Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[5] The Garamants' wealth and technical acumen are also attested by their stone-built cities, as well as over 50,000 pyramidal burial chambers.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[6] Roman Reign For over the next 400 years, Tripolitania and Kyrenaika were well-off Roman provinces belonging to a cosmopolitan state whose citizens shared a common Latin language, a common legal system and a common Roman identity.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Merchants and craftsmen from across the Roman Empire arrived in North Africa, but the cities of Tripolitania retained their Punic culture and the cities of Kyrenaika Greek.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Tripolitania became a major producer of olive oil and Kyrenaika's export products included wine, pharmaceuticals and horses.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The majority of the rural population consisted of Berber farmers who in the west had adopted Punic culture.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[7] Although the African provinces of the Roman Empire benefited from Pax Romana in other parts of the empire, the region was not deprived of fighting and the threat of war.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Between Tripolitania and Kyrenaika, in the Sirtica Desert barbarian tribes disrupted traffic between the provinces, and the Roman army did not succeed in pacifying Sirtica until the end of the first century.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Subsequently, trading by both land and sea between the region's ports was safe for more than two centuries.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Roman forces also secured population centers from attacks by desert nomads.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Kyrenaika was secured by an army of 5,500 men, recruited from locals.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Tripolitania had its own army, reinforced by tribal warriors in the borderlands of the province.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Although the war expeditions stretched deep into Fezzan at times, Rome sought to dominate mainly those areas which were of economic importance and could be defended with available forces.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[7] The rebellion of the Jews and the arrival of Christianity in the Ptolemy reign in Cyrentime had arisen a vast Jewish community which expanded by tens of thousands of Jews following the defeat of the Great Jewish Revolt in Palestine and the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 share.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Some of the refugees headed to the desert and adopted a nomadic lifestyle, bearing a great grudge against the Roman Empire.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

They lived together with the Berbers, converting even entire tribes to Judaism.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In 115, the Jews of Kyrenaikan rose in revolt against the Roman Empire, and the revolt, the Second Jewish War, soon expanded through Egypt back into Palestine.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

By the time the rebellion was defeated in 118, the rebels had disposed of Kyrenaika and plundered the city of Kyrenee.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Some 200,000 Romans and Greeks lost their lives in the three years in the revolt, [8] and it took at least a century to rebuild Kyrenaika to its earlier glory.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The revolt did not extend to Tripolitania, for whom the period was a time of peace and prosperity.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[7] In reorganizing the Roman Empire in 300, Emperor Diocletian separated Kyrenaika and Crete from each other, forming the provinces of Upper Libya and Lower Libya.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

This was the first time the name Libya was used in connection with an administrative division.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

When the Roman Empire in 395 definitively split into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, Libya, namely Kyrenaika, was annexed to Eastern Rome and Tripolitania to Western Rome.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[7] Christianity arrived in the African provinces of Rome in the early 10th century and quickly gained support in the cities and among slaves.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

By the end of the 3rd century, Christianity had become prevalent in the provinces.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

From the beginning, the churches of Tripolitania and Kyrenaika developed local features.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The Church in Tripolitania came under Papal jurisdiction, while the Church of Kyrenaikan oriented eastward and belonged to the Coptic Church and under the Patriarch of Alexandria.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[7] Time of the Vandals The Vandals arrived in North Africa through Spain, summoned by a rebelling Roman official in 429.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Under the leadership of their leader Geiserik, the Vandals established a kingdom with Carthage as its capital.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Although forced to concede to Vandal supremacy in Tripolitania and much of North Africa, the Romans dominated mainly the economically important territories.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The Vandals formed a separate warrior caste, mainly interested in collecting taxes and exploiting land.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The functions of civil administration they left to the Romans.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

From North Africa, the Vandals conquered Sardinia and Corsica, as well as carrying out raids into Italy, plundering the city of Rome in 455.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Over time, the belligerence of the Vandals calmed down, and their empire was overthrown in 533 after the Eastern Roman warlord Belisarius began the recapture of North Africa to the Roman Empire.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[7] Subsequently, Byzantine power in Tripolitania was largely confined to the coast, and there too were the walls and fortified farms built around cities as demonstrations of the flimsiness of Roman rule.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

During the reign of the Vandals, the prosperity of the region had amused and the old Roman political and social order disappeared.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Residents of areas left undisturbed by the Vandals had sought refuge from tribal chiefs and, accustomed to autonomy, refused to return under Roman rule.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

While Tripolitania was under the rule of the Vandals, Kyrenaika had remained a Byzantine military outpost.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Unpopular Byzantine governors imposed tough taxes to finance military spending.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

But cities and their public functions, such as irrigation systems, went unheeded.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

However, the Byzantine reign prolonged the Roman period by another century and a half and repelled the Berber innodic aspirations for power along the coast.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[7] Middle Ages By the time of the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, he and his followers had converted most of the tribes and cities of the Arabian Peninsula to the monotheistic faith of Islam.


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History of Libya

Islam was perceived to unite the individual believer and society under the omnipotent Allah.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Because of this, Islamic rulers exercised both secular and religious power.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[9] Over the next generation, Arab armies exported Islam from Arabia to the north and east and west to North Africa on the other.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In 642, Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab's Arab general Amr ibn al As conquered Kyrenaika and erected his headquarters in Barka.


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Two years later he moved to Tripolitania, where he bulldozed the reclusive Byzantine garrisons.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

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By the end of the decade, Arab power in the region stabilized.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

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[9] General Uqba ibn Nafi conquered Fezzan in 663 and forced German to surrender.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The Berbers persistently continued their resistance in Tripolitania, slowing the Arab advance westward.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In the early 7th century, however, the Arabs conquered the entire Maghreb region, pushing in 710 into Morocco and the Atlantic coast.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In 712−715, the Arabs conquered almost all of Spain.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Islamic Spain, the Maghreb (which included Tripolitania), as well as Kyrenaika were systematically organized under the political and religious leadership of the Umaijad Caliphate of Damascus.


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History of Libya

[9] The ideal of the Arabs who ruled North Africa was, as elsewhere in the Islamic world in the 7th century, to achieve political and religious unity under a Sharia-adhering caliphate.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

It was easy for the Arabs to control the coastal farming areas and towns, which flourished again under their patronage.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The townspeople appreciated the security provided by the Arabs, which facilitated peaceful commerce while the Punic farmers in turn experienced tribal extraction with the Semitic Arabs.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The Monophysites, who belonged to the Coptic Church, felt the Muslims would liberate them from Byzantine oppression.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

However, the communal and representative tribal institutions of the Berbers were at odds with the authoritarian and representative way of governing adopted by the Arabs from Byzantium.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

As the Arabs abhorred the Berbers they considered barbarians, inland Berbers often saw the Arabs merely as arrogant and brutal soldiers interested only in collecting taxes.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[9] The Arabs formed an urban elite in North Africa, where they had arrived as conquerors and missionaries, not colonists.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Arab armies journeyed without women, and soldiers often married locals, thus spreading Arab culture and Islam among the urban population and farmers.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Although opposed to Arab political power, the tribes in the hinterland also quickly embraced Islam.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

However, tribes developed Islam as equivalent to their own customs, often forming different sects of faith.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[9] After the Arab conquest, North Africa was ruled by successive amirs, or commanders.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Until 750, the amirs were subordinate to the Caliph of Damascus.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

After the Islamic world center moved to Baghdad, the amirs after 750 responded to the caliph of Baghdad.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In 800, Caliph Harun al Rashid installed Ibrahim ibn Aghlab as amir, who formed a hereditary dynasty in Kairouan.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The dynasty ruled Ifriqiya and Tripolitania as an autonomous state, which nevertheless was under the spiritual guidance of the caliph and nominally recognized the caliph as its head of state.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The amirs of the Aghlabidi dynasty repaired irrigation canals built by the Romans and subsequently neglected, caused agriculture in the area to again surplus and the cities to flourish again.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

At the top end of the political and social hierarchy were bureaucrats, the military caste, and the Arab elite formed by merchants, scholars and civil servants.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Members of a large Jewish colony also served as amirs officials in the cities.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Those who adopted Islam were generally allowed to maintain the traditional dominance of their family or class, dating back to Roman times.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

There was also a dwindling minority speaking Latin-speaking and professing Christianity in the cities up to the 10th century.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In many places, the Aghlabidi dynasty challenged the political power of the Byzantine Empire.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

After conquering Sicily, the dynasty also played an active part in Italian domestic politics.


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History of Libya

[9] Twentieth century and independent Libya Libya from the Ottomans to Italy Libya ended up under Italian rule as a result of the Tripolitanian War initiated by Italy on 3 October 1911.


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History of Libya

[10] From Libya's neighboring Tunisia had already drifted into a French protectorate, and the Italians feared Germany would bite into Tripolitania before them.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

During World War II, there was constant fighting in Libya from 1941 to 1943.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The British took Libya from the Italians who had sought to enter Egypt and the German troops who had come to support them.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[11] After the war, the country remained under the control of the United Nations, but there were still many Italians in the country as well.


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History of Libya

[12] Gaining independence in accordance with the decision of the United Nations, Libya became independent on 24 December 1951.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The UN General Assembly had already adopted a resolution on 21 November 1949 that Libya was to become independent by 1952 New Year's Day.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[13] The Federal Kingdom of Libya Upon independence, Libya was formed of three parts: Tripolitania, Kyrenaika and Fezzan.


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History of Libya

The state was renamed the United Kingdom of Libya (Al-Mamlaka Al-Libija Al-Motahidda) and was led as a federation by King Mohammed Saied Idris as-Senussi (Idris I) from two capitals, Tripoli of Tripolitania and Bengas of Kyrenaika.


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History of Libya

On October 7, 1963, the state became a unitary state, the Kingdom of Libya (Al-Mamlaka Al-Libija), which nevertheless continued to have two capitals.


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The Libyan Arab Republic On 1 September 1969, the officers seized power from the king, and Libya became the Libyan Arab Republic, where power was held by the Revolutionary Council led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.


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[14] Union of Arab Republics with Syria and Egypt miniature|League of Arab Republics.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In the 1970s, Gaddafi became a leading advocate of Arab unity.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

While other Arab regimes accepted the idea of a unified Arab state in principle, most of them did not consider the idea realistic or topical.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[15] During 1970 Gaddafi held talks with Egyptian and Sudanese leaders with the aim of some form of Arab union.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Following the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser in September of the same year, talks continued with his successor Anwar Sadat.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Syria was included in the talks at the request of Hafiz al-Assad after his elevation to Syria's leader.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In April 1971, the leaders of Egypt, Libya and Syria announced the formation of an Arab League state and signed a draft constitution, which was approved by an overwhelming majority in each country's referendum.


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[15] The confederation officially entered into force on January 1, 1972.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Long-lasting plans for the unification of countries were made to the federal government, but in practice only symbolic gestures, such as a common flag, were implemented.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[15] Officially, the federation was abolished in March 1977.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The Yom Kippur War, planned by Egypt and Syria in October 1973, was a disappointment for Libya as it would not have wanted Egypt to make a truce after a successful Israeli counterattack.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

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Schism with Egypt Gaddafi accused Sadat of cowardice, who responded to the accusations by declaring that he contributed to Libya's failure to destroy the passenger ship Queen Elisabeth II in the Mediterranean.


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History of Libya

The ship was also carrying Jewish tourists as passengers.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Subsequently, relations between Libya and Egypt went cold.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

With the export revenues generated by the first oil crisis, Libya began to resupply itself.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In July 1977, Egyptian troops advanced a short distance into Libyan territory.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

However, the situation was reassured through Algeria.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

As a result of the conflict, Egyptians who worked in Libya were expelled from the country.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Sadat's September 1978 Camp David peace agreement with Israel to end the Yom Kippur War was too much for Libya.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

It organized the Opposition Front in December 1977 along with Syria, Algeria, South Yemen and the PLO.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Cooperation with the PLO and Syria The Opposition Front led to Syria and Libya supporting Persian Iran in the Iraq-Iranian War initiated by Arabic Iraq, which began in September 1980, leading to a tightening of ties with Iraq and Saudi Arabia.


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History of Libya

Iraq was also supported by the US as a result of the Iran hostage crisis.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

After failing in its confederation with Tunisia, Egypt made a second confederation with an Iran-supporting Syria, diplomatically isolated from the Arab world, in September 1980.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Egypt pledged to pay the $1 billion debt incurred by Syria's arms purchases to the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Terror suspicion During President Ronald Reagan's term, U.S. relations with Libya, Syria and the PLO were tense.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

On the other hand, relations between Libya's ally Syria and Israel were poor.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Libya, for its part, had openly shown its support for the Islamic Republic, or Iran.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In 1982, Israel launched the PLO as well as the anti-Syrian Operation Peace to Galilee, with the aim of occupying southern Lebanon.


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History of Libya

The goal was to eliminate the PLO's anti-Israel activities from Lebanese territory with the help of the SLA, consisting of phalanx Maronite Christians.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The United States had strong suspicions that Libya supported international terrorism in many ways.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

As a result, the country eventually took retaliatory measures.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The most famous event that spawned terror suspicions was the explosion caused by the 270 fatalities of a Pan Am passenger plane above Scotland in Lockerbie in 1988.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In 1992, the UN imposed sanctions on Libya to pressure the country to hand over two bombing suspects.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In 2001, one of them was sentenced to life imprisonment; the other was released.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

[14] In Britain and the United States, Libya has been speculated to have supported, among others, the Irish Republican Army IRA, the Basque separatist organisation ETA, the United Revolutionary Front of Sierra Leone, as well as having links with Abu Sayyaf and Al Qaeda, the separatist Islamist group in the Philippines.


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History of Libya

In 2004, the British prime minister visited Libya.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The visit was the first in 60 years.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

2006 The United States again established diplomatic relations with Libya, and in 2008 Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited the country on a state visit.


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History of Libya

[14] Protests and Civil War 2011 In January 2011, riots against the government erupted in Libya.


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They were inspired by the social unrest that spread from the Tunisian revolution, which caused turmoil in many Arab countries in the Middle East.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Arms forces defending the Libyan government used heavy armament against the protesters.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

At least 600 persons were killed.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Libyan diplomats and a couple of ministers defected away from the Libyan regime's side because of the regime's killing of unarmed protesters.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

By 24 February 2011, many cities in the east of the country had broken away from the guidance of the Gaddafi government and the western part was also changing sides [16].


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Tobruk and Bengasi, among others, had fallen under the control of government opponents after soldiers changed sides there [17].


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Gaddafi's power seemed to be imploding [18].


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Still, Gaddafi said on television he would not flee but fight to the point of martyrdom.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Gaddafi called the protesters both terrorists and rats and said these deserve a death sentence under the country's laws.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Qaddafi's forces acted broadly against protesters, using tear gas and heavy weapons.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The U.N. Security Council and the United States condemned the Libyan government's violence against protesters.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In mid-March, the government appeared to have advanced in its fighting, having managed to encircle rebels in Misrata and was already harassing Bengas, the largest rebel-controlled city.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Now Libya was practically in a civil war.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In this case, the UN authorized Western countries to carry out air strikes against Libyan government forces.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The offensive in Bengas stalled, but the situation in the besieged Misrata was deteriorating.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Among other things, Britain sledgehammered Libyan air force and anti-aircraft defense on March 23, 2011, preparing for strikes against Libyan ground forces.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

At the same time, Libyan forces were reportedly forming human shields out of civilians and infiltrating the ranks of civilians so that it is almost impossible to act against them from the air.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

For a moment, the rebels appeared to be on the eastern front with victory, but was halted by the better-armed and led Gadhafi army.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Rebels blockaded in Misrata drove government forces out of near the city in May.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Gaddafi was still declaring defeat for both rebels and Western powers.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

The war drifted into an unresolved situation in the spring of 2011.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

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Especially the Eastern Front got stuck shut.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

On April 20, rebel groups had infiltrated Tripoli, where fighting continued.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

In August 2011, rebels began advancing in the mountains of the west and recapturing towns near Tripoli.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Rebels soon recaptured much of the city and captured Gadhafi's sons.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

On Monday morning, August 22, fighting took place around Gaddafi's base, where Gaddafi was probably based.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Over the next few days, the rebels regained control of almost all of Tripoli and Gaddafi's base.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Rebels may have declared Tripoli their capital in the last week of August, although there was still war and other unrest in the city and other parts of the country.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Moreover, Gadddafi was still missing.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

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After mid-October, the rebels overran Bani walid, and the cordon of Sirt tightened.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

On 19 October, the rebels recaptured Sirtink.


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This is when Gaddafi tried to flee in a motorcade.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

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NATO halted the motorcade's advance with an airstrike, and a firefight began between those in the convoy and the rebels.


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Gaddafi fled the battle into a sewer tunnel, from where he was captured.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Soon Gaddafi was wounded in the shoulder and later in the head.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

As recently as October 20, it was unclear whether Gaddafi died in a firefight from a stray bullet - shot by his own or by rebels.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Rebels allegedly assaulted and killed Gaddafi.


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The UN called for an investigation into the events leading up to Gadhafi's death.


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Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Helen Chapin Metz (ed.


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History of Libya

), LaVerle Berry (history section) | title= Libya: a country study| location = Washington D.C.| publisher = Federal Research Division, Library of Congress| year = 1989| id = OCLC 19122696| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [online version] | accessdate = 18.3.2009}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vassilios Christides| title = Byzantine Libya and the March of the Arabs Towards the West of North Africa| location = Oxford| publisher = British Archaeological Reports| year = 2000| id = ISBN 1841711330| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

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Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

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Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya

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Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya


Question: How long did Hafiz Allah Am's reign last?

History of Libya


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Epica is a Dutch symphonic metal band.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Guitarist Mark Jansen founded Epica in 2002 after leaving After Forever, whose style Epicank's music resembles.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Characteristic features include vocal soloist Simone Simons' mezzo voice, sawing riffs, and varying song structures.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Originally the band was called Sahara Dust, but it was renamed after Kamelot's Epica titled album [1].


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

The band's vocal soloists made a visit to each other's albums that came out in 2005, followed by a joint tour.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Eight albums have appeared from Epicalta, including one on the film soundtrack.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

In April 2007, the band moved from the Transmission record label to the larger Nuclear Blast.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Ariën van Weesenbeek was chosen as Epica's new drummer after Jeroen Simons left the band.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Guitarist Ad Sluijter also left the band in December 2008.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

In January 2009, Isaac Delahaye was elected as his successor.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Epica announced on their Facebook page on February 5, 2014, their upcoming album would be titled The Quantum Enigma and that it would be released in early May.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Members Current Mark Jansen — guitar, growl, screeching (2002—) Coen Janssen — synthesizer, piano (2002—) Simone Simons — vocals (2003—) Ariën van Weesenbeek — drums, growl, spoken words (2007—) Isaac Delahaye — solo guitar, backing vocals (2009—) Rob van der Loo — bass (2012—) Former Yves Huts — bass (2002—2012) Ad Sluijter — guitars (2002—2008) Helena Iren Michaelsen — vocals (2002) Iwan Hendrikx — drums (2002) Dennis Leeflang — drums (2002) Jeroen Simons — drums (2002—2006) Tour Koen Herfst — drums (2007) Amanda Somerville — vocals (North American tour 2008), backing vocals on albums by The Phantom Agony, Consign Oblivion, The Divine Conspiracy, Design Your Universe and Requiem for the Indifferent Oliver Palotai — keyboards (North American tour 2010) Visiting Olaf Reitmeier — acoustic guitars The Phantom Agony (2005) and The Divine Conspiracy (2007), vocals The Divine Conspiracy (2007) Annette Berryman — flute The Phantom Agony (2005) Roy Khan — vocals Consign Oblivion (2005) Sander Gommans — growl The Divine Conspiracy (2007) Gjalt Lucassen — spoken lyrics by The Divine Conspiracy (2007) Jaff Wade — spoken words The Divine Conspiracy (2007) Tony Kakko — vocals Design Your Universe (2009) Ruurd Woltring — vocals Forevermore (2012) Timeline Simone Simons Mark Jansen Ad Sluijter Discography Studio Albums Live Albums EPs DVDs Other Releases Singles Sources On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

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Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

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Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

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Question: What was Delahaye?

Epica

Category:Dutch symphonic metal bands Category:Dutch progressive metal bands Category:Goth metal bands Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Merseybeat (sometimes appearing as an early form of writing as Mersey-beat) is a British pop-music stylistic direction whose reign dates to the early 1960s.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The name refers to the surroundings of the birthplace of the stylistic direction, namely the River Mersey, to Liverpool and Birkenhead.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Merseybeat had its roots in American rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and homespun skiffle music.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Starting 1956 was the year that rock'n'roll made a worldwide breakthrough among record-buying youth.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Elvis Presley's “Heartbreak Hotel,” Carl Perkins' “Blue Suede Shoes” and Gene Vincent's “Be-Bop-A-Lula” were the hot stuff of summer 1956 on record plates.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

In the autumn, Britain got its own Elvis, too, when the Decca record label released Tommy Steele's first single “Rock With The Caveman,” which climbed to 13th place on the national record chart in a matter of weeks.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Simultaneously, “Skifflemania” was born in the country, led by Scottish jazzman Lonnie Donegan.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Skiffle was a kind of blend of Country & Western music and folk music, however distinctly British, rather than an American sound.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Donegan was the singing guitar and banjo player for Chris Barber's trad jazz band, who recorded the song “Rock Island Line” as a fill-in track for Barber's LPN with a three-man rhythm group: Donegan (guitar and vocals), Barber (bass), and Beryl Bryden (washboard).


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

However, Decca's producer Bob Crabb saw potential in the song and released it as a single, which became a giant success: the record was no less than half a year on the UK singles statistics.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Shortly after this, Donegan formed his own band, struck a good record deal with the Pye label, and over the next six—seven years recorded thirtieth success albums, e.g.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

“Don't You Rock Me Daddy-O”, “Cumberland Gap”, “Gamblin' Man” and “Tom Dooley”.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Soon Skiffle ensembles were born like mushrooms in the rain — some of the most illustrious ensembles among others.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The Vipers Skiffle Group, Bob Cort, Ken Colyer's Skiffle Group, Chad McDevitt and English-born American Johnny Duncan, all of whom recorded surging material on record charts in the second half of the Fifties.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The Skiffle boom clotted quite quickly in a couple of three years (except for Donegan), but through it many early British rock bands and artists began their careers: e.g.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Cliff Richard played and sang at The Dick Teague Skiffle Group before joining the Drifters (late.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The Shadows) establishment.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Skiffle offered young penniless musicianship the opportunity to create music on a small scale, in some cases using homemade instruments.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Along with acoustic guitars, basic instruments included a broomstick washstick bass and a washboard.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Uproar about the basements of the north Even in the mid-50s, Liverpool was known in pop music mainly for entertainment artist-cabaret star Frankie Vaughan.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Vaughan was one of the biggest hit makers of the mid-decade e.g.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

with the songs “Istanbul”, “Green Door”, “Garden of Eden” and “Man On Fire”, and is perhaps best remembered as Marilyn Monroe's counteractress from the film “Let's Make Love”.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

As rock'n'roll beached the banks of the Mersey, skiffle bands began to emerge among local youth, playing on small occasions: school parties, bazaars and Sunday events at nearby church.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

1958 Liverpool boy Ronnie Wycherley ended up as a protégé of Tommy Steele's manager Larry Parnes and immediately ascended to the top names of British rock under the name Billy Fury, in the local youth music enthusiast circle, began to raise hopes that “one day I will still...” In 1958, the Texas Skiffle Group, led by Alan Caldwell, made it to radio as the first Liverpool skiffle band, performing one song in Radio Luxembourg's Manchester studio.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Already the following year Alan Caldwell became Rory Storm, a washboard flew into the debris, and the now 'electrified' band became The Hurricanes.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Rory Storm & The Hurricanes, who soon became a local legend, became known for their colourful stage show — Rory performed crazy stunts and, on a batch at one time, snapped his leg, another time his arm.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Drums in the band were played by Ringo Starr.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The band's manager became local promoter Allan Williams, who ran the Jacaranda club in Liverpool city centre as well as ministering to the manager of a few other bands.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Jacaranda was one of the first clubs in the area where rock bands performed regularly.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Williams' other protégés in late 1959 included The Marsden Trio, Cass & The Casanovas and Derry & The Seniors, who were all lineups already equipped with electronic instruments.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

What happened in places other than Jacaranda, too: Mona Best set up the 1959 “Casbah” youth club in the basement of her house, whose standard band, The Blackjacks, was played drums by her son, Pete Best.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The club was attended by a few gigs by The Quarry Men, founded by John Lennon.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The Cavern jazz club operated in the basement of one of the office buildings in Liverpool city centre, among the first non-jazz fixtures being “The Blue Genes”, which still around this time had an acoustic Skiffle-type line-up, amplified by a banjo player.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The first real rock band to perform at the Cavern was Rory Storm, who took the wrath of club owner Ray McFall upon discovering that the “folk band” he commissioned to be the artist of the evening was playing “filthy rambling”.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Since then, McFall had to revise his stance, and in the future, more and more rock bands played at Cavern.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

In late 1959, former The Quarrymen band men John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Stuart Sutcliffe scrambled to spin at Jacaranda, trying to get Williams interested in fixing them at the club.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Williams wasn't quite enthusiastic about three guitarists and a non-existent bassist without a drummer, but promised to arrange rehearsal facilities for the foursome at the club.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The spring 1960 foursome practiced diligently at Jacaranda, producing mainly headstoning for Williams and others present.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Circles expand The first big occasion for local bands was the arrival of Gene Vincent for a gig at Liverpool Stadium on 3 May 1960.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Vincent, who at the time was the hottest name in the British Isles, was the first rock star to perform in Liverpool.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Pop impressario Larry Parnes had contacted Williams asking him to arrange for a few local ensembles as a warm-up act.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Williams chose Cass & The Casanovas, Rory Storm, as well as the Marsden Trio, which now had become Gerry & The Pacemakers.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The three-hour show drew the stadium full of screeching youth to follow a performance by 13 artists.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Local bands each received stage time for a couple of three songs.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Parnes was pleased with the performances of the Liverpool boys and called Williams about a possible further collaboration.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Artists from the Parnes stable, Duffy Power and Johnny Gentle, were about to embark on a Scottish tour over the next few months, and Parnes was willing to use one of Williams' protégés as a backing band.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

In addition, Billy Fury was without regulars as a backing band, so Parnes would come with Fury to Liverpool to review the ensembles.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

A band review was held on May 10 at Williams' new club, which still at the time bore the name Wyvern Club, but soon became known in local music circles as the Blue Angel Club.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Williams chose Cass & The Casanovas, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Cliff Roberts & The Rockers, Derry & The Seniors and The Silver Beatles as candidates, who at last had convinced Williams that there could be some potential in them.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The band showed up without a drummer, at which point Casanovas drummer Johnny Hutchinson had to patch them up.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

To everyone's surprise, Parnes chose the Silver Beatles, who set out with Johnny Gentle to tour Scotland for a week-long gig at the end of May.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

In that round, they had 36-year-old “age-man” Tommy Moore as drummer.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Around this time, the vocal soloist of The James Boys, the nearly 6-foot-tall Ted Taylor teamed up with rock group The Dominoes and they named the group Kingsize Taylor & The Dominoes.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Elderly piled on the line-up The Vegas Five, whose name soon changed through surprising coincidence: the band's gig announcement had ended up in the paper under undertakers, and thus they became The Undertakers.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The band used top hats and dark suits at the gigs in the future, as well as the grave casket as a prop.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

During 1960, Liverpool singer Johnny Sandon sought a backing band for himself, piled on from a few pupils attending the same school, renamed The Searchers — with the Western film of the same name.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Hamburg Great importance to the development of the Mersey Sound was in Hamburg, where almost every Liverpoolese band attended a “life music college” in those early years of the Sixties.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

In the summer of 1960, Williams received a postcard from one of his ex-protégés in Hamburg telling him how great the going was there, and that Williams should open a club there.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Williams decided to find out and went to Hamburg to check out the venues, stating that his artists might be in demand there.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

On his return to the homeland, Williams discovered Derry & The Seniors had had enough of Liverpool and had gone to London to mine gold.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Williams went after, and while at London's Soho's Two I's diner, bumped into Bruno Koschmider, a Hamburger nightclub owner.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The Gentlemen reached an agreement and so Derry & The Seniors left as the first Liverpoolese band to Hamburg.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Month-long gig at the Kaiserkeller, playing every night for six to seven hours a night to a dead-drunken audience amidst hookers and sailors — lodging in a booth next to the stage.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The long playing sets forced the band to suddenly expand its repertoire and the simultaneous playing made the band even better playing — the same could be said of all visitors to Hamburg.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

After the end of the mortgage, the band still stayed vacationing in the city and did not return home until the fall.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

After the end of the seniors' nest, Williams decided to send the Beatles (by this point the Silver prefix had been dropped out) as the next band to Koschmider's clubs in Hamburg.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The condition was that the band would get themselves a regular drummer.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The Beatlets knew Pete Best from his gigs at the Casbah club and contacted the man asking him to audition for the Jacaranda club.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The audition went well, and Pete joined the band's ranks.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

In mid-August, the beatlets arrived in Hamburg.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The band started Koschmider with the empty Indra club, from which they were meant to bring about a gold mine similar to the Kaiserkeller.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

On opening night, Koschmider yelled from the half-blank hall “Make a show!” commands.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The boys were on stage doing a show, doing stuff that goes all the way to fools while interspersed with their sets.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Soon word of a raunchy rock band started to circulate, and the venue began to draw an audience.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

In early October, the club was shut down by police, after neighbours complained of a ruckus, and the Beatles moved on to the Kaiserkeller to play, where Rory Storm & The Hurricanes had recently started.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

In their free days, the Beatles would go to Hamburg's number one club, Peter Ekhorn's Top Ten club, to see the club's big star, Tony Sheridan, the former Vince Taylor Playboys guitarist who had gone to Germany, and was already a big name in local rock circles at the time.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

The boys became friends with Tony, and at times they were seen playing with him on the Top Ten stage.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

This led to trouble with Koschmider, who accused the band of breach of contract.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Arguing and threats on Koschmider's part ensued.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

In mid-December, a small fire occurred on the Kaiserkeller, which Koschmider used as an excuse, to set the boys up for trouble.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Police questioning followed, after which they were put on a journey towards home.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

What had still looked like a big career opening at the end of the summer had ended in disaster.


Question: Where does the name Merseybeat come from?

Merseybeat

Category:Popular music


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The Grand Mogul Empire (دولتمغل) was, at its most extensive, the kingdom that ruled most of India as well as parts of Afghanistan and Persia, existing between 1526 and 1707.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The kingdom was founded by the Timurid ruler Babur in 1526 when he minted Ibrahim Lodin, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate [1].


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The word mogul signifies Mongol; moguls considered themselves descendants of Mongols through both the family's paternal progenitor, Timur Lenk, and Babur's mother.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The moguls were Muslim, but the majority of the inhabitants of the kingdom were Hindus.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The base territory of the kingdom had been conquered under another Mogul ruler, Humayun, but under Akbar it was still greatly increased.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

In 1630—1653, Akbar's grandson Shah Jahan built the famous Taj Mahal in Agra [2].


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the kingdom began to decline and made way for the Hindu Maratie kingdom [1].


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The Moguls held some power for another 150 years, until the British dissolved the kingdom once and for all after the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 [1].


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Grand moguls of Babur see main article Babur The first grand mogul Zahir-ud-din-Mohammad Babur was a direct descendant of Timur Lenk, who was exiled from Samarkand but gained power in Kabul in 1504.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

In 1526, he took over the Delhi Sultanate with his small but well-trained and -equipped army, exploiting the conflicts within the Sultanate.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Babur ruled for only five years before his death in 1530, and had no time to consolidate the kingdom.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Humayun see main article After Humayun Babur died, his son Humayun (reigned 1530-56) inherited a tricky task.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

He came under internal pressure from both the Afghans external and his right to succession to power, and was forced to flee to Persia in 1540 with Sher Shah Sur taking power.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Under Sher Shah, the kingdom was unified and the civil service apparatus developed.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

In 1555, Humayun regained power in Delhi, but died six months later after stumbling on the stairs of his library.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Akbar see main article Akbar Humayun's early death left the crown to his thirteen-year-old son Akbar (reigned 1556-1605), who is considered the greatest of the grand moguls.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

He expanded the kingdom to Kabul, Kashmir and Bengal, as well as building a capital near Agra.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Akbar was a libertarian and had been in touch with the traditional customs of India since he was a child.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

In his time, the tax to be imposed on infidels was abolished and the Muslim lunar calendar replaced by a solar calendar more usable in farming.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Akbar founded the Din-i-Ilahi religion, which was a mixture of Hinduism, Sufi Islam, Zarathustranism and Christianity.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

It became the state religion until Akbar's death.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

These actions caused fierce opposition among Muslim scholars.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Akbar created a clerical apparatus that was able to effectively control a vast area and during his time the kingdom was prosperous and rich in culture.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Jahangir see main article The period of Jahangir Akbar's successors Jahangir (reigned 1605—27) and Shah Jahan (reigned 1628—58) is known for its vibrant economy, beautiful paintings and monumental buildings.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Jahangir married a Persian princess whom he renamed Nur Jehan, the “light of the world”.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

As a result, many Persian poets, artists, scientists and officials emigrated to India.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The number of non-productive officials, as well as corruption, increased, and the vast Persian representation upset the court's neutrality.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Jahangir liked Hindu festivities, but at the same time encouraged mass conversions to Islam.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

He persecuted the Jainans and even executed Guru Arjan Devi, the fifth holy teacher of the Sikhs, for his refusal to make changes to the Sikh holy book.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Admittedly, the execution also had a political background.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Nur Jehan's efforts to secure the throne for his favorite prince led to Shah Jahan's rebellion against Jahangir in 1622.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

In the same year, the Persians took over Kandahar in Afghanistan, badly hampering the reputation of the Moguls.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Shah Jahan see main article Shah Jahan In the rise to power of 1628, Shah Jahan conquered the back lands of the Deccan and the Khaibarpass.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The wars demonstrated the military might of the Moguls but drained state coffers.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The transformation of the state into a war machine in a system reminiscent of mogulate feudalism meant an increase in the number of nobles and the burden on peasants.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Law and order extended over a wide area encouraging the growth of major trading centres such as Lahore, Delhi, Agra and Ahmedabad.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

However, Shah Jahan's time is best remembered for architecture, where the single most important reform was the replacement of sandstone with marble.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The Taj Mahal, erected by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, was just one of the fine buildings of the period.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Shah Jahan moved the capital from Agra back to Delhi.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Aurangzeb and the decadence of the kingdom see main article Aurangzeb The last grand mogul was Aurangzeb, in whose reign spanning five decades (1658-1707), the kingdom reached its greatest geographical extent, but at the same time showed clear signs of decadence.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The bureaucracy had caused corruption and the huge army used outdated armament and tactics.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Aurangzeb was mired in numerous protracted wars.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The kingdom suffered several difficult defeats in the 27-year war against the Marates from 1680 to 1707.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Aurangzeb Islamized the regime, leading to a growing rift between the regime and the subjects.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

The crown of the mogulate had many aspirants, and the periods of Aurangzeb's successors, the so-called lesser moguls, were generally short-lived and the kingdom suffered large territorial losses.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

After the middle of the 18th century, moguls no longer controlled the surroundings of Delhi.


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

However, the dynasty survived all the way until 1857, when the last mogul Bahadur Shah II went into exile [1].


Question: Does the Maurya Empire exist anymore?

Empire of the Grand Moguls

Sources Category:Empire of the Great Moguls Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Coffee is a stimulant made by extraction from roasted and ground beans in a coffee bush, most often drunk hot.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Coffee contains a stimulant alkaloid, caffeine.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Coffee can be prepared, for example, by cooking in a pan, filtering in a coffee machine, or squeezing in a press pot.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Coffee can be drunk as is, i.e. black, but often add milk, cream, sugar or other spices.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Arabs, who were making coffee probably as early as the 13th century in Yemen, are thought to be the inventors of coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

To Europe coffee came in the 17th century.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Coffee is produced in abundance in Central and South America, including Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Other major coffee-producing countries include Vietnam, Ethiopia and Indonesia.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Brazil, the largest coffee-producing country, produces about a third of the world's coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The most commonly cultivated coffee species are Arabic coffee and Congo coffee, among which Arabian coffee is considered tastier.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Finns are the world's most diligent coffee drinkers per capita: a Finnish consumes an average of 10 kilograms of roasted coffee per year.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Etymology The word coffee and its equivalents in other languages derive from the Arabic word qahwa meaning wine made from plants.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[1] The coffee was named by the Yemenis who started cultivating it.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[2] The word entered European languages through the Italian language.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[3] The Arabic name of the coffee may have been borrowed from the name of the province of Kaffa in Ethiopia, as the coffee bush is native to those regions.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[4] History Invention in Ethiopia and spread to Arabia Ethiopians are thought to have consumed coffee beans first even before the 10th century.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

They grinded coffee berries, mixed the powder with animal fat, and used the bars thus obtained as energy-giving travel fins.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Some people still eat this kind of food in Ethiopia.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[5] There is a story about the invention of coffee in which an Ethiopian goat shepherd named Kaldi observed his goats staying up nights when they had eaten the berries of a coffee bush.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In the monastery, the berries began to make a drink, the reputation of which slowly hurried to Arabia.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[6] Arabs are thought to have learned the roasting of coffee as early as the 13th century.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[7] It is not known how coffee spread from Ethiopia to Arabia.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[5] Coffee is known to have been grown in Yemen no later than the 15th century and probably much earlier.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The first coffee rooms (arab.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

qahveh khaneh [6]) opened in Mecca, and soon cafes existed throughout the Arab world.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Cafes were centres of community and business, but when they also became centres of political activity, they were banned.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Later, the ban was replaced by a coffee and coffee tax.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] From Yemen, coffee cultivation spread to Persia, Egypt, Syria and Turkey by the 16th century.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[6] The Turks spread coffee culture throughout the Middle East as they took over new lands, and a large number of new, luxurious coffee rooms sprang up in the capital Constantinople.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[9] The Arabs sought to keep the cultivation for themselves and forbade the export of seed beans.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

It was not until 1616 that the Dutch managed to import coffee beans elsewhere for cultivation.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] The Dutch attempted to cultivate coffee initially in Indian Malabar in the late 17th century and with greater success in Batavia, Java, in 1699.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

From Java they expanded their coffee growing to Sumatra and Sulawesi, [6] and the Dutch quickly became Europe's leading coffee suppliers.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] With the spread of Europe in the 17th century, coffee was first brought in significant quantities by Venetian merchants in 1615.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[10] Initially, coffee was sold as a medicine.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The Venetian clergy initially denounced coffee as “an acrid invention of Satan”, but Pope Clement VIII gave the drink his approval after tasting it.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[6] To England coffee began to be imported in the 1650s, to France in the 1660s and to northern Germany in the 1670s.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[10] Europe's first café opened in Venice in 1683; Caffè Florian, opened in 1720, is still in operation.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

A Lloyd's café opened in London in 1688.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] By the 18th century, coffee houses had become a major part of European urban culture.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[10] One of the most famous coffee drinkers in history was the French writer Honoré de Balzac (1799—1850), whose death was recorded as one of the causes of a heart defect caused by excessive drinking of coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[11] The spread to the Americas and Africa to North America coffee came no later than 1668, and cafes were soon established in the largest cities of the colonies.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] Coffee supplanted tea as the favorite drink of North Americans with the advent of the Boston Tea Party.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[6] The French naval officer Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu brought a coffee bush to Martinique in 1720, and in 1777 there were already 18—19 million coffee bushes on the island.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] The Dutch began cultivating coffee in South America starting in 1718, and the British brought the coffee bush to Jamaica in 1730.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] Coffee began to be cultivated in Brazil's Paraíba Valley in 1774, and by the 1830s Brazil was already the world's largest coffee producer before Cuba, Java and Haiti.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] The increase in coffee production volumes led to a collapse in prices in the 1840s, from which prices rose again rapidly until the 1890s.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

With the price increase, coffee cultivation also spread to Guatemala, Mexico, El Salvador and Colombia, among others, where coffee had come in 1723 with the Jesuits.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] In other parts of the world, coffee production also spread, and many African countries that became independent after World War II, notably Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi, were already economically more or less dependent on coffee exports.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[8] Development of Coffee Drinks in the 20th Century Italian, cup-by-cup coffee drinks have been produced in small coffee bars since the early 20th century.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

With Pavon's device, developed in 1905, coffee was quickly completed, espresso.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In 1948, Gaggia developed a machine by which a characteristic foam, crema, was created on the surface of a cup of coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Gaggia's machine could also be used to foam milk using steam, creating a cappuccino.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

This drink finally made Italian-style coffee popular even in English-speaking countries.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[12] In the United States, sales of specialty coffees began to grow in the 1980s, and in the 1990s, Italian-type coffee was sold more than filter coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The Americans' tastes suited a cafe latte with lots of milk, often spiced with different flavour syrups.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In continental Europe, enjoying espresso drinks became a way for youth to emphasize “Europeanism”.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[12] History of coffee in Finland, Axel Käg was reportedly the first Finn to taste coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Käg, from Turku, was a chambermaid in the entourage of the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein during his trip to Persia and got a taste of coffee in 1637.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[13] [14] In the Swedish Empire, the Coffee Prohibition Act came into force in 1756, which was repealed in 1761.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Since then, coffee was banned in Swedish-Finland mostly for state economic reasons several times for a few years at a time until 1802, after which time it has remained permitted.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

During the prohibitions, Finland learned to use coffee substitutes, especially rye grains.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[15] During World War II, since 1939 coffee was rationed in Finland due to a shortage of all food products in the country.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In 1941, substitutes were introduced with only a quarter of coffee and the rest with roasted rye, barley, swede, pea and dandelion root.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In 1943, a coffee equivalent was introduced with no real coffee at all.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[16] Chicory from chicory was also used as a coffee substitute and consideration.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

It had, like real coffee, a bitter aftertaste, but it was considerably cheaper than coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The first production of chicory in Finland was started by industrialist Wilhelm Schauman in Pietarsaari in 1883.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[17] Specialty coffee drinks were offered very occasionally in Finland before the late 1980s and 1990s saw a strong development of cafe culture.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Especially youth began to prefer American-style coffee drinks flavored with cream and flavor syrups.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[18] Coffee cultivation Coffee species There are 124 different types of coffee bushes in the world [19].


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Among these cultivated species are: Arabian coffee (Coffea arabica), the coffee obtained from which is soft and toned in taste.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[20] Almost all of the most expensive coffee grades in the world are arabica.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[21] Its common varieties are typica and bourbon.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[22] Congo coffee (Coffea canephora or Coffea robusta), which has a stronger and more bitter flavour than arabica.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

It has a bitter aftertaste and often a mulla-like, metallic nuance.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[20] However, robusta is often used in coffee blends and especially as a base for espresso coffees.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Robusta has caffeine twice that of arabica.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[21] Robusta is the predominant coffee species in Vietnam, Indonesia and other parts of Asia, and is pretty much cultivated in Africa and Brazil as well.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[23] liberian coffee (Coffea liberica) cultivated in the smallest quantity in Malaysia and West Africa.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[24] Liberica is acrid in taste, but can sometimes be mixed in small quantities with better beans.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[25] Of world production, Arabic coffee accounts for around 75% and 25% of Congo coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[26] Liberian coffee accounts for 1%.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[25] Coffee is also made of some wild varieties, but this type of coffee is not commonly sold.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

However, efforts are being made to preserve wild varieties in order to preserve the genetic variation of arabica in the future.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[25] In recent decades, hybrid varieties have been developed that are more durable and productive than the original varieties.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[25] Major coffee producing countries Cultivation conditions The coffee bush is native to Africa.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Today coffee is grown in more than 60 countries in the subtropical, temperate and tropical zones.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[28] Arabica thrives in a more temperate climate than heat-resistant robusta.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[29] The coffee tree grows naturally to 7—8 m tall, but in plantations it is cut into a wide shrub 2—4 m high, thus producing well and making harvesting easier.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[29] Shrubs are planted every 3—4 m and pruned at least 2—3 times a year.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[30] Shrubs usually grow under cover from other species, but some varieties have been processed to withstand direct sunlight.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[31] [32] The best cultivation height of coffee is between 600 and 1200 meters above sea level.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Robusta can also be cultivated at sea surface level and arabica up to 2200 m altitudes.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The best soils for cultivation are loamy, thick loam, as well as mineral-rich slopes of volcanoes.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[28] Plants grown close to sea level produce the best harvest, as they mature faster.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Beans are also softer, so they can't be roasted dark.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Congo coffee thrives low as it is more resistant to harsh conditions such as high temperature and consequent fungal infections than arabica.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[33] The coffee bush needs rain between 1000 and 2000mm/year and ideally a temperature of 15 to 25 degrees Celsius.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

It requires pre-flowering rains and cannot withstand frost.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[28] Different types of coffee plantation include: [34] The farmland coffee plantation is today an uncommon culture resembling the native and natural forest ecosystem, which does not use chemical fertilizers or pesticides traditional shade coffee culture, where in addition to coffee other useful crops are grown, and the original tree is a conserved commercial monoculture plantation with the original vegetation removed and the use of rich fertilizers and pesticides as a shadow monoculture where only the new, dwarf-growing of coffee bushes are grown varieties of coffee multiculture- that is, a solar coffee plantation where varieties resistant to direct sunlight are grown Environmental impact of coffee cultivation Traditional coffee cultivation is a shade crop crop that provides living space for birds.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Traditional coffee cultivation does not normally use pesticides.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In addition to this, traditional coffee cultivators commonly cultivate other crops because of better food security and additional sources of income.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In the 1970s and 1980s, shadow crop plantations began to be replaced by solar farming techniques for greater productivity.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The environmental impact of solar farming is dramatic when compared to traditional shade crop farming.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Solar farming requires logging of large areas of forest and monocultural cultivation of a single species.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

For more efficient production, new varieties were developed that can be cultivated in full sunshine.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Cafe varieties growing in full sunshine require large amounts of water and fertilizers.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Because of cheap labor, coffee is grown in areas that do not naturally have large bodies of water.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Transferring water from other bodies of water causes greenhouse emissions and dehydrates forest areas.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[35] Further processing and preservation Berry and bean The coffee bush grows coffee berries that are red when ripened.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

There are usually two seeds inside the coffee berry, namely coffee beans.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[26] One-seeded fruit, or pearl beans, is about 10%.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Some consider them tastier than normal beans, as nutrients and compounds are concentrated in one seed.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[36] There are three layers in the pericarp surrounding the seed, or the wall of the fruit.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The surface of the berry is called epicarp, or exocarp.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Beneath it is a fleshy mesocarp, which is a sweet sugar layer.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

It can give coffee a sweet taste if the bean is processed by a method that preserves it as far as possible.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The seeds are contained within the endocarp, that is, parchment or shell.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Also, the seed has three layers.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Spermoderm, that is, a thin coat is usually removed before roasting.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The main layer is the endosperm.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The innermost is the embryo.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[36] Harvesting Coffee beans begin to be harvested from bushes aged 2—4 years, and the bushes give 1—2 harvests per year.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[32] The bush produces a normal harvest of 0.4 to 2.0 kilograms of green coffee beans at the age of five.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[37] On the mountainsides picking is done by hand and on the plains by machine.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[26] The harvest can be collected in two ways: either in one go entirely, or selectively.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In tab picking, all fruits are picked at one time by machine or by hand.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In mechanized harvesting, mowers curve around fields, and their spinning blades drop any fruit on the ground where pickers collect them.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Fruits can also be extracted by hand-railing them down onto a tarp or into a tote bag.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

At the refinery, the machine then picks up mature and healthy specimens, as well as rejects the overripe, raw, damaged and decayed.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[38] For selective picking, only bright red, fully ripe berries that are not too hard or soft are picked from the bushes at each time of harvesting.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

This method is laborious, but it yields beans of fine quality.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

One laborer can collect by hand menus 100 kilograms of fruit per day.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[38] The choice of harvesting method depends on the ripening time of the crop and the growing environment.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

For example, in Brazil, where the temperature is uniform and the terrain flat, the entire crop can be picked at once once 75 percent of it has matured.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[38] Harvesting takes four months, and its time varies from region to region.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In Brazil, the beginning of harvest is in April and in Kenya in October.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[37] Drainage After picking, the berries are processed and the beans are dried.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

There are two methods of drainage: dry treatment and wet treatment, the latter of which has two variations, washed and pulped natural.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[39] The dry method produces a mild and soft aroma, and the wet method produces an acidic aroma.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[40] In the dry method, the berries are washed or rinsed and then dried, usually outdoors in sunshine, in layers 5 to 10 centimeters thick with drying containers or hanging drainage nets.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Drainage takes at least three weeks and is often accelerated by dryers.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The dry method is used mostly in Brazil and West Africa.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[39] [40] The wet method is a more demanding and costly method than dry procedures.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[40] Berries are poured into water tanks and the outer layers are removed in pulppers.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[39] In pulped natural processing, the berries are dried immediately, and the fruit flesh is not removed.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Drainage lasts 7—12 days.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In the process of washing, before drying, the berries are soaked in water basins for one to two days until the fruit flesh is loosened.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Drainage lasts 4—10 days.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[39] The wet method is used in Central America, Colombia and East Africa.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[40] Making decaffeinated coffee For the preparation of decaffeinated coffee, the caffeine in coffee beans can be eliminated by several different methods.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In activated carbon treatment, the beans are first soaked in water, allowing caffeine and other substances contained in coffee to move into the solution.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Then the beans are removed and activated carbon is added, which adheres not only caffeine, but also flavoring substances.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Activated carbon is filtered out and the solution is evaporated to a small volume.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

A method commonly used in industry is carbon dioxide extraction.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In it, CO2 is in a supercritical state, meaning the pressure and temperature are above the critical point of CO2.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Caffeine can also be extracted with organic solvents such as ethyl acetate.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[41] Roasting Green coffee is usually roasted for 5—8 minutes until the bean temperature is between 180 and 240 degrees.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

During roasting, acids, flavors and other components are created or balanced so that the acidity, taste, aftertaste and body of the coffee develop.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[42] The taste of coffee arises during roasting in the Maillard reaction.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In it aromatic compounds are created when amino acids, sugars, peptides and proteins combine or break down.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Roasting multiplies the amount of aromatic compounds in coffee from 250 to 800.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Also, the color of the bean changes from green to brown.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[43] Coffee has four or five degrees of roasting.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[42] [44] Depending on the length of roasting time and roasting temperature, the coffee becomes either light, medium, dark or very dark in the roasting degree.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The pale roast coffee is darker in taste, and the darker roast makes the taste softer.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[44] [45] Shop-bought coffees are usually coffee blends produced as a co-roast or separate roast.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In co-roasting, green coffee beans are mixed before the roasting process, and in a separate roast, each raw coffee species is roasted separately and mixed only after roasting.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[45] Until 1926, the vast majority of coffee sold in Finland was also roasted.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[46] In 2013, there were about ten roasters in Finland, the vast majority of which had started in recent years.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[47] Grinding Coffee beans are ground before coffee is made


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The degree of grinding depends on the filtering time of the coffee so that the shorter the filtering time, the finer the grinding.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The finest powder is made for Turkish coffee, the next finest for espresso, then for filter coffee, and for the coarsest pan coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[48] Coffee is sold to consumers as beans or loose powder.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Coffee sold as beans is ground one dose at a time at the point of use, allowing it to persist longer and be fresher.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[49] Coffee is ground in a coffee grinder.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

A coffee grinder usually has either a plate blade or a cone blade.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The sheet blade rotates and cuts the beans into small pieces, and the cone blade grinds the beans.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[50] Storage Coffee is fresh at best.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The quality of the beans begins to deteriorate immediately after roasting, as their aromas begin to evaporate, and the beans eventually oxidize.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Ground and bagged bulk coffee remains good for a couple of weeks, after which oxygen in the air oxidizes the coffee fatty acids and ruins the taste of the coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In vacuum packaging, the coffee stays good for three months thanks to the negative pressure in the package.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In an unopened protective gas package with a one-way valve, coffee can stay fresh for up to three years.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[49] Coffee is stored in a tight container in a dry and cool place.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Whole beans keep good for three weeks in a sealed container that is opened daily; ground coffee remains high quality in such only a few days.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[51] Preparation and ingestion of the beverage Dosing for one cup (1,25 dl) of coffee is approximately 7 grams, or one cup of coffee powder.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[52] For one espresso shot, 7 to 8 grams of coffee is normally used.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[53] Water The ideal level of mineral content of water used to make coffee is between 50 and 150 parts per million and should not exceed 300 parts per million.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The best coffee water is filtered water, as filters remove chemicals and precipitate from the water but retain important minerals.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Bottled spring water is also suitable for coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In distilled water, on the other hand, minerals are absent, which has a debilitating effect on the taste and extraction process, as well as can rust the equipment.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Hard water is not ideal either, with so many minerals in it that pipes in the coffee machine can calcify and clog.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

In artificially softened water, on the other hand, sodium ions might form a gelatinous mass that clogs the machine.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[54] The ideal water temperature is between 91 and 96 degrees Celsius.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Boiling water at 100 degrees produces an acrid flavour, and water below 91 degrees produces under-extraction as well as lean and tasteless coffee.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[54] Different ways of making coffee Pan coffee, or reindeer coffee, is made by boiling the water first in the coffee pot.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

After that, about one spoonful per cup of coarse pan coffee is added to it.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Next, the drink is brewed, but it is not allowed to boil.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Finally, the drink is lifted from the stove and allowed to settle before ingestion.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[55] In the nut pot, or suede pot, the water is brought to a boil in a pan above which is a coffee container.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Water vapor rises through the coffee into the jug.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The percolator, or pulping pan, otherwise works the same as a nut pot, but the coffee trickles down back into the pan.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[55] Filter coffee is made by measuring the coffee into the filter into which the heated water is poured or pumped from the water tank of the coffee machine.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

The coffee drink drips through a filter into a glass or thermos jug below.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

A disposable filter bag or washable metal mesh filter can be used as a filter.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[55] Espresso coffee is made by forcing water of 85—95°C at a pressure of 8—18 bar through finely ground coffee in approximately 20—30 seconds.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Foam is formed on the surface of the espresso, or crema.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Dark-roasted arabica and robusta are usually used for espresso.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Espresso can be made using an automatic or semi-automatic espresso maker.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[55] In the manufacture of cappuccino, a milk frother is additionally used, i.e. a steam tube.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

[55] A press pot usually has a cylindrical jug made of glass.


Question: How much coffee do Finns consume per year?

Coffee

Inside it is a piston with a filter.