Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Ropa) and continued their advance to Limbaž.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

The Estonians counterattacked and the Germans had to withdraw from Limbaž.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

On 21 June, the Estonians had received reinforcements and attacked the Baltische Landeswehr, commanded by Major Fletcher, which had to withdraw to the north-east of Cesis.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

To relieve the pressure exerted by the Estonians on the Baltische Landeswehr, the Eiserne Division, commanded by von der Goltz, attacked from Straupe towards Stalpe.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

On the morning of 23 June 1919, however, the Germans began to withdraw from Riga.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

The Allies again began demanding the withdrawal of the Germans from the Baltics and a ceasefire among the Freikorps as well as the Estonians as these advanced towards Riga.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

The British demanded the surrender of von der Goltz's chiefdom to the Russian Colonel Pavel Bermondt commanding the White Army by Russia.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

The British Hubert Gough, in turn, was to take command of the Baltische Landeswehr commanded by Major Fletcher.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Major Bischoff formed a German legion out of a dozen Freikorps units and handed them over to Bermondt's command.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Overall, the strength of the German forces handed over to Bermondt and Gough's command was 14,000 soldiers, 64 aircraft, 56 artillery guns and 156 machine guns, where six cavalry units and a field hospital.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Under pressure from the Circum-Powers, von der Goltz and his men travelled back to Germany in October 1919.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

[1] Like Rüdiger von der Goltz, Pavel Bermondt also attempted a coup d'état, which was repulsed by Latvian and Estonian national units, receiving fire support from a British Navy ship in the port of Riga.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Memoirs Rüdiger von der Goltz published his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States in 1920.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pertti Haapala, Tuomas Hoppu et al.| title = Civil War Giant| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-0-35452-0}} Edvard Hjelt, 1919: Revolutionary Years — Memoirs II: War Years and stay in Germany.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Estonia Yearbook 2006: General, Count Rüdiger von der Goltz, pages 36-45, maj ret Pauli V. Koskinen, 2006, Tallinn, Tallinn, Tallinn Oy, ISBN 952-5293-31-9, ISSN References Literature Goltz, Rüdiger von der, My activities in Finland and the Baltic States, WSOY (1920), Goltz Tz, Rüdiger von der, Meine Sendung im Finnland und im Baltikum, Leipzig 1920.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Bermond-Awaloff Pavel, Im Kampf gegen den Bolschevismus.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Erinnerungen von..., Berlin 1925.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

BischoffJosef, Die letzte Front.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Geschichte der Eiserne Division im Baltikum 1919, Berlin 1935.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Darstellungen aus den Nachkriegskämpfen deutscher Truppen und Freikorps, Bd 2: Der Feldzug im Baltikum bis zur zweiten Einnahme von Riga.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Januar bis Mai 1919, Berlin 1937; Bd 3: Die Kämpfe im Baltikum nach der zweiten Einnahme von Riga.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Juni bis Dezember 1919, Berlin 1938.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Die baltische Landeswehr im Befreiungskampf gegen den Bolschevismus.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Ein Gedenkbuch, herausgegeben vom baltischen Landeswehrein, Riga 1929.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Kiewisz Leon, Sprawy łotewskie w bałtyckiej polityce Niemiec 1914-1919, Poznań 1970.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Łossowski Piotr, Między wojną a pokojem.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Niemieckie zamysły wojenne na wschodzie w obliczu traktatu wersalskiego.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Marzec-Kwiecień 1919, Warszawa 1976.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Paluszyński Tomasz, Walka o niepodległość Łotwy 1914-1920, Warszawa 1999.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Von den baltische Provinzen zu den baltischen Staaten.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Beiträge zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Republiken Estland und Lettland, Bd I (1917-1918), Bd II (1919-1920), Marburg 1971, 1977.


Question: In what battle was Rüdiger von der Goltz wounded in September 1914?

Rudiger von der Goltz

Category:German generals Class:Finnish Civil War Germans Class:German nobles Class:Born in 1865 Class:Dead in 1946


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Sleep is a firsthand, subjective experience experienced during sleep in which thoughts, emotions, mental images, sounds and other sensations occur.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

The content of the dream may resemble a story that proceeds illogically and absurdist; the phenomena of everyday life appear distorted without any kind of “boundaries”.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

In particular, dreams occurring during the REM sleep phase are surreal and illogical.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

A bad or distressing dream is called a nightmare.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

A dream in which the dreamer recognizes that their sleep is a dream is said to be explicit.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

The Purpose of Dream Dreams have in human history been often interpreted as omens or messages from the gods.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Even today, dream books are published, often providing dreams with magical and formulaic meanings.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

There is still no consensus among scientists on the purpose of seeing dreams, and several theories have been put forward for the phenomenon.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[1] There is a large gap between Freudian psychoanalytic sleep vision and academic cognitive neuroscience sleep research.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[2] Sigmund Freud, the developer of psychoanalysis, suggested in his book Interpretation of Dreams (1900) that sleep is a pathway to human hidden consciousness.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

According to him, in a dream, hidden desires are presented more or less disguised.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Freud interpreted many of his patients' dreams as expressions of rejected sexual desires and contradictions.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[1] According to Freud, unconscious and rebuffed psychic instigations appear in dreams, and the content of sleep can be perceived as a pictorial riddle.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Unlike neurophysiological research, psychoanalytic research looks at the content and individual meaning of dreams; dreams are therefore not considered purposeless mental “noise”.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

The position of psychoanalysis has remained controversial, and psychological research focusing on the meaning of dreams (so-called phenomenological research) could be considered scientific mainly when the researcher deals with dreams by interacting with the dreamer himself and does not reject their possible meaningfulness outright, but on the other hand does not impose some interpretation unilaterally correct.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[3] Neurophysiologists Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley created the so-called activation—synthesis theory based on REM dreams in the late 1970s.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

According to it, random waves of activation are ejected from the brainstem, which the cortex tends to interpret as if they were the correct course of events and originating from the outside world.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[1] The theory holds that dreams are in themselves devoid of psychological (emotional, cognitive) meanings, and are not, for example, sexual and censored.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[2] According to psychologist Antti Revonsuo, sleep forms can be called a simulation of the world.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

According to him, the dream exists because it is assorted to promote the survival of the species.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[1] Revonsuo has put forward a threat simulation theory in which threats are external.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[2] In psychiatrist-psychoanalyst Fred M. Levin's neuropsychoanalytic sleep model, a key function of sleep is learning.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

In the model, dreams firstly facilitate learning by creating specific emotion based action plans that palpate the more specific nature and contexts of potential hazards; secondly, train the emotional and instinctive potentials of the brain; and thirdly, can simulate threatening events and thus develop a person's means of survival.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[2] Dreams at different stages of sleep Human sleep have been observed to have markedly different states, which have been observed to vary in cycles of 90 to 100 minutes.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[4] Dreams are different in different sleep stages.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Dreams that occur during REM sleep are surreal and illogical.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Dreams that occur during NREM sleep are more logical and “mundane”.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Animal Dreams Seeing dreams is assumed to be a biological feature evolved millions of years ago because not only man but so many animal species are supposed to have dreams.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

The function of seeing dreams is not known for certain in animals or humans.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Presumably dreams are seen by almost all mammals and birds studied, but only indirect inferences can be drawn from this, with anthropomorphism at risk.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

There is almost no information about dreaming of other animals.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Many animals have flashy sleep phases, but it is not certain whether they dream at all in the same way as humans.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Of the animals, the armadillo has the greatest number of phases during sleep.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Mammals with the exception of beaked hedgehogs and birds are shivering when they sleep, but reptiles are not.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

A few mammals are in the wilt phase for a longer period of time than a human when they sleep, such as a cat and a possum.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

On the other hand, the cattle are only shivering for a short time.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[5] When sleeping, humans and animals do not move their bodies or their limbs with sleep, because a mechanism in the cerebral cortex blocks body movements during sleep.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

However, scientists have learned to prevent the mechanism from working artificially.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

This has been able to determine what kind of dreams the animals have.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

For example, a cat has been interpreted to dream mainly about pursuing prey and playing with prey.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Sleep in mythology In several cultures, sleep is considered soul wandering.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

While asleep, the soul is believed to pass into another reality, perhaps the spirit world.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

In a dream, one can also see omens about the future or find solutions to problems.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

In Finnish tradition, sleep has been considered, among other things, to be a spirit being affecting a person.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Dream has been asked to come by singing poems.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

In the poem, sleep rides a whey eye on a horse, a bag-headed sheep and asks outside, under the window, either the child is ready in the cradle.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

In another poem, the dream is asked to come off the top of the oven and snap or shoot the child over the eye.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

In Western folklore, children are often told about a sleeper that throws sleep sand into the eyes and thus bothers the child into a good and restful sleep.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

See also Sleep Debt Insomnia Enneuni Sources Literature Blass, Rachel B.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

2002: The Meaning of the Dream in Psychoanalysis.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

State University of New York Press, Albany.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

References Literature General Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dyregrov, Atle| title = Good Sleep Guide| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookworks| year = 2002| version = (Den lille søvnboken: håndbok for folk som vil sove bedre, 2001.)


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Translated by Salla Korpela| id = ISBN 951-625-872-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hobson, J. Allan| title = Dreaming: Introduction to sleep study| location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra Cognita| year = 2004| version = (Dreaming: An introduction to the science of sleep, sleep 2002.)


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Translated by Kimmo Pietiläinen| id = ISBN 952-5202-80-1}} Lugaresi, Elio: (Il sonno e i suoi disturbi, 2008).


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

swampland. Tapani Kilpeläinen.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Tampere: so & thus, 2017.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Partinen, Markku & Huovinen, Maarit| title = Healthy uni| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-0-31215-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Partinen, Markku| title = Good sleep — sleep more conscious| location = Helsinki| publisher = Duodecim| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-656-209-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sandman, Nils| title = Nightmares: Epidemiological Studies of Subjective Experiences| location = Turku| publisher = University of Turku | year = 2017| Discount pp.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Publications of the University of Turku, B:439| isbn = 978-951-29-6926-5| id = ISSN| format = [online version]}} Valli, Katja 2008: Threat Simulation.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

The Function of Dreaming?


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

PhD dissertation.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Turku: Annales Universitatis Turkuensis, B 315.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Psychoanalytic literature Freud, Sigmund 1968: Interpretation of Dreams.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Translated by Erkki Puranen.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Gummerus, Jyväskylä.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

[Die Traumdeutung, 1900.]


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Fromm, Erich 2007: The Forgotten Language.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Introduction to understanding dreams, fairy tales and myths.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Vaspoino, Tampere.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

On the topic elsewhere Yle.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Vadén, Tere:.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

so & thus 4/2000, 66—71.


Question: Do animals see smells?

Sleep

Category:Sleep Category:Symbols Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Nigerian letters, also known as Nigerian scam (or 419 scam according to the Nigerian Penal Code chapter dealing with this scam) is a fraud aimed at collecting money most often from people living in Western countries.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Although the fraud originated in Nigeria, it has become a global problem, estimated to generate billions of dollars each year for its perpetrators.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Initially, messages came by letter or fax, and now most come by email or contact via social media.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In typical frauds, an unsuspecting victim is asked to help with a money transfer, is reported to have won a significant sum of money, is offered an incredibly good-sounding business or, in a romantic sense, a contact made in online dating asks the victim for assistance for hospital or travel expenses.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[1] The number of Nigerian letters and the sums scammed with them are on the constant rise.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Worldwide, scammers have earned more than 82 billion US dollars through messages.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The latest statistic from 2013 shows the scams generated $12.7 billion in a year.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Year-by-year, therefore, the sums only increase.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[2] History The first scams similar to modern scams have occurred as far back as the 18th century.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The most famous scam originating from the 18th century was the so-called “spanish prisoners”.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In it, fraudsters contacted, by letter, usually wealthy businessmen, claiming they were planning to smuggle someone belonging to a wealthy family out of a Spanish prison.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The scammer asks the person he approaches for money to bribe prison guards and in exchange for this help becomes the giver of the money to receive a large reward from this prisoner's wealthy family.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In some versions, marrying the beautiful daughter of a captured man is offered as a reward.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Presumably most of these letters were sent from France to the United States.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[3] A new wave of scam letters began in the 1980s and they began in factories especially in Nigeria.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Nigeria was badly corrupt and economically highly dependent on its oil industry, which was in big trouble in the 1980s.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[3] Nigeria's gross domestic product fell by an average of 5% in the 1980s, so economic problems made it easy to catch scams as one of the means of making a living.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Westerners, on the other hand, easily grabbed letters from Nigerians in the 80s because they'd heard from the media how big money was spinning in Nigeria's oil industry, or how big money the rulers from the state have embezzled.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Invoking these factors in letters fuelled hopes in recipients for easy and obscure money.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In the first Nigerian letters, the theme was that the person sending the letter was a Nigerian prince or some other member of the king family who wanted to deposit a large sum of money outside Nigeria.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This theme is still used in scams.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[3] However, the most popular and widespread spread of scam letters occurred with the advent of the internet.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The internet enabled the widespread sending of scam letters anywhere in the world with only minimal effort.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

It can be said that scam letters reach every Westerner these days, you can hardly find a person whose email spam box would never have been clattered by some variation of Nigerian letters.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Through the Internet, it is easier for scammers to chat with the scammers, it is easier for them to send fake evidence, etc.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Editing letters and making different variations is limitless, there are always new natural disasters to invoke, for example.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[3] Scam Methods The biggest incentive in Nigerian letters is money for both the scammer and the victim.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The scammer hopes to scam his victim out of money in the form of all sorts of made-up requests and payments for money while the victim dreams of his promised cash prize.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

It often doesn't matter what kind of message is in question.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Indeed, it has been noticed that the human brain is significantly more sensitive to a possible amount of money available than to how likely it is to receive it.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[4] We are therefore interested in the question of how much rather than how likely.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[5] The phenomenon is easy to prove by following lottery players.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The likelihood of getting a big lottery win is minimal, but even so coupons are bought in large quantities weekly.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

An important role is also played by the confidential nature of Nigerian letters.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Recipients are spoken to as friends and asked for evidence such as a picture of a passport so that the sender, meaning the fraudster, “could trust” their helper.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

To reciprocate, the scammer proves, with pictures and other documents, his own identity.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Secrecy and absolute confidentiality are required throughout the process.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

So a relationship of trust is being built little by little — at the same rate with the whole cheating process.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[6] Secrecy may invite a victim who feels part of some unique adventure.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In a hurry, we try to rush the victim into action soon, and the victim works so that the opportunity does not go to the side of the mouth.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[5] A lot of topicalities can also be found in letters.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[5] These aim to prop up the illusion of reality, that is, a rich close relative may suddenly be the victim of a major accident in recent history.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Business money today, too, may date back to Syria's civil war.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Despite its subject matter, the Nigerian letter is almost invariably signed by someone perceived to have authority, such as a doctor, government official or lawyer.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

We ourselves are used to appealing to authority figures to gain support for our ideas, so here, too, the use of authority serves as an argument for the veracity of the letter.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[5] The email that came from the bank with its logo is plausible.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The doctor's word is blindly trusted and one might think that because it is a doctor, he cannot be an impostor.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This is probably a bit of a naive way of thinking, but a scam tool often exploited in Nigerian letters.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Naive can also seem to be the layout of letters full of typos: in reality, this too is just another inadvertent or deliberate means of action to promote a scam.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[6] Lack of language skills causes pity in some recipients, and miraculous this would be if the letter from Africa had been written in perfect Finnish.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Often letters are in English, but typos can be found in them too.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Admittedly, typos may not work for all sorts of scams, such as banking or lottery fraud requiring official credibility, for example.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Although the letters differ in appearance from standard advertising mail, they nevertheless use individual-specific depiction known as a means of journalism and advertising.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Disguised as personal correspondence, the letters in reality portray the region as essentially one large area, with little to raise individual or specific experiences.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

If the above experiences with letters are found, they are often repeated.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This means is particularly used in Africa-based, emotion-driven conflict messages, where the scam is sold to us on the basis of less flattering perceptions of Africa known to us.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[6] The six steps to a successful scam were defined by Edward H. Smith as early as 1923 in his book Confessions of the Confidence Man: A Handbook for Suckers as Six Steps to a Successful Scam.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[7] These can certainly also be applied to modern-day Nigerian letters.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

First, background work is done, including refining the plan and acquiring accomplices and, in modern times, possibly fishing for information about a victim already known.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Next, first contact is made with the victim.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Then there is the victim's slurping and persuasion, presenting the victim with attractive roadway opportunities.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The victim's enthusiasm is bred along with greed, and soon the victim, who has given up his caution, no longer realises that he is being tricked.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Now it's the turn to prove the reliability of the operation.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

For example, in pyramid schemes, victims are paid top small sums of profits, which encourage victims to invest ever larger sums.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Soon, though, the money taps will run out.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Nigerian letters may often skip this step, but there are cases where scammers have blinded their romance scam victims with flowers, among other things.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The “cheer stage” serves as the final nail in the coffin of either the impostor or the tricked.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In this case, the scammer will confront some unexpected event or crisis, after which the victim is forced to act.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

So the scam either succeeds or fails at this point.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In some cases, however, extra insurance is required, and nothing insures, like money.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The scammer, in order to persuade the victim, can show as if he is in the same boat by also investing his own money in the game — or at least claiming to be.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[7] Examples of different types of scam messages Business messages Business messages are perhaps the most typical Nigerian letters.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Those messages, almost always designated as urgent and confidential, are typically those sent either by a ministry, a bank or an employee of one of the funds, in which they reveal they have gotten their hands on millions of dollars in often murky circumstances.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The original owner of the money is not known or has died in an accident.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Such letters are often set in countries with large natural resources and where there is no civil war, such as Nigeria and South Africa, for example.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The letters may also contain references to current events.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[6] Conflict Messages Conflict emails are also very common Nigerian letters.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

They use countries affected by unrest, such as Sierra Leone as well as the Republic of Congo, and the messages almost invariably seek help to transfer the money of the next of kin killed in the conflict abroad.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

These also often mention an internationally renowned figure, such as Charles Taylor, the former President of Liberia convicted of war crimes, and, as well as business messages, conflict messages may also exploit some current, widely publicised event.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[6] Romance Messages Scammers who exploit internet dating sites for online dating prey on their victims by creating fake profiles with attractive, stolen profile pictures.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

When someone catches a hook-up, scammers simulate being in a relationship, but in reality they are just seeking their “partner's” money with a romance scam.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

It does not take long for first declarations of love, and soon the relationship will be maintained through instant messaging and emails.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

“Love” deepens into intensity, and it's time for an imposter to ask his victim for his first gift.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Often, for the sake of credibility, third parties can be brought in: the “doctor” may contact the scammer and ask for money for the necessary medical expenses of the scammer, that is, the object of love to be scammed.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

When the scam comes to light after all, it may be hard for the victim to believe that the relationship had absolutely no veracity at all.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[8] Lotto Messages In a lottery scam, the victim is informed that she has won a large sum of money.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The language is often official and impeccable, fading suspicion.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Upon arousing interest, the victim will contact the sender, in which case the victim will be asked for information for payment of the prize.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The “smartest” individuals may, in order to be sure, call the number given by the scammer, where the person who speaks officially confirms the victory.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Blinded by a large payout, and soon already forms are being filled out.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

It is only at this point that the scammer asks his victim for money for an arrangement of paperwork or payment transfers.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

By this point, the victim has already had time to digest the idea of her new moneyed life long enough that cheating no longer crosses her mind.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The scammer will continue to ask for sums of money under the latest pretext for as long as the victim realizes the right side of the situation.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[9] Job Messages Getting a job these days feels like a lottery win, and when you finally get one, a scam may not even cross your mind.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

However, scammers have also beached job posting columns.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

First, the victim is notified that she has landed a job — often an upscale one.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

However, money from the victim is required for expenses such as a visa or background checks before starting work.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Sometimes the job is offered without a single interview or even without the victim having even submitted an application.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Once the victim has transferred the money to the fraudster, there's nothing left of the job.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Listings advertising work from home are also often scams.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

However, the idea of making money from home is too appealing to many, so there are plenty of victims in them too.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[10] Trading Messages Online sales columns are suitable sites for scams, because despite guidance, many handle trading via emails and wire transfers.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The scammer salesman sells merchandise online at a low price and only for a short time.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Trading is often in a hurry so that the buyer doesn't have time to think about the deal beyond that.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The seller may be hiding things and not actively answering questions.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Often the image of the sales announcement is copied from elsewhere, but sometimes the image is genuine, even if the seller has no real intention to sell.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Once the buyer has transferred the money to the seller, the contact stops there, and the buyer never receives his product.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Sellers asking for money, especially for overseas accounts, should be wary of.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[11] Bank Messages Relatively common bank messages in Finland often cause wonder because of bad language they are often written in Finnish, in contrast to many other scam messages.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The sender of the messages mentions Nordea, Savings Bank or another familiar banking institution.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In the message itself, the recipient is asked to update their details or enter their online banking ID via the link below.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

If the recipient acts in this way, a scammer posing as a teller may still be called by a fraudster who asks for identifiers at the latest.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Despite the banks' fight against these scam messages, they are still being sent to random emails.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[12] Hit Killer Messages In such a message, the victim is contacted by a scammer posing as a hitman who claims to have been hired to kill the recipient of the message.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The scammer might colour the story by telling him that he has been following his victim for days and that reporting to the police will result in the victim's death.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

So that the victim does not become a toppling of the grave site, he must pay the hitman.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Noteworthy, however, the message is unlikely to even mention the recipient's name, let alone the places where he or she has been followed.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[13] However, in a hitman scam, there may be a risk that the scam will never be exposed.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This is because once the scammer gets his money, of course no kill occurs, and the duped may be left believing that the money transfer saved his life.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The victim is also unlikely to mention it to anyone.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The hitman messages can also get a continuation whether the victim chipped into the first attempt or not.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This time, the victim receives a message from, for example, the FBI, which claims to have caught the hitman who committed multiple murders.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The hitman has found a list of his next targets, and of course the victim's name is on the list.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

A new round of cheats begins.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[13] Second Round Scam The previous paragraph on hitmaker messages already featured one case of second-round cheating.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In another version, the victim receives contact from a detective who specialises in sorting out money scams.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

For money, this scammer detective promises to unravel the original scam.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In case of cash win scams, the victim may be drawn with a further bonus win.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In such a case, it is explained that the victim has not yet received his first win, as he might also win a bonus prize — for money, of course.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This so-called second-round cheat has also been used for real money winners.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[14] One two-round scam involves investors.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In the first round, the investor is tricked into buying a certain amount, for example a thousand worthless shares.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In the second round, the investor is contacted by an unknown person who wants to buy two thousand pieces of shares in question.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The investor is now rushing to buy 1,000 more shares from the original seller only to hear that an unknown person now wants five thousand shares.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The cheating spiral is complete again.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[14] Victims Different types of messages appeal to different types of people.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Business messages, for example, are often aimed at those interested in easy money and even fellow criminals.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The investment opportunities they offer are only too good to be true.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The origins of the money might also be shady, which would not attract a law-abiding citizen.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Conflict messages, on the other hand, tend to influence people's feelings and compassion.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Those in these spheres of influence are probably sympathetic individuals who think they are helping people in need and at the same time making a few pennies on that side.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Scammers who send romance messages often prey on lonely victims looking for love or sexual contact.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The scam victim's own status also contributes to being scammed.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The report from Advanced Global Investigations by Ultrasca suggests that those who are particularly successful in working life believe scams more readily.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This is because people who get along worse do not trust their own judgment.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The victim must therefore believe in their own skills and experiences, so that he dares to go on the scammer's bandwagon.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[15] So those who are successful in business, relying on their persecution, see scam as an incredible investment opportunity, and doctors, on the other hand, can scam into humanitarian calls for help with the goal of doing good.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

One of the reasons for the success found among the victims is that their contact details are often found by scammers through one of the conference pages.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[15] On the basis of this, it is easy to speculate that if a person put his own email into public distribution, he would quickly receive more scam messages.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

On the other hand, needy people may be more vulnerable to falling victim to a scam because of the difficult economic climate.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[5] Those struggling with poverty may blindly seize the opportunity offered to improve their own standard of living.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Then what about the old people?


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

One would assume that older people struggling with new technology and shifting online phenomena would be opportune targets for scammers.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

According to the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC), a website run by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), which publishes monthly statistics, in the 92 reported Nigerian scams in September 2015, the largest age group (22pc) of those reporting was those aged 55 to 64.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This speaks strongly in favour of elderly people being quite opportune targets for scams - or for older people being more active reporting agents.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[16] Also trauma and victimization can have to do with each other.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Of the victims involved in the Ultrascan Advanced Global Investigations study, more than 85 percent of those who lost more than $150,000 had recently experienced the passing of their parent.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[15] After all of the above reasons or autumn speculations, it is not appropriate to forget that the nature of a person has, of course, a great influence on the likelihood of being a victim of a Nigerian scam.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Conjecture about the naivety or intelligence of the victims is probably common when talking about Nigerian letters.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

According to a Microsoft study, victims are specifically more gullible than other people.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[17] The people and factions behind Nigerian letters Nigerian letters, or internationally 419-scamms, need their sender.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Those sending Nigerian letters tend to be relatively well-to-do themselves and support themselves by scamming people.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

People who are well-to-do have access to the hardware on which Nigerian letters can be sent.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Today, most often as a means of sending letters are a computer and an email client.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Drafting letters also requires a more complex thinking capacity from the author than actually a poor illiterate person has [18].


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

That's why letter senders operate in cities with centers of higher learning, such as universities.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This allows scammers to have access to the required infrastructure, as well as the skill to use them.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Thus scammers can spend significant amounts of time searching for new victims or information about their victims.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

According to one study, the main fraudsters are aged between 22 and 29.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[19] Some of the letter-senders are involved for various reasons.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Some send letters to finance studies and some to pay off their debts, for example.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Some have even put their own organised ring up, so of course profits increase, but the risk of being caught increases, as happened to Amaruche Odonoko and his criminal organization [20].


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Nigerian letters have been in such high popularity in recent years that it is logical to think more and more organised criminal organisations have formed around it.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This is also advocated by the fact that, despite all the warnings, Nigerian letters are getting a lot of money, as can be seen from a report published in 2014.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[15] Scammers Scammers Nigerian letter senders can be subjected to scam too.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Usually behind are Western factions whose sole purpose is to get information about the scammers themselves and then by publicly reporting them on their own websites, for example.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The people behind such factions tend to be victims themselves or have just had enough to email messages about future sudden enrichment.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Acting is in a very grey area in terms of ethics and morality.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Scamming scammers is objectively no different from the actions of Nigerian letter senders, only the stuff being pursued changes from money to the possibility of publicly bringing the scammer's details and even a picture out.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Nigerian Letters from a Media Literacy Perspective Detection of the purposes of Nigerian letters requires the recipients to have sufficiently good and critical media literacy.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

From a media literate perspective, it is essential to note that different means of communication require different media literate abilities from message readers.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

According to reports collected by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, in Australia in 2014, significantly the highest number of scam messages were read on phones (48.5%).


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The next most scam messages were read via e-mail (24.9%).


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Scam messages were also read via the Internet (9.9%), letters (6.9%), text messages (4.3%) and social media (2.6%).


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[21] As a potential growing form of sending scam messages, mobile apps can be seen.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In September 2015, scam messages read when using mobile apps accounted for 0.7% of scam messages, according to a report by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, compared with 0.2% in September 2014.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[21] Based on the results, it is essential to consider other forms of media, alongside traditional email, to be key methods of sending scam messages and to take this into account in media literate teaching.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

For example, on the phone, reading email is fast in form and often takes place in a hurry, for example, on public transport, in which case the focus on the content of messages may be weaker than usual.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

On social media, our behaviour tends to be subconscious and accustomed, so as the influx of information grows, media-savvy abilities are increasingly central.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Different email services also have different user interfaces, making it easier for email services to be mistaken for scam messages, for example, as a new user of an email service.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

As a problematic group in terms of low media literacy skills, a group of late-middle-aged and over-65s recipients of scam letters who have not received media literate training can be identified.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

According to the Scamwatch website, in September 2015, the largest target group of scams in Australia were the late middle-aged, or 55 to 64 years old.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[16] For example, scam letters made in the name of a bank can cause embarrassment when a bank is a historically and socially respected player that has been able to trust in the past.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In media literacy terms, understanding scam messages can challenge the past perceptions and habits of an age group.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

While the recipient's media literate abilities may be at a good level, reading of messages can be influenced by circumstance-related factors, such as the time of day when a message is received and the response environment affecting the recipient's state of validity.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Consequently, spoof messages can be sent expediently at the time of day, when the recipient may have poor sentencing status.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Nigerian letters as part of media education Recognition of scam messages can be considered a necessary part of media education already due to the financial loss caused by scam messages.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

By 2013, Nigerian letters have caused losses of US$82 billion, according to a report by Advanced Global Investigations.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[15] In order to understand Nigerian letters, the broad teaching of media literacy can be considered essential.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Media literacy has been mentioned in the basics of the Basic Education Plan, as a single subject and in the objectives and content of native language and literature and visual arts since 2004.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[22] Media education has generally been stressed to focus on young people, but with scam messages affecting a broad social and age-class divide, teaching must also be readily accessible and the media literate abilities of different groups.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Teaching must also see that in the continuous development of new forms of media, the means of using scam messages are also constantly renewed.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Consequently, media literacy teaching focused on scam messages should be multidisciplinary and focus not only on traditional scam email but also on new media formats and applications.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The information related to scam letters has been predominantly online.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Today in Finland, for example, banks and libraries have started to communicate on their pages about possible online scams and how people need to react to scam messages.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

In addition, a major public awareness raiser is the increased news coverage of magazines in relation to scam emails.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Notifications from authorities are also an essential factor in media literacy related to scam letters.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

With the advent of crime reports related to scam letters, information related to scams can intensify.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

On the other hand, the problem may be that simply sending a letter does not fulfil the distinctive character of the crime, according to the Finnish police.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[23] Strictly drafted guidelines to avoid Nigerian letters have been drawn up by the Embassy of Finland, [24] the FBI [25] and Interpol.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[26] Cases in Finland The most famous Finnish example of falling for a Nigerian scam is the case of Sunny Car Center.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The project was to build Europe's largest car dealership in Hämeenlinna.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

CEO Markku Ritaluoma envisioned receiving the multimillion assets held in London by Regina Chiluba, widow of former Zambian President Frederick Chiluba, as funding for the Sunny Car Center.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

To obtain €33.6 million, the man had to pay €336,000 into a South African bank account, which Ritaluoma, despite warnings from police, did.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The money was left that way.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[27] [28] The grief thing was that he fell for a Nigerian scam already a repeat.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Earlier in 2013, he had supplied a Ghanaian man with €150,000, after which he had to receive a €100 million investment.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

When the money then did not begin to belong, Sunny Car Center asked for its investment back.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

This is where the situation deviates from normal Nigerian patterns.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Money also came back, but it was fake.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The money returned contained counterfeit €500 notes with even the same serial numbers.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

The counterfeit money came back from a “value” of €94,500.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Due to ill-fated investments, Sunny Car Center filed for bankruptcy in the fall of 2015.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[29] Another well-known Finn who fell for Nigerian letters is Minister Olavi J. Mattila, who in 2004 was convicted of fraud after investing both his own money and borrowed from others in Nigerian letter scams in the mid-1990s.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

[30] Sources on the topic elsewhere, 27.02.2003, 18.05.2006, 9.12.2010 Jaakko Suominen:.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Presentation on 30 January 2004. Information Survey 2/2006.


Question: Who has sent the first Nigerian letter?

Nigerian letters

Category:Crimes Category:Nigeria Category:Scams Category:Information Technology Crime Category:Letters


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Palovesi [1], or sometimes also Palovesi—Jäminginselkä [2], is a lake in Ruovesi, Pirkanmaa.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

It is the 89th largest lake in Finland.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

If you interpret the lake basins of Ruovesi, Vaskivesi—Visuvesi, Palovesi—Jäminginselä and Tarjannevesi as one large Iso-Offerannevesi, it gives an area of 210 square kilometres.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Iso-Tarjannevesi would be the 18th largest lake in Finland in that area.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[2] [1] [3] [4] Geographical information The water levels of Lake Palovesi and Jäminginselä lake parts are at the same height, but below Palovesi Vankavesi in Näsijärvi is 60 centimetres lower and Ruovesi above Jäminginselä is 10 centimeters higher.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Therefore, the parts of the lake form their own lake, which, however, is very labyrinthine due to its headlands, islands and bays.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[1] Various parts of the lake have received different designations in the mouth of the people.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

According to the Finnish Environment Agency, the border between Palovesi and Jäminginselkki lake parts is in Jäminginvuolte, which is between two headlands in Loposperä.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

This article adheres to this division.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[1] The fire water in its entirety is 15 kilometres long and 9.5 kilometres wide [1].


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

It has a total area of 4272 hectares, or 42.7 square kilometers.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

It belongs to Jäminginselä 40% and Palovede 60%.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The total length of the shoreline of the lake including the shoreline of the islands is 202 km, of which Palovede belongs to 70%.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

There are 123 islands in Palovesi in total, but the number of islands in Jäminginselä has not been reported.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The total volume of the lake is 405 million cubic meters, or 0.405 cubic kilometers, of which Palovete belongs 60%.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The average depths of the lakes are almost the same.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[2] [1] [3] [5] Jäminginselkä Jäminginselkä (lake number 35.322.1.001) covers an area of 1724 hectares or 17.2 square kilometres.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

It is 7.9 kilometers long and 7.9 kilometers wide.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

In Kautu, Ruhalanselkä and Rajalahdenselkä starting from Kautunvuolte are the other end of it.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

In Miestamon Strait, they are connected to a large lake back called Jäminginselä.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Clearly noticeable bays protrude from it in different directions, such as Lehriönlahti, Paarlamminlahti, Majalahti and Pekkalanlahti.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The lake part soon ends in Jäminginvuolde.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The number of islands in Järvenosa has not been reported, but large islands include Jäminkisaari (14 ha, measured on the map) and Palosaari (10 ha).


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[2] [1] The lake part has a volume of 161 million cubic metres, or 0.161 cubic kilometers, and has an average depth of 9.3 metres.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The lake back of Jäminginselä is mainly more than 20 metres deep.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

It has several draughts reaching a depth of 30 metres and up to more than 40 metres.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The same is observed in Ruhalanselä, where one point is 48 metres deep.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The maximum depth of 52 meters is located immediately on the lunch side of Miestamonsalmi.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The length of the lake's shoreline is 61 kilometers and its shores are forest land and some arable land.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[2] [1] [6] [2] [7] [8] Palovesi Palovesi Palovesi (lake number 35.321.1.001) covers an area of 2548 hectares or 25.5 square kilometres.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

It is 9.9 miles long and 8.2 miles wide.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The structure of the fire water is more insular and broken.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Ketuvuori and Velho Mountain are hills more than four kilometres long at the end of the cape.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The headland in question divides Palovesi into northern and southern part.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The northern part is broken and lacks a larger lake back.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Small areas of open water form Rataselkä immediately under Jäminginvuolte and Riekonselkä at the western end of the northern part.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The southern part opens the large lake Ohrionselkä, with Ruurakkolahti at the northeast end and Kekkoslahti in the southeast.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The lake part becomes archipelago again near Muroleenkoski.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[2] [1] The lake part of Palwater has been calculated to have 123 islands.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Their combined area is 245 hectares, which is about 8.8% of the total area of the lake.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Thirty-two of the islands are over an acre, 79 are over aria and the remaining 12 are less than the size of an aria.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Large Palovesi islands include Kärkisaari, Jaakonsaari, Hirsisaari, Haukkasaari, Lehtisaari, Salonsaari (27 ha, measured on the map), Möyrysaari and Niinisaari.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[2] The lake has been created and depth maps have been published.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The volume of the lake is 245 million cubic meters, or 0.245 cubic kilometers.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

It has an average depth of 9.6 meters.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

There are a couple of depths of more than 20 metres on the track, one 28 metres and the other 35 metres deep.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The longitudinal direction of the riekkosback is followed by a long period of deepening, with 35 metres deep in places.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Off Wizard Mountain there is a vast vast deep over 30 metres deep.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Several points deeper than 40 metres have been found in it, including one reaching a depth of 48 metres.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Also Ohrionselä has a wide area over 20 metres deep with many draught roads.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

There are several points more than 50 metres deep in front of the mouth of the Gulf of Kekko and one reaches a depth of 61 metres.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[2] [9] The length of the lake's shoreline is 141 km, of which the total length of the islands' shoreline is 52 km.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Its shores are mostly forested land and, to a small extent, arable land.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[2] [1] [6] Settlement near the shores of the lake the settlement is mainly sparsely populated, but in some places it is concentrated in villages or corner municipalities.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

In Jäminginselä, Jäminginpohja agglomeration, Ruhala, Päminki and Loposperä and Palovesi Riekkolanperä, Siikalahti, Hammonperä, Juurakonperä and Kekkonen.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The northwestern shores of the lake are followed by sub-regional road 337 and connecting road 14278, crossing Kautonvuolte, and the northeastern shores are followed by Interstate Route 66 and from where it branches southwest to Murole following the eastern shores of the lake.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Continuing northwest from Murole over the Murole Canal, connecting road 3382, which concurs at Karjula with sub-regional road 337 from Kuru.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[1] Recreation Tampere—Virtai shipping route Poet's road passes through Palovesi.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Water levels, ice observations and flows in the registers of the Finnish Environment Agency contain records of water levels in the lake since 1863.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The middle water height of the lake has been 96.03 meters mpy (N60).


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The average annual variation in water levels has been 0.94 meters.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

At its highest, the water has been 97.62 metres (N60) in June 1899 and at its lowest 95.21 metres (N60) in April 1909, so the extreme variation in surface heights has been 2.41 metres.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[3] Ice observations have been recorded starting in 1884 from Hokkasperä Bay.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The earliest icing has been 27.10 1968 and the late 25th January 1925.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The earliest ice departure has been 18.4 1921 and late 25.5 1909.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[3] Flow observations have been recorded in connection with the Murolekoske, or Murole Canal, since 1863.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

According to them, the average current (MQ) has been 53 cubic feet per second (m³/s).


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Annual overflow averages, or mean overflow (MHQ), is 118 m³/s and 21 m³/s (MNQ).


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Extreme currents have occurred in June 1899, when it was 269 m³/s (HQ), and April 1909, when 1.6 m³/s (NQ) was measured.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[3] Water system relations The lake is located in the Kokemäenjoki river basin (water area number 35) in the Palovesi Region (35.3) of the Näsijärven—Ruovesi Region (35.3), of which the lake belongs to the Palovesi neighbourhood (35.321) and the Jäminginselän—Ruhalanselä region (35.322).


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The water level elevation of the lake is 96.0 meters mpy.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[1] [3] [5] The lake receives most of its water through Ruovesi, which becomes the waters of a catchment area of 5769 square kilometres.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The waters of the Paarlammi catchment area (35.324) fall on the northern shore of Jäminginselä and the Pärjänoja catchment area (35.325), Myllyoja catchment area (35.326) and Isojärvi catchment area (35.327) fall on its eastern shore.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

The Nenos-Kieringa catchment area (35.323) falls on the northern shore of Palovesi and the Tarvonojan—Myllyoja catchment area (35.328) and the Rikalanjärven—Jouttenus catchment area (35.329) descends to its southeastern shore.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[3] [5] Directly or indirectly in the Jäminginselän—Ruhalanselä region counts four lakes larger than hectares, namely Koukkulammi (5 ha), Utukkalammi and Nahkurinlammi, Lehriönjärvi (57 ha) and Mäyrälammi (1 ha) on the northern shore of the lake and Ullikkajärvi on its southern shore (18 ha).


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

Similarly, 18 lakes or ponds count in Palovesi's neighbourhood, the most notable of which are: Pihlajajärvi (7 ha), Pahalammi (1 ha), Sammakkolammi, Pajajärvi, Iso Kivijärvi (15 ha), Pikku Kivijärvi (3 ha) and Hakajärvi (2 ha) and Hakajärvi (2 ha) ha), then to the western shore of Palovesi Valkeajärvi (7 ha), Hammonjärvi (8 ha), Pikikalhdella Hammonjärvi (1 ha), Iso Kantojärvi (4 ha) and Lehmusjärvi (7 ha), Siikalhdella Urtinlahti to Urtinlahti Urtinlammi, Kolunjärvi (8 ha), Särkijärvi (12 ha), Ahvenjärvi (8 ha) and Hakojärvi (8 ha) 3 ha), to the southwestern shore of Fire Lake Sarvananjärvi (29 ha), Kompanjärvi (4 ha) in the eastern part of Juurakkolahti and Armasjärvi (12 ha) in front of the Murole canal.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[1] [3] [5] The lake goes down through Murolekoski to Vanhanaselkä from Näsijärvi.


Question: How deep is Palwater Lake?

Fire water

[1] See also List of 100 largest lakes in Finland Sources Category:Lakes of Ruovesi Category:Palovesi region


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

Measure bosons are particles that mediate a basic interaction associated with some continuous internal symmetry.


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

With the exception of gravity, all basic interactions today can be derived from such symmetries.


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

Measure bosons in the Standard Model of particle physics include a photon mediating electromagnetic interaction, W and Z bosons mediating weak interactions, and gluon mediating strong interaction.


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

Standard model dimensionbosonthiointeractionphotonelectric magnetic interactionW- and Z-boson theico interactiongluon-strong interaction If the underlying symmetry of the interaction is accurate, then the corresponding measuring boson is massless.


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

If the symmetry is broken, dimensional bosons can gain mass (so called. the Higgs mechanism).


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

[1] The photon and gluons are massless, while the W and Z bosons are massless.


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

The spin of dimensional bosons is always an integer, as with other bosons.


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

The spin of all of the above bosons is 1.


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

It is often assumed that gravitation would also be mediated by a dimensional boson, a graviton whose spin would be 2.


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

The theory of quantum gravity comprising gravitons has so far failed to be formulated in a mathematically meaningful way.


Question: What are measuring bosons?

Mittabosone

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Mittabosons Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What is meant by ship sinking?

Immersion

Submersion, or deplasement, refers to the weight of a mass of water displaced by a ship when floating.


Question: What is meant by ship sinking?

Immersion

In the case of submarines, submersion is reported separately, both on the surface and in dives.


Question: What is meant by ship sinking?

Immersion

The maximum immersion is therefore the sum of the ship's own weight and load capacity (the weight of the ship when fully loaded) [1].


Question: What is meant by ship sinking?

Immersion

Immersion is usually reported in tonnes.


Question: What is meant by ship sinking?

Immersion

The immersion describes how deep the ship with its cargo swims.


Question: What is meant by ship sinking?

Immersion

Based on Archimedean law, the object floating in the liquid displaces the fluid so much that the lift matches the weight of the piece.


Question: What is meant by ship sinking?

Immersion

The lift is equal to the weight of the amount of fluid displaced by the piece.


Question: What is meant by ship sinking?

Immersion

The weight of a floating ship with its cargo is the same as the weight of the water mass it displaces.


Question: What is meant by ship sinking?

Immersion

See also Tonnage Cargo brand Sources Category:Water transport en:Displacement (ship)


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plants are multicellular, mainly by contacting organisms that receive their food.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

In a system of six organisms, they form a plant kingdom (Plantae), one of the four main groups of authentic organisms, along with animals, fungi, and primordial organisms.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

At different times, depending on the interpretation, a varying number of different organisms may have been defined as plants.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The field of science that studies plants is botany, or botanics.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plants differ from animals and fungi in several ways.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

As a rule, they are not able to move from place to place, but remain throughout their lives on a certain breeding ground.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plants tend to be self-sufficient, or autotrophic, in that they acquire the substances they need through contact.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plant cells differ from animal cells by, among other things, their solid cell wall consisting of cellulose and plastids containing dyes.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Fungal cells have a cell wall stiffened by chitin, and there is murein in the bacterial cell wall.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plants, along with algae, make up most of our planet's biomass.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

As almost the only self-sustaining organisms, plants are the basis of the food chain, and have created a rich oxygen content in the atmosphere by generating gas by communicating.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The current kind of life on Earth is largely due to plants.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The earth can be divided according to the plants growing in the area into different vegetation zones.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plants can be divided according to several ways.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Different growth patterns include tree, shrub, creeper, grass, succulent, and outerplant.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plants can also be divided into groups according to development and kinship relationships through scientific classification.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Structure Plant Parts The stem serves as a support for the plant, the basis of the structure and the primary site for the wire tendons.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Some species grow a ground stem running beneath the surface, along which the plant can propagate vegetatively.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

At its thickest, the stem is on old trees, where its circumference may rarely grow up to a few tens of metres.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The leaf is the main coherent organ in most plants.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Its shape and appearance varies very much depending on the plant group.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

A typical leaf of a high-developmental plant is oblong, pointed and rather soft.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The needles of coniferous trees are very narrow, stiff and sharp; the leaves of cacti, on the other hand, have developed into thorns.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

On carnivorous plants, the leaves are specialized, for example, as funnels.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The flower is the reproductive organ of the seed plant.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

It contains a foil and a staple, which can be located in the same flower, separately in flowers of the same plant, or entirely in different plants.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The ornate and colorful petals attract insects and other pollinators to visit the flowers to provide pollination.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The wind-pollinated flowers are usually small and unpretentious in appearance.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Fruit is an organ formed after fertilization by seed plants from an inflated emir containing the seeds of the plant.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The root is the underground part of the plant that anchors the plant in place and absorbs nutrients from the soil as well as water for use by the plant.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

With epiphytes, the roots are often bare and with their help the outerplant attaches to its host plant.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The sebaceous stem is characteristic of algae, lichens, as well as some mosses.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

From it, the above-mentioned plant parts specializing in various tasks are indistinguishable.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Deciduous leaf Conifer needles Pine bark Plant roots Cellular structure The plant cell is a genuine eukaryotic cell averaging 10—100 μm in size (animal cells 10—30 μm).


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The cell wall consists of cellulose as well as other polymers such as pectin and lignin.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

It is rigid and robust in structure, and allows the cell to create a fluid pressure that holds the entire plant in its form.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

If the plant does not receive enough water, the fluid pressure will decrease and the plant will wilt.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Green particles, or chloroplasts, are cellular bodies located in a cell mass that perform contact.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Their structure includes a soluble base material, a stroma, and a polylakoid water-vesicle membrane consisting of overlapping sac-like film.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The contact reaction is provided by color pigments located in the bags, the most important of them green chlorophyll.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Those plants that drop their leaves for the winter before then absorb chlorophyll from the leaves into their innards, allowing other dyes to appear.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Thus, autumnal rot is created.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

In addition to water, the vacuole fluid contains enzymes, nutrients, waste materials or even toxins.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Young cells may have several small blisters, which in the parents merge, occupying up to 90% of the cell volume.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plant cells lack centrioles, lysosomes, or cilia (with the exception of some unicellular algae).


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

chloroplasts in the light microscope image The chloroplast model as the vacuole expands and shrinks, the plant cell remains the same size by the cell wall Plant cells are formed by cells specialized with each other for the same task.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

They have arisen when the division of labor of cells of advanced multicellular organisms has resulted in cell differentiation.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Almost all tubular plants have at least three types of cells: The surface cell is usually the strength of a single cell layer and envelops the plant tightly.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The outer wall of the cell is usually thick and durable.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

On top of it is still a thin waxy film, a cuticle that protects the plant from excessive evaporation.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The basal cell forms the main part of the plant.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Cells can be circular or nearly rectangular, long and thick-walled, making them support cells.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The wire lock forms the wire tendons.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Conductor tendons A special network of wire tendons has developed for tube plants, which act as an importer of water and nutrients to cells and as an exporter of communication products away from cells.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The tendons are most clearly seen as leaf veins.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

On the stem, the location of the tendons varies: on monococcal plants they are tangled.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

On dicotyleds and conifers, they are organized into a ring in the plane of the cross section.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The core conductor tendon part is wood and the outer part is nila; in addition, there is still a thin trace between them.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Thin trace cells divide and form new cells mainly inward, and also slightly outward into a shell.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

This is based on the increase in thickness of the stem.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

In the wooden part are located tubes that have arisen from the walls of overlapping dead cells.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Along them, water passes from the roots all the way to the tips of the plant.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Conifers, instead of tubes, have narrow and long cells.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Strainer tubes are located on the nile.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

They are formed by overlapping living cells, the partitions of which are filled with holes.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Strainer tubes carry the contact products from the leaves to other parts of the plant.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

On woody plants, the cord tendons have grown attached to each other into a tube surrounding the core.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Their cells are thick-walled and strong, with wood matter deposited in the cellulose walls of their wood part cells.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

New cells that emerge in spring are larger in size than those born later in summer, resulting in the appearance of annual rings in the cross-section of the tree.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Reproduction Plants can reproduce asexually by seed or asexually by spores or vegetatively.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Spore plants are characterized by generational alternation, with alternating asexual and asexual reproduction.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

In a cycle of plant asexual reproduction, the plant's sporophyte generation, which forms an actual visible plant such as wood or grass on seed plants, reproduces asexually by producing spores that develop into gametophytes.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

[1] A generation of gametophytes, consisting of practically canine pollen particles on seed plants and female seed motif embryos, in turn produces canine sperm and female ovules.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Actual asexual reproduction always occurs among gametophytes.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

[2] Male and female gametophytes may develop in the same sporophyte flower or inflorescence (duplicitous) or in separate stamens and emi-flowers or inflorescences (monoeuvousness).


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

[3] [4] [5] The process begins with pollination, in which pollen consisting of dog gametophytes protected by the spore wall passes either from the anther of the same plant (self-pollination) or another plant (cross-pollination) to the stem's slug.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

[6] [7] Often, a single bidirectional flower may self-pollinate itself.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

[4] Animal pollinated plants, by the colour and scent of flowers and by means of mede or pollen, attract animals to them, which then spread the pollen to the bases of other flowers.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Most animal-pollinated plants are insect-pollinated, but other animals such as birds or bats may act as pollinators.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

[8] [9] Wind-pollinated plants, which are many trees and grasses, produce large amounts of pollen to be disseminated by the wind.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

[10] Emi Stamen Pollen infects insects The pollen particle that has ended up on the slug of the mother grows a long pollen tube through the emi's body into the foetus where the seed motif is located.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

At the same time, the brood nucleus in the tube is split in half.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Of them, one fuses together with the ovum and the other with the nucleus of the central cell.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

This is how conception has happened.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The fetus turns into a larger fruit, the seed motif into a seed, and the membranes of the seed motif into seed shells.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The ovum has developed into an embryo inside the seed and the central cell usually into a storage material lock.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

In bare-seeded, the pollen particle attaches directly to a droplet of liquid on the surface of the seed motif.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

If pollen enters the pistil of another closely related plant, fertilisation may occur, resulting in the seed becoming a hybrid of species.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

(See parthenocarpy).


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

It is unfavourable for seeds to develop at the root of the mother plant, so various means have been developed for plants to propagate their seeds.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The seeds of many plants have an appendage that the wind easily captures with them (for example, milkweed and dandelion).


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Many fruits, on the other hand, provide nourishment to their eater in exchange for transporting the seeds it contains.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Some seeds and fruits easily cling to fur or clothing with the help of hook-like spines (burdock, rusks).


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Some of the plants themselves know how to bazooka their seeds farther away, for example, wood sorrel and aho pansies.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The AHO pansy might shoot its seeds up to five feet away.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Seed size varies widely.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The fruit, which contains a single seed of the Seychellian palm (Lodoicea maldivica), weighs up to 20kg, while seeds from palm plants, or orchids, can fit in one gram of 992.25 million.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

[11] They contain no spare food at all, only a mere embryo that needs the assistance of a fungal mycelium to germinate.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

seeds catching turkey seeds with wind Kiwi seeds are passed along with the eater Large seed Avocado seed diagram The beans diagram Asexual reproduction is very common on plants.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Unicellular algae proliferate by division.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Spores of ferns and mosses germinate without fertilization.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Other plants also have ample means for asexual reproduction, as with the exception of the flower, almost any part of the plant can develop into a new individual.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

These include, but are not limited to, broken branches and stems (many shrubs), root systems (widow's leaf, field horsetail), ground stalks (lily of the valley), sprawls (strawberry, sprawling lily), leaves (dandelion, poultry), bulbs and buds.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plants born in this way are always clones of their parent plant unless a mutation occurs.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Sporing Ground Stem Sprawling plant Onion grows new Bud Growth and life On most seed plants, the embryo inside the seed is in dry rot until it comes into contact with water, heat and oxygen.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The cells begin to absorb water, causing them to swell and the seed shell to crack.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The cotyledon root grows into a main root (dicotyledons) or atrophies and diffuse roots (monocotyledons) grow at its base.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Cotyledons (or cotyledons with monocotyledons) and cotyledons begin to grow.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Leaves begin to connect after receiving light.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

At the tip of the cotyletail stem is a bud from which the other parts of the plant develop.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plant length growth occurs in growth zones that are at the tips of the roots as an area 5—10mm long, as well as immediately below the tip of the shoot.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

On grasses, there are several growth zones along the stem.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Initially, the cells of the growth zone are sharply divided, after which they become larger, develop and differentiate in their functions.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The trunks and roots of woody plants also grow in thickness.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Based on their life cycle, plants are divided into annual, biennial and perennial plants.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Annuals (many hay and crops) grow in spring, breed in summer and die by the time winter arrives.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Biennials (many cabbages and mallow plants) grow in the first year and bloom, as well as reproduce only the next.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Perennial plants may not be reproductive until many years after their germination (trees, for example), after which they produce seeds or spores annually until they die, if conditions so permit.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plants in temperate and colder zones often lose their leaves or all of their above-ground part for the winter, with the exception of conifers that keep their leaves all year round.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

They are thus evergreen.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

In the warm zone, some plants lose their leaves for the dry season.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The lifespan of individual plant specimens ranges from one growing season to hundreds of years.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The longest-lived are some conifers, which in barren areas (such as mountains and the northern boundary of their range) are very slow growing.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

American marigolds (Pinus aristata) have lived up to about 5000 years old, [11] but mammoth predators (Sequoiadendron giganteum) can also live approximately as long.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Cucumber sprout Large mammoth finder Upright dead wood or coil Connection The basis of plant nutrition intake is communicating, most plants connect by photosynthesis but few plants use chemosynthesis for the same purpose.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

In chemosynthesis, plants make organic compounds from carbon and hydrogen.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Plants get their energy for chemosynthesis by acidification of inorganic compounds.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Photosynthesis is evolutively younger and more plants use it.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

In it, plant cells, using solar radiation energy, produce sugar and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide (6H2O + 6CO2 + light → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2).


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

The coherent pigment, chlorophyll, is located in the green particles of the plant cell, or chloroplasts.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

There are about a hundred species of actual plants that have no communicating cells.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Among them, the most famous in Finland are the hops guest, the nest root and the pine flower.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Leafless plants are parasites of other plants or derive their nutrition exclusively through fungal mycelium.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Water As for other organisms, water is an indispensable substance for plants.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

They need it for the transport of nutrients from roots to leaves, as well as transporting materials made by leaves away from them.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Water is also needed in contact to form sugar.


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

Cells, on the other hand, absorb water to such an extent that pressure is created against the cell walls (fluid tension).


Question: What does botanics mean?

Plants

It also allows soft-stemmed plants to remain rigid.