via radiation is emphasized.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In the coarse vacuum region, the flow is predominantly viscous and in the high-vacuum region the gas is in a molecular state.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In an ultravacuum, the molecule can move hundreds of miles before colliding with another gas-state molecule.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pumping rate expression is s=d<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9141,9146,2,2]}'>V/d<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9148,9153,2,2]}'>t, where d<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9162,9167,2,2]}'>V is the gas volume that the pump can remove in time d<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9225,9230,2,2]}'>t.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pumping power, that is, the penetration of a vacuum pump is Q=p·s, where p is the pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In molecular flow, the intensity of the gas flow is directly proportional to the pressure difference between the inlet and exit opening of the flow channel: Q=C· (p1−p2).


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The proportional coefficient C is called gas conductivity, i.e. conductance.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

For example, a vacuum chamber, a connecting tube or an opening can be used as a flow channel.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The inverse value of 1/C of gas conductivity is called the resistance of the flow channel.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In viscous and intermediate gas flow, pumping power is not normally directly proportional to the pressure difference; however, conductance is defined by the same equation.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In molecular flow, gas conductivity depends on the shape of the flow channel and the properties of the gas.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The conductance of tubes is normally the greater the shorter the tube is and the larger its inner diameter.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In viscous and intermediate flow, conductance is additionally influenced by pressure differences between different parts of the flow channel.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Conductance determines the maximum pumping speed possible: the pumping speed at any point is always less than the conductance between the point and the pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

So you can increase the pumping speed not only by acquiring more efficient pumps, but also by increasing the conductance, for example, by shortening the pipes.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

When connecting components sequentially, the inverse value of the total conductance is the sum of the inverse values of the individual conductances: 1/C=Σ1/Ci.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The total conductance of the components connected in parallel is the sum of the individual conductances: C=σci.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The equations are similar to those used in series- and parallel-coupling of the electrodoctrine.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Vacuum pumps The pump is the most important component of vacuum equipment.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Its function is to remove atoms and molecules from the vacuum chamber.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Vacuum pumps can be divided into two groups according to how they remove gases from the equipment: Gas transfer pumps compress gases to higher pressures outside the vacuum apparatus.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

These pumps can be divided into mechanical pumps, where gases entering the pump are compressed from the vacuum and moved out, as well as propellant pumps, where high-speed jets divert gas molecules away from the vacuum chamber.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Intercept pumps, on the other hand, retain the gases to themselves inside the vacuum space.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pump that generates the desired pressure is called the main pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

If the main pump is not able to work in connection with the air pressure, a background pump is combined with it.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A pump that drains the chamber at the beginning from atmospheric pressure to lower pressures is called a prepump or coarse pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Pre-pumping is done through or past the main pump with either a background pump or a separate pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

To reach the high-vacuum area, at least two different pumps must be used, since no type of pump can achieve high vacuum directly by leaving the air pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Mechanical pumps Mechanical pumps squeeze the gas out of the vacuum apparatus.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

They are normally used for background and pre-pumping in the rough and intermediate vacuum area.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A rotational wing pump is a universal mechanical pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

It has a rotating wing that is very close to the pump wall and squeezes gas entering the pump out of the pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The wing usually rotates around 1500 revolutions per minute.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In addition, there is oil in the pump, which seals the gaps in the pump so that the formation of a vacuum is possible.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pressure achieved by a rotary vane pump is limited by the vapor pressure of the oil, the flow of gas from the outlet to the intake and the gases that condense into the oil, especially water.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Condensation can be prevented by directing dry gas, usually room air, into the pump at the compression stage, through an air flush valve.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In this case, the steam will not have time to reach the pressure of saturated steam until the exhaust valve opens.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

However, compressing excess gas increases the pump's power consumption and increases the end pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Impurities impair the lubricating and sealing properties of the pump oil, which is why the oil needs to be replaced from time to time.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The rotational wing pump provides a maximum pressure of 0.1pascal.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pumping speed is normally in the range from 1 to 500m3/h.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Two rotary wing pumps can be coupled together to form a two-degree pump so that one pump acts as the backing pump for the other pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

With a two-degree pump, a pressure of 0.01pascal can be reached.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A circulation piston pump, or slip vane pump, is a pump used for pumping large volumes.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

It has a cylindrical shaped piston propelled by a rotating eccentric, which runs along the wall, introducing the gas into the outlet.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The circulating piston pump is quite durable device.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

It can be made two-degree like a rotary wing pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A rolling pump, or Roots pump, is an oil-free pump with two eight-shaped rotors rotating in opposite directions.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The rotors rotate at 3000 revolutions per minute about 0.1mm apart and from the pump wall.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pump can achieve high pumping speeds but only fairly small pressure differences.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The rolling pump is often connected in series with a rotary wing pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Due to their oil-free, rolling pumps are used a lot in the food industry.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A liquid ring pump has an eccentric impeller that rotates the liquid in the nest, usually water.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The rotating fluid forms on the wall of the nest a ring, and in the lower part of the impeller creates trays for pumped gas.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The volume of the trays decreases when approaching the outlet and the gas is thus squeezed out.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

When using water, the pump provides a pressure of about 5kPa.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The advantage of a liquid ring pump is its purity.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pump is used for pumping large volumes of steam in industries such as chemical industry, vacuum drying and pharmaceutical industries.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Diaphragm pumps are oil-free pumps in which the motion of the membrane forms pressure differences.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

They can be used as background and pre-pumps.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Propellant pumps Propellant pumps contain a fast-moving liquid, gas or vapor that transfers gas to be removed from the vacuum apparatus.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Propellant pumps can be divided into two groups: In jet pumps, the pressure at the gas intake is approximately the same as that of the propellant jet coming from the nozzle.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In diffusion pumps, the pressure in the intake outlet is much less than the jet pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A water jet pump is a vacuum pump common in ordinary laboratories.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Water comes out of the pipe at approximately 30m/s and carries gases coming from the vacuum channel as it goes.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The final pressure is left at the vapor pressure of the water, or about 2kilopascals.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A water jet pump can also be used to pump corrosive substances.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In a gas jet pump, the propellant is a gas travelling faster than sound, usually air.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Water vapor is usually used in a steam jet pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

At the pump, a pressure of about 100pascal is achieved.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The diffusion pump is the most common pump in the high-vacuum range.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

With good hardware, it is possible to achieve a pressure of 10−8pascal.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pumping speed of the diffusion pump is high and the pump is easy to operate.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

At the bottom of the diffusion pump there is oil, which is vaporized by an electric heater.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The oil rises upwards and discharges from the nozzles directed downwards.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Molecules of pumped gas from above acquire momentum down from the jet and thus travel towards the outlet.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

When the oil jet hits the cooled wall, it drains back to the bottom of the pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The oil pressure is usually around 200pascals and is the theoretical upper limit of the pressure difference between the pump intake and outlet vents.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In practice, the pressure in the outlet must not exceed 50pascals, which is normally provided by a rotary wing pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A complete vacuum is not obtained with a diffusion pump, as petroleum vapor and light molecules of the pumped gas move by diffusion back into the vacuum state.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Efforts are made to prevent the entry of oil vapor into the vacuum state by various barriers and traps, which, however, reduce the pumping power.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In some situations, mercury is used in the pump instead of oil if no hydrocarbons are allowed to pass into the vacuum.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Turbopumps A turbo molecular pump, or turbopump, is an oil-free pump capable of achieving a vacuum of approximately 10−8pascal.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The turbopump has a vane gear whose wings rotate at high speed, directing gas molecules hitting them towards the outlet.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

For wing action to be effective, their velocity must be close to those of the molecules.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The usual rotation speed is 15000—60000 revolutions per minute, so a durable design is required from the pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The turbopump pumps better heavy than light, fast molecules.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The turbo pump must have a background pump, usually a rotary wing pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Intercept pumps Interception pumps retain trapping gases on a solid surface inside the vacuum state.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A sorption pump binds the gas to a cold surface.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Usually gases are absorbed by zeolite cooled with liquid nitrogen.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pump is clean, that is, it does not enter any impurities into the vacuum chamber.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The sorption pump can be used in ultravacuum hardware as a prepump from atmospheric pressure to a pressure range of 10−2Pa.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

When the pump becomes saturated with the pumped gas, it is disconnected in a vacuum apparatus and the gases are released by holding the pump for some hours at 200—300°C.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The sorption pump effectively removes most gases, but with helium, neon and hydrogen it pumps poorly.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The cryopump also has a cold surface that binds gases, but its temperature is normally below 40kelvin, or −230degrees Celsius, so it is able to condense gases other than hydrogen, neon and helium almost perfectly.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

These light gases are pumped by applying an efficiently adsorbing porous substance, usually zeolite or activated carbon, to the coldest surface of the pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The cryopump is normally cooled by a compressor-condenser combination based on a closed helium cycle.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

When the cryopump no longer produces a good enough vacuum, it must be regenerated by letting it warm up.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Cryopumps are clean and fast, pre-pump needy pumps.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

They are used to form ultravacuums and pure vacuums.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In the evaporation pump, a sublimation pump, a gase-capturing or gettering surface is formed by vaporising a thin layer of metal, usually of titanium wire, on the pump wall.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The surface is usually cooled by air, water or liquid nitrogen.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Gases no longer just stick to the surface when it has a single atomic layer of pumped gas.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In this case, a new layer of titanium must be vaporized.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The time it takes to generate an atomic layer depends on the pressure: at 10−8pascal it is several hours, and at 10−5pascal it is a few seconds.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The evaporation pump provides the pumping of chemically active substances such as oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Hydrogen and nitrogen cling to the surface worse, noble gases do not at all.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The advantages of the pump include noiselessness, cleanliness and good pumping speed.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The evaporation pump is used with some other pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In an ion pump, the gas is ionized so that it reacts more easily with surfaces.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In pumping, fast-moving ions bombard a cathode made of titanium.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In this sputtering phenomenon, ions usually bury themselves in the cathode and detach titanium atoms from it on the walls of the pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Thus, pumped gases can also adsorb onto a fresh titanium surface.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Noble gases pump weakly in ion pumps.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In addition, the disadvantage of ion pumps is the memory phenomenon: some gases attached to it can be removed from the pump at previous times of use.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Ion pumps are clean and suitable for ultravacuum operation.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Pressure gauges Vacuum pressure gauges measure either directly, according to the definition of pressure, the force exerted by the gas on the surface area or indirectly the particle density.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Metrics may be based on mechanical phenomena, transfer phenomena, or ionization phenomena.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Transfer phenomenon meters monitor thermal conductivity or gas viscosity.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Pressure gauges normally measure the total pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Partial pressures can be measured using mass spectrometers.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A U-tube anometer is a tube filled with liquid in the shape of the letter U, in which the pressure is determined by the difference in height of the liquid surfaces.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Pressure tube anometers have an oval-shaped metal tube that bends depending on the pressure difference between inside and outside the tube.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Membrane meters are based on the fact that pressure moves the diaphragm and this deviation is measured mechanically, optically or electrically.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A capacitive sensor, for example, measures the capacitance between the diaphragm and the reference electrode.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In McLeod's gauge, the gas is compressed at constant temperature to a smaller volume using mercury.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Thus, the pressure increases and it is easier to measure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

McLeod's gauge is not suitable for continuous measurement, but is used as a standard gauge for calibration at pressures 10−4 to 103Pa.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Thermal conductivity meters have a wire that is heated by electricity.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In the range of molecular flow, the thermal energy derived from wire to gas is a function of pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In a thermocouple meter, a constant electric current is applied to the wire and the temperature of the wire is monitored by a thermocouple.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The meter is slow and cheap.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In piranometer, the wire has a high temperature coefficient of specific resistance, that is, the electrical resistance of the wire changes a lot as the temperature changes.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

As the pressure increases, the amount of heat lost by the wire increases, so its temperature decreases and the resistance decreases.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In ionization meters, the gas is ionized and the number of ions is measured.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A discharge tube is an ionization meter in which a voltage is applied between two electrodes.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The voltage generates shimmering bursts, which by examining it gives information about pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In hot cathode meters, the gas is ionized by electrons detaching from the hot cathode.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Hot cathode meters can be used to work out the pressures of ultravacuums.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Cold cathode meters have no problems arising from a hot cathode, but it is not as accurate and cannot measure at equally low pressures.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Leak Finding Leak finder studies the compactness of not only vacuum installations, but also various industrially manufactured equipment.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A leak is a defect in the wall that emits gas from a greater pressure to a smaller one.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The cause may be, for example, a defective seal or a scratch on the joint.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A dummy leak is a cavity in isolation from the open air from which gas is released into a vacuum state.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Leaks are present in all vacuum installations and it is only worth patching and preventing them to achieve the desired pressure or degree of purity in the vacuum space.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A simple leak finding method is a bubble test in which a leak is detected as a bubble.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The test can only be used to look for rough leaks.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A bubble test can be done, for example, by placing the body under study in water or other liquid and checking for any bubbles.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In helium leak finders, leaks are elucidated by observing the amount of helium by mass spectrometry.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Helium is a good gas for leakage exploration because it is inert, there is little in the atmosphere and has a high diffusion rate.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In the vacuum testing method, a vacuum is pumped into the body under investigation and helium is then sprayed on the outer surface of the piece.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Possible leakage is detected by a leak finder connected to the vacuum.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In the sniffing method, a piece is filled with helium to overpressure and helium release is “sniffed” by a viewfinder.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

If no vacuum or helium overpressure can be formed on the piece being tested, a bombardment method may be used.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In it, the piece is sealed for several hours in a chamber with helium under multi-atmospheric pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The helium is then removed, a vacuum is pumped into the chamber and monitored to see if helium is discharged from the piece.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

History Aristotle regarded the vacuum as an impossibility.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In the Middle Ages, it was thought, based on this view, that a vacuum comb prevails in nature, which makes every effort to prevent the creation of a vacuum.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

This could explain, for example, the operation of the water pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The first experimental results to question the vacuum comb were made by Italian Gasparo Berti in the early 1640s.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

His barometer containing water contained a ten-foot-long tube made of lead.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Evangelista Torricelli introduced her own barometer in 1644 (or 1643).


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

It had a mercury-filled glass tube closed at one end, which had been turned into a mercury vat with anvil.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The surface of the mercury decreased enough that the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid overturned the atmospheric pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

An empty space was left at the top of the tube, which could be filled completely with water, and the height of the mercury statue did not depend on the size of the empty space.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Blaise Pascal's brother-in-law Florin Périer took a mercury barometer to the Puy de Dôme mountain and found that the mercury column was more than seven centimetres lower than the mountain foothills.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The possibility of a vacuum and the existence of air pressure was also supported by an experiment in which a mercury tube, instead of air pressure, was connected to the vacuum.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In this case, no mercury remained in the tube, but poured down.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In the 17th century, it was also discovered that the bladder containing air expands in a vacuum, and that the vacuum does not sustain life and does not transmit sound.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The first vacuum pump was invented by Otto von Guericke around 1650.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The pump had a piston that could be used to extract air from various vessels.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Von Guericke had previously attempted to form a vacuum in the wooden barrel by removing water from it.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Once a few powerful men had pumped enough water away, there was a sound as air made its way through the pores of the tree in.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Von Guericke's most famous experiments involved the Magdeburg hemispheres that demonstrated the importance of atmospheric pressure.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The experiments pumped a vacuum between two metal hemispheres and allowed horses to try to tell them apart.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In one show, two eight-horse harnesses had hemispheres measuring 50centimetres in diameter with great difficulty, but when the shut-off faucet was opened, the balls separated themselves.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The hemispheric experiments extensively inspired European scientists.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In many ways Robert Boyle developed von Guericke's air pump and published Boyle's law.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The theoretical basis for vacuum engineering was brought in the 18th and 19th century by the development of kinetic gas theory.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Thomas Newcomen laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution by developing the first usable steam engine in the early part of the 18th century.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

This machine, which utilized air pressure, was used to pump water.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Among other things, trains with barometric pressure were experimented in England for a short time in the mid-19th century.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The vacuum required for movement was generated by pumping stations that existed on the track every three miles.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Pipe mail, based on vacuum technology, began to become common in the latter part of the 19th century.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In the 18th century Torricelli barometer used to be cured by boiling mercury.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Until the mid-19th century, Torricelli's method was the best way to form a good vacuum.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Sprengel developed the method in 1865 with a pump in which mercury continuously carried air with it in a vertical tube downward.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Edison used an improved Sprengel pump when making incandescent bulbs.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

McLeod invented his pressure gauge in 1874.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

This enabled the 0.1 and 0.01pascal pressures to be measured at the time.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

James Dewar developed the 1892 thermos bottle, or Dewar bottle, in which a container kept cold is insulated by sucking a vacuum around it.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Dewar invented around the same time that charcoal cooled by liquid air efficiently absorbs gases and can thus be used as a vacuum pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

However, cryopumps did not begin to become common until after the mid-20th century, when coolers based on closed helium circulation began to be manufactured.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Wolfgang Gaede introduced a mechanical mercury circulation pump in 1905.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

It was used in conjunction with water-jet pumps, and had a far greater pumping speed than that of the Sprengel pump.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

By 1910, the Gaede pump had been supplanted by oil-sealed pumps similar to the current one.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

However, pumping speeds remained low until the 1930s, when reaching hundreds of litres per second began to be reached.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Gaede developed the first diffusion pump, but it was quite inefficient.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

A better pump was introduced by Irving Langmuir in 1916, but the first type of diffusion pump right in terms of flow mechanics was manufactured by W.W.Crawford in 1917.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

C.R.Burch introduced in 1928 the first low vapor pressure oil that could be used in a diffusion pump instead of mercury.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Pirani developed his pressure gauge based on thermal conductivity in 1906.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

Buckley introduced the hot cathode meter in 1916 and the Penning cold cathode meter in 1937.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The Bayard—Alpert hot cathode meter (1950) spurred the development of ultravacuum technology by making it possible to measure pressures of 10−8pascal.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The mass spectrometric spill finder was developed around World War II in conjunction with the Manhattan Project.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

The first national organization for vacuum science and engineering was founded in France in 1945.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

It was followed by organizations in the United States in 1953 and Japan in 1958.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

In 1959, the International Vacuum Organization was founded, now called the International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications (IUVSTA).


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

[4] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fontell, Armas etc.| title = Vacuum Technique | publisher = Finnish Vacuum Social| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-794-422-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roth, A.| title = Vacuum technology| publisher = North-Holland and| year = 1983| id = ISBN 0-444-86027-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Madey, Theodore E.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

& Brown, William C.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

(ed.


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

) | title = History of Vacuum Science and Technology| publisher = American Vacuum Society| year = 1984| id = ISBN 0-88318-437-0}} (Articles in the book have also been published in issue 2 of the Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A in 1984.)


Question: What are vacuums used for?

Vacuum engineering

References: On topic elsewhere Category:Vacuum Category:Mechanical Engineering Category:Flow Engineering


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 Munich, German Empire — 23 May 1945 in Lüneburg, Allied occupied Germany) was one of the most influential figures in Nazi Germany.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The chiefdom of the SS and the Gestapo guaranteed him a very central position at the head of a dictatorial state.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler was responsible for organizing the German concentration and extermination camp system and was thus one of the main culprits of the Holocaust.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Youth Himmler was born in Munich into a middle-class German family.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

During World War I, he served as an officer pupil in the 11th Bavarian Regiment but did not take part in the fighting.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[1] Himmler studied at the University of Technology and graduated as a laboratory technician.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

He joined the activities of the nationalist Reichskriegsflagge movement organised by Ernst Röhm and took part in the Beer Met Coup of 1923, where he served as flag bearer for the group that took over the War Ministry building.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[2] After the end of the war, Himmler took an active part in the activities of the paramilitary, right-wing Freikorps, fighting the Communists, Social Democrats and other factions he considered enemies of Germany.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

In 1923 he joined the National Socialist Party.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

He later joined SA and was soon promoted to head the SS, originally established as Adolf Hitler's Patronage Guard.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The development of Himmler's SS SS in peacetime, Himmler developed the SS into a true inner ring of the National Socialist Party, with strict membership requirements.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

After the National Socialists came to power in 1933, Himmler was led one by one by one by one by one by one by one by one by one by the political police of the German states, eventually including the Gestapo in 1934, whose members were incorporated into the SS


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The establishment of a secret police under its authority was Hermann Göring's idea.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The power in Himmler's hands increased further when, in April 1934, he became chief of the Gestapo and its activities expanded throughout the country.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The Treason Act, enacted in the same year, prohibited people from criticizing the Nazi Party.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler was involved in plotting against the SA leadership, and a major purge was carried out within the party, so to speak, on the night of the long knives.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

With Hitler's permission, the SS massacred much of SA's senior staff, including Ernst Röhm.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[3] After the dissolution of SA power, the SS, led by Himmler, was admittedly the most powerful security body in Nazi Germany.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

In 1940, Himmler reorganized the Waffen-SS as the armed wing of the SS, thus greatly increasing the number of members while loosening the tight entry screen.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The increase in power of the SS during the war At the outbreak of war in 1939, Totenkopf units of the SS were responsible for the concentration camp and later extermination camp system.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The duties of the SS also included screening Jews, Roma, homosexuals, communists, “sub-humans” and other politically unreliable substances from the population and passport them into camps.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Thus, Himmler was one of the chief architects of Nazi Germany's genocidal machinery.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Adolf Galland recalls in his biography that he flew with Himmler and Albert Speer in March 1942 to the Eastern Front.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

From the window of the plane, the camps of thousands of Soviet prisoners of war were momentarily visible.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Galland said he was confused when Himmler stated that Himmler's visit to Finland in 1942 In the summer of 1942, Himmler visited Finland with one purpose of demanding that Finland extradite Jews to Germany, of whom he has a list of names.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Finnish intelligence bodies already had a picture of German violence against the Jewish minority and the civilian population of the occupied Russian territories at that time.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Finland's highest state and military command had long beforehand been aware of Himmler's visit, but its true reasons were shrouded in obscurity.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Because the visit was suspected of involving sensitive matters, efforts were made to keep it secret from publicity.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's entourage included his personal masseuse, Felix Kersten, an adjutant, as well as two security personnel.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The visit began with a meeting between Himmler and President Risto Ryti at the president's leisure residence in Tamminiemi.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

There is no certainty as to the content of Himmler and Ryti's conversations, but they probably sidestep at least the Jewish issue as Ryti labelled Himmler in his diary as “an extremely strident anti-Semite.”


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On the second day of his visit, Himmler met Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim at Headquarters in Mikkeli, from where the trip continued to an inspection visit of German troops to Rovaniemi and Kiestinki.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] After the end of the official part, Himmler stayed at the villa of the Chief Medical Officer of the Armed Forces, Medical Major-General Eino Suolahti in Tyrväö for the remainder of his visit.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's holiday resort had been subject to strict requirements: it had to be isolable from its surroundings and from there had to be a direct telephone connection to Hitler's headquarters in Germany.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] While Himmler was dining with his Finnish masters, Finnish military intelligence broke into Himmler's room and photographed Himmler's list of the Jews to be extradited.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

For the most part, Finland managed to repel repeated demands throughout the rest of the war that the Jews be extradited to Germany.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[5] During his famous Jewish conversation with Prime Minister Jukka Rangell, Himmler took a car trip from Vehoniemi in Kangasala to Rangell's summer villa in Luopioisi.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] In addition, Himmler proposed a joint German-Finnish operation to take Sweden.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

This was immediately rebuffed by the Finns.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The most detailed description of Himmler's visit to Finland was written by reserve Lieutenant Eino E. Suolahti, set for the duration of the visit.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Gustav Vilkuna, a later academician who served as head of the State Information Institute, said that as early as the 1950s Finnish authorities had access to Himmler's portfolio.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Colonel Kalle Lehmus, the head of the information department at the headquarters, recalled the shoot in the 1960s as being successful in such a way that Himmler's German security detail guarding the briefcase was lured to the grog during welcome ceremonies.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] Before his visit in the summer of 1942, Himmler had visited Finland twice.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

His first visit took place in February 1941, when he visited Kirkenes, Norway, he also stopped by Kolttakönä on the Finnish side of Petsamo.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On his second visit to Lapland in early 1942, Himmler met Kaarlo Hillilä, the Landlord of the County of Lapland, to whom he told quite openly about the ongoing ethnic cleansing of Jews and Roma.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[4] Himmler in the war leadership 1944—1945 Himmler was pleased by the idea of becoming a military leader, so towards the end of the war he aspired to the duties of commander of major war action groups.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

However, for the position of military leader, Himmler was inexperienced and incompetent, which had a negative impact on Germany's already poor war success on the Western Front in 1944—1945.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Shocked by Himmler's impropriety in the duties, Panzer General Heinz Guderian believed that Himmler's only motive was to fade glory for himself.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Late in 1944, Himmler qualified as commander of Army Group Oberrhein.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The Army Group was up against the 7th Army of the United States Land Forces and the 1st Army of the French Land Forces at Alsace on the west bank side of the Rhine.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The commander of the Americans was General Alexander Patch and the commander of the French was General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On 1 January 1945, Himmler's Army Group launched Operation Nordwind to lighten the situation of the stumping Ardennes Offensive.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

In late January, Himmler was moved east after initial military success.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On 24 January Army Group Oberrhein's operations ceased, and on 25 January Operation Nordwind officially ended.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Elsewhere, Heer had failed to repel the Red Army's Vistula—Oder operation marching towards Germany, so Hitler appointed Himmler as commander of the new Army Group Vistula to deter Soviet offensives in Berlin.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

In Schneidemühl, Himmler established the Army Group Vistula Command, whose headquarters was his special train Sonderzug Styria.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler accepted the Staff's request for a counterattack, but after Heer failed in the operation, Himmler made Gruppenführer Heinz Lammerding of the SS Corps his chief of staff.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's headquarters moved first to Falkenburg and then to the west bank of the Oder.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Under the fracturing of German defensive lines, the heightened military atmosphere and pressure from Hitler, Himmler seemed nervous and discretionary at meetings.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

He embraced Hitler's ideas to severely punish the retreating German troops and not to give in to an enemy slinging into Germany.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On January 30, Himmler gave orders to his troops to execute any German soldiers caught in an attempt to disembark unauthorized in the middle of the battle.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

In mid-February, General Walther Wenck assumed command of the Pomeranian Offensive from Himmler.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On 13 March, Himmler definitively abandoned Army Group Vistula command under illness and went to a sanatorium in Hohenlychen.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

General Guderian paid a visit to Himmler and took a note to Hitler requesting permission to leave the military leader's duties.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler accepted the request and appointed Himmler to succeed Army Group Vistula commander General Gotthard Heinric.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

In the last stages Himmler lost faith in the spring of 1945 in Germany's war success and realized the inexorable collapse of the kingdom.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

However, he envisioned the US and British governments forgiving Nazi war crimes because they needed Germany to become a continental European ally to defeat Bolshevism and the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler wanted to make peace with the Anglo-American forces and enter German leadership.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

In truth, the Allies had agreed to eradicate German National Socialism and to try all Nazi leaders in war crimes trials.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The Allies had also discovered the massacres committed by Himmler's SS in Poland and other countries conquered by Germany, so Himmler had been ordered imprisoned for crimes against humanity.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Negotiating an armistice and the release of Nordic prisoners, Himmler met Hitler for the last time on 20 April at his 56th birthday in Berlin, which was approached day by day by day by day by day by day by day by day by day by day by day.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler announced a personal decision not to leave the capital despite the impending Soviet invasion.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler left Berlin believing Hitler to be incapable of leading Germany because Hitler had stayed behind with Nazi officials loyal to him, such as propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels and party office leader Martin Bormann, in the Führerbunker beneath Berlin.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

At the Swedish consulate in Lübeck, Himmler confided to Count Folke Bernadotte that Hitler would die within two hours and Himmler was Germany's de facto leader.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler wanted Bernadotte to send General Dwight D. Eisenhower a proposal in which Himmler agreed to a truce with the Western Allies.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler believed the U.S. and Britain would accept the proposal and turn against the Soviet Union alongside the Wehrmacht.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Bernadotte, however, told Himmler that approval of the truce by the Western Allies is very unlikely.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Through Bernadotte, Himmler's proposal passed to President Harry S. Truman and Prime Minister Winston Churchill, but both rebuffed the deal because Hitler's fate had remained unclear and the German leadership's affiliation to Himmler could not be formally confirmed.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On 28 April, Britain's public broadcaster BBC made a radio broadcast of a Reuters news story saying Himmler had demanded German leadership and had negotiated a truce.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

In Berlin, caught up in urban warfare, Hitler heard the news of Himmler's negotiations.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On 23 April, Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring had asked Hitler in a telegram for power to be transferred to him, which Hitler had interpreted as treason and a coup d'état.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler hadn't even announced his plans to Hitler.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler had regarded Himmler as one of the most loyal Nazi leaders, calling him the “loyal Heinrich” ().


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler accused Himmler and the SS of having betrayed him and said Himmler had committed the most heinous betrayal he had experienced in his life.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's betrayal was part of Hitler's motives for writing his political will.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler declared Himmler and Göring traitors, stripped these of their posts and took away from them their membership of the National Socialist Workers' Party.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

SS-Reichsführer Karl Hanke was appointed to succeed Himmler at the head of the SS.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler also ordered the execution of Himmler's adjutant, Hermann Fegelein.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On April 30, Hitler committed suicide.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's negotiations with Bernadotte led to the release of 27,000 Swedish, Norwegian and Danish prisoners of Nazi concentration camps.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Bernadotte himself was involved in leading the rescue operation.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

However, Himmler failed to conclude a truce and went to Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz in Plön in order to obtain asylum.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Hitler, in his will, had ordered Dönitz to be head of Germany, but Dönitz rebuffed Himmler and denied him permission to participate in the activities of the refugee government established in Flensburg.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Dönitz was referring to Hitler's will, in which Himmler had been stripped of all power.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Next, Himmler attempted to defect to the side of the Americans and presented General Eisenhower with an offer to surrender all of Germany to Allied possession.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

In return, the Americans should have given Himmler immunity from war crimes trials and access as an official in Germany's future form of government.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Eisenhower rebuffed Himmler's suggestion, classified as a war criminal.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On 8 May, Grand Admiral Dönitz signed the Treaty of German Surrender, ending warfare in Europe.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The escape attempt Himmler escaped with only two Gestapo security personnel still loyal to their former leader.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler adopted a German military police uniform and forged documents, shaved his moustache, put an eyepatch over his left eye, and posed under the pseudonym “Heinrich Hitzinger”.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

However, British Land Force soldiers involved in the German occupation discovered what appeared to be a regular military police officer the contents of the documents were fabricated and decided to take him in for questioning.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On 22 May, Major Sidney Excell' troops arrested Himmler near Bremenvörde and transported him to an interrogation centre in Lüneburg.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler revealed to the Britons his identity, although he understood to have been taken prisoner of war and to be tried for his crimes.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On May 23, Himmler killed himself by biting a broken one of the deadly toxic cyanide capsules he had hidden in his mouth.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

His last words are often reported to have been “I am Heinrich Himmler!” (Ich bin Heinrich Himmler!).


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

After an autopsy, Himmler was buried in a forest near Lüneburg.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The British left the location of the tomb secret so that the burial site would not become a neo-Nazi pilgrimage site.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

History and mythology hobbies Himmler was interested in various mythologies, and can be considered a kind of early personification of the New Age movement movement.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

His thinking had drawn strong influences from the “Blood and Earth” lore, in which Germanic peoples are raised above other peoples.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

It also included a strong belief in a creator god.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[6] Himmler, without fear of costs, ordered to repair the old Wewelsburg Castle as a sanctuary of German civilization, where the SS Brotherhood was to be formed.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Since 1934, SS officers met several times a year at the castle.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Himmler's assistant Karl Wolff showed each SS chief a monastic chamber in which the latter stayed surrounded by treasures from Old Germany and may have delved into German mysticism.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The 12 leading SS officers were planted in a King Arthurian style round table beneath coats of arms resembling medieval ones.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[7] Together with Adolf Hitler, Himmler was interested in the world ice theory of the Austrian Hans Hörbiger, according to which ice fills space.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Ice fragments cause sunspots, and the Milky Way has formed from ice chunks created in a major collision.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[8] Himmler was also interested in Karelia.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

When he received a kantele as a gift, he immediately wanted to order the SS management ten more from the deck.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

On the wall of his study he kept a photograph of Karelian poetry singer Timo Lipitä.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[9] Letters and diaries Himmler's letters from 1927 to 1945 have ended up in Israel in the possession of a collector.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Copies of them have been obtained by German magazine Die Welt.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

The magazine does not say how the letters ended up with the collector, nor has it yet reported their contents.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[10] In 2016, Himmler's diaries were found in the archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense in Podolsk and were reportedly to be published in 2017 a book.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

[11] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikki A. Reenpää | title=Grandson| publisher = Otava| year = 1998| id=ISBN 9511137972}} Enqvist, K.: An incredible journey into the world of believers.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

WSOY 2012, ISBN 978-951-0-38972-0 References Literature by Heather Pringle: Himmler's Great Plan (2009) On the topic elsewhere Book review of the works: Himmler, Katrin; Wildt, Michael (eds.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

): Himmler privat.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Briefe eines Massenmörders.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Piper Verlag, 2014 and Moors, Markus; Pfeiffer, Moritz (eds.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

): Heinrich Himmlers Taschenkalender 1940.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2013.


Question: What did Heinrich Himmler die of?

Heinrich Himmler

(Agricola book reviews, 4.4.2014) Aamulehti: 30.7.2017 Category:NSDAP Politicians Category:SS-Generals Category:German Reich Ministers Category:People who committed suicide Class:People born in 1900 Class:Persons who died in 1945 Class:Holocaust realization Participated Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The Ferry of Medusa () is an oil painting on linen canvas by the French frigate Medusa painted between 1818 and 1819 by Théodore Géricault.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

It has an area of 36 m².


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The work is housed in the Louvre Museum of Art in Paris.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

History The Medusa Ferry came complete after eighteen months of work in July 1819.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

It hung with 1300 other canvases for the Louvre's annual competition exhibition of new French art, which became known as the Salon.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

As Medusa was still a politically sensitive issue, Géricault vaguely named the painting Shipwreck (Scène de Naufrage).


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The size of the painting alone guaranteed it made an impression.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

But the image was too original and uncomfortable to win over the kind of popularity and acceptance that Géricault seems to have hoped for.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

From 10 June 1820, entrepreneur William Bullock was executing a copy of the work in an Egyptian hall in Piccadilly, London.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The following year Ferry travelled to Dublin.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Bullock claimed that the work was seen by 50,000 visitors and the artist received a third of the profit, 20,000 francs.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The painting was purchased by the French state in 1824 upon Géricault's death for 6000 francs.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

“Such a sum is paid today for a small quality painting,” Charles Clément, Géricault's biographer, noted in 1868.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The asphalt used in the work is in a delicately decomposing state, and the painting cannot be carried.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

A copy of the painting has subsequently toured around the world, including Sweden in 1998.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

In the Louvre, the work is a section in Denon, Hall 3, Les Grands Formats (large-format works).


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Included in the same exhibition room are Antoine-Jean Gros'n Napoleon at the Battle of Eylau (1807) and Eugène Delacroix's Freedom to Lead the People (1830).


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Reception of the work, according to Lorenz Eitner, who wrote about Géricault's art: “Among the altar paintings and embellishing history paintings, this scene of modern martyrdom desecrated all rules — — it challenged authority, despised official humility, and popular taste, and offered nothing for national pride”.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

It seems that most of those who visited the Salon were impressed, but also found the painting distasteful.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Critics didn't know how to relate to the piece either.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

There was ambiguity as to whether the view was intended to serve historical realism or political allegory.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Some thought it was too dark, too monochrome, some thought its violence was vulgar.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

“This ambitious unknown is talented, but he should try to paint more according to contemporary masters,” wrote one reviewer.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Another urged: “Courage Monsieur Géricault!


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Try to refrain from zeal that takes you too far.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Instead of being an instinctive colorist, try to become one.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

In practice, while you are still an imperfect draughtsman, study David's art.” The jury of the exhibition awarded Shipwreck a gold medal, but did not select it for the Louvre National Collection.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Instead, Géricault was offered the opportunity to paint something on the theme of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The subject did not inspire Géricault, and he secretly gave the task and reward to the young Eugène Delacroix, whose work Géricault then accepted.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

In all, Géricault became depressed at the reception of the Medusa ferry in the French art world.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The Medusa ferry is one of the most famous European tragedies.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

It has inspired painters, photographers, writers and film makers.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

A painting that tells of despair, abandonment and hope has become a universal metaphor.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

It was already noted by Géricault's contemporary, historian Jules Michelet, writing: Sketches and Treatises of Painting Draft for the Ferry of Medusa.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Partial thesis on the ferry of Medusa.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Part-Draft.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Part-Draft.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Person sketch.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Mutilated bodies, exercises.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Sketch, 1819.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Treatise, 1819.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Medusa's Ferry, 1818-19, detail.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

References to painting Film Iradj Azimi, Le Radeau de la Méduse, French film 1998, starring: Jean Yanne, Daniel Mesguich, Claude Jade, Philippe Laudenbach Literature Arabella Edge, The Raft, 2006, is a fictional account of how painting came into being in Géricault's mind .


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The title of the American edition of the book The God of Spring, Simon & Schuster, 2007.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Julian Barnes, 10 1/2 Chapters of World History, 1989.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Peter Weiss's novel Die Ästhetik des Widerstands, 1975.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Goscinny & Uderzo, Asterix as Legionnaire, 1967 Fred, A's Shipwreck, 1972 Georg Kaiser, play Das Floß der Medusa, 1940—1943.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Music Composer Hans Werner Henze, oratorio entitled Medusa's Ferry, 1968.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

The Pogues, Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash, album cover, on the same band's record Hell's Ditch song “The Wake of the Medusa”, 1985.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

As well as numerous paintings and photographs.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Sources.


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

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Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.....


Question: Who has painted the Ferry of Medusa?

Medusa Ferry

Category:French paintings Category:Romanticism paintings Category:History paintings Category:Louvre collections


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

The Crimean Khanate (: “Qırım Hanlığı”,) was a kingdom formed by Crimean Tatars on the Crimean peninsula, its northern lowlands and around the Sea of Azov between 1443 and 1783.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

It came into existence at the dissolution of the Golden Orda [1] and was by far the longest-lived of the canacies then born.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

[2] Arrival of the Tatars Before the arrival of the Golden Ordah Tatars, Crimea and its surroundings were populated mostly by the Kipchaks, though Byzantium controlled Korsun in the northern part of the region.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Also in Kievan Russia there was a settlement on the banks of the Kerch Strait of Tmutarakan, which was at its most powerful between the 9th and 10th centuries.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

The Tatars arrived in 1239.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

The Genoese established a major trading center in Kaffa from 1261 to 1265.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

The Genoese paid a tax to the Orda, though were subjected to its attacks on a few occasions.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

In addition, Arabs, Turks, Greeks and Armenians also lived in the area.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Religions in the area included Christianity and Judaism.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Sunnism came to the region initially with the involvement of Mameluk traders and under Özbeg, the Tatar Khan who settled in Crimea, Islam began to become the main religion of the Tatars, although the Genoese sought to spread Christianity among them.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

[3] From the mid-14th century, the Golden Orda, weakened by civil wars, began to disintegrate and lose influence.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

As time passed, the Tatars abandoned nomadic life and established their own towns and villages in the area.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

The Crimean Tatars raised some rebellions to gain independence from the Orda.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Princes belonging to the descendants of Genghis Khan's grandson Togolese Temür had settled in various parts of the Crimean region and adopted Giray as their surname.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

All the Khans of Crimea rose from among the family.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

[3] Independence From 1427 Devlet Berdi and his brother Hacı Giray pushed for the Khanate's independence, which was denied by the ordan khan.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

According to the Polish Chronicle, Hacı Giray was forced to flee to Livonia at times, where a Tatar legation went to pick him up as their ruler.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

There is no exact information as to when the Khanate actually became independent, but a coin printed in 1441 already bore the name of Hacı Giray.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Formally, he is reported to have established his throne in August 1449.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

He was supported by Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire and Kasimir Jagiellon, King of Polish-Lithuania.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

[3] Becoming a vassal of the Ottoman Empire In 1475, Meñli I Giray asked the Ottoman Empire for support, as he was arguing with his relatives over the succession to the throne of the Crimean Khanate.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

The Turks took Kaffa, which was in the south-east of the Crimean peninsula, as well as Azov at the mouth of the Don, as well as other Venetian settlements in the area.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

They positioned themselves to support Meñli, but demanded that he acknowledge subordination to the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Meñli acquiesced and Crimea became a vassal and ally of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Army The army of the Khanate was the most successful of the armies of the successor states of the Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan and his descendants.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

It won most of its battles until the 16th century, when hookguns, early muskets and cannons began to become common on battlefields in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and western parts of Asia.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Even after that, it remained a military power to be reckoned with for a long time.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Its soldiers were typically skilled riders, due to which its army was capable of organizing long distance war expeditions.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

The Khanate waged its own wars for a long time against Moscow Russia, and succeeded, among other things, in taking Moscow in 1571.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

As an ally of the Ottoman, Crimean Tatars warred in Ukraine, the Caucasus and Persia, among others.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

[4] End of the Khanate The Khanate ceased to exist when it was annexed to the Russian Empire during Catherine the Great in 1783, and Crimea was formed first into the Oblast of Tauria and from 1802 the Tauria Governorate.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Map of the Crimean Khanate and surrounding areas in 1550.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Hansaray Palace and Mosque in Bahchisarai.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

See also List of Crimean khans Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ostapchuk, Victor (Ed.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Brian L. Davies) | title = Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1500-1800| publisher = Brill| year= 2012| id = ISBN 978-9004-22198-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = C.E.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B. Lewis, Ch.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Pellat (ed.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

) | title = Encyclopaedia of Islam (Vol.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

5 Khe-Mahi) | publisher = E.J.


Question: When is the Crimean Khanate established?

Crimean Khanate

Brill| year = 1986| id = ISBN 90-04-07819-3| page = 140}} References * Category:Former states and state formations of Ukraine Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Ireland (,) is a state comprising the island of Ireland and I represent the smaller islands, but not the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, Northern Ireland, part of Britain.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The total area of the state is 70273km2 and its population is good 4.6 million.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

It has been the European Union (aik.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

EEC) member since 1973.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The capital of Ireland is Dublin on the east coast.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The climate of the island nation is marine.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

More than half of its area is pasture land and less than ten percent forest.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Britain ruled it for nearly 800 years until the country achieved free-state status in 1921 and gained independence in 1949.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

As recently as the early 1990s, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in the EU, but by the turn of the millennium there was strong economic growth.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In this case, Ireland was referred to as the Celtic Tiger.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

By late 2010, Ireland's banks were in trouble and the country needed EU help.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The official languages of Ireland are English and Irish and the currency unit is the euro.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The previous currency of Ireland was the Irish pound (1938—2002).


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In 2017, Ireland's gross domestic product per capita was US$80641.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

This is the 4th highest in the world and is about on par with Norway.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[1] In recent years, Ireland's gross domestic product has grown rapidly, as large international companies have moved their headquarters there to save on business tax.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[2] Ireland's corporate tax is 12.5%.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[3] In 2015, it was the lowest in the OECD countries [4].


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The geography of the Irish state has a total area of 70273km2.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[5] The settlement is concentrated on the eastern and southern coasts of the country, the western part is a very sparsely populated area.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[6] Surface forms The island is lowland, but a low central mountain runs through it.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

There are lakes between the hills, and the uppermost moors often end in beach cliffs.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The south coast is characterised by broad-mouthed, funnel-like bays, the east coast is broad and rather uncovered, while the west coast is broken with its numerous islands and bays.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The topography is characterised by ridges and drumlins made by ice ages.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[7] Ireland's highest point is Carrauntoohil, 1038 metres high, and two other peaks over one mile in the Macgillycuddy Reeks mountain range.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Other high peaks in Ireland include Mount Brandon, 952 metres high, and the 925-metre Lugnaquilla.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[8] [9] Nature and Nature Conservation In 2000, 55% of Ireland's land area was pasture, 7.2% arable, 2% grassland, 8.4% forest and 15.8% wetlands.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[10] A number of rare species of animals and plants live in wetlands and water areas.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Ireland is also rich in rare species of moss, algae and lichen, as well as water beetles and land molluscs.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[11] There are 28 species of land mammals, over 400 species of birds, 4000 species of plants and 12000 species of insects living in Ireland.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[12] Of the mammals, the wolf is regionally extinct, the black rat is endangered, and three are eye-catching: the forest bat, the otter, and the squirrel.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[13] Specific Irish subspecies have evolved from the fly, the woodland hare and the marsh.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[13] [14] No species of snakes live in Ireland.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Legend has it that St Patrick expelled the snakes from the island in the 4th century, but in fact it is the glaciers of the Ice Age and the cold of the Irish Sea, which separates Ireland from the closest snake species to Great Britain.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[15] Eagles had gone extinct, but both land and sea eagle populations have been revived by plantations, and in 2007 the first land eagle chick was hatched in Donegal in 100 years.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The eagles are threatened by poison baits used by farmers and intended to control foxes and crows.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[16] There are six national parks in the country: Ballycroy, Burren, Connemara, Glenveagh, Killarney and the Wicklow Mountains National Park.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[17] Climate Ireland's climate is marine.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The east and south are the driest, and the east and inland have slightly warmer summers and colder winters than elsewhere.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Sometimes snow can be obtained there, but snow cover does not stay on the ground for long, even on the hills.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Dublin in the east of the country has the average highest temperature of the warmest moon, July, 18.9 degrees Celsius, with an average lowest of 2.5 degrees for the coldest January and February.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

There is rain on 9 to 13 days in each month, with a total of 50—76mm per month.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[18] In Galway on the west coast, temperature conditions are almost similar, but there are 15 to 24 days of rain each month, with months of rainfall between 52 and 132mm.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The most rain falls in autumn and winter.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[19] In Belmullet, in the northwest corner of the island, the warmest moon, the average highest temperature in August is 17.2 degrees, the average lowest of 3 degrees for the coldest January and February.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Rain is received on 12 to 20 days each month, with more than 120mm per month in winter.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[20] History Early stages The first inhabitants arrived in Ireland 6000 years BCE.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

About 4000 years later, there were tribes from southern Europe, building large Neolithic stone monuments and elaborate gold ornaments.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Bronze age people who arrived in the next thousand years made elaborate gold and bronze objects and weapons.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[21] Celtic tribes arrived in Ireland between the years 600—150 BCE.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

period.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

According to tradition, St. Patrick arrived in 432 shares.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

and converted the Irish to Christianity.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[21] Vikings began to invade the area in the 8th century.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The end of the growing influence of the Vikings has often been regarded as the end of the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, where Brian Boru, the High King of Ireland, was also killed.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[22] British rule over the Kingdom of England conquered Ireland in the 12th century.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The first conquerors were Normans.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Henry II appointed his son Juhana, later John the Landless, as Lord of Ireland.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The power of the English was lacklustre, and clashes with local flamboyans ordinary.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Henry VIII, Elizabeth I and James I attempted to instill Protestant faith and English spirituality in the Irish by encouraging immigration and confiscating Catholics' lands for Protestants.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

This is where the confrontation in Northern Ireland started.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[23] Under Elizabeth I in the 1590s, the first revolt broke out when the Irish, led by Hugh O'Neill, fought for nine years for their independence.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Fifty years later, the Kilkenny Confederacy led by Catholic superiors controlled two-thirds of the island at best.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

They demanded full autonomy, rights for Catholics, and an end to Englishing.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The rebellion ended in the English Civil War, in which the Irish sided with Charles I against Oliver Cromwell.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In 1649, Cromwell bloodily defeated the Irish.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[24] After the revolt, a period of repression began.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In 1641 Catholics had owned 60% of the land, by 1776 the proportion was reduced to 5%.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In the late 18th century, Protestant idealists rose up on the barricades inspired by the American War of Independence.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The action was defeated in 1798.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The British attempted to curb dreams of independence with the Union Act of 1801, [25] which defined the place of personal union as a new state called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[26] Between 1845 and 1852, Ireland was hit by a severe famine, during which the population dropped from eight to five million and the western parts of the country were almost completely depleted.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Of the three million residents lost by Ireland, more than a million perished, the rest moved abroad.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[27] Towards the end of the century there was a nationalist spirit.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The domestic political situation in Ireland escalated into the Easter Rebellion of 1916.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[28] Independence period The Revolutionary War broke out in 1919.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In 1921, Ireland and Britain agreed to an armistice and the country's becoming a free state.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Full independence Ireland achieved by the British enactment of Westminster in 1931.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Ireland declared itself a republic in 1948 and separated itself from the British Crown and the British Commonwealth in 1949, joining the European Economic Community in 1973.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[5] As recently as the early 1990s, Ireland was one of the poorest countries in the EU.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Liberal economic policies, including low corporate tax and low wages, and EU support for education and infrastructure produced some of the toughest economic growth in the West, and by entering the 21st century Ireland was emerging as one of the wealthiest countries in Europe.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Because of this 1995—2007 economic boom, the country was given the nickname “Celtic Tiger”.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[21] There was a major housing bubble in the country when house prices rose 192% from 1997 to 2005.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[29] At the same time, economic inequality rose to the greatest in the Western world after the United States.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[30] In autumn 2008, as the British bank Northern Rock went under, Ireland provided unlimited collateral on deposits to prevent deposit flight and attract capital that had fled elsewhere.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In doing so, Ireland took on guarantees of around EUR 440 billion.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

As the unlimited warranty period expired in September 2010, the country's banks began losing hundreds of millions of euros a week in short-term funding, despite twice postponing the expiration date of the guarantee program.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

On November 18, 2010, Irish authorities announced the country needed tens of billions of euros in support funding to keep banks and the state afloat.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[31] The administration and politics of the Irish Parliament (Oireachtas) is bicameral.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The upper house of parliament is called Seanad Éireann and the lower house is Dáil Éireann.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In both chambers, the majority party was long the centre-right Fianna Fáil.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

However, after the 2011 election, the majority in Parliament was formed by the centre-right Fine Gael and the centre-left Labour Party.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[5] The reign of the President of Ireland lasts seven years and can only be re-elected once.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The office of the president is essentially ceremonial.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In certain constitutional positions, he is backed by the Consultative Council of State.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

At the Prime Minister's request, the President may dissolve Parliament


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Michael D. Higgins took over as president on November 11, 2011.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[21] Ireland's head of government is the Prime Minister, or Taoiseach.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The House of Commons elects the chairman of the largest party or coalition as prime minister.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The other ministers are nominated by the Prime Minister and approved by the House of Commons.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[21] Other politics in Irish politics throughout the country's independence have been an important subject of Northern Ireland's status.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Fianna Fáil was formed after the 1922—1923 civil war from those who opposed the partition of the island.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Although opponents of partition lost the civil war, Fianna Fáil was for a long time by far the most popular party in the country and has been in charge of government almost continuously since the 1930s.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The other major party Fine Gael emerged from supporters of splitting.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Other major parties include Labour, the Greens and Sinn Féin.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[21] The Catholic Church has always had great power in Ireland.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

However, recent reforms have relaxed or removed a number of restrictions imposed by the church, and in 1972 the special status of the Catholic Church was removed from the constitution.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[32] For example, divorce was only allowed in 1996.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[33] Ireland is the first country in the world where gender neutral marriage has been approved through a referendum.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Gay and lesbian couples are allowed to enter into a civil marriage after a change in the law.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Voting took place on 22 May 2015.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[34] Armed Forces Irish Defence Forces ((IDF),) consists of land forces, navy and air forces.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

There is no universal conscription in Ireland; the military ferment is voluntary for men and women alike.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[5] Administrative division As of June 2014, Ireland is divided into 31 administrative regions ().


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Of the districts, 26 are counties, three are cities (Cork, Dublin, Galway) and two are urban-counties (Limerick, Waterford).


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The administrative districts are divided into a total of 95 municipalities ().


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[35] In the 2014 reform, the number of local government units decreased from 114 to 31 and the number of regional representatives from 1627 to 949 [36].


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

In 2018, County Galway and the City of Galway decided to amalgamate no later than 2021, followed by the 30th [37] administrative areas.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Fingal Dublin City Dún Laoghaire—Rathdown South Dublin Wicklow Wexford Carlow Kildare Meath Louth Monaghan Cavan Longford Westmeath Offaly Laois Kilkenny Waterford Cork City Cork County Kerry Limerick Tipperary Clare Galway County Galway City Mayo Roscommon Sligo Leitrim Donegal History of administration Historically the island of Ireland has had four counties: Ulster, Munster, Connacht and Leinster.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The provincial division dates from the beginning of the Christian period and no longer has an administrative function.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

[38] In the map and list below are the counties under the old administrative division in English and Irish.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The number behind the county name refers to the green areas on the map.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

The other six counties of Ulster (in the accompanying county map in pink colour) are part of Northern Ireland.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Ulster (Ulaidh) Cavan/An Cabhán (9) Donegal/Dún na nGall (26) Monaghan/Muineachán (8) Munster (An Mhumhain) Clare/An Clár (20) Cork/Corcaigh (16) Kerry/Ciarraí (17) Limerick/Luimneach (18) Tipperary/Waterford/Port Láirge (15) Connacht (19) Waterford/Port Láirge (15) Connacht) Galway/Gaillimh (21) Leitrim/Liatroim (25) Mayo/Maigh Eo (22) Roscommon/Ros Comáin (23) Sligo/Sligeach (24) Leinster (Laigh's) Carlow/Ceatharlach (4) Dublin/Áth Cliath (1) Kildare/Cill Dara (5) Kilkenny/Kilkennya (5) Cill Chainnigh (14) Laois (13) Longford/An Longphort (10) Louth/Lú (7) Meath/An Mhí (6) Offaly/Uíbh Fhailí (12) Westmeath/An Iarmhí (11) Wexford/Loch Garman (3) Wicklow/Cill Mhantáin (2) Economy Ireland's economy is modern and largely dependent on foreign trade.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Ireland joined the euro in 1999 along with the first twelve EU countries.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

Between 1995 and 2007, the country's gross domestic product grew by an average of 6% per year, turning to a sharp decline due to the world economic crisis.


Question: Is Iceland larger in area than Ireland?

Ireland

During the economic crisis, the average selling price of Irish homes halved to 2010.