Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fascism and communism were united, for example, by a single mass party, a strong leader cult and elite power, militarism, large-scale planning in the field of economy, science and culture, control and control of one's own citizens, and a centralized corporative economic system.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[22] According to Zeev Sternhell, fascism is non-Marxist socialism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[23] Stalinism was referred to as “red fascism” in the 1930s, and after the end of World War II, Stalin's Soviet Union was referred to as red-fascist, especially in the United States.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[24] Economic policy According to Mussolini, fascism replaced “super-capitalism” with a state-run economy.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[25] Fascists defined themselves as being the “third position” between capitalism and communism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[26] Fascists drove a national economic system called national corporatism, socialism or syndicalism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[27] All fascist movements seek to eliminate the freedom of big-class capitalism, others exist.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[28] Fascists wanted the workers to unite and a strong worker state to emerge, not a working class [29].


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fascists declared that they would protect laborers and small business owners from big capitalists and Marxism [30].


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fascists accused capitalist liberal democracies of creating class conflict and communists of exploiting it.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[31] In Italy, fascists produced the most state-run enterprises in all of Western Europe, including the socialization of the entire oil industry into one large state enterprise.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[32] Property and its use were dependent on the service of the state.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[33] According to historian Tibor Ivan Berend, dirigism was an integral part of the fascist economy [34].


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Primarily Italy's fascist social policy benefited middle-class and lower-middle class people through employment in government jobs, which increased from half a million to a million by 1930.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[35] Government spending on health care and social security increased from 7% of the 1930 budget to 20% in 1940.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[36] Aesthetics Fascism's values and worldview were expressed particularly strongly in its aesthetics, which included processions, uniforms and symbols.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Through propaganda and manipulation, the discontent and frustration of the masses were turned away from their objective targets.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Especially in Nazi Germany, propaganda, spectacularly party rallies and numerous national celebrations played an important part.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The arrangement of mass meetings of the large masses was made possible thanks to German urbanization as well as improved transport links, and media control thanks to media and technological advances.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Nazi mythology also partly took the place of religion in Germany.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[37] Neoclassicist art was valued in Nazi Germany and labelled art contrary to ideology as “decadence art”.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

However, modernism was also favoured in Fascist Italy.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[38] Racism According to scholar Leif Sundström, fascism is not necessarily anti-Semitic in nature as in Nazi Germany, but indeed racist: a philosophy of scapegoating against the minority that is situational and cultural.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[39] Fascism is combined with the glorification of power, sometimes including the social darvinist survival of the strong.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Mussolini had some racial statements, too, but in 1933 he stated, “Race!


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

It's a feeling, not a reality: 95%, at least, have emotion.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

I can never believe that biologically pure races could be shown to exist today.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

- - National pride does not need racial delirium.” [40] One must also note the difference between the superpower policies of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: where Italy sought a kingdom with several peoples such as Rome, Germany specifically sought to expand the living space of the German people.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The Marxist conception of fascism Marxist social theory holds that fascism is a form of counter-revolution, but not every counter-revolution or reactionary dictatorship is fascism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

A 1923 breakdown by the Comintern Bureau says: “Fascism is a typical phenomenon of decadence, a reflection of the increasing breakdown of the capitalist economy and the decline of the bourgeois state.” In 1933, the Bureau of the Comintern gave the following definition of fascism: “Fascism is the openly terroristic dictatorship of the most reactionary, most chauvinist and imperialist elements of financial capital.” [41] History Birth Fascism emerged in Europe of the 20th century in the turn.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fascism was influenced by the many economic and cultural changes of the time, notably the fracture of feudalism and the rise of capitalism, industrialisation, urbanisation, social movement and various forms of modernisation.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

These social reforms, along with new ideas, nailed the power of the traditional conservative upper class.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[42] France The first fascist movements arose in France.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

One precursor of fascism was the 1851—1870 reign of Louis Napoleon.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

At the end of the century, an attraction to extremism emerged in the country's intelligentsia, and the theoretical foundations of fascism were formulated.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The way for fascism was cleared, especially by the circle of the Marquis de Morés.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Maurice Barres spoke of National Socialism in his election campaign of 1898.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The French National Socialist Party was founded 1903 with François Biétry as its president.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

It called for national solidarity rather than class struggle and was Catholic, antisemitic and anti-Marxist.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Founded in 1898, the Action Française led by Charles Maurras were also pre-fighters of fascism [43].


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[44] Fascism never threatened French democracy, due to the country's anti-authoritarian cultural heritage, the awakening caused by the Dreyfus affair, and the fact that France was gloriously on the side of the victors in World War I.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fascism was suppressed in the country as small movements of a fascist nature, which were, however, more numerous than in any other European country.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[44] Italy The genesis of state fascism in Italy began the history of state fascism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Benito Mussolini had belonged to the Italian Socialist Party in the 1910s, but was expelled for his support of World War I.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In November 1919, Mussolini and his supporters founded in Milan the predecessor of the Italian Fascist Party, the Fascist fighting organisation Fasci Italiani di Combattimento.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The movement was founded on strong nationalism and militarism, though it was still tilted towards leftism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Over time, however, Mussolini rejected socialism as a way of nationalism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[45] Italy was on the trail of war in economic problems which the state could not solve.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The demands of the left became tougher, with strikes and riots ensuing.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The country's upper class and bourgeoisie began to fear a leftist revolution, with the result that conservative circles sided with the support of the fascists.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Not only did the fascists enjoy growing support from the upper class, but also from the trade unionists, as well as the unemployed and peasants.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fascists and leftists consumed their forces in the 1920s on mutual fighting, to which fascists armed themselves, especially the unemployed.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[46] In the early 1920s, the bourgeois government attempted to suppress the threat of the left by allowing fascist black shirts to act as a kind of semi-official police.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

However, the demands of the fascists grew, and they turned their course even more to the right.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In the 1921 elections, the Fascists gained 36 representatives to the 535-seat parliament.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

After the election, Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party and put himself at its leadership.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The Fascists had additionally taken control of local governments in several localities with the support of the army and civil service, which allowed them free action and use of violence.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In 1922, the movement already had 300,000 members.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[47] Reign In 1922 the trade unions declared a general strike in Italy and the government of the country resigned.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Men loyal to Mussolini marched on Rome, resulting in King Viktor Emanuel III giving Mussolini the task of forming the government.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Parliament gave Mussolini's government its clear backing to pacify the country.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Contrary to expectations, the fascist government was not short-lived, but succeeded in its appeasement efforts while increasing its own power.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In the 1924 elections, the Fascists, through a change in the electoral system and violence, already gained two-thirds of parliamentary seats.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Giacomo Matteotti, a Socialist MP who criticised the fascists, was assassinated, but Mussolini still had the support of the king.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In 1926, Mussolini banned other parties and strikes and restricted freedom of the press.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Political opponents were driven into exile, dissidents were persecuted, Freemasons and other dubious associations were banned, and the regime was filled with members of the Fascist Party.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[48] In 1929 Italy was already a fascist-dominated one-party country, which was also supported by the Catholic Church with the Lateran Pact.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

However, Italy was not a totalitarian country like Germany, with governmental institutions, schools, art and judiciary remaining fairly independent.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Antisemitism was not yet present in the country at that time either.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The power of the fascists was fairly secure, as Italian industrial production, unemployment, agriculture and public transport had developed in a favourable direction in the 1920s, and the Fascists had also been successful in their struggle against the Mafia in the south.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[49] There was no political consensus in Italy at the time that made extremism harmless.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fascists got their support especially from the middle class.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Italian Fascism was particularly characterised by the idolisation of youth and novelty, and it wanted to create, respecting the traditions of the Roman Empire, an advanced, modern and vibrant state that was both a colonial state and a European empire.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The national spirit was to lead Italy to new greatness.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fascists created a corporatist system in the country in which the party controlled industries and professions organized under common organizations.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Thus, they seek to gain the support of the working people, suppress class struggle, as well as control the working population.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fascists tried to industrialise agrarian Italy and strive for self-sufficiency, and they particularly favoured heavy industry.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[50] Fascists aspire to state-run capitalism by forming non-autonomous unions by industry.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Their purpose was to combine the interests of the different classes, yet the classes did not perceive the organizations properly as their own.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[51] The party's ideology was rather fragmented and aimless and allowed local variations.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Mussolini's manner of control was, moreover, adversely personified.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The fascists also failed to bind the people to their ideology in the same way as the German National Socialists.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[52] The end Italy entered World War II alongside Germany ill-prepared and surrendered as early as 1943.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Mussolini was eventually killed by partisans.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

As a result of the war, Mussolini's popularity had already waned for many reasons in Italy among outsiders as well as the Fascists' own forces.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[53] Italian Fascism was an internal Italian ideology, but it gave significant influences to German National Socialists as well as later forms of fascism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[54] After the war, the Italian Fascists formed the New Italian Social Movement (Movimento Sociale Italiano) party.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[55] Its leader, Giorgio Almirante, sought to give his side a modern image and avoid sinking into the nostalgia of the time of fascism alone.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

At Almirante's urging, MSI avoided using fascist symbolism, as the Constitution of the Italian Republic banned fascist parties.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Central themes in the party's original cause were opposition to communism, patriotism, and defence of the “vitality” of the nation.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[56] From the 1950s until the 1970s, the party generally had around 25 MPs.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[55] Gianfranco Fini rose to become chairman of the party in 1987.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[55] In the early 1990s, Alessandra Mussolini, the granddaughter of Benito Mussolini, became another prominent figure in the party.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[56] In 1994, a new National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale, NA) was created to replace MSI, which was able to enter Silvio Berlusconi's government.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

MSI was officially disbanded the following year.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Led by Fin, AN now more explicitly distanced itself from its neo-fascist heritage.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Fini resigned himself from “dictatorships of all kinds” as well as his own previous statements in which he had admired Benito Mussolini.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[55] Germany National Socialism in Nazi Germany can be considered an extreme form of fascism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Ideologically, it was based on the dualism of nationalism and anti-parliamentarianism, economically on the despair of the middle class over their own status, and psychologically on the glorification of youth and mystical national connection.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

It is distinguished from the rest of fascism by its stressed racial consciousness and racism, especially Jew-hatred.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The military conquest commonly attributed to fascism took on the nature of racial and ethnic cleansing in Germany.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Nazism also included a considerable cult of leaders, in which Adolf Hitler (Der Führer) was identified with the state, and a strong party controlling everything acted as an extension of him.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[57] Adolf Hitler's rise to power was aided by the economic depression of 1919—1923 as well as the humiliating Versailles Peace Treaty.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The bourgeoisie had lost wealth and became interested in the radical alternative offered by Hitler.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The Nazis, led by Hitler, eventually rose to power in 1930—1933 as a result of their good electoral success.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[58] Austria Austrian National Socialist Party Deutsche Arbeiterpartei was founded 1903.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The country had long militaristic and anti-Semitic traditions and its political life was anti-democratic, anti-socialist, nationalist and German-linked.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The ingredient of fascism was also the activation of the German population to defend their position within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The Austrian Nazis gained a grand victory in the 1932 local elections.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In 1938 Austria was annexed by Germany, but few of the country's National Socialists rose to senior positions in the German Empire.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[59] Spain and Portugal In Spain and Portugal, authoritarian regimes rose to power during the inter-world wars.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

They have sometimes been seen as fascist or semi-fascist, close relatives of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, or have merely seen some fascist traits.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In Spain, the rise of actual fascism was prevented, in particular, by the incompleteness of modernisation, the localism of nationalism and the power of Catholicism on the right.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In Spain, Francisco Franco came to power and in Portugal António de Oliveira Salazar.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Franco's Phalangists never achieved almost any kind of popularity among the people, as they were perceived as an elitist movement of townspeople.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

However, they gained power in the country by taking over the armed forces and convincing the Tories to their side as defenders of legality.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Franco and Salazar retained their power even after the war.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[60] Other European countries Britain's only major fascist movement was the 1932 founded British Union of Fascists, led by Oswald Mosley.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

It was influenced especially by Italy.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The party never rose to prominence in Britain, but Mosley played a pivotal role later in the 1960s in the planning of a pan-European fascist organisation.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[61] The electoral success of fascist organizations in Switzerland, Holland and Belgium was weak.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[62] In the Nordic countries, fascism did not gain a significant foothold, and support for all fascist parties and movements remained low in the elections.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Their support was particularly hindered by the adaptability and permissiveness of Nordic democracy and parties, the absence of Nordic superpower thinking, and the paucity of right-left divide.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In Finland, the fascist movement was stronger than the other Nordic countries, influenced by the divide caused by civil war, the Greater Finland cause and anti-communism and anti-Russian sentiment.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Among the most prominent far-right organizations were the Lapua Movement and the Patriotic People's Movement.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In Norway, Vidkun Quisling led the National Union, founded in 1933, and led Norway during the German occupation.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[63] There were two prominent independent fascist parties in Eastern Europe, the Romanian Iron Guard and the Hungarian Arrow Cross.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In Slovakia and Croatia too, fascists took power for a time.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

However, the strong position of traditional dictatorship in Eastern Europe and the paucity of pre-democratic development made the rise of fascist parties difficult in most countries.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[64] Fascist far-right movements emerged in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, but during the Soviet period they were only able to operate abroad.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[65] Outside Europe, Fascism has been considered a European phenomenon.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Developing countries have lacked a modern industrial society and a liberalised political system that served as a breeding ground for fascism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Authoritarian developments in them are oriented towards a far-right militaristic oligarchy with not very many fascist features.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The great power status they lacked has also prevented the occurrence of fascism.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[66] Fascist features of non-European systems have been seen, especially in early 20th-century Japan and in Latin America, which continued European traditions after the war.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Among its semi-fascist dictatorships, the closest to reduced fascism was Argentina, whose leader after World War II, Juan Perón, who admired Mussolini, emerged as its leader.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Chile was influenced by the continent's largest Nazi party.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

It received 30 percent of the vote in the 1937 election but withered away in the 1940s.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[67] Sundström (2007) sees Islamic regimes as the closest fascism to Saddam's Iraq, as well as the Islamic regime of Iran.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[68] Many fascist-classified organisations have been active in the United States and, even after the war, openly Nazist movements.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

In Reich politics, however, fascist movements have not played a role.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[69] Some African regimes have exhibited fascist features, such as early apartheid South Africa, Nasser's Egypt, Gaddafi's Libya, Idi Amin's Uganda and Bokassa in Central Africa.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[70] The current use of the term fascism as a barking word Fascism is sometimes used today for things that do not correspond to the original meaning of the concept.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

The concept has been used as a percussion weapon or mock name, as well as to smear various things deemed negative.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[71] According to Tarmo Kunnas, a scholar of fascism, the word fascism is used intentionally and misleadingly in politics, for example, about right-wing populists in Europe and in Putin's Russia about Ukraine and other countries neighbouring Russia.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[72] Johan Galtung's “new fascism” According to Norwegian peace scholar Johan Galtung, the fundamental essence of fascism is, by general definition, “an amalgamation of the pursuit of political ends and massive violence”.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[73] Galtung's “new fascism” means the unlimited monopoly of power, including non-violent power.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

War is seen as an acceptable activity of the state, war is normalized, and war is even continued endlessly.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[73] According to Galtung, the new fascism implies unrestricted control of the state's own citizens and other people, to which new methods of online surveillance allow.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

States, in the name of security, are limiting individual freedom by interfering with citizens' human rights by using surveillance methods that violate privacy rights.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

More important than checking emails and listening to a call is that people believe they are under scrutiny.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

This he sees as a serious threat to civil liberties and democracy.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[73] The bridge between fascism and democracy forms the word security.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Electronic reconnaissance and surveillance is random.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

This is how to make people, according to Galtung, feel that everyone is a potential suspect.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Civil liberty has morphed into freedom to pry next door and entitles the police and military to bypass the judiciary.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Persistent crisis, fear of collapse and xenophobia are useful concepts to achieve consensus.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[73] According to Galtung, the goal of those in power is for people to fear and refrain from expressions of mind and non-violent resistance in order to avoid extreme punishment.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Citizens wracking the veil of secrecy are turned into criminals.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Torture is justified as enhanced interrogation against terrorism and prison camps resembling concentration camps have been set up in democratic countries whose residents have been stripped of the right to a fair trial.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[74] Also, the author, Professor Umberto Eco, argues in his book Eternal Fascism that Fascism is not history, but a constant threat.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[75] Warning signs of head-raising fascism include admiration for tradition and the idea that truth and knowledge already exist, and knowledge does not develop or advance, and the fact that research and academic knowledge are dubious and the disagreement associated with them is interpreted as deception.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[75] Fascism exploits the fear of being different and therefore racism is a central part of thinking.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

[75] See also Antifascism Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul| title = World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia| publisher = ABC-CLIO| year = 2006| id = ISBN 9781576079409}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sundström, Leif| title = Fascism| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like: Finnish peace defenders | year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-471-959-9}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title author = Kunnas, Enchantment of Fascism: European Intelligence Supporter of Mussolini and Hitler's policies | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena, | year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-951-796-933-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roselius, Aapo & Silvennoinen, Oula & Tikka, Marko| title = Finnish Fascists - Black airuet| publisher = WSOY| year = 2016| id = ISBN 9789510401323}} On topic elsewhere.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

High school history, international relations.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Edu.fi on 1 April 2005.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Anssi Kullberg:.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Freeword.net on 11/12/2002.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Esa Aallas:.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Contemporary on 23 November 2007.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Jukka Kemppinen:.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Dec 14, 2007.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Timo Hännäinen: 10:08 a.m.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

2013 Nicola Guerra:.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

I volontari italiani nelle waffen-SS.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Il pensiero politico, la formazione culturale e le motivazioni al volontariato.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Una storia orale.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TURKU, 2012.


Question: Are there National Socialist parties anywhere in Europe today?

Fascism

Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: In what year did STK and the Confederation of Industry merge?

Confederation of Finnish Employers' Confederation

The Finnish Employers Confederation (abbreviation STK [1]) was an employers' association.


Question: In what year did STK and the Confederation of Industry merge?

Its roots lay in the Finnish General Employers Association, founded in 1907, which changed its name to the Finnish Employers Central Association in 1918.


Question: In what year did STK and the Confederation of Industry merge?

[2] In 1992, STK and the Confederation of Industry merged, resulting in the Confederation of Industries and Employers (TT).


Question: In what year did STK and the Confederation of Industry merge?

In 2005 TT and Service Employers merged to form the current Confederation of Industries.


Question: In what year did STK and the Confederation of Industry merge?

The CEOs of STK have served as: Axel Palmgren 1918 — 1936 Antti Hackzell 1936 — 1945 V.


Question: In what year did STK and the Confederation of Industry merge?

A.


Question: In what year did STK and the Confederation of Industry merge?

M. Karikoski 1945 — 1958 (acting from August 1944) Johan Nykopp 1958 — 1961 Päiviö Hetemäki 1962 — 1971 Timo Laatunen 1971 — 1975 Pentti Somerto 1975 — 1988 Tapani Kahri 1988 — 1990 Johannes Koroma 1990 — 1992 Sources Category:Finnish employers' organisations


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rape is forcing another person to have sexual intercourse.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rape is one of the sexual crimes.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rape can be convicted, even if that sexual activity, which the perpetrator has coerced his victim, did not specifically include sexual intercourse.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In the summer of 2008, the United Nations Security Council identified rape in conflict zones as a possible war crime.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[1] The background of the perpetrator in the vast majority of rapes the perpetrator and the victim already feel.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In Finland, for example, about one in four cases the perpetrator is unknown to the victim.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[2] According to Amnesty International, rape has become part of warfare.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

It has been used for ethnic cleansing, among other things, the Doctors Without Borders organization reports having first encountered the phenomenon in Bosnia in the 1990s.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[3] In wars, gang-rape of men and tougher sexual violence are increasingly common.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In the Sarajevo concentration camp, for example, 80% of the men interviewed had been raped.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In El Salvador, 76% of political male prisoners had been sexually tortured and in Uganda rebels gang-raped their prisoners.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

This is very rarely talked about because a man who was raped would often be abandoned by his wife, family and friends.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[4] In Finland, 34% of those convicted of rape were foreigners between 2006 and 2009, although their population share was only 3%, especially those from the Middle East.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In 2011, for example, Iraqis were suspected in 5% of rapes, even though their population share is 0.1%.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Hannu Niemi, a specialist designer at the Institute for Legal Policy Research, assesses the reason that in the countries of problem groups, drunken women in low dress are considered different from those in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[5] The Nature of Rape In fiction, rape is often quick, but true rapists tend to want to emulate intercourse based on love affair with foreplay, kisses, and mutual oral sex.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The victim often obeys to make the rape end more quickly.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

This is why a researcher in the field considers the lack of consent crucial.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The rapist may ask if the victim loves him or if the victim likes what he is doing.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[6] Even in bush rape, violence is usually limited to the need to get the victim to a sheltered place for rape.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[6] In reporting a rape to the police, the victim may not be overwhelmed by emotion but may appear neutrally.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Because of the police's false suspicions, unnecessary doubts may be raised about the authenticity of the report.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Similarly, police officers are sometimes mistaken to view a bogus report as genuine because of their false prejudices.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[6] Consequences for the victim Primary are always the emotional suffering of the victim.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rape victims almost invariably experience traumatic memories still long after the act, often even for the rest of their lives.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Most victims experience intense feelings of fear, shame and anger, resulting in severe depression, as well as frequent exclusion or suicidal behaviors.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Spiritual consequences may also be culturally related.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In several cultures, the victim is perpetrated and may be ousted from the community, for they are considered, for example, to have committed adultery or otherwise self-inflicted the act by their own behavior.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Getting pregnant by a woman, as well as various sexually transmitted diseases are possible.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Like women, male victims derive depression, anger, guilt, self-blame, emotional and sexual ineptitude and self-harm from rape.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In addition, at times the male victim is accused instead of the rapist.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[7] Rape victims receive support, assistance and counselling from Rape Crisis Centre Tukinainen.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[8] In Finland, the Criminal Code defines rape as sexual intercourse in which the victim is forced.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Sexual intercourse refers to “penetration of the genitals or genitals into the body of another” [9]; as of 2014, penetration of the anus with an object or part of the body other than the penis, and “taking another genital organ into one's body” is also considered to be gender-neutral for sexual intercourse.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The transformation of the law to be gender neutral occurred exceptionally during the parliamentary proceedings.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The law knows two forms of rape which are rape [10] and aggravated rape [11].


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

A mild form of act, coercion into sexual intercourse, was linked in 2014 to a basic form of rape, with the minimum sentence reduced to four months at the same time.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The term coercion into sexual intercourse had long been controversial, as it is seen as trivialising the suffering of the victim.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rape does not necessarily involve physical violence, but may be based on things such as sleeping or being passed out [12], blackmail or the victim may be incapable of committing resistance, for example, due to a crippling state of fear.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

There is also a dedicated section for coercion to engage in a sexual act, [13] if it is not intercourse but other sexual act.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Prior to the 1998 law change, the law used the term forcible lying instead of the term rape.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Forcible lying meant forcing a woman to engage in extramarital vaginal sex intercourse.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In 1994, mention of marriage was removed from the definition of forcible lying, but the victim could still only be a woman until 1998, and the victim could have committed a crime of promiscuity.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In 1994, rape began to be applied as a criminal title to cases within marriage as well.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Prior to that, other criminal titles had been applied to intramarital rape.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Until 2011, rape of someone who was sleeping or passed out was condemned as rape rather than coercion into sexual intercourse.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[12] Criminal Code Definition 20 Chapter.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Of sexual offences 1 § Rape.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[10] Whoever forces another to engage in sexual intercourse by using violence against a person or threatening to use such violence shall be sentenced to imprisonment for rape for not less than one and not more than six years.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rape is also condemned by anyone who, by exploiting the fact that another, because of unawareness, illness, disability, fear state or other helpless condition, is incapable of defending himself or forming or expressing his will, has sexual intercourse with him or her.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The attempt is punishable.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Section 2 Aggravated rape.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[11] If rape 1. inflicts on another severe bodily injury, serious illness or life-threatening condition, 2. the offence is committed by several or causes particularly palpable mental or bodily distress, 3. the subject is a child eighteen years younger, 4. the offence committed in a particularly brutal, cruel or humiliating manner or 5. using a firearm or blade weapon or other life-threatening instrument or otherwise threatened with serious violence and rape is also aggravated as a whole, the offender must be convicted of aggravated rape imprisonment for at least two years and not more than ten years.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The attempt is punishable.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Section 3 has been repealed.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[14] 4 § Coercion to engage in a sexual act.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[13] Any act of violence or threat compels another to engage in or submit to a sexual act other than those referred to in Section 1, and essentially infringes upon the sexual sovereignty of another, shall be convicted of coercion to a sexual act to a fine or imprisonment for up to three years.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Condemnation of coercion to commit a sexual act shall also be one who, by exploiting the fact that another, by reason of lack of knowledge, illness, disability, fear state or other helpless condition, is incapable of defending himself or forming or expressing his will, causes him to engage in subparagraph 1 the intended sexual act or submission to such an act and it essentially infringes upon his sexual sovereignty.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The attempt is punishable.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

10 § Definitions.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[15] For the purposes of this Act, sexual intercourse refers to sexual penetration by the genital organ or anus into the body of another, or the admission of another genital organ into one's body.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

For the purposes of this law, a sexual act refers to an act which, taking into account the perpetrator and the subject person and the circumstances of the act, is sexually material.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rapes reported and actual number Nearly all rapes or attempted rape are reported to the police.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In 2010, only about 25% of those who called the Rape Crisis Centre had filed a crime report after being raped.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[16] According to Päivi Honkatukia and Heini Kainulainen: “The cases that have come to the attention of the police cannot draw conclusions about the actual number and nature of the crimes, but rather tell more about the desire and ability of victims of crimes to file a crime report.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

(...) In particular, sexual assault committed by acquaintances and loved ones is not usually reported to authorities.”


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

It should also be noted that the recent increase in the number of cases that have come to the attention of the police may very well be explained not only by the renewed Sexual Offences Act, which came into force in 1999, but also by the lowered reporting threshold.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[2] On the other hand, according to an informal survey, some of the rapes reported to the police are made up and motivated by memory lapses caused by a strong drunk state and the construction of an “alibi” for a spouse or boyfriend.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

More than 20% of rape reports made to the Helsinki police in 2008 resulted in a “no crime” decision.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[17] Authorities estimate that in 2010 more than one in five rape claims brought to the attention of police turned out to be unfounded.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

These cases did not result in impeachment consideration or judicial review.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

According to the Helsinki Police Department, the number of unwarranted notifications had increased at the same rate with women's alcohol consumption.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[18] In 2014, the Helsinki police said in public that up to two thirds of the rape reports they received have proved to be completely false or have not involved a crime or the party has waived their claims.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The police complained that unsubstantiated reports took up an inordinate proportion of their working time, but stressed that they did not want to incriminate rape victims but would take all real cases seriously.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[19] According to police TV, some of the cases alleged to be gang-rapes in Finland are either exaggerated or completely fabricated.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

According to a poll by Police TV, two or three of the two dozen reported gang rapes were given a verdict of two or three.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In addition, police TV notes that “Victims have almost always been intoxicated to varying degrees.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The police have been left with the image that the story has often been coloured and the case owner's own role embellished”.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[20] What is not directly clear from police crime statistics is the actual number of rapes or its rise or downward trend.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Only a small proportion of crimes are reported to the police, crimes are reported more sensitively than previously thought, and different police units can record offences in different ways.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[21] Between 2000 and 2014, between 12 and 93 cases of aggravated rape were reported to the police each year.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Between January and November 2015, the figure was 106, but since September 2014 all rapes involving under-18s have been classed as aggravated, which seems to explain the difference.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

There were 70 reports of under-18s, up from 25 aggravated rapes the previous year.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[21] There were a total of 954 cases of reported rapes and their attempts between January and November 2015.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Even this rise seems to be explained by the fact that coercion to sexual intercourse was removed from the Criminal Code.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[21] Statistical data on rape in Finland 1.1% of men and 1.3% of women were forced into sexual intercourse and 1.1% and 1.2% other sexual intercourse in 2012, is revealed from the National Crime Victims Survey.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[22] On the other hand, in a number of studies, men have reported a much smaller proportion of violent crimes they have experienced to the police than women.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[23] Between 2005 and 2010, a conviction for rape in which the perpetrator was a woman was handed down three times in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[24] Of rape reports made to police, the majority do not result in prosecution in court.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The number of rapes reported to the police has risen steadily since the early 1950s.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

A significant increase in the number of reported rapes occurred in the mid-1960s.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Between 2011 and 2013, around 1,000 rapes a year were reported to police.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The number has almost doubled in ten years.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[25] Since 1993, suspected rapists have been stated on the basis of ethnicity.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Native Finns have accounted for around 80% of rape suspects, the rest are of foreign background (foreign nationals or Finnish citizens with a country of birth other than Finland).


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[26] The crime rate relative to the population of immigrants was almost eight times that of the general population.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The highest crime rate was among men born in Africa and the Middle East, 17 times that of native Finns.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[27] Between 2005 and 2010, sentences were handed down in court for a total of 505 rape offences (rape, aggravated rape or coercion into sexual intercourse).


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Of those sentenced, 355 (70.3%) were Finnish citizens, 113 (22.4%) were foreign nationals residing in Finland and 37 (7.3%) were not foreigners permanently resident in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[28] In 2013, convictions were handed down for a total of 144 rape offences.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Of those sentenced, 109 (75.7%) were Finnish citizens, 23 (16.0%) were foreign nationals residing in Finland and 12 (8.3%) were non-permanent foreign nationals residing in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[29] Statistical data on convictions There were an average of 103 charges per year for the crime of rape or attempted rape between 2001 and 2005 and convicted 83 times.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Prior to the reform of the Sexual Offences Act (1994—98), the figures were 56 charges and 51 convictions respectively.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The relative number of prosecutions and convictions for cases that have come to the attention of the police has increased through law reform.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[2] Twenty-three cases of rape were convicted in Finland in 2002 as a single crime.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Of these, 11 (48%) received suspended sentences and 12 (52%) received an absolute sentence.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The average length of contingents was 16.2 months and 18.8 months for absolutes.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

There are less frequent convictions of aggravated rape.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Between 2000 and 2002, 21 cases were convicted as a main offence (not a single offence), in one of which the sentence was conditional and in the rest absolute.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The length of the conditional was 22 months and the average length of the absolutes was 47.6 months.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Five people were convicted of coercion to sexual intercourse, or the mild form of rape, in 2002 as a single offence.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

All sentences were conditional and averaged 6.3 months.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

As the main offence between 2000 and 2002, a total of 24 convictions were convicted for coercion sexual intercourse.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Two of these were absolute and 22 were conditional.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The average length of the absolutes was 14 months and the contingent was 8.3 months.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

This act is sometimes referred to as mild rape.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[30] There were a total of 45 convictions for coercion to commit a sexual act between 2000 and 2002.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Of these, nine were unconditional, one was community service, 22 were conditional and 13 were fines.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The average length of contingents was 4.9 months and 9.4 months for absolutes.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Between 1911 and 1919, two convictions for forcible lying were handed down in Helsinki.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The evidence requirements at the time were such that few women were able to secure a conviction for her rapist and a woman who failed to prosecute could face a defamation charge.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[31] Rape in other countries Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Sixty% of men say they took part in gang rape and two out of three women ended up assaulted by their husband, even very violently.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[32] Anthropologist Don Kulick has studied the village of Gapun.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Sexual violence is to roll back the mass sex rituals of a previous religion, child rearing is still violent and crime common.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

On the other hand, rape doesn't involve the same kind of traumatizing value charge as in Western countries.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

A gang-rape victim shows no signs of being severely traumatised, while in the West country the case would become the focal point for the rest of the victim's life.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[32] In the United States survey of 40,000 households, 38% of sexual assaults had been against men in the United States in 2013.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

According to Lara Stemple, a researcher at the National Crime Victims Survey, the experiences of women and men are surprisingly close together.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Until 2012, the FBI defined rape as being directed against a woman.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

According to the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, there were 1.27 million women and 1.267 million men who were victims of sexual assault.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Male victims very often experience depression and sexual dysfunction.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In prisons, women are usually abused by fellow inmates, men by guards, often by female ones, especially juvenile inmates.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Prisoner victims are not involved in common sexual assaults.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[33] Some form of coercion into sex is experienced by an estimated 50% of men.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Between 23% and 46% of women studying at universities admitted to pressuring men into sex verbally, by forcibly holding them still, with guns or otherwise.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

The problem with these studies as in general about coercion into sex is that they confuse events of very different degrees and can be attitudinal.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[34] Background Both the word rape and the verb rape are an old recant of the Baltic Finnish languages.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Asuussa raiska it is known for its Karelian and Vatja language, and asussa raisk in Estonia.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rape means a miserable creature, a worn object, rubbish, waste, scavenger, and other negative things.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In the Finnish language, the word has appeared, as well as the verb rape, already recorded by Mikael Agricola.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[35] In Ganander's 18th-century dictionary, rape is also mentioned.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

[36] The verb rape is actually tantamount to ruining and corrupting and is not limited to forcible lying.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rape can equally describe, for example, defacing a landscape, nature or forest (e.g. forest rape or rape of nature and rape).


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Rape in the Bible The fifth book of Genesis chapter 22 has laws relating to rape.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

In it, parties who have consented to adultery are punished by death.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

For example, if an untouchable girl and a man betrothed to another are met for sexual intercourse in the city, and the girl has not cried for help, they will both be killed (5.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Moses.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

If a man meets another betrothed girl outside the city and forces () her to sleep with him, there will be a man slaying and the girl set free.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Such an act is considered proportional to homicide.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Moses.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

If, on the other hand, a man has access to () an untouchable girl who has not been betrothed, and lies with her and they are met for the deed, the man shall pay the girl's father 50 shekels of silver and take the girl he disgraced as his wife, and he shall not abandon this for his entire lifetime (5.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Genesis 22:28-29).


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Sources On the topic elsewhere Doctorsbook Duodecim seksivakivalta.fi tukinainen.fi laakarilehti.fi - The recommendation guides the decision making of district courts on the amount of damages if compensation is sought.


Question: In what year is the Aliens Act enacted?

Rape

Department of Justice Category:Sexual Offenses Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Lestadiolism is a value-conservatistic, Pietist and Herrnhutian-influenced revival movement that emerged in the middle of the 19th century mostly within Lutheran churches, many of whose tendencies, however, are quite different from mainstream Lutheranism, among them the exclusive with regard to congregational doctrine, considering absolution proclaimed aloud by man as the only means of mercy, as well as denying the rebirth of baptism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Its various trends have adherents mainly in Finland, Norway, North America, Sweden, Russia and Estonia.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Smaller groups exist in Africa, South America and Central Europe, among others.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Lestadiolism is named after the preacher Lars Levi Laestadius (Lauri Leevi Læstadius) who founded it.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Lestadiolism is the largest ecclesiastical revival movement in the Nordic countries.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[1] It operates within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Nordic countries.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

It is also the most widely spread religious movement that emerged in the Nordic countries.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[2] Lestadians carry out missionary work in 23 countries.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Lestadiolism, and especially Old Lestadiolism, is the most famous among Finns of all revival movements.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

According to the survey, about three-quarters of Finns are familiar with the name lestadioism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[3] Jouko Talonen, a researcher of Lestadioism, professor of church history, estimated the number of Lestadians worldwide to be around 171,000 persons worldwide in 2012.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] The total number of Lestadians worldwide according to different estimates is around 141000—212000.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] [5] [6] According to Talonen, the number of supporters of Lestadioism in Finland was around 115,000 in 2016, of which the Old Lestadians accounted for around 90,000.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[7] Due to doctrinal differences, the movement has been divided into more than thirty parts, of which today there are around 16 to 19; more than twenty of them have been active in Finland.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Today, about 7—9 branches of Lestadioism operate in Finland.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

However, there are only three major trends, which include about 90 per cent of Lestadians.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

The largest groups in terms of adherence are old-lestadioism, firstborn lestadioism and peacefulness.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Some of the directions are very small in terms of membership, and some have already ceased operations.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[5] [6] Despite its small size, the word of life has been a major movement in Finnish theological circles: three bishops have emerged from its circle.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[2] The directions of Lestadioism have generally preferred, despite doctrinal disputes, to remain within the folk churches, with the exception of the Quaenangenism of Norway and the cease-of-activity.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Lestadioans operate mainly independently (without a common church with those outside the movement) in those countries where there is no unambiguous folk church.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Common to the teaching of different directions is the emphasis on repentance and grace, the distinction between believers who have received the Holy Spirit and non-believers, and the teaching that the power to forgive sins rests with all those who believe correctly.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

This absolution is usually proclaimed with the words: “All sins forgiven in the name and blood of Jesus”.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

The most important event is the clubs and the most prominent event is the Finnish clubs of old stadios.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Different directions publish their own newspapers or magazines.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

The only guideline and authority for the doctrine of the faith is considered the Bible.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

All other doctrinal works, such as books of confession or hymn poetry, are acceptable only to the extent that they are considered to conform to the Bible.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[8] The claim that Lestadians have no formal doctrine is not true, since at least the Central Association of Old Lestadioists SRK has publicly stated on its website that its doctrine is written in the Bible.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Of course, “officiality” is always a defining issue.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[8] Directions Professor Jouko Talonen, Professor of Church History, estimated the number of Lestadians in 2012 to be around 171,000 persons.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] Lestadioism is categorized geographically into an eastern and western orientation.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

The western direction is represented by firstborn lestadioism, Levianism and Steenism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

The remaining groups originate from the eastern lineage, except that minor firstborns have originated in the Americas by diverging from first-born Lestadioism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Despite numerous attempts at reconciliation, differences have remained permanent.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

The directions today are independent and operate independently of each other.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] [5] Old Lestadioism The biggest trend is Old Lestadiism, whose adherents were estimated by Jouko Talonen, professor of church history at the University of Helsinki in 2012, to be around 115,000 in the world (mostly Finland, USA and Sweden) * in total.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] Talonen also estimated the number of Old Lestadians in 2001 to be around 115000, so that the number of Old Lestadians has remained approximately the same for eleven years between 2001 and 2012, according to Talonen's estimates.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] At the turn of the millennium, according to various estimates, the Old Lestadioans were thought to be around 86000 to 157000 in the world.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[5] Old Lestadiolism is by far the largest group in Finland and the Old Mainland.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] Firstborn Lestadioism The second largest branch of Lestadioism is Firstborn Lestadioism, which in 2012 Talonen estimated to have around 24000 adherents in the world (mostly in Fennoscandia and the USA).


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] The number of first-born Lestadians would therefore appear to have decreased by about 1,000 in eleven years, which is admittedly within the margins of error of these estimates.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

The number of first-born Lestadians in America is approximately 10,000 and according to Talonen, first-born lestadioism is by far the largest group of Lestadians in America.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[5] [4] The number of adherents of the third largest branch of Lestadioism, namely peacefulness, was estimated to be around 21000 people in 2012, according to Talonen's estimates, the number of peace-speakers has decreased, according to Talonen's estimates. with about 3000 people in eleven years.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] [5] Words of Peace exist mainly in Fennoscandia and the United States.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

According to Talonen's estimate, the fourth largest group of lestadioism, mainly in the United States, had around 4000 people in 2012, so that the number of people in the United States has remained approximately the same for eleven years.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] [5] Neo-revival and ritinmatism Neo-revival secured its position as the fifth largest branch of Lestadioism, maintaining its number of adherents in three thousand people between 2001 and 2012, according to Talonen estimates.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] [5] Supporters of the largest trend of the Pollarians, namely Rite mattianism, numbered around 3000 people in 2001, that is, it shares fifth place with the neo-awakeners in order of magnitude of Lestadian tendencies [9].


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] [5] Vanhaerikines and neo-erikines The support of the largest trend in Lyngen's direction, the Vanhaerikines, remained approximately the same, according to Talonen estimates, at 1200 people, making it the seventh largest branch of Lestadioism in 2012.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] [5] Support for neo-erikines also remained at around 800 people according to Talonen estimates, making it the eighth largest branch of Lestadioism in 2012.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] [5] The number of adherents of Aunesanism, the second largest Aunesian trend among the Pollarians, was estimated by Talonen in 2012 to be around 550 people.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] [5] According to Talonen estimates, the number of Aunesans had decreased by about 50 people in eleven years [4] [5] Aunesanism is the ninth largest branch of Lestadioism in 2012.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[4] Other trends As the tenth largest branch of Lestadioism, Talonen estimated a word of life in 2012, which he estimated to have about 300 adherents, the same number as in 2001.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

The nineteen largest group was the Levites with 200 supporters in 2012 and the eighteen largest group was the widower with about 50 to 200 supporters.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Even smaller branches of lestadioism include e.g.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Andersonism (Grace Apostolic Lutheran Church) (100?


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

), Quaenangenanism (50), Davidites (50?


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

), Gundersenism (40?


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

), abrasive (25?


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

), Steenites (20?)


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

and the Contioans (5?)


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

[10] [4] [5] Small, dying or dead tendencies In addition, there are many branches of Lestadioism that no longer have adherents at all, or whose number of adherents is close to zero.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Historically significant dead branches of Lestadioism can be considered, for example, Cortetniemanism (1876—1878), Haalism, or Cumular Narvalism, whose adherents spread Pentecostalism to Finland, as well as the orgy sect that attracted much attention. Corpelanism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lostadiolism

Overall, there have been well over thirty different branches of Lestadioism in total, of which some thirteen to 19 have survived into modern times (2012).


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

However, as notable in modern times, Professor Talonen considers only 6 to 9 of them the largest.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[4] Other very small or dead branches of Lestadioism have been (alphabetically) e.g.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Alatalism, Anastasianism (may still exist), trappiness, Greendahlianism, Heiscasism, sand lighting, huru-brune group, Huttulanism, Jantusism, merchandism, courtship, cosoticism, lamppishness, liljeeblaism, Lindströmian narvianism, Lundbergism, Grownerism, Promontory, neckliness/Yensenianism, devilishness, Deerism, St Petersburg Free-ecclesiastical branch of Lestadioism, Pirttianism, Covenanism, rhythmicity, Sampherism, Samperanism, Old Halanism and frostbite.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In addition, within Old Lestadioism, themes such as Chimpanism, the “Cososic spirit”, the “Neo-revival spirit”, the angel hoort, “title christeness with blessing doctrines” and Ahola's freedom of flesh have been influenced.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Leading by women from these tendencies have been at least Anastasianism, Rhyminism, Jantusism and angelhoorti.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Moreover, in its early stages, narwhal also had a woman as its main influence, namely “Narvan Katri”.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

History of early Lestadioism The genesis and early stages of Lestadioism The revival movements before Lestadioism were readership in the region of the movement's birth in northern Sweden (there were several branches of readership) and Viklundiism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[11] Lestadioism is L.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In L. Lauren's Church History of Finland, the most important stages of the Church of Finland are called “Laestadioan readership”.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[12] Lestadioism began to spread when Swedish priest Lars Levi Laestadius (ethnically partly also Sami) experienced a spiritual renewal after meeting Mary of Lapland in 1844.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The meeting set a new fire to Laestadius' sermons, and a revival movement began to spread inside the church.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The resulting movement began to be referred to after the mid-1880s as Lestadioism; by the early 20th century the movement was also referred to as “hihhuls”, “villiop”, “sect”, and “heresy”.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[13] The movement spread quite quickly to the northern parts of Finland, Sweden and Norway.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The Old and Firstborn Dians also believe that living faith has passed through the ages and peoples, offering each nation in turn to seek a time.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

From Israeli soil, the faith passed through the Hellenistic and Latin lands to Germany, where received a special blessing from the influence of Luther's work.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

German Pietism exhibited the same features as the subsequent Nordic revival initiated by Laestadius.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Spread 1844—1900 Lestadioism has emphasized the general priesthood, namely that every believer has the power of keys with which to let unbelievers out of sins.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

At the time, the church taught the power of the keys to be in the preaching post, i.e., priests, and only in the state of emergency in the lay.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[14] Numerous fellow-speeches in the market spread the message forward.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Lay preachers and the mission schools of the Church of Sweden held by Juhani Raattamaa and other church catechism teachers, “catechetes” also contributed to the spread of the revival.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Lestadioism has been compared to a small fell creek that has grown into a spring flood of vinas.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[15] By the death of Laestadius in 1861, the Christian revival had already spread to the territory of the Three Kingdoms.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The message had been carried forward by the much-wandering Sami people, reaching from northern Norway to the very northernmost parts of Alattio, Hammerfest, Kautokeino, Jyykeä and Water Island.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

On the Swedish-Finnish border, the movement spread especially to the Tornionjokilavalley.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In Sweden, its support also extended to Jokkmok.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In Finland, it had already spread to Muonio, Kittilä, Sodankylä, Rovaniemi, Pudasjärvi, Kemi, Simo, Kuivaniemi and Iihi.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[16] The spread of Lestadioism can be viewed using geographical extremes.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In Utsjoki, the northernmost part of Finland, Lestadioism arrived in 1852.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Finland's southernmost town Hanko in 1885.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The easternmost part of Finland to Ilomants in 1891.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Western part of Vaasa in 1872.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Major cities in Finland and in parentheses the first appearance of Lestadioism: Helsinki (1866), Jyväskylä (1872), Kuopio (1871), Oulu (1863), Pori (1874), Tampere (1876), Turku (1876) and Vaasa (1872).


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[17] Lestadioism spread to North America along with the Lestadian colonists in the 1860s.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

A large number of the migrants left Ostrobothnia.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Among other things, Lestadian emigrants travelled on the Titanic to North America.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Those rescued report that Lestadian pastor William Lahtinen kept clubs on the deck of the sinking ship.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[18] At the end of the 19th century, the number of Lestadians in North America is estimated to have been as high as 50,000.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[1] In the 1860s, Lestadioism reached Russia and in the 1870s Estonia.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

First it spread to some villages on the shores of the Arctic Ocean.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Especially from Helsinki, the movement also spread to Saint Petersburg, Vyborg, Ladoga Karelia and Karelian Isthmus.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

At most in the territory of St. Petersburg there were Lestadians about a thousand people.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[19] It received the highest support in Koivisto, Rääälää, Käkisalmi, Uusakirko and Vyborg.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

1840—1850s Pajalan Isaac Antinpoika Karlström (Saha-Iisko) (d. 1822) already implemented legal spirituality during the early revival of Lestadius.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[20] In addition to legal spirituality, Saha-Iisko pursued a “life of sin”, for example, when he considered Isaac Strolberg's wife Anna Helena, who was marked as his wolves partner, as his servant, as his servant, already in the mid-1840s.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In 1847, Isaac Strolberg's former wife bore him a son, who later became the founder of Hallery in America.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[21] As recently as 1851, Saha-Iisko from Sahavaara, the village of Kaunisvaara, served as a temperance messenger for Laestadius, preaching on his way in Turtola and Ylitornio.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Shortly afterwards, however, he was dismissed from the position of temperance messenger following the coming to light of his law-minded conversion and his “long-spiritness”.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

There were also clear doctrinal differences with Laestadius, including that Saha-Iisko did not accept free absolution.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[21] Subsequently, he separated himself from primeval stadioism, according to some sources, as a “lone Christian”.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Saha-Iisko was therefore apparently unrelated to the Liljebladians, although he advocated a doctrine of very similar quality as J. F. Liljeblad.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In the 1890s, when the New Revival preachers spread their new doctrine, Turtola's old Lestadians said that “Now the spirit of Saha-Iisko is moving again”.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[21] As early as 1847, Lestadioism gained a large number of Sami supporters in Koutokeino, Norway.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In the spring of 1849, Laestadius moved from Kaaresuvanno to Pajala, which was much further away from Koutokeino.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Thus, the Lestadioans from Koutokeino began to listen to the sermons of J. F. Liljeblad, vicar of Muonio, who was just lestadioist, because Muonio was a much shorter journey from Koutokeino than to Pajala.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

But already in the winter of 1849—1850, disturbing features such as charmfulness, insolence and aggressiveness began to appear in the behaviour and faith life of the Sami Lestadioans of Koutokeino.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[22] [23] Koutokeino's charm may also be referred to as Hættaism because its undisputed spiritual and secular authority was Aslak Hætta (1825—1854).


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The phenomenon also occurred in the village of Kuttasen in the armpit of Finland.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[24] Even the doctrine of the Three Cubits gods began to appear among them, according to which a few of them began to regard themselves as Christ and God, and so holy that they needed no more absolution.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[22] [23] Hættaism was, in a sense, the first “eriseura” in Lestadioism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

From Lestadioism in about 1852, the legal “Muonion eriseura”, or liljebladiism, led by Jakob Fredrik Liljeblad (1809—1862), vicar of Muonio, mainly in Muonio, Finland.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The Liljebladians did not accept the overt and absolute absolution used by the laymen.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The vicar, J. F. Liljeblad, accused Lars Levi Laestadius of publicity, unevenness, self-satisfaction and of deliberately instigating movements in his sermons and not using words of reprimand and advice in soul care enough.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[25] Liljebladiism was Finland's first “eriseura” in Lestadioism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The Sami people in Koutokeino in general had difficult conditions at that time.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

As a couple of examples, Russia abolished the rights of Norwegian Sami people to winter grazing and fishing on the Finnish side in the autumn of 1852, and peasants migrating to rivers in Norway prevented the Sami from fishing in the best fishing spots on the rivers descending into the Arctic Ocean.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Such discriminatory and harsh action against the Sami people of Norway by other ethnic groups and authorities was likely to provoke charm and aggression in the Sami people of Koutokeino.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In addition, the irresponsible liquor trade by burghers and peasants produced much trouble among the Sami people.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[26] [27] The charm spirituality and hostility of the Sami people of Koutokeino escalated on Monday, 8 November 1852, when a group of “Lestadians” Sami attacked the church village of Koutokeino under Aslak Jakobsen Hætta (1825—1854), killing the titular man Lars Johan Bucht (1813—1852) and a merchant Carl Johan Ruthin (1818—1852), as well as assaulting several others.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[28] The case was generally blamed on Lars Levi Laestadius and the doctrines he disseminated, although it is evident that the events of Koutokeino did not lead to any of the teachings of Laestadius.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Laestadius was blamed for the case by Daniel Bremer Juell, Bishop of Tromsø, and the Norbottens-Posten magazine.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[29] The charming group of Sami led by Aslak Hætta had, prior to Koutokeino's assassination works, clearly separated from the doctrine of Laestadius and also from the Lestadioan congregational affiliation as their own religious group, which had closer relations with Vicar Liljeblad than Laestadius.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[30] Aslak Hætta had even planned the slaying of Lars Levi Laestadius, which is one of the evidence that the Lestadioist tendency he led had separated itself from the rest of Lestadioism into a separate charming sect, although some of them still appreciated Laestadius and even appealed to him on trial.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[31] Laestadius, on the other hand, blamed Koutokeino's conflicts on indifferent priests, authorities and Norwegian language policy in the Sami regions.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[32] [33] The “doctrine of the god of the three cubits”, such as Hæthtalism, also appeared among Lestadians in other parts of the Nordic region in a semi-violent form.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Examples of this from the 1850s include the “doctrine of saints” of the Kittian Angel sisters in Norway, the “fist christianity” of Lake Rattos and Ylitornio (e.g.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Salomo Kortetniemi (1819—1904)), and even in the 1870s the Tornionjärvi region of Sweden, particularly among the Sami people, influenced by “tornionjärvelism”.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[34] The 1860s—1870s in Vojakkala, Kantojärvi, Taumo and Alatornio in Tornio, as well as in Simo, Kuivaniemi and Ii were influenced from the early 1860s to the 1880s by the “Pietist ecclesiastical” revival movement opposed to Lestadioism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In the early 1860s, this movement was led by Jaakko Huttula (—1871), a Simoese preacher who was formerly the leading Lestadian preacher in the region.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In the 1860s, Juho Paakkola, a blind Lestadioese preacher, and Juho Jaakko Hyry, a Lestadian preacher from Kyyaniemi, accompanied by a few former Lestadioans, joined Huttulism in the 1860s.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[35] The Lestadioans of Kuivaniemi later called the movement “Hry-blacksmiths eriseura”.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

J. J. Hyry occasionally made an “improvement” back to Lestadioism, but returned again in the early 1870s to Huttulanism as an even fiercer opponent of Lestadioism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In Mm's episcopal examinations of 1881, Hyry raised many accusations against the Lestadioans.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

In 1871, upon the death of Jaakko Huttula, Jaakko Pahkamaa (former) rose to the head of the group.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Sikala), after which the group was also called a badgerhood.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The Pahkamans believed, among others, that praying could be forgiven for sins and that rebirth would occur at baptism.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The Pahkah people had close ties to evangelicals.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[35] Lestadioism spread to the United States of America to the states of Michigan and Minnesota around the latter half of the 1860s, accompanied by Nordic (mainly Finnish) emigrants.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

Initially Lestadians were active in Calumet in connection with the local general Scandinavian Lutheran congregation, but soon got into disputes with the non-Lestadian priest of the parish and were then forced to establish their own parish in 1872, renamed Solomon Kortetniemen Lutheran Society and whose priest was hired by Suntio Solomon Kortetniemi.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[36] The Lestadians of Cokatoo established their own informal congregation in the same year called the Finno-Lutheran Congregation, whose priestly duties were performed without pay by the lay preacher Isaac Barberg (1833—1883).


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

[37] In 1876, a dispersal occurred in American Lestadioism, in which American Lestadioism was divided into two parts.


Question: Where did lestadiolism come from in Finland?

Lastadiolism

The considerably larger group was led by Solomon Kortetniemi in Calumet and Isaac Barberg in Cokato, so it may also be referred to as Cortetniemi.