Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The Trading Company controlled the voyages of both British and other foreigners in the direction of China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[2] [8] Its monopoly was abolished in the 1830s, allowing private traders to gain the upper hand over China trade.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[2] [9] The opium trade and the opium wars Private traders felt the trade restrictions imposed by the Chinese were unreasonable, which is why the British idea of establishing their own base on the Chinese coast grew.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

China saw growth in demand for cotton, but that did not guarantee profitability of trading.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Meanwhile, exporting opium from India to China proved to be a lucrative business.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Previously, the East India Trade Company had exported opium to China through middlemen, thus avoiding Chinese customs obligations and responsibility for distributing drugs to China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Emperor Qianlong of China had banned the opium trade in 1796, but the ban had little effect and drug trafficking grew in the early 19th century.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[2] [8] Increased drug trafficking and increased drug use caused serious problems and morale decay in China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Senior Chinese officials advocated legalising the opium trade, as corrupt officials themselves received income from drug trafficking in the form of bribes.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

However, Emperor Daoguang issued strict orders to stop the trade, and Lin Zexu, a high-ranking official, arrived as the executor of his will.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Intervals between the Chinese and the British became tighter, as merchants could no longer sell opium as before.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The situation came to a head in 1839 when the British population of Canton was forced to relocate to ships in Hong Kong Harbour.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[2] [8] The escalation of the situation led to the First Opium War.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

With a force of 4000 men, the British fleet left Britain to secure the country's Chinese trade, arriving in June 1840 in a crisis zone.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

After capturing Canton, the British forces advanced north and blockaded all important Chinese ports.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

When the British arrived in Tianjin, a road opened up for them along the Hai He River to the capital Beijing.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The Chinese emperor decided to withdraw after enemy forces got dangerously close to the capital.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[2] [8] Peace negotiations led to the Treaty of Nanjing, whereby Hong Kong Island was taken over by the British.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The British took control of Hong Kong in January 1841.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Under the agreement, China was also required to open trade in its other port cities to the British and pay $21 million in war reparations.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

According to Chinese interpretation, the treaty that the Qing dynasty emperor had to agree was the first so-called unjust treaty between China and foreign powers.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[2] [7] [8] The first urban settlement established by the British in the area that also became the main settlement of the colony was the city of Victoria on the north shore of Hong Kong Island.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

However, foreign traders were not satisfied with the opportunities offered by the Nanjing Agreement to expand Chinese trade, as Chinese officials were accused of complicating trade.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

For British Hong Kong, problems were also brought by the fact that China's other ports, the foremost Shanghai attracted traders better.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In order to safeguard their own interests, the merchants demanded renewal of the Treaty of Nanjing


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Local conflicts and merchants' interests eventually led to the Second Opium War of 1856.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The conflict began when a British Hong Kong ship was intercepted in Canton.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The British sent more soldiers to China as reinforcements.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

France supported the British militarily, as the French also sought to expand their influence in Asia.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[2] [8] British and French military forces took control of the city of Tianjin and subsequently marched to Beijing, where China was forced into the 1858 peace treaty.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Under it, China was forced to cede to Britain the Kowloon Peninsula, which was annexed as part of the colony of Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In addition, China was forced to open ten new ports to foreign trade and pay war reparations to Great Britain and France.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[2] [8] The peace treaty of the Second Opium War also ended unfairly, according to Chinese viewpoint.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The entry of Europeans into Hong Kong was not well viewed, which caused problems on the one hand, but on the other hand, many Chinese collaborated with foreigners.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

There were only a few hundred foreign merchants in Hong Kong in the early 1840s, but thousands of Chinese traded with them or worked for them.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

By the early 1840s, Hong Kong had a population of just copious 4000, but the population went on a boom with the liberalisation of commerce.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong attracted merchants from Canton and in addition to the British, other foreigners also began to visit Hong Kong Harbour.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In 1865, the population of the town was already 120000.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Chinese people made up more than 95% of the population.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[2] [10] Migration brought many new businesses to Hong Kong, with shipping lines, recruitment recruiters and insurance companies operating in the city, among others.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Among the most important events was the establishment of the Bank of Hong Kong and Shanghai in the mid-19th century.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong's new port was also located on an important sea route between Singapore and Shanghai, so Hong Kong benefited from its location.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Cotton coal, alcohol and foodstuffs were exported to China through Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The opium trade was also significant; in the mid-19th century, three-quarters of the opium exported to China passed through Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[10] Territorial expansion in the late 19th century, Hong Kong lost its importance in British Chinese politics as the British increasingly managed their Chinese relations through Beijing.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Around the same time, other colonial powers were increasing their influence, with Japan and Russia also pursuing a foothold from there.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Increased economic competition and military threat alarmed the British.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Therefore, the British considered territorial extensions to strengthen the defences of Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Britain entered into negotiations with China over territorial permits to expand Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The agreement to expand the British colony of Hong Kong came about in August 1898, when the New Territories north of the city was annexed to Hong Kong and the current boundaries of Hong Kong were formed.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

By area, New Territories was the largest in the region.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

However, it had no financial significance to the Britons, but defensively it had value.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Britain leased the area from China for 99 years.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[7] [11] [12] Despite territorial extensions, Hong Kong was one of the most remote regions of the British Empire.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In the early 20th century, Hong Kong was the center of revolutionary rebellion movements in China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Sun Yat-sen, the future president of the Republic of China, founded the Kuomintang Alliance in Tokyo in 1905.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

He had close links to Hong Kong, where insurgency movements were organized.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The Qing regime in China was overthrown in 1911 as a result of the revolution, which drove many to become refugees to Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[8] [13] By entering the 20th century, Hong Kong was already a key port city for world trade.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The importance of the port was enhanced by the underdevelopment of China's inland transport network.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Despite the unrest in mainland China, there was calm in Hong Kong in the early decades of the 20th century.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Despite the tranquility, the population was divided between the Chinese population and the British segment of the population.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong lived separately from Europe, and during World War I the mother country Britain had no significant interest in Hong Kong asioh.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[14] [15] Japanese occupation in the 1930s, the situation in Southeast Asia and China became tense after Japan began an aggressive trade and foreign policy in the region.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Japan felt it had become a bystander in great power politics after the British and US imposed import restrictions on Japanese products during the Depression times of the 1930s.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Japan perceived the British as a hostile state, causing the British to revise their policy on Japan.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong was strategically important, but the United States', British—Japanese treaty of 1921-1922 prohibited fortification of Hong Kong, and Hong Kong did not become an important military base like Singapore for Britons.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[16] [17] Japan invaded China in 1937, and Hong Kong found itself at the forefront of the Sino-Japanese War when the Japanese occupied Canton in 1938.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[8] [17] Hong Kong became overcrowded by the number of refugees from China, causing social problems and serious diseases such as beriberi, dysentery and cholera spread in the city.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[17] Japan began the Pacific War, which was part of World War II, by attacking Pearl Harbor on the United States Naval Base on 7 December 1941.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The next day, Japan began bombing raids on Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong's population was fragmented and the British colonial administration was unable to organise a united resistance against the Japanese.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Not all Chinese inhabitants of the area were willing to defend British colony.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

It was also more important for the Brits to secure a more militarily valuable Singapore from the Japanese.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[16] [17] [18] The Japanese quickly occupied the mainland areas of Hong Kong and came ashore on Hong Kong Island on 18 December 1941.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The Battle of Hong Kong turned in the Japanese favour within days.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong surrendered to the Japanese on Christmas Day.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In the Battle of Hong Kong, 2,000 British or Indian and Canadian soldiers who fought alongside the British fell.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Civilians were killed at least 4000, almost all of them Hong Kong Chinese.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong lasted three years and eight months.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

During that period, the Chinese population in particular was subjected to persecution.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Nearly one million residents disappeared from Hong Kong's population during the war years


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Some residents perished in Japanese atrocities, and some moved to the mainland Chinese side.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[16] [17] [18] The Second Land War ended in August 1945, and the Japanese were driven out of Hong Kong at the end of the month.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The military operation was not large, as no resistance was made by the Japanese.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

After the war, British colonial administration returned to Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[19] Reconstruction After the war, Hong Kong was in ruins and the population had plummeted to less than a million.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Reconstruction was also accompanied by the elimination of racial inequality, as the highest posts in the colonial administration went to the British and even the island's most valuable neighbourhoods had limited numbers of Chinese.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

However, the anti-colonial regime movement in Hong Kong did not occur [15] [18] [19] The intervention in social problems had its reasons, since after the end of World War II, the Chinese Civil War drove a wave of refugees to Hong Kong from 1945 to 1950.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In 1953, the population of the region was already over 2.3 million.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong was also becoming China's economic centre, as foreign businessmen left mainland China after the Communists came to power.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The people who fled mainland China were predominantly anti-communists while earlier refugees were opponents of the Kuomintang, raising political tensions in Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The losing side of the civil war fled to Taiwan, where it founded the Republic of China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Newspapers supporting the Kuomintang also called for Hong Kong to be annexed by the Republic of China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In 1949, the Communists who came to power in the People's Republic of China closed the border between Hong Kong and mainland China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[19] Conditions for refugees in Hong Kong were squalid and the most serious accident occurred in the refugee camps in 1953 when 50,000 people lost their housing in a fire.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The country's authorities intervened in the situation after the disaster and starting in the 1950s the population was populated in giant apartment blocks.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

By 1957, 200,000 refugees had already been repopulated in Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Financial support Hong Kong received for its settlement program from the United States, China and Britain.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[18] [19] The British preferred to hold on to their colony of Hong Kong, although both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China regarded Hong Kong as their own territory.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In China's view, Hong Kong was only temporarily on loan to the British, and Hong Kong did not thus establish direct relations with Beijing.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Intervals between British Hong Kong and communist Beijing were cool, but economic relations were mutually important, thus avoiding greater violence.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[19] Economic boom After World War II, Hong Kong experienced economic restructuring, spurred by entrepreneurs moving from Shanghai to Hong Kong from China's business hub, with their capital.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Manufacturing grew at a pace in Hong Kong, and labour was available.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Capital also began to flow into Hong Kong from other parts of Asia, as the region was perceived to be the safest place in the Far East politically and economically.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[20] In the early 1950s, China exported much of the products of its textile industry through Hong Kong, but this changed with the Korean War.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The UN declared China embargoed, as China was waging war on the North Korean side against UN forces.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The United States, on the other hand, banned all trading with China, weakening Hong Kong's economic life as transit trade declined.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

As transit trade diminished, Hong Kong's business life was developed in other ways, giving other industries a positive boost.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The 1950s saw the development of what became known as the “Made in Hong Kong” phenomenon.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[8] [8] [20] [21] The population grew rapidly, and when the population was three million in the early 1970s, it was already more than four million at the end of the decade.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

However, the large number of people in their cramped dwellings was a time bomb, something the Hong Kong administration knew how to take seriously.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Health care and infrastructure in the region were developed and invested in the welfare of the population.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The problem was exacerbated by so-called boat refugees who fled the direction of South Vietnam after the Vietnam War.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Between 1980 and 1990, the number of refugees entering Hong Kong reached nearly 100,000.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[20] [21] Rapid population growth put pressure on housing policy and the construction of housing for low-income people started in the early 1960s drastically changed the New Territories area, which was still living in rural conditions in the early 1960s.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

By the time of entering the 1990s, more than two million people had already been inhabited.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Rapid construction of new areas required good transport arrangements and the Hong Kong Metro's line between Hong Kong Island and Kowloon is one of the busiest operated metro lines in the world.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[8] [20] The period of preparation for the change of power from the 1960s onwards Hong Kong was doing well economically and social conditions in the country improved.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The worst unrest occurred in the 1960s when the Cultural Revolution initiated by Mao Zedong caused small-scale anti-capitalist movement and opposition to British rule.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The British colonial administration succeeded in suppressing small-scale unrest, and the majority of the Hong Kong population had no desire to oppose colonial rule.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

But the Cultural Revolution startled many; in the 1970s-1980s, a change of power in 1997 already loomed in the future, manifested in, among other things, some companies moving their operations out of Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[22] Under Deng Xiaoping, China gradually opened its doors to foreign investment, thereby increasing Hong Kong's trade.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In 1982, Britain and China began negotiations on Hong Kong's future.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sought to negotiate with China for Hong Kong to remain under British rule.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Continuation of British rule was also supported by the majority of Hong Kong's population.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

China's position on the issue was that the territories would be incorporated into China in 1997, but the region should remain a SEZ that would be governed by Hong Kong's own administration.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[22] However, the British could have held on to Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, which were not covered by the lease.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong, however, had grown up through suburbs so closely attached to China that a bet on the border would have already been impossible.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Britain thus decided to return everything it administered to China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[4] Negotiations resulted in an agreement ratified in 1985 that Chinese administration should return to British territories, which included Hong Kong, Kowloon and the New Territories.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Hong Kong would then become a Special Administrative Region of China for 50 years, guaranteeing Hong Kong a “One Country, Two Systems” policy until at least 2047.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Under the agreement, the Hong Kong dollar is its only legal currency, Hong Kong retains its free-port status as well as its own taxation and the SEZ maintains a customs border with China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Chinese People's Army troops stationed in the region are not allowed to interfere in Hong Kong's internal affairs.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[22] [23] The 1989 unrest in Beijing ended when China's democracy movement was bloody defeated at the Celestial Peace Square demonstration.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

This also left its mark on Hong Kong, whose population became concerned about the future of the region because of events in China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The uncertainty accelerated migration away from Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

From the late 1980s until 1997, Hong Kongers migrated out of the country by hundreds of thousands.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Migration targeted Canada and Australia in particular.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Supporters of China's democracy movement, on the other hand, found a getaway in Hong Kong.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[8] [22] [24] Power change Britain handed Hong Kong back to Chinese control on 2 July 1997.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The change of power went peacefully without riots.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Initially, Hong Kong's economy went into decline during the Asian economic crisis shortly after annexation by China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In addition, Hong Kong was hit by the SARS epidemic, which further crippled the city.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Discontent among Hong Kongers was heightened by the fact that China tightened the freedom of speech of Hong Kongers and imposed restrictions on NGOs.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In 2003, a large demonstration took place in Hong Kong in response to the narrowing of SEZ dispensation.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Nearly one million people are estimated to have taken part in the demonstration.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[8] [22] [25] Hong Kong has also tried to profit from China's annexation.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, efforts have been made to combine cheap labour and raw material access from mainland China with the economic know-how of the SEZ.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

However, a lot of productive activity has shifted to mainland China, attracted by cheaper production costs.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

Neighboring province Guangdong's economy has rebounded since annexation by China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[22] However, the Chinese central government did not commit to the goal of allowing Hong Kong to elect all members of the Legislative Council by free elections after 2007.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

The Communist Party, which runs China, fears calls for democracy would spread from Hong Kong to the rest of China.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[22] [26] When China announced that only those who would be accepted by the Chinese central government as candidates for the 2017 Hong Kong elections, dissatisfaction with Chinese rule grew, leading to large protests against Chinese rule in 2014.


Question: What year did Hong Kong pass to China?

History of Hong Kong

[26] [27] [28] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sivonen, Seppo| title = History of Asian city| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-662-958-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lehtiwood, Markus| title = Hong Kong and Macau| publisher = Finnish travel guide| year = 2015| id = ISBN 978-952-9715-53-4}} References Category:93 Asian History *


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union began with the reform policies of progressive Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev's perestroika and glasnost were an attempt to correct real socialism to be better functioning and more humane.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

However, many of the country's problems were exacerbated because of reform policies.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The reasons leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union were mainly internal to the country, the more central of which were ideological and economic collapse, environmental problems, nationality disputes, and moral reasons.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The international position of the Soviet Union strengthened until the late 1970s, when it was still spreading to the Third World, but expansion and military support activities began to become too overwhelming for the state economy.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Furthermore, it is worth mentioning the arms race initiated by Ronald Reagan, which the Soviet economy could no longer withstand and which distorted its national economy to become even more militaristic.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union dates back to the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The median age of the leading Communists had risen to 70 and the comparatively young Gorbachev emerged as leader after Breznev died in 1982, Andropov in 1984 and Chernenko in 1985.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev implemented reforms, and the economy began to implode as the command system unraveled.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Democratisation removed political control and raised nationalist movement in various state republics.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[1] Communism began to fracture in Eastern Europe after Gorbachev's 1988 renunciation of the Brezhnev doctrine.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[2] A series of revolutions occurred in Eastern European countries from 1988 to 1989.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In 1991, a referendum on continuing the Soviet Union was held in Russia.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Eventually, many republics wanted to break away from the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Baltic states first issued a declaration of independence.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Power began to slip from Gorbachev to the republics.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In practice, Russia, led by Parliament Speaker Boris Yeltsin, declared itself sovereign in the summer of 1990.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Old soldiers and communists opposed the Soviet Union's threatened dissolution and Gorbachev's reforms.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Thus Gorbachev found himself politically between Yeltsin's Democrats and the Old Ones.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Old Ones seized power in August 1991.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The hijacking soon fell to Yeltsin's resistance, and Gorbachev, who had been under house arrest in Crimea, lost his rule over Lopunk.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Leaders of the republics, under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin, dissolved the Soviet Union, which officially ceased to exist on December 25, 1991.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[3] The international status of the Soviet Union was inherited by the Russian Federation.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[1] Soviet economic problems Josif Stalin had developed the most heavy industry, and neglected the production of consumer goods and collectivated agriculture.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

This part of the economy functioned inefficiently because the Soviet economy had become isolated from the rest of the world and was increasingly beginning to fall behind technical progress.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Resources were squandered.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Poorly functioning agriculture caused the Soviet Union in 1963 to start buying grain from abroad.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The range of export products was typical for a developing country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

It sought to take away energy and raw materials.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union was eventually caught in an oil price economy.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[4] Mikhail Gorbachev's reform policy Main article: Soviet Union during the Gorbachev era, the growth of the Soviet economy slowed down in the 1970s, which is why the Communists became aware of the need for economic reform.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In the early 1980s, three Old Knee Soviet leaders, Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko, died within a short period of time.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The reformist Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[5] He intended to reform the bureaucratic socialism inherited from the Brezhnev days of the Soviet dictatorship into human-faced socialism.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The reforms didn't really get off the ground until 1987, when Gorbachev abolished control of corporations and began releasing political dissidents.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

New catchwords appeared in political parlance, perestroika, democratization and glasnost.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The point was to add to the centralist Soviet system some features of Western democracies.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Democratisation caused the beginning of national movement in many countries as censorship and persecution of dissenters were dismantled.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

It turned out that nationality disputes had been kept out of the Soviet Union by coercive means.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

At the same time, Gorbachev gained great popularity in the West with his policy of slimming.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Perestroika's fault was that the removal of guidance from state enterprises removed compulsory supplies of goods from companies.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

This led to the collapse of the economy.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The new economy was a vague combination of a market economy and a planned economy, and performed weaker than the one before it.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

So it began to implode at an accelerating rate.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev was more a politician than an economic expert, and he switched economic advisers at a tight pace.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Of these, none were able to steer the economy to growth.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev's policies provoked increasing opposition in many communist leaders who supported the traditional line followed under Brezhnev.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

On the other hand, one member of the Central Committee, populist [6] Boris Yeltsin, thought Gorbachev's reforms were too slow and was forced to resign.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In 1989, a Congress of MPs was elected in a partly free election.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

This election was won in the Moscow constituency by Boris Yeltsin [7], although most of those elected were communists.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Yeltsin's Democratic Movement wanted capitalism.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In the beginning, its rival was the lax and politically weak Popular Front of moderate socialists, who in the course of time sought compromise with the Liberals and were sidelined in politics.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[8] At the end of the same year, the communist governments of many Eastern European countries collapsed without interference from the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In the same year, in the Soviet Union, it was decided to move to a market economy either faster or over a longer period.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[9] Gorbachev and, in particular, Boris Yeltsin, a political opponent of the old communists, emerged as the representative of Moscow despite the opposition of the old people in early 1989.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[10] During the winter of 1990—1991, there was a shortage of food when distribution did not work.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The country's economy was imploding as the traditional plann-based Soviet economy was failing.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[11] The republics' revolt against the Soviet Union as the 1980s wore on, Soviet republics began to conspicuously argue among themselves and demand greater freedom for themselves.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Nationality disputes were between Russians and smaller peoples, as well as between various small peoples.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[1] Nagorno-Karabakh was seething, there was a vigorous nationality movement in the Baltic states, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Ukraine.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Soviets sought to cover up the clashes.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In hindsight, Gorbachev denied that he knew anything of the many clashes.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In Russia, too, a nationalist movement bubbled to the surface.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[12] In 1988 there were already signs of a looming disintegration of the Soviet Union, although it was not yet spoken of.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Visible, the Baltic independence movement was radicalized in the autumn of 1989—spring 1990.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[13] On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared independence, a prelude to the statehood dissolution of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Latvia and Estonia were on the same course with Lithuania.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In June 1990, Eastern European countries refused military cooperation with the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Also in the south, the Caucasus had been roiling for a long time


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In August 1990, martial law was declared in Armenia due to long-running unrest there.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union was eventually dissolved by the independence of the Baltic states, and Russia's desire to create its own democratic administration in the country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Economy downhill Privatization began in Russia as early as 1990—1991, and the conversion of the country's huge military industry, namely the conversion to civilian industry in 1990.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In the end, the conversion was not successful, although many factories were converted to civilian production.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The lows of the Soviet economy just accelerated in 1990, and the shortages were constant.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

This was due to the snarling of the centralist economy caused by perestroika.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In 1990, crime began to show up clearly in the country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Troubles and the democracy movement led to Gorbachev's popular popularity falling considerably over the year.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In 1990, the secretary-general of the party drafted a highly secret instruction on stashing money at home and abroad at the behest of the president.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Young Communists benefited from this.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Protests and Pluralism From February 1990 to spring 1991, Moscow's middle class demonstrated on Sundays, usually protesters numbered less than 100,000.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

At a demonstration on February 5, 200,000 protesters called for the Communist Party to be removed from power, “dinosaurs retire” in Moscow.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[14] The protests elevated Boris Yeltsin to the Russian leadership, with the Democrats taking Yeltsin as their figurehead.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In February 1990, McDonald's established a hamburger restaurant in Moscow.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In March 1990, the Democrats won local elections for republics in Leningrad and Moscow.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[7] In March 1990, Gorbachev revoked the leading position of the Communist Party, namely Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

On March 15, 1990, Gorbachev was elected for the third time in 18 months as head of state.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The rise of peoples in Ukraine was thrived by a national movement called Ruh-born in 1989.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In March 1991 Estonia and Lithuania declared independence, May also Latvia, but the Soviet Union did not accept the declarations.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[15] The countries' independence came to fruition after the Soviet coup d'état attempt in August 1991.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[16] In May 1990 Boris Yeltsin was appointed Speaker of the Russian Parliament, meaning he effectively became the leader of the country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[17] Yeltsin resigned from the Communist Party in July 1990.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In practice, Russia led by Parliament Speaker Boris Yeltsin declared sovereign on 12 June 1990.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[18] Reaction of the Old Ones In June 1990, the Old Communists organized themselves into the Communist Party of Russia, and Gorbachev did not receive the party in July 1990 at the 28th party conference for his reforms.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[19] In the summer of 1990, the generals decided to support the Federation Group created in 1989 by the MP, Colonel Viktor Alksnis, which aimed to preserve the Soviet Union by coercive means.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The union group wasn't exactly communist.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The army generals did not want to capture power because they felt incapable of governing, and felt they were without popular support.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[20] By the time of the party conference in July 1990, it was clear that perestroika produced previously unpredictable, political changes, nations were drifting apart.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

By July 1990, the Communist Party had split into supporters of country unity and nationalists, and the same was happening in the parties of the republics.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

These developments further weakened the central power.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Abroad, the Germans reunited on 3 October 1990.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Personal changes that increased the numbers of reform-minded leaders at the top of the party hierarchy were not made at a lower level before the election, and these old apparatshiks, clerks of the party apparatshiks, clerks of the party apparatus, echoed the centre's slogans but acted in the old way.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In September—October 1990, Gorbachev received a waiver from the Supreme Council to pursue reforms and was presented with Grigory Javlinsky's 500-day economic program for the transfer of the Soviet Union to a market economy.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The program pursued a form of popular capitalism.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[19] A new treaty of federation was to be written, which was to decentralize the Soviet Union slightly to resolve nationality disputes.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

But at the same time in the winter of 1990 there was a shortage in cities of many supplies and food, clothes, etc. The political awakening in Russia created dual power in the country, on one hand the Soviet Communists led by Gorbachev, on the other hand, the Russian Democrats led by Yeltsin.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Old Ones began to act in late 1990, starting to put pressure on Gorbachev.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev therefore allied himself with the old people to dam the aspirations of the democrats and the Soviet Union, and the actions of the extremists on the other.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

On December 17, Alksnis demanded Gorbachev, under threat, to restore order to the country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[21] Gorbachev bent to the pressure of the oldies.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Rebellions in the Baltic states of Vilnius and Riga were rebelled, and the rebellions were put down by Soviet forces.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In January 1991, Soviet parachute and other forces attempted in bloody clashes to take Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia under Soviet control.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[22] Gorbachev was aware of this beforehand.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[21] On January 20, 1991, in a demonstration in Moscow, the Democrats called for Gorbachev's resignation, at the same time that OMON troops of the Soviet Interior Ministry attacked the Latvian Interior Ministry.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Five people were killed in the incident.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[23] Some casualties came in January 1991 after Interior Ministry troops and some army units attacked press and television centres and similar resistance hotspots in the Baltic states.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Many Soviet military commanders did not go along with these attacks, which were soon widely condemned both abroad and in Russia.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Yeltsin condemned the overthrow of the Baltic revolts in January 1991 by military action.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev's support plummeted further [24] and on 20 January at least 200,000 protesters gathered in central Moscow to demand Gorbachev's resignation.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[25] Russia began to demand its own army and the KGB.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[26] Yet paratroops were still sent to Lithuania in April, around the same time as Caucasian Georgia gained independence.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Infighting In February 1991, Gorbachev noted the infighting prevailing in the country.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Old Ones demanded from Gorbachev to curb reforms, and the Democrat Yeltsin's faction, which effectively led Russia, the largest Soviet state republic, advocated bourgeois capitalism.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

According to rumors, Gorbachev was below and closed in his study.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[27] On 17 March 1991, a referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held, in which 71% of the people supported the preservation of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[23] The people were also asked whether Russia should have its own president, which 70% supported [28].


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The preservation of the Soviet Union was at least opposed by the Baltic states at the time, Armenia, Georgia and Moldova.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Many Central Asian republics were again economically dependent on the Soviet Union and advocated its preservation.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The referendum itself was not binding, a congress of MPs was due to meet at the end of March to decide whether to allow Russia to establish its own presidential office.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

If Russia were allowed to establish a presidential office, Boris Yeltsin, the likely winner of its elections, would become a serious political challenger to Gorbachev [29].


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Old Ones sent a letter to Gorbachev asking, among other things, to block demonstrations supporting Democrat Yeltsin in order to guarantee labour peace for MPs.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev banned the protests and invited the army to Moscow.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[30] The Moscow Urban Council organised a banned demonstration in support of Yeltsin, even under the threat that soldiers would shoot at protesters.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

It was feared that the old people would provoke a violent protest in order to give them a reason for declaring martial law [31].


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev openly feared the potential violence of the protests and their political end.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[32] The Congress of MPs annulled the ban on demonstrations [33], albeit with a narrow majority of votes.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

On March 28, soldiers took control of central Moscow [32] and closed access to Manees Square.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

50,000 soldiers, militiamen and other gunmen were up against half a million protesters.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[34] The army did not act actively against peaceful protesters.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Only the OMON troops of the Ministry of the Interior drove demonstrators out of Manees Square with fists and batons, because they were not allowed to go to the very centre, according to the agreement reached by the militia and soldiers.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[35] The demonstration lasted a day, and at its end demonstrators and soldiers exited peacefully without major incident.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Yeltsin's Russia Democrats won the Russian presidential dispute, and Gorbachev's power was now nonexistent.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[36] [23] In April 1991, a constitution independent of the Soviet Union was adopted for Russia, which included a provision to directly elect a president by popular vote.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

On April 9, 1991, Gruusia declared independence.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[23] On 17 June, Soviet Premier Valentin Pavlov tried in vain to obtain martial law powers for the government.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[37] Yeltsin, elected in the June 1991 presidential election, was supported by 54% of voters.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

It was Russia's first democratic presidential election.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In July, the Warsaw Pact was dissolved.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[38] Gorbachev perceived the breakup as a counterbalance to liberate the country by intending to write a new union treaty and banning party activities in the workplace.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

On April 23, 1991, the nine republics and the Soviet leadership met at Gorbachev datsha in Novo-Ogarevo, and Gorbachev agreed to the leadership position of the republics.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[39] Eight republics out of nine, others except Ukraine, agreed on a new Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

A new treaty of alliance would have made the republics independent, but would have left foreign policy, the president and the defence forces together.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In the end, the new covenant would have been written only by the Russian Soviet Socialist Federative Republic, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev looked like a representative of the old power moving into history, Yeltsin the reformer.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev's 1991 actions further irritated old opponents of the changes.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

August hijacking The old communists wanted with the August 1991 hijacking (19—21.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

August 1991) halts the incipient dissolution and reforms of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

[40] It was feared that many Soviet republics would not sign the new Federation Agreement on 20 August 1991.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The new Soviet Union Treaty was not signed, as the attempted hijacking and its aftermath prevented it.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Formally led by Gennady Janayev, most likely led by security director Vladimir Krjutškov, the capture failed in its objective, the actions of the privateers were squeamish, inept and divisive.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The hijackers placed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev under house arrest in Crimea.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

There were hijackers drunk or at least hungover, Janayev's hands shaking on television.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The public did not believe the account of the hijackers about Gorbachev's illness.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Yeltsin, who arrived at the White House, orchestrated the resistance, and many Russians arrived around Russia's Houses of Parliament, or White House, as a human wall to defend the Russian leader.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

When the army and special forces that arrived in Moscow refused to take over the White House, surrounded by a sea of people, perhaps at the cost of thousands of lives, the hijackers had to admit their defeat.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Dissolution of the Soviet Union After the hijacking, statues of communist leaders were toppled in Moscow at the same time as the freed Gorbachev addressed the people traditional liturgy about the excellence of Marxism-Leninism.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev had lost his power and soon resigned as head of the Communist Party.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Yeltsin was the real leader of the country on Russian territory.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The security service needed a city crane truck to topple the statue of KGB leader Feliks Dzerzhinski.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The communist archives opened up, detailing the actions of the criminal Soviet regime.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Because of the hijacking, all republics became independent.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Yeltsin declared the Communist Party illegal, confiscated its assets and promised Russia's territories freedom as much as they needed.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev was dismissed from all his party posts, but he was still formally the country's president.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

There had been a successful transfer of Communist Party property to safety abroad.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Ukraine gained independence in December 1991 from the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan became independent on 6 September 1991, Leningrad's name was changed to Saint Petersburg (Sankt-Peterburg).


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

In September 1991, the Soviet Union recognized the Baltic states as independent, Armenia and Tajikistan became independent, in October Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan also became independent.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The leaders of CIS Russia, Belarus and Ukraine met in Minsk, where they founded the CIS of the Commonwealth of Independent States.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Communists thought it was a coup, but when Central Asian countries that had become independent of the Soviet Union demanded access to the CIS, it was not seen as a coup.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

At a meeting before Christmas in Alma-Ata, nine countries joined the CIS, with Ukraine specifically making extensive reservations in the alliance agreement to maintain its sovereignty.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Operations of the factories came to a halt in late 1991 due to a lack of payments and raw materials, and no more food and other goods could be obtained from shops.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

On November 7, 1991, after Revolution Memorial Day, food shortages spread to Moscow.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

On 6 November 1991, the Soviet security service KGB was disbanded.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

CIS was established on December 1, 1991.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Kazakhstan became independent on 16 December 1991.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union was officially dissolved on 21 December 1991, and soon Gorbachev resigned on 25 December 1991.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union dissolved itself on 26 December 1991.


Question: Why did the Soviet Union fall apart?

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

See also Russian economy — after the collapse of the Soviet Union Sources Martti Hosia, Report from Moscow, Gummerus 1991 ISBN 951-20-3806-4 History of Russia, Heikki Kirkinen, Helsinki, Otava 2000, ISBN 951-1-15799-X, Arto Luukkanen, Russia of Change, Edita Helsinki 2009, ISBN 978-951- 37-5438-9 Anne Sailas, Ilmari Susiluoto, Martti Valkonen: Russia, Giant Adrift, Helsinki, Edita 1996, p. 88—89, 109 Yegor Gaidar, Empire Destruction, Verbatum 2014, ISBN 9789529344956 References Category:History of the Soviet Union Category:History of the Russian Federation Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

The climate is the weather of some region and its changes over a long period of time.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

[1] Climate is a statistical concept defined by calculating different averages and dispersions from weather observations.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

[2] Climate is influenced by the latitude, altitude and distance of the place from the sea, as well as ocean currents.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Physically, looking at the climate determines atmospheric circular motion.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Weather variables that make up the climate include temperature, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and relative humidity of the air.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

The science that studies climate is climatology.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Paleoclimatology, or ancient climate science, studies historical climates.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Difference between climate and weather The weather can vary depending on the day and season, even in the same climate.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

For example, it can sometimes rain very heavily in the desert, and in the cold winter forest forest there are dense days in winter.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

The “average weather” described by the climate type prevails most often during spring and autumn, but there are large variations.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

The boundary between climate and weather is not precisely defined.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

For example, in a sense, a single El Niño phenomenon can be considered a climatic phenomenon, but on the other hand also a weather phenomenon.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Factors Affecting Climate The angle of entry of sunlight is one of the most important factors affecting climate.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

At low latitudes in the tropics near the equator, the Sun shines every day from high, which is why the climate is hot and the temperature differences between the seasons are small.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Near the poles The sun shines from low or is completely hidden in winter, which cools the climate.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

In temperate regions, there are typically four seasons between the equator and the polar regions.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

[3] Winds bring moisture to land.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Pasate winds meet in the tropics and cause thunderstorms, moisture and monsoons.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

There is little wind to the north and south of the pasate winds at about 30th latitude, as a result of which there is not much moisture coming from the oceans to the continents.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

In addition, dry air settles on the ground surface, while warming up.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

As a result, the largest desert regions on Earth are located at these latitudes.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

[3] Mountain ranges force the wind to rise upwards.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

The air cools as it rises, allowing moisture to condense into clouds and rain.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

A humid climate is created on the windward side of the mountains and dry on the other side.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

[3] The oceans produce moisture that generates rainstorms.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

The oceans also equalize the temperatures of coastal areas.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

[3] Climate classifications Climate categories are often presented according to the type of vegetation determined by humidity and temperature.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

The best known climate classification is probably the Köppen climate classification.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Other climate classifications in use include the Thornthwaite climate classification, the Rivas Martinez climate classification, the Walter climate classification, and the Strahler climate classification.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Climate categories typical of many classifications include, for example, rainforest climate, desert climate, and tundra climate.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Climate Measurement Climate is measured by the following figures: Temperature Average temperature All year Average temperature The average temperature of the warmest month Average temperature of the coldest month Precipitation Average of the year Do the rains come in winter or summer Relative humidity of the air Windness Cloudiness Can also be measured, inter alia, the following figures Evaporation (theoretical or real) Percentage of the year (aggregated by zero or five degrees) The length of the growing season (time when the average daily temperature exceeds +5 °C) Time of snow cover in the country Thickness of snow cover at maximum Climate change Climate changes over a long and short period of time for various reasons.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Periodically occurring ice ages are caused by variations in the tilt angle of the Earth's orbit and the axis of rotation.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Only 20000 years ago, during the coldest period of the last ice age, the global average temperature was an estimated 6 degrees below today.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

During the time of the dinosaurs about 90 million years ago, the Earth, on the other hand, was very warm and there was little glaciers, even in the surrounding areas of the South Pole.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

The stage of glaciation is now being resurfaced on Earth.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

However, because the high concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere warms the climate, as a result of human greenhouse gas emissions, the Earth is not cooling.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

[5] The slowest changes in Earth's climate are the result of various geological changes, such as the slow movement of continents and the emergence and loss of mountains.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Continental movement is changing ocean currents, which has a major impact on local climates.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Continental glacier, which has grown as a result of cooling, cools the climate further by reflecting the Sun's radiation back into the sky.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

[5] Short-term climate changes are caused by changes in solar radiation and, for example, volcanic eruptions or collisions of large meteorites with Earth.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

The natural interaction of different parts of the climate system also causes changes in climate.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

[5] See also Vegetation zone Air mass Thermohaline cycle Solar radiation zones Microclimate Sources Literature Hannu Karttunen, Jarmo Koistinen, Elena Saltikoff, & Olli Mainland: Atmosphere, weather and climate.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Ursa.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

in 2008.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

ISBN 978-952-5329-61-2.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

On topic elsewhere. Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate


Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

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Question: What does climatology mean?

Climate

Category:Ecology Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The 2018—2019 Champions League season is the 27th season of the Champions League, and the 64th season of the football cup played among the top teams in Europe.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The final was played on 1 June 2019 in Madrid at the capital Wanda Metropolitano.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

As defending champions, heading into the season is Spaniard Real Madrid.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

Qualifying Rounds In each qualifying round, as well as the relegation round, teams were divided into baskets of placed and non-placed, determined according to UEFA club team ranking.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

Teams played against each other at home and away, and two teams from the same country cannot be entered into the same pair of matches.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

Four teams participated in the pre-qualifier on the basis of UEFA's ground pisteranking.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The teams were drawn first into two pairs of matches, with the winners facing off in a one-leg final.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The draw took place on 12 June 2018.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

[1] Teams that have lost advance to the second qualifying round of the 2018—2019 Europa League season.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The qualifying phase and play-off round of the 2018—2019 Champions League season First qualifying round The draw for the first and second qualifying rounds took place on 19 June 2018.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

[1] The first leg matches will be played on 10 and 11 July 2018.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The second leg matches will be played on 17 and 18 July.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The losing teams advance to the second qualifying round of the 2018—2019 Europa League season.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The qualification phase and play-off round of the 2018—2019 Champions League season Second qualifying round The first leg matches will be played on 24 and 25 July 2018.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The second leg matches will be played on 31 July and 1 August.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The second qualifying round is divided into two groups: Champions (for league champions) and Best placed (for non-champions).


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The losing teams from both groups proceed to the second qualifying round of the 2018—2019 Europa League season.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

Qualifying phase of 2018—2019 Champions League season and play-off round Third qualifying round Third qualifying round The third qualifying round is divided into two groups: Champions (for league champions) and Best placed (for non-champions).


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The losing teams from both groups will proceed to the play-off round of the 2018—2019 Europa League season.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

20 teams will play in the third qualifying round.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The draw for match pairs is conducted at 23.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

on July.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

[1] The qualifying phase of the 2018—2019 Champions League season and the play-off round The play-off round The play-off round is divided into two different groups: Champions (for league champions) and Best placed (for non-champions).


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The losing teams from both groups entered the group stage of the 2018—2019 Europa League season.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

12 teams will play in this round.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

Match pairings will be drawn 6.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

on Aug.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

[1] Champions League 2018—2019 qualifying phase and play-off round Group stage Teams were divided into eight groups of four teams, with teams from the blocks playing a home and away match against each other.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The top two from each group qualified for the quarter-semi-finals of the play-offs.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

The third placed in the group qualified for the first playoff round of the 2018—2019 Europa League season and the fourth-placed ones dropped out.


Question: Who won the Portuguese League in the 2018-19 season?

2018—2019 Champions League season

If tie points were ended in the blocks, the group standings were settled as follows: points for mutual matches between teams teams goals goal difference of teams mutual matches away goals for all matches teams goal difference of all teams goals scored UEFA own ranking list Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group E Group F Group G Group H Playoff Stage Sources Category:Champions League Category:Football league 2018—2019/2019


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate (, al-Khilāfatu al-ʿAbbāsiyyah) was the third Islamic caliphate.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

It was founded by the heir of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566-653) — after whom the caliphate is named —.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

[1] The Abbasids controlled most of the caliphate from their capital Baghdad as caliphs after overthrowing the Umaijad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution which ended in 750.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The administration of the Abbasid Caliphate was initially centralized in Kufa, but in 762, Caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad near the ancient Sasanian capital, Ctesiphon.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid period was marked by dependence on territories controlled by Persian bureaucrats (especially those of the Barmakid family), as well as the increasing number of non-Arab Muslims in the Umma (a community of believers in Islam).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Persian customs were widely adopted by the ruling elite and began to support artists and scholars.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

[2] Baghdad became a center of science, culture, philosophy and inventions.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Today, this period is called the Golden Age of Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

History The Abbasid Revolution On the day of Id al-Fitr, 15 June 747, Abu Muslim and his supporters waved black flags to mark the beginning of the revolution.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

He soon took over all of Khorasan, expelled its Umaijadi governor Nasr ibn Sayyar, and sent an army westward.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Kufa was subjected to the Hashimiyya movement in 749 and at the same time besieged Wasit, the last base of the Umaijads.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah was recognized as the new caliph at Kufa Mosque in the same year.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Meanwhile, Merwan II gathered an army and marched towards Iraq.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The troops faced off along the Zab River on 25 January 750 and the battle ended with Abu al-Abbas's victory.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In April, Damascus surrendered to the Abbasids, and the final nail in the coffin was when Merwan II was assassinated by Abbasid agents in Egypt in August.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The victors desecrated the tombs of the Umaijads in Syria, of which only the tomb of Omar II was spared.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Most of the family members were tracked down and killed like Merwan.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasids used a rude plot for this: They declared amnesty to the rest of the Umaijads, 80 of whom gathered to accept the pardon, but they were murdered.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

One of Hisham's grandsons, Abd ar-Rahman I, survived the pursuits and murder plots.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

He founded the Kingdom of Al-Andalus in Iberia and proclaimed his family as the new Umaijjads Caliphate.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Charles W. Previté-Orton suggests that the reason for the decline of the Umaijjads caliphate was the rapid spread of Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In the reign of the Umaijads, mass converts brought Persians, Berbers, Copts and Arameans to Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

These “mawals” were often more educated and cultured than their Arab masters.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The new converts may have changed the political landscape in the name of Muslim equality.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

According to Previté-Orton, his part in the empire's internal decay was also played by the feud between Syria and Iraq.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

See also Abbasid Sources Literature Abbas, Tahir (2011).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

London, United Kingdom: Routledge.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-4155-7225-8.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2009050163.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

(in English) Al-Abbasi, A.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

M.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

M.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Nader al-Bayan en Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian (in Persian).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Doha, Qatar.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2002).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: A Gap in the History of Gunpowder and Cannon”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

History of Science and Technology in Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2002a).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part II: Transmission of Islamic Engineering”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Archived al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. (2002b).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Transfer of Islamic Technology To The West: Part I: Avenues of Technology Transfer”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Abbott, Nabia (1946).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Two queens of Baghdad: mother and wife of Hārūn al Rashīd.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

from the University of Chicago Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The “First True Scientist"”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

BBC.co.uk.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The Islamic World to 1600".


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

in 2008.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Anon (1928).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“Deutsche Literaturzeitung für Kritik der Internationalen Wissenschaft” [German Weekly Literary Journal for Criticism of the International Science] (in German).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

49 (27—52).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Baker, Hugh D.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

R.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Hong Kong Images: People and Animals.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Hong Kong University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 962-209-255-1.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Baniabbassian, M.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Tarikh-e Jahangiriyeh va Baniabbassian-e Bastak (in Persian).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Tehran.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Bloodworth, Ching Ping; Bloodworth, Dennis (2004) [1976].


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Chinese Machiavelli: 3,000 Years of Chinese Statecraft.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Transaction Publishers.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-7658-0568-5.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2003059346.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Bonner, Michael (2010).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The Wanting of Empire: 861—945".


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

In Robinson, Charles F.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The New Cambridge History of Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

I: The Formation of the Islamic World: Sixth to Eleventh Centuries.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Bonner, Michael; Ener, Mine; Singer, Amy, eds.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Poverty and Charity in the Middle Eastern Contexts.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-7914-5737-5.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2002042629.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Bosworth, C.; Van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Encyclopeì die de l'Islam [The Encyclopedia of Islam] (in French).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

V (New ed.).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Leiden, Netherlands: E.J.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Brill.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Brague, Rémi (2009).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-2260-7080-3.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 2008028720.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Brauer, Ralph W. (1995).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

pp.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

7—10 a.m.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-87169-856-0.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 94078513.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Brinkley, Frank (1902).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Trübner, ed.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

China: Its History, Arts and Literature.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Oriental.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

X. Boston, MA: J. B. Millet Company.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Broomhall, Marshall (1910).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“II: China and the Arabs From the Rise of the Abbaside Caliphate”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Islam in China: A Neglected Problem.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Philadelphia, PA: London, Morgan & Scott Ltd.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 11003281.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Carné, Louis de (1872).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Travels in Indo-China and the Chinese Empire.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

London, UK: Chapman and Hall.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Chapuis, Oscar (1995).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-313-29622-7.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 94048169.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Clinton, Jerome W. (2000).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Talattof, Kamran; Clinton, Jerome W., eds.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The Poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: Knowledge, Love, and Rhetoric.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 0-3122-2810-4.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

LCCN 99056710.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cooper, William Wager; Yue, Piyu (2008).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Emerald Group Publishing Limited.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

ISBN 978-0-4445-3243-5.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

Cotter, Holland (29 December 2001).


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

“The Story of Islam's Gift of Paper to the West”.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The New York Times.


Question: Where was the Abbasid Caliphate founded?

Abbasid Caliphate

The New York Times.