Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[4] Factories in Ukraine are located in Kiev, Kremenchuk and Vinnitsa, with two production facilities.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

In addition, Roshen has a factory in Lipetsk, Russia; in Klaipeda, Lithuania and Budapest, Hungary.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[5] Its logistics center is located in Jahotyn, Kiev Oblast about 100 km from Kiev.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[6] In 2010, the company's annual revenue exceeded the USD 1 billion mark for the first time.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

The increase from 2009 was 32%.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[7] Its current revenue is $800 million.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[2] Roshen's confectionery products include chocolate bars and plates, biscuits and waffles, truffles, prongs and stuffed chocolates, mold-made chocolate figurines and shapes, toffee and caramel, nut and grain caramels, bars, confectionery crumbs, marzipan, hard sweets (including lollipop caramels, mint lozenges and cucumber lozenges), soft sweets, licorice, dried and candied fruits, fruit sweets and chewing gum.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[4] History Petro Poroshenko founded Roshen in 1996.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[7] It was based on the Kiev Karl Marx Sugar Bake, founded during the Soviet era, which was renowned in various parts of the Soviet Union for its meringue cake known as the Kiev Cake.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Poroshenko bought the plant during a privatization project of Ukrainian companies in the early 1990s and modernized it, among other things, by acquiring a whole new Western production machinery there.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

After founding Roshen, he changed the name of the factory to Roshen's Kiev Factory.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[8] [9] The Ukrainian Revolution and the subsequent war in Eastern Ukraine and the crisis-ridden relations between Ukraine and Russia have affected the company's operations.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Russia trade problems In October 2005, Russia imposed new tariffs on prescribed Ukrainian products.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Roshen's confectionery and bakery products were also covered by products subject to customs duties.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Tariffs had a big impact, with more than half of chocolate products sold in Russia, for example, coming from Ukraine and due to tariffs, sales of Ukrainian products fell by 34% from before.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

The high tariffs were widely seen elsewhere in the world as Russian retaliation for a dispute between it and Ukraine in 2005-06 over producing natural gas.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[10] Previously serving as Minister of Trade and Economy, Poroshenko has been a supporter of Ukraine's EU cooperation and membership.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

In July 2013, the Russian Food Agency (Rospotrebnadzor) placed Roshen's products under an import ban, presenting as a reason for dissatisfaction with the package leaflets, as well as saying some products exceeded the amounts of yeast and penicillin allowed by the agency.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[11] In August 2013, Belarus also joined the import ban initiated by Russia, causing a loss of approximately USD 200 million in Roshen sales proceeds.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[12] According to his own declaration, Roshen considered the accusations made by Russia and the states that concluded a customs union agreement with it to be baseless, affirmed that he was acting transparently and according to international laws, and that he was ready to cooperate with Russian authorities.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[13] The Russian Food Agency organized inspections at production facilities in Ukraine.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

According to it, among other things, the Ukrainian producer supplying Roshen with milk is not on the register of importers allowed in Russia.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

According to Gennady Onichenko, an aide to the prime minister, “the unprofessional and unfriendly atmosphere created by a group of Russian experts invited by Ukraine must be mentioned.”


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[11] In December 2013, the Russian Ministry of Economy believed Roshen's products would return back to the Russian market by the end of March 2014.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[14] Belarus and Kazakhstan conducted their own investigations on Roshen, in which no defects were found in the products.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Belarus allowed the sale of products.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[10] However, the import ban has so far not been dismantled in Russia.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Closing Lipetsk and Mariupol factories Russian police raided Roshen's factory in Lipetsk, Russia, during Ukraine's presidential election.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Its leader, Taisiya Voronina, was accused of “collusion by name with unmentioned others for the unlawful use of a registered trademark to obtain additional profits,” that is, selling counterfeit products.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

The factory was closed on the same occasion.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Instead, it was believed in Ukraine and among factory workers that the factory was closed because of Poroshenko's involvement with Euromaidan and as a candidate to become the new president of Ukraine.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

According to news agency Reuters, some of the Russian workers at the Lipetsk plant were ashamed of working for Ukrainian management after the Russian spirit of patriotism was elevated with Russia beginning to occupy Crimea.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[15] [16] Roshen's Russian rival Uniconf further filed a lawsuit demanding $70 million in restitution from Roshen.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

In spring 2014, Russia Today labelled the actions used in Russia against Roshen as the “Chocolate War”.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[12] The plant was subsequently reopened, although it was no longer operating at its full capacity.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

The plant is the only one of the Roshen production facilities, the sale of products of which is allowed in Russia and it produces about 10000 tons per year.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[12] For their part, Ukrainians have been angry that their president has a factory in Russia, which occupies Crimea and is seen in Ukraine as complicit in the war in eastern Ukraine.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[17] Roshen closed its factory producing confectionery products in Mariupol in 2015 due to the war in eastern Ukraine taking place in the vicinity.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

It was also no longer profitable to continue operating the plant, as Russia had previously banned the export of Roshen's products to the Crimea region and elsewhere in Russia.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[12] Selling effort Poroshenko stood as a presidential candidate for the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

During his candidacy, Poroshenko vowed to sell the shares in Roshen he owned should he become president.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

However, he failed to find a buyer, so he has considered selling his holdings in parts.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

According to Poroshenko: “It is no secret that no investment is being made in a country plagued by war — nobody buys anything and it is impossible to sell anything.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

I have been told there are four buyers, but negotiations have dragged on and the key condition has been the end of the war.” [18] Investment Capital Ukraine LLC, an investment company, has sought to broker a sale of Roshen.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

According to a company communique, both industry and financial investors have expressed interest in buying Roshen, but a court order in mid-2015 in Moscow to withhold Roshen's assets in Russia has thwarted efforts to sell for now.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Since the decision, there have been almost no real negotiations.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

In January 2017, Roshen's management decided to close the operation of its production facilities in Russia for the time being.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[19] Other Activities In September 2013, Roshen opened his first store under the Bonbonetti brand in Budapest, Hungary.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[20] In September 2014, Roshen became the first Ukrainian confectionery manufacturer to introduce chocolate products in Switzerland known as chocolate country.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

In December of the same year, Roshen opened his first shop under his brand in Klaipeda, Lithuania.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[21] Roshen is in the process of building a new factory focusing on biscuit making in Boryspil, located about 35 km from Kiev.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

The production capacity of the plant is 20000 tonnes.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

The first phase of construction is expected to be completed in 2018 and production is scheduled to start in 2020.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[22] Charity In 2004, Roshen started the “Land of Childhood” project, through which it has erected more than 80 modern playgrounds across Ukraine, the maintenance, safety and supervision of which Roshen is responsible.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[23] In 2005, Roshen started a project in Ukraine to support the education of children, where children, among other things, get acquainted with its production facilities and gain knowledge of the confectionery industry, its production equipment and work functions, and the history of the industry.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

In 2015, Roshen expanded the project to Lithuania as well.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Each year, about 100,000 school-age children visit Roshen's production facilities.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

[23] Sources On the topic elsewhere Roshen's official homepage,, and.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

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Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What year is Roshen founded?

Roshen

Category:69 Business Economics Category:Confectionery manufacturers Category:Ukrainian companies


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

The Harry Potter family includes the biological parents James and Lily Potter of Harry Potter, the central character in the Harry Potter stories, and foster parents Vernon and Petunia Dursley and close relatives.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Petunia Dursley is also Harry's mother's sister.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Harry's biological parents James Potter (aka Sarvihaara) James Potter (27 March 1960 — 31 October 1981) [1] was the father of Harry Potter, who was murdered when Harry was one year and three months old.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

James died of Lord Voldemort (Prince of Darkness) invading their house and he didn't have a magic wand with him.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Harry is often told that, apart from his eyes, he is exactly like his father.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

James, too, wore glasses and black, untidy hair.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

His eyes were hazel.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

[2] James was the only child of a wealthy family, and his parents were a witch and a wizard.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

J. K. Rowling has told us they were old as sorcerers when they got James, and both of them died a natural death.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

It was later revealed that James was a descendant of Ignotus Peverell and owned an invisibility cloak, one of the Deathly Hallows.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

While studying at Hogwarts, James was a member of Gryffindor.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

His best friends were Sirius Black, Remus Lupin and Peter Piskuilan.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Together they formed the Kelms, and they also completed the map of Kelmie.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

James was a spoiled child, which was also evident in his behaviour.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

At school, James Potter and Sirius the Black often broke the rules, thus procuring themselves several detention and other punishments.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

James and his friends often teased Severus Snape, who was with them in the same year class.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Potter was a member of the Quidditch team at his home, where he was a chaser.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

James fell in love with Lily Evans while attending school and always tried to get her attention, making himself (according to Remus and Sirius) at the same time a fool in her presence.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Remus Lupin was a wake student whom Dumbledore tasked with watching over Sirius and James.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Remus later stated that he had failed the task completely.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Lily, at least initially, did not respond to James' feelings, but even seemed to disdain her and her friends.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

It still happened that Lily and Severus Snape were from the same town and in some ways befriended even before they left for Hogwarts.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Snape had been in love with Lily all his life, but Lily never responded to these feelings, and their friendship was eventually broken, too, as Snape would not agree to give up his death-eating friends.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

James noticed the situation, and apparently it made him jealous to some extent.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

While they were in fifth grade, the matter was resolved once and for all when Lily tried to help Severus Snape, who was bullied by the Kelms for protecting himself from the forces of darkness.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

After the exam, but only got rewarded that Snape called him curaverine.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

[3] There was a discussion at the Fat Lady's house, during which Lily permanently broke off her friendship.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Lily and James began dating in seventh grade.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

[4] They married young and they were born with one child, a son Harry James Potter, in 1980, when they were twenty years old.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Voldemort killed James after coming to murder baby Harry.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Peter Piskuilan betrayed his friends and revealed the Potters' whereabouts to Voldemort.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

James tried to save Lily and Harry, but was killed by Voldemort.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

This was easy for Voldemort because James didn't have his magic wand with him.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

James was an unregistered animaage and knew how to turn into a male elk.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Male deer was also Harry's patron.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Lily Potter Lily Potter (o.b. Evans) (30 January 1960 — 31 October 1981) [5] was the mother of Harry Potter, who was killed by Lord Voldemort when Harry was one year and three months old.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Lily hasn't exactly appeared in the book series.


Question: What age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Yet, as the late mother of the protagonist, she has a strong influence on events.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Lily Potter is much-born, which means her parents were muggles, meaning “non-magical people.”


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Lily also has a muggle sister, Petunia, who and her family took care of the orphaned Harry, if reluctantly.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Lily had dark red hair and green, almond-shaped eyes.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

[6] Harry is often told that his eyes are the same as Lily's.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

At school, Lily was a supervisor pupil as well as later a leader girl.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Lily was also very good at potions [7] and was one of Horatius Kuhnusarvio's favourites.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

[8] During her school days at Hogwarts, Lily met James Potter, who, like her, was also a member of Gryffindor.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

At first, Lily didn't like James who seemed arrogant, but fell in love with James and they started dating in their seventh, or final year of school.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

[4] Lily and James married as young and had a son, Harry.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Severus Snape and Lily were friends since they were children, but their paths parted when Lily could not accept Snape's interest in dark magic.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

On top of that, Severus called Lily “curaverine” when she tried to help him while James was teasing Severus.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

[3] As Voldemort came to murder Harry, Lily refused to duck aside to save herself, but died for Harry, thus giving Harry a mighty magic shield against Voldemort.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

In the final book, it is revealed that Voldemort gave Lily the chance to save her life because Snape had asked for it.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Lily was starred in the Harry Potter film series by Geraldine Somerville.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Wife and children After Voldemort's overthrow, Harry married Ginny Weasley.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

They have three children James Sirius Potter, Albus Severus Potter and Lily Luna Potter.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

James and Lily were chosen for Gryffindor and Albus Slytherin.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Harry's foster parents, the Dursley Family, is a muggle family in the Harry Potter book series that Harry Potter is inhabited after his parents die.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

They don't like Harry.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Vernon Dursley Vernon Dursley is Harry Potter's uncle, meaning Harry's aunt's husband.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

He is married to Petunia Dursley (o.s. Evans), sister of Harry's mother.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

They have one child, a son named Dudley.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Vernon also has a sister named Marge, whom Harry inflates into a huge balloon in the Harry Potter and Prisoner of Azkaban book and who has many times visited them with his bulldog, the Mutilator.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

The family live in Likusteritie 4, Little Whing, Surrey.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Vernon Dursley can't stand magic, and the mere use of the word “magic” is a really ugly swear word in his ears.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

He doesn't like Harry at all, but he tries to endure this at his wife's insistence.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Dudley, on the other hand, is very proud of his son.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Vernon is described in the books as a purple-faced, fat, neckless and black-haired man with a bushy black mustache.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Vernon runs a company called Grunnings, which manufactures drills.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets he was short of getting the biggest subscription deal of his career from the Masons, but home elf Dobby ruined everything with his emergence.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Petunia Dursley Petunia Dursley (ed. Evans) is Harry Potter's aunt, that is, the sister of his mother, with whom Harry has lived since his parents' death.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

She is married to Vernon Dursley and they have a son named Dudley who is his mother's plaque and eyeblade.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

In “Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone”, Petunia and Vernon try with all their might to prevent Harry from getting a letter from Hogwarts Magic School, but eventually they have to give up and let Harry into the college.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

To curious neighbours, they have told Harry frequents “St. Brutus's shelter for the delinquent sons of the incurably.”


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

However, Harry must return to Petunia and her family every summer in order for the protection his mother Lily gave her when she died to work.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Petunia being of Lily's lineage, meaning the same flesh and blood, works as a hedge in her house until Harry is of age, which is 17 years old.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Petunia dislikes Harry's mother Lily Potter and father James Potter, and wants nothing to do with the magic world.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

However, he knows a little bit about magic and witches and wizards.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Presumably she has heard of these from her sister, but she is known to have had some interaction with Albus Dumbledore as well.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Petunia has been suspected to be a miserable (a person whose parents are a witch and a wizard, but who is herself incapable of magic), but Rowling has refuted this claim.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

[9] In Harry Potter and the Guild of the Phoenix, Petunia receives a bugger from Dumbledore, but refuses to open it.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

If you don't open them, it explodes, reminding Petunia of what Dumbledore said to him earlier.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Before then, he has told me he knew about the Dementors and the Wizard Prison Azkaban.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, it is revealed that Petunia had written to Hogwarts as a child and wanted to get there, but was rebuffed because she was as complete a muggle as she could be, meaning she had absolutely no theoretical chance of becoming a witch.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

When Lily left for Hogwarts, Petunia and Lily got into an argument because Lily's friend Severus Snape had accidentally seen Petunia's letter and read it.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Petunia then called Lily a natural moth and a freak.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

For the last time the Dursleys appear in the early part of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, when two guilds, Dedalus Diggle and Hestia Jones, take them to safety, because it is expected that the Death-Eaters, Dementors and the Underworld would attack their house as soon as Harry — and The Dursleys, the magic that protected him would unravel on his 17th birthday; after all, they had been protecting Voldemort's chief enemy for sixteen years.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play mentions that Petunia died around 2020, leaving Vernon widowed.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Dudley had found among his belongings a blanket Harry had wrapped in as a child, which Dudley gave Harry.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Dudley Dursley Dudley Dursley is Harry Potter's cousin, whom Harry loathes.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Although Dudley is also a little afraid of Harry in later books thanks to his magic abilities.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Dudley is the child of Petunia and Vernon Dursley.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

His parents give him whatever he wants.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Dudley attends a school called Refinery.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

He has many tough guys, of which his best mate is Piers Polkiss.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Their favourite thing to do is troublemaking in the streets, smoking cigarettes and intimidating younger children.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

At school, he plays a tough, but at home again, little baby who will start swaggering if he doesn't get his way.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Among his mates, he is referred to as Big-D.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

In appearance, she is, in her mother's mind, like an angel with her thick blonde hair, but from Harry, among other things, she looks more like a large, pink piglet with a wig on her head.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Hagridkin said when he tried to turn Dudley into a piglet, but only brought about this saparo's butt, that the boy is so perfect a piglet that only saparo was missing.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Dudley watches TV or plays PlayStation when he's not doing malicious work.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

At school, he dabbles in boxing, which Vernon is proud of and calls his son's hobby as “that noble sport.”


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

As his punching bag, Dudley favors Harry — less sportsmanlike.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

In Harry Potter and the Phoenix Guild Harry and Dudley find themselves unexpectedly rampaged by dementors until Harry's patron banished the Dementors.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

The experience was really creepy for the spoiled little monster.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

In the book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Dudley thanks Harry for saving his life.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

(Harry admittedly points out that he didn't save Dudley's life but the soul.)


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Marge Dursley Marge is Vernon's unmarried sister and Dudley's aunt who lives alone and raises bulldogs, and although she is nothing related to Harry, he is forced to call her Aunt Marge.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

He's kidding his nephew Dudley and hating Harry and all the time looking for bugs about this.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

By Dudley's fifth birthday, Marge had been banging Harry on the fingers, lest he continually beat Dudley in the dance game.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Marge had also given Harry a packet of dog biscuits as a Christmas present.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Later, on Dudley's tenth birthday, Harry had accidentally stepped on the foot of Marge's pet dog, which had driven Harry into a tree and Marge had only released Harry after midnight.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

When Marge comes to visit the Dursleys when Harry is thirteen years old, she taunts Harry and his parents so much that Harry becomes angry and accidentally inflates Aunt Marge into a giant-sized balloon.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Marge's memory is altered, though, so she doesn't get to babble about a kindred boy with extraordinary powers.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

After the incident, the Dursleys no longer invited Marge over and Harry never heard from her again.


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rowling, J. K.| title = Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone | publisher = Oak | year = 1998| version = (Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, 1997.)


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Translated by Jaana Kapari}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rowling, J. K.| title = Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets | publisher = January| year = 1999| version = (Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, 1998.)


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Translated by Jaana Kapari}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rowling, J. K.| title = Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban| publisher = Tambi| year = 2000| version = (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, 1999.)


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Translated by Jaana Kapari}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rowling, J. K.| title = Harry Potter and the Flaming Goblet | publisher = Oak | year = 2001| version = (Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, 2000.)


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Translated by Jaana Kapari}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rowling, J. K.| title = Harry Potter and the Phoenix Guild| publisher = Oak | year = 2004| version = (Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, 2003.)


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Translated by Jaana Kapari}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rowling, J. K.| title = Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince| publisher = Oak | year = 2006| version = (Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, 2005.)


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Translated by Jaana Kapari}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rowling, J. K.| title = Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows | publisher = January| year = 2008| version = (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, 2007.)


Question: At what age did James Potter die?

Harry Potter family

Translated by Jaana Kapari-Jatta}} References * Potter


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Economics is a discipline belonging to the social sciences that studies economic phenomena.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

In some respects, it approaches mathematical calculus and statistics.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Early doctrinal systems In antiquity, the most prominent scholar of economics was Aristotle, who considered both money and exchange to be important phenomena of society.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Aristotle did not yet use the word oikonomy, meaning economy in the Greek language, from which the doctrinal word economics originated.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Money had meaning, in Aristotle's view, both as a measure of value and as a means of exchange.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

[1] Mercantilism was a 17th-century economic policy that viewed precious metals as a source of wealth.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

It was also assumed that the amount of wealth was constant, so a country could only prosper at the expense of other countries.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

So the goal was to have a surplus trade balance, meaning exports had to be higher than imports.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The means were monopolies, tariffs and trade bans, as competition was considered harmful.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

There was also a strong effort to promote domestic industry, particularly in order to replace imports with domestic production.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

French Economy Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert is considered to be the developer of the doctrine.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Sir William Petty was the foremost reformer of economics of the time of mercantilism.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Petty's book Political Arithmetick emphasizes the importance of measurement.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Thus he was an early statistician.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

[1] Mercantilism was applied, for example, by restricting in 1651 the cargo traffic of foreign ships to British ports under the so-called sailing rule.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

[2] Physiocratism was an economic doctrine influenced in mid-18th-century France, the central idea of which was the emphasis on agriculture.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Physiocrats believed that peoples wealth was due solely to agriculture, and neither industry nor trade would bring prosperity.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

This was justified by reproduction.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

For example, a grain of cereals can produce dozens of new grains and a cow can produce several offspring in a short period of time.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Physiocrats referred to themselves as économistes, from which the word economics spread into wider use.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The main developer of physiocratism was the Irishman Richard Cantillon.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

In his view, it is not important in the national economy to pursue a surplus trade balance, but productive agricultural assets.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

According to the doctrine, the role of agriculturalists was emphasized in increasing prosperity.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

[1] Classical economics Adam Smith is considered the father of modern economics.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Although, Enlightenment philosophers had put forward similar ideas before.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Smith was a prominent popularizer: his work The Wealth of the Peoples (1776) became widely known.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Smith admittedly considered himself primarily a moral philosopher and opposed restrictions on economic activity.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

For the same reason, Smith advocated free trade between the two countries.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

He saw division of labor and specialization as beneficial.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

However, Smith thought that the mobility of capital was low enough that the benefits of liberalising trade in one country would not benefit the inhabitants of other states.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Admittedly, this share is thought to have been merely a tactical means of converting rulers to a position of free trade.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

[1] Smith considered the value of the product to consist of the cost of production, the benefit of which is distributed to those involved: The landowner receives the land rent, the laborers pay, and the person who invested in the production repairs the profit.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Thomas Malthus, a professor of national economics, is known for his early 19th century pessimistic theory of population that population growth causes food intake to decrease per capita.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The prediction was based on the idea that the population grows according to the geometric series, while nutritional resources grow in arithmetic series.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Malthus's influence on economics was the idea of diminishing returns: If you increase the number of factors of production, output will certainly increase, but the increase will always be less than the previous one.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

[1] David Ricardo is one of the most famous names in classical economics.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The mathematical research methods employed by Ricardo in the early 19th century have been a contributing basis for modern economics.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Ricardo developed the principle of relative advantage for foreign trade.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

According to it, it is worth the state to specialize in a product in which it has a comparative advantage.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

According to the theory, overall efficiency is always at its best when countries specialise in producing the products they know how to do best.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Then countries can sell their products to each other to gain access to the products they gave up manufacturing because of specialization.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The theory was based on mathematical calculation.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Ricardo also elaborated on the pessimistic scenario that the total per capita return of the economy is decreasing all the time, because production in agriculture will have to be extended to increasingly inferior productive soils.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The idea he went on to formulate the Iron Law of Wages, according to which, as workers' wages rise, they make more children.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

A larger population and lower wages mean greater poverty.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

On this basis, Ricardo opposed increasing workers' wages.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

[1] Classical economics paid much attention to the choices the buyer made and their consequences.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The consumer acquires the product in order to gain a benefit for himself.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The borderline benefit is the amount of benefit that increasing the amount of product brings.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Generally, the borderline benefit is bearish, meaning the benefit to the consumer from buying an orange, for example, decreases when they have already been purchased.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Boundary benefit shows how the amount of supply and demand for a product ultimately gives rise to an equilibrium in price.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The theory of boundary benefit was developed in the 19th century, notably by the Austrian Friedrich von Wieser.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

It revolutionized the perception of price formation A doctrine of marginalism emerged that looked at economics from the perspective of borderline benefit.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Marxist economics Karl Marx, in his studies in the semi-lands of the 19th century, described the laws of motion of capitalist economics.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

For example, before Marx, economic theorists widely held that in order to make a profit, an entrepreneur must “steal” from his employees.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Instead, Marx ended up with a novel concept in his studies, value-added.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

It implies that when an entrepreneur hires labor, he makes an investment.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

But this investment delivers more value to the good than the value of the worker, tools and raw materials combined.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The value of the work performed by the worker is therefore greater than is the value of the worker (=salary).


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The entrepreneur of this added value keeps to himself.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Marx saw this as problematic because such a system disenfranchised workers.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

[1] Marxist economics held that such would eventually lead to the implosion of capitalism.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Marx saw the emergence of socialism in the place where deprivation would not exist.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Pareto Italian Vilfredo Pareto developed concepts often associated with game theory in the early 20th century, although actual game theory was not developed until the 1940s.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

He studied income distribution and the impact of people's choices on the economy as a whole.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The most famous of his concepts is Pareto efficiency, in the situation described by which no individual can improve the position of any individual without weakening the position of others - the situation is therefore optimal.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

The wealth Pareto saw was concentrated in such a way that 20% of people receive 80% of national income.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Pareto advocated the elite theory that power is always concentrated in the hands of the elite, and cannot be evenly distributed.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Keynesianism John Maynard Keynes was an English economist whose 1930s ideas had a major influence on modern economic policy.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

He is considered the theoretical creator of welfare state doctrine.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

He encouraged states to intervene in economic life, meaning the state should spend money to dampen the harmful effect of downturns, depressions and upturns of strong economic changes.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

Keynesianism explains the recession as being caused by low aggregate demand.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

In order to prevent a recession, the state needs to increase demand in order to get the economy up and running again.


Question: Who was the most prominent economic scientist in Antiquity?

History of economics

[1] See also Economics Schools of Economics Philosophy of Economics National Economics Sources History Category:History of Science Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What was Canada's G.D.P. in 2018?

List of states by gross domestic product per capita (PPP)

This is a list of states by gross domestic product per capita.


Question: What was Canada's G.D.P. in 2018?

Gross domestic product (GDP) is reported in U.S. dollars, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP).


Question: What was Canada's G.D.P. in 2018?

Using purchasing power parity, one can compare the actual value (purchasing power) of the same amount of money in each country.


Question: What was Canada's G.D.P. in 2018?

The figures thus obtained are considered better for comparisons between countries than those adjusted directly at exchange rates.


Question: What was Canada's G.D.P. in 2018?

However, the figures, viewed directly from exchange rates, better illustrate a country's ability to produce products and services, although not informing people's cost of living.


Question: What was Canada's G.D.P. in 2018?

The list also includes overseas territories and self-governing territories although they are not independent states.


Question: What was Canada's G.D.P. in 2018?

List of International Monetary Fund (2016) [1] World Bank (2011—2015) [2] Central Intelligence Agency (1993—2016) [3] See also List of states by gross domestic product List of states by Human Development Index List states by economic freedom List of states by ease of doing business Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References by gross domestic product per capita Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness [1], is a parasitic disease of humans and animals.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

It is caused by a parasite of the species Trypanosoma brucei.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[2] Man gets the disease from two parasitic species, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (t.b.g) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (t.b.r.).


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] T.B.g causes more than 98% of reported infections.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] Both parasites are usually transmitted to humans from an infected tsetse fly, and infestations are common in rural Africa.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] Occurrence The disease occurs regularly in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa, with around 70 million people in 36 countries at risk of transmission.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[3] In 2010, around 9000 people died from the disease, compared with another 34,000 deaths in 1990.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[4] An estimated 30000 people are currently infected.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

In 2012, there were 7000 new infections.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] More than 80% of those infected are in the Democratic Republic of Congo.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] There are three major sleeping sickness epidemics in recent history: the first 1896—1906 mainly in Uganda and the Congo Basin region, and the other two in 1920 and 1970 in several African countries.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] Animals, for example cows, can carry disease and be infected.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] Sleeping sickness is known to have occurred in Africa since at least the 14th century.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

Paul Ehrlich and Kiyoshi Shiga developed the first drug for the disease in 1906.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

However, a possible serious side effect, blindness, was soon detected with the drug.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

Sleeping sickness had already nearly disappeared in the 1960s, but it has been becoming more common again over the past few decades.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

Symptoms The first symptoms of the disease are fever, headache, itching and joint pain.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] Symptoms start from a week to three weeks after the bite.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[5] The second stage of the disease begins weeks or months later and its symptoms include confusion, malaise, numbness and difficulty sleeping.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] [5] Diagnosis can be made by finding the parasite in a smear or lymph node fluid.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[5] To distinguish between the first and second stages, a spinal puncture is often performed.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[5] As it progresses, the disease can cause damage to the heart and kidneys.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

Sleeping sickness is a very serious disease and can lead to death relatively quickly without proper treatment measures.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

Treatment To prevent the disease, blood tests are performed on the population at risk of infection, in which the T.B.G parasite is searched.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] Treatment is easier when the disease is detected at an early stage and before neurological symptoms occur.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] In the first stage, the disease is medicated with pentamidine or suramine.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] In the treatment of the second stage, eflornithine and a combination of nifurtimox and eflornithine are used in the treatment of T.B.G.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[5] Although effective as a medicine for both, melarsoprol is usually only used to treat infection with T.B.R., due to its serious side effects.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[1] Mechanism The Trypanosoma parasite produces tryptofol as its metabolite, which induces sleep in humans.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

[6] Well-known patients British statesman Alfred Milner died of sleeping sickness after returning from a trip to South Africa in 1925.


Question: What is sleeping sickness?

Sleepsickness

See also Chagas disease aka American trypanosomiasis Sources Category:Parasitic Diseases Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Tamar (, also transliterated Tamara, [1] circa 1160 — 18 January 1213) was Queen of Georgia from 1184 to 1213.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

She belonged to the Bagrationi dynasty and was the first woman to rule Georgia independently.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

His reign is considered the “golden age” of the medieval monarchy of Georgia.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[2] Tamar's father, King Giorgi III, proclaimed him heir to the throne and co-ruler in 1178.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The nobles, however, opposed Tamar's ascension to the throne after Giorgi's death.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Nonetheless, Tamar managed to defeat his opposition and embarked on an energetic and ambitious foreign policy, the success of which was influenced by the collapse of the rival empires, the Seljuk and Byzantium.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Supported by a powerful military elite, Tamar was able to exploit the achievements of his predecessors and build a superpower that dominated the Caucasus region until it imploded in Mongol invasions two decades after Tamar's death.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[3] As the period of Tamar's reign is associated with a flourishing cultural period, and because she was a female ruler, she has been idealized and romanticized.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He is a prominent symbol in Georgian popular culture and has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Childhood and ascension to the throne Tamar was born around the year 1160 to King Giorgi III and his wife Burdukhan, daughter of the king of Alania.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Tamar possibly had a younger sister Rusudan, but she is mentioned in contemporary sources of the Tamar period only once.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[4] In Tamar's youth years, Georgia was in the midst of great upheaval.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

A rebellious group of nobles attacked in 1177 against his father Giorgi.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The rebels sought to depose Giorgi and elevate to the throne his nephew Demna, who was considered by many to be the rightful heir to the throne of his murdered father Davit V.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

For the nobles, defending Demna was essentially just a subterfuge to undermine the kingship.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

They were led by the father-in-law of the crown aspirant, Ivane Orbeli.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[5] Giorgi III managed to crush the rebellion and began a violent struggle against the main noble families that opposed him; Ivane Orbeli was executed and his surviving family members exiled from Georgia.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Prince Demna was castrated and blinded on the orders of his uncle.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He did not survive the mutilation and soon died in prison.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[6] After the rebellion had been defeated and the crown aspirant eliminated, Giorgi chose Tamar to rule with him and crowned him co-ruler in 1178.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

With this, the king attempted to prevent disputes over the succession of power from occurring after his death and to establish his own lineage as legitimate heirs to the throne.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[7] At the same time, he recruited men from among the lower nobility and the obscene in order to keep the nobility out of power.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[8] The beginning of the regime and the first marriage Tamar reigned jointly with his father for six years.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

When Giorgi died in 1184, Tamar continued as sole ruler and was re-crowned at Gelati Cathedral near Kutaisi in western Georgia.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He inherited a relatively strong kingdom, but the disintegrating aspirations of the nobles had not yet been nearly suppressed.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Tamar's rise to power had plenty of opponents: opposition was a reaction against her father's repressive policies, but in addition, the gender of the new ruler was also seen as a weakness.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[7] Since Georgia had never been ruled before by a woman, some of the nobility questioned the legality of Tamar's rise to power and others sought to use her youth and supposed weakness to their advantage to gain a more autonomous status for themselves.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[7] Tamar's influential aunt Queen Rusudan and Michael IV Mirianisdze, a Catholicist of the Georgian Church, played a key role in consolidating Tamar's rule.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[9] However, the young queen was forced to make significant concessions to the nobility.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He had to reward the support of Michael the Catholicist by elevating him to chancellor, so Michael was now at the top of both the ecclesiastical and secular hierarchy.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[10] Tamari was also pressured to dismiss those appointed by her father, who included Constable Qubasar, a noble Georgian Kipchak who had aided Giorgi III in his attack on the rebellious nobles.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[8] One of the few untitled servants of Giorgi III who was saved from this fate was the treasurer Qutlu Arslan.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He now led a council of nobles and wealthy citizens, which attempted to limit the power of the Crown by creating a new council of karavi.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Its members would have had the exclusive right to make policy.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[10] This attempt at “feudal constitutionalism” was interrupted when Qutlu Arslan was arrested by Tamar and his backers subjected to the rule of the Crown.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[8] However, Tamar's first actions to limit the power of the aristocratic elite failed.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He failed to use an ecclesiastical synod to dismiss Catholicos Michael, and the council of nobility darbazi defended his right to accept royal decrees.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[10] The nobles even forced Tamar to marry Prince Yuri of the Rus.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[10] In accordance with dynastic compulsion and the spirit of time, the nobles required Tamar to enter into marriage in order to obtain a leader and heir to the crown for the army of the country.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[3] [8] They chose Yuri, son of the murdered Prince Andrei I Bogoljubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal, who lived in exile among the Kipchachs of the North Caucasus.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Tamar's aunt Rusudan accepted the choice and the prince was brought to Georgia as queen consort in 1185.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[11] Yuri proved to be an able soldier but a difficult man, and he soon quarreled with his wife.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[3] [8] The strained relationship between the spouses reflected a supposedly acrimonious inter-group struggle at court, with Tamar increasingly vigorously defending her rights as the reigning queen.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[12] Tamar's luck reversed when Michael, a powerful Catholic, died.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The Queen elevated to her seat as chancellor by her supporter Anton Glonistavisdze.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[12] Tamar gradually expanded his power, elevating nobles loyal to him to high positions at court.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

They included members of the Armenian-speaking Zakaridi Kurdish family known in Georgia as Mkhargrdzeli in particular.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[10] Second marriage Next, Tamar persuaded the nobility council to approve his divorce from Yuri, who was accused of sodomy and drinking.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He was sent to Constantinople in 1187.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[12] Yuri attempted the coup on two occasions: he was aided by nobles who wanted to limit the growing power of Tamar.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

However, he was unsuccessful and disappeared from the spotlight after 1191.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[8] The Queen chose her second husband herself.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He was Davit Soslan, an Alanian prince whom the 18th-century Georgian learned Prince Vakhušti said was descended from Giorgi I, the early 10th-century king of Georgia.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[13] Davit was an able military commander who became a major supporter of Tamar and played a key role in defeating the rebellious nobles who supported Yuri.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[14] Although Davit Soslan's status as king consort was evident in art, settings, and coins, her position was subordinate to Tamar, with whom she shared her crown and from whom she received her power.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[14] [15] Tamar was still referred to by the title mepeta mepe 'king of kings'.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

There is no grammatical lineage in Georgian, so mepe 'king' does not necessarily refer to a man.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The word can also be translated as ruler.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[16] [17] On the other hand, the word mepe also has a female equivalent of dedopali 'queen', which used to refer to queen consorts or female relatives closest to the king and older than him.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Tamari is used in Georgian chronicles and in some settings at times referred to as dedopali.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The MEPE designation may have been used in Tamar's case to emphasise the uniqueness of her position compared to other women.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[17] Tamar and Davit had two children.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

In 1191, the queen gave birth to a son named Giorgi — the future King Giorgi IV Laša.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The event was widely celebrated in the Kingdom.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[18] Daughter Rusudan ascended after her brother to the Georgian throne in 1223.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[19] Foreign Policy and War Expeditions Muslim Neighbors Once Tamar had succeeded in consolidating his dominance and finding reliable backers — Davit Soslan, the Mkhargrdzels and other noble families — he revived the expansionist foreign policy pursued by his predecessors.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Under Tamar's great-grandfather Davit IV and father Giorgi III, Georgians had emerged as active players in their territory, but had been held back by repeated dynastic strife and local followers of the Seljuk Empire, such as the Ildenizid Azerbaijanis, the Shirvanshahs and the Ahlazha.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Under Tamar's administration, and especially in the second decade of his reign, Georgians became active again.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[18] In the early 1190s, Georgian administration began to interfere in the affairs of the Ildenizids and the Shirvanshahs.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The Georgians aided rival local princes and reduced Širvan to their vassal state.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Atabeg Abu Bakr of the Ildenizids tried to prevent the Georgians from advancing, but suffered defeat to Davit Soslan at Şəmkir [10] and lost his capital to a protégé of the Georgians in 1195.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Although Abu Bakr was able to continue his rule a year later, the Ildenizids managed only with great effort to repel further surprise attacks by the Georgians.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[20] [21] In 1199, Tamar's armies achieved another major victory when two brothers, Zakare and Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, ousted the Šaddadid dynasty from Ani, the former capital of the Kingdom of Armenia, which they received from the queen as their fiefdom.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

From their base in Anista, the brothers invaded the central regions of Armenia and conquered a fortress and a district second after another from the local Muslim rulers: Bžni was overrun in 1201 and Dvin fell in 1203.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[22] Nervous about the success of the Georgians, the ruler of the re-intensified Rumi Seljuk sultanate, Suleiman II, assembled a coalition of his vassal emirs and attacked Georgia.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Davit Soslan, however, organized an ambush and beat his troops at the Battle of Basian in 1203 or 1204.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The chronicler of Tamar describes how the army was assembled in the rock town of Vardzia before it marched to Basian and how the queen addressed her troops from the balcony of the church.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[23] [24] The Mkhargrdzels conquered Kars on behalf of the Georgian crown in 1206, but were expelled from the walls of Akhlat in 1209.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

This halted the struggle for Armenian territories, [25] and the Lake Van region was relatively safely held by its new master the Aijubid dynasty of Damascus.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[26] In 1209, according to Georgian and Armenian annals, the Mkhargrdzeli brothers disposed of Ardabīl in retaliation for the fact that a local Muslim ruler had attacked Ani and massacred the city's Christian population.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[25] In their last major war expedition, the brothers led their army assembled from areas controlled by Tamar through Nahitchevan and Culfa to Marand, Tabriz and Qazvin in northern Iran, plundering several population centres along their journey.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[25] Trebizond and the Middle East Significant events during Tamar's reign included the emergence of the Empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea coast in 1204.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The state was founded by Alexios Komnenos and his brother David with the assistance of Georgian troops.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

It arose into the territory of the northeastern provinces of the crumbling Byzantine Empire in Pontos.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Byzantine exile princes Alexios and David were relatives of Tamar, [27] and were raised at the Georgian court.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

According to the official historian of Tamar, the purpose of the Georgian Trebizondin expedition was to punish Byzantine Emperor Alexios IV Angelo for having confiscated a remittance intended for the monasteries of Antioch, Queen of Georgia and Mount Athos.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

A better explanation for Tamar's project in Pontos, however, is that he wanted to take advantage of the Western Europeans' Fourth Crusade against Constantinople and establish a friendly state just southwest of Georgia.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Moreover, he is probably driven by dynastic solidarity with the deposed Komnenas.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[28] [29] It appears that Tamar wanted to exploit the weakness of the Byzantine Empire and the defeat suffered by the Crusaders to aijubid sultan Saladin to strengthen Georgia's international position and to gain for himself the traditional role of the Byzantine crown as protector of Christians in the Middle East .


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[30] [31] Georgian Christian missionaries are active in the North Caucasus, and the official chronicle of Tamar praises him as having supported and protected Christianity.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He is said to have supported churches and monasteries throughout the eastern Mediterranean region from Egypt to Bulgaria and Cyprus.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[32] The Georgian court took care of the protection of Georgian monastic communities, especially on the Holy Land.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

In the 12th century, eight Georgian monasteries were enrolled in Jerusalem.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[33] Saladin's biographer Bahā' al-Dīn ibn Šaddād reports that after the Aijubids had conquered Jerusalem in 1187, Tamar sent emissaries to the Sultan to demand the return of confiscated property from Georgian monasteries.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Saladin's response is not recorded for posterity, but the queen's attempt seems successful: Jacques de Vitry, who became Bishop of Akko a little after Tamar's death, gives further evidence of the Georgians' presence in Jerusalem.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He writes that, unlike other Christian pilgrims, Georgians were allowed into the city freely and their flags flared free.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Ibn Šaddād further claims that Tamar exceeded the Byzantine emperor's offer of the relics of the real cross — he offered 200,000 gold coins of them to Saladin, who had received the remains as spoils of war from the Battle of Hattin.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

However, the project was not successful.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[30] [32] Golden Age Feudal Monarchy Although the political and cultural achievements of Tamar's reign were unprecedented in Georgian history, their roots went back well into the phased past.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Tamar owed his feats especially to the reforms of his great-grandfather Davit IV (reigned 1089—1125) and further back in history to Davit III and Bagrat III, who served as architects of the political unity of several Georgian king and principalities in the early 10th century.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Tamar was able to build his administration on the foundation created by their success.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[34] By the last years of his reign, the state of Georgia had reached the high point of its medieval superpower and prestige.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The Tamar Empire stretched from the Great Caucasus in the north to Erzurum in the south and from the Zygie region in the northwest to nearby Gəncən in the southeast.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Georgia had become a pan-Caucasian kingdom: the Zakarid regime loyal to it held the northern and central parts of Armenia, Širvan was its vassal and Trebizond ally.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The Georgian historian of the time praises the lands of Tamar as having ruled “from the Sea of Pontos [Black Sea] to the Sea of Gurgan [Caspian], from Speri to Derbent, and from all this and beyond the Caucasus to the lands of the Casaars and Scythians.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

“[35] [36] The royal title was accordingly enlarged.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

It now reflected not only the power of the Tamar in the traditional territories of the Kingdom of Georgia, but also included new sections that emphasized the hegemony of the Georgian crown in the surrounding lands.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Thus, in coins minted in the name of Tamar and in decrees issued, he is said to be “by God's will, king of the Abkhaz, [37] Cartvels, [38] Arranites, Cakhetite and Armenian kings and queen of queens; shiirvanshah and shahanshah; autocrat of all East and West, The Splendor of the World and Faith; The Messiah Pre-Fighter.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

“[39] [40] [41] The Queen never attained autocratic power, and the Council of Nobles continued to function.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Tamar's own prestige and the expansion of patronqmoba, or Georgian feudalism, prevented the most influential princes from dissolving the kingdom.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The reign of Tamar was a classic period in the history of Georgian feudalism.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[42] However, the attempt to extend feudal practices to areas where they were previously known almost at all met with opposition.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Thus, in 1212, the mountainous people of Georgia's northeastern border in Pkhov and Dido rebelled.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Ivane Mkhargrdzeli suppressed the rebellion after three months of heavy fighting.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[43] As Georgia now held thriving centers of trade, industry and commerce brought new prosperity to the country and court.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Taxes and spoils of war levied from neighbouring states boosted the royal treasure chamber, and a saying emerged “peasants were like nobles, nobles like princes, and princes like kings”.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[44] Culture With prosperity, a distinctive Georgian culture that blended Christian and secular influences emerged and was related to both Byzantium in the west and Iran in the east.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[45] The Georgian monarchy wanted to underline its connection to Christianity and present its status as a gift from God.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The canon of Georgian religious architecture was redefined and several large-scale cathedrals with domes were built on the ground.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Manifestations of kingship obtained from Byzantium were variously modified to support Tamar's unexpected status as an independently ruling woman.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The monumental church portraits of the five preserved queens are designed in clear compliance with Byzantine imagery, but they also emphasize themes specific to Georgia and are influenced by Iranian-style ideals of female beauty.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[46] Georgia's close relationship with the Middle East was also highlighted in Georgian coins of the time, with texts written in Georgian and Arabic.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

A series of coins minted in Queen Tamar's name around the year 1200 featured a local variant of the Byzantine subject on the crown side and an Arabic inscription on the clave side declaring Tamar “Pre-Fighter of the Messiah”.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[47] Georgian chronicles of the time nurtured Christian morality.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Patristic literature continued to flourish, but had lost its previous dominance to secular literature, which was remarkably original, although developing in close contact with neighbouring cultures.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The trend reached its peak in the Panther Blend (Vepkhistqaosani), an epic poem by Šota Rustaveli that extols the ideals of the “Age of Chivalry” and is revered in Georgia today as the greatest achievement of the country's original literature.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[10] [31] [48] Death and burial Tamar lived longer than her husband Davit Soslan and died of a “devastating illness” near her capital Tbilisi after previously crowning her son Giorgi as co-ruler.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The historian of Tamar reports that the queen fell suddenly ill while discussing state affairs with her vizier at Nazarmagev Castle near the city of Gori.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He was transported to Tbilisi and then to a nearby castle in Agaran, where he died and where his subjects mourned him.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

His body was moved to Mtskheta Cathedral, from where it was taken to be buried in the Gelati Monastery.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

There was a family tomb of the Georgian royal dynasty.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The vast majority of scholars hold that Tamar died in 1213, although there are some vague indications that he had died earlier in 1207 or 1210.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[49] [50] Later, several legends concerning the Tamar burial site arose.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

In one of them, it is reported that Tamar was buried in a secret recess in Gelat so that his enemies could not desecrate his tomb.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Another version suggests that Tamar's remains were reburied at a remote location possibly on the Holy Land.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The French knight Guillaume de Bois claimed in a letter to the Bishop of Besançon in early 13th-century Palestine that he had heard the king of the Georgians heading towards Jerusalem escorted by a huge army and had already conquered several Saracen cities.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The king carried with him the remains of his mother, the “powerful Queen Tamar” (regina potentissima Thamar), according to the letter, as the queen had been unable to make a pilgrimage to the Holy Land during her lifetime and had bequeathed her body to be buried near the Holy Sepulchre.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[51] [52] In the 20th century, the question of the location of Tamar's tomb emerged as a subject of academic study and wider popular interest.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The Georgian writer Grigol Robakidze wrote in his 1918 essay on Tamar: “To date, no one has found out where Tamar's tomb is located.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

He belongs to everyone and not to anyone: his grave is in the heart of a Georgian.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

And from the point of view of Georgians, it is not a tomb but a beautiful vase in which an unwithered flower, the great Tamar, flourishes.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

“[53] Although the pure-docile academic point of view holds that Tamar's tomb still stands in Gelat, it has not been found in the monastery despite several archaeological studies.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

They were started by Ekvtime Taqaišvili in 1920.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[54] Heritage and Popular Culture Middle Ages Over the centuries, Tamar has emerged as a dominant figure in the Georgian historical pantheon.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

However, the construction of his reign into a “golden age” began as early as his lifetime and he himself rose to the focal point of his era.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[55] Several medieval Georgian poets, including Šota Rustaveli, claimed to have taken inspiration for their works from Tamar.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

According to legend, Rustaveli even languished out of love for the queen and ended his days in the monastery.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

The dramatic scene in Rustaveli's epic, in which the experienced king Rostevan crowns his daughter Tinatini, is an allegory of how Giorgi III elevated Tamar to co-ruler by his side.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Rustaveli commented as follows: “A lion cub is just as good, be it female or male”.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[56] The Queen was the subject of several panegyrics of the time.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

They included Tamariani of Cchahrukhadze and Abdul-Mesia of Ioane Šavtel.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[57] She was praised in chronicles, especially in two narratives focusing on her reign — the Life of Tamar, Queen of Queens, and Histories and Praises of the Sovereigns — which became first-hand sources for how she was elevated to sainthood in Georgian literature.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Chroniclers praise her as a “protector of widows” and “thrice blessed” and place particular emphasis on her virtues as a woman: beauty, humility, love of grace, loyalty and purity.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[58] Although Tamar was not canonised by the Georgian Church until much later, he was already named a saint during his lifetime in a colophon written in bilingual, Greek and Georgian, affixed to the manuscript of the Gospels of Van.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[55] Tamar's idolisation was further reinforced by events in the reigns of his successors: within two decades after his death, the Kovaresmian and Mongol invasions brought an abrupt end to Georgian dominance.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[59] Subsequent periods of national awakening were too ephemeral to rise to the level of achievements of Tamar's reign.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

All of these things contributed to the cult of Tamar, where the line between an idolized queen and a real person became blurred.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[60] In the memory of the people, Tamar has acquired a legendary and romantic façade.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

In a diverse set of folk songs, poems, and narratives, she is presented as an ideal ruler, a holy woman on which certain traits of pre-Christian deities and Christian saints were sometimes projected.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

For example, in Ossetian legend, Queen Tamar's son is sired by a ray of sunshine through a window.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

In another myth about the Georgian mountains, Tamar is linked to the pre-Christian weather god Pirimze, who rules winter.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[61] Similarly, in the highland region of Pšavi, Tamar was united with the pre-Christian goddess of healing and female fertility.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[62] Although Tamar moved intermittently with his army and is described as having planned some war expeditions, he did not participate in the actual fighting.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[3] Yet the military victories during her reign contributed to her image as a precocious warrior queen.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

It is also reflected in the 16th-century popular Russian story Povest o tsaritse Dinare, in which a fictional Georgian queen fights against the Persian Empire.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[63] [64] Modernity The current conception of Queen Tamar was largely formed in the influence of 19th-century Romanticism and the growing nationalism of Georgian intellectuals.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

In 19th-century Russian and Western literature, the European perception of the Oriental countries, into which Georgia was read, and of the status and characteristics of women in them was reflected in the image of Queen Tamar.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[65] Tyrolean writer Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer described Tamar as a “Caucasian Semirami”.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[66] An enthusiastic Russian poet from the “exotic” Caucasus, Mikhail Lermontov, wrote a romantic poem called Tamara (; 1841), in which he used an old Georgian legend about a siren-like mountain princess and named her Queen Tamar.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Although Lermontov's portrayal of the Queen of Georgia as a destructive seductress was seemingly not based on any historical events, it was influential enough to raise the issue of Tamar's sexuality, somewhat embodied by 19th-century European writers dealt with.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Mili Balakirev converted Lermontov's poem into a symphony that was presented to a European audience in 1912 as part of the repertoire of Ballets russes, designed by Léon Bakst to be extravagantly oriental.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[67] Knut Hamsun's play Dronning Tamara of 1903 was not as successful, but theatre critics saw in it “a modern woman dressed in medieval attire” and read the play as “a commentary on the new woman of the 1890s”.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[68] In Georgian literature, Tamaria was also romanticized, but very differently than in Russia or Western Europe.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Georgian Romantics followed a medieval tradition in which Tamar was presented as an endearing, holy woman who constantly ruled a warring state.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

This method of depiction was further inspired by the discovery of a 13th-century mural showing Tamar in the ruined Bethany monastery.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

It was uncovered and restored by Prince Grigory Gagarin in the 1840s.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Numerous engravings were made of the fresco, circulating throughout Georgia and inspired the poet Grigol Orbeliani to dedicate a romantic poem to the painting.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Moreover, the Georgian intelligentsia, reacting to Russian rule and oppression of the country's national institutions, compared Tamar's reign to the political situation of his own time, lamenting in his writings the country's definitively lost past.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

Thus, Tamar became the personification of Georgia's heyday, and this conception of her has survived until modern times.


Question: What was the Bagrationi dynasty's most significant achievement?

Tamar (Georgia)

[69] Family Tree Sources in English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alemany, Agusti| title = Sources of the Alans: A Critical Compilation| publisher = Brill Publishers| year = 2000| id = ISBN 90-04-11442-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ciggaar, Krijnie & Teule, Herman, ed.| title = East and West in the Crusader States| publisher = Peeters Publishers| year = 1996| id = ISBN 90-429-1287-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eastmond, Antony| title = Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia| publisher = Penn State Presher s| year = 1998| id = ISBN 0-271-01628-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Humphreys, Stephen R.| title = From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260| publisher = SUNY Press| year = 1977| id = ISBN 0-87395-263-4}} Replacement error, replace with {{cite book| author = James, Liz, ed.| title = Women, Men and Eunuchs: Gender in Byzantium| publisher = Routledge| year = 1997| id = ISBN 0-415-14686-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Khazanov, Anatoly M.