Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[16] Some of the Renaissance scholars greatly appreciated the texts of these, which is why magic and its experimental features gained a foothold in Europe.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

For example, the methods used by magnetism scientist William Gilbert were well known among magicians.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[4] It is also noteworthy that many scientists of the scientific revolution also engaged in more unscientific activities such as astrology and alchemy.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The widely known alchemist of the Middle Ages, Paracelsus resigned himself from anything related to the scholastic practice of medieval times.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He called for knowledge acquisition based on one's own experience as the primary means of practicing science and leaving rational thought to secondary value.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[17] The same is also demanded by nominalists.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Empiricism created the need to develop measuring instruments for more accurate and entirely new uses than before.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In astronomy, perhaps the most important such instrument was the telescope, invented by the Dutch Hans Lippershey and Sacharias Jansen, and whose structure was greatly improved by Galileo Galilei.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Also, such instruments as a thermometer, barometer and microscope are inventions from the time of the scientific revolution.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In the early days of the scientific revolution, and in fact even before, people were questioned about the role of science in acquiring knowledge and what kind of knowledge should be acquired through science and what is the right way to approach problems related to phenomena so that the conclusions derived from them were true.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

One of the greatest advocates of science in the revolution was Francis Bacon, who declared knowledge to be power.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He drew up a definition for the experiential method: certain knowledge was obtained only by reading nature rather than an open book.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[18] For knowledge, he insisted on the fulfillment of practical features and the task of science was the collection, analysis and comparison of facts observable in nature.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Bacon understood, however, that experiential research was not without problems.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

As the main problem, he saw the prejudices of scientists, from which scientists should detach themselves.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Information based on authority was extremely sharply criticized by Bacon.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

There was no way unequivocal what is the right way to solve scientific problems for conclusions to be true.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Aristotle had distinguished two branches of logical reasoning.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Dialactic, where there was no interest in the reliability of assumptions, and apodeictic, which again required true truth value from assumptions or premises.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Aristotle of the latter elevated the acquisition of scientific knowledge to a goal-oriented means.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

This again required that the assumptions used in the reasoning were to be at least as well known as the conclusions that arise as a result of the reasoning.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The problem, however, was what was known something to be right and something to be wrong on the other.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In the Late Middle Ages conception of science, two forms of scientific knowledge were distinguished by the terms called by the scholastics: propter quia and propter quid.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In the first, thinking went from effects to causes (induction) and was interested in what kind of phenomenon was, whereas in the latter the route of thinking was from causes to effects (deduction) and was willing to find out why the phenomenon was as it now happened to be.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[19] However, inductive thinking was found to be quite limited in many respects.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

It could not be thought to be used in astronomy because the data obtained through observations may have been misinterpreted.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galilei himself relied on regression and deduction.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He is therefore called the developer of the hypothetical-deductive method of research — that is, the natural science method.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

From the hypotheses given in it, an observable phenomenon is derived, which then either confirms the hypothesis or disproves it.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[20] Empiricism was not the only theoretical school of knowledge during the scientific revolution and on the eve of the Enlightenment.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Rationalism, that is, the acquisition of knowledge based on rational thought was heavily influenced by the parallel.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The greatest thinker of the school was René Descartes.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He was firmly of the opinion that the human mind consists of materials derived from its own interpretation and outside reality.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Based on this, Descartes showed experience-origin to contain hazardous ingredients that distort the truth.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

According to him, man could not know what was only his own interpretation and what was true again.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Descartes' ideas were attacked by the British philosopher John Locke with his idea of tabula rasa ().


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Locke saw the thought world of newborn man as being like an empty whiteboard on which experiences and nature draw marks.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In Locke's philosophy, the human mind reflected nature within itself.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[18] Mathematical formalization of nature Athetical development In the Middle Ages the ideas of natural philosophers were largely based on Aristotle, but the discovery of texts by Plato, Epicurus and other ancient philosophers such as skeptics, Stoics, Neo-Platonists and Pythagoreans nakered with a scholastic attitude based on humanism and literature, and caused a change in attitude among the scholars.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Plato's ideas contributed to the rise in the value of mathematics very centrally.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In accordance with Plato, mathematics was seen as a certain kind of fundamental science, reflecting through its principles the most fundamental (divine) origin.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Mathematics was thus thought to be the only means by which correct and accurate information could be obtained from nature.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[21] Mathematicians of the time emphasised this feature, as they considered mathematics to be completely immune from the doubts of skeptics — whose numbers in Europe were growing.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The discovery of Plato and Pythagorean sources in the Renaissance period influenced European natural philosophy in two ways.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

On the one hand, it raised algebra and geometry to a value in describing nature, but on the other it inspired Kabbalistic reading mysticism.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[22] A major change in the development of mathematics occurred in the mid-15th century, when Byzantium lost Constantinople to the Turks in 1453.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

A decisive role was also played by the refresh of the economy due to the increased trade.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

There was a need for efficient computation.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

At the same time, even better maps were needed for the explorations that were underway, which also required mathematical knowledge to make.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Mathematics therefore took off as a result of practical needs and trading.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[6] The Arabic influence is essential here, as Fibonacci had already been working towards the generalization of the Arabic (or more correctly Indian) numeral system in Europe by the 13th century.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The change in the reading system was a great step forward, as the Arabic system is capable of more efficient counting.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Woodcuts produced at the time of the Middle Ages and the New Age often depict two mathematicians, one with a beadboard and the other with Arabic numerals.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Of these, the latter has a cheerful and former very sour look.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In the Renaissance period, the notations in use today were introduced for single and subtraction.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

As early as the Middle Ages, descriptors drawn on the coordinate system had been used to calculate the length of the passage of a piece.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Traditionally, phenomena were described explicitly, but with the dawn of the new age, the description of nature changed to the language of mathematics.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galilei was in his time leading figures in mathematical modelling of natural phenomena.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He saw that through mathematics the researcher's own interpretation was able to be eradicated.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galilei realised that natural phenomena could not contradict each other, and he demanded a skeptical and undogmatic grip from nature studies.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galilei also saw that natural phenomena are fundamentally mathematical, which is why through mathematical modelling of phenomena new phenomena can be predicted.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The development of mathematics The great changes of the Renaissance created a tradition from which the next generation of mathematicians could draw.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In the 17th century, one of the greatest turning points in the history of mathematics.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

At that time, the British mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton and the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz discovered differential and integral calculations called infinitesimal calculations.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Indications of a similar calculation can be found in Archimedes's Method work, but despite the diligent work of humanists, it was not yet known at that time.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[23] Both differential and integral calculations are each invaluable to theoretical research in modern science.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Newton and Leibniz were not the only key mathematicians.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

French multi-talented René Descartes invented analytical geometry.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The emergence of scientific institutions At the time of the scientific revolution, there was a need to create new institutions alongside universities where like-minded scientists can discuss with each other the phenomena they have observed and the theories they have invented in a spirit free than the time in universities otherwise was possible.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

European royalty were encouraged to fund the establishment of such institutions.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The Royal Society was founded in Britain in 1660, though only nominally supported by Charles II.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In France, on the other hand, under the leadership of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the French Academy of Sciences was founded in 1666.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In Germany, the Academia Naturae Curiosorum (now known as the Academia Naturae Curiosorum) had been established in 1652.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

National Leopoldina Academy of Sciences).


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The first academies in Europe were established in Italy.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The first scientific academy in Europe was the Accademia Segreta, founded in the 1540s in Naples.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Along with it also operated the Padovan Accademia degli Infiammati, but it closed its doors after quite a short period of operation.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The next, representing the “modern” model, the Academy Accademia dei Lincei was founded in 1603.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

These scientific academies of the 16th and early 17th centuries were by their nature exploring areas more magical than the later 17th century academies.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[24] The position of the scientist became more prestigious at the same time.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The change in attitude is particularly evident when comparing experimental scientists appreciation of the Middle Ages and the New Age.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[25] Development by discipline Astronomy The revolution in astronomy has traditionally been considered to have begun in the year of the death of Nikolaus Copernicus, when he published the long-completed De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), in which he presented a solar-centric model.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Copernicus' idea was revolutionary in its own right, as it was in complete contrast to the geocentric, or earth-centric, model of the universe proclaimed as truth by the earlier Ptolemy Aristotelian and Catholic Church.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He replaced it with a heliocentric, or solar-centric model.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Copernicus' claim was not based on accurate experiments or other methods of modern science, but purely on a run of reason coloured by his Christian-mystical worldview.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

From earlier scholastics, he differed in that his ideas were based on Plato rather than Aristotle.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Platonism despises experimentalism, for true truth can be found in the world of ideas, which can only be accessed through reason.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Copernicus was firmly of the opinion that if God created the world, then surely he would not have created anything as clumsy as an earth-centric world order.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In the geocentric model, one had to rely on epicycles, which was not suitable for Copernicus in the first place.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He wanted, because of the mathematical harmony emphasized by neo-Platonists, to have circle-paths for planets, which would mean a solar-centric model.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

It suited Copernicus quite well, because, like the neo-Platonists, he praised the Sun and its essence, so the centre of the universe is the perfect place for the Sun.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[26] Of his own observations Copernicus made very few, even with quite clumsy instruments.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Copernicus did not abandon the previous model altogether, instead switching between Earth and Sun locations in the model.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

As a legacy of the Hellenistic period, “crystal spheres” were still visible.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

They were a certain kind of circular regions with which celestial bodies moved and where the multiplicity of universes prevailed.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[27] So the planets themselves did not move but moved as if along the tracks.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Copernicus' thoughts initially went as if on deaf ears.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

An edition of 1,000 copies was taken out of the book, but it wasn't even sold out.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

With the Reformation in fermentation, Protestant minded visitors were racing with each other, which is why they took the Book of Copernicus in their teeth.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Martti Luther didn't approve of the solar-centric model in the first place.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

However, Copernicus gained support, especially among mathematicians and astronomers, as well as neo-Platonists and Hermeticists.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

However, the majority of scientists still considered the Copernican model to be unsatisfactory.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Crucially, however, the scientists of the time were well aware of the new model and referred to it in some appropriate contexts.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

For example, Giordano Bruno drove Copernicus' ideas forward, while proposing that the universe was infinite and no particular center can be said to it.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Bruno was put in charge of his thoughts before the Inquisition, where he was sentenced to be burned at the stake.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The Catholic Church did not adopt a heliocentric worldview until the 1820s.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[27] [28] To paraphrase the methods of Copernicus, the German astronomer Erasmus Reinhold calculated and catalogued in the Tabulae prutenicae ephemeral the coordinates of celestial bodies on specific dates.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The publication offered even more accurate values compared to the previous Alfonsine tables ephemeride, which had been in use for 300 years, so Reinhold's table was well received by astronomers and astrologers alike, although its results were based on the results of a controversial scientist.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

After Copernicus, the next pioneer of astronomy was the Danish Tyko Brahe.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He was discouraged from adopting the Copernican model, despite heavy pressure from his deputy Johannes Kepler.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Brahe used the latest technology in his work that allowed accurate measurements to be made (the error was of the order of one arc minute).


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

However, the telescope he did not yet have in use.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In his observations, Brahe failed to detect parallax, meaning the stars were not moving relative to Earth, which led him to claim Copernicus was wrong.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Brahe developed his own model, the tyconic solar system model.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

It was a kind of synthesis of solar and terrestrial solar system models, in which all other planets orbit the Sun except Earth, which, again, the Sun with its other planets orbits.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The circular shape of the tracks was not questioned.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Italian Galileo Galilei, who excelled as a physicist and astronomer, improved the telescope, or “looking-glass” as he called it himself.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He managed to tenfold the magnification of the telescope.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The Dutch inventors of the instrument reached 3—4 times magnification, but Galilei saw targets 20—30 times.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The telescope was invented in late 1608, and information about it quickly rushed around Europe such that the device was available in Italy the following spring.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The lentils of the fresh invention were directed towards the sea and the mantus.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galilei, however, oriented the telescope towards the stars and planets.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Later, the invention became the astronomer's main observational tool.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Using his telescope, Galilei found evidence for a solar-centric model of Copernicus and noticed the stars were located much farther than assumed.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

His ideas he quickly published in 1610 in his book Sidereus Nuncius, as the most recent observations were only a few days old before the work was published.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[29] The defence of heliocentrism did not suit the Catholic Church, which put Galilei in charge of his thinking because he defended the Copernican system.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galilei was declared under lifetime house arrest, but that did not stop the spread of new doctrines.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Remarkably, however, Galilei's defences of heliocentrism did not arouse much interest; more interested were first only in the moons of Jupiter seen by Galilei.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The footsteps of Galilei and Copernicus were also passed by Johannes Kepler, who had read himself as a priest.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In his opinion, “If a higher power has created the solar system, the planets cannot be sprinkled here and there.” [30] After becoming Brahe's assistant and soon after he died, Kepler inherited the extensive observational data collected by Brahe.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Based on this data set, Kepler declared the planetary trajectories to be ellipses rather than circular in reality.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Shortly after his observation, he formulated what are known as Kepler's laws, by which the motion of planets can be described on elliptical tracks.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Kepler's observations were an important factor for Newton in this formulation of the laws of mechanics, which finally provided a theoretical justification for the heliocentric solar system.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Physics entering the 17th century, the time was ripe for the development of new mechanics to replace the earlier aristotle business doctrine.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Admittedly, as early as the 1370s, the Frenchman Nicole Oresme had boldly challenged the aristotle image of the movement.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

However, his views did not receive enough publicity to have supplanted Aristotle.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galileo Galilei was at the forefront of the science of his time developing mechanics.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He emphasized experimentalism in his studies, but did not downplay the contribution of theoretical research, he rather insisted on it.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galilei created the foundations for mechanics on which it was easier for Isaac Newton to complete the theory.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galilei rejected the aristotle belief that the momentum of a piece eventually decreases to zero if not affected by forces at all.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

According to Galilei, the piece will continue its movement forward in a straight line at a steady speed for however long if no force, for example friction stops it.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The idea was not new, as Ibn al-Haitham had invented this in the heyday of Islamist science, apparently Mozi had also reached a similar solution.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Galilei's achievement, though, can be attributed to the mathematical expression he led.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Along with mechanics, Galiles was interested in exploring another key area of the physics of the era, optics.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In this field, he excelled in trying to measure the speed of light with his students.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Although the measurement failed in its goal, Galilei did not dare to say for sure whether the speed was infinite or finite.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He believed, quite rightly, the spacing used in measurements to uselessly short time measurement methods.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In a 17th-century fold, the English physician William Gilbert reported on the magnetic phenomenon he observed, which can be said to have been an essential factor for the study of electricity and magnetism.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Chemistry and Medicine Chemistry has its roots in philosophy, alchemy and medicine.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

As an independent discipline, however, it differentiated itself only in the Enlightenment period with the mechanistic thinking given rise to 17th century physics.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Until the Middle Ages, medicine was tinged with the so-called doctrine of humorality and the teachings of Galenos.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

As autopsies became more common, earlier perceptions began to falter when they turned out to be incorrect, or at least incomplete.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Both disciplines had been united by Paracelsus, which lived in the Renaissance era, and the alchemy trend known as iatrochemistry.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Professor at the University of Padua, influenced in Italy and learned in Paris by Belgian Andreas Vesalius probed the great medical scientist Galenos of late antiquity's claims about human anatomy directly by dissecting humans and other animals.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He was so hard about dissecting corpses that he was looting the bodies of those who received hangings and cemeteries.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Based on his observations, he noticed more than 200 errors in Galenos' writings, [4] but mistakes he was unable to avoid himself.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

These studies divided the anatomists and surgeons of their time in half.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Vesalius can be said to have begun, along with William Harvey, a whole new phase in the study of anatomy.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Harvey was a native of Britain, but his doctorate he completed in Padua.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He continued in Padua in the footsteps of Vesalius.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In fact, Vesalius' pupil was Gabriele Falloppio, whose pupil accordingly was Harvey's teacher Hieronymus Fabricius.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

While studying, Harvey's eyes had been hit by blood flow, which appeared to occur through the heart.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

After cutting around 80 animals, the idea of how the blood supply works had become clearer to him.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Although he was familiar with the action as early as 1616, he did not publish his results until 1628 in his book Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Harvey's conclusion was that blood circulated in the body a kind of perimeter, and that the heart's function, through contractions, was to maintain the constant flow of blood — the same conclusion had been reached by René Descartes.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

However, this is a somewhat simplified description, as Harvey's views were far more mystical.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[31] The mystery was still how blood got from the arteries to the veins.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The answer was received shortly after Harvey's death when Marcello Malpighi monitored the surface of the frog's heart with thin capillaries between the veins through which blood enters the vein.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The new idea met with opposition, but was nevertheless adopted as early as Harvey's lifetime.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Explaining blood flow was not initially able to be applied in such a way that it would have been of any practical use.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[32] Enlightenment and Romanticism The development of the scientific revolution in the natural sciences laid the groundwork for advancement and positivism.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Enlightenment philosophers saw science as the best way to solve problems and achieve Knowledge and attain Illumination.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

At the same time, that meant belittling religion.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Atheists among Enlightenment philosophers were extremely few, most of them deists, but they were united by a common hatred of founded religions, especially the most prominent in European society, Catholicism.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Enlightenment philosophers perhaps felt that they were some kind of freedom fighters seeking to replace religion with a better means of getting close to God.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

For them, it was science.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[1] The scientific revolution was also of interest to Auguste Comte, who lived in the 19th century, who theorized the history of human worldview as consisting of three phases: the first would be a religious worldview replaced by a metaphysical, which would again lead to the “positivist” (science) to the emergence of a) worldview.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

For Comte, the scientific revolution meant the final stage of world-view changes and called the scientists of that age as the founders of positivism.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The Enlightenment was not only a time of science glorification.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The complaint involved overt criticism, so philosophers and writers were allowed to criticize science as well.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

An example is the account of the third volume of Jonathan Swift's satirical Gulliver voyages, in which Gulliver is shipwrecked on the island of Laputa.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The island had a kingdom consecrated to the arts and sciences, which, however, did not know how to use scientific knowledge for practical needs.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

At the same time, he sees how such a society is doomed to destruction.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Swift did not object to science beyond recognition, only the inability to utilize it for human needs.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Swift's view also included the fact that science is ethically neutral; a lot of bad things can be done through the means of science, and good ones too.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[33] Often seen as a trend opposite to the Enlightenment, Romanticism strongly criticizes the science ideal emphasized by the Enlightenment.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Instead, they emphasized emotion and imagination, while not forgetting nature.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In painting, one work of the Romanticism period criticising science is William Blake's Newton (1795).


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In the painting, Isaac Newton, sitting on a stone, explores the ultimate nature, using geometry, but at the same time forgetting the abundant nature that surrounds him.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Historiography General Historians do not agree on whether science evolved revolutionarily around the 17th century.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Some historians of science see the real revolution as having occurred earlier in the Middle Ages, making reference to the 12th-century Renaissance.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

On the other hand, some historians see the “Islamist science revolution” of the Middle Ages as having been the real revolution in science.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

According to the prevailing view, the traditional conception of scientific revolution is valid, albeit with its content tempered from the stark contrast of the new age and the Middle Ages, and approximated to the idea of a more moderate development in which scientific revolution is seen as an inherent consequence Renaissance humanists sought to reclaim ancient sources (ad fontes), as a result of which the diverse philosophy and science of antiquity were rediscovered.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[34] Pierre Duhem initiated a debate on the scientific revolution that lasted through the 20th century.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Escalating the main theme of his writings is that there was no revolution, but that what is considered a revolution is merely an elaboration of the learned physical and astronomical theories of the 14th century University of Paris.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Duhem additionally incorporated ancient philosophers and Arabic scholars into the scientific revolution.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In this way, Duhem created the notion of a unified history of Western science.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[34] The new ideas received a warm reception, but subsequently received much criticism and a critical view of Duhem's claims took hold.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The French philosopher Alexandre Koyré, who also launched the term scientific revolution in 1939, emerged as the most prominent critic.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Koyré found no similarity between medieval and new-age science in his studies.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He acknowledged that medieval scientific termism was used in the new age, but pointed out that they took on entirely new meanings.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

In fact, he claimed natural philosophical theories that leaned on medieval aristotelism had been a slow motion and an obstacle to the genesis of modern science.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

This view remained prevailing for a long time, but has been refuted by the views of Charles Lohr and Charles B. Schmitt.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[34] A strong humanism critique is emphasised in George Sarton's vision.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He was firmly of the view that science has featured strongly only twice in Western cultural history.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

First, in the context of the 12th-century Renaissance, and the second time at the time of the Scientific Revolution.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The latter he saw as necessary because Renaissance humanists eradicated the achievements of science that had developed in the 12th century.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Lynn Thorndike's views highlight a similar trait dismissive of humanism.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Their ideas were opposed by Eugenio Garin and Paul Oskar Kristeller.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

They stressed the diversity of humanism, though Kristeller could find no justification for a link between the development of the natural sciences and humanism.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The position of 16th-century humanism for the Scientific Revolution has been brought to light by Donald R. Kelley and Anthony Grafton.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[34] According to Arun Bala's view, [35] events during the scientific revolution must be seen as the culmination of multicultural influence in Europe.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

According to him, the scientific revolution was particularly the result of advances in medieval Islamic science, but the advances of Chinese and Indian science were equally affected.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Bala sees the disparaging of these traits as having led to the scientific revolution being seen from a European-centric perspective.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Peter Dear has summarized the changes caused by the scientific revolution into six points: [36] Experimental activity to acquire knowledge Mathematics emerged as the primary means of describing natural phenomena Aristotle's doctrine of the Four Reasons was forgotten and moved from those connected to the object reasons away while emphasizing causal relationships formed by the scientist himself The world was seen as a mechanical machine The position of natural philosophy was seen more as a research project than existing knowledge as a whole Social transformation: a communal pursuit of science.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

There can be disagreement about what was such a big change that it justifies seeing the era as revolutionary.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The actual development of science is one of the most traditional views, but John Gribbin, for example, sees revolutionism as meaning a change in attitude among scientists.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Where in Renaissance and Middle Ages science scientists (natural philosophers) saw themselves as subordinate to the authority of antiquity, so with the scientific revolution scientists were most aware of their own position.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

They saw the scholars of antiquity as their peers.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[37] He also reasons that it was only after Newton that science changed in a way that might be called revolutionary.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

At that point, however, the scientific revolution is considered to have ended.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[38] Kuhn's view of the development of science, Thomas S. Kuhn applied the concept of paradigm developed earlier in his philosophy of science.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

He understood the development of science to be based on prevailing paradigms, especially their changes.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Paradigm refers to a theory or knowledge established as vindicated by its instantaneous view.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

An example of the paradigm can be given how until the beginning of the 19th century it was thought there were seven planets in the solar system.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Thanks to the calculations of Urbain Le Verrier, it is now known that there is an eighth planet, Neptune (when Pluto is not counted as a planet).


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Quoting Kuhn, the paradigm is “a universally recognized scientific achievement that yields for a time the model problems of a community of scientists and their solutions.”


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

[39] Alongside the paradigm, Kuhn developed the concept of normal science.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

It refers to a space in which new information is produced on the terms of the prevailing paradigm.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Theories refuting or challenging prevailing theories are not so much developed.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Normal science is not a stable state, according to Kuhn, but because of research, phenomena different from the paradigm of normal science emerge, anomalies.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

These phenomena eventually accumulate so much that theories explaining anomalies and challenging the validity of the old paradigm are being developed.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Eventually, the old view is forced to be abandoned and a new paradigm is taken in place.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

This transformation from old to new Kuhn calls a scientific revolution.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The term may therefore refer to a more general concept than the state of science of the 15th—18th centuries.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The revolution should not be understood as an achievement of an individual scientist, but as the sum of the works of representatives of normal science.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

Kuhn also points out that the duration of revolutions may be several generations.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

This is explained by Planck's principle.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

The transformation described by Kuhn took place very clearly during the scientific revolution: no later than now the doctrines of Aristotle were replaced by newer studies and concepts.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

See also The impact of the scientific revolution on the history of technology Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mikkeli, Heikki & Joutivuo, Timi (ed.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

) | title = Renaissance science| publisher = SKS| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-746-220-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mari Heinonen & Janne Tunturi (eds.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

) | title = Tree of Evil Knowled| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-662-877-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hellyer, Marcus| title = The Scientific Revolution| publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2003| id = ISBN 978-0-631-23630-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkinen, Virpi| title = Middle Ages History | publisher = Atena Cost| year = 2003| id = ISBN 978-063-12363-0-6951-796-310-6}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kearney, Hugh| title = Origins of the Scientific Revolution| publisher = Longmans| year = 1964}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Debus, Allen G.| title = Man and Nature in the Renaissance| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1978| id = ISBN 978-0-521-29328-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindberg, David C.


Question: When was arithmetics started to be used?

Scientific revolution

& Westman, Robert S.| title = Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1990| id = ISBN 978-0-521-34804-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Porter, Roy & Teich, Mikuláš| title = The Scientific Revolution in National Context| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1992| id = ISBN 978-0-521-39699-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Applebaum, Wilbur| title= Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton| publisher = Routledge| year = 2000| id = ISBN 978-978-| 8153-1503-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dear, Peter| title = Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500—1700| publisher = Princeton University Press| year = 2001| id = ISBN 978-0-691-08860-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hellyer, Marcus| title = The Scientific Revolution| publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2003| id = ISBN 978-0-631-23630-6}} Category:History of Science Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Knut Ernst Robert Tandefelt (10 March 1876, Sysmä — 3 May 1948 in Sipoo) was a Finnish nobleman, businessman and activist.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He is best known as the murderer of Minister of Internal Affairs Heikki Ritavuori.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[1] This murder of 14 February 1922 is so far the latest state murder in Finland and the only one in the period of independence.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Life and activism Ernst Tandefelt was born on 10 March 1876 in Sysma as the third child of a family of six children.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Of these six children, however, three died small.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

His father was a major landowner, Magnus Tandefelt, a municipal counselor, and his mother, Matilda Tandefelt.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Magnus Tandefelt had been twice married, so Ernst Tandefelt had three more half-siblings.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The Tandefelt family is an old and significant noble family in the history of Finland.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The Tandefelts owned estates and family members were in high places of society.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

There were many officers coming from the family.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] Ernst attended his schooling at Hamina's Swedish real lyseo and matriculated in 1895 after twice missing the class.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt was happy to participate in demanding and defiant stunts, but there were no readmen.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

After becoming a student, her life was uneven and she didn't know what she was going to get into.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt started studies in law at the University of Helsinki, but they did not progress.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He then moved on to study at the Mustiala Farming College, but had to drop out of his studies after a couple of months after leading a rough life.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Eventually, Tandefelt drifted into a gambler.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He received an inheritance of 35,000 marks upon his father's death in 1902, but the inheritance was gradually devoured by gambling debts.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Because of his experiments in youth, Tandefelt became the “black sheep” of the genus.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] Around 1902-1903, Tandefelt began moving in activist circles, partly inspired by his natural desire for adventure.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt quickly became acquainted with many influential activist leaders.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Soon he belonged to the radical wing of activists who began planning to assassinate the hated Governor-General Bobrikov.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Bobrikov had just gained, by dictatorial decree given himself by the tsar, the powers of a dictator.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt plotted his murder using tips from other activists as early as the fall of 1902.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, the plan came to light and Ernst Tandefelt went into exile in Italy.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He sent a letter to a prominent activist leader, Henry Biaudet, who was preparing his dissertation, to Florence on 30 April 1903.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] [2] In his letter, Tandefelt directly offered himself as Bobrikov's murderer.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Biaudet asked Ernst's nephew Heikki Tandefelt for his assessment of his uncle.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Heikki Tandefelt, like the rest of the family, viewed his uncle negatively and criticised the frivolous life he spent during his studies.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Biaudet therefore did not agree to Tandefelt's offer.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

To top it all off, the plan lost its timeliness after Eugen Schauman assassinated Bobrikov on June 16, 1904.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] With the ignition of World War I, Ernst Tandefelt returned to the activist ranks.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Aided by other activists, he set about providing the Germans with information about Russian ships moving around Helsinki.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Soon the activity expanded from intelligence and espionage to sabotage and the dissemination of anti-Russian propaganda.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The plan was to blow up Russian ships with self-made bombs.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

On 4 October 1916, for planning these operations, the gendarmes arrested activist leader, Master Hugo Stenberg and Ernst Tandefelt.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] In Katajanokka prison, the Russians tortured and tortured these Finnish activists with very strong grips.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Sternbeg and Tandefelt endured the brutal tortures without turning in their fellow activists and fellow saboteurs.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, the interrogations broke them mentally, and Hugo Stenberg committed suicide by hanging himself in his cell.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt, too, attempted suicide by slit his wrists.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

When this failed, he threw himself from the high deck of the prison staircase headfirst down.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Instead of losing his life, Tandefelt's skull was fractured and his collarbone snapped.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He was treated to fitness in a Russian hospital and returned to Katajanoka prison.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, the gendarmes found that the interrogation and prison experiences had broken Tandefelt mentally so badly that further interrogation was of no use.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] Tandefelt was interned at Kivelä Asylum, where he was under the care of Dr. Harry Fabritius.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt suffered from insomnia, head pains and mental pains caused by torture.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, sending them to a mental hospital was not just a curative decision; the Russians were happy to exclude activists in mental hospitals anyway.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] Mental hospitals operate as semi-official prisons.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Asylum institutions were formed as bases for activists, where meetings were held and even stored weapons.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

This is well informed by the fact that the bombs to blow up Russian ships were supplied by the chief physician of the Chamber Asylum and famous activist leader V.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

O. Sivén, whose sons were the activist and tribal warrior brothers Paavo Susitaival and Bobi Sivén.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[3] Tandefelt was released from the asylum just before the start of the Civil War.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The experiences had filled his mind with embittered knuckle hatred.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt did not participate in the war effort and spent the wartime in peace in Helsinki.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He supported himself by acting as an assistant to real estate transactions.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

After the end of the war, he qualified as a constable of the Helsinki Police Department, but was dismissed after a month of working.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Next, he was employed in the newly formed State Police Detective Central Police.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

In this position he held for a few months.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] Finally, in 1919, Tandefelt found a suitable profession for himself when he became a foreign exchange trader.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

After the World War, exchange rates swung drastically, giving a good chance to get rich by speculating.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt was a progressive businessman at the time when he realised the importance of the phone in commerce.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He would call various banks and ask about the rates of currencies.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

After finding a cheap foreign currency in his course, he bought it under his orders for companies and businessmen as his clients.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He received a commission for trades made in commissions.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] Tandefelt had rented a “branch” in Tarkk'ampujankatu 1 in the apartment of Dowager Edla Ekström.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The branch was a corner with a bench, a three-legged table and a telephone.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The transactions went very well and Tandefelt became prosperous.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He married Ruth Matson, a nurse, on 7 December 1919, and had an Olof son with her in 1921.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[4] In addition, they had a handmaid Siiri Santalahti.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The pair had a happy life, and Tandefelt, for once, had gotten a grip on their lives after a series of colourful phases.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[2] The murder of Minister Heikki Ritavuori and the motives and possible background of the murder of activists Tandefelt were not properly investigated by the police in due course.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Authorities did not want to investigate the actual act of the slaying itself, namely the shooting more broadly.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The investigation into the murder was still given to the inexperienced Helsinki Police Department at that stage.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Obviously, such a state murder would have belonged to the secret police, namely the Detective Central Police.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, the Detective Central Police was manned by activists and the investigation into the murder could have revealed unfortunate matters or links to the Ritavuori murder to BC and its leadership.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Activist Ossi Holmström, the then head of the EC, feared the names of activists working for the BC would come up if there was a full investigation into the murder.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

At the time, there was a desire to find Tandefelt clearly guilty and put before justice.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[5] One main question was ignored: “What exactly brought his life to bear on the political murder of a family father who has finally got his life together?”.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

With contemporary knowledge, the background to the act is clearly broader than the insanely instantaneous whim claimed at the time.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[6] The political crisis that led to the murder Heikki Ritavuori was a member of the National Progress Party and Minister of Internal Affairs in both governments of Juho Vennola, from August 1919 to summer 1920 and from April 1921 until his death in February 1922.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ritavuori and his party mate, the President of the Republic K. J. Ståhlberg, were among the right wing and activists the most hated politicians in the country.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Through his political activities in 1918—1922, Ritavuori made the monarchist right, radical patrons and activists as his staunch enemies.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Since the summer of 1918, Ritavuori had pushed through amnesty laws and served in court as a legal counsel for the Reds.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

This generated irritation in right-wing and activist circles, with Ritavuori labelled a “punk minister”.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

During the government-form struggle in June 1919, the monarchist right had already received a postponed republican form of government, but Ritavuori quickly made a new plan, which was adopted as a republican form of government in Finland.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

This irritated the monarchist right and activists, especially since on top of all that K. J. Ståhlberg was elected president.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

In the government-form struggle and the presidential election, Gustaf Mannerheim was sidelined and he drifted away from the politics of the day.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

At the same time, the plans of Mannerheim and the patron and tribal activists for an attack on St. Petersburg, ruled by the then-still weak Bolsheviks, were tapered off.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

During the government-style struggle, Mannerheim and the Patronage activists had even planned a coup d'état of the patron municipalities to secure a monarchist form of government and the St. Petersburg Expedition.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[7] Ritavuori's opponents were pleased when Ritavuori moved from leadership of the Constitutional Committee to Minister.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, in the summer of 1921, Ritavuori reunited with the patron activists during the so-called patronage conflict.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ritavuori opposed the independence of the patron municipalities and wanted them under state control.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

During the conflict, the threat of coup by the patrons increased again.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The status of the patronage municipalities eventually remained intact, but Ståhlberg and Ritavuori prevented Mannerheim from rising to the position of commander-in-chief of the patronage municipalities, which radical patronage activists perceived as a defeat.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[8] In December 1921, another domestic political crisis began, which eventually caused Tandefelt to take up the gun.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The Eastern Karelian uprising, supported by Finnish tribal warriors, which began in November, had begun to become defeatist and hit the Tartu Peace Treaty that had just been concluded.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The government decided that no recruitment should be organised in Finland, nor should armed troops and weapons loads cross the border.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, it was decided to accept refugees, and no food exports or border crossing by ambulances and individual tribal warriors were prevented.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

This further elevated the anger of the right wing, activist circles and now also tribal activists towards Mount Rita.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The main voice supporters of the then extreme right, Hufvudstadsbladet and the Iltalehti of Uusi Suomen, launched a fierce attack on Ritavuori, injecting government decisions in the name of Ritavuori.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Although Ritavuori was a man of tribal cause, he appeared in the eyes of the right and activists as the greatest hater of tribal peoples.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[9] On January 25, 1922, Minister of the Interior Ritavuori began the reorganization of the Detective Central Police.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Its purpose was to make the provisional department, run by activists and licensed every three months, into a permanent state police force.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ritavuori meanwhile wanted to reduce the power of activists in the Seeking Central Police.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

In New Finland, it was interpreted that Ritavuori was trying to abolish the state police in support of the left's plans to upset social peace and implement the revolution.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The “Punic Minister” was assumed “again” to be the cause of the communists.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

On 26 January, the situation became even more heated when the communists' magazine Suomen Työmies reported that Ritavuori advised the communists to circumvent their self-issued orders banning mass gatherings of communists.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ritavuori had begun to restrict far-left activities because during the Karelian freedom struggle the Communists had agitated workers in the press to fight on the Russians' side against the Finns.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

All the right-wing magazines quoted the baseless and invented Finnish Työmies news and people began to be convinced that Ritavuori really was a communist.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The papers did not spare their words against Minister Ritavuori and the sedition was unprecedented.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[10] The last and fatal accusation was made by Hufvudstadsbladet on 7 February when it reported a week before the murder of Ritavuori that Karelian freedom soldiers had been arrested at the Finnish border.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[11] The tribal warriors had allegedly been disarmed and taken as prisoners.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Eventually, tribal warriors had been treated as criminals, according to right-wing newspapers.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

A press feud ignited, and there was a sense of civil war revancy in the political climate.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Citizens' assemblies called for the resignation of the Minister of the Interior, and the columns of the papers were even threatened with another war and the assassination of the minister.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The de facto Karelian or Finnish tribal warriors were not arrested, but were disarmed and allowed to move to their homelands on board government cars if necessary.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[12] Murder According to police records, in late January Tandefelt had withdrawn 40,000 marks (EUR 11,280 in today's money) from his account and informed his colleague, Ensign Carl Wiberg, that he intended to invest it in a company.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

On 14 February, Ernst Tandefelt left his home in Lauttasaari at 12 o'clock and arrived at his branch Elda Ekström in Tarkk'ampujankatu 1 at 1pm.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Wiberg had seen a .32 caliber Colt M1903 pistol on Tandefelt three weeks earlier and asked him about it.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt replied that he had been offered a gun to buy.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Edla Ekström first saw the colt that day in Tandefelt's jacket pocket and marveled at it.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt's family also knew nothing about the gun.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, everyone knew that Ernst Tandefelt was nonetheless carrying a small brown-handle Browning pistol in activist style.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[13] Tandefelt was disappointed because it was a bad trade day.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He had earned only 600 mk Deutschmark in trades.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

At 15:45, she busily exited Tark'ampujankatu 1 and went to Café Esplanade in North Esplanade 25.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Eyewitness accounts from his cafeteria stay were contradictory.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

According to waitress Elina Setter, she was sitting at a table at 4 p.m., according to cafe owner Erik Holm, Tandefelt again walked back and forth in the cafe.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

According to cafe supervisor Ida Barman, she came in at 4:10 p.m. and was alone but didn't drink her coffee and sat nervously.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

According to usher Walter Grönholm, Tandefelt left the cafe shortly after 4 p.m.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[14] The police wondered why the cafe event was so confusing, but the inexperienced police found it irrelevant nonetheless.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Miraculously, too, Tandefelt did not remember anything about visiting the entire cafe.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[14] Tandefelt got aboard the bushboat driver Herman Söderström at the Swedish Theatre and asked him to drive to Dagmarinkatu.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The car stopped at the corner of Dagmarinkatu and Museokatu in front of Stair A, and Tandefelt asked for the car to wait another hour until half past 6am.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He paid 12 marks for an hour's ride and 50 marks for an hour's wait.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The driver saw a 1000 mark note in Tandefelt's wallet and marveled at this.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The police, too, wondered where such a large amount of money had come from, but did not think that point was relevant either.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt, dressed as a laborer, requested that the car drive as hard as possible into the Hakaniemi working area when he would be back by half past six.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

If he didn't come back by 5:45 p.m., the car would be allowed to go.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[15] At just over 5pm, Minister Ritavuori, dressed in an ulster, black haired hat and galoshes, carrying a brown briefcase under his arm, missed the tram at the National Museum stop.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ritavuori's home to Nervanderinkatu 11 was 250 metres.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

At Ostrobotnia, he met an acquaintance, but soon resumed his journey.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

On Museokatu, two men joined after Ritavuori.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Twenty metres behind him walked a big and sturdy Ernst Tandefelt dressed in a workers' palette, and twenty metres behind Tandefelt was Ernst Fredrik Nevanlinna, MP for the National Coalition Party, who was coming to meet Lauri Ingman, who lived next door to Ritavuore.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ritavuori was thoughtful and did not notice his successor.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The trio turned to Nervanderinkatu.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

As Ritavuori grabbed the door handle of Nervanderinkatu 11, Tandefelt grabbed his pistol that was in his pocket, but it got caught in the fabric of the jacket and went off into his own leg.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Despite the pain, Tandefelt quickly pulled out his pistol and very quickly fired three shots into Ritavuori's back into the lung and heart area.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The fatal shots brought down Mount Rita on its back diagonally in front of the stair sill onto the pavement.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The hat flew from the head, the briefcase from the hand and the galloshes from the legs.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Some of the bullets were knife sharpened so they could kill more easily.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[16] St Petersburg, who was ten steps away from the murder scene, shouted “Catch the villain!


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

“, when Tandefelt left to run Nervanderinkatu forward.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

At the end of Nervanderinkatu, Tandefelt turned and waved his pistol at Nevanlinna, who was running after him, but lowered it and declared that he would not deny his act and would not withdraw from its consequences.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt returned to the stairwell of Nervanderinkatu 11 and Nevanlinna shouted after him, “A man must be caught!”.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The stockman, Anders Wikström, disarmed Tandefelt in the stairwell and said, “Now you don't run anymore.”


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Gerda Ryti, who was at the scene of the incident, retrieved a car waiting for Tandefelt to the scene of the shooting, into which Ritavuori was lifted.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

On a few occasions, Ritavuori convulsively moved his mouth and once his eye.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

From a patrol alerted to the scene at 5:15 p.m., Officer Fredrik Sjöholm stepped aboard a bushfire truck.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ritavuori was transported to the Surgical Hospital, and passport police were picked up along the way.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, nothing was left to be done, as Ritavuori had already died when being lifted into the car.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Immediately upon reaching the hospital, Ritavuori was pronounced dead.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Of the bullets, one had hit Ritavuori's heart and two in the left lung.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

These injuries caused internal bleeding resulting in a prompt death.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[16] Tandefelt immediately pleaded guilty to the police, saying “I it is” in Finnish.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Another officer, Johannes Penttilä, called another Pirsi, who took Penttilä and the wounded Tandefelt to the Surgical Hospital.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Penttilä paid for the ride because Tandefelt only had a 1000 mark note.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Gerda Ryti rushed upstairs to Mrs Katri Ritavuori, who had just been on the phone and happily opened her home door.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ryti told of the murder to Mrs Ritavuore, who went down to the pavement in search of her husband, who had already been taken away.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

[16] A person in the stairwell asked Tandefelt “Why did you shoot?”


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

and he replied “You may read tomorrow in the paper”.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

When Officer Penttilä asked the same question, Tandefelt replied that Ritavuori had released reds and acted incorrectly in the Karelian situation.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt, however, was not the only one to agree.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ritavuori had received many threats, and a note was found in the pocket of the Ulster who was on top of him at the time of his death, on which Ritavuori had written “Saap.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

14/2 1922".


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The note read: [17] The trial was to begin at Title III of the Helsinki Court on 20 February 1922.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, the trial was postponed due to Tandefelt's self-inflicted gunshot wound and the incompletion of interrogations until March 6.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Mr Emil Forsström was announced as the President of the Court and Axel Ärt and Knut Fruhjelm as members.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ernst Tandefelt's defence counsel was Deputy Judge Carl Olofsson.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The prosecutor was City Viskal Eino Nyyssölä.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Deputy Judge Eemeli Niemelä, who was an active member of the Progress Party, served as a lawyer for the parties, namely Katri Ritavuori and her minor children Kaarlo Jalmar, Anna-Kertu and Ilpo.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt's interrogation transcript included 75 Swedish typing pages and the testimonies of 45 individuals.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

After questioning, it was determined that Tandefelt was sane and showed no signs of insanity whatsoever.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

At the trial, Tandefelt stressed that he had committed the murder and the decision to do so all alone.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He stressed he was healthy in mind and said he knew what he was doing, even though he had suffered nervousness and headaches after Katajanoka's torture experiences.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He said he was proud of what he had done and considered Ritavuori to be an even worse threat than the Communists.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He claimed to have known Heikki Ritavuori from 15 to 20 years ago, a member of the underground movement of Ritavuori activists, the Kagal.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Katri Ritavuori was, according to him, a cousin of cousins.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Similarly, he claimed that the Colt pistol had already been on him during the Civil War.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

This pistol loaded with eight cartridges and a thousand marks he had taken from his branch in Tarkk'ampujankatu.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He had, in his own words, intended to shoot Ritavuori already on 13 February, but he had been with his wife at the time, and he did not want to slay Ritavuori before his wife's eyes.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Tandefelt said that he read about Ritavuori's actions mainly in Hufvudstadsbladet</i>, Finnish-language magazines he just kept looking at cafes.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He said he had read about Detective Central Police plans for abolition, as well as Ritavuori's fraternization with communists and hostile attitude towards the Karelian freedom struggle.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The latter argument had definitively influenced his decision that someone had to do something to stop the treasonous activities of the “punk minister”.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The court asked Heikki Tandefelt, the son of Tandefelt's half-brother, for a characterization of his uncle.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Heikki Tandefelt reported that his uncle was out of favour with the family because of his defiance and lack of judgment.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ernst Tandefelt, he said, was quick to operate and easy to get into an accelerated state.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

He also reported that his uncle hated the Russians over everything after Katajanoka's torture experiences.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Anger had intensified against the Communists when it was discovered that his former Russian torturers had subsequently been Bolsheviks.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Heikki Tandefelt, however, stressed that his uncle was balanced in mental health and not at all morally decadent.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

When Tandefelt could remember nothing of his start rising to a decisive position at the Café Esplanade, the third hearing of the case was postponed to April 4, 1922.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Third Reading After the Third Reading began in early April, the defence changed its position on the cause, as Tandefelt did not appear to have achieved public admiration by his act.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Ernst Tandefelt had hoped to achieve the same kind of national hero fame as Eugen Schauman or Lennart Hohenthal, but this was not to be the case.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

On the contrary, Heikki Ritavuori's funeral on 21 February had become a national mourning celebration.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

On top of all that, Hufvudstadsbladet and other right-wing newspapers, from which Tandefelt had reported that he had obtained a motive for his actions, had condemned Tandefelt immediately after the murder as insane without any justification whatsoever.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Hufvudstadsbladet had a reputation as a chief agitator, so it tried to shirk its responsibilities as a shaper of public opinion by making distinctions between Tandefelt's act and thoughts.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

By highlighting Tandefelt's sense of reason, a lifetime discipline room sentence began to look certain.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

At the third hearing, defence lawyer Carl Olofsson highlighted the mental upsets Tandefelt experienced in Katajanoka prison.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

In his view, these early experiences of 1914-1917 rendered Tandefelt beyond full understanding, so this could not be condemned as a cause.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The court requested two expert opinions from Dr. Harry Fabritius, an adjunct professor of neurology and a doctor at the Helsinki County Prison, and Einar Anttin, Acting Chief Medical Officer of Lapinlahti Hospital.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Both stated that Tandefelt was not mentally ill, even though he had traumatic experiences in his history and was personified by nature.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Admittedly, the latter suggested a mental state study, since Tandefelt had suffered nervousness, head pain and insomnia after the murder in Katajanoka County Prison, namely the same symptoms as after Russian tortures in the Kivelä asylum.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

However, according to the prosecution, it was natural for a murderer to always be nervous and anxious after a murder while serving time in prison.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

This began a dispute in court and in the press over Tandefelt's causality.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The defense took as its goal getting Tandefelt into a state of mind study.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The hearing of the case was again postponed to begin on 24 April 1922.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Fourth Reading In the fourth reading, the defense pushed hard for a mental state investigation, while the prosecution stressed Tandefelt's cause.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The prosecution concluded that Hufvudstadsbladet's news coverage was sedition and it clearly gave rise to Tandefelt's motive.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

The fourth reading became entirely political.


Question: When did Ernst Tandefelt assassinate Interior Minister Heikki Ritavuori?

Ernst Tandefelt

Eemeli Niemelä made a newspaper review of his speech showing that the news published about Ritavuore in right-wing magazines and in the communists' Finnish Työmies newspaper was unfounded.