Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

From Hyrylä, the road continued the routes of existing roads 45, 290, 54, 2951, 3190 and 53 through Hyvinkää, Hausjärvi and Lammi to Padasjoki.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The road from Padasjoki to Lahti was numbered 58.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Between Padasjoki and Jämsä, the road ran along the route of current Highway 24, although between Kuhmoinen and Jämsä the road ran before the newer alignment was built through Hass; the road is now numbered as connecting road 3291.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Between Jämsä and Jyväskylä, the road mainly followed the alignment of the current Highway 9.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Between Jyväskylä and Oulu, the road alignment ran quite close to the current quadruple road except for the section between Jyväskylä and Äänekoski: the road ran to Lauka via the lines of the existing sub-regions 637 and 642.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The section of Kärsämäki and Pulkkila also deviated from the current alignment by passing through the shores of Vähä Lamujärvi to Piippola.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Between Oulu and Ivalo, the road alignment was mostly the same as it is today.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

From Ivalo, the road ran through Lake Akujärvi and Nellim to Petsamo.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The section between Ivalo and Akujärvi is now road 91 and the section between Akujärvi and Nellim is sub-regional road 969.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The section of Highway 4 between Rovaniemi and Petsamo was also known as the Arctic Ocean.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

After the war, the northernmost section of the road remained in the ceded areas, and the road was re-aligned from Ivalo and through Kaamanen to the border with Norway at Karigasniemi on Utsjoki.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In the late 1950s, a new road from Helsinki to Lahti was completed.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Initially it was a section of Highway 5, but in 1963, road four was also aligned to the Helsinki—Lahti—Padasjoki route.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Then the road 58 ceased and the highway through Helsinki and Tuusula to Hyvinkää was also turned into a road.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The most recent major changes to the alignment of the road were made in the mid-1990s: road 970 between Kaamanen and Utsjoki had been renewed, and in 1993 the Saami Bridge crossing Tenojoki to Norway was completed.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Subsequently, Highway 4 was re-aligned to pass through Utsjoki Kirkonkylä, and the road between Kaamanen and Karigasniemi became the main road 92.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In the 1996 road number reform, the section between Lahti and Jyväskylä was moved to the east side of Päijänne to run through Heinola along the route of Highway 5 and Kantaway 59.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The road from Lahti to Jämsa received the number 24.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The Jämsä and Jyväskylä section had already been part of highway 9 before.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

At the same time, Highway 5 shifted to begin at Heinola and Interstate Route 59 ceased.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Helsinki—Heinola motorway The current motorway running from Helsinki to Heinolan Lus [1] has been built in several stages over almost 40 years.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

First completed in 1967 in Helsinki, the section from Old Town to Viikki.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In 1971 the extension of the motorway to Tattariharju was completed and two years later further to Järvenpää.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

For a long time, the bay was a traffic bottleneck as traffic from both Interstate 4 and Interstate 5 passed through downtown.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The situation was eased in 1983 when the motor transport road bypassing Lahti was completed.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The road was extended to Vierumäki in 1988, although this section was not yet part of Highway 4 at the time.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The motor transport road between Järvenpää and Lahti was completed in three sections in the 1980s.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

First the Mäntsälä bypass road was completed, next the Mäntsälä—Lahti section in 1985 and the Järvenpää to Mäntsälä section in 1988.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The motorway bypassing Heinola from Vierumäki to Lus was completed in stages between 1993 and 1996.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The upgrading of the motorway between Järvenpää and Lahti to a motorway was completed in two parts in 1998 and 1999.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

This was the first road project implemented in Finland with a life-cycle model.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In November 2005, one of the worst bottlenecks on the Finnish road network left when a motorway was opened between Lahti and Heinolan Lusi.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In the past, a motorway was in use, which was severely congested, especially on weekends.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[2] Lahti-Jyväskylä Highway 4 ran for a long time from Lahti to Jyväskylä via Padasjoki, Kuhmoinen and Jämsä along the route of current highway 24.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Between Jämsä and Jyväskylä, road four ran together with National Route 9.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In the 1996 road number reform, the section between Lahti and Jyväskylä was moved to the east of Päijänne.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Since 1996, the quad road has run from Lahti to Heinolan Lusi along a motor transport road (since late 2005 a motorway).


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The section from Lus to Kanavuori in Jyväskylä is again the former main road 59, and for quite a long time the road was far too narrow, winding and hilly.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In 2010, a 22-kilometre long motor traffic road with several mid-railed bypass lanes was completed between Viisarimäki in Toivaka and Kanavuori.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The old alignment was converted to Sub-Area Road 644, which is now used as a local road and a parallel road for motor traffic.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The section between Lusi and Viisarimäki was also widened throughout the early 2010s, and several mid-railed bypass lanes were built there too.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[3] In Jyväskylä region, traffic on Highway 4 passed through the city centre for a long time.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Plans for a bypass have been made beginning in the 1940s, and several alignment options have been put forward at various times.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In the 1960s, the strongest option was the motorway through Jyväskylä, which would have started in Keljo, running between Hippos and the university, beyond Harju and along Rajakatu to Taulumäki.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[4] [5] The plan made time to implement a motorway between Keljo and Central Hospital, which was completed in 1965 first as a gravel surface.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

According to some sources, the road was permanently paved in 1966, [6] while other sources state that the road was paved only in 1968.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[7] At a length of 1.8 km, the road went down in history as the shortest motorway in Finland.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[8] There were many problems with the transit road plan.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

However, it would have passed through a densely populated area, and the plan was abandoned in the early 1970s.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Only the motorway between Jyväskylä and Vaajakoski, completed in 1977—1978, was implemented from the plan, which was not yet part of Highway 4 at the time.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

As traffic volumes increased, the city's street network became severely congested.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Finally, in 1976, it was decided to line traffic on the quadruple road along the Rantaväkylä to be built between the city centre and Jyväsjärvi.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The first, two-lane 4.7 kilometre-long section of the Rantaway from Keljon Pumper to Mattilanniemi was built between 1979 and 1983.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Between 1984 and 1986, a two-lane section was built at the northern end of the road from Lohikoskentie to Löylyjoki.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The last four-lane section between Mattilanniemi and Lohikoskentie, 3.8 kilometres long, was built between 1986 and 1989.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Around the same time, the freeway between Keljo and Central Hospital was converted to a regular road; the road today forms part of connecting road 6018.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

With its numerous bridges, Rantaväylä was an expensive project: the cost of the road in 1989 money amounted to 400.6 million marks, which, as revised by the cost-of-living index [9], is equivalent to around EUR 93 million in 2006.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[8] In 1992 a 3.9 km motorway was completed south of Jyväskylä between Pukinniity and Pumper.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[10] After the move of Nelostie in 1996 to the east of Päijänne, it moved to the Jyväskylä region to the motorway between Vaajakoski and Jyväskylä.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The highway between Pukinmeadow and Pumper, as well as the Rantaway, except for the northernmost section, remained part of Route 9.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In the same year, a four-lane extension of the northern end of Rantavää to Etu-Palokka was completed in the same year.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In November 2005, a five kilometre long motorway from Etu-Palokka further to Kirri was completed.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The cost of the stake was approximately €16.2 million.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[11] The Oulu region Initially, highway 4 ran south of downtown Oulu from the Liminga Branch Bridge along the current sub-road 847 and Limingantie route to the city centre.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

North of the city centre, the road ran through the existing Merikoske bridges, Tuirantien, Highways, Koskelantie and Oulunseläntie to the present-day Rajakylä and further north of the current regional road 847.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Planning for a bypass to Oulu was started quite early.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The road was marked somewhat to its present place as early as in the so-called Meurman—Ervi general formula drawn up in 1952.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[12] Construction of the first section of the bypass began in November 1962 and the road designated as the North Road was officially opened to traffic on 18 October 1967, although the road had been partially occupied during the construction period.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The Pohjantie was one of Finland's first passing roads and stretched from Kiviniemi at the time from the junction of the existing regions 815 and 847 to Rajakylä to the junction of the then Koskelantie.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The road was two-lane except for the 2.8 km motorway section between Kontinkanka and Laanila.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Also, the two-lane sections were intended for motor-only traffic and thus corresponded broadly to existing motor traffic roads.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The road had interchanges in Kontinkangas and Laanila, but Isko's exit was a level connection.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[13] [14] The North Road has since been improved in several stages: In autumn 1977, the extension of the motorway to Isko and the interchange at Isko were completed.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[15] In October 1981, a motorway section was introduced to the Linnanmaa intersection built on the same occasion and the motorway section further to Kello in Haukiputa.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[16] Lintula interchange was built in the 1980s.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In autumn 1990, the motorway was extended from Kiviniemi to Kempele in the south.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The motorway bypassing Haukiputa from Kello to Iin Räinänä was introduced in 1993.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

On the same occasion, the section between Linnanmaa and Kello was built as a motorway and the Pateniemi intersection was built at Raitotie.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The section between Kiviniemi and Kontinkankka was converted to a motorway in 1996, when the Oulu intersection and road arrangements in Kontinkangas were also improved.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Most recently, the motorway from Haaransilla to Kiviniemi was opened to traffic in 2003.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[17] Nowadays the Pohjantie extends from Liminga Haarbridge to Iin Räinänä.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The length of the road is 52 kilometers, of which there are approximately 35 kilometers of motorway.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The northern section of the motor transport road bypassing the centre of Kemi in the Kemi region from Paattio to Keminmaa was completed in 1976 and the southern section from Peurasaari to Paattio in 1980.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[18] In 2001 the road was continued as a motorway from Keminmaa to Tornio.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

A short portion of this road is Highway 4.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The Kemi motorway was problematic from a road safety point of view.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The motorway was converted to a motorway between 2007 and 2010, and at the same time the road was extended at its southern end to Marostenmäki south of the Veitsiluoto exit.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The bridges in Kemijoki and the 3.5 km long motorway section between Paattio and Jokisuu were opened to traffic on 21 October 2009 [19] and the entire road line in August 2010.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[20] In its entirety, the road was completed at the end of September 2010.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[21] The cost of the project was approximately EUR 68 million, [22] which was approximately EUR 2 million less than planned.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[23] In the Rovaniemi region of Rovaniemi, Highway 4 initially ran on the central street grid at the southern edge of the centre and crossed the Kemijoki River along the connected iron and road bridge at Ounaskoski.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The road ran along the route of the current connecting road 9422 at the foot of Ounasvaara and re-crossed Kemijoki along the Suutarinkorva bridge.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Both bridges were originally completed in 1930 around the same time as the Kemijärvi line.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Both bridges were blown up by retreating German troops in the Lapland War in October 1944.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

After the war, the bridges were rebuilt.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[24] As automobile traffic increased, bridges formed before long into bottlenecks.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Construction of a new bridge over the Ounas River began in 1965.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

The bridge was completed in the fall of 1967 simultaneously with the Rovaniemi through road, and traffic on Highway 4 shifted away from the downtown street grid and the combined iron and road bridges.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

At the same time as the through road, the interchanges between Erottaja and Ounasjoki were also built.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

[25] The portion south of the intersection of the River Ounas was built as a four-lane.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

In the mid-1990s, the four-lane section was extended across the Ounas river to Saarekylä.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Accidents on 19 March 2004 23 people were killed and 14 injured in Finland's most devastating road traffic accident ever in Konginkangas, Äänekoski, when a full trailer truck and a bus collided.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

On July 5, 1974, 12 people were killed and 18 injured in the village of Vehnia, the municipality of Lauka, when a bus carrying Dutch tourists collided with a lorry coming against.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

See also Lahdenväylä Arctic Ocean Magneettimäki Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Antila, Kimmo| title = Nelostie in Central Finland.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

From Winter Road to Europe| location = Jyväskylä, Helsinki| publisher = Tielaitos, Central Finland road district, Tiemuseo| year = 1992| id = Road Museum publications 6.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

ISBN 951-47-6352-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Central Finland roads.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

Central Finland road district 50 year| location = [Jyväskylä] | publisher = [Tielaitos, Central Finland tiepiiri] | year = 1997| id = Road Museum publications 16.


Question: When was Highway 4 completed?

History of Highway 4

ISBN 951-726-374-0}} References Category:Highway 4


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Coordinates: Antarctica is the southern part of the globe, the continent around the South Pole.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

It is the only continent with no permanent settlement and no state.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Antarctica is often divided into West and East Antarctica.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The joint designation for the polar continent and its surrounding islands is Antarctica.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[1] Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, highest and driest continental region.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Antarctica is the fifth largest continent after Asia, Africa, North America and South America.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

It has an area of 14 million square kilometers.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

98percent of Antarctica is covered by a large continental ice sheet.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

There is no permanent human settlement there, but 1000—5000 people visit research stations around the continent each year to conduct research at research stations.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Only plants and animals that are really well adapted to the cold survive there, including penguins, fin-footed, nematodes, bearworms, mites, microorganisms and some tundra plants.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Antarctica is almost entirely south and inside the Southern Arctic Circle and entirely south and inside the 60th South Latitude.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The latter latitude delimits the area covered by the Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The treaty prevents military activity and mining, approves scientific research and protects the continent's ecosystem.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

It was initially contracted between 12 countries, and in 2014 there were 50 contractor states.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[2] Settlement There is no settlement in Antarctica except for a few dozen international research stations with about a few thousand inhabitants continuously.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The first human born in Antarctica was Emilio Palma, born in 1978 at Argentina's Esperanza Research Station.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[3] The glacier mainland is covered by ice about two kilometres thick on average, and about 600,000 square kilometres is ice-free territory, mostly on the Antarctic Peninsula and islands.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The continent may, at its thickest, have a layer of ice more than four kilometres thick.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Because of this, it is the highest continent on average, with an average altitude of 2.3 kilometers.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In the cold core of the Antarctic ice sheet, ice is created from snow crystals created as moisture in the air condenses.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

At the edge, more ice is created by snow brought by low pressures.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[4] The Antarctic continental ice sheet is the world's widest at approximately 14 million square kilometres.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Continental ice covers about 98% to 99% of the continent.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The volume of the ice is about 30 million cubic kilometers.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

90% of the world's ice and 68% of fresh water is contained in Antarctic continental ice [5].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The mean altitude of the continental glacier above sea level is 2300 meters.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The average temperature on the glacier is −60°C and on the coast is −10°C.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The average thickness of the glacier is about 1,600 meters.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Continental ice is so thick that it is capable of pressing lower than the earth's crust, at its deepest by about 950 metres, which takes the sub-continental glacier in the Bentley sinkhole to 2538 metres below sea level.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Without the ice cover, Antarctica would rise an average of 450 feet above sea level.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[6] The maximum glacier thickness is in Wilkesinland, approximately 4776 meters [5].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The continental glacier is generally divided into an eastern and western partition.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Between these is the Transantarctic mountain range.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The greater Eastern Continental Glacier has an area of 10.35 million square kilometers and 26 million cubic kilometers in volume.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The smaller western glacier is 1.97 million square kilometers and has a volume of 3.3 million cubic kilometers.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

There are even smaller glaciers on the peninsula, 0.52 million square kilometers in area.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

At its height, the ice rises up to 4,000 feet above sea level in East Antarctica.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Since the land level in the west is largely below sea level, the rise remains only between 1500 and 2000 metres [5].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The second division divides the continental glacier into a central region above 3000 m elevation, a wide slope area between 3000 and 1800m, and a peripheral region.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In addition, there is the Antarctic Peninsula.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In the middle of the continent, 20 to 60 millimeters of snow enters the ground primarily due to oxen and air moisture condensation.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Snow turns to ice at a depth of about 100 feet.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The creation of ice by stratification takes a time of 1000—2000 years.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Ice moves in the central area very slowly under its own weight.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[4] On the slopes of the continental glacier at altitudes of 1200—3000 m, the landscape is varied.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Among other things, there are mountains stinging from ice, nunataks, and glacier shapes are more irregular.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Dome forms occur on the glacier.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Low pressure arrives in this area over the continent.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Low pressure increases the temperature in summer to −25... −20°C, −40°C in winter.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

It rains 200 to 300 millimetres per year in the slope area.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Storms bring plenty of snow to the area, and the ice thus grows at the edge of the glacier rapidly.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

A few centuries are enough to make snow in this area blistering ice.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Ice moves [7] in the slope area of 10 to 20 metres per year.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[4] At the Amundsen—Scott station on the ice slope, the flow is approximately ten metres per year [8].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

There are also lakes under the South Mantere Glacier.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The largest of them are Vostok and 90 Degrees East.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Antarctic ice flows slowly, velocity accelerating towards the edges [9] [10] [11].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In the center of the continental glacier, the flow is only about the order of a meter per year.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[9] [12] The rate of ice flow varies from a few tens of meters to a couple of kilometers per year, many times it is between 100 and 200 meters per year.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Lambert Glacier flows upstream at 230m per year and at the end 300 km away on an offshore ledge at one kilometre per year [8].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Shirase Glacier is the fastest, it flows two kilometers per year.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The ice is very slit and difficult to pass in the flow areas.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In snowless areas, the wind blows away the accumulated snow, and dust and sand contribute to snow melt.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The flow of ice is caused by it becoming seedy and syrupy under high pressures created by the glacier's own weight.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[13] The flow of ice creates dangerous deep gaps in the surface of the glacier, which today can be detected by radar.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

There are lakes under the ice and melt water.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

This is possible due to high salinity and high pressures.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

About two trillion tonnes of ice accumulates per year and dissipates about the same amount.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Ice is generated by the condensation of air moisture into powdery mildew and ice crystals raining on the ground.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Ice is most disposed of by runoff into icebergs into the ocean, the consuming effect of wind, evaporation and melting.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The combined effect of these is roughly balanced.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

There are numerous research stations in Antarctica today, for example right at the South Pole is the Amundsen—Scott South Pole Station.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

At the top of the glacier there is, among other things, the Vostok station.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Among other things, China has sought to expand its research positions.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[14] [15] Ice shelves At some points the continental glacier itself drains into the sea.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

That's when thick ferry-like structures or ledges floating on the ocean surface, ice shelves that become thinner as you go out to sea.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Their edges are often abruptly steep walls between 20 and 50 metres high, often showing ice layering.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

There is snow on the surface of the ice shelves, 10 meters below the surface of snow ice, 50 m deep ice [4].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The largest ice shelves include the Ross Ice Shelf and the Filchner Ice Shelf, which are considerably higher than normal sea ice, and from which large flat glacial icebergs are sometimes chipped.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The area of the Ross Ice Shelf is 450000 square kilometres and the Filchner Ice Shelf is 530000 square kilometres [16].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Sea ice The nearly entirely frozen continent is surrounded by continuous sea ice, extending considerably farther from the south pole in the winter of the south than in summer.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The average thickness of sea ice is between 6 and 7 metres [4].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Antarctic sea ice covers 2.65 million square kilometres in summer and 18.8 million square kilometres in winter.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[17] Continuous sea ice is still surrounded by a zone where sea ice is fragmented both in winter and summer [4].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The water surrounding Antarctica is very cold so-called antarctic water, bordered quite well in the north as the seasons vary in place to a permanent polar front.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Geology and Natural Resources The Antarctic Peninsula, beginning in West Antarctica, is bounded on the west by the Bellingshausen Sea and on the east by the Weddell Sea.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

It consists of a broken chain of mountains and a few islands.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

To the south, it borders the Eterness Mountains.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Bedrock in West Antarctica the bedrock is similar to the Australian and South American equivalent; there are plenty of both warp mountain ranges and volcanoes.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The highest peak is Mount Vinson.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Of the volcanoes, Erebus is functional.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The legal height of Mount Vinson, which was only cleared in the 1960s, is 5139 metres and 3795 metres respectively.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The western part and the Antarctic peninsula reaching north are generally considered an extension of the South American Andes, and it is thought that it would consist of several mountains if the ice were removed from it.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Roughly half a billion years old, East Antarctica consists of layers of sand and limestone covering a granite and gneiss foundation, and is therefore predominantly covered by slabs.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

East Antarctica is considered part of ancient Gondwanamantere.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Of the islands, most are volcanic Peru and only partially covered by ice.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

East and West Antarctica are separated in two by two major bays: the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Water bodies Investigations have identified remnant lakes by 2014 at 379 pieces, of these with Vostok near the geomagnetic South Pole reportedly being the largest (240 × 50 km and hundreds of metres deep).


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[18] It is not known how the lakes originated, but it is estimated that the immense pressure created by the ice mass would melt ice and form lakes.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Lakes are additionally thought to play an important role as huge masses of ice slide into the sea, as over water the glacier is considerably more slippery than against rock.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The largest rivers with circulating flowing water are the Onyx and the Alph.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

So-called dry valleys have been observed in some parts of Antarctica.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The surrounding mountains stop the snowfalls and the heat of the sun melts away the snow dumped in the valley.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

There are dry valleys, for example, in Victoria.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Some valleys have frozen lakes.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Mineral Resources In 1988, the area was sent to study representatives of mining and oil companies by a joint decision of 33 countries.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Iron, copper, coal (which is Peruvian from the warm ancient history of Antarctica), sulphur whise, manganese and molybdenum have been found in the area.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Admittedly, there is no mining, because so far only mining coal is economically viable.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Finland has been involved in research activities since 1989.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Geological history The continent was part of the ancient giant continent Gondwana until it broke up into parts about 100 million years ago in the Mesozoic period.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Back then Antarctica was still located in the tropics and the climate allowed dinosaurs and other similar organisms to exist on the continent.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In 1999, several fossils were discovered on the Antarctic Peninsula and nearby islands, and until about four million years ago small forest islets were growing in Antarctica.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Mountain Ranges There are a few mountain ranges and mountain ranges in the area: Ellsworth (e.g.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Mount Vinson Mountain) Prince Albert Mountains Eterness Mountains Queen Maud Mountains Edsel Ford Mountains Gamburtsev Mountain Range (iconic) Executive Committee Range Eisenhower Mountain Admiralty Mountains Queen Alexandra Mountains In addition to these are a significant number mountains and other topography covered under snow and ice.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Many places and natural formations are named after explorers and rulers of former times.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Dividing Antarctica into East and West East Antarctica lies in the Eastern Hemisphere and West Antarctica in the Western Hemisphere.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Inside Antarctica, two sea bays, the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea, extend quite close to the South Pole, dividing the continent into two clearly separable parts.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

As the 180th meridian runs across the Ross Sea, lies West Antarctica in its entirety on the western longitudes including Greenwich, East Antarctica by contrast for the most part in the eastern longitudes.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The boundary between West Antarctica and East Antarctica can be more accurately determined by the Transantarctic Mountains.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The Transantarctic Mountains are not a unified mountain range, but consist of several distinct named mountain ranges.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

West Antarctica pushes from the pole towards the Pacific Ocean and South America, greater East Antarctica while from the pole towards Africa, the Indian Ocean and Australia.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Vegetation, fauna and climate Plants and animals Few and hardy of plants in Antarctica thrive: two seed plants have been found on the peninsula: the Antarctic herd and the soufflé plant Colobanthus quitensis.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

About 100 species of mosses grow in Antarctica, 200—300 species of lichens, as well as just over two dozen species of liverwort moss.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[19] About 700 different types of algae are known.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Most of them live as phytoplankton in water.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

There are no wild land mammals, but sea lions, seals and whales thrive in the sea surrounding the continent.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Reindeer have been planted on Kerguelen Island in the southern Indian Ocean.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Several bird species live in the area, including south storm birds, penguins, albatrosses and gulls.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The land fauna of Antarctica itself is formed entirely of invertebrates and is largely microscopic.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Terrestrial fauna includes ticks, bearbirds, nematodes, trackbusters, and jumping tails.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[20] The largest wholly land-living animal is the Belgica antarctica pestle midge.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Fish species such as Champsocephalus gunnari and Dissostichus eleginoides live in the sea, as well as krill and molluscs [21].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Many species found in marine areas surrounding Antarctica are endemic.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Fishing in adjacent waters is restricted by standards of international law.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Temperatures and rainfall for the duration of the Southern Hemisphere winter, Antarctica falls (with the exception of the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula) into a cameo.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The average temperature for the year at the pole is around −37°C, making Antarctica one of the harshest places in the world for life.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The average temperature for the month of Lauhimman remains still below zero.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Winter and summer are opposite in Antarctica than in the Northern Hemisphere: the coldest month is June, July, August or September, depending on the region, and the warmest December, January or February.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[22] The average temperature in winter, or July, is −64 to (−72) °C in the interior of the continent and −32°C in mid-summer.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

At an altitude of less than 1200 m at the edge of the glacier, the temperature is raised by the proximity of the water and the catabatic winds that have warmed up due to the föhn phenomenon.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

On the coast, the average temperature in the coldest month is −16 — (−24) °C and the warmest in summer is −8°C.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In mid-summer, temperatures reach up to +10 to +15°C on the warmest day on the coast.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The Antarctic Peninsula has an average temperature of 0°C in January, −11°C in July, and a mean temperature of −4°C for the year.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

A cold record was measured at the Russian research station Vostok in 1983 when the frost dropped to −89.2 degrees Celsius.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The air is extremely dry due to the cold: about 150—350 millimetres rains during the year, only 50 millimetres inland.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The mean rainfall is 120 to 150 millimetres, minimum 10 millimetres and maximum coastal 500mm [4].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In a large area in the centre of the continent, less than 50 rains, even only 20 to 30 millimeters [5].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Antarctic air contains very little water vapor, about one millionth of the equator, but relative humidity averages 70% due to cold [4].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Ice crystals condensing from air moisture are observed over the glacier, which move with air currents, and which can make it difficult to separate the horizon.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

By the way, the air in Antarctica is moonshine and bright.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Blizzards on the continental glacier weather varies quite a bit.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

High winds and storms heading inland to the coast are marked by weather conditions.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

It may experience severe snowstorms lasting for days, the harshest in the world.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

They are mostly caused by the high pressure over Antarctica spewing air into the intense low pressures orbiting Antarctica.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

These low pressures often cause severe storms to hit the waters around Antarctica, for example in areas around Cape Horn.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Accordingly, many times there are strong snowstorms with speeds reaching an average speed of up to 150, gusts to 190, and a maximum measured speed of 316.8 kilometres per hour, or 88m per second [5].


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Significant area for science From the point of view of science, Antarctica appears as a major meteorite discovery site.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Meteorites that have fallen over millions of years are usually easily visible on the ice surface.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[23] At least a Nomad robot from Carnegie Mellon University has been sent to explore the area.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Many new halotypes have also been observed in the area, a few of them have been discovered by Finns.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The arid climate of Antarctica provides ideal conditions for observation of starry skies in the light infrared range.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

There are plans to build an astronomy observation station, the Antarctic Infrared Observatory (AIRO).


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The pole of inaccessibility The pole of inaccessibility is the point in Antarctica where there is the longest distance from the margins of the continent.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[24] [25] In general, coordinates are considered to be the pole of inaccessibility.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

First it was reached by the 3rd Soviet Antarctic Research Expedition led by Yevgeny Tolstikov on 14 December 1958.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

A radio mast, runway and barrack were built on the site, with a statue of Lenin erected on its roof.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The next time a Soviet expedition returned to the site was 1967.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The British-Canadian and Norwegian-American troupe came on the scene in 2007.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

[26] Other coordinates have been given for the position of the pole of inaccessibility because it is difficult to determine the edge of the continent due to, inter alia, displacement of the edge of the ice cap.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

History of Antarctica Exploration It had long been assumed that the Southern Hemisphere would have a vast continent extending largely to the temperate zone, Terra Australis.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

James Cook, on his second ocean sailing in 1771—1772, attempted to search for it.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

He crossed the southern Arctic Circle, but eventually ice barriers forced him to turn back.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

As far as Antarctica, he did not make it, but it was proved that there was no such thing as a much wider continent than the supposed much wider.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The first Antarctic was discovered by expeditions sailing on sailing ships in the early 19th century.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

However, interest in it fell because the continent was freezing cold and in the midst of a stormy sea of ice floes.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

At the very end of the 19th century, explorers' interest in the continent returned.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

A small cabin was built in 1899 by Carstens Borchgrevink as a research station in Antarctica.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The English explored Antarctica with a vigorous expedition aboard the ship Discovery in 1901—1904.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The excursion included Robert Scott and Ernest Shackleton, who became famous later.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

From the established base, many far-reaching expeditions were made to the glacier.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Scott and Shackleton tried to conquer the South Pole in 1902, but didn't make it long when the men fell ill and the drag dogs died.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Because of the excursion, Shackleton and Scott feuded and parted ways, and Shackleton attempted in 1908 to reach the South Pole, only reaching 108 miles from it.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In 1911—1912 set off from various locations towards the South Pole two competing expeditions.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Scott's expedition was unlucky from the start, and made poor use of Antarctic-operated tractors and ponies.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Ponies were trusted because they were used in the cold conditions of Siberia.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

However, they could not withstand the harsher Antarctic conditions than Siberia and had to be put down.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The tractors stopped working early on because they were not designed for Antarctic conditions.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Thus Scott and his men had to pull sleighs themselves, which slowed the voyage considerably.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Meanwhile, Norwegian Roald Amundsen reached the South Pole according to his plan.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Scott, too, arrived at the South Pole, and his men turned back, disappointed, after discovering a camp for the Norwegians.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Amundsen returned home according to plan.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

As Scott's journeymaking had slowed decisively, food supplies began to flush before the expedition ended.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The men additionally suffered strain while pulling heavy sleighs.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

One of the men died of overexertion and another suffering from frostbite walked into the blizzard without returning, lest he slow down the course of the others.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The three remaining men, in the midst of a blizzard, contemplated committing suicide with medication because they ran out of food supplies.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

However, they apparently frostbitten to death, as the medicines had not been touched.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

An expedition sent in the spring of the following year found Scott's death camp.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Scott was accused in retrospect of continuing the expedition even though there had been considerable slipping out of planned schedules, and thus took the expedition to certain destruction.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

After this, Ernest Shackleton attempted to cross Antarctica, but another of his ships, the Endurance, became stuck on ice, and the crew had to return to the rear to cook a phaser of adventure, passing and living on ice floes, island and boats in the midst of the storm, among other things.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Later, while World War I was still enduring, Australian geologist Douglas Mawson experienced the adventure of a lifetime, having to trek hungry hundreds of miles back to the research station, after most of the supplies had been lost after one man and a sleigh fell into a slit.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In the beginning, the journey was made with the help of dogs, but they were eaten one after the other.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Mawson's comrade Mertz became badly ill, lost his mind, and died on the way back.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Mawson himself was to fall into a crevasse.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In 1929, American Richard E. Byrd began flying in Antarctica, and the Americans established the first research station at Little American.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Many other expeditions were sent to Antarctica, and the Americans explored Antarctica intensively in 1946—1947.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Other countries began setting up their own research stations in the 1950s, and there was controversy over how Antarctica would be divided between different countries.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The United States established a station called Amundsen—Scott at the South Pole in 1956.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The Soviets established Vostok Station far away on the glacier in 1957.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

During the International Year of Geophysics 1957—1958, the continent was explored by about 70 expeditions sent by various countries.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In 1959, it was agreed that Antarctica should only be used for peaceful scientific research.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Territorial Claims and Territories Antarctica and islands in its vicinity are not part of the territories of any state.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

However, Norway, France, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina and the United Kingdom have claimed territories there; the last three listed partly the same areas.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

All of these territorial requirements apply to sectors between the two meridians on the mainland and the Antarctic archipelago, with the exception of the island of Peter I claimed by Norway.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The area between longitude 150 and 90 degrees west longitude has not been claimed by any state, except for the aforementioned island claimed by Norway.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

However, due to the Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959, the territorial claims have not been internationally accepted.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

In addition, the treaty says that Antarctica may not be used for military purposes.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

The treaty applies to areas south of the 60th south parallel, so the subantarctic islands north of this latitude are excluded from the treaty area.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Antarctic Research Stations See also History of Arctic Regions Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hirvas, Heikki & Nenonen, Keijo| title = Seeking Ice Age| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1990| isbn = 9513094812}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nurminen, Martti (main ed.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

) | title = Otava large encyclopedia OE, part 6| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1979| version = article Napamaat, subsection Antarctic| isbn = 951-1-05122-9| page = 4573—}} References on the topic elsewhere Interactive satellite image mosaic by pixel size in nature is 30 meters.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

Kari Poppis Suomela and Pasi Ikonen ski without outside support to the South Pole in December 2008.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

They told us in real time online about the phases of the journey.


Question: Are there a lot of animals living on the Asian continent?

Antarctica

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The Mareth Line was a 35-mile-long chain of fortifications built by the French shortly before World War II in southern Tunisia between the beach town of Medenine and Gabés to protect Tunisia from Italian attacks from Libya.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

After France's surrender to Germany, the chain of fortifications came under the control of the Axis powers.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

After the Allies recaptured Libya, the Axis Powers forces prepared their defences for the Mareth Line.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The terrain of central Tunisia is dominated by the Atlas Mountains with the south and northern parts being mainly flat.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The eastern coast of the southern parts is followed by the Matmâta Hills, with a difficult stray desert on the western side.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The area between the hill queue and the sea is the only easy-access road to the north.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

There is a smaller east-west hill line at the northern end of Matmâta, making progress difficult.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

Between the two ranges just off the northern end of Matmâta is a small intermediate so-called Tebaga opening.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The Mareth Line follows Wadi Zigzaou, starting at the sea all the way to a 35-kilometre journey up to Matmâta, cutting off the boardwalk.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The wadi served as a natural defensive position in steep places with 21 metres high walls.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The line was considered the best chain of fortifications in North Africa.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

In the view of the French, the mountain was impenetrable to a large number and thus did not need to fear a serious flank threat from the land side.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

However, this proved to be an error inference as Operation Supercharge II broke through the line.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

World War II After the Allies achieved a breakthrough in the Battle of El Alamein, Axis forces pulled through the northern parts of Libya into Tunisia.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The commander of the British 8th Army, Bernard Montgomery, stopped at Medenine, preparing to attack the Mareth Line.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

Formed from the remnants of Erwin Rommel's African Army Corps and Italian forces, the Italian 1st Army commanded by Giovanni Messe attacked the defences against the grouped British forces in Operation Capri.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

After the offensive failed, the Axis Powers forces regrouped in defence on the Mareth Line to await an attack by British forces.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

Operation Pugilist 8th Army began its offensive on 19 March 1943, when the 50th Infantry Division of XXX Army Corps broke the line near Zarat, but the German 15th Armoured Division destroyed the troops that had broken through by counterattack on 22 March.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

Previous intelligence gathered by the Long Range Desert Group confirmed the line was circumvable.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The route allowed the transfer of troops via the left to the western end of Tebaga Gap and into the low-lying area of the coast from the back of the Mareth Line.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

In Operation Supercharge II, the British XXX Army Corps, along with the New Zealand Army Corps supplemented by the 1st Armoured Division of the British X Army Corps, attacked the Tebaga gap, which the corps reached on 27 March.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The same time attack against the Mareth Line from the east made defending impossible.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

However, Messe's forces were able to escape the cordon after the 1st Armoured Division's advance stopped at El Hamma.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

The Axis Powers' forces regrouped in defensive positions 60 kilometres further north along the line of Akarit.


Question: What does the Mareth line mean?

Mareth Line

Category:Fortresses Category:French military history Category:History of Tunisia


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry II of England (5 March 1133, Le Mans, France — 6 July 1189, Chinon, France) was Duke of Anjou, Duke of Normandy from 1150 to 1189 and King of England from 1154 to 1189.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry II was a rival for the English crown with Stephen the son of William the Conqueror's granddaughter, Matilde.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

He began his pursuit of the crown as early as Stephen was alive, invading England.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry II forced an agreement with Stephen to become king upon Stephen's death, rather than his own son Justus.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

The matter became even easier after Justus died.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry II initiated a new Plantagenet ruler lineage.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

The name Plantagenet came from the flower of the pea plant that had been his emblem (,) and was inherited from Henry II's father, Count Gottfried of Anjou.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

From his mother's side, Henry II was related to the previous Norman monarch family.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Life before his coronation Henry was born in 1133 at Le Mans and raised in Anjou.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

In 1149, he visited England to assist his mother in her quest for the crown.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry married Eleonoora Aquitanian on 18 May 1152.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

On 21 March 1152, Eleonoora had received the resignation of her first husband, the monk-like Louis VII.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Eleonoora knew what she wanted and immediately after the divorce contacted Henrik.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

The couple were wed in France as early as May 18, 1152.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Eleonoora brought with her Henry to the kingdom of Aquitaine, [1] which at that time included about one-third of the French area.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

The couple's first child, William, was born in the summer of 1153.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Early in the same year, Henry had travelled to England and, after the fighting, was able to conclude the Wallingford Peace Treaty with Stephen, which decided that Henry would become king upon the death of Stephen.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Tapani died on 25 October 1154 and Henry's coronation took place on 19 December 1154.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry and Becket Henry's regency period was marked by a struggle against the power of the Church.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry made significant improvements to the judiciary and this reduced the importance of ecclesiastical law courts.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

The church naturally opposed this and its most ardent Speaker was Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, a previous good friend of Henry's.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Thomas Becket had succeeded Theobald as archbishop in 1162, having previously been chancellor to the king — Henry had thought Becket was the perfect choice for the position, as he had been loyal to Henry in disputes against the Church.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

However, Becket's opinions changed after his election as archbishop, and he acted the more against the king the more he tried to force him to cooperate.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

In 1164 Henry brought into force the Acts of Clarendon, which had written down the rights and privileges that the king had with respect to the church.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Becket refused to recognise these ordinances and fled to France to meet in person with Pope Alexander III, from whom he wished to receive support.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

This was in France in exile due to differences between the cardinals and King Louis VII.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Alexander remained neutral in the dispute because of his own faltering position.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Becket remained in France, however, until 1170, when he reconciled with Henry in Normandy.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Becket returned to England on 30 November.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Earlier, during his time in France, Becket had excommunicated the bishops of London and Salisbury in favour of the king.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Now, however, he did not release these from the curse and the news reached King Henry, who was still in France, is reported to have uttered the oft-quoted words: Who will rid me of this meddlesome priest.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

(“will no one let me go of this feisty priest?”).


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Four of Henry's knights took the words literally and travelled to Canterbury, where they killed Becket on the afternoon of 29 December in Canterbury Cathedral in front of the altar of St Benedictus in the middle of the worship service with four blows to the head.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

[2] For this act Henry was placed under a church curse, but he received a pardon thanks to Robert Torignylainen, abbot of Mont Saint-Michel.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

In recompense, Henry made a pilgrimage dressed in burlap cloth to Becket's tomb, promising to send money to the Crusading States of Palestine, which would be guarded by the Order of Johannes and the Templar Order until Henry would arrive to spend it on pilgrimage or crusade.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Afterwards on 21 May 1172 Henry was also flogged in public for wearing nothing but a shirt.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry delayed leaving for Palestine for years and ultimately never journeyed there.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry's children Legal Eleonoora and Henry were born five sons and three daughters: William, Count of Poitiers (1153—1156) Henry the Young, King (1155—1183) Richard I Lionmieli, King (1157—1199) Gottfried, Duke of Brittany (1158—1186) Matilda, Saxony Duchess (1156—1189) Eleonoora the English (1161—1214) Johanna Plantagenet (1165—1199) Juhana the Landless, King (1166—1216) First son William died as an infant.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Another of Henry's children, was crowned king at the age of fifteen (another reason for Thomas Becket's indignation), but he effectively never reigned as king and thus his name is not mentioned in lists of English monarchs.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

He is known as Henry the Young (or Henry the Younger) in distinction from his nephew, the later King of England Henry III.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry II's attempt to deprive the lands from Eleanoora (and his heir, Richard), resulted in a confrontation with the king on one side and the queen and the mutual sons of both on the other.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

The illegitimate Henry's famous love affair with Rosamund Clifford, the subject of folk tales, perhaps began during the king's Welsh war expedition in 1165 and ended with Rosamunda's death in 1176.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

However, Henry did not acknowledge his relationship publicly until in 1174, around the same time as the king's resignation from Eleanoora took place.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry had negotiated the marriage of Adèle, daughter of Louis VII of France, to his son Richard.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry is said to have had an affair with Adèle as well and rumours reported that she bore the king an illegitimate son.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

No children were reportedly born from the relationship with Rosamunda.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henrik had several illegitimate children with different women and Eleanoora raised several of these in the Royal Nursery along with their own children.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Some remained family members until adulthood.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

These included: William de Longespée (or Guillaume de Montferrat), or William Longsword, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, whose mother was Ida Geoffrey, Countess of Norfolk, Archbishop of York, son of a woman named Ykenai Morgan, Archbishop of Durham, Abbess of Barking The Sons' Revolt and the King's Death In April 1173, Henry's sons Henry the Young, Richard and Gottfried rose up against their father in a revolt that lasted a year and a half and ended with the boys' surrender.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

John, the youngest of the boys, was only about ten years old at the time.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

When Henry the Young died in 1183, John was Henry II's favourite to be heir to the throne, Richard again being an alternative to his mother Eleanoora.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Gottfried died after being trampled by a horse in 1186.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Richard the Lion Mask, with the assistance of Philip II, King of France, finally struck Henry on 4 July 1189.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Henry died at Chinon Castle on 6 July 1189, and was buried in the Abbot Monastery of Fontevraud.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

According to historian Giraldus Cambrensis, on the deathbed Henrik's last words were down, the shame for a king to be thus overcome!


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

down, the shame!


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

(“Oh, shame on a king thus defeated!


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

oh, shame!”).


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

[3] Courts of Law Henry II developed English jurisdiction and established a system of local and national law courts.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

Previously, guilt or innocence had been established by a sentence of worship: a commonly used sentence of worship was, for example, a duel between the parties.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

The sentences of worship were replaced in 1179 by a trial by a jury of twelve men.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

This was called “grand assize” and was the basis for the system still in use in much of the English-speaking countries.


Question: What year was Henry II born?

Henry II of England

[1] Sources on the subject elsewhere Class:Kings of the Plantagenet family of England Category:Dukes of Normandy Class:Born in 1133 Class:Dead in 1189


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

Aino Maria Marsio-Aalto (o.b. Marsio, until 1906 Mandelin; 25 January 1894 Helsinki — 13 January 1949 Helsinki) was a Finnish architect and designer.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

She was the first spouse of Alvar Aalto.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

Life and career Aino Aalto worked in her husband's architectural firm and designed, not only with him, but also alone, among other things, buildings, furniture and interiors.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

He styled ceramics, glass, lamps, printed fabrics and unique textiles, among others.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

Aino Aalto was managing director at Artek, which he founded with her husband and Nils-Gustav Hahl and Maire Gullichsen, from 1941 to 1949.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

Aino Aalto had a balancing influence on her husband's work so that the wife was a critical and realistic weigher of her husband's work.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

[1] Interior items and tableware designed by Aino Aalto are still in production: Iittala manufactures glass and Artek's range includes a saddle belt chair, together with Alvar Aalto designed a semicircular table, a pendant lamp, an armchair and a leg rack and sofas.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

Aino Aalto's specialty was glass design.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

A glass tableware marketed under his name, a pioneer of funk design, has risen to the status of a classic.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

With this tableware she won in 1932 her own husband's art competition and it was awarded the gold medal of the Milan Triennial 1936.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

The couple's cooperation created the 1933 glass work Riihimäki flower, which includes five parts can be stacked in the shape of a flower.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

[2] Maire Gullichsen has stated that she has not met another person with such sure taste as Aino.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

[1] Aino's sister Alma Matilda Mandelin married sailor mission director and writer Toivo Waltari.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

Aino and Alvar Aalto were born two children, daughter Johanna (Alanen) and son Hamilkar Aalto.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

Aino Aalto died of cancer in 1949.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

Aino Aalto's independent plans Private houses: Villa Flora, Alajärvi; Helmi Halonen O'Neil House, USA; Summer villa, Heinola [3] Pöytyä parish house (Aino Aalto's brother-in-law was vicar at Pöytyä) Milan Triennial 1936, exhibition architecture of the Finnish department.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

The “Bölgeblick” - or Aino Aalto glass from 1932, was awarded a gold medal at the Milan Triennial for the design of Noormarkku Children's House and Terveystalo Architectural firm Alvar Aalto, in which Aino Aalto has participated in churches such as Toivaka, Anttola, Pylkönmäki and Viitasaari Restoration and alteration work [4] Jyväskylä Workerhouse Paimio Sanatorium and its apartments Southwest Finland Märtentalo, Turku (Aalot lived in the house for a while) Turku Sanomat office building (delivery, printing and apartments) Vyborg Library Villa Tammekann, Tartu Paris World Expo 1937, Finnish Pavilion Riihitien House, Helsinki (Home and Office of the Aaltos) Interior: Restaurant Savoy, Helsinki; Gullichsen family residence decoration, Helsinki Interior decorations for Sunila factory branch, club buildings and apartments, Kotka New York World Expo 1939, Finnish pavilion Villa Mairea, Noormarkku Pekola residential area, Tampere Interior: Baker House, MIT student dormitory and Poetry Room, library of Harvard University Department of Literature, Boston Kansaneläkelaitos Main Office Building, Helsinki (only realised until Aino Aalto after death, for a different plot than the architectural competition) Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heporauta, Arne & Hipeli, Mia & Launonen, Marjaana & Mikonranta, Kaarina & Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja & Kinnunen, Ulla (ed.


Question: Where did Aino Aalto perish in 1949?

Aino Aalto

) | title = Aino Aalto| location = Helsinki Jyväskylä| publisher = Alvar Aalto Foundation, Alvar Aalto Museum| year = 2004| id = ISBN 952-5371-19-0}} Finland-Fact (WSOY, 2002) References elsewhere Category:Alvar Aalto Category:Finnish architects Category:Finnish designers Category:People born in 1894 Class:Those who died in 1949


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Georgian literature has a history spanning more than 1500 years.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The Georgian language, along with a few close relatives, forms its own language group that is not related to any other language in the world.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Over the centuries, however, the language has absorbed influences from neighbors and conquerors — Greeks, Armenians, Persians, Turks and Russians — acting at the same time as a bridge between these cultures.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

During its golden age, Georgian literature spent the 12th century, with Georgia emerging as a local superpower.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The Classical Period Georgian alphabet, a prerequisite for the genesis of Georgian literature, was created according to the view of the vast majority of scholars in the 3rd century shortly after the country had converted to Christianity.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

In the western parts of the country Byzantine influence was probably strongest, while to the eastern parts Christianity and literacy skills were rather transmitted through Armenians and Syrians.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Even this earlier, Georgians may have used a foreign language such as Persian, Aramaic or Greek when writing.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Against the pre-Christian origin of the alphabet, for example, is their symbolism: the then last letter combines the initial letter of Jesus' name and the cross.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[1] The first texts were translations of the Bible by Georgians sent to monasteries in Constantinople, Antioch and Jerusalem.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The first Georgian inscription, timed for 430, has been found in Jerusalem.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Georgian writers of these times included, for example, Peter the Iberian, who nevertheless wrote in Greek.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Later Georgians migrated to Mount Sinaivore and the Athos Peninsula, where Iviron, then elevated to what was then the most significant Georgian monastery, was founded in 983.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

In Iviron, Ekvtime Atoneli (963—1028) translated 160 works into Georgian.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

In Georgia itself, monks were forced to move to border areas such as Tao-Klardžet due to the unstable political conditions in the country.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[2] The Gospels may have existed in Georgian as early as the 4th century, however the finished canonical Bible possibly considerably later.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The Georgian Bible was most probably translated from multiple sources and translations were later edited for doctrinal or textual reasons.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Particular attention was given to the parts required for liturgical purposes, such as the Psalms, into which commentaries were also translated; the psalms later served as an influence on hymnographic texts.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The most elaborate translators included Eprem Mtsire in the 10th century.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Apocryphal books, exegetics and other religious texts were also translated into Georgian.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[3] Hymns Hymns inspired by the Psalms and Gospels formed a thriving and fertile genre of literature that grew independent from Byzantine and Syriac traditions.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

In the Georgian-language anthems, in addition to personal lyrical contributions, the influence of pre-Christian folk poetry can be seen.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Many anthems were sung, and still sung, to the accompaniment of complex and old polyphonic music.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Much of the authors of the anthems have remained anonymous.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The first original Georgian anthem is possibly a song of praise of the virgin Mary written by Šio Mghvimeli from the 5th century; the first known author of anthems, in turn, Ioane-Zosime, who worked on Mount Sinaivore between 949 and 987.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Georgian anthems in their heyday reached the 9th century, the main part of the anthems of this period being Byzantine translations.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

Apart from Ioane-Zosime, some of the most notable poets of the era were Ioane Minchki, who worked some decades earlier, and the anthologist and musicologist Mikel Modrekili, who collected a large compilation of the outputs of poets of his time.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

[4] Hagiographies Hagiographies (saint biographies) formed the first original genre of Georgian literature, and the first original Georgian language work, traditionally the Suffering of Saint Queen Šušanik timed between the years 476—483, is a hagiography.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Literature of Georgia

The dramatic narrative, written by Iakob Tsurtaveli, describes Šushanik's struggle as she refused to convert, like her husband Varsken, to the religion of her Persian masters, Zarathustranism: Historically and sociologically significant, about the situation of Georgia as a vassal state of Persia there have been difficulties in scheduling the telling story: based on textual reasons, it has only been concluded that it was actually written in the 600—8th centuries.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Another significant early hagiographic text is the suffering of Evstati Mtskhetan, timed for 540—550, in which, like Šušanik, the protagonist falls victim to Zarathustranism.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

[5] After the establishment of an emirate in Tbilisi by Arabs, who had a significant influence on the Georgian language, in the mid-7th century, hagiographies shifted to address the relationship between Christianity and Islam.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The first and most notable hagiography from this period is Habo's Suffering, written by Ioane Sabanisdze in 786.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

A view of the growing Byzantine influence and early Georgian nationalism is given by the suffering of Konstanti Kakha, one of the best documented Georgian hagiographic texts.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The final narrative of suffering of the Arab period compares the period to its first influence on Georgian literature: the Suffering of Gobron, written by Stepane Mtbevar, tells the story of a general executed in 914 by the Arab conquer Abu 'l Qasim.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

[6] The Lives of the Church Fathers Hagiographic texts are closely related to biographies of the Church Fathers.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The first Georgian work of this genre, patristics, is the Lives of the Thirteen Assyrian Church Fathers.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Some of these church fathers were the founders of Georgian monasteries and have played a significant part in building the country's cultural heritage and identity through that time.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Two other notable biographies deal with the re-colonization of southwestern parts of Georgia.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Of these, the earlier, life and achievements of our Blessed and God-inspired Holy Father Serapion provide valuable insight into the architecture, social conditions and geography of his time.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The second, Giorgi Merchule's work The Life of Grigol Khandzta, was written in the mid-9th century and gives an accurate overall picture of Georgia's political structure.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

In addition, biographies of the Church Fathers were written outside the country on Athos; these works include, for example, the lives and remarkable achievements of our Blessed Fathers Ioane and Ekvtim, written after 1040 by Giorgi Atoneli.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

A biography was also written about Giorgi Atoneli after his death.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

These texts can already be considered representatives of modern historiography.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

[7] Chronicles Traditionally the most significant Georgian chronicle has been considered possibly to be a Georgian conversion written by various persons over the course of three centuries.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Its body is formed by the biography of Saint Nino, who brought Christianity to Georgia in the 3rd century.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Although the chronicle is contradictory and has folklore mixed with it, some of its events are confirmed in Roman texts and can, with reservations, be considered a historical source.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

A number of manuscripts of different forms from different periods of time have survived about the chronicle.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The Georgian conversion also forms the nucleus of the chronicle of the Life of Kings, probably written by Leonti Mroveli in the 10th century.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Mroveli, whose work has also been considered the first part of the cumulative and broader Kartlis tskhovreba chronicle, rearranged the structure of the earlier chronicle and added new material to it.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Stylistically, the Life of Kings resembles the Old Testament, but despite this it is notable as a representative of secular, if fanciful, historiography.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The most linguistically balanced part of the chronicle is the story of the legendary, first king of Georgia, Parnavaz, which includes ancient Mithrans and other pre-Christian elements suggestive of sun-worship.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Legend attributes the founding of the Georgian state to Mithrian mythology: Next, Parnavaz finds a large treasure in the cave after chasing a deer, which is also closely linked to Mithrian mythology.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Another textually significant part of the chronicle is possibly the “Life of Vakhtang Gorgasal” written in the early 8th century, for which Džuanšer Džuanšeriani has been cited as the author.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Mrovel's chronicle may have been a work commissioned by King David IV — its purpose was to convincingly attach the King House to antiquity and ultimately to the creation of the world.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

[8] A golden age in the early 12th century after the victory over the Seljuks, Georgia was united under King David IV and emerged within the next century to become a regional superpower.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

The established conditions enabled a renaissance in art and literature, and also the genesis of secular literature: for the first time, the state was strong enough to form an alternative to the church as a patron of culture.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

No longer had to flee unstable conditions to monasteries in the eastern Mediterranean; the scholars were now given refuge in Georgian courts and religious centres.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

[9] Hymns had, over the preceding centuries, laid the foundation for the development of lyrical poetry.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Even more significant than these, in terms of the genesis of secular fiction, was the earliest Balahvariani translated into Georgian in the 8th century, an Indian narrative of Barlaam and Jehoshaphat.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Compared to the original Arabic text, Balahvariani is a condensed, free translation focusing only on the essential.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

It is believed to form a key link between the eastern and western versions of the narrative: in Greek, Balahvarian was translated around the year 1000 presumably by Ekvtime Atoneli, through which it has had a significant influence on the literature of Europe as a whole.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

[10] Rustaveli's predecessors from the Georgian epic-romantic, possibly very extensive court literature of the early 12th century, have survived two works for posterity: Amirandaredžaniani and Visramiani, from the Persian tale of Vis and Ramin, translated into Georgian.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Of these, the first is about the demigod Amirani and is centrally based on Georgian folk poetry.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Set in the borderlands of myth and epic, the work lacks idealism and romantic interest, in its focus on depicting heroic battles and chivalric, male-to-male solidarity.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

Georgia's assertive political position is reflected in Amirandaredjanian as the irrelevance of nationhood.


Question: Who has written Amirandaredjanian?

Georgian literature

As the author of the work, Rustaveli mentions Mose Khonel; nothing else is known about him.