Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

For example, when the doctrine that the soul died and disintegrated with the body began to spread in Arabia to be restored to life only at the resurrection of the bodies, Origene was invoked for the cause.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He made a trip to Arabia and preached to correct the erroneous doctrine.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In 250, persecutions broke out again, and this time Origenes did not flee.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He was tortured and publicly shamed, and was bound for several days by the hands and feet, without being bent.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He eventually died at the age of 69 from tortures.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

[6] Later legends, including that written by Hieronymus (De viris illustribus, chapter 54), state that he died in Tyre, where he would also have been buried, but this cannot be entirely relied upon.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

According to the Works of Epiphanios (Haer., lxiv.63), Origenes wrote about 6000 books (i.e., papyrus scrolls).


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Eusebius has given a list of works.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

They can be divided into four categories: 1) textual criticism; 2) exegetics; 3) systematic, practical, and apologetic theology; and 4) letters.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Apart from that, some works of certain nonchalance have been put in his name.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Text-critical and exegetical works Origene's most significant text-critical work is Hexapla (“Sixfold”), a comparative study of various language Old Testament translations.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

It was for a long time entirely lost, but subsequently some parts of the work were found in Milan.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Later authors and writings make frequent references to Hexapla.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Tetrapla (“quadruple”) was an abbreviation of Hexapla.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenes was equally aware of the problems with New Testament manuscripts in different languages, although he is not known to have written about the matter with certainty.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He often refers to different ways of reading in his exegetical writings, but his habit was to do when dictating summary quotations, the revision of which remained with the scribes.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Thus, it is difficult to derive from his commentary on his actual views on these contradictions.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The exegetical works of Origene can be divided into three parts: Scolias, that is, brief summaries of difficult passages Sermons in the “Books”, that is, commentaries in the truest sense of the word Skolias Hieronymus mentions that Origenes made the scolias from the Third Book of Genesis, Psalms 1—15 , from the Book of the Preacher, the Book of Isaiah, and part of the Gospel of John.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The Stromateis writings were of the same type, and he made them from several of the letters of the apostle Paul.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Sermons Origenes prepared sermons from almost the entire Bible.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

They were written down while he preached.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He probably did not pay very much attention to the publication work of the sermons, as the wording in them is not very meticulous.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Their exegetical commentaries were simpler than those in scientific commentaries, but still required listeners to have knowledge of the issues.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenee's actual purpose was to explain texts verse by verse.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In explanations of such stark books as the Third and Fourth Genesis, he sought allegorical interpretations, while in colorful descriptions of the books of the prophets, he had no need to seek more profound meanings than the text itself offered.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Sermons from the following books of the Bible have survived from Origene: Genesis (17 volumes) Second Genesis (13) Genesis (18) Book of Genesis (18) Book of Genesis (28) Book of Joshua (16) Book of Judges (9) First Book of Samuel (2) Part of Psalms (9) Song of Songs (2) Book of Isaiah (9) Book of Jeremiah (7 in Greek, 2 in Latin, 12 in Greek and Latin) Book of Ezekiel (14) Gospel of Luke (39) Commentaries on Origene tend to focus on the deeper, concealed and spiritual meaning of the scriptures instead of historically insignificant events.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

However, he widely took into account all the philological, geographical, historical and ancient knowledge that he had at his disposal.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

However, only fragments of the commentaries have survived.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The citations of Philocalia contain snippets from the commentaries of the First Book of Genesis, the Psalms, Ezekiel, Hosea, and the Gospel of John.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The commentary on the Roman Epistle has survived only as an abridged version by Rufinus.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Dogmatic, practical and apologetic writings on Origenee's works of systematic, practical and apologetic theology should first be mentioned in his work on the First Principles, which he probably wrote for his more advanced students sometime between the years 212 and 215 between.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Only the free translation of Tyrannius Rufinus, fragments from the third and fourth books in Philocalia, and citations in Justinian's letter to Mennas have survived.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In the first book, Origenes deals with God, Logo, that is, the Word, the Son, the Holy Spirit, reason, and angels.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In the second book, he discusses the world and man, as well as the muscular fiery of the Word, the soul, free will, and eschatology.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The subject of the third book is sin and condemnation.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The fourth book deals with the scriptures.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The work ends with a compilation of everything said.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The work is significant because it seeks to present Christianity as a whole theory of world-explanation.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

It was also intended to eliminate the difficulties many Christians had in understanding the basics of faith.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Prior to this work, Origenes wrote two subsequently lost books on the resurrection dedicated to Ambrosios.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

After moving to Caesarea, he also wrote the preserved works on Prayer, Martyrdom and Against Kelso (Contra Celsum).


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The first of these was written shortly before 235 (or before the year 230).


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

It told of the purpose, necessity, and benefits of prayer, and included an exegetical analysis of the Father Ours prayer.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The book also included considerations on the time, place, and required attitude of prayer during prayer, as well as various types of prayer.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The persecutions enforced by Maximinus brought about a work on Martyrdom.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In it, Origenes warns against idolatry and stresses the obligation to suffer martyrdom manfully.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He also explains the importance of martyrdom.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

A work comprising eight books against Kelso from 248 came about because of accusations against Christianity by the pagan Kelsos.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Eusebius had a collection of over one hundred letters of Origenee.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The list presented by Hieronymus also suggests that there have been several books.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Except for fragments, only a short letter to Gregorios Thaumaturgos and a letter to Sextus Julius Africanus have survived.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The latter defended the authenticity of the additions made in the Greek language to Daniel's book.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In his book De adulteratione librorum Origenis, Rufinus lists a series of forged works put in Origene's name.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In addition to these, at least the works Dialogus de recta in Deum fide, Hippolytos' Philosophomena and Julianos Halikarnassos's commentary on the Book of Job have been put in Origenee's names.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Views Philosophical and Religious Views Origenes was mostly Platonic in his philosophical views, but he had also received Stoic influences.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Thus he was thus an idealist, according to which all temporary and material things were meaningless, and only ideas were real and eternal things.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He therefore considers God, or pure reason, to be the purely ideal centre of the spiritual and eternal world.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The creative power of God calls the material world to be, a necessary basis for human life, among other things.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Equally platonic is his doctrine that spirits capable of knowing this supreme sense but are imprisoned in a body in this world will come upon death to ascend to deity, purified by fire.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He thus combined the Platonian and Christian thought worlds, and could find Philo the Alexandrian and even the Gnostics as his similarly thought predecessors.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

His thinking did not differ very much from those of Herakleon, but he nevertheless avoided the excesses of Gnostic interpretations and kept his ideas compatible with the New Testament.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenes was first and foremost a strict follower of the Bible, and he did not make any statement without a biblical basis.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The Bible was divinely inspired to him, which could be inferred from both the prophecies that had been fulfilled and from the immediate impression the reader of the scriptures received.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Because the divine Logos spoke in the Bible, it was an integrity but organic entity.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenes particularly fought against Gnostic currents by invoking the New Testament.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He was aware of the divergent descriptions of the Gospels, but regarded them as merely inaccuracies, preferring to find their deeper meaning in the scriptures, for example through allegorical interpretations.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

[7] One of the methods he used was the translation of the erect names.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In that way, he might, like Filon, find deeper meanings in individual events in history.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

At the same time, however, he stuck to the exactly translation of the actual texts.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenes made a distinction between the empiricist and the ideal church, and thus distinguished the “church of men” and the “church of angels”, or, described in Platonic terms, between the lower church and its heavenly ideal.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The ideal church alone was the Church of Christ, sprinkled around the world — the lower church in turn provided shelter for sinners.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In his opinion, the church was the holder of all mysteries and the only path to salvation.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

However, he did not care too much about the organisation of the church, although occasionally spoke of the church's office holders as its pillars and their burdensome duties and responsibilities.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Much more important to him was the idea borrowed from Plato about how people are divided into two parts, those capable of seeing only with the senses, and those capable of understanding the encrypted meaning of scriptures and various mysteries.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The organization of the church was needed only because of the former.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

It is not known if Origenes supported some compulsory creed.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

However, nothing like that was the norm, like the Bible.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

According to him, the only source of knowledge was reason, illuminated by the divine Logos and capable of exploring even the most secret depths of divine nature.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Theological and dogmatic views Origenee's view of God was purely abstract—God is complete oneness, invisible and disembodied, superior to everything material, and therefore transcendent and incomprehensible to ideas.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He is also unchanged as well as transcending time and place.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

His power, however, is limited by his goodness, justice, and wisdom — and though he is free from all escapes, his goodness and omnipotence require him to reveal himself to creation.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

This disclosure manifests itself in several ways, according to Origene, of which Logos is only one.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Revelation was the first of God's Creation Acts (compare Sananl.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

8:22), so that it might act as an intermediary between God and the world.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

An intermediary was needed because God, unchanged, could not be the source for all creation.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Logos is a rational creative force that fills the entire universe.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Since God makes Himself known forever, Logos is accordingly eternal as well.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

It forms a bridge between the created and the eternal, a visible representation of divine wisdom, and an incomprehensible and disembodied God can only be known through it.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Creation was accomplished only through Logos, and God's only or closest act to the world was the commandment to create.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Although essentially one, Logos encompasses a large number of different concepts, and therefore Origenes describes it in Platonic style as “the essence of being” and “the idea of ideas”.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The defense of God's oneness against the Gnostics led to Origenes defining Logos as belonging to God.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenes clearly emphasized the independence of Logos and the difference from God's essence.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

At the time, the Nikaian Creed definition of “the same essence as the Father” was not yet used.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Logos is a mere image, a reflection that cannot be compared to God — like one of the other “gods”, but of course first in order of precedence.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Logos doctrine and cosmology Origenes explained the function of Logos in Platonic style as a world soul through which God announces his omnipotence and power.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

His first creative act was a divine spirit with a distinct existence.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The rational intellectual beings created were also partial reflections of Logos, and since they were motivated by a perfect God, they must also be similarly perfect.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

However, their perfection, in contrast to that of God, Logos and the divine spirit, had to be achieved separately.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Freedom of will is an essential component that follows from the existence of reason, even if God is prewitting.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Logos, eternally creative, form an unceasing series of finite, conceivable alternate worlds.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenes combined stoic views of the universe with his conceptions and understood the visible world as an eternal cosmic process, which also offered an explanation for why people receive happiness, rewards and punishments in life in very different respects.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The material world originally had no place in this eternal spiritual process, but it originated because spirits fell to be rid of God.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The first to fall was a snake chained to matter and corpse.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

God's ultimate goal in creating the material world was not to punish but to bring back fallen spirits.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Man's existence is tied to a temporary body, but his higher nature is shaped in the image of God.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The soul is divided into rational and irrational parts, the latter of which is material and temporary, while the former is disembodied and possesses the freedom and power of will to rise again to a cleaner life.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

This cosmic process also has major ethical ramifications.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The goal is to return to the original state.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Spirits have the opportunity to return to Paradise through eternally recurring worlds.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

God has arranged the world so that all individual acts are directed towards the same cosmic goal, so that they eventually culminate into God himself.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Man, created in the image of God, is able to imitate God in good works and so become like God if he first discovers his own weakness and trusts in all things divine goodness.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Man is guided here by guardian angels, but especially Logos, acting through saints and prophets Christology Gradual divine revelation culminates in revelation of Christ.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In Christ, God, having previously declared himself to be the Lord in the first place, declares that he is also the Father.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The muscularisation of Logos into Christ was necessary, because otherwise he would not have been comprehensible to human senses.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

However, the final essence of the Logos remained a mystery, and Origenes was unable to explain it either.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He speaks of a “peculiar body” and, according to him, God transformed the mortal body of Jesus into a heavenly body.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He thus approached docetism, according to which Jesus was not truly, but only ostensibly human, although he otherwise honored this doctrine.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

His view of Jesus' soul is also uncertain and wavering.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He posited that it was not originally complete in the context of God, but originated in God and received a material body at his command.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Since he saw matter as a constraint on created spirits, it is impossible to say to what extent the two sides were united in Jesus.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He circumvented the problem by referring to the divine mystery by which the world is governed.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

More logically, he explained that the material nature of the world is merely an intermediate stage in the process of spiritual development, the endpoint of which would be the destruction of all matter and the return to God, who would again be all in everything.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Learning about the resurrection of bodies Origenes maintained with the explanation that Logos maintains the oneness of human existence by always transforming his body into new forms.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

This enabled him to maintain harmony between personality oneness and identity and the doctrine of cosmic process outlined above.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenee's view of Logos enabled him not to have to form a definitive opinion on the atonement work performed by Jesus.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Since sin was, after all, only negation, the absence of pure knowledge, Jesus was essentially tasked with acting mainly as an example and counsel, and his life as a human being was only a side plot when compared to the cosmic action of the omnipresent Logos.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

For Origene, Jesus' death was a sacrifice, and he compared it to other instances of someone sacrificing himself for the public good.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Here the teachings of Origee and the Church meet only on a very superficial level.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Escatology Origenes conceived that only the spiritual is true, and this was central to his entire system of doctrine.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

This allowed him to oppose the ciliasm (khiliasmos, doctrine of the millennial kingdom) associated with Christian eschatology.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He still refrained from detaching himself entirely from Christianity's expectation of heavenly hope and depictions of paradise.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He presented the purification of souls in stages until they are finally purified of all evil, come to know the truth and God the Father as the Son knew this, get to see God face to face, and receive perfectly the Holy Spirit and oneness with God.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenes described this means of achieving everything in different ways.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The most notable of these was his Platonian idea of a purifying fire that would purify the world of all evil and lead to cosmic reform.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

By further spiritualizing, Origenes may have called God himself this purifying fire.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

As a result, souls would be liberated from sin and ignorance, the material world would recede until after endless epochs, as the ultimate goal, God would be everything, and worlds and souls would return to knowing God.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origene's influence on the later church Origenes was the first theologian to use allegorical interpretation when studying the Bible.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

According to him, the contents of the Bible have both literal and divine meanings. [8].


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

From Origene, the Christian Church received its first theologian in the highest sense of the word.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

His writings were not only theoretical, as were the writings of the Gnostics of his opponents, but also contained a great ethical force.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

For the many people who could not comprehend his profound writings, he left a series of caring evocatives and symbols, as well as an insight into the ultimate goal of life.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

By his credit, Christianity can be seen to some extent as having mixed pagan search for truth and longing for God.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Origenes, however, left no pupil who could have succeeded him, nor was the church of his day able to continue his work.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Thus his knowledge disappeared.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Three centuries later, even his name was erased from the books.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In the monasteries of the Greeks, however, his name still lived, and he was the spiritual father of Greek monastic life.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

For a time Origenes was counted as one of the most prominent churchmen and his writings were widely used in the church.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

His exegetical methods were the standard of the Alexandrian school and the Origeneans were a prominent group in 3rd-century debates about areioism.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Basileios the Great and Gregorios the Nazianzite compiled a collection of Origenee's works in their first monastery in Philocalia, although neither specifically embraced Origenism nor used the methods of Alexandrian allegorical exegetics.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

However, Origenes ran into difficulties in the church later, as his followers had adopted some strident views which were put in Origene's names.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Among others, Euagrios Pontoslainen presented elaborate versions of Origenee's works in his works.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

With the controversy, some other teachings of Origenee emerged that were not accepted by the Church consensus.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

These included, among other things, the doctrine of pre-existency of souls, the doctrine of apocatastasis, or the doctrine of universal salvation, and the hierarchical view of the Trinity.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

These and a few even more peculiar ideas were declared an abomination at the local assembly of Constantinople in 545 and later at the Second Ecclesiastical Assembly of Constantinople in 553.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

[9] Origene was never declared a heretic by the Church, but neither did Origene be a saint.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The Catholic Church doesn't count him among the Church Fathers because some of his teachings were heretical, but the Orthodox Church reads him as a Church Father.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In the 1970s, it was suggested that Origenes would have believed in reincarnation as well.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The source is most likely the theosophist Geddes MacGregor's work Reincarnation in Christianity (1978).


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

MacGregor is certain that Origenes believed and taught reincarnation, and that his writings dealing with the subject have been destroyed.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He acknowledges, however, that he has no evidence on the matter.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The claim cannot be proven in light of Origenee's surviving works.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

It is true that Origenes was familiar with the idea of reincarnation (or, in his words, transmigration) concept from Greek philosophy, but he repeated several times that thought is not part of Christian doctrine or scriptures.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

In his commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, he wrote: “In this passage [where Jesus said Elijah was coming and referring to John the Baptist] it does not appear as if to speak of Elijah's soul, nor is therefore spoken of a transmigration, which is alien to the Church of God, and which has not left inherited by the apostles, and not by any scriptures” (ibid., 13:1).


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He is known to have speculated on the matter: in the paragraph “Resurrection and Judgment” in the book Of the First Principles, Origenes comes to the conclusion that instead of “glory and glorious” resurrection bodies, the non-glorified receive “dark and dark bodies” in their state of souls Accordingly - darkness and ignorance.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

He adds another piece that Rufinus edited out in the 3rd century, but preserved by Hieronymus: Perhaps “gloom and darkness” should mean this rough and earthly body which every man who must move into another world will receive to be reborn.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

The same refers to his pronouncement The Soul has neither a beginning nor an end.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Souls come into this world either bolstered by the triumphs of former lives or weakened by setbacks.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

However, it has also been speculated that he meant that for every new life God creates a new universe, rather than actual soul wanderings as we understand it today (metempsykhosis).


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Halldorf, Peter| title=21 church| publisher = Bokförlaget Cordia AB| year = 2000| id = ISBN 952-5179-11-7}} References elsewhere General: Malaty, Tadros Y.: Coptic Orthodox Church Network Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

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Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Sissonen, Raimo: The Fifth Ecumenical Council, the Second Council of Constantinopole, A.D.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

553 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

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Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

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Question: Where did Origenes die?

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Question: Where did Origenes die?

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Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

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Question: Where did Origenes die?

Origenes

Category:Church Fathers Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Matthias Alexander Castrén (also in the form Matias Aleksanteri Castrén; 2 December 1813 Tervola — 7 May 1852 Helsinki [1]) was the first professor of Finnish language at the University of Helsinki and pioneer of the study and ethnography of Uralic languages.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén's studies laid the groundwork for, among other things, fennougristics and ethnolinguistics.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He made two voyages to Siberia, where explored several languages of the region.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He eventually worked on as many as 14 grammars of Siberian languages.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén also amassed an extensive ethnological and archaeological collection from his travels.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Prior to his travels to Siberia, he had studied the Sami and the poetry singing tradition.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

After becoming acquainted with the Vienan poetry language, Castrén wrote a vaunted Swedish version of Kalevala.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Biography Adolescence and study Matthias Alexander Castrén was born in Tervola in 1813.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

His father was Christian Castrén, a chaplain who later became vicar of Rovaniemi, and his mother, Susanna Sofia Fellman.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Both the Castrén and Fellman families were old priestly lineages.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] Matthias already learned both Finnish and Swedish at home.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Tervola was a Finnish-speaking area, but in the weather family, knowledge of Swedish was essential.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[3] After Christian Castrén died, Susanna's mother moved with her children to Oulu, where Matthias Alexander started 1826 in a trivial school.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Prior to this, he had only been homeschooled.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[3] Castrén transferred after school to study at the Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

The university was not able to study Finnish as a major yet, but Carl Niclas Keckman was a lecturer in Finnish and taught on a variety of subjects.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén had probably followed some degree of Keckman's teaching, as he sought to acquire all knowledge of Finnish and its lineages.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[4] During his studies, Castrén belonged to Saturiseura together with many other members of the Ostrobothnian Osakunta, which contributed to his interest in the study of Finnish language.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[4] He graduated in 1836 with a master's degree in philosophy.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He had studied Oriental and Classical languages, as well as philosophy, and apparently aspired to become a priest.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén became interested in Northern Eurasian linguistic and ethnology, especially thanks to Elias Lönnrot's Kalevala.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

His circle of friends included, besides Lönnrot, Zachris Topelius, J. L. Runeberg and J. V. Snellman, so the direction of his career was likely influenced anyway by the rise of Finnishness and national Romantic thinking.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] After the first expeditions and the Swedish version of Kalevala, Castrén left in 1838 to join his fellow member Carl Robert Ehrström in Lapland, where he had his first contact with the Sámi language.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[5] He studied Sami folk poetry and mythology there.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Based on material he collected in 1839, Castrén published his dissertation De affinitate declinationum in lingua Fennica, Esthonica et Lapponica.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

In it he wrote about the common features of Finnish, Estonian and Sámi declination.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Due to his researches, Castrén was appointed in 1840 Docent of Finnish and Ancient Northern Folk Tribes Languages of the Imperial Alexander University.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[6] On his return from Lapland, he heard about an expedition to Siberia planned by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén contacted Anders Johan Sjögren and declared his willingness to become the expedition's linguist.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

As the response of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences stretched, Castrén begged the Society of Finnish Literature for travel assistance to explore the authentic poetry singing tradition and the mythological background of the poems.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén was able to take a trip to the poetry lands of Viena, and he met both Arhippa Perttunen and Vaassila Kieleväinen in the summer of 1839.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[5] Thanks to Russian Karelian travels, Castrén became acquainted with the Vienese poetry language.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

It enabled him to become familiar with Kalevala's translation work.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén's Swedish notation appeared in 1841, and was the first complete translation of the work.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] It was considered excellent.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén participated in the debate on Kalevala anyway.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He tended to believe that its ancient poems were largely mythological.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[5] Studies of Finland and its related languages began to appear at the rate that in 1841 a series of publications Finland was established for them: Tidskrift i fosterländska ämnen.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Its founders included Castrén and Elias Lönnrot, among others.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[6] Voyages to Russia The first voyage Castrén's first larger expedition began in November 1841, when he departed with Lönnrot for Lapland.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

In January 1842, Castrén learned of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences decision on an extensive research project on the indigenous peoples of Siberia.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Anders Johan Sjögren, who wrote to him, advised Castrén to go to Arkhangelsk to study the Nenets language.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] In Arkhangelsk, Castrén heard that he had been awarded a grant from Finnish state funds to study Samoyedic languages.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén began work in the summer of 1842 in Arkhangelsk with the assistance of the Nenets.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He then began a voyage along the Arctic coast, arriving in February 1843 at Pustozersk, from where he continued along Petšora to Ust-Tsilma and Ižma.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén completed a script of the grammar of Komi in September, which he sent to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] In autumn Castrén went east of the River Usa.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

During this trip, his health began to deteriorate.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He arrived in Obdorsk in November and made remarks there on the kinship of the Nenets and Finnish languages.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén's health began to be worrying, however, and in February 1844 he was forced to travel for medical attention along the Obia to Berezovo.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

According to the doctor, Castrén was ill with pneumonia, which caused him to go home.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] Castrén returned in May 1844 to Helsinki.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

There he finished his komi grammar Elementa grammatices Syrjaenae, whose section on nominitbending, De nominum declinatione in lingua Syrjaena, was accepted as a dissertation.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] Another voyage Castré left in February 1845 again to Siberia.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

His fellow traveler was Johan Reinhold Bergstadi, a newly graduated master.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

In Kazan, they arrived in April.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

There Castrén finished his mar grammar Elementa grammatices Tscheremissae.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

They moved on in May, carrying out studies on the Khants who lived along Irtysh and Obi.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

In Toropkova, Castrén met foresters whose language forest forest forest was still unknown to science during Castrén's time.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] Castrén completed the late summer in Surgut the script of Khanty grammar.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

From Surgut, Castrén and Bergstadi continued their journey to Narym, where Castrén explored the selcups.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

In Selkupiite territory, they travelled by sleigh until they arrived in March 1846 in Tomsk.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

In April, their paths parted ways in Yeniseisk.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén delved into local Selkup dialects and commissioned Bergstad to study the Keet language.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] Castrén and Bergstadi returned to Yeniseisk at the end of May.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

They continued north thereafter.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

During the voyage, Castrén also collected traditional artifacts of evenks, keettes and selcups.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén and Bergstadi arrived in Dudinka in early September.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

However, Bergstadi, who became ill, was unable to continue the journey to Tolstoy Nos, where Castrén studied the Samoyedic languages of the region and collected ethnological material.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

On the way back he took Bergstad with him, who, however, was unable to continue any further and was forced to return to Finland.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén returned to Yeniseisk, where he worked on the Keet language.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] Castrén fell ill himself, but as summer approached, he was able to continue his journey south.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He passed through Krasnoyarsk and Minusinsk to the Saya Mountains.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He met kamasses and studied kamassi as well as two Turkic languages, hakassi and tofa.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] Castrén arrived in March 1848 in Irkutsk.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He was quite frail at the time.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

From there he sent to St. Petersburg linguistic notes and an archaeo-ethnological collection.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

From Irkutsk, Castrén travelled across Lake Baikal into Buryat territory.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

From Kjahta he made the second visit of his trip to China, and in May he arrived at Nerchinsk, which was the easternmost point of his journey.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

While there, Castrén studied evenki, as well as the ancient tombs and plotlines of the region.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] Castrén left in June on a return journey.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

It lasted more than six months because of the illness.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He suffered not only from pneumonia, but also from dysentery and scurvy.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén arrived in Saint Petersburg only in late January and Helsinki in February 1849.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] After becoming a professor, Castrén's health improved in Finland, and he began preparing to publish his research results.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Khanty grammarian Versuch einer ostjakischen Sprachlehre nebst kurzem Wörterverzeichniss (1849) was the first to graduate.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Castrén also gave his famous presentation “Hvar låg det Finska folkets vagga?” In it, he popularly put forward his theory that the Finns originated from the Altai.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

According to Castrén, the initial home of the Finno-Ugric people would have been on the western slopes of the Altai in the Sajan Mountains.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] [7] In his dissertation De affixis personalibus linguarum Altaicarum, written for the post of professor at Castrén, he compares the personal endings of the Uralic, Turkic, Mongolian and Tunguusian languages.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

On 14 March 1851, Castrén was named the first Professor of Finnish Language and Literature at the Imperial Alexander University.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] As a professor, Castrén lectured on ethnology, Finnish and Finno-Ugric mythology, and Kalevala.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He also wrote his travel photography and worked on his main work, the grammar of Samoyedic languages.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

However, Castrén's tuberculosis broke out again in 1852.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Although he sometimes worked, he did not finish his work and died in May.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] His extensive literary estate, Franz Anton von Schiefner, submitted for publication in 1853—1862.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[8] The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences published no fewer than twelve volumes in the Sakan language as the “Nordische Reisen und Forschungen von Dr. M. Alexander Castrén” series during that period.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] The family Castrén had married in 1850 to Natalia Tengtström, a well-known family of Tengströms.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Natalia's father was Johan Jakob Tengström, a professor of philosophy.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

They had an 1851 son.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

M.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

After A. Castrén died, Natalia was widowed at the age of 21.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[9] Their son Robert Castrén was a well-known politician and newspaperman who died at the age of 32 from appendicitis.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[10] The importance of Castré was, as a linguist, even globally exceptional.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

From the materials he collected under difficult circumstances, he worked on grammars of 14 languages in total.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

He was also a pioneer in comparative uralistics and the study of Siberian languages.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] He was therefore laying the groundwork for the development of fennougristics, and on the other hand, his studies were beginning studies in both uralistics and altaistics.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[11] Furthermore, Castrén was embarking on linguistic fieldwork, so he can even be considered the founder of ethnolinguistics.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[2] Castrén can be considered to have originated an interest in establishing the initial home of the language and culture of the Finnish peoples and peoples.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Although Castrén's ideas about the initial home of the Finno-Ugric peoples on Altai were largely combinations of romantic ancient stories, the biblical flood narrative, and language comparisons, they widely influenced, among other things, the perception of the Finns' Mongolian origins.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[7] Castrén is known as a skilled collector and note-taker of material.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Many of the linguists of his day mainly dabbled only in philosophical speculations.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

In 1853—1862, the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences compiled Castrén's studies, as well as lectures on travel memoirs, mythology and Uralic-Altaic ethnology into a book M.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

A. Castréns nordische Reisen und Forschungen I-XII, which inspired other scholars to make trips to Inner Russia.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[12] M.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

The memorial statue of A. Castrén (1921) is in Matiaksenlehti, Helsinki, next to the National Museum, on the side of Parliament House, just off the Ostrobotnia House.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[13] Cultural organization M.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

The A. Castrén Society is named after Castrén.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

The Society aims to establish contacts and promote interaction between the peoples who speak Uralic languages in Finland and Russia, to make their culture known in Finland, and to support peoples' cultural endeavors and use of the language.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[14] Castréninkatu in Kallio, Helsinki, is also named after Matthias Alexander Castrén.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

[15] Sources Lacrose-Mannila, Elina: “Ethnology and Social Anthropology”.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Risto Alapuro & Matti Alestalo & Elina-Haavio-Mannila| title = History of Finnish Sociology| location = Porvoo, Helsinki, Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1992| isbn = 951-0-17996-5}} Häkkinen, Kaisa: “Matthias Alexander Castrén Finnish as a language researcher”.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Per Urales ad Orientem.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Iter polyphonicum multilingue| location = Helsinki| publisher = Société Finno-Ougrienne| year = 2012| version = Finno-Ugric Society editories| isbn = 978-952-5667-33-2| format = [Häkkinen's article] | accessdate = 8.2.2017}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = M.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

A. Castrén| title = Lectures on Finnish Mythology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2016| version = Suom. and ed.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Joonas Ahola| isbn = 978-952-222-741-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kallio, Pauli & Otsamo, Pentti| title = M.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

A. Castré and Siberian grammar| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version = Text: Pauli Kallio.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Photos: Pentti Otsamo.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

Published in collaboration with M.


Question: What did Matthias Castrén die of?

Matthias Alexander Castré

With A. Castren's society| id = ISBN 978-951-1-22570-6}} On the topic elsewhere Category:99.7 Representatives of humanities Category:Finnish linguists Category:Professors of the Imperial Alexander University Category:Finnish explorers Category:Fennists Category:People born in 1813 Class:Persons who died in 1852 Class:Finnish professors


Question: Who was the 14th President of the United States?

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The President of the United States is head of state and government of the United States


Question: Who was the 14th President of the United States?

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The president heads the federal executive body and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.


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The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term in office by popular vote through the Assembly of Electors.


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Beginning in 1951, the maximum number of presidential terms in office was limited to two terms.


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[1] Included in this list are those who took the oath of President of the United States following the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1789.


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For U.S. leaders prior to ratification see President of the Congress of Settlements.


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No interim presidents who held the post under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution are included.


Question: Who was the 14th President of the United States?

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The last numbers show periods during which the president was in power.


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George Washington, for example, was in office for two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not first and second).


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Gerald Ford rose to the presidency after Richard Nixon had resigned, and served as president for the remainder of Nixon's second term.


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Grover Cleveland, on the other hand, was in office for two terms that were not consecutive, making him count as both the 22nd and 24th president.


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Therefore, there are 45 “presidencies” but only 44 people on the list.


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Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

North American Indians were originally a group of indigenous peoples living in diverse environments whose ancestors arrived in the Americas probably in the Stone Age from East Asia.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

In history, the many times shamanistic religion associated with the connection of the spirit world and nature, with its various sacrificial and other rituals, was important to most Native American peoples [1].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The rituals were believed to ensure the availability of game and crops in accordance with the old Stone Age tradition.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

In contrast, the methods of acquiring alimony, settlement solidity, belligerence, and attitudes towards wealth varied considerably from region to region.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The arrival of Europeans who developed their techniques further in the 17th and 18th centuries nearly virtually wiped out the Native American peoples who lived in the Stone Age and their culture by the end of the 19th century.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Momentarily, however, European influences gave rise to new cultures, the most notable being the bison hunting culture influenced in the Great Plains region and based on the use of steeds.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Within three centuries, the majority of Native Americans died from diseases infected by Europeans, against which they lacked immunity.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Also, the wars reduced the numbers of Native Americans and the ripples of numerous different tribes merged with each other in Native American reserves established by the United States government across the country.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Later, towards the end of the 20th century, the status of Native Americans has improved again and their population has embarked on rapid growth.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The route of passage and time of arrival of Native Americans in North America's first inhabitants remain under debate.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Some researchers believe the migration began more than 40,000 years ago, but most research results suggest that settlement spread across the continent about 15,000 years ago.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The first group migration is believed to have occurred from Asia to North America through the Bering Strait.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Discoveries in Siberia suggest that the rapid warming of the end of the last glacial period played a decisive role in the emergence of the first settlement.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The conclusion is reinforced by numerous cultural ties linking Siberia's Stone Age communities to the first communities in America.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[2] According to one theory, the first settlers of the Americas were the Solutreans who inhabited the southwestern coastal regions of Europe, who migrated from the territory of present-day France and Spain along the Atlantic route along the edge of the ice.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[3] [4] Most of the original inhabitants of North America are classified as so-called Amerindians who migrated to the continent in the first groups.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Athabascan speaking na dene peoples such as the Apaches and Navajo living in northwestern Canada and the southwestern United States came to the Americas later.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Northern Eskimos, Aleuts and Yupiks have traditionally been seen as a non-Native American third group to arrive on the continent last [5].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

There are probably about 500 Native American languages spoken in the United States and Canada.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[5] A growing number of researchers believe that the settlers of America arrived in small groups and became trapped on the Alaskan side.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[6] As a guarantee of survival, they skillfully exploited all possible game and vegetable food.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Archaeological research suggests that ancient Native Americans hunted big game, as arrowheads from the ancient Clovis culture have been found between mammoths and mastodonts bones excavated from several states.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[7] Permanent settlements were built haphazardly in different areas, where groups running after game dispersed over the generations.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[8] Native American population In the following millennia, the number of Native Americans increased especially after the beginning of farming.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The number of Indians living north of present-day Mexico in North America around 1500 has been estimated at 1—16 million [9].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The lowest estimate is that 750000 lived in the territory of the present United States and about 250,000 in Canada, and in addition some number in Alaska [10].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

According to one estimate, there would have been more than two million Indians in the early 16th century and the number would have dropped rapidly due to disease to 1.5 million [11].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

According to these estimates, the oft-presented roughly 6—8 million Indians would have required a completely different society to include the southeastern parts of North America.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The population was densest in farming areas as well as on beaches, near lakes and in river valleys.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[10] Particularly densely populated areas included California, the Northwest Coast, some farming areas in the southwest, and the forested eastern region.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Harvta settlement was in the subarctic and arctic regions, as well as in the Great Plains and Great Basin. [12] [13].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

For example, the Columbia River plateau had an average population density of 0.01 to 1 as/100 km2 [12].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The number of Indians was at its lowest point just after the end of the Indian Wars between 1890 and 1910, when the reading was below 250,000 [10].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

According to a census taken in 1980, there were at least 1.5 million U.S. and Canadian Indians and descendants of whites and Native Americans and the 2010 census puts the number of Indians at nearly three million.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[14] By the 1970s, another 0.33 million Indians knew the language of their own people, but many languages were disappearing.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[11] North American Cultural Areas Northern Forest Territories This cultural area belongs mainly to Canada.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The so-called subarctic region was home to an abundance of Indians of different tribes.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The peoples living closest to the Eskimos had adopted some of the customs of these, but as a whole, Native American cultures differed significantly from that of the Eskimos.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Moose and caribou were the main game animals.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Pen plants remained in certain catching areas.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The canoe was the main means of transport and snowshoes were indispensable during winter fishing trips.The religion of the Northern Indians was animism, in which the Sages sought to come into contact with the spirit world to ward off accidents threatening the village.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[15] The Indians of the Subarctic region are divided into two major language groups, the Algonkinian to the east and the Athabascan languages to the west.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Early migrations resulted in many Algonkins migrating during the first half of the 10th century either to the Great Lakes region east or along the ocean shore to South Carolina.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

They include, but are not limited to, the Mahicans of the Hudson Bay and Hudson River, the Delaware and Shawnees that spread over large areas, and the creet and ojibwas living west of the Upper Lake.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Nowadays, peoples are mainly united by linguistic relatives.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Some of the Athabascas roamed the Rocky Mountains all the way to present-day New Mexico.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The Apache and Navajo are best known for them [16] Eastern Forest Area The Indians of the Eastern Forest region began construction of earth mounds even before the beginning of the period.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Influenced east of the Mississippi River, the Hopewell tradition focused on the surroundings of present-day Ohio and the complex burial ceremonies, farming as well as the trade network that stretched as far as the Rocky Mountains were the most characteristic features of the Hopewell cult.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Farming allowed the population to settle in fixed villages.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[17] In the same era, the profession of mound builders specialised in and around increasingly large mound structures, high-cultural Indian towns whose stylistic direction mimicked the pyramids of Mesoamerica.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The largest and best known of these cities was Cahokia, located in the Illinois Territory, which surpassed in size most metropolises of that time.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

For exactly unknown reason, Cahokia was deserted by 1350.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[18] Northeast Forested Area Of the livelihoods of Native Americans who spread out into the Northeast and Eastern Forested Areas of the United States, the most important was farming except in the northernmost areas where cultivation was limited due to the brevity of the annual growing season.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Hunting and the collection of Native American rice was also common.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Almost all Indians in the area were Iroquian-speaking or Algonkinese.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The Iroquois lived in large villages, which, according to common custom, were protected by sturdy pile equipment.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The villages were formed of long houses that accommodated a large number of inhabitants.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The Algonkins, on the other hand, predominantly used wigwams.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[19] A special position among the Indians farming the land was the Iroquois League of Lake Erie and Ontario and the Saint Lawrence River region, which as the only Native American group north of Mexico formed a political union in the 16th century.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Under the clampdown on European settlements, the Iroquois League was unable to function as a peace alliance but resorted to the use of military force to destroy tribes outside their alliance.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

As a result of these attacks, many peoples who lived as neighbors to the Iroquois east of the Great Lakes were forced to leave their living circles as early as the 17th century.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[20] The Algonkin peoples, which gave way to English colonial settlement and the Iroquois, initially allied with the French, and rose in 1763 in rebellion against British strongholds led by Pontiac, the Ottawi chief.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[21] Later, Joseph Brant of the Mohawks and Tecumseh of the Shawnee assembled a major Indian alliance against the United States, but, like Pontiac, they failed in destroying the settler.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[22] Southeast Forest Area The most famous peoples of this cultural area were the Cherokee, Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The Cherokee spoke an Iroquois dialect; the other three were of the Muskogee language group.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Natchezes who lived in the southwestern parts of the present-day state of Mississippi are counted as consumables within the same cultural group.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The roots of the Natchezes dated back to Mississippi culture, where large temple mounds in Olmeek and Mayan style were characterized.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[23] The Natchezes were assimilated into neighbouring peoples during the 18th century as a result of wars against the French.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Many other tribes in the Southeast Cultural District also disappeared before the 19th century.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The Cherokee, Choctaws, Creeks, and Chickasaws traversed the trail of tears by 1840 and moved to the Oklahoma Indian Territory by U.S. order.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[24] Native Americans who lived on the Prairie Plains were either farmers of the Missouri River environment or bison hunters of the western short-wall prairie.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Even before the mid-17th century, the short-wall prairie was almost uninhabited.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Tribes living on the fringes of the plains made hunting expeditions there on foot in pursuit of bison, but did not live there.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[25] The arrival of Europeans changed the culture of the region, as horses from the south and firearms from the east enabled mobile nomadic life on the backs of the steeds.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The teepee settlement proliferated due to its easy demolition and the camp site could be changed in an instant.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The proliferation of steeds caused many tribes to leave farming.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Crow't, Comanche, Blackfeet and Sioux, among others, went on to become full-time bison hunters.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Even many creet abandoned the northern forests and opted for the riding bison hunter's way of life.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[26] From the early 19th century onward, many Native American wars were fought on the plains.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Sometimes the cause of war was enough to satisfy the desire for variation or belligerent glory, but often wars were also associated with blood casts.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[27] As U.S. immigrant settlement spread westward in the late 1830s, many tribes forgot their mutual strife and allied themselves against the Americans.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[28] The California gold rush, which began in the middle of the century, added to the problems between the Plains Indians and the settlers.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The wars of the following decades against the United States brought to the fore many Native American leaders that went down in history.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Such included Red Cloud of the Sioux, Mad Horse and Sitting Bull, among others.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[29] The resistance of the Prairies Indians effectively ended in the 1870s, although individual battles were still fought in the following decades.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

After the United States had eradicated nearly all bison from the Plains, Native Americans had to abandon their plains culture and submit to living in the reservation assigned to them [30].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The Southwest Territory Native Americans of the Southwest Territory include the so-called Pueblo Indians (= village) of Arizona and New Mexico.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Their culture descended primarily from the well-studied prehistoric Anasazi culture, where communities built irrigation canals for their crops and were able to shorten the growing season of their crops through a variety of different methods.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[31] Pueblo villages are formed of groups of houses that were embankments built together.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The actual pueblos live mainly along the Rio Grande and on their western side lived Hopi Indians who represented the same culture.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The Spanish expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado mistreated the silverware upon discovering the settlement of these in the summer of 1540.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[32] As a result of migration from Canada, the Apache and Navajo settled in the environment of the pueblos during the 14th—17th centuries, and adopted the farming of these.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Later, both nations posed a permanent threat to peaceful pueblos, and made war against Mexico and the United States during the 19th century.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[33] Western Mountain Area This cultural region encompasses the Great Deeplands of the Rocky Mountains.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The communities of Fremont culture that affected in and around Utah disappeared as a result of major climate changes before 1500, and their place was filled by the Shoshons, Utets, and Paiutes of the Uto-Asteek language.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[34] European settlers used the derogatory name diggers (rooters) from the deep Indians because these were hunter-gatherers and dug roots out of the land for sustenance.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[35] The horse culture that spread in the 18th century sharply divided the deep tribes in two and the northernmost and southernmost communities adopted the tepees and equestrian culture of the Plains Indians.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

With the advent of horses, the belligerence of the Deep Northerners and Easterners increased and along with raiding, they engaged in the slave trade, which they had adopted from the Spanish in the south.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[36] Native Americans of the Northern High Plains and British Columbia were originally fishermen who lived in large villages along the rivers.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

During the summer, the inhabitants of the villages dispersed into the mountains in small groups for foraging and hunting.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The style of housing in this cultural precinct varied depending on the residential area.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The northernmost peoples used semi-underground settlements where no more than two families lived.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[37] The huts of the communities that lived closer to the plains resembled the wigwams of the Eastern Forest Indians.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Of the peoples of the uplands, the most famous were the nez percet and the salishs.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

During the 18th century, the easternmost groups possessed many features of the culture of the northern plains and in the early 19th century the tribes of the highlands had more horses than the tribes of the northern plains.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[38] The Highlands Indians lived long isolated from Europeans and were not charted until 1805-1806, when the Lewis and Clark expedition crossed the highlands and sailed down the Columbia River to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[39] Northwest Coast Northwest Coast tribes tribes such as the Tlingites, sharks, chinooks and kwakius lived by fishing, mainly salmon fishing.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

They were more short in stature than other mainland Indians and their houses resembled those of repairmen on the northeast coast of Asia.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[40] Northwest Coast Indians normally acquired property not for economic gain, but for social prestige.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

They present their imagination-rich lore, among other things, with skillful woodcuts in canoes, coffins, household supplies and especially totem poles.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

With the arrival of European traders to the northwest coast, the Chinooks developed a special trade language, a mixture of words more commonly used by local tribes and by the French and English.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[41] The use of the language extended to Alaska in the north and California in the south.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[42] California Indians California was the most densely populated area in North America even before the beginning of the period.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The area was linguistically very fragmented, as its inhabitants consisted of many different language families.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Societies were often highly developed, tribes led by chiefs.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The size and quality of villages and buildings varied depending on whereabouts.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[43] The Chumash and other peoples of the coastal regions originally lived by fishing.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Inland Indians harvested food crops and many tribes depended on acorns and horse chestnuts (Aesculus californica). [44].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Farming was rare with tobacco being the only plant to be cultivated.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Coastal areas were rainy, with the northeast inland being dry steppe and desert.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[45] In the 18th century, the advent of the Spanish, and later the California gold rush of the 1850s, rapidly reduced the numbers of Native Americans.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Pestilence, deportations from lands, and deliberate killing resulted in the deaths of an estimated 180,000 California Indians by 1880.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[46] North American Indians in the 21st Century In 2010, there were 565 federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States whose rights to self-government are essentially the same as those of U.S. states.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

More than a third of the nearly three million Indians in the United States live in the California, Arizona and Oklahoma region.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

In 2010, the most populous Native American peoples in the United States were the Cherokee and Navajo. [47].


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

The casino economy, which began in the 1980s, has significantly improved the economic status of many tribes, but especially the education and earnings of Indians living on the reservation remain at a low level.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Over the past several decades, Native American traditional religions have revived and annual POW-WOW events are held across North America.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[48] Of the Indian communities in Canada, the creet are the largest Native American peoples in population.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[49] A third of Canada's indigenous peoples live on rural reservations.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Exclusively in British Columbia, there are hundreds of small reserves along the Pacific coast.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Of the cities, Native American settlement is most concentrated in Vancouver, Edmonton, and Winnipeg.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

[50] Domestic literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eva Lips| title = Indians| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1978| id = ISBN 951-35-1526-5| language = english | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dee Brown| title = Dee Brown| title = Bury my heart in Wounded Kneehen| publisher = Otava| year = 1973| id = 951-1-00675-4| language = english | format = [Bury My Heart in Wounded Knee]}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Gilbert Legay| title = Indianatlas| publisher = WSOY| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-0-20440-4 | language = english | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rani-Henrik Andersson & Markku Henriksson| title = Indians — North American Indigenous History | publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2010| id = 978-952-495-162-3| format = [Indians] (HTML) | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Coe, Michael| title= Atlas of Ancient America| publisher = Facts on File| year = 1986| id=ISBN 978-0816011995Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fagan, Brian| title = Long Summer: Human History and Climate Change| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7595-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henriksson, Markku| title = Native Americans| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1985| id = ISBN 951-662-385-9| language = english | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mann, Charles| title = 1491, America before Columbus| location = Helsinki| publisher = Into kustannus Oy| id = 2011| version = 1491| = ISBN 978-952-264-076-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Simms, Steven R.| title= Ancient People of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau| publisher = Left Coast Press| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-1-59874-296-1Sctranlusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stanford, Dennis & Bradley, Bruce A.| title=Across Atlantic Ice| publisher = Univ of California Press| year = 2012| id=ISBN 978-0-520-22783-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Colin F. Taylor, William C Sturtevant| title = Great Indian Book| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-20-4749-7| language = english | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = North American Indians - culture and history of Native American peoples from Rio Grande to Yukon River| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-717-7887| language = English | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waldman, Carl| title = Atlas of North American Indian| publisher = Facts of File publications| year = 1985| id = ISBN 0-87196-850-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waldman, Carl| title= Encyclopedia of Indian Tribes| publisher = Checkmark Book| year = 2006| id = ISBN 978-0816062744| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

References Elsewhere Book review: Andersson, Rani-Henrik; Hämäläinen, Riku; Kekki, Saara: “Handbook of Native American Cultures.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

Vocabulary of culture, history and politics.” Gaudeamus, 2013.


Question: How many Native American tribes in North America are estimated to be left?

Native Americans of North America

(Agricola Book Reviews, July 10, 2013) * Category:Pre-Columbian Cultures Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Republic of Estonia (), or Estonia, is a republic on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe, south of the Gulf


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia has a land border with the Russian Federation and Latvia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The country has a population of 1320000, of whom about a third (434426) live in the capital Tallinn.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

After Tallinn, the largest cities are the university town Tartu (98449 inhabitants), the industrial cities Narva (59049 inhabitants) and Kohtla-Järve (37198 inhabitants) and the so-called Estonian summer capital Pärnu (40005 inhabitants).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Geography Estonia covers an area of about 45339 square kilometers.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[1] In terms of area, it is therefore the smallest of the Baltic States.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

It is larger than, say, the Netherlands, Switzerland or Denmark.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

From east to west, Estonia has a latitude of 350 kilometres and a length of 240 kilometres from north to south.