Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

In 1813 the keeper was divided, with the Finnish part becoming Enontekiö and the Swedish part becoming Kaaresuvanto.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

From the keeper's part on the Swedish side, Enontekiö (ruots was used. Enontekis) Kaaresuvannon (reeds. Karesuando) alongside until 1907.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Separated from Kaaresuvanno, Jukkasjärvi became a rural municipality in the 1862 municipal reform.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

The Kiruna mining colony, which was located on the territory of the rural municipality, was made a built-up colony in 1908.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

In 1948, the entire rural municipality was transformed into the town of Kiruna.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

At the time, it was the largest city in Sweden by area and the second largest in the world after Mount Isa in Queenland, Australia.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Kiruna was one of the last towns to be established in Sweden.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Kiruna received its current borders in 1971, when it was annexed by the rural municipality of Kaaresuvanno.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

At the same time, Kiruna became a municipality due to the transition to a single municipality form in Sweden.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Ecclesiastically, the area of the present municipality has belonged to Jukkasjärvi Parish, from which in 1913 the parish of Vittang was separated.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

A parish of the same name is located in the district of Kaaresuvanno.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Population trend The population of the municipality by background is given in the following table.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

According to slightly older data at the end of 2009, there were 1,044 Finnish births in the municipality, [8] which corresponded to 4.5% of the municipality's population.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

According to even older data from the end of 1984, 8.4% of the municipality's residents were foreign-born.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

At that time there were 1,821 Finnish births living in the municipality, [9] which corresponded to 6.7% of the population of the municipality.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

According to 2010 data, the median net income of municipal residents aged 20 and over was 206,780 kronor.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

[10] According to data from 2007, the median net worth of municipal residents was 55,000 SEK.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

[11] At the end of 2011, the population of the municipality was divided into different age groups as follows: [12] 0—17 years old: 19.6% 18- to 64-year-olds: 60.6% 65 years or older: 19.7% Livelihoods The following table illustrates the distribution of jobs and employed persons between different means of livelihood.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

The figures have been calculated on the basis of more thorough data reported in two different Statistiska centralbyrån statistics [13] [14].


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

The “day population” (Swedish: dagbefolkning) indicates the jobs located in the municipality and the “night population” (Swedish: nattbefolkning), in turn, about the livelihood of the people living in the municipality.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Workplace self-sufficiency has been calculated as a ratio of day to night populations.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Primary production refers to agriculture and forestry, as well as fishing.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

In the case of processing, the goods manufacturing and recycling industries, energy and environmental companies and the construction industry have been added together.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Other industries have been counted in services except those whose industry is unknown.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Conurbations There are 7 built-up areas in the municipality which constituted 90.4% of the municipality's population at the end of 2010.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

[15] There were 2,210 inhabitants living outside the built-up areas at the time.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

[15] The built-up areas in the municipality with their population are listed below: [16] The municipal centre area is shown in bold.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Former agglomerations in Sweden have previously been recorded as agglomeration populations in 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

During one or some of these years, the municipality has also had agglomerations in the following list that are no longer agglomerations: [17] Lainio Masugnsbyn (Finland. Blast furnace) Täjuvaara of the listed agglomerations Täjuvaara has since grown together with the Kiruna agglomeration.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

[17] Small agglomerations In addition to agglomerations with more than 200 inhabitants, the municipality also has the following small agglomerations of 50-199 inhabitants based on data from 2010: [18] Abisko Idivuoma Kauppinen Kurravaara Lannavaara Laxforsen (northwest beach) Masugnsby (Finland. Blast furnace) Paksuniemi Piksinranta Saivomuotka Former small agglomerations in Sweden have also been carried out statistics on small agglomerations in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

The following localities have been small agglomerations in one or some years during 1995, 2000 and 2005, but were not small agglomerations in 2010: [19] Lainio Mertajärvi Närinen Riksgränsen Other localities Björkliden Jostojärvi Kaalasjärvi Katuvuoma Krokvik Kuoksu Kärävuopio Laukuluspa Merasjärvi Alanen Soppero (t. Nedre Soppero) Nurmasuando Paittasjärvi Parakka Pualtsa Piilijärvi Rautas Rensjön Salmi Sevujärvi (or Seojärvi) Tuolpukka Vittankijärvi Vivunki (t. Vivungi) Holmajärvi Nikkaluokta Municipal Council in Sweden is elected every four years, representatives to the Riksdag, councils and local councils.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

The following table shows the council seats received by parties represented in the Riksdag in the Kiruna Municipal Council since 1973.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Districts As of 2016, the municipality is divided into the following districts: Jukkasjärvi District (Jukkasjärvi distrikt) Kaaresuvanno District (Karesuando distrikt) Vittang District (Vittangi distrikt) Parishes According to the 2012 regional division, the municipality contains the following Church of Sweden parishes: [20 ] Jukkasjärvi Vittangi Karesuando Historical parishes The following list lists all the parishes that were located within the territory of the current municipality.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

[21] If the congregation is abolished, then an asterisk (*) is followed by it.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Any names that read in parentheses are alternate or older names of the parish.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

If the name says kbfd, then it is a “church circle” () which has not formed a parish of its own, although they are assimilated into parishes.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Jukkasjärvi (Simojärvi) Karesuando (Enontekis) Vittangi Churches Jukkasjärvi Church Kaaresuvanno Church Kiruna Church Lannavaara Memorial Church Masugnsbyn Church Svappavaara Church Tornehamn Church Tyyriuvaara Church Vittang Church Sources On topic elsewhere (in Swedish) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is Sweden's southernmost city?

Kiruna Municipality

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Disability describes constraints in physical or mental health that make a person unable to function fully in a physical or social environment.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities () adopted by the UN on 13 December 2006 defines disability in the following way: “Persons with disabilities include those with long-term bodily, mental, intellectual or sensory disability, whose interaction with various obstacles can prevent their full and effective participation in society on an equal footing with others.” [1] The World Health Organization estimated in 2011 that up to 15% of the world's population are disabled.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[2] Definition The law on services and support activities provided on the basis of disability defines that a disabled person refers to a person who “as a result of an injury or illness has special difficulties in performing normal life activities for a long time” [3].


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The basis of the concept of disability is the physical or mental dissimilarity of the individual, but the content of the concept—its meaning and experience—is socially defined.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The environment stigmatizes persons with disabilities who cannot cope with minimum standards set by the environment.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Disability is no longer seen so much as an individual attribute but as a grievance related to the structures of society, which can neither be described nor defined without reference to the demands and barriers imposed by the environment.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Disability is determined by the relationship between an individual's prerequisites and environmental demands.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[4] [5] [6] Disability is an experience that confronts every person to some extent.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

At different stages of their lives, everyone experiences varying degrees of limitation in their activities due to their health.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Disability is not only a minority, it is a common circle of experience for all people.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[7] Disability can hardly be defined uniquely so that some hard-to-resolve borderline cases do not occur.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Even in the UN definition quoted above, there are words that in turn need to be defined.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The definition is rarely closed, but it is useful to tentatively know what is being talked about.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

By the way of birth and symptoms, disability can be classified differently.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Sensory impairment Hearing impairment A person has hearing loss or hearing impairment when there is a lesion in the structure of his hearing organ or when its functions are disturbed.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Visual impairment A person who has visual function or some aspect of seeing impairment to such an extent that it is a significant detriment to him in everyday life, for example at home, in hobbies or in the workplace, is described as visually impaired.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

When talking about aspects of vision include visual acuity and visual fields, contrast differentiation and colour vision, eye adaptation and accommodation, and eye muscle function.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Mental retardation Developmental disability refers to individual-developmental difficulties in perception ability since childhood.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Understanding, learning and conceptual thinking is often more difficult for people with intellectual disabilities than for others [8], which is why they are generally unable to get along without special care, assistance or teaching.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

People with developmental disabilities also often have problems with planning and foresight.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[9] Exercise impairment Exercise injury is caused by cerebral palsy, muscle disease, congenital limb and support organ malformations, limb or limb deficiencies, growth and ossification disorders, central nervous system diseases, tumors, spinal cord damage, childhood as a result of rheumatism, accidents and sometimes surgeries.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Exercise injury always causes inconvenience in everyday life, limiting or impeding movement and independent activity.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The condition may be permanent, progressive, healing or variable and have implications for life and social interactions.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Mental disorders Mental disorders Mental disorder is often accompanied by impairment of ability to function.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Speaking of mental disorder refers to a wide range of psychiatric disorders, regardless of their causes and severity.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Neuropsychiatric Specific Difficulties Neuropsychiatric Specific Difficulties refers to a congenital neurological abnormality found in people of normal intelligence or of higher than average intelligence.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Neuropsychiatric specific difficulties include e.g.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

ADHD, autism, Asperger's syndrome, Tourette's syndrome, as well as dysphasia.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[10] War injury An injury received as a result of being wounded in war is referred to as a war injury (or military injury), and as a result a disabled person is a war injury, before being a war valid.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

In several societies, a war injury receives special treatment compared to other disability groups, as if in thanks for their service to the fatherland.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

For example, in Finnish law a separate military injury law defines the treatment and rehabilitation of injuries incurred in the service of the armed forces, as well as compensation for them.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[11] The development of the Finnish concept of disability Significant changes in the awareness of disability resulted in the UN's proclamation of the International Year of People with Disabilities 1981 and its continuation the “Decade of Disability” 1983—1992.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The United Nations Committee for International Persons with Disabilities 1981 (KM 1982:35) already used as its starting point the view that disability arises from the relationship between the individual and the environment and is not merely a concept describing the state of the individual.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The committee also said that a clear line between disability and disability cannot be drawn.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Human functional capacity, as well as disability, should be seen as a state of different dimensions with many different degrees.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The Committee had access to the “Injury Classification” (International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps = ICIDH) published by the WHO in 1980, which was completely revised in 2001 to ICF classification.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Previously, disability was referred to as invalid in both common parlance and legislation, and a disabled person was referred to as invalid.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Social status of people with disabilities Long-term unemployment increased considerably during the 2020s.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

In 2017, nearly half of those able to work had been unemployed for at least a year, compared with a third in 2010.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[12] Disability policy Disability policy includes specific activities undertaken by society to facilitate the life of the disabled and to enable disabled people to participate in society as full-fledged members.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Disability policy may include the development of aids supporting housing support for independent living support for education and training Support for working life Disability policy in Finland The government of Matti Vanhanen I submitted a report on disability policy to Parliament in spring 2006.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The report presents changes in the perception of disability in the following way: The perception of disability reflects the prevailing human and social perception, as well as the general living conditions of society.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The perception of disability, on the other hand, is reflected in the content and target definitions of disability policy.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Both have changed significantly over the decades.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The disability policy programme VAMPO for 2010—2015 contains several proposals for measures to improve the status of disabled people in Finland.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Key players include the Disability Forum and Disability Councils.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

As a social phenomenon Attitudes towards disability have been marked by discrimination and has included ignorance, lack of understanding, indifference and even fear.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Until the mid-1970s, disability was considered primarily as a medical and therapeutic issue.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Because of this, people with disabilities were often treated separately in their own institutions.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Since then, disability began to be viewed from a social perspective as well.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The social model of disability is a new environmentally-driven definition of disability enshrined in the name of British Professor of Disability Studies Michael Oliver which has effectively become an established way of defining disability and disability policy [13].


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The social model of disability seeks an answer to the question where is the disability?


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

According to the model, disability is determined and determined by different structures, practices and situations of society rather than individual characteristics.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

In Judaism and Christianity, in the Old Testament, disability is considered a punishment for sin.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[14] In the New Testament, the coupling between sin and illness or disability is partially broken.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

In this case, the meaning of grace is emphasized in the Bible.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The illness was commonly interpreted as part of everyone's lives.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Some symptoms similar to the illness were considered to be caused by demons.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Healing disease and injury played a central role in Jesus' activities.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[15] History of Ancient Greece and Rome Ancient Greece killed disabled newborns.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[16] [17] Sparta became known for its systematic killing of the disabled and sick.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

In that city-state, the killing of disabled and sick people was stipulated by law.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[18] In Plato's social philosophy, abortion and infanticide were necessary activities to achieve the ideal state.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Plato openly advocated the killing of disabled people.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[19] Aristotle also advocated the slaying of the “deformed” because he did not consider keeping them alive to be meaningful to the individual himself or to the community.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[20] The Roman Seneca accepted the slaying of the deformed, leaning on Stoic thought.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Based on stoicism, the disabled person was incapable of living a good life, a disabled person was a freak of nature who was better off dying than living.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[21] Although history knows a few disabled people elevated to high status, such as Julius Caesar, Emperor Claudius and King Agesilaos of Sparta, the people with disabilities in general were outcasts in ancient societies.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[22] Middle Ages In the Middle Ages it was accepted to mock the bodily or mentally deviant, he was excluded from the “community of normals” or exploited as a display object.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Bodily abnormalities and many diseases have been seen as consequences of immorality, sinfulness, sleaze, or have otherwise been seen as merely particularly repugnant and frightening.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Finland In Finland, the first services to help disabled people were schools set up in 1846 for deaf children.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

At the end of the 19th century, the idea that it is possible to teach disabled children became widespread.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The background was Enlightenment thinking about human development, as well as Christianity's conception of man as a precious image of God.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Human defectiveness was seen to have a divine purpose, such as ordeal, a reminder of the dignity of one's own health, and the correct use of gifts received from God.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

At the beginning of the 20th century, eugenics thinking spread to Finland, in which “degeneration”, or “degeneration”, was perceived as a threat: a constant increase in hereditary defects.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

This is when the government began to see mentally disabled individuals as undignified and useless.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The government saw institutionalization was seen as necessary to protect society.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

In Finland, the Marriage Act was passed in 1929, which enacted mental illness and “dullness” as divorces, and the Sterilization Act legalizing forced sterilization in 1935.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

The aim of the laws was that undesirable individuals in society would not be able to reproduce.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[23] After World War II, bodily disability began to be better understood in Finland.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Many involved in inter-governmental massacres were disabled.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

They were called warvalids.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Subsequently, support services built for warvalids have played a significant role in the overall development of services for people with disabilities.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

[16] See also Sensory impairment Autism and Asperger's Alliance Autism Rights Movement Cerebral palsy Disability Disability Association Developmental Disability Association Hearing Impairment Federation of the Deaf Threshold Association of Visual Impairment Visually Impaired Confederation of War Valids Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aila Järvikoski| title = Impairment to Life Management?


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

Review| publisher = Rehabilitation Foundate| year = 1994| id=ISBN 951-8957-88-6| accessdate= 27.9.2007}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Simo Vehmas| title = Disability — Introduction to History, Theory and Ethics| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus Kirja Oy.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

University Cost University Press Finland Ltd.| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-662-957-1}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pelkonen, Marja et al.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

(ed.


Question: How is sensory impairment defined?

Disability

) | title = Vaillinainen whole | location = Helsinki| publisher = Turning circle| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-8989-36-2}} On topic elsewhere entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

There are different understandings about the origin of religion.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Religious behavior seems to be a genre for man, as religious beliefs (spirits, deities, etc.), rituals and religion-related concepts of morality occur in different groups of people universally from hunter- of collectors' communities and ending with great civilizations with their great world religions.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

The behaviour of the religious would appear to have developed in the Neolithic era, in light of current research.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

However, the origin of religion, any more than the question of its possible or verified evolutionary or culture-evolutive function, has not been resolved in a manner upon which the consensus of scholars would prevail.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

There are several different views, and theories have been developed by philosophers, social scientists, psychologists, naturalists (mainly biologists), and historians and cultural scientists.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

History of Ancient Thinkers The Roman philosopher and poet Lucretius wrote around the year 50 BCE.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

an epicurolean concept of reality about the Universe.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Lucretius had sympathy for those people who did not understand the modes of operation of the universe that gave rise to them.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

He felt these ignorant and hard-luck people needed religion to explain their origins and explain to themselves happiness and unhappiness.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[1] As to the genesis of God-faith, Lucretius writes, among other things, that Lucretius mentions that people saw gods in their dreams and believed in gods on that basis.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Secondly, he mentions that when people did not know the causes of phenomena, they explained events with gods.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Thirdly, he mentions the fear created by some natural phenomena.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[2] Xenophanes criticized belief in man-made gods: Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, regarded religious notions as “delusions, imagined realizations of mankind's oldest, strongest and most persistent desires”.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[3] Religion is, according to Freud, the defence of the human mind against frightening natural phenomena — earthquakes, floods, storms, sickness and death.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

“In these forces, nature rises up against us as majestic, cruel, and merciless.” [4] The human imagination converts the forces of nature into personal, supernatural powers.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[5] In the Judeo-Christian religion, people project into everything the memory of the father as a great protective force.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Familiar faces from childhood are enlarged in heaven to infinity.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Religion is the “universal forced neurosis of mankind”, [6] which you get rid of when people finally learn to perceive reality without delusion by means of natural science knowledge.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[7] Freud also gave a specific explanation for the genesis of religion, using the concept of the oidipus complex, but this explanation is generally not accepted.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[8] However, many of Freud's critics have accepted his general view that faith is a kind of “crutch of the mind” and that it is imagination.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[7] Carl Gustav Jung Swiss psychiatrist C.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

G. Jung posited that there are archetypes, universal themes of hidden consciousness that manifest themselves in the human mind.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Archetypes reside in the collective hidden consciousness, and they emerge in dreams and myths.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

The myth Jung described as an independent manifestation of divine life in man.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[9] Émile Durkheim The French sociologist Émile Durkheim published in 1912 the work Elementary Forms of Religious Life, [10] in which he argued that god is an allegory of a communal group.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

In religion, the community, according to Durkheim, worships itself.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Gods worshipped by humans are imagined beings unconsciously created by society as tools to control individual thought and action.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Durkheim saw religion as empowering the individual.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[11] Many people have a religious feeling that they are subordinate to supernatural beings who give orders to their actions.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

According to the Durkheimian conception, they then feel the power of a natural society more powerful than they are by supernatural power.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

A society that encloses the individual instills into the minds of its members the idea of a god, which is effectively a reflection of society.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

The society, according to Durkheim, targets its members with the requirement of absolute obedience, and this is reflected in people's understanding of sacred things, as well as a god perceived as the source of the requirement to be sacred.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

In primitive societies, this sense of the community's insistence on unconditional obedience is very powerful, according to Durkheim.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

The perceptions and customs of the tribe have absolute power over individuals.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Even in developed societies, this primal sense of oneness comes back to life in times of war, for example, when a sense of national cohesion gains almost unlimited influence over individuals.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[12] God is also perceived as the final accessory to the individual.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

According to Durkheim, man is communal in nature, dependent on his flock and unhappy to be separated from it.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Community is the main source of human spiritual vitality.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

According to Durkheim, an individual becomes stronger when performing worship expenditures of a religion that unites the same group with other members of the group.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

For example, the strain of the Latin word religio is ligare, meaning binding or interconnection.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[13] Thus, in Durkheim's view, God is a metaphor for social reality, a doer that has existed long before the individual, and which survives long after him.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

The natural pressure of society changes your perception of the supernatural presence of a god because the human mind has a general tendency to create minds and metaphors.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

God is, according to this conception, a creation of homo sapiens, with the intention of preserving the societal existence of this being.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[13] Karl Marx The German Ludwig Feuerbach held that man worships in god his own self.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[14] Karl Marx developed Feuerbach's ideas.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

At the turn of the year 1843—1844, Karl Marx assessed religion as follows: [15] Modern conceptions Methodological individualism and cognitive religion science Cognitive religion science looks at religion as an activity of the human mind.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[16] Religion expressly perceives as a set of beliefs (cf.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Durkheim's way of understanding religion primarily as a social phenomenon), and cognitive religion science seeks to explain the attraction of religious beliefs to human minds by appealing to innate cognitive structures created by evolution.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Religion is often conceived of in origin as if a virus or parasite that merely nests into the human brain that has evolved regardless of it.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

The most famous theorists in the field, for example Pascal Boyer, are a proponent of steep metological individualism.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

However, it should be stressed that not all cognitive religionists share the notion that religion is entirely non-adaptive, and the cognitive approach can in principle also be applied in the context of views that religion is adaptive in origin.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

According to Pascal Boyer Religious scientist Pascal Boyer, “Religion is a cognitive parasite that nests in the brain.” [17] According to Boyer, the human brain tends to recognize agency and may find a goal-oriented actor even where one does not exist: for example, one imagines that a supernatural being controls the phenomena of nature.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Identification of agency is evolutionary and religions byproducts of that ability.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[18] According to Boyer, religious concepts can be simplified to be explained in such a way that their features contrary to everyday thought infringe upon the characteristics of the human mind.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

A trait unresponsive to everyday thought may be, for example, a dead ancestor wandering invisible among people.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

However, there must not be too much anti-everyday thinking, but just the appropriate amount, because concepts that are too contrary to everyday thinking are difficult to process in the mind and are quickly forgotten.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Instead, to an appropriate degree, notions contrary to everyday thinking would parasitize in the brain.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[19] According to Boyer, there is something about religion that makes it transmitted from generation to generation.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

It's about the transfer of viable thoughts, which has been characterised by the concept of a meme, that is, mind virus.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[20] [21] [22] Boyer himself, however, is not an actual meme theorist, but applies what Dan Sperber has developed an approach called “representatiode epidemology” to cultural eveolution.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Meme theory A meme theory is a theory of cultural evolution that allows its proponents to try to explain the origin of religion as well.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Among the best-known meme theorists are biologist Richard Dawkins, developer of the concept of meme, psychologist Susan Blackmore, and philosopher Daniel Dennett.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Richard Dawkins Biologist and non-fiction writer Richard Dawkins has considered the reasons for the immense waste of resources which human religions, from an evolutionary perspective, seem to represent, according to him.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Dawkins presents his perceptions as just another possible default.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[23] Dawkins describes the matter as follows.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

As a result of natural selection, animals have mainly been left with the qualities which are useful to them in surviving the struggle for existence.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Anyway, animals tend to conserve resources.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

People have built a huge number of religious buildings under the influence of religions, which are of no use from the point of view of natural development.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Millions of people have died in religious wars and religious persecution.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Under the influence of religions, people have refused sexual relations and resigned themselves to life in monasteries, for example.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[23] Dawkins considers various developmental explanations proposed for religions and finds them untrue.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[23] Dawkins thinks the questions put up until now are wrong.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

To understand the nature of the right questions, Dawkins takes, for example, the phenomenon of insects swirling around a fire and flying towards their own death.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

The explanation for this phenomenon is that in times past, there have been no insects to distract the fire made by humans.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Insects have flown in some direction at night, using distant lights such as the moon and stars as navigation instruments.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Applying the same navigation method to a nearby target causes the insect to fly a thread-shaped track, and if the target is fire, the insect is destroyed.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Behaviour leading to the destruction of an insect is a side-effect of behavior that makes sense under the new circumstances.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[23] Unlike almost all other animals, humans transmit heaping experience knowledge from generation to generation.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

It is at least to the children's advantage if they more obey, without questioning the prohibition of swimming in water with crocodiles.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

As a result of natural selection, the human child's brain has evolved to learn language, and human children rely on information provided by adults.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

In different regions, different people pass on different languages and different religions to their descendants.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

In Dawkins's view, religions are harmful side-effects similar to insect fire flying, which, from an evolutionary perspective, have no bearing whatsoever.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[23] Anthony C. Lunn does not fully agree with Dawkins as to what phenomenon the side effects religions have.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

He posits that man, thanks to natural selection, has developed the ability to search for the causes of phenomena, and pseudo-explanations of religions are side effects of this feature.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[23] Religion as an adaptive phenomenon and group selection theories The individual-centered approach, which most cognitive religionists represent, is not a starting point shared by all, and the individualism it represents has not traditionally had a very strong following of religion in sociology, where the Durkheimian conception of religion as an adaptive phenomenon has been fairly universally accepted, if by no means shared by all.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

In the 21st century, classical Durkheimian conception has re-emerged in the context of an evolutionary biological approach, exemplified by, say, Jonathan Haidt [24] [25] and many others.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[26] Also, many cognitive religionists have turned to defend the idea of religion as an adaptive phenomenon.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Among meme theorists, Susan Blackmore has dismissed the metological individualism she espoused in the past and the accompanying conception of religion as nothing more than a brain virus.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[27] As with Blackmore, also generally the reason for the increased popularity of these views is the steadily increased empirical and experimental research that would appear to support it.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

David Sloan Wilson and Richard Sosis in the 21st century, several scholars have turned their attention to the extraordinary tightness and longevity of religious communities.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Since the ability to cooperate is evolutionarily advantageous, [28] [29] has this initiated several research programs on the adaptive significance of religion in human evolutionary history.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[30] [31] Evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson has suggested that religious communities act as units of group selection that are more successful than other groups because their doctrinal systems typically encourage self-denial and thus co-operation.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[32] Wilson considers that a random sample of world religions shows that most of these are motivated by adaptive patterns of behaviour in their followers.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[33] Anthropologist Richard Sosis has tested evolutionary psychology's so-called costly signals hypothesis that ritual requirements and sacrifices that impair individual eligibility serve as signals of commitment to group doctrine, and help distinguish free-riders who exploit the resources of the group but are not involved in producing them themselves.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Because of this, Sosis has presented the tendency towards religious behavior to be an adaptive complex that has evolved evolutionarily.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[34] A study by Sosis and his colleagues revealed that the lifespan of religious utopic communities that operated in the 18th and 19th century United States was correlated with the standards of conduct they imposed, but for non-religious communities this link did not exist.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Religious communities were also significantly longer-lived than non-religious ones.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[35] Similarly, those on a religious basis of Israeli kibbutzes prosper economically, especially when compared to their non-religious counterparts, [36] which Sosis explains by the high level of mutual trust evidenced in experimental studies especially in synagogues on a daily basis between visiting men.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[37] There have also been numerous other studies that have been considered to have supported the costly signals hypothesis by showing a link between religion and mutual trust or stronger communal organization.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[38] [39] [40] [41] René Girard and mimetic theory The so-called mimetic theory generic name for a theoretical entity applied by its developer René Girard in explaining the origins of religion in Aluneper's 1971 book Violence and the Sacred.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[42] Like meme theorists, but regardless of them, Girard considered that man is essentially an animal imitating other human beings.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

But unlike meme theorists, Girard drew attention to how people in imitating each other also imitate one another's desires.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

This leads to a constant orientation of desires to the same objects, which again leads to conflict.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

According to Girardi, mimesis can sensitively lead to crises where conflict escalates as group members end up through mimetic desire all wanting objects they cannot share.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

The crisis would be resolved by all members of the group turning on one member and murdering the latter as a “scapegoat”.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Thus, through the murder of a scapegoat, peace would return to the community.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

The practice of human sacrifice found in numerous independent cultures and mythologies is, according to Girard, a ritualised repetition of “initial murder”.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[43] [44] According to Girardi, religion is adaptive in a very similar way to what it was in Durkheim's view, but for Girardi, preventing escalation of violence within the group would seem to be the most important function of religion.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Famous supporters of Girardi's theory, or at least favourably disposed towards it, include Michel Serres, Roger Scruton [45] and Gianni Vattimo.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Of these, the former has even compared Girardi to Charles Darwin.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

[46] See also Religion Science Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Boyer, Pascal| title = And man created the gods: How religion is explained | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| version = (Et l'homme créa les dieux, 2001.)


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Translated by Tiina Arppe| id = ISBN 978-951-0-31815-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dawkins, Richard| title = Goddelusion | location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra cognita| year = 2007| version = (The god delusion, 2006.)


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Translated by Kimmo Pietian | id = ISBN 978-952-5697-00-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dennett, Daniel C.| title = Enchantment breaks: Religion as a natural phenomenon | location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra cognita| year = 2007| version = (Breaking the spell: Religion as a natural phenomenon, 2006.)


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Translated by Kimmo Pietiläinen| id = ISBN 978-952-5202-96-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ketola, Kimmo & Pyysiäinen, Ilkka & Sjöblom, Tom (ed.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

) | title = Religion and the Human Mind: Introduction to Cognitive Religious Science| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-952-495-007-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lewis-Williams, J. David| = Conceiving God: The cognitive origin and evolution of religion| location = London| publisher = Thames & Hudson| year = 2010| id = ISBN 9780500051641| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

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Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järhi, Jani| title = Birth of Paradises: Human Mind, Evolution and Heavenly Gardens | location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-884-462-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pals, Daniel L.| title=Seven theories of religion| location = New York| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1996| id=ISBN 0-19-508724-0| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pyysiäinen, Ilkka| title = God's explanation: 'God' in cognitive category| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1997| id = ISBN 951-1-14940-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Schumaker, John F.| title = Wings of Wings illusion: The origin, nature and future of paranormal belief| location = Buffalo, New York| publisher = Prometheus Books| year = 1990| id = ISBN 0879756241| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wilson, David Sloan| title = Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, religion, and the nature of society| location = Chicago, Illinois| publisher = University of Chicago Press| year = 2002| id = ISBN 0-226-90134-3| language = Transclusion error: {{I}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

On the topic elsewhere Ilkka Pyysiäinen & Marc Hauser: Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8.2.2010.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When is Scientology invented?

Origin of religion

Category:Evolutionary Psychology Category:Human Evolution Category:Religion Anthropology Category:History of Religion


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

An organism, or organism, is a distinguishable entity in which the hallmarks of life are fulfilled: independence, responding to stimuli, modular structure, growth, adaptability, metabolism, and the ability to reproduce.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

[1] An organism typically consists of one or more cells with the same inheritance, DNA.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

All known organisms are built from organic compounds.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

The early developmental history of organisms is shrouded in obscurity, but evolutionary biological theories assume they would have arisen in Earth's early oceans or volcanic sources more than three billion years ago.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

Over the ages, biota would have diversified and evolved with evolution.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

The biota (Biota) is a collective designation for all species and classes of organisms.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

It is divided into three domains, of which the domain of authentic nuclei is further divided into communes.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

There are 4-6 municipalities according to the prevailing conception.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

The domain is the highest group in taxonomy.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

Viruses are not uniquely organisms, as outside their host cells they are inanimate particles.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

Traditional taxonomy of organisms Archaea (Archaea) Bacteria (Bacteria) Genuine (Eucarya) Protoctists aka Protoctists (Protista) Fungi (Fungi) Plantae (Plantae) Animal kingdom (Animalia) Viruses are generally not considered alive.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

Phylogenetic taxonomy of organisms Bacteria (Bacteria) Archaeons (Archaea) Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Korarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Genuine (Eucarya) Archaeplastida (so-called. Plantae sensu lato) Plants and green algae (Viridiplantae or Chlorobionta) Red algae (Rhodophyta) Ophistokonta Animals (Metazoa or Animalia) Fungi (Fungi or Eumycota) Ameebas (Amoebozoa) Chromalveolates (Chromalveolata) Brown algae (Heterokonta) Stramenophila or Stramenophila) Alveolates (Alveolata) Root pods (Rhizaria) Excavates (Excavata) Sparse organisms and eye algae (Euglenozoa) Ameboflagellates (Percolozoa) See also Life Species Genetically engineered organism Scientific classification or taxonomy Sources Taxonomy Source: Adl, Sina M., Simpson Alastair G.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

B., Farmer Mark A., et al (2005).


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

“The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists”.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

J. Eukaryot.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

Microbiol.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

52 (5): 399—451.


Question: Is algae a living thing?

Bio

. References On the topic elsewhere Category:Key Articles in Screening


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool Football Club is an English football team playing in the Premier League.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool was founded in 1892 and its home ground has been Anfield Road in Liverpool since its inception.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool are one of the most successful clubs in English football history.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

It has the highest number of English teams including European Cup and Champions League wins, UEFA Cup wins and League Cup wins.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The team has won 18 English major league championships, the second most after Manchester United.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool won their first league championship in 1901, and have played at England's highest league level non-stop since 1962.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The golden age of the team is considered to be the 70s and 80s, when it won among others.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

of the First League 10 and the European Cup 4 times.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool's enemies include local opponent Everton and Manchester United.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The matches between Liverpool and Everton are called the Merseyside derby.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The history at Liverpool playing football began in 1878.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The St. Domingo School opened in 1870 and 8 years later in 1878 the first football club St. Domingo FC was founded in Liverpool.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

A year after the establishment, the name was changed to Everton.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Interest in football grew, and 1884 games began to be played on a tenement structure at Anfield.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In 1892 Everton and the field's owner John Houlding could not agree on a rent and Everton moved on to play at Goodison Park.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Anfield fell short of use and John Houlding began to look to his field for a new team aided by John McKenn.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The squad was assembled mostly from the Scots, but Everton had been left with three players to join John Houlding's new club.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool's first season 1893—1894 at England's second-highest league level was a success, Pool winning the championship and rising to the main league for the 1894—1895 season.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

However, in their first major league season, the club finished last in the series with 22 league points and were relegated back to 2 after the test match.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

to the division.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

[1] [2] The following season, 1895—1896, the team won Division 2 again and re-emerged to the main league.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Subsequently, the club began to rise towards the top of the league.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

It finished second in the 1898—1899 series two points behind championship-winning Aston Villa.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The team's winning run was riveting, and in the 1900—1901 season Liverpool won their first league championship.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

It collected 45 points in the series, beating second-placed Sunderland AFC by two points.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The club was relegated from Division One at the conclusion of the 1903—1904 season, having fallen short by 26 points to finish penultimate in the series.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The team climbed back into the main league immediately the following season and celebrated the championship 1905—1906 when its 51 points were enough to clinch the championship with a four-point difference away to Preston North End.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

It was the second of the series in the 1909—1910 season as Aston Villa took the title by a five-point difference.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The team also qualified to play in an FA Cup final for the first time in 1914, but lost 0—1 to Burnley.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

[3] [4] England national team player Ephraim Longworth led Liverpool to league champions again in 1922 and 1923.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The championships followed the longest period in the club's history without any championship.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Finally, in 1947, Liverpool got to celebrate a league championship.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

For the next few years the team tried desperately to struggle for success, but were relegated nonetheless to Division 2 in 1954.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In December 1954, Liverpool suffered their biggest-digit defeat in history when Liverpool were humiliated by Birmingham City by numbers 1—9.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Bill Shankly was hired as the new manager in December 1959 and over the next fifteen years Liverpool hurtled towards the caste of Europe's top clubs.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

During his first season, Shankly released 24 players and reassembled the team.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In his third season he led Liverpool to Division Two victory with an eight-point difference and the team climbed back to the main league, where it has remained all the way to this day.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In 1964, Liverpool won their first championship in 17 years.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

After two years, Liverpool celebrated the title again, having won the FA Cup for the first time in the previous season when Leeds Utd went down by numbers 2—1 in the final.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In 1976, with Shankly already quitting and playing under new manager Bob Paisley, Liverpool won both the league championship and the UEFA Cup.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The following season, the Reds again won the championship, but lost in the FA Cup final.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

However, the club celebrated its first European Cup (now.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Champions League) to their triumph, as another English team.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The final, played in Rome, fell to German Borussia Mönchengladbach by numbers 3—1.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The following season Liverpool renewed both their league and European cup titles.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In 1980 Liverpool won the title for the fourth time within five years and under Paisley it already achieved their third European Cup victory in 1981.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Over the next two seasons Liverpool celebrated a double championship when, in addition to the league championship, it won the League Cup.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In May 1983, Paisley's assistant Joe Fagan took over manager duties when he was 63 years old.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In his first season in coaching, Fagan led the Liverpoolans to the triple championship by winning not only the league but the League Cup and the European Cup.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Fagan's wash ended with the Heysel tragedy that occurred the following year.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

On 29 May 1985, 39 people were killed during the European Cup final between Liverpool and Juventus, played at the Heysel Stadium, when the teams' supporters clashed, resulting in part of the stadium collapsing.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Most of the dead were Italians.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

However, the match was played out because otherwise the situation was feared to get worse.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Juventus won the match 1—0 with Michel Platini's penalty shoot-out goal.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

UEFA blamed the incident on English fans alone though e.g.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool had raised concerns about the poor condition of the stadium even before the match and asked for a transfer to another stadium.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool received a perpetual ban from participation in the European Cup as punishment (later the sentence was changed to a six-year ban) and other English teams received five years.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Kenny Dalglish became the first player-manager in Liverpool history.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

[5] In the 1985—1986 season, the club celebrated the doubles championship.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

On 15 April 1989, in an FA Cup semi-final match against Nottingham Forest, 96 Liverpool supporters died in the Hillsborough crash.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In 1991 Graeme Souness became Liverpool manager, winning only the FA Cup in 1992, and was replaced by Roy Evans in January 1994.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Until June 1998, with his manager Liverpool, Evans' only championship was a League Cup win in 1995.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Even in the league, the Reds did not finish highest until third.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Former France national team coach Gérard Houllier took over manager duties entirely in November 1998, having shared coaching responsibilities for the team before that with Evans for a few months.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In 2002, they finished second and Sami Hyypia served as team captain for about a year.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The 2000—01 season was the best for Liverpool in many years as the team won the triple championship — the FA Cup, the League Cup and the UEFA Cup.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Under Houllier, Liverpool still won the League Cup in 2003 before leaving his post in May 2004.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Rafael Benítez, who guided the team in his first season in the league to fifth place and the Champions League final against AC Milan, was named as the new manager.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Playing the final in Istanbul, Liverpool were already on a 0—3 loss, but came even and won the title after a penalty shootout.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Under Benítez, Liverpool still won the UEFA Super Cup in 2005, as well as the FA Community Shield and FA Cup in the 2005—06 season.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In addition, Liverpool finished second in the Premier League behind Manchester United in the 2008—09 season with the highest points total (86), amassed by the second-placed team in Premier League history.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In the spring of 2009, Liverpool beat runners-up Real Madrid at Anfield 4—0 as well as Manchester United at Old Trafford 1—4.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

However, the downhill began in the summer following that season.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The sale of Xabi Alonso to Real Madrid is often cited as the main reason for their poor success in the 2009—10 season.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Benítez, in the summer of the previous year, had tried to sell Alonso with the intention of using this to finance midfielder Gareth Barry's transfer to Liverpool.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

However, Benïtez failed to win support for his plan from managing director Rick Parry and Liverpool ended up keeping Alonso in their ranks, acquiring striker Robbie Keane from Tottenham instead, who, after minor successes, was sold back to Tottenham in January of the same season.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

After a heavy summer, Alonso played perhaps his best season in a Liverpool shirt and the subsequent summer transfer to Real Madrid is seen in part as a blip on Benítez.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

As advance favourites for the 2009—10 season, Liverpool were relegated from the Champions League already in the group stage and finished only seventh in the series, missing out on the places qualifying for the Champions League in the forthcoming season.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The quarrel between the manager and the managerial team, as well as the conflicts within management and their public coverage in the media, did not make things any easier for Liverpool and the season was hugely disappointing.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Eventually the situation escalated with the resignation of Rafael Benítez after the season and the hiring of Roy Hodgson on 1 July 2010.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In the same summer, Liverpool moved into new ownership.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Previous owners George Gillett and Tom Hicks were kicked halfway out of ownership due to the massive debts to Liverpool due to them and fans were disappointed with promises that never materialised.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool was owned by US businessmen since 2007.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The purchase price was £470 million, part of which was to be used to build a new stadium.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

However, a new stadium never came in their day, even though they had promised fans a new stadium would come.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

They had also pledged not to put a possible debt burden on the club's name, yet did exactly the opposite, leading to operating profits going towards interest payments and ultimately the bankruptcy and the club's transition to Royal Bank of Scotland ownership being just days down.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Eventually, to the delight of fans, the US-based NESV association led by John W. Henry was replaced.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Under Hodgson, however, Liverpool failed to rise to their own level and at no point managed to win fans over.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Negative game performances, as well as poor results, placed him the target of immense criticism.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

A 1—3 defeat to Blackburn in early January 2011 missed his final game and was replaced on 8 January 2011 by club legend Kenny Dalglish.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Kenny Dalglish made Liverpool rise from relegation battle to the Europa League places during January.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Dalglish bought Uruguayan Luis Suárez for €26.5m and Englishman Andy Carroll for £35m (around €47.5m) to Liverpool during the January transfer window.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

It became the club's most expensive purchase, but at the same time star striker Fernando Torres moved to Chelsea for €58m.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Liverpool rejected previous offers, but when Torres submitted a written transfer request to his club, the club decided to sell him.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

The 2011—12 season was one of the club's worst and as a result Dalglish was sacked.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Northern Irishman Brendan Rodgers was hired to replace him.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In Rodgers' second managerial season in 2013—14, Liverpool ended up, perhaps surprisingly, in the title battle and second place in the Premier League.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In the 2014—15 season, boosted by the club, long-time captain Steven Gerrard announced he would move after the end of the season to play for LA Galaxy.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

In the 2015-2016 season, Brendan Rodgers was sacked when Liverpool played out a 1-1 draw against Everton (Merseyside Derby).


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Rodgers' Liverpool should have won the match so Rodgers could have kept his place at Liverpool.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Rodgers was hired to replace Jurgen Klopp, who left Borussia Dortmund.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Already in his first season with Liverpool, Klopp reached the final of the League Cup but lost to Manchester City in a penalty shootout.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Jurgen Klopp's team also reached the Europa League final, but lost there to Sevilla 1-3.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Klopp told the press that he now has time in the summer to create his own looking Joukue.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Klopp's style of play is very heavy on the players.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Klopp likes to use the high crease in his own style of play.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Klopp's overall game-format is 4-3-3.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

Representative team | colspan=7 style="background: #E31B23 "align=center| Goalkeepers |- | colspan=7 style="background: #E31B23" align=center| Defenders |- | colspan=7 style="background: #E31B23 "align=center| Midfielders |- | colspan=7 style="background: #E31B23 "align=center| Attackers Players On loan Updated 26 January 2019.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

[6] Number Player Placement TeamClosing Date1 Loris KariusM Beşiktaş30.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

June 20202 Nathaniel Clynep Bournemouth31.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

May 201916 Marko GrujićKK Hertha BSC30.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

June 201928 Danny IngSh Southampton30.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

June 201934 Ádám Bogdánm Hibernian31.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

May 201940 Ryan KentKK Rangers31.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

May 201953 Ovie eJariakk Reading31.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

May 201954 Seyi Ojokk Stade Reims30.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

June 201959 Harry WilsonKK Derby County31.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

May 201973 Kamil Grabaram Aarhus30.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

June 2019— AllanKK Eintracht Frankfurt30.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

June 2019— Taiwo AwoniYih Excelsior Mouscron30.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

June 2019 Transfer history Updated on 26 January 2019.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

[7] 2010s Period PurchasesSales/Sales +-Most Valuable Procurement Transfer SolutionMost Valuable Sales Transfer Amount 2019 - 20200 €22.2M €+€22.2M Danny Ings22.2M €2018-20192.2M €38.5M €-143.7M Alisson62.5M € Dominic Solanke21.2M €2017-2017-2017-2017-2017-2017-2017 €168.03M €184.5M + €16.47M Virgil van Dijk78.8M € Philippe Coutinho135.0m €2016— 201779.9M €84.9M €+€5.0M Sadio Mané41.2M € Christian Benteke31.2M €2015-2016125.4M €90.55M €-€34.85M Christian Benteke46.5M € Raheem Sterling63.7M €2014-2015151.43M €99.27M €-£52.16M Adam Lall6M Ana31.0m € Luis Suárez81.72m €2013 to 201458.1M €32.6M €-25.5M Mamadou Sakho19.0m € Andy Carroll£17.5M 2012-201370.6M €10.45M €-€60.15M Joe Allen19.0M € Charlie Adam6.2M €2011-201266.53M €22.9M €-€43.63M Stewart Downing22.8M € Raul Meireles€13.5M €2010-201197.53M €101.5M + €3.97M Andy Carroll €1.0m Fernando Torres58.5m €Your.999.72M €687.37M €-312.35M 2000s Period PurchasesSales/Sales +-Most Valuable Procurement TransferalMost Valuable Sales Transfer Amount 2009-201043.5M €49.9M €-6.4M Glen Johnson20.5M € Xabi Alonso35.4M €2008-200971.2M €46.0M €-25.2M Robbie Keane24.0m € Robbie Keane16.7M €2007-200890.7M €45.3M €-€45.4M Fernando Torres38.0M € Craig Bellamy11.3M €2006-200746.0M €21.0M €-25.0M Dirk Kuyt18.0M € Fernando Morientes5.0M €2005-200644.1M €19.0M €25.1M Mohamed Sissoko12.0M € Milan Baros8.8M €2004-200558.4M €24.6M -€33.8M €M Djibril Cissé20.0M € Michael Owen12.0m €2003-200415.7M €0 €-15.7M Harry Kewell10.0M € Abel XavierFree2002-200331.5M €11.5M €-£20.0M El-Hadji Diouf15.0M € Stephen Wright4.5M €2001-200231.3M €28.7M €-£2.6M Chris Kirkland8.2M € Robbie Fowler16.8M €2000-200134.0M €16.1M -£17.9M Y18.0m €Dominic Matteo7.1m €Yht.466.4M €262.1M €-€204.3M 1990s Period PurchasesSales/Sales +-Most Valuable Procurement TransferalMost Valuable Sales Transfer Amount 1999-200051.2M €13.3M €-37.9M € Emile Heskey16.5M € Öyvind Leonhardsen4.5M €1998-199913.4M €7.0M €-6.4M Vegard Heggem5.2m € Jason cateer5.6m €1997-199818.6M €2.5M €-16.1M Paul Ince6.3M € Mark Kennedy2.4m € 1996-19973.5M €10.5M €10.5M + €7.0M Patrik Berger3.5M € Stan Collymore10.5M €1995—199619.3M €1.7M €-£17.6M Stan Collymore13.0M € Nigel Clough1.7M €1994—199511.9M €2.6M -£9.3M Phil Babb5.4M Don € Chison2.3M €1993-19945.0M €1.5M €-€3.5M Nigel Clough2.8M € Julian Dicks1.5M €1992-19934.2M €2.9M €-1.3M € Paul Stewart2.8m € Dean Saunders2.9M €1991—19929.8M €7.1M €-€2.7M Dean Saunders3.3M € Gary Gillespie1.9m €1990—19911.3M €0.3M €-1.0M Ronny Rosenthal1.3M € Alex Watson0.2m €1m €80.0M €40.3M €9.7M Player Transfer Records Updated on 26 January 2019.


Question: When is Liverpool FC founded?

Liverpool F.C.

[8] [9] Most expensive purchases Transfer total78.8M €62.5M €60.0M €46.5M €45.0M €42.0M €41.2M €41.0M €41.0M €38.0M €38.0M Player Virgil van Dijk Alisson Naby Keïta Christian Benteke Fabinho Mohamed Salah Sadio Mané Roberto Firmino Andy Carroll Fernando Torres Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain Old Club Southampton AS Roma RB Leipzig Aston Villa AS Monaco AS Roma Southampton TSG Hoffenheim Newcastle United Atlético Madrid Arsenal Year2018201820182018201820182017201620152015201120072017 Most expensive sales Transfer total135.0M €81.72M €63.7M €58.5M €35.4M €31.2M €28.2M €22.2M €21.2M €20.0M Player Philippe Coutinho Luis Suárez Raheem Sterling Fernando Torres Xabi Alonso Christian Benteke Mamadou Sakho Danny Ings Dominic Solanke Javier Mascherano New club FC Barcelona FC Barcelona Manchester City Chelsea Real Madrid Crystal Palace Crystal Palace Southampton Bournemouth FC Barcelona Years 2018201420152011200920162017201920192010 Achievements in English league championships 18 pcs: 1900-01, 1905-06, 1921-22, 1922-23, 1946-47, 1963-64, 1965-66, 1972-73, 1975-76, 1976-77, 1978-79, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1982-83, 1983-84, 1985-86, 1987-88, 1989-90 FA Cup wins 7 pcs: 1964-65, 1973-74, 1985-86, 1988-89, 1991-92, 2000-01, 2005-06 League Cup championships 8 pcs:1980-81, 1981-82, 1982-83, 1983-84, 1994-95, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2011-12 Charity Shield/Community Shield wins 15 pcs: 1964, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1986, 1989, 1990, 2001, 2006 European Cup and Champions League wins 5 pcs: 1976-77, 1977-78, 1980-81, 1983-84, 2004-05 UEFA Cup wins 3 pcs: 1972-73, 1975-76, 2000-01 UEFA Super Cup wins 3 pcs: 1977, 2001, 2005 Illustrious former players Managers W. E. Barclay1892—1896 Tom Watson1896—1915 David Ashworth1920—1923 Matt McQueen1923—1928 George Patterson1928—1936 George Kay1936—1951 Don Welsh1951—1956 Phil Taylor1956—1959 Bill Shankly1959—1974 Bob Paisley1974—1983 Joe Fagan1983—1985 Kenny Dalglish1985—1991 Graeme Souness1991—1994 Roy Evans1991—1994 1994— 1998 Gerard Houllier1998—2004 Rafael Benítez2004—2010 Roy Hodgson2010—2011 Kenny Dalglish2011—2012 Brendan Rodgers2012—2015 Jürgen Klopp2015— Liverpool's main symbols You'll Never Walk Alone, the team supporters' support song Liverbird The Kop The Boot Room at Anfield Shankly Gates Full red outfit Hillsborough flame Sources on topic elsewhere Category:English football clubs Category:Liverpool Sports Class:Sports clubs founded in 1892 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

World War II was a global conflict between 1939 and 1945, the main parties of which were the Axis powers led by Germany, Italy and Japan, and the Allies led by Britain, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, France and the United States.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The Second World War, which claimed 73 million lives in total, is the most devastating war in human history.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

World War II ended with an Allied victory.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The outbreak of World War II was influenced by the Versailles Peace Treaty after World War I, which did not solve Europe's problems.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

According to historians, the seed of World War II was sown in the conclusion of that peace treaty.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The negative consequence of the peace agreement were the unfair treatment experienced by the Germans and the German drift into economic descent, which gave the German National Socialist Workers' Party and its leader Adolf Hitler popular favour.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Hitler garrisoned himself for war, annexed neighbouring Germany and World War II kicked off with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The League of Nations, established after World War I, was unable to prevent war from breaking out.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

World War II was the first and only war to use a nuclear weapon, as the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The wars since World War II have not been the same kind of total war, as the threat of nuclear war changed the nature of the wars.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

After the war, the United Nations (UN) was established, the international monetary system was reformed with the Bretton Woods system, and Western European countries engaged the United States with Marshall aid, for the distribution of which a short-term OEEC was established, which developed into the European Coal and Steel Community and OECD.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Background of War First World War Peace Act After the end of World War I, representatives of the victorious nations gathered 1919—1922 in Paris to decide peace terms.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Key figures at the Paris Peace Conference were the Big Four who were U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, British Prime Minister Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau and Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

At the conference, President Wilson stressed the right to self-determination and fair territorial arrangements of nations (so-called.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Fourteen-point program).


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

For his part, Clemenceau demanded harsh treatment for the losing parties and sought to weaken Germany permanently.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[1] The peace bearing the name of the Peace of Versailles — as well as the “Peace of Shame” () — was concluded at a conference in Versailles, France, on 28 June 1919.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Most significant to World War II in the treaty was the fate of Germany; Germany was judged a war culprit and ordered to pay large war reparations.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Under the treaty Germany also lost all its colonies, the territory of the Rhineland to demilitarization, the army was limited to a maximum of 100000 men [1] and conscription was banned.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[2] Germany also lost its territories, resulting in the creation of a large German minority in many of its neighbouring countries.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

This all led to bitterness among the Germans.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Emperor William II of Germany had relinquished power, went into exile to the Netherlands and the country had been declared a republic.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Conditions were volatile; the Weimar Republic failed to perform on time on its war reparations, France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr region in 1923 and prices rose during hyperinflation (July—November) by 726,000000000%.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[3] Extremist Germany had been Europe's leading industrial power right up to World War I.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

At the end of the war, right-wing and left-wing rebellions broke out in a country suffering from food and supplies shortages.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Emperor Wilhelm's resignation and the end of the war were followed by peace terms deemed unreasonable and war reparations.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Adolf Hitler, who adhered to the backstabbing theory popular among veterans, blamed a “conspiracy” formed by Jews, Social Democrats and Communists for the loss of the war.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The young republic was derailed into a state of political instability that opened the way to power for the German National Socialist Workers' Party (NSDAP), founded in 1919, then led by Hitler.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The intense middle-class destitution foreshadowed strong political reactions, bringing the intervals between communists and nationalists inflamed many German cities to the brink of war.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The public's faith in democracy faded as a result of constant destitution.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Desperate economic conditions and public discontent created opportune conditions.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Hitler's accusatory and defiant appearance also began to interest those who viewed him as nothing more than an Austrian populist.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Italy also experienced severe economic difficulties after the war, and between 1919 and 1920 (Biennio rosso) a socialist revolution was feared.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[4] The danger receded when King Viktor Emanuel III in 1922 invited Fascist leader Benito Mussolini to form governments.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The Fascists had had their own paramilitary force, with which they fought anarchists, communists and socialists.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Within a few years, Mussolini acquired himself the powers of a dictator and turned Italy into a police state.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The global Great Depression that began with Adolf Hitler to power in Germany at the end of the 1920s brought the number of unemployed in Germany to six million.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[5] The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, promised voters to abolish unemployment, undo the peace of shame and end the “machinations” of Jews they blamed for Germany's problems.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Hitler's goals also included the expansion of German territories, especially in the east, because, according to him, the German people needed more living space ().


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

In 1932, the NSDAP gained the most seats in elections and in 1933 German President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Reich Chancellor.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

After coming to power, Hitler banned other parties and upon von Hindenburg's death merged the posts of president and Reich Chancellor, rising to dictator of Germany.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The entire system of government in Germany was reformed and the first concentration camps intended for political dissidents and criminals were established.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The individuals and organisations holding back Hitler's advance were cleared of the way by force if necessary.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

For example, the Communists were eliminated by blaming them for the Berlin Reichstag fire.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[6] From August 1934 onward, allegiance was sworn to the German state rather than to the Führer — the Third Reich had originated.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Upon his rise to Führer, Hitler violated the provisions imposed on Germany by the Versailles Peace Treaty, which limited the size of the country's armed forces.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The entry into force of universal conscription and the removal of women from the labour market improved the employment situation, as did extensive public works projects and in 1939 there were only 100,000 unemployed people in the Third Reich.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[7] The redevelopment of the army began after the failure of the Geneva Disarmament Congresses in 1932—1934.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

As other powers did not reduce their weapons to that of Germany, Hitler announced that he would arm Germany to their level.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

By 1935, the arms race was in full swing.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The armament race alarmed France, which re-equipped the Maginot Line, built between 1929 and 1934.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

The line of defence stretched from the Belgian border to the Swiss border, but Germany had already in World War I circumvented the fortified area by attacking through Belgium.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Without British support, France was forced to stand by and follow Germany's garrisoning.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Initially Britain was in favour of German garrisoning, signing, among other things, in June 1935 the Anglo-German Naval Treaty proposed by Hitler, which allowed German naval tonnage to be increased to no more than 35% of the size of the Royal Navy.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[8] [9] The Naval Treaty was well suited to the Baltic Sea policy pursued by Britain in the Baltic Sea region between the wars.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Here the idea was that Germany and the Soviet Union would balance the power relations in the region.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

After World War I, Britain itself had been forced to operate in the Baltic Sea region, so the agreement with Germany seemed to guarantee the preservation of the military balance in the region.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Whereas these countries carried out mutual cooperation, the culmination of which can be considered the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, was the occupation of Scandinavia and Eastern Europe by British-based countries, or, as in the case of Finland, the Winter War and the subsequent forced choice of cooperation by one or the other, With Germany or the Soviet Union.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Hitler tried his new weapons successfully during the Spanish Civil War of 1936—1939, sending Francisco Franco to the aid of the Luftwaffe's Condor Legion.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Similar ideas of the Italian and German ruling groups led to the conclusion in 1936 of an informal union known as the Roman—Berlin axis, under which they began to be called the Axis powers.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

In May 1939, the countries entered into a formal military alliance under the so-called Treaty of Steel.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Japan joined the alliance in 1940 with a three-power pact.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

In accordance with the Versailles Peace Treaty, the Rhineland was a demilitarized zone.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Hitler also violated this order in 1936, when he marched 30,000 men to Cologne on 7 March 1936.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[10] France stood by again as Britain accepted the German march “into its own backyard”.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

After militarization, Hitler held a referendum in which 98.8% of voters supported his actions.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

[11] He then built his own line of defence, the “Westwall” against France.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

When Neville Chamberlain became British Prime Minister on 28 May 1937, he pursued a policy approving of German actions, believing Hitler's intention was only to unite the German-speaking peoples.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Chamberlain did not believe Germany would go to war.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

Hitler was considered an effective barrier to the spread of communism and his foreign policy was a National Socialist version of the popular Commonwealth cause.


Question: Was there an international war crimes tribunal during World War I?

World War II

For a long time, with his skilful foreign policy, Hitler was able to seize large areas for Germany without directly using the armed forces.