Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

As Bella gets off the cliff for fun, Edward thinks through a misunderstanding that Bella is dead, even though she really isn't, and goes to the Voltures to beg for death, because you can't live in a world where Bella doesn't exist.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

Alice and Bella head to Italy to thwart Edward's plans and prove that Bella is alive.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

Twilight — Doubt Twilight — Doubt () is a film produced by Summit Entertainment.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

It is directed by Briton David Slade.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[59] Summit announced even before Slade was hired that Chris Weitz, director of Twilight — New Moon, would not continue as director, as he is due to be still working on Twilight — New Moon when filming begins on the third film.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[60] Previous films scripted by Melissa Rosenberg also scripts Twilight — Doubt.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[61] The film continues to be starring Stewart, Pattinson and Lautner.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

Filming for the film began in Vancouver on August 17 and ended on October 31, 2009.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[62] Twilight — Doubt premiered on 30 June 2010 also in Finland.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

The film was supposed to premiere on July 2, 2010 in Finland, but the premiere was brought forward, so now Twilight - Doubt will be seen in Finland on the same day as in the United States.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

Bella and Edward are back together, and Jacob, heartbroken, has avoided Bella.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

Bella misses her best friend.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

The werewolves and vampires are forced to make a truce with each other while Victoria (Bryce Dallas Howard) continues to stalk Bella to avenge James' death.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

He thinks it's more fair to let Bella die, because then Edward would experience the same pain he went through when his partner died.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

He creates an army of newborn vampires, against which the Cullens and the Quileute tribe must fight.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

During the fights, Bella realizes that she has been in love with Jacob all along.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

The film also has a few flashbacks showing the transformation of some members of the Cullen family into vampires.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

For example, flashbacks of Rosalie and Jasper appear in the film.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

Twilight — Dawn Twilight — The first part of Dawn is scheduled to premiere on November 18, 2011, and part two in summer 2012.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[63] [64] Both parts are directed by Bill Condon.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[65] The same main cast are also seen in the film: Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson and Taylor Lautner.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[66] There was a debate for a long time in the media about whether or not to make Dawn into a movie.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

In Toukou 2010, however, Summit Entertainment formalized the making of the film.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[67] There has also been a lot of stir in the media about whether to film Twilight - Dawn into two or even three different parts.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[68] [69] However, director Condon has signed a contract together with Summit Entertainment to shoot a two-part film.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[70] Summit Entertainment has also formalized that the film will be a two-part.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[67] There have also been a lot of different positions on the creation of Renesmee, because it will be very difficult to create Renesmee.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[71] [72] [73] Screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg says that not everyone is going to be happy with the main cast of the film series.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[74] As Summit formalized the making of the film, it also formalized that the entire Cullen family is returning for the final two-part film with the same cast as before, including Billy Burke's.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[67] Filming for the film is expected to begin on Oct.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[75] Reception Sales Success The Lure series of books has sold over 50 million copies worldwide, [3] [4] and is emerging as the best-selling book series of all time.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[5] In the United States alone, the first three books in the series have sold a total of over 8.5 million copies.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[76] Books have reached several bestseller lists.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

For example, New Moon stayed on the New York Times list for more than 50 weeks, [77] and the first three books in the series stayed a total of more than 143 weeks on the same list.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[38] In its first week on sale, Doubt sold nearly 250,000 copies, [41] and reached the top spot in USA Today's sales list, knocking the seventh part of the Harry Potter book series Deathly Hallows.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[5] The initial edition of Dawn of the fourth volume was 3.2 million and sold over 1.3 million copies during its first day on sale, [1] which was a record for its publisher.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[76] Overall, Dawn sold 6.1 million copies during 2008.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[78] According to USA Today, the four volumes of the series were the best-selling books of 2008 in the United States, [79] and Meyer's publisher estimates his books sold 22 million copies that year, [80] while Publishers Weekly says the books sold 27.5 million copies in 2008.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[78] Meyer is the first author to have captured the top four positions in USA Today's list.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[80] The book series has also been popular in Finland and, for example, the first edition of Uusiku sold out at a record pace.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[16] The first edition of Doubt also sold out quickly.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[81] Reviews From critics the series has received a wide range of reviews.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

Time magazine critic Lev Grossman cited the series as somewhat reminiscent of fanfiction, but nonetheless praised it and compared its quality to the Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings book series.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[38] According to him, readers wanted not only to read about the world of the series, but to live there.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[38] In an interview with USA Weekend magazine, writer Stephen King shared his opinion on the series.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

According to him, Meyer cannot write and “certainly isn't good.”


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[82] In Finland, Porti's Marianna Leikomaa rated the series as very low and Toni Jerrman of the Star Wanderer placed the books at number one on the list of “the most abysmal popular vampire series”.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[83] [84] The first book The Decoy received mixed reception.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

For example, Kirkus Reviews cited the book as being far from perfect, criticizing Edward for being too Byronic, and viewing Bella as a character whose “attraction is based on magic, not the person himself.”


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[85] However, the site believed their love story would appeal well to admirers of the genre.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[85] Booklist liked the piece, but criticized it for being too lax in the plot.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[85] An equally mixed reception was received by the New Moon.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

The avidbookreader.com website gave the book a grade of C+, called it a minor disappointment and rated the book as the best points of its beginning and end.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[86] The site's critic considered it a mistake to leave the Cullens' vampire family in a small part and criticized Bella as the weakest and most annoying character in the series.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[86] Norah Piehl of Teenreads.com considered the work to be long-winded, but believed it would make admirers of the series look forward to the next part.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[87] Doubt also received a mixed reception.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

The LoveVampires website considered the piece very good, giving it four stars out of five, but mentioned adult readers might become disgusted with the “angst-filled teen romance.”


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[88] School Library Journal's Anne Rouyer praised the piece for Meyer's “effective and intense” portrayal of first love.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

However, he considered the story of newborn vampires to feel added afterwards and mentioned werewolves and vampire birth stories as slowing down the novel.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[89] The critic from Dearauthor gave Doubt a grade of C- and called it a further disappointment.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[90] Blast Magazine's Kellan Rice criticized Doubt as well as Bella's character as sexist.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[91] Dawn received a mainly negative reception from critics.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

Entertainment Weekly's Jennifer Reese gave it a grade of D, criticized its plot twists as outlandish and found the pregnant Bella a hard-to-relate, even terrifying character.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[92] The Independent magazine's reviewer found the depiction of Bella's mundane life apt, as well as the Edward family's backstories, as intelligent, but criticised the book as highly sexist and regarded Bella as a weak character who “lives to serve men and suffer”.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[93] In a review for the Newsok website, critic Sara Rose believed Dawn would please admirers of the series, but mentioned casual readers might be disappointed by its meager action.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[94] According to Entertainment Weekly, many admirers of the series were disappointed with Dawn.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[95] Awards The book series has received some accolades and awards.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

The first volume of Lure, for example, was among other things the New York Times editorial's pick as the best book of the year and Publishers Weekly's list of the best books for young people in 2005.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[96] That same year, Publishers Weekly selected Meyer as one of the year's most promising new writers.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[97] Doubt was a nominee for the Whitney Award to writers belonging to the Church of Latter-day Saints in the category of Best Love Novel/Women's Literature in 2007.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[98] Despite the negative reception it received, Dawn won the British Book Award in 2009.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[99] In the same year, it also won the Children's Choice Award for Book of the Year chosen by teenagers, and Meyer himself was chosen author of the year.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[100] The book series additionally won the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Best Book in 2009.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[101] Influence With its great popularity and avid admirers, Temptation is said to have created a so-called “Twilight phenomenon” around him, which has been compared to J. K. Rowling and the Pottermania caused by his Harry Potter book series.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[102] [38] The book series has been thought to be “the new Harry Potter”.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[5] Meyer himself has downplayed comparisons to Rowling, but considered the devotion of admirers of both series to be similar.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[103] The lure has garnered a lot of popularity, a large number of avid admirers and widespread support, for example, on the internet, where several sites are dedicated to it.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[102] Originally aimed at young adults, the series has been adopted by people of all ages.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[102] Admirers of the lure express themselves in many ways.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

According to Time magazine, based on the series, they write their own stories for the internet, dress up as its characters and have set up decoy themed ensembles.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[38] The magazine cites Meyer's public appearances as drawing multi-thousand-headed audiences.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[38] According to Times Online, Allure has inspired its readers to read other works as well, for example Emily Brontë's novel Wuthering Ridge, often mentioned in the book series.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[104] US President Barack Obama has been reading the Lure book series together with his elder daughter Malia, according to US Weekly magazine.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[105] American singer Kelly Clarkson has described herself as a great admirer of the book series and has written a song based on the New Moon book.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[106] Actress Emily Osment has complimented the series and considers Allure one of her favorite books.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[107] In large part thanks to her Lure book series, Stephenie Meyer reached number 26 in 2009 on a list of the world's most influential public figures compiled by financial magazine Forbes.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[108] Forks Lure is set in the US city of Forks in the US state of Washington, where the popularity of the series has increased tourism: [109] admirers have arrived to visit the “hometown” of the characters in the book series from all corners of the United States, as well as from abroad such as Germany, Ireland , all the way from Spain and Australia.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[110] On average, around 8000 tourists visit Forks per month.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[111] Forks stores sell Decoy themed merchandise, [109] and several of its restaurants sell themed foods related to the series.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[111] The townspeople also organise decoy tours in Forks and surrounding areas.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[109] Admirers of the series have also, in partnership with Infinite Jewelry Co and the West Olympic Peninsula Betterment Association, organised a campaign to preserve Forks' old high school, an important venue for books.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

[112] In honor of the Decoy series, Forks celebrates the annual Stephenie Meyer Day on September 13, the birthday of the series protagonist Bella Swan.


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

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Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

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Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

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Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

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Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)


Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

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Question: What year was Stephenie Meyer born?

Lure (book series)

Category:84 Narrative literature * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Vatican City (,) [1], officially the Vatican City State (,) is the smallest independent state in the world surrounded by the Italian capital Rome in terms of area and population.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In terms of area, it is only 44hectares.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The sovereign head of state of the Vatican is the pope.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In statesmanship, the Vatican is a theocracy; all political power rests with the clergy.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In practice, supreme power is exercised not only by the pope but by cardinals appointed by him, whose duties include electing a pope.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Colloquially, Vatican can mean not only the state itself, but also the supreme leadership of the Catholic Church.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Vatican itself has no political or military influence.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In terms of infrastructure and economy, it is fully tied to its neighbour Italy.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The state is not part of the United Nations other than as an observer member through the Holy See.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[2] Despite this, the Vatican carries a great deal of international weight because the Catholic Church is run from the Vatican.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Geography Vatican City Region The Vatican City is one of Europe's dwarf states and is completely surrounded by the city of Rome.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Vatican has no bodies of water at all, and farming is not practiced there; 100% of the area is urban terrain.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Vatican also has no natural resources whatsoever and there is no industry in the country.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[3] The Vatican is located on the hill of the same name, near which flows the Tiber River.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[4] The Vatican hill is gentle, and the differences in height are not very large.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The highest point in the Vatican is located at an unnamed location at 75 metres above sea level; the lowest point is at 19 m.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[3] The 44 hectare area of Vatican City State comprises, for the most part, the walled Vatican Hill area in the immediate vicinity of St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[4] In addition to St. Peter's Basilica and the square in front of it, the Papal Apostolic Palace, the Vatican Museums (with the Sistine Chapel and the Popic Pinacoch Collection), the Vatican City Administrative Building, or the Governorate administration buildings, the Swiss Guard barracks, the delivery and printing house of L'Osservatore Romano, a small part of Paul VI's Audience Hall, and an extensive Vatican Garden.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

According to the Lateran Accords of 1929, both St. Peter's Basilica and St. Peter's Square in front of it are open to the public.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Although the square belongs to Vatican City State, security on its grounds is the responsibility of the Italian police and not the Swiss Guards.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

However, the powers of the police end at the foot of the stairs leading to St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

For the duration of special ceremonies, St. Peter's Square may also be closed to the public.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In this case, the police force will also have to withdraw from the square into the territory of the Italian state.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The border between Vatican City and Italy is not clear at Camposanto Teutonico, a German cemetery, or at Paul VI's audience hall.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

There are also minor differences in the boundary draw on official maps.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In practice, the exact course of the border is irrelevant, since the Holy See enjoys special, so-called exterritorial rights in these areas.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

On their basis, the territories are under the direct control of the Pope, although they are part of the territory of the Italian state.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[4] Exterritorial areas of the Holy See, in addition to the Audience Hall of Camposanto Teutonico and Paul VI, the Holy See enjoys exterritorial rights in several areas and several buildings inside and outside Rome.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[5] The rights are based on the Lateran Contracts of 1929.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

So the territories are not part of Vatican City State, but they are still under the control of the pope and subject to his jurisdiction.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Thus, in terms of international law, their status can be compared to the territories of embassies of foreign states.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In addition, they are covered by the Vatican Post and Telephone Institute and follow the legal order of the Vatican City State.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The most important of the exterritorial areas are the early Christian basilicas of San Giovanni in Laterano, namely the Lateran Basilica, Santa Maria Maggiore and San Paolo fuori le mura.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

According to the Lateran Treaties, every church located on the territory of the Italian state where the Pope performs a religious ceremony closed to outsiders is exterritorial for the duration of this ceremony.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Climate Vatican Climate winters are mild and rainy; winter lasts from September to May.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

From May to September, the climate is hot, and summers are dry.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[3] History Prior to the Lateran Treaties Until the 14th century, the papal administration was located in the Lateran Palace.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Vatican () meant the hill on the right side of the Tiber River, on which, in antiquity, a circus built by Emperor Nero was located.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The name of the hill comes from the Etruscan, although in the past it has been thought to be derived from the Latin word 'divination' meaning vates (cf.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

vāticinātiō 'prediction').


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[6] [7] A small cemetery was located north of the circus, where the apostle Peter is presumed to have been buried.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[8] Soon the first church was built in the area and, in the 3rd century, the larger Constantine Basilica.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[9] Thus the Vatican became a key pilgrimage site.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In the following centuries, more buildings were built in the area to provide pilgrims with a place to stay.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In the 8th century, Pope Leo IV built fortification equipment (civitas leonina) for protection in the area.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

However, the Papal Cathedral Church still remained the Lateran Church.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Popes established the Church State, citing the so-called Deed of Gift of Constantine.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In 751, this right was confirmed.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In a deed of gift, Emperor Constantine gives Pope Sylvester I and his successors power over Rome and the cities of Western Rome.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[10] This was the so-called St. Peter's legacy.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In addition, according to the document, the Pope was given the regalia of the emperor and the priests the rank of senator.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[10] Constantine was left with East Rome, according to the deed of gift.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

According to the deed of gift, the reason for the donation was the advice on Christianity given by the Pope to the Emperor.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Pope had also baptized him, according to the deed of gift


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[10] The Catholic Church did not admit the deed of gift as a forgery until the 19th century.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[10] With the return of the popes from Avignon to Rome in 1377 and the end of the schism, the Vatican became the centre of papal administration, the Curia, the Church State and the Catholic Church as a whole.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

After the schism, new ecclesiastical unity was sought to be emphasised by large-scale construction projects spanning centuries.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

For example, St. Peter's was replaced by a new, even larger church.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The churchstate expanded at the same time.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Until the 19th century, it covered present-day central Italy.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In 1798, however, under the influence of the French Revolution, it was declared a republic, the territories of which were annexed in 1808 by the Kingdom of Italy.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[11] At the Congress of Vienna, the Church State was again re-established.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[11] During the period of Italian unification, King Viktor Emanuel II occupied the Church State militarily against the will of Pope Pius IX.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[12] This began a period known as the Vatican's imprisonment, when the Papal See maintained cool relations with the Italian state and when the popes refused to leave the surrounding areas of St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[12] The popes who succeeded Pius IX continued to keep relations with Italy cold.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Pius IX to the Papal See was succeeded first by Leo XIII, then Pius X and Pius XI's predecessor Benedict XV.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

It was not until the pontificate of Benedict XV that some degree of negotiations with the Italian state began.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Lateran Treaties and the establishment of the Vatican In 1922, Pius XI, who was elected Pope, wanted to end the dispute between Italy and the Holy See and succeeded in this.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[13] As early as 1919, when Benedict XV had been pope, negotiations had begun between the papal curia and the Italian state.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Prior to the formal negotiations under Pius XI, there had also been a few non-official and semi-official negotiations with Italy.


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[14] Pius XI held formal negotiations in 1929 with Fascist Italian leader Benito Mussolini.


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Vatican City

As a result of the negotiations, the Lateran Treaties were concluded that same year, guaranteeing the Vatican independence and the Catholic Church a favoured nation status in Italy.


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Vatican City

[15] The treaties therefore established the state of the Vatican, and they also gave back the dependency of the papal seat and to the pope control over the Vatican.


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Vatican City

[14] The Lateran Treaties also agreed on a concordat between Italy and the papal seat.


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[14] As a result of the Concordat, Catholicism was made the state religion and schools began to teach religion in accordance with the Catholic Church.


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Vatican City

[14] In addition, the Papal See received reparations against it for the wrongs it had received in the dispute between Italy and the Papal Seat.


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The sum of the reparations amounted to Italian Lire 1750 million.


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[14] The Pope had to return Mussolini himself, such as, for example, ceasing support for the Christian People's Party, which was opposed to fascists.


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[15] Pope Pius XI forbade priests from participating in politics, leaving, among others, Luigi Sturzo, who led the Popular Party, voluntarily went into exile.


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Vatican City

[15] Administration and Politics Sovereign Statesmanship The Vatican City State is a theocracy, and according to the state constitution the supreme legislative, executive and judicial power in the Vatican City State is vested in the Pope.


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Vatican City

[16] Vatican City is therefore a monarchy governed in absolute terms.


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The pope is simultaneously both head of Vatican City State and head of the Catholic Church.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Pope is in the Catholic Church the Bishop of Rome, and since the Apostle Peter is considered within the Church to have held that office as well, the Pope is considered in the Catholic Church to be Peter's successor.


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Vatican City

Thus, the Pope is considered to have a position of supremacy over the church circle.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Although Vatican City itself does not carry great political weight, the pope has numerous international influence and, as the official spiritual leader of about a billion Catholics, he himself also carries political weight.


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Vatican City

Civil Service Crew Although the Pope is a sovereign head of state, the papal curia manages the organization of the Catholic Church.


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The Curia consists mainly of the Curiacardinals, that is, Catholics who received the rank of cardinal working in the curia, as well as lower-ranking officials.


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Vatican City

Among other things, the curia is divided into congregants that are responsible for each of their own fields.


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Vatican City

[17] Congregation is usually headed by a high-ranking cardinal; for example, the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith was presided over by Benedict XVI, who was later pope.


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The functions of the Curia also include organizing various international meetings among Catholic spiritual leaders.


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[18] The most important of the offices of the papal curia is the Secretariat of State, headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State, who is simultaneously also the head of the College of Cardinals.


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[19] The Secretariat of State is responsible for foreign ministries in secular states in terms of function and status.


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[19] The Curia is mainly able to work independently, but it is always under the authority of the pope.


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Vatican City

Likewise, the office of supreme Curia leaders is always tied to the ruling pope; when the pope dies, most of the Curia leaders lose their positions.


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[20] Normally, however, the new pope appoints at least part of the curia back to his posts, although there is no compulsion to do so, and usually the Pope changes at least the leadership of the curia to those of his own policy.


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Vatican City

Domestic politics Due to papal dominance, domestic political changes are possible only after the Pope's death.


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Vatican City

During his term as papacy, or pontificate, each pope pursues such policies as he wishes, and only the reigning pope has the opportunity to decide the content of that policy.


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Vatican City

It is impossible to dismiss the pope from office, [21] so in practice the Pope is able to pursue the policies he wants right up to the end of his life.


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However, papal power ceases to exist as soon as the ruling pope passes away.


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In this case, the Catholic Church finds itself in a sedisvak, that is, a state where the pope's episcopal seat is empty.


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Papal power then passes to the College of Cardinals.


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Nominally, the highest power after the death of a pope is held by a cardinal chamberlain named camerlengo, whose task is taken to organise the papal invasion, or conclave.


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The conclave is practically the only situation in which cardinals can tangibly change the course of papal politics.


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Conclaves usually show a desire for change among cardinals; a diplomatic pope is followed by a religious pope and a longtime pope by a short-term pope.


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[21] For this reason, cardinals who were close to the previous pope do not necessarily have a chance in the conclave; rather, the college often seeks to seek a candidate distinctive from the previous pope.


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[21] However, predicting the course of a conclave is often difficult, and the conclave does not necessarily end up with obvious solutions, and the election is often a surprise.


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This is described by the saying used in Rome: “whoever goes to the conclave as pope comes out as a cardinal”.


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[22] The unpredictability of choice is heightened by the need for a new pope to win over a two-thirds majority of cardinals, and since the College of Cardinals is generally divided on the papal question, it is difficult for advance favourites to gather the necessary support together.


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[22] Dissenting cardinals often find themselves in search of compromise candidates that satisfy different parties.


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[22] Holy See Vatican City State is subject to the administrative authority of the Holy See.


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Vatican City

In international law, the Holy See is a stateless subject of international law, outwardly representing the Papal See and the Catholic Church.


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Vatican City

Vatican City has no ambassadors of its own, but is represented by envoys and ambassadors appointed by the Holy See, or nuntis.


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However, these hold the citizenship of the Vatican City State, as long as they are in diplomatic service of the Holy See.


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The Holy See has permanent observer status at the United Nations and additionally is an observer or full member of many UN sub-organizations.


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The Vatican City is today the only undeniably independent state that is not a full member of the UN.


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Exclaves under the Holy See, subject to exterritorial rights in and around Rome, are not part of the state territory of Vatican City State.


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Foreign Policy The Holy See is responsible for the foreign policy of the Vatican City State.


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Since the first centuries of their history, popes have pursued a diligent foreign policy in which the papal seat has sought to interfere with the activities of other states and also denominations as well as the episcopal seats.


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In modern times, the Vatican's foreign policy is still active, and the Pope makes several state visits to different countries and often takes positions on current political issues.


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Especially during Pope John Paul II (as pope 1978−2005), the Pope gained much prominence in the world media, and John Paul II's political weight and moral authority was significant.


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An example is the activities of the Vatican and the Pope in communist Poland, the homeland of John Paul II, where in 1980 the dispute between Polish citizens and the communist regime escalated further due to the establishment of the Solidarity movement.


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At the same time, the Vatican supported the move, if only tacitly


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[23] Recognition of the anti-communist solidarity movement on 31 August 1980 can be seen as a victory for the Vatican, even if the state had not formally intervened.


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[24] Despite the Catholic Church's non-participation in the negotiations on the Solidarity Movement, it must have had an impact on events.


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[24] John Paul II's visit to communist Poland caused an outright popular movement following the Pope, and the Pope was noted as a major threat all the way to the Soviet Union.


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[25] The foreign policy of the Vatican City State through the papacy also includes visits to various states by popes.


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Visits became especially common under Paul VI (as pope 1963−1978), and he became the first pope to visit all five continents.


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[26] During his pontificate he visited countries such as Israel, India, Italy, the United States, Portugal, Turkey, Colombia, Switzerland, Uganda, Pakistan, the Philippines and Australia.


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[27] During his travels, the Pope participated in several different meetings and events, for example the National Conference on the Eucharist in Italy.


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[28] In addition, the Pope met several heads of state during his travels.


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Later, Pope John Paul II broke the Popes' travel record held by Paul VI by visiting a total of 129 states, and the combined length of the journeys became another million km.


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[29] John Paul II also conducted a number of receptions and visits considered moral foreign policy openings.


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He received in 1982 PLO leader Yasser Arafat at the Vatican.


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1986 he visited a Jewish synagogue in Rome.


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1989 John Paul II received Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the Vatican.


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1995 During his visit to the Republic of South Africa, the Pope met Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress (ANC), who had been known as a political prisoner.


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1998 In Cuba, he met with the country's president, Fidel Castro.


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In 2001, he visited a mosque in Syria.


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One example of the Holy See's relations with other states is relations between the Holy See and China, which have recently cooled.


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The reason is a dispute over the right to appoint bishops.


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Vatican City

The Vatican City and the Pope consider it their right to appoint or at the very least approve the appointments of new bishops, but the Chinese government sees this as interference in its internal affairs.


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Vatican City

More recently, China has appointed a few bishops without the approval of the Pope.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Intervals between China and the Vatican have also been chafed by the question of Taiwan.


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[30] The Communist government of the People's Republic of China has criticised the Pope and the Holy See for diplomatic relations with Taiwan.


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[30] In 1999, the Chinese government blocked the Pope's visit to Hong Kong precisely because of diplomatic relations with Taiwan.


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[30] Since its founding, the Vatican City State has had relations with dictatorships, first with Fascist Italy led by Mussolini.


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Pope Pius XI approved in 1933 with a concordat of National Socialism and the party led by Hitler.


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[31] [32] [33] Army and Security Policy The Swiss Guard, together with the Vatican gendarmes, is responsible for the internal order of the Vatican City State.


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The name Swiss Guard derives its roots from the fact that its soldiers — all hundred — are trained in Switzerland [34].


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Swiss Guard itself is older than the Vatican State and was established in the Middle Ages (to be precise in 1506 [34]) at the behest of Pope Julius II, when he wanted the Vatican to secure bringing mercenaries from Helvetia to the Church State.


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[35] The Swiss Guard is thus the oldest army in the world.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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It has found itself in combat only once in its history, when it 1527 defended the Pope against Emperor Charles V's armies [34].


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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Under the Lateran Treaties of 1929, the Italian state is responsible for the external security of the Vatican.


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Vatican City

[36] In addition to the Swiss Guard, the Vatican is protected by its walls.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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Judicial system Legislative power in the Vatican City State is exercised if the Pope does not reserve decision-making power for himself or delegates it to one of the cardinals of the Curia, a papal commission of the Vatican City State composed of seven cardinals.


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Its members are appointed by the pope for five years at a time.


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The commission will work on draft laws, which will be audited by the Secretariat of State and forwarded to the Pope for approval.


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The Commission is mainly responsible for the Vatican's economic and fiscal policies.


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The practical executive is provided by the Administrative Office of the Vatican City State.


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At the same time, its director is also the head of the papal commission responsible for the affairs of the Vatican City State.


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He is aided by the General Secretary, who heads the Administrative Office, who heads the central government.


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Important administrative issues are subordinated to the papal commission or secretariat of state, and thus ultimately to the Pope.


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The judicial system consists of the Sub-Court, the Court of Appeals and the Court of Impeachment.


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The courts exercise the power delegated to them by the Pope, and they give their judgments in the name of the pope.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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According to the Constitution, he has the right to take any dispute or criminal case before him at any stage of the judicial process and transfer its proceedings to another instance or resolve the matter himself.


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[36] In such a situation, all other legal means lose their relevance.


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Also, on any decision of the court, one can appeal to the Pope.


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Economy As an independent state, the Vatican also has its own state finances.


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Although not part of the European Union, the state has a bilateral agreement with the EU that the country's official currency is the euro.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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Before the euro, Italian liras were used in the Vatican.


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Vatican City

Like other euro countries, the Vatican has the right to mint its own coins.


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Due to the very limited number of Vatican euro coins, they are a popular collector's item.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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[37] Although part of the euro area, the Vatican is subject to customs regulations similar to trade outside the European internal market in general.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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So the Vatican has a special treatment like Åland.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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The main sources of income for Vatican City State are income from real estate — the Vatican owns about 2400 tenement houses outside its state territory — as well as operating profit generated by stores in the Vatican area.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Revenues from the Vatican supermarket, gas station, pharmacy and clothing store go directly to government coffers.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Additional revenue the state receives from souvenir shops, ticket revenue for museums, as well as donations.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Also an important source of income are the sale of the Vatican's own euro coins and commemorative medals and stamps to collectors.


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[3] The Vatican also owns gold stored in bank vaults in New York City, some 850 properties with a combined value of about €1.5 billion, as well as an untold amount of immeasurably valuable art treasures.


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Vatican City

There is an explicit provision in the law of Vatican City State that church taxes may not be used to disguise state expenses.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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Church taxes compiled around the world are used to disguise expenditure by local parishes and dioceses.


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Vatican City

According to medieval tradition, in Catholic churches, a special colleaf, the so-called St. Peter's, is collected once a year for the Holy See.


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[3] However, this too may not be used to cover the expenditure of the Vatican City State, but to fund the activities of the Catholic Church worldwide.


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According to CIA records, the Vatican budget has revenues and expenditures of about 300 million US dollars.


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Vatican City

[3] Transport and communication The Vatican City State has since 1933 had its own railway station and 852 meters of railway.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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Normally, the Vatican Railway is used only for the transportation of goods.


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A department store has been located in the station building since 2003.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Still under Pope John Paul II, the railway was also partly used by the Pope, although John Paul II used the station only twice, in 1979 to travel to the next railway station in Rome and in 2002 to travel to Assisi.


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The railway is relatively redundant for passenger transport, since the nearest Rome Metro station is estimated to be about ten minutes walk to the northern parts of the Vatican.


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[38] The Vatican is also equipped with an autonomous and modern telephone network.


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[39] There is also a Post Office in the Vatican.


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Vatican City

Relative to population, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the Vatican has the highest number of letters in the world, i.e. 7200 letters per person according to 2004 data.


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Vatican City

[40] There is also a gas station on the territory of the Vatican, where it is possible to buy tax-free gasoline, which is cheaper than the fuel sold by Roman petrol stations.


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However, gasoline should not be bought by anyone, but only by a small group of privileged people.


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Vatican City

[41] There is no airport on the territory of the Vatican.


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The heliport, however, is.


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Population on the territory of Vatican City City resides around 800 people, of whom about 450 hold Vatican City citizenship.


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[42] Among them are approximately 101 Swiss Guardsmen and some 43 other laymen.


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[43] Approximately half of all people with citizenship do not even live in the Vatican, but are forced to live in other states because of their work duties.


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Vatican City

[42] The civil rights of the Vatican do not operate on the basis of Ius sanguinis or Ius soli, but are always bound to some office or position.


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[43] Because of this, civil rights also cease when a person leaves office or office.


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Citizenship is thus limited in time and is not a substitute for citizenship of another country.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Since the pope usually rules until his death, citizenship is practically lifelong for him.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

However, if the Pope resigns his post, his citizenship will cease too.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In addition to the pope, Vatican citizenship belongs to the Swiss Guardsmen, senior officials of the Curia and those cardinals who reside in the Vatican or elsewhere in Rome.


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Citizenship shall also be granted by priests and laymen who reside on a permanent basis within the Vatican, with special permission issued by the Pope.


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Vatican City

In addition to this, nunties and other envoys to the Holy See also have Vatican civil rights, as long as their mission book is valid.


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Vatican City

These Vatican City citizens living outside Rome account for about half of all Vatican citizens.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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[42] Of the approximately 3000 people who work in the Vatican, very few have Vatican City citizenship, and they generally do not reside in the territory of the state either.


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They can roughly be divided into five groups: Staff: chefs, cleaners, guides, chamber servants, vendors, librarians, restorers, etc. Clergy: priests, many of whom admittedly also work in administrative positions or as art historians etc. Security personnel: Swiss Guard, gendarmes and guards at museums and churches.


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Radio and press: Editorial by L'Osservatore Romano and staff of Vatican Radio.


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Teachers and researchers at universities and research institutes affiliated with the Vatican City State.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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All of the citizens of the Vatican are Catholics, and Catholicism is therefore the only religion present in the state.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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[3] Vatican citizenship is practically a condition of the Catholic faith, since, for example, cardinality, papacy or membership of the Swiss Guard all require the Catholic religion.


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Similarly, in practice, only Catholics are admitted to the papal curia.


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Crime The Vatican crime statistics are among the world's top category in terms of population.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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[44] This is primarily due to the very low population of the Vatican, as crime statistics are not proportionate to the millions of tourists visiting the Vatican every year.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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According to a 2002 report, the Vatican's crime rate, relative to population, is twenty-fold, for example, compared with neighbouring Italy.


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[44] The same report also states, for example, St. Peter's Basilica and the Vatican Museum as “a paradise for pickpockets”.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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[44] However, crime in the Vatican is predominantly small crimes and pickpocketing against tourists, although serious crimes sometimes occur as well.


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In 1998, for example, one of the members of the Swiss Guard shot his commander, as well as his wife, and then killed himself.


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[44] No prisoner sits in the Vatican serving his sentence.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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[44] This is because the Vatican sends the criminals it has captured to Italy, where they serve their sentences.


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[44] Culture Buildings The Vatican is home to a number of culturally historically significant buildings.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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For example, St. Peter's Basilica, which combines both Renaissance style and Baroque style, is a significant historic building.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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The church dates from the 17th century, although its construction work was started as early as Pope Julius II in 1506.


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St. Peter's Basilica was completed in 1615 and inaugurated in 1626.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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St. Peter's is one of the largest churches in the world; it has a length of 212 meters, a height of 133 meters, an area of 23000 m², and a volume of more than 60000 m³.


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Based on its size, St. Peter's Basilica is the largest religious building in the world, [45] although some existing churches have an area of as well as height that is larger than that.


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[46] Today, St. Peter's Basilica is mainly occupied by the Pope.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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The grounds of the small Vatican can also accommodate a complex of buildings known as the Apostolic Palace, which includes the Sistine Chapel.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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The popes' interest in making culturally significant buildings was underpinned in an important part by the pontificate of Pope Nicholas V in the 15th century.


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Nikolaus was a proponent of the sciences and arts, and his importance, especially to the Vatican bibliophilia, was significant.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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Nikolaus V therefore considered that, in addition to the writings aimed at the scholastic system, the Church also had to provide impressive buildings for the unlearned people.


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[47] On his deathbed, the Pope said to his cardinals: The paintings and frescoes The most famous paintings and frescoes in Vatican City State are undoubtedly the decorations of the Sistine Chapel painted by Michelangelo.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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The most famous frescoes in the chapel are undoubtedly Michelangelo's Creation Story and The Last Judgment.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Five of the nine paintings in the center of the ceiling depict the creation narrative: the separation of light and dark, the creation of the Sun and Moon, the separation of Heaven and Water, and in two separate picture fields, the creation of Adam and Eve.


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The image of God appears in these frescoes as it has lived in the minds of men from generation to generation.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

He has a steady gaze, a wrinkled forehead and grey hair and beard that blazes in the wind.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Due to the shortened perspective, he appears in some images to come from the heavens directly towards the viewer.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The best known and most influential of the images in the creation narrative is the creation of Adam.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In Michelangelo's fresco, God gives life to man by touching this with his fingertip.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Adam lies on the ground, and God approaches, supported by angels and wrapped in a wide cloak, as if sailing through space.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Adam seems to wake up from a deep sleep and looks devoutly at the fatherly face of God.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

He has trouble raising his hand and extending his index finger.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The touch of the hands is the focal point of the composition of the picture and the excitement and energy of the whole painting is concentrated on it.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

This composition by Michelangelo is considered one of the greatest achievements in art history and is one of the most famous works of fine art.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In exile from Paradise, Michelangelo expressed the dramatics of events in a stark reduced landscape.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Adam and Eve's bodies are fearfully crouched and their faces have the distorted look of a sufferer.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The woman here is not shown to be guilty alone; both seem to share their guilt.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In a picture showing paradise, Adam and Eve are framed in the space surrounding them, but after being expelled they appear to have fallen into a menacingly infinite environment.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Last Judgment is a giant fresco on the altar wall with more than 390 human figures.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Michelangelo did not make a frame for the picture, so the work is like part of a vast ensemble that continues beyond the chapel walls.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Jesus is on his throne in the midst of the saints to determine the fate of the living and the dead.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Maria has pressed against him.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The rescued rise from below from their graves, supported by angels, to heaven.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Bottom right appear those doomed to damnation on their way to the underworld, where frightening devils await them.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Michelangelo, in this portrayal, was clearly influenced by Dante's Divine play Hell.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Sculptures The Vatican St. Peter's Basilica is not only an architecturally significant building; it also contains a number of works by some of the most prominent artists of the Middle Ages.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Gian Lorenzo Bernini was involved in decorating the interior of St. Peter's Basilica by making several notable works of art for the church.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The atrium's baldaquin, or altar canopy, which dominates the architecture of the interior of St. Peter's Basilica, is sculpted by Bernini.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[48] The thirty metre high altar canopy has been worked with great precision and is full of different details.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[48] Bernini's handwriting is also on the monument to Pope Alexander VII.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

There are numerous substantial sculptures in the church.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[49] They include Michelangelo's famous sculpture Pietà, completed in 1499, [50] which shows the Virgin Mary in her arms with the dead Jesus.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Initially the sculpture was prepared for the Basilica of Constantine, but later it was moved to the newer St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The sculpture is considered one of the most important works in Michelangelo's production.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[48] St Peter's Basilica also has monuments of popes carved by Pollaiuolo, Canova and Thorvaldsen.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The numerous monuments to popes in St. Peter's Basilica include a monument to Gregory XIII, a monument built to Clement XIII [51], and a monument erected in memory of John XXIII.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[51] The monuments of popes in St. Peter's Basilica represent the stylistic directions of different eras.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The monuments to Alexander VII and Urbanus VIII executed by Bernini are Baroque, while the monument to Sixtus IV, made by Pollaiuolo, is Renaissance-style.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[48] Science Bibliophilia as a major milestone in the history of science practiced by the popes can be attributed to the pontificate of Pope Nicholas V in 1447—1455.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Nikolaus V was the first of the humanist popes, and he greatly favoured the sciences and the arts.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Vatican sciences was particularly supported by the Pope in question with regard to books, as an avid enthusiast of bibliophilia he decided to establish a library in Rome “for the common good of the scholars” and to acquire there “all Greek and Latin books worthy of the Papacy and the Apostolic See”.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[52] Nicholas V collected books all over Europe by sending his agents to find them, and upon his death the Papal See was left in possession of the most extensive book collection of that era, comprising over one thousand and two hundred manuscripts.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[53] Among these were several works by Greek philosophers of antiquity, such as Aristotle, which had been translated by scholars from the East who had acquired Nicholas V to Rome.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Nikolaus V's activities resulted in the creation of the Vatican Library Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, which is still a very significant scientific library.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[53] The actions of Pope Leo XIII, who ruled at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, include opening the Vatican archives for use by scholars in 1883.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The Pope justified his decision to open the archives to Protestant scholars as well, saying, “The Church has nothing to fear in truth.” [54] As a result of Leo XIII's decision, several European states established their own research institutes in Rome.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

At the same time, the states sent their historiographers to consult the archives.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In addition, the work tasks of the researchers included reproducing documents relating to their own country.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Leo XIII valued scientific research anyway, as a result of which, among other things, he modernized the Vatican Observatory.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Pope Pius XI, who reigned in the 20th century, was, like Nicholas V, a pope supporting the sciences and the arts.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

It was only after the Lateran Contracts and the reparations they brought that Pius XI could begin to financially help the sciences and the arts.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Pius XI's actions included the reorganisation of the papal Academy of Sciences, whose membership included, for example, the Finnish scientist Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, who later won the Nobel Prize.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Pius XI also added a Missionary Historical-Ethnographic Museum to the Vatican collections.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[55] Pius XI also accumulated the collections of the Vatican Library, after all he was a former librarian himself.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[55] In addition to receiving substantial donations, Pius XI also purchased various collections.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[55] Due to the upheavals of World War I, many different libraries circulated on the market, much of which were from the territory of the disintegrated Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[55] Like the civilized humanist Pope Nicholas V, Pius XI sent agents throughout Europe to obtain literature and manuscripts to the Vatican.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[55] Astronomy The Holy See, which administers the Vatican, also owns the Vatican Observatory, one of the oldest astronomical institutes in the world.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[56] The popes' interest in astronomy can be dated to Pope Gregory XIII, who, among other things, invited mathematicians and astronomers belonging to the Jesuits to carry out scientific research.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

The current Vatican Observatory dates back to Pope Leo XIII's declaration of Ut Mysticam, published in 1891.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[56] Initially, the observatory was located on a hill behind St. Peter's Basilica, but Pope Pius X gave it a new and larger location in the Vatican Gardens.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[56] It was not until Pope Pius XI moved the activities of the observatory away from the Vatican to Castel Gandolfo, the Pope's summer residence.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[56] In the 1980s, the former Vatican Observatory could no longer be used in the 1980s due to light pollution in Rome, so a second research facility was set up for the observatory outside Italy in US Arizona.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[56] The spectroscope of the Jesuit-managed telescope has been named Lucifer.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[57] Sports The Vatican has a football team and a cricket national team.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

In January 2019, it announced that it had created an athletics national team and plans to become a member of the International General Athletics Federation IAAF and also participate in the Olympic Games in the future.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

[58] See also Holy See Vatican Library Vatican City national football team Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Harris, Nicholas & Turner, Joanna & Aston, Claire| title = All-time records| others = Translated by Jani Kaaro| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-20-6638-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heininen, Simo| title = Larger: History of the Papacy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-37-4184-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Christianity 2000: From Reformation to Modern| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-35-6515-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vircondelet, Alain| title = John Paul II: Biography| others = Translated by Vartiainen, Osmo| location = Helsinki| publisher = Family Media| year = 2005| id=ISBN 952-210-082-X}} Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

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Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

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Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

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(in French) (in Italian) (in Spanish) (in Portuguese) Article ([{{fullurl: {{1}}} |action=edit}} edit] | [[Talk: {{{1}}} |talk]] | [{{fullurl: {{1}}} |action=history}} history] | [{{fullurl: {{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=protect}} protect] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=delete}} delete] | [{{fullurl:special:whatlinkshere/ {{{1 }}} |limit=999}} links] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=watch}} watch] | |) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

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Question: Why does the Pope live in a Vatican state?

Vatican City

Category:Key articles on screening Category:41.5 Southern Europe


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

Aladár Antero Zoltán Béla Gyula Árpád Paasonen (11 December 1898, Budapest, Austria-Hungary — 6 July 1974, Flourtown, Pennsylvania, United States) [1] was a Finnish colonel who served as Chief of Headquarters Intelligence Division during the Continuation War.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

While in Switzerland after the war as secretary to Marshal Mannerheim, he used the name Lord Bartha.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[2] His parents were Professor Heikki Paasonen and Mariska Paskay de Palásth, [3] so he was half Hungarian.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

Paasonen participated in the Finnish Civil War on the side of the Whites as a general ensign.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

After cadet school, he was promoted to lieutenant in December 1920.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[4] [5] Paasonen, with language skills, was sent to France to study at the École Spéciale Militaire for 1921—22 and then studied in 1922—24 at the École Supérieure de Guerre, the French War College, where Major Charles de Gaulle studied in the same course.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[6] Paasonen was promoted to captain in 1923, major in 1926 and lieutenant colonel in 1929.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

Paasonen served as military chargé d'affaires in Moscow from 1931—33 and in Berlin in 1933.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[5] In 1937, he was appointed senior adjutant of President Kyösti Kallio and promoted to colonel.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[5] Paasonen was a member of the Finnish delegation to the Moscow negotiations prior to the Winter War in October—November 1939 together with e.g.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

With Paasikivi and Nykopp.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

During the Winter War, Paasonen was seconded to Paris, where his job was to try to acquire weapons and other war equipment for the defence forces.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

During the Continuation War, Paasonen was initially commander of Infantry Regiment 5 (JR 5) in the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia in 1941—42.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

He became a trusted assistant to Marshal Mannerheim while serving as Chief of Headquarters Intelligence Division in 1942—44.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[7] When, after relinquishing the office of Marshal President in the spring of 1946, retired to Lausanne, Switzerland, to retire, it was Paasonen who was his most loyal companion there.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[8] After the war, Paasonen left Finland into voluntary exile together with his closest husband Colonel Reino Hallama in spring 1945, for fear of being arrested by Valpo e.g.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

Because of the Stella Polaris and gun stash stuff.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[9] Paasonen was for a time in Sweden, followed by French intelligence in Germany 1945—47 and Spain 1947—1948, in editorial work for Mannerheim's memoirs in Switzerland 1948—1952, in the United States 1952—1955, with the CIA in West Germany 1955—1963, and spent his final years 1963— 1974 retired in the United States, where died of bone cancer in 1974.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[10] Paasonen's ash urn is buried in a pedigree grave in Hietaniemi Cemetery.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[11] In 2012, a statue of Paasose was inaugurated in Hungary, in the town of Nagykőrös, where his wife, Flóra Berta was from.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

[12] Sources On the subject elsewhere Stranius, Pentti: Book review of Turtola, Martti: The Conflicted Officer of Mannerheim.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

Colonel Aladar Paasosen's life and activities.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

WSOY, 2012.


Question: What was the first name of Mannerheim's conflicted officer, Colonel Paasosen?

Aladár Paasonen

(Agricola book reviews 28 January 2013) Category:Finnish colonels Category:Finnish Civil War Whites Class:Finnish Hungarian Persons Category:People born in 1898 Class:Persons who died in 1974 Category:American people Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The history of museums has begun as early as antiquity, although the modern museum developed much later.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

'Museo's word originated in ancient Greece, where museions were shrines for muses.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

However, the closest equivalents to the actual museum were the art collections consecrated to the gods, the pinacoteques.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

In the Middle Ages, in particular, the church accumulated many large collections of objects, but the roots of the museum institution are only in the Renaissance, when an interest in ancient literature and art began to be renewed.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Around this time, art galleries and the first collections organized by historical criteria began to develop.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

During the Enlightenment, the modern museum came into being when many private collections became public.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The British Museum opened in 1759, but the Louvre, which opened in 1793, became the forerunner of museum development.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

It was the first national museum and was soon followed around Europe by other similar museums.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Germany became a centre of museum development in the first half of the 19th century, with the Altes Museum in Berlin and the Glyptothek and Pinakothek in Munich particularly influencing museum architecture around the world.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

In the 19th century, the world's exhibitions also influenced museum development.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Many of the exhibiting techniques that tried in them were also introduced in museums.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

In addition, for example, the Victoria and Albert Museum and Science Museum in London and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the United States have been established around artifacts originally collected for the World's Fair.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Science, art and arts and crafts became even more specialized in the late 19th century.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

At the same time, positivism emphasized experience and observation in the making of science.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Museums, too, began to emphasize the use of their collections in science.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

At the end of the 19th century, Artur Hazelius of Sweden founded Nordiska museet, the world's first ethnological museum, and Skansen, the first open-air museum in Stockholm.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

With these, interest in the artifact, recent historical and folklore purposes spread in museums.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Several upheavals occurred in museums during the 20th century.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The Deutsches Museum and Museum of Science and Industry brought new inventions of technology to museums and paved the way for new kinds of science centers.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Art museums, in turn, have taken an active role in the creation of art history.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The Museum of Modern Art in New York, for example, has had a great influence on 20th century visual art.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

In turn, museum buildings have become one of the most significant public works sites of their time in the late 20th century.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The art collection at Bilbao's Guggenheim Museum, for example, has even been overshadowed by its architecture.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Background Early History to Ancient Europe Underlying museums is the tendency of people to acquire and explore.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The first evidence of the idea of the museum can be found in Mesopotamia, the ancient city of Larsa, where the 10th century BCE has been found.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

copies of old writings intended for educational use.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

According to archaeologist Leonard Woolley, Uri's findings in turn prove that Ennigald, the daughter of the Babylonian king Nabunaid, had a small educational museum.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[1] The history of the word Museo goes back to ancient Greece.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The muses were the goddesses of sciences and arts, and the museions were shrines of the muses.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The most significant museumin history was located in Egypt, Alexandria.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The Alexandria Museion had an extensive library as well as a sculpture and animal collection.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

It was destroyed at the time of the breakup of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[2] Although it corresponds more to the university, it is notionally close to the idea of a museum, as there was also an educational function attached to the objects.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Many of the most famous scientists of his time, including Eucliides and Heron Alexandrian, worked at the Museion of Alexandria.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[3] Although the background of the word 'museum' is in ancient Greece, however, there were no modern museums there.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[1] However, ancient Greek temples also had miscellaneous collections of art objects and rarities as offerings to the gods.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Signs from the 21st century BCE have been found on Crete.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

from an art collection.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[2] The nearest counterpart to the museum is the Greek collection of art consecrated to the gods, the most famous of which was on the Acropolis in Athens.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[1] The ruler of Pergamon, Attalos I, on his war expedition to Greece, collected the products of Greek culture in order to evoke Greek culture in his country.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

A kind of Greek treasure chamber was established in Pergamon.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[4] Greek culture was admired by Roman emperors and many other Romans.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

A lot of sculptures were looted from Greece to decorate Roman squares and buildings.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[5] Adulation rose in the villa of Tivoli built by Emperor Hadrian.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Hadrian produced replicas of buildings and landscape ensembles for the villa and its 18-square-kilometre-wide park.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The villa turned out to be a kind of open-air museum.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[4] The early predecessors of the rest of the world, not only Europe, but also elsewhere in the world, collected collections of objects.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

In China, collecting had begun as early as the Shang Dynasty, but at its peak it had developed by the 200th century BCE.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

During the Qin Dynasty.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Many Chinese rulers supported the arts, and Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, for example, established an academy with paintings and calligraphy from across China.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

In Japan, Emperor Shōmu collected an artifact in the temple grounds of Tōdai-ji, which can still be seen at Shōsōin.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Around the same time, relics were collected in the Arab world, and various collections collected for the public good were formed in connection with the waqfs.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[1] Collections of objects from the Middle Ages After the fall of the Roman Empire, many personal collections passed to the church.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[6] In medieval Europe, collections of artifacts existed in royalty and the church.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Collections may often have also had a connection; Charles the Great's collections were divided into several religious buildings in the early 8th century.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Such collections were of economic significance and were used to finance wars and other government expenses.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[1] The church was the most prominent supporter of cultural life in the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Among other things, it supported architecture, visual arts and performing arts.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Although the church had forbidden collecting pagan artifacts, its collections still accumulated peculiar objects, natural curiosities and relics.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Out of such artifacts grew the so-called “Museum of the Middle Ages”, the mirabilia, which was a kind of ensemble of important objects and objects.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[5] There is evidence of trade in ancient artifacts from the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Henry Blois'lainen, Bishop of Winchester, is said to have bought antique statues during his month-long visit to Rome and brought them with him to England.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[1] In the 9th—13th centuries, the Arab world was a real centre of civilisation.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

There, many Greek classical texts were translated into Arabic and extensive collections of artistic works were collected.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Collecting tradition formalized under the Islamic waqf principle.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

The works of Arab scientists were contributing to the emergence of the Renaissance in Europe.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Arab texts were translated in the 11th and 13th centuries into Latin, triggering the admiration of classical culture.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[6] The Renaissance and the Roots of the Modern Museum The roots of the modern museum lie in the scientific sense in the Renaissance.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

[7] With the Renaissance, people's interest returned to ancient literature and art, and during that period there was considerable development in all fields of science and art.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

At the same time, collections of objects began to be organized in a substantive, aesthetic and systematic manner, influenced especially by the pope's interest in the matter.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Sixtus IV donated 1471 ancient bronze sculptures to the collection, which became the Musei Capitolini.


Question: What is the oldest museum building in the world?

History of museums

Julius II, in turn, converted the Belvedere Palace, built by Innocentius VIII, into a museum, and Leo X named 1515 Rafael the attendant of its collections.