Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Another notable event for the emergence of the Second Klan was the lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish factory owner, on August 17, 1915.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Phagan worked in Frank's factory.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank was convicted at trial in Georgia of murder.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The jury had asked that Frank and his attorneys not appear during the verdict was announced because an angry and violent crowd of people surrounded the courthouse.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank's petitions and appeals were denied.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

However, Oliver Wendell Holmes, a member of the United States Supreme Court, dissented, stating that the jury had not acted impartially in its handling of the case because of intimidation.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank was sent to lifelong imprisonment by the Governor, but the Knights of Mary Phagan organization (Knights of the Mary Phagan) seized Frank from the prison yard and lynched him.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In fact, much evidence came to light in the trials in favor of the factory's black gatekeeper being guilty of the murder and rape of a child.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

However, the prosecution claimed the gatekeeper merely helped Frank hide the body.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

For many Southerners who believed in Frank's guilt, there was a powerful confluence between Frank's trial and the film's Birth of a Nation.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

They saw a unity between Mary Phagan and the film's character Flora.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In the film, Flora, a young virgin, would rather jump down a cliff than be raped by the black Gus who chases her.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The film explains that Gus is “an apostate, the product of a beast-like doctrine propagated by the carpetbaggers.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank's trial was artfully used to their advantage by Georgian politician and publisher Thomas E. Watson, who was editor of The Jeffersonian newspaper.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Later, he was the leader of the reorganized Klan, later elected to the United States Senate.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The new Klan was inaugurated to its mission under Methodist preacher William J. Simmons atop Stone Mountain.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The event was followed by old aged members of the First Klan with members of the Knights of Mary Phagan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Simmons was inspired to establish the Second Klan from the 1867 Klan's “Prescript”, which was George Gordon's attempt to create a national organization out of the original Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The “Prescript” of 1867 gives the Klan as statutes: First: To protect the weak, the innocent, and the defenseless from shameful, wrong, and unlawful damages; from violent and brutal; to free the injured and trampled; to help the suffering and the unlucky, and especially Widows and orphans of Confederate soldiers.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Second: Protect and defend the Constitution of the United States Third: To assist and assist in the enforcement of all constitutional laws and to protect people from unlawful seizures and litigation.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Membership Later historians have gained control of membership lists of a few local groups, which they have compared with lists of cities and local areas to generate statistics on the organization's membership numbers.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Jewish-owned newspapers in major cities were hostile to the organisation and generally regarded the Klansmen as nothing more than puny farmers.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The following study from Indiana shows that the stereotype was wrong: The Klan was very successful in his recruitment, but the number of accessions soon reversed quickly.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Yet still millions joined and in the 1920s membership reached a peak when 15% of the white men in the United States who qualified to become members of the organization belonged to the organization.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Clans were also established in Canada, where the most prominent clan was in Saskatchewan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Here, the clan fought Catholic immigrants.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Exceptionally, the Klan leadership pursued monetary gain to the original Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Therefore, in due course, the organisation joined the boom of secret clubs.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Several hundred new members were recruited by local organizers who paid dues as well as buying KKK outfits.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The organizer kept half the money and sent the rest to state and national clerks.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

After enlistment had been carried out in the area, the organizer organized major Klan events in the area where crosses were burned and possibly a local Bible presentation to a local Protestant pastor was held.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

After this, the organizer left the city with the money.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Local Klan associations operate, like fraternities and secret societies, every now and then earning money with speakers.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

State or territorial officers had little or no influence over local groups and rarely tried to force local ones into political activist groups.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Activities and customs The ideological basis of the Second Ku Klux Klan was in the atmosphere that led to the lynching of Leo Frank.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Therefore, the new Klan was anti-Semitic, anti-communist, anti-Catholic and anti-immigration.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Anti-communism was a new cause caused by the bipolar of the world.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

At the time of the First Klan, the United States did not yet have any information about communism obtained from the Soviet Union.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan therefore embraced anti-communism from the beginning right-wing radical movement in Europe of the same period.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Anti-Catholicism was thus the Peruvians of the original Klan that the Klan had always emphasized Confederate Protestantism.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The First Klan mainly opposed immigration, that is, settling from the Northern States to the Confederate States, but did not take a position on immigration to the United States.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

However, the ideas of the Second Klan are better known and identified with generally belonging to the entire Ku Klux Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Because of their new causes, the Klan gained support mostly in the Midwest and not so much in the Southern states.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Instead of the first Klan accusing Confederate poverty of being caused by the United States, that is, northern states, the new Klan, like some radical groups in Europe, blamed the problems in the United States on powerful Jews who were said to use blacks as a tool for whites and whites against culture.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The First Klan had been essentially a post-civil war last resort to fight the Union for the Southern State's own democracy and independence.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Another major difference to the first Klan was that the original leaned strictly towards the Democratic Party and the Southern states, while the second Klan still leaned towards Democrats, but increasingly towards Republicans.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The first clan, as a representative of the party that lost the Civil War, did not have much influence on politics or politicians, but the second Klan was highly prominent.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Many of the later high-ranking politicians in the United States and its states have belonged to the Second Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In the 1920s and 1930s, the radical sub-organization Black Legion (Black Legion) split from the Klan, whose approximately 20,000—30,000 members operated along the Midwest dressed in black uniforms.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

It was the most violent and ruthless branch of the Klan, particularly excelling in the killings of communists and socialists.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Klan groups played a role in lynchings.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan lynched black soldiers returning from World War I at such a rapid pace that many of those lynched still had their gun suits on.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan recalled that blacks came to respect whites “in whose land they were permitted to live in.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The rituals and customs usually identified with the Ku Klux Klan are inventions of the Second Klan and principally the product of the Nation's Birth film.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The legendary white robes and hoods are the romanticized imagining of that film.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The first Klan had a hood or a mask on, but not the kind of robe the KKK is thought to wear today.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Apparently, as a prop, the first Klan was wearing white robes or some kind of robe.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Many times, members of the first Ku Klux Klan wore a Confederate Army gun suit or a Confederate farmer's outfit.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

No uniform uniform was therefore worn by the first Klans.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The famous burning of crosses is apparently the invention of another Klan founder, Methodist preacher William J. Simmons.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

He invented this movement in a way that intimidates Christianity in 1915.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

However, as early as the Middle Ages, Scots clans burned crosses to defy their opponents.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Second Klan apparently adopted a lot of customs from the ancients, especially Scottish secret clubs and fraternities.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Likewise, all secret society-style torch processions and ring meetings are an invention of the Birth of a Nation film and developed and embraced by another Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Political influence The influence of the Second Ku Klux Klan was very large and its activities spread from the Confederate States to the Midwest and Northern states as well as Canada.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

During its peak period, when its membership surpassed four million, 20 per cent of white men in some large areas belonged to the Klan, and up to 40 per cent in some areas.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The largest numbers of members were in the Midwest.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Through pro-KKK authorities, the Ku Klux Klan controlled the state governments of Tennessee, Indiana, Oklahoma and Oregon, and also some Confederate parliaments.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan's influence was particularly large in Indiana, where Edward Jackson, a Republican clan, was elected governor in 1924.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Thus, at the same time, the entire state administration came into the possession of the clansmen.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Another well-known example from the same year is when the Klan decided to make Anaheim a clan model city.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan secretly took control of the city council with its four members, but these four clansmen were voted out of the council by special extra elections.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan had a very large influence in the presidential nomination lineup at the 1924 Democratic Party Convention at Madison Square Garden in New York City.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Right at the outset, the party convention put Klan candidate William Gibbs McAdoo at odds with New York Governor Al Smith, who, because of his Catholicism, brought opposition to the Klan and the Democrats who supported it on his head.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

After several days of deadlocked debates and brawling, both candidates withdrew from the nomination in a mediation settlement.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan also managed to overturn passages in the party program that would have condemned its action.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

On July 4, thousands of Klansmen rallied in a field near New Jersey and burned crosses as well as photos of Smith celebrating the victory of the party program, the KKK, on passages condemned.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

There is also evidence that in some states, such as Alabama, the KKK was not only a so-called hate group, but it also called for political and social reform.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan opposed Alabama's conservative political climate and called for better public schools, more effective Prohibition enforcement, road rehabilitation, and other progressive policy demands.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

These reforms mainly benefited the ordinary and poorer white population.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan provided this poor white population with opportunities to gain a representative for political offices and gain influence over their own conditions.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Beginning in 1925, the Klan was a major political force in the state of Alabama, whose powerful leading figures, including Senator J. Thomas Heflin, Governor David Bibb Graves, and Senator Hugo Black, manipulated the Klan member base into fighting the region's large factory owners and big-name ranchers.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Black was elected senator in 1926 and became a leading New Deal supporter.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

When he was elected to the Supreme Court in 1937, it was discovered he was a member of the Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This caused a scandal, but he still remained in his Supreme Court post.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1926, with the support of the Klan, Bibb Graves, who was originally the head of the Klan's local division, was elected governor.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

With Klan support, he led progressive bills pushing for funding education, better public health care, highway rehabilitation, and improved labor laws.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

As the Klan gained these political accomplishments it demanded, its strike teams thought they would enjoy the protection of the government and launched a broad wave of terror in Alabama in 1927, targeting both whites and blacks.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In Birmingham, Alabama, the KKK burned down brothels.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In Troy, Alabama, the Klan publicly informed parents of all the teenagers it had found frolicking in cars.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

One local clan also abducted “a divorced white woman, stripped her up to her waist, tied to a tree and flogged wildly.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The conservative elite counterattacked.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Grover C. Hall Sr., editor of the Motgomery Advertiser magazine, began writing several editorials and articles attacking the Klan for this “racial and religious intolerance.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Hall was awarded the Pulitzer Prize due to his anti-Klan activities.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Several other newspapers also began a strong attack on the Klan, accusing it of being violent and “un-American”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Marshals crushed and squashed the Klan violence.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The counterattack was successful; Al Smith, a Catholic, gained statewide endorsement in the 1928 presidential election.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1930, the official membership count of the Klan in Alabama dropped below six thousand.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

At the height of the Klan's political power, several very high political influences in the United States and Canada joined the Klan or worked closely with its member base.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Members of the Klan or its circles have been alleged to have included, among others, two Supreme Court justices and two presidents of the United States, one of whom was Harry S. Truman and the other was Warren G. Harding.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Truman was a member of the ranks of the Klan in 1924, and was not very active.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Harding has been alleged to be a member of the Klan, but his membership is highly unlikely.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

At most, he may have been a rank-member.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Instead, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black was extremely active and Klan leadership.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Supreme Court Chief Justice Edward Douglass White is said to have claimed he was a member of the First Klan, but not the second.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

He at least was a Confederate soldier.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Democratic Senator Robert Byrd, on the other hand, fought for Klan values and causes.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

He was famously a member of the Klan in the 1920s-1930s.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan is alleged to have arranged for 16 men (nine Republicans and seven Democrats) to run for the U.S. Senate, 11 governors (six Republicans and five Democrats) for state leadership, and an unwitting number of congressmen to Congress.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Dissolution The Second Klan collapsed mainly due to activities directed against it.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

After all, the Klan was no longer in the favour and patronage of politicians.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Another factor contributing to the dissolution was the trial of Grand Vizier David Stephenson, who emerged into scandal on 25 November 1925, in which he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the rape and second-degree murder of Madge Oberholtzer.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Oberholtzer had been bitten so badly, according to one male eyewitness, that he looked like “a cannibal's sanity.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Stephenson had originally been an active member of the Socialist Party of America, a sales representative, but by 1920 he had joined the Democratic Party and the Ku Klux Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In November 1923, he became Grand Vizier (Grand Wizard), the leader of the Klan for the state of Indiana and 23 other northern states.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

That same year, he joined the Republican Party and founded the Ku Klux Klan, a rival to the National Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Stephenson raped and assaulted Oberholtzer, eventually driving him to suicide.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Entire regional organizations split from the Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1922, Stephenson had led 300,000 Klansmen in Indiana (thus, about one in three white men was a Klan member).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Separated from the National Klan, the Stephenson-led Klan had 178,000 members in Indiana State before Oberholtzer's rape and murder, but by February 20, 1928, no more than 4000 members.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

According to historian Leonard Moore, the failure of the leaders led to the collapse of the organization: With these scandals, public support for the organization declined along the 1930s and the organization withdrew from day politics.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Grand Vizier (Grand Wizard) Hiram Wesley Evans sold the organisation to Indian veterinarian James Collescott and Atlanta-based obstetrician Samuel Green, but they were unable to stem the decline in membership numbers.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan's reputation was also damaged by Colescott's relations with pro-Nazi organizations, its involvement in the Detroit race riot of 1943, and attempts to confuse the United States' war effort in World War II.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Internal Revenue Service, the United States tax collection agency, levied 685,000 US dollars in unpaid taxes and Colescott had been forced to dissolve and dissolve the organization in 1944.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

American folklorist and author Stetson Kennedy infiltrated the diminished Klan after World War II and offered the confidential information he received about the Klan to the media and officialdom.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

He also provided Klan information, including passwords, to the screenwriters of the American Superman radio show.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

From this information, four listening episodes resulted in Superman battling the Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Kennedy's efforts to strip the Klan's mysteriousness and nullify passwords as trivial likely had an impact on the decline in Klan recruitment and membership numbers.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Kennedy's book I Rode With The Ku Klux Klan was published in 1954 and it further damaged the Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Subsequent Klans After the Second Ku Klux Klan, which served as a national organization, only individual independent “clans” using the Ku Klux Klan name have been formed.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The table sees the evolution of membership numbers in different eras: in the early 1950s, a large number of different independent clans began to oppose the civil rights movement of blacks in the United States.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This resistance included several acts of violence and various threats.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The most famous and important events from this era were: the assassination of Medgar Evers, an organizer of the NAACP, on June 12, 1963.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Former clansman Byron De La Beckwith was convicted of this act in 1994.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The killing of 58-year-old Forrest coynty NAACP division president Vernor Dahmer Sr. by firebottles in Mississippi on January 10, 1966.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

On August 21, 1998, former Klan Grand Vizier Sam Bowers was convicted of Dahmer's murder.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Two other Klansmen were also charged in addition to Bowers, but one of them died before trial and the charges of the other were dismissed.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The 82-year-old Bowers died while serving a life sentence on November 5, 2006.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing on September 15, 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

4 black children were killed in the attack and 22 wounded.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Again, the four clansmen suspected of committing the act were not prosecuted until years later.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Robert Chambliss was convicted in 1977, Thomas Blanton in 2001 and Bobby Frank Cherry in 2002.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

A fourth suspect, Herman Cash, died before he could be charged.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Death of black Willie Edwards the Younger on January 23, 1957, in Alabama.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Four Klansmen forced Edwards to jump off a bridge from a height of 27 feet into the Alabama River.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

[6] The men were not convicted despite the confession of one of the defendants because the cause of death had not been established due to the decomposition of the body.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Legally, therefore, it could not be certain that forcing to jump would have resulted in death.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Subsequently, the case has been ruled to have been a homicide, but the suspects are dead and the case is no longer being dealt with.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The shootings of civil rights activists black James Chaney and Jews Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman on June 21, and the discovery of bodies on August 4, 1964.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Goodman and Schwerner had been shot once in the heart and Chaney assaulted, after which he had been shot three times.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The killings were sympathized by local authorities and eventually blamed on Democratic sheriff candidate E.G.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Barnett and the Rev. Edgar Ray Killen.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Eventually, Klan Killen was convicted of three counts of manslaughter on June 21, 2006.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

[7] The March 25, 1965 shooting of Viola Liuzzo in Alabama.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The southern white mother of five, who lives in Detroit, was visiting Alabama to attend a march of the civil rights movement.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

During the murder, Liuzzo used his car to transport those involved in the march.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

One of the Klan members who shot Liuzzo was a source of information for the FBI, so in addition, this confused finding out the murder later.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Several others were also massacred by the clans around this time, but many of these cases went unreported.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1951, for example, Harry T. Moore, a teacher and NAACP state leader, was killed along with his wife Harriette when a bomb placed under the floor of their bedroom exploded.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Although several different suspects emerged in FBI investigations, no charges were brought against anyone.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Later, a Klansman and U.S. Marine told NAACP operatives that he and some other Klansmen, along with the authorities, had plotted Moore's murder and its execution.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

According to a post-murder report conducted by the Atlanta Southern Regional Council, the homes of forty black Confederate families had been bombed between 1951-52.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Moore was exactly the kind of individuals who were constantly in danger, but the greatest of those who had been part murdered were innocents or those who ignored a clan-sympathising atmosphere.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Postwar clans were particularly violent.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In fact, the Klan's true reputation as a violent organization rests precisely around this time.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

However, the Klan also suffered losses despite their displays of force.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

For example, on the night of January 18, 1958, a battle between Indians and the Klan took place in Hayes Pond, Maxton, North Carolina, in which Indians besieged a Klan meeting at one of the openings near the town and opened fire towards the assemblers.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Four of the Clansmen were wounded, but not very seriously.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Prior to the gathering, the clansmen had burned crosses with the benefices of Native American homes.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1964, the FBI's Cointelpro began infiltrating the Klan and disrupting the latter's activities.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

COINTELPRO (Counter Intelligence Program) infiltrated all social movements, from the Black Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference to radical right-wing and left-wing movements such as The Weather Underground and Ku To the Klux Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The main purpose was to maintain social peace and neutralise all organisations that could destabilise the social order.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The FBI gained important key seats in the organization, but it also produced conflicting problems.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

There was also one FBI co-operative who murdered Liuzzo.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The FBI tried to change the situation to its advantage by accusing Liuzzo of having been a communist who abandoned his children to have sex with black civil rights workers.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Despite the problems, the infiltration brought fruit.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Journalist Jerry Thompson, who infiltrated the Klan in 1979, reported that the actions of COINTELPRO had greatly hampered and disrupted the Klan's operations.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Rival clans accused each other's leaders of being FBI infiltrators.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

For example, Bill Wilkinson, leader of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was later revealed to have been on the FBI payroll.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

As the century-long struggle for black suffrage in the Southern states came to an end, the clans decided to focus on other topics, which included positive discrimination, immigration and, in particular, the courts” efforts to fight the legacy of racial segregation by transforming public schools coercive multiracial.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

For example, students were taken to schools for long distances by using school buses.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1971, Klansmen began with bomb attacks to destroy school buses in Pontiac, Michigan and famed clan leader David Duke was active in South Boston during the 1974 school bus crisis.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Duke also attempted to improve the Klan's public image by urging Klansmen to “move from pasture land of cows to hotel rooms.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Duke was the leader of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan from [1974 until his resignation in 1978.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1980, Duke founded the National Association for the Advancement of White People (NAAWP), a political organization representing white nationalism.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1989, he was elected to the Lousiana state lower house as a Republican, though the party pulled its support for another candidate.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Duke has since been a prominent conservative politician in the United States, belonging to Democrats and Republicans alike at times.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Around this time of the late 1970s and 1980s, opposition to the Klan became widespread and open.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Journalist Jerry Thompson reports that during his clan membership, his car was shot at, black children yelled at him and a clan gathering turned into a riot when black soldiers from a nearby military base began taunting the Klansmen.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Attempts by clansmen to carry out marches were usually met with counter-demonstrations and sometimes these led to violent clashes.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan has been extremely vulnerable to American lawsuits.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This vulnerability has led to the disappearance of the rest of the centralized organization and the emergence of several distinct autonomous clans.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

For example, a trial for lynching Michael Donald, a black man, on March 20, 1981, resulted in the bankrupting of a clan, the United Klans of America (United Clans of America).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The lawsuits paralyzed the activities of the clans.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In one case, for example, journalist Thompson noticed how clan leaders were extremely concerned that the civil rights organization Southern Poverty Law Center would sue them as individuals in a lawsuit costing several million because a few clan members had drifted into a firefight with black people.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Klan leaders curtailed the clan's activities in order to save money for the lawsuit.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Southern Poverty Law Center took it upon itself to bring down all clan-like organizations through fortune-paying lawsuits.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

However, the clans have also used lawsuits, for example, a pocketbook version of journalist Thompson's work was left unpublished after the Klan filed a lawsuit.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Klan's activities have also split into several different groups and organizations that do not necessarily have anything to do with the original Ku Klux Klan, such as neo-Nazis, skinheads, and the Christian Identity orientation formed by several loosely allied generally Protestant groups .


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The customs and ideas of the clans have moved to other organizations and the other way around.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Consequently, many clans today count as right-wing extremists, having adopted many traits precisely from skinheads and neo-Nazis.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Those who oppose violence, but those who support white nationalism, like David Duke's supporters, for example, have set up their own organizations.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Today, the members of the various fragmented clans total only a few thousand and they are divided into over 100 different groups that are isolated and do not necessarily maintain any contact with each other.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

A few Ku Klux Klan organizations currently active: Bayou Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (active in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana and other areas of the Southeast United States) Church of the American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Imperial Klans of America The Klux Klan (hosts America's largest celebration of white nationalists and pro-white supremacists every year, the “Nordic Fest”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Headquarters located in Dawson Springs, Hopkins County, Kentucky) The White Camelia Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (Practically an organization of the same name (Knights of the White Camelia) founded during Reconstruction in 1867 in Louisiana.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The current organization is based in Texas.)


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, or The Knights Party, is a national leader by Reverend Thomas Robb, but the organization's cause is largely based on the teachings of David Duke.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The headquarters are located in the town of Zinc, Boone County, Arkansas.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Allegedly the largest clan in the United States.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

A Republican, Robb says the organization that opposes communism and racial mixing is peaceful and moderate.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The organization also, like the First Klan, defends the constitutional right to bear a gun.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The organization seeks to unite the “white people divided by the two-party system” in a spirit of Christianity and constitutionalism.)


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In addition, there are several smaller organizations that use the Klan name.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 2005, there were thought to be around 3000 clans in the country, divided into about 100 clans and 158 divisions.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

2/3 of these clans are located in the Confederate States, territory of the former American Confederacy.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The remaining 1/3 is located in the Midwest of the United States.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Despite several competing clans, common parlance still talks about the Ku Klux Klan as if there is still one big unified organization, although this is certainly not the case.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In July 2005, a hispan man's house burned down after he had been accused of interfering with a nine-year-old white girl.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Afterwards, clansmen emerged dressed in Klan capes handing out proclamations.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In May 2006, a clan organized an anti-immigration march in the town of Russellville, Franklin County, Alabama.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan vocabulary Klan membership is secret, and the Klan, like other secret clubs and fraternities, have their own means of identifying a member of the organization.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

During its history, the Klan has had several words in use.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Many times words always began with the beginning of “KL”: Klabee: treasures Kleagle: color color Klecktoken: membership fee Kligrapp: secretary Klonvocation: gathering Kloran: ritual book Kloreroe: councillor Kludd: chaplain All of the above vocabulary was created by Reverend William Simmons upon founding the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The original and first post-Civil War Reconstruction Ku Klux Klan used a number of titles, the only ones to bear until the present day being “Wizard” (or Imperial Wizard).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Wizard means wizard in Finnish and Imperial Wizard in freely Finnish means imperial wizard, or grand wizard, but many times this title of supreme leader of the Klan is translated into “vizier” or “grand vizier”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

33/5 is the identification number of the Ku Klux Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

33 means 3 times 11.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The letter K is eleventh in alphabetical order.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

5 denotes the fifth era, that is, the present day.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Members of the Ku Klux Klan might have a number as a tattoo.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Sources Horn, Stanley F. Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866—1871, Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation: Montclair, NJ, 1939.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

References Literature Axelrod, Alan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies & Fraternal Orders, New York: Facts On File, 1997.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Dray, Philip.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America, New York: Random House, 2002.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Feldman, Glenn.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915—1949.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1999.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Ingalls, Robert P. Hoods: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, New York: G.P.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Putnam's Sons, 1979.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Levitt, Stephen D. and Stephen J. Dubner.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

New York: William Morrow (2005).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Moore, Leonard J. Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921—1928 Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina Press, 1991.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Newton, Michael, and Judy Ann Newton.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1991.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Parsons, Elaine Frantz, “Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Journal of American History 92.3 (2005): 811—836.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Rhodes, James Ford.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Volume: 7.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

(1920) winner of the Pulitzer Prize.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Rogers, William; Ward, Robert; Atkins, Leah; and Flynt, Wayne.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Alabama: The History of a Deep South State.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1994.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

It's Steinberg.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Man From Missouri.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

New York: Van Rees Press, 1962.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Thompson, Jerry.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

My Life in the Klan, Rutledge Hill Press, Nashville.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Originally published in 1982 by G.P.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Putnam's Sons, ISBN 0-399-12695-3.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (Louisiana State University Press: 1995).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Wade, Wyn Craig.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

New York: Simon and Schuster (1987).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

On topic elsewhere.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

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Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who has named a nanometer?

Ångstrom

Ångström (emblem Å) is a unit of measurement of length that is 10−10m, or 0.1nm, or 100pm [1].


Question: Who has named a nanometer?

Ångstrom

The unit is named after Swedish physicist Anders Jonas Ångström (1814—1874).


Question: Who has named a nanometer?

Ångstrom

Ångström is not a unit according to the SI system, so nano or picometers are usually used in scientific text instead of it.


Question: Who has named a nanometer?

Ångstrom

However, the dimensions of atoms and molecules are often reported as ångströms; more commonly, however, ångström is used to measure wavelengths of light.


Question: Who has named a nanometer?

Ångstrom

It is meaningful to state the dimensions of the atoms in ångströms, since in this case the numbers are convenient (between 0 and 10).


Question: Who has named a nanometer?

Ångstrom

For example, in a methane molecule, the average length of the bond between a hydrogen and carbon atom is about 1.1 Å, or 110pm.


Question: Who has named a nanometer?

Ångstrom

Length variants 1 ångström (Å) = 10-10 meters = 0.1 nanometer = 100 picometers 1 ångström (Å) = 100000 ferms = 100000 femtometers Sources Category:Units of length Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

The sea is a vast and uniform layer of saltwater around continents, covering about 381 million square kilometres, or 70.8 per cent of the Earth's surface.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

[1] Some large landless lakes, such as the Caspian Sea, are also referred to as the seas.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

The oceans are studied by marine science.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

Earth is the only planet in the Solar System with liquid water on its surface.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

The Earth can be considered to have three to five oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, and often including the North and Southern Arctic Oceans.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

In addition, between the continents there are mediterranean seas such as the Mediterranean Sea, peripheral seas separated by island groups (e.g. the North Sea) and inland seas that reach deep into the continental interior (for example, the Baltic Sea).


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

The average depth of the world's seas is 3795 meters.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

[2] Seas Oceans are the largest seas on Earth.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

Each of them has numerous peripheral seas.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

Pacific Ocean, or Big Ocean Atlantic Ocean, or Atlantic Indian Ocean, Southern Arctic Ocean North Arctic Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Ocean Sea water in the oceans has water approximately 1350 million cubic kilometers, which is 96.8 percent of all Earth's water supply.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

[3] The average temperature of the oceans is 3.9°C.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

[4] Surface waters have an average temperature of 17.4°C; it is 27—28°C in the tropics and −1... −2°C in the polar regions.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

The groundwater temperature of seawater is about 0°C.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

The freezing point of seawater is about −1.9°C.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

The salinity of the oceans varies between 33 and 37 promillen.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

The Sea

However, in the brackish water of the northern parts of the Baltic Sea and its bays, there is only 3—7per million salt [5].


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Seawater has dissolved all the elements naturally occurring on Earth.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Of the salts, the most is chloride (55.0% of salts) and sodium (30.6%).


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[6] Seabed The seabed is water covered land at the bottom of the sea.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The continental shelf is shallow water from which a steeply descends continental slope.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Its lower part often features gently rolling terrain that spends on a deep sea plain that is very flat.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The ocean floor is normally covered by a thin layer of muddy sediment that forms deep-sea plains separated by undersea mountains and uplands.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The depth of the plateau can vary between three and five kilometers.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Deeper than that are narrow deep-sea graves, the deepest of which are more than ten kilometres deep.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[7] In the middle of the Atlantic, in the Indian Ocean and in the South Pacific Ocean, the vast and almost uniform mountain chains, the mid-oceans.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

At their center are the adolescent valleys, the nascent areas of the new basaltic seabed.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[7] The impact of the seas The seas have a tremendous impact on the nature and people of the region.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The phenomenon caused by oceans is tides, which locally can be a very significant change.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Ocean currents affect the climate even far from the sea.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The most famous ocean current is probably the Gulf Stream.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

El Niño is a phenomenon that extensively affects weather conditions in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[8] Tidal tides are referred to as the fall and rise of sea levels caused by the attraction of the Moon and the Sun.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

In reality, such a model does not explain the observed tides, but other factors must be included.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Local geographical factors can lead to tidal variations of up to more than ten metres.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The highest stage of the water level is called the flux and the shallowest stage the northwest.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[9] Ocean current An ocean current is a permanent or temporary oceanic flow.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Many ocean currents are large and quite persistent.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The golf stream is a warm ocean current.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Other known currents include the cold Labrador stream near Greenland, as well as the warm Kuroshio (Kuroshivo) in the Pacific Ocean and the cold Ojashio (Ojashivo).


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Antarctica is also circled from west to east by cold flow.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Marine as a habitat There are many different types of habitat in the seas: coral reefs, brackish river mouths, intertidal coastline, mangrove forests, algal forests, sandy and rocky beaches, seagrass meadows, underwater mountains, and deep water fungal animal communities.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[10] Coral reefs can only form in areas where seawater is not colder than 18 degrees for long periods.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

With several corals live in symbiosis algae, which can only connect near the surface, where there is enough light.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Because of this, most reef-forming coral species can only manage at depths of less than 70 meters.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[11] In addition to corals, millions of other animal species live on coral reefs.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[12] Specific trees adapted to rising and descending water levels live in mangrove forests, and among them their own species.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[13] In addition to that, they protect the coasts from erosion and, for example, tsunamis.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[14] Some large-sized brown algae of the order Laminariales form 'forests' which are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

They exist first and foremost in temperate and cool waters, but in 2007 a brown forest was also found in the tropical waters of Ecuador.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[15] Seagrass meadows look very similar to seaweed forests at a distance, but seagrasses are not algae but tube plants.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

They are plants developed from their background on dry land, adapted to underwater life down to pollination.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Seagrass meadows provide an important refuge for the chicks of fish and other marine animals.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The roots of the grasses bind sediment in place.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Seagrass meadows sequester about 15% of the world's carbon stocks.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[16] Fungal animals form communities similar to coral reefs in deeper water, typically more than 20 metres deep.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

In them live, in addition to fungal animals, many other invertebrates.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[17] Diverse life on the Great Barrier Reef


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Brownfish forest.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Seagrass meadow.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The maritime voyages of the 15th and 16th centuries were first and foremost the search for new sea ways.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

The discoverers created a link between all the continents.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[18] Voyages across the oceans were possible with the invention of improvements to both the structure of the ships themselves and the methods of navigation.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[19] Gradually, seafarers come to know the wind systems that prevail in the oceans: pasate winds and monsoons, and make use of them in route planning.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[20] To shorten trade routes, the Panama Canal and the Suez Canal have been built.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Transcontinental sea voyages are thousands of kilometres shorter than today if the Northwest Passage around Canada and the Northeast Passage on the north coast of Siberia are used.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Today, ice cover prevents their use in the winter half of the year.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[21] With global warming, the use of northern routes is expected to increase.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[22] The seas remain an important passage for people and goods.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

90% of the world's merchandise goes by sea.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[23] The world's ten busiest ports in 2012 were Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Busan, Ningbo, Kanton, Dubai, Qingdao and Rotterdam.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[24] Exploitation Fisheries and fish farming are important livelihoods, especially in developing countries.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

They employed 44.9 million people worldwide in 2008.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

About 53% of the world's marine fish resources are fully exploited, an additional 32% are affected or are recovering from overfishing.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[25] Seawater is so salty that it cannot be used as economic and irrigation water.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Producing fresh water from seawater is chemically feasible but quite expensive.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Sea salt, on the other hand, is easily produced from seawater by evaporation pools in arid and warm climate zones.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

[26] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Myrberg, Kai & Leppäranta, Matti| title = Seas: blue face of the globe| publisher = Ursa| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-5985-20-7}} References elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for in File namespace.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is there a forest in Dubai?

Sea

Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

History of the Russian Federation since 2008

The history of the Russian Federation since 2008 means the presidency of Dmitry Medvedev in Russia and the time from then on.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

It is usually thought that the previous President Putin elevated Mr Medvedev to the presidency in order to remain a strong backbencher.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Mr Medvedev appointed Putin prime minister, thus creating the “Putin-Medvedev tandem”.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The centralization of power initiated by Putin deepened during Medvedev's term.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev was still seen as slightly more liberal than Putin.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Despite this, Russia maintained a sharp backlash against the West.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev has spoken openly about many of Russia's problems, but has so far been unable to substantially solve them.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Corruption, for example, in 2010 was a worsening problem in Russia at a time when the country was in economic crisis because of an international recession.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Dramatic events of the period have included the Russo-Georgian War in August 2008.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In December 2011, there were elections to the Duma in which the ruling party lost its support.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The opposition thought the election was dishonest and tens of thousands of mind-callers marched in Moscow.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev's rise to power in early March 2008 was a presidential election in Russia where the most popular candidate beforehand was Dmitry Medvedev, recommended by President Putin, who was a St. Petersburg lawyer and businessman from his background.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev was a so-called technocrat who advocated a Russia controlled from above by political elites and, like Putin, opposed a Western-style model of governance.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Technocrats in Russia believe techno-economic reforms will create prosperity and an improvement in economic conditions for all the people.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Along with Medvedev, Vladimir Žirinovski of the ultra-nationalist Liberal Democrats, Gennady Zjuganov of the Communists, and Andrei Bogdanov of the only marginally supported Democratic Party were nominated.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The other three rival candidates did not have nearly as much television airtime at their disposal as Medvedev, who even beforehand was thought to win the election.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

There were only a few election posters of Medvedev in downtown St. Petersburg.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Bogdanov, the opposition candidate, was in reality considered a representative of the diversionary opposition created by the ruling party, and many real opposition candidates other than Mikhail Kasyanov and Garri Kasparov had been excluded from the election.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Vladimir Žirinovsky was not considered seriously to be president, and Gennady Zjuganov of the Communists would ultimately have had no chance against Medvedev.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The outcome of the election was considered predictable and decided, and the election itself boring.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Bad weather hampered the election Sunday vote.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The turnout was not that great, as many saw Medvedev's victory as a certainty nonetheless.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev won the election obtaining 70.2% of the vote.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The excluded candidates and Zjuganov, among others, criticized the elections as planned in advance and dishonest.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The electoral law was clearly violated in some places.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Many Western European papers said the election was undemocratic.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The election was compared in the West to those of Soviet times, where there was only one candidate.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

There was already anticipation that the earlier President Putin would continue in politics as prime minister.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

It was considered unclear whether Medvedev would emerge as a strong independent political figure out of Putin's shadow.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Putin was thought to have a large amount of power to continue to hold and was suspected of intending to wield real power behind the scenes at a time when Medvedev would act as a soft figurehead pleasing the West.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Putin, on the other hand, was speculated at an opportune moment to opt out of power.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev was seen as more liberal than Putin in style, but in the gas dispute he too had exercised firm grips.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The start of Medvedev's term in Russia appeared to be a semi-open display of power struggle between the various security services in early 2008.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Viktor Cherkesov, the head of the DEA FSKN-RF, and Nikolai Patrušev, the head of the security service FSB, had disagreed, including the arrests and poisonings of some FSKN officers.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

This was probably related to a surface power struggle between two rival Kremlin clans, the Siloviks and the Civilians.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In early 2008, Russia's elite seemed to be more united than in the 1990s, and a kind of oligarchy had emerged in the country. [1]. [2].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev was seen as softer than Putin, but he too was a supporter of governance from above, like Putin, and saw parliamentary democracy as dangerous.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev, however, publicly has stated his opposition to the lawlessness and corruption nested in the country.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

War in Georgia Medvedev has supported a foreign policy based on the use of force if necessary, as evidenced by the Russo-Georgian War of August 2008.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Russia has traditionally supported Ossetes who want to break away from Russia's neighbor Georgia.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Since the early 1990s, South Ossetia and Abkhazia have been virtually detached from Georgia.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Georgian leader Mikheil Saakashvili ordered his troops to retake South Ossetia.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Russia responded swiftly, and in August 2008 Russian forces rolled into Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and also across their borders into Georgia.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Both sides in the war violated human rights.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Unrestrained gunfire from Georgians was occasionally accidentally directed at civilians, and Russian soldiers looting Georgians' homes.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Russia recognized the independence of South Ossetia it occupied shortly after the war, as well as Abkhazia.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In part, this was Russia's counter-bet to West-backed Kosovo's independence from old Russian ally Serbia.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Russia won the war against Georgia, and relations with the West were restored rather quickly.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

At the end of 2008, Medvedev proposed to the Duma to extend the sessions of the Duma and the president to six years.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In early 2009, it was alleged Medvedev was seeking power in Russia from Putin.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

By the beginning of 2009, the economic crisis in Russia had seen many unauthorised protests as the Russian economy took a rather drastic decline and the prospects for living standards of the people were gloomy.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Suppression of these is particularly advocated by Putin [3].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Russia's economic crisis was mostly caused by the US crisis and other international difficulties, but was deepened by factors such as investors withdrawing their investments from Russia because of the war in South Ossetia.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Russia's economy is heavily dependent on foreign credit.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In 2008, the Russian economy showed many problems, including high imports relative to exports, high corporate debts and the strength of the rouble, which undermined the competitiveness of Russian companies abroad [4].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

At the end of February 2009, it was predicted that Russia's gross domestic product would fall by 2-3%.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The number of super-rich dropped.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Since social security is not good in Russia, citizens' dissatisfaction with the regime can grow into a serious problem.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

[5] Many people think the current economic crisis is not as bad as where Russia was in the early 90's.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

But for the most critical quarters, Putin's own policies and the economic crisis in the West have pushed Russia into a bad politico-economic crisis, where current power may collapse and the country fall apart [6] [7].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

But in the fall of 2009, there were again prospects of a global economic recovery.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In July/August 2009, Russian authorities flashed on the possibility of a war against Georgia, saying they were preventing Georgian military garrisoning.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The Russians say grenades would have been fired from Georgia into the South Ossetian side.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

One Finnish commentator felt that Russia in 2009 could not financially afford to wage war with Georgia.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

At the same time, Russia, through its actions, sought to annex Abkhazia and South Ossetia into its sphere of influence.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

There was unrest in Dagestan and Ingushetia as Chechnya had somewhat pacified.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The summer of 2009 saw an increase in terrorist attacks, killings and the like in Russia's Caucasus region, Ingushetia, Dagestan and Chechnya too.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The unrest was related to e.g.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

to clashes between different clans.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In the view of critics, the Russian central government did not take into account the balance between nationalities and clans of the Caucasus republics [8] in its Kreml-led policy, where e.g.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The Kremlin made various efforts to appeal its preferred leader in the election [9].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Thus Dagestan of 30 nationalities was feared to be drifting towards civil war.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

At the end of 2009, the Russian military was poorly funded, with corruption, hazing and non-combat deaths on the rise.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The army did not attract people gifted for military careers, and according to Academy of Sciences researcher Sergey Poltorak, its defensive capabilities were deteriorating [10].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

During Medvedev's term, small opposition protests have continued, which have always been broken up by the police with great grips.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Sections of mind are not entirely prohibited.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The breakdowns have been caused by demonstrations having been held in places where they are not allowed to be held under the orders of the authorities.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The government has issued hold permits for demonstrations only far from the city centre, not in prominent locations.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Russian wildfires and policy Forest fires caused by a rare drought in July—August increased criticism of the Putin regime [11] because critics felt that local authorities did not act quickly enough to prevent wildfires [12].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

When Putin boarded a fire extinguishing aircraft and it was announced that Putin put out two forest fires [13] like a hero, critics were sarcastic about this too.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Critics felt the government wanted to collect bulk points with wildfires.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The government, on the other hand, accused the opposition of using forest fires to intensify its own position.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Part of the government's criticism was due to propaganda related to forest fires, among others in one of the published pictures it appeared that the power party actives were extinguishing the fire, even though the picture was a couple of years old and smoke added afterwards.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

As information about the image hoax spread, the image was removed from the party's website.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In another case, Putin met Voronezian “helpers” from the ruling party Young Guard, who were brought into the forest after the local extinguishers were first driven away [14].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Putin promised that new ones would be built to replace the destroyed villages, and that he and other authorities would monitor the progress of the construction work so that no one would withdraw the necessary funds for reconstruction [15].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In August 2010, Putin announced that he was more interested than others in the presidential seat in the 2012 elections.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Separation of Yuri Luzhkov In September 2010, a repertoire critical of Moscow Mayor Yuri Lužkov appeared on Russian TV channels, the name of one of the TV shows could be translated as “Lättahatun business”.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Luzhkov had been mired in a dispute with President Medvedev over the hauling of the Moscow-St Petersburg road through the protected Himki Forest.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev opposed pulling the road through the Himki Forest.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Lužkov criticized Medvedev for being too soft on the president.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The anti-Luzhkov October campaign ran on Russian TV for a couple of weeks, and Luzhkov wrote a letter to Medvedev criticising the regime for censorship and lack of freedom.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Shortly after this, Medvedev, who was hesitant to sack Lužkov, fired Lužkov, saying it was due to a lack of trust.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

According to various conjectures, e.g.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The background was either Moscow's desire to take power away from the remaining powerful regional leaders, or it was a power struggle between the Putin and Medvedev clans [16].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

WikiLeaks-Kohu In late 2010, Wikileaks, an Internet-based company, published many documents leaked from various entities regarding the actions of leaders of different countries around the world.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Russia wasn't spared from the plunder either.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

According to material published on Wikileaks, US Defence Secretary Gates [17] said that Russia is a state run by bureaucracy and mafia [18].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Externally, in practice, Russia is run from the presidential castle and especially from the prime minister's office.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

One wikileaks source compares Putin to a powerful Batman and Medvedev to a weak Robin.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

According to Wikileaks data, despite this, the bureaucracy is stronger than the President and the Prime Minister, and high security officials prefer organised crime because they use the services of criminals [19].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Still, Jose Gonzalez, a Spanish prosecutor investigating the actions of the Russian Mafia in Spain claiming to be a mafia state, could not say to what extent Mr Putin would be involved in Mafia activities [20].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Mr Putin replied that similar 'leaks' have been published about Russia before and that Wikileaks may be deliberately misled [17].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

According to Putin, the information on Wikileaks was misrepresented and politically motivated [17].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Putin thought the Batman-Robin analogy was arrogant and the person with the highest number of votes in the US elections has not always been elected.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Thus, Putin felt that US politicians had no reason to criticize the sovereign choices made by the Russian people [17].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Opposition and Prohorov In June 2011, the Russian Ministry of Justice refused for unknown reason to register an opposition party involving such businessmen opposed to Putin and Medvedev as Mikhail Kasyanov and Boris Nemtsov [21] On the other hand, Nemtsovin-Kasyanov opposition group the endorsement was small.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In their own opinion, the marches of the party opposing lawlessness and corruption in Russia have always been blocked or dispersed by the militia [22].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Elsewhere, metal billionaire, oligarch Mikhail Prohorov [23] declared that his centre-right Party of Legitimate Affairs would challenge United Russia, seeking first as the second largest and then largest party in the Duma elections.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Mr Prohorov, who is pushing for market liberalism, also said he wanted to be prime minister [24].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov is the 3rd richest man in Russia and, according to Forbes Bay, with his $18 billion fortune, the world's 39th richest man in 2010.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The Legitimate Thing Party has been seen as a support party for the Kremlin [25] [26] and an indication of “virtual politics” in which parties supporting the Kremlin seem to compete with each other [27].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Opposition figures Nemtsov and Kasyanov felt that Prohorov was nothing more than a Kremlin blurb trick [28].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

On the other hand, according to businessman Alexander Lebedev, dismissal from the opposition is only a distraction for Prohorov [29].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov endorses Medvedev but is more critical of Putin [30].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Mr Prohorov's ascent to the leadership of the party probably took place with Mr Medvedev's support only when Putin tolerated it [31].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov said Russia is not a federal state, but an empire.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In Prohorov's view, the current authoritarian governance based on presidential power does not guarantee stability or development [32].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov listed many of Russia's problems such as industrial collapse, economy dependence on raw material production, deterioration of health care, education and culture [33].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov considered corruption to be a major problem [29].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov was also among the few oligarchs who supported Khodorkovsky's release.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov said he sharply disconnected from the opposition.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

According to Prohorov, the opposition was so marginalized that it could be excluded from the use of language.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov's chances in politics were based on the fact that he is a rich and influential businessman linked to the Onexim bank and the gold industry, who had the money to think of injecting $100 million into his party's election campaign [34] and media holdings.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov's chances in the election were doubted because his party had no pre-existing support and, according to doormouth polls, no more than 2-2.5% supported the party.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov's supporters were believed to be rich and middle class in big cities.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov sought to get into the Duma the necessary 7% in the election, which looked difficult.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Some of Prohorov's speeches annoyed the people [35].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Talk of a 60-hour working week instead of the current 40-hour [36] brought unions into resistance and was also met with furious crowd-raising writing.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov said he would stand behind Medvedev in the upcoming presidential election, something Medvedev did not comment on.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

That same month, Medvedev reiterated that he does not intend to challenge Putin in the presidential election.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

At the same time, United Russia was assembling a major Popular Front to ensure Putin's election victory [37] [38].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In September 2011, Prohorov said he would leave the “Legitimate Cause” and start his own party because the “Legitimate Thing” was, in his view, a puppet of the Kremlin [39].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

But Russia's Central Election Commission announced that no more new parties would be admitted to the next election [40].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

2011 Parliamentary Elections and Preparation for Presidential Elections From 2000 to 2008 Vladimir Putin, who was President of Russia, announced that he wanted to become President [41].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

This set the end point for the rumours that there would be bad feuds between Putin and Medvedev.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The ruling party United Russia lost seats in the autumn winter elections to other parties, despite maintaining its majority.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Still, the election was considered fraudulent and tens of thousands demonstrated in Moscow against the election result.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The demonstration was historically large, the biggest since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

According to Putin's representative, electoral fraud was only minor and did not change the outcome of the election [42].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Medvedev promised to examine the elections, but did not promise any new ones [43] contrary to what the protesters demanded.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In any case, Russia was showing signs of a fall in Putin's popularity, among other things.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

By this time the people had blamed more local quarters for the hardship, but than an omen some time ago either Putin or the fighter had been booed and whistled at the Olympiski Stadium [44].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Mironov of Just Russia and Mr Prohorov, the oligarch, planned to challenge Putin, who was still thought to win the election easily [45].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Prohorov faced a difficult job collecting two million signatures [46].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

At the same time as the opposition was planning a demonstration on 24 December, Boris Gryzlov, the speaker of Parliament, regarded as a pro-Putin old, resigned [47].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Gryzlov's resignation was claimed to be part of polishing the reputation of the United Russia Party [48] and an attempt to give the party the most libertarian image possible.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

One head of the Russian Security Council, a senior FSB official called for China-style internet censorship because of 'criminal and terrorist groups' [49].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

From the outside, the Russian power clique appeared to be mired in a credibility crisis and, according to observer Hanna Smith, the Kremlin sought out mainly through cosmetic changes [50].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Even foreigners couldn't tell if Prohorov, a future Putin challenger, is genuine opposition or a distraction from the Kremlin.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Putin promised to make it a little easier in the future to register new parties, but put a limit on this too.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Putin called Kasyanov, the leader of the main opposition party on TV's image building programme, a fraud [51] when he recalled that he took 2% off the contracts.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Putin also downplayed the significance of the still fairly small protests per se, and suggested installing internet cameras in electoral apartments to guarantee the integrity of the election.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

In the programme “Conversation with Vladimir Putin” Putin promised to resign if the people did not support him in elections [52].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Yet Putin also made clear, with black humour, that the opposition pitting against him will always be defeated [53].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Putin's popular popularity was at a record low, according to doorknob polls, so that about half would vote for Putin.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

The reason for Putin's decline in popularity were e.g.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

old performance and accusations that the opposition paid mind-callers. [54].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

According to Putin's spokesman, Peskov, the feelings of the Russians had become overstretched because of the election [55], and that Putin's popular popularity would be restored.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

WTO membership Once the dispute with Georgia was settled, Russia received WTO membership on 16 December 2011, which, however, still lacked the approval of the Russian parliament.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

WTO membership was believed to benefit foreign countries more than Russia. [56].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Membership was believed to be a devastation for some Russian companies because because of the changes brought by WTO membership, cheap products from abroad begin to flow into Russia [57].


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

2012 presidential election In March 2012, Putin was elected president with a 63% vote share.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

Gennady Zjuganov, who came second, received 17% of the votes. The OSCE reported suspicious incidents in about a third of polling stations.


Question: What city is Garri Kasparov from?

[58] Sources Category:History of the Russian Federation


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The Anglican Church is a Christian denomination born with the Reformation of England, with more than 78 million members worldwide.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

It is the third largest Christian church community in the world after the Catholic and Orthodox Church.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Admittedly, there are 110 million Baptists worldwide, but registering for it is unclear.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The Anglican church community has its roots in the Church of England, the largest member of the community.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The Archbishop of Canterbury holds the position of primus inter pares in the church (“first among his peers”).


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The Anglican Church is referred to in some countries (mainly in North America) as the Episcopal Church.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

In the United States, the largest Anglican church is The Episcopal Church.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Anglicans exist particularly in Great Britain, Commonwealth countries, as well as former British colonies.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The major Anglican churches are organized under the Anglican Communion community, founded in 1867.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

This community was founded at the then first held, ten-yearly convened Bishops' Lambeth Conference in London at the invitation of Archbishop Charles Longley.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The Anglican Church of Finland is a registered religious community belonging to the European Diocese of the Anglican Church.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

History The Anglican church community has its roots in Catholic missionary work from the 5th century, when (from 597) the episcopal seat of Canterbury formed as the central seat of the English Church.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

During the religious turmoils of the 16th century, the Church of England became its own separate national denomination.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

It happened partly for political reasons when King Henry VIII of England wanted a divorce, which the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church, did not grant him.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Thus, Henry detached the Church of England from the Catholic Church in 1534.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The decision was also influenced by numerous tracts of land held by the Catholic Church, willed to himself by the king.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

He entrusted the implementation of Reformation to Protestant Christians.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

However, the King of England became head of the church.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Doctrine Anglican churches do not have separate books of confession, but Anglican doctrines can be derived specifically from the “39 Articles of Religion” of 1562.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

An indicative work on worship and church order in the Book of Common Prayer, the “Book of Common Prayer”, also dates from the 16th century.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Still in use is the form of the Book of Common Prayer dating back to 1662 and its national variations.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The basis of Anglican faith and doctrine is the Bible, the Ecumenical Confessions of Faith, and the “Lambeth quadrangle”.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The 39 Articles of Religion are a combination of Lutheran, Calvinist, and Catholic phrases of faith.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

What connects Anglicanism to Protestantism, for example, is that it regards the Bible as the supreme guideline of faith and doctrine.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The apocryphal books are useful to read, according to 39 articles of faith, but they are not suitable as a basis for doctrine.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

This is where Anglicanism therefore agrees with the Lutheran view on the matter.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Anglicanism also considers man to be righteous by faith alone and by grace alone, on the basis of Christ's atonement work (sola fide).


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

With Calvinism, Anglicanism is generally thought to share the communion notion that the bread and wine of communion are metaphors for the body and blood of Jesus, with communion being before the rest of the commemorative meal.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

However, in the 1981 publication of the so-called Arcic process in the document “Eucharistic Doctrine” (), your teaching of Anglicanism is confirmed by Christ's true presence in Communion.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

This is also reflected in the text.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

With Catholicism, Anglicanism shares, for example, a vision of the episcopal office as a guarantor of church unity and orthodoxy.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Anglicanism emphasizes the importance of the Apostolic Society by the law of Catholicism.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

A prerequisite for a qualified episcopal office is that a bishop must be consecrated by a validly consecrated bishop, and that the beginning of episcopal descent can therefore be traced all the way back to the apostles of Christ who received their office from Jesus Himself.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Anglican churches have been key influences in the modern ecumenical movement (including Archbishop William Temple of Canterbury and Bishop George Bell).


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Doctrinically, Anglicanism represents an intermediate form of Catholicism and Protestantism.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Internally, Anglican churches have traditionally been divided into three main branches: High Church (High Church, Anglo-Catholicism), which emphasizes liturgy and tradition; Low Ecclesiasticism (Low Church, Evangelism), which emphasizes Pietism, Evangelism, and Charismaticism; and into laveaecclesiastical (Broad Church), which emphasizes liberal and contextual theological interpretations as well as tolerance.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

This tri-division has gradually fractured, with liturgically high ecclesiastical congregations, among other things, being politically and socially liberal and vice versa.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The same diversity is also evident in the fact that Anglican churches, not even the Church of England, have a single unified hymnal.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

There have been women bishops in the Anglican church community since the early 1990s, first in New Zealand and then in the United States.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Today, there is also a woman as the leading bishop of the Episcopal Church in America.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

On 19 June 2006, Katharine Jefferts Schori was inaugurated at the head of The Episcopal Church in the United States.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Female priests in the Anglican church community exist in most churches, including the Church of Ireland since 1991 and the Church of England since 1994.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The first woman was consecrated as a Bishop of the Church of England in 2015 [1].


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland has communion affiliation with the Anglican Churches of Britain and Ireland (Porvoo Agreement, 1996).


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

In Finland, the Anglican Church operates as a registered religious community under the name The Anglican Church in Finland.