Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

During the 17th century, the Dutch explored the coastline of the western parts of Australia and began to name the region New Netherland, but they did not establish settlements there.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[10] A competing theory holds that Australia was discovered by the Portuguese as early as the early 16th century.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[11] The Englishman William Dampier visited Australia between 1688 and 1699.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Captain James Cook declared the area a British property in 1770.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Subsequently, in 1788, the British established a penal colony on the site of present-day Sydney.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

About 160,000 prisoners were displaced in the area before convict transports from Britain were stopped in the 19th century.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Many emigrants of their own accord also arrived in the area.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

In the 1850s, the gold rush was still attracting new movers.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[9] Gaining independence after the export of wool and wheat secured an economic basis the settlers began to demand greater independence from Britain.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

In 1850, the settlements of East Australia were granted partial self-government.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

New South Wales had received the same privilege as early as 1842.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[10] As colonists began to colonise the land and graze sheep, the Aborigines were expelled inland, which, combined with disease and a decreased birth rate, caused a marked decline in Aboriginal numbers.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[10] The six states formed a federation in 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia (Commonwealth of Australia).


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Even after, it belonged to the British Empire as an autonomous dominion, but an Act of Westminster enacted in 1931 confirmed its status as an independent state.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The 1986 decree broke even the last regulations by which Australia had been subordinate to Britain.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[9] Wars In World War I hundreds of thousands of Australians fought in British forces.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Many were killed in the fighting at Gallipoli in 1915.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[12] In World War II, Australia followed Britain's lead and declared war on Germany in 1939.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

After Japan conquered Singapore, Australia sought refuge from the United States and allowed it to use its territory as a base for fighting in the Pacific.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[12] In 1965, Australia participated in the Vietnam War on the side of the United States.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[12] Modern Labour Party reign lasted from 1983 to 1996.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Prime Minister Paul Keating sought to bring the country closer to Asia and make it a republic.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

However, support for the republic in a referendum in 1999 remained at 45%.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The republic would have been led by a president appointed by parliament.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[13] The Liberal Party, led by John Howard, held government power in partnership with the National Party from 1996 to 2007.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Howard drew a hard line: Australia supported the Iraq war, opposed the Kyoto climate protocol, bluntly treated asylum seekers and refused to apologise to Aborigines for the deprivation and discrimination they experienced.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The 2007 election was won by the Labor Party under Kevin Rudd, and Rudd served as Prime Minister until June 2010, when Rudd's Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard, Australia's first female prime minister, rose to become prime minister.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[12] [14] In 2002, a nightclub bomb killed 88 Australians in Bali.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

In 2004, a bomb in front of the Australian embassy in Jakarta killed at least nine and injured dozens.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[12] The politics of the Australian statesmanship is a constitutional monarchy.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Its head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also Queen of the United Kingdom and therefore lives in London.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

In Australia, his power is represented at the federal level by the governor-general and at state level by governors.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

In practice, the country is run by a prime minister with broad executive powers.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[9] Australia has a bicameral federal parliament.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

76 senators are elected to the Senate, or upper house, for six-year terms, 12 from each state and two from each mainland territory.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Elections held every three years usually elect half the senators at a time.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The way the Senate election is proportional.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

150 representatives are elected to the Chamber of Deputies, or lower house, from single-representative constituencies divided by population.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The party, which has a majority in the lower house, forms the government.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The parliamentary term for the House of Commons is also three years.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[15] Australian politics is dominated by three parties: Australian National Party (Conservative, Farmers) Liberal Party of Australia (Bourgeois) Australian Labor Party (Social Democratic) Following the 2013 general election, the National Party and the Liberals the coalition has 90 seats, the Labor Party has 55 seats, the Greens one seat and the others have four seats.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[15] There is a voting barrier in Australia and women gained the right to vote in 1902.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[16] There are also a few smaller parties represented in Parliament, mainly in the House of Lords due to the electoral method.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The Greens hold nine seats in the Federal Senate.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[15] States and Territories Australia consists of six states as well as several territories, two of which are located on the mainland.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The states are New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Territories in mainland Australia include the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[15] Territories, for the most part, operate in the same way as the states, but the Australian Federal Parliament has the right to interfere with their legislation.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

In states' legislation, on the other hand, the federal government can only interfere with Section 51st of the Australian Constitution so permitting.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

All states have their own bicameral parliament, with the exception of the unicameral parliaments of the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The lower house of parliament is called the Legislative Assembly, the Legislative Assembly, though in South Australia and Tasmania it is known as the House of Assembly.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The upper house of parliament, on the other hand, is the Legislative Council, the Legislative Council.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[17] It is up to the states to organize local government.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The states and Northern Territory are divided into local government areas corresponding to municipalities, Local Government Areas, with only limited power.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[18] Australia also has a number of smaller, inhabited territories, including a military base off the coast of New South Wales, Jervis Bay, and Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands, also known as the Keeling Islands.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Uninhabited territories include the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, the Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the Australian Antarctic Territory.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[19] Economy Australia has a rich, western market economy with a gross domestic product per capita roughly the same as Germany and slightly higher than the United Kingdom, France or Finland (2017).


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[20] The country ranks second in terms of the United Nations' 2014 Human Development Index [21] and sixth in The Economist magazine's Global Quality of Life Index in 2005.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[22] In 2011, the Economic Freedom Report published by the conservative Heritage Foundation identified Australia as the third most free market economy country in the world, immediately after Hong Kong and Singapore.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Liberal financial markets, minimal labour market regulation, high business freedom, strong private property protections and redemption of trading barriers are the main reasons for Australia's high ranking, according to the report.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[23] Australia has the largest known reserves of uranium in the world and is a major producer of uranium.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Australia's three uranium mines produce a combined average of 9600 tonnes of uranium oxide per year.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[24] In 2017, Australia's gross domestic product was USD 50400 per capita, the 28th highest in the world.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The service sector produced about 71per cent of it, industry 25% and agriculture just under four per cent.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The unemployment rate was 5.6%.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[15] Australia's most significant natural resources include coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, uranium, silver, tin, precious stones and gold.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The most significant export products are wool, coal, wheat, machinery and gold.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[15] Wheat farming is practised in Australia, particularly in the south-west corner of Australia around Perth.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Transport Australia's rail network has a length of 33343 kilometers, of road is 873573 km.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[15] There is a regular train service across the continent from Adelaide via Alice Springs to Darwin.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[25] Notable passenger seaports include Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Fremantle, Geelong, Gladstone, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Adelaide, Port Kembla, Sydney.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Of these, Melbourne and Sydney are container ports.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Liquefied gas is exported from four ports: Darwin, Karratha, Burrup and Curtis Island.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Major cargo ports include Dampier, Dalrymple Bay (coal port), Hay Point (coal port), Port Hedland (iron ore), Port Walcott (iron ore).


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[15] There are 25 airlines operating in Australia with a total of 583 registered aircraft.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

They use 480 aerodromes, 11 of which have a runway of more than three miles needed for long flights.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[15] The Australian airline Qantas, which maintains its headquarters in Sydney, was named the safest airline in the world by the German magazine Aero International.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[26] [27] Population Distribution The majority of Australians are descendants of Europeans who came to Australia during colonialism, who make up about 90per cent of the population.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The majority of Europeans came from the British Isles.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

In the 2006 census, the majority declared themselves to be “Australian” by background, they were 37.13per cent of the population.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Other groups included English (31.65%), Irish (9.08%), Scots (7.56%), Italians (4.29%) Germans (4.02%), Chinese (3.37%) and Greeks (1.87%).


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[31] In 2007 there were about 460,000 Aboriginal people.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The people of the Torres Strait Islanders are not Australian Aborigines; they are ethnically Melanesians.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[32] Today, many of the original inhabitants live on reservations in the more remote areas of Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Some of them have moved to cities.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Sections discriminating against Aborigines were removed from the country's constitution following the May 1967 referendum when more than 90 per cent of Australians supported the amendment.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[33] In 2008, the Australian government under Prime Minister Kevin Rudd issued its apology to Aborigines in Parliament.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The apology was televised throughout the country, it was cheered on, but Aboriginal representatives said that as well as regret, they should receive compensation.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[33] Australia does not have a state religion, but Christianity is the country's power religion.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The proportion of Christians in the population has long been declining.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

According to a 2016 statistic, 52.1% of the country's population are Christians, of which Catholics make up 22.6% and Anglicans are 13.3%.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

According to the same statistic, 30.1% of the population are non-religious and their share is growing fastest.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Islam (2.6%) is the second largest religion in the country, followed by Buddhism (2.4%) and Hinduism (1.9%).


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

A total of 8.2% of the country's population belongs to non-Christian religions.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

9.6 percent of respondents declined to specify their religious affiliation.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[30] Only 7.5% of Australians attended church weekly in, [34] and religion plays no central role for much of the country's population.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[35] Age distribution begins in Australia with an emphasis on the elderly population.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

In 2018, one in seven Australians was over 65 years of age.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

In 2057, the elderly will be 22 per cent of the country's population, according to projections.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[36] Culture At first Australian culture was stigmatistically British culture, slowly adapting to a new kind of climate.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Beginning in the 1960s, the culture has been more influenced by the cultures of both Asian and Central European immigrants and, at first, discriminated against Aboriginal people.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[37] From the early years, Australia has been home to visual artists and writers such as Nobel laureate Patrick White.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The Sydney Opera House is known for its architecture and the biennial Adelaide Festivals bring international stars including the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Kirov Ballet to the country.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[37] Film director Peter Weir has been frequently nominated for both Oscar and Golden Globe.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[38] [39] Weir's breakthrough film The Joy Trip to the Hanging Site was one of the first internationally successful Australian films.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Weir's later Australian films included Gallipoli (1981) and Love on a Knife-Edge (1982), each starring the then still somewhat unknown Australian actor Mel Gibson.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[40] The Didgeridoo is a specialised Australian Aboriginal wind instrument made from a tree trunk carved hollow by termites.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[41] Australians have excelled around the world in various aspects of light music.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Australian bands and artists include AC/DC, Kylie Minogue, Nick Cave, Air Supply, Sia, Iggy Azalea [42] and Mirusia Louwerse.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Before the advent of Europeans, the Aborigines ate local plants and animals in a diverse way.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The first Europeans ate mainly potatoes and meat, initially game, later cattle and lamb.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Eating fish and seafood has increased from the 1930s, with vegetable consumption starting in the 1950s.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Today, top Australian chefs are known for fusion cuisine, that is, combining traditions from different countries.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Ordinary people consume fast food more than anywhere else in the world.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[43] The UNESCO World Heritage List lists 17 sites from Australia.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Three of them are cultural sites (Australian Penal Colonies, Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens, and Sydney Opera House), four mixed sites (Kakadu National Park, Tasmanian Wilderness, Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park and Willandra Lake District) and the rest are natural sites: Australian east-central rainforest protected areas, Australian mammal fossil finds (Riversleigh/Naracoorte), Fraser Island, Greater Blue Mountains Range, Heard and McDonald Islands, Great Barrier Reef, Lord Howe Island Group, Macquarie Island, Purnulu National Park, Queensland Tropics and Shark Bay.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[44] Sports Australia has participated in the Olympic Games since 1896.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The first time it had a representative at the Winter Olympics in 1936.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Australia has hosted the Olympics twice: In 1956 in Melbourne and in 2000 in Sydney.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The country has been most successful in traditional British team sports: cricket, rugby, ground hockey and netball.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Of the individual sports, swimmers, cyclists, athletics, rowers and yachtsmen have received multiple Olympic medals; the most gold medals (five) have been won by swimmer Ian Thorpe.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[45] There are a number of football codes in use in Australia.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The most popular are the various sports of rugby namely Australian football, rugby league and rugby union.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

European football is secondary in popularity to the aforementioned football codes.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[46] The Australia national football team was ranked 41st in the Fifa rankings as of January 2019.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[47] The national football team has won the OFC Nations Cup four times, and finished second at the 2011 Asian Championships.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

At the World Championships Australia has been runner-up three times, the best placing being a quarter-semi-final place reached in Germany 2006.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Golf is popular in Australia across all social classes.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[46] The Australian Open tennis tournament is one of four prestigious Grand Slam tournaments.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

The Australian ice hockey national team has been actively participating in international games since 1986, with the team ranked 36th in the 2015 world rankings.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Australia is the most medal-winning country at the Commonwealth Games.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Well-known Australian car athletes in motorsport include Jack Brabham, Alan Jones and Daniel Ricciardo (all Formula One) and Mark Webber (Formula 1/WEC endurance drives).


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[48] [49] [50] [51] Known drivers on two-wheelers include Casey Stoner (track motorcycles) and Stefan Merriman (enduro).


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[52] [53] The V8 Supercars series of standard cars is run in Australia.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[54] The Australian section of Formula One has been held at the Adelaide street circuit between 1985 and 1995 and the Melbourne street circuit since 1996.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

[55] [56] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindqvist, Sven| title = Terra nullius: Traveling in no-man's land| location = Vantaa| publisher = Pequod| year = 2006| version = (Terra nullius: En resa genom ingens land, 2006.)


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Translated by Heikki Salojärvi| id = ISBN 952-99259-3-X}} On the topic elsewhere — Online Magazine of the Australian Community — Google Maps — Terra Gallery — Virtual Australia — Official Australian website Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When did Australia become independent?

Australia

Category:46 Australia, Oceania, Polar Countries * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Renaissance Kingdoms is a browser-based role multiplayer game set in 15th-century Europe.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The game was developed by French company Celsius Online and the game has been translated into 26 different languages, including Finnish.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The game is played over the internet along with numerous other players, making it an MMORPG.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Renaissance Kingdoms is part of a game complex called De Gloria Regni, which also includes two other games, the Native-Kingdoms and the Shogun Kingdoms.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The game earned the Best Free Online RPG 2006 award.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

[1] The world of the game in the Renaissance kingdoms currently lives to 1464 (the game also progresses in years).


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

[2] The game is realistic and does not contain fantasy [1].


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

There is no simple goal in the game, but everyone can play the game as they want.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

All political events such as wars, peaces, laws and treaties depend on the activities of the counties.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

There are many counties in the game, for example in France there are dozens, but only one in Finland at the moment.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Each county has a maximum of six cities, most fewer.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Counties and cities are run by the players themselves.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The county is headed by a council of twelve players, headed by a Count or Duke.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The council decides the county's affairs and sets its laws.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The council operates for two months at a time and is elected by a special electoral mechanism.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

There are also a few churches operating in the kingdoms, the largest being the “Holy Roman-Aristotle Church”, which very much resembles the real-life Catholic Church.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

At the head of each church in the city is a priest who organizes worship services and is responsible for the church's finances.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Priests are appointed by bishops who are elected at special ecclesiastical assemblies.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

In addition, the church holds many other posts such as deacon, cardinal and missionary.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

However, the doctrines of the church in question are entirely fictional and, despite its external similarity, it is not any real church.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Kingdom of Finland Finland was added to the game in 2009, and at the same time a Finnish translation was completed.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The first city in Finland was Rauma (the capital), and in 2012 Turku was also added.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

There are a few hundred Finnish players in the Renaissance Kingdoms, and 171 inhabitants in the Kingdom of Finland (August 2016) [2].


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Playing In the game, a character emerges as a regular city dweller in a place of your choice, and you get to choose the purpose of playing for yourself.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The player must survive in order to eat every day the food on offer at the market or tavern.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

It is also possible to eat a variety of skill-boosting foods that raise the strength, intelligence and charisma of the character.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Not eating leads to a deterioration in the player's condition, and this in turn causes death within a few days.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

To get money for food and other supplies, the player needs to go to work.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

It is possible to carry out work in mines and other players' fields, among other things.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

If your usual work doesn't appeal, you can also beg for money in church or go to the roadside to rob the money from players travelling past.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Piracy is also possible.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

When you're in the city, you can see many different places where you can perform different activities.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The city's operations are headed by a mayor, who also selects a city counselor.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Mayoral elections are always held every month and you can stand for election midway through the current term.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Voting begins five days before Election Day.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The mayor can tax city residents, distribute so-called “contracts”, sue players, add events to the city calendar, send townspeople a mass letter, administer the city tavern, and so on.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

All functions of the city, including commerce, are the responsibility of the mayor.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Tavers are the game chat rooms.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Each town has at least one tavern managed by the city.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

In addition to these, you can also often find player-owned tacos in cities.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

100 marks are required to set up a tavern.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

In addition, a tax of 20 marks must be paid to the county once a week.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

In kapakoi it is possible to drink beer and eat, as well as chat with other players.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Drinking beer can lift the mood of his figure.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

However, drinking too much causes drunkenness, which prevents working and, at worst, eating too.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Also, the player's skills are temporarily impaired.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

[2] Levels When starting in Level I, the player can do almost nothing.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

This is why it is therefore intended to reach Level III as quickly as possible, where 90 marks and five points of respect are required for admission.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Respect points can be garnered by working in a church.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Confidence points counted as Respect Points can be awarded to other players up to two per week, however an individual player may receive only one point from the same person.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Upon ascending to Level III, the player can choose a parcel of land to work on their own, or hire others to work.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Variants include an oat and wheat field, vegetable parchment, cow, pig or sheep farm.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Travel will also become possible at Level III, as will voting in elections.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Upon ascending to Level V, the player can choose a workshop to work in the ways it allows.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Professions include seamstress, carpenter, blacksmith, miller, baker, butcher, stonesmith and botanist.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

In each profession you can make different products from raw materials, such as bakers bread, blacksmiths tools, etc.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The products they make can be used by yourself, or sold in the marketplace ahead.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

In Level VI, the player gets to choose their character's road.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

There are four main roads in the game: church, state, medical and military roads.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The most deserving Level VI players are elevated to Level VII according to a highly secret formula.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The exact requirements are only known by the playmakers.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

At this level, the purpose is to accumulate as many luxury points as possible by building a mansion and eating exotic food.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Once you've accumulated enough luxury points, you get to Level VIII.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

These players are extremely sparse and they are most often in state and church leadership positions.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

[2] Tokens Tokens (engl.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

tokens) is a virtual currency that can be used to purchase various premium functions, such as so-called nobility packages (e.g.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

faster travel, no ads in the game) and skill points for the character.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Tokens can be purchased for real money, but can also be earned by playing the game itself.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

When a player rises to a new level, he always earns a small number of tokens.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Forum The game's forums discuss everything from helping new players to the most convoluted politics.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Because forums would not stay afloat due to their huge number of posts, there are two forums at play.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

General urban and county forums are located on the main forum, and on the other, forums for armies, churches, families, political unions and other organizations.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Role-playing is mainly pursued on the side of the second forum, although it also occurs a lot on the side of the first forum and in the tacos.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

The neatness of these official forums is watched by the many volunteer language-proficient administrators selected by Celsius Online.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

In addition to the official forums, there is one so-called semi-official forum, the Forum of the Roman-Aristotle Church.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

It is also subject to the maintenance of the game.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Informal forums are the most common, as they are found by families, knights, their own ecclesiastical organisations, cities, counties, trade associations and countries' embassies.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

As with other MMO games, politics is one aspect of Renaissance Kingdoms.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

There are only a few political posts coded into the game, but they are all the more important.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

In addition to these, there are many posts developed by the players themselves that are run on the forums.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

These can range ranging from an ambassador to a kingdom through a religious leader to a traditional running boy.


Question: What year does the Renaissance Kingdoms game be lived?

Renaissance Kingdoms

Sources About Rest of Category:MMORPG Games Category:Browser Games


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is one of the psychosis diseases.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

It is the most common of psychosis diseases.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

At the population level, the prevalence of schizophrenia is around 0.4% in the world, but Finland and several other Western countries around 1%.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Thus, there are approximately 50,000 people with schizophrenia in Finland, namely schizophrenics.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is diagnosed in people with very different symptoms.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Key symptoms include impaired sense of reality, or psychoticism due to hallucinations, delusions, disturbance of thinking functions and loss of emotions.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

According to psychiatrist George Alase's definition, schizophrenia is “a mental illness that usually begins in adolescence or young adulthood characterized by partial dispersion of the integrity of personality functions, developmental decline, and a tendency to pull away from relationships with others to humans, to a subjective inner mind world more or less tinged by sensory delusions or delusions.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

“[1] Being sick with schizophrenia does not mean that the person is in a psychotic state for the rest of his life as at the time of the onset of the disease, since schizophrenia has several pathways of the disease.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Some have only one episode of psychosis that has led to the diagnosis of the disease, some have alternations of asymptomatic and psychotic episodes and some have persistent psychoticism.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a major cause of disability.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

General Long-term studies show that between 13% and 74% recoveries from schizophrenia depending on the criteria used in the study.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The prognosis is best explained by psychosocial factors such as school performance, substance use, employment, gender, family background, and cognitive function.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Looking at an international level, living in a poor country has traditionally been strongly associated with good prognosis.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

This has been explained, among other things, by the fact that in many emerging countries, sufferers of psychotic delusions are less stigmatised and are better employed.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Also, medication may explain the difference between affluent and poor countries, because living in a poor country on neuroleptic medication is not, researchably, linked to a better prognosis.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, in a study published in 1992 by the WHO of countries with the best prognosis, an average of 16% of schizophrenics ate neuroleptic medication and a recovery rate of 60%.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

However, in a study published in 2009, the distinction between industrialized and emerging countries had disappeared.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In this study, an average of 90% of schizophrenics ate neuroleptics and 69% of them were incapacitated.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[2] [3] [4] Schizophrenia is mainly seen as a hereditary disease, although the gene lineage accounts for 3.4% of the incidence of schizophrenia to this day, according to the most extensive genetic research.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

These gene regions are also not specific to schizophrenia, but also predispose to other disorders such as depression and autism.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

These genes are so widespread in the population that almost everyone can be thought of as carrying genes predisposing to schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The idea of schizophrenia primarily as an inherited disease is based mostly on twin studies, which show genes explain on average 50% of the variation in the incidence of schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[5] [6] The conflict between the low heredity estimates produced by genetic studies and the high heredity estimates produced by twin studies is related in part to the fact that twin studies are not themselves an entirely reliable way to distinguish between genes and environmental influences.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The interpretation of twin studies must take into account the fact that the heredity estimates produced by them do not directly explain the causal contribution of genes and the environment in the manifestation of the trait.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, strongly gene-controlled properties such as the head have a heredity estimate of zero, since there is no variation within that trait in the population.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, there are known genetically determined diseases whose incidence can drop closer to zero if a particular environmental factor is changed.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

An example of this is a disease called phenylketonuria, which leads without diet therapy started early enough to intellectual decline.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, the incidence of schizophrenia has also fallen closer to zero in the Western Pohja Hospital District during the time when the so-called open dialogue model has been applied there in the treatment of psychoses.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Thus, environmental factors can also have an essential impact on the incidence and prognosis of schizophrenia even if one assumed it to be a strongly inherited disorder.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[7] [8] Gemini studies assume that environmental factors remain stable with respect to key variables.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

However, for example, characteristics considered to be highly hereditary, such as height and intelligence, are highly sensitive to environmental factors, and consequently changes in population nutrition or education level significantly affect the average population height and intelligence.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Heredity estimates given by twin studies are therefore dependent on the environment in which they are made.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Because of this, considerable variation between different populations has also been found in terms of incidence and incidence of schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, according to a 2002 review, the difference in incidence of schizophrenia was 13-fold between the country with the lowest incidence (Hong Kong) and the country with the highest incidence (Puerto Rico).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

According to the same review, the difference in incidence of schizophrenia was 55-fold over the year review period between countries with the highest incidence (United States) and lowest incidence (Canada).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Within countries, significant differences in incidence between different populations can also be found.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In twin studies, co-variation between environmental factors and genes also partly makes it difficult to distinguish between the share of genetic risks and environmental factors.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Twin studies often lead to a simplified image of schizophrenia as a strongly inherited disease in which environmental risk factors play a minimal role.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

However, schizophrenia is a multifactorial disorder whose etiology, symptomatology and prognosis is very individual.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[6] [5] [9] [7] Current knowledge holds that gene lineage or early development disorder of the central nervous system create a predisposition to disease in schizophrenia, and internal or external stressors such as stress, life crisis, trauma, or substance use trigger illness.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Some views emphasise the biological and others the psychosocial dimension of the disorder.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

While current mainstream psychiatry emphasizes the bodily aspect of the disorder [10], for example in the open dialogue model that has proved effective in treating psychoses, psychotic symptoms are understood to stem from problems with social interaction in principle.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In the area where the open dialogue treatment model has been used, the incidence of schizophrenia has fallen by a tenth in 20 years.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

This has been explained by a culture of treatment that prevents psychosis symptoms from becoming chronic.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[11] [8] Recently there have also been indications that schizophrenia is associated with an inflammatory condition in the brain.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[12] In the context of psychosis of the inflammatory condition of the brain, it is thought to be associated with interfering with the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Some studies suggest a disruption in the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors has been linked to psychotic biases and impaired cognitive performance.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[13] [14] It is known that stress and associated external stressors are linked to the immune response and thus the inflammatory state of the body.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Because of this, it is known to be linked to numerous other illnesses and mental disorders.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[15] The finding fits well with the stress-vulnerability model.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, neuroleptics used to treat schizophrenia have also been linked to the inflammatory state of the brain, according to some studies.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The association with neuroleptics and the inflammatory condition of the brain may contribute to explaining the phenomenon observed in animal studies and neuroimaging studies in schizophrenics that neuroleptics are linked to grey matter atrophy.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[16] History Unlike many other mental illnesses found in humans, no condition equivalent to schizophrenia has been observed in animals.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Therefore, schizophrenia is thought to be related to the linguistic development of humanity and the specialization of different brain regions.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[17] The disease concept of schizophrenia dates back to the 1850s, when descriptions of a new disease of adolescents began to appear that did not fit into the disease concepts known from Ancient times: melancholy, mania, or generic insanity.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Frenchman Bénédict Morel used the phrase démence précoce ('early dementia') in France in passing in his book Études cliniques (1852) when describing a section of young patients, and used the term more frequently in his book Traité des maladies mentales (1860).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[18] In Scotland, Thomas Clouston used the term adolescent insanity ('juvenile madness'). [19].


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In Germany, Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum excreted catatonic syndrome [20] and his student Ewald Hecker excreted Hebephrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[21] Schizophrenia was differentiated into its own disease in 1898 when German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin classified mental illnesses into two categories; early-onset dementia (schizophrenia), and manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

With early dementia (dementia praecox), Kraepelin referred to premature dementia, the kind Kraepelin outlined the disease he observed.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Although the condition was called early-onset dementia, Kraepelin also found many patients were getting better from their illness.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

This he took as a sign that they have been misdiagnosed.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

According to Kraepelin, dementia praecox, on the other hand, manifested itself in combinations of 36 different mental symptoms and 19 different physical symptoms, and patients with this diagnosis did not necessarily have any of the same symptoms.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Nor did post-mortem examinations of the brains of these patients found anything abnormal, leading Kraepelin to eventually admit that the causes of that condition have remained a mystery.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] Schizophrenia was called early dementia until the Swiss physician Eugen Bleuler suggested in 1908 that the disease should be referred to as schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Mr Bleuler justified his suggestion by the fact that the condition in question was not associated with dementia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[22] According to Eugen Bleuler, it was not possible to predict the course of schizophrenia based on the severity of the associated symptoms.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The prognosis of schizophrenia was therefore individual, according to him, and thus did not involve the gradual regression described by Kraepelin.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] The etymology of the term schizophrenia is in Greek: skhizein, σχίλειν 'divide' + phrēn, phren- φρήν, φρεν- 'mind'.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The term was translated into splitting heart disease, but the Finnish name was dropped due to its misleading nature.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The purpose of the name was to tell how the mind was divided between reality and the imaginary world, but people mistakenly perceived the division of the persona meant by it.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The differentiation of a persona or its parts from one another belongs to dissociative identity disorder rather than schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Traits characteristic of Kraepelin's early dementia and Bleuler's schizophrenia were numerous.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, traits typical of a patient with dementia praecox included that the person “laughed in serious situations” and “behaved insolently towards their superiors” and having a loose sexual morale, which manifested itself as, among other things, “lewd talk and shameless masturbation” .


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia patients were also characterised by sexually reckless behaviour, according to Bleuler, which manifested as “having sex with a fellow patient regardless of his gender or ugliness.”


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

It was also characteristic of people with schizophrenia, according to Bleuler, that patients behaved similarly towards a person, whether they were in a senior position or not.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The emotional life of schizophrenics was characterized by ambivalence, according to Bleuler, in which a person was able to feel opposite emotions to each other.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia was also characterized by unusual costs of thought that differed from the reviewer's world of experience.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Questioning and resisting a psychiatrist were also often seen as traits typical of early-onset dementia and schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, Kraepelin saw as one symptom of early dementia the patient requiring a psychiatrist to prove his authority to act as a psychiatrist and refusing to say anything about himself.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Both Bleuler and Kraepelin said early-onset dementia and schizophrenia were also characterized by the patient acting exactly the opposite of what he had been instructed.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] Bleuler's schizophrenia and Kraepelin's early dementia were linked by an understanding of the genetic origin of the disease.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

To prove this, both examined the family backgrounds of patients suffering from the condition.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, according to Kraepelin, among siblings with early dementia, there are exceptionally high rates of “deviant personalities, criminals, prostitutes, homosexuals, suicides, vagrants, unhappy human fates, all of which are more or less advanced dementia manifestations of praecoxin”.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The family backgrounds of Bleuler's schizophrenics also found an extraordinary number of “schizoid personalities, introverted, skeptical and incapable of conversation, persons who are at the same time both emotionally bored and sensitive— etc.”


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Bleuler also made the point that not all patients with schizophrenia recognized the true causes of their illness, but interpreted their symptoms rather as understandable reactions to the adversity of their lives.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] Views have been expressed that Kraepelin's dementia praecox and Bleuler's symptoms of schizophrenia stemmed from the fact that some of the patients they treated suffered from organic diseases such as encephalitis and post-encephalitic parkinsonism caused by it.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

This confusion may have implications for the pessimistic image of the prognosis of schizophrenia, although due to the development of infectious disease treatment, post-encephalitic parkinsonism is becoming increasingly rare and can today be differentiated from schizophrenia as a distinct disease.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[23] Schizophrenia became significantly more common between 1924 and 1929 simultaneously in Germany, England, the United States and other countries.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[24] The American psychiatrist Jacob Kasanin distinguished a course of the disease from schizophrenia in 1933 as his own diagnosis, called schizoaffective psychosis (now schizoaffective disorder).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[25] The new category of diseases he justified by the fact that periodic psychoses with emotion-related symptoms have a better prognosis than other schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The concept of schizophrenia has only been used in the United States since 1952, when the first version of the nationwide diagnostic guide for mental disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders, also referred to as DSM-I, was published.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia and Society Schizophrenia as a diagnosis also has its political dimension.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, psychiatrist Thomas Szasz has called schizophrenia a “sacred symbol” of psychiatry, allowing it to justify psychiatry's status as a branch of medicine and the legitimacy of coercive measures limiting and damaging the fundamental rights of treatment subjects.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

According to him, schizophrenia as a term is so empty and vague that it can refer to almost any disturbing and unpleasant mode of behavior and response in a person.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia diagnosis has also been used, for example, in the Soviet Union to subdue political opponents.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[26] [27] The treatment of schizophrenia has been associated with a strong dimension of social control from the outset, which was designed not so much to cure the patient as to make him more controllable.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, Bleuler, the inventor of schizophrenia, saw medication for psychosis symptoms not so much as a medical treatment but as a kind of “chemical straitjacket” designed to make patients more manageable.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Since schizophrenia was mainly considered a hereditary disorder, efforts were made to prevent its inheritance by, among other things, forced sterilization of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The background was influenced by the eugenist movement that gained popularity in the early 20th century, which was given credibility especially by the American science journals Eugenics Review and Eugenical News.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Both Kraepelin, a developer of early dementia, and Bleuler, the inventor of schizophrenia, advocated the forced sterilization and mass murder of psychiatric patients to promote “racial hygiene.”


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In 1924, Bleuler wrote: “Those bearing the heaviest mental burden should not reproduce... If we do nothing but promote the ability of the mentally and physically ill to reproduce, and a healthy population should reduce reproduction to provide for them if the mechanisms of natural selection work generally speaking will be prevented, in this case, unless we do anything, our race will quickly enter a recession”.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] Bleuler's wishes were met, among other things, in 1933 when compulsory sterilisation was enacted in Nazi Germany for those suffering from schizophrenia and many other diseases and disorders.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In the same decade, similar sterilisation laws were enacted elsewhere in Sweden, Finland and Norway.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Prior to this, similar laws had been enacted in many states of the United States.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In 1938, there was a shift from sterilization to mass killings in Europe as psychiatrists and other doctors starved to death and gassed an estimated 5000-10,000 children with mental or physical abnormalities.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The killings were commonly referred to as “euthanasia”, “mercy killings” and “aiding death”.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

An estimated 125,000 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were murdered in Germany.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

It is estimated that overall, of Germans who received a diagnosis of schizophrenia, about 74% were either sterilized or murdered.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Also, for example, 4000 people were killed in Polish mental hospitals in 1940 in a three-month period.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

An estimated 40,000 patients were starved to death in French mental hospitals.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Most of the psychiatrists responsible for these mass killings and forced sterilizations were allowed to continue in their careers after World War II.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, in Germany in the 1930s, the scientifically questionable views of Jospeh Kallmann, a psychiatrist who proposed the forced sterilization of schizophrenics and all their relatives, on the heritability of schizophrenia are still widely cited in many textbooks on psychiatry and psychology.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

These textbooks do little to bring up the significant role of psychiatry in the forced sterilizations and mass murders of schizophrenics.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] The legacy of eugenics associated with schizophrenia still lives on in the Western world, although forced sterilizations have been abandoned.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In a 2008 poll, for example, the majority of U.S. psychiatrists were very positive about genetic testing for psychiatric disorders.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Some people with schizophrenia should be informed of the strong heritability of their disease and should be offered specific guidance on family planning and “genetic counseling”.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, in the 1990s, for example, it was noticed that two-thirds of patients in Israeli mental hospitals over 65 suffered the traumas they sustained in the Holocaust.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In 1999, the Israeli government published a report that resulted in three mental hospitals being closed and Holocaust surviving patients transferred elsewhere to receive treatment for their psychological traumas.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Many had their diagnosis of schizophrenia switched to “long-term post-traumatic psychosis.”


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Their heavy-duty medication-stressed treatment was criticised in the 2001 documentary Last Journey into Silence as ineffective and damaging.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

As a result of decades of heavy drug treatment and isolation, many suffered incurable compulsions and many had lost their ability to speak.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] Prevalence According to a 2005 study, worldwide, the lifetime incidence of schizophrenia averages 0.4%.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[28] According to the World Health Organization WHO, there are more than 21 million schizophrenics worldwide.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[29] At the population level, the incidence of schizophrenia is approximately 1% in Finland, [9] of which in Finnish-speakers 1.5% and 0.7% in Finnish-Swedes.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[30] According to the Finnish Health 2000 study, the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland is 0.87%, but is capped at 1.0% (loss from the study taken into account using diagnostic data from the registry of treatment notifications, pension or special reimbursement medicinal products registers).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

According to the Swedish Lundby study, the life-time prevalence of schizophrenia in the southern Swedish municipality of Lundby is 0.84%.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[31] The incidence of schizophrenia varies in Finland by region.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In Finnish university hospitals, the prevalence of life-time schizophrenia is 0.63% (95% CI 0.32-1.22) and 1.84% in the OYS region (95% CI 1.25-2.71): the difference between the lowest and highest incidence of the university hospital is approximately triple.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[31] Schizophrenia often begins at a young age, in men 3—4 years before women.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In men, the peak of onset of schizophrenia is between the ages of 15—24, and in women at 25—34.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

However, the disease can occur even before the age of 10 or after the age of 50.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[32] However, schizophrenia is extremely rare at a very young age and the symptoms can easily be confused with autism or Asperger's syndrome.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[33] The causes of the onset of schizophrenia are influenced by both a number of susceptibility genes and environmental factors.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Disease with schizophrenia is described using the stress-susceptibility model, or stress-vulnerability model.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Certain types of risk factors, such as predisposing gene lineage or early CNS development disorder [9], increase the likelihood that the brain will respond psychotically to stress-inducing environmental factors such as stress, life crisis, trauma, or substance abuse.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[34] Environmental factors In 2004 it was discovered that foetal lead exposure and schizophrenia later in life may be related.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[35] [36] [37] In 2009, the theory has been developed further [38].


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

A study has been published in 2013 that predisposes foetal lead exposure to schizophrenia later in life.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Lead exposure is not sufficient in itself; lead must block the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), which affects brain development, learning and memory.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[39] [40] [41] According to a 2005 review, up to two-thirds of the incidence of schizophrenia may be due to traumatic childhood maltreatment experiences resulting from stress and psychosis sensitivity [42].


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Eighty percent of schizophrenics have been diagnosed with trauma background.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[43] The traumas of patients with schizophrenia have been associated with maltreatment as children, such as violence, abuse or neglect, accidents or victimization of crime.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Children who have experienced trauma are three times more likely than others to develop schizophrenia on average (3% probability).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Also, the degree of severity of trauma increases the likelihood.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[44] [45] As a child, the likelihood of developing psychosis diseases, of which schizophrenia is the most common, is 50 times higher.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[46] Traumatic experiences affect the content of psychotic symptoms.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations are often flashbacks of trauma experiences and sensations during trauma, rather than insignificant products of the mind.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[43] Those who have been bullied as children have an average twice (2%) likelihood of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The effect is in the severity and duration of the bullying.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[47] Those traumatised in war are clearly more likely than others to be diagnosed as schizophrenics.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, in some of them, psychosis may also be caused by a dissociation disorder.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[43] Those who immigrated to a foreign country as refugees have a threefold risk of developing schizophrenia and other psychosis diseases, and other migrants double.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Migrants from sub-Saharan Africa to Sweden had the same risk of psychosis disease as refugees.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[48] Other risk factors include lack of family support, loneliness, life insecurity, [34], the experience of being abandoned [49], other tough childhood experiences and severe stress.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[17] Stress can be associated with a burdensome life situation or individual events.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, stress is caused by job change, moving, going to the military, interpersonal issues, illness or loss of a loved one, moving out of a childhood home, socializing, choosing a profession and starting to study.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[34] According to Finnish research, genetic predisposition may make a child more sensitive to conflicts in the family environment.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For adopted children with only a low genetic risk, the family climate had no effect on the risk of getting sick.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

If the biological parent of the adopted child had a disease of the spectrum of schizophrenia, but the emotional atmosphere of the adoptive family was warm, relationships with children were not marked by criticality and there were no intergenerational problems, the child's risk of developing disorders in the schizophrenia group was 5.8% (when the average risk a child with schizophrenia has 10%).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

If the family experienced those problems, the probability increased to 36.8%.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[50] Studies have found that neurolobiological findings typical of schizophrenia and other serious mental health problems are consistent in studies related to chronic stress, substance use, loneliness, and especially early childhood traumatization with observed neurobiological findings.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Early childhood experiences affecting brain development also have a particularly large impact on how an individual responds to stressful situations as an adult, according to studies.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, studies on rhesus macaques have found that early childhood experiences shape brain structure, neurotransmitter system function, gene expression, and behavioural and response patterns that predominate later in adulthood.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

According to these studies, early childhood growth environment also contributes greatly to the manifestation of traits known to be hereditary.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] [51] [52] Vitamin D deficiency may predispose to schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is twice as common in those with vitamin D deficiency than in those who get enough of it.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

65% of schizophrenics suffer from vitamin D deficiency.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has long been known to be more common in people born in winter and spring, as well as in cold and low-sunny countries compared to the south.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, it is also possible that getting sick reduces outdoor activities and therefore vitamin D intake.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Also, antipsychotics may interfere with the formation of vitamin D on the skin.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[53] Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii have been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[54] The parasite can be obtained through cat feces or poorly cooked meat.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Arsenault et.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

al studied the effect of school bullying and maltreatment on the risk of psychosis in 12-year-old identical twins.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

It said the risk of psychosis was 5.7-fold when the risk was not controlled by non-identical twins.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

When the results took into account the genetic impact of the risk by comparing the risk to non-identical twins, the risk dropped by 3.8.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[55] On the other hand, childhood differences in childhood maltreatment experiences have been linked to negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia in identical twins, and this difference cannot naturally be explained by the influence of genes.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[56] Organ Causes Heredity Factors Scientists have long known that schizophrenia occurs in certain genera.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[57] However, 60% of people with schizophrenia are from families in which no other people with schizophrenia are known.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[58] The disease is not caused by gene inheritance alone.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The risk of developing an identical twin in a person with schizophrenia, calculated on the basis of twin studies, is only 50%.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[59] Hereditary predisposition affects such that the child of a person with schizophrenia has a 10% probability of developing schizophrenia [60] and a sister has a 9% probability of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[61] When both parents develop schizophrenia, the child's probability of contracting the disease is 46%.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[62] If a second-degree relative (uncle, uncle, aunt or grandparent) has schizophrenia, there is a 3% risk of developing the disease. [61].


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Estimates of heredity produced by various twin studies vary somewhat.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Heredity factors are thought to account for up to 80 per cent of susceptibility to disease, according to twin studies.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[63] In a Finnish population-based twin study, 83% of predisposition to disease (95% CI 76-90%) was due to hereditary factors and 17% to interpersonal factors that were not common to family members.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[64] On the other hand, in another Finnish study of twins, the concordance of identical twins for schizophrenia was only 11%, indicating a large influence of environmental factors in the development of the disorder [65].


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

This study is the third largest study of twins related to schizophrenia in the world by sampling, and the concordance it gives to identical twins is among the smallest that has ever been found [7].


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Also, an American study of war veterans estimated the concordancy of identical twins at only 13.5% [66].


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In one study of a small sample, 0% of variation in the incidence of schizophrenia could be explained by gene lineage.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In this study, concordancy in nonidentical twins was 50% and 22% for identical twins when using the most stringent Schneider criteria to determine schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[67] In particular, twin studies conducted before 1962 have been considered to be of low quality and provide higher heredity estimates for schizophrenia than newer studies.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Many studies have involved numerous problems.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, in studies diagnoses have not been blinded, criteria for schizophrenia vary or not presented, samples are small and do not reliably represent the population as a whole, the methods used to determine zygosity are unreliable in some studies, and in many studies have not adequately described the research methods.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In so-called classical studies published before 1962, the concordancy of schizophrenia was 61.2% for identical twins and 23.2% respectively, ranging from 11% (Koskenvuo et al.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

1984) and 67% (Franzek and Beckman 1998).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] Interpreting heredity estimates produced by twin studies must take into account the fact that there are two different methods by which concordancy between twins is calculated.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Especially in classical studies, concordancy between twins expresses the proportion that concordant twins with regards to schizophrenia represent of all twin pairs.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, if three out of ten identical pairs of twins in three both develop schizophrenia, then concordance is 30%.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Since the 1960s, however, many schizophrenia researchers have begun to favour a different method of calculation.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Here, concordance refers to the proportion in which one of the twin siblings with schizophrenia has also contracted schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In this method, in other words, each pair of twins concordant with regards to schizophrenia is counted twice if they have been independently identified in search of subjects.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In other words, if, according to the previous example, 3/10 of a pair of twins is concordant with regards to schizophrenia, the concordance value becomes 46%, or 6/13, by this method.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Critics have criticized the use of this method in part because in twin studies of schizophrenia, study subjects are not usually identified separately.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Thus, according to them, some schizophrenia researchers use this method unjustifiably to artificially inflate the concordance of schizophrenia up to tens of percent higher than they would be when using another method.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, according to Tienari's 1975 study of the public station, the concordancy of identical twins relative to all identical twins was 15% (3/20) and for non-identical twins was 7.5% (3/42).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The result was remarkably low compared to many previous studies.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In 1987, Kendler calculated Tienari's results using the second method and obtained 33% (the correct result with this method would have been 26%, but 33% was what was reported as the result).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The difference in concordancy values produced by the same study can therefore be as high as 73% depending on the method by which the value is calculated.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[7] Twin studies are based on the assumption that the environmental impact of identical and non-identical twins would be similar.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

However, they cannot reliably distinguish between genes and environmental influences, according to many scientists.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

This is also manifested in the fact that the results of twin studies with non-identical twins depend heavily on whether same-sex nonidentical twins or different-sex nonidentical twins are studied: for same-sex twins, the concordance of schizophrenia is 11.3% and for different sex twins 4.7%.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[68] Also, according to a Swedish study of twins, the association of psychosis risk in non-identical twins of the same sex was more than twice as strong as in people of different sex.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[69] It has been repeatedly shown that identical twins possess a more similar environment than non-identical twins.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

This is a particularly big problem in schizophrenia-related twin studies, since most of them deal with twins who grew up together.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

It has been studied that identical twins experience more identity confusion and psychological intimacy than non-identical twins, and are treated much more similarly than non-identical twins.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

These factors may particularly strongly influence the results of twin studies associated with schizophrenia when it is known that childhood maltreatment is one of the major risk factors for schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Research suggests that identical twins living in a shared environment were more similar in relation to childhood maltreatment than non-identical twins (z ≥ 3.53, p < 0.001).


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The co-variation of environmental factors and genes contributes to explaining why the results given by twin studies are strongly at odds with genetic studies.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, according to the most extensive genetic study to date, the gene regions associated with schizophrenia explain only 3.4% of the variation in the incidence of schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The finding is nowhere near the high heredity estimates given by twin studies [5] [70] [71] That international study on schizophrenia has identified more than one hundred gene regions associated with schizophrenia that specifically control brain learning and memory and between brain cells communication.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[72] The same genes also lead to a stronger body defence system than usual.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[17] Of these more than 100 gene regions, each raises an estimated 0.1% risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

According to the researchers, the results suggest the possibility, although they do not prove that the high heredity estimates given by twin studies are wrong.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Although numerous genetic studies related to schizophrenia have repeatedly found gene domains associated with schizophrenia, the results of these studies have not been able to be replicated in subsequent studies.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Genetic studies in schizophrenia have been said to have been plagued by a decades-long cycle of false positives, in which numerous positive research results with high media publicity have been unable to be replicated.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] With the high heredity estimates given by twin studies, there is also the observation that schizophrenics are less likely to have children than the rest of the population, so genes predisposing to schizophrenia are not effectively inherited, but the disease still occurs from generation to generation about as much.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The incidence would drop if the disease was inherited simply.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Nearly all people with schizophrenia were murdered or sterilized by the Nazis in Nazi Germany 1939−1945, but the schizophrenia did not disappear.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[73] In fact, it has been noted that the incidence of schizophrenia doubled after World War II in Germany and was significantly higher than in many other countries using the same diagnostic criteria.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, according to a 1965 study in Manheim, Germany, the incidence of schizophrenia was 53.5/100,000 inhabitants, compared with 23.1 per 100,000 inhabitants in England, for example, and 21.5/100,000 in the United States.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Some attempts have been made to explain this difference by population changes: for example, 13% of the population in Mannheim were workers of foreign origin.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

However, according to studies, the incidence of schizophrenia was significantly lower among them than in the general population.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[74] Neurotransmitters Schizophrenia has long been considered a dopamine-related disease of the brain.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

According to dopamine theory, excessive activity of the central nervous system neurotransmitter dopamine causes delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders, while its passivity leads to disruption of information processing and loss of emotions.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Drug treatment for schizophrenia is based on dopamine theory.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

According to the glutamate theory presented in the 1980s, it is instead about the neurotransmitter glutamate.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The results have been varied, so symptoms may result from combinations of multiple CNS neurotransmitter dysfunctions.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[75] Evidence of neurotransmitter dysfunction in schizophrenia and other psychosis diseases is mainly indirect.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, neuroleptics commonly used to treat schizophrenia were utilized as sedatives in the context of surgical operations until it was discovered that their sedative effect was also effective in calming patients with psychosis.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Their effect on dopamine receptors was not noticed until later.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Studies related to the dopamine hypothesis are based on neuroimaging studies and post-mortem examinations of the brains of patients with schizophrenia, as well as the measurement of the concentration of the dopamine metabolite HVA in the cerebrospinal fluid.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Most neuroimaging studies have been unable to find a difference in the activity of the dopaminergic system in the brain of schizophrenia patients or the density of dopamine receptors relative to healthy subjects if other factors have been taken into account.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, it has been noticed that neuroleptics increase the density of dopamine receptors in the brain, which explains, for example, the abnormalities found in the density of dopamine receptors found in some post-mortem studies in patients with schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Animal studies have also found that neuroleptics have been linked to a higher density of D2 receptors.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

The concentration of HVA in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia has not differed from healthy subjects.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] The dopaminergic system has been speculated to be linked, among other things, to the development of paranoid delusions because one of the functions of dopamine is associated with threat anticipation.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

For example, childhood maltreatment has been repeatedly noted to be associated with dysregulation of the dopaminergic system.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Life experiences thus burdening may, according to some hypotheses, sensitise the dopaminergic system in a way that predisposes to the development of paranoid biases.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[4] Low-grade inflammation of the central nervous system Inflammation maintained by microglias, cells responsible for brain resistance, may be a factor in schizophrenia symptoms, and worsening inflammation worsens symptoms.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[12] In patients with schizophrenia, a clear reduction in central nervous system mass and microglial cell activation associated with chronic inflammation has been observed.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In addition, large amounts of cytokines and other markers of inflammation are found in the blood and spinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[76] Autoimmune diseases and severe inflammation increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Chronic stress also increases the risk of schizophrenia, as it may increase the number of inflammatory cytokines and contribute to the emergence of chronic inflammation [77].


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

In connection with psychosis of the inflammatory condition of the brain, it has been thought to be related to it interfering with the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Some studies suggest a disruption in the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors has been linked to psychotic biases and impaired cognitive performance.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

[13] [14] Substance abuse According to a 2015 study, smoking is suspected to cause schizophrenia, as 57% of people with schizophrenia had smoked before becoming ill.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

People who smoke daily are twice as likely as non-smokers to develop schizophrenia (2% probability) and schizophrenics who smoked before they get sick are also on average years earlier than other schizophrenics.


Question: Who invented the fertilization treatment?

schizophrenia

Smoking causes permanent changes in the brain's signal transmission chains.