Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Structural Materials Steel has maintained its position as the main ship building material, but construction materials for ships and boats have diversified.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In boats, reinforced plastic and especially fiberglass reinforced have gained a large market.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Aluminum is made not only for boats, but also larger ships, especially fast-moving warships and passenger ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Titanium has also been used in the construction of submarines, as in the Russian Project 945 nuclear-powered submarines.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The manufacture of wooden boats has survived as a craft tradition, but is limited in quantity.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Types Of Vessels The most old cargo ship is a flatdeck ship of the sailing ship period.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the middle stages of the 19th century, a command and control bridge was formed amidships, where it possibly connected wing pirates.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The helm had traditionally been at the stern of the ship and a wooden deck was built there to protect the helmsman and the helm was raised higher.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

For practical reasons, a duck deck was needed for the bow.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[109] At the time when air transport was not yet highly developed, cargo liners also had passenger cabins.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The type cargo liner had a length of about 150 metres, a width of 18 metres and a draught of 8 metres.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Engine power was 4,000 horsepower on diesel machines.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The crew numbered about 50 to 60 people.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[110] “Three island vessel” was the designation for type cargo ships of bow mid- and stern construction, for example Victory ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[111] This type of ship has mostly disappeared in the late 20th century and cargo ship holds are together and ships often have only one high deck structure.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Minimizing loading time has resulted in container ships and ro-ro ships being the most typical cargo ships today.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The first tank ships were built in the 1860s in England for a German subscriber.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In 1921, the 175-foot-long, 23-foot-wide tank ship SS William Rockefeller was built in the United States.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Supertankers began to be built in the 50s, with the first being the 236 metre long, 29-metre-wide “Tina Onassis” in 1953.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[112] A tug is a vessel used, for example, in ports to bring unwieldy cargo ships to berths.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The icebreaker is required in the northern waters for year-round shipping.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The first was built 1871 in Hamburg.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the early 20th century, these came with propellers for the bow as well.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[113] Ship-classification societies and maritime safety Maritime transport involves a lot of risks, both in terms of ship structures and shipping and pitfalls.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

As a result, systems for sharing risk have been developed early on.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

One of the oldest is the warranty agreements between merchants and shipping companies, where it was agreed that in case of loss of cargo, everyone should pay part of it, or if the cargo is received, the contracting parties, i.e. guarantors, get a share of the profit.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The 1760s saw the emergence of insurance agencies and classification societies as neutral condition determiners of ships, among which such names as Lloyd's Register and Det Norske Veritas were known.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

If a ship fails to get approval from the classification agency, there is usually no insurance for the ship, at least not cheaply.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[114] Nowadays such an unchecked ship is not allowed out of port by the authorities.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Classification agencies have collected information on ship safety and have established requirements in terms of safety.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Gradually, this has led to almost all components and structures used on ships having to be approved by classification agencies.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Precise regulations reduce experimentation in ship structures or components.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Shipyard Small ships can be built on shore and pushed into the water, but as ships increase in size, other solutions have been forced to think about early on.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In Egypt, which was part of Ancient Greece, large five- and six-rowings were built using a dry dock made of dammed canal.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Pool yards are also known to have been used by the Chinese in the 10th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

There is the first mention of 16th-century Italy of the floating dock.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Covered yards for the construction of ship hulls existed as early as the 17th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[115] A later common method is to build a ship on a wheeled platform that can be lowered with the vessel into the water along the rails as the ship itself remains floating.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Smaller ships can also be lifted into the waters by a large crane.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Shipyards are not only needed for shipbuilding, but also for ship repair and maintenance.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

At the time of the discoveries, the ships were accompanied by carpentry and materials needed for repair.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Big wooden sailing ships could be driven to the shore and tilted so much that the bottom boards could be replaced.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[116] This ease of repair was one of the reasons for the abandonment of lime grazing in large sailing ships and switching to butt seams in the 15th century also in the North Sea and Baltic.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Marine industry worldwide South Korean shipyards build the most ships, with 51.2% market share in 2011.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Other major states in shipbuilding include China and Japan.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

See also Finnish marine industry History of icebreakers History of Technology Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Berg, Lasse| title = Dawn of Kalahari: how a person became a human| location = Helsinki| publisher = Into Kustannus Oy| year = 2012| version = Initial work language Swedish: Gryning över Kalahari.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Translated by Toivanen, Riikka| id = ISBN 978-952-264-129-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kero, Reino ja Kujanen, Hannu (ed.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

) | title = From Kivaxe to information technology, social history of technology from the Stone Age to the present day | publisher = Turku: Department of History at the University of Turku | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-880-296-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Konttinen, Kyösti| title = When the ships were wood| location = Sorbifolia 43 (1) 2012| publisher = Dendrology| year = 2012| id = ISSN 0359-3568| page = 25}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Landels, J. G.| title = Ancient Engineering| publisher = Engineerörtieto Oy| year = 1985| version = Finlander, Charle| id = ISBN 951-794-205-2| page = 106}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Björn Landström| title = Ship: review of ship history from primitive raft to atomic-powered submarine| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1990| version = Initial work language Swedish: Skeppet: en översikt av skeppets history från den primitiva flotten till den atomdrivna ubåten med rekonstruktioner i ord och bilder.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Translated by Vuorenroot, Martti.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

6. p| id = ISBN 951-1-11183-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Riimala, Erkki, ed.| title = Navis fennica, Finnish maritime history, part 1| publisher = WSOY| year = 1993| version = 1st book of four-part series| id = ISBN 951-0-18912-| access| access| date = Dec 30, 2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Willis, Sam| title = Fighting ship from ancient to 1750| location = London| publisher = Quercus Publishing Plc| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978 1 84724 880 0| accessdate = 2.12.2012}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key to screening articles


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Stig Dagerman (5 October 1923 in Älvkarleby — 4 November 1954 in Enebyberg) was a Swedish journalist, writer and anarchist.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

[1] He was one of Sweden's most prominent writers to have written since World War II, but his existential works are not tied to a specific place or time.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Large reprints of them continue to be published in Sweden and elsewhere.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Stig Dagerman was born in Ävlkarleby in Uppsala County.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

During the five postwar years (1945—1949) he rose to phenomenal popularity with his numerous works: four novels, a short story collection, a work on postwar Germany, five plays, hundreds of poems and satires, several essays, and numerous journalistic with articles.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

After that, he stopped writing unexpectedly.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

In the fall of 1954, Swedes were shocked by the knowledge that Stig Dagerman — the writer in which literature of the entire era was incarnated — had been found dead in his car.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

He had closed his garage doors and let the engine run.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Dagerman's works deal with universal themes such as morality, conscience, sexuality, social philosophy, love, compassion, and justice.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

He delves into the painful reality of human life and deals with feelings of fear, shame and loneliness.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Despite its bleak content, there is also a sly humour in his texts, which turns the writing into a humorous or satirical one at times.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

The British novelist Graham Greene said of him: “Dagerman wrote beautiful objectively.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Instead of emotional phrases, he uses facts like brickstones and builds a feeling.” This writing style is illustrated by the following take from “The Plays of the Night” story, in which a young Håka son waits for his drunken father to return home: “At night, all stray thoughts revolve around one thing, one moment.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Håkan's soundly sleep is far too fragile to keep it out of mind.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

It's true that he hasn't heard the car park in front of the house.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

He hasn't heard the snap of the light switch, nor the steps in the stair aisle.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

But the key sliding into the keyhole also punctures a hole in Håkan's sleep.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

In an instant, he's awake, and a wave of pleasure sanctifies through his body with tingles from his toes to the top of his head.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Pleasure, however, disappears as quickly as it becomes apparent, burying itself in a cloud of uncertainty.” Dagerman's texts have been translated into numerous languages, and his works continue to inspire readers, writers, musicians and filmmakers.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

His compiled works are available as an eleven-volume facility.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Scholars have looked at his writings from all possible angles: philosophicism, politicality, psychologicism and journalisticism, the relationship of works to film, and the question of why they have appealed especially to French and Italian readers.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Musicians have composed his texts, and films have also been made of them.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

The Swedish Stig Dagerman Society hands out its annual Stig Dagerman Prize to writers who, like Dagerman, spread empathy and understanding.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Life and works Dagerman was born in 1923 and spent his childhood on a small farm in Älvkarleby, where he lived with his grandparents.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Her unmarried mother went away shortly after giving birth and never returned.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

He didn't meet his mother again until adulthood.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

His father was an itinerant day laborer who eventually settled in Stockholm.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Stig moved in with his father at the age of eleven.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Through his father, Dagerman became acquainted with anarchism as well as its ideological descendant syndicalism, and joined the Syndicalist Youth Union (Syndicalistiska Ungdomsförbundet, SUF).


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

At the age of 19, he became editor of Storm magazine (“The Storm”), and at the age of 22 he became cultural editor for the Arbetaren magazine (“The Worker”), a daily newspaper of the syndicalist movement.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

In newspaper circles, he became acquainted with fellow writers and developed his polemical writing style.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

In addition to editorials and articles, Dagerman wrote more than 1,000 poems that appeared daily, commenting on current events, often in a satirical tone.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

He called Arbetaren magazine his “spiritual home of birth.”


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Dagerman's views further deepened when he married Annemaria Götze, an 18-year-old German refugee, in 1943.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Götze's parents Ferdinand and Elly were well-known anarcho-syndicalists who fled Nazi Germany to the centre of the anarchist movement in Barcelona.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

When the Spanish fascists destroyed Catalonia's anarcho-syndicalist social experiment, they fled through France and Norway to Sweden, dodging Hitler's army.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Dagerman and his young wife were staying with his relatives, and it was here that Dagerman considered himself “Europeanised” thanks to the influx of refugees that had passed through the home.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Stig Dagerman published his first novel Ormen (Finnish.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Snake) at the age of 22 in 1945.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

It is an antimilitaristic view of the time, the main theme of which is fear.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Boasting critiques brought him the reputation of a brilliant young promise, and he left Arbetaren magazine to write full-time.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

The following year, Dagerman published the novel De dömdas ö (“The Island of the Condemned”).


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

He wrote it in a few weeks, and said it was “like he let a god write”.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

The allegorical narrative is a nightmarish depiction of the seven shipwrecked, all of whom were sentenced to death and all seeking redemption.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Critics have compared Dagerman to Franz Kafka, William Faulkner and Albert Camus.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

He is considered by many to be the most important of the writers referred to as “Fyrtiolisterna” — “writers of the 1940s”.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

They dealt with existential fear, alienation, and irrelevance in their works that were common after the horrors of World War II and the advent of the Cold War.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

In 1946, he became known with his travelogue about war-torn Germany, later published as Tysk Höst (“The German Autumn”).


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

In it, he depicted ordinary people's struggle for survival in the throes of war, rather than blaming the horrors of war on the Germans or portraying them as mad or evil.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

For him, the root cause of the destruction was the facelift of giant organizations that destroyed empathy and personal responsibility.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

These were both attributes to him without which humanity is doomed to extinction.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

“I believe that man's natural enemy is a giant organization because it deprives man of the ability to feel responsibility to his fellow human beings and limits his ability to show solidarity and love.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Instead, it makes man a henchman of power, momentarily acting against other people, but ultimately destroying himself as well.” The short story collection Nattens lekar (“The Plays of the Night”), published in 1947, received much plaudits.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Many of the stories are filmed from a child's perspective and are set on his grandparents' farm.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Dagerman uses a moderate naturalistic style that appeals to the general public.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

The same year also saw her first play Den dödsdömde (“Death row”) premiered.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

His most famous short story, Att döda ett barn (“The Killing of a Child”), reflected the great influence of the film on his writings.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

In it, he sets out in torturous detail how a series of perfectly ordinary events can lead to an outright horror story.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

In 1948 he published three plays and his third novel Bränt barn (“The Burnt Child”).


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Written in a naturalistic style, the work is a psychological depiction of a young man's infatuation with his father's mistress.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Dagerman wrote his last novel Bröllopsbesvär (“Wedding Concerns”) in 1949.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

It is considered by some to be his greatest work.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

In the novel, he returned again to the milieu of his grandparents” farm and depicted human life and the search for forgiveness and salvation.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Dagerman, who throughout his career experimented with new literary styles, used a stream-of-consciousness technique in this work.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

As a result of Dagerman's early and rapid success, expectations grew high, and he struggled with depression and the writing bloc.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

The middle-class Götze family made him restless, and he applied to the theatre.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

As a playwright, he made new friends and lovers from the theater world, and left his family from time to time.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Eventually, Dagerman separated for good from his former wife to live with famous actress Anita Björk.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

They married later and had a child.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Dagerman felt guilty after leaving his young sons, and raised a large loan to support his former family.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

He apparently thought that would pay off the debt with the proceeds of the next novel.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

While struggling with depression, Dagerman wrote an autobiographical essay Vårt behov av tröst är omättligt (“Our need for compassion is insatiable”) about his struggles and search for means of survival.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

He also wrote Tusen år hos gud (“A Thousand Years with God”) as part of a new novel he was planning, marking a turn in his production to mysticism.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Despite his difficulties, Dagerman continued to write his daily satirical poems for Arbetaren magazine.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

The last of these was published on 5 November 1954, the day after his death.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Examined works Snake.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Translated by Väinö Kirstina.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Helsinki: Weilin+Göös, 1968.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

268 pp. Stig: In Mother's Shadow.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Transmitted by Arvi Kivimaa.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

Helsinki: Otava, 1984.


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

218 p. Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Augustsson, Lars Åke| title = Lever Stig Dagerman?


Question: Why was Stig Dagerman an anarchist?

Stig Dagerman

En presentation för vår tid| location = Stockholm| publisher = Carlssons Bokförlag| year = 2014| isbn = 978-91-7331-694-1}} Category:Swedish writers Category:Those who committed suicide Category:Those born in 1923 Class:Deaths in 1954


Question: When did Sparta win the first Finnish Handball Championship?

2011

Selected pieces of 2011.


Question: When did Sparta win the first Finnish Handball Championship?

2011

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Week 16 Week 17 Week 18 Week 19 Week 20 Week 21 Week 22 Week 23 Week 24 Week 25 Week 26 Week 27 Week 28 Week 29 Week 30 Week 31 Week 32 Week 33 Week 34 Week 35 Week 36 Week 37 Week 38 Week 39 Week 40 Week 41 Week 42 Week 43 Week 44 Week 45 Week 46 Week 47 Week 48 Week 49 Week 50 Week 51 Week 52 2011


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Kiukainen () is a former municipality in the province of Satakunta.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The municipality had people living in, [1] and covered an area of km2 of which km2 were bodies of water.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[2] Population density was Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

In early 2009, Kiukainen was incorporated into the municipality of Eura.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The municipality had two centrist countries, Eurakoski and Panelia, of which the former was the administrative centre.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

In 2009, Eurakoski had 1644 and 1586 inhabitants in Panelia.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[3] The neighbouring municipalities of Kiukaisten before its abolition were Eura, Eurajoki, Harjavalta, Kokemäki, Köyliö and Nakkila.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Eurakoske is about 11 kilometres away from both Eura and Harjavalta.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The landscape image of the stoves is very flat and there are no lakes on the territory of the former municipality.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The most noticeable marsh is Paneliansuo to the west, on the border with the municipality of Eura River.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

From Säkylä to Kiukai there is a shallow ridge cycle, which has been largely lost due to gravel uptake.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Through the stoves flows the Eurajoki River from Pyhäjärvi in Säkylä, joined by the Köyliönjoki river from Köyliönjärvi in the church village.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The water quality of the rivers was quite poor in the 1960s and 1970s, due to wastewater deposited in them uncleaned, but has subsequently improved.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[4] Traffic Kiukainen is located within the triangle formed by highways 2, 8 and 12, but none of them pass in the Kiukainen area.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Through the former municipality are Rauma track and cross road 43 from Harjavalla to Uuskaupunki.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Kiukaisten railway station is located in Eurakoski and also Panelia has its own station.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Passenger services between Kokemäki and Rauma have been discontinued in 1988 and today only freight trains operate on the section of the line.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The 18 km long siding to Säkylä has been discontinued from the Rauma line at Kiukaisten railway station.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[5] Distances from Kiukainen Harjavalta 10 km Helsinki 220 km Kokemäki 20 km Pori 45 km Rauma 40 km Tampere 115 km Turku 105 km Uusikaupunki 70 km History Kiukainen was named after exceptionally large prehistoric stone tombs, the stove.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The stoves are so common and visible that they belong as an integral part of the rustic landscape of the stoves.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The King's Tomb, the largest Bronze Age mound tomb in the Nordic countries, was located in the municipal area of Panelia.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The tomb is also depicted in the Coat of Arms of the Kiukaiss.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The oldest archaeological finds made from Kiukai date back to the late Stone Age.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Based on them, the era is called the Culture of the Stoves.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[4] The oldest settlement of Kiukaistes is the village of Panelia, which originated as early as the Stone Age.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Elders also include the village of Harola, where Bishop Henrik's slayer, Lalli, is reported to have fled after his actions.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

According to the Land Book of 1540, there were a total of 42 houses in the nine spirit book villages of Kiukaiste.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

In 1749, Kiukaisten had a population of 643, in 1845 there were 2611 inhabitants, and in 1900 the population had risen to 3831.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

A large division was delivered in the stoves between 1777 and 1786, after which an abundant croft settlement began to emerge.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

In 1805 there were 110 crofters in the keeper and in 1845 already a couple of hundred.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[4] The stove originally belonged to Eura.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The keeper's first church was a prayer house built in Panelia in the late 17th century, which was destroyed during the Great Wrath in 1714.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The first church proper of the chapel congregation was built in 1725 and the first priest of its own was received in Kiukai in 1728.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

In the 1840s, the idea of forming the Kiukaiste as its own congregation arose, which came to fruition in 1915.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[6] The first national school in Köylypolve started its operation in the village of Köylypolve in 1878 and the municipal library in 1884.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The oldest MFI in the municipality was a savings bank founded in 1913.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Kansa-Osa-Bank opened a branch in Kiukaisten church village in 1919.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

The coeducational school of the stoves was established in 1956.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[4] After the Continuation War, the settlers of Räisälä were inhabited in Kiukais.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[7] The coat of arms of the stoves was designed by Gustaf von Numers and was confirmed in 1950.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[8] There are two churches located in Kiukas, Kiukaisten Church was completed in 1761 and was renovated in 1846.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Panelia Church was originally a prayer house, completed in 1909.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Saaremaa villages Eurakoski, Harola, Hiukko, Köylypolvi, Laihia, Laukola, Mäkelä, Panelia as, Panelia, Peltomaa, Rahvola, Saaremaa and Vaani.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

Mongo Aaltonen, musician Emanuel Aromaa, MP Juho Villehard Hakkinen, MP Sonny Heinilä, musician Jyrki Joutsensalo, Professor Timo Kalli, MP Joose Keskitalo, singer and songwriter Matti Paavilainen, MP (Agrarian League) Timo Saarikoski, ice hockey player Taru Stenvall, writer Eveliina Suonpää, ice hockey player Tumba Tamminen, musician Jorma Tommila, actress Kielo Tommila, actress Veikko Tuomi, singer Harri Veistinen, writer, Scriptwriter Food Culture The keepers of the stoves were named in the 1980s as pig head spit, stone oven poop and Saturday meal containing sallow, milk cheese, swede box, cobbler salmon and barley rice.


Question: What is the total area of Panelia?

Slutty

[9] Sources References on topic elsewhere *


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is a political movement based in the United States consisting of a number of secret clubs and organizations calling themselves clans.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The idea world of these “clans” varies, but the key ideas have been white supremacy, anti-Semitism, white racial consciousness, anti-Catholicism (especially in the 1920s), opposition to the federation, anti-gay, anti-communism, and opposition to immigration, and its associated emphasis on native Americanism.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

[1] The practices of the Klans have included, from time to time, terror, violence, and displays of mass force, particularly against the black population of the United States and other populations opposed to the KKK, such as Jews.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

[2] The Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1865 in the aftermath of the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The movement's activities were suppressed in the early 1870s.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The KKK was re-established in 1915.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The movement's golden age was in the 1920s, when one in seven Americans was a member of it.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

[1] Groups imitating the original Ku Klux Klan still exist, but their membership numbers and influence today are far less than in the megalomania of the movement.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

History of the Ku Klux Klan First Ku Klux Klan Establishment After the American Civil War, the original Ku Klux Klan was founded on December 24, 1865 by six educated, middle-class Confederate Army veteran officers who hailed from Pulaski, Tennessee.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

They were frustrated and had not adapted to the end of the war and the defeat of their own homeland, as well as its army.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The aim was to continue the war against the Union, or the “Yankees”, and their allies by means of terror and guerrilla warfare.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The founders were John C. Lester, John B. Kennedy, James R. Crowe, Frank O. McCord, Richard R. Reed, and J. Calvin Jones.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

[3] The name Ku Klux Klan was coined from the Greek word κύκλος (kyklos) meaning wheel.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

According to the story, Reed suggested the name Kyklos and Kennedy added to this trailing the word clan, which in Scots English means lineage.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

According to another story, Kennedy coined both words, but Crowe translated the word kyklos to kuklux.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

[4] Initially, the organization focused on fighting white fortune-goers and settlers (carpetbaggers) who had come from the Northern States, as well as Southern white (scalawags) renegades who joined the Republican Party and defected to the Union side.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The latter were seen as traitors and turncoats by the KKK and others pro-Confederacy.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan soon spread to almost every Southern state.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The organization declared a campaign of terror against the white and black leading figures of the Republican Party.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

During the campaign, Arkansas Congressman James M. Hinds, three South Carolina legislators and several men who were involved in constitutional party conventions were killed.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1867—68, the Klan began disbanding black preacher assemblies and encroaching on black people's homes at night to steal firearms.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

These events apparently mimicked such groups that had excelled at Tennessee events as the “Yellow Jackets” and “Redcaps”.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The 1867 Nashville convention attempted to create a hierarchical organization out of the organization, where local groups would have responded to a county leader who would have responded to the territorial districts.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Territorial District would again have responded to the state, which would have responded to the national headquarters.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

This plan, called “The Prescript,” was developed by Confederate Brigadier General George Gordon.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The plan included Klan goals and questions that would be put to those wishing to be members of the organization.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The questions were the kind that centered around Reconstruction and opposition to the Republican Party.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The membership applicant was asked whether he was a Republican, a Union Army veteran or a member of the Loyal League.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Loyal League, or Union League, was an organisation of those supporting the Union.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Similarly, the applicant was asked whether this was opposed to the “social and political egalitarianism of the Negroes” and whether this supported a “white man's government”.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The applicant was also asked whether this “upheld the constitutional rights of the South” as well as whether he supported “the freedom of the white man in the South and the restoration of all rights of the population of the South” as well as “the right of the people to protect themselves from arbitrary and unauthorized power.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Despite the creation of such a constitution and statute, it was not approved by a unique local department.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The groups continued to operate as independents, with no regional, state, or national headquarters.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The movement's name change to form the Ku Klux Klan was borne by former slave trader and Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest in 1867.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Forrest concluded that, as an acronym, the KKK seemed better than KC (Kuklux Clan).


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

[5] According to oral information, Gordon went to Forrest and told him about the new organisation, to which he replied: “That's a good deal.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

That's a damn good thing.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

We can use it to keep niggles in place”.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

A few weeks later, Forrest was declared the national leader of the KKK, or Grand Vizier (The Great Wizard, the Great Wizard), but in his later interviews Forrest claimed that he had no grip on KKK groups and no power within the organisation.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The action of the Ku Klux Klan saw as a mission to limit the social and political status of freed slaves.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In particular, the Klan attempted to restrict education, improved economic status, voting rights, and squire rights for blacks.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Although the Klan's principal target was in the black population, they also faced harsh and hostile threats from Confederate Republicans.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The violence achieved its results.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

For example, in the April 1868 Georgia gubernatorial election, the District of Columbia cast 1222 votes for Republican Rufus Bullock, but in the November presidential election, Republican candidate Ulysses Grant received only one vote from the district.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Klan intimidation was specifically directed against teachers and actors of the Bureau of Refugees, Freed Slaves and Abandoned Lands, more famously the Freedmen's Bureau, created by Congress.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

This office especially helped emancipated slaves.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Black members of the Loyal League, or Union League, were also a frequent target of Klan rushes, strikes and raids.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The editor of an Alabama newspaper wrote that “the Loyal League is none other than the Ku Klux Klan of niggles.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The events of one of the attacks carried out by the Klan were recorded down in a congressional circular poll like this: A different kind of force was also used.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

More than 150 blacks were massacred by Klan members in one county in Florida alone.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Hundreds more were killed in other counties.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Brigadier General George Gordon made a public account of the acts of violence against blacks carried out by the Klan: Many black men were a Union Army veteran and thus armed.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

From the beginning, the main task of the Klan was to disarm the black portion of the population.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The report stated that the Klan had been shot three times and if blacks “want to wage war against us, they will be prepared for the next terrible consequence”.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In the brief, Gordon also claimed that the Klan was a peaceful organization.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

This was a common claim to try to protect the Klan from prosecution.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

However, in 1869, a federal jury (federal grand jury) declared the Klan to be a terrorist organization.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Hundreds of examples of crimes and acts of violence were brought to light during the proceedings.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Klan members began to be prosecuted and many of the members fled trials, primarily to South Carolina.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Gordon also reported that some individuals had committed were acts of violence in the name of the Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

It was true that non-members of the Klan had found the Klan disguise to be a good means of masking their identity when committing acts of violence.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

It was also common for the higher leadership of the Klan to say itself and its responsibility disconnected from these acts of violence.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

To top it off, Klan membership was difficult to prove because of the organization's fragmented and unfocused nature.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In many ways, the Ku Klux Klan was the armed wing of the Democratic Party, the farming class and those advocating white supremacists.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Just two years after the organization's founding in 1868, activity in the Klan's activities began to decline.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

As Gordon's account attests, in the organisation's activities the politicality had diminished even further.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The idea behind the action was essentially how to avoid accusations of violence.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Many influential Southern Democrats began to see the organization as a liability that gave the federal government an excuse to maintain its power in the Southern states.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

B. H. Hill, a Georgian, even went so far as to claim “some of those who caused the unrest are, in fact, friends of the slain.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

This statement thus claimed the Klan was in fact federal/republican business.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In a newspaper interview on August 28, 1868, the brigadier proudly reported that the Klan had about 550,000 men in the Confederate States and over 40,000 in Tennessee.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

He also reported that, with five days' notice, could call up to 40,000 men to arms.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Similarly, he said he was not, in fact, a member of the organization, but a collaborator and supporter of it.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Gordon also claimed that the enemies of the Klan were not so much the blacks as the Confederates who turned to the north, or scalawags (scalawags), and immigrants from the north, or carpetbaggers (carpetbaggers).


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

This was a half-truth, as these white groups just prevented the fact that the Klan could not leave directly into action and efforts against former slaves.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Because of this, the Klan tried to reach out to whites belonging to those very groups, especially teachers who had been brought to the South by the Freedmen's Bureau.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Many of these teachers had been pre-war abolitionists or active in the “Underground Railroad”, an organisation made up of various points and routes aided by runaway slaves from the South to the North.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Many white Southerners believed that blacks only voted for the Republican Party because these had been fooled by the Loyal Leaques.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Dissolution of Organization The First Klan was never centrally organized.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

As a secret “invisible” group, it had no membership list, debts, newspapers, chairman, local departments, local chiefs and no state or national functionaries.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The organisation's endorsement came from its reputation, augmented by showy disguises and wild and menacing activity.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The establishment and operation of the organization was spontaneous.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Historian Elaine Frantz Parsons has described the organization thus: General Nathaniel Bedford Forrest's national organization had little control over local groups that were highly autonomous.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

One clerical member of the clan complained that his own “so-called leadership was purely formal.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

I don't have the slightest bit of prestige over reckless young country boys who are at their most active in night riding, flogging and so on...


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Anything that was contrary to the original intent and the Klan's constitution document...” Forrest ordered the Klan to be dissolved in 1869, declaring that the organization had “departed from its original honourable and patriotic purposes by becoming an illegal actor rather than serving social peace.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

As the national organization suffered from a lack of influence, this declaration was mainly a symptom of the clan's weakening, and not so much a cause of weakening.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Historian Stanley Horn writes that “generally speaking, the end of the clan was mostly due to a locally incipient, slow and final dispersal than to a formal and decisive abandonment.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

A Georgian journalist wrote in January 1870 that “The real claim is not that the Ku Klux is an organized group of professional criminals, but that the men who carry out crimes refer to themselves as the Ku Klux.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Many times the Klan was only used as an alias when committing apolitical crimes.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

State or local territory governments very rarely act against the organization.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In black lynching cases, lawyering courts made up of whites hardly ever prosecuted the whites who committed the lynching.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Even if an indictment was filed, courts made up of whites many times left lynchers unconvicted.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Furthermore, in many states, there were fears that using a black militia would provoke a race war.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

When Republican North Carolina Governor William Woods Holden commanded a militia against the Klan in 1870, the result was an escalation of the situation that resulted in the loss of the Republican majority in the state House.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Eventually the crisis led to the self-impeachment and dismissal of the governor.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

This was an excellent show of support for the clan, after all Holden was also a “scalawag”.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

From time to time, organized groups managed to successfully resist the Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

White Union Army veterans organized an anti-Ku Klux in Blount County, Alabama, which threatened with retaliation unless the Klan stopped Unionist floggings and the burning of black schools and churches.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Another example of Klan opposition was when armed blacks patrolled the streets of Bennetsville, South Carolina, to prevent Klan attacks.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

There was also a national movement to topple the Ku Klux Klan, although many national-level Democrats questioned the existence of the Klan as a whole, seeing it as merely an imagination of nervous Confederate Republican governors.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In January 1871, Pennsylvania Republican Senator John Scott formed a committee to take testimony from 52 eyewitnesses to the Klan attacks.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Many Southern states had already ignored anti-Ku Klux Klan legislation and in February a congressman maligned in the Southern states, as well as former Union Army General Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts, proposed a federal anti-clan law.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The bill swung in popularity after South Carolina's governor asked federal troops for help at the same time as reports arrived of clashes and massacre in Meridian, Mississippi, from whose courthouse a black state representative had been forced to flee into the woods.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant signed the Ku Klux Klan Act (“The Ku Klux Klan Act”), which was used in conjunction with the Power Act of 1870 (1870 Force Act) to implement statutes enshrined in the U.S. Constitution.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

During the Klan Act, federal troops were used rather than state militiamen.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Likewise, the clansmen were taken to be tried in federal court, ruled predominantly by blacks.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The clansmen were eradicated from all other parts of the country, although the clan had been in decline for several years.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Attorney General Amos Tappan Ackerman served as prosecutor.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The government implemented the Clan Act around 1871—74, when the clan was definitively eradicated.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In some areas, the activity, which included intimidation and killings of black voters, continued locally as various smaller organisations such as the White League (White League), Red Shirts (Redshirts) and various sabre and rifle clubs.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Although the actual Ku Klux Klan was no longer in existence, it had achieved many of its goals, such as abolishing the right to vote for blacks in the Confederate States.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

However, it took several years to eradicate clan phenomena.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

On Easter Sunday 1873, the Colfax Massacre occurred, the bloodiest single example of racial violence during Reconstruction.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The massacre began when black residents made a resistance against the Klan and its ally the White League.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

John G. Lewis, a black teacher and state MP from Louisiana, described the situation: “They attempted [armed self-defense] in Colfax.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The result was that as the sun set in the evening on Easter Sunday in 1873 the bodies of 280 Negro lay on the ground”.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1882, several years after the First Klan, the United States Supreme Court ruled the case United States v. Harris in its hearing that the Ku Klux Klan is not unconstitutional, stating that the power of Congress does not justify interfering with private conspiracies based on the 14th paragraph of the Constitution.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

However, the power law and Klan law have come to prominence in subsequent court battles, including in 1964, when civil rights activists James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner were assassinated by the Ku Klux Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Chaney was black and Goodman and Schwerner were Jewish.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Similarly, laws have come up in the wake of the Ku Klux Klan's assassination of civil rights activist Viola Liuzzo.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The laws also came up further in 1991 in the lawsuit against abortion clinics, Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, which ruled in 1994 that the Klan Act could not apply to ending blockades of abortion clinics.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Another Ku Klux Klan Four and a half decades after the original Klan disbanded, inter-racial relations still remained very poor.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Generally, the darkest period of America's inter-racial relations is timed just after the end of the Klan to the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

During that time, violence and murder were actually much more common than in clan times.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

According to the Tuskogee Institute, for example, in the 1890s, the number of lynchings reached its peak.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Establishment Generally as an enabler of the establishment of the Second Ku Klux Klan, the development of modern mass media is presented.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Three closely related cases laid the groundwork for the recoming of the Klan: The premiere of the film Birth of a Nation.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The film was about the mythical and glorious First Clan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The lynching of Leo Frank, which came about mainly as a result of constant sedition by the media.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank, a Jewish man, was accused of raping and murdering a 12-year-old white girl, Mary Phagan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, immigration to the United States accelerated.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The new immigrant group was fashioned by Jews who were seen as a problem.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The first clan did not care about immigration or Jews, but the second clan was founded in an era when opposition to increased immigration and Jewish hostility existed on the surface.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Another Clan was founded around an organisation called the Knights of Mary Phagan (The Knights of Mary Phagan).


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The new organization adopted the fictional version of the original Klan in the Birth of a Nation film.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

D. W. Griffith's Birth of the Nation glorified the original Klan, which by that time was no longer a mere vanishing memory.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

His films were based on a book and play by Thomas Dixon called The Clansmen (The Clansmen) and the book Spots of Leopard (The Leopards Spots).


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Dixon said he intended to “revolutionize the northern attitude atmosphere with the kind of show of history that would turn every man sitting in the audience into a good Democrat!”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The film was made a national acclaim narrative for the Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In Los Angeles, at the time of the preseason screening, actors dressed as Klansmen were hired to ride for promotional purposes.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Later, at the time of the first show, real Second Klan members rode up and down the streets of Atlanta.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

There were also such incidents in the Southern states that an enthusiastic film audience began shooting for the big screen.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The popularity and impact of the film was also reinforced by the widely repeated knowledge that US President Woodrow Wilson, who had a background as a historian, had said the film was truthful in its facts.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

This is what Wilson wanted to say in order to do his old friend a favor.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The distinctive features of the new clan, such as the white robe and the burning of crosses, had been mimicked from this film.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The pictorial language of “Birth of a Nation” was based on Dixon's romanticized understanding of old Scotland as depicted in Sir Walther Scott's novels and poems rather than the First Clan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Birth of a Nation includes several extensive quotations from Woodrow Wilson's book History of the American People.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

One of the more well-known passages is this: “White men were mobilized by a mere instinct of self-preservation... until the great Ku Klux Klan, the true kingdom of the South, emerged to protect the Confederate States.”.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

After seeing the film at a special White House private screening on February 18, 1915, Wilson stated that the film “is like history written in lightning and my only grief is that it's all so tremendously true”.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Wilson family had sympathized with the Confederacy during the Civil War and family members had tended to its wounded soldiers at the church.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

When Wilson was a young man, his party was fiercely opposed to Reconstruction and as president he reinstituted racial segregation for the first time since Reconstruction began.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Knowing the film was strongly pro-Democrat and Wilson's views on race as well as the clan, it is not unfounded to interpret Wilson's post-film statement as supporting the Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

What emerges from this statement is that Wilson considered scathing the entire reconstruction carried out by Radical Republicans, which freed the slaves and crushed the Confederate independence of the Confederate States of America.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Subsequent correspondence with film director Griffith confirms Wilson's enthusiasm for the film.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Wilson's remarks were widely reported and immediately became controversial.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Wilson tried to stay away from the debate caused by his statements, but at last on April 30 he issued a two-meaning political statement that appeared to be a refutation of earlier statements, but was not in reality it.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Wilson's support for the film, however, increased its popularity broadly and made it easier for Griffith to defend himself against criticism from the NAACP.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (National Organization for the Development of the Colored Population, NAACP) is an organization advocating interests for black and colored segments of the population as well as civil rights whose most influential leaders were Jews.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In any case, the film had a major impact on the emergence of the Second Klan later that year.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Another notable event for the emergence of the Second Klan was the lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish factory owner, on August 17, 1915.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Phagan worked in Frank's factory.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank was convicted at trial in Georgia of murder.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The jury had asked that Frank and his co-defendants not appear during the verdict was announced because an angry and violent crowd of people surrounded the courthouse.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank's petitions and appeals were denied.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

However, Oliver Wendell Holmes, a member of the United States Supreme Court, dissented, stating that the jury had not acted impartially in its handling of the case because of intimidation.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank was sent to lifelong imprisonment by the Governor, but the Knights of Mary Phagan organization (Knights of the Mary Phagan) seized Frank from the prison yard and lynched him.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In fact, much evidence came to light in the trials in favor of the factory's black gatekeeper being guilty of the murder and rape of a child.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

However, the prosecution claimed the gatekeeper merely helped Frank hide the body.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

For many Southerners who believed in Frank's guilt, there was a powerful confluence between Frank's trial and the film's Birth of a Nation.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

They saw a unity between Mary Phagan and the film's character Flora.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In the film, Flora, a young virgin, would rather jump down a cliff than be raped by the black Gus who chases her.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The film explains that Gus is “an apostate, the product of a beast-like doctrine propagated by the carpetbaggers.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank's trial was artfully used to their advantage by Georgian politician and publisher Thomas E. Watson, who was editor of The Jeffersonian newspaper.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Later, he was the leader of the reorganized Klan, later elected to the United States Senate.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The new Klan was inaugurated to its mission under Methodist preacher William J. Simmons atop Stone Mountain.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The event was followed by old aged members of the First Klan with members of the Knights of Mary Phagan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Simmons was inspired to establish the Second Klan from the 1867 Klan's “Prescript”, which was George Gordon's attempt to create a national organization out of the original Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The “Prescript” of 1867 gives the Klan as statutes: First: To protect the weak, the innocent, and the defenseless from shameful, wrong, and unlawful damages; from violent and brutal; to free the injured and trampled; to help the suffering and the unlucky, and especially Widows and orphans of Confederate soldiers.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Second: Protect and defend the Constitution of the United States Third: To assist and assist in the enforcement of all constitutional laws and to protect people from unlawful seizures and litigation.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Membership Later historians have gained control of membership lists of a few local groups, which they have compared with lists of cities and local areas to generate statistics on the organization's membership numbers.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Jewish-owned newspapers in major cities were hostile to the organisation and generally regarded the Klansmen as nothing more than puny farmers.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The following study from Indiana shows that the stereotype was wrong: The Klan was very successful in his recruitment, but the number of accessions soon reversed quickly.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Yet still millions joined and in the 1920s membership reached a peak when 15% of the white men in the United States who qualified to become members of the organization belonged to the organization.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Clans were also established in Canada, where the most prominent clan was in Saskatchewan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Here, the clan fought Catholic immigrants.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Exceptionally, the Klan leadership pursued monetary gain to the original Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Therefore, in due course, the organisation joined the boom of secret clubs.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Several hundred new members were recruited by local organizers who paid dues as well as buying KKK outfits.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The organizer kept half the money and sent the rest to state and national clerks.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

After enlistment had been carried out in the area, the organizer organized major Klan events in the area where crosses were burned and possibly a local Bible presentation to a local Protestant pastor was held.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

After this, the organizer left the city with the money.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Local Klan associations operate, like fraternities and secret societies, every now and then earning money with speakers.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

State or territorial officers had little or no influence over local groups and rarely tried to force local ones into political activist groups.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Activities and customs The ideological basis of the Second Ku Klux Klan was in the atmosphere that led to the lynching of Leo Frank.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Therefore, the new Klan was anti-Semitic, anti-communist, anti-Catholic and anti-immigration.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Anti-communism was a new cause caused by the bipolar of the world.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

At the time of the First Klan, the United States did not yet have any information about communism obtained from the Soviet Union.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan therefore embraced anti-communism from the beginning right-wing radicals in Europe of the same period.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Anti-Catholicism was thus the Peruvians of the original Klan that the Klan had always emphasized Confederate Protestantism.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The First Klan mainly opposed immigration, that is, settling from the Northern States to the Confederate States, but did not take a position on immigration to the United States.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

However, the ideas of the Second Klan are better known and identified with generally belonging to the entire Ku Klux Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Because of their new causes, the Klan gained support mostly in the Midwest and not so much in the Southern states.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Instead of the first Klan accusing Confederate poverty of being caused by the United States, that is, northern states, the new Klan, like some radical groups in Europe, blamed the problems in the United States on powerful Jews who were said to use blacks as a tool for whites and whites against culture.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The First Klan had been essentially a post-civil war last resort to fight the Union for the Southern State's own democracy and independence.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Another major difference to the first Klan was that the original leaned strictly towards the Democratic Party and the Southern states, while the second Klan still leaned towards Democrats, but increasingly towards Republicans.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The first clan, as a representative of the party that lost the Civil War, did not have much influence on politics or politicians, but the second Klan was highly prominent.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Many of the later high-ranking politicians in the United States and its states have belonged to the Second Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In the 1920s and 1930s, the radical sub-organization Black Legion (Black Legion) split from the Klan, whose approximately 20,000—30,000 members operated along the Midwest dressed in black uniforms.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

It was the most violent and ruthless branch of the Klan, particularly excelling in the killings of communists and socialists.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Klan groups played a role in lynchings.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan lynched black soldiers returning from World War I at such a rapid pace that many of those lynched still had their gun suits on.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan recalled that blacks came to respect whites “in whose land they were permitted to live in.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The rituals and customs usually identified with the Ku Klux Klan are inventions of the Second Klan and principally the product of the Nation's Birth film.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The legendary white robes and hoods are the romanticized imagining of that film.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The first Klan had a hood or a mask on, but not the kind of robe the KKK is thought to wear today.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Apparently, as a prop, the first Klan was wearing white robes or some kind of robe.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Many times, members of the first Ku Klux Klan wore a Confederate Army gun suit or a Confederate farmer's outfit.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

No uniform uniform was therefore worn by the first Klans.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The famous burning of crosses is apparently the invention of another Klan founder, Methodist preacher William J. Simmons.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

He invented this movement in a way that frightens Christianity in 1915.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

However, as early as the Middle Ages, Scots clans burned crosses to defy their opponents.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Second Klan apparently adopted a lot of customs from the ancients, especially Scottish secret clubs and fraternities.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Likewise, all secret society-style torch processions and ring meetings are an invention of the Birth of a Nation film and developed and embraced by another Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Political influence The influence of the Second Ku Klux Klan was very large and its activities spread from the Confederate States to the Midwest and Northern states as well as Canada.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

During its peak period, when its membership surpassed four million, 20 per cent of white men in some large areas belonged to the Klan, and up to 40 per cent in some areas.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The largest numbers of members were in the Midwest.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Through pro-KKK authorities, the Ku Klux Klan controlled the state governments of Tennessee, Indiana, Oklahoma and Oregon, and also some Confederate parliaments.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan's influence was particularly large in Indiana, where Edward Jackson, a Republican clan, was elected governor in 1924.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Thus, at the same time, the entire state administration came into the possession of the clansmen.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Another well-known example from the same year is when the Klan decided to make Anaheim a clan model city.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan secretly took control of the city council with its four members, but these four clansmen were voted out of the council by special extra elections.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan had a very large influence in the presidential nomination lineup at the 1924 Democratic Party Convention at Madison Square Garden in New York City.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Right at the outset, the party convention put Klan candidate William Gibbs McAdoo at odds with New York Governor Al Smith, who, because of his Catholicism, brought opposition to the Klan and the Democrats who supported it on his head.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

After several days of deadlocked debates and brawling, both candidates withdrew from the nomination in a mediation settlement.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan also managed to overturn passages in the party program that would have condemned its action.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

On July 4, thousands of Klansmen rallied in a field near New Jersey and burned crosses as well as photos of Smith celebrating the victory of the party program, the KKK, on passages condemned.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

There is also evidence that in some states, such as Alabama, the KKK was not only a so-called hate group, but it also called for political and social reform.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan opposed Alabama's conservative political climate and called for better public schools, more effective Prohibition enforcement, road rehabilitation, and other progressive policy demands.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

These reforms mainly benefited the ordinary and poorer white population.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan provided this poor white population with opportunities to gain a representative for political offices and to be able to influence their own conditions.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Beginning in 1925, the Klan was a major political force in the state of Alabama, whose powerful leading figures, including Senator J. Thomas Heflin, Governor David Bibb Graves, and Senator Hugo Black, manipulated the Klan member base into fighting the region's large factory owners and big-name ranchers.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Black was elected senator in 1926 and became a leading New Deal supporter.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

When he was elected to the Supreme Court in 1937, it was discovered he was a member of the Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

This caused a scandal, but he still remained in his Supreme Court post.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1926, with the support of the Klan, Bibb Graves, who was originally the head of the Klan's local division, was elected governor.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

With Klan support, he led progressive bills pushing for funding education, better public health care, highway rehabilitation, and improved labor laws.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

As the Klan gained these political accomplishments it demanded, its strike teams thought they would enjoy the protection of the government and launched a broad wave of terror in Alabama in 1927, targeting both whites and blacks.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In Birmingham, Alabama, the KKK burned down brothels.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In Troy, Alabama, the Klan publicly informed parents of all the teenagers it had found frolicking in cars.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

One local clan also abducted “a divorced white woman, stripped her up to her waist, tied to a tree and flogged wildly.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The conservative elite counterattacked.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Grover C. Hall Sr., editor of the Motgomery Advertiser magazine, began writing several editorials and articles attacking the Klan for this “racial and religious intolerance.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Hall was awarded the Pulitzer Prize due to his anti-Klan activities.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Several other newspapers also began a strong attack on the Klan, accusing it of being violent and “un-American”.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Marshals crushed and squashed the Klan violence.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The counterattack was successful; Al Smith, a Catholic, gained statewide endorsement in the 1928 presidential election.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1930, the official membership count of the Klan in Alabama dropped below six thousand.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

At the height of the Klan's political power, several very high political influences in the United States and Canada joined the Klan or worked closely with its member base.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan's membership body or its circles have been alleged to have included, among others, two Supreme Court justices and two presidents of the United States, one of whom was Harry S. Truman and the other was Warren G. Harding.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Truman was a member of the ranks of the Klan in 1924, and was not very active.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Harding has been alleged to be a member of the Klan, but his membership is highly unlikely.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

At most, he may have been a rank-and-file member.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Instead, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black was extremely active and Klan leadership.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Supreme Court Chief Justice Edward Douglass White is said to have claimed he was a member of the First Klan, but not the second.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

He at least was a Confederate soldier.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Democratic Senator Robert Byrd, on the other hand, fought for Klan values and causes.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

He was famously a member of the Klan in the 1920s-1930s.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan is alleged to have arranged for 16 men (nine Republicans and seven Democrats) to run for the U.S. Senate, 11 governors (six Republicans and five Democrats) for state leadership, and an unwitting number of congressmen to Congress.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Breakup The Second Klan collapsed mainly due to activities directed against it.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

After all, the Klan was no longer in the favour and patronage of politicians.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Another factor contributing to the dissolution was the trial of Grand Vizier David Stephenson, who emerged into scandal on 25 November 1925, in which he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the rape and second-degree murder of Madge Oberholtzer.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Oberholtzer had been bitten so badly, according to one male eyewitness, that he looked like “a cannibal's sanity.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Stephenson had originally been an active member of the Socialist Party of America, a sales representative, but by 1920 he had joined the Democratic Party and the Ku Klux Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In November 1923, he became Grand Vizier (Grand Wizard), the leader of the Klan for the state of Indiana and 23 other northern states.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

That same year, he joined the Republican Party and founded the Ku Klux Klan, a rival to the National Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Stephenson raped and assaulted Oberholtzer, eventually driving him to suicide.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Entire regional organizations split from the Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1922, Stephenson had led 300,000 Klansmen in Indiana (thus, about one in three white men was a Klan member).


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Separated from the National Klan, the Stephenson-led Klan had 178,000 members in Indiana State before Oberholtzer's rape and murder, but by February 20, 1928, no more than 4000 members.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

According to historian Leonard Moore, the failure of the leaders led to the collapse of the organization: With these scandals, public support for the organization declined along the 1930s and the organization withdrew from day politics.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Grand Vizier (Grand Wizard) Hiram Wesley Evans sold the organisation to Indian veterinarian James Collescott and Atlanta-based obstetrician Samuel Green, but they were unable to stem the decline in membership numbers.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan's reputation was also damaged by Colescott's relations with pro-Nazi organizations, its involvement in the Detroit race riot of 1943, and attempts to confuse the United States' war effort in World War II.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The Internal Revenue Service, the United States tax collection agency, levied 685,000 US dollars in unpaid taxes and Colescott had been forced to dissolve and dissolve the organization in 1944.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

American folklorist and author Stetson Kennedy infiltrated the diminished Klan after World War II and offered the confidential information he received about the Klan to the media and officialdom.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

He also provided Klan information, including passwords, to the screenwriters of the American Superman radio show.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

From this information, four listening episodes resulted in Superman fighting the Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Kennedy's efforts to strip the Klan's mysteriousness and nullify passwords as trivial likely had an impact on the decline in Klan recruitment and membership numbers.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Kennedy's book I Rode With The Ku Klux Klan was published in 1954 and it further damaged the Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Subsequent Klans After the Second Ku Klux Klan, which served as a national organization, only individual independent “clans” using the Ku Klux Klan name have been formed.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The table sees the evolution of membership numbers in different eras: in the early 1950s, a large number of different independent clans began to oppose the civil rights movement of blacks in the United States.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

This resistance included several acts of violence and various threats.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The most famous and important events from this era were: the assassination of Medgar Evers, an organizer of the NAACP, on June 12, 1963.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Former clansman Byron De La Beckwith was convicted of this act in 1994.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The killing of 58-year-old Forrest coynty NAACP division president Vernor Dahmer Sr. by firebottles in Mississippi on January 10, 1966.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

On August 21, 1998, former Klan Grand Vizier Sam Bowers was convicted of Dahmer's murder.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Two other Klansmen were also charged in addition to Bowers, but one of them died before trial and the charges of the other were dismissed.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The 82-year-old Bowers died while serving a life sentence on November 5, 2006.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing on September 15, 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

4 black children were killed in the attack and 22 wounded.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Again, the four clansmen suspected of committing the act were not prosecuted until years later.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Robert Chambliss was convicted in 1977, Thomas Blanton in 2001 and Bobby Frank Cherry in 2002.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

A fourth suspect, Herman Cash, died before he could be charged.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Death of black Willie Edwards the Younger on January 23, 1957, in Alabama.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Four Klansmen forced Edwards to jump off a bridge from a height of 27 feet into the Alabama River.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

[6] The men were not convicted despite the confession of one of the defendants because the cause of death had not been established due to the decomposition of the body.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Legally, therefore, it could not be certain that forcing to jump would have resulted in death.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Subsequently, the case has been ruled to have been a homicide, but the suspects are dead and the case is no longer being dealt with.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The shootings of civil rights activists black James Chaney and Jews Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman on June 21, and the discovery of bodies on August 4, 1964.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Goodman and Schwerner had been shot once in the heart and Chaney assaulted, after which he had been shot three times.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The killings were sympathized by local authorities and eventually blamed on Democratic sheriff candidate E.G.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Barnett and the Rev. Edgar Ray Killen.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Eventually, Klan Killen was convicted of three counts of manslaughter on June 21, 2006.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

[7] The March 25, 1965 shooting of Viola Liuzzo in Alabama.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The southern white mother of five, who lives in Detroit, was visiting Alabama to attend a march of the civil rights movement.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

During the murder, Liuzzo used his car to transport those involved in the march.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

One of the Klan members who shot Liuzzo was a source of information for the FBI, so in addition, this confused finding out the murder later.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Several others were also massacred by the clans around this time, but many of these cases went unreported.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1951, for example, Harry T. Moore, a teacher and NAACP state leader, was killed along with his wife Harriette when a bomb placed under the floor of their bedroom exploded.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Although several different suspects emerged in FBI investigations, no charges were brought against anyone.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Later, a Klansman and U.S. Marine told NAACP operatives that he and some other Klansmen, along with the authorities, had plotted Moore's murder and its execution.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

According to a post-murder report conducted by the Atlanta Southern Regional Council, the homes of forty black Southern families had been bombed between 1951-52.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Moore was exactly the kind of individuals who were constantly in danger, but the greatest of those who had been part murdered were innocents or those who ignored a clan-sympathising atmosphere.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Postwar clans were particularly violent.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In fact, the Klan's true reputation as a violent organization rests precisely around this time.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

However, the Klan also suffered losses despite their displays of force.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

For example, on the night of January 18, 1958, a battle between Indians and the Klan took place in Hayes Pond, Maxton, North Carolina, in which Indians besieged a Klan meeting at one of the openings near the town and opened fire towards the assemblers.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Four of the Clansmen were wounded, but not very seriously.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Prior to the gathering, the clansmen had burned crosses with the benefices of Native American homes.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1964, the FBI's Cointelpro began infiltrating the Klan and disrupting the latter's activities.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program) infiltrated all social movements, from the Black Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference to radical right-wing and left-wing movements such as The Weather Underground and Ku To the Klux Klan.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The main purpose was to maintain social peace and neutralise all organisations that could destabilise the social order.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The FBI gained important key seats in the organization, but it also produced conflicting problems.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

There was one FBI co-operative who murdered Liuzzo.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

The FBI tried to change the situation to its advantage by accusing Liuzzo of having been a communist who abandoned his children to have sex with black civil rights workers.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Despite the problems, the infiltration brought fruit.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Journalist Jerry Thompson, who infiltrated the Klan in 1979, reported that the actions of COINTELPRO had greatly hampered and disrupted the Klan's operations.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Rival clans accused each other's leaders of being FBI infiltrators.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

For example, Bill Wilkinson, leader of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was later revealed to have been on the FBI payroll.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

As the century-long struggle for black suffrage in the Southern states came to an end, the clans decided to focus on other topics, which included positive discrimination, immigration and, in particular, the courts” efforts to fight the legacy of racial segregation by transforming public schools coercive multiracial.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

For example, students were taken to schools for long distances by using school buses.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1971, Klansmen began with bomb attacks to destroy school buses in Pontiac, Michigan and famed clan leader David Duke was active in South Boston during the 1974 school bus crisis.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Duke also attempted to improve the Klan's public image by urging the Klansmen to “move from pasture land of cows to hotel rooms.”


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Duke was the leader of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan from [1974 until his resignation in 1978.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1980, Duke founded the National Association for the Advancement of White People (NAAWP), a political organization representing white nationalism.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1989, he was elected to the Lousiana state lower house as a Republican, though the party pulled its support for another candidate.


Question: What year is James Wilkinson born?

Ku Klux Klan

Duke has since been a prominent conservative politician in the United States, belonging to Democrats and Republicans alike at times.