Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Similarly, where previous scholars sought to arrange Plato's dialogues according to subjects so as to form the most rational entity possible, contemporary scholars have sought above all to elucidate the order in which the dialogues were written.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[20] Despite the appreciation the dialogues received, Plato himself considered oral instruction to be considerably more valuable.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[9] Some knowledge of Plato's oral teachings, such as the lecture “The Good”, has survived.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[33] A later philosophy based on Plato's own thinking is called Platonism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[34] Two Levels of Reality Plato's earlier dialogues dealt mainly with the methods of achieving knowledge, and the later dialogues on fairness and practical ethics.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato's fundamental idea, in all his philosophy, always had that knowledge gained through the senses is uncertain and impure, and that only a contemplative soul can attain true knowledge.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Only such information is of scientific and ethical significance.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The division of reality in this way into two levels, an intelligible and conceivable higher reality and a sensable lower reality, that is, the world around us, was the most central feature of Plato's philosophy, and from this model can almost every work of Plato to be seen to be addicted.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[1] In his dialogues, Plato presents his views on metaphysics, order, knowledge and acquisition of knowledge, soul, ethics, human life, and the functioning of the ideal state.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato's philosophy can be considered to be based not only on the ideas of Socrates, but also Heracleitus, Parmenide, and Pythagorean.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

According to one view, his ethical and political doctrine corresponded to the teachings of Socrates, learned about sensing things from Heracleito, and learned of things to think about Parmenide and Pythagoras.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[1] [2] [35] Heraclitus had seen the world in a constant state of transformation, Parmenides again pursued the unchanging reality in the world.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato can be considered to have linked the thinking of Heracleitus and Parmenide by dividing reality into two planes, one representing mutability and the other representing immutability.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Indeed, he considered that some things are sensed by the body and others conceivable without the use of the body.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Things of a changing world were those sensed by the body, while immutable things can be thought of by reason alone.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Pythagoreanism influenced Plato's ideas about the mathematical basis behind immutable things.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[19] Metaphysics One of the most famous elements of Plato's thinking is dualistic metaphysics called the doctrine of ideas.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In it, the world is divided into two halves according to the principle of the two levels of reality described above: the conceptual world of “forms” of reason, that is, the world of ideas, and the sense-observable world around us.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[20] Plato saw the sensing world and all things in it as imperfect copies of the shapes of the intelligible world, that is, ideas (Greek.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

idea or eidos).


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

These ideas are immutable and perfect and can only be conceived by intellect and understanding, that is, the capacity of the mind which does not contain the use of the senses or imagination.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[36] For Plato, ideas were therefore as if pure and immutable archetypes of things in the sensing world, and this applied to both material and intangible things: equally as all individual horses were united by the idea of the Horse, of which they were imperfect copies, Similarly, all individual beautiful things were united by the idea of Beauty, of which they were complicit.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[20] [36] A key feature of Plato's later thinking was general mathematization, and he thought figures and geometric shapes (Plato's pieces) had their counterparts in the world of ideas.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[37] Plato presented his ideas in dialogues such as Faidon [38] and the State.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In the latter, Plato illustrated his ideas with several of his well-known parables, which include the cave comparison, the solar parable, and the divided jana.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[39] In addition to these, Parmenides includes a self-critical treatment of the doctrine of ideas, and in Sophist and Statesman Plato approaches the idea from a whole new point of view.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Therefore, scholars have also asked whether Plato changed his mind at some point in terms of the nature of ideas.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[1] [36] In later philosophy, Plato's views are closely related to what is known as Platonic realism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[40] Information theory The main objective of Plato's idea doctrine has apparently been to guarantee knowledge in a changing world.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

This was a significant philosophical problem in antiquity, because knowledge was considered to be something permanent, whereas in the world everything seems to be unstable and in a state of change.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato's solution was to shift the basis of knowledge from the everyday world of experience to a separate world of ideas; knowledge could only be obtained from ideas.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Knowledge thus became possible, but at the cost of becoming transcendent and elitist: only a small percentage of people were capable of accessing it.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[20] The theoretical views of theoretical knowledge linked to the idea doctrine were first and foremost expressed by Plato in the dialogues Theaitetos and Menon.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Theaitetos asks the question of what knowledge is.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In response, one moves towards the classic definition of knowledge: knowledge is a well-grounded true belief.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[41] Menon, on the other hand, sets out Plato's views on the nature of knowledge and learning.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

It begins with the question of whether virtue can be taught, and proceeds to the idea of bringing things back to mind (anamnēsis), according to which learning is about rediscovering pre-existing knowledge, and to the idea of a correct opinion, a perception which is correct but which, however, does not have clear grounds.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[42] Recalling knowledge, or remembering, was to Plato the pursuit of an eternal idea.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Where the senses deal with shifting, moving things, memory reaches for things that are at rest and persistent, and for Plato nothing was permanent than ideas.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Through recall, the theory of knowledge became connected to the idea of the immortality and predisposition of the soul.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[20] Physics Physics was for Plato the knowledge of sensing phenomena, that is, the material realization of ideas in the world of phenomena.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Since Plato felt that real knowledge could only be obtained from ideas, the world of phenomena was not a particular object of scientific interest to him, as well as it had not been for Socrates either.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Nature, or the sensory world, appeared to him only as an inferior copy of the world of ideas, offering only uncertain images transmitted by the senses.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Thus, knowledge associated with the sensory world was not real knowledge, nor even a source of knowledge, but only individual cases of real knowledge.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

It followed that, in Plato's view, empirical knowledge could not exist because it would have been in direct conflict with his rationalist thinking.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Therefore, Plato rejected scientific experiments as well.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato held that the function of phenomena was mainly to stimulate the mind so that the return of things to memory is triggered.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[43] [44] At an older age, however, Plato turned his attention to the world of phenomena in his dialogue with Timaios, his only natural science work.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato adopted from the Pythagoreans the idea of using mathematics and astronomy to connect the eternal world of ideas and the material world in change.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Mathematics teaches eternal things that were nonetheless connected to the material; astronomy, on the other hand, studies the universe and celestial bodies, which were considered eternal, mobile and divine in themselves, and whose motions were mathematically processed.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[44] Plato's conception of nature was dominated by a teleological view of the purpose of the universe, guided by some sort of world soul that did everything in the best way possible in both moral, intellectual, and aesthetic sense.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

From the chaotic matter of the organization of the universe into an orderly cosmos, Plato put forward in Timaios in the form of a myth: a benevolent craftsman, a demiurgist, shaped the universe from existing matter, using the eternal world of ideas as his model.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Substance Plato thus likened to the material used by a craftsman.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Thus creation did not happen ex nihilo aka out of thin air, which would not have suited Greek thought.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[44] [45] The soul and body Plato divided the soul in the State into three parts, which he considered to struggle with each other: [46] [47] The sanity soul (logistikon) is located at the end.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Its job is to dabble in philosophy because knowing makes it happy.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

It should dominate other parts of the soul.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The into-soul (thymoeidēs) is located in the heart.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

It is destructive and evil in its own right, but it can get used to listening to the voice of reason and become a good, obedient servant to it.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The lust soup (or will toy; [48] epithymētikon) is located in the abdomen.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

It's stupid and simple, and always wants the same simple pleasures.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Therefore, it is mainly intended to be cured.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Other ideas about Plato's soul are mostly derived from dialogues by Faidon, whose main purpose was to prove the immortality of the soul, and Timaios, who dealt with, among other things, the origin of the soul.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato considered that the soul had existed even before its association with the material body and had seen the ideas as they were in the sky of ideas, which was also a precondition to the doctrine of recalling memory.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

This division into a higher-ranking soul and an inferior body embodies once again Plato's two-level model.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

According to Plato, immortality belonged only to the sanity soul.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[43] [49] Politics Plato's ideas often had a social interface as well, particularly when he deals with the ideal state or ideal government.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato's political thinking is based on Socratic thinking, where the most central issue is the question of the good life.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

As applied to politics, the question follows, what kind of state enables a good life.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[50] Plato discusses political topics in several of his dialogues, and can be seen as the founder of political philosophy as a whole.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[50] Plato's most significant ideas are contained in his perhaps most famous work The State, which is read into his mid-stage production.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In addition to the state, Plato's dialogues political are notably Laws, Statesman, Minos, Epinomis and Critias.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Through the ethical dimension, however, political thought can be seen to be embodied in all of Plato's works.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[50] In the state, Plato was of the opinion that society consists of three social classes corresponding to the division of the individual human soul into three parts: [47] Workers — workers, artisans, merchants, farmers, etc.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

This category corresponds to the soul triangle to the lust soul.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Guardians — brave, strong, danger-loving.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

This class corresponds to an into-toy.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Rulers, superior guardians — intelligent, rational, self-restraining, wisdom-loving, decision-making capable.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

This class is equivalent to sanity souls.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato held that the state should be led by reason and wisdom instead of rhetoric and persuasion.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

However, he held that people's soul abilities are different, and only a small minority, philosophers, can achieve an overall view of what constitutes the common good of the state.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Philosophers must therefore act as rulers: [51] According to Plato, in the state, “either philosophers must become kings, or those whom we now call kings and rulers must take true action and seriously pursue philosophy, so that political power and philosophy merge together”.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[52] These views of Plato justify why democracy, and especially Athenian democracy as it was in Plato's time, came to be rejected.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The form of government presented by Plato can be described as a kind of philosophical aristocracy or monarchy.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[53] Also, Plato's last work Laws presents an outline of the ideal state.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

However, it differs significantly from the State submission.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

It is often thought that the State presents what an ideal state is at best, and Laws, in turn, what kind of state would be best if no less optimistic assumptions are made about human nature.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In this case, it can either be considered that Plato found the ideal State to be difficult to implement in the first place, or that he presented different views on human nature in different dialogues.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[54] Plato himself was not active in politics after becoming a philosopher, [10] nor did he plan a coup d'état by philosophers.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In Plato's own time, his theories were understood as utopia, although they were both often criticized and ridiculed.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

However, interference in the Sicilian travels in the power struggle of the ruler family of Syracuse led Plato to toy with the idea of philosopher kings and raising such, and later one of the aims of the Academy was to cultivate the social elite.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[51] The works of Plato are among the few works of ancient authors that have survived into modern times in their entirety.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The canon of works was probably established around the time of the beginning of the period.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[25] The works combine two features characteristic of Greek culture, poetry and philosophy, and have throughout the ages been admired both for their artistic and philosophical merits.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[32] With the exception of the defence speech of Socrates, all works are in dialogue form, for which Plato is particularly famous.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato, however, was not the first to write in dialogue form.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Before him, dialogues had been written by Zenon Elean and Aleksamenos Teoslainen, among others, as well as by numerous Socratics such as Xenofon, Aiskhines, Antisthenes and Eucleides.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[1] [2] Plato's works consider, among other things, the aristocratic and democratic form of government, the influence of heredity and environmental factors on human intelligence and personality (later spoken by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, for example), and the human mind the subjectivity and objectivity of knowledge (which was later addressed by, for example, David Hume and Immanuel Kant).


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Even the mythical story of the lost Atlantis has its origins in Plato's exemplary narrative in the works of Timaios and Critias.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[2] Relation to historical Socrates Plato's earliest dialogues are called Socratic dialogues.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In them, Socrates plays a major role and is shown using his own Socratic method, that is, asking questions to his students without himself taking any positive position.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Socrates' interest lies first and foremost in practical ethics, and discussions do not follow any finished form.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato's dialogues, however, changed greatly during Plato's life.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Scholars generally hold that Plato's earlier dialogues are more closely based on Socrates' thinking, while in later dialogues he becomes distinct from his master's views and, through a character named Socrates, introduces his own philosophy.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In them, Socrates addresses all philosophical topics and makes positive stances on them.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Where earlier dialogues often end with an unresolved situation (aporia), later dialogues are more dogmatic in tone.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Likewise, the dialogue form he uses in earlier works to create a dramatic impression is still present in later works but devoid of particular use: other character characters do not participate in the conversation precisely other than saying “yes”, “certainly” to Socrates, and “you're absolutely right “.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In late-stage dialogues, Socrates is either absent or silent.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[1] [2] [20] Plato makes no mention of himself in his works, except for Socrates' Defensive Speech [14] and Faidon [15].


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Because Plato himself did not act as a person character in his dialogues, he was not formally committed to anything said in them.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Among others, George Grote has considered that Plato freely developed in his dialogues those subjects which happened to interest him at each moment, without being committed to anything said in them.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Many others have considered that Plato put his own opinions in the mouth of Socrates and thus presented, among other things, the doctrine of ideas at the mouth of Socrates after his death, even though it was actually his own invention.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[25] According to Diogenes Laertios, Plato would have used, in addition to Socrates, among others, Timaios Lokrian and a few characters who remain unknown as presenting his own ideas.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[55] The question of the extent to which Socrates in Plato's dialogues corresponds to the historical Socrates is called the Socratic problem.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In any case, Plato's dialogues are not meant to be verbatim representations of the teachings of this.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato wanted to convey a certain image of Socrates to posterity, with which he also wanted to identify himself.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[56] [57] Plato introduces his views through the mouth of Socrates in three ways: by questioning, arguing, and presenting myths.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

All come out intertwined in a dialectical debate led by the philosopher, usually Socrates.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato wanted to emphasize the difference between dialectics to lecturing sophists and oratory teachers, or rheetors.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In questionable form of presentation, Socrates usually presents ignorance of the things he asks questions about, and wishes to elucidate others' perceptions of key concepts of morality, among other things.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Discussions thus serve as concept analysis, in which concepts are digested into their initial factors and search for their actual core.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

As the debate progresses, you end up not only redefining concepts, often but also dead-end, or aporia.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In such a situation, prepositions were freed and the real search for a solution could only begin.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In an argumentative form of presentation, the leader of the debate presents his ideas in a more lecturesque style, yet asking the listener for acquiescence to new definitions and the progression of his logic.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Myths Plato used to present such things that were difficult to present with rational argumentation, ignoring historical truth.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In later times, some of the myths presented by Plato, such as the narrative of Atlantis, have been mistakenly understood to be historical.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[10] The seemingly staged setting of the dialogues allows both Plato and the reader to distance themselves from the philosophical issues being debated at any given time.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Each can choose from two approaches: it is possible to either participate in dialogues and the ideas discussed in them, or simply think of dialogues as a representation of the personalities of the individuals involved in them.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The dialogue format also allowed Plato to put unpopular or refutable opinions into the mouths of his enemies, exemplified by Thrasymakhos in the State, as well as Kallikles, Gorgias, Protagoras, Polos, Hippias and Euthydemos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[55] Plato's dialogues are the greats of antiquity in literary style and show well Plato's literary gifts, which he was accustomed to using even before his career as a philosopher.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The dialogues are written in a poetic tone, with a harmonically progressive rhythm, and are filled with rich imagery and vocabulary.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

For this reason, both ancient and contemporary critics have often praised the style of the works highly.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[32] Plato in particular was praised by Cicero, who said that “Zeus would speak in the same way if only he would tolerate stoop to the use of human language”.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[58] Aristotle characterised Plato's style as a cache of prose and poetry.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[59] Even when dealing with abstract matters, Plato's language is often clear, simple and harmonious.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[32] Sometimes, however, Plato writes many-worded, succumbing to obscurities arising either from pride or the influence of the Italian school.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[32] In particular, the concepts used by Plato in his philosophy are not always entirely unambiguous.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

He often used different denominations for the same thing, sometimes even reversed such, and sometimes for different things the same denominations.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

For example, on eternal and permanent ideas, he also used the designations form, model, genus, basis and reason.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Sensing things he called both being because they arise, and non-existent because they are constantly changing.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[60] Plato may have been partly deliberately elusive to prevent the unlearned from getting clear about his philosophy.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[61] Dialogue breakdown and authenticity Plato's dialogues are closely related and have been arranged in several ways throughout history.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[32] However, their original writing order is not known, nor is the extent to which they were edited later.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Dialogues, through modern linguistic analysis, can be divided, among other things, into early, mid-stage and late-stage dialogues, as shown above in the context of Plato's biography.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Traditionally, they are presented by tetralogy, as in the following list.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

They can also be presented according to another division of antiquity, grouping dialogues into theoretical (natural and logical), practical (ethical and political), practicing (midwifery and probing), and competitive (proving and refuting) dialogues.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[62] Friedrich Schleiermacher breaks down dialogues into three categories based on his analysis of Plato's philosophical development.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

According to his breakdown, 1) the most central dialogues of the first, or initial, are Faidros, Lysis, Protagoras, Lakhes, Kharmides, Euthyfron and Parmenides; (2) the dialogues of the second, or transitional, include e.g.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Gorgias, Theaitetos, Menon, Euthydemos, Kratylos, Sophist, Statesman, Pidot, Faidon, and Filebos; and 3) the dialogues of the third, or top stage, are State, Critias, Timaios, and Laws.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[32] Schleiermacher considers the dialogues to follow a didactic plan, the content of which Faidros presents.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[63] Later, however, it has been considered that Plato's thinking evolved over time, and the order of writing dialogues has been studied, among other things, through literary-critical methods, as well as using analysis of linguistic style and philosophical research as an aid.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[63] Lewis Campbell was the first to prove, using style analysis, that Critias, Timaios, Laws, Filebos, Sophist and Statesman form one group of dialogues, while Parmenides, Faidros, State and Theaitetos form another group.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The latter must be earlier than the former if Aristotle's statement that the Laws were written after the State, [64] is true.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

However, the exact writing order of the dialogues remains open.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[4] The authenticity of several dialogues has been questioned.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Epinomis has been put in the names of some unknown student of Plato, Minos and Hipparchus in the names of some Socratic.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Critics of antiquity put Alkibiades II in the name of Xenophon.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Many of the other dialogues are clearly of much later origin.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Different opinions remain as to the authenticity of some of the dialogues.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato's letters were written at different times.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Of those likely only the seventh are authentic and the others written by Plato's pupils, or still much later.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[65] These letters, some of which are of considerable length, refer to Plato's travels to Sicily and the political machinations of the island as a result of the actions of Dionysios and Dion the younger.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The correspondence paints the picture that it is published by someone of Plato's followers, and is intended to exonerate Plato of charges that he had caused Syracuse's political problems.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[32] The following is a list of Plato's works.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Listed with an asterisk (*) are those works for which some scholars suspect that Plato is not the correct author of the work, and with two asterisks (**) those works for which scholars generally believe that Plato is not the correct author of the work.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

When referring to works, the so-called Stephanus numbering is used.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[66] Tetralogies The works are commonly divided into nine tetralogies, that is, groups of four works according to the division of Thrasyllos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In the breakdown, each dialogue has been given two names, the first relating to the person and the second to the subject.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Diogenes Laertios has presented the breakdown as follows: [67] I Tetralogy Euthyphro (Saint) Socrates' Defence Speech (also translated as Apologia) Kriton (Of what must be done) Faidon (Of the Soul) II Tetralogy Kratylos (On the Correctness of Names) Theaitetos (Of Knowledge) Sophist (Of Being) Statesman (Of Kingship) III Tetralogy Parmenides (Of Ideas) Filebos (Of Pleasure) Faidros (Of Love) IV Tetralogy Alkibiades I (Of Man's Nature) * Alkibiades II (Of Prayer) ** Hipparchus (Profit) ** Contestants (On Philosophy) ** V Tetralogy Theages (On Philosophy) ** Kharmides (On Reasonableness) Lysis (On Friendship) VI Tetralogy Euthydemos (Isolator) Protagoras (Sophists) Gorgias (On Speech) Menon (On Virtue) VII Tetralogy Hippias (Wider Dialogue) (From the Beautiful) * Hippias (Shorter Dialogue) (Out of True) Ion (From the Iliah) Meneksenos (Funeral Speech) VIII Tetralogy Cleitofon (Exhortation) * State (Of the Just) Timaios (From Nature) Critias (The Story of Atlantis) IX Tetralogy Minos (From the Law) ** Laws (On Legislation) Epinomis (Nocturnal Meeting) ** Letters * (part of unoriginal) Unoriginal The following works have been circulated under the name of Plato, but their authenticity has been doubted as early as antiquity: Axiochus ** Demodokos ** Epigrams of Eryxias (Erasistratos) ** On Virtue ** Icebird (Alkyon or Halkyon) ** Definitions of ** Righteousness ** Sisyphus (The Headless) ** Influence Plato has often been considered the most prominent philosopher.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

A.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

According to N. Whitehead's famous remark, the entire history of Western philosophy is only footnotes to Plato's production.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Whitehead wanted to emphasise with his observation above all the philosophical broadness of Plato, which has allowed this to be an endless source of philosophical ideas.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[68] Plato has in his works raised numerous key philosophical questions that later philosophers have considered, although their answers have often been different from Plato.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Even today in philosophy, Plato's dialogues serve as a challenge and an arouser of ideas.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[69] Plato's doctrine of ideas in particular has had a tremendous influence on Western thought, not only in the fields of ontology but also philosophy of science and concept analysis.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[70] Plato was not the first philosopher, but philosophy as a systematic study with its own methods can be considered his invention.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[1] Plato was the first to apply the philosophical method to all his studies, seeking to combine the doctrines he considered correct by earlier philosophers into a single overall representation.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[49] In the scope of philosophical work, only a few other great names in the history of philosophy can be read in the same series as Plato.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[1] The Academy founded by Plato operated after his death in some form for over 900 years.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Its activities did not definitively end until 529.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The Academy developed into a diverse research institution where Plato's ideas were further developed, often however in a very conservative spirit.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Shortly after Plato, the Academy tilted towards dogmatism, followed by a skeptical backlash.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The so-called Middle Platonian period saw a return to more dogmatic thinking at the Academy, which remained a prevailing feature of Platonism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[69] Of the pupils of the Academy, Plato had a great influence on Aristotle in particular.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Although this has been Plato's most famous pupil, at the head of the Academy, Plato was nevertheless succeeded after his death by Speusippos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[20] Aristotle, in turn, followed Plato's example by establishing his own school of philosophy, the Peripatetic School.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

He, among other things, developed Plato's dialectic further into formal syllogistics.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Philosophically, their paths parted over time, and Aristotle began to oppose Plato's doctrine of ideas strongly.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

He also criticized many other facets of Plato's ideas, such as the co-ownership of women and children as presented in the State.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[71] Much of Aristotle's philosophy can therefore be seen as either a direct or indirect response to Plato's ideas.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[72] Late Antiquity and Middle Ages Plato's metaphysics, and especially dualism between the idea-world and the sensory world, inspired later Neo-Platonians such as Plotinos, as well as Gnostics and other proponents of metaphysical realism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Neo-Platonian philosophers wrote numerous commentaries on Plato's works.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Middle and Neo-Platonism continued to influence the thinking of early Church Fathers such as Justinos Martyr and Augustine, and by extension the theology and scholastic philosophy of Christianity throughout the Early Middle Ages.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Especially through Augustine Plato's thinking influenced the Western Church's notions of time and eternity, [72] and he can be seen as the entrencher of the Platonic tradition in Western philosophy and theology.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[73] The works of Pseudo-Dionysios Areopagita, who lived in the 5th century, can be seen as the first actual attempt to form a synthesis of Platonism and Christianity.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[69] In scholastic philosophy and theology of the Middle Ages, the 11th century has been regarded as the reign of Platonism and Aristotelism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In the Early Scholastic period, key philosophical problems involved interpretations of Platonism and Neo-Platonism to suit Christian thought, and Platonism gradually converted to a Christian form.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

During the period of high ascolasticism, Aristotelism began to supplant Platonism as the underlying theory of scholasticism, and it too was Christianized.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato's thinking has often been compared to that of his most famous student Aristotle.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Aristotle's reputation eventually enveloped Plato and all other philosophers so far that the Scolasticians referred to Aristotle by the term Philosopher, meaning he was as if the personification of all philosophy.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[73] In Byzantium, however, Plato's study continued.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[74] One characteristic characteristic of the Middle Ages was that philosophy students depended on different authority and commentaries of the works of prominent philosophers written by scholastics, rather than having access to the original works of these philosophers .


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Platonink's works were some exceptions, such as parts of Timaios, with the exception of practically “missing” from Western cultural circles.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In addition to these parts, Platonism was known in the Middle Ages mainly through commentaries by authors of late antiquity, among them Chalcidios and Proklos, as well as the works of Aristotle.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Because of this, knowledge of Plato's actual thinking was very limited in the Middle Ages, and was known mainly as either Middle and Neo-Platonian-coloured or filtered by aristotelism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[73] [69] Renaissance and New Age It was not until the Renaissance period, when public interest in classical civilization and original texts rekindled, Plato's philosophy became more well-known in the Western world again in its more original form.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Petrarca had hoped for a revival of Platonism as early as the 14th century.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[75] In the 15th century, the Byzantine Georgios Gemistos Plethon made a significant job of making Plato's ideas known by conveying heritage preserved in Byzantium to the West before the fall of Constantinople.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translation of Plato's works into Latin began after this, culminating in the complete institution of works translated by Marsilio Ficino in 1484.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Neo-Platonism re-entered fashion especially in the Italy of that time.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Many scholars and artists who wanted to leave scholastics behind and spawned the Renaissance saw Plato's philosophy as the basis of progress in the arts and sciences.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Platonian thought was seen above all as a counterweight to Aristotelism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato inspired Lorenzo de Medici and the influences gathered at his court, among others, and such humanists as Erasmus Rotterdamite also found use for Platonism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In the 17th century, Platonism was exploited by, among others, the so-called Cambridge Platonists.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[69] [73] [74] Prominent Western philosophers have continued to study Plato's work ever since.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Although none of the great philosophers of the new age have been exactly a Platonist, Plato can be seen equally as the work of Gottfried Leibniz, G. W. F. Hegel and other German idealists, Bertrand Russell, as well as A.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Against the background of N. Whitehead's many thoughts.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[72] [74] Plato's influence has been particularly great in mathematics and the natural sciences, with Platonism affecting the philosophical foundations of mathematics in particular.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Plato also inspired some of the greatest advances in logic since Aristotle thanks to Gottlob Frege and his successors Kurt Gödel, Alonzo Church and Alfred Tarski.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Tarski summed up his approach by turning Aristotle's well-known declaration of rebellion directed against the Academy the other way: Inimicus Plato, sed magis inimica falsitas; “Plato is the enemy, but the lie is an even greater enemy”.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[76] Albert Einstein has also been seen as a mathematical Platonist.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[77] [78] Many philosophers have also opposed Plato's ideas, especially his political notions, on various grounds.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

For example, Karl Popper argued in his book Open Society and its Enemies (1945) that the model of governance presented by Plato in the State is prototypically totalitarian, equating Plato and Karl Marx.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[79] Plato has influenced the whole of Western thought.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Although he was later overshadowed by Aristotle and Aristotle was often outspoken of him in both good and evil, his influence is none less than that.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[1] Samuel Taylor Coleridge said in the 19th century that all are born pupils of either Plato or Aristotle.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

According to his contemporaries Charles Anthon, this means that anyone with a philosophical quality of mind similar to Plato will eagerly embrace the views he expressed — or they will, like Aristotle, participate in modifying or refuting them, feeling the same way aversion to the spirit of Platonism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

[49] See also Plato Commentaries Plato Academy Platonic love Plato songs Platonism Neo-Platonism Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anthon, Charles| title = A Manual of Greek Literature: From the earliest authentic periods to the close of the Byzantine era| location = New York| publisher = Harper & brothers| year = 1853| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [online version] | page = 314—322}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Curnow, Trevor| title = The Philosophers of the Ancient World: an A-Z guide| location = London| publisher = Duckworth| year = 2006| id = ISBN 15634976}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Diogenes Laertios| title = Lives and lessons of prominent philosophers | location = Helsinki| publisher = Summa| year = 2002| version = Explanation and explanations by Marke Ahonen| id = ISBN 952-5418-07-3| page = 104-134, 471-483 ( III)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korkman, Petter & Yrjöniso, Mikko (ed.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

) | title = Development Lines of Philosophy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-662-708-0}} Spin Man, Edwin: The Life and Works of Plato.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Platon| title = Five theses| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2000| version = Translated by Päivö Oksala and J. A. Hollo.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Classics of antiquity.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

2nd edition (1st edition 1961) | id = ISBN 951-0-24978-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saarinen, Esa| title = History of Western Philosophy from top to top from Socrate to Marx| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1985| id = ISBN 951-0-22838-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saïd, Suzanne & Trédé, Monique| title = A Short History of Greek Literature| location = London & New York| publisher = Routledge| year = 1999| version = Translation by Trista Selous et al.| id = ISBN 0-415-12272-4}} Schofield, Malcolm: “Plato”.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In Smith, William:, p. 392—405.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

in 1870.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Thesleff, Holger| title = Platon| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1989| version = Marja Itkonen-Kaila| id = ISBN 951-1-10491-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Thesleff, Holger & Sihvola, Juha| title = Ancient philosophy and the world of world| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-0-19930-3}} Thesleff, Holger: Plato and Platonism.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

In Korkman & Yrjöniso 1999, p. 31—56.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

References Literature Finnish works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works: First part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Apologia; Kriton; Lakhes; Hippias (shorter dialog); Ion; Euthyfron; Kharmides; Lysis; Protagoras.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translated by Marja Itkonen-Kaila, Marianna Tyni, Kaarle Hirvonen| id = ISBN 951-1-15892-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works: Second part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Gorgias.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Menon.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Menosenos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Euthydemos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Kratylos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translated by Marja Itkonen-Kaila, Pentti Saarikoski, Marianna Tyni| id = ISBN 951-1-15893-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works: Third part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Faidon; Faidros; Parmenides; Theaites Tostos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translated by Marja Itkonen-Kaila et m| id = ISBN 951-1-15894-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works: Fourth part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = State.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translated by Marja Itkonen-Kaila| id = ISBN 951-1-15895-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works: Fifth part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Sophisti.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Statesman.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Timaios.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Critias.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Filebos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translated by Marja Itkonen-Kaila, A.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

M. Anttila, Marianna Tyni| id = ISBN 951-1-15896-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works: Sixth part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Laws.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translated by Marja Itkonen-Kaila, Holger Thesleff, Tuomas Anhava and A.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

M. Anttila| id = ISBN 951-1-15897-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works: Seventh part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Epinomis.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Alkibiades I. Hippias (wider dialog).


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Letters VI—VIII.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Other nondescript works: Letters I to V, IX—XIII.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Cleitofon.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Theages.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Competitors.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Hipparchus.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Minos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Sisyphus.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Demodokos.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

About virtue.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

For righteousness.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Eryxias.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Alkibiades II.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Axiochus.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translated by A.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

M. Anttila, Marja Itkonen-Kaila| id = ISBN 951-1-15898-8}} Other translations and texts Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Burnet, J.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

(ed.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

) | title = Platonis Opera| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1900—1907| version = 5 parts.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Oxford Classical Texts}} Original Greek text.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

& Hutchinson, D.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

P.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

(ed.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

) | title= Plato: Complete Works| location = Indianapolis| publisher = Hackett| year = 1997}} English translation.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Loeb Classical Library}} Original Greek text and English translation.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

General works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Benson, Hugh (ed.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

) | title = A Companion to Plato| location = Malden (Massachusetts) | publisher = Blackwell| year = 2006| version=Blackwell Companions to Philosophy| id = ISBN| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

) | title = The Cambridge Companion to Plato| location = Cambridge| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1992| version=Cambridge Companions to Philosophy| id = ISBN 0-521-43018-6| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Thesleff, Holger| title = Platon| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1989| version = Marja Itkonen-Kaila| id = ISBN 951-1-10491-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Thesleff, Holger| title = Plato's riddle| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2011| version = Pinja Riikonen| id = ISBN 978-952-495-200-2}} Other literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blackburn, Simon| title = Plato's State| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought | year = 2007| version= (Plato's Republic: A biography, 2006.)


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translated by Kimmo Paukku| id = ISBN 978-951-20-6970-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Holvas, Jakke| title = Plato: Unviable Thoughts | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-0-28552-8}} Citation, error replace with {{cite book| author = Pietarinen, Juhani| title = Plato's Ethics of Harmonious Mind| location = Helsinki| publisher = University Weight| year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-570-308-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pietarinen, Juhani| title = Plato's Philosophy| location = Turku| publisher = Book| author = Pietarinen, Juhani| title = Plato Philosophy| location = Turku| publisher = Book-Aurora| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-29-1917-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saint Petersburg, Juhani| title = What Plato has taught me| location = Helsinki| publisher = Library Studio| year = 2005| id = ISBN 952-482-015-3}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Pitkänen , Pirkko| title = Basics of Platonic Philosophy: Introduction to Plato's Metaphysical Epistemology| location = Joensuu| publisher = University of Joensuu| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-708-271-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title author = Pitkänen, Pirkko| = Plato's Good Life philosophy| location = Helsinki| publisher = University weight| year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-570-307-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saranpää, Mika| title = Maps of Paradox: Dreams about Platon| location = Tampere| publisher = University of Tampere| year = 1993| id = ISBN 95| 1-44-3439 -0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Varto, Juha| title = Entries on Plato and Plato's Philosophy| location = Tampere| publisher = University of Tampere| year = 1995| version = 2nd edition (1st edition 1993) | id = ISBN 951-44-3848-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Williams, Bernard| title = Plato: Invention of Philosophy| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| version = (Plato: The invention of philosophy, 1998.)


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Translation: Ilpo Halonen.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Great philosophers 16| id = ISBN 951-1-16191-1}} Also in Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Monk, Ray & Raphael, Frederick (ed.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

) | title = Great Philosophers| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-1-18685-X}} On topic elsewhere Free to download Plato eBooks Diogenes Laertios: Lives and Lessons of Prominent Philosophers: Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Works: Plato's most important works.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

The Works of Plato.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

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Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Finnish. Mika Saranpää.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

so & thus 1/2002, 52.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Encyclopedia articles: entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Articles: Hankamäki, Jukka:.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

so & thus 1/2002, 72—83.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Holvas, Jakke:.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

so & thus 1/2002, 55—67.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Moorland, Tapio:.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

so & thus 3/1999, 44—49.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Saranpää, Mika:.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

so & thus 1/2002, 53—54.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Varto, Juha: so & thus 1/2002, 68—71.


Question: When did Plato have lived?

Plato

Category:Key articles on screening Category:99.1 Philosophers, psychologists


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

HMS Implacable (pennant number R86) was an Implacable class aircraft carrier launched in 1942 and served in World War II.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Manufacturing The ship was ordered from Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Govan, Scotland as part of the 1938 Naval Programme.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Its keel was laid on 21 February 1939 and the ship was laid to the waters on 10 December 1942.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship was placed into service on 28 August 1944.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Service HMS Implacable was attached to service upon commissioning into the British Pacific Fleet [1].


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The aircraft were transferred to the ship in July 1944 and it began training at Scapa Flow with the Home Fleet.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Upon completion of the training period in August, the ship was attached to the Home Fleet.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

It took part in strikes against Norwegian coastal shipping in September, when aircraft taking off from the ship sank three cargo ships and three escorts that protected them.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

On 23 October, the ship put to sea, protected by the cruiser HMS Bellona and eight destroyers, to strike against Norwegian coastal shipping in Operation Athletic.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship's aircraft attacked airfields at Sorreisa and Bardufoss.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

A reconnaissance aircraft taking off the ship detected the German Navy battleship Tirpitz having changed anchorage near Tromsø.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] On 26 October, the ship was rebuilt off the Norwegian coast protected by the cruiser HMS Mauritius and six destroyers.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship's planes struck Bodo and Rorvik airfields and they sank the German Navy's mother ship Karl Meyer.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

In an operation disrupting shipping off Lodingen and Kristiansund, the Provident ship's planes sank minesweepers and coastal vessels.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The following day, Firefly, which took off from the ship, attacked the U-boat U1060 it had surprised on the surface, resulting in the U-boat being driven to the shore of Fleina Island to prevent sinking.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] The ship resumed her service in November with the Home Fleet and was again on 27 November off the Norwegian coast in Operation Provident with the convoy support ships HMS Premier and HMS Pursuer as cover by the cruiser HMS Dido and seven destroyers.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Aircraft departing from the ships of the division attacked a convoy they had detected north of Namsos off Masjoen, resulting in the Norwegian Rigel and Korsness being sunk.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The sunken ships were carrying Russian prisoners of war, many of whom were killed in the attack.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Two anti-aircraft ships protecting the convoy were also sunk, as well as the freighter Spree, which had been moored.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] On 7 December, the ship was again off the Norwegian coast with HMS Trumpeter and HMS Premier as cover by HMS Diadem and eight destroyers, one of which was KNM Stord of the Norwegian Navy.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

In Operation Urbane, the detachment was to disrupt maritime traffic off Hagesund and mine Karansalmi.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

However, no coastal traffic was observed in the area.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The next day, aircraft attacked coastal targets between Bergen and Stavanger.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] In January 1945, the ship was ordered to be transferred to the British Pacific Fleet and as a result it was transferred for maintenance.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

In February, the ship prepared for operational duty with the U.S. Pacific Ocean Fleet.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

In March, a representative of the king family visited the ship and, after receiving aircraft, it began a trip to Ceylon.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] In the British Pacific Fleet, the ship arrived in Ceylon on 4 April, where it moved aircraft to ground fields.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship continued her voyage to Australia to join the British Pacific Fleet (Task Force 111).


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship arrived Sydney on 8 May, joining the fleet.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

It was attached to the Aircraft Carrier Division (Task Group 111.2) [2] to replace HMS Illustrious, which returned to England for maintenance.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

In June, the ship shifted to Manus to join her group.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

On 10 June, it joined Task Unit 111.2.1 as flagship of Task Unit 111.2.1 (TU 111.2.1).


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

On 12 June, the ship departed with the fleet for the first time for maneuvers in the Pacific Ocean in Operation Inmate in an attack on Japanese-held Truk Airfield.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The department's aircraft struck the fields between 14 and 15 June.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

In addition, aircraft act as fire leaders for surface ship artillery.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The detachment returned to Manus on 17 June.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Designated as TF57 on the same day, the British Pacific Fleet passed under the United States 3rd Fleet as TF37.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] On 6 July, the ship departed Manus with the fleet in Operation Olympic in preparation to attack the Japanese home islands.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Shortly after departure, a failure occurred in the ship's propulsion system, forcing a decrease in speed.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship separated from the Navy, returning to Manus for repairs.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

However, it did not need to be transferred further to the shipyard in Sydney and was capable of returning to the fleet as early as 16 July.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The next day, Navy aircraft attacked areas of Tokyo and Yokohama including Sendai, Masuda and Matsushima airfields, as well as the port of Crois.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Counter-attacks by the Japanese were repelled by the ships' fighter aircraft.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Air raids continued until the end of the month, striking the airfields at Osaka, Susuka and Miyakawa, as well as the Maizuru naval base.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Three destroyers were damaged by aircraft, one of which was later sunk.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

In addition, in a successful attack on the Inland Sea, cargo ships and warships were sunk.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] After replenishment, the fleet was to resume its attack, but on 3 August operations were suspended due to a cyclone.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

On 9 August, flight operations resumed to northern parts of Honshu and Hokkaido.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Two auxiliary ships and a destroyer were sunk in the attacks.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

On 12 August, with the fleet, the ship left the area of operations at Manus due to fuel shortages.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] After World War II, after the end of the war effort, the ship transferred her aircraft and air personnel ashore in Australia and was converted into a troop carrier.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

After modification work, the ship was moved to transport freed POWs home.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship boarded the ship in Manila with 2127 passengers transported to Canada.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

On 11 October, the ship arrived at Esquimalt, where the passengers moved ashore.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] The ship visited with HMS Indefatigable in Melbourne in January 1946 and it departed for the British Isles in May.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship arrived at its destination in June.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship was transferred to reserve.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[2] HMS Implacable was under modernisation 1948—1949, after which it was transferred to become the flagship of the Home Fleet.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Due to problems caused by crew shortfalls in the 1950s, many ships had to be withdrawn from service and Implacable was reassigned as a school ship, in which role it held until 1954 when it was transferred to the reserve.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship was placed on the removal list and was sold for scrapping at Inverkeithing in Rosyth.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

The ship arrived on 3 November 1955 under tow for scrapping.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

[1] [2] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chesneau, Roger| title = Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present - an illustrated encyclopedia| location = Bristol| publisher = Brockhampton Press| year = 1998| id = ISBN 1-86019-87-5-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardiner, Robert (ed.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

) | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922—1946| location = London, England| publisher = Conway Maritime Press| year = 1987| id = ISBN 0-85177-146-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Polmar, Norman| title = Aircraft Carriers - A History of Carrier Aviation and its Influence on World Events Vol.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

1, 1909-1945| location = Dulles, Virginia| publisher = Potomac Bools Inc| year = 2006| id = ISBN 1-57488-663-0| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = McCart, Neil| title = The Illustrious & Implacable Classes of Aircraft Carrier 1940-1969| location = Cheltenham, England| publisher = Fan Publications| year = 2000| id = ISBN 1-901225-04-6| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for in File namespace.


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)


Question: When was HMS Implacable commissioned?

HMS Implacable (R86)

References Elsewhere Category:Implacable-class aircraft carriers Category:Fairfield-made ships Category:United Kingdom World War II aircraft carriers


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

Disney Classics (Official Canon) Below are listed films that belong to the official canon of Disney (engl.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

Disney Animated Canon).


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

The films are also referred to as Disney's classic series (engl.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

Walt Disney Animated Classics series).


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

The films are feature-length feature films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios (prior to 1986 by Walt Disney Productions and from 1986 to 2006 by Walt Disney Feature Animation).


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

The company is Disney's main studio for animations.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

Films made by the studio will be released under the Walt Disney Pictures label.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

Brothers Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney founded the animation studio in 1923.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

The studio first made short films until in 1937 premiered the company's first full-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

Walt Disney Productions' de facto seventh full-length animation, an educational film about strategic bombing, Victory Through Air Power (1943), has been excluded from the official canon.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

Numbering in Finland Finland, other Nordic countries and, for example, Britain, animation classics are numbered according to the official canon up to number 38 (film Fantasia 2000).


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

After that, the order goes as follows: 39.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— The Emperor's New Patterns (2000) 40.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Atlantis — The Lost City (2001) 41.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Lilo and Stitch (2002) 42.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Treasure Planet (2002) 43.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— My Bear Brother Koda (2003) 44.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Cow Gang (2004) 45.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Little Kananen (2005) 46.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Absolutely Wild (2006) 47.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— The Jubilant Robinson Family (2007) 48.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Bolt (2008) 49.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— The Princess and the Frog (2009) 50.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Double-Away (2010) 51.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Räyhä-Ralf (2012) 52.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Frozen — Frosty Adventure (2013) 53.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Big Hero 6 (2014) 54.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Zootropolis — City of Animals (2016) 55.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

— Vaiana (2016) From outside the official canon, the classic series has taken the Very Wilds (2006), and excluded Dinosaur (2000) and Winnie the Pooh's film (2011).


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

Films produced by Pixar Toy Story — Toy Life (Toy Story, 1995) The life of a bug (A Bug's Life, 1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Monsters Ltd (Monsters, Inc., 2001) In Search of Nemo (Finding Nemo, 2003) The Incredibles (the Incredibles, 2004) Cars (Cars, 2006) Rottatouille (Ratatouille, 2007) WALL-E (2008) Up — Towards the Heights (Up, 2009) Toy Story 3 (2010) Cars 2 (2011) Brave (Brave, 2012) Monsters University (Monsters University, 2013) Inside Out — in mind matchings (Inside Out, 2015) A decent dinosaur (The Good Dinosaur, 2015) In Search of Doria (Finding Finding Dory, 2016) Cars 3 (Cars 3, 2017) Coco (2017) The Incredibles 2 (The Incredibles 2, 2018) Toy Story 4 (2019) Films produced by DisneyToon Studios The films made on a smaller budget are produced by DisneyToon Studios, part of the larger Walt Disney Animation Studios animation studio.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

It's mostly about sequels made to Disney classic movies, which are usually released direct-to-video.


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

[2] Other Who set the trap, Roger Rabbit?


Question: What was the first film released by Walt Disney Pictures?

List of Disney animated films

(Who Framed Roger Rabbit, 1988) The Nightmare Before Christmas (The Nightmare Before Christmas, 1993) James and the Giant Peach (James and the Giant Peach, 1996) Frankenweenie (2012) Strange Magic (2015) Sources * Disney Animated Films


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The Citroën 2CV (deux chevaux, 'two horse') is a small, cheap and economical folk car designed by Citroën in the 1930s and produced between 1948 and 1990.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The 2CV developed into the most significant model of an automobile factory in the years following World War II.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

In Finland, the vehicle, known by the nicknames, rags and jackets, included numerous exceptional solutions during its production time.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

General design of the Citroën 2CV was started as early as the 1930s, and 1939 saw the completion of the first prototypes.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The original aim was to make a car that could allow two farmers to take a hundred-pound load to the market at a speed of 60 km per hour and, if necessary, cross the plow fields without any of the eggs being transported.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The target was also set for a small fuel consumption of up to 3 l/100 km.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Later, it was added to the requirements that the car “should be able to be driven with a top hat on”, and consequently the ceiling was raised.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Among other things, the prototypes had a lot of aluminum parts.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

As the Germans occupied France, prototypes were hidden and development resumed until after World War II, when the bodywork was reformulated by Flaminio Bertoni.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Citroën introduced the 2CV at the 1948 Paris Motor Show.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The car was knocked out by the press as ugly and ridiculous, but the motoring public took an interest.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Already in a couple of months, the queuing time increased to three years, although production was increased from the 1949 four-car daily pace to the 1950 five-hundred-car daily pace.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The Citroën 2CV was mostly sold only in Europe.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The model name 2CV (, “two horsepower”) does not refer to engine power, but to tax horsepower determined by engine capacity.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

[1] Engine power was already around 9 horsepower in the first models.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Technology The base of the Citroën 2CV is a body structure, on top of which the engine and bodywork are bolted.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The fuselage resembles a ladder in its design, with the central section under the cabin encased.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The bodywork is made of thin sheet metal, according to some sources, for the most part only 0.5 mm thick.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Only the fenders, bonnet and roof arches are curved, the other surfaces are straight with small reinforcing cracks; this has achieved savings in manufacturing costs.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Only the front windows open: the lower half of the window is hinged and turns out and upwards.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Under the small windshield you need to open the ventilation hatch.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The roof is fabric up to the top of the tailgate and can be rolled all the way up to the top of the rear window.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The heating device does not have a separate fan, the cooling air of the air-cooled engine can be directed to the windshield or, if desired, the legroom.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The heating power was poor, so later the Finnish importer Korpivaara always added an additional heater called Pätsi to the heating duct of new cars.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The first models had no instruments besides the ammeter other than the speedometer placed under the windscreen in the left corner.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Directional indicators operated by a meter mechanism that tuned when the lever was turned, and the operating time was a dozen seconds.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Windshield wipers were also connected to the speedometer wire, which by pulling a small wheel could be switched on.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Their speed thus changed automatically along with the speed of the car.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

While the car was standing, for example at traffic lights, the wipers did not move, but while spinning the same wheel, a few swipes were hand-wiped.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The amount of fuel in the tank was measured using a suitable stick from the filler.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The steering is unintensified, instead the steering wheel is larger than usual to avoid too heavy steering when most of the weight of the front-wheel drive car (un-weight around 600 kg) is on the front axle.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The spare wheel is under the hood, the short engine is on top of the front axle and partly on its front longitudinal, behind the clutch and gearbox.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The umbrella grip type gear stick comes through the chest damper, so the front leg space is fully open and flat floor.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Only a few recent models have front disc brakes, otherwise all bikes have drum brakes.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

At the front, relative to the weight of the car, large brake drums (200 or 220 mm diameter) are to reduce unsprung mass at the body-side end of the driveshafts.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The brakes are conscientious, but can't withstand more full braking.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

There is no brake booster.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The wheel support is implemented as a separate suspension longitudinal wishbone support.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The front supporting longitudinal wishbones are articulated from the rear side of the wheels (leading arm) and the rear from the front side of the wheels (trailing arm).


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The coil springs are horizontal on the flanks of the fuselage inside special spring bows, thus the front and rear springs on the same side engage.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Shock absorbers were originally an inertial damper adjacent to each wheel axle and a friction-based damper on the torsion arm shaft.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Later models also added fluid-acting dampers alongside the springs.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The flex movement of the soft suspension outward is exceptionally long, so the tyres do not come off the road at a large tilt.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Engines The engine on all models is a longitudinally placed two-cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled boxer engine on top of the front axle.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Air cooling increased the reliability of the engine, as the car had and did not need any coolant, separate radiator, thermostat or water pump at all.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

There is no ignition distributor either, only breaks.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Thus, the spark plugs of both cylinders strike at the same time - the second, therefore, at the end of the exhaust pace “in vain”.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The camshaft, which is rotated directly by the cogs, is under the crankshaft, and to the valves the force is transmitted by pushrods.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Also, the power supply of the fuel pump is on the pushrod.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The fan propeller is directly at the end of the crankshaft, and behind it is a small oil cooler.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The first models had a cylinder capacity of only 375 cm³ and the peak power even for a light car was small at about 6.5 kW (9 bhp DIN).


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

As early as 1955, the engine was increased to 425 cc.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

From 1968 onwards there were two engine options: 602 cm³ with 20.5 kW (28 bhp) and 435 cm³ replacement for the earlier.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Power from the larger of the engines increased in 1970 to 24 kW (33bhp).


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

The engine was further modified in 1979 when power was reduced to 21.5 kW, which was now obtained at lower revs.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

At the same time, efficiency and top speed increased, and consumption decreased.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

In addition, 694 pieces of the 2CV Sahara model were also made, with a second engine added to the rear, but only one set of pedals and one shift lever.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

If necessary, both engines could be driven, allowing, as the front or rear wheels slipped, the wheels rotated by the other engine still pulling, as the drivetrains were otherwise separate from each other.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Top speed with one engine was 65 km/h and two were 105 km/h.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Motor options 0.4 l A, 375 cm3, 6.5 kW (9 hp DIN) @ 3500 rpm, 19 Nm @ 2000 r/min 0.4 l A53, 425 cm3, 9 kW (12 hp) @ 3500 r/min, 21 Nm @ 2000 r/min 0.4 l A79/1, 435 cm3, 19 kW (26 kW) hp) @ 6750 r/min, 28 Nm @ 4000 r/min 0.6 l M28/1, 602 cm3, 20.5 kW (28 hp) @ 6750 (7000?)


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

r/min, 39 Nm @ 3500 r/min 0.6 l M28/1, 602 cm3, 24 kW (33 hp) @ 6750 r/min, 39 Nm @ 3500 r/min 0.6 l M28, 602 cm3, 21.5 kW (29 hp) @ 5750 r/min, 39 Nm @ 3500 r/min Technical Specs Curb: 595 kg Gross mass: 930 kg (?)


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Length: 3830 mm Width: 1480 mm Height: 1600 mm Track width: 1280 mm Wheelbase: 2400 mm Tyres: 125R15 or 135R15 Citroën 2CV Special Edition Sedan models 2CV SPOT 1976.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

2CV Charleston (Rouge Delage/Noir) 1979 2CV Charleston (Jaune Helios/Noir) 1979 2CV 007 1981 2CV Beachcomber/France 3 1983 Charleston (Gris Cormoran/Nocturne) 1984 Citroën 2CV Dolly 1985 Citroën 2CV Dolly, rear view.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Citroën 2CV Bamboo 1987 2CV Cocorico Development 1948: unveiling 1988: manufacturing ceased in France Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mikloweit, Immo| title=2CV.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Rättari| location = Helsinki Jyväskylä | publisher = Minerva| year = 2009| version = (2CV.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Das Entenbuch, 2008.)


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Translated by Anne Mäkelä| isbn = 978-952-492-220-3}} On topic elsewhere....


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

Information about engines.


Question: How many Citroën CV2 are made?

Citroën 2CV

2CV class:1940s cars class:1950s cars class:1960s cars class:1970s cars class:1980s cars class:1990s cars class:1990s cars Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi (Kashmiris/Hindi: ंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांां्ी) (o.s. Nehru) () was the Prime Minister of India between 1966 and 1977 and 1980—1984.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

He was the only child of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

In addition to this, she was India's first and to date only female Prime Minister.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi was killed by Sikh terrorists in 1984.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The murder was prompted by efforts to gain independence by the state of Punjab.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi was succeeded as prime minister by her son, Rajiv Gandhi, who was assassinated in 1991.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi is one of the most prominent political leaders during Indian independence.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Despite his famous surname, he is not related to Mohandas Gandhi.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

[1] Beginning of career Indira Nehru was involved in the activities of the Indian independence movement and was the founder of the Vanara Sena youth movement of the Indian Congress Party in the late 1920s.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira's mother Kamala Nehru died of tuberculosis in 1938.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira studied in India and at British and other European educational institutions such as Santiniketan and Oxford.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira married Feroze Gandhi in 1942.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira and Feroze were imprisoned for some months for opposing the government.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira helped organize refugee camps and provide health care for millions of Pakistani refugees in 1947.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

This was his first experience managing large crowds of people, which came in handy later on.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Feroze Gandhi had a job at the Congress Party newspaper.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Feroze suffered a heart attack in 1957 and he died on 8 September 1960.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira served as the chief of staff and carer for her father, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

[2] Rise to power Indira Gandhi was elected President of Indian National Congress for 1959—1960.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

He served as deputy prime minister of his father Nehru.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Nehru himself opposed nepotism, and Indira did not stand for election in the 1962 election.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

After Nehru's death, Gandhi was successful in elections: he was immediately elected to the government of Lal Bahadur Shastri as a minister.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

As Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi was elected as the Congress Party representative as Prime Minister of India on 24 January 1966.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi won the vote against Morarji Desai by a vote of 355—169.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Green Revolution Punjab Farming School Dr. D.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

S. Athwal conducted experiments with new seed grades.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

He managed to produce a new variety of pearl millet (bajra).


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Earlier experiments in breeding wheat varieties by Norwegian-American Norman Borlaug were of great help to Indian agriculture.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The cultivation of a new wheat variety, kalya, developed by Dr. Athwal, was started in Punjab in 1967.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Kalyan cultivation spread throughout India.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

India's wheat crop rose from 12.3 million tonnes to 20 million tonnes between 1964—1970.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The Green Revolution took its name from this, and it contributed to rural renewal.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The introduction of land reform laws became topical.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

In Bengal, the state parliament had adopted the zamindar reform as early as 1953.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The maximum size of the farm was allowed to not exceed 10 hectares.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The state was to take surplus land to divide it into property, lifetime leasehold or contract farmland.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Land reform had not been implemented yet in 1968.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

[3] Gandhi reforms approved land reforms Implementation of public works organization of artificial irrigation Improvement roads construction and land improvement works forest plantation works Reducing the birth rate of the Indian population from 4.1% to 2.5% by 1976.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

India's nuclear power program During the 1971 war, the United States had sent the USS Enterprise to the Bay of Bengal to warn India against using military force in East Pakistan.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Prime Minister Gandhi changed national security and foreign policy.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

India and the Soviet Union had agreed to a Treaty of Friendship and Assistance, the result of which political and military aid helped India to victory in the 1971 war.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi now launched a national nuclear power program for India's security, against a future nuclear threat for China, and the possibility of an increase in Indian nuclear power through two nuclear power plants.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indian Domestic Politics Farmers' discontent launched a joint front of various political groups in Bengal in 1969.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The federal government was forced to intervene in events under the leadership of Indira Gandhi.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi took advantage of an article in the Indian Constitution which allowed direct presidential powers to be exercised.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Federal authorities gained power to maintain law and order.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi implemented leftist policies that led to the dissolution of the Congress Party in 1969.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

By decree, Gandhi abolished the privileges of retired maharajahs in September 1970.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi decided to dissolve the Lok Sabha and call early elections.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi's Congress Party gained more than two of the third seats in February 1971.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi declared war on poverty at the inauguration of the new Lok Sabha in 1971.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi won the state election in March 1972.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

After this, his popularity began to decline.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The poor economic situation caused unrest in India.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

A railway strike brought Indian operations to a standstill in 1974.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Unrest occurred in Gujarat state, which Indira Gandhi had to calm with the help of police.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi intervened in the composition of the Supreme Court.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

He favored his son Sanjay Gandhi by giving him a car factory license.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The Supreme Court declared Gandhi guilty of electoral fraud, and he was stripped of his right to vote in the Lok Sabha.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

He imprisoned thousands of his political opponents.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

Gandhi changed his political direction to the right and gave greater freedom to private entrepreneurs.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

[4] India's emergency Indian agriculture suffered a drought in 1972.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The oil crisis in OECD countries made it difficult to irrigate Indian agriculture.


Question: Who killed Indira Gandhi?

Indira Gandhi

The implementation of land reforms was difficult in practice.