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Soviet

The standard of living of farm workers in knocks was determined by the economic situation of kolkhos.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In addition, each farmworker usually had an area of about half an acre for his own personal farming and small livestock.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Although the area of these regions was minimal compared to the whole, they produced a very large proportion of Soviet agricultural production.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[75] [45] Partly this was due to the large amount of labour in private production and the feed and grazing land made available by the state farms to the private.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[76] The Soviet Union was capable of growing grain for the needs of its own population, but before Khrushchev's time, disappearances caused mass slaughters when forage grain had to be used for human consumption.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

During the Khrushchev period, the necessary grain began to be purchased abroad, mainly in the West, which constantly strained the national economy.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The most important grain was wheat, but barley, rye, oats and rice were also cultivated.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Attempts to grow corn in the Khrushchev period failed.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[77] The cultivation of root crops and vegetables was common in the European parts of the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

Important crops included potato, cabbage, swede, turnip and onion.


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Soviet

In the late days of the country, large-scale construction work on greenhouses made it possible that tomato and cucumber were mostly available in population centres throughout the year.


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Soviet

Sugar beet, cotton, sunflower and other industrial raw material crops were cultivated in semi-deserts under the cover of artificial irrigation.


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Soviet

After World War II, hemp and flax cultivation slowly regressed in the growing areas of these plants in the Caucasus and the Baltics.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[78] Grosia was the centre of tea cultivation, while Moldova was responsible for the most part of pan-allied fruit production.


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Soviet

Tobacco was mostly grown in southern Russia and the Caucasus, but the Soviet Union still had to import much of the tobacco it consumed.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[79] Livestock husbandry was given much attention in the Soviet Union, as the production of meat, eggs and milk was a visible way to raise the standard of living of the population.


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Soviet

Part of the production was provided by industrialised special establishments, which were neither sovhoose nor colkhoses, and produced most of the eggs and chicken meat.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Livestock farming was also the main form of agriculture outside the actual agricultural area.


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Soviet

However, it was not particularly productive.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In Finland, for example, the productivity of dairy cattle was about double the Soviet average.


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Soviet

One problem was the lack of crowded feed, which feeding cotton and sunflower seeds was not enough to compensate for.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[80] [45] Fishing Fishing was a major part of Soviet food production, and in the 1970s—1980s the country had the second largest fishing fleet in the world after Japan.


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Soviet

Most of the catch was caught in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.


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Soviet

Specifically, efforts were made to develop fisheries in the Pacific Ocean, as the best fishing grounds in the Atlantic remained within fishing zones declared by various states.


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Soviet

Attempts were also made to solve the problem by expanding fish farming and inland fisheries in the 1980s.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[81] Many fish species important to the Soviet Union suffer from pollution, dehydration and overfishing.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[82] Forestry in the Soviet Union accounted for a quarter of the world's forest resources and 60% of coniferous timber resources.


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Soviet

The forest area was 747 million hectares and the tree area was 80 billion m³, of which conifers 84%.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Forests covered 38% of the land area.


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Soviet

Annual growth was 800 million m³, approximately 500 million m³ in forests covered by logging operations.


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Soviet

The area of support for forestry was the taiga zone.


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Soviet

In the Urals and to the west were pine, spruce and birch as the main tree species, larch, pine, sembra pine, spruce, plantain and birch in the east.


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Soviet

The most common tree species was larch (28 billion m³ in total).


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Soviet

Of the forest resources, 83% were located in areas east of the Urals, but only 35% of logging occurred there.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[83] The focus of logging was shifting all the time from the Urals to the east.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Total logging totaled 390 million m³.


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Soviet

In the European part of the country, too much felling had been carried out for a long time, so the purchase of wood had to be reduced there since the 1960s.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Deciduous trees still formed a reserve that could be increasingly exploited.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The logging was mostly done in open logging, and forest management was low compared to timber use.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[45] Problems with production control The Soviet Union was grappling with the productive problems of an all-encompassing planned economy.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In a market economy, the formation of prices on the basis of supply and demand allows production decisions to be decentralized to be made efficiently: production of products running low on the market increases and the oversupplied falls solely through price signals, without anyone having to feel the overall situation of the production system.


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Soviet

In a planned economy like the Soviet Union, manufacturers of products do not make decisions about half the prices as well as on production volumes.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Instead, they were decided by an economic planning bureaucracy of mammoth proportions in the Soviet Union.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

At the top of the bureaucracy was the Supreme Economic Council


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Soviet

It was governed by numerous councils, committees and agencies at the federal, state republics and local levels with overlapping powers.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[84] Economic planners in central agencies found it very difficult to perceive both the economy as a whole and the local conditions of production.


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Soviet

For example, in the late 80s, the state central economic planning agency Gosplan in Moscow already imposed 200,000 different prices and set production quotas for 70,000 products.


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Soviet

[84] On the other hand, for example, the Izhora factory received 70 official operating instructions per year from nine different state committees, two economic committees and four economic councils.


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Soviet

[85] Consequent to ongoing production optimization difficulties resulting in undersupply in one and overproduction in others.


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Soviet

Matches, plastic bags, underwear, shoes and fruit were some of the product categories famous for their difficult availability.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[84] On the other hand, large batches of silk ties or Italian vermouth could suddenly arrive in remote rural stores.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[86] In long production chains, similar production problems led to bottlenecks and delays in the absence of critical parts.


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Soviet

In the planned economy of the Soviet Union, there was no common option for a market economy to buy, at a higher cost, express delivery from a critical part, except abroad, whatever was done, but foreign trade decisions had to be circulated through Moscow's clerical apparatus, often through more agencies.


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Soviet

As a result of the problems, workers and expensive machinery investments often stood idle or operated at underperformance.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

On the other hand, the designers of the products also had optimization problems: if, for example, you make an engine less fuel-consuming by making it harder to assemble, which is saving more critical: labor or fuel?


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Soviet

In a market economy, price signals solve problems like this, but in a planned economy, the price set by central management does not necessarily reflect the scarcity of a commodity, at least not locally.


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Soviet

The designers also had a problem with measuring results.


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Soviet

Although exceeds of production quotas were rewarded at the level of both factories and workers, it was necessary to measure the results one way or another.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The development of suitable metrics proved to be one of the main problems in the planned economy and could not be solved satisfactorily throughout the existence of the Soviet Union.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

For example, in oil exploration, results were measured in meters of hole drilled: as a result, Soviet oil drilling equipment drilled plenty of deep, relatively low-yielding oil sources, rather than focusing only on the most promising deposits.


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Soviet

The production phase measured annual production, rather than the total lifetime production of an oil source.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Because of this, oil production facilities began pumping water into oil deposits thus momentarily increasing production volumes but depleting the total production of the deposit.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

As a result, by 1980, crude oil pumped from Soviet sources contained an average of half water.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In the metal industry, tonnes of production were measured, resulting in unnecessarily strong parts being used for machinery.


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Soviet

Nikita Khrushchev is reported to have moaned ″Our heavy engineering industry produces the heaviest machinery in the world”.


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Soviet

A Muscovite candelabra factory started to produce ever-heavier candelabras until they began to tear off roofs with their weight.


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Soviet

One metric used in the garment industry was the number of items of clothing.


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Soviet

When another woolen clothing factory was ordered to produce 80,000 caps and sweaters, it only produced caps because they were smaller and therefore cheaper and faster to manufacture.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[87] [85] Quality Soviet products suffered from ongoing quality problems, exacerbated by lack of competition.


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Soviet

Consumers often had the opportunity to purchase furniture, televisions, cars, etc., of only one factory, and even if there were alternatives, the popularity of the products with consumers was not a measure of success, but only the achievement and exceeding of production quotas.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Consequently, manufacturers had little motivation to develop quality, and most consumer goods lost out to Western variants in design and quality, sometimes even dangerously.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In 1987, a Muscovite newspaper reported that of 28056 fires in the city in 1986, as many as 40% were caused by corrupted televisions.


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Soviet

A Kuibychev television factory, meanwhile, had time to produce a set of 49,000 faulty television sets before anyone intervened.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[84] On the other hand, the heavy engineering industries, the weapons industry, the aerospace industry and the space programme were capable of producing world-class products.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[84] For example, Soviet-made electric locomotives and nuclear reactors still in use in Finland proved to be competitive and durable.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Agriculture Agriculture was one of the priorities of the Soviet economy, as the country struggled with constant underproduction for a long time.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Despite the fact that up to a third of the workforce worked in farming, the Soviet Union was forced to import large quantities of cereals and other foodstuffs from abroad, including from the United States, which in turn desperately needed buyers for its massive overproduction.


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Soviet

[88] Soviet agriculture produced only 80% of the output of the United States, although Soviet agriculture employed eight times the labor force and received a quarter of the country's total capital investment, or five times as much as in the United States.


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Soviet

In 1980, Gregory Grossman, an expert on Soviet economics at Berkeley, assessed Soviet agriculture as follows: “Organisation is wrong, prices are wrong, tools are wrong.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Actually, it's all wrong”.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In particular, inefficiency plagued the country's immense collectivized agricultural industry.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Small private farming, given the circumstances, was very effective: 2% to 3% of the Soviet land was occupied by private small farming, but it was enough to produce 25% of the agricultural products of the whole country, mainly vegetables, fruits, meat and milk. [89].


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Soviet

Environmental devastation The worst environmental problems are the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, the scrap of the nuclear-powered fleet in the Murmansk Arctic, neglect related to the disposal of nuclear waste in Chelyabinsk, the aftermath of nuclear weapons tests in the Novaya Zemlja Arctic, Norilsk and Petsamo nickel production in the Arctic, problems related to drilling and transportation of petroleum and natural gas, for example in the Komi Republic and the Caspian region, the drying up of Lake Aral due to diversion of water from the rivers falling into it, in cotton-growing areas Vegetable poisons used in Central Asia, and by and large the resources spent on war technology, as well as low energy prices.


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Soviet

[43] Population Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was home to nearly 300 million people and was the third largest country in the world in terms of population.


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Soviet

The most densely populated were especially the western and southern parts.


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Soviet

The largest population group was formed by Russians; other major folk groups included Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Belarusians, Kazaks, Azeris, Armenians, Tajiks, Georgians, Moldovans, Lithuanians, Turkmen, Kyrgyzis, Latvians and Estonians.


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Soviet

[90] Languages in the Soviet Union all languages were equal according to the Federal Constitution and in different republics and territories the local language was the official language.


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Soviet

The own constitutions of some Soviet republics (such as the Georgian SNT) recognized the local language as the only official one.


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Soviet

However, Russian was effectively the official language throughout the country alongside local languages, and was taught in schools as a compulsory subject for everyone.


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Soviet

[91] Social and health security in the Soviet Union every citizen had the right to state-organized health and social services.


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Soviet

In the Soviet Union, social security was the basis of state-owned enterprises, which provided for their employees children's day care, free recreational holidays and inexpensive food, and provided for the payment of pensions after the end of employment.


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Soviet

Unemployment was a practically unknown concept.


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Soviet

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, health and social security deteriorated in all Soviet republics that had gained independence.


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Soviet

[92] Religion After the 1917 Revolution V.


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Soviet

I. Lenin separated the church from the state and the school from the church.


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Soviet

The Constitution provided that freedom of religion and atheist propaganda prevails in the country.


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Soviet

[93] In the Soviet Union, the number of adherents of denominations was not recorded, but by far the largest religion was the Orthodox Church.


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Soviet

Most of the grandmothers were Orthodox, but there were also Catholics living in the very western parts of the country, especially in Lithuania and Ukraine.


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Soviet

The second largest denomination was Islam, with adherents especially in the Soviet republics of the Turkestan region, the Caucasus and also in the Autonomous Republic of Tatarstan.


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Soviet

On the territory of the Soviet Union there were also persons belonging to other Christian churches, such as Lutherans, mainly in Estonia and Latvia and near the Finnish border in Inkerinmaa.


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Soviet

[93] Initially, the Bolsheviks viewed religion as a harmless superstition, which gradually as science progressed would disappear.


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Soviet

However, in 1921 attitudes changed and the party adopted the new principles of “combative atheism” and “combative materialism”, on the basis of which an extensive anti-religious propaganda campaign was started.


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Soviet

The Union of the Fighting Wicked performed work on the dissemination of atheism.


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Soviet

[94] From 1926 to 1932, the organization's membership steadily increased from 87,000 to 5.6 million members.


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Soviet

[94] However, based on the results of the 1937 census, 57% of Soviets still classified themselves as believers.


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Soviet

As a result, Stalin implemented extensive purges in the League of the Wicked for the excessively slow eradication of religion.


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Soviet

During World War II, the Orthodox Church in particular was included in the anti-German war effort, and the persecution of religions diluted.


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Soviet

As a continuation of the work of the Union of the Fighting Wicked, which ceased operations in 1943, the Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge, or Znanie (,), was founded in 1947.


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Soviet

[94] Sports Soviet athletes performed very well in many sports, and in areas such as hockey, volleyball, wrestling, gymnastics and weightlifting the country was almost completely superior for decades.


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Soviet

[95] The Soviet Union first participated in the Olympic Games in 1952 in Helsinki, and in total the Soviet Union collected 473 gold, 376 silver and 355 bronze from the Olympics.


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Soviet

[96] The 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow, but most Western countries boycotted the competitions in protest at Soviet actions in Afghanistan.


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Soviet

Similarly, the Soviet Union, with its allied reputation, boycotted the next staged Los Angeles Games.


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Soviet

When the Soviet Union dissolved, athletes from 12 countries that separated from it competed at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics as a united team, often referred to as the Commonwealth of Independent States team, even though Georgia was not part of the CIS at the time (however, the country was a member from 1993 to 2008).


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Soviet

That team also competed at that year's Winter Olympics in Albertville.


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Soviet

Where in the Summer Games athletes came from all 11 then CIS Member States and Georgia, so in the Winter Games the athletes of the team came from only six former Soviet republics, namely Armenia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Russia.


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Soviet

Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were not part of the CIS and immediately competed at the 1992 Olympics as their respective teams.


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Soviet

Most international federations count Russia as the successor state of the Soviet Union, but many other former Soviet republics have also continued to thrive in their own strong sports, such as Lithuania in basketball, for example.


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Soviet

Especially in team sports, this has meant tightening competition: for example, not only Russia but four former Soviet republics participated in ice hockey's 2006 World Cup competitions: Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.


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Soviet

Football Although the Soviet Union did not top the fourth place in the Football World Cup competitions in 1966, the country nevertheless won the 1960 European Championship, and in later years it received three silvers in addition to two Olympic golds and two Olympic bronzes.


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Soviet

At club level, Dynamo Kiev won the European Cup Winners' Cup twice and Dynamo Tbilisi once.


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Soviet

Dynamo Moscow also qualified for the final of the same cup.


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Soviet

The backdrop to Dynamo Kiev's success and the Soviet Union's 1988 European Championship silver was Ukrainian coach Valery Lobanovski and the way he developed.


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Soviet

Basketball In international basketball, the Soviet Union was the nearly equally clear runner-up behind the United States, which dominated the sport, winning two Olympic gold medals and finishing runner-up for medals at each entry time.


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Soviet

In the Basketball World Cup competitions, success was equally good, with the Soviet Union being a three-time world champion.


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Soviet

European championships the country collected a total of as many as 14.


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Soviet

[97] Ice hockey The Soviet Union dominated international hockey for years by far, winning eight Olympic gold medals (the last of which admittedly under the Olympic flag) and 22 world championships.


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Soviet

In both the Olympics and World Cup competitions, the country finished runners-up for medals at each entry time, winning a total of 10 Olympic and 34 World Championship medals.


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Soviet

According to the national team's reds playing outfits, Finland began to be called the Soviet representative team “Punakonee”.


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Soviet

Often regarded as the best team of its time at club level, CSKA Moscow won the European Cup 20 times and Krylja Sovetov of the same city once.


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Soviet

[98] Volleyball The USSR men's volleyball team remains the most successful volleyball team in the world.


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Soviet

It won no fewer than three Olympic gold medals, six World Cup golds, as well as twelve times European Championship gold and four times the World Cup.


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Soviet

In addition, the team achieved eleven more medals from the values competitions.


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Soviet

Among the team's most famous players were Viljar Loor, Oleg Moliboga, and Yuri Sapega.


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Soviet

The team was coached by, among others, Vyatšeslav Platonov, who later in his career also coached in Finland.


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Soviet

[99] Transport Huge distances and the location of important natural resources in difficult, roadless neighborhoods placed great demands on the transport network.


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Soviet

Freight costs accounted for 20% of the national income of the USSR.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The flatness of the ground facilitated the construction of transport links, but the climate and soil caused difficulties: frosts, the amount of snow, the spring and autumn cycle period, floods, permafrost, Siberian marshes and sand from desert areas made it expensive to build connections.


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Soviet

The lack of gravel in the vast plains hampered road construction.


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Soviet

[100] In 1987, there were 146100 km of railways in the Soviet Union (the second highest number in the world after the United States), of which 51700 km were electrified, and approximately 1.6 million km of roads, of which approximately 1.2 million km of durable paved.


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Soviet

[101] The western parts of the country were the most traffically-developed, the rail network was the densest and the roadworks of the highest standard, but river and pipeline transport low.


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Soviet

As we went east and north, factors such as pipeline transportation of oil and gas, railroads were constantly being built, and roadways were improved.


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Soviet

The transport network in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the Far East was long underserved; the Siberian line was overloaded and road and river traffic were undeveloped.


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Soviet

The northernmost neighborhoods were reserved for air connections.


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Soviet

There were relatively few cars in the country, and most of them were trucks.


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Soviet

The subways had been built in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov, Minsk, Gorky, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku and Tashkent.


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Soviet

[59] The Soviet Union was one of the leading maritime countries in the world.


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Soviet

The country had 60 substantial ports, the largest being Novorossiysk base for tank ships in the Black and Azov Seas, as well as Odessa (20 million tonnes) and Batumi, in the Caspian Sea (mainly for oil shipments) Astrahan and Baku, on the Baltic Sea Leningrad (14 million tonnes), Riga, Ventspils and Klaipeda, in the Pacific Oceans of Vladivostok and Nahodka, as well as in the northern Arctic Ocean Arkhangelsk and the only unglaciated major port of Murmansk.


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Soviet

In the 1980s, the Soviet merchant fleet consisted of 1600—1700 ships sailing under the Soviet flag.


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Soviet

[102] [59] In air travel, the Soviet Union was one of the main influencers.


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Soviet

Soviet Aeroflot was the largest airline in the world.


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Soviet

Aeroflot is considered to have had its beginnings on 9 February 1923, when the Soviet Civil Aviation Council was established.


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Soviet

The name was introduced on 25 February 1932.


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Soviet

The airline was state-owned and had the emblem characteristic of the Soviet Union with a sickle and hammer, fitted with a wing.


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Soviet

Following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, passenger services in Russia were reorganised on 28 July 1992, and Aeroflot became 51% state-owned and 49% employee-owned Russian airline.


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Soviet

In the same year, the service began to be developed and Airbus A310-300 aircraft were acquired from Airbus.


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Soviet

In 1994, Aeroflot acquired Boeing 767-300ER and Ilyushin Il-96-300 aircraft for long-distance flights.


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Soviet

Today, Aeroflot is still one of the world's leading airlines, and as a memory of Soviet times, the company still has a sickle and hammer in its logo.


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Soviet

[59] Tourism Tourism was popular in the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

[103] However, the vast majority was domestic tourism, although foreigners, especially from allied countries of the Soviet Union, also went on group tours organised by the Inturist each year.


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Soviet

Passenger train services were extensive and travel by train was advantageous.


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Soviet

The most popular tourist destinations were Sochi, Crimea, Batumi, Odessa and others, as well as the major cities of Moscow and Leningrad.


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Soviet

[104] One could not move from the Soviet Union to another state without authorisation from the authorities.


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Soviet

To and from the country were allowed to travel on a visa obtained by the authorities.


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Soviet

The Soviet Union closely supervised the country and emigration, and did not allow travel without official authorization from the authorities.


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Soviet

However, marrying a foreigner, starting in the 1970s at the latest, gave the right to move to the homeland of the spouse, but at the same time the immigrant lost his Soviet citizenship.


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Soviet

[62] Moving to Earth was almost as tricky as emigrating.


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Soviet

The move required permission from the authorities, which was allowed to apply to the embassy.


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Soviet

Residents of SEV countries were able to enter the country more easily than others.


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Soviet

It could take up to several years for citizens of other states to obtain a permit.


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Soviet

[62] Culture At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian culture was in a fervent state of creation that permeated all sectors of culture.


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Soviet

The season is called the Russian-Soviet avant-garde or Silver Age.


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Soviet

After the revolution, artists enthusiastically participated in the reform work of the new socialist society.


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Soviet

Acting for communist ends include Vladimir Mayakovsky and Maksim Gorki.


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Soviet

Bolshevik leaders, however, did not appreciate modernist avant-garde art.


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Soviet

The avant-garde ran out of time by the early 1930s at the latest, when socialist realism became the only officially accepted art trend applied to all arts.


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Soviet

The idea of socialist realism was a realistic form and socialist content.


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Soviet

At the same time, artists' unions of various fields controlled by the Communist Party were ordered to regulate art life.


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Soviet

[105] Socialist realism was introduced at the Soviet Writers' Union Conference in 1934, after which it became the official and only accepted art trend in the country.


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Soviet

Its father is often cited as the author Maksim Gorki, whose novel Mother (1907, Finnish 1944) is considered an archetype of socialist realism.


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Soviet

The art of some 19th century realists, for example Peredvižniks (“Wanderers”), Jacques-Louis David and Ilya Repin, has also been considered paragons.


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[2] Literature and theatre were popular in the Soviet Union.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Soviet music also prospered outside the country's borders, and not only in socialist countries, but also in the West.


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Well-known Soviet composers included Dmitry Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Especially during Josif Stalin's rule, composers' freedom of expression was restricted and the works were to conform to the official Communist Party line.


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[95] Artists were encouraged to favor positive tones in their art.


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Criticism of socialist society was not allowed to be made.


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Art criticism also came to favor the ideas of socialist realism.


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For example, if characters created by an artist were found to be too “pessimistic” in the opinion of the Communists, the result was a hand-out course and possibly problems in the artist's career.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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[95] Maksim Gorki, Nobel laureate Mikhail Šolohov, Alexei Tolstoy and Vladimir Mayakovsky emerged as big names in Soviet literature.


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Although socialist realism became almost the only officially accepted trend, some writers such as Mikhail Bulgakov, Boris Pasternak and Andrei Platonov continued the traditional Russian literary tradition.


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Russian emigrant writers abroad were represented by Nobel laureate Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin and Vladimir Nabokov, among others.


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Aleksandr Solženitsyn wrote about his experiences in the prison camp and therefore got into trouble.


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[106] The principles of socialist realism were also ordered to be followed in the allied countries of the Soviet Union.


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In them, however, art policy was freer than in the Soviet Union.


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In the art of socialist countries of Eastern Europe, person-worship and narrow party affiliation was evident at its strongest in 1945—1953.


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[97] According to the socialist realism method, the function of art is to serve the revolution and the construction of socialism by being popular and party affiliated.


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Many times this entailed portraying workers as exemplary heroes.


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Musically, sublime “positive” finales were favoured.


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The leaders were placed in the art of painting at the center of the people.


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The intention was to elevate the status of the laborer by presenting his life, work and leisure time in admirable form.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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[95] The influence of Bolshevik leader Andrei Ždanov on Soviet cultural life was great.


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A trend known by his name, Ždanovism demanded from all artists the adherence to narrow party loyalty.


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It still defined, until the late 1950s, the limits of acceptable cultural production in the Soviet Union.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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[2] Informal culture After Stalin's death, cultural life experienced a brief freer period during the shelter weather, until at the end of Nikita Khrushchev's reign it began to solidify again.


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When Western art was forbidden, quite widespread, though incongruous, trends in so-called informal art emerged in the Soviet Union.


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However, they had no chance of success because dissidents were not allowed to publish their art.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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[95] In the Soviet Union, publishing was closely controlled to suppress opposition.


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Because of this, many banned books were hand-copied and circulated hand to hand as wax or photocopies, so-called samizdat publications.


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Some dissidents, such as writer Aleksandr Solženitsyn and artist Ilya Kabakov, became world famous.


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During the regime of Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, the party granted more freedoms to artists.


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However, socialist realism lasted until the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union as the official regulatory system of culture.


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[107] Today, the heritage of Soviet art and culture is being assessed in a new way when forbidden fields of culture are also taken into account.


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The art heritage of the socialist period can be explored, for example, in a Soviet-era sculpture park in Lithuania.


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Propaganda Soviets carried out information activities counted as propaganda throughout its existence, but the content and style of propaganda varied drastically depending on items and time.


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Effective propaganda was made possible by factors such as the country's undemocraticism and the concentration of information.


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Media freedom was lacking, and there were no authorised alternative channels of information beyond media directly managed or closely controlled by the state, unlike those in the West.


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[108] Questioning information from above was even criminal.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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In Soviet propaganda, all Western countries, including bourgeois liberal democracies, were often branded as fascist, warmongering and undemocratic.


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[109] The vast majority of people in Western countries were reported to be living in poverty and destitution.


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The global fear of Nazism and fascism created by World War II was exploited by claiming that Western countries resemble fascist systems, but the Soviet Union is the equal and peaceful home of various nations, the opposite of everything that the Nazis and Fascists had stood for.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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This propaganda also influenced many left-wing elements in the West, who often believed, at least in part, propagandistic claims about the Soviet Union as onnela and saw the West as corrupted.


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[110] Anti-Western propaganda was mainly directed towards Eastern European countries and its own people.


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Propaganda was produced to the West, presenting the Soviet Union as a fortune and the pinnacle of development, where human rights, equality and living standards were the best in the world.


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In the Soviet Union, however, limited humorous critical communication of information about one's own country and its problems was also allowed.


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Important examples of this were the pile-magazine Krokodil and Radio Yerevan.


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Symbols of emblems commonly used in the Soviet Union were the red star of the revolution, as well as the sickle and hammer.


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The flag of the Soviet Union featured a yellow star depicting progress, on a red background depicting revolutionalism and socialism, and a sickle of farm workers and a hammer of industrial workers connected together.


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It was also once an emblem of international socialism, but is mainly remembered as the emblem of the Soviet Union.


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[111] Soviet cinema The Soviet Union was also one of the largest film countries — Lenin once said cinema was the most important art of the Soviet Union.


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Film expression flourished artistically, especially during the silent film era, before Stalinist cultural politics rose to dominance.


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After Stalin's death, the film industry gradually began producing non-propaganda films as well, and it flourished, particularly in the 1970s.


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[112] The Panzer Ship Potemkin, directed by Sergei Eisenstein, is often named as the “national film” of the Soviet Union, which was not only successful propaganda but also technically and artistically advanced.


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The film was only to be part of a series of films recounting the events of 1905, but is best remembered as an independent film.


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Other Eisenstein classics include Strike, October commemorating the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, and Ivan the Terrible series specifically referring to the dictatorship of Stalin and therefore cosolting the author.


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Masters of early Soviet cinema were additionally Dziga Vertov, Oleksandr Dovženko, Mikhail Romm and Vsevolod Pudovkin.


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[112] Soviet cinema was also very successful abroad, both in the Eastern and Western countries.


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The most successful internationally successful filmmaker, although not officially recognised in his country, was Andrei Tarkovski, who won the Grand Prix of the Cannes Film Festival, among others.


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Tarkovsky himself said that he loved his country, which was also evident in his films.


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[113] Comparatively many films were produced in the Soviet Union, and the budget was large.


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In the 1970s, only in Hollywood did filmmakers have access to budgets as big as those in the Soviet Union.


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In practice, the state saw to it that the perpetrators got everything they needed, if the Cultural Board agreed.


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Characteristic of the training of film makers was that anyone cinematically gifted could be admitted to state film schools and trained for the profession with government support.


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The largest film production company in the Soviet Union was Mosfilm.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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[112] The most enduring aspect of Soviet cinema is that of art enthusiasts, although the chances of seeing these films have diminished since the Soviet state ceased.


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For more than 40 years after the war, Helsinki had a Soviet-owned cinema with a large number of films from Germany as war reparations.


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[114] [113] Cults of persons: Lenin and Stalin Vladimir Ilyich Lenin formed around the first person cult of the Soviet Union.


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Partly against Lenin's will, he soon came to be regarded as a “good tsar”, modest and folksy, but at the same time the creator of a new just system.


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Until his death, Lenin was able to prevent this cult born among the people from ending up being part of official party propaganda.


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However, immediately upon his death, this Christ-like Savior-Lenin was made part of the official party's Lenin cult, although many party leaders, including Lenin's widow Nadežda Krupskaya, opposed it.


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The first step in this canonization of Lenin was the decision to embalm his body and place it in a mausoleum in Red Square.


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Already in 1924, Saint Petersburg's name was changed to Leningrad, and the first huge Lenin statues were erected in Stalingrad in 1925 and Leningrad in front of the Finnish train station in 1926.


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After Lenin's death, Stalin sought as quickly as possible to present himself as a continuator of Lenin's work.


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Stalin's cult of personnel reached its full measure in the 1930s.


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Various levels of government competed with the naming of production facilities, villages, theatres and other institutions after Stalin.


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Coming into the 1940s, the Soviet map featured other city names derived from Stalin in addition to Stalingrad.


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To its new peak, the cult of personnel rose again after the victorious Great Patriotic War.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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For example, in the film “The Overthrow of Berlin”, Stalin was shown alone studying war maps and plotting Hitler's defeat.


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Stalin's cult of personnel did not last long after the dictator's death.


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In 1956 Khrushchev informed the stunned party leadership that Stalin had abused his power and unnecessarily subjugated Soviet citizens.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Soon, Stalin's body was removed from Lenin's mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin wall.


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Oxidentalism in the Soviet Union regarding the censorship associated with libraries and publishing was systematic.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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For example, Western journals and almost all literature on contemporary culture in the West were forbidden.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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However, Western material moved to the Soviet Union by private road and, among other things, to Tallinn via Finnish television.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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The state propaganda of the West during the Cold War, and later advertisements for big business as well, created the perception of Western countries as free and happy societies.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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[97] Already in Tsarist Russia there was a cultural fashion trend of orientalism, namely admiration for orientalism.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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As a counter-tendency in the Soviet Union, along with socialist officialdom, an admiration for Westernization, developed, an admiration for Westernization, an


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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This was reflected in the desire to acquire Western consumer goods that were considered to be of better quality than domestic products.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Oxidentalism also manifested itself in the admiration of Western art directions and popular culture, for example the English band The Beatles.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Admiration for Westernization was part of the everyday life of Soviet informal culture down to the Secretary-General: ordinary citizens collected plastic bags of branded goods, but Brezhnev western cars.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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[97] Interest in Western countries extended from the Beatles to other culture as well.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Many western films toured in the Komsomol as video copy.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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In the 1960s, listening to and possessing Western pop music albums was illegal in the Soviet Union.


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However, they entered the country accompanied by Western tourists, and reportedly no Soviet citizen was punished for buying or owning them.


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In the 1970s, the Soviet state record label Melodija began releasing its own editions of Western pop records.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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They could sometimes have been censored; for example, the Soviet version of the LP disc might have lacked a song that did not please the Soviet authorities.


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[115] Education in the Soviet Union was strongly believed in education and science, as well as the social progress they made.


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The children were obliged to attend an eight-school year long middle school.


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Those seeking to attend colleges and universities attended middle school for two more years, increasing the length of middle school to a ten-year period.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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This was practically equivalent to high school, kimnaas, which were unsuited to the egalitarian socialist ideology in the country.


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Literacy rates changed over the years.


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Until the early 1930s it was around 70%, [116] but under Stalin, literacy became more common.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Before the breakup in the Soviet Union, literacy was extremely close to one hundred percent.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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[117] The higher education institutions of the Soviet Union were divided into universities and institutes, which were institutions of higher education in one field.


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There were several major universities in the country, including Moscow University, but most of the higher education took place in the ministries' own specialized institutes.


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Despite this, it was the universities that were the most prestigious educational institutions, with strict competition for admission.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Study in Soviet universities was free, and students were paid student aid.


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In particular, the level of research in science and mathematics was high and in many areas the absolute top of the world.


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However, this was not fully reflected in the applied technique.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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[118] Holidays dateFinnish nameLocal name1.


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JanuaryNew Year's Dayновый год23.


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FebruaryRed Army Dayдень Советской Армии и Военно-морского флота8.


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MarchInternational Women's DayМеждународный женский ДеньApril (shifting) Easterпасха1.


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May May May Day (or celebration of spring and work) Праздник весны и труда9.


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May Victory Daysdayдень Победы12.


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MayDay of the Cosmonauts Dayдень космонавтики7.


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OctoberConstitution DayThe Day of the United Kingdom.


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NovemberDay of the October RevolutionsGодовщина Великой октябрьской социалистической революции See also Socialism Communism Russia Russian History Russian Empire List of wars of the Soviet Union Cold War Warsaw Pact 1991 Commonwealth of Independent States Eurasian Union Sources Book sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Birnbaum, Immanuel| title = USSR history| others = Translated by Markku Mannila| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakala, Matti ja editorial council| title = The Great Encyclopedia of Home 9| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1977| id = ISBN 951-35-1280-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Helanterä, Antti ja Tynkkynen, Veli-Pekkanen | title = For Geography Russia can noth| publisher = Thought Books| year = 1. p. 2002.


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- 2nd p. 2003.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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- 3. p. 2003| id = ISBN 951-20-6228-3}} Hovi K. — Niitemaa, V.: History of the Baltics.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Kapuscinski, Ryszard: Empire.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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ISBN 952-471-075-7 (nid.).


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Kirkinen, H.: Russian and Soviet history.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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ISBN 951-1-08450-X.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Leitzinger, Antero: Former Soviet Union.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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ISBN 952-9752-00-8.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lewin, Moshe| title = Soviet century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like and Finnish Peace Defenders | year = 2006| id = ISBN 952-471-808-1}} Luntinen, P.: The formation of the Russian Empire.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Moynahan, Brian: The Russian Century.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Soviet Union through the eyes of Finns, Suomi—Soviet Union Society, 1978, ISBN 951-95467-0-7.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Soviet Union in the 80's.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Finnish-Soviet Society, News Agency Novosti (APN), 1981, ISBN 951-95467-2-3.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Spleen, Ville: The mission of the Soviet Union.


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Helsinki: Russian and Eastern European Institute, 2002, ISBN 951-707-099-3 Section, M.


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(ed.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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): Soviet Union: Answers to Finns' Questions, Suomi—Soviet Society 1973.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Ryasanovchech, Nikolai: A history of Russia.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roos, Jeja-Pekka| title = Social policy and welfare planning in the USSR | location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1974| id = ISBN 951-662-094-9}} References on the topic elsewhere Partly humorous a Soviet-themed site made in mind.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Similar site made by the group of authors of the previous site The list contains links to Internet sites that discuss the topic in more detail, as well as maps describing the territorial changes in Russia.


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Soviet

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Literature Jussila, Osmo: The Tragedy of the Soviet Union.


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From utopia to archipelago of prison camps.


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Otava, 2012.


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Luukkanen, Arto: Land of Councils.


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History of the Soviet Union 1917-1991.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

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Edita, 2014 (16 January 2013) * Category:Key articles in screening Category:92 European history


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

DTM is a nightclub for sexual minorities located in Helsinki (Mannerheimintie 6).


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

The letter combination of the name is an acronym from the restaurant's previous name Don't Tell Mama ().


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

There are three bars in the follow-on licence nightclub.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

The nightclub hosts events such as Miss Drag Queen pageants, club nights and fashion shows.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

History In 1984, the SETA Foundation in connection with Seta founded Ravintola Oy Aphrodite.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

The limited company bought restaurant Gambrin in Iso Roobertinkatu and opened Gay Gambrin, Finland's first nightclub for sexual minorities.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

The restaurant and its employees suffered vandalism in its early days — among other things, windows were broken — so staff entered their workplace through the back door [1].


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

Following Gay Gambrin's success, the limited liability company moved in 1992 to hold Don't Tell Mama to Annankatu, Kamppi.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

In the early 2000s, Helsinki was home to a dozen nightclubs popular with sexual minorities.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

The name of the restaurant was changed to DTM (in the trade register the auxiliary business name is Gay Night Club DTM).


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

In 2002, the nightclub moved to Iso Roobertinkatu, where it operated until the end of 2011.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

On 31 December 2011, the DTM restaurant located on the big Roobertinkatu closed, moments before Aphrodite, which was engaged in operations, went bankrupt.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

At the same time, another restaurant of the same company, K23, located in Kamppi, Helsinki, also closed.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

On 1 February 2012, Äkä Oy, behind the current DTM, opened a new restaurant using the DTM name at Mannerheimintie 6, with the official name in the commercial register as Gay night club DTM.


Question: Who owns Don't Tell Mama nightclub in Helsinki?

DTM (nightclub)

Elsewhere Sources Category:Restaurants in Helsinki Category:Kamppi Category:Nightclubs


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Volkswagen “Bubble” (originally Typ 1) is Volkswagen's first car model.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Altogether, about 21.5 million pieces of the bubble were produced between 1938 and 2003.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

It was produced in Germany until 1978, after which production continued in Brazil and Mexico until 2003.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The bubble's production rates once surpassed T-Ford's then-asonic record.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Since then, Volkswagen Golf production volumes have exceeded that figure, too, by millions.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

(It's still worth noting that Golfs and also Toyota Corollas, despite their name, have been different cars by model generation.)


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The bubble has an air-cooled 1200—1600-cubic four-cylinder four-stroke boxer or countershock engine located at the rear of the bodywork.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The history of the bubble KDF-wagen The bubble originated at the instigation of Adolf Hitler.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

He wanted to promote German motoring through a cheap passenger car model.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The design edge conditions were dictated in 1934 at the opening of the Berlin Motor Show: The car must accommodate parents and three children Maximum permissible consumption 8 l/100km Top speed 100km/h Sustainable outdoor storage even in winter; this meant in practice air cooling The car had to be capable of rise to 30% hills [1] [2] Price up to 1000 kingdom marks.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Three designers were on offer for the mission: Josef Ganz, Edmund Rumpler and Ferdinand Porsche.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Of these, Ganz and Rumpler were pruned due to their Jewish background, and so an Austrian Porsche was chosen for the position.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

A tense schedule was defined for the project, but it did not like, inter alia, because other German car manufacturers made the project difficult, because they did not look well on a new competitor entering the market.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Porsche had pre-existing experience designing similar cars, having previously been responsible for designing the Zündapp Typ 12 and NSU Typ 32 prototypes.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

However, a close acquaintance with other car designers formed decisive.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Prior to Hitler's design commission, Porsche had become acquainted with his compatriots Erwin Komenda, Béla Barényi and Hans Ledwinka while working at Steyr.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Komenda had moved on to the design bureau set up by Porsche and was later responsible for the design of the Bubble.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Barényi had prepared a treatise on a small folk car as early as 1926 and for this reason he has even been given credit afterwards for inventing Volkswagen.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

However, the most significant benefit came from acquaintance at this stage with Ledwinka, who had already transferred to Tatra as the main designer.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Porsche admitted afterwards that it had 'peered over Ledwinka's new plans. '


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

[3] [4] According to Ledwinka's son, Erich Ledwinka, Hans would have outlined the basic design of the small car together with a Porsche during one of the meetings that stretched into the late night.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

[5] The first prototypes of the Porsche small car were completed as early as 1935.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The car was named KDF-WAGEN after the National Socialist Workers' Organization Kraft durch Freude.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

An entire new town, the Stadt des KDF-Wagens, was built for the car factory, which later changed to Wolfsburg.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

An annual production of 120,000 copies was planned for the car for 1940.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Funding was sought by selling 300,000 car savers vouchers.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The outbreak of World War II in 1939 changed plans, and the KDF factory began producing war equipment.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Volkswagen models Kübelwagen and Schwimmwagen were produced on the production lines.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Production of bubbles was left at 600pc, a disappointment for savers.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

After the war, the end of the factory was believed to have come, but with the new manager Heinrich Nordhoff and the new car model Export, the factory was saved.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Due to a patent dispute in the late 1930s, with the completion of the final prototypes of KDF-Wagen, Tatras found Porsche had utilized the solutions they had developed.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Similarity was particularly observed with the Tatra T97 and the slightly older V 570.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Eleven cases of clear patent infringement were found, [6] and Tatra began pursuing redress through court.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Porsche sought to settle the issue with the Tatras through negotiation, but Hitler indicated he would solve the problem himself.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

This was the case in 1938 with the German occupation of the Sudeten regions of Czechoslovakia, including the Tatra factories in Kopřivnice.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

At the 1939 Berlin Motor Show, German control was concretized when the Tatra T97 was removed from the show before the opening ceremony.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Although it was not directly in the same size and price range with KDF Wagen, the technical and styling similarities between the cars were embarrassingly obvious to the Germans.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In the same year, manufacturing of the T97 was ordered to be discontinued.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

After World War II, the old patent dispute was raised again.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

A court order was finally reached in 1961, when Volkswagen was sentenced to pay 3 million DM in restitution for patent infringement.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

You can consider the amount small when you compare it to the production volume of 21 million pieces in the Bubble.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

[3] Timeline In 1936, the first prototypes were built.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1945, bubble production was started.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1950, the first Volkswagen Bubbles were imported to Finland.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In Finland, the car was initially sold under the name Kansanauto, but a little later the name was changed to the original Volkswagen.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1955, the millionth Volkswagen was completed.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1958, Bubble's traditional oval rear glass became angular.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1960, the Bubble model came to replace the original direction indicators.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1965, Volkswagen rose to number one in the registry statistics for the first time.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Alongside the 1200cm³"s engine came the 1300 and 1500cm³"s engines.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The Volkswagen 1300 became the main model of the Bubble and the 1200 was reduced to the base model.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In Finland the same price range as Bubble were Fiat 850, Ford Anglia, Moskvich, Austin and Morris Mini, Renault 4, Simca 1000 and Wartburg.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

[7] In 1968, the security of the Bubble model was improved by e.g.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

with sturdier bumpers and a collapsible steering wheel axle in the event of a crash.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The headlights became vertical and the design of the taillights was also changed.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The attachment of the wheels changed from five-bolt to four-bolt.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The fuel tank filler was moved to the right side of the bodywork.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The electric system of Bubbles sold in Finland changed from 6-volt to 12-volt.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1970, the Volkswagen 1302 entered the market, the front of which differed in appearance from the traditional Bubble due to a different front axle.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The car had a 1600 cc engine.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The luggage compartment was also larger.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1971, 100,000.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The bubble was imported to Finland.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1972, the Bubble model became the best-selling car model in history as it overtook Ford's Model T.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The Volkswagen 1303 replaced the 1302.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1974, Bubble's front direction lights were moved from the top of the front fenders to the front bumper.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1975, the import of Bubble to Finland ended.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In 1978, the last Bubble assembled in West Germany was completed.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

At the end of 1984, more than 200 of the Kupples on the register in Finland dated back to the 1950s; in the 1960s there were almost 16000 Kuppia in traffic.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

[8] In 1986 and 1987, a total of 28 Bubbles were imported from Mexico in experimental terms.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

[9] At the end of 1995, Finland had 17760 Bubbles on the register, making it the 32nd most common passenger car model.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

[10] At the end of 1999, there were 12492 Bubbles in the Finnish Vehicle Registry.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In the first official year of importation, 1950, there was only one left of Bubbles and a record 1965 total of 17188 out of 678 Bubbles.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Of all 127074 Bubbles imported into Finland, nearly ten per cent were in transport.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

[11] In 2003, the last Bubble with serial number 21529464, was completed from the production line of the Puebla plant in Mexico.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

New Beetle Although the classic Bubble was discontinued in 2003, the Volkswagen New Beetle model that cherishes its traditions is manufactured in Mexico at the Puebla plant.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The model is based on Golf's IV generation technology.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

General Bubble was designed for the German autobahns and was able to run a top speed of up to hours without fear of engine overheating.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Air cooling did not provide a very good heating device, but removed the worry about coolant freezing at frost.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

This, combined with the good progression of a large 15" tyre size in the unplowed snow glove, made Kupla very popular in 1950s Finland.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

With import regulations in Finland in force until the early 1960s, the new Bubble had to be queued up for years and little used could get a better price than the new one.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The legislation allowed certain categories of workers to import so-called sailor cars from outside quotas, most of which were bubble-wattlers in demand.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In the early 1950s and 60s, it was very common for a small car engine to last only approx.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

100 tkm.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The Volkswagen dealer organizes a conveniently functioning replacement machine system.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Later, in the process of changing the engine, show competitions were held, the fastest industry enthusiasts replaced them even within minutes in place.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The bubble rattle has a load-bearing base plate and a separate basket.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

This allows the body to be replaced easily and various open sand fleas or sports car replicas came to market as construction kits starting in the 1960s.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The bubble features torsion rod suspension (with the exception of 1302/03 models with MacPherson-type strut suspension on the front).


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The factory used the Bubble model designation Typ 1.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

The Typ 2 was a blunt-bow van, the Typ 3 the bigger 1500/1600 model of the 1960s, and the Typ 4 the big 411/412 model of the 1970s.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

In addition to Germany, the bubble has been produced in Australia, South Africa, Brazil and Mexico.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

At the end of the 1960s, Wihuri-Group compiled an audition batch of 48 songs.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

[12] Open bubbles were assembled by the same Karmann basketball workshop in Germany that made Karmann Ghia coupe models based on Bubble.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Although the Golf model introduced by Volkswagen in 1974 is not directly the successor to the Bubble and the factory did not formally put it in this way, it nevertheless inherited its place as the company's main selling point.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

By the 1970s, the bubble was unhelpfully obsolete and the new car model was vital to the company.


Question: What is the best-selling model of Tatras?

Volkswagen Bubble

Manufacturing locations in Germany Wolfsburg Emden Hannover Osnabrück Braunschweig Ingolstadt Rest of the world Australia Belgium Brazil Costa Rica Indonesia Yugoslavia Ireland Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Nigeria Peru Philippines Portugal Singapore South Africa Thailand Uruguay Venezuela Finland Body models: nicknames and main description and modifications 1946—1952 “Splitti” Two-piece rear window 1953—1957 “Oval” Small oval rear window 1958—1964 “Thickpost” Larger rear window 1965—1967 “Lying lamp aquarium” “Thin post” Larger windows and thinner A and B pillars 1968—2003 “Vertical lamp” Headlight glass vertical (rearward tilted until 1967) 1970—1975 “Höhkö” (model designation 1302 and 1303) Other models with rounder bow Model 1303 with clearly curved windshield Specifications Engines 986cm3, 24 hp (1939) 1130cm3, 25 hp (1945—1953) 1192cm3, 30 hp (1954—1960) 1192cm3, 25kW (34 hp) @3800 r/min, 75 Nm @ 17m 00 rpm (1961—1988) 1285cm3, 40 hp ( 1966—1970) 1285cm3, 44 hp (1970—1976) 1493cm3, 44 hp @ 4000 rpm, 100 Nm @ 2000 r/min (1967—1970) 1596cm3, 50 hp (1970—1976) 1596cm3, 44—54 hp (1988—2001) Dimensions Length: 4060mm Width: 1550mm Height: 1500mm mm Wheelbase: 2400mm Track spacing e/t: 1305/1350mm Ground clearance: 152mm Luggage compartment: 280 l Curb weight: 770—785kg Wheel bolt distributions model year 1967 and earlier: 5x205mm (1500 4x130mm) Model year 1968 and later: 4x130mm Different language designations English: Beetle — beetle Hebrew: Chinese — Copper beetle Italian Maggiolino — German Sensor (Melolontha melolontha) French: Coccinelle — Ladybug Swedish: Bubbla — Bubble German: Käfer — Copper Beetle Slovak: Chrobák — Copper Beetle Czech: Brouk — Ladybird Turkish: Böcek — Copper Beetle Ukrainian: Жук (Žuk) — Copper Beetle Belarusian: Жук ( Žuk) — beetle Russian: Жук (Žuk) — beetle Estonian: Põrnikas — beetle See also Zündapp Typ 12 Tatra V 570 Tatra T97 Sources on the Rest of Bubble Class:1940s cars class:1950s cars class:1960s cars Category:1970s cars Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Who won the gran slam in 2018?

2018 Australian Open

The 2018 Australian Open tennis tournament was played 15—28.


Question: Who won the gran slam in 2018?

2018 Australian Open

January 2018 in Melbourne.


Question: Who won the gran slam in 2018?

2018 Australian Open

It was the 106th Australian Open tennis tournament overall and the first Grand Slam tournament of 2018.


Question: Who won the gran slam in 2018?

2018 Australian Open

The men's singles title was won by Roger Federer, for whom a Grand Slam title was already the 20th of a career and sixth at the Australian Open.


Question: Who won the gran slam in 2018?

2018 Australian Open

[1] The women's singles title was won by Caroline Wozniacki, who achieved her first Grand Slam victory.


Question: Who won the gran slam in 2018?

2018 Australian Open

[2] Ranked players Men's Singles Australian Open 2018 — Men's Singles Women's Singles Australian Open 2018 — Women's Singles Men's Doubles Australian Open 2018 — Men's Doubles Women's Doubles Australian Open 2018 — Women's Doubles Mixed Body Australian Open 2018 — Mixed Body Sources On the topic Elsewhere *


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Sleep or sleep is a state of impaired consciousness in which movement and reactions to the outside world are limited and sensory stimuli for the most part excluded from consciousness.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Sleep has lighter and deeper phases, and at some moments the sleeper sees dreams.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

During sleep, the brain stays active and performs various important tasks, such as sorting, processing and capturing information.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The brain is also cleansed of slags and the body is restored.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

An adult person usually needs sleep 7-9 hours a day, children all the more so.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Supervision and sleep disturbance can cause fatigue and even serious health problems.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Purpose Sleep is vital, and a person does not live very long without sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[1] Adequate and good sleep improves both bodily and mental performance, protects against disease and promotes overall well-being.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Sleep deprivation causes ill health and premature aging, as well as decreased overall performance.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[1] Glymphatic circulation cleanses the brain during sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

While sleeping, the brain also presses important things experienced awake into the mind and forgets unnecessary.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[2] The body also recovers when sleeping, as the body increases the production of hormones that excite vital metabolic events and strengthen the immune system, among other things.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[1] Stages Fatigue and falling asleep The circadian rhythm of the human brain depends on the variation in the concentrations of the two molecules.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

In the morning, the viability molecule orexin begins to emerge in the brain, which activates nerve cells and keeps the brain awake.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

During the day, adenosine is formed in the brain, which fatigues the brain.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

In the afternoon, the production of the viability molecule orexin begins to wane.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Late in the evening, the concentration of adenosine in the brain is so high that a person falls asleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[3] The brain's pineal gland begins when it comes dark to produce the night hormone melatonin, which promotes sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[4] People open so-called “sleep windows” during the day, making it easy to fall asleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

When the sleep window is not open, falling asleep is difficult even when tired.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The sleep window opens at a certain time in the evening, as well as in the afternoon usually after lunch.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[5] Sleep cycle, NREM, and REM sleep sleep are roughly divided into two categories: Rem sleep and other sleep, or NREM sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The sleeper moves many times during the night from one NREM phase to another and back again.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The first stage of sleep, NREM-1, is a short-term borderline state of wakefulness and sleep in which hallucinations can be experienced.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The subsequent NREM-2 phase will be deeper than the first stage and will last about half the night in total.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The third stage, NREM-3, is a phase of deep sleep that lasts about half an hour, and during that it is very difficult to wake up.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The fourth stage of sleep is REM sleep that is different from others.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

That's when brain activity resembles a light dozing of stage one, but a wide range of physical changes occur in the sleeper, including accelerated breathing and heart rate, as well as rapid eye movements.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[6] REM sleep takes more energy than deep sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[7] The depth of sleep in the brain is local and depends on the need for sleep in brain regions and individual brain cells: the more a region of the brain has been used, the deeper sleep it will fall to recover.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[8] Sleep progresses schematically in all healthy adults, with sleep phases recurring during night sleep in a certain order.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Through the deepening NREM sleep stages, 90 minutes after falling asleep to REM sleep, soon reverting back to light base sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The REM sleep ending the second sleep cycle lasts a little longer than the previous time.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The sleep cycle normally repeats during the night four to six times, depending on the length of night's sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

A person wakes up during REM sleep so that during the night he is normally awake for a total of 10 to 20 minutes.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[9] Electrical activity of the brain during the phases of sleep During different phases of sleep, waves of varying frequency occur in the brain.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

In wakefulness, alpha waves with a frequency of 8—12 hertz (Hz) occur.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

In light sleep, theta waves (4—7 Hz) occur, beta waves (12—16 Hz) in the next phase, delta waves (1—3 Hz) in deep sleep, and waves similar to those seen during waking and light sleep, namely alpha and theta waves.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[10] Does the Sleeper dreams most of the night, but he usually remembers only the dreams of the REM phase when he wakes up.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[11] The liking of REM dreams is enhanced by the fact that they usually involve a strong emotional charge, a surreal plot and glowing colours.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[9] Effect of sleep on the brain Brain activity The wakefulness centers of the brain shut down during sleep due to the action of the GABA neurotransmitter.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

While a person sleeps, the brain remains active and performs various important functions.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

It is thought that during sleep, the brain sorts, processes and captures information.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[12] Impact on immune defense The number of white blood cells that treat immune defense increases during sleep [13].


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Glymphatic system During sleep, the activity of the glymphatic system of the brain is enhanced.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

A study in mice published in 2014 found that elimination from the brain of toxic metabolites, such as beta-amyloid linked to Alzheimer's disease, is accelerated during sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The study found mice brain fluid cycle intensified and cellular intermediate space increased by about 60 per cent during sleep, causing beta-amyloid elimination to be twice as fast as in waking mode.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[14] The increase in the intermediate space is caused by the shrinkage of brain cells.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[15] Spinal fluid flows in this process between the spinal cord and the sclera surrounding the brain, regulated by the glia cells of the brain, and as astrocytes open the barrier gates of the brain canals, allowing fluid accumulated around the small arteries to flow into the brain substance.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[16] Endorphin production The body produces endorphins that reduce the feeling of pain and make you feel good during sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[17] Impact on memory function During sleep, unnecessary neuronal junctions are pruned from the brain, i.e. synapses and new ones are created.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

There have also been indications from some studies that whole new nerve cells might emerge during sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[18] Napping Not only nighttime sleep, but naps also contribute to remembering previously learned things.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The length of the nap or the depth of sleep doesn't matter much.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Long naps promoted memorization better, but even a six-minute nap is enough to significantly boost memory.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

It seems that the initial moment of sleep initiates the amplification of memory traces in the brain and the process is not disrupted even if sleep is interrupted.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[19] With naps lasting at least an hour, one can get into a deep sleep, after which performance is as good as in the morning.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

You can wake up from a 90-minute nap during the REM sleep phase just like you do in the morning.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[20] According to a study published in 2018, more amyloid plaque is found in the brains of elderly people who sleep during naps, especially in parts of the brain that control behaviour, memory and emotion.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[21] Impact of sleep The amount of sleep every person has has a certain ideal level, which most people have about eight hours.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Sleeps shorter or longer than the ideal length can cause health problems.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[22] A sufficiently long and high-quality night sleep keeps a person relatively refreshed until bedtime [23].


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Effect of sleep deprivation Sleep deprivation and sleep debt have many adverse effects on body function and metabolism.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

They can cause, in addition to fatigue and snoozing, for example, gaining weight and concentration and learning difficulties.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

The production of growth hormone is inhibited, the secretion of stress hormones increases, resistance decreases, and morbidity and susceptibility to accidents increases.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[24] In children, sleep deprivation increases factors such as hyperactivity and challenging behaviour.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[25] In the elderly, a decrease in sleep controlled by slow brain waves has been linked to memory impairment.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[26] Fatigue is a risk in traffic.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Monitoring for 24 hours corresponds to the hop mode of the prom.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[27] Performance decreases after 4 to 5 hours of night work, after 12 hours the risk of accidents is double and three times normal at the end of 16 hours.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

In addition, as the supervision period increases, the number of errors increases.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[28] Effect of supervision Constant monitoring leads to the fact that energy-producing cells in the brain begin to die [29].


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Constant supervision usually results in physical and psychological suffering and ultimately death.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

When lab rats are forced to stay awake, they begin to lose weight within a week and their fur becomes yellowish.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Within a month, they die.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[30] In humans, constant monitoring for weeks or months can lead to death.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[31] For example, if a person has fatal familial insomnia, he will die within a few months.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[22] Some people have experimented voluntarily on how long a person can not sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

In 1965, U.S. high school student Randy Gardner stayed awake for 264 hours, or 11 days.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

In supervised studies, many people have been able to stay up for eight to 10 days.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

Staying up causes health ailments and fatigue, but individuals recovered after one or two nights of sleep.


Question: How long, on average, do hallucinations last?

Sleeping

[32] In the first days of supervision, behavior can become unpredictable.