Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[46] In Finland, it is estimated that, due to lost working days and medical care costs, fall and slip accidents incur a cost of around EUR 400 million each year, and two thirds of these accidents occur on a snowy or icy surface.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[47] In Canada, the Security Council publishes guidance for at-risk groups, such as the elderly and immigrants, on safe winter navigation.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[48] Economic impacts of snow snow accumulating on top of structures can cause damage to buildings.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

In Finland, for example, construction guidelines contain regulations on how big snow loads roofs must withstand.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

The borders vary in different regions: Finland's smallest borders are 140kg/m2 in Southwest Finland and the largest in Eastern Lapland are 240kg/m2.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[49] When snow accumulates over this limit, it needs to be shoveled less.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

In the early 2000s, several roofs collapsed in Finland and there was debate in the public eye whether exceptional weather conditions or structural failures in the roofs were the cause of the collapses.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[50] On the other hand, the heat-insulating effect of snow can be used in construction, for example when it is made into igloos.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

In them, the temperature is maintained by mere human body temperature tens of degrees above the outside air.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[51] Snow is also of great importance to forestry.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Although forests and forest management patterns in the cold-winter climate region have basically adapted to the snow climate, extreme conditions pose problems.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

When it rains damp snow that clings to branches, and afterwards the wind intensifies, trees can break off.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[52] It happens especially if snowfalls begin before the deciduous trees have shed their leaves.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

When trees fall or branches break on power lines, extensive power outages can occur.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

It is estimated that the snowiest regions of Finland have an average of ten days during the winter, when branches can break under the weight of snow.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[47] If snow falls early or there is a lot of it, the ground will not frost and forestry machinery will have difficulty moving around the peatlands.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[47] On the other hand, even a lack of snow can hinder movement in the forest.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[53] Hobbies and sports Snow allows for many winter hobbies and sports forms.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

With zero-degree phases, snow is easily molded into snowballs that can be fought in snow wars or from which snowcastles and snowmen can be built.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Skiing and sledding are popular forms of exercise and sports.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Winter sports have traditionally depended on snow conditions, although alternatives to snowless conditions have been developed for many species.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

To extend the ski season, cannon snow is used at many ski resorts, allowing slopes to be snowballed when temperatures are on the freezing side.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

In warm areas, ski resorts have even covered the slopes with an entirely artificial, snow-like substance.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[54] Recreational use of snow is of great economic importance, for example, in the Alps [55] and Lapland.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[56] The snow castle in Kemi and ice hotels in Sweden also attract foreign tourists.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[57] Along with ice, snow has been used for cooling food and drinks, which is why it has been stored and transported for thousands of years.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

The ancient Greeks mixed snow with wine, and the Romans apparently used a cooling vessel where the snow remained outside the wine container.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[58] Snow culture has strong images and symbolism associated with snow.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Winter and cold are often depicted with the sign of a snowflake, and snow belongs to Christmas decorations even in Australia, where Christmas happens around the summer holidays.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[59] Snow plays an important role in many literary works.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Sometimes snow personifies as downright one of the main characters.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

H. C. Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen and Tove Jansson's Magic Winter each portray Snow as a beautiful, supreme queen with the power to kill.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

In Peter Høeg's success novel, Snow's savvy crime solution relates to the ability of people who grew up in Greenland to decipher traces left in snow.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Snow White got its name from its skin, which was as white as snow.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Snow has also affected the language use of the peoples of the North.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

The Inuit have their own words for snow species apuhiniq (snow packed by the wind) and qanik (snow slowly falling in big flakes).


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

The same phenomenon can also be seen in Sami and Finnish.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

For example, in Finnish there are words that mean snow as sohjo, sleet, tykky, viti, nuoska, kohva and tiera.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

[60] See also List of Finnish words for snow Cryosphere Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karttunen, Hannu & Koistinen, Jarmo & Saltikoff, Elena & Manner, Olli| title = Atmosphere, weather and climate| location = Helsing| publisher = Ursa| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-952-5329-61-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Magazine, Raimo| title = Snowflakes and Worldviews: A Winter Story of Cold and Its Wonderful| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ursa| year = 1998| id = 9BN 51-9269-92-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Libbrecht, Kenneth & Rasmussen, Patricia| title = Snowflake: Winter's Secret Beauty | others = Translated by Riitta Santala-Köykkä| location = Helsinki| publisher = Readme.fi| year = 2008| version = (The Snowflake: Winter's Secret Beauty, 2003).


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Text: Kenneth Libbrecht.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Photos: Patricia Rasmussen| id=ISBN 978-952-220-036-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rinne, Juhani & Koistinen, Jarmo & Saltikof, Elena (ed.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

) | title = Finnish weather guide| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-1-22320-7}} References on the topic elsewhere in the Arctic Centre, abstracts of presentations, snow portal Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many conditions does rain have?

Snow

* Category:Winter Class:Key articles of screening


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing (or crowdsourcing [1], audience participation, multiplication [1]) generally describes a distributed model of problem-solving and production in which the sponsor draws on the competence of the community for a limited task.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[2] First the term crowdsourcing (; crowd = audience, (human) crowd; outsourcing = outsourcing) was introduced by American Jeff Howe in his article The Rise of Crowdsourcing, published in Wired magazine in June 2006.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In his article, Howe suggests that with technological advances, the gap between professionals and hobbyists has narrowed.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[3] Crowdsourcing is very often associated with other similar phenomena, such as open innovation and open source projects [2].


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

There is also crowdfunding, for example.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

According to the social media glossary published by the Vocabulary Centre ESC, the problem is given to solving or a task to an unspecified set by an open invitation.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Participants may be compensated by the person who commissioned the work, but the performance of the work may also take place without financial compensation.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

An open invitation is usually published on the internet


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[4] In principle, crowdsourcing can be used in all aspects of enterprises and organisations.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[5] In addition to professionals in each field, it can be attended by enthusiasts and otherwise interested in the field.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[4] The word crowdsourcing has no established Finnish equivalent.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The terms crowdsourcing and crowdsourcing have been proposed on internet message boards.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In the social media lexicon, the terms crowdsourcing, public participation and outsourcing have been proposed as the Finnish equivalent of the word.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The term extracting has been proposed to describe crowdsourcing in which participants are not offered monetary compensation.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[4] General Finnish keynote offers crowdsourcing the Finnish equivalent of crowdsourcing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[6] History The first crowdsourcing project can be considered a contest held in 1714.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In it, the British government offered a substantial reward to a person capable of developing a solution to the longitude problem.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The race was won by John Harrison and he received £20,000 as a reward.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In 1955, Toyota held a competition to design a new logo for the company.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

27,000 plans entered the competition and the competition was won by a logo with three Japanese letters forming a circle.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Joseph Cahill, then Premier of the Australian state of New South Wales, organised a competition in 1955 to design a building in Sydney Harbour.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

233 plans from 32 different countries took part in the competition and the competition was won by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, who designed the Sydney Opera House.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[7] The American Idol competition, which began in 2002, can also be considered crowdsourcing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

There have been a lot of similar competitions since 2002.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

They can be seen as public crowdsourcing projects aimed at developing, for example, an album, a cookbook or a superstar.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[8] Benefits The benefits of crowdsourcing a sponsor are very often based on collective intelligence, affordability, and speed of task execution.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[9] James Surowiecki made famous in 2004 for collective intelligence in his book Wisdom of the Troops.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

He showed how it is possible to get a high-quality answer to a question when collecting independent proposals from a large and diverse group.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[10] Other researchers have also come to similar results.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

After studying crowdsourcing, Morgan and Wang found in 2010 that the more diverse a set is involved, the better it is suited to problem-solving.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

However, collective intelligence requires respondents' independence from each other in order to act, because cooperation can distort results.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[11] [10] Researchers Chanal and Caron-Fasan (2010) concluded in their paper published in 2010 that by opening up business models as well as crowdsourcing the companies they studied were able to make their operations more efficient, i.e., reduce their costs in research and product development utilizing outside know-how.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

A number of factors can explain the economic benefit of the sponsor from crowdsourcing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[12] In terms of crowdsourcing and open innovation, the assignee in general can gain access to a wider and more diverse range of competencies than would otherwise be economically feasible [13] [14].


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Brabham, as well as Morgan and Wang, found in their studies that, unlike public perception, those involved in crowdsourcing tend to be professionals in their own subject area.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[15] This observation appears to contradict the generally prevailing notion that only bored dilettantes are involved in massing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[2] In addition to utilizing expertise outside the organization, assigners can benefit from the affordability and speed of crowdsourcing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[9] In crowdsourcing, it is typical that the sponsor does not pay any monetary compensation for the proposals [16].


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Compensation may only be paid for winning proposals.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[17] [18] Compensation only for winning proposals can become problematic for a set because it transfers, inter alia, the sponsor's business risk to a set.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[19] By crowdsourcing products become what customers want.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Product development can also be faster compared to having work done from the outset within an organization.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[9] [20] Crowdsourcing may also increase customer engagement with a brand or company.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[15] As customers participate in product development, their relationship with the company intensifies.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Business-to-business type enterprises have been considered problematic for crowdsourcing, because tasks related to product development often require specialized skills from both crowdsourcers and a number of people.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Nor can a company use its customers as a bunch in the same way as a consumer company.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Experts need to be found elsewhere than customers, for example, on crowdsourcing platforms that bring together thousands of experts from different fields.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[21] Individual motivation factors for participation Researchers have sought to find reasons why a number of experts, professionals, as well as dilettantes want to participate in crowdsourcing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Motivational factors can be commonly broken down into both internal and external.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[15] Internal motivational factors for performance are those that are accomplished by doing the work itself.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

These may include work, sharing information and civilisation [13].


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

This is shown on Wikipedia, for example.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Haichao and others found in their study in 2011 that internal factors, such as the possibility of autonomy, motivate people to engage in crowdsourcing more effectively than external motivational factors.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[11] Brabham, on the other hand, identified four main motivational factors in his study by which people participated in crowdsourcing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

These include the possibility of monetary compensation, the opportunity to develop your own creative skills, the opportunity to freelance work, and a love for the contractor.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In addition to these factors, Chanal and Caron-Fasan stated in 2010 that the opportunity for creative work, community or commissioner attention, as well as the opportunity for fame can motivate people in themselves to participate in crowdsourcing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Projects using crowdsourcing The increase in crowdsourcing in the 21st century has led researchers to find out what types of tasks crowdsourcing is best suited for and for which it is not suitable.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In their article published in 2012, Hirth and others divide crowdsourcing apps into three groups according to the part required by the task.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

These include routine tasks, complex tasks, as well as tasks requiring creativity.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Routine tasks are very simple, the execution of which does not require special skills at all.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In turn, complex tasks require some degree of general knowledge of the area under consideration.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Such can be, for example, a rewrite of the given text.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Creative tasks are evaluated, for example, various ideas contests, as well as research and development tasks.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[22] One major crowdsourcing project is Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), a part of Amazon's services, where employers can harness human intelligence to perform tasks that computers cannot yet.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Among other things, Corney and others found in their study in 2010 that crowdsourcing lends itself to tasks of this nature in terms of flexibility and efficiency by making better use of various AI applications for black box problem-solving.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[23] The principle of operation of Amazon's application is simple.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

First, employers report job assignment and reward amount to the site, after which users browse the site and perform their desired tasks for a cash reward.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The reward amounts per task are often very small.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Another kind of website exploiting crowdsourcing is Threadless.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The site sells printed t-shirts with outside authors responsible for the design of the printing patterns.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Anyone can submit their own shirt weight plan to the site, for which site visitors vote their own favorites.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Each week, about ten new plans are selected for production and the designers of these receive money and a gift card for the Threadless online store as a reward.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Wikipedia is often regarded as an example of a workable crowdsourcing website.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In addition to its content, it sources the required funding to run the service in the form of donations, which can be counted as crowdfunding.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Facebook, too, has taken advantage of crowdsourcing to create linguistically localized versions of its site.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Idea contests Idea contests are one of the manifestations of crowdsourcing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In them, the sponsor seeks solutions to the problem by publishing it on the internet.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In idea contests, it is common for the sponsor to pay monetary compensation for either one or more proposals they see fit.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[19] After studying a number of different crowdsourcing applications, Morgan and Wang developed a reference framework in 2010 to determine how well a given task is suitable for idea competition and how an optimal kit system should be designed.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Their key finding was that ideas contests are best suited to tasks where the development of a solution is not dependent on the suggestions of others.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In addition, Haichao and others stated in 2011 that the tasks should be very specific, relatively simple and require multidisciplinary competence.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In addition to Morgan and Wang, Trewiesch and Xu explored optimal reward systems for idea competitions in 2008.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

According to them, the development of the remuneration system should take into account, among other things, the nature of the task, the required know-how, the resources required for development and the number of presumptive solutions.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

One reward system is not suitable for all ideas competitions, but must be designed on a case-by-case basis.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Foreign crowdsourcing projects The Uber company's taxi service, which has attracted criticism, can be seen as exploiting crowdsourcing in its policies.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Anyone can become a driver of the service after a short training provided by the company, as long as they additionally meet the general requirements for driving a car.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The operating principle of the Uber service is built on the company's Uber app.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

It enables drivers and customers to find each other.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing becomes concretized when a company provides and maintains opportunities for this kind of taxi activity, but the implementation and provision of taxi service is done by drivers.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Uber expanded rapidly around the world with this business strategy and it reached the attention of both the media and the authorities.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In Finland, the Taxi Association considers Uber activity to be illegal traffic.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Valve's Steam gaming and app platform takes advantage of crowdsourcing in many ways.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Valve has enabled crowdsourcing, for example, by offering users the ability to write game reviews and created a service called Greenlight for game developers.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The purpose of the Greenlight service is to provide game developers with the ability to communicate with the gamer community by publishing information, screenshots and videos.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The goal of the Greenlight service is to provide smaller developer teams with visibility and eventually get their products distributed to Steam's e-commerce section.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In addition to the positive reception, the Greenlight service has encountered common crowdsourcing issues, particularly related to the flood of content and quality management.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[24] Finnish crowdsourcing projects Sonera's AIVO web service was designed to open up discussion with the company and its customers, as well as to get new proposals and ideas for the company's operations and development.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[25] The Brain service was shut down in 2011.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Organised in collaboration with the National Library and Microtask, the DigitalKoot project uses users to index old newspapers to be searchable on the internet.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Telephone company Nokia, in collaboration with Audiodraft, organised a competition in autumn 2011 to apply for a new version of the company's old token ringtone, the Nokia Tune.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Cash prizes were promised to the winner, as well as the four other runners up to the Final Five.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

More than 6,200 submitted proposals for the contest.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[26] The Apps4Finland competition, held since 2010, was designed to inspire ideas, developers and everyone else to make use of freely available public administration open data and create interesting ideas, applications and visualizations.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In 2011, 140 proposals entered the competition.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[27] In November 2012, Designtopia.net, a Finnish online marketplace for graphic design, began operation.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The online service relies on crowdsourced design, in accordance with international benchmarks, where a customer who needs graphic design can look for the best implementation for their project in the form of a design competition.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Customers first draw up a mandate for the service, after which designers try to respond to the customer's wishes with their own plans or sketches.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The customer can then choose their liking from dozens of suggestions.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[28] At Coreorient Oy's Piggy Baggy service, anyone orders or transports carpools for goods.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

One of the benefits of the service is to reduce the need for private motoring and to provide an alternative to the transport of goods for people without cars.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The Government's Future Statement 2030 has made use of crowdsourcing at various stages.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Also, the finished text is available for anyone to comment.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The reason for the crowdsourcing in the report is that the widest possible visions of the future can be obtained from a wide range of people.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[29] The Finnish Citizens' Initiative Law takes advantage of crowdsourcing by enabling suffragettes to propose a new law, amendment or repeal of the law.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

An online service has been made for the law that provides an easy-to-use interface for starting bills and advocating for them.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Identification on the site is via bank credentials, a mobile certificate or a chip ID card.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Modern online service has brought the exploitation of the law easily approachable.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

A study on the Citizens' Initiative found public confidence in the administration to be tied to a breakthrough of the draft laws they supported.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[30] Among Finnish business-to-business enterprises, Konecranes crane manufacturer utilizes the GrabCAD community, a crowdsourcing platform for mechanics designers, to support product conceptualization.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Genelec, a manufacturer of active speakers, has taken advantage of crowdsourcing in its customer support by creating a community around it.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The community includes users and experts whose feedback has been used in solving problems and product development.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Review One of the biggest problems with crowdsourcing is considered information asymmetry between the assignee and the set — the set does not know the true value of the solution to the company unless it is revealed.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[15] This may lead to the problem of the assignee or other member seeking to benefit financially from the work done collectively by the group without compensating them fairly for it.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[2] [18] [12] [31] [32] This becomes a problem if the work is not done in a purely hobbyist sense, but instead the group consists mainly of professionals and experts involved in crowdsourcing to earn a living.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[2] Another problem with crowdsourcing, according to Hirth and others, is the various quality problems associated with poor proposals.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

According to researchers, there may be dishonest members who seek only to maximize their own financial gain by participating in as many tasks as possible at once, even if their intention is not to do the task or just do it badly.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[22] The problem can become particularly intractable in complex and creativity-intensive tasks, because each proposal may have to be carefully sifted through.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The problem is not so significant in applications such as MTURK or ideas contests, where bad proposals can be ignored, for example, by different statistical methods, or compensation directly depends on the quality of the proposals.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[22] [19] Crowdsourcing and open innovation have also been criticized because, it may eventually become more expensive and slower for the company than outsourcing or doing the work yourself.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[33] Well-known critics of the term crowdsourcing include media critic and author Douglass Rushkoff.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[34] Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales has found the term crowdsourcing incredibly annoying.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In his view, any company that intends to build a network by outsourcing all the work to its users will not only despise its users, but will fail completely at understanding what it should do.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Wales says the task is to create a structure for collaboration between users and that takes a lot of work.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[35] The exploitation of crowdsourcing can be slowed down by problems with legislation.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[36] Failure to take legislative considerations into account in the planning of action in time, delays and expenses for violations of law may exceed the benefits of crowdsourcing.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The huge growth of crowdsourcing in the internet age has prompted debate about the ethical dilemmas associated with it.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Ethical problems have become, for example, real value of work, intellectual property rights and free work.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Criticism of companies has been given, in particular, over compensation for work, which has proved dozens of times cheaper in cases compared to other solutions.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

The need for an individual to belong to a community has created situations where people are exploited in crowdsourcing in the form of free work.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

In crowdsourcing projects, companies have started to enter into contracts in which intellectual property rights are fully transferred to the company.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

Problems arise when crowdsourcing legislation is not clear and individual intellectual property rights are difficult to safeguard.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

A crowdsourcing project or enterprise exploiting people is noticed by the community and its exploitation brought to light.


Question: What services does Satama Interactive Oyj offer?

Crowdsourcing

[37] [38] See also Engagement-Marketing User Production Netiquette Copyright Web 2.0 Co-development Sources on the topic elsewhere Community inclusion services in Finland: Category:Business Economics Category:Design and innovation Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

The Vyazma-Bryansk double battle was a battle in World War II between German and Soviet forces with the objective of advancing to Moscow.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

The objective of Operation Typhoon was to destroy the last battle-worthy forces of the Soviets off Moscow and bring the Soviet Union to collapse [1].


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

Troops Germany The Central Army Group led by Field Marshal Fedor von Bock included the following forces [2] [3] German 2nd Panzer Group (Guderian) XXIV PSak XLVII PSak XLVIII PsAk German 3rd Panzer Group (Hoth) XLI PSak PSaK VI JVak German 4th Panzer Group (Hoth) Hoepner) XL PSak XLVI PsAk LVII PSak German 4th Army German 9th Army German 2nd Air Army German 4th Air Army Soviet Union [4] 6 armies (Timoshenko) in Vyasma region, 22nd, 29th, 30th, 19th, 16th and 20th armies 3 armies (Jeremenko) in Bryansk region, 50th, 3rd . and 13th Army Objective To destroy the Russian troops in front of Moscow and open the road to Moscow.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

Passage of fighting The attack was initiated on 30 September by Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

It had the longest distance to advance and aim the Orel region.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

[5] As early as October 3, the corps had advanced to Orel, about 200 kilometers.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

The Soviet 13th Army was forced to give way.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

The city was completely unprepared [6], among other things the trams ran their routes as tanks entered it.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

[7] The advancing troops engaged three armies with a total of 26 divisions into two mots on both sides of Bryansk.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

Hoepner's 4th Panzer Group joined the attack on 2 October, advancing from the Roslav area towards Moscow.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

At the same time, Hoth's 3rd Panzer Group embarked further north.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

Panzer Groups 3 and 4 encountered each other on 7 October at Vyasma.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

Mot had been left with six armies, 55 divisions.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

On October 10, General Žukov [8] was appointed to the head of the Red Army forces.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

The final result The Germans beat the Russians perfectly.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

Prisoners of war were received 663000, additionally destroyed/recaptured 5000 guns and 1200 pieces of armor.


Question: What is the road distance between Moscow and Kursk?

Vyazma-Bryansk double battle

[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paul Carell| title = March to Russia| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1964| id = ISBN 951-20-6478-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Konstantin Rokossov| title = Soldier's duty| publisher = Progress| year = 1982}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = John Killen| title = Luftwaffe| publisher = WSOY| year = 1969}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = William L. Shirer| title = Rise and Destruction of the Third Reich I-II| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-20-4601-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alan Clark| title = Barbaro| publisher = Quill| year = 1965| id = ISBN 0-688-04268-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peter McCarthy&Mike Syron| title = Peter McCarthy&Mike Syron| title = panzerkrieg| publisher = robinson| year = 2002| id = ISBN 1-84119-800-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Guido Knopp| title = Wehrmacht| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-20-9111-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Theodor Plievier| title = Moscow| publisher = WSOY| year = 1965}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kurt von Tippelskirch| title = History of World War II 1-4| publisher = WSOY| year = 1962}} References Category:Operation Barbarossa


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899 London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland — 29 April 1980, Los Angeles, California, United States) [1] was a British film director.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

He transferred in 1939 to Hollywood, where he made most of his most notable films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock is considered a master of suspense film (The Master of Suspense) [2], whose plot transportation was artful.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

He was considered to have been one of the most fashionable and experimentalist filmmakers of his time.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock directed several films that gained classic fame, with black humour as their hallmark.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

French film theorists elevated Hitchcock, long regarded as an entertainment director, to a great auteur in the 1960s.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[3] Hitchcock's only Academy Award is the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award awarded in 1967.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[4] Hitchcock is one of the most famous and respected film directors in the world.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

He released over 50 films in total, a considerable number of which have gained classic fame.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

He also became familiar as the host of successful television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955—1962) and The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1962—1965).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The former has even been considered one of the best television series of all time.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[5] [6] In 2002, Moviemaker magazine named Hitchcock the most influential film director of all time.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock has been called “the most famous film director of all time”.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[7] Hitchcock's career in film spanned about sixty years.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

He began his film career as an intermediate credits designer and set designer in 1919.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

He experimented with directing as early as 1922 and 1923, but his directing work from this period have largely disappeared.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock's first fully preserved directorial work was the crime drama film The Pleasure Garden from 1925.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The first actual “Hitchcock film” is the 1926 film The Tenant, and with it he became a respected director.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock's “golden age” can be considered 1951—1963, as during this period such as Strangers on the Train, Vertigo — Red Tear, Man Who Knew Too Much, Psycho and Birds appeared.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In the late 1960s, Hitchcock directed several unsuccessful films and lost popularity.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The 1972 film Frenzy and the 1976 film Inheritance, by contrast, were blockbuster films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

England (1899—1939) Childhood and Adolescence Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on Sunday 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone, London as the third and youngest child of William and Emma Jane Hitchcock.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Dad had a grocery store in Leytonstone.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The family was Catholic, as Emma Hitchcock was Irish Catholics on one knee and William Hitchcock had received a Catholic upbringing from his mother, although his father belonged to the Anglican Church and William's parents had only been ordained with the expenditure of the Anglican Church.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[8] Hitchcock has said his childhood was lonely.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[9] She was happy to tell the story of her childhood, how when she was about five years old, her father punished her for some mischief by sending her to the local police station with a slip of paper.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

A police officer on duty at the station read the note and locked Alfred in a cell for a while.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

There is no certainty whatsoever as to the veracity of the incident.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Donald Spoto has analysed this narrative in his Hitchcock biography 1983.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

If the story is true, William Hitchcock's breeding methods have been quite questionable.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

If it, on the other hand, has been Hitchcock's own invention, it reflects the adult Hitchcock's experience of his own childhood and father.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Spoto also points out that Hitchcock was famously a master of telling a wide variety of stories and anecdotes, [10] and this narrative may have been a conscious diversion that gave interviewers a competent-sounding psychological explanation for numerous Hitchcock films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Whether the story is true or not, however, it reflects the central position of guilt as a driving theme for Hitchcock's entire production.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[11] In late 1907, the Hitchcocks moved closer to central London to Poplar in the East End.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

William Hitchcock's grocery store had expanded and was now also a fish store.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In Poplar, Hitchcock also began schooling, which for some unknown reason had not begun when Hitchcock was seven years old in 1906.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

A couple of years later, the family moved to nearby Stepney, where Hitchcock began schooling in the fall of 1910 at Sankt Ignatius College founded by the Jesuits.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[12] Hitchcock left school in July 1913 and, for his part, made contributions to the family's livelihood.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

1913—1914 he attended evening school, though there is no definite information as to which courses he took, as there are no records of them.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Quite certainly, however, one can say that Hitchcock studied at least the basics of navigation, electro-doctrine, mechanics and drawing.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[13] The death of William Hitchcock on 12 December 1914 had a major impact on the livelihood of Hitchcock and his mother.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Early in 1915, Hitchcock obtained office work at the W. T. Henley Telegraph Company, a manufacturer of electrical cables.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

His job description included measuring capacitance, among other things.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

At the same time, he studied arts in the evenings and engaged in drawing and painting in his spare time.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[13] In Henley's business magazine, Hitchcock published caricature drawings and narratives.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

These soon enabled him to gain promotion to advertising cartoonist, and he was responsible for designing and styling Henley's announcements and advertisements.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[14] Film Career Early Years The American Famous Players-Lasky film production company established a subsidiary Famous Players-Lasky British and a film studio in Islington in 1919.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

When Hitchcock heard that the first film would be a filmatisation of Marie Corelli's novel The Sorrows of Saada, he bought the novel and designed the intermediate credits for it.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, they failed to impress Famous Players-Lasky, as the company had decided to film another novel, The Great Day.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock returned the next day with new drawings, initially getting a few small jobs — first on The Great Day (1921) — before getting a full-time job as a designer of intermediate texts towards the end of 1920 and resigning from Henley.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[15] [16] at the Islington studios Hitchcock also first tried directing: Mrs.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Peabody (meaning Number 13) in 1922.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, Famous Players-Lasky British was mired in liquidation, and filming of the film was suspended.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Since then, all the filmed footage has disappeared.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The next directing opportunity came as early as the following year when Hugh Croise, the director of Always Tell Your Wife, which was filmed at Islington studios, fell ill and Hitchcock was allowed to direct the film to finish.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock performed well for the position, securing an assistant director position at the Balcon-Saville-Freedman film production company, which had leased the Islington studios after Famous Players-Lasky British went bankrupt in 1923.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The staff of the new company also included Alma Reville, who a couple of years later became Hitchcock's wife.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[17] Balcon-Saville-Freedman only had time to produce two films: Woman Against Woman (1923) and White Shadow (1923), each of which featured Hitchcock as assistant director, screenwriter and set designer.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The first was very successful, but the second failed so badly that the production company owners quit the company.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, producer Michael Balcon immediately formed a new production company, Gainsborough Pictures, to which Hitchcock also relocated.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Balcon was constantly looking for collaborators and entered into a 1924 contract to film with Die Prinzessin und der Geiger UFA.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The UFA handled the financing, and Gainsborough Pictures was in turn responsible for production and distribution outside Germany.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The film was shot at UFA's Babelsberg studios, where Hitchcock left with the rest of the film crew in 1924.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The filming trip had a big impact on Hitchcock.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

He had only worked in England for a small British studio and was now in the largest and most significant film studio of that time.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In an adjacent studio, F. W. Murnau portrayed The Last Man, who had great influence on Hitchcock.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

From Murnau, Hitchcock learned many things related to staging, trick-shooting technique, and film narration.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The influence of Murnau — and also of Fritz Lang, G. W. Pabst, as well as German Expressionism — can be seen above all in Hitchcock's silent films (for example, The Tenant and Purity's Ransom).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[18] [19] However, the filming of “Die Prinzessin und der Geiger” did not go well.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Married director Graham Cutts had an affair with an Estonian dancer, and towards the end of filming, they eloped.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock and Alma Reville had to direct to finish the film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Post-production on the film was done in England (on the way back, Hitchcock had proposed to Alma Reville and received an affirmative response).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

During the filming of his next film, The Prude's Fall, Hitchcock had noticed that director Cutts' attitude towards him had become malevolent.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Cutts indicated that he didn't want Hitchcock in his next film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[20] Silent Directions Gainsborough was at this point expanding, and producer Michael Balcon suggested to Hitchcock to direct his own film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Balcon had observed Hitchcock working for years and was convinced Hitchcock would be able to direct the film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Cutts, who was also a partner in the company, opposed it.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Balcon's rationale was that as production expanded, Cutts would in no way have time to direct all of Gainsborough's films, and furthermore, it was cheaper to use an employee already on the payroll than to hire someone outside.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Balcon had his way and Hitchcock got his first film to direct.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[21] Hitchcock's first directing work was the British-German co-production The Pleasure Garden 1925.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Outdoor filming took place in Italy and studio filming in Germany.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Its reception was positive, but it was not a review or audience success.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

To a proper circulation, it only got to when Hitchcock's The Tenant (premiered in September 1926) had become a success.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[22] The Mountain Eagle (1926), the next completed melodrama, is the only one of the films directed by Hitchcock to have been lost (subject to the unfinished film Number 13).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[19] The Tenant, which premiered in 1927, was Hitchcock's first suspense film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It was also Hitchcock's first audience and review success.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It was even considered the best British film of all time, and thanks to his technical innovations, Hitchcock gained the reputation of being a “wonderboy”.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In Hitchcock's own opinion, The Tenant was the first “Hitchcock film”.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[23] In it, Hitchcock also first made use of the theme of a man facing impeachment, which he modified in numerous of his later films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[2] The Tenant also features Hitchcock's first cameo role.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[24] After filming as a tenant, Alfred Hitchcock and Alma Reville were wed on 2 December 1926.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[25] Their only child Patricia Hitchcock was born on July 7, 1928.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[26] However, the tenant's success was followed by a downhill run.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Downhill (1927), Lightshoe (1928) and Kehä (1927) were still fairly favourably received, but Farmar's Married Shop (1928), Champagne and Judge of the Isle of Man (1929) were somewhat poor.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

After being light-shoed (filmed in 1927 but did not premiere until 1928), Hitchcock had passed from Gainsborough to British International Pictures (BIP), which had promised bigger budgets and greater artistic freedom.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[27] Expectations raised by the tenant about Hitchcock's abilities were already beginning to subside until Purity's Ransom premiered in 1929.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[28] For the sound film Purity Ransom filming began as a silent film, but at the last minute it was decided to make it into a sound film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The film was an instant audience and review success, with even the most penny critics sympathetic to it.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[28] With the advent of sound cinema, musical and revue films were made in abundance because it was perceived as an ideal way to demonstrate the possibilities of sound cinema.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

So Hitchcock had to take part in the episode film Elstree Calling (1930), which Hitchcock biographer John Russell Taylor acknowledges with the words “a quirky medium show.”


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Juno and the Peacock (1930) can be considered Hitchcock's first true sound film, as the film was produced from the outset as a sound film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The subject of the Irish was entirely alien to the PeriEnglish Hitchcock, but critics felt he dealt with the Irish masterfully.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Suspected of Murder (1930) again cemented Hitchcock's reputation as a director of suspense films, although it was more of a typical “who did it” story than a suspense-based Hitchcock film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The Subsequent Drug of Wealth (1931), however, failed completely.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock's last films for British International Pictures were the quickly-made commissioned work House Number 17 (1932) and Lord Camber's Ladies (1932), which was Hitchcock's only film made as a mere producer.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[29] After BIP, Hitchcock transferred to Gaumont British, which along with BIP was Britain's leading film production company.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, Hitchcock's career at Gaumont did not start well, as he was credited with directing the musical film “Waltzes from Vienna” (1933), which he himself regarded as the bottom quotation of his career.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[30] The genesis of the Master of Suspense (1934—1939) Hitchcock's career before 1934 had been very uneven.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Tenant and Purity's Ransom had been great audience and review successes, but had been counterbalanced by plenty of failed films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

During the filming of “Waltzes of Vienna”, Gaumont British's director Michael Balcon — whose Gainsborough Pictures was now part of Gaumont — offered Hitchcock the chance to direct the film he wanted as soon as Hitchcock would only find suitable material.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock already had one known, and he bought the film rights to Sapper's Bulldog Drummond from BIP and directed the 1934 film The Man Who Knew Too Much.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

For the period that began and lasted until 1939, Hitchcock biographer John Russell Taylor appoints Hitchcock as the period of greatness of the English-period.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[31] Robert A. Harris and Michael S. Lasky, meanwhile, speak of “the genesis of a master of suspense.”


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[32] Producers Michael Balcon and Ivor Montagu gave Hitchcock free rein in the film The Man Who Knew Too Much About the Act, and it was both a review and audience success.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[33] Although it broke all then-current British audience records, it was loss-making because it was presented as the number two film at a fixed price.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

For Hitchcock The Man Who Knew Too Much meant a breakthrough, which allowed him to get a freer hand and a bigger budget to make the next film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[34] The 39 Steps (1935) was a great success not only in Britain but also abroad and especially in the United States.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

That allowed Hitchcock to get the first offers from Hollywood, though most of them were eclipsed by British Gaumont because it did not want to lose its most lucrative director.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The fast-paced and surprising transitions of 39 steps are reminiscent of Hitchcock's Dangerous Romance.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Taylor has stated that if any critic thinks 39steps is Hitchcock's best British film, then the same critic thinks Dangerous Romance is, in turn, Hitchcock's best US film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[35] The 39step espionage theme also continued in the following films Secret Agent (1936) and Sabotage (1936).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The reception they received was not as good as the 39step, and especially the brutality of the Sabotage bomber scene drew plenty of criticism from contemporaries.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[36] The Young and the Innocent (1937) was as modestly successful as the two films that preceded it, and especially in retrospect film research has regarded it as a finger exercise for the film Woman Disappears (1938).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[37] Woman disappearing was an unprecedented success.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It soon became Britain's most successful film, and success in the US was in the same category.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[38] Contemporary critics were almost in a state of charm, and the film was even compared to the work of Paul Cézanne and Igor Stravinsky.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[39] In later reviews, the film has been regarded as Hitchcock's best British film and one of his best films at all.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[40] Moving to the United States With the film Woman Disappears, Hitchcock's contract with Gaumont-British expired.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock had already negotiated 1937 with RKO and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, but negotiations tapered off with Hitchcock's pay requests.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

During the filming of The Woman Disappears, David O. Selznick made Hitchcock an offer for a Titanic-themed film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock flew in July 1938 to the United States to negotiate a deal that, after all, guaranteed him $40000+ for the film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The pay was additionally regular, meaning Hitchcock received his salary regardless of whether he was filming the film or not.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

As an additional pen in negotiations, Selznick had had the film rights interested in Hitchcock to Rebeka, which would become Hitchcock's second Hollywood film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[41] The Titanic film was cancelled, and the Hitchcocks' migration to the United States carried over into early 1939.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

During the interim, Hitchcock agreed to direct the film Jamaica Inn's Coastal Beats (1939).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Although it was an audience success, criticism was nuve both after the premiere and later.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[41] In March 1939, the Hitchcocks left for the United States.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

According to the departed, in addition to cook and servant, also Joan Harrison, who had been Hitchcock's secretary since 1933.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[42] United States (1940—1980) Film career Selznick years (1940—1947) Hitchcock began at Selznick in April 1939 and teamed up with Joan Harrison to edit Rebeka's screenplay.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[43] During the production of Rebeka, Hitchcock had to get used to the Hollywood production system.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Being a producer like Selznick involved in everything — including creative work — was brand new to Hitchcock, since in Britain studio executives had been nothing more than businessmen interested in profit.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, despite pressure from Selznick, Hitchcock did not give up.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In Hollywood, it was customary to film multiple versions of scenes from different angles of view, and from the footage filmed, the producer could cut a self-satisfying version if he wanted.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock planned the films in advance up to the final drawing and also filmed only and only what he had planned.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The material shot in the cutting phase could only be made the version Hitchcock wanted.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[44] Rebekka was a great audience and review success and brought Selznick another Academy Award for Best Film (the previous year she received the same award for the film Gone with the Wind).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock was nominated for best director for the first time but lost to John Ford.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[45] Due to Gone with the Wind and Rebeka's high returns, Selznick was forced to make complex capital income transfers in order to avoid taxes, and because of them he was forced to suspend the production of films for three years.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Therefore, Selznick loaned Hitchcock to other studios over the next several years.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[46] Hitchcock's first film, “With the kind permission of David O. Selznick”, was Foreign Correspondent (1940) for independent producer Walter Wanger.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It is a suspense film set in the wartime Netherlands, with many features from Hitchcock's film The 39 Steps.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It was a review success and did well financially as well.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[47] After being a foreign correspondent, Selznick loaned Hitchcock to RKO Pictures for two films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The first was the traditional comedy film Mr and Mrs Smith (1941), unusual for Hitchcock, which was financially successful but the reviews it received were mixed.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[48] [49] The second was the romantic suspense film Dangerous Lies, which was Hitchcock's first joint film with Cary Grant.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The film was a great audience success, but critics were particularly critical of the film's watered-down ending.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[50] [51] Selznick was to serve as producer of Hitchcock's next film The Fifth Column Man (1942), but Selznick sold the entire package to Universal.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Set in wartime, the theme of the film is the same as that of 39 Steps and Dangerous Romance: the guilty suspect is forced to prove his innocence.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The film's audience and review success was a surprise to Hitchcock and the studio alike, as due to numerous compromises, no one was happy with the completed film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[52] [53] In the Shadow of Doubt (1943) Hitchcock filmed the exterior scenes outside the studio in an authentic setting, something he had done to great extent during the last silent film times.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Set in an American small-town idyll, the suspense film was, along with Rear Window, one of Hitchcock's biggest favourites from his own production.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[54] Donald Spoto speculates it's because in no other film of his life, Hitchcock gives this much indication of his own emotional life and persona.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[55] Hitchcock's third wartime film is Lifeboat (1944), all of whose events are set in a lifeboat.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock settled his traditional cameo role by appearing in an advert for a slimming product in a magazine read by someone on board the lifeboat.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[56] The lifeboat received somewhat scathing reviews, as it was considered to idolise the Nazis.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Apart from a few US big cities, it didn't inspire viewers either.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[57] After completion of lifeboat filming, Hitchcock spent 1944 eight months in England.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

There he directed for the British Ministry of Information the French-language propaganda short films Aventure Malgachen and Bon Voyage.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[58] The main anti of the trip, however, was the intensification of collaboration with old friend Sidney Bernstein, who was very interested in a joint, independent production company with Hitchcock.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[59] Hitchcock biographer John Russell Taylor considers Bewitched (1945) to be Hitchcock's first true American film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The US films that preceded it had been basically either English films or propaganda films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Also set in a small American town, Shadow of Doubt is, in Taylor's view, a film that could only be made by a foreigner.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[60] Bewitched was an instant audience and review success, and was also the first blockbuster film to popularise psychoanalysis.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[61] Romantic suspense film Key of Destiny (1946) is one of Hitchcock's most acclaimed films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It was a huge audience and review success, and especially Ingrid Bergman, who starred in the film, received rave reviews.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock's directing reads like a lesson in the making of the film: the course of events and the building of suspense is impeccable.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Some of the film's most impressive scenes include a long camera run from a general shot of party guests to a special close-up shot of the key in Bergman's hand, and a long kissing scene between Cary Grant and Bergman.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[62] [63] The courtroom drama 2 Drops of Wine (1947) was the last film Hitchcock made for Selznick, and it failed almost completely.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The film's huge losses played a part in Selznick's independent recording company being forced out of business.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[64] As an independent producer and the Warner years (1948—1954), Alfred Hitchcock had been dissatisfied with his contract with Selznick for several years.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

On the one hand, it had been about money; on the other, the lack of choice.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[65] [66] The idea of having his own production company began to be concreted during Hitchcock's London trip in 1944 when he discussed it with his old friend Sidney Bernstein.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[59] Negotiations continued in the summer of 1945 [67] and the creation of Transatlantic Pictures was reported in public in April 1946, when 2 drops of wine were still in production and Hitchcock's indifference to the entire film was a public secret in Hollywood.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[68] Transatlantic Pictures' first film was the suspense film Rope (1948), which was at the same time Hitchcock's first colour film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Reception of the film was lacklustre, but it nevertheless managed to turn a profit.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, Transatlantic's second film, the British-completed historical costume drama Capricorn in Signs (1949), failed so completely that the company drifted into bankruptcy.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[69] Following the bankruptcy of Transatlantic, Hitchcock entered into an agreement with Warner for several films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, the first of these, The Curtain Lowers (1950), received a lacklustre reception, like the previous films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[70] However, the subsequent Strangers on the Train (1951) was a huge success and began Hitchcock's return to the top of the film world.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Thematically, the men who “swap” the murders in the film continue the theme already present in the Shadow of Doubt of two alike people who represent, in a sense, the good and evil side of one person.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[71] [72] I Confess to making (1953) Hitchcock had been planning since the 1930s.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, the film, based on confessional secret, was not successful.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The more traditional — or “hitchcock-like” — Perfect Crime (1954) was already more successful.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

For its starring role, Hitchcock chose Grace Kelly, whom he immediately booked for his next two films as well.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The Perfect Crime was the last film Hitchcock made for Warner, after which he transferred to Paramount Pictures.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[73] [74] Peak Years (1954—1962) In the summer of 1953, Hitchcock entered into a contract with Paramount for nine films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The copyrights to the five films would pass to Hitchcock and the rights to the four films would remain to Paramount.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

After all, Hitchcock made only six films for Paramount, and Paramount were left with only the rights to the film Thieves” Paradise.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[75] Hitchcock's first film for Paramount was Rear Window (1954), the events of which are set in a single set.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Along with Shadow of Doubt, the film was among Hitchcock's own favourites, and is among Hitchcock's most acclaimed and popular films at all.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The lead was played by Grace Kelly, who was also starring in the next Hitchcock film, Paradise of Thieves (1955).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The Thieves' Paradise was filmed on the French Riviera in the summer of 1954.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[76] The most significant anti of filming was related to Hitchcock's appreciation as a filmmaker.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock met the then influential French film critic André Bazin.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

An article published by Bazin a short time later in “Cahiers du cinéma” triggered a debate over whether Hitchcock was a serious artist or just a talented storyteller and applicant of film technique.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Bazin felt Hitchcock was merely a talented storyteller, but the younger generation of critics took it differently.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

One result of the controversy, however, was that Éric Rohmer and Claude Chabrol published 1957 the first book on Hitchcock's films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[77] But who murdered Harry?


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

(1955) was, in Hitchcock's own words, the most English of his US films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, the film's British black humour did not bite into the US audience and the critics' guard, but the better the film fared in Britain and France.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[78] Much more significant to Hitchcock's fame was the second project of 1955: the television series Alfred Hitchcock presents (1955—1965).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The agency that represented Hitchcock had drifted into the ownership of entertainment group MCA, and through that Hitchcock was asked about his interest in making a television series.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock agreed and set up Shamley Productions for that purpose.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

To be the producer of the series, he invited his former credit worker Joan Harrison.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock himself presented each episode in his own sarcastic, black-humored style.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Television appearances made Hitchcock, especially in the United States, unprecedented famous.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The popularity of the television series also spawned numerous ancillary items, including pocketbooks with names in the style of “Stories I wasn't allowed to do on TV”, as well as a suspense reading from Alfred Hitchcock Magazine (1956—).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Due to his television production, Hitchcock's wealth grew considerably, and in 1964 he was already the fifth-largest owner of MCA (and by extension Universal).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[79] But who did I murder Harry?


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

after Hitchcock's next film was a refilmation of The Man Who Knew Too Much, which was based on Hitchcock's own film from 1934.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In an interview with François Truffaut, Hitchcock said the first version was made by a talented amateur, while the second was by a professional.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[80] The film was a cash success: within a few weeks it became the most lucrative film of the year in the United States


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[81] The Wrong Man, premiered in 1957, deals with Hitchcock's favourite theme of a falsely accused man.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

What is extraordinary, though, is that the film was based on true events and that Hitchcock even retained the real-life lines, even though they undermined the film's drama-like structure.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

John Russell Taylor regards the film as a fast-rendered black-and-white intermediate, Hitchcock's valentine to Warner Brothers.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[82] After the wrong man, Hitchcock began preparations for the film Vertigo — red tear that took longer than expected.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The film was supposed to be starring Vera Miles, but after she became pregnant, Kim Novak was hired to replace her.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[83] Vertigo's premiere reception was woolly: critics praised only Kim Novak's role performance.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[84] In the 1960s, Hitchcock pulled Vertigo out of recording, and it had its re-premiere a couple of decades later in 1983.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Since then, Vertigo's reputation as Hitchcock's best and most profound film has only grown.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In a 2012 vote by Sight & Sound magazine, it was selected as the best film in the world [85].


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

During the production phase of Vertigo, Hitchcock contracted with MGM to film the Shipwreck of Hammond Innes's novel S/S Mary Deare.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, the subject matter of Innes's novel proved thankless, and therefore Hitchcock and screenwriter Ernest Lehman set about drafting the studio without knowing the script, which would involve a chase on Mount Rushmore.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The end result was a Dangerous Romance (1959).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

After Vertigo's subdued reception, Dangerous Romance received an elven reception.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The film produced very well, and reviews were rave.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[86] Psycho was motivated by Hitchcock's quest to produce a cheap quality horror film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Having closely followed the film industry, Hitchcock had noticed how, for example, American International Pictures produced, on a lacklustre budget, shoddy films that nonetheless generated substantial profits.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The production of Psycho proceeded swiftly, as it was being made like an episode of the Alfred Hitchcock Presents series: a black-and-white shoot, a small budget, no new sets.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The premiere of Psycho was a very big audience success.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In the United States alone, it grossed over $15 million, and the $800,000 budget film turned out to be Hitchcock's most lucrative.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The opinions of critics were mixed, and many critics were indignant already at having to watch the film among “ordinary” viewers.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[87] Psycho fundamentally revolutionised the genre of horror cinema by introducing an ordinary psychopathic murderer and moving the scenes of horror film into the circles of everyday life.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The success of Psycho triggered a flood of countless similar films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[88] In Birds (1963) Hitchcock continued on the horror film line.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It was the most expensive film of Hitchcock's career, and the advertising campaign for the film was also exceptionally large.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

There was no music at all in the film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, Hitchcock's standard composer Bernard Herrmann was responsible for the sound world of the film as a whole, which was designed with extreme precision.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Critics' reaction was lackluster, and although the birds and special effects were praised, the personalities were seen as latte and the beginning of the film slow-paced.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, viewers were not hampered by this; Birds became a great audience success.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[89] The Downhill (1964—1969) Following the Bird's audience success, Marnie — on a Dangerous Road (1964) received a sneaky reception from critics and viewers alike.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

For Hitchcock, Marnie was also a farewell to many longtime co-workers.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Cinematographer Robert Burks, who had shot all of Hitchcock's films starting in 1951 with the exception of Psycho, died in a fire shortly after the film was completed.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Also, the cutter George Tomasini died shortly after the film was completed.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

For composer Bernard Herrmann, too, it remained the last Hitchcock film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[90] The Torn Curtain (1966), Hitchcock's next film, was completely torn to shreds by critics, and audiences agreed.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[91] Topaz, which premiered in 1969, received a murderous reception from critics and viewers alike.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[92] [93] Hitchcock's career and reputation were at stake.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

After three films worse than each other, Hitchcock's career was in 1969 in bottom-readings.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[92] Viewers and critics already began to speculate Hitchcock was an old-age fool.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[94] The return to the roots and the new rise of Topaz was the most expensive film of Hitchcock's career and, at the same time, the lossest.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In many ways, Frenzy (1972) was a return to roots.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It was filmed in England, and the budget was modest.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[95] Many scenes bring to mind The Tenant (1926), and the beginning scene of the film is like straight out of The Young and the Innocent (1937).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[96] Frenzy became a great review and audience success.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It produced as much as Psycho twelve years earlier.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[95] The clammiest reviews came from Britain, where the film's old-fashioned London image was not liked.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[97] The Inheritance, completed in 1976, remained Hitchcock's last film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It was a comedic suspense film whose reception was indignant, and especially its humorousness was appreciated.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[98] Early in 1978, Hitchcock began preparations for The Short Night.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The screenwriter was initially Ernest Lehman but was replaced late in the year by David Freeman, who completed the script in May 1979.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Along with the script, pre-production was also underway: the making of the storyboard began as did the search for suitable actors.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[99] However, the entire project was cancelled when Hitchcock resigned on May 9, 1979.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Universal didn't hurt, as Hitchcock's office was emptied in a couple of days.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[100] Hitchcock was awarded the United States Film Institute's Life's Work Award in 1979.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Death Alfred Hitchcock died of kidney failure and heart problems at his Los Angeles home on April 29, 1980.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[101] His wife died two years later.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

At the beginning of the same year, Queen Elizabeth II had awarded him the rank of KBE (Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire), which Hitchcock received in his office on 3 January 1980.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[102] Cinematic style The fundamental principle of Hitchcock's cinematic way of narration can perhaps best be described by Hitchcock's own definition of shook (“shock”) and suspense (“suspense”).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Shock is, according to Hitchcock, a scene in which men play cards in a room where an explosion unexpectedly occurs — Hitchcock has a long-winded scene with a lot of noise at the end.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The thrill, on the other hand, is the same scene where the viewer knows there is a time bomb under the table.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock admitted, though, that in such a state of tension, the bomb should not go off.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

However, Hitchcock broke his own “rule” several times (Sabotage and Psycho, for example).


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[103] The best examples of this are probably Vertigo — a red tear in which Hitchcock reveals the film's central surprise already halfway through the film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In the making phase of Vertigo, Hitchcock had to defend this extraordinary plot twist.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

According to Hitchcock, it was important for the viewer to know more than the hero, because then the viewer understands both sides and also realizes what each is thinking and why they act the way they act.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

For Hitchcock, this was exactly the real drama of the film — not a shooking surprise ending.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[104] A characteristic feature of Hitchcock's films is also MacGuffin — an issue of great importance to the people of the film but completely indifferent to the viewer.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

It appears especially in Hitchcock spy films, and in them it is normally just an excuse for the description of an innocent hero's escape.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Some of the best examples of MacGuffin's masterful use are 39 Steps (1935) and Dangerous Romance (1959) — neither film survives properly, which is why everyone was so tauntingly after the heroes of the films.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

As an interesting side comment, it might have been mentioned that critics who thought Dangerous Romance was Hitchcock's best US film also think the 39 Steps was Hitchcock's best English film.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[35] The technical challenges of cinematography were the most interesting for Hitchcock personally.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In his first blockbuster film, Tenant Hitchcock used a glass plate as a ceiling in one scene to depict the secretiveness of a mysterious tenant living upstairs.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[105] In the Ransom of Purity (1929), Hitchcock used Schüfftan's method to create an evocation that the film would actually be shot in the British Museum [106].


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The most famous scenes of Hitchcock's career, apart from Psycho, are the long camera drives.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In the young and innocent, the main characters of the film are looking for a criminal with a life mouse.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In the film's closing scene, the camera leaves the roofline from the general view and advances 45m until only the twitchy eye of a life mouse is seen in the image.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[107] The most impressive camera drive from the American period is from the film Key of Destiny (1946), where the camera drive begins with a general view and ends up with a close-up of the key in Ingrid Bergman's hand.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

[108] Actors used by Hitchcock Many Hitchcock films feature romantic side plots.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

The female characters in her films are often mystical blondes.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

When Grace Kelly withdrew from Hollywood to Monaco, Hitchcock hired Tippi Hedren, Kim Novak, Janet Leigh and Eva Marie Saint to play the female lead.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In addition to Kelly, Hitchcock's standard cast included Ingrid Bergman, James Stewart and Cary Grant.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Other famous performers of lead roles included Henry Fonda, Montgomery Clift, Sean Connery, Janet Leigh and Anthony Perkins.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

In his later years, Hitchcock found it better to work with actors still waiting for his breakthrough instead of the buzz names of the time.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

One reason for this has been said to have clashes with Paul Newman, the presenter of the Ruptured Curtain, about method acting.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Another reason must have been Hitchcock's desire to slash the budget by using cheaper (but not inferior) actors.


Question: When did Alfred Hitchcock die?

Alfred Hitchcock

Hitchcock has been said to have treated his actors boringly.