Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

When the Legion established a new Pioneer Regiment (2ÈMEREG), the 6ÈMEREG was renamed the 1st Pioneer Regiment.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Also serving in 1ERREG is the Détachement d'Intervention Opérationelle Subaquatique (DINOPS), whose combat divers are tasked with destroying underwater targets.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Deuxième Régiment Etranger de Génie (2ÈmeReg): 2ÈmeReg is the newest of the Legion's regiments.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

It was founded in 1999, and stationed near Marseille.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The 2ÈMEREG comprises about 850 men, most of them officers, sub-officers and corporals (senior legionaries of 6ÈMEREG), specialising in pioneer and military equipment activities.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Premier Régiment Etranger de Cavalerie (1erRec): Cavalry Regiment in Orange.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1erRec was founded in Sousse, Tunisia in 1921.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1erRec is stationed at the Quartier Labouche in southern France and is part of the French 14th Infantry Division.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The 1ERREC comprises three armored escape drones and a semi-mechanized infantry company.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The parachute division of Premier Régiment Etranger Parachutistes (1erRep) was established in 1948.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The department, led by Raoul Salan and some other former generals, went into rebellion against General De Gaulle in the dispute surrounding the independence of Algeria and disbanded as a result in 1961.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[9] Deuxième Régiment Etranger Parachutistes (2èmeRep): The Legion's only parachute section today.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

2ÈmeRep was founded in 1955.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Characterized as an elite section, the headquarters of 2ÈMEREP is located in Calvilla, Corsica, at Camp Raffall, which is named after Major Raffall, who served as 2ÈMEREP's commanding officer in the Indochina War.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[10] Treizième Demi-Brigade de la Légion Etrangère (13ÈMedble): 13ÈMedble was founded in 1940 in Sidi-Bel-Abbes, North Africa.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Today it is stationed at Quartier Montclar in Djibouti, Northeast Africa.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

13ÈMedble supports the government of Djibouti in Africa and additionally operates on relief missions on the island of Mayotte in the Comoros archipelago state.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Détachement de la Légion Etrangère de Mayotte (DLEM): A small unit (two companies, 250 men) stationed at Mayotte since 1976, when the Comoros decided to be part of the French Republic.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

DLEM's duties are construction, maintenance and safety work.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The unit consists solely of Les Ancienses, long-serving legionnaires.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Salary Foreign Legionnaire receives food, clothing, accommodation and good health care for free.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Pay is determined by military rank, success and length of service, but is also affected by place of service and troop department.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In addition, bonuses are paid for various tasks.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

For the first year, the military rank of Legionnaire is Legionnaire 2ème Classe.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

After serving one year from the date he signed a contract with the Legion, he is promoted to Legionnaire 1er Classe.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

All salaries rise immediately if the regiment is sent outside France.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

For missions abroad (war, UN missions or such), the salary is multiplied by 2.2.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Military rank (and salary) can be increased by completing courses.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

During or immediately after the first year, a few recruits are assigned to Caporal training.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Today, the salary is paid directly into the bank's account.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Only the account of wage advances paid abroad follows the traditional custom of putting money into Kép.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Previously, pay payment always took place ceremonially.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Holidays In principle, in the first year of service, there are two days of leave, twenty in the second, twenty-five days in the third and 45 days for those who served more than three years.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Those serving on 2eRep are not permitted to leave the island during the first year.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

If you serve in France, you can go wherever you want during your stay.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

You can travel abroad even if your passport has been confiscated: using Carte d'Identity (Legion ID) and Titre de Permission (holiday passport), you can board a plane at any airport and travel abroad.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Legion does not officially permit leaving the country for the first three years of service, but many legionnaires travel nonetheless.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The holiday dress must be worn when departing for holidays, at the airport and still on the plane.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Once you arrive at your destination, one can switch to civilian clothes.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In principle, plainclothes may not be owned for the entire five years, but this rule is no longer much enforced.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

A great deal of time is spent on learning Le Code d'Honneur, or the Oath of Honour, of the Foreign Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Each legionnaire must know the oath by heart, and it must be recited, along with the other legionnaires, aloud on an occasion to award a white képi as a mark of legionnairism.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Until 2000, the 6th section belonged to “La mission est sacrée, tu l'exécutes jusqu'au bout, à tout prix”, meaning “every mission is sacred, and must be completed to the end at all costs”.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

This rule was changed to allow the Foreign Legion to perform better in international peacekeeping missions.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[11] “Légionnaire, tu es un volontaire servant la France avec honneur et fidélité.” “Chaque légionnaire est ton frère d'arme, quelle que soit sa nationalité, sa race ou religion sa religion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Tu lui manifestes toujours la solidarité étroite qui doit unir les membres d'une même famille.” “Respectueux des traditions, attaché à tes chefs, la discipline et la camaraderie sont ta force, le courage et la loyauté tes vertus.” “Fier de ton état de légionnaire, le tu tres dans ta tenue, toujours élégante, ton comportement toujours digne mais modeste, ton casernement toujours net.” “Soldat d'élite, tu t'entraînes avec rigueur, tu entretiens ton arme comme ton bien le plus précieux, tu as le souci constant de ta forme physique.” “La mission est sax crée, tu l'exécutes jusqu'au bout dans le respect des lois, des coutumes de la guerre et des conventions internationales et, si besoin, au péril de ta vie.” “Au combat, tu agis sans passion et sans haine, tu respectes les ennemis vaincus, tu n'abandonnes jamais ni tes morts, ni tes blessés, ni tes armes.” The Legionnaire must serve France with distinction and loyalty.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

All legionnaires are brothers in arms regardless of nationality, race or religion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

This is demonstrated by an unwavering solidarity that unites everyone as if they were members of the same family.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

A legionnaire must respect traditionalists and superiors.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Legionnaire's strengths include discipline and camaraderie, virtues of courage and loyalty.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Legionnaire shows himself proud of his legionnairmanship by keeping his uniform of arms impeccable, behaving with dignity and modesty, and keeping his lodging always tidy.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

For an elite soldier, you have to train hard, look after his weapon as if it were his most expensive treasure and always be in top condition.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Every mission is sacred, it must be completed in compliance with the laws, general practices of warfare, as well as international treaties, and, if necessary, at the risk of your own life.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Action in battle is carried out without anger or passion, the defeated enemy must be respected, the wounded or fallen are not abandoned and the weapon is not given up.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Well-known Finns in the French Foreign Legion, Per Edvin “Sahara” Andersson, in addition to the French Foreign Legion, served in the Spanish Foreign Legion and as a mercenary in various parts of Africa: in the Congo, the Comoros and Angola.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

A book about him has been published Sahara — Mercenary Per Andersson.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[12] Reino “Cognac” Björkqvist served in the French Foreign Legion in Indochina and Algeria from 1954 to 1959.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Dance of Fireflies by Heli Hyvönen has been written about him in the following works.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Kari Kallonen: Lion Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[13] Esa Gustafsson served in Yugoslavia and the Central African Republic during the 1990s.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Esa Gustafsson is the brother of Veikka Gustafsson.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[14] Aarne Juutilainen was active in Morocco from 1930 to 1935.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[15] Lauri Johannes Järvinen served in the Foreign Legion in Morocco.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

He published his two-volume memoirs of this time in 1946.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Kaarlo Kurko was active in Morocco 1921—1926, in Indochina 1928—1929, and most recently in France 1930—1931.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[16] Harry Lehtonen participated in the ranks of the Foreign Legion in the 1950s in the Indochina War in Vietnam.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

His memoirs appeared in 2005.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Kauko Nissinen served in the Foreign Legion in North Africa and Indochina 1950—55.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Rolf Peter Ollakka visited the Foreign Legion, but quickly left it.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

“If at some point someone comes up and brags that they were in the legion, I can say quite honestly that yes I can peel potatoes too,” Ollakka writes in the book The Story of a Finnish Mercenary.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Teuvo Orte (formerly Olenius) served from 1946 to 1959, at least in Indochina, after holding positions in the State Police in Finland during the Continuation War.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[17] Albert Penttilä (Oskar Wilhelm Lindqvist) received training in Jaeger Battalion 27 and served in the Legion in the 1920s.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[18] Kyösti Pietiläinen went to the Legion in 1972.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

He was also active in Africa, but served longest in Corsica as a military police officer in the Parachute Section.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Pietian retired in 2000 and lived in Addis Ababa until his death in 2017.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Together with Petri Pietiläinen and Juhan-Ville Kaarnakar, he wrote books about his time in the Foreign Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Claes Leek served in North Africa and Indochina 1946—1950 after serving with an SS division in Wiking's Nordland Regiment and being taken prisoner of war by the English.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[19] Jaakko Sarlin-Lappsoutherinen served in the French Foreign Legion from the beginning of the Algerian War (1954) until 1959.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

His memoirs have been published as a book.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[20] Risto Sassali served in Algeria 1956—1961.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[21] Simo Simola served in the Foreign Legion in Indochina.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[22] Timo Soini, martial arts trainer [23] Ensio Tiira was active in Indochina in the 1950s and escaped the transport of the Legion on a self-made ferry near Sumatra in 1953.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[24] [25] Garment maker Helmi Virtanen's son Evald Virtanen, then founder of Ewald Oy, joined the drunk Foreign Legion in the 1920s, from which his mother rescued him after a year of service by organising an escape.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[26] The Foreign Legion in Fiction Few of the Corps have been depicted in literature and film as often as the Foreign Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The tones of the descriptions have ranged from the strongly-romanticizing to the starkly realistic.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In most fiction, the Foreign Legion fights in North Africa to maintain French colonial rule.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In literature, Stefan Oliver's novel Allegiance to Our Honour describes the Legion's involvement in the Algerian and Indochina wars of the 1950s.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

After World War II, a large number of SS men applied to the Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

On the subject, author George Elford has written a book The Devil's Army based on an interview with a former SS man who settled in India.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In films, the film based on P. C. Wren's book Beau Geste () is also very famous.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The story is about three brothers who join the Foreign Legion to conceal from their dictatorial relative the humanitarian act committed by this spouse.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The story is famous for the Viking burial scene: after the eldest of the brothers fell, the middle buries him in a Viking habit, that is, covering the body with the French flag, placing the guns next to him, and finally placing at the foot head of the dog in the place of a dead sergeant who had treated his men than dogs.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Finally, the structure is burned to the ground.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Only the youngest of the brothers returns home because the Legion has classified him as a fallen.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

With him, he brings a letter from his eldest brother revealing the whole still life — because the dictator-elect relative is already dead.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy also enlisted in Legion Crepe and Thick in the film The Foreign Legion Catfish.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In the comics, Mickey Mouse enlists in the Legion and excels at defeating a Berber tribe rebellion in a comic book story that appeared in the 1930s, drawn by Floyd Gottfredson.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The comic book has been published in Finnish in the Mi Mickey Mouse book.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Sneaky in the Peanvat comic often imagines himself as belonging to the Foreign Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Fort Zinderneuf fort repeatedly mentioned by Ressu is a reference to the aforementioned film Heroes of the Wilderness Fortress.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kallonen, Kari| title = Lion Legion - Finnish soldiers in the French Foreign Legion| location = Tampere| publisher = Northern Lights | year= 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-5170-72-6| language = (in Finnish)}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Pietian, Petri & Pietian, Kyösti| title = Legionnaire Peters: memoirs of a Finnish mercenary| publisher = Helsinki: Tamm| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-31-2833-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Porvali, Seppo| title = Me, Moroccan Horror: from the Foreign Legion to Kolla as a hero| location = Tampere| publisher = Northern Lights| year = 2005| id = ISBN 952-5170-43-8}} Science Kuvalehti History 9/2008 References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hyvönen, Heli| title = Firefly dance| location = Lohja| publisher = Karas-word| year = 1983| id = ISBN 951-655-293-5| language = (in Finnish)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lehtonen, Harry| title = Ready for pain and death: Legionnair| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2004| = ISBN 951-20-6689-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pietian, Petri & Pietian, Kyösti| title = Legionnaire Peters: memoirs of a Finnish mercenary| publisher = Helsinki: Tambi| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-31-2833-4}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Pietiläinen, Petri & Pietian, Kyösti| title = 120 days as Legionnair| publisher = Helsinki: Tamm| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-31-3753-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pietian, Kyösti & Kaarnakari, Juhan-Ville| title = Legion Strike weziin| publisher = Helsinki: Tambi| year = 2008| id = ISBN 9789513141103}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sarlin-Lappetelinen, Jaakko & Santavuori, Heli| title = Soldier of the Legion: Recollections of a Finnish Foreign Legionnaire of the Algerian War 1954-1959| publisher = readme.fi| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-5655-14-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sarlin-Lappsouthern, Jaakko & Santavuori, Heli| title = Tilt Sand: Finnish Foreign Legionnaire in the Algerian War 1954-1959| publisher = BOD| year = 2016| id = ISBN 978-952-33084-33084-2-6}} Tern Ensio: The Ferry of Despair, that is, How I Escaped the Foreign Legion, January 2006.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

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Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

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Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

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Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

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Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

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Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

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Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is one of the psychosis diseases.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

It is the most common of psychosis diseases.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

At the population level, the prevalence of schizophrenia is around 0.4% in the world, but Finland and several other Western countries around 1%.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Thus, there are approximately 50,000 people with schizophrenia in Finland, namely schizophrenics.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is diagnosed in people with very different symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Key symptoms include impaired sense of reality, or psychoticism due to hallucinations, delusions, disturbance of thinking functions and loss of emotions.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to psychiatrist George Alase's definition, schizophrenia is “a mental illness that usually begins in adolescence or young adulthood characterized by partial dispersion of the integrity of personality functions, developmental decline, and a tendency to pull away from relationships with others to humans, to a subjective inner mind world more or less tinged by sensory delusions or delusions.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

“[1] Being sick with schizophrenia does not mean that the person is in a psychotic state for the rest of his life as at the time of the onset of the disease, since schizophrenia has several pathways of the disease.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Some have only one episode of psychosis that has led to the diagnosis of the disease, some have alternations of asymptomatic and psychotic episodes and some have persistent psychoticism.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a major cause of disability.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

General Long-term studies show that between 13% and 74% recoveries from schizophrenia depending on the criteria used in the study.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The prognosis is best explained by psychosocial factors such as school performance, substance use, employment, gender, family background and cognitive function.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Looking at an international level, living in a poor country has traditionally been strongly associated with good prognosis.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

This has been explained, among other things, by the fact that in many emerging countries, sufferers of psychotic delusions are less stigmatised and are better employed.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Also, medication may explain the difference between affluent and poor countries, because living in a poor country on neuroleptic medication is not, researchably, linked to a better prognosis.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, in a study published in 1992 by the WHO of countries with the best prognosis, an average of 16% of schizophrenics ate neuroleptic medication and a recovery rate of 60%.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

However, in a study published in 2009, the distinction between industrialized and emerging countries had disappeared.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In this study, an average of 90% of schizophrenics ate neuroleptics and 69% of them were incapacitated.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[2] [3] [4] Schizophrenia is mainly seen as a hereditary disease, although the gene lineage accounts for 3.4% of the incidence of schizophrenia to this day, according to the most extensive genetic research.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

These gene regions are also not specific to schizophrenia, but also predispose to other disorders such as depression and autism.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

These genes are so widespread in the population that almost everyone can be thought of as carrying genes predisposing to schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The idea of schizophrenia primarily as an inherited disease is based mostly on twin studies, which show genes explain on average 50% of the variation in the incidence of schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[5] [6] The conflict between the low heredity estimates produced by genetic studies and the high heredity estimates produced by twin studies is related in part to the fact that twin studies are not themselves an entirely reliable way to distinguish between genes and environmental influences.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The interpretation of twin studies must take into account the fact that the heredity estimates they produce do not directly explain the causal contribution of genes and the environment in the manifestation of the trait.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, strongly gene-controlled properties such as the head have a heredity estimate of zero, since there is no variation within that trait in the population.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, there are known genetically determined diseases whose incidence can drop closer to zero if a particular environmental factor is changed.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

An example of this is a disease called phenylketonuria, which leads without diet therapy started early enough to intellectual decline.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, the incidence of schizophrenia has also fallen closer to zero in the Western Pohja Hospital District during the time when the so-called open dialogue model has been applied there in the treatment of psychoses.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Thus, environmental factors can also have an essential impact on the incidence and prognosis of schizophrenia even if one assumed it to be a strongly inherited disorder.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[7] [8] Gemini studies assume that environmental factors remain stable with respect to key variables.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

However, for example, characteristics considered to be highly hereditary, such as height and intelligence, are highly sensitive to environmental factors, and consequently changes in population nutrition or education level significantly affect the average population height and intelligence.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Heredity assessments given by twin studies are therefore dependent on the environment in which they are made.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Because of this, considerable variation between different populations has also been found in terms of incidence and incidence of schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, according to a 2002 review, the difference in incidence of schizophrenia was 13-fold between the country with the lowest incidence (Hong Kong) and the country with the highest incidence (Puerto Rico).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to the same review, the difference in incidence of schizophrenia was 55-fold over the year review period between countries with the highest incidence (United States) and lowest incidence (Canada).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Within countries, significant differences in incidence between different populations can also be found.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In twin studies, co-variation between environmental factors and genes also partly makes it difficult to distinguish between the share of genetic risks and environmental factors.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Twin studies often lead to a simplified image of schizophrenia as a strongly inherited disease in which environmental risk factors play a minimal role.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

However, schizophrenia is a multifactorial disorder whose etiology, symptomatology and prognosis is very individual.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[6] [5] [9] [7] Current knowledge holds that gene lineage or early development disorder of the central nervous system create a predisposition to disease in schizophrenia, and internal or external stressors such as stress, life crisis, trauma, or substance use trigger illness.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Some views emphasise the biological and others the psychosocial dimension of the disorder.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

While current mainstream psychiatry emphasizes the bodily aspect of the disorder [10], for example in the open dialogue model that has proved effective in treating psychoses, psychotic symptoms are understood to stem from problems with social interaction in principle.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In the area where the open dialogue treatment model has been used, the incidence of schizophrenia has fallen by a tenth in 20 years.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

This has been explained by a culture of treatment that prevents psychosis symptoms from becoming chronic.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[11] [8] Recently there have also been indications that schizophrenia is associated with an inflammatory condition in the brain.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[12] In the context of psychosis of the inflammatory condition of the brain, it is thought to be associated with interfering with the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Some studies suggest a disruption in the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors has been linked to psychotic biases and impaired cognitive performance.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[13] [14] It is known that stress and associated external stressors are linked to the immune response and thus the inflammatory state of the body.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Because of this, it is known to be linked to numerous other illnesses and mental disorders.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[15] The finding fits well with the stress-vulnerability model.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, neuroleptics used to treat schizophrenia have also been linked to the inflammatory state of the brain, according to some studies.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The association with neuroleptics and the inflammatory condition of the brain may contribute to explaining the phenomenon observed in animal studies and neuroimaging studies in schizophrenics that neuroleptics are linked to grey matter atrophy.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[16] History Unlike many other mental illnesses found in humans, no condition equivalent to schizophrenia has been observed in animals.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Therefore, schizophrenia is thought to be related to the linguistic development of humanity and the specialization of different brain regions.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[17] The disease concept of schizophrenia dates back to the 1850s, when descriptions of a new disease of adolescents began to appear that did not fit into the disease concepts known from Ancient times: melancholy, mania, or generic insanity.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Frenchman Bénédict Morel used the phrase démence précoce ('early dementia') in France in passing in his book Études cliniques (1852) when describing a section of young patients, and used the term more frequently in his book Traité des maladies mentales (1860).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[18] In Scotland, Thomas Clouston used the term adolescent insanity ('juvenile madness'). [19].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In Germany, Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum excreted catatonic syndrome [20] and his student Ewald Hecker excreted Hebephrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[21] Schizophrenia was differentiated into its own disease in 1898 when German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin classified mental illnesses into two categories; early-onset dementia (schizophrenia), and manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

With early dementia (dementia praecox), Kraepelin referred to premature dementia, the kind Kraepelin outlined the disease he observed.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Although the condition was called early-onset dementia, Kraepelin also found many patients were getting better from their illness.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

This he took as a sign that they have been misdiagnosed.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to Kraepelin, dementia praecox, on the other hand, manifested itself in combinations of 36 different mental symptoms and 19 different physical symptoms, and patients with this diagnosis did not necessarily have any of the same symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Nor did post-mortem examinations of the brains of these patients found anything abnormal, leading Kraepelin to eventually admit that the causes of that condition have remained a mystery.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] Schizophrenia was called early dementia until the Swiss physician Eugen Bleuler suggested in 1908 that the disease should be referred to as schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Mr Bleuler justified his suggestion by the fact that the condition in question was not associated with dementia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[22] According to Eugen Bleuler, it was not possible to predict the course of schizophrenia based on the severity of the associated symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The prognosis of schizophrenia was therefore individual, according to him, and thus did not involve the gradual regression described by Kraepelin.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] The etymology of the term schizophrenia is in Greek: skhizein, σχίλειν 'divide' + phrēn, phren- φρήν, φρεν- 'mind'.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The term was translated into splitting heart disease, but the Finnish name was dropped due to its misleading nature.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The purpose of the name was to tell how the mind was divided between reality and the imaginary world, but people mistakenly perceived the division of the persona meant by it.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The differentiation of a persona or its parts from one another belongs to dissociative identity disorder rather than schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Traits characteristic of Kraepelin's early dementia and Bleuler's schizophrenia were numerous.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, traits typical of a patient with dementia praecox included that the person “laughed in serious situations” and “behaved insolently towards their superiors” and having a loose sexual morale, which manifested itself as, among other things, “lewd talk and shameless masturbation” .


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia patients were also characterised by sexually reckless behaviour, according to Bleuler, which manifested as “having sex with a fellow patient regardless of his gender or ugliness.”


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

It was also characteristic of people with schizophrenia, according to Bleuler, that patients behaved similarly towards a person, whether they were in a senior position or not.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The emotional life of schizophrenics was characterized by ambivalence, according to Bleuler, in which a person was able to feel opposite emotions to each other.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia was also characterized by unusual costs of thought that differed from the reviewer's world of experience.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Questioning and resisting a psychiatrist were also often seen as traits typical of early-onset dementia and schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, Kraepelin saw as one symptom of early dementia the patient requiring a psychiatrist to prove his authority to act as a psychiatrist and refusing to say anything about himself.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Both Bleuler and Kraepelin said early-onset dementia and schizophrenia were also characterized by the patient acting exactly the opposite of what he had been instructed.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] Bleuler's schizophrenia and Kraepelin's early dementia were linked by an understanding of the genetic origin of the disease.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

To prove this, both examined the family backgrounds of patients suffering from the condition.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, according to Kraepelin, among siblings with early dementia, there are exceptionally high rates of “deviant personalities, criminals, prostitutes, homosexuals, suicides, vagrants, unhappy human fates, all of which are more or less advanced dementia manifestations of praecoxin”.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The family backgrounds of Bleuler's schizophrenics also found an extraordinary number of “schizoid personalities, introverted, skeptical and incapable of conversation, persons who are at the same time both emotionally bored and sensitive— etc.”.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Bleuler also made the point that not all patients with schizophrenia recognized the true causes of their illness, but interpreted their symptoms rather as understandable reactions to the adversity of their lives.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] Views have been expressed that Kraepelin's dementia praecox and Bleuler's symptoms of schizophrenia stemmed from the fact that some of the patients they treated suffered from organic diseases such as encephalitis and post-encephalitic parkinsonism caused by it.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

This confusion may have implications for the pessimistic image of the prognosis of schizophrenia, although due to the development of infectious disease treatment, post-encephalitic parkinsonism is becoming increasingly rare and can today be differentiated from schizophrenia as a distinct disease.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[23] Schizophrenia became significantly more common between 1924 and 1929 simultaneously in Germany, England, the United States and other countries.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[24] The American psychiatrist Jacob Kasanin distinguished a course of the disease from schizophrenia in 1933 as his own diagnosis, called schizoaffective psychosis (now schizoaffective disorder).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[25] The new category of diseases he justified by the fact that periodic psychoses with emotion-related symptoms have a better prognosis than other schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The concept of schizophrenia has only been used in the United States since 1952, when the first version of the nationwide diagnostic guide for mental disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders, also referred to as DSM-I, was published.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia and Society Schizophrenia as a diagnosis also has its political dimension.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, psychiatrist Thomas Szasz has called schizophrenia a “sacred symbol” of psychiatry, allowing it to justify psychiatry's status as a branch of medicine and the legitimacy of coercive measures limiting and damaging the fundamental rights of treatment subjects.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to him, schizophrenia as a term is so empty and vague that it can refer to almost any disturbing and unpleasant mode of behavior and response in a person.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia diagnosis has also been used, for example, in the Soviet Union to subdue political opponents.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[26] [27] The treatment of schizophrenia has been associated with a strong dimension of social control from the outset, which was designed not so much to cure the patient as to make him more controllable.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, Bleuler, the inventor of schizophrenia, saw medication for psychosis symptoms not so much as a medical treatment but as a kind of “chemical straitjacket” designed to make patients more manageable.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Since schizophrenia was mainly considered a hereditary disorder, efforts were made to prevent its inheritance by, among other things, forced sterilization of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The background was influenced by the eugenist movement that gained popularity in the early 20th century, which was given credibility especially by the American science journals Eugenics Review and Eugenical News.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Both Kraepelin, a developer of early dementia, and Bleuler, the inventor of schizophrenia, advocated the forced sterilization and mass murder of psychiatric patients to promote “racial hygiene.”


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In 1924, Bleuler wrote: “Those bearing the heaviest mental burden should not reproduce... If we do nothing but promote the ability of the mentally and physically ill to reproduce, and a healthy population should reduce reproduction to provide for them if the mechanisms of natural selection work generally speaking will be prevented, in this case, unless we do anything, our race will quickly enter a recession”.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] Bleuler's wishes were met, among other things, in 1933 when compulsory sterilisation was enacted in Nazi Germany for those suffering from schizophrenia and many other diseases and disorders.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In the same decade, similar sterilisation laws were enacted elsewhere in Sweden, Finland and Norway.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Prior to this, similar laws had been enacted in many states of the United States.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In 1938, there was a shift from sterilization to mass killings in Europe as psychiatrists and other doctors starved and gassed an estimated 5000-10,000 children with mental or physical abnormalities.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The killings were commonly referred to as “euthanasia”, “mercy killings” and “aiding death”.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

An estimated 125,000 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were murdered in Germany.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

It is estimated that overall, of Germans who received a diagnosis of schizophrenia, about 74% were either sterilized or murdered.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Also, for example, 4000 people were killed in Polish mental hospitals in 1940 in a three-month period.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

An estimated 40,000 patients were starved to death in French mental hospitals.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Most of the psychiatrists responsible for these mass killings and forced sterilizations were allowed to continue in their careers after World War II.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, in Germany in the 1930s, the scientifically questionable views of Jospeh Kallmann, a psychiatrist who proposed the forced sterilization of schizophrenics and all their relatives, on the heritability of schizophrenia are still widely cited in many textbooks on psychiatry and psychology.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

These textbooks do little to bring up the significant role of psychiatry in the forced sterilizations and mass murders of schizophrenics.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] The legacy of eugenics associated with schizophrenia still lives on in the Western world, although forced sterilizations have been abandoned.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In a 2008 poll, for example, the majority of U.S. psychiatrists were very positive about genetic testing for psychiatric disorders.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Some people with schizophrenia should be informed of the strong heritability of their disease and should be offered specific guidance on family planning and “genetic counseling”.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, in the 1990s, for example, it was noticed that two-thirds of patients in Israeli mental hospitals over 65 suffered the traumas they sustained in the Holocaust.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In 1999, the Israeli government published a report that resulted in three mental hospitals being closed and Holocaust surviving patients transferred elsewhere to receive treatment for their psychological traumas.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Many had their diagnosis of schizophrenia switched to “long-term post-traumatic psychosis.”


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Their heavy-duty medication-stressed treatment was criticised in the 2001 documentary Last Journey into Silence as ineffective and damaging.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

As a result of decades of heavy drug treatment and isolation, many suffered incurable compulsions and many had lost their ability to speak.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] Prevalence According to a 2005 study, worldwide, the lifetime incidence of schizophrenia averages 0.4%.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[28] According to the World Health Organization WHO, there are more than 21 million schizophrenics worldwide.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[29] At the population level, the incidence of schizophrenia is approximately 1% in Finland, [9] of which in Finnish-speakers 1.5% and 0.7% in Finnish-Swedes.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[30] According to the Finnish Health 2000 study, the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland is 0.87%, but is capped at 1.0% (loss from the study taken into account using diagnostic data from the registry of treatment notifications, pension or special reimbursement medicinal products).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to the Swedish Lundby study, the life-time prevalence of schizophrenia in the southern Swedish municipality of Lundby is 0.84%.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[31] The incidence of schizophrenia varies in Finland by region.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In Finnish university hospitals, the prevalence of life-time schizophrenia is 0.63% (95% CI 0.32-1.22) and 1.84% in the OYS region (95% CI 1.25-2.71): the difference between the lowest and highest incidence of the university hospital is approximately triple.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[31] Schizophrenia often begins at a young age, in men 3—4 years before women.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In men, the peak of onset of schizophrenia is between the ages of 15—24, and in women at 25—34 years.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

However, the disease can occur even before the age of 10 or after the age of 50.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[32] However, schizophrenia is extremely rare at a very young age and the symptoms can easily be confused with autism or Asperger's syndrome.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[33] The causes of the onset of schizophrenia are influenced by both a number of susceptibility genes and environmental factors.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Disease with schizophrenia is described using the stress-susceptibility model, or stress-vulnerability model.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Certain types of risk factors, such as predisposing gene lineage or early CNS development disorder [9], increase the likelihood that the brain will respond psychotically to stress-inducing environmental factors such as stress, life crisis, trauma, or substance abuse.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[34] Environmental factors In 2004 it was discovered that foetal lead exposure and schizophrenia later in life may be related.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[35] [36] [37] In 2009 the theory has been developed further [38].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

A study has been published in 2013 that predisposes foetal lead exposure to schizophrenia later in life.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Lead exposure is not sufficient in itself; lead must block the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), which affects brain development, learning and memory.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[39] [40] [41] According to a 2005 review, up to two-thirds of the incidence of schizophrenia may be due to traumatic childhood maltreatment experiences resulting from stress and psychosis sensitivity [42].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Eighty percent of schizophrenics have been diagnosed with trauma background.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[43] The traumas of patients with schizophrenia have been associated with maltreatment as children, such as violence, abuse or neglect, accidents or victimization of crime.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Children who have experienced trauma are three times more likely than others to develop schizophrenia on average (3% probability).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Also, the degree of severity of trauma increases the likelihood.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[44] [45] As a child, the likelihood of developing psychosis diseases, of which schizophrenia is the most common, is 50 times higher.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[46] Traumatic experiences affect the content of psychotic symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations are often flashbacks of trauma experiences and sensations during trauma, rather than insignificant products of the mind.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[43] Those who have been bullied as children have an average twice (2%) likelihood of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The effect is in the severity and duration of the bullying.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[47] Those traumatised in war are clearly more likely than others to be diagnosed as schizophrenics.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, in some of them, psychosis may also be caused by a dissociation disorder.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[43] Those who immigrated to a foreign country as refugees have a threefold risk of developing schizophrenia and other psychosis diseases, and other migrants double.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Migrants from sub-Saharan Africa to Sweden had the same risk of psychosis disease as refugees.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[48] Other risk factors include lack of family support, loneliness, life insecurity, [34], the experience of being abandoned [49], other tough childhood experiences and severe stress.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[17] Stress can be associated with a burdensome life situation or individual events.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, stress is caused by job change, moving, going to the military, interpersonal issues, illness or loss of a loved one, moving out of a childhood home, socializing, choosing a profession and starting to study.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[34] According to Finnish research, genetic predisposition may make a child more sensitive to conflicts in the family environment.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For adopted children with only a low genetic risk, the family climate had no effect on the risk of getting sick.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

If the biological parent of the adopted child had a disease of the spectrum of schizophrenia, but the emotional atmosphere of the adoptive family was warm, relationships with children were not marked by criticality and there were no intergenerational problems, the child's risk of developing disorders in the schizophrenia group was 5.8% (when the average risk a child with schizophrenia has 10%).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

If the family experienced those problems, the probability increased to 36.8%.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[50] Studies have found that neurolobiological findings typical of schizophrenia and other serious mental health problems are consistent in studies related to chronic stress, substance use, loneliness, and especially early childhood traumatization with observed neurobiological findings.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Early childhood experiences affecting brain development also have a particularly large impact on how an individual responds to stressful situations as an adult, according to studies.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, studies on rhesius macaques have found that early childhood experiences shape brain structure, neurotransmitter system function, gene expression, and behavioural and response patterns that predominate later in adulthood.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to these studies, early childhood growth environment also contributes greatly to the manifestation of traits known to be hereditary.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] [51] [52] Vitamin D deficiency may predispose to schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is twice as common in those with vitamin D deficiency than in those who get enough of it.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

65% of schizophrenics suffer from vitamin D deficiency.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has long been known to be more common in people born in winter and spring, as well as in cold and low-sunny countries compared to the south.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, it is also possible that getting sick reduces outdoor activities and therefore vitamin D intake.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Also, antipsychotics may interfere with the formation of vitamin D on the skin.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[53] Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii have been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[54] The parasite can be obtained through cat feces or poorly cooked meat.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Arsenault et.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

al studied the effect of school bullying and maltreatment on the risk of psychosis in 12-year-old identical twins.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

It said the risk of psychosis was 5.7-fold when the risk was not controlled by non-identical twins.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

When the results took into account the genetic impact of risk by comparing the risk to non-identical twins, the risk dropped by 3.8.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[55] On the other hand, childhood differences in childhood maltreatment experiences have been linked to negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia in identical twins, and this difference cannot naturally be explained by the influence of genes.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[56] Organ Causes Heredity Factors Scientists have long known that schizophrenia occurs in certain genera.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[57] However, 60% of people with schizophrenia are from families in which no other people with schizophrenia are known.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[58] The disease is not caused by gene inheritance alone.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The risk of developing an identical twin in a person with schizophrenia, calculated on the basis of twin studies, is only 50%.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[59] Hereditary predisposition affects such that the child of a person with schizophrenia has a 10% probability of developing schizophrenia [60] and a sister has a 9% probability of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[61] When both parents develop schizophrenia, the child's probability of contracting the disease is 46%.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[62] If a second-degree relative (uncle, uncle, aunt or grandparent) has schizophrenia, there is a 3% risk of developing the disease. [61].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Estimates of heredity produced by various twin studies vary somewhat.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Heredity factors are thought to account for up to 80 per cent of susceptibility to disease, according to twin studies.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[63] In a Finnish population-based twin study, 83% of predisposition to disease (95% CI 76-90%) was due to hereditary factors and 17% to interpersonal factors that were not common to family members.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[64] On the other hand, in another Finnish study of twins, the concordance of identical twins for schizophrenia was only 11%, indicating a large influence of environmental factors in the development of the disorder [65].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

This study is the third largest study of twins related to schizophrenia in the world by sampling, and the concordance it gives to identical twins is among the smallest that has ever been found [7].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Also, an American study of war veterans estimated the concordancy of identical twins at only 13.5% [66].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In one study of a small sample, 0% of variation in the incidence of schizophrenia could be explained by gene lineage.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In this study, concordancy in nonidentical twins was 50% and 22% for identical twins when using the most stringent Schneider criteria to determine schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[67] In particular, twin studies conducted before 1962 have been considered low quality and provide higher heredity estimates for schizophrenia than newer studies.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Many studies have involved numerous problems.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, in studies diagnoses have not been blinded, criteria for schizophrenia vary or not presented, samples are small and do not reliably represent the population as a whole, the methods used to determine zygosity are unreliable in some studies, and in many studies have not adequately described the research methods.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In so-called classical studies published before 1962, the concordancy of schizophrenia was 61.2% for identical twins and 23.2% respectively, ranging from 11% (Koskenvuo et al.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

1984) and 67% (Franzek and Beckman 1998).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] Interpreting heredity estimates produced by twin studies must take into account the fact that there are two different methods by which concordancy between twins is calculated.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Especially in classical studies, concordancy between twins expresses the proportion that concordant twins with regards to schizophrenia represent of all twin pairs.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, if three out of ten identical pairs of twins in three both develop schizophrenia, then concordance is 30%.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Since the 1960s, however, many schizophrenia researchers have begun to favour a different method of calculation.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Here, concordance refers to the proportion in which one of the twin siblings with schizophrenia has also contracted schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In this method, in other words, each pair of twins concordant with regards to schizophrenia is counted twice if they have been independently identified in search of subjects.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In other words, if, according to the previous example, 3/10 of a pair of twins is concordant with regards to schizophrenia, the concordance value becomes 46%, or 6/13, by this method.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Critics have criticized the use of this method in part because in twin studies of schizophrenia, study subjects are not usually identified separately.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Thus, according to them, some schizophrenia researchers use this method unjustifiably to artificially inflate the concordance of schizophrenia up to tens of percent higher than they would be when using another method.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, according to Tienari's 1975 study of the public station, the concordancy of identical twins relative to all identical twins was 15% (3/20) and for non-identical twins was 7.5% (3/42).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The result was remarkably low compared to many previous studies.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In 1987, Kendler calculated Tienari's results using the second method and obtained 33% (the correct result with this method would have been 26%, but 33% was what was reported as the result).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The difference in concordancy values produced by the same study can therefore be as high as 73% depending on the method by which the value is calculated.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[7] Twin studies are based on the assumption that the environmental impact of identical and non-identical twins would be similar.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

However, they cannot reliably distinguish between genes and environmental influences, according to many scientists.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

This is also manifested in the fact that the results of twin studies with non-identical twins depend heavily on whether same-sex nonidentical twins or different-sex nonidentical twins are studied: for same-sex twins, the concordance of schizophrenia is 11.3% and for different sex twins 4.7%.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[68] Also, according to a Swedish study of twins, the association of psychosis risk in non-identical twins of the same sex was more than twice as strong as in people of different sex.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[69] It has been repeatedly shown that identical twins possess a more similar environment than non-identical twins.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

This is a particularly big problem in schizophrenia-related twin studies, since most of them deal with twins who grew up together.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

It has been studied that identical twins experience more identity confusion and psychological intimacy than non-identical twins, and are treated much more similarly than non-identical twins.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

These factors may particularly strongly influence the results of twin studies associated with schizophrenia when it is known that childhood maltreatment is one of the major risk factors for schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Research suggests that identical twins living in a shared environment were more similar in relation to childhood maltreatment than non-identical twins (z ≥ 3.53, p < 0.001).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The co-variation of environmental factors and genes contributes to explaining why the results given by twin studies are strongly at odds with genetic studies.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, according to the most extensive genetic study to date, the gene regions associated with schizophrenia explain only 3.4% of the variation in the incidence of schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The finding is nowhere near the high heredity estimates given by twin studies [5] [70] [71] That international study on schizophrenia has identified more than one hundred gene regions associated with schizophrenia that specifically control brain learning and memory and between brain cells communication.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[72] The same genes also lead to a stronger body defence system than usual.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[17] Of these more than 100 gene regions, each raises an estimated 0.1% risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to the researchers, the results suggest the possibility, although they do not prove that the high heredity estimates given by twin studies are wrong.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Although numerous genetic studies related to schizophrenia have repeatedly found gene domains associated with schizophrenia, the results of these studies have not been able to be replicated in subsequent studies.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Genetic studies in schizophrenia have been said to have been plagued by a decades-long cycle of false positives, in which numerous positive research results with high media publicity have been unable to be replicated.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] With the high heredity estimates given by twin studies, there is also the observation that schizophrenics are less likely to have children than the rest of the population, so genes predisposing to schizophrenia are not effectively inherited, but the disease still occurs from generation to generation about as much.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The incidence would drop if the disease was inherited simply.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Nearly all people with schizophrenia were murdered or sterilized by the Nazis in Nazi Germany 1939−1945, but the schizophrenia did not disappear.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[73] In fact, it has been noted that the incidence of schizophrenia doubled after World War II in Germany and was significantly higher than in many other countries using the same diagnostic criteria.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, according to a 1965 study in Manheim, Germany, the incidence of schizophrenia was 53.5/100,000 inhabitants, compared with 23.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in England, for example, and 21.5/100,000 in the United States.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Some attempts have been made to explain this difference by population changes: for example, 13% of the population in Mannheim were workers of foreign origin.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

However, according to studies, the incidence of schizophrenia was significantly lower among them than in the general population.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[74] Neurotransmitters Schizophrenia has long been considered a dopamine-related disease of the brain.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to dopamine theory, excessive activity of the central nervous system neurotransmitter dopamine causes delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders, while its passivity leads to disruption of information processing and loss of emotions.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Drug treatment for schizophrenia is based on dopamine theory.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to the glutamate theory presented in the 1980s, it is instead about the neurotransmitter glutamate.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The results have been varied, so symptoms may result from combinations of multiple CNS neurotransmitter dysfunctions.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[75] Evidence of neurotransmitter dysfunction in schizophrenia and other psychosis diseases is mainly indirect.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, neuroleptics commonly used to treat schizophrenia were utilized as sedatives in the context of surgical operations until it was discovered that their sedative effect was also effective in calming patients with psychosis.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Their effect on dopamine receptors was not noticed until later.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Studies related to the dopamine hypothesis are based on neuroimaging studies and post-mortem examinations of the brains of patients with schizophrenia, as well as the measurement of the concentration of the dopamine metabolite HVA in the cerebrospinal fluid.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Most neuroimaging studies have been unable to find a difference in the activity of the dopaminergic system in the brain of schizophrenia patients or the density of dopamine receptors relative to healthy subjects if other factors have been taken into account.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, it has been noticed that neuroleptics increase the density of dopamine receptors in the brain, which explains, for example, the abnormalities found in the density of dopamine receptors found in some post-mortem studies in patients with schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Animal studies have also found that neuroleptics have been linked to a higher density of D2 receptors.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The concentration of HVA in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia has not differed from healthy subjects.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] The dopaminergic system has been speculated to be linked, among other things, to the development of paranoid delusions because one of the functions of dopamine is associated with threat anticipation.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, childhood maltreatment has been repeatedly noted to be associated with dysregulation of the dopaminergic system.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Life experiences thus burdening may, according to some hypotheses, sensitise the dopaminergic system in a way that predisposes to the development of paranoid biases.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[4] Low-grade inflammation of the central nervous system Inflammation maintained by microglias, cells responsible for brain resistance, may be a factor in schizophrenia symptoms, and worsening inflammation worsens symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[12] In patients with schizophrenia, a clear reduction in central nervous system mass and microglial cell activation associated with chronic inflammation has been observed.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In addition, large amounts of cytokines and other markers of inflammation are found in the blood and spinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[76] Autoimmune diseases and severe inflammation increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Chronic stress also increases the risk of schizophrenia, as it may increase the number of inflammatory cytokines and contribute to the emergence of chronic inflammation [77].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In connection with psychosis of the inflammatory condition of the brain, it has been thought to be related to it interfering with the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Some studies suggest a disruption in the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors has been linked to psychotic biases and impaired cognitive performance.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[13] [14] Substance abuse According to a 2015 study, smoking is suspected to cause schizophrenia, as 57% of people with schizophrenia had smoked before becoming ill.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

People who smoke daily are twice as likely as non-smokers to develop schizophrenia (2% probability) and schizophrenics who smoked before they get sick are also on average years earlier than other schizophrenics.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Smoking causes permanent changes in the brain's signal transmission chains.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[78] The study does not yet say whether it is, however, that tobacco only early the onset of schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

If smoking causes new cases of schizophrenia, smoking rates should also be reflected in the prevalence of schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Nicotine temporarily corrects disturbances in the processing of sound signals in schizophrenics, so smoking can also be caused by self-medication of symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[79] 75% of schizophrenics smoke and most abundant (minus.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

25 cigarettes/day).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[80] The third factor demonstrated in several studies is that the same gene factors predispose to both schizophrenia and nicotine addiction.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[79] The reason for the association between schizophrenia and smoking may be all three mechanisms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[78] In 2017, it has been discovered that schizophrenics use nicotine as self-medication to reverse the hypofrontality of the brain's frontal lobe cortex, i.e. poor blood supply, as nicotine has such a reversing effect in the brain.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[81] There are conflicting research data on the link between cannabis and schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Both people with schizophrenia and pre-existing conditions use cannabis and amphetamines more often than the rest of the population.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Cannabis users are approximately twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as others [82], meaning they have the same 2% likelihood of contracting disease as smokers.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, cannabis smokers may be smokers, that is, add cannabis to tobacco, or smoke more typically than others.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In a Swedish conscript study from 2002, cannabis use increased the risk of disease among men over a 27-year period, which was also linked to the amount of intoxication used.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The study speculated that the use of cannabis as a relief of schizophrenia symptoms does not explain the link.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[83] However, schizophrenia has not become widespread in countries where cannabis use has increased in a decade.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[84] A British study from 2014 supports the hypothesis that the same genes increase both susceptibility to disease and likelihood of using cannabis.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[82] There have also been results that cannabis itself does not cause, but only brings forward the onset of schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[85] Alcohol addicts are three times more likely to develop schizophrenia, but the link is due to a higher risk for schizophrenics to become alcoholic.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[86] The same gene variant increases susceptibility to both schizophrenia and alcoholism.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[87] On the other hand, it has also been studied that the stigma associated with schizophrenia and related discrimination is linked to alcohol problems in patients with schizophrenia [4].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

According to one study, drinking five cups of coffee combined with stress increases the likelihood of imagining non-existent sounds.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

However, caffeine has never been suspected to have a link to schizophrenia because it is perceived as a safe intoxication, so the issue has not been investigated.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[88] Early development disorders An infectious disease during the middle third of pregnancy in the mother increases some risk of child schizophrenia [17], as do diseases of the defense system.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia may be caused by the inflammation they cause.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

If the CRP concentration of inflammation was greater than 10 mg/l, the probability of developing schizophrenia was almost 60% higher than others (1.6% probability).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[89] Complications during childbirth have also been linked to prevalence.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In childbirth, those suffering from oxygen deprivation have a 4.4-fold increased risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[90] [91] [92] Inflammation may also be related to stress response in the body, which has been linked to many disorders other than schizophrenia [15].


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Geneus-environment interaction Some of the factors that predict schizophrenia are potentially influenced by both lineage and early development and environmental factors.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Such factors include emergence from an unwanted pregnancy, parental psychosis disorders [93] [94], slow development of childhood motor skills, and personality traits such as anxiety sensitivity, tendency to withdraw from interpersonal relationships, learning disabilities [34] and creativity.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[95] Prevention Contraindications to predisposing environmental factors such as good living conditions and a safe childhood protect against developing schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[34] Symptoms Symptoms of schizophrenia are diverse and individual, there is not just one type of schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Symptoms can be divided according to the course of the disease into precancerous symptoms, symptoms of the acute phase of psychosis and aftersymptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

By type, they can be divided into positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, diffuse speech and behaviour, catatonia, muscle stiffness) and negative symptoms (loss of emotions, speech impairment, involuntary and inability to feel pleasure).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

“Positive” symptom refers to a symptom that is additional to a healthy mind, and the “negative” symptom again manifests itself as a deficiency in relation to health.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

A person with schizophrenia, or schizophrenic, may suffer from delusions (often peculiar or stalking) and hallucinations (especially auditory hallucinations).


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia causes a decrease in functional capacity from previous levels of ability to function, difficulty in working and social relationships, and the illness is characterized by withdrawal from social relationships and unwillingness to stay in touch with other people.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

A schizophrenic can talk little and have little to express his feelings.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In social situations, reciprocal feelings may be absent.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenics are often passive and sit quietly to themselves for long periods, enveloped in their own thoughts.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Illness may include disorganized speech or missteps in operational control, which mean complication of methodology and subconscious routines.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Preliminary symptoms Preliminary symptoms can last from a few days to years, [9] and can be difficult to link to a psychosis disease.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Patients and their families do not very easily recognize gradually coming symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

They might also associate deviant thinking and behavioral changes with substance abuse, stress or other things.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[96] Normally, the pre-symptoms seen initially in patients are less dramatic changes such as attention deficit disorders, social withdrawal, and bodily clumsiness.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[96] Preliminary symptoms include anxiety, restlessness, irritability, anger, depression, lack of motivation, passivity, lack of pleasure, suicidal thoughts, mood swings, apathy, inability to concentrate, impaired conceptual thinking, impaired conceptual thinking, impaired thoughts, loss of appetite, difficulty sleeping, obsessive thoughts and functions, bizarre speech, perception distortion, withdrawal from social relations, impairment of schooling or working.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[9] As early as possible symptom recognition and access to treatment are important goals as they can help avoid the onset of psychosis and thus improve prognosis.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[9] Symptoms of the acute phase In the acute stage, mainly positive symptoms occur, sometimes at the same time also negative symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Most patients at this stage have been ill for quite some time, since the actual psychotic symptoms usually appear only after the disease process of schizophrenia has already endured.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[96] Psychosis means that it is difficult or impossible for a person to distinguish between what is true and what is not, that is, a blurring sense of reality.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Psychosis consists of delusions, the kind of hallucinations that are not understood as delusions or both.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[97] In addition to psychosis, there may be thought disturbances in the acute phase.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Hallucinations not understood as delusions Auditory hallucinations are the most common hallucinations found in schizophrenia.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Up to 60−80% of schizophrenics hear sounds [98], while the proportion of those hearing voices is only 10-15% in healthy people.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[99] Voices may comment on a person's actions or thoughts, repeat his or her thoughts, or be more whispers or blurs where words cannot be made clear.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[100] You can also discuss with them.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In tone they can be accusatory, abusive, negative, aggressive, hateful, violent, torturous, advisory, commanding, playful, supportive, sarcastic, entertaining, sexual, benevolent, comforting or humorous, allowing a person to laugh at them even out loud .


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[100] [101] [102] Culture affects the content of auditory hallucinations; according to one study, schizophrenics in the United States experienced their auditory hallucinations solely as tormenting, in India and Ghana often positive.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In Ghana, more than half believed votes belonged to a god and they dealt with religious matters.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

In India, voices were more likely to be perceived as older relatives or ancestors.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Voices commanded to do housework or deal with sexual matters.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[100] Sensory perceptions have generally changed in other ways as well: colours or sounds may seem, for example, unusually strong.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[103] Delusions Delusions are baseless beliefs.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

A person may feel that others know or share their most intimate thoughts, feelings and activities.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

He might explain his feeling by thinking that there are natural or supernatural forces that have a peculiar effect on his thoughts and actions.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The most common delusions are paranoid bones, which is, most often, fears of being persecuted or spied on.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[101] Paranoid disorder may include imagining that a person's phone is being bugged or that their apartment has CCTV cameras or listening devices used to monitor them.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[104] Experiencing a relationship bias, or meaning experience, means that a person mistakenly believes that ordinary things have a meaning associated with him/herself.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

For example, he might think newspaper writings, internet forums or TV shows deal with him, or that messages are sent to him through them.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[104] In this case, speech can sometimes become incomprehensible to others.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

A person can feel that they are the center of all events.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Thought disorders Thought disorder refers to the inability to think and speak logically and systematically.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

There may be disturbances in the structure of thinking and speech; for example, difficulty connecting evocations with each other, or speech may be very illogical, or completely confusing.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Sometimes, speech can cling to detail and be poor in content, tiring, or repeating the same thing.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[101] There may be pauses in the patient's thought flow and extra things may penetrate between thoughts, whereby the sufferer may be mistaken to think that some outside factor is taking thoughts out of the mind.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[103] The level of consciousness and intelligence are normally maintained, although deficits in the processing of information, such as memory may develop over time.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Difficulty sleeping In schizophrenia, in particular, is manifested by difficulty falling asleep and nocturnal wakefulness.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Deep sleep has also decreased.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Sleep impairment reduces vigor and concentration, and thus significantly complicates other symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[105] Conventional features of schizophrenia: regression from previous levels of social function, sudden fluctuations in mental state apathetics, scarcity of speech, stray sensations, delusional sensations, the most common of which vocal delusions problems of attention and concentration of information processing, new learning and linguistic memory problems catatonic postural behavior depression, self-harm.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Aftersymptoms Aftersymptoms The aftermath is dominated by negative symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, neuroleptics used in the treatment of schizophrenia also cause disturbances in memory and thought functions, loss of emotions, loss of interest and willpower and passivity, and inability to feel pleasure.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Diagnosis of schizophrenia requires the fulfillment of certain criteria, which are clarified in the ICD-10 classification of diseases.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The essence is that the symptoms are environmentally independent and long-lasting.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia can be diagnosed in humans with very different symptoms.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia can be perceived as a syndrome rather than a uniform disease.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

The category of schizophrenia in the ICD-10 disease classification is F20.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is classified into the following main types F20.0—F20.3: paranoid schizophrenia — the type of schizophrenia most common in Western countries.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

[106] Mainly in young adults, with symptoms of paranoia and auditory hallucinations.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

hebephrenic schizophrenia — A severe form of schizophrenia that occurs at a young age, which is characterized by feelings, isolation and thought disorders.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

catatonic schizophrenia — a mental illness currently rare in the Western world, in which psychomotor disorders are typical.


Question: Where does schizophrenia arise?

schizophrenia

undifferentiated schizophrenia — None of the above.