Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

“Sabino white” as a term distinguishes homozygotes Sabino1 type horses from dominant white horses, for which already one “whiteness gene” produces a white color.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Dominant white and sabino white horses can be completely impossible to tell apart without a DNA test.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Not all white horses are sabino white or dominant white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Combinations of other literature types (such as tobiano and frame overon) can produce very white-won horses.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

White-buttery horses roughly resemble sabino whites, but have blue whey eyes, pink skin, and creamy-blond hair instead of white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

A kimo horse may be full white as an adult, but a kimo has dark skin and a dark colt colour unless it carries not only kimogen but also something lighteningly affecting, a dominant whiteness or sabinous-inducing gene.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The inheritance Sabino1 locus is located in the KIT gene.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Sabino1 is a partially dominant property: each genotype is matched by its own kind of phenotype.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Both Samino1 and many other loci that cause whole-whiteness in the horse are located in the same gene, but are clearly distinguished.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

“Dominant white literature” contains many different phenotypes and genes while “Sabino 1" is reserved as a designation for a gene that, as a homozygote, gives rise to a whole-white phenotype.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The alleles, or “versions” of Sabino1, are SB1 and sb1.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

In horse wild type, the gene is recessive and dominant in the SB-1 mutation.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

sb1/sb1 (also n/n or +/+) is a homozygote recessive, or wild form.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The individual has no true Sabino1 traits, but may have white marks due to other genes.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Sb1/Sb1 (also SB1/n or SB1/+) is a heterozygote sabino.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The individual exhibits Sabino1 features such as jagged white marks and white spots or mixed hair on the body.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

SB1/SB1 homotygote sabino, sabino white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The individual has pink skin and, from birth, at least 90 percent white coloration.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The table above shows, in condensed form, following Mendel's principles of heredity, that no two recessive genotypes (sb1sb1) can ever produce a foal carrying the Sabino1 gene, regardless of color appearance.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Following the same principles, the only way to ensure a sabino variegated (Sb1Sb1) foal is to pair with each other sabino white (SB1SB1) and non-sabino (sb1sb1).


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The causative mutation of Sabino1 in the KIT gene is single-base diversity, designated as Ki16+1037A.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[8] The Sabino1 mutation discharges the overjumping of exon 17.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[1] Other loci of the KIT gene produce the phenotypes of tobiano, headache colours, and more than ten dominant white phenotypes.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The gene is also linked to pigment-free skin and hair areas in humans, mice and pigs on the limbs and midline.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The KIT gene is responsible for much of the transport of early pigment cells, or melanocytes, from the neural small to their final positions in the skin.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Mutations in the gene appear to limit melanocyte transport, leaving the limbs and midline pigment-free.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Other factors such as stochastic events and other genes affect the amount of unpigmented skin and hair in an adult animal.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Similar phenotypes are also known in other species of organisms.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

For example, more than 90 mutations are known from the mouse KIT gene, producing a broad spectrum of phenotypes from white-toed dark individual to dark-eyed whites (“bew” or “dew”).


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

“Sabino pattern” without the Sabino1 genotype The term “sabino” can, in addition to horses with the Sabino1 genotype, describe an individual with signs similar to Sabino1 type, such as high socks, wide flaps and mixed hair or white spots on the body.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Some people in the equine industry use the term even more broadly to mean “large-badged” or “overmarked” individuals, or patterns involving a white spot on the lower jaw or lip, loose white spots on the legs, or socks with an “eye escape”.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[9] The genetics affecting the white marks of the horse are complex.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Some studbooks tend to avoid characters and others prefer them; because of this, prior to mapping the horse genome and the possibility of ascertaining the genus, a variety of rules were created to distinguish between “variegated” and “non-variegated” colorings.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

These rules were not based on the function of known white literature genes, and in many racial organizations are not yet knowledgeable about modern heredity knowledge.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Two horses identical in their genotype to a specific criteriability gene may be identified as “monochrome” and “variegated” depending on the extent of visible patterning.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Nor does the final amount of horse whiteness depend solely on known white literature genes.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

According to some studies, for example, rautiai have more white than non-rautics (genotype Ee) that carry the rautic gene (genotype Ee) more white than those non-rautias that do not carry the rautia gene (genotype EE).


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

White Literature genes also influence each other and usually produce an interaction.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

According to the study, several different genes, and possibly different alleles of those genes, produce what is called normal white marks.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Later studies suggest that whiteness genes that coincide with the same genotype together produce more white than either gene separately.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

A similar phenomenon occurs in variegated horses with both tobiano and frame overo patterns: these “tovero” -patterned specimens are often whiter than tobiano- or frame overo figured specimens alone.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Likewise, two seemingly monochrome horses with white marks due to various factors can together produce a brood with more white than either parent.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Sabino patterns in Arabian horses Sabinotype patterning is known to occur in purebred Arabian horses, but according to research at Davis University, the gene (or genes) producing the sabino pattern in the breed is not SB1, and no SB1 gene has so far been detected in the breed.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[4] The Sabino-like literature found in Arabs was at one point a controversial topic.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The mixed colouring of the hull was considered to be due to mongrel, and horses variegated from their hull were not accepted into the studbook.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Many Arabs proven to be racial pure by DNA tests have sabinotype literature ranging from low-character to reasonably broad-mark.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[9] A lower-character sabino pattern occurs in Arabian horses, and the term “big-character sabino” was coined to describe Arabs who are even nearly half white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[9] However, there are very few whole-white Arabs, and no such individual has been confirmed to be Sabino-white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

One whole-white stallion identified as a “rune sabino” was found to carry a new mutation of dominant white and has inherited its appearance to its offspring.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[10] The inheritance of colouring in Sabino-like Arabian horses does not follow the same pattern as Sabino1.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Sabino patterns in cold-blooded breeds Clydesdale horse and shirehhorse are two British cold-blood breeds closely related to each other.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Both breeds are known not only for their massive size and abundant goat hair, but also for the white marks of almost every horse.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The most common and sought-after brand combination in both breeds is a wide flesh and four flat socks.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[11] The breed definition of the Clydesdale horse has been changed so that “excessively large” white marks are no longer a mistake.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[12] On the other hand, too much whiteness, excessive body literature and mixed hairiness are now counted as errors, especially in stallions.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[13] The large white marks on shire and clydesdale horses form patterns similar to those of clair-marked Sabino1 type sabinos.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Sabino patterning, which occurs regularly in cold-blooded, led scientists to include these breeds in the original research that led to the discovery of the Sabino1 allele.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

However, neither of the races exhibited the Sabino1 allele.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[1] White headmarks range from wide fleshes to whiteheads, often extend to the chin or lip, and may spread around the head with irregular mixed hairy edges.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

On the front foot, the sock above the knee may continue to the stage or along the posterior edge of the foot to the elbow with typical irregular mixed hairy edges.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

On the hind legs, high socks extending over the hock are more common and typically continue along the front edge of the foot to the posterior knee and loin.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

High socks extending over the anterior knee or hock are often accompanied by body literature, usually in the abdominal area.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

These marks are also often accompanied by headbutt hair, which gives the horse a head-like patterning.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Such horses are called “head-busters” in clydesdalen and shirehevos books.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[11] [12] [13] “Cold Blood Isabino” differs from Sabino1 in that, despite its possible dominance, it does not produce a sabino white phenotype as a homozygous.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[14] Due to the finite size of the gene pool of both races, most individuals can be expected to carry a gene that produces the unique patterning of the races.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

If a cold-blood type sabino were to produce sabino white horses, almost a quarter of the foals born would have to be almost full white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Almost all-white shirenhorses and clydesdale horses exist, but they are quite rare.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[15] Although the patterning of shirenhorses and clydesdalenhorses appears to be inherited as dominant and produce a white-mottled phenotype, it is unlikely that the allele producing the pattern will be classified as “dominant white”.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Doominant white, as a designation, is reserved for white literature alleles, which, as a homozygote, are thought to produce non-viable alkas.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[16] There is no evidence for lethality of the sabino pattern of cold-blood type as a homozygous.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Sabino patterns in quarterhorses The term “sabino” is rarely used among breeders of quarterhorses, as white literine patterns were originally considered undesirable in the breed.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The Quarter-breed was traditionally monochrome and the badges were minimal.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Invalid large-character foals, however, were born to eligible parents.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Breeders of the breed called such coincidences with the designation “cropout”.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Until 2004, no animals with white hair growing from fake red skin above the hindlimbs, above the knee and elbow of the front leg, or on the end of the middle of the eye were not accepted into the studbook.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[17] As such patterns were present in very many horses and on the basis of white butter similarly a significant number of horses were rejected, the American Paint Horse Association (APHA) was formed, which studrecorded these horses as “paints”.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

APHA recognizes the sabino as one of the coloring patterns of the “overo” group.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Since the whiteness rule for quarterhorses was relaxed, at least one herd-recorded quarterhorse has been found by testing to be a homozygote for the SB1 allele.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[14] This example and the extensive representation of the quarterhorse in genera of painthevosts indicate that the SB1 allele occurs in the breed gene pool and that the breed has had Sabino1-type sabino patterned individuals registered as “monochrome” with very small marks.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Combination patterns and similar patterns Sabino may resemble other white literature patterns.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Breeders of cow-mottled colour breeds, and paint horses in particular, have refined different patterns to cross, so in many breeds it is possible for an equine individual to carry more than one literary-inducing gene.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Different literature genes leave regions typical of this gene white in each horse, but these regions may overlap completely or partially, especially if the literature pattern produced by one of the genes is strongly white-won.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The appearance of a horse may therefore have traits of all its literature genes, or some may remain covered by others.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[1] This can sometimes make identification and registration of an individual's literature type difficult.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

On the other hand, even if an individual has a literature gene, the amount of white in its coloration may be small enough to be identified as monochrome.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

However, even such horses can obtain strongly literary-patterned offspring.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Frame overo and sabino The American Paint Horse Association, or APHA, uses the term overo for both sabino and frame overo, but the patterns differ both genetically and externally.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The frame overo pattern is produced by the ILE118LYS mutation.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[18] Frame overo produces uneven but clear-bordered, horizontal white patches on the horse's neck, shoulders, cups and hind legs.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The frame overo pattern itself does not produce white areas crossing the back or affecting the legs or tail.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

However, it is often accompanied by whitehead and whey eyes.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[18] In terms of the ILE118LYS mutation, homozygous horses are born full white or slightly pigmented white from their backs and die shortly after birth from symptoms of Lethal white syndrome.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[19] The expression of the gene that causes the frame overo pattern ranges from small white marks to a clear frame overo pattern.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Also, a few externally monochrome specimens have been confirmed by DNA tests as frame overoys.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[20] Both frame overo- and sabinogen-bearing individuals can be assumed to have features of both patterns.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Frame overo rarely causes socks, but the frame-sabino combination can have a frame overo pattern on their cups and white socks.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Similarly, the boundaries of frame overo patterns are usually uneven but clear, but the sabino can make the boundaries mixed hairs.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Whey eyes are not considered to be a trait of sabino, but frame-sabino horses may have a lot of white on the head and whey eyes.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The combination of frame overo and sabino can also produce a “medicine hat” pattern, with pigment only present in the ears and top of the head and sometimes on the upper line.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The medicine hat pattern is sometimes also accompanied by a “shield” with rushes.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[20] If an individual even has less pigment than the medicine hat pattern, APHA may classify it in the “Breeding Stock White” category.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Such horses may also carry both frame overo- and sabinogen.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[20] APHA's system of classification of patterns was created before modern heredity research, so it is based on appearance rather than genetics.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Thus, frame-sabino combinations of varying degrees might be classified as “monochrome”, “overo”, or “white”.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Without genetic testing, this can lead to frame overo horses mating with each other accidentally.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Both pattern terminology and identification can produce difficulties even for experienced breeders.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

In some horse breeds such as Arabian horses and clydesdale horses, the sabino is not considered literature, and sabino in these breeds can sometimes be classified as a headbutt.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Matters are further complicated by the fact that in Spanish-speaking countries, the term “overo” refers to horses, commonly referred to elsewhere as sabinos, and in South America, “sabino” means flycatfish.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[21] Splashed white and sabino Splashed white is an unusual white literature pattern in its own right, classified by APHA as “overo” and which has not yet been genetically mapped.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The splashed white pattern typically includes blue eyes and clear neat-cropped marks that look as if a horse has waded with its head down in white paint.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The legs, tail, underside of the body, and head are typically white; the whiteness of the head differs from the corresponding mark of frame overo and sabino patterns such that the head is almost entirely white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Some splash white patterned horses are deaf.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[22] Splashed white occurs in painthevos, Welsh ponies, Icelandic horses and morgan horses, among others [23].


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

It has been conjectured that splashed white would be partially dominant, and that heterozygotes splashed white horses would often have small sabino marks or patterns resembling regular horse marks.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The least splashed white patterns might comprise only an eccentric muzzle spot wider from below and low socks on the hind legs.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[23] Splash-Sabino combinations show features of both patterns, for example rose-edged blotches and head hair, whey eyes and uniform white marks.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

With minimal manifestation of both patterns, truely identifying an individual's literature type can be extremely difficult.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Since a DNA test has not yet been able to be developed for splashed white, identifying the literature type of such horses remains mostly conjecture or based on potentially clearer literature patterns of their offspring.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Tobiano and sabino The tobiano pattern is easy to identify, and in the breed associations of cow-mottled breeds, the tobiano literature is categorised separately from other patterns.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Although the tobiano and sabino patterns differ clearly, the simply dominating allele that causes the tobiano pattern is located quite close to known and suspected sabino loci.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The tobiano pattern is characterised by distinct- and neat-edged vertical white spots, which may sometimes appear ring-like.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The legs are often white and the crest is often partially or entirely white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Tobiano does not cause head marks or whey eyes.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The Tobiano-Sabino combination may have more white on the head than usual, and the boundaries of the tobiano-pattern may be un-toned or mixed hairs.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The tobiano pattern is usually unaffected in the posterior knee and loin area, but the sabino pattern may spread there; a clearly tobiano-patterned horse with the whiteness of the hind leg spreading to the hind knee and loin is also likely to be a sabino.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Due to the interaction of two or more white literature genes, the tobiano-sabino combination may be whiter than usual.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

In the registers of color breed organizations, the tobiano-sabino combination might be classified as “tovero”.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

In some cases, whole-white or almost white horses may be tobiano-sabino combinations.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[20] The headbutt, rabicano and sabino The headbutt horse is neither a sabino nor a kimo; the term refers to a pattern in which white hairs are uniformly mixed with the covering hair of the body.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

There are only single white hairs on the head and legs and there are few or none of the marks.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The main feature of Sabino are the white marks on the head and legs, often with mixed hair on the edges.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

When the same individual has both a butt sulfur pattern and a sabino pattern, it can be difficult to distinguish whether the head hair is due to a sabino or butt sulfur pattern — especially if the marks of the sabino completely bleach the dark legs and head characteristic of the headache.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Some breed organisations, especially in English Thoroughbred and Arabian horses, use the term “headbutt” to describe Sabinas individuals.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Sabinas, or head-haired sabinas, have also been referred to as “butt bushes” by clydesdalenhorse, shire-butt, and tennesseenwalker breed organizations.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Rabicano is another headhair pattern for which a typical feature is the concentration of mixed hair on the cups and flanks and at the tail base.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[24] Only in extreme cases does the rabicano pattern involve pink skin.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[25] It is unknown whether the mixed hair found in some sabino patterns is related to rabicano or to some distinct factor.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Also, rabicanos are often identified as butt bushes, even in breeds where a genuine butt sulfur pattern does not occur.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

This headache is characterized by darker legs and head.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The agglomeration of the body of this horse is typical of the rabicano pattern, sometimes confused with the sabino.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Rabicano does not cause high white marks or patches.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Kimo and sabino Kimot horses go through a greying phase that begins shortly after the foal is born.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Young bumblets often have a tangle of grey-blond and coloured hair, which can be confused with a headache pattern.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Over the years, the kimos become whiter and whiter, and most of them eventually lose their original undertone completely or almost completely.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[26] Sabino patterns, on the other hand, are persistent, and while in some cases the pattern may change slightly, striking color changes are unrelated to sabino type patterns.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

If an individual carries both sabino and kimogen, the sabino literature appears in its undercolor when young until the hair finally turns white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Once the horse is curled, however, it is possible to see the pink skin of the original patterns if the horse is watered or clipped.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

“Maximum” sabino There are differences in the terminology used by various heredity researchers and organizations promoting the sabino pattern.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Some scholars (such as Phillip Sponenberg) use the term “maximal sabino” (maximum sabino) instead of “sabino-white” (sabino-white) to describe horses that are more than 90% white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[27] The definition of groupings driving a sabino pattern is looser: The Sabino Arabian Horse Registry defines a “maximal sabino” as being more than half white.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

[9] Breeds recognizing a sabino pattern among others, mustangs, paint, miniature, morgan and hackney horses, tennesseenwalkers, and the pinto color breed recognise a sabino pattern.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

There are some horse breeds that are generally monochrome and where most forms of literature are not accepted, but whose representatives may exhibit sabinogen and the tall socks it produces, white spots on the abdomen, and large head marks.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Such breeds include clydesdalenhorse, Arabian horse, English thoroughbred and shirehhorse.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

The most controversial breed in terms of the occurrence of the sabinoude is the quarterhorse, whose breed organisation for years did not accept whey-eyed or mottled, or variegated individuals born of monochrome parents, in practice sabino pattern or white-butter specimens.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

This foreclosure led to the establishment of the paint-race.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

Since then, DNA testing has begun to be used to prove pedigree more widely, and the quarterhorse breed organisation has revoked the controversial “whiteness rule” and now allows blond horses and individuals with spots on the trunk.


Question: Is Sabino heritable?

Sabino

See also Arabian Horse Clydesdale Horse Colors Variegated White Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Horse colours


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The University of Helsinki (abbreviation HY; [1]) is the largest and oldest science college in Finland.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The University of Helsinki has about 35000 students and nearly 4000 researchers and teachers.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[2] Approximately 450 doctorates are completed from the University of Helsinki each year.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[3] Since the 1990s, the university's activities have been concentrated in four campuses: Kumpula, Meilahti and Viikki.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In addition, the university includes a number of research institutes and units around the country.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The University of Helsinki is Finland's only bilingual science university, meaning its degree languages are Finnish and Swedish.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[4] In the international Shanghai University Comparison, the University of Helsinki was ranked 56 in 2017 and ranked as the only university from Finland among the top 100 universities in the world.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[5] In the Times Higher Education rating, the University of Helsinki was ranked as the 31st best university in Europe in 2017.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[6] The University of Helsinki, as the only Finnish university, belongs to the International Association of European Research Universities.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[2] History Royal Turku Academy 1640—1828 The direct predecessor of the university is the Regia Academia Aboensis, the Royal Turku Academy, founded on 26 March 1640, taught only in Latin, by the Royal Turku Academy, whose founding words were recited by Governor-General Peter Brahe.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Academy was the third university in the Swedish Empire after Uppsala University and Academia Gustaviana of Tartu (now University of Tartu), and continued the function of the Turku Cathedral School and Kymnase, founded in 1276, as the highest teaching institution in the country.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The establishment of educational institutions was driven by the desire of the growing Swedish superpower to rise alongside the old European countries also in civilisation.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Getting his own university in the eastern part of the kingdom, namely Finland, was largely thanks to Governor-General Brahe.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The academy was organized according to the European model.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

It had four faculties: philosophical, theological, legal and medical.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Students were first required to complete multidisciplinary undergraduate studies at the Philosophical Faculty, then gained specialization in theology, law, or medicine.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Most of the matriculates graduated as priests, and the activities of the academy were governed by Lutheran pure-apprenticeship.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In the first century, actual scientific research was hardly practiced; the academy was stigmatised as an educational institution.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

On a European scale, Turku Academy was small: in the year of its founding in 1640, 250 students and eleven professors began its work, and the number did not increase significantly until the 19th century.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Peter Brahe served as the first chancellor of the Academy of Turku, and Swedish superiors were also elected to the post after him.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Since these visited Turku only infrequently, the real head of the university was the Vice-Chancellor.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The bishops of Turku served as vice-chancellors of the university until 1817, when the administration of the university was separated from the church.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The post of Vice-Chancellor was renamed Deputy Chancellor in 1821.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[7] In the 18th century, the Age of Enlightenment and Beneficial Thinking, the Academy began to pursue a more practical study alongside theology and classical subjects.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Dabbling in research and enlightenment work was started in fields such as medicine and agriculture and forestry, with the intention of spreading new doctrines to the provinces accompanied by priests and officials graduating from the academy.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

For example, the first professor of economic studies, Pehr Kalm, founded a botanical garden at the university and conducted pioneering research in the field of agricultural economics.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Thanks to the historical studies of Henrik Gabriel Porthan, professor of eloquence, in the folding of the 18th to the 19th century, the so-called so-called. Romance of Turku, whose representatives explore the Finnish language and national culture.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

When Finland was annexed to Russia in 1809, the Royal Turku Academy was transformed into the Imperial Turku Academy.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Emperor Alexander I expanded the academy by doubling its budget and establishing six new professorships, as well as numerous other teaching posts.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The change was so dramatic that the emperor quickly began to be honoured as the academy's second founder.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In 1815 a new plush Academy House was completed, with a bust of Alexander I placed in the place of honour of the ballroom.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Imperial Aleksanter-University 1828—1919 In 1827, after the Turku Fire, the academy was ordered to move to Helsinki, the new capital of the Grand Duchy.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[8] The university received new statures in 1828 and at the same time it was renamed Imperial Alexander University in Finland () after Emperor Alexander I.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The university began operating in temporary premises in Helsinki the following year, and the new main building, designed by Carl Ludvig Engel, was inaugurated on 19 June 1832.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In Helsinki, the University had modern facilities: a teaching hospital (1832), a botanical garden (1832), an astronomical observatory (1834) and a library building (1840).


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In Helsinki, the university's new mission became to train civil servants for the needs of the central government of the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The university was administratively directly subordinated to the Russian Emperor, and neither the Senate of Finland nor the Governor-General had authority over its affairs.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The first chancellors of the period of autonomy were Mikhail Speranski 1809—1812 and after him G.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

M. Armfelt.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In 1816 Alexander I appointed his brother and heir to the throne as chancellor of Nicholas University, and from then on the Imperial Alexander University served as chancellor to the throne of the respective emperor.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Admittedly, the title was only a formality and the official duties of the chancellor were carried out in Saint Petersburg by the Minister Secretary of State in the capacity of Acting Chancellor.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Practical tasks in Helsinki were handled by the Deputy Chancellor.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Top distinguished officers were appointed as substitute chancellors, but beginning in the 1870s the university's own professors.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[7] As of 1894, the actual office of chancellor was completely unfilled, since when Nicholas II became ruler he had no son at all.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

When Alexei, the heir to the throne, was born in 1904, the university asked him to become chancellor, but the Tsar no longer wanted to bestow such tribute on Finland.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[9] After the February Revolution in March 1917, the functions of the Acting Chancellor were transferred for the time being to the Deputy Chancellery, and the university leadership thus shifted entirely from Saint Petersburg to Helsinki.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[10] After Finland became independent, a new chancellor post was created, corresponding to the previous deputy chancellor.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[7] The nationalist tradition of Turku Romanticism was continued in Helsinki by the Saturiseura, which was formed in the 1830s by a group of university students and teachers.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

A leading figure of the Society was poet J. L. Runeberg.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Numerous members of the Society later became great men and university influencers of the National Awakening period: J. V. Snellman, Professor of Chastity Doctrine, Zachris Topelius, Professor of History and University Rector, Elias Lönnrot, Professor of Finnish Language, Fredrik Cygnaeus, Professor of Aesthetics, Professor of Physics J. J. Nervander.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Thanks to the Saturday Europeans and their spirit tribes, the Finnish language began to penetrate from its old Latin university: in 1858 the publication of a dissertation was allowed not only in Latin and Swedish but also in Finnish, and around the same time the first lectures in Finnish began.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

However, teaching remained predominantly Swedish well into the 20th century.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

During the 19th century, the Imperial Alexander University began to evolve away from the old medieval university model, towards a modern science university.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

European paragons followed in this development, particularly the civilisational university thinking of the German Wilhelm von Humboldt.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Students were no longer required to undertake interdisciplinary undergraduate studies in the Philosophical Faculty, but had to become familiar with a particular subject from the outset.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The disciplines began to differentiate and research work evolved.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

A milestone in this development was the division of the philosophical faculty into 1852 historical-linguistic and physical-mathematical departments, hence the separation of humanities and natural sciences.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Studying women at the university became possible in the 1870s.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Emma Irene Åström, the first female student at the University of Helsinki, began her studies in 1872 and was promoted to her master's degree in 1882.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Until 1901, female students had to petition for a separate right of study, namely “exemption from their sex”, granted first by the emperor and later by the university's deputy chancellor.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

1901 women's study at the university was fully exempted, and in 1916 the teaching and researcher posts at the university were also opened to women.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

University of Helsinki 1919— The University of Helsinki received its current name on 18 February 1919 after Finland gained independence.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In 1924 it was granted new statures defining its status in the Republic of Finland.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Previously, the supreme control that had belonged to the Emperor was taken by the Council of State, which incorporated university affairs into the domain of the Minister of Education and Church Affairs.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

However, the university retained its administrative autonomy, which was confirmed even in the 1919 form of government.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

It also provided that the university consistory had to give its opinion on the laws and regulations governing the university.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The chancellor was made a liaison between the university and the state government, with the right to attend a session of the Privy Council when dealing with matters relating to the university.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

At the time of independence, the university had 56 professors and about 3000 students.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Shortly after independence, the University of Helsinki lost its old status as the only university in the country, with the 1919 creation of Åbo Akademi and 1922 the University of Turku.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

However, it remained the only state university until 1958, when the University of Oulu was founded.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In the 1924 Statutes, Finnish and Swedish were adjusted as official languages of instruction.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

However, teaching continued to remain largely Swedish, and the authentic Finnish movement, as well as the Finnish matriculators, began to call for the university to be Finnishised.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

After a long political hand-wringing, the Law on Language Relations at the University of Helsinki was adopted in 1937.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

It stipulated that teaching in Finnish must be given in all subjects, but in order to secure Swedish teaching, the university must have 15 professorships in Swedish.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The same law still defines the language relations of the university; only the number of Swedish-speaking professors has been increased as the university has grown.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The 20th century marked a huge growth for the University of Helsinki.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

As early as the 1930s, there was talk of a “baccalaureate flood” as high school education became more and more students enrolled in university.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The fiercest growth was experienced in the 1960s when big baby boomers born after the war were belted out to study.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Student and teacher numbers at the university increased tenfold during the latter half of the 20th century.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Due to the explosive growth, the university had to abandon its old principle that anyone who had matriculated had free admission there, and gradually adopt the so-called numerus clausus principle of pruning aspirants, either through matriculation certificates or entrance examinations.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The last faculties switched to the use of numerus clausus in the 1960s.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The increase in student numbers also meant a worsening shortage of space for the University in the centre of Helsinki.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Beginning in the 1940s, the Faculty of Medicine facilities were started to be moved to Meilahti and agricultural sciences to Viikki.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Major new construction projects such as Metsätalo (1939) and Porthania (1957) were also implemented in the centre.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In 1969, the university consistory decided to move the entire university to Viikki, except for medicine; the decision was upheld by the Council of State the following year, but it was not started to be implemented due to fierce opposition.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

As a compromise solution, an advisory board set by the Government proposed in 1972 to concentrate the university in four campus areas: humanities and social sciences in the centre, medicine in Meilahti, natural sciences in Kumpula and agricultural and forestry sciences in Viikki.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The implementation of the campus division meant a major construction effort because, for example, the Kumpula Mathematical-Science Campus was built from scratch, and the campuses have only been completed in the first decade of the 21st century.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Shanghai's Jiao Tong University rated the University of Helsinki as the 72nd best university in the world in 2009.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[11] In May 2016, the university decided to introduce tuition fees of between €13,000 and €18,000 for non-EU and EEA students.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Payments began in the autumn of 2017 in 34 foreign or multilingual Master's Programmes, while Bachelor's programmes continue to remain free for everyone.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[12] Units Faculties The University of Helsinki currently has 11 faculties: Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences (founded 2004) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (1995) former independent School of Veterinary Medicine (1945) Faculty of Pharmacy (2004) Faculty of Arts (1992) former Faculty of Philosophy (1640) Historical-Linguistics/Faculty Department (1853) Faculty of Education (2017) Former Faculty of Philosophy (1640) Educational Science Department (1974), Faculty of Education (1992), Faculty of Behavioral Sciences (2004) Faculty of Medicine (1640) Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry (1924) Former Faculty of Philosophy (1640) Faculty of Agriculture and Economics (1902) Faculty of Mathematics and Science (1992) former Philosophical Faculty of Science Faculty of Law (1640) Faculty of Physical/Mathematical Faculty (1853) Faculty of Law (1640) Faculty of Theology (1640) Faculty of Political Science (1945).


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The four stem faculties of the Academy of Turku were the Philosophical Faculty, the Faculty of Theology, the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Medicine.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

This four-division remained in the structure of the university until the 20th century.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The largest of the stem faculties was the Philosophical Faculty, which included all subjects other than theology, law and medicine.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In accordance with the Statutes of 1852, the Philosophical Faculty was divided in 1853 into two faculties, Historical-Linguistic and Physical-Mathematical (later Mathematical-Natural), which in 1863 became departments of the Philosophical Faculty.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In 1902, a third department, the agro-economic department, became active in the Faculty of Philosophy, which in 1924 became independent as the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Educational Division of the Philosophical Faculty came into existence in 1974.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In 1992, the Philosophical Faculty was abolished and its departments became independent as their own faculties: the Historical-Linguistic Department was formed into the Faculty of Arts, the Faculty of Education (later Behavioral Science (2004), and the Faculty of Education 2017) and the Faculty of Mathematics and Science from the Mathematical-Science Department.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Faculty of Pharmacy as well as the Faculty of Biological Sciences split from the latter in 2004, with the name changed to the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences from the beginning of 2010.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

As a memory of the Master Faculty, students of all five faculties are still matriculators in philosophy, and many degree titles are still Philosophy (Bachelor of Philosophy (until 1992), Master of Philosophy, Licentiate of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy).


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In addition, Masters and Doctors of the Faculties are promoted at a joint event called the Conferment of the Philosophical Faculty (lat.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

promotio ordinis philosophorum).


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Among the students of the University of Helsinki, 15 constituents operate.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Osakunta Institute came to Finland shortly after Finland's first university was established in Turku.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Today, the legal status of the university is held by 15 sub-municipalities of the University of Helsinki and the Swedish-speaking sub-municipality of the University of Technology.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In addition to the faculties, the university also includes several independent institutions such as research centres and the University of Helsinki Library and the National Library [13].


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Aleksanteri Institute Open University Institute of Biotechnology Research Institute of Physics (HIP) (joint with TKK, University of Jyväskylä, LTY and TTY) University of Helsinki Library University of Helsinki Education and Development Services (HY+) Helsinki Institute of Life Science HILife National Library of Chemical Weapons CWC Institute VERIFIN Language Centre Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS Botanical Garden Natural History Museum, formerly Zoological Museum Neuroscience Research Centre Seismology Institute Svenska social- och kommunalhögskolan Institute of Molecular Medicine of Finland (FIMM) Computer Science Centre Research Collegium Institute for Computer Science HIIT Research Stations Kilpisjärvi Biological Station Lammi Biological Station Tvärminnen Zoological Station Hyytiälä Forest Station Värriö Research Station Viikki Teaching and Research Farm Campus Areas University of Helsinki has four main campuses.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Initially, the entire university was located in the heart centre of Helsinki, but especially since the 1930s facilities have been built and acquired in different parts of the city due to the rapid growth of the university.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In the 1970s, a decision in principle was made to concentrate the university's activities in four campus areas: downtown, Meilahti, Kumpula and Viikki.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Attempts were made to concentrate the disciplines close to each other in the same areas.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The campuses outside the centre are connected by HSL's Science Line, or bus line 506.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The central campus has served as the center of the university since it was relocated to Helsinki.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The campus is mostly spread over the area between Senate Square and Kaisaniemi.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Central Campus houses the Faculty of Humanities, Theological, Law, Political and Educational Sciences and the National Library.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Several buildings on the downtown campus are architecturally significant, and in addition to the main building, library and star tower, several other buildings are also designed by Engel.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Meilahti campus is part of Meilahti Hospital District.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

It houses the Faculty of Medicine, the Central Library of Health Sciences Terkko Health Hub and the Research and Teaching Centre Biomedicum Helsinki.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Meilahti campus also includes the Department of Oral and Jaw Diseases and the Department of Forensic Medicine, which operates in Ruskesuo.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Today, most of the functions of the Faculty of Mathematics and Science are located on the Kumpula campus.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Buildings Chemicum, Physicum and Exactum were constructed in the latter half of the 1990s and early 2000s.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In addition, the area includes the Kumpula Manor and the accelerator laboratory of the Department of Physics.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Finnish Meteorological Institute and the Marine Research Institute also operate in the area.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Viikki campus is located furthest from downtown.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Veterinary, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Pharmacy are located there.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The University of Helsinki also has activities and units in 20 other locations in Finland, ranging from Kilpisjärvi Biological Station in Enontekiö to the Tvärminne Zoological Station in Hankoniemi.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Administration Chancellor The Supreme Supervisor of the University of Helsinki is the university chancellor elected by the University College, whose job, according to the University Law, is to promote the sciences and to control the interests of the university.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Chancellor has the right to be present at the sessions of the Council of State where matters relating to the University of Helsinki are discussed.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

This right is enshrined in the University Act and is due to the autonomy of the university.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The formal eligibility requirements for a chancellor are quite loose: a person who has acted with distinction in science or a university institution must be chosen as Chancellor.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In practice, almost every chancellor has been a former, even a preceding headmaster.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Chancellor decides on the appointment of the professor, as well as grants the values of docent.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

He also presides over the clarification of doubts about the violation of good scientific practice.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In accordance with the division of labour agreed with university management, the chancellor will lead the university's fundraising efforts.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[14] Rectors The practical activities of the university are led by the Rector and 3—4 Vice-Rectors.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The rector and vice-principals are elected by the University Board of Directors.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

They must be at least PhDs, but often they are professors.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Either the rector or one vice-principal must be a Swedish-speaking professor.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The central administration of the university is headed by an administrative director


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Board The highest deciding body of the university is the 13-member Board of Directors.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Board of Directors decides on the strategy, budget and faculty structure of the university, among other things.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Members from outside the University of the Board are elected by a 50-member university college.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Its other functions include selecting the chancellor, confirming the university's financial statements, government discharge matters, and discussing important issues affecting the university as a whole.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Until 2009, the top terminating body of the university was called the consistory.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The university still has a large consistory, which includes all professors of the university.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Its mission is to uphold academic traditions and promote collaborative activities between the sciences.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Faculty leadership The head of the faculty is the Dean and the highest deciding body the Faculty Council, which submits the rector to be confirmed by the dean and vice-deans from among the professors or docents of the faculty.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

On the other hand, the head of the institution is a professor or adjunct professor of the department elected as the supervisor, and the deciding body is the institutional council.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In the faculty and institutional councils, the so-called tripartite principle is in force: members are elected from among professors, other staff and students, and no group shall consist of a majority of the members of the governing body.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Chancelloritedvard Hjelt1917—1921Anders Donner1921—1926Hugo Suolahti1926—1944Antti Tulenheimo1944—1952Pekka Myrberg1952—1962Edwin Linkomies1962—1963Paavo Ravila1963—1968Pentti Renvall1968—1973Mikko Juva1973—1978Ernst Palmén1978—1983Nils Oker-Blom1983—1988Olli Lehto1988—1993Lauri Saxén1993—1996Risto Ihamuotila1996—2003Kari Raivio2003—2008Ilkka Niiniluoto2008—2013Thomas Wilhelmsson2013—2017Kaarle Hämeri2017— RectorsWaldemar Ruin1915—1920Ivar August Heikel1920—1922Hugo Suolahti1923—1926Antti Tulenheimo1926—1931Robert Brotherus1931—1938Kaarlo Linkola1938—1941Rolf Nevanlinna1941—1945Arthur Långfors1945—1950Erik Lönnroth1950—1953Paavo Vila1953—1956Edwin Linkomies1956—1962Erkki Kivinen1962—1971Mikko Juva1971—1973Ernst Palmén1973—1978Nils Oker-Blom1978—1983Olli Lehto1983—1988Päiviö Tommila1988—1992Risto Ihamuotila1992—1996Kari Raivio1996—2003Ilkka Niiniluoto2003—2008Thomas Wilhelmsson2008—2013Jukka Niikola [15] 2013—2018Jari Composition of the Board of Directors in the Board of the University of Helsinki has 13 members: seven from the university community and six from outside it.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The Board is chaired by President Tarja Halonen.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Teija Tiilikainen, Director of the Foreign Policy Institute and the corresponding editor-in-chief of Foreign Policy magazine, will serve as Vice Chair.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Other members of the Board of Directors are: Vice Chairman of Kone Foundation, Ph.D. Ilona Herlin, Director of Culture and Leisure in the City of Helsinki, M.Sc. Tommi Laitio Head of the Department of Applied Environmental Sciences at Stockholm University, Ph.D. Ilona Riipinen Lord Mayor, M.Sc., MBA Jussi Pajunen University community members are: Professor Pirjo Hiiumaa, Faculty of Arts Professor Jukka Kekkonen, Faculty of Law Professor Kalle Saksela, Faculty of Medicine University Lecturer Thomas Wallgren, Faculty of Arts Faculty Service Coordinator Elisa Hyytiäinen, University Services Notary, Theology Matriculation, Business Administration Antti Kähkönen Matriculation of Philosophy and Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Johanna Riitakorpi [16] Alumni activities Alumni activities in an educational institution previously persons.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

Alumni activity refers to activities organized for these individuals.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[17] Alumni of the University of Helsinki include all former and current university diploma and exchange students and employees.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[18] All alumni of the University of Helsinki can benefit from the University's free enrollment as alumni.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[19] In 1990, the University of Helsinki Alumni Association [20] was established, which according to the rules of the association “maintains contact between students who studied at the University of Helsinki and their university”.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[21] Among other things, the Association selects Alumnus of the Year.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

This title has been awarded as follows: [22] Alumni of the YearHannele Pokka1991Yrjö Pessi1992Liisa Joronen1993Pekka Hallberg1994Riitta Uosukainen1995Eeva Ahtisaari1996Jorma Kaimio1997Jorma Ollila1998Erkki Liikanen1999Tarja Halonen2000Risto Pelkonen2001Kaari Utrio2002Eero Huovinen1999Tarja Halonen2000Risto Pelkonen2001Kaari Utrio2002Eero Huovinen1999Tarja Halonen2000Risto Pelkonen2001Kaari 2003Helena Ranta2004Jacob Söderman2005Pekka Himanen2007Claes Andersson2009Bengt Holmström2010Olli Rehn2011Petteri Taalas2012Laura Kolbe2013Juhana Vartiainen2014Marja Manninen2015 Hannu Nurmio2016Pauliine Koskelo2017Reetta Kivelä2018Heikki Aittokoski2019 Renowned alumni Bengt Holmström Jorma Ollila Tarja Halonen Mikonen Waltari Funds The University of Helsinki funds support research, teaching and study.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

In 2010, the University of Helsinki had about 160 title funds with EUR 36 million in capital.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

The oldest fund was established in 1745.


Question: How many buildings does the University of Helsinki own nowadays?

University of Helsinki

[23] See also University of Helsinki Student Union of University of Helsinki Sub-municipalities List of University of Helsinki subject organizations List of University of Helsinki Rectors Sources Literature University of Helsinki 1640—1990, part I: Royal Turku Academy 1640— 1808 (Matti Klinge, Rainer Knapas, Anto Leikola and John Strömberg, Otava 1987) University of Helsinki 1640—1990, part II: Imperial Alexander University 1808—1917 (with Matti Klinge, Rainer Knapas, Anto Leikola and John Strömberg, State Printing Centre 1989) University of Helsinki 1640—1990, Part III: University of Helsinki 1917—1990 (Matti Klinge, Rainer Knapas, Anto Leikola and John Strömberg, Otava 1990) Klinge, Matti: A European University — The University of Helsinki 1640 — 2010 (2011) On the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

The Order of the British Empire () is an honorary knighthood created by the British, King George V in 1917.


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

It is the youngest and most richly member of the British Knights.


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

Titles bestowed by the Order to military personnel and civilians in the order from the highest rank are: Knight of the Grand Cross of the British Empire (Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) Knight Commander of the British Empire (Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) (KBE/DBE) Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) The two highest classes entitle the recipient to the rank of knight.


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

As a mark of it, British citizens and other subjects of the British House of Kingdoms [1] are entitled to use the abbreviation “Sir” (men) or “Dame” (women) before their first name.


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

In addition, a knight's conjugal wife is entitled to use the prefix “Lady” in front of her surname.


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

No titles are used for citizens of other countries.


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

In addition, all of the above three-letter abbreviations are used after a person's name separated by a comma, for example William Henry Gates III, KBE or Dame Ellen Patricia MacArthur, DBE.


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

The motto of the Order is For God and the Empire (“For God and Empire”).


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

Finnish Honorary Members of the Order Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, GBE (1938) Helge Haavisto, KBE Aatos Erkko, KBE (1997) Ilppo Simo Louhivaara, CBE Harri Holkeri, KBE (1999) Ahti Lohivesi OBE (1988) [2] Juhani Forsberg, MBE (2003) Tauno Nieminen, CBE (2006)) [3] Aaro Suonio , MBE (2006) [3] Jorma Ollila, CBE (2008) [4] Sakari Oramo, OBE (2009) [5] Pertti Salolainen.


Question: What does the abbreviation DBE mean?

Order of the British Empire

CBE (2017) [6] Sources * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

An input engine usually refers to a two- or four-stroke gasoline-powered internal combustion engine in which the fuel mixture is formed outside the cylinder and ignited by an electric spark in petrol engines.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The engine is named after its inventor Nicolaus Otto, who described the principle of the engine in 1876.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Alloy Formation In an input engine, the fuel is usually mixed with intake air in a carburetor or intake manifold.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Right up until the 1980s, the mix was taken care of by a carburetor.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Cleaning of harmful exhaust emissions using a three-function catalyst requires precise alloy ratio adjustment, which is not possible with the help of a mechanical carburetor.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

For this reason, electrically controlled jetliners have largely supplanted the carburetor in four-stroke engines.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In a flammable mixture, the fuel is gaseous and its concentration must be proportionate to the amount of oxygen in the air.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

For current motor fuels, the theoretically correct alloy ratio is about 14.5 kilograms of air per 1 kilogram of fuel.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In both the carburetor and the jet equipment, it is essential to make the fuel droplet into the intake air stream.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The fuel must then vaporize in order to form a flammable mixture.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The vapor pressure of the fuel must be large enough to vaporize before the cylinder.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The evaporation of fuel consumes thermal energy, which is why the intake manifold needs to be heated in cold conditions.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Some of the fuel is condensed on the walls of the intake manifold, especially in carburetor engines, where the carburettor and cylinder spacing is significant, as well as in engines with so-called single-point injection.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The fuel film on the walls of the intake manifold makes it difficult to accurately adjust the alloy ratio, as it brings slowness to the system.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Multipoint spray systems have cylinder-specific nozzles, which aim to be placed as close as possible to the intake valve to minimize membrane mass.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Load adjustment Since in an input engine the fuel mixture must be almost optimal in terms of alloy ratio, simple fuel dispensing like a diesel engine cannot be used for load adjustment.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Therefore, the adjustment of the input engine is based on the control of the filling received by the engine cylinders.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Different methods can be used for this, and also combinations thereof.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Restriction of gas flow with adjustable throttle.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Due to its easy implementation, this method is the traditional and most commonly used method of adjustment.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

An adjustable gas flow resistance throttle controls the filling evenly.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The price of easy implementation of the method is the poor efficiency of the engine at partial loads, as limiting the flow with an adjustable throttle causes pumping losses.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Control of filling by adjusting the moment of closing the intake valve.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

There are two alternative ways to do this.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

EIVC (early intake valve closing) is based on the fact that at partial loading the intake valve is closed before the end of the intake pace, whereby the piston, after closing the intake valve, briefly draws a negative pressure into the cylinder, to which the applied energy is immediately restored at the beginning of the compression pace.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

LIVC (late intake valve closing) is based on the fact that at partial loading the intake valve closure is delayed, so that at the beginning of the compression pace some of the filling is returned to the intake manifold through the open intake valve.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Control of filling through exhaust gas recirculation.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In principle, the recirculation of the exhaust gas allows adjustment where there is no need to limit the filling of the cylinder by the throttle or valves.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The recycled exhaust displaces the same volume of fresh mixture.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In practice, the use of the method is limited by the lack of suitability of various fuels with exhaust recirculation.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The gasoline normally used as fuel in input engines is not as compatible with recycling as methanol.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

[1] Exhaust gas recirculation can also be carried out by bringing forward the opening of the intake valve or by bringing forward the closure of the exhaust valve.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In both ways, the proportion of residual gas in the cylinder increases.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Input engine combustion Ignition The mixture prepared outside the cylinder is ignited towards the end of the compression stroke by an electric spark generated in the spark plug tip spacing.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The first combustion reactions thus occur at the tip span of the spark plug, from which the reactions spring to proceed as an approximate spherical expanding flame front.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In the future, it is likely that, especially in high-compression ratio engines, laser ignition will be resorted to instead of traditional spark ignition.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Flame propagation In the Otto engine, the flame advances from the spark plug towards the edges of the combustion chamber.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Combustion occurs mainly in a thin-skinned flame front.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The heat released in combustion raises the temperature of the gas, and the gas expands about fourfold.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In this case, the non-combustible gas outside the flame front is compressed to size and moves away from the spark plug.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Burned gases on the inside of the front are also compressed to size and move towards the spark plug.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Due to the swirling of gases, the rate of flame propagation is several times the laminar rate of combustion.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In fact, the speed of rotation of the engine affects quite a bit on the duration of combustion as measured at crank angles, as the speed of rotation increases, the swirling of gases intensifies.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Generally speaking, combustion takes about 20... 30 crank angle degrees depending on the speed of rotation.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Temperature Because the uncombustible gas ahead of the flame front is compressed to size before it combusts, a temperature distribution is created in the burnt gas.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

The most recently burned areas end up with the lowest temperature and the first burnt gas has the highest temperature.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Generally speaking, the temperature in the burnt gas is 2500-3000 K. Abnormal combustion Knock If the temperature of the unburned gas above the flame front increases sufficiently as a result of compression, the gas may ignite on its own.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In this case, combustion occurs very quickly, explosively, throughout the gas volume.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

As a result, the shock wave leaves to propagate in the combustion chamber and reflects back and forth between its walls.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

This creates a sharp metallic sound characteristic of the knocking phenomenon.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

For engine structures, pressure fluctuations are damaging.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

When knocking, the temperatures on the walls of the combustion chamber can also become too high.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Knocking is best prevented by late ignition.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

In this case, the maximum cylinder pressure will remain lower, and self-ignition will not occur.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Input engine

Another important point is the knock resistance of the fuel, that is, ignition sensitivity.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

The best input engine fuels are short-chain and branched alkanes.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Methyl groups and double bonds also improve compression resistance.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Benzene would be a very good fuel, but it is unfortunately toxic.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Knocking sets an absolute limit on the compression ratio of the input engine, and hence the efficiency.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Modern input engines have knock sensors, which allow the engine control system to adjust the ignition trigger to the maximum possible level so that the engine is not yet knocking.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

By using ethanol, one can increase the octane number of the fuel.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Violent has an octane number of 106 and E85 usually exceeds 104.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Methanol, biogas, natural gas and wood gas are also superior in compression resistance than regular motor gasoline.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

In practice, fuel knock resistance will have to be improved with additives.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

For decades lead tetramethyl and -ethyl were used as an additive, which nevertheless proved to be environmentally harmful due to lead aerosol emissions.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Lead-based substances were replaced beginning in the 1980s by e.g.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

methyl tertiary tributyl ether (MTBE), which, too, has been shown to be harmful.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Namely, MTBE is a water-soluble and foul-tasting substance that, in low concentrations, spoils water undrinkable.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Other abnormal ignition The fuel mixture may also ignite in the input engine due to a spark plug running too hot.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Another possible source of ignition is the hot glow.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

These may cause ignition far too early, putting great strain on engine parts.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Emissions Nitrogen oxides The temperature in the burnt gas rises to almost 3000 K.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

At such a high temperature, nitrogen monoxide (NO) is formed.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Although most oxygen binds to carbon dioxide and water, oxygen is also bound to nitrogen monoxide.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

During the work pace, the gases expand and their temperature decreases.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Equilibrium reactions of nitrogen oxides solidify to high temperature levels during the work pace as temperature and pressure drop.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Thus, there are far more nitrogen oxides in the exhaust than would be required by chemical equilibrium.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Hydrocarbons In an Otto engine, part of the fuel mixture enters the gap between the piston and the cylinder, where the flame front cannot reach and thus leaves uncombustible fuel.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

During the working and exhaust pace, these gases partially discharge from the gap and enter the exhaust.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Another source of hydrocarbon emissions is the porous carbons on the walls of the combustion chamber, which during compression pace absorbs hydrocarbons and during the working and exhaust pace releases them.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

The third source is the lubricating oil film, which also absorbs and desorbs hydrocarbons.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Naturally, some of the fuel may also remain unburned, which is reflected in hydrocarbon emissions.


Question: Where was the intake engine invented?

Intake engine

Advantages and disadvantages Quieter compared to diesel engine The intake engine does not impose such stringent requirements on the rigidity of the structures, as the diesel engine which leads to a lower weight and price fuel equipment is easier to manufacture than in a diesel engine efficient rotation speed range greater than in diesel engine nitrogen oxides control easier than diesel engine disadvantages inferior efficiency at partial loads higher CO2 output than diesel engine higher consumption than diesel engine Category:Internal combustion engines Category:Key articles on screening Category:19th century inventions See also Partially pre-mixed combustion Reactive-controlled compression ignition Sources CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Document is also available at References


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM-Kymmene Oyj is a Finnish forestry industry company with more than 19000 employees.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In 2017, the company had a turnover of approximately EUR 10 billion and had about 90000 shareholders.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[1] The company was created in 1996 when Repola's subsidiary, the United Paperitehdas () and Kymmene merged.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Finnpap also merged into the company.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The abbreviation UPM is commonly used for the company's name.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The company owns and operates Verla's wood grinding and cardboard factory in Jaala, Kouvola.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Verla has operated since 1972 as a museum and has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1996.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[2] [3] Business UPM consists of six business areas: UPM Biorefining, UPM Energy, UPM Raflatac, UPM Specialty Papers, UPM Paper ENA, as well as UPM Plywood.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[1] UPM's main products include pulp, magazine and newsprint, fine and specialty papers, sticker materials, and wood products.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Wood products comprise, among other things, sawn timber, plywood and veneers.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In addition, UPM generates energy and operates in physical electricity trading and electricity derivatives markets.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In the summer of 2014, the company's biorefinery, which produces biodiesel for transport use, was completed in Lappeenranta.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM Biorefining UPM Biorefining consists of pulp, sawmill and biofuel businesses as well as tree plantation operations.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM operates four pulp mills — three in Finland and one in Uruguay — as well as four sawmills in Finland.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[4] The biodiesel biorefinery launched commercial production in January 2015 in Lappeenranta.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[5] Finnish pulp mills produce 3.6 million tonnes of pulp annually.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[4] UPM Biorefining accounted for 45% of UPM's operating profit in 2017.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[1] UPM Energy UPM's energy business area produces electricity in Finland from hydro, nuclear and condensate power.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM is the second largest owner of nuclear power in Finland with 581 megawatts.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

From Olkiluoto 3 under construction, the company will receive about 500 megawatts.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[6] UPM is involved with a 44,3% stake in Pohjolan Voima Oy (PVO) [4], whose annual electricity generation is approximately 15 TWh.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM owns nine hydroelectric power plants in Finland.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[4] UPM Energy accounted for 7% of the Company's operating profit in 2017.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[1] UPM Raflatac UPM Raflatac manufactures label laminates for product and information labeling.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Sticker laminates are used in price and product labels, for example in the food, hygiene and pharmaceutical industries.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The company operates 11 sticker laminate factories as well as 25 cutting and distribution terminals on five continents.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[7] Raflatac accounted for 10% of the Company's 2017 operating profit.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[1] UPM Specialty Papers and UPM Paper ENA UPM has 20 paper mills in Finland, Germany, the UK, France, Austria, China and the United States.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Along with paper making, many of the factories operate as recycling centers and bioenergy producers.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In 2016 UPM's paper business employed well over 10,600 people.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Although paper production is the largest of UPM's business lines in terms of turnover, the market environment remains challenging.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[8] UPM Plywood UPM is the largest plywood manufacturer in Europe.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The plywood business has a total of 7 factories in Finland, Estonia and Russia.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[4] Other activities Timber procurement and forestry is responsible for wood procurement for the company's businesses and manages UPM's own forests.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In addition, UPM provides timber trading and forest services to forest owners and forest investors.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM owns approximately 640,000 hectares of forest land in Finland and 75,000 hectares in the United States.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In addition, UPM has 254,000 hectares of tree plantations in Uruguay.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

All forests of the company are certified.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[9] Much of the timber required by UPM mills is sourced from domestic private forests.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM Forest timber and biomass procurement organisation procures all timber species including forest energy wood from which pulp, paper, plywood, saw products or energy are produced.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Most of this raw material is used by UPM's own factories and power plants.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM's Timber Acquisition and Forestry organization is responsible for exploiting the company's own forests and forest services to forest owners, from forest management works to forest asset management services.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM is the largest private landowner in Finland.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Other activities also include UPM Biocomposites, a composite unit, and business units of UPM Biochemicals, which studies biochemicals.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[1] Biofuels UPM develops wood-based biofuels.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Products are made from raw materials unsuitable for food.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM biofuels exceed the current and increasing requirements for sustainability of biofuels by both the EU and Finland.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

One of the long-term goals is to expand biofuel production with new processes and feedstocks such as pyrolysis oil and solid biomass.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[10] [11] Biorefinery UPM has built a biorefinery producing wood-based renewable diesel in Lappeenranta, Kauka.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM Lappeenranta biorefinery produces around 100000 tonnes of highly processed renewable diesel annually for transport use.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The main raw material is raw oil, which is produced as a residue of pulp production.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Construction on the UPM Kauka factory site began in summer 2012 and the refinery was completed in summer 2014.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM invested approximately EUR 150 million in the biorefinery.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The construction of the biorefinery employed nearly 200 people for about two years.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The finished facility employs nearly 50 people directly and approximately 150 people indirectly.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[12] Biodiesel UPM, in collaboration with Andritz/Carbona, has developed the gasification technology needed to produce biofuel produced from energy wood.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM's advanced biodiesel production concept is based on raw materials unfit for food, energy wood and an 85% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM's biodiesel is well suited to the current fleet of cars and fuel distribution network.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Board of Directors UPM Board since 5 April 2018: [13] Björn Wahlroos, Chairman (2008—) Berndt Brunow, Vice-President (2005—, Member 2002—) Henrik Ehrnrooth, Member (2015—) Piia-Noora Kauppi, Member (2013—) Marjan Oudeman, Member (2018—) Jussi Pesonen, Member (2007—) Ari Teluoinen, Member (2014—) Veli-Matti Reinikkala, Member (2007—) Suzanne Thoma, Member (2015—) Kim Wahl, Member (2012—) Executive Team and Director Jussi Pesonen, Managing Director Tapio Korpeinen, Chief Financial Officer, Bernd Eikens, UPM Pirkko Harrela, Director of Specialty Papers, Director of Stakeholder Relations Antti Jääskeläinen, Director of UPM Raflatac Business Area Juha Mäkelä, Legal Counsel Jyrki Ovaska, Chief Technology Officer Riitta Savonlahti, Human Resources Director Winfried Schaur, UPM Mika Sillanpää, Director of Communications Papers Business Area, Kari Ståhlberg, Head of UPM Plywood Business Area, Heikki Vappula, Director of Strategy, former head of UPM Biorefining, died on 23 November 2018 in a plane crash in Zimbabwe.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[14] UPM Production Facilities [4] Environment and Responsibility UPM production is based on renewable raw materials that are biodegradable and recyclable.