Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

An older warrior, Yoda's sidekick in the battles of Kashyyyk.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Mitth'raw'nuruodo is better known by its central name, Thrawn.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Thrawn is chiss of the breed.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Otherwise, quite human-like Thrawn has red eyes, blue-black hair and blue skin because of this.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

He is best known as a remarkably brilliant tactician and strategist, as well as Grand Admiral of the Imperial Navy of the Imperial Empire.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Given the Empire's anti-alien stance, Thrawn's tenure is remarkably high.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Thrawn's tactics often get started when he studies his opponent's art.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Based on this, Thrawn is often able to predict how the enemy would respond to which tactics and which would work best.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Thrawn is a native of the Chissie realm located on unknown blocks of the galaxy.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

There he is active in the Chissie Expansion-oriented Defence Forces and is the youngest person to attain the post of Commander.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

One of his most notable actions up to that time is the controversial destruction of the Outbound flight.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Thrawn often had problems following regulations limiting the Reich's invasions and eventually ended up falling out of favour with his people as well as being banished to an uninhabited planet.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

This is where Voss Parck found Thrawn and brought that Empire into service.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Thrawn was very successful in the service of the Empire.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

He worked on lots of unknown blocks and established a base there called the Hand of Thrawn and, over time, from the unknown sectors he had conquered the Empire of the Hand.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Thrawn was appointed Grand Admiral.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

After the Emperor was defeated, Thrawn returned from unknown blocks attempted to restore the Empire to its former glory with the help of a clone of the long-since deceased Jedi Master Jorus C`Baoth.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Thrawn was destined by his own Noghri bodyguard, Rukh.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

The Empire had subjugated the Noghrs to their service with promises to cleanse the Noghri-infested home planet, when in reality the Empire itself was behind the pollution.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

After Leia Organa Solo revealed the betrayal, Rukh turned against Thrawn and killed him with a knife in the middle of Thrawn's flagship Chimaera's bridge of command.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Later, Luke Skywalker and Mara Jade Skywalker found Thrawn's hand and destroyed a clone of Thrawn that was in development stage there.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Thrawn is seen at least in Timothy Zahn's Star Wars novels Heir to the Empire, Twilight's Squadron, Emperor's Order, and Outbound flight.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

He also appears in Star Wars: TIE Fighter as well as Star Wars: Empire at War Forces of Corruption games.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Trachta is an imperial grand moff who attempts to carry out a coup in the empire by murdering Palpatine and Darth Vader.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

He is a pale-skinned human man with black hair and cybernetic implants.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

His mouth is covered by a triangular breathing mask, and he had replaced his eyes with red receptors.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Trachta dislikes the Sith, and forms a conspiracy with high-ranking imperial officers to assassinate Emperor Palpatine and Lord Vader.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

He also plans to declare himself emperor.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

However, the conspirators begin fighting for power, and eventually Trachta is killed by Gauer, an assassin recruited by Grand Moff Bartam.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Trachta appears in the comic Star Wars Empire: Deception, scripted by Scott Allie and drawn by Ryan Benjamin, published in Finland by Egmont Kustannus in the summer of 2003.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Coleman Trebor (62 BBY — 22 BBY) is a Jedi master from Sembla.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

He is also summoned to the Jedi Council to replace the deceased Yarael Poof.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Master Trebor is more of a diplomat than a combatant and is known as a peace negotiator in several interplanetary conflicts.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Like most of the members of the Jedi Council, Master Trebor also fights in the Battle of Geonosis.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

He decides to single-handedly attack Count Dooku, despite Dooku being one of the best in lightsaber battles.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

However, he doesn't even have time to strike Dooku, as Jango Fett, defending the Count, shoots Trebor several times in the head.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Had Jango not been there, Trebor would have had a chance to surprise and possibly kill Dooku.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

After the battle, Kit Fisto replaces Coleman in the Jedi Council.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Captain Typho is the head of security for Senator Amidala.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Typho is the nephew of Captain Panaka.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

He adopts many of his uncle's practices, such as using masked court maids as bait to protect the senator.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Typho is also a skilled pilot and can fly the Naboo N-1 starfighter if needed.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

V Tru Veld is Anakin Skywalker's Padawan comrade.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

The character only appears in the Star Wars books.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Like Anakin, Trukaan doesn't like Padawan Ferus Olin very much, but doesn't show it in public.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Ferus does not trust Anakin, but usually Tru holds Anakin's sides and Ferus gives up.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

W Zam Wessel is a bounty hunter who knows how to change shape when needed.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

He is in the process of orchestrating the murder of Senator Padmé Amidala as Jango Fett's sidekick, using the ASN-121 robot as his aid.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Appearing in Star Wars: Episode II — Attack of the Clones.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Y Yaddle is a brownish-green-skinned, about 60 inches tall member of the Jedi Council, and younger than Yoda.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Plus, he's of the same race as Yoda.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Yaddle dies in connection with one of the missions, saving the planet about three years before the Clones attack.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

The Jedi Master dies above the city after sucking the bomb explosion on himself.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Anakin Skywalker saw him join the Force, and it was one of those cracks that contributed to the subsequent fall to the Dark Side of the Force.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Yaddle's father Reddle was 25,500 years before the Battle of Yavin as a Commander pilot.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Reddle died from the lightsaber of the old Jedi knight Xedor.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Yaddle's mother Sracerce was the most famous leader of the planet Plutolos.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

She died on the same day as her husband Reddle, but under torture by the Yupafer people named Sezxor.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Yaddle is a character created by Jude Watson who appears in at least the Jedi Mission series as well as in the comic book Jedi Force.


Question: What age is Obi-Wan Kenobi in the first part of Star Wars?

List of Star Wars minor characters

Star Wars, side characters *


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Frans Emil Sillanpää () is the only Finnish writer to have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

He received the award in 1939 “for his profound understanding of the rural population of his country and for the delightfully artistic way in which he portrayed their way of life and their relationship with nature”.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[1] Childhood and school years Sillanpää's parents were Frans Henrik “Pransu” Koskinen (1851—1921), a Hämeenkyrölä-based servant, and Loviisa Vilhelmina “Miina” Mäkelä (1848—1927), a Hämeenkyrölä-based servant, who had married in 1882.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

During the childhood years of Sillanpää, the family lived in a cottage called Myllykolu in the Kierikkala village of Hämeenkyrö.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Two other children were born before Frans Emili, but these died small.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää initially attended Jumesniemi Church-School in 1895—1898, [2] and then Haukijärvi National School, [3] where his second cousin Hilja Tättalä was the teacher.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

He was so successful in his studies that his parents decided to send him to grammar school in Tampere.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

This was made possible by the fact that Sillanpää's father had set up a small mixed goods store some years earlier, with the proceeds of which the family's financial position had improved.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää started schooling in autumn 1900 in Tampere's Finnish Reaalilyseo, [3] living first as a subtenant in the family of carpenter Janne Davidsson on Mustanlahdenkatu in Amur and later on Kuninkaankatu.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

His schoolmates included Lauri Pohjanpää, Brynolf Honkasalo, Arvo Sotavalta and Bertel Strömmer.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Parents may have supported him until 1905, but thereafter Sillanpää himself had to raise funds to continue the school.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

He received some financial support from various parties, but the main supporter was Henrik Liljeroos, a Tamperean factory, whose youngest son Sillanpää was a governess in his final years of school.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää was also a governess at the Sotavalla and Lope estates in Lempäälä during the summers, as well as summer editor of Aamulehti in Tampere for one summer.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää matriculated in 1908 with good honors.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[3] Study years Sillanpää started studies at the University of Helsinki in autumn 1908 with the support of Henrik Liljeroos and farm owners Jalmari Raipala and J. A. Sotavalla.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

He started in the physical-mathematical department of the Philosophical Faculty with the intention of studying to become a doctor.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[3] However, medical scientists were required to take first a medicophile degree, for which Sillanpää attended lectures on physics and botanics, among other things.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[3] Through his fellow student Heikki Järnefelt, Sillanpää became acquainted with the Järnefelt family and his father painter Eero Järnefelt.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää spent a lot of time in his student years at Järnefeltien's home in Tuusula in Suviranta and got acquainted with many prominent figures of the era, such as Jean Sibelius, Pekka Halonen and Juhani Aho.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

However, during these years, Sillanpää's heavy consumption of alcohol began, which later caused him a lot of problems.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Due to health reasons, Sillanpää's studies did not go smoothly and he had to return to his home in Hämeenkyrö in December 1913.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[3] Sillanpää's parents lived then in a small cottage in Töllinmäki, Heinijärvi, and Sillanpää also settled there.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

However, the unfinished studies gave much influence to Sillanpää's later literary production.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää's thinking was influenced by Charles Darwin with his developmental doctrines, as well as German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel and Nobel chemist Wilhelm Ostwald and also Leo Tolstoy and Arvid Järnefelt.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Their influence was the biological determinism of Sillanpää and a principled opposition to violence and wars, as well as the belief that natural sciences, as they developed, would transfer such atavistic phenomena to history.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Later, Sillanpää also became acquainted with the German Oswald Spengler and adopted from him the idea of a life cycle corresponding to human life in civilizations.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää's career as a writer began when he started sending short stories written under the pseudonym E. Syväri for publication in Uususi Suometar magazine.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Of these, the first of Kodi's hem was published in 1915 and the short stories were favourably received.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

WSOY CEO Jalmari Jäntti became interested in Sillanpää's writings.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää himself would have liked to debut with a short story collection, but the publisher got to hear Sillanpää was working on the novel and insisted on starting with it.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Through many difficulties, the manuscript was completed, and it was published in 1916 as Life and the Sun.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

A short story collection, Human Children in Life, was published the following year.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

In 1915, Sillanpää got acquainted with 17-year-old Sigrid “Siikri” Salomäki (1898—1939), who had become a maid at the Laitila office house hosted by Sillanpää's Hämeenkyröläinen friend Eero Koskimija.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sigrid Salomäki's social background was similar to that of Sillanpää, she came from a hill named Hirvelää belonging to Raipala's house.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The courtship that started from this eventually led to Sillanpää marrying Siikri in September 1916.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The couple's firstborn was born in March 1917, in total they had eight children: Saara (born 1917), Esko (born 1919), Helmi (born 1921), Paula (born 1923), Eero (born 1924), Juhani (born 1926), Heikki (1933—1934) and Kristiina (b.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] During the Finnish Civil War, Sillanpää sought to be neutral.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

However, after the turn, he found himself arrested by both sides of the war and criticised acts of violence carried out by both Reds and Whites.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The retaliatory measures initiated by the Whites after their victory, with their executions, provoked outrage at Sillanend.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

In the middle of the war, Sillanpää translated the Treasures of Pooräi (Le trésor des humbles) by Belgian symbolist Maurice Maeterlinck.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

As the bloody inquiries accelerated in Sillanpää's home keeper, this philosophy of poverty converging with mysticism helped to calm the writer's mind.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

He sought to see the surface deeper into the causes that had led to a civil war-like tragedy.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] Building on his war experiences, Sillanpää began writing the novel Pious Misery in the summer of 1918, which follows the stages of Juha Toivola, a crofter belonging to the Reds, from the hunger years of the 1860s until the spring of 1918, when he is executed on charges of murder he did not commit.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The publisher omitted some parts of the novel; however, it was published as early as 1919.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The novel was translated into Swedish as Det fromma eländet (1920) and Sillanpää began to become known in other Nordic countries as well.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] Sillanpää's quest for objectivity in the novel attracted criticism at the time of publication.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[5] 1920s: Economic difficulties hinder writer's work Inspired by the success he achieved, Sillanpää began building a writer's residence called Achievement for himself and his family in the village of Vanaja, Hämeenkyrö.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The villa, designed by Bertel Strömmer, a friend of Sillanpää, was completed in December 1920 in moving condition.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

However, the villa remained incomplete due to financial difficulties in Sillanpää and its construction began a debt spiral in Sillanpää.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] The Sillanpää family lived in the villa permanently between 1920 and 1925 and from 1927 to 1928.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

After Sillanpää and his family moved to Helsinki in 1929, they lived in Achievement no longer sporadically, mainly during summer and Christmas holidays.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The achievement fell into the possession of the publisher of Sillanpää as a pledge of his debts.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

In the 1920s, Sillanpää published mainly collections of short stories as well as a miniature novel Hiltu and Ragnar, published in 1923, which he himself later considered his best work.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] At the same time, Sillanpää's financial problems increased and he was constantly indebted.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

He was also unable to produce the new novels the publisher wanted.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää's publisher, WSOY, eventually offered him a permanent job as a publishing editor.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

In 1925—1927, Sillanpää was employed by the WSOY and he lived in Porvoo during this period.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

In 1927 they returned back to Hämeenkyrö and Sillanpää managed for some time to acquire sufficient money with their literary works.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

In autumn 1928, the local electricity company cut off electricity from Achievement due to unpaid bills and the Sillanpää family had to move from a dark house to Tampere, where they lived for a year before moving to Helsinki.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1930s: Author career peaked In 1929 Sillanpää's book publisher changed to Otava, replacing WSOY and in the same year Sillanpää took up residence in Helsinki.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Otava paid WSOY the debts made by Sillanpää, redeemed the rights to the works and the inventory of unsold works and the Achievement villa.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[3] The transaction has been the most expensive contract for an individual writer in Finland, at 633000 marks.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[3] In the early 1930s, Sillanpää published several notable novels: Young Slept 1931, Mien Road 1932 and Humanti Suviyösä 1934.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

These novels, especially those depicting the life stages of the maid Silja Salmelus as Young, attracted attention abroad [4] and since the early 1930s Sillanpää began to be considered Finland's nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää himself sought to promote this cause by visiting Sweden frequently and establishing relations with the literary circles.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

However, in the early 1930s Sillanpää did not receive the Nobel Prize; this may have been influenced at the same time by the language battle over the Finnisation of the University of Helsinki.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

During the 1930s, Sillanpää was also interested in folklore and homeland studies, and his home in Helsinki regularly met the so-called Friday Club, where Sillanpää, Sakari Pälsi, Gustav Vilkuna and Martti Haavio discussed the topics of language studies and ethnology.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[6] In 1936, Sillanpää received an honorary Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Helsinki.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] Sillanpää became known in the second half of the 1930s as an opponent of right-wing radicalism and dictators, as well as a cultural liberal supporter of the Nordic trend.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää wrote, among other things, the 1938 Finnish Social Democrat Christmas Letter to Dictators, in which he strongly criticised Hitler, Stalin and Mussolini.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] A Christmas letter to dictators is also included in Sillanpää's book The Day at the Highest.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The same collection has also been published in the same collection of his writings Hyi! where he condemned the ride of President K. J. Ståhlberg and his spouse Ester Ståhlberg in 1930.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[7] Although the 1930s were a time of success in writing for Sillanpää, he continued to become indebted at an accelerating rate, largely because he was unable to control his spending.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää's alcohol problem also continued to worsen during these years, and he could enjoy a basket of beer and a bottle of cognac a day.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[8] In 1939, Sillanpää faced a further severe blow when his wife Siikri died of pneumonia in the spring.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää remarried to his secretary Anna Armia von Herzen, but the union became short and quarrelsome.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

It ended in divorce during the intermediate peace.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] The Nobel Prize and the spiritual crisis of the war years Sillanpää had long been considered a worthy Nobel candidate, and in the autumn of 1939 he won the prize in the Nobel Committee's vote against the Swiss Hermann Hesse and the Dutch Johan Huizinga.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Later, Sillanpää surrendered his golden Nobel medal to a precious metal collection organised in Finland for the benefit of the war effort, possibly forced by the example of Swedish literary Nobel laureate Selma Lagerlöf.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[9] After receiving the prize in Stockholm in December 1939, Sillanpää stayed in Sweden and raised money for Finland's Winter War through speaking engagements.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Already in October 1939, he had published a poem called “Sillanpää march song” in the Finnish newspaper Kuvale, because he hoped its verses would unite Finns and improve the mood of the people.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

It became very popular in the weeks leading up to the Winter War and during the war by Aimo Mustonen, who won the composition competition quickly.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

“Sillanpää marching song” represents Sillanpää's typical writing style, combining the landscape description of the beginning, reference to the map, and a somewhat mystical sense of togetherness built on earthiness and dirt and instinct.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The marching song is still sung and played in the Defence Forces, and features words that many conscripts think are easy to learn.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

In the poetry collection Suomen poetar (ed.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Lehtonen 1945) Sillanpää is said to have made the poem from the beginning to encourage his son sent to the winter war first.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[10] Sillanpää's long stay in Sweden had begun to draw criticism in Finland, and partly because of this, he returned to Finland shortly before the end of the Winter War on 9 March 1940.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The intermediate peace period that followed the Winter War led to the greatest crisis in Sillanpää's life.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Wartime pressures, divorce and reckless alcohol consumption collapsed Sillanpää's health.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

In the autumn of 1940, he was taken for forced treatment to the Chamber Hospital, where he remained until 1943.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[3] He was then able to live in the family of his daughter Saara Kuitusen, albeit under patronage, and in 1944 Sillanpää's friend Gustavus Vilkuna became her guardian.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää's finances were arranged with the help of publisher Otava so that he could spend the rest of his life free from financial concerns.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[11] Wartime crises hampered Sillanpää's literary work so that only the novels August 1941 and the Loveliness and Misery of Human Life 1945 appeared from him in the 1940s, also unfinished.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] Both works were depictions of disappointment, exhaustion, and alcoholism.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[12] Since the 1950s, Sillanpää lived in Herttoniemi, Helsinki, in his daughter's private house, but he spent summers in Hämeenkyrö.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[13] Taata Sillanpää After the war, Sillanpää made a new coming as the grey-bearded, calot-headed Taata.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

He began appearing regularly on radio reading his texts, and Taata's Christmas sermons from 1945 onwards became an annual ritual right up until his death.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[14] In these radio paquins, Taata focused much on looking back nostalgically about his childhood years in Hämeenkyru.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Already in the summer of 1945, Sillanpää toured his home region with journalist Unto Miettiinen, and during that time interviewed the writer's Hämeenkyröläinen acquaintances.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The Christmas sermons fit into the programme policy of the new Director General of Yleisradio, Hella Wuolijoki, that culture had to be offered to all radio listeners and had to be of a high standard.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Their brainchild was Matti Kurjensaari, head of the radio theatre department.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The preparation of Christmas sermons began early in the autumn, when Saara Kuitunen selected suitable themes from her father's works and Taata edited the texts together with Heikki A. Reenpää and Aarne Laurila.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Taata himself prepared for the performances carefully, learning the pauses, rhythms and stresses.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

For their part, Taata's memoirs of the humble Christmas feast of a hilly family encouraged Finns recovering from the heavy war years, and for many radio listeners they were the first contact with his narrative art.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Taata's arrival at the Fabianinkatu radio house was an experience for him and an emotional affair for the radio staff.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Over the years, Christmas sermons became repetitive, which Taata himself admitted, but he felt that the message of Christmas did not pass.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[15] Sillanpää published three more memoirs in the 1950s: The boy lived his life in 1953, I tell and describe 1955 and Day at his height in 1956.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

However, these works were mostly based on material written by Sillanpää before the wars.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[4] The Boy Lived His Life work achieved tremendous success and five editions were taken from it, and Taata became a sought-after guest in bookstores and literary matinees all over Finland.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Rafael Koskimies edited a selection of Sillanpää's short stories under the name One's life harvest in 1954, and Aarne Laurila published in 1960 a work on Thoughts and Characterisations, for which he had picked up inspiring phrases from Taata's production.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[16] The Finnish language researcher Pertti Virtaranta recorded Sillanpää's speech three times, first in Hämeenkyrö in 1948, the second time at a literary matinee organised by Harjulan Guild in Harjavalta in 1955 and at the writer's home in Herttoniemi, Helsinki in 1960.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[17] Taata's 75th birthday in September 1963, when he accepted congratulators at his home, was his last public appearance.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[18] In October 1963, Carl Rowan, the United States Ambassador to Helsinki, brought the previous year's Nobel Prize in Literature laureate, John Steinbeck, who was visiting Finland, to Herttoniemi to greet Sillanpää.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[19] The Hämeenkyrö Museum and Homeland Association bought Myllykolu, the childhood home of Sillanpää, in 1958 and immediately began its restoration into a museum.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Myllykolu was opened to the public in 1962 and Taata still had time to go on pilgrimages to the sources of his production.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The compulsory programme number when the writer arrived in his home region was from then on to stop at the signpost pointing to Myllykolu, where Taata asked what the cloak said.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

After receiving an answer to “F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää's childhood home!” he exclaimed astonished, pretending, “I think I am some kind of character person here!” Taata's last missed visit to Myllykolu was filmed by television in the autumn summer of 1963, but his writing in the museum's guest book was no longer just a single dash-like sentence from which no one could tell.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

The museum attendant had to tape the guestbook pages shut at this point.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[20] At the end of May 1964, Sillanpää contracted mild pneumonia and was taken to a hospital for treatment, where he initially appeared to be recovering.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[21] Sillanpää died in Beehinen Hospital in Helsinki at the age of 75 in early June 1964.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[22] The Body Blessing in Helsinki Cathedral was delivered by Bishop Eelis Gulin and the eulogy was delivered by Professor Rafael Koskimies, who had been assigned to this position by Sillanpää many years earlier.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[23] Sillanpää was buried in the old cemetery in Hämeenkyrö.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

[24] Works Life and the Sun, 1916 Human Children in Life, 1917 Pious Misery, 1919 Dear Fatherland, 1919 Hiltu and Ragnar, 1923 Protégés of Angels, 1923 My Own and My Own, 1924 Old Memories, (not published 1919) 1924.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Labour Calendar XVII.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

On the ground, 1924 Töllinmäki, 1925 Rippi, 1928 Compiled works I—III, 1928 Jokinen Petter's mind works, 1928 Thank you for the moments, Lord..., 1930 The Way of Man, 1931 The Way of Man, 1932 Compiled Works I—XII, 1932—1950 Based on Virta, 1933 People in Suviyöö, 1934 Fifteenth, 1936 August, 1941 The Loveliness and Misery of Human Life, 1945 A Boy Lived His Life, 1953 Selected Works, 1954 One Harvest of Life, 1954 (from short story production by Rafael Koskimies) I tell and describe, 1955 A day at its height, 1956 Thoughts and Characterisations, 1960 ( edited by Aarne Laurila) Short Stories, I—II 1961 Selected Works, 1969 The Maid and Other Narratives, 1978 Taata Christmas, 1981 Taata Christmas, 1986 (edited by Panu Rajala) F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää's thoughts, 1988 Compiled works 1—8, 1988—1991 (illustration by Ulla Rantanen) Films based on works by Sillanpää, directed by Teuvo Tulio.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1937 Man's Road, directed by Nyrki Tapiovaara and Hugo Hytönen.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1940 People in Suviyöyöä, directed by Valentin Vaala.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1948 Son lived his summer, directed by Roland af Hällström.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1955 (based on the novel Life and the Sun) August, directed by Matti Kassila.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1956 Silja — Slept at a young age, directed by Jack Witikka.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1956 The Loveliness and Misery of Human Life, directed by Matti Kassila.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1988 Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Panu Rajala Panu Rajala 2004 Sillanpää, F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E.: The boy lived his life.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Otava in 1953.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hertzen, Enter von| title=F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää's Nobel Prize Receipt and a trip to Sweden vv.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1939—40| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Nide Oy| year = 1955}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Koskela, Lasse| title = Broken fingers and sorrow of angels.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Perspective F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää production| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1988| isbn = 951-1-09932-9}} Laurila, Aarne: F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää in 1888—1958.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Otava in 1958.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Laurila, Aarne: F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää novel art in terms of writer's attitudes and narrator status.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Otava, 1979 ISBN 951-1-05347-7 Ph.D. dissertation Pohjanpää, Lauri: Receiving memories.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

WSOY, 1950.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Rajala, Panu: F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää in 1888—1923.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Finnish Literature Society (SKST 397).


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Huddersfield in 1983.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Rajala, Panu: Sillanpää Hämeenkyrö: Cultural images for summer travellers.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

1986 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rajala, Panu| title = Genesis of Silja: F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää in 1923—1931| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature (SKST 486) | year = 1988| version = Dissertation: University of Helsinki | isbn = 951-717-521-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rajala, Panu| title = High day and conditions: F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää from 1931 to 1964| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature (SKST 595) | year = 1993| isbn = 951-717-779-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rajala, Panu| title = F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää: The Life of a Nobel Writer 1888—1964| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-222-529-0}} Sillanpää in Finnish literature.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää Banquet Book.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Sillanpää Society, 1989 ISBN 952-90-0096-0 Vaaskivi, Tatu: F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Life and Works.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Huddersfield in 1937.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Virtaranta, Pertti: F.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

E. Sillanpää talk.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

Otava, Helsinki 1967.


Question: What country is Johan Huizinga from?

Frans Emil Sillanpää

On topic elsewhere (in Swedish) Category:Finnish writers Category:Finnish short story writers Category:Finnish poets Category:Nobel Prize Literature Laureates Category:Aleksis Kivi Prize Laureates Category:In 1888 births Category:Those who died in 1964 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The wood leopard or wood tiger (Neofelis nebulosa) is a species of predator in the felines family.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The species is found in tropical forests of the Southeast Asian continent.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The tree leopard is listed as endangered.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The species is threatened by poaching and loss of its habitats.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[1] Classification The name of the tree leopard is misleading insofar as it does not belong to the same genus with leopards.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Classification of the species has always produced problems for scientists.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The genus has been given the scientific name Neofelis, meaning “neofelis”.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The name refers to something unprecedented.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Wood leopards are considered the closest surviving relative of ancient saber-toothed cats and still share some of their traits.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[3] The wood leopard was split into two species in 2007.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The “borneon tree leopard” (Neofelis diardi) living on Borneo and Sumatra turned out to be a separate species based on genetic research, estimated to have diverged from the mainland tree leopard as early as 1.4 million years ago.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The genetic difference between species is the largest number of traits equal to that of, for example, lion and leopard.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[4] [5] The tree leopard proper is divided into three more subspecies: [6] Neofelis nebulosa brachyura (formosan wood leopard [7]), found in Taiwan (possibly lost from the wild) Neofelis nebulosa macrosceloides (Indian wood leopard [7]), found in Burma and Nepal [7] Neelofelis Nebulosa nebulosa (Chinese wood leopard [7]), occurs in southern China and Rear India [7] Appearance and biology Size and appearance The tree leopard differs in appearance in many ways from other felines.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

It is classified as a large feline, when as a small feline.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The wood leopard has a body length of 60 to 95 centimeters and has an exceptionally long, even-thick tail relative to body size.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The tail can have a length of up to 110 centimeters, meaning it can be more than half the entire length of the animal.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The wood leopard is considerably smaller than the usual leopard: the weight of the beast varies between 15 and 24 kilograms and the male is bigger than the female.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Its skull is short for a feline and has the largest canines of any feline in terms of body size.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[8] The wood leopard is well adapted by physique to life high on tree branches.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Its body is rigorous and elongated.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] It has relatively large paws and short legs suitable for movement on narrow branches.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The remarkably long and thick tail, in turn, helps the beast maintain its equilibrium in the elusive canopy.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Along with the long-tailed cat, the wood leopard is the only feline whose wrists bend a full 180 degrees.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] This feature allows it to descend effortlessly along a vertical tree trunk with its head down or even hang from a horizontal branch, holding on only by the claws of its hind legs.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] It is also known to move occasionally on branches with its back towards the ground [2].


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The animal has long and sharp claws that bite well into the surface of the tree and ensure tight grip.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The wood leopard is an excellent climber for its size as a predator.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Wood leopard eyes are well adapted to nightlife.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The iris of the eyes is yellowish, and the pupils contract into vertical streaks in bright light as in a cat.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Turkey Also, wood leopard hair is peculiar in appearance among predators.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The ground colour of the dense and soft fur varies from ash grey to yellowish-grey.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

On the back, the fur is sometimes red-tinged and very pale on the abdomen.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The base color is adorned by small spots and large dark spots, cloud-cotton patterns, according to which the animal received its English name “clouded leopard”.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Cloud patterns exist on the animal's cups and back, and are formed by dark, oblong rinculi with fur slightly darker than the ground colour in the centre.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

In addition, it has smaller dark patches on the neck, abdomen and limbs.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The tail is spotted at the base and ring-streaked at the tip.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

There are two longitudinal streaks in the middle of the back, and in addition to these, the wood leopard also has streaks on the neck, neck and cheeks.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The pattern provides the beast with a great protective colour as it moves in the tree's canopy.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Difference from borneon wood leopard The different coat coloring of the Borneon tree leopard led scientists to traces of a new species.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Borneon tree leopards have smaller cloud patterns compared to wood leopards and clearly had more patches in the centre than on wood leopard fur.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The fur of the Borneon tree leopard is also darker than that of its mainland-dwelling cousin.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

However, the ultimate difference for species was found in genetic studies.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[9] Behaviour Wood leopards are considered single animals outside the breeding season.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[10] Wood leopards move mainly at night, but may also be active at certain moments of the day [11].


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Foraging Wood leopards prey on a wide variety of prey animals, among them squirrels, various birds (such as forest quail) and even gibbon-sized monkeys.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The beast's large canines allow effective killing, and it can kill animals much larger than itself, such as wild boars and deer.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The wood leopard stalks its prey in the shelters of tree branches and falls from there on the neck of its victim.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

It also knows how to fish.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] In orchard conditions, wood leopards usually have to settle for pre-killed food, but in some places they are provided with live quail, which they are allowed to take themselves from days.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] A full-grown beast needs 170—450 grams of food daily, but can eat more at once.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] When it catches a bird, it plucks this before eating so that feathers do not fall into the stomach.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Reproduction The tree leopard is very difficult to detect in the wild due to its hidden lifestyle.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The information on it is mainly based on reports of local village communities and on the study of small farm stock.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Almost nothing is known about the life of wild specimens, so studying the reproduction of wood leopards is entirely on farmed animals.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[10] Propagating wood leopards in orchard conditions has been difficult.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The male and female only become attached to each other over a long period of time and it often happens that the male would rather kill the female than mate with her.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Because of this, mating animals in farm conditions is very risky.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

It takes a long time for wood leopards to form a pair, but it has also been observed that once the male and female are attached to each other, they become very close.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[3] Animal behaviour suggests that they may be monogamous, which would be unique among felines.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] In orchard conditions, males are known to have killed females even if they have spent several weeks in the same cage with them.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

It is not known whether wood leopard males are also equally offensive to females in the wild, but so far the aggressive behaviour has not been successfully explained.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Wood leopards mate at night, making it difficult for researchers to observe a couple put in the same cage at a critical time.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] It has also been observed that wood leopard males are accurate about the age of their partner.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

A mature male cannot be paired with a fairly younger female, as it often behaves aggressively towards specimens that are too young and kills these sensitively.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The female, on the other hand, almost invariably accepts any male for companionship, regardless of its age and appearance.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The mating period lasts about a week, and throughout that time the groomers have no business even close to domesticated animals.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

During estrus, the male and female do not eat any of the food offered to them, so the mating time is easily found to end when the food brought into the cage begins to taste like the couple again.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The female has a bearing period of approximately 86—95 days, and at the end of that time it begins to behave restlessly.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] It gives birth to 2—4 puppies at once, most often two.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The female willingly gives birth to cubs in a tree cavity and they open their eyes at 10—12 days old.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Outside the nest they venture out for the first time at three weeks, and fully independent they become at 9 months of age.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The tree leopard reaches sexual maturity at two years of age.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] In captivity, it lives to an average of 11 years old, but can reach up to 17 years of age.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[12] In some zoos, cubs are separated from their mother immediately after birth.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The behaviour of wood leopards is highly erratic and both males and females have been observed to kill their own cubs.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

The cause of the behaviour is unknown, but so far every puppy born is so important to conservation that there is no desire to put them in unnecessary danger.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

In general, animals living in orchard conditions are not wanted to become accustomed to the presence of humans in order to improve their chances of surviving free in the wild, but for wood leopards the situation is different.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Poorly known animals are easier to observe if they are even slightly domesticated.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

In addition, it will be easier to transfer and medicate them in this case.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Domesticated felines are not detrimental to the farming programme, as there are no plans to release specimens born in captivity to the wild so far, but instead aim to grow the smaller orchard population larger and learn more about these poorly known animals.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The species is exceptionally deeply attached to humans, and man usually has little fear in the company of a domesticated animal.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Large cat beasts, when used to humans, are also dangerous to their caregivers and may even attack humans more sensitively after getting used to their presence.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Wooden leopards are playful and are also happy to play with their carers, although with an adult individual such wrestling can be defiant.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Habitat and distribution The tree leopard lives in the dense and difficult tropical forests of southern Asia.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Its habitat is poorly known, but it has been found at least in northern India, Nepal, southern China and Southeast Asia as far as the Malaka Peninsula.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[1] From the island of Hainan, on the southern coast of China, the wood leopard has already apparently disappeared, and stocks in Taiwan and Malaysia are on the brink of extinction.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The subspecies found in Taiwan is even considered to have disappeared, as it has been relatively long since the last sighting [13].


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Before being read into wood leopard, the borneon tree leopard is found in Indonesia on the large islands of Borneo and Sumatra.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[9] The tree leopard is a resident of tropical forests, found at altitudes up to 2500 m above the sea surface.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] It is a timid nocturnal animal that spends almost all its life climbing tree branches.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] Settlement size and conservation activities The exact number of tree leopards is not known, as an individual census of the poorly known species is difficult to make.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

However, the population size has been estimated at less than 10000 individuals, of which no more than 1,000 individuals live in any population [1], and the species is classified as endangered.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

In captivity, wood leopards live a couple of hundred, but increasing the stock in orchard conditions is difficult.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Only about 20 percent of farmed animals have had offspring of their own.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] The poor knowledge of wild wood leopards is the failure to obtain a photograph of any individual in its natural habitat so far.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Yet this mysterious beast is threatened by many dangers.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Poaching has taken a toll on stocks, as the animal's beautiful fur is a sought-after stuff on the black market.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

In addition, various body parts of the wood leopard are used as raw material in traditional medicines, which are believed to have healing properties.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Such herbs are popular, especially in China, where wealthy people are willing to pay large sums for them.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[3] In southern China, wood leopard meat has even been found on the menus of local restaurants.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[14] In addition, the population of wood leopards is taxed by the loss of suitable habitats.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

In Asia, large areas of rainforest are constantly being cut down to make way for crops, dwellings and grazing areas.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

In order for the wood leopard to remain in the wild, enough habitats and prey must be secured for it.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] However, the situation for the tree leopard is not as bad as for most other endangered animals.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Even if the species is threatened by loss of habitat, the population is viable, at least for now, and the beast is not in imminent danger of extinction.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

As international cooperation has progressed, there have been successes, among other things, to ban hunting in the main neighbourhoods of the wood leopard.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Thanks to this, enough prey in the areas is enough for beasts.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[2] All research work on wood leopards takes place on specimens living in zoos and parks.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

However, the species is getting to know better all the time, and it also becomes easier to protect it.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

Their own orchards have also been set up for endangered cat beasts, where animals are studied and efforts are being made to breed.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

One of these orchards is the Khao Kheow Zoological Park in Thailand.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

A few wooden leopard cubs have already been successfully introduced into the world there.


Question: How much does a wood leopard weigh?

Wood leopard

[15] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= World Animals| publisher = Book| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-28-3598-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = ZOO — Great Animal Book 1| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| id = ISBN 955| 1-0-08246 -5}} Category:59.2 Mammals Category:Felines Category:Endangered mammals


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

The principle of law is the central value or objective inherent in law.


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

Principles of law are principles generally recognised in legal literature or another source of law, for which there may not be actual legislation, but the breach of which may entail legal consequences.


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

[1] Principles of law are substantially different from legal provisions, which involve a characteristic and legal effect, which, when applying the rule, are compared with facts.


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

The legal principle also includes a characteristic feature, but the principle is often very loose and general.


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

On the other hand, the application of the principle of law does not require a solution strictly in accordance with its content.


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

The principle of law gives direction to the solution rather than the detail of the content of the solution.


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

[2] Different legal principles Western law in general involves the legal principle of equality, according to which similar legal cases must be decided in the same way.


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

On the other hand, in some areas of law, such as property law, the principle of reasonableness embodies the general principle of proportionality; the execution of one right must not infringe or restrict another right.


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

Environmental law involves the principle of prudence and cause, property law freedom of contract and protection of the weaker, the principle of legality in criminal law and the principle of equal hearing in procedural law.


Question: What does the principle of law mean?

Legal principle

[3] Sources Category:General law en:Principle of law


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is one of the psychosis diseases.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It is the most common of psychosis diseases.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

At the population level, the prevalence of schizophrenia is around 0.4% in the world, but Finland and several other Western countries around 1%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Thus, there are approximately 50,000 people with schizophrenia in Finland, namely schizophrenics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is diagnosed in people with very different symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Key symptoms include impaired sense of reality, or psychoticism due to hallucinations, delusions, disturbance of thinking functions and loss of emotions.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to psychiatrist George Alase's definition, schizophrenia is “a mental illness that usually begins in adolescence or young adulthood characterized by partial dispersion of the integrity of personality functions, developmental decline, and a tendency to pull away from relationships with others to humans, to a subjective inner mind world more or less tinged by sensory delusions or delusions.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

“[1] Being sick with schizophrenia does not mean that the person is in a psychotic state for the rest of his life as at the time of the onset of the disease, since schizophrenia has several pathways of the disease.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Some have only one episode of psychosis that has led to the diagnosis of the disease, some have alternations of asymptomatic and psychotic episodes and some have persistent psychoticism.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a major cause of disability.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

General Long-term studies show that between 13% and 74% recoveries from schizophrenia depending on the criteria used in the study.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The prognosis is best explained by psychosocial factors such as school performance, substance use, employment, gender, family background and cognitive functional ability.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Looking at an international level, living in a poor country has traditionally been strongly associated with good prognosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

This has been explained, among other things, by the fact that in many emerging countries, sufferers of psychotic delusions are less stigmatised and are better employed.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Also, medication may explain the difference between affluent and poor countries, because living in a poor country on neuroleptic medication is not, researchably, linked to a better prognosis.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, in a study published in 1992 by the WHO of countries with the best prognosis, an average of 16% of schizophrenics ate neuroleptic medication and a recovery rate of 60%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, in a study published in 2009, the distinction between industrialized and emerging countries had disappeared.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In this study, an average of 90% of schizophrenics ate neuroleptics and 69% of them were incapacitated.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[2] [3] [4] Schizophrenia is mainly seen as a hereditary disease, although the gene lineage accounts for 3.4% of the incidence of schizophrenia to this day, according to the most extensive genetic research.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

These gene regions are also not specific to schizophrenia, but also predispose to other disorders such as depression and autism.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

These genes are so widespread in the population that almost everyone can be thought of as carrying genes predisposing to schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The idea of schizophrenia primarily as an inherited disease is based mostly on twin studies, which show genes explain on average 50% of the variation in the incidence of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[5] [6] The conflict between the low heredity estimates produced by genetic studies and the high heredity estimates produced by twin studies is related in part to the fact that twin studies are not themselves an entirely reliable way to distinguish between genes and environmental influences.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The interpretation of twin studies must take into account the fact that the heredity estimates produced by them do not directly explain the causal contribution of genes and the environment in the manifestation of the trait.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, strongly gene-controlled properties such as the head have a heredity estimate of zero, since there is no variation within that trait in the population.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, there are known genetically determined diseases whose incidence can drop closer to zero if a particular environmental factor is changed.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

An example of this is a disease called phenylketonuria, which leads without diet therapy started early enough to intellectual decline.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, the incidence of schizophrenia has also fallen closer to zero in the Western Pohja Hospital District during the time when the so-called open dialogue model has been applied there in the treatment of psychoses.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Thus, environmental factors can also have an essential impact on the incidence and prognosis of schizophrenia even if one assumed it to be a strongly hereditary disorder.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[7] [8] Gemini studies assume that environmental factors remain stable with respect to key variables.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, for example, characteristics considered to be highly hereditary, such as height and intelligence, are highly sensitive to environmental factors, and consequently changes in population nutrition or education level significantly affect the average population height and intelligence.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Heredity estimates given by twin studies are therefore dependent on the environment in which they are made.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Because of this, considerable variation between different populations has also been found in terms of incidence and incidence of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, according to a 2002 review, the difference in incidence of schizophrenia was 13-fold between the country with the lowest incidence (Hong Kong) and the country with the highest incidence (Puerto Rico).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to the same review, the difference in incidence of schizophrenia was 55-fold over the year review period between countries with the highest incidence (United States) and lowest incidence (Canada).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Within countries, significant differences in incidence between different populations can also be found.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In twin studies, co-variation between environmental factors and genes also partly makes it difficult to distinguish between the share of genetic risks and environmental factors.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Twin studies often lead to a simplified image of schizophrenia as a strongly inherited disease in which environmental risk factors play a minimal role.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, schizophrenia is a multifactorial disorder whose etiology, symptomatology and prognosis is very individual.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[6] [5] [9] [7] Current knowledge holds that gene lineage or early development disorder of the central nervous system create a predisposition to disease in schizophrenia, and internal or external stressors such as stress, life crisis, trauma, or substance use trigger illness.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Some views emphasise the biological and others the psychosocial dimension of the disorder.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

While current mainstream psychiatry emphasizes the bodily aspect of the disorder [10], for example in the open dialogue model that has proved effective in treating psychoses, psychotic symptoms are understood to stem from problems with social interaction in principle.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In the area where the open dialogue treatment model has been used, the incidence of schizophrenia has fallen by a tenth in 20 years.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

This has been explained by a culture of treatment that prevents psychosis symptoms from becoming chronic.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[11] [8] Recently there have also been indications that schizophrenia is associated with an inflammatory condition in the brain.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[12] In the context of psychosis of the inflammatory condition of the brain, it is thought to be associated with interfering with the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Some studies suggest a disruption in the function of GABA interneurons and NMDA receptors has been linked to psychotic biases and impaired cognitive performance.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[13] [14] It is known that stress and associated external stressors are linked to the immune response and thus the inflammatory state of the body.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Because of this, it is known to be linked to numerous other illnesses and mental disorders.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[15] The finding fits well with the stress-vulnerability model.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, neuroleptics used to treat schizophrenia have also been linked to the inflammatory state of the brain, according to some studies.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The association with neuroleptics and the inflammatory condition of the brain may contribute to explaining the phenomenon observed in animal studies and neuroimaging studies in schizophrenics that neuroleptics are linked to grey matter atrophy.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[16] History Unlike many other mental illnesses found in humans, no condition equivalent to schizophrenia has been observed in animals.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Therefore, schizophrenia is thought to be related to the linguistic development of humanity and the specialization of different brain regions.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[17] The disease concept of schizophrenia dates back to the 1850s, when descriptions of a new disease of adolescents began to appear that did not fit into the disease concepts known from Ancient times: melancholy, mania, or generic insanity.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Frenchman Bénédict Morel used the phrase démence précoce ('early dementia') in France in passing in his book Études cliniques (1852) when describing a section of young patients, and used the term more frequently in his book Traité des maladies mentales (1860).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[18] In Scotland, Thomas Clouston used the term adolescent insanity ('juvenile madness'). [19].


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In Germany, Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum excreted catatonic syndrome [20] and his student Ewald Hecker excreted Hebephrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[21] Schizophrenia was differentiated into its own disease in 1898 when German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin classified mental illnesses into two categories; early-onset dementia (schizophrenia), and manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

With early-onset dementia (dementia praecox), Kraepelin referred to premature dementia, which Kraepelin outlined as the disease he observed.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Although the condition was called early-onset dementia, Kraepelin also found many patients were getting better from their illness.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

This he took as a sign that they have been misdiagnosed.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to Kraepelin, dementia praecox, on the other hand, manifested itself in combinations of 36 different mental symptoms and 19 different physical symptoms, and patients with this diagnosis did not necessarily have any of the same symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Nor did post-mortem examinations of the brains of these patients found anything abnormal, leading Kraepelin to eventually admit that the causes of that condition have remained a mystery.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Schizophrenia was called early dementia until the Swiss physician Eugen Bleuler suggested in 1908 that the disease should be referred to as schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Mr Bleuler justified his suggestion by the fact that the condition in question was not associated with dementia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[22] According to Eugen Bleuler, it was not possible to predict the course of schizophrenia based on the severity of the associated symptoms.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The prognosis of schizophrenia was therefore individual, according to him, and thus did not involve the gradual regression described by Kraepelin.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] The etymology of the term schizophrenia is in Greek: skhizein, σχίλειν 'divide' + phrēn, phren- φρήν, φρεν- 'mind'.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The term was translated into splitting heart disease, but the Finnish name was dropped due to its misleading nature.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The purpose of the name was to tell how the mind was divided between reality and the imaginary world, but people mistakenly perceived the division of the persona meant by it.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The differentiation of a persona or its parts from one another belongs to dissociative identity disorder rather than schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Traits characteristic of Kraepelin's early dementia and Bleuler's schizophrenia were numerous.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, traits typical of a patient with dementia praecox included that the person “laughed in serious situations” and “behaved insolently towards their superiors” and having a loose sexual morale, which manifested itself as, among other things, “lewd talk and shameless masturbation” .


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia patients were also characterised by sexually reckless behaviour, according to Bleuler, which manifested as “having sex with a fellow patient regardless of his gender or ugliness.”


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It was also characteristic of people with schizophrenia, according to Bleuler, that patients behaved similarly towards a person, whether they were in a senior position or not.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The emotional life of schizophrenics was characterized by ambivalence, according to Bleuler, in which a person was able to feel opposite emotions to each other.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia was also characterized by unusual costs of thought that differed from the reviewer's world of experience.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Questioning and resisting a psychiatrist were also often seen as traits typical of early-onset dementia and schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, Kraepelin saw as one symptom of early dementia the patient requiring a psychiatrist to prove his authority to act as a psychiatrist and refusing to say anything about himself.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Both Bleuler and Kraepelin said early-onset dementia and schizophrenia were also characterized by the patient acting exactly the opposite of what he had been instructed.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Bleuler's schizophrenia and Kraepelin's early dementia were linked by an understanding of the genetic origin of the disease.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

To prove this, both examined the family backgrounds of patients suffering from the condition.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, according to Kraepelin, among siblings with early dementia, there are exceptionally high rates of “deviant personalities, criminals, prostitutes, homosexuals, suicides, vagrants, unhappy human fates, all of which are more or less advanced dementia manifestations of praecoxin”.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The family backgrounds of Bleuler's schizophrenics also found an extraordinary number of “schizoid personalities, introverted, skeptical and incapable of conversation, persons who are at the same time both emotionally bored and sensitive— etc.”


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Bleuler also made the point that not all patients with schizophrenia recognized the true causes of their illness, but interpreted their symptoms rather as understandable reactions to the adversity of their lives.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Views have been expressed that Kraepelin's dementia praecox and Bleuler's symptoms of schizophrenia stemmed from the fact that some of the patients they treated suffered from organic diseases such as encephalitis and post-encephalitic parkinsonism caused by it.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

This confusion may have implications for the pessimistic image of the prognosis of schizophrenia, although due to the development of infectious disease treatment, post-encephalitic parkinsonism is becoming increasingly rare and can today be differentiated from schizophrenia as a distinct disease.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[23] Schizophrenia became significantly more common between 1924 and 1929 simultaneously in Germany, England, the United States and other countries.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[24] The American psychiatrist Jacob Kasanin distinguished a course of the disease from schizophrenia in 1933 as his own diagnosis, called schizoaffective psychosis (now schizoaffective disorder).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[25] The new category of diseases he justified by the fact that periodic psychoses with emotion-related symptoms have a better prognosis than other schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The concept of schizophrenia has only been used in the United States since 1952, when the first version of the nationwide diagnostic guide for mental disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders, also referred to as DSM-I, was published.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia and Society Schizophrenia as a diagnosis also has its political dimension.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, psychiatrist Thomas Szasz has called schizophrenia a “sacred symbol” of psychiatry, allowing it to justify psychiatry's status as a branch of medicine and the legitimacy of coercive measures limiting and damaging the fundamental rights of treatment subjects.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to him, schizophrenia as a term is so empty and vague that it can refer to almost any disturbing and unpleasant mode of behavior and response in a person.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Schizophrenia diagnosis has also been used, for example, in the Soviet Union to subdue political opponents.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[26] [27] The treatment of schizophrenia has been associated with a strong dimension of social control from the outset, which was designed not so much to cure the patient as to make him more controllable.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, Bleuler, the inventor of schizophrenia, saw medication for psychosis symptoms not so much as a medical treatment but as a kind of “chemical straitjacket” designed to make patients more manageable.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Since schizophrenia was mainly considered a hereditary disorder, efforts were made to prevent its inheritance by, among other things, forced sterilization of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The background was influenced by the eugenist movement that gained popularity in the early 20th century, which was given credibility especially by the American science journals Eugenics Review and Eugenical News.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Both Kraepelin, a developer of early dementia, and Bleuler, the inventor of schizophrenia, advocated the forced sterilization and mass murder of psychiatric patients to promote “racial hygiene.”


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In 1924, Bleuler wrote: “Those bearing the heaviest mental burden should not reproduce... If we do nothing but promote the ability of the mentally and physically ill to reproduce, and a healthy population should reduce reproduction to provide for them if the mechanisms of natural selection work generally speaking will be prevented, in this case, unless we do anything, our race will quickly enter a recession”.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Bleuler's wishes were met, among other things, in 1933 when compulsory sterilisation was enacted in Nazi Germany for those suffering from schizophrenia and many other diseases and disorders.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In the same decade, similar sterilisation laws were enacted elsewhere in Sweden, Finland and Norway.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Prior to this, similar laws had been enacted in many states of the United States.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In 1938, there was a shift from sterilization to mass killings in Europe as psychiatrists and other doctors starved and gassed an estimated 5000-10,000 children with mental or physical abnormalities.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

The killings were commonly referred to as “euthanasia”, “mercy killings” and “aiding death”.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

An estimated 125,000 people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were murdered in Germany.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

It is estimated that overall, of Germans who received a diagnosis of schizophrenia, about 74% were either sterilized or murdered.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Also, for example, 4000 people were killed in Polish mental hospitals in 1940 in a three-month period.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

An estimated 40,000 patients were starved to death in French mental hospitals.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Most of the psychiatrists responsible for these mass killings and forced sterilizations were allowed to continue in their careers after World War II.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

For example, in Germany in the 1930s, the scientifically questionable views of Jospeh Kallmann, a psychiatrist who proposed the forced sterilization of schizophrenics and all their relatives, on the heritability of schizophrenia are still widely cited in many textbooks on psychiatry and psychology.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

These textbooks do little to bring up the significant role of psychiatry in the forced sterilizations and mass murders of schizophrenics.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] The legacy of eugenics associated with schizophrenia still lives on in the Western world, although forced sterilizations have been abandoned.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In a 2008 poll, for example, the majority of U.S. psychiatrists were very positive about genetic testing for psychiatric disorders.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Some people with schizophrenia should be informed of the strong heritability of their disease and should be offered specific guidance on family planning and “genetic counseling”.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

On the other hand, in the 1990s, for example, it was noticed that two-thirds of patients in Israeli mental hospitals over 65 suffered the traumas they sustained in the Holocaust.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In 1999, the Israeli government published a report that resulted in three mental hospitals being closed and Holocaust survivors being moved elsewhere to receive treatment for their psychological traumas.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Many had their diagnosis of schizophrenia switched to “long-term post-traumatic psychosis.”


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Their heavy-duty medication-stressed treatment was criticised in the 2001 documentary Last Journey into Silence as ineffective and damaging.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

As a result of decades of heavy drug treatment and isolation, many suffered incurable compulsions and many had lost their ability to speak.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[4] Prevalence According to a 2005 study, worldwide, the lifetime incidence of schizophrenia averages 0.4%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[28] According to the World Health Organization WHO, there are more than 21 million schizophrenics worldwide.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[29] At the population level, the incidence of schizophrenia is approximately 1% in Finland, [9] of which in Finnish-speakers 1.5% and 0.7% in Finnish-Swedes.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[30] According to the Finnish Health 2000 study, the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland is 0.87%, but is capped at 1.0% (loss from the study taken into account using diagnostic data from the registry of treatment notifications, pension or special reimbursement medicinal products registers).


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

According to the Swedish Lundby study, the life-time prevalence of schizophrenia in the southern Swedish municipality of Lundby is 0.84%.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[31] The incidence of schizophrenia varies in Finland by region.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In Finnish university hospitals, the prevalence of life-time schizophrenia is 0.63% (95% CI 0.32-1.22) and 1.84% in the OYS region (95% CI 1.25-2.71): the difference between the lowest and highest incidence of the university hospital is approximately triple.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[31] Schizophrenia often begins at a young age, in men 3—4 years before women.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

In men, the peak of onset of schizophrenia is between the ages of 15—24 and for women at 25—34.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

However, the disease can occur even before the age of 10 or after the age of 50.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[32] However, schizophrenia is extremely rare at a very young age and the symptoms can easily be confused with autism or Asperger's syndrome.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

[33] The causes of the onset of schizophrenia are influenced by both a number of susceptibility genes and environmental factors.


Question: What is synonymous with schizophrenia?

schizophrenia

Disease with schizophrenia is described using the stress-susceptibility model, or stress-vulnerability model.