Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The SAS Boat Division came ashore on 22 April at Grass Island to oversee Leith and the SBS came ashore in Hound Bay, from where it sought to advance to the eastern shore of Cumberland Bay.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

However, ice prevented relocation and eventually the department was moved by helicopters to Moraine Fjord.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

[23] A submarine alert was issued to the naval contingent off South Georgia, at which point they moved to the high seas except HMS Endurance.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 24 April, RFA Tidespring resumed the submarine yacht when a Boeing 707 of the Argentine Air Force flew over a naval contingent.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The next day, helicopters damaged the Argentine Navy submarine ARA Santa Fe, which was abandoned by its crew at the wharf at King Edward Point.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Upon completion of the submarine threat, the landings were lowered ashore at Hestesletten.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

[23] HMS Antrim and HMS Plymouth supported the embarkation troops with cannon fire.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The corps advanced to Grytviken and King Edward Point, causing the Argentine troops to surrender.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 26 April, Captain Largos, commander of the Argentine forces in Leith, South Georgia, signed the surrender treaty on the deck of HMS Antrim.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Lieutenant Alfredo Astiz surrendered with his troops at Stromness.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The captured troops were stationed on HMS Plymouth and HMS Endurance.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

[23] On 25 May, British Harrier fighter jets and an Avro Vulcan bomber attacked Port Stanley Airport.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Three Argentine aircraft were shot down.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

A day later, Peruvian President Belaúnde Terry presented a peace proposal, to which Argentine President Galtieri agreed in principle, proposing some changes.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The scuttling of the ARA General Belgrano by the British Royal Navy submarine HMS Conqueror overshadowed detachment TG79.3 formed around the Argentine Navy cruiser ARA General Belgrano.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The submarine, among other things, reported the position of the compartment at 05:00 on 2 May.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

At 08:05, Admiral Woodward gave orders to sink the cruiser, although he had no authority to do so.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

At 09:15, the British Admiral Council made a decision that scuttling would also be possible outside the war domain.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Over lunch, the issue was presented to Prime Minister Thatcher, who, after fifteen minutes of debate, blessed the decision.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The chief of the submarine was informed of the change in instructions at 12:07 a.m.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

[24] At 18:57, HMS Conqueror launched three old model Mk.8 torpedoes with the highest possible charges to penetrate the cruiser's armour belt.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Two of them were hit, sinking the ARA General Belgrano, resulting in 323 crew members killed in the most devastating single war effort of the war.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

[25] The Sun newspaper published the famous “Gotcha” headline on its front page the following day [26].


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

After the war effort, the Argentine government rebuffed a peace proposal made by Peru.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 4 May, the British destroyer HMS Sheffield was sunk by Argentine Air Force Super Étendard destroyers with an Exocet missile, 20 of its crew killed.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

One British Harrier fighter was shot down.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Attacks preparing for the British invasion on May 7, the UN embarked on a peace brokerage.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 9 May, the British bombarded the Falkland Islands from sea and air.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The Sea Harrier support ship destroyers sank the Argentinian tug Narwal.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 14 May, three Argentine Air Force A-4 Skyhawk fighters were shot down.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher warned that a peaceful solution may not be possible.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On the night of 14/15 May, British special forces attacked Pebbles Island, where an Argentine air base was located.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Eleven Argentine aircraft were destroyed on the ground.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On May 18, Britain rebuffed a peace plan put forward by UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The British landing force approached the Falkland Islands in a large shipping convoy.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The invasion and advance of British forces on 21 May, British forces came ashore in amphibious vehicles in San Carlos Bay (San Carlos Water) on the northwest shore of eastern Falkland Island.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Nine Argentine destroyers that disrupted the landings were shot down, but HMS Ardent also sank after receiving bomb hits.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The landing force set out to advance on foot towards two objectives: to the south the target was the population centre of Darwin and Goose Green, and to the east Port Stanley.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Air operations of the Argentines continued to be brisk.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 23 May, the British HMS Antelope sank after a belated bomb that hit the ship exploded.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Argentina lost 10 aircraft in the fighting.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On the 25th, 19 crew members were killed on HMS Coventry after it was sunk by Argentine Air Force Skyhawk fighters with three 500 kg bombs.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

In addition, an Argentine Exocet missile hit the transport ship MV Atlantic Conveyor, which sank on May 28, carrying a lot of equipment, among them 10 helicopters.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Twelve crew members were killed.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 28 May, British air raids on Port Stanley Airport resumed.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The fiercest ground battles of the war took place at Darwin and Goose Green between the 2nd Battalion of the British Infantry Regiment and the Argentines.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Seventeen British soldiers and about 50 Argentine soldiers fell.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

1400 Argentines surrendered as prisoner of war.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

— On 30 May, warships and Harrier fighters bombarded Argentines' positions.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The British advanced and Douglas was secured.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The 3rd Counting Regiment recaptured the population centre of Teal Inlet.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 1 June, the British reiterated their ceasefire terms.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On June 4, Britain rebuffed a draft resolution on the Panama-Spain truce at the United Nations Security Council.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Two days later, the Versailles meeting expressed support for the Britons.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 8 June, the Argentine Air Force attacked British landing ships, RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Tristam, at Port Pleasant south of Bluff Cove.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Fifty-three Britons were killed.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The takeover of Port Stanley and the end of the war on 12 June, the 3rd Battalion of the British landing regiment struck Mount Longdon, which was used to house the positions of the Argentines defending Port Stanley.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Resistance was tenacious and eventually hand-to-hand combat was fought with bayonets.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Twenty-three Britons were killed and 47 wounded, of whom 6 died later.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Fifty Argentines fell and more were wounded.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The Argentine positions of Two Sisters Mountain and Mount Harriet were also overrun with the British suffering only mild losses.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

In the fiercer Battle of Mount Tumbletown, the 2nd Scots Regiment overran the Argentines' positions.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Nine Britons and 40 Argentines fell as well as 32 surrendered.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Thirty-two Britons were wounded.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The British destroyer HMS Glamorgan was damaged by an Exocet missile hit, leaving 13 Britons wounded.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

- On 12 June, during nighttime artillery fire at Stanley, three Falkland civilians were killed after a mortar fired from a British ship hit their residence.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 14 June, the Argentine garrison at Port Stanley gave up resistance and concluded the war effort.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Argentine commander Mario Menéndez signed the surrender treaty.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

On 20 June, the British still recaptured the South Sandwich Islands.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Britain formally ended hostilities in the war domain.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The effects of war in the War effort resulted in comparatively high ship and aircraft losses on both sides, which, among other things, improved demand for the French-made Exocet missiles that sank British ships after the war.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The domestic political implications of Margaret Thatcher's decision to use military force to deport Argentines sparked mixed feelings in Britain.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The anti-war movement was powerful, but in the end the ease of victory generated a flurry of nationalism among Britons that helped Thatcher defeat her internal rivals in the Conservative Party and carried the Tories to election victory in 1983.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

In Argentina, the shame and disappointment of defeat in turn led to the resignation of the military junta that ruled the country since 1976.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Unresolved territorial dispute Argentina and Britain did not re-establish diplomatic relations until 1989, seven years after the war.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Argentina still claims the Falkland Islands for itself.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

The requirement is also enshrined in Argentina's constitution.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

In the 21st century, Néstor Kirchner, the country's leftist president, has defended Argentina's territorial claim and condemned the “colonialist” war waged by Britain.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

However, he and the previous President Carlos Menem, who also presented the territorial claim, have stated that Argentina will never again attempt to resolve the territorial dispute by military means.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Problems of War Veterans There have been complaints in both Argentina and Britain that adequate care and support has not been provided for veterans of the war suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological and social problems caused by war.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

In 2002, information came into the public domain that 264 British Falklands War veterans had committed suicide in the 20 years that followed the war.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

This exceeds the number of British soldiers who fell in the war.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Among those who fought on the opposing side, more than 400 Argentine veterans are estimated to have killed themselves.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Allegations against the war in the Falklands have later been accused of wasting resources and lives.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

According to globalisation critic Naomi Klein, the only reason for the war was to create a “shock state” in Britain during which the country's then prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, was able to salvage her own political career, brand the striking British workers as enemies and privatise a number of state enterprises.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

According to Klein, Thatcher's support percentage, which stood at 25% at the start of the war and 59% at the end, rose thanks to the victory the war brought.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Moreover, extensive privatisation measures by the British government in 1984—88, targeting British Petroleum and British Airways, among others, would not have succeeded without the mood caused among the people of the war.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

[27] Change Israel supplied Argentina with weapons and other military equipment secretly through Peru during the war.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

[28] See also UK Falklands War warships Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sunday Times| title= War in the Falklands| publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicolson| year= 1982| id = ISBN 0-297-78202-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En} } is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Freedman, Sir Lawrence| title = The Official History of the Falklands Campaign - Vol I: The Origins of the Falklands War| publisher = Routledge| year = 2006| id = ISBN 0-7146-5206-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Freedman, Sir Lawrence| title = The Official History of the Falklands Campaign - Vol II: War and Diplomacy| publisher = Routledge| year = 2005| id = ISBN 0-7146-5207-5| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only use for File namespace.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Middlebrook, Martin| title= Argentine Fight for the Falklands| publisher = Pen & Sword Military Books| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-184415-888-1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War


Question: When did the Falklands War start?

Falklands War

References Rest of English PDF English PDF * Category:Key Articles in Screening


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The KGB ([1]), the SNTL State Security Committee was the State Security Police of the Soviet Union from 1954 until 1991.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

It was responsible for external security and intelligence, except for military intelligence, which belonged to the GRU.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

In Belarus, the security police still operate in Russian under the name of the KGB.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

History Vetcheka/Czeka, GPU, the first predecessor of the OGPU KGB was the secret police established in Soviet Russia on the initiative of Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin in December 1917, the General Russian Special Commission Against Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (lr.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Vetcheka or Chechka).


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

According to Lenin, the Bolshevik Party needed an “iron arm” with which to protect the “young revolution” and fight against “counter-revolutionary” forces, as well as keep in check the political opposition.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Feliks Dzeržinski, a Polish-born professional revolutionary, was elected to head the special commission.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Dzeržinski soon presented the party with a programme on which the new Commission would work.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The summary of the program was that Czeka would rise above law and control and have unlimited rights of arrest, interrogation and punishment.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Within the party it provoked great confusion and discord, as well as opposition, but Lenin suppressed resistance and gave Dzeržinsk, who he considered a revolution hero, the rights he demanded.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

[2] During the Russian Civil War, the Czeka rehabilitated itself as a particularly brutal and ruthless organisation without which the Bolshevik revolution might have remained temporary.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Dzeržinski hailed hard men into his commission who did not hesitate to take harsh punitive measures that even the Red Army did not want to participate in.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

After the civil war, the number of people killed by the Czech Republic could fall in the tens of thousands.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The Czech Republic used mainly Hungarian and Bulgarian prisoners of war as executioners; representatives of these nations were considered uncivilized barbarians in Russia at the time, suitable for such unsavoury tasks — and prisoners of war, fearful for their lives, aspired to the extreme cruelty to prove their fitness as executioners — and to spare their lives; although the latter was not always successful, because prisoner executioners could be killed by poisoning or shooting if it was considered that they knew too much; this happened, among other things, to the killers of the Tsarist family.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

[3] The Czech Republic created those harsh models according to which the Soviet secret police very far acted for the same basic purpose: to suppress and thwart political opposition.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The secret police very far themselves determined who represented the opposition.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

In February 1922, the Czech Republic was annexed as part of the Russian People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (Ministry of the Interior, Lt.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

NKVD) under the name State Political Administration (Lr.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

GPU).


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The following year, the GPU became a State United Political Administration covering the entire Soviet Union (lr.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

OGPU).


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Džerzinski led the secret police until his death in 1926.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

GUGB, NKGB/MGB, MVD The Russian NKVD was disbanded in 1934, thus establishing the Soviet NKVD.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

In this case, the OGPU also became part of the NKVD, renaming the State Security General Administration (Lr.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

GUGB).


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

In the 1930s, during the Great Terror under Josif Stalin, the activities of the NKVD GUGB emerged as a state within a state whose tentacles extended deep into society regarding all and all spheres of life.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Stalin used the NKVD as a tool for terror and it transported to prison camps and executed millions of people.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Due to the large number of prisoners, the NKVD could undertake large public works projects as a contractor, such as the construction of the Stalin Canal.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The purpose of the construction was not only to produce, by forced labor, a cheap basic structure for the national economy, but also to kill prisoners.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The secret police were also active overseas.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The commander of the White Army of Russian emigrants, Gen. Yevgeny K. Miller, was kidnapped by GUGB agents in Paris in 1937.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Miller was later executed in Moscow.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

A GUGB agent murdered Marxist dissident Lev Trotsky in Mexico in 1940.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

During World War II in 1941, a section protecting military security was separated from the NKVD and subjugated to the land army and navy.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The State Security was separated into its own State Security People's Commissariat (lr.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

NKGB).


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the NKGB and the security elements of the land army and navy became the GUGB and part of the NKVD again.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

In 1943 these bodies were again separated from the NKVD and renamed again to the NKGB as well as Smerš.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

During the war, Stalin used secret police units to intercept (and execute) front deserters as well as enemy long-distance patrol men, as well as to carry out the forced displacement of extensive populations.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

In 1946, the Soviet People's Commissariats were renamed ministries and the NKGB became the Ministry of State Security (Lt.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

MGB) and from the NKVD the Ministry of Internal Affairs, MVD.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

They were joined together again in 1953 after Stalin's death, but separated for good in 1954, when the Committee for State Security was created (lr.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

KGB) instead of ministry.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The Ministry of Interior was left with the criminal police, penal departments and fire departments.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

KGB, KGB SSSR The domain of the KGB was roughly equivalent to the US CIA and the FBI Counterintelligence Branch, but the KGB also included e.g. Soviet Border Guard.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

In 1978, the KGB was renamed the SNTL State Security Committee, (lr.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

KGB SSSR) and a person assimilated from its chairman to minister.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

In the late Soviet Union of 1991, the KGB/AFB of the VSFNT was established as the successor to the KGB in the Russian Soviet Republic.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

List of agencies of the Soviet secret police in chronological order Action Abroad According to intelligence sources in Time magazine, in 1978, an average of a quarter of Soviet diplomats were KGB agents, of these, for example, 98 operated in Finland, 87 in West Germany and 53 in Italy.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

An estimated 35% of the 136 diplomats in the Soviet delegation to Washington acted for the KGB, more individuals served in Tass, Aeroflot, commercial missions and other similar positions.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Around 105 to 135 KGB agents served on UN missions in Europe alone.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

[4] Known cases of Operation Trust Cambridge fives: Kim Philby, Donald Duart Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt, John Cairncross?


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Richard Sorge Rudolf Abel, KGB colonel.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Head of an espionage organization in the United States in


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Captured in 1957.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The Umbrella Assassination of Georgi Markov 1978 Operation Farewell Aldrich Ames, KGB Agent in the CIA Robert Hanssen, KGB Agent in the FBI Finnish Agents In 2014, Online News and The Modern Day went through Vasily Mitrohin's archive and created a Mitrohin containing 38 names. list of Finnish KGB contacts from 1972 to 1984.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

According to Kimmo Rentola, who has studied the list, for most people, information on archival material has been very scarce and individuals could also end up on the list without their knowledge.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Politicians, economic management and key officials are also almost entirely absent from the list, although the KGB had an estimated little less than a hundred political contacts in Finland in the 1980s.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

[5] Other persons: Reino Häyhänen, Major of the KGB.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Rudolf Abel's espionage organization in 1957 exposed by a KGB agent.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The Case of Zell One of the most remarkable and peculiar successes in KGB history occurred in 1967 when three men acting for the KGB stole a Sidewinder missile from Zell's NATO base, which was supposed to be impenetrably guarded.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The thieves were unable to get their prey to fit properly in their car and had to drive a distance of about 480 miles of West German autobahn with a 3-metre missile sticking out of an open window.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

When Manfred Ramminger, the head of the kopla, inquired at Dusseldorf airport about the best way to send cargo to Moscow, a KLM clerk suggested air cargo and Lufthansa was assured that there would be no particular interest in the contents of the package at customs.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Ramminger followed the advice and also boarded the plane in Moscow himself, carrying a missile detonator in his hand luggage.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Upon arriving there, however, Ramminger was told something had gone wrong.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

The package containing the missile had been removed from the plane's hold by mistake in Copenhagen and sent back to Dusseldorf.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

Ten days later, the package was delivered, in accordance with shipment data, to Moscow.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

“Brüderchen (little brother), you're an actual superman!” had Ramminger's contact person in the KGB laughed loudly.


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

[6] Sources Literature Christopher Andrew, Oleg Gordievski: KGB (Otava, 1991) ISBN 951-1-11502-2 Anne Kuorsalo, Ilmari Susiluoto, Martti Valkonen: The Kingdom of the Secret Police: KGB, FSB and relations with Finland (Edita, 2003) ISBN 951-37-3863-9 (nid.)


Question: What does KGB mean?

KGB

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Soviet coup attempt (, Avgustovsky Puttš) 19—21.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

August 1991 was an attempt by the old people to seize power from Mikhail Gorbachev, who pushed reform policies.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers put Gorbachev out of office and declared a state of emergency in the country.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

They wanted to prevent the renewal of socialism and the incipient dissolution of the Soviet Union that was already in sight.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers sought to prevent the beginning of the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the accompanying advance towards a market economy and the slipping of power out of the hands of the Communist Party.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In 1991 there was a so-called 500-day economic reform heading towards a market economy.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

A new union agreement, which went unsigned in August, would have transferred too much power from the central government to the republics, according to the hijackers.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hastily executed hijacking lasted only three days.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

It imploded in opposition from populist-democratic opposition politician Boris Yeltsin and a mind-pointing people.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The army, which supported the Old Ones in the beginning, refused to fire on unarmed protesters.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

At the end of the hijacking, Mikhail Gorbachev, who had been held captive under house arrest, lost his power.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The failure of the capture led to the abolition of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The backdrop to the coup to the Soviet leadership was the emergence of reformist leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985, who wanted to transform a socialist system based on dictatorship into a democratic and humane one, and to create a modern growing economy.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The reforms began in 1987, when censorship was lifted, dissidents were released and corporations were allowed to operate freely.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The liberated atmosphere led to the emergence of powerful national movements in countries such as the Baltic states and Ukraine between 1988 and 1989.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In 1989, the first partially free multi-party elections were held.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

As early as 1989, the incipient disintegration of the Soviet Union seemed to threaten the country.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Meanwhile, the economy imploded as the command system failed and shortages spread to cities.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Many communists had opposed the reforms from the beginning and opposition only increased as the reforms went wrong.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

At the end of 1989, Army Engineer Colonel Viktor Alksnis established the old Soviet Union Group, or Soyuz, in the disintegrating Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In about a year, this group expanded into a major political force in the Soviet Parliament.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Around the same time, the generals decided to support the Covenant Group.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In the summer of 1990, Boris Yeltsin, a populist Democrat, rose to become Speaker of the Russian Parliament.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

He was not on terms with Gorbachev, who served as President of the Soviet Union, as Gorbachev had dismissed Yeltsin in 1987 from the Politburo for his criticised perestroika as too slow.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In this case, Russia declared itself sovereign.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

A popular favorite, Yeltsin was elected President of Russia in the summer of 1991


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In early 1991, some detachments of the Ministry of Interior and Army [1] killed a total of forty lives in Riga and Vilnius [2] and succeeded in holding back the independence of the Baltic states.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

August 1991 hijacking Beginning On Monday morning, August 19, 1991 [3] Soviet state television channels stopped broadcasting according to their programs and began to present classical music.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

This had meant an important political announcement to be made before.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Soon Vice President Gennady Janayev announced on television that President Mikhail Gorbachev had been forced to step down from his duties for health reasons and that he, Janayev, was now acting president [4].


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Gorbachev was at the time at his holiday home in Foros in Crimea.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Gorbachev was confined there by the Old Ones to house arrest, but the arrest of Yeltsin was delayed and it was tangled.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

According to Yeltsin's bodyguard Koržakov and Yeltsin, the Alpha unit prepared for KGB special operations was merely observing Yeltsin's actions from the forest and had drunk alcohol at least somewhat.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

According to some accounts, Alpha's men would have asked many times KGB chief Krjutškov for permission to arrest Yelts, but always received orders to wait.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

According to this source, Mr Janayev, the drunken hijacking leader, would not have dared issue an arrest warrant.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Krjutškov may have deliberately stalled Alpha's operation, wanting to make this outlaw first and only then arrest.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Around midday, after Yeltsin had already left for the White House, the KGB men around the villa would have come dressed as paratroopers to Yeltsin's villa, where Koržakov would have welcomed guests in hospitable Russian fashion.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Koržakov fed these men of Lieutenant-Colonel Zaitzev, and the two left sleepy away in a few hours, having sat first in his bus [5] [6] [7].


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The Emergency Committee Janayev and seven other leaders of the hijacking formed the State Emergency Committee (ГКЧ, GKCHP), which took power in their hands.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Officially, the power-grabbing junta was led by Soviet Vice President Gennady Janayev.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers also included Prime Minister of the Soviet government Valentin Pavlov, KGB leader Vladimir Krjutškov, Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov, Interior Minister Boris Pugo, head of the Union of State Companies Aleksandr Tizyakov, head of the military-industrial complex and Oleg, deputy head of the Defence Council Baklanov and Agricultural Council Speaker Vasily Starodubtsev.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The actual leader of the hijacking project was Vladimir Krjutškov.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Parliament Speaker Anatoly Lukyanov, Soviet Marshal Sergey Ahromeyev and Gorbachev's chief of staff Valery Boldin supported the hijackers.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

On 20 August, a new treaty of federation would have been signed [8], which would transform the Soviet Union into a federation of sovereign republics, recognising that six republics absent from treaty negotiations (Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) were free to resign or accept later union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers appealed to Soviet citizens and warned of Soviet destruction.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Armed forces were assigned to key locations in Moscow.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

All independent media were shut down.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Political organizations other than the Communist Party were ordered dissolved.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The Soviet Union was declared a state of emergency.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Resistance Hijacking began to fall after this start largely due to the incapacity of its creators.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The telephones and e-mail of the country worked, which allowed the opposing party to organise itself.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The popular leader of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic, President Boris Yeltsin, was not jailed.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Yeltsin gathered key Russian leaders in his Dazha, including Prime Minister Ivan Silayev, Speaker Ruslan Hasbulatov, Leningrad Mayor Anatoly Sobchak, Moscow Vice Mayor Yuri Luzhkov and General Konstantin Kobets.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

They drew up an appeal to the Russian people and left the villa.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The KGB's Alpha unit surrounded the villa but still failed to arrest Yeltsin.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Yeltsin went to Moscow's so-called White House, where he declared the hijacking of a tank top illegal and declared to television cameras that Russia's armed forces and police were now under his command.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Briefings faxed abroad and sent back to the Soviet Union mobilized citizens supporting Yeltsin.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Thousands of people gathered around the White House in anticipation of the military's assault.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

However, Tamskaya Division troops turned their cannon away from the house.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Capture implosion Most Soviet republics condemned the hijackers.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers received support from Libya and Iraq, but most foreign powers left uncommented on the pending position of hijacking and ice.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

“Acting President” Gennady Janayev held a press conference in which he behaved nervously and could not convincingly justify the hijacking.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Moreover, Janayev was clearly drunk.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers' plan collapsed in a couple of days into initial adversity, not least Yeltsin's ponderous and conspicuous activities.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The Emergency Law Committee surrendered at ten o'clock on Wednesday, August 21, 1991.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Seven of its members were immediately arrested, Interior Minister Pugo and Marshal Ahromeyev committed suicide.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Timeline [9] Monday 19 August 4.00: General Igor Maltsev ordered the Crimean airport closed.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Warships were anchored near Cape Foro, where President Mikhail Gorbachev's summer villa was located.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

5.18am: Vice President Gennady Janayev took over the office of president.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Gorbachev was dismissed for health reasons and ordered under house arrest in Crimea.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

5.57am: Martial law was declared across the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

All power was now held by the Emergency Committee, which included KGB chief Vladimir Krjutškov, Prime Minister Valentin Pavlov and Interior Minister Boris Pugo.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

9am: Tanks belted near the Russian Federation's parliament building, where President Boris Yeltsin was staying.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

10.40am: The emergency law committee abolished freedom of the press.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

10.45am: Russian Federation President Boris Yeltsin condemned the hijacking as well as urging citizens to go on a major strike.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

12.00pm: Tanks rolled into the Kremlin and Red Square.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Huge numbers of people rallied around the Russian parliament in support of Yeltsin, who began to build barricades.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

1pm: Zviad Gamsakhurdian, president of the Grosian Soviet Socialist Republic, urged the people in Tbilisi to be calm.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

2pm: US President George H. W. Bush condemned the hijacking.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

4.10pm: Boris Yeltsin announced he would be Russia's official head of state.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The martial law committee declared martial law in Moscow and Leningrad.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

A strike by Russian miners began.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

4:35pm: Vytautas Landsbergis, the president of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, urged the people for peaceful resistance.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

5 p.m.: The martial law committee held its first press conference at the State Department.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Janayev announced that President Gorbachev is ill and was staying in Crimea.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

8pm: The state of emergency committee issued a warning to Boris Yeltsin not to agitate the masses.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

9pm: Tanks from Tamaskaj State Force moved to Yeltsin's side.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Tuesday, August 20, 0.30am: US President Bush called on the hijackers to return Gorbachev to power.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

1.00am: Tens of thousands of people demonstrated in front of Russia's parliament house.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

4.00am: Leningrad mayor Anatoly Sobchak sided with Yeltsin and condemned the hijacking.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

7.00am: Columns of military vehicles approached Leningrad.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

8am: Fyodor Kuzmin, the Baltic commander of the Soviet army, announced he had taken control of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

12.00pm: More than 100,000 people demonstrated in Leningrad against the hijackers.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

2pm: Valeriu Murosvkin, prime minister of the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic, gave support to Yeltsin.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

3.00pm: The European Community stopped all financial support for the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

4pm: US President Bush informed Boris Yeltsin by telephone that he supported Gorbachev's return to power.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

7.50pm: The parliament of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic announced in support of Yeltsin.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

President of the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, condemned the hijacking and announced Kazakhstan's resignation from the Politburo and the Communist side of the Soviet Union from the Central Committee.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

8pm: Yeltsin took command of all Russian forces.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

A curfew was declared overnight.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

8:35pm: Valentin Pavlov, the prime minister of the martial law committee, declared himself ill.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

11pm: Tens of thousands of protesters defied Moscow's nighttime curfew.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

11:10pm: Estonia declared an independent state.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

11:59pm: Mind callers burned two tanks in front of the Houses of Parliament Wednesday 21 August 0.01am: Tanks failed to break through barricades into Russia's Parliament House.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

0.40am: Three civilians were shot in the battle that has emerged around Moscow's barricades.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

2.21am: The people formed a five-fold human chain around Russia's parliament house.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Boris Yeltsin was ordered held in custody.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

8.39am: Russia's parliament was still free.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Several tanks had moved to Yeltsin's side.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

9.20am: A general strike started in Latvia.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

11.50am: Mikhail Gorbachev refused the hijackers' demand to return to Moscow.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Yeltsin, the president of the Russian Federation, also refused to travel to Crimea to pick Gorbachev home.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

1.00pm: Uzbek President Islam Karimov declared the actions of the martial law committee illegal and threatened to resign from the NKP.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

1.15pm: The hijackers were reported to be fleeing Moscow at 1.29pm: the Russian Federation parliament gave Yeltsin the power to arrest the hijackers.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

1.39pm: Army HQ announced it would withdraw all troops from Moscow.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

2.59pm: The hijackers' escape was successful.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers were reported to be heading towards Crimea.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

3.20pm: The Ministry of Defence announced it would withdraw all troops from the republics.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

4.13pm: Some of the hijackers were arrested in Sverdlovsk, Belarus.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

4.15pm: The defence committee of the Supreme Council announced that martial law has been abolished.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

4.29pm: Two members of the emergency law committee, KGB Krjutškov and Defence Minister Yazov travelled to Crimea to meet Gorbachev.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

5 p.m.: Soviet troops began their withdrawal from Lithuania.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Press censorship was abolished.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

5:10 p.m.: The Soviet parliament repealed regulations enacted by the emergency law committee and returned Gorbachev to power.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

6:14pm: The Supreme Council announced that Mikhail Gorbachev will again be president of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

6.30pm: Gorbachev left Crimea towards Moscow.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

6:59pm: Hijacking leader Vice President Gennady Janayev returned to the Kremlin at 7:19pm: US President Bush held talks with Gorbachev on the phone.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

8:13pm: Gorbachev was reported to be in control of the Soviet Union again.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

8:17pm: Of the hijackers, four were reported to be staying at Gorbachev's summer residence in Crimea.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijacking ended the Soviet Gorbachev returned to Moscow on Thursday morning, August 22.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

He was unable to react to the situation.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In his speech, he praised conventional Soviet phraseology, using Lenin and socialism, when at the same time in Moscow statues of Lenin and Dzerzhinsky were toppled in front of Ljubjanka and Lenin's mausoleum was closed for fear of destruction from the public.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The attempted hijacking had widespread consequences, with Yeltsin subsequently outlawing both the Soviet and Russian Communist parties.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The four months after the hijacking were the end of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The assets of the communist parties were confiscated.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

This left — for a moment only — Gorbachev with only the position of President of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In September 1991, the Soviet Union recognized the independence of all Baltic states.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

All Soviet republics became independent.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The Soviet Union was replaced by the Union of Sovereign States.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In November 1991, seven NIS joined.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Ukraine, the largest former Soviet republic after Russia, remained out of the union — declaring independence on 1 December 1991.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Russia recognized its independence on December 3.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Russia's power in the alliance was augmented by Yeltsin's decision that it was not worthwhile for Russia to introduce all willing, new and poor republics into the alliance.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The Commonwealth of Independent States CIS was founded by the leaders of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia in the Belarusian capital Minsk.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

They hereby rejected the Federation Treaty that established the Soviet Union, drawn up in 1922.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

On 21 December 1991, Central Asian republics, including Armenia and Azerbaijan, joined the CIS.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Georgia remained out of the CIS until 1993.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Mikhail Gorbachev resigned from the Soviet leadership on 25 December 1991.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

After the breakup, the Soviet flag was lowered out of the Kremlin salon.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In the place was raised white-blue-red tricolor of the Russian Federation.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Its dissolution was followed by economic collapse and severe social and demographic problems in several sub-republics and bloody armed conflicts in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Moldova.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In hindsight, Vladimir Putin has pronounced the breakup of the Soviet Union to have been “the greatest geopolitical disaster of the century.”


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Janayev, who led the August hijacking, and 11 others, were convicted of attempting a coup.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

They were pardoned in February 1994.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Boris Kagarlitski, a leftist sociologist who has criticised the Soviet Union and subsequent Russia, argues in his book The Disintegrated Monolith the August hijacking involved facts that have not been made public.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

According to Kagarlitsky, there was unseen political intrigue behind the hijacking.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Failure to capture would not have been due to the recklessness, unpreparedness and ineptitude of the hijackers.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers failed to monitor traffic and media, and the soldiers were unarmed.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

An obvious powerful opponent of the oldies, the openly democratic Russian President Boris Yeltsin, was not arrested.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Vice President Rutskoi and Prime Minister Silayev were also not arrested.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers had about 5 hours to arrest Yelts and take control of the White House, or even after this to surround it and cut off the power, etc.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Nor was Manees Square blockaded like one of the giant demonstrations of Gorbachev's time.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Many of the hijackers were associates of Gorbachev, and even Stalinist Ampilov and Nina Andreyeva opposed the hijacking [10].


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijacking had been almost a year in preparation, and history found examples of successful hijackings — including the ouster of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in the 1960s.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

During the hijacking, Yeltsin was on television on more than one occasion.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

One of the hijackers, Tizyakov, belonged to the Arkadi Volsky Federation of Industrial Leaders, which had links to the Gorbachev and Yeltsin factions alike.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The Central Committee was not convened and Gorbachev was not formally dismissed.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

According to one Kommersant article, Yeltsin would have been involved in the capture supposedly on its side, and then brought down the capture [11].


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Yeltsin invited the people to the street, unlike e.g. Allende under his overthrow in 1973.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The mob would not have been able to prevent the armor attack carried out against it.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Yeltsin knew the White House would never be taken over.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

According to Kagarlitsky, the hijackers knew for certain that Yeltsin would not rise up against them and that the capture was similar to Yeltsin [12].


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Though it did, though.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Yeltsin deceived the hijackers thoughtfully and summoned the mobs to defend the White House despite the armor.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The soldiers occupying Moscow did not have hard cartridges.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The knowledge that no armed force would be used against the White House would probably have come from the hijackers themselves.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

The hijackers fled to Crimea to Gorbachev, and within days of the end of the hijacking, Gorbachev announced on TV that he was resigning from NKP and that NKP's assets would be confiscated [13].


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

In Kagarlitsky's view, the hijacking created the conditions for the emergence of a right-wing populist dictatorship in Russia.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

According to Georgian suspicion, Gorbachev himself would have been involved in a project whose aim would have been to halt the disintegration development of the Soviet Union.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

After Gorbachev's return, Yeltsin ousted Gorbachev and the Soviet Union was dissolved on 25 December 1991.


Question: Why did the Democratic Republic of Georgia only last three years?

1991 Soviet coup attempt

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, Esa| title = Hot August 1991, Black October 1993 in Moscow: Finns in the wake of a coup | location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-31-2057-0}} Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:History of the USSR Category:Coup Attempts Category:1991 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Banana (Musa sapientum) [1] [2] is a processed beneficial plant belonging to the genus of bananas (Musa).


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Its fruit is classified in botany as a berry [3], more specifically a primer fruit, and is usually known as a “common” or “commercial” banana.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

It is a herbaceous plant that produces a crop in the seventh year of its planting.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Taxonomy The classification between banana and soup banana (M. paradisiaca) has often been seen as convoluted in botany.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

The common banana is sometimes classified as a subspecies of the soup banana or vice versa.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[1] The processed subspecies of common banana and soup banana are based on two parent species: Musa acuminata colla and Musa balbisiana colla.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Among the breeding crossbreeds, the common names Musa × paradisiaca L., Musa × sapientum L. or perhaps as the most exacte designation even M. acuminata × M. balbisiana Colla are sometimes used.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

The different types of crossbreeding are distinguished by letter combinations of 2 to 4 letters, with the letter A representing the haploid genome of the acuminata species and the letter B representing the species balbisiana.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[4] The main breeds of common commercial banana are of the AAA variety, meaning they are descended from the acuminata species alone.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

(Soup banana varieties are based on both acuminata and balbisiana species, or the latter alone).


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[4] Bananas on the market are mainly of the 'Cavendish' variety.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Until the 1950s, the mainstream variety was 'Gros Michel' (Big Mike), whose large-scale commercial cultivation ended due to plant diseases.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

History Banana cultivation has been started in Papua New Guinea, [5] from where it migrated to Africa possibly thousands of years before the beginning of our period.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

The banana is first mentioned in historical Buddhist texts in 600 BCE.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Alexander the Great tasted banana in the valleys of India in 327 BCE.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

The first mentions of banana plantations are from China around the year 200.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

In 650, the Islamic conquistadors brought the plant to Palestine.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Accompanied by Arab traders, it spread across Africa.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

In 1502, the Portuguese started the first banana plantations in the Caribbean and Central America.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Although this plant was exported from West Africa to the Canary Islands by Portuguese seafarers, it was not until the Renaissance began in the 17th century that the banana was domesticated to Europe, and even then very instinctively.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Although the banana was certainly known as early as the Middle Ages, for some reason it did not spread into medieval cuisine.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

In 1516, American travelers sailing through the Canary picked up the plant and the conquest of the new continent had begun for the banana.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

In fact, the large-scale conquest of the Americas began around the middle of the 19th century.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Europeans did not really invent the use of banana really until the 18th century, and there are almost no mentions of it from the Middle Ages in Europe.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Banana nowadays Bananas are usually picked raw and brought to Finland as greens, for example.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

In some countries, bananas are cooked in gas before being sold.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

The peel of the ripe banana is yellow and has small brown spots.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

The fruit flesh of the banana is soft and sweet in taste, so a ripe banana can be eaten peeled as is.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Bananas can be eaten well even before they turn brown spots, others think the flavour is at best slightly before the banana is fully “ripe”.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

However, the banana is still edible even if the peel is completely brown.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

On the territory of the European Union, banana is grown, for example, on the island of Madeira, which belongs to Portugal.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Madeiran bananas are considered smaller and tastier than bananas commonly sold elsewhere in Europe.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[6] [7] Fair Trade has mainly introduced Ecuadorian bananas, which also have prospects.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[8] Problems of the banana plant in asexual reproduction have worried the future of banana growers.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Finding banana grades that are resistant to various diseases has proved worryingly arduous.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

The banana has even been feared to be extinct, which could perhaps be prevented by means of genetic manipulation, for example.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[9] Panama disease TR4, which is specifically classified as a fungal disease, is dangerous and no means of control has been found.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

It seems to be spreading into a global epidemic.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[10] Nutritional value 100 grams of peeled banana contains approximately 18.3 grams of absorbable carbohydrate, 0.4 grams of fat and 1.1 grams of protein.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[11] Banana is a good source of fiber, vitamin C, potassium and manganese: [12] per hundred grams contain, for example, 0.36 grams of potassium, [11] which is more than 10% of the recommended daily intake of an adult male (3.5 g).


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[13] Banana is also an excellent source of vitamin B6: it is 0.50 milligrams in one hundred grams, [11] which is about one-third of the recommended intake of an adult male (1.6 mg) or the entire recommended intake of a one-year-old.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

[14] Bananas are mildly radioactive because they contain the very common isotope potassium-40 in nature.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

However, radioactivity causes no health effects; eating one banana is about 1% of the normal daily dose of background radiation.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

See also Banana State Sources Rousi, A., Sunflower to vine — food plants, WSOY, Porvoo, WSOY printing unit, Porvoo 1997.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Robuchon, J., Creignoun, M., Delaveyne, J., etc., Larousse — Gastronomique, Hamlyn, London, Editoriale Johnson, Bergamo, 2001.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

Whiteman, K., Great Fruit Book, Anness Publishing ldt, Gummerus, Jyväskylä, Singapore 2001.


Question: When was banana 'invented' in Europe?

Banana

References on the topic elsewhere Fineli: Category:Fruits Category:Bananas Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding is a very old skill that has evolved through history into an industry that builds ships in shipyards.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

People have had enough courage to take to the waters very early on.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The incentive must have been access to better fishing grounds and hunting grounds.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Already bronze-aged braid-bound grazed boats such as Ferriby's have been cleverly made and have embarked on long journeys.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding skills have developed in different parts of the world independently of each other and throughout history many traditions can be seen in boat and ship structures.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Warfare and an arms race have often been the motive behind the development of shipbuilding.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

For millennia, ships were made of wood and were passed on sails or by the power of rowers.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 19th century, the steam engine was gradually powered by a steam engine and steel as the structural material for the fuselage.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The 20th century has been powered by a steam turbine, a diesel engine and, in some ships, nuclear power as well.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding masters were among the first to be publicly authorised professionals.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The service life of a sea-going ship is some tens of years, so constant renewal is necessary.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The construction of the great ship has created financial problems for kings, too.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The sea is a demanding and risky environment for ships, so different economic instruments such as guarantees and insurance have evolved to support sharing risks, both when building ships and shipping.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 18th century, the activities of classification societies established by guarantors included the investigation and reporting of ship accidents, triggering the systematic development of safety and standardisation of structures.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Today, ships are built strictly according to the regulations.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In cargo ships, economic perspectives are emphasised, while there are other emphases in passenger ships and pleasure craft.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

History The oldest known sea voyage has occurred at least 50000—70000 years ago, when humans migrated to New Guinea and Australia.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The group of people leaving Africa moved along beaches around the Indian subcontinent and was able to advance through the Indonesian archipelago with ease, with the longest sea voyages around 80 metres below today.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

To reach Australia, people had to cross a sea strait about 170 kilometres wide.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Indigenous peoples of Australia and New Guinea who lived in isolation resemble Africans in appearance and, based on genes, they are probably the last direct descendants of the first groups of humans to mobilise.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[1] One can only conjecture on what kind of ships this journey has been made.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Clues can be retrieved from rudimentary vessels that have survived to the present day.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The rafts tied from twigs or papyrus reeds are very old African watercraft.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In India, a ferry tied from three logs is used, the middle one being the longest.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the Fiji Islands, bamboo stalks are tied to rafts with balustrades.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In Tibet, rivers are crossed with air-filled floats made of animal skin.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Holding out from one tree is made of grooves.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Skins or bricks (for example, American birch boats) may be tightened around the tied wooden frame to make a canoe or kayak.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[2] Time of sailing ships Egyptian ships The Nile is a favourable river for shipping, as it regularly winds from the north, allowing sails up the river and down the stream.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Images of ships used on the Nile have been transmitted from clay pots of the pre-dynastic period dating back 6000 years.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The images show long band-linked boats with a tapering band bond at the bow and bent up at the stern.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Already at that time, the stern part was bent so much that it points inward to the boat.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This became, for millennia, a characteristic feature of Mediterranean ships.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

An image of a boat with sail has also been found from the same period.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The mast was positioned close to the bow, allowing the sail to be operated downwind only.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

These boats had a steering oar and could also be paddled.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[4] From the First Dynasty period there are already pictures of wooden ships being made.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Little wood suitable for shipbuilding is found in Egypt, as only short rafts are obtained from local sycomores and acacia wood.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Because of this, wood began to be imported from elsewhere.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The pieces of wood were tied to others with pieces of wood resembling an hourglass or sewn together with ropes.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The butt seams were sealed with silicon [5] and plant fibres or grass [6].


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In addition, off-board tensionable belts and dressings were used to hold the ship together.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[7] In water, the water pressure compresses the joints together.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the largest ships the paddles were replaced by oars. [8].


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Boats used in ritual burials have been found near the town of Abydos, timed to the First Dynasty.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Important information on shipbuilding technology has been obtained from these.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Pin-hole technology has been used at the joints of the boards.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

A local tamarisk tree has been identified as material for the ships.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

To the sea, the Egyptians have left 3000 BCE.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

century.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Hieroglyphs report that Pharaoh Sneferu sent 2600 BCE.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

by knowing 40 ships to Phoenicia to retrieve cedar wood for shipbuilding.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Pharaoh Sahura sent eight warships to destroy the Syrian coast, and the expedition returned with the Phoenicians taken prisoner.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Sahura warship had been built like earlier ships without keels and arches.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The pieces were tightened by ropes and nets outside the fuselage to each other.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The cover supported the structure.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The mast was bipedal and could be lowered down.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The mast was still positioned so forward that the sail could only be used downwind.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[10] Egyptians used to place miniature models of ships in tombs.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

From these it is evident that the year 2000 BC.


Question: In what year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

around the time several steering oars were replaced by one large one. [11].


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The female pharaoh Hachepsut sent 1400 BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Fleet to the land of Punt in the Horn of Africa.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

These ships had a sturdy keel or centre hull beam extending over both the bow and stern.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The sailing mast was positioned amidships and the upper raw wood had to be lowered.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This ship could be sailed to crosswinds.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship had an estimated length of 25—27 metres.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[12] The obelisks are in one piece hewn from a mountain in Assuan by the first cataract.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

From there they have been transported by ship to Luxor and Heliopolis.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Pharaoh Thutmosis I built a ship to transport obelisks.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In honour of her father and herself, her daughter Queen Hachepsut had two obelisks beaten by her daughter, Queen Hachetsut, with a surviving image of the ship in a mountain temple in Deir el Bahr.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship, which carried the two obelisks, is calculated to have been 63 feet long, 25 feet wide.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Its draught is calculated to have been 2 meters with a weight of 800 tons without load and 1500 tons with load.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[13] In the 13th century BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Egypt increasingly came under attack from the sea peoples, mainly the Philistines.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Pharoah Ramses III waged these equivalent wars successfully.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

His tomb at Medinet Habu contains the oldest relief depicting a naval battle.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Egyptians had apparently learned lessons from the ships of other seafaring nations.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The rowers are protected by splash boarding.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

A wet basket can be seen on the mast and the sails are assembled using constrictors, so that the crude does not need to be lowered down.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[14] From the Bronze Age of the Aegean to the Romans The development of shipping among the peoples inhabiting the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea is natural, since as early as 3400 BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

there were cultural links between the islands.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The earliest ships have been papyrus rafts and cornrows with side boards tied with ropes.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Because good shipbuilding wood grows in the area, ships were made early on keel and arch trees.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Minoan culture in Crete was the first maritime power to have links with nearby islands in the Aegean Sea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Cretan and Egyptian ships share the same features, but it is not known which way more influences have gone.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Mycenaean culture flourished on the Greek mainland and archipelago, trading in the Mediterranean.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Phoenicians lived in the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, in the territory of present-day Lebanon and had settlements all over the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Phoenicians sold and shipped cedar wood to Egypt and were in close contact with them.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[15] [16] [17] The Phoenicans developed multisorous warships, or galleys.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Phoenician dieer had rowers in two planes and in the centre of the ship was a bridge measuring the size of the ship where soldiers could move.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[18] In the Aegean region, pine trees were used for ship building.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The species that grew on the coast was referred to as pitys (coastal pine, fur pine or aleppo pine), which grew in the mountains as peuce (Macedonian pine or black pine)).


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The third species of pine was pinja, which was already cultivated in antiquity for edible seeds.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In Greek warships, pincer was used for its lightness.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Mountain pine was used in merchant ships for durability.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[19] The Doorites migrated to Greece in the 12th century BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Subsequently, a period begins in Greek history about which little information has survived.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It has been inferred from some pot fragments that a Doorese warship has been a vessel made of one large tree and commemorated some of the war canoes of the islands of Papua New Guinea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[20] Greek city-states began in 700 BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

from engaging in mercantile shipping and competing with the Phoenicians.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In safe home waters, small merchant ships of sheer sail were used, with raised sides and a bridge from stern to bow along which to pass over the deck cargo.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

For longer voyages, the ships were combinations of warships and merchant ships and were equipped with rowers.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Typical of Greek ships was the bow extension, the bow jubilee, which on warships served as an attack buffer, but on merchant ships it has been speculated to have improved traversal characteristics, such as the bulbi used today.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Another type feature is the image of the eye used on the bow.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[21] Greece is a mountainous country where transportation was most efficient by water.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Athens achieved Aegean domination in the 4th century BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

by the superiority of his fleet.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The technique of naval battles was to buffet the opponent's ships with a broken bow jubilee.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The success of the tactic depended on the trained rowers and skillful steering of the ship, but also on speed and lightness, leading to competition for the ships' technique.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[22] The Greek dieer or double rowing from the 6th century onwards was the lightest and most graceful vessels in antiquity.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The lightweight ships could be pulled stern ahead ashore.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

According to Thukydides, the Corinthians were the first to begin to build arches inside the ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[23] However, the arches were only shaped and added afterwards when the bulkheads were already complete.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[24] Trieers, or three-rowers, were built as early as the 6th century BCE, but when heavy and clumsy, they were not good for dieers at first.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Three-strings developed in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

the best warship in antiquity.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

There were rowers on each side of the ship in three rows.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

One of the rows was positioned lower than the others, and its airholes had leather bags to prevent water from entering.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

One row was placed on a loft over the water.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The tri-outing could be kept short so that the turns were successful quickly.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[25] The speed of the triad is estimated to have been about 11 knots at maximum.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[26] After the tri-rowings came the quadriceps and quintuplets in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Warships retained on land remained dry and after being buffed, they did not sink in a cargo of water.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Even a heavy bronze bow jubilee wasn't enough to sink the ship.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The wrecks could apparently be repaired as efforts were usually made to salvage them.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[27] The greatest Ptolemy IV in Alexandria of the 200th century BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The warship built at the end, forty-rowing mentioned, was 130 meters long, according to descriptions, and more than 4000 rowers.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In all likelihood, the ship has not just moved in the seas, but has acted as a deterrent.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[28] Rome's success was not based on the fleet.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Romans built up a fleet of strong sea power for the Punic wars fought against Carthage.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

After the Second Punic War, Rome allowed its fleet to decay.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Later, a fleet was assembled, if necessary, from Greek cities in southern Italy.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Around 50, Emperor Claudius completed the works on the port of Ostia.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Rome had become dependent on grain shipped from Alexandria.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[29] In Lukianos production, a description of the voyage of a grain ship is preserved as part of the work Ship or Wishes (also known as Sailing or Human Wishes).


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship was named Isis, and it set off from Alexandria towards Rome.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship is reported to have been 55.5 m long, over 13.7 m wide and had a deck height of 13.4 m.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The vessel had a tonnage of about 1200 tons.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The initial sky was running in a gallant bullet wind to Cyprus in a week, so the speed had been around 1.75 knots, which is a reasonable speed for a heavy ship in creatives.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

A westerly storm then rose and the ship found itself on the west coast of present-day Turkey.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Athens was then chosen as the main wet for the trip.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[30] [31] The hulls of the big ships were built on land and equipped in the sea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

After landing in the waters, problems began, as in the salty oceans, wooden ships are destroyed by a shipworm called Terredo navalis by the Romans, which is also its current scientific name.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Larch, in particular, was considered susceptible to shipworm.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Large ships were protected by first covering the hull with pie-soaked cloth cloth and then a thin lead plate nailed on top.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Toxic lead also prevented gastropods and goose necks from sticking to the bottom.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In antiquity it was also known to build drydocks, which could be pumped empty.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This allowed servicing the bottoms of ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[32] Shipbuilding in China and surrounding areas of China began during the Spring and Autumn period (722—481 BCE).


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Chinese jonk developed at the beginning of the period and was characterized by a flat sloping bow and stern.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Already in the first century these had a single rudder in the middle of the


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship developed in river navigation, and it was sent to the seas along the coasts in the second century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Chinese culture spread by sea to nearby areas of Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam and Indonesia.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The structure of the Džonk was made by a compartmentalization made with sturdy bulkheads across the fuselage.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[33] They could therefore be built considerably larger than European wooden ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 13th century, China was conquered by the Mongols under Kublai Khan.