Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

[11] Vistamian's origins in turn lie in pre-Christian, Persian literature (or possibly even further afield in India).


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The story was reformulated in modern Persian by Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani in the mid-10th century.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

In Georgian, the work was translated a century later; the translation is a cleverly executed, condensed version of the original.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The text shows the peculiarities of the unknown translator's persona: Gurgani is named Emperor of China, and despite the Islamic celebration, the narrative is said to have occurred before the birth of Christ.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The translator avoids outside loans as Gurgani avoided using Arabisms in his original version.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Visramiani's vague monotheism and, among other things, the violence, incest, bigamy, and erotomania described in it were shook to Georgian religious culture: still in the 18th century, those in power saw the need to destroy the manuscripts of the work.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Despite this, the work's influence on the literature of the country was great, and Rustaveli, among others, refers to it three times in his epic.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

[12] The Panther Block, probably written by Šota Rustaveli at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, is the most significant classic of Georgian literature and the Georgian national epic.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The multi-level, chivalrous romantic heroine centers around two lovers couples, Arabians Princess Tinatin and Prince Avtandil, and Indian princess Nestan Daredjan and Prince Tariel.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Both couples get married only after feats performed by the men: Avtandil shows up to find Tariel and Tariel must find and free Nestan Daredža.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The epic is written with a poetry measure called Shairi, ideal for the needs of a complex, Georgian like language.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Under the influence of the Panther reflex, the Poetry Measure became the standard mode of presentation of Georgian folk poetry.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The language used by Rustaveli was closer to the commonly used colloquial language than before; because of this, the modern Georgian language can be considered to have arisen with the advent of Rustaveli's epic.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Because of the diversity of the epic, it's hard to interpret.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The style alternates — despite the straightforward plot — between ferocious fight scenes and slow-paced letters sent to each other by lovers in the manner of Visramianink.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The influence of several earlier works can be seen in Rustaveli's epic: apart from the Georgian Amirandaredžanian, similarities can be found with classics of Persian literature such as Ferdowsi's Shāhnāmeh and Leila and Majnun.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Rustaveli was well acquainted with the theological literature of his time, in particular he was influenced by the neo-Platonism of the Pseudo-Dionysios Areopagita.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The religious aspect of the epic can also be interpreted in different ways: despite nominal Christianity and Neo-Platonism, Christ, the Holy Trinity, or the Virgin Mary are not mentioned once in the work, and the heroes swear their vows in ancient pre-Christian or Zarathustran ways.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Idealistic and sometimes skeptical, feudalism and court love, but on the other hand worldly love and friendship between men, the work presents its heroes as strong and equal.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Due to Georgia's superpower status, the Panther Block is also, despite its intermittent mockery of Islam, a religiously tolerant and cross-nationality epic.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[13] “Pseudo-Rustaveliana”, which does not sustain in quality to the level of Rustaveli's epic, has been created in abundance.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

This includes, for example, the panegyrics Tamariani written in honour of Queen Tamar possibly at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

A very similar type of text is the praise of Davit the Builder and Tamar, considered to have been made by Ioane Šavtel.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[14] Religious Literature Georgian Golden Age literature focused not only on chivalric romance and secular love, but the tradition of religious literature also continued, in contrast more worn and less innovative than before.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The scholars flocked to the academies of Gelat and Iqalto, bringing with them a literary tradition born abroad.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

They included Arsen Iqaltoeli, who brought the influence of the Antioch Eprem Mtsire to Georgia in the early 12th century, and Ioane Petritsi, who had founded his own philosophical and literary school, who emigrated from Bulgaria to Gelati.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Although Petritsi served mainly as a translator, his commentary and exegetics often expanded the initial work considerably.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Particularly notable his work was in philosophy; through this he broadened the Georgian thought of his time to better reflect the political visions of the country's leaders.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The Hymns of Penance written by King David IV, in which, despite his victorious battles and societal achievements, the King declares himself a sinner, “a bottomless vessel full of filth to the brim.”


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

David IV's skills as a statesman and poet will serve as an example for future Bagrationi poet rulers for the next eight centuries.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[15] Late Chronicles In the Golden Age chronicles began to be based on religious and philosophical narrative rather than political and historical facts.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

In addition to expanding the work on Georgian Life, several other chronicles were written in the period.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The earliest of these include Sumbat Davitisdze's work Life and Known Records of the Bagration Kings, which, despite the flattery of subjects, can be considered representative of historiography.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The reigns of David IV and his father Giorgi II are handled in turn by an unknown author's laudatory, colourful eulogy The Life of David, King of Kings.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Two anonymous chronicles are addressed through Queen Tamar; in the first of these, written shortly after Tamar's death in 1122, the histories and praises of the crowned kings the veneration and use of metaphors reach their peak.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The author of the chronicle had become remarkably familiar with the literature of his time, but despite this, the work has little value for the study of history.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

A later chronicle, written after 1236, the life of Tamar, Queen of Queens, holds up better than the previous one in true events.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The Golden Age ends with the most noticeable Georgian non-fictional narrative, the Chronicle of the Hundred Years, beginning in 1213 and ending around 1320.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The chronicle deals with the Mongol invasion of Georgia and the subsequent famine and earthquake: [16] Tabula rasa Although the Mongol raids of the 13th century were a bad blow for Georgia, King Giorgi V Brtsqinvale (“the brilliant”) managed to unify the country for a short period of another 13th- at the turn of the century.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The larger catastrophe was constituted by the six genocidal attacks on Georgia by Timur Lenk in 1384—1403.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Within a few hundred years, the number of speakers of the Georgian language declined possibly from about five million to two million and contact with Europe was severed for 200 years.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The country fell apart into three parts, Imereti, Kakheti and Kartli, and had to hang around until the beginning of the 19th century between two great powers, Turkey and Persia.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[17] Only very little literature has survived from the first half of this era.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

A few genealogies and legal texts have been spared for posterity from the 14th century, from the 15th century even less so.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

An exception is made by Zaza Panaskerteli-Tsikhvili, dated 1486, a book on medical treatment, which sheds light not only on the level of medicine in 15th century Georgia and its surroundings, but also on the history of folklore.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The literature that has been picked up in the 16th century can be divided into two branches: sequels and additions to Rustaveli's epic posthumous, the most notable of which possibly include the Omaniani written in the 1610s, and the versifications of the first volume of the Persian Shāhnāmeh (Rostomiani).


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The latter genre was considerably more fruitful for Georgian literature.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The rediscovery of the work, which had been instrumental in the country's golden age of literature, primed the rise and literary awakening of the national self-esteem of later centuries.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Other Persian literature also played a significant role in this task.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Nezāmī's work Haft Paikar (Georgian: Švidi Mtiebi) was adapted into Georgian by Nodar Tsitsišvili in the mid-17th century, whose moral tone heralds the arrival of 18th-century Enlightenment garments in Georgia.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

A more original and even more popular work than this was Rusudaniani by an unknown author, in which the fate of Queen Rusudan is told in 12 stories adapted from Arabic and Persian sources.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[18] Poets and Kings The first Georgian writers, who, like his predecessors, did not remain largely anonymous was King Teimuraz I.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The recording of the writer's persona in paintings and texts of the time facilitated the emergence of a coherent literature tied to the reality of his time.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Teimuraz I was born in 1589 and lived an extremely traumatic life under the Persian squeeze: despite the suffering caused by the Persians, he acknowledged his debt to Persian poetry and the language of his enemies as a source of inspiration.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

He played a key role in starting the renaissance of Georgian culture and brought a new genre to Georgian literature, the historical narrative poem, which was closer to the European mainstream than before.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Teimuraz was succeeded as poet kings by several Bagrationi rulers until the 19th century.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[19] King Archil of Imereti, like Teimuraz, bound together the Persian form, his own tragic fate and the Georgian tradition.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

As a poet, however, Archil was more open and optimistic than Teimuraz.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

His most notable work is Teimuraziani, a chronicle describing the life and fate of Teimuraz I.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[20] From the 18th century, three notable “modern” poets are additionally known.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The first of them was Davit Guramišvili, who was kidnapped by the Dagestanese, fled to Russia and spent the rest of his life in Ukraine.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

He compiled an autobiographical work covering 87 years of Davitiani, whose most historically significant parts include poems from the poorly documented 1720s and 1730s.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

In Tbilisi, in turn, was written by Armenian-born tailor Sjat-Nova, who served as an itinerant singer.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Sajat-Nova built his poetry on the foundation of music.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

His achievements included bold improvisation and open-minded mixing of languages.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

However, the most gifted poet of his time was Besiki, born in 1750, who took part in several political and military adventures.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Folklore and Besik's own poem Dedopals Anazed () tell him to have been in a love affair with two queens of the same name.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

His spontaneous, musical and symbol-rich romantic poems serve as a standard for succeeding generations.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[21] Winds of Enlightenment The Spirit of Time began to demand instructive, didactic literature, translated from Persian.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The oriental tradition of the Indian Panchatantra, who arrived in Georgia via Persia under the names Kilila and Damana, and the Persian phabels gradually merged in Georgia with the rationalism that came from Europe.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Literature, which was still refreshed in the 18th century, however, meant at first mainly a return


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

For example, the language used in saint narratives of the time might be more archaic than in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[22] The central figure of the Georgian Enlightenment was Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, an uncle born in 1658 of King Vakhtang VI.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

He took part in the futile embassies sent by the Georgian kings to Pope and Louis XIV between 1715 and 1715.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

Orbeliani laid the foundations for the emergence of secular Georgian literature and the modern Georgian literary language.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

Among his most notable works were the first modern dictionary for the Georgian language, which served as a major influence on the poets of the 18th century, and the faabelian collection Tsigni sibrdzne-sitsruisa (), whose moral discourse on education preceded Rousseau's Émile.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

From his European travels, Orbeliani wrote the work Mog zauroba Evropiši ().


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

[23] Orbelian's pupil Vakhtang VI made several translations and revisions, but also wrote himself.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

During his time in Tbilisi, the first book printing was established.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

In 1724, however, Vakhtang was forced to flee to Russia with 1200 of Georgia's most educated men and their families.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

The achievement of his court poet Mamuka Baratašvili was the compilation of the first work on Georgian poetics, Chechniki, anu leksis stsavlis tsigni (), in 1731.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

[24] Apart from Vakhtang, other members of the Bagrationi dynasty had a stake in the 18th-century renaissance: the Sarke tkmu () of King Teimuraz II of Kakhti and Kartli is an illustrative description of the customs of his time, and those compiled on the basis of several European books by Catholicos Anton I, e.g. introductions to logic and rhetoric helped to establish the literary language.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

Anton's cousin, Vakhtang VI's son Vakhušti, in turn drafted the first Georgian-language work of Georgian chronicles representing modern European studies, which brought the country to the attention of European scholars as well.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Category: Georgian literature

[25] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Donald Rayfield| title= The Literature of Georgia: A History| publisher = Clarendon Press - Oxford| year = 1994| id = ISBN 0-19-815191-8}} References *


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 1743 Paris — 8 May 1794 Paris) was a French chemist.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

He published the first version of the law of inlossibility of matter [1], identified and named oxygen [2] and proved its contribution to the combustion reaction and thus disproved the phlogiston theory [2] and revised the nomenclature of chemistry.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[3] Lavoisier is often considered the father of modern chemistry.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Personal History Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was born in Paris and studied chemistry, botany, astronomy and mathematics at the Collège des Quatre-Nations (1754—1761), founded by Cardinal Mazarin.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

The first publication in the field of chemistry appeared in 1764.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

In 1767 he took part in the study of the geography of Alsace and Lothringen.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

He was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1768.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

In 1771 he married 13-year-old Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, who later translated English texts for him [4] and made notes and corrections to them, and illustrated his books, as well as working with him on research.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Paulze published this memoir and collection of writings after Lavoisier's death.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

From 1775 Lavoisier served in the Royal Gunpowder Administration, where he developed gunpowder production [4] and agricultural use by designing a new method of manufacturing saltpeter.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Combustion phenomenon Some of Lavoisier's most important experiments looked at the nature of the combustion phenomenon.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

He experimentally demonstrated that combustion is a process where combustible matter and oxygen combine.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[5] He also experimentally demonstrated the importance of oxygen in animal and plant respiration, as well as the role of oxygen in metal rusting.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Lavoisier's explanation of the combustion phenomenon replaced the phlogiston theory, which claimed that a combustible substance gives off a substance called phlogiston when burned.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[6] He also showed water to be a combination of hydrogen and oxygen, which explained Joseph Priestley's observation that “combustible air” isolated by Henry Cavendish produced steam when burned, which, when cooled, condensed into water.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Because of this, he gave this “burning air” the name hydrogenium, from the Greek “water former”, which the Finnish term hydrogen also refers to.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[7] Lavoisier's work was partly based on Priestley's work.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

However, he tried to take credit for Priestley's observations.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

The tendency to use the achievements of other persons without mentioning them and then drawing their own conclusions, is said to have been typical of Lavoisier.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

He showed in his publications Sur la combustion en general (“On combustion”, 1777 and Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides, 1778) that the “air” involved in combustion was also a source of acidity.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

In 1779 he named this part of the air as oxygen (oxygenium, Greek acid-former) [2], and among others as azote (Greek: inanimate, in modern French nitrogen).


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

In Reflexions sur le Phlogistique, 1783, Lavoisier showed phlogiston theory to be inconsistent.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[8] Chemistry reformer Lavoisier's experiments were the first to use methods of quantitative chemistry.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

He showed that even if the state of matter changes in a chemical reaction, then the amount of matter remains the same in each chemical reaction.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

He burned phosphorus and sulphur in the air, and showed that the final products weighed more than the starting materials.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

However, weight gain was achieved at the expense of no.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

These experiments proved the law of mass inlossibility.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Lavoisier also studied the structure of water, naming the structural components of the water as hydrogen (water generator) and oxygen.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

With Claude-Louis Berthollet, a French chemist, and others, Lavoisier developed the nomenclature and naming of chemistry, on which the present nomenclature is based.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

He nomenclature in the work Méthode de nomenclature chimique (Method of Chemical Nomenclature, 1787).


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

The names of the system are mainly still, such as, for example, the names sulfuric acid, sulfates and sulfites.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[9] Lavoisier's work Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry, 1789, translated into English by Robert Kerr) is considered to be the first modern textbook of chemistry, which presented a unified picture of the new theories of chemistry, clearly defined the law of mass inlossibility mass action) as well as subtly challenged the existence of phlogiston, as the mass of phlogiston would have been negative under the law of inlossibility of mass.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Lavoisier also clarified the concept of the element as a simple substance which no known chemical analysis method can digest, and he developed the theory of the formation of chemical compounds from its elements.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

It also included a list of elements and several substances that can no longer be digested into smaller quantities, such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

However, the list also included light, electricity, and heat (actually in French: calorique; in English: caloric, meaning manifestation of heat, origin of heat, liquid and indestructible and indetectable, liquid—earlier conception), which he believed to be matter.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[10] Other activities and death in Lavoisier's life also played a great role in the studies of legal science.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

This led to an interest in French politics, and as a result he acquired a post as a tax collector in a private company called Ferme Générale for tax-leasing and tax bearings at the age of 26, where he attempted to reform the French monetary and taxation system.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[6] During his time as a civil servant in France, he was involved in the committee that developed the metric system to ensure uniformity of weights and measures throughout France.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[11] Lavoisier was labelled a traitor by revolutionaries of the period of terror of the Great French Revolution as one of 28 French tax renters in 1794 and was beheaded by guillotine in Paris at the age of 50.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Tax renters were a particularly hated profession and were sentenced to death in their entirety.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Admittedly, Lavoisier could not be proven guilty of wrongdoing, but he was unjustifiably accused of conspiring with France's enemies.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

[11] It is a matter of fate that Lavoisier was one of the few libertarians in his position.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

His defense speech is reportedly refuted with an acknowledgment of “The Republic doesn't need scientists!” [11] Meaning Lavoisier's fundamental importance to the development of chemistry stemmed from his conscious attempt to explain all experimental results with a single theory.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

He established a consistent use of the theory of chemical equilibrium, disproved using oxygen the phlogiston theory, and developed a new naming system in chemistry, which claimed that oxygen was the essential ingredient of all acids (which was later proven to be false).


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

For the first time, the modern meaning of elements is presented systematically; three or four elements in classical chemistry are replaced by a new system, and Lavoisier explored the reactions of chemical equations that follow the principle of inlossibility of matter.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Lavoisier's importance to science was illustrated by mathematician Lagrange, who lamented the execution by saying, “It only took them a moment to cut off their heads, but it might take France a century to create a similar one.” [6] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hudson, John| title= The greatest science — history of chemistry | others = Translated by Kimmo Pietian | publisher = Art House| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-884-346-5| language = (in English)}} References Literature Berthelot, M.: La révolution chimique: Lavoisier.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Paris: Alcan, 1890.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Daumas, M.: Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1955.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Lavoisier, A.: Traité élémentaire de chimie, présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d'après les découvertes modernes, 2 parts.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1789.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Reprinted in Bruxelles: Cultures et Civilisations, 1965.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

Lavoisier, Antoine: Elements of Chemistry, Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY,1965, 511 pages.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

The Hundred Greatest Men, 1885 Foster, M.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

L.: Life of Lavoisier, Smith College Monographs No.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

1st, Northampton, Mass 1926, 72 pages.


Question: What did Antoine Lavoisier die from?

Antoine Lavoisier

On topic elsewhere Category:French chemists Class:French executed Class:Those born in 1743 Class:Those who died in 1794 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Ancient Roman Army significantly influenced the history of the Roman Empire.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

It created and maintained an empire that at its most extensive stretched from Europe to North Africa and the Middle East.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The early Roman army was small and its wars consisted mostly of raiding expeditions.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

During the Roman Republic period, the army consisted of ordinary citizens who joined the army for the duration of the war but then returned back to civilian life.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

It was not until the end of the Republic that the Roman army took shape into a disciplined professional army, by which many are usually familiar with it.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The army was the implementer of Roman policy, but also the creator of politics and empress-maker.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

It served as an important pathway of social ascent and a tool of romanization.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The army gradually evolved into the most powerful military power in the Mediterranean region as the need arose from the assembled corps to a professional army under the reforms of Gaius Marius ca.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

100 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Eventually a Legion emerged, approx.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

A highly organized unit of 6,000 men.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Legion Legion (legio, plural legiones) was the basic military unit of the Army of the Roman Empire, comparable to that of modern armies.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

An estimated 4000—6000 man strong legions were on the verge of guaranteeing Rome's military might.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The political power of the legions in Rome was also great.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In the legions, perhaps the most significant part was their heavy infantry, or legionaries (legionarius, plural legionarii).


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Legionnaires were often supported by foreign auxilia troops serving as archers, mounted troops, spearmen and even linemen.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The legions were numbered and about 50 of them are known today.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In the Imperial era, the Roman army had 25—30 legions at the same time.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Equipment The equipping of the legions gradually evolved.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Initially, the army consisted of hastats (hastati), princlimbs (principes) and triars (triarii).


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Hastates were the youngest in age and formed the first line of the Legion.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Prinkips were experienced infantrymen and formed a second line.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Triaries were veterans and formed the third and final line.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Each line was divided into ten companies, or manipul.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The light-armed infantry was sprinkled among the Manipuls of heavy-armed infantry.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

This configuration remained in use all the way up to Marius.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In addition to introducing a wage army, Marius unified the army, and the same equipment was introduced for all soldiers: the same armour, armament and food and equipment kit, which is why they were called Marius's mules.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Legionnaire's armament consisted of a gladius sword, a pilum, and a pugio dagger.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Pilum was a throwing spear measuring about two feet.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

There was an iron barb tip measuring about 60 cm at the end of the wooden stem.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

When the pilum was thrown, it had quite a high impact energy and could pierce the opponent's shield and the long thin iron tip to protect the opponent behind the shield.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

When hit, the pilum clung to the tight anyway and the enemy could not use the spear, as the thin iron tip invariably warped and was therefore no longer usable.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Gladius was a double-edged sword about 60 cm long, which the Romans had likely adopted from the Spaniards.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The legionnaires held the sword in their right hand.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Left-handers too, because when fighting in a tight and tight line, everyone had to act the same.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The sword was also therefore short because a taller sword would have required more space for the wearer and the legionnaires stood in line close to each other to protect one from the other.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Legionnaires often first threw pilums and then engaged in hand-to-hand combat.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Fleet The Roman fleet came into being relatively late in the context of the Punic Wars, when the previously almost sailing-less Romans discovered a shipwrecked Carthaginian ship and copied it millintarily.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Over time, the Navy grew to become a significant part of the warship.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The siege Roman army also used many warplanes, for example onager catapults and siege towers.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

One siege tactic was the construction of ground ramparts.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

These enabled the besieging forces to reach the level of the forces under siege.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

History Early Roman Army According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

However, information about this period is scant and it cannot be known with certainty whether the stories relating to the fabled Romulus and Remus and the kings of Rome are true.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

For example, according to the Roman historian Livius, Romulus had a 300-man bodyguard ().


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Romans did not first begin to write their history until the 13th century BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

at the end.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[1] Early Roman wars generally consisted of small-scale raiding and cattle theft, and perhaps also occasional ritual battles.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

“Armies” were warrior gangs led by aristocrats and their lineage and successors.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

They led the fight out of their own desire and for personal glory.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Warriors, in turn, followed their leader out of their loyalty to him.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The successful leader was the one who successfully defended his family and men against other warrior forces and was able to provide enough booty for his own and keep them happy.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

This type of warfare probably wasn't much different from warfare in the rest of western Europe.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[2] Significant progress came when the Romans embraced the hoplite phalang around the 5th century BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Hoplite warfare developed in Greece between the 7th—6th century BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

and it spread to Italy and Rome probably thanks to Greek settlements in southern Italy.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Hoplite was a heavily armed spearman who was equipped with a 2.5 metre long thrust spear, a short sword, a bronze helmet, chest armour, shin guards and a wooden 90-centimetre wide circular hoplon shield covered with bronze plates, from which the hoplites got their name.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[2] [3] The Hoplites fought in a close formation, or phalanges, with the men standing close together in such a way that the shield of a fellow flank protected the right flank.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

There were normally at least eight ranks but there are records of formations up to 40 rows deep.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In battle, attempts were made to defeat the opposing side as quickly as possible


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Keeping Falang unity was more important than individual weapons-handling skills.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Hoplite warfare required little training or discipline, but it required a new fighting spirit.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The phalang was intended for large battles between see-formed troops and in such a battle individual aristocratic warriors had a hard time showing personal bravery.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[2] [3] The embrace of Hoplite warfare resulted from both military developments and social and political changes.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Rome's population grew and, as in other city-states of the time, its soldiers were now landowners, farmers who could both afford to acquire an expensive equipment for themselves and the enthusiasm to fight for their state and land.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

However, Sato required observation, so they did not have time to be on long war expeditions.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Wars usually lasted for one day of combat.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The military role of farmers also gave them political influence.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Hoplite phalangi was capable of major field battles but was not suitable for raiding or mobile battles and there is evidence that the Romans were still conducting raiding or engaging in small-scale skirmishes with the enemy.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

So they did not abandon the earlier methods of fighting altogether.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[3] [4] According to Livius and Dionysios, the Romans adopted a hoplite phalang from the Etruscans.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

According to them, Servius Tullius, according to tradition, the sixth king of Rome, reformed the Roman army and social system, bringing the Hoplite War to Rome as well.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Servius reigned, according to tradition, from 579 BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

— 534 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

and archaeological evidence suggests hoplite warfare was introduced in Rome sometime in the 5th century BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

so this might hold true.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Livius and Dionysios both describe Servius' reforms in great detail.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Under Servius' system, citizens were divided into five categories according to wealth.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

These classes had in turn been divided into centurios, which were perhaps 100 men in strength.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Each member of the class was required to obtain minimum equipment according to their class.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The wealthiest, or those belonging to the knighthood (), served in the centuria of 18 cavalry.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Members of the first class served as fully equipped hoplites while the equipment of the last, or fifth class members, included only the extractor or throwing spear.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[4] [5] This system formed the basis of the comitia centuriata.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

However, it is likely that Livius and Dionysios, or their sources, reconstructed the system they described from the structure of the comitia centuriata themselves.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

According to one current reconstruction, Servius' system was likely much simpler and consisted mainly of only citizens with sufficient wealth to fight as hoplites and those who could only serve as light infantry or servants.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The former was known as classis and the latter as infra classem.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The original classis perhaps consisted of a first class comprising 40 centurias with 100 men each.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In this case, the 5th century BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Rome would have been able to assemble a 4,000-man phalang, which sounds plausible.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Later as the state grew the members of Class II and III gained enough wealth and were allowed to join the phalanges, thus increasing the Phalang army to 6000.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

However, this is only speculation and there is no way to reliably describe the early Roman army.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[4] [5] The Army of the Central Republic and the Legion of Manipul The organization of the Roman army began in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

become increasingly systematic as wars became ever more extensive operations.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The army was still a temporary service formed by citizens, to share the burden of which no one had to serve for more than 16 expeditions or years.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The widening of the wars meant the division of the war effort and the Roman Senate decided each year on the war effort.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

During this period, none of the army officers were a professional soldier.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The commanders were elected from a pair of officers and held the supreme command authority ().


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The two consuls elected for one year at a time were each given command of the army and were usually assigned the most important military operations.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Smaller duties might have been given to praettors.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The word “legion” () had previously signified an invocation and meant the entire Roman army.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

But now the Legion marked the most pivotal unit in the military.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

At least since 311 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

four new legions were formed each year to replace the former.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[8] The normal army consisted of two legions, two sub-units (, plural alae) formed by the allies of Rome, and two cavalry units.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The earlier phalanges switched to more flexible manipules ().


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Standard Legion included 4200 soldiers of infantry and 300 cavalry.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The main force of the Legion was infantry grouped in three lines ().


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The men in the first line, the hastati, were young men, about 20 years old.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Behind them were the principes, about 30 years old, who were considered to be at their prime age.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The back row triarii consisted of the oldest and most experienced men.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Hastati and principes were usually 1200 men in strength but the triarii only 600.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Each line was divided into 10 Manipuls, basic tactical units of the Legion.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The manipules of the first and second phalanx usually consisted of 120 men, but the triarii manipuls of the third phalanx consisted of only 60 men.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Each manipuli was divided into two centurias led by a centurio, or centurion, as well as his subordinate, a sub-officer (option), a war signbearer (signifer), and a guard chief (tesserarius).


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In addition to these, the legion had 1200 lightly armed Velites soldiers.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Roman cavalry () consisted of rich citizens with enough wealth to acquire a horse and other equipment.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Many young aristocrats began their careers in the cavalry.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The horsemen's equipment included a circular shield, helmet, armor, sword, as well as one or more throwing spears.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Roman cavalrymen were known as zealous and courageous soldiers, but their main weakness was their sheer numbers, so the Romans often resorted to allied cavalry.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The 300 horsemen of the Legion had been divided into 10 units () of 30 men and commanded by three decurios ().


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The cavalrymen usually fought in close formation.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Six military tribunes served as commanders of the Legion.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[6] [7] Three prefects (), who were always Roman citizens, served as commanders in the field.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

They were assembled primarily from a pair of Latin peoples and comprised 4000—5000 men infantry and 900 men cavalry.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Alae had been divided into cohorts, but no more is known about them than that the cohorts had a strength of about 400—600 men.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In the battle, the Roman army regrouped in such a way that the legions were in the center and alae sites, at which point they were called by the names “left” and “right” ala.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The best soldiers in the field were assembled into a single unit, which was called extraordinarii.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

It included both foot and cavalry and was directly subordinate to the consul.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

On the march, the extraordinarii always had the vanguard and in retreat it protected the army as an afterforce.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[7] In combat, the army was always in a three-phalanx () formation.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Manipuls were grouped into what is known as a chessboard formation (), where there was a manipul's worth of space between the manipuls.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Behind the gap left between the hastati manipuls stood the principes manipuli, and behind the gaps left between the principes manipuls again stood the triarii manipuli.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Velites force was in front of the Manipuls protecting the Legion as it organized.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

It has generally been assumed that the empty spaces between the manipuls were filled before the battle began.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Adrian Goldsworthy has suggested that the legions also fought in a quincunx formation.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[6] [9] The Roman army in the Central Republic was temporary in nature.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

All Roman citizens with the requisite wealth qualified for war service.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The men usually joined the army for one war expedition and then returned back to civilian life.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Logging took place on Campus Martius, or Mars field outside the city, as legions could enter the city only during the triumph.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Since 396 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Romans started paying wages to their soldiers but it did not cover much more than basic living expenses.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In the army, Roman citizens received their wages and food from the state and voluntarily submitted themselves to very hard discipline, losing most of their legal rights.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Discipline applied not only to men's behavior in combat, but also to everyday life in the camp.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

For cowardice in combat, theft, sleeping on guard, homosexual behavior, and engaging in sex in the camp were punishable by death.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Lesser offences often led to flogging.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

If the whole unit had participated in cowardice, a so-called decimation could be imposed, in which a tenth of the men were sentenced to death.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The rest had to live in shame outside the camp and they received barley and not wheat for their food.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

However, the desire of the spoils of war and duty to the state led most citizens to join the army during the war.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[10] Throughout the 200th century BCE


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

none of the widespread resistance to war service is known during the period.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[11] Polybios praised the Romans' habit of rewarding their brave soldiers.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

After each successful war expedition or battle, the Roman army held a parade in which soldiers who had been particularly brave and performing feats were rewarded in front of others.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Prizes included ornate spears or harness carriages.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The soldier who was first to cross the enemy wall during the siege was decorated with a gold wreath ().


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The highest-ranking award was a simple laurel crown () given for saving the life of another Roman citizen.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Men were allowed to wear these decorations for the rest of their lives at various festivities.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

To the aristocrats, they were a major aid to the benefit of their own political careers.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[11] Despite the heavy discipline of the army, the militia armies of the Middle Seventies were of varying quality due to their provisionality.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The longer the army served the more effective it became.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Some legions enlisted during the Second Punic War served for years and its soldiers were highly experienced and competent.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

For example, after the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Roman survivors were formed into two legions that served throughout the war and fought in Zama in 202 BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Some men served after the war while still in Macedonia.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

When the army was demobilized the experience it gained disappeared and the new armies had to be retrained from the start.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Some individual veteran soldiers did serve again in the Army but not in the same units as before.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The wise general trained his army well before the battle.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Many of the losses suffered by Rome were due to consuls dragging into battle an army that had just been formed and with only minimal training.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The provisionality of the armies also caused that the Romans generally did not have enough competent officers and siege specialists.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[11] [12] Reforms of Marius Always the 10th century BCE


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Until the mid s the militia system worked well, but the expansion of the Romans outside Italy caused problems.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Wars were warred even further afield and sometimes lasted for years.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Some overseas provinces required an even more permanent garrison force.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The farmers who formed the legion recryte stock were forced out of their fields for up to years, causing major problems and even bankrupt.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Military service no longer sounded attractive when long wars no longer brought much personal honor or benefit.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Romans lowered the minimum amount of property required to join the army, but there still began to be fewer and fewer suitable men.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

During the period 180 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

— 155 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

been a relatively peaceful period reduced the amount of experience in the army resulting in increasing losses.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Each war was won but the number of losses increased.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The militia system was no longer able to accommodate the situation.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[12] Traditionally Gaius Marius, who won the War of Jugurtha in 105 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

and later the Kimbrit and Teutons between 102 and 101 BCE, have been regarded as a reformer of the Roman army.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In 107 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Marius was elected consul to lead the war against the Numidian warlord Jugurtha in North Africa.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

He was not allowed to establish new legions, so Marius appealed to Rome's poorest citizens (, or “those counted according to the main chapter”) who did not have sufficient wealth for war service.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Marius quickly gained new men who turned out to be good soldiers.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Wealth was no longer accounted for when joining the military.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[13] [15] It is possible, though, that the change did not occur so abruptly.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Requirements for joining the army had been reduced and known of some professional soldiers who served for years in the army before Marius but their numbers are unknown.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Marius may have openly resorted to a practice that had used to be followed with few votes.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Marius's reform, however, was certainly an important step in creating a professional army.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[13] The new army was completely different in spirit and tactics, although it retained some aspects of the militia army.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The legions became more permanent and their numbers and names were preserved throughout their existence.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Soldiers considered the army their careers of life and identified with their units, developing a powerful mass spirit that many skilled generals such as Julius Caesar took advantage of.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Soldiers no longer needed to acquire their equipment themselves; the state supplied them with weapons, equipment and clothing.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Legion cavalry and light infantry remained out of service and all legionnaires were now heavy infantry, all with the same equipment.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The cohort replaced the manipul as the basic tactical Legion unit.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Each legion had 10 cohorts, each of which theoretically contained three manipules.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Each cohort comprised six centurias comprising 80 men, commanded by centurios.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The cohort tactic may have been introduced in the wars fought in Hispania.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

During the period 91 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

— 87 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

there was a so-called Allied War, after which Roman civil rights were granted to virtually all towns south of the Po River.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The ALA units disappeared and Italians began to be recruited into the legions.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[13] The more permanent nature of the legions helped to gather experience for the Roman army.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Technical skill increased and it was more easily transmitted to the next generation.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In the first century BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Roman army had skilled pioneer forces capable of building bridges, defences, siege weapons, or entire warships.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The new pro armies were much better trained and more disciplined because of their persistence.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The legions admittedly lacked light infantry and cavalry, so these were often recruited from the war domain.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[13] Admittedly, the system had its worse aspects.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Soldiers were recruited from among the poor and had no livelihood when they returned to civilian life.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Roman Senate refused to take responsibility for the demobilized soldiers and did not look after them or their families.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Soldiers therefore turned to their generals, who were expected to provide them with means of subsistence after demobilisation, which usually took the form of donated farmland.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The army no longer represented the entire Roman people but separated from the community all the time and the soldiers were more loyal to their units and generals.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Charismatic leaders like Sulla, Pompey or Caesar led armies that were much more loyal to them than to the state.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In the first century BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

there were plenty of civil wars when generals marched their armies to Rome to capture political power by force.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The army was an important prerequisite for the subversions that gradually destroyed the republic and resulted in a prinsipath, or emperor power.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[16] Prinsipath's army When Augustus rose to emperor in 27 BC.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In the Roman Empire, the so-called prinsipath period began (27 BCE.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

— 284 share.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

), at which time Rome was ruled by emperors.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Under Augustus, the Roman army was definitively shaped into a full-fledged professional army.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

It was greatly the emperor's own army and the new recruits swore an oath to the emperor rather than to the Senate and the Roman people.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Parades and various festivities were regularly held to commemorate the events of the Imperial Family.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Military units carried images of the emperor (), which recalled the soldiers' loyalty to the emperor.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

When the legionaries were demobilized, they received a monetary reward and a piece of land, paid for from the emperor's own military treasury ().


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The commanders of the armies were, with few exceptions, officers represented by the emperor and this authority, legates (), who were personally appointed by the emperor.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[17] [18] The core of the army remained the legions, of which there were about 30 in the early 10th century.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The strength of the legion was, on paper, about 5240 men, mainly of heavy infantry divided into ten cohorts.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Legion also included a large number of accountants, pioneers, surveyors, crew of throwing machines, trainers, as well as various craftsmen.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Legions were mainly intended to fight in major battles, but their command system also allowed them to serve as garrisons or in administrative positions.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Flags () could also be sent to disparate parts of the kingdom.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Vexillations may have included a few cohorts or soldiers.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[18] The Legion was supported by a large number of auxilia units, or auxiliary troops.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Auxilia Corps consisted of foreign soldiers, usually recruited from the war domain.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The state provided them with weapons and equipment, as well as paying a salary.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Soldiers who were part of Auxilia units were trained in the same way as legions and they too were professional soldiers serving in the army for years, with units similar to legions being permanent.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Auxilia soldiers were not organized into units of the same size as legions but into cohorts of infantry or sub-cavalry units, which were usually about 500 to 1000 men in size and were usually commanded by a knightly prefect.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

There were also so-called mixed cohorts () with both foot and cavalry.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Auxilia units took their name from the people or tribe of which the unit was initially recruited.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Most auxilias served far from their domiciles and no new soldiers were recruited from the original location, so cohorts and alae often consisted of numerous different nationalities.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The command language was always Latin, which made it easier to assimilate soldiers into a single unit.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

From the Auxilia Corps, the Roman army generally received good quality cavalry, light-armed infantry, and bow and spin men.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

However, most of the Auxilias fought in the same manner as the legionnaires, i.e., as heavy infantry.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[18] During the Prinsipate no legions were stationed in Italy than until the late 10th century because Augustus and his followers did not want to show themselves dependent on military support.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

However, Augustus established the Praetorian Guard, which served as the emperor's bodyguards, with nine cohorts of 480 men.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Only three cohorts served in Rome at first at a time but under Tiberius all nine cohorts were placed in the barracks of the Praetorian Guard () in the interior of Rome.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Later the size of the cohorts was increased to 1000 men.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

A cavalry unit was also attached to the Guard, the size of 2000 men at its largest.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Rome had not only the Praetorian Guard but also two paramilitary units.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Cohortes urbanae force, of which there were initially three cohorts but later five, served as a police force and also guarded the Imperial Mint at Lugdunum.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

As well as seven vigiles cohorts who act as fire brigades and order keepers at night.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[19] In 197, Legio II Parthica, founded by Emperor Septimius Severus, was placed in Alba near Rome.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[20] The Late Antiquity Army of the Prinsipath ended in the 13th century divide.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

to civil wars and unrest, when periods of calm were rare.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Roman army of late antiquity was similar to that of the Principath, but there were changes.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The army was now divided into field army (comitatenses) and border area garrison corps (limitanei).


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[21] Comitatenses troops were commanded by the emperor or one of his closest subordinates and are sometimes understood as mobile strategic reserve forces that moved into crisis zones as needed to repel enemy attack.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

They were often stationed in the heartlands of the provinces away from the borders which differed from the time of the Principath when the army was mainly held in border areas.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Prinsipath system often caused difficulties because if the enemy was able to penetrate through the borders, it often took quite a long time before troops could be transferred from other border areas to counter the invasion.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

But in this case, these areas could also get into trouble.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Comitatenses corps were also not tied to a particular region unlike the legions of the Principath's time, which also participated in provincial administrative functions.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

In this case, the relocation of legions to the new territory caused major problems.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The movement of the Comitatenses forces did not cause similar problems, but it is also questionable to what extent they served as a strategic reserve for the entire kingdom.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

They gave the emperor at least strong protection against coup attempts.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[21] The Limitanei were under the command of a local military commander (dux) and were trained in the manner of the Comitatenses Corps and differed from the units of the field army only in favour of their position.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The Limitanei patrolled the border areas daily and performed garrison service mainly on the borders but sometimes also in the inner regions of the kingdom.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

The size of the Limitanei force was too small to be able to repel large-scale raiding or invasions, but they did well in small-scale warfare.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Sometimes limitanei units were deployed in field armies, where they sometimes remained permanently.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Limitanei units permanently transferred to the Comitatenses Corps were referred to as pseudocomitatenses.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

[21] See also Roman military history Army of the Byzantine Empire Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adrian Goldsworthy| title = Roman Warfare| publisher = Cassel| year = 2000| id = ISBN 0-304-35265-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

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Question: How many soldiers belonged to the Army of Ancient Rome?

Army of Ancient Rome

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adrian Goldsworthy| title = Roman military| publisher = Karisto| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-23-4590-0}} References Category:Armies Category:Roman military history


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Turkey (), officially the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian state stretching from the Anatolian Peninsula in Southwest Asia to the Balkan region of Southeast Europe.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Turkey has eight neighboring countries: Bulgaria in the northwest, Greece in the west, Georgia in the northeast, Armenia, Iran, as well as the Nahitchevan exclave of Azerbaijan in the east and Iraq, and Syria in the southeast.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

In addition, Turkey is bordered by the Black Sea to the north, the Aegeian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

On the territory of Turkey is also located the Sea of Marmara, through which the border between Europe and Asia passes, so the state has territory on two continents.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[1] Several notable civilizations have emerged in Turkish territory, including Byzantium and the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The country's culture is a rich mix of eastern and western tradition, as Turkey is located at the crossroads of two continents.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Culture has often been described as a bridge between two worlds.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Due to its strong regional presence, Turkey has begun to emerge strategically into an increasingly important state.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[2] [3] Turkey is a democratic, secular and constitutional republic.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Its political system was established in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk during the aftermath of World War I, when the Ottoman Empire had fallen.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Since then, Turkey has increasingly integrated with the West, but has maintained its relations with the eastern world at the same time.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The country is a founding member of the United Nations, [4] the Islamic Conference, [5] the OECD [6] and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe [7], a member of the Council of Europe since 1949 [8] and NATO since 1952.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[9] Turkey has been conducting membership negotiations with the European Union since 2005, an associate member the country has been since 1963.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[10] Turkey is also a member of the G20, which brings together the world's 20 largest economies.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[11] Name The name of the state in Turkish, Türkiye, can be divided into two words, of which the initial türk means “strong” in the Osman language and usually refers to either the inhabitants of Turkey, Turks or members of the Turkic peoples, [12].


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The latter part -iye is an abstract suffix referring to ownership or kinship.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Türk is a later form of the word “tu-kin”, which is attributed to the Chinese as early as 177 BCE.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

the designation given to the peoples living south of the Central Asian Lower Mountains.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[13] The term “Türk” or “Türük” was first used as the people's own name in the Orkhon inscriptions of the Gök Turks in Central Asia.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The word Turkish is borrowed from German through the Swedish language and was first used as early as the 16th century in the prayer book of Mikael Agricola.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[14] History Antiquity The Anatolian Peninsula forming most of present-day Turkey (also known as Asia Minor) is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in the world, being located at the crossroads of Asia and Europe.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Southeastern and southern Turkey had so-called Neolithic villages associated with the invention and spread of farming and animal husbandry in the Stone Age, of which Çatal Hüyük (Ceramic Neolithic) was remarkably large.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Other early farming villages discovered by archaeologists included Çayönü (Pre-Ceramic Neolithic A to Ceramic Neolithic), Nevali Cori (Pre-Ceramic Neolithic B), Hacilar (Ceramic Neolithic), Göbekli Tepe (Pre-Ceramic Neolithic A) and Mersin, belonging to the world's oldest among human population centers.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Settlement in Troy began in the Neolithic period and continued into the Iron Age.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Over the course of written history, Anatolians have spoken Indo-European, Semitic, South Caucasian and Turkic languages, and additionally several languages of unknown origin.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Based on the old age of the Indo-European Heet and Luuvi languages, some scholars have presented Anatolia as the hypothetical primordial home of the Indo-European language [15].


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The first significant kingdom in the region was formed by the Hittites, between the 17th and 13th centuries before the beginning of the period.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Later ruled by the Prygians, an Indo-European people, until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 6th century BCE.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[16] The most powerful of the states following the phrygia were Lydia, Arch, and Lyk.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Lyydians and Lycians spoke Indo-European languages, but non-Indo-European elements had been assimilated into both languages prior to the Hittite and Hellenic periods.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Ionians settled on the Anatolian coast around the same time.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The coastal area was later renamed Ionia.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The entire region was conquered by the Persian Akemenid Empire in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

and it later fell into the possession of Alexander the Great in 334 BC.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[17] Anatolia was then divided into several small Hellenistic kingdoms, which included Bithynia, Cappadocia, Pergamon and Pontos.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The kingdoms fell into Roman possession by 50 BCE.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

by.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[18] In 330, Roman Emperor Constantine the Great chose Byzantion as the new capital of the Roman Empire and renamed it Constantinople (now İstanbul).


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

After the fall of Western Rome, the city became the centre of Eastern Rome, or the Byzantine Empire.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[19] Turks and Ottoman Empire Main article: Ottoman Empire The Seldžuk dynasty was a branch of the Kınık tribe of the Oğuz Turks, who in the 8th century lived on the edge of the Islamic world, north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Lake in the Yabghu Great Khan of the Oğuz Union.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[20] Beginning in the 9th century, the Seljuks migrated from their home territory to the eastern parts of Anatolia.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

After the Turks had defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 they began abandoning their nomadic roots, gained a more permanent role in Anatolia, and gave birth to the Seldžuk Empire.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[21] The kingdom did not last long, however, as by 1243 the Mongols had defeated the Seljuk armies, and slowly the power of the kingdom was waning.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

In the wake of the Seldžuks, the small Turkic principality ruled by Osman I developed into an Ottoman kingdom and filled the void left by the collapsed Seljuk and Byzantines.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[22] As early as the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire included most of both Anatolia and the Balkan Peninsula.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

However, Byzantium remained an independent small state until 1453, when the Ottoman conquered the rest of it and made its capital, Constantinople, their own capital, renamed İstanbul.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[23] During its 623-year history, the Ottoman Empire interacted with both the eastern and western world.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

During the 16th and 17th centuries it was among the more powerful political entities in the world, and often found itself on a collision course with Eastern European states in steadily acquiring more territories in the Balkans and the southern parts of Poland-Lithuania.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[3] However, the kingdom declined in the 19th century, and its territory was reduced.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

First it became independent Greece, later Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia, and also lost its territories in North Africa to European colonial powers.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Russia too waged many wars against Turkey and pursued the conquest of Constantinople.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Turkey was dubbed the sick man of Europe.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

In the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, Turkey lost most of its remaining pro-European territories to Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia, while Albania also gained independence.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

After years of decline, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I through the Ottoman German Union in 1914 — a war it eventually lost.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

After the war, the victorious Circum-Powers began to divide the Ottoman Empire through the Treaty of Sèvres.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[22] Between 1915 and 1917, hundreds of thousands to over 1 million Armenians were killed and forcibly displaced by the government of the Ottoman Empire in the Armenian Genocide [24] [25], as well as numerous Assyrians in the genocide of the Assyrians.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[26] Republic Time The occupation of the Circum-Powers in İstanbul and İzmir during the aftermath of World War I contributed to the emergence of the Turkish National Movement.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[3] Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pašša, a military commander who rehabilitated at the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was fought with the aim of abrogating the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[2] By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies had been expelled, and a new Turkish state emerged in the country.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

On November 1, 1922, the newly formed parliament formally abolished the sultanate, while ending the 623-year-long reign of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 led to the recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed Turkish Republic as a successor state to the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The republic was officially declared born on 29 October 1923 in the new capital, Ankara.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[3] The Lausanne Peace Treaty returned Smyrna to Turkey (now.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Izmir) region as well as Eastern Thrace, which in the Peace of Sèvres had fallen to Greece.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

For the most part, the Greek population who lived in these areas was forced to leave the country.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

After Kemal Paša had risen to become the first president of the republic, he embarked on a series of radical reforms to establish a new secular Turkey from the remnants of its Ottoman past.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[3] In accordance with the Surname Law, Mustafa Kemal was conferred upon Mustafa Kemal by the Turkish Parliament in 1934 with the tribute “Atatürk” (Father of the Turks).


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[2] As Ataturk became childless, there has thus been no other claimant.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Turkey entered World War II on the Allied side in the final stages of the war as a ceremonial gesture.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The country became a member of the United Nations in 1945.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[4] In 1947, the United States declared that it was adopting the Truman Doctrine when the Soviet Union had claimed military bases in the Turkish straits and the Greeks had run into trouble trying to defeat communists in the civil war.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The doctrine expressed the United States' intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, resulting in maximum military and financial support.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[27] After Turkey's involvement with United Nations forces in the Korean War, in 1952 the country joined NATO.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The country became a protective wall in the Mediterranean against the Soviet Union.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

After a decade of violence on the island of Cyprus and the subsequent Greek-backed coup, Turkey launched a military operation resulting in the creation of a separatist, only Turkish-recognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on the island.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[28] After the end of the era of the one-party system in 1945, a multi-party system emerged in the country, which nevertheless suffered tensions over the next several decades.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Political instability resulting from strains between right-wing and left-wing groups in the 1960s—1980s sparked a series of coups in 1960, 1971, 1980, and an additional “postmodern coup” in 1997.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[29] The liberalisation of the Turkish economy in the 1980s changed the outlook for the country; the following decades were marked by successive periods of strong economic growth and crises.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[30] Kurds in Turkey have demanded broader rights throughout the republic.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

This has led to decades of armed conflict between Turkish authorities and Kurdish activists.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The conflict has also caused suffering to Kurdish civilians and bystander Turks.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

From 1984 to 1999, the Kurdish separatist PKK waged open war with the Turkish government, and the conflict continued as terrorist attacks by Kurds again starting in 2004.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

A ceasefire was established in March 2013.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

[31] President Ahmet Necdet Sezer's tenure ended in 2007.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

The 2007 Turkish presidential election caused conflicts and protests.


Question: What is Turkey's GDP?

Turkey

Abdullah Gül was elected.