Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

In these areas, calligraphy has been part of everyday culture and general education.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

In Western countries, the importance of calligraphy, apart from the religious writings of the Middle Ages, has not been equal.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Means Calligrapher needs a good working environment, pen or brush, color as well as paper.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Also basic items are a pencil, eraser and ruler.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[2] The ideal countertop is a drawing board of at least A2 size, which can be tilted at an angle of 40 to 60 degrees.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

In this case, the writing hand can rest on the platform, and the work is obtained close to eye height.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Under the writing hand, you can hold protective paper.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

The seat should be at the correct height relative to the floor and countertop so that the sitting position is relaxed.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

The light needs to be adequate, but not dazzling.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Depending on the upper slope and the author's handedness, the direction of the light is such that the hand does not shade the text.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[2] The most commonly used writing instrument in calligraphy is the flat blade, which produces wide and narrow lines in accordance with the direction of the pulls and the position of the blade.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

The blade is attached to the pencil arm.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Blades from different manufacturers often require a different writing technique, as their cutting, stiffness and structure differ.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

The blade may be straight or beveled according to the author's handedness.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Careful cleaning of the blade is important.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[2] You can write with brushes too, and in oriental calligraphy the brush is the most used writing instrument.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

However, oriental thick calligraphy brushes are not suitable for writing Western lettering.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[2] Fountain pens and felt-tip pens suitable for calligraphers are also used.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[2] A pen or brush is dipped in ink or marker, which vary in opacity and fluidity.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[2] The right kind of paper is important for the finished work, as it creates an atmosphere for the work with its color tone, texture, thickness, pliability and transparency.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

The papers best suited for calligraphy are handcrafted from linen or cotton alm.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Different types of paper vary in terms of absorbency and surface roughness, and the choice between them often depends on the artist's own preferences.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[2] Calligraphy by culture Chinese calligraphy Calligraphy is the most prestigious of Chinese art, along with painting.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Calligraphy is still seen throughout China, it is taught to schoolchildren, several journals and guides in the field are published, and the study of calligraphy is its own field of study.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

The ageless connection between calligraphy and the art of painting is based on the fact that Chinese writing characters were originally pictographs.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Both are also based on the same aesthetic theory, and they also make use of the same tools, paintbrush, marker and paper, as well as the same brush technique.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Many Chinese artists have been both painter and calligrapher at the same time.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[3] Among Chinese writing styles, calligraphers are especially popular with italic xingshu as well as the very free-form grass inscription caoshu.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[4] Important in Chinese calligraphy are the drawings, structure and focus of individual writing characters, as well as the overall composition.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

However, there are no absolute rules of composition.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[5] Chinese calligraphy works essentially include an artist's seal.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[5] The Chinese calligrapher's tools include the “four treasures”: paintbrush, paper, marker, and marker rubbing stone.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[6] Box with brushes, marker bar, stamp, brush rack, water vessel and grindstone.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Chinese Sun Xinde doing calligraphy.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

The calligrapher stamps his works.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

A man practices water cliff graphics at Beihai Park in Beijing.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Japanese calligraphy in Japan initially practiced Chinese calligraphy, but following the development of Japanese own syllable-writing characters, Japanese calligraphy evolved into an independent direction of calligraphy.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Calligraphy shodō differs from Japanese language school writing shūji.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[7] Japanese writing set.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Calligraphy by Japanese Zen master, poet and gardener Musô Sosek (1275-1351).


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Japanese calligraphy.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Japanese paper lantern.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Arabic Calligraphy Arabic calligraphy is much used in the architecture, decoration and coinage of the Islamic world.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Calligraphy has taken centre stage because drawing people has been seen in Islam as worship of idols.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

There are many decorative writing styles in Arabic lettering that have been utilized at different times and for different purposes, such as Cuphan writing, thuluth, naskh, tal'iq, nasta'liq, maghribi, diwani and riq'a.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

[8] The tools of the Arabic calligrapher.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Animation illustrating the structure of calligraphy.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Calligraphy on faience tiles from the Wazir Khan Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan, built 1634-1635.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Thuluth calligraphy on the outer wall of the Taj Mahal.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Bismillah theorem calligraphically written, Aziz Efendi (d. 1934).


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Cuphan writing in 7th or 8th century Diwani-style composition.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Persian nasta'liq style from around the late 16th century.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Western calligraphy Well-known examples of European calligraphy include religious, usually Biblical texts prepared by monks.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

One of the best-known examples of Western World calligraphy is the Book of Kells, a medieval gospel manuscript on display at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Among contemporary calligraphs, for example, Denis Brown's many works show influences from the Book of Kells.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

The greatest developer of Western calligraphy in the 20th century is considered the Englishman Edward Johnston.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Calligraphy in the Latin Bible from 1407 in Wiltshire, England.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

The Bible was handwritten in Belgium by Gerard Brils.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Initial R, Paulus Frank, 1601.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Calligram of a poem by Guillaume Apollinaire.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

See also Signature Concrete poetry Typography Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Airas, Annukka; Heiskanen, Topi; Uusitalo, Liisa| title = Calligraphy: Texting guide| publisher = WSOY| year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-0-21236-9}} Citation, error replace with {{cite book| author = Huotari, Tauno-Olavi & Seppälä, Pertti| title = Chinese culture| publisher = Otava| year = 2005 (5th edition) | id = ISBN 951-1-15943-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cleminson, Ralph (ed.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

) | title = Calligraphy Skill: Skilled in different writing systems guide you to the secrets of calligraphy step-by-step | location = Helsinki| publisher = Multicost| year = 2007| version=( The complete guide to calligraphy: Master scripts of the west and east, step-by-step with 45 projects, 2006.)


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Finnish translation Vuokko Koko| id = ISBN 978-952-468-140-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hanson, Manda| title = Calligraphy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1995| version = (Calligraphy, 1995.)


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Translation: Kirsi Tanner.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Learn and know| id = ISBN 951-20-4709-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, Toivo & Uusitalo, Liisa| title = Calligraphy: Historical letter patterns and working methods| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-25799-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Johnston, Edward| title = Writing & Illuminating & Lettering| location = London| publisher = Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons| year = 1939}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Strength of letters| location = Tampere| publisher = Finnish Calligraphy Association| year = 2005| version = Finnish Calligraphy Association International 5th Anniversary Exhibition Aleph — Power of Letters, Sanomatalo Mediatori, Helsinki 3-14 May 2005.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

Photographer: Juha Väräkangas}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lappalainen, Laura (main ed.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

) | title = Silk, clay and brush: Kimono silks, ceramics and calligraphy| location = Helsinki| publisher = Friends of Japanese culture| year = 2000| version=Hashi 21| id = ISBN 951-98012-2-7}} On topic elsewhere.


Question: What is calligraphy?

Calligraphy

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The Wounded Knee Massacre was a battle fought in late December 1890 near the Wounded Knee River in South Dakota.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

At that time, about 150—300 Lakota Indians were massacred by soldiers of the United States Army.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The event was the last major battle of the North American Indian Wars.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

In addition to the Indians who were shot, an unknown number of lakotas who got away were frostbitten to death.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

According to popular perception, the carnage began with a damage shot when army soldiers tried to take away one of the strike warrior's rifles.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Among the dead Indians was their leader Big Foot, lakotan-named Si Tanka, meaning Spotted Moose.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[1] The conquest of the West and also the massacre of Wounded Knee is about Dee Brown's book Bury My Heart in Wounded Knee.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Background Chopping the land holdings The United States Congress made a decision on March 2, 1889, to divide the large reservation given to the Sioux in South Dakota into five smaller reservations.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Negotiations at the Sioux were led by General George Crook.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

He was the only white man the Indians trusted, and therefore had been chosen for the position.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Many influential Sioux leaders refused to sign the treaty, among them also the Sitting Bull who became famous for the Battle of Little Big Horn.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

However, Crook was eventually persuaded by a sufficient number of reservation chiefs to take the United States' position.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[2] In February 1890, President Benjamin Harrison opened the land negotiated by Crook's delegation to U.S. residents.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[3] Indians transferred to smaller reservations received a piece of land on which they were to raise livestock or engage in farming.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The Sioux were also required to send their children to English-language schools, and speaking indigenous languages was forbidden.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

These measures attempted to end the wandering lifestyle of the Sioux and persuade them to adopt the colonists' lifestyle.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

During the transition, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was responsible for the food supply of the Sioux, but was unable to carry out its mission.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

When, moreover, the land was unfit for cultivation and the number of bison had decreased, famine ensued.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Between 1889 and 1890, measles and other diseases deadly to Indians spread among the strikers.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Spirit Dance Movement In March 1890, a legation of lakotas returning from Nevada brought a spirit dance among its people, originating from Wovoka, a Paiute Native American.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Despite the impediments of white missionaries, a rapidly expanding religious movement developed around spirit dancing.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The phenomenon might have fallen out of favour quickly had the very dry summer of 1890 not caused disappearance, followed by hunger.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Even white farmers abandoned their farms because of the mid-summer drought.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

For the Indians, emigrating was more difficult because whites had curtailed the subsidies they had given them.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Leaders of many Indian villages appealed to the United States for help.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Congress did not directly reject the requests, but pledged support until December, when it was too late.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

This aroused opposition to whites, especially in the lakotas, and sharply increased the popularity of spirit dancing.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[4] In the summer of 1890, the Lakotas increasingly moved from their huts to dance camps where, contrary to Wowoka's instructions, danced continuously.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The original peaceful message of spirit dance also changed.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

In the Lakotas version, the dance involved an effort to fall into a state of trance and meet ancestors who died through it.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The dance was also believed to help expel whites from land that belonged to Native Americans.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[5] Chiefs leaning on old traditions and opposed to the United States began to gain support.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The influential old chief of the Lakotas Red Cloud himself did not participate in spirit dancing as a Catholic, [6] but did not oppose it either.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[3] In late August 1890, armed oglala lakotas prevented Indian police officers from interrupting their dancing [7].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Newspaper writing and a rumor mill misrepresenting things caused some whites to flee their homes near the strikers' neighbourhoods.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

In late summer, both old and white-supporting Lakotas armed themselves when a false rumour reported that the army had captured women and children in one of the lakotas.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Simultaneously, Indian agents on the reservation became concerned about the ever-increasing popularity of spirit dancing.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[8] Beliefs associated with spirit dancing, such as war shirts protecting against bullets, enhanced the bravery and defiance of the strikers.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[9] In November 1890, the threat of clashes increased on the Pine Ridge and Rosebud Reservations, where spirit dancers accounted for a high proportion of Native Americans.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[4] General Nelson A. Miles regarded the spirit dance as a demagogue and foresaw the threat of a new Indian War lurking therein.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Events in the region were very unreliably informed by the press during the autumn and early winter.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

First there were reports of fighting between the army and the Indians, and the next day the news was canceled.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The settlers took the newspaper news as true and demanded action from the authorities to stem the movement of Native Americans.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[10] Death of Sitting Bull and Great Foot's escape trip on December 15, 1890, the Indian agent of the Standing Rock Reservation sent 40 Indian police officers to arrest Sitting Bull after he had given his supporters permission to start a spirit dance.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The arrest, brought forward by five days, was prompted by General Miles' strengthened belief that Sitting Bull was fomenting war and using a spirit dance to lift the mutineer.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

In a firefight that ensued during his arrest, Sitting Bull was killed by bullets struck in the chest and head.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Among those who perished besides him were eight other Lakotas as well as six Indian police officers involved in the arrest.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[11] After the death of Sitting Bull, the main task of the army remained to pressure the Lakotas to abandon spirit dancing and take these to Indian stations. [12].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Brigadier General John R. Brooke took command of escorting the strikers to the reserves.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

However, Chief Big Foot slipped out of army control, leading strikes joined by former supporters of Sitting Bull.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The group's destination was the Pine Ridge Reservation, where the Big Foot's purpose was to discuss with Chief Red Cloud about calming the situation.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

According to Lt. Col. Edvin V. Sumner, the Great Foot forces fled because they feared the army.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

General Miles, the supreme commander of US forces, believed the Big Foot had gone on a war expedition and commanded the army to pursue refugees and use hard grips if necessary.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[13] Carnage to Ankara due to frost the Sioux journey was heavy.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Big Foot fell ill with pneumonia, and on 28 December his group surrendered to Major Samuel Whiteside's units.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The Indians were transported to the nearby Wounded Knee creek, where they camped under the supervision of soldiers.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

On the evening of the same day, Colonel James W. Forsyth entered camp with the 7th Cavalry Regiment and assumed command.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

He reported that he received orders to transport the captured Lakotas to the side of the Union Pacific Railroad and send them by train to a military prison in Omaha.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[14] During the night, Colonel Forsyth's men brought in reinforcements and light 42 mm Hotchkiss guns which were placed on the hills surrounding the Indian camp. [14].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

A census the following morning found the Big Jala group to comprise 120 men and 230 women and children.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[15] Forsyth ordered the guns of the strikers to be collected and told of their transport away from the war domain.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Most of the Indians agreed to surrender their weapons.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

In addition to rifles, knives, axes and even tents were taken from them.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Finally, the soldiers asked the Indian warriors to take off their blankets to see under them.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Weapons were even searched for women's clothing [16].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The indignation of the Lakotas could be seen from their faces, but only the spirit man Yellow Bird (Zintkála Zi) expressed his anger at the whites and began singing a song that was part of the spirit dance.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[15] Deaf strike warrior Black Coyote did not want to give up his rifle, for which he had paid a high price.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

When soldiers grabbed him, the gun went off accidentally, causing a general mayhem.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[17] The massacre at Wounded Knee began with the joint shot of carbines by soldiers.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Some of the Indians returned fire but were quickly subdued.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Big Foot was killed among the first strikes.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[18] After shooting stopped, the army engaged in hand-to-hand combat with mace, knives and pistols.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[15] Since the trail of disarmament few Indians had weapons, they set out to seek escape.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

They were fired upon by four Hochkiss guns. [19].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Artillery fire and other shelling also killed and wounded soldiers in the hand-to-hand combat, of whom 25 were killed during the confrontation.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The number of wounded was later lowered to 39th [20].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Data on strikes losses vary between 150 and 300 depending on the source.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[21] Most of the surviving Indians surrendered to soldiers of the United States Army.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

A blizzard that began on the evening of the day of fighting covered the camp, where many of the languishing wounded strikers died of frost [19] When the soldiers returned after four days to the scene of battle, they found corpses of lakotas frozen in grotesque positions [22].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Victims burial Most of the fallen Indians were buried in mass graves excavated by the military in Wounded Knee.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

A private group of men hired by the military served as the gravesters.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The names of the dead Indians were not even tried to find out.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

During the burial, some still surviving children were found in piles of bodies, at least one of whom was adopted into a migrant family.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The Lakotas erected a memorial stone on the edge of the grave site.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Later, the site was surrounded by a mesh wire fence, which was removed in the early 1990s.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[18] Native American insurrection continued weakened even after the massacre, as the army fought on the last day of 1890 with about 50 Lakota [23].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The last spirit dancers surrendered on 15 January 1891 after negotiations and a brief skirmish. [24].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Retrosheets Initially, both the military and the press considered the events at Wounded Knee to be a good fight against hostile Indians.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

When it was later revealed that the army had killed relentlessly women and children, public opinion turned against the soldiers and the events began to be referred to as slaughter.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The army's conduct came under harsh criticism.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The disarming of Native Americans introduced at Wounded Knee was seen as contrary to the then American Indian policy.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

The incident was investigated by both the government and the military, but investigations exonerated the military. [16].


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Events at Wounded Knee worsened U.S.-Sioux relations for generations.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[10] After the Wounded Knee massacre, General Nelson Miles sacked Forsyth, and the military tribunal criticized his measures during the incident but left uncondemned.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Forsyth additionally regained his position by the decision of the Minister of Defence, and later was promoted to general.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Twenty soldiers involved in the massacre received the Medal of Honor, the highest medal of military merit in the United States.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Some Native American activists have later called for these decorations to be withdrawn.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

[25] See also Ghost dance The Conquest of the Wounded Knee Sources Anderson, Rani-Henry: Lakotas, the people of eagle and bison, Finnish Literature Society, 2009 ISBN 9789522220530 Anderson, Rani-Henrik and Henriksson, Markku “Indians (History of North American Indigenous Peoples)” Gaudeamus, 2010.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

ISBN 978-952-495-162-3 Brown, Dee Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Vintage Books, 1991, ISBN 978-0-099-52640-7 Davis, William & Rosa, Joseph G.Wild West — The Sparkling History of American Frontier Frontiers, WSOY.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

1996, ISBN 951-0-20636-9 Davis, William & Rosa, Joseph G.Wild West — from Lewis and Clarke to Wounded Kneeh, WSOY.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

1996, ISBN 9789510206362 Henriksson, Markku: The Original Americans of Gummerus, 1986, ISBN 951-662-385-9 Lapointe, Ernie: Sitting Bull: His Life and Legacy, Gibbs Smith, 2009.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

ISBN 978-1423605560 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

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Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Santoro, Nicholas J: Atlas of the Indian Tribes of North America, iUniverse, 2009.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

ISBN 978-1-4401-0795-5 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

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Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

Utley, Robert: The Lance and The Shield, Ballentine Books, 1994.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

ISBN 978-0345389381 Waldman, Carl Atlas of The North American Indian, Facts On File Publications, 1985, ISBN 0-87196-850-9 Waldman, Carl: Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes, Checkmark Books, 2006, ISBN 978-0816062744 Transclusion error: {{I}} is only use for in File namespace.


Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

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Question: When did the so-called. Wounded Knee massacre?

Wounded Knee massacre

References Category:1890 Class:South Dakota Class:Indian Wars Category:US battles Class:Massacres in the United States Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Aggression is intentional, damaging, or disruptive behavior directed at other individuals or the environment.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

A related personality trait is aggressiveness.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[1] Forms of aggression include physical aggression and verbal aggression, which can still be divided into direct and indirect.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Aggression can be motivated by the feeling of anger and the pleasure the act gives you, but some kind of reward can also serve as motivation.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

A common and often accepted form of aggression is defensive aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Aggression often arises from an external stimulus.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

There are a wide range of underlying factors behind the aggression, including situation, personality, environmental and biological factors.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Forms of aggression vary depending on age and gender.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Aggression has a wide range of harmful consequences for the individual himself.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Many different theories have been put forward about aggression, highlighting either the contribution of human nature or environmental factors.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Forms of aggression can be physical or verbal, direct or indirect.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Direct physical aggression include fighting or graduating to it.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Indirect physical aggression include destroying property or threatening loved ones.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Direct verbal aggression include swearing, criticizing, or threatening with a fight.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Indirect verbal aggression include gossiping and blackmailing.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[1] In addition to words, linguistic aggression also includes nasty facial expressions or nasty body language, such as inappropriate hand signs.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[2] Aggressive behavior can be divided into angry (emotional) or instrumental.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Insults, frustrations and irritations act as a stimulus for angry aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

In a person there is a feeling of anger, and the victim's pain and discomfort acts as a reward for aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

A person becomes enraged as a result of some event and acts completely impulsively and spontaneously.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

There may be a need to stretch out or breed the victim in the background.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Examples of angry aggression include acts of violence committed in speeds and violence against children.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[3] The usual incentives and competitive situations act as stimuli for instrumental aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

The situation does not necessarily awaken an emotional state.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Aggression serves as a reward for achieving victory, reward or dominance, leading position.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[3] Reactive (defensive) aggression is impulsive behavior in which an individual reacts hostile to a threat or provocation.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

In a frustrating situation, the autonomic nervous system is activated, and the individual explodes.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[3] The aggressiveness of many people is limited to this reactive aggression and is often considered acceptable as long as it is not outsized.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[4] Proactive (offensive) aggression is to behave maliciously towards another without the slightest provocation.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

It can be instrumental or hostile.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Proactive aggression goes hand in hand with antisocial behaviour such as lying, stealing or threatening them.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[3] Gender differences Sex explains about five percent of variation in aggressive behavior, according to studies.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Differences between men and women depend on the stage of development, the method of study and the form of aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[5] At certain age stages, boys use more physical forms of aggression than girls, but both almost equal amounts of verbal forms of aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

According to some studies, boys use girls more direct aggression and girls boys use more indirect aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Different results have been obtained in different countries, and it is thought that differences between boys and girls may be primarily a matter of cultural differences.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[6] Age differences Young people and/or individuals with lower developmental levels use older levels of physical aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

They attack, use direct aggression, and aggressive behavior is more serious and often spontaneous.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Short-term anger and anger is common.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Older individuals more often use verbal aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

They intimidate, use indirect and planned aggression, as well as often humor in the context of aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Angry aggression and prolonged hostility are common.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[3] Theories of Aggression There are many different theories about Aggression and the mechanism and causes of its birth that have their own proponents.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[7] According to seductive theories, aggression and hostility belong to human nature.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[7] Sigmund Freud developed the theory that man too has a Vietinic need to destroy.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

He thought of aggression as energy that accumulates damaging in the body if you don't defuse it.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

For the same reason, dismantling it would be enjoyable.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[8] Aggression—frustration theory holds that aggression is the result of frustration, i.e., frustration, inhibition or disruption of aim-oriented action.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Aggressiveness is a state of motivation and an accompanying sequence of reactions whose goal is to harm the individual to whom they are directed.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[7] According to theories based on forms of learning, the environment teaches an individual to either prevent or express their aggressive impulses.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Social learning theory emphasizes interactions between cognitive processes and environmental factors.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

The individual notices which behaviors are rewarding and work best.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[7] The Background Factors Behind Aggression are different, sometimes simultaneously acting, underlying factors, each explaining at most some of the differences between individuals in aggressive behavior.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[9] Situational factors include unpleasant situations and stimuli that cause negative emotions.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Common stimuli or situational factors include provocation, frustration, pain or other uncomfortable feeling, bad wind, social stress, the presence of weapons, a high state of vigor and stress, as well as alcohol and drugs.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[9] Personality factors influence an individual's readiness for aggressive behavior.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Good self-esteem can lead to aggression if a person's self-esteem is threatened.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Perceptions and attitudes about the justification of aggression and violence in a given situation are linked to aggression in such situations.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Physical and mental attributes that increase or decrease the occurrence of aggression include physical strength and dexterity, speed, impulsivity and desire for power, and the pursuit of status.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Aggressive behavior in adults and children has different manifestations.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[9] Environmental factors that contribute to aggression include physical environment, culture, housing form, socioeconomic level, comrades, and exposure to actual and media-seen violence.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Aggression is also explained by economic, social and ideological factors that can cause frustration.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

The child's parents may condone the child's aggressive behavior and use threats, punishment, and violence as a method of upbringing.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[9] Biological factors include many genetic and neurological factors.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Some parts of the central nervous system, such as the temporal lobe, thalamus, hypothalamus, almond nucleus, and hippocampus, have been found to underlie human aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

The male hormone testosterone is the main hormone affecting aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Nervous neurotransmitters adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin are also combined with aggressive behavior.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[9] Consequences Early age aggression, especially offensive physical aggression, has a wide range of adverse consequences for later development.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

It leads to problems in school adaptation, companionship relationships, relationship and work life, and consequently crime, violence and problem alcohol use.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Consequences may arise through a continuity associated with an interaction style, in which certain behavioral tendencies are maintained by the reactions they elicit in others.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

For example, aggression causes irritability in other people, which further increases the aggressive response.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Another mechanism is cumulative continuity, in which people choose environments that still maintain these tendencies.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

[10] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Metsäpelto, Riitta-Leena & Feldt, Taru (ed.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

) | title = There are many of us: Psychological basics of personality| publisher = PS cost| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-451-208-4}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Järvilehto, Timo| title = Where is the soul located?


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

: The neural basis of psychic activity| publisher = Oulu: Norther| year = 1987| version = Prometheus series| id = ISBN 951-749-180-8}} Lagerspetz, K: Aggression and its study.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Helsinki: January, 1977.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Lagerspetz, K., Female Aggression (Female Aggression).


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

1 ed.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Helsinki: January, 1998.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Lagerspetz, K. What comes to mind: Essays by a Psychologist.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Huddersfield: January, 2000.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Lagerspetz, K. Female Aggression: In Science Happens, 16 (7), 7.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

in 1998.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Hakola, P: Aggressiveness and violence.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

In M. Huttunen & et al.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

(Eds.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

), Neuropsychiatry (p. 244—249).


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Huddersfield: Duodecim, 1993.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Mustonen, A: Aggression on Finnish television.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Helsinki: Yleisradio, 1991.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Viljamaa, J: Use your tantrum: The Benefit Use of Aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Huddersfield: WSOY, 2012.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Articles about Amnell, G.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

(1992) Aggression and Psychic Growth [Review].


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Duodecim, 108 (3), 240.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Lagerspetz, K. (1994) How to relate to biological explanatory models and treatments for aggression.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Finnish Medical Journal, 49, 2180—2185.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Leinonen, L.Johansson, G.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

(1992) Aggressive Brains: A Neurophysiologist's Perspective [Review].


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Duodecim, 108 (3), 221.


Question: How are hormones defined?

Aggression

Category:14 Psychology * Category:Psychiatry Category:Social Psychology Category:Social Philosophy Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Johannes Vasilinpoika Karhapää (in church books, canonized as Johannes Ilomantsilainen, 13 July 1884 in Ilomantsi [1] — 7 March 1918 in Joensuu [2]) was a Finnish religion teacher and Orthodox missionary worker.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

He was a prominent promoter of civilisation in his native place, whose activities, which were seen as “ryssänusko”, or spreading orthodoxy, nevertheless provoked hatred among Finnish nationalists.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Finally, Karhapää was executed by whites during the Finnish Civil War in spring 1918.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

In 2018, one hundred years after his death, Karhapää was canonized among the saints of the Orthodox Church under the name Holy Martyr and Confessor Johannes Ilomantsian.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Life Taka Karhapää was born in the Sonkajanranta village of Ilomantsi on the farm of Nissinen.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[3] His parents were Vasily and Anastasia Karhapää.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

He had a younger brother, James, as well as two half-brothers, Feodor and Ilya.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

He married Katri Timola and had two sons, Sergei, who died at less than a year old, and Aleksin.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

However, his wife died in 1910, and John married again, now Anna Ivanindaughter Palviainen.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] As a People's Enlightener, Karhapää adopted a strong Orthodox faith as a child and was involved in the activities of the local youth association of the Order of Sergei and Herman.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

By the turn of the century, the Evangelical Society of Sortavala had begun a fierce Lutheranisation campaign in Karelia by the turn of the century, to counter which the Karelian Brotherhood was founded in Aunus in 1907.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Its original purpose was to carry out vigorous indoor missionary work, but Governor-General F.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

During the administration of A. Seyn, 1909—1917, the Karelian Brotherhood was also harnessed to the cause of Russification.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[3] Karhapää also became concerned about Lutheran missionary work spreading to his native region and in 1906 approached Archbishop Sergei with a letter.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

He asked him for help in strengthening Orthodoxy and, among other things, wished Sonkajananta to have his own Orthodox folk school.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[3] As a result of Karhapää's activities, the Judicial Ecclesiastical Society was established in Sonkajananta, which served as a subdivision of the Order of Saints Sergei and Herman.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The archbishop gave him his blessing to establish an Orthodox church school in cooperation with the Karelian Brotherhood founded in 1907.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The following year, with the support of the fraternity, an Orthodox school and schoolhouse were built in Sonkajanrata in 1908, with Finnish as the language of instruction.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

It expanded by 1911 to a class of four.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Poor and more distant pupils had the opportunity to live and dine at the school, and teaching, education and celebrations were held there for the adult population as well.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] Karhapää also served as an indoor missionary in the name of the Order of Sergei and Herman in Ilomantsi and as a catechete under the Karelian Brotherhood, touring with Isaak, priestly monk of Valamo Monastery, selling prints and literature and holding popular spirituals occasions, and in 1914 the Vyborg Spiritual Consistory appointed self-taught Karhapää to the government-funded position of religion teacher, where his domain was the entire territory of the then Kuopio County.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] Karhapää's activities were at their most active since the start of World War I since 1914.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

At the same time, however, the number of enemies increased, and he was branded a henchman of the tsar power and even a spy for the Russian secret police.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[3] The situation of the Sonkajanranta school became more difficult when the assistant bishop Kiprian, who supported it, died and the work of the Karelian Brotherhood became paralysed.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The following year, however, St. Petersburg merchant Nesterov donated 10,000 rubles for the needs of the school and for the construction of a church on the same connection.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The church was consecrated in autumn 1915 and consecrated to the memory of the Prophet Hanna.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The drawings for the church were drawn up by Gennadi, a monk of Valamo Monastery.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] However, it was not the Orthodox congregation of Ilomantsi, which was active in the region, but specifically the church of the Karelian Brotherhood.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[3] Karhapää's contribution to school and church projects was significant and he was awarded numerous accolades for his exemplary ecclesiastical and cultural activities.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

However, new mean-spirited rumours were also circulated about him, and among local phennomans his actions provoked anger as Karhapää was regarded as the spreader of the “rushing faith”.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[3] Particular indignation was aroused by the fact that in 1912 he had privately received at his home Governor-General Frans Seyn.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

On the occasion of the visit, Seyn had urged Karhapää to beg the state power for funds to build a proper road to the village.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Orthodox schools considered to be Russification schools were closed and Karhapää began to be increasingly fiercely referred to as both a henchman and sniffer of the tsarist power and as a Bolshevik.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Whether or not his influence was claimed to extend even to appointments of Orthodox priests.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] In addition, Karhapää was a supporter of the Tsarist rule.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[3] In trouble in the 1910s, Karhahead had been violated and slandered in many ways since 1910.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Perä-Pohjolainen, who appeared in Kemi at the time, claimed that Karhapää and his father supported Russia's anti-Finnish policies and referred to them as “lousy creatures Finns”.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] After the February Revolution of 1917, Karhapää's slander intensified further.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

In North Karelian nationalist journals including Karelian Sanomat, he was referred to as “one of the dark forces of North Karelia” among others, [3] and his revival and missionary voyages and the accolades accorded to him were also ridiculed.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

He was alleged to have sown hatred and dissent in the Karelian population, who, according to the claims, were not clear about their religion and nationality.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

In addition, he was referred to as a strict and ruthless promoter of the Russification work, who, according to allegations, wanted to lead the Finns under Russian rule.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

He was also alleged to have considered himself a martyr, instilling fear in the local population, mocking faith and sacred things, and deceiving simple people.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

His father and brother were also similarly accused.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

However, Karhapää himself remained silent and did not respond to accusations or slanders.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] However, according to Professor of Church History Kauko Pirinen, the criticism was unreasonable, as Karhapää's activities were guided only by his deep religious beliefs.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[3] Eventually, opposition to Karhapää began to occur among the Orthodox as well.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

In the run-up to Easter of 1917, a meeting of the Ilomantsi Orthodox population condemned the activities of the Karhapää and Sonkajanranta school as unnational oppression mixed with religion.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The meeting called for Karhapää to be dismissed from his positions of trust and membership of the church council.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

In the autumn of 1917, he also lost the support of Archbishop Serafim, and was dismissed from his post of teacher.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] The school in Sonkajanranta was municipalised, and in the autumn of 1917 a bigoted patriotic concave iceman became its teacher.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

After Karhapää had lost the support of Archbishop Serafim, he became practically an outlaw in the melches of the 1918 civil war.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[3] Capture and death In March 1918 Karhapää and his brother Jaakko were assigned to White Army call-outs to Tuupovaara National School.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

There they were arrested on the basis of informant.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The incriminating factor was found in the pocket of Karhapää's jacket, meant for school education.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Karhapää was allowed to visit his home to say goodbye to his home people, but then he was carried to Joensuu, with the barrel of a gun in his neck.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

During a visit to a nearby house, Karhapää said to the hostess of the house that his days of life were numbered.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

In Joensuu, Karhapää and his brother were confined in the basement of the town hall, among other prisoners.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] At the turn of March/April 1918, Karhapää was transported to the Siilainen district of Joensuu, where he was executed.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Executions were carried out haphazardly at the time, often with the power of booze and without trial.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The military circuit often failed to contain the urges to execute.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Karhapää and the others to be executed were commanded to line up, and the five executioners fired a joint shot.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

It is reported that Karhapää did not die immediately, but had to fire another joint shot.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The date of death is marked on the gravestone as August 8.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

day.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] The Finnish war slayings database lists the date of death of Karhapää 7.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

on March.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[2] However, according to some accounts, he would have been executed three weeks later at Easter, [5] and by some again only on 14 April along with 99 Russians captured after the Battle of Raudu.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[6] Karhapää's wife tried to gain possession of her husband's body, but this was successful only several months later.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The body was identified by the stripes on his woolen socks.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Karhapää was buried in Ilomantsi Kokonniemi Cemetery witnessed by a large escort group, among them both Orthodox and Lutherans.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] Slanderous speeches and writings continued even after death, and Karhapää's tombstone was also thrown twice into the lake.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Eventually it was cast in a cement plinth.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] In 1958, an old man, dressed in a sarcoat, came to Karhapää's brother Jaakko.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

He told me he was one of the shooters.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The conscience of an old and sick man rang him for what he did.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

Jaakko Karhapää had a conversation with the man and allowed him to stay at his house.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] Canonization Johannes Karhapää's name arose when the Episcopal Conference of the Orthodox Church of Finland proposed Finns to be canonized as saints.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

On November 29, 2018, the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate declared John Karhapää to be among the saints of the Orthodox Church under the name Holy Martyr and Confessor John Ilomantsian.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[7] [8] Other In 2008, a documentary film directed by Mikko Keinonen, directed by Mikko Keinonen, about Karhapää, was completed in 2008, [9] which was presented by Yle that spring.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[10] A biography of Karhapää written by Liisa Pajukaarteen was also supposed to appear in the same year, but the work was ultimately not published.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[11] After the independence of Finland, the school in Sonkajanranta was taken over by the municipality.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The building burned down in the 1950s, resulting in the destruction of a lot of artefacts belonging to Karhapää.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

The Church of the Prophet Hanna in Sonkajanranta, on the other hand, remains one of the shrines of the Joensuu Orthodox parish.


Question: When was Johannes Karhapää born?

Johannes Karhapää

[4] Sources Category:Finnish teachers Category:Finnish missionaries Category:Finnish executed Class:Finnish homicide victims Category:Victims of terror of the Finnish Civil War Category:People born in 1884 Class:Dead in 1918


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

RINA (short for Recursive InterNetwork Architecture, meaning recursive internet architecture) is a new architecture for computer networks under development.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

It is radically different from the TCP/IP architecture currently used for Internet data transfer.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

RINA is based on the idea model that all data transmission over data networks is essentially inter-process communication (IPC) between program processes.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

In contrast to the traditional network model based on layers specialized for different tasks (transfer layer, network layer, transport layer, etc.), RINA springs from the idea that only one functional layer is required to contain all the protocols needed in the network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

This single “building block”, referred to as DIF (Distributed IPC Facility), stacking on top of each other will build as many layers in the grid as is deemed maintainably necessary.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

All layers contain basically the same functionality, only their visibility range (scope) is different.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The bottom layer can handle, for example, a physical link between two routers, while the top layer can be even global (“Public Internet DIF”).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Each layer can be individually adjusted through different policies (policies).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The policies govern, for example, the data encryption used, quality settings (QoS), and the authentication required for layer use.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

History and motivation The idea of the RINA architecture was originally developed by John Day working at Boston University [1], who has been active in the development of telecommunications protocols since the 1970s and was involved in e.g.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

in the development of ARPANET and the OSI reference model [2].


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

According to Day, the need for an entirely new network architecture stems from fundamental faults and flaws in the TCP/IP architecture, which are difficult or even impossible to fix through additional features and new protocols.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

These include: an IP network routes data between computer network interfaces, not between application programs.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Programs need telecommunications services, not network interfaces.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Application programs do not have the ability to tell the network the level of service they want, they can only choose between a reliable (TCP) or unreliable (UDP) transmission path.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

In terms of the network, all programs are similar in terms of their data transfer needs, when actually e.g. VoIP communication has very different quality requirements for data transmission than, say, a web page transfer using HTTP [3].


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The network does not have any information about the names of the communicating applications, but uses a pair formed by the network interface address (IP address) and the port number of the transport layer to identify applications at the ends of the information access path.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

So the network uses information where to identify what is communicating.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Every time an app changes its access point to a network, it looks like a different application in terms of the network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

This greatly complicates the use of more network interfaces, as well as the mobility of the device on the network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[3] The Internet network is not by its nature a hierarchical entity of multiple networks, but a single global “flat” network where subnets of different actors are connected together sequentially without hierarchy, with one common address space [4].


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

As a result, network routing takes place on a complex system where both the internal routing of the operator's own network and the routing of traffic going outside it takes place on the same floor, or where one has to use the network address transformation (NAT) to enable the rest of the use of network-independent address space.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Originally developed in the 1970s, the TCP/IP architecture has been improved and repaired in various ways over the past decades, developing new protocols and reworking old ones as much as possible.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

It now comprises several dozen protocols (although application layer protocols are not counted), not all of which fit properly in any particular layer of the TCP/IP model (such as e.g. ARP or MPLS).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Developed entirely from a “clean slate”, RINA promises to perform all the tasks of the current TCP/IP architecture, as well as future needs, using only two protocols.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Concepts The following introduces some of the key concepts of RINA architecture.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[5] Distributed Application Process (DAP).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Distributed program process, a process that communicates with another similar process using iPCN.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Distributed Application Facility (DAF).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

An entity formed by two or more program processes (DAPs) that communicate using iPCN and maintains a shared spatial image.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Processes may be located on the same device, or on more devices connected to the RINA network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

DAFs are calculated as user applications that communicate with RINA, as well as by specialised DIFs that provide IPC services alone.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Distributed IPC Facility (DIF).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

DAF, specialized in the provision of IPC services alone, consists of two or more IPC processes (IPCP).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Applications use DIF's services to communicate with another application process.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

DIF is a layer of the RINA architecture, which, by stacking on top of each other, the structure of the network is formed.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

IPC Process (IPCP).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

A program process that handles IPC communication.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

IPCP is a member of one and only one DIF.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Error and Flow Control Protocol (EFCP).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

A protocol used to transfer data between IPC processes that serve as members of DIF.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

EFCP shall ensure the reliability, correct order and flux control of the data to be transferred as necessary.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

It is divided into two subprotocols (DTP and DTCP).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Data Transfer Protocol (DTP).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

EFCPN the actual communication protocol that ensures the wrapping and transmission of information to the correct recipient.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

When used alone, only provides an unreliable transmission path, roughly corresponding to the combination of IP and UDP protocols in functionality.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Data Transfer Control Protocol (DTCP).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

An optional component of EFCPN that can only be used in conjunction with the DTP protocol.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Take care of feedback mechanisms for data transmission, such as retransmission and flux control.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Using the DTP and DTCP protocols together provides a reliable transmission path, roughly equivalent to the functionality provided by the TCP protocol.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Common Distributed Application Protocol (CDAP).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

A protocol that provides object-oriented IPC communication between applications that use it, a little in the same way as, say, CORBA or DCOM.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Uses EFCP protocol to transfer information.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Management of the RINA network is done using the CDAP protocol, the processes used for management transfer different information (e.g., routing tables) between each other (e.g., routing tables) between each other.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Also, user applications can communicate with each other using CDAP, in which case they do not have to worry about data serialization or I/O operations themselves.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

However, the use of CDAP is not mandatory; applications can also, at their choice, directly use the EFCP protocol, which allows all existing application protocols (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc.) to be used in the RINA architecture as well.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[3] Connection.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The connection between two tasks communicating with the EFCP protocol (EFCP instance).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The connection is always a shared spatial image between two members of the same DIF.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Between different DIFs (layers), information is not transmitted by protocols, but by programmatic interfaces within a single device.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Opening and closing a connection is not based on handshakes (cf.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

TCP protocol triple handshakes with SYN and FIN flags) but to timers.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The connection is opened when traffic begins to flow and is closed (i.e. the resources allocated to maintain the status picture are released) again after the specified time after the traffic stops.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The presence or absence of a connection is not visible to the application.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Flow.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The service provided by the EFCP protocol instance to the application that uses it, the “data stream”.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The bond between the EFCP instance providing the data stream and the application that uses it is called a port.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Basically corresponds to the service provided by the TCP or UDP protocol for the application.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The data stream is initiated and terminated when requested by the application, and its existence is separated from the connection itself (see.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Connection above) of existence.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The principle of operation of RINA is based on the principle that all data transfer on computers is basically always communication between program processes.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The basic structure of this IPC model is a Distributed Application Facility (DAF), the structure of which is shown in Figure 1.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

It consists of two or more program processes (Distributed Application Processes (DAP) that collaboratively perform a task.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

These processes communicate using the Common Distributed Application Protocol (CDAP), which allows two processes to exchange structural information with each other in the form of objects.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

CDAP provides processes with six different functions for handling remote process objects (create, delete, read, write, start and stop) [3].


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

In order to communicate, DAF needs software providing communication services.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

This service is provided by another DAF that specializes in providing IPC services; therefore, this specialized DAFI is called DIF (Distributed IPC Facility, Distributed IPC Service).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

DIF allows DAP to open a data stream (flow) to another DAP.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

DIF can communicate directly through hardware, or it may use a second, lower-level DIFI as a transmission path.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Since each DIF contains the same functionality, the architecture doesn't dictate how many layers a network has.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The number of layers is chosen by the network builder who can stack on top of each other as many layers as it needs.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

This use of the same layer more times derives the term “recursive architecture”.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

DiFs in the lowest layer communicate directly through physical hardware, all layers above them use the DIFs beneath them as a transmission path.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

One possible example of a layer structure of a RINA network is shown in Figure 2, which also shows the various functionalities of the IPC process.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Since each layer is related to the layers above and below it via identical interfaces, no layer needs to be aware of the entire structure of the network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

One layer only sees the layers directly above and below it.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Three types of addresses are used in the RINA architecture: Application Name, Node Address, and Point of Attachment Address [6].


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Each layer points to the layer above it by the application name, other members of the same layer by a node address, and the layer below by an access address.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

For a given layer, the layer above it is therefore always an application, regardless of whether it is a user application or another DIF.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The layer below, on the other hand, is always an access point to the network, whether it's a physical interface or a lower layer DIF.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

When a user application requests a data stream to another application, the target is selected using the application name of the desired target process, not the address as in the TCP/IP network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Addresses and ports are internal data in DIF that are not visible to the application program.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

When a new IPC process becomes a member of DIF, it is usually allocated a dynamic address.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Using static addresses is also possible, but it is not necessary even for server machines.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Ports, in turn, are dynamically allocated upon initialization of the data stream.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

So there are no global addresses in the RINA architecture, and no so-called “well known ports”.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The only information you need to get connected is the app name, and even that doesn't have to be global.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

An application name can be published within a limited visibility range if the application is not intended for use by all users on the network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

In order to communicate with each other, apps must be associated with the same DIFI.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The application that opens the data stream must either join a DIFI where the target application is registered, or form a new DIF to which the target application also agrees to join.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Benefits RINA promises many advantages over TCP/IP architecture.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

These include: Routing takes place on each layer separately, meaning significantly smaller routing tables compared to a “flat” network architecture.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[7] One of the biggest problems of the Internet today is the explosion of routing boards for backbone routers, especially because of devices related to multiple subnets.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

To prevent network clogging, RINA provides a more efficient approach than TCP/IP.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The anti-blocking of the Internet today relies on the so-called end-to-end principle, that is, devices at the ends of the connection take care of blockage prevention.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

However, blockage prevention is the more effective the sooner the other party becomes aware of traffic clogging.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

By treating blockage blockage in the DiFs of the lower layer, RINA both enhances blockage protection and limits the effect of blockage to a smaller part of the network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[7] Recursive architecture does not impose any restrictions on network size.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[7] Physical constraints can come against, but the architecture itself does not limit the number of resources (e.g. addresses).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Because packets are routed based on node addresses, not access addresses as in the IP protocol, the network inherently supports the use of more network interfaces.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

No dedicated solutions are required to route packets along another route when the original route breaks, as in IP networks.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[7] The network also intrinsically supports mobile use, i.e. the device switching from one subnet to another while communication is ongoing.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

In fact, mobile is actually the same as multi-interfaces (multihoming), only the route changes faster than in occasional network outages.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The complex tunneling used in TCP/IP networks with home and away agents is not required.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[7] Since there is no global address book and no well known ports on the network, port scanning is much more difficult than in TCP/IP networks.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[8] Connection to the target device is possible only by application name, and even then only if the contactor is a member of the same DIF; membership can be limited by means of an authentication requirement.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Since DIF can be protected by authentication and traffic encryption, RINA makes separate security solutions such as VPN connections and firewalls redundant.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[9] Services can be published on different networks (DIFs), not all applications need to be available to everyone [10].


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

For example, services requiring registration may be published in DIF, accessible only through authentication, in the event of registration via a global network (“Public Internet DIF”).


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

This allows services to be better protected against break-in attempts when only registered users can be accessed via the network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

RINA supports service quality settings, such as bandwidth, latency, loss rate and latency variation (jitter) [3].


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Services with different requirements for the quality of data transmission can be provided with the quality settings that best suit them in their own DIFs.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Even services published in the same DIFI may use different DIFs as a transmission path, with each service's traffic routed through the lower floor DIFs that are best suited to it.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The architecture is comparatively simple, consisting of only two protocols (EFCP and CDAP) and a small number of different mechanisms supporting these.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Simplicity brings with it efficiency and security.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

[9] Deployment Although RINA is a very different architecture compared to the currently used TCP/IP architecture, its deployment can be carried out piece by bit.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

So-called SHIM difs [11] provide the possibility of existing network technologies (e.g. Ethernet, TCP, UDP, WiFi) deployed as a transmission path for EFCP traffic.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

These make it possible to build RINA networks even before devices supporting RINA technology (switches, routers, etc.)


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

is available.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

On the other hand, it is also possible to tunnel other network protocols through the RINA network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

In its final form, RINA could replace all other network protocols, that is, from the link layer of the entire protocol stack up to the application protocols.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Development Work The development of RINA architecture can be considered to have begun in 2008, when in his published book Patterns in Network Architecture: A return to Fundamentals, John Day set out the basic ideas of RINA.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Today, RINA's development work is coordinated by an informal group called the Pouzin Society (PSOC), named after Louis Pouzin, the inventor of the datagram and developer of the Cyclades network.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Boston University RINA Development Team at Boston University [12] The development of RINA architecture is led by professors Ibrahim Matta and Lou Chitkushev in addition to John Day.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The team has received funding for research from the U.S. National Science Foundation.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

FP7 IRATI and PRISTINE The European Commission's Research Framework Programme FP7 has funded a project bearing the IRATI [13] name, whose main purpose was to develop an open-source RINA implementation for the Ethernet platform for the Linux environment.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The I2cat Foundation, Nextworks, iMinds, Interoute and Boston University are partners in the project.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The IRATI project's graduate program called PRISTINE [14] has further refined the RINA implementation produced by the IRATI project.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The intention has been to develop practices e.g.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

network clogging, resource reservation, routing, security and network management.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The partners in the project have been WIT-TSSG, i2CAT, Telefónica I+D, Ericsson, Nextworks, Thales, Nexedi, BISDN, Atos, Juniper Networks, the Universities of Oslo and Brno, Telecom SUDParis, CREATE-NET, iMinds and PNSol.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

GÉANT3+ IRINA The pan-European umbrella organisation for national research networks GÉANT funded the IRINA project [15], which investigated the suitability of RINA architecture for research and teaching networks.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

According to the final report of the project [16], at least in virtual networks, RINA clearly provides better performance than TCP/IP.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

UiO OCARINA University of Oslo's OCARINA [17] project aims to optimize the RINA architecture by developing new practices for blocking and routing.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Routing is planned to be developed in a more dynamic direction, when today Internet routing is very static.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

H2020 ARCFIRE The ArcFire project funded by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 programme [18] will test the RINA architecture on a larger scale and optimise the RINA implementation of the IRATI project so that network operators can start testing it on their own networks.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

The project also explores e.g.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

how well the RINA network can withstand various denial of service attacks compared to the technologies currently in use.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Implementations of RINA architecture implementations exist for several different platforms.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

These include: IRATI, an implementation developed in a project by the European Commission for Linux as Protor, a prototype implementation developed by Boston University for the Java environment rlite, the RINA implementation for the Linux environment with Ethernet, TCP and UDP for RINASim, OmNet++ for the simulation platform built RINA simulator Links to the source codes of the implementations above can be found on the Pouzin Society's website.


Question: Where does RINA's nomination come from?

RINA

Sources On the topic Elsewhere (Pouzin Society) Category:Computer Network


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

The history of video games informs the development of video games.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Early history and slot machines in the 1950s, the first computer games related to scientific research were developed.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

The first games were predominantly games similar to Tic Toe and Chess.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

For example, in the Plankalkül programming language he developed already in the 1940s, Konrad Zuse wrote algorithms for playing chess, even though there was no implementation for the programming language itself.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

[1] The programs were interesting not only in terms of programming languages, algorithms and artificial intelligence research, but also for interactive use of the computer.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

In 1958, William Higinbotham developed a device by which two players could, using an oscilloscope, play a simple game similar to tennis.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

However, this game had no connection to the later Pong, another game inspired by tennis.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

In 1962, MIT students developed the first computer game using real-time videographics for the PDP-1 computer called Spacewar [2].


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

In it, the player's idea was to destroy another player's ship without falling into the sun itself.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

In 1971, the first coin-operated video game automaton appeared, Computer Space, which was the brainchild of Spacewar, developed by Nolan Bushnell and Teb Dabney.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

The success of the game was disappointing in Dabney's view, but Bushnell felt it was a success.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

[3] The pioneer of video games in every home with television was Ralph Baer, a German-born inventor working for the US company Magnavox.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Baer pitched the idea to his superior as early as 1951, but this knocked the idea out.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

However, Baer resumed development work later, and in 1968 he had prototype hardware on which to play a number of different games.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Based on the prototype, the first game console for home use, the Magnavox Odyssey, was developed, released in 1972 [2].


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

In 1972, Nolan Bushnell got to play Ralph Baer's Magnavox Ulysses, who was presented at the fair, of which he soon founded the Atari company.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Atari still released the same year a Pong game that closely resembled Baer's machine tennis game.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

The Pong became a top success, with Atari selling a total of 19,000 Pong vending machines.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

However, slot machines became a major part of the gaming culture of the 1970s and 1980s, when it was the golden era of slot machines.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Slot machines did not have to care about the technical limitations of consoles or home computers, so they often saw significantly more advanced games than home releases.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

In particular, such slot machine classics as Donkey Kong and Pac-Man have stayed alive and found their way into later consoles as characters as well.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Also, some of the later popular console game series, such as Mortal Kombat, are originally slot machine games.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Computer games Even early computers were able to play simple games.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

However, games on home computers did not pass until the 1980s, until which time the graphical abilities of home machines were in great demand.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

One of the first types of games were so-called text adventure games, in which the player is controlled by typing various commands, and events and locations are presented as a written description.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

One of the most famous such games was several sequels to the fantasy adventure Zork, which appeared in 1977.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

The IBM PC appeared in 1981.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

The first widely distributed home computer, however, was the Commodore 64, released in 1982 in the early years of the recession that plagued console games.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

For a long time, the Commodore 64 was the best-selling computer of all time, in Finland it was sold more in terms of population than anywhere else in the world.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

The games on both the IBM PC and the Commodore 64 were games with rudimentary graphics, read from separate floppy disks.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

One of the most notable computer games of the 1980s was Tetris, developed by Russian Alexei Pajitnov, whose original purpose was to develop the observation and reasoning capabilities of fighter pilots.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Tetris is perhaps the most famous video game in the world today.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Today's computer gaming has evolved at the same rate with computers themselves.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Computer games do not have similar generations to console games, as it is possible to develop each computer at its own pace.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

Computer games regulate development mostly by their minimum technical requirements, which, too, have evolved steadily without particularly large jumps in order to talk about generations of games.


Question: What was the most popular video game of the 1980s?

History of video games

With the advent of the Internet, computer gaming has been strongly marked by its social dimension, which is why since the early 2000s, the most popular form of computer gaming has been online role-playing.