Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

There were eleven qualified countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Luxembourg, Portugal, France, Germany and Finland.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

At the same time, the exchange rates of all participating countries were pegged to the euro at a fixed, irreversible rate, no longer called the exchange rate, but the conversion factor.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

It was decided to officially define these conversion factors by six significant digits.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

A table of them is given below.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Greece won permission to join the eurozone only later, in 2001.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The euro was made a rather high-value currency: the value of one euro was higher than that of any participating country, except the Irish pound.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

When it came to the creation of a whole new currency, then in principle the value of the euro could have been determined whatever.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In practice, however, it was decided to take the existing value of the ECU of the basket currency already mentioned above, made up of the currencies of the countries, so that 1 euro became ECU 1.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

From the beginning of June 1998, the European Central Bank became operational, replacing the EMI, which preceded it.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[42] The adoption of the euro The third phase of EMU, the period of the single currency, began with the introduction of the euro as an account currency on 1 January 1999 in the eleven countries mentioned above.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

However, each country continued to use its own currency as cash, which from this point on were considered national manifestations of the euro until cash euros would come into use.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Subsequently, the conversion ratio between national currencies and the euro, no longer referred to as the exchange rate, was fixed.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The date for the introduction of cash euros was decided on 1 January 2002.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

This left eurozone countries with a three-year transition period to prepare for the euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

A transitional period was necessary for at least the following reasons: a huge number of euro banknotes and coins were needed to replace the national currencies in circulation, and the production of euros in printing and mints required more years.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In both public and private economic administrations, time was needed to change policies and computer systems to enable the use of the euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

This applied to both large financial entities (sovereigns, banks, large corporations) as well as the smallest kiosks, because, among other things, cash registers, ticket machines and parking meters had to be planned to change the euro condition.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

During a transitional period of three years, financial administrations were allowed to switch to using the euro as an accounting currency (“No barrier, no compulsion” principle).


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The public wanted to be given time to get used to the new money to come.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Information material was produced on the euro, and most shops began to display their price tags in both national currency and euros.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

A few weeks before the actual introduction of cash euros, the public was allowed to buy so-called starter kits with a few euro coins for exploration.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Similarly, retail stores were allocated certain amounts of packages containing cash euros so that they could start giving change to customers in euros as early as 1 January 2002.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Euro coins and banknotes were introduced on 1 January 2002 as planned.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

This was followed by an exchange period of varying length in different countries, during which the euro and the national currency were allowed to be used at the same time.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In Finland, this phase lasted until early March 2002.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The intention was that when you were still paying in national currency, the change was received in euros, and thus the old money would change to the new one in a natural way in daily payments.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

This was very successful, since already a couple of weeks after the turn of the year, a significant proportion of national money had changed to euros.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

When the money exchange period officially ended, the euro became exclusive tender.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

However, for several months, commercial banks were obliged to accept and exchange the old money received from customers into euros.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

When that period too ended, each country's central banks continued to exchange their country's old money for euros.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Most countries have years or decades in which especially old banknotes are allowed to be exchanged for euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In addition, some retail stores have had a history of stunts during which customers have been allowed to pay with old money.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Today, there are still billions of euros worth of old national cash to be exchanged, and in Finland alone more than EUR 200 million.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[43] There are several reasons for this: money is in memorabilia and collectables, lying around (e.g. small coins that have not been allowed to exchange), in forgotten caches, destroyed, and also as dark money left in the hands of criminals, which has not been obtained since the money-laundering controls have tightened exchanged to Euros.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

There are even people who did not approve of switching to the euro and have saved old money in the hope that it would still be reintroduced.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

EU countries that have joined the euro and their former currencies Kosovo since 2002.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

For the first euro countries, the euro for currency column in the table shows the date 1 January 1999, when the euro became a real currency unit and account currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Thus in Finland, for example, the date of introduction was 1 January 1999, although the cash euro did not come into use until 1 January 2002.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Subsequently, in the countries that joined the euro, the introduction of the euro as both account and cash has taken place simultaneously.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The third column contains the currency multiplier in euros.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[47] The euro's international status The euro is a floating currency, meaning its rate relative to the world's other major currencies is determined by international currency markets.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The main gauge of the value of the euro is its exchange rate against the US dollar.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

During the euro's existence, the dollar rate has fluctuated sharply: at the beginning of 1999, 1euro was slightly below $1.20, but in late October 2000, the 1euro weakened to the lowest value in its history to date, around US$0.83.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Thereafter, the euro gradually strengthened (despite temporary periods of decline) so that on July 15, 2008, the value of one euro was the highest in its history to date, almost $1.60$.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

By the time of the start of 2012, the value of the euro had again weakened to around $1.30USD.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[48] Also, the dollar is buoyant.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Therefore, other cyclical factors in foreign exchange markets than the euro and dollar exchange rate need to be considered in order to assess the reasons for the changes in rates: the appreciation or weakening of the euro may not only be on the own merit or fault of the euro area economy, but may be due to more on the weakening or appreciation of the dollar caused by factors affecting the dollar.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The European Central Bank operates monetary policy independent of member countries and sets a base rate that is the same in all euro countries.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The interest rate affects the price of money, i.e. the cost of loans on the market, and thus also has an impact on the value of the euro relative to other currencies.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The euro's international position as a currency has gradually strengthened.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

It has become the second most significant international currency in the world after the US dollar.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Many states keep some of their foreign reserves in euros.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Some states opposed to US policy, including Iran, have changed their dollar reserves for euro reserves for political reasons.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The euro has thus become a competitor to the dollar, although it is not the official goal of the European Central Bank to form the euro into a world currency or competitor to other currencies.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Due to its international status, like the dollar, the euro often goes to retail shops as a cash means of payment in many countries outside the euro area, especially in areas frequented by tourists.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Although, in this case, the price of the purchase can often become somewhat or much more expensive than when paying with the country's own currency — due to merchants' currency exchange costs and perhaps also profit.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Since 2010, the euro's status as a reserve currency crisis The euro was mired in a deep debt crisis lasting several years.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The crisis was partly the result of the 2008-09 recession.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Chartalists predicted the euro's drift into crisis in the early stages of the euro, for example economist Warren Mosler wrote in 2001: Chartalism is a theory of economics that studies the functioning of fiat monetary systems.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

It has been critical to the structure of the euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

According to it, the euro lacks mm.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

A publisher like the Federal Government of the United States and the structure of the euro with too much reliance on commercial banks is unsustainable.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[51] Criticism Helsingin Sanomat commissioned an economist survey in 2016.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In it, a majority of respondents said that the euro has done Finland more harm than good compared to Finland having its own free-floating currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[52] Area of use of euro The euro countries that are members of the European Union are the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Greece, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, France, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland and Estonia.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In some Swedish municipalities, though the euro is in use alongside the krona, although Sweden is not otherwise a euro country.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[53] Of the member countries that joined the EU before 2004, the euro is used in all but Britain, Denmark and Sweden.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In 2004, the first of the countries to join the EU, the euro was adopted by Slovenia on 1 January 2007, replacing the Slovenian tolar, becoming the 13th euro country in the EU.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Next, from 1 January 2008, Malta and Cyprus switched to using the euro instead of the Maltese lira (MTL) and the Cypriot pound (CYP), which they received permission from the EU Council of Ministers on 10 July 2007.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

This was in anticipation of the European Union Commission's recommended move in May 2007, when countries met the convergence criteria, according to the convergence report published at the time.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[54] [55] In May 2008, Slovakia's accession to the euro area was confirmed on 1 January 2009.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Slovakia became the 16th EU state to use the euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Estonia joined the eurozone on 1 January 2011 at 17.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

As an EU state [56], Latvia became part of the euro area on 1 January 2014 and the euro was introduced at the same time.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[57] Latvia became 18th.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The EU member state that adopted the euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[58] On January 1, 2015, Lithuania became the 19th country to use euros as currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[59] The euro is also used in four non-EU dwarf states, namely Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[60] The first three already had monetary union agreements with the euro area on the use of the euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Andorra, without agreement, used the euro by its unilateral decision, but concluded an agreement with the EU on 30 June 2011 [61].


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

These practices are a continuation of the arrangements of the pre-euro period under which the currencies of surrounding countries were used in the dwarf states: in Monaco the French franc was used in San Marino the Italian lira in the Vatican was used Italian lira in Andorra was used French francs and Spanish pesetas.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

This was because it would have been unnecessarily expensive for dwarf states to maintain their own currency and associated monetary policy, as well as printing and mints.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

When the surrounding countries exchanged to the euro, it was also natural to take the euro as the currency of the dwarf states.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Countries also have the right to mint some number of euro coins with their own national images, which are fair money in the euro countries belonging to the EU [62], but end up at a price almost exclusively higher than their face values due to their low mintage. collectors' collections.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Coin-minting rights for Andorra began three other countries later, on 1 July 2013.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[61] In addition, the euro is used in some other non-EU countries, such as Montenegro and Kosovo (see Euro area for more detail).


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

This use, which has been called euroisation, is similar to the so-called dollarisation that has occurred in some other countries, namely the country's own-initiative decision to stop using its own currency and start using the US dollar instead.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

With the exception of cases of dwarf states such as the one mentioned above, euroization and dollarisation are usually a sign of a country's economic problems: a country's own currency has been abandoned due to the continued rapid depreciation of its value and started to be used as a world currency that is reliable in value.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Eurosisation in no way makes a country officially euroworthy or a member of the eurozone, nor does Eurosciation pave the way for subsequent formal eurozone accession — usually quite the opposite, since the use of a foreign currency tells the country's economy to be in a state where you could not have its own currency trust.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

On the other hand, no international or eurozone code prevents an independent but non-EU state from taking the euro as its official currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The euro state is not involved in the functioning of the European Central Bank or the European System of Central Banks.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

European Union countries that do not use euros Several EU member states do not use the euro but their national currencies.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

These countries can be divided into three categories depending on the reason they do not use the euro: 1.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Countries entitled not to adopt the euro: Great Britain and Denmark Great Britain was a member of the EU even before the Maastricht Treaty and negotiated a treaty for itself the right not to adopt the single currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

British eurosceptics say the single currency is a step towards a federal EU that would soon begin to resemble the US.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Eurosceptics say that with the euro, Britain's economic life would suffer if it had to evolve at the pace of monetary and economic policy in the eurozone, but under the pound, Britain can determine its pace of development itself.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Like Britain, Denmark was a member of the EU even before the Maastricht Treaty and negotiated for itself the right not to adopt the single currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In the 2000 referendum, 53.2% opposed joining the common currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

However, unlike Sweden and Britain, Denmark has pegged the value of its krona to the euro and is in ERM II phase.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

So it can be said that Denmark is formally one step closer to adopting the euro than Sweden and Britain.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

A country that, according to its EU commitments, should switch to the euro, but which at least has not yet wanted to do so: Sweden held a referendum in Sweden in 2003 on exchanging crowns for euros.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

55.9% opposed the introduction of the euro and 42.0% were in favour.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Unlike Britain and Denmark, Sweden joined the EU while the Maastricht Treaty was in force, which in principle obliges it to switch to the common currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Sweden has asked the EU to be allowed to keep its own currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The formal reason is that accession to the ERM phase is voluntary and must precede the introduction of the euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In Sweden, the debate over the euro was very heated around the time of the referendum.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Countries that have not yet met the euro adoption criteria: Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic and Hungary The introduction of the euro in an EU country requires certain economic criteria to be met (convergence criteria and the Maastricht Treaty).


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The purpose of the convergence criteria is to guide new euro aspiring countries to put their economies in good enough shape, both for the welfare of the countries themselves and for the protection of the euro area.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Ten new member countries joined the EU in 2004, with Slovenia switching to using the euro in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia 2011, Latvia in 2014 and Lithuania in 2015.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[63] [64] [65] The old national currencies are used so far by Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

As negotiated in their accession treaty, these countries do not have the right to abstain from adopting the euro and therefore have an obligation to try to bring their economies into euro shape and adopt the euro as soon as possible.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

The exchange of Polish, Czech and Hungarian currencies into the euro is still in an undetermined future, as the countries' economies do not meet the criteria for adoption of the euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

Some countries would like to introduce the euro as soon as possible.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In some other new member countries, such as Poland, the position of politicians in government has been less pro-euro or even anti-euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In such a situation, there has been no active push towards the adoption of the euro in the country.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

In 2007 Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU, and in 2013 Croatia.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

According to the accession treaties, they must join the euro when they meet the criteria of the common currency.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

States that have tied their currencies to the euro Withdrawal from the euro No country has seceded from the euro and there are no regulations for seceding from the euro.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[66] The position of Mario Draghi, president of the European Central Bank, is that the euro is irreversible.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[67] According to Jean-Claude Juncker, president of the European Commission, the common currency is tied to free movement, and therefore the end of one would also destroy the other.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[68] Euro countries have a single payment system through which payments are transferred through the single Euro payments system under the auspices of the ECB in the form of SEPA account transfers.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

According to a Finnish study, a country that diverges from the euro should set up a new payment system.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

For a country like Finland, which has completely abandoned its own payment system and would have to set up a new one from scratch, it would take half a year to a year to set up a payment system.


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

[69] Sources on the topic elsewhere (see:


Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

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Question: Who invented the euro?

Euro

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Question: Who invented the euro?

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€ * Category:European Monetary Union Category:2002 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The human race is a term previously used to distinguish and classify groups of people based on, for example, external features, geographical origin or lineage.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Definitions of the word race were and remain highly varied, as are the criteria applied to classification of races, but racial characteristics are thought to be inherited from parents to offspring.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Also, there is no consensus on what is meant by the expression human race or what it should mean.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Studies at the beginning of the millennium and the opening of the human genome provided indications that human populations of different origins are very similar in their DNA structure.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

However, studies with modern tools have shown that the link between differences in gene lineage to many current racial structures is entirely real.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[1] [2] [3] Genetic studies have, for example, shown different races to differ not only in terms of skin colour, but also in more complex dimensions and disease tendencies.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[1] [3] However, the use of the term “Race” has been greatly diminished by its politically incorrect use.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Scientists prefer to use the word population, which refers to a set of individuals reproducing with each other and does not include the concept of difference.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

As early as 1950, UNESCO recommended abandoning the concept of race when talking about people.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[4] Perceptions of races and specific racial divisions have varied from culture and time in history to time.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[5] Traditional Western definitions of race have been based on visible differences, especially in skin color, but also in factors such as facial features and hair quality.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Historically, three or four main breeds have been distinguished, with the names Caucasoids, Mongolids, and Negrids, or the white, yellow and black main race, according to skin color, but the indigenous population of North America has also been referred to as a distinct red main breed.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

All of these have different classifications divided into even smaller groups.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[6] Modern racial definitions do not result in such steep-bordered categories.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The contentiousness of the concept of race is also enhanced by the impact of racial perceptions on people's social identity.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[5] Race, as a concept, has always included meanings other than purely related to the different appearance of people.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Already in the racial classification of groups, Carl von Linné, the father of taxonomy, character traits were attached, and later, in the “scientific racism” developed by Francis Galton, it became a tool for valuing human groups.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[7] The interest of early race scientists and the general public has been focused on assumptions about the coupling of human external qualities to mental qualities such as intelligence and quality of character.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[8] According to several scholars, “race” as it is conceived in the United States, for example, is a social system developed in the 18th century to refer to populations brought together by colonialism, such as Indians, Africans and Europeans on the American continent.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Racial thinking as an ideology highlighting people's differences also spread to other continents.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Racial classifications became a way of distinguishing, valuing and controlling colonized and later, at the end of the 19th century, European peoples as well.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The classifications justify social, economic and political modes and systems based on inequality.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

During the 1930s and 1940s, National Socialists in Germany, under the guise of racial doctrine, destroyed about 11 million people belonging to the “lower races”, [9] which contributed to an overwhelming criticism of the concept of race after World War II.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Carl von Linné divided man into subspecies.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The concept of “race” entered parlance in the 18th century from animal breeding.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Efforts have been made to get rid of the concept of “race” due to connotations that have formed negative in society as a politically incorrect concept, although the denotation of the concept is the same as before and the concept is used to describe differences between people.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The concept of “race” is closely related to racism in parlance, and it has been desired to abandon the concept altogether because of this, and instead use the substitute term “ethnic group”, but as a concept race refers more to biological differences between people and ethnic group more to cultural differences .


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

History of Racial Definitions Some have suggested that in Jewish culture, Christianity or Islam and ancient Greece and Rome, no people were divided by external hallmarks into separate biological categories.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

In the ancient world, the Greeks and Romans divided people mainly according to political relations and nationalities.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Nor was Aristotle's division into Greeks and Barbarians based on race but were divided into those who politically organised themselves into city-states (the Greeks) and those who did not act like this (the barbarians).


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The Romans distinguished themselves from others by the system of law they applied, and in the great monotheistic religions in the Middle Ages the division ran between right and infidels.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

In Christianity and Islam, it was held that all people were capable of converting to the right faith.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Also, the concept of Jewish goy was related to the Jewish religion, not blood inheritance.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[10] Some cultures have developed racial classifications on social or economic grounds.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

For example, the breakdown of Hutu and Tutsis that led to the genocide in Rwanda has been seen to be initially based more on social class and economic factors than ethnic considerations.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

According to Philip Gourevitch, expressed somewhat generalistically, the Hutu became a Tutsi if he started raising cattle, and the Tutsi became a Hutu if he started farming the land.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[11] In the 19th century, John Hanning Speke strengthened the division with the Hamist theory based on scientific racism, that Tutsis belong to a “higher” Hami and Hutus to a “lower” Bantu race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[12] According to some theories, possibly the first breed appeared in Spain during the Reconquista, when Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon expelled from the country first Jews in 1492 and later Muslims in 1502.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

However, many of those to be expelled had converted to Christians to escape expulsion, causing Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada to order that the Inquisition should examine not only the religion of the persons but also the pedigree of these.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Only those who managed to prove their pedigree Christianity were allowed to remain in the country.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The edict soon evolved into the principle of “pure blood” (), which can be seen as a precursor to the concept of race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[10] The first racial classifications It has been argued that the first definitions of race date back to the 17th century and relate to European imperialism and the acquisition of colonies.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

A racial concept similar to the present appears for the first time in François Bernier's work “Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent” (“A new division of the Earth based on the species or races that inhabit it”).


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Based on his travels to Egypt, India and Persia, Bernier divided humanity into four races, the first colonizing most of Europe and North America, Persia and North and Central India spreading all the way to Indonesia.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The second group was located in sub-Saharan Africa, the third in East and Central Asia.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The fourth group was formed by the short stature Scandinavian Sami.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Bernier's classification was not hierarchical like later race theories.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[10] In Europe, the first systematic hierarchical racial classifications of humans arose in the mid-18th century.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The authors of these racial classifications were the most prominent scholars of the era such as Georges Leclerc de Buffon and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, and later in the 19th century Georges Cuvier.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[13] The father of taxonomy Carl von Linné divided humans in his book Systema naturae into four races: Homo sapiens americanus, which was reddish, temperamental and submissive; Homo sapiens europaeus: white, severe and strong; Homo sapiens asiaticus: yellow, melancholic and greedy, and Homo sapiens afer: black, passive and lazy.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Von Linné's racial division became the base of the long-held racial conception.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[7] These systems have subsequently been referred to as classical racial classifications.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

In classical racial classifications, race was defined as a set of people with common observable or measurable bodily traits.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Of these traits, the most notable was initially skin colour, on which Blumenbach's classification into five races was also based: Caucasian (white), Mongolic (yellow), Ethiopian (black), Malaysian, and American race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[13] The racial theories that arose during the Enlightenment were part of a new comparative, typecasting and classifying approach of natural sciences to the world and various phenomena.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[14] Modern racism based on physical differences between people has been argued that it would not have been possible without the scientific thinking created by the Enlightenment.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Linné, Blumenbach and other 18th-century scholars enabled secular and “scientific racism” by studying humans as part of the animal kingdom and no longer as creations distinct from God's rest of nature.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[15] Before these classical racial classifications, race in Europe had generally been treated as a phenomenon to be assimilated with nationality, but now Europeans began to identify with a wider group of Caucasians.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The beauty ideal of Ancient Greece was formed at the bottom of the racial hierarchy, and the further any person was from this ideal, the less “Caucasian” he was.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[7] Classical racial theories categorized groups of people, in addition to physical trait such as skin color, according to factors such as beauty and ugliness, cultural level of development, and mental characteristics.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Although the classifications were racist in part, it was nevertheless believed that humanity was a unified species and variations were due to the habitat of each group.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[13] Physical anthropology and 'scientific racism' from the end of the 18th century onwards moved, with the general development of science, even in the study of human differences from visual estimates towards accurate measurements and statistical processing of results.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In physical anthropology, facial angles were initially measured and considered that the straighter the angle of the face, the more advanced or “human-like” a person or race was.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In the 1840s there was a shift to skull measurements, and especially the measurement of the width/length ratio of the skull, namely the width—longitudinal index.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

It was generally considered that long-skulls were more capable than broad-skulled ones.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[13] In the mid-19th century, the study of differences in humanity differentiated into its own discipline, physical anthropology.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Particularly in Germany, representatives of physical anthropology considered themselves to be practicing “human natural history”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

With the emergence of a new discipline, racial studies also became more stigmatizing towards many groups of people than before.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

It was influenced by the emergence of polygenetism, that is, the perception of the division of humanity into several species, from the association of claims of mental and physical traits with craniometry, or craniometry, and also the interpretation of racial classifications based on evolutionary theory.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[13] This systematization of racial thought in the nineteenth century, later [16] which has come to be referred to as 'scientific racism', has been considered to be the most fundamental distinguishing feature of Western racism from racisms in other cultures.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[17] According to anatomist Robert Knox, who was characterised by Pekka Isaksson as the first scientific racist, “Race is everything: literature, science, art — in a word, civilization — all depend on it”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

By the end of the century, the concept of race had spread from natural sciences to history and social sciences as well.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[14] German historian and philosopher Christoph Meiners suggested in his work Historische Vergleichung, published as early as 1793, that the development of cultures is linked to racial types.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The cultures he divided into “savages”, “barbaric”, “incipiently enlightened” and “enlightened”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

He also created an ascending scale of humans, placing groups in the following order: human apes, “forest negroes”, “bush hottentots”, “bushmanns”, “South Sea Negroes”, Finns, Mongol nomadic peoples, West Asian nomads, South Sea island peoples, South Asians, Hindus, west asians and europeans.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Meiners also held that “inferiors” could not claim the same rights “with superiors”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[13] Based on the works of English anthropologist Francis Galton, particularly the book The Comparative Worth of Different Races (1869), the field of study of eugenics emerged in the latter part of the 19th century.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Galton placed the various races on an intelligence scale, with the Athenians located at the other extreme and below them, in descending order, the English, Scots and Northern Englishmen.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Below the British were Africans, and lowest in the classification were the indigenous people of Australia.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Galton's theories became very popular in Europe and the United States.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[18] Racial hygiene The knowledge of race by 19th century scholars was generally both essentialist, where race was defined by a list of characteristics, and taxonomic.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

However, developments in Darwinism, Social Darwinism, and Mendelian genetics called into question the accuracy of both definitions and called for a fundamental redefinition of race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Contrary to prevailing conceptions, British naturalist Charles Darwin suggested in 1872 that different races had evolved from a common ancestor in his book Manifestation of Emotions in Humans and Animals based on research on the interpretation of facial expressions.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[19] Initially liberal social Darwinists held that with development, man as a species, or at least the “white race”, becomes smarter, more civilized, and morally superior, even if the price for it in the Darwinist struggle for survival was the destruction of the “unfit”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

At the end of the 19th century, however, developmental belief transformed into pessimism while racist views and racial hygienic demands were strengthened.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In racial hygiene, it was held that humanity should be ennobled like domestic animals: the “unfit” came to be prevented from reproducing by, among other things, forced sterilizations, enacting marriage restrictions, or isolating them in institutions.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In the European cultural circle, racial hygiene focused first and foremost on fostering the heritage material of the “white race” and pruning the heritage material of other races from it.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Racial hygiene was also influenced by nationalism, as it was felt that within nations the spread of the best heritages needed to be promoted for the nation to thrive in the struggle between nations for living space.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[20] In the 19th century, Aryans were believed to have been a name used by the progenitor Europeans themselves.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

This conception was mostly based on the fact that the Irish self-language name “Éire” was thought to have the same root as the Ari-, Arya-, Ārya- and similar words from Sanskrit and other Indo-Iranian languages, from which “Aryan” was derived.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Because around this time language was associated with lineage, and because Europeans were thought to be racially superior, a conception of a superior “Aryan” race arose.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[21] According to racial hygienists, the two most significant threats were the mixing of different races and the quantitative growth of “inferior” races.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Within Europe, such a threat was the faster reproduction of the “inferior” alpine race considered primitive and primitive over the northern race, or “Aryans”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In 1910 Eugen Fischer suggested that pure Germanic blood had already disappeared from Spain, Portugal and Italy, was losing from France, and would eventually lose from Germany as well.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[20] At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, eugenics was popular in the United States and across western Europe.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[22] Beginning in the 1930s, eugenics lived especially in Nazi Germany, whose racial hygienic programs aimed to preserve the “pure” German race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The National Socialists conducted extensive, often brutal experiments on humans to test their theories of heredity.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Eugenics culminated in the German T4 eugenics programme, in which another hundred thousand people were murdered as “unviable lives” ().


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[23] In the United States, support for racial hygiene declined while an estimated 360000—375000 forced sterilizations were enforced in Germany and the eugenic program also expanded to include so-called “mercy killings”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The decline in support was motivated by factors such as public public opinion, opposition to the Catholic Church, and changing jurisprudence.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[24] The Department of Racial Hygiene was established in Sweden in 1921 with the mission of preventing Swedes from interbreeding with Finns and Lappans, among others.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Subsequent racial classifications in addition to the classification system for main races established in the 19th century, several more specific classifications and sub-breeds were also presented.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

For example, in the 1920s, Hans Günter divided Europeans into five different breeds: the northern (Aryan) race is long, blond, blue-eyed and long-skulled western, i.e. mediterranic breed is shorter, dark-haired, dark-eyed and long-skulled eastern, i.e. the alpine race is The short, short-skulled, brown-haired and brown-eyed Eastern Baltic breed is of short stature, short-skulled, blue-eyed, blond and coarse-haired and protruding from cheekbones The dinaric breed is long-statured, dark-haired, dark-eyed, short-skulled, broad-browed and Contours of the face are strong.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In the Günter classification, the Finns belonged to an Eastern Baltic race that was close in features to the Mongolids.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Later Finns have been regarded as a mixed people formed by the Northern and Eastern Baltic races.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[25] Subclasses of human races were sometimes referred to as human types.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

For example, the work The Racial Characters of the Swedish nation: Anthropologia suecica, published in 1926, considered Swedes to represent six different types of people so that the “purely Nordic type” represented 30per cent of the country's population.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[26] CaucasoidsCongoidsCapoidsMongolidsAustralids The American anthropologist Carleton Coon suggested in his 1962 book The Origin of Races (, not translated) that humanity was divided into five races: Caucasoids, Congoids, Capoids, Mongolids, and Australoids.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In this classification, the Mongolid race also includes Indians, Malays, and Pacific Islanders, while the Capoids, or Khoisans of southern Africa, formed their own race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Coon held that Homo sapiens evolved from Homo erectus five times in five regions, and that these five independent evolutionary “jumps” represented groups of racial classification.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to him, for example, the Caucasoids separated from Homo erectus 200,000 years before the Congoids.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Coon's theory was once very controversial in the scientific community.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[27] Today, Coon's theory of the evolution of races is generally considered wrong.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to the widely accepted view, Africa is the initial home of all humans, from which Homo sapiens migrated to other parts of the Earth no later than about 60000 years ago, gradually displacing Homo erectus everywhere.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[28] Coon's theory was also used, particularly in the United States, to justify a system of racial segregation: advocates of racial segregation held that African-Americans “younger” than the country's white population were not capable of fully participating in the country's society.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to Professor John P. Jackson, Coon also actively supported groups that pushed for racial segregation.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[27] Twentieth- and 21st-century race debate As early as 1950, the UNESCO position statement The Race Question recommends abandoning the term race when talking about the human species and replacing it with the term “ethnic group”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[4] A subsequent UNESCO position statement Proposals on the biological aspects of race from 1969 states that there is wide variation within all human populations and that no pure races in the sense of genetically homogeneous population exist within the human species.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to the UNESCO position statement, no racial classification system is able to divide humanity into distinct distinct racial groups, and the complexity of human history makes it difficult to place many human populations in these classifications.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[35] More recently, according to the positions of the American Anthropological Association and the Institute of Medicine, part of the United States National Academies of Sciences, among others, racial divisions have no biological basis whatsoever.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[9] [36] 78% of articles in the Journal of Physical Anthropology used racial classifications such as Negroid and Europid in 1931, but in 1965 the proportion was 36% and in 1996 no more 28%.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[37] Traditionally defined races account for a small proportion of genetic modification between human populations.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to US evolutionary biologist and geneticist Richard Lewontin, about 85 per cent of all genetic modification in humans is already evident within a single linguistic or national group and only 6 to 10 per cent of it can be explained by the traditional concept of race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[38] Several medical peer-reviewed scientific publications have dispensed with using race as an explanatory factor.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[39] Some scientists consider human races to be deficient in the concept of systematics, or biological classification.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Their view is that race is always, by definition, inaccurate, artificial and stuck in customs, and that the concept of race varies greatly from culture to culture.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to them, the concept of race is most easily understood socially.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

For example, historians Pekka Isaksson and Jouko Jokisalo have linked racial divisions to the racist legacy of Western history.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to them, categorizations and racial claims began to be dressed in the costume of science in the 18th century; racism became systematized as humanity was divided into races and types.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[40] Some members of the scientific community still find racial division useful.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Michael Levin has suggested that race is still still a useful concept and criticism of the concept of race is motivated more by political than scientific reasons.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Although the importance of racial classifications, according to Levin, will continue to be used in biological anthropology in the future, in the same way that a rough division such as spectral class will continue to be useful in cosmology.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[34] Since the 1990s, new data on genetics and evolutionary lineages have altered human perceptions of evolution, leading to a new evolutionary lines-based definition of race being proposed.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Some researchers have also argued that the concept of race is useful when talking about certain genetic phenomena, for example genetic clusters.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[34] Opinion polls The scientific community uses the term “race” to varying degrees.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Some studies use the word “race” only in the taxonomic sense, while some only use the word “population”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In a 1985 US survey conducted by Lieberman et al, 1200 researchers from different fields answered the question, how many disagree with the following statement: “Within the species “There are biological races within Homo sapiens?” [41] Answers were divided as follows among representatives of different disciplines: [41] biologists 16% developmental psychologists 36% physical anthropologists 41% cultural anthropologists 53% among anthropologists with doctoral degrees the results were as follows: [41] agree 50% disagreed 42% In a 1999 revised poll of physical anthropologists no longer 31% and of cultural anthropologists 20% believed in races as a biological concept.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[42] On the basis of another survey conducted only among anthropologists, the majority of researchers in the field also no longer support the concept of race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[43] In a 2001 poll in Poland, only 25% of anthropologists rejected the concept of race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Unlike in the United States, however, in Poland anthropologists do not consider race to be a taxonomic concept, but rather as a synonym of the term “population”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The difference may be due to differences, education, or attitudes in anthropological schools or sociopolitical history, among other things.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[44] According to one study, in university physical anthropology textbooks from 1936—1984, the use of concepts referring to race had declined more than in biology textbooks.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Lieberman et al.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

suggested that the concept of “race” should not be used from Homo sapiens.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In addition, the researchers urged those biologists and anthropologists who continue to use the term to say in their lectures, among other things, that there is no consensus among scientists on the usefulness and accuracy of the term and that there is more variation within races than between them.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[41] Racial studies Since the 1940s, anthropologists have rejected the essentialist definition of race that mankind could be divided into a certain number of races by listing the external characteristics or traits of those belonging to these races, since external characteristics tend to change geographically gradually rather than abruptly.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

External properties are inherited independently of each other, and the existence of one property does not guarantee the existence of others.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

For example, the skin color of the native people changes when approaching the equator from light to darker, but this is not related to the shape of the nose or the quality of the hair.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Because of this, the attempt to divide people into biological populations based on appearance is considered both subjective and arbitrary among scientists.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[45] Since the 1960s, population genetic models and data have also challenged the taxonomic significance of race and some researchers have rejected the classification of human groups based on race or switched to using a definition of race based on populations, i.e., clines.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to stances from the American Anthropological Association and the Institute of Medicine of the United States Academy of Sciences, among others, racial divisions lack a biological base.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[9] [46] [47] [36] [48] Discussion of race has become more difficult because the race has been studied on at least two levels, globally and nationally, and pursuing different goals.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Evolutionary biologists tend to be interested in humanity as a whole and focus their studies on global differences between groups of people.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Therefore, taxonomic classifications are often useless.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Decision-makers and those working in practical professions (law enforcement, medicine) tend to be interested mainly in narrower genetic variation and therefore find taxonomic racial categories useful.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

For example, based on the characteristics of the skull, one can usually judge what race and human type an individual belonged to.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

This can help considerably in the identification of the deceased.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[7] Differences in research and scale are evident in three studies published since 2002: “Genetic Structure of Human Populations” by Rosenberg et al., [49] “Evidence for Gradients of Human Genetic Diversity Within and Among Continents” [50] by Serre & Pääbo [50] and “Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies.” [51] Both Rosenberg and Serre & Pääbo studied general genetic variation but came to different conclusions.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

When Rosenberg studied specimens from different populations around the world without regard to geography, Serre & Pääbo took samples into account when choosing geography.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Rosenberg found evidence for genetic clusters (“races”).


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Serre & Pääbo, on the other hand, found that relative to geographic space, genetic variation in humans is continuous (from place to place) and clinial.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[50] Rosenberg's research was related to medical (epidemiological) question layouts, while Serren & Pääbo's interest was human evolution.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Tang et al.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

on the other hand, examine genetic variation in the United States based on which is the more important criterion in epidemiological research, a person's race (ethnicity) or geography.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Tang found that in the United States, race/ethnicity is a more important issue, unlike Serre & Pääbo.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Further research on self-defined race relative to population genetic structure reinforced Tang's conclusions.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Serre & Pääbo predicted the contradictions of the global and national levels in their analysis: To replace the concept of race, the concepts clique and population at the beginning of the 20th century, some anthropologists questioned and ultimately rejected the claim of the equivalence of biological races between linguistic and with cultural groups.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The rise of population genetics led some biologists and anthropologists to consider even the rejection of the entire concept of race reasonable.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The reasons for it were mainly four: empirical evidence, definitive problems, easy access to alternative concepts, and ethical problems.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[52] The concept of race was first challenged on empirical grounds by anthropologists Franz Boas, who studied phenotypes, [53] and Ashley Montagu, who relied on genetics.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Edward O. Wilson and W. Brown challenged the concept from the point of view of zoology and additionally rebuffed the claim of race and subspecies equivalence.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[54] One of the crucial new findings for redefining geno- and phenotypic variation was made by anthropologist C. Loring Brace: when variations influenced by natural selection, migration, or genetic drift follow geographic boundaries, geographic changes are “clines”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[55] This perspective focused attention on the problem of phenotypic, i.e. phenotypic racial definitions (e.g. definitions based on skin colour, head shape or hair type), they ignore a number of other factors (such as blood type) which are not consistent with those with racial definitions.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Thus, anthropologist Frank Livingstone concluded that because clinicians cross racial boundaries, “there are no races, but only cliques.”


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[56] After discovering that 85% of genetic variation in homo sapiens is common to all populations rather than between populations, geneticist Richard Lewontin posited that both “race” and “subspecies” are poor terms when applied to human populations.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[57] Lewontin's view has been criticized and seen as an error inference.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to A. W. F. Edwards, while genetic variation (single alleles) is mostly common to all human populations, this in itself says nothing about the appropriateness of racial classifications.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

When one considers a large set of alleles instead of individual alleles, one finds that their occurrence frequencies are statistically interdependent, such that in a given population certain alleles are more common than in another population.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Thus, racial classifications are possible.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[58] Whether or not Lewontin's view is an error inference depends, according to Ranajit Chakraborty, on how the concept of race is defined: if it is considered that racial groups should distinguish only one particular characteristic of the individual, Lewontin has shown that mankind does not divide into clear to racial groups.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

However, looking at a larger set of different characteristics are racial groups recognizable.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[59] D. J. Witherspoon et al.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

(2007) examined the question “how often two individuals from one population are genetically more different than two individuals selected from different populations”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The answer to the question depended on the number of loci studied: for ten loci the probability was about 30%, for one hundred about 20%, and for 1,000 about 10%.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In the case of human populations, numerous close and mixed populations further increase these odds.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

However, if several thousand loci and geographically distant populations are studied, the answer is 0%.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to researchers, caution should be taken when drawing conclusions about the phenotypes of individuals based on their geographical or genetic background.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[60] In addition to the above problems, since World War II, scholars have drawn attention to the use of racial beliefs as instigations for discrimination, apartheid, slavery, and genocide.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The moral and political problems associated with the division of humanity over races came to attention, particularly in the 1960s with the advent of the civil rights movement and colonialism critical movements in the United States.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Some scientists have either completely rejected the concept of race in favour of “population”, while some have switched to using “clinical”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The concepts are not mutually exclusive, and several scholars use both.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Many sociologists have replaced the word “race” with “ethnicity” when referring to groups that define themselves by religion, nationality, or “race”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[61] Models of human evolution Any biological racial definition must answer questions about the evolution of racial differences in human evolution.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

For almost the entire 20th century, however, anthropologists have had to rely on incomplete fossil material from the history of human evolution.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Their models have rarely provided a good basis for looking at the origins of breeds.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

However, contemporary research and molecular biology have yielded considerably new information about the human past.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

There has been intense debate among anthropologists about the origins of Homo sapiens.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Homo erectus migrated from Africa to Europe and Asia about a million years ago.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The debate centers on two theories: Did Homo erectus evolve into Homo sapiens roughly simultaneously in Europe, Africa and Asia, or did it only evolve in Africa, supplanting later Homo erectus in Europe and Asia?


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[27] Each model introduces different scenarios of racial genesis.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Defenders of the first model, including Frayer et al., [62] consider the anatomical continuity of fossils in regions of southern and central Europe, East Asia and Australia as evidence.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The anatomical similarities are thought to be due to genetic similarities.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Large genetic similarities between humans do not, according to their claims, prove a common ancestor, but rather reflect the constant gene flow between different human populations and the connections of these populations to each other.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The main feature of this model is that in it the evolution of Homo sapiens has millions of years of time, which is more than sufficient for different races to evolve.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

However, Leiberman and Jackson have pointed out that this model depends on a number of conclusions stemming from the concept of an already completed race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[63] Knowledge gained since the 1990s has led in biology to question race as an evolutionary line.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Widely understood, the concept of race has become synonymous with origin.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to the results of human genetic variation and archaeological research, East Africa is the initial home of all humans from which Homo sapiens migrated, replacing Homo erectus about 60000 years ago.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The indigenous people of Australia are considered an early migratory group that has remained isolated for a long time.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Most of the other groups, such as Europeans, Asians, and Native Americans, have been considered a single, related group to each other, born in later migration from Africa.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[64] [28] As recently as the early 2010s, it was generally thought that genetic classes corresponding to human races had emerged straightforwardly along their own lines of development after leaving Africa in the last 50,000 years.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

However, with the rapid development of research into ancient human DNA, which began in 2009, it has become clear that the current structure of human populations is completely different than it was still only ten thousand years ago.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The current populations are crossbreeds of the earlier populations that diverged equally from each other, which again were interbreeds of previous populations and so on.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

By interbreeding, these ancient populations have often disappeared, such as the North Euroasians who gave their lineage to Europeans and Native Americans.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[65] Since the 1980s, internal human genetic variation has been noted to be comparatively low, which has been interpreted as indicative of the species' youth and the species has been thought to be even too young to develop subspecies.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

However, the human genome contains about three billion nucleotides, and two humans differ by an average of three million nucleotides.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[38] Most of these differences are neutral, but some are also functional, contributing to phenotypic differences between humans.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In the field of population genetics, it is believed these neutral differences reflect human population history.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The human population passed through the bottleneck before rapid reproduction at the time of migrations arriving from Africa.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The consequence was divergence between African and Eurasian populations around 100000 years ago (about 5000 generations) and later differences between European and Asian populations 40000 years ago (about 2000 generations).


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[64] [66] Rapid growth of a small population has two significant effects on the distribution of genetic variation.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

First, the so-called founder effect occurs when founder populations bring with them to a new population only part of the genetic variation of the previous large population.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Second, as founder populations disperse more geographically, the likelihood of two individuals from different founding populations being reproduced decreases.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

It reduces gene flow between two geographic groups, while increasing the genetic distance between the groups.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[67] In 2010, a research team led by Svante Pääbo published a study showing that non-African human populations contain between 1% and 4% of Neanderthal human genes, meaning species have proliferated with each other over history.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Some scientists, among them Milford H. Wolpoff see this as important evidence for distinct evolutionary lineages of races, while others, for example Christopher B. Stringer and Laurent Excoffier consider that species mixing is only a small minor detail of Homo sapiens in development and still regard Africa as the starter home of all people.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[68] New knowledge of human genetic variation has reignited the debate over the concept of race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Most of the disagreement concerns questions about how to interpret new information, particularly whether previous conclusions about race are correct.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The large majority of scientists do not consider divorced groups in migrations from Africa to be subspecies.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Others, however, argue over whether those evolutionary lines should be called “racial” or “racial lines.”


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[49] [63] [50] Arguments in favour of racial lines The genetic statistical data shows some discrepancies in the average DNA sequences of human populations.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Some studies suggest peak values of average sequence divergence are obtained for populations whose distribution follows a specific geographical distribution, for example continents.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Studies find that people on the same continent can be similar to each other.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In general, however, the continent is too big a population unit for it, and the internal variation of the continent's human population tends to be greater than the average variation between continental populations.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Often population studies are criticized for creating a group identity from the front.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

It has also been suggested that group identity could only be defined on the basis of genetic data, thus providing evidence for the prevailing population structure.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Take the Rosenberg Research Group, for example.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

was able to place 1056 individuals from 52 populations around the globe into six genetic clusters, five of which correspond to the traditional division into the Mongolid, Euripid, Negrid, Australidic, and the “red” human race of indigenous peoples of the Americas.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[49] However, studies that place individuals in groups leave unclear what measured differences have in common with the concept of race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Some of the racial or ethnic groups known to be historically mixed do not have a homogeneous lineage.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

For example, the lineage of many blacks in the United States is a mixture of West African and European lineage.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to a study published in 2005, a link can be shown between the ethnic identity assessed by U.S. and Taiwanese themselves and genetic groups statistically created for these by researchers.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Tang et al.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

analyzed DNA samples from 3636 individuals from 15 localities in the United States and Taiwan and presented an association based on the samples based on the individual's self-reported ethnic identity—White (White), Black (Black), East Asian (East Asian) or Latino (Hispanic) —with a 0.14% margin of error.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[51] Arguments against racial lines Studies have shown that 85% of all genetic variation between people is already found within a single linguistic or national group, for example French or Japanese.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Approximately 15% of the remaining variation occurs between national groups belonging to the same 'race' (e.g. between Japanese and Korean or French and Spanish) and only 6% — 10% of the variation occurs in traditionally defined races in between.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[38] However, in the opinion of anthropologists Lieberman and Jackson, there are far deeper methodological and conceptual problems for defining race on the basis of evolutionary lines.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

They point out that “molecular and biochemical evidence advocating the model already uses the concept of race in grouping their original specimens”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

For example, large and varied groups of North Americans and Europeans are designated as pre-white even before DNA analysis.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

It limits and distorts interpretation, relationships along evolutionary lines, as well as ignoring important environmental factors that have already contributed to genetic variability in themselves.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

According to them, despite the significance of empirical research, many studies use the concept of race carelessly.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

They note that the authors of the studies find evidence for large differences because they have considered race to be a valid concept in the first place.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[63] New studies show that genetic variation is steady and persistent even in areas previously considered homogeneous and that gaps in studies are dependent on sampling patterns.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[50] The authors of the study do not question the meaning of research using evolutionary lines, but only the use of the word race, since already the term “population” suffices to explain the results of the research.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Race in Forensic Anthropology Forensic anthropology seeks to identify a person's age, gender, and “race” or ethnic group from the human skeleton or part thereof.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

In forensic anthropology, race determination is done by comparing a sample skull with measurements taken from skulls in reference collections.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

In the United States, forensic anthropologists are able, with about 80% probability, to infer from the human skull a person's race.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

In the country, skulls are grouped by race based on either a person's birth certificate or post-mortem examination.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[7] However, race here does not imply a purely biologically determined population, but states “in which socially created 'racial category' a person is placed”.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Race in medicine In medicine, the breed has been used as a variable, among other things, in epidemiological studies to assess mortality and with diseases such as sickle cell anemia.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[69] Some researchers consider that even if race over time would prove to be a rough and ineffective method in understanding genetic differences in humans, it may play an important temporary role.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Because racial definitions are vague and difficult to classify, self-identification of people has become the only practical method of classification.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[48] Race has been identified as an explanatory factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease [70], obesity [71] and cataracts [72], among others.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Research results are sometimes contradictory.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

For example, in the United States, high blood pressure has been found to be more common in African-Americans than whites, but on the other hand, Nigerians and Jamaicans who are “ethnically black” have less high blood pressure than U.S. whites.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

In blacks, high blood pressure occurred between 14 and 44%, and in whites 27— 55%.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[48] Light skin is considered to be an adaptation that enhances the production of vitamin D, which is important for human well-being.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[73] On the other hand, dark skin is an adaptation of equatorial regions against the burning effect of sunlight.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

According to Francis Collins, director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, “race” and “ethnicity” are ill-defined concepts that work on a number of different environmental and genetic factors, including geographic origin, socioeconomic status, education and health care as a substitute for the level.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

He believes that science should abandon these indirect effects.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[48] Also, researcher Michael Root has suggested that race as such an explanatory factor in medicine research is a sign of the genes that determine the enzymes that metabolize drugs and that the results of modern science on race cast doubt on the use of race as a medically significant explanatory factor.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[69] In February 2001, the editorial board of the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine requested that researchers no longer use the concept of “race” as an explanatory variable and not use outdated concepts.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Some other journals, such as the New England Journal of Medicine and the American Journal of Public Health have also subsequently issued similar guidelines.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[39] Race as a social phenomenon Many scholars believe that race, as a concept, has always included meanings other than just the different appearance of people.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The current conception of race, developed in the 18th century, is based on the era's view of a hierarchical system formed by humans, nature, and God.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

A racial hierarchy defined by the authority of God or nature became the justification for colonialism and slavery.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

In the early 19th century, it was considered that Europeans, Africans and Native Americans were their own distinct species, and Africans were considered to be the least humane and taxonomically mainly apes.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The perception of race and related prejudices and myths are deeply rooted in different cultures and influence perceptions of human biological differences and cultures.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[9] The concept of race has also been linked to racism.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Racism The concept of race has always come with more than just meanings related to people's different appearance.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Already in the racial classification of groups, Carl von Linné, the father of taxonomy, character traits were attached, and later, in the “scientific racism” developed by Francis Galton, it became a tool for valuing human groups.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[7] Racism, or racial discrimination, is an ideology or activity in which disparity in people's appearance, physical features or “folk character” justifies unequal treatment, i.e. discrimination.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Racism can also include policies and societal structures that lead to inequalities based on these factors.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Racism is often associated with ethnic conflict mongering, racial segregation, and sometimes also the perception of the biological distribution of the human species into different races.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[74] Racial discrimination is the most common racist practice.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

It implies preference for those of a particular race or ethnic group, or discrimination against those of a particular race or ethnic group, for example in employment, the administration of justice, public services or apartment rental.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Racial segregation is the practice of segregating people based on race in normal activities such as education, hotel and restaurant services, or housing.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[75] Racial segregation has been practiced despite the laws of countries, or less frequently through legislation, including in South Africa during apartheid and in the US Confederate States up to the 1960s.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Racial classifications Race is largely a political and social issue, and its definitions and different racial classifications differ in different countries.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The US administration has defined a set of “races” to be used in census and statistics.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The racial classification used in the 2000 census was based on people's own declaration.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

The racial categories used by the US are socio-political and not scientific or anthropological concepts.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

Classification includes categories based on both race and a person's country of origin.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

Human race

[76] For example, a system far wider than the US classification is in place in Brazil, and the definition of “white” used in Haiti differs considerably from the US definition.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[5] In South Africa, the Population Registration Act (Population Registration Act) was enacted in 1950, which set out a method for defining and registering all South Africans as a race and which served as the basis for all subsequent apartheid legislation.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Based on the Act, all South African citizens were registered as either European, Coloured or Natives.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

A new category of “Asians” was added to the law in 1959 for Indians in the country.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

“Community acceptance” was taken as the basis for defining human race, and was later expanded to include a person's appearance and lineage roots, in order to prevent the 'appearance' of blond Africans as whites.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In order to distinguish coloured from whites, the following definitions were used: [77] person's hair features among other hairiness characteristics skin hue facial features home language and especially Afrikaans proficiency residential area, friends and acquaintances work social status and social class eating and drinking habits Race and intelligence Exploring the connections between race and IQ is a controversial area of intelligence research.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Its effort is to look at the background, nature and consequences of intelligence differences between racial and ethnic groups.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Criticism of the research trend targets both the unscientificity of racial definitions and the difficulty of defining intelligence.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[78] Differences in school performance between different races are highly correlated with the results of IQ measurements.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In the United States, it has been found that African-American students attending 12th grade perform as well in school on average as white 8th grade students.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

For Hispanics, the results are only marginally better than African-Americans.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[79] According to economist Steven Levitt and journalist Stephen Dubner, after standardizing socioeconomic status, the difference in learning outcomes between African-American and white children is not noticeable in five-year-old children, but the difference appears as early as two years later.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The reason for this may be the differences in the level of education in schools: African-American children tend to attend schools that are 60% “black” and the vast majority of these schools are poor.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

White children attending “black” schools don't fare any better on exams than their African-American schoolmates.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[80] Race and physical performance The breed is thought to have an impact on human physical performance.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

In the United States, where African-Americans make up about 11% of the population, 60% of the country's professional athletes are African-American.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[81] In 100 metres running, the ten second ghost threshold has been below a total of 71 runners, of whom, apart from native Irish-Australian Patrick Johnson and Caucasian Frenchman Christophe Lemaitre, are all black.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[82] Researchers have tried to offer explanations for the dominance of West African sprinters.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

Former middle-distance runner and neurologist Roger Bannister has speculated the differences are due to peculiarities in the anatomy and physiology of blacks.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to him, the muscles of athletes of African background have adapted to warm conditions and are able to generate energy quickly.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

A lower amount of subcutaneous fat may also be an advantage, according to him.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[81] According to Australian researcher Daniel McArthur, out of dozens of Olympic-level sprinters studied, only a few have lacked an active form of the gene ACTN3 in their lineage.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

According to McArthur, one reason for runners with African backgrounds to succeed may be the concentration of ACTN3 and other inherited traits useful for running speed in a particular area.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

[82] On the other hand, according to a study conducted by a research team led by Professor Andre Beja published in 2010, the most significant explanatory factor for differences in sporting success is the position of the athlete's navel relative to his body.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The pole is located at the centre of body mass and in West African athletes this ranks on average three centimeters higher than European athletes, which researchers say explains West Africans' success in sprint.


Question: What country did Steve Seagal move to live in?

The Human Race

The physique of Europeans, in turn, is more preferable in swimming.