Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The Vietnam War paid off, and tax dollars had a use for things like social programs.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Nor did the United States invade overland North Vietnam, from where fighters and weapons were flowing into South Vietnam.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The United States perhaps feared Chinese and Soviet reactions.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

In the 60s, the United States attacked only from the air and with the help of special forces against the guerrilla supply road.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Special forces had great difficulty in the jungle.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

By the time the United States made a ground invasion in the early 1970s, the enemy had had time to branch the supply road into numerous routes and even then the service road was not broken.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The South Vietnamese government and the U.S. military lacked broad enough support from the South Vietnamese people.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[27] The government forcibly displaced the population from the war domain to “protected villages”, leaving the relocated people bare on the trees.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

But the Viet Cong had enough support in rural areas.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[28] There were many flaws in the strategy, battle tactics, training, number of men, armament, and motivation of the United States Army.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The weapon usually used by US infantry was unreliable.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[29] One soldier usually fought for a year at a time in Vietnam, and thus experienced troops were unable to emerge.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[30] The enemy effectively used ambushes, traps and mines.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The AK-47 used by the North was a powerful and reliable weapon.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[31] Search and destroy operations were many times futile, because after a victorious search and destroy operation, the opponent sent new forces into the area after the Americans withdrew.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[32] [33] In the 1960s, the United States did not sufficiently equip South Vietnamese troops.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[34] The terrain favored guerrilla tactics.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The Viet Cong always sought to choose the time of battle carefully.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The U.S. air gun was strong, but enemy skills against it evolved with the times.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Boat refugees after the fall of Saigon and the reunification of the countries, many of those involved in the South Vietnamese regime lost their status or were put into re-education camps.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Later, in 1979, Vietnam fought a brief border war with China, which made ethnic Chinese in the country feel threatened.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Economic lows and poverty also increased the willingness to leave Vietnam in hopes of better conditions.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Together, these reasons led millions of South Vietnamese, and later during the second wave of the early 1980s also North Vietnamese, to go into exile by water on flimsy rafts.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

They began to be referred to as “Boat Refugees”.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Some were robbed and murdered at sea by Indonesian and Thai pirates.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Those who were saved were even forced into refugee camps in Thailand, Hong Kong, the Philippines and Malaysia for years because after the initial period it became very difficult to find willing recipients.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Alu's sympathies for refugees evaporated very quickly, and boat refugees were branded as living standards refugees.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Most people had the hope for a better livelihood.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

In general, Vietnam did not exert repression on those who left.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

In the late 1990s, after Vietnam liberated its economy, many returned back to the homeland.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The last boat refugees (a group of 200 in the Philippines) were not granted asylum until 2005.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Finland received the first Vietnamese quota refugees in 1979.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

More than one million Vietnamese eventually fled to the United States


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Significant concentrations also emerged in France, Australia, West Germany and some other countries.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The effects of war on the United States The war had a strong impact on US social policy opinions, especially young people of large baby boomers.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Both opponents and supporters defined their foreign and domestic political lines through the war.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Many Americans who left the war returned from the war severely wounded or mentally disabled.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

A total of 58,000 US soldiers died; it took a long time before they received their memorial because the war was perceived as a defeat the United States was not used to.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The transition to a professional army was one consequence of the Vietnam War.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Under Reagan, despite the arms race and patriotism, we were very cautious in military operations precisely because of the specter of the Vietnam War.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

It is later estimated that 830,000 Vietnam War veterans suffered from mental woes, but only about 55000 of them sought reparations and about 28,000 received compensation.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[35] The war was strongly supported and opposed in the United States and Western Europe, but opponents eventually became the overwhelming majority.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Attention was attracted by millions, predominantly young people, demonstrating against the war.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

In the United States, anti-war campaigners were also allowed to face authority violence, culminating at Kent State University in Ohio when, in May 1970, the National Guard opened fire on a peaceful anti-war demonstration, killing four students.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[36] Forced recruitment was initiated and was also used some times on known members of the peace movement.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Among the most famous opponents of the war placed on the recruiting list was professional boxing heavyweight world champion Muhammad Ali, who refused forced recruitment, stating religious reasons as justification, adding that “no Vietnamese have ever called me a Negro.” Ali was fined $10,000 for front desertion and lost his championship title.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

[37] [38] In Western Europe, the debate and debate was accompanied by frustration that Western European influence had withered, alongside the United States and the Soviet Union, to a small one.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Western Europe also feared itself of coming under Soviet attack, and consequently negotiated solutions were seen as desirable.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Many returnees from the war experienced great difficulties in reintegrating into society — especially as the 1970s were a time of economic recessions and long-term unemployment.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The war did not prepare soldiers for civilian work.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Furthermore, in Vietnam's jungle warfare, U.S. soldiers had to confront and kill enemies much closer than in previous wars.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

This brought further psychological trauma to the returning soldiers.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Opponents and defenders of the Vietnam War waged a significant propaganda war through the relays.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The grand bombing and the Têt Offensive were part of the propaganda war.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The war crew was formed by volunteers from rural areas (mostly Caucasians) and merit-seeking metropolitan dwellers (remarkably low-achieving blacks) who, unlike young people who excelled in urban schools, had not received exemption from the war, for example, university- because of studies.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

One of the big talking points was drugs linked to the Vietnam War.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

One study estimated that 10 percent of those who served in Vietnam tried heroin.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Drugs were readily available in Vietnam, which has been suggested to have slightly increased post-war drug use in the United States.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Some opponents of the war viewed veterans of the war discriminatory, causing some veterans to find social adjustment difficult.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Discrimination was common in the 1970s, but as medicine recognized post-traumatic stress disorder and Vietnam War veterans' organizational activities gave rise to more sympathies.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Unlike benefits for World War II veterans, the additional benefits received by Vietnam veterans were very minimal.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Dealing with the Vietnam War in American popular culture Movies and Novels The Vietnam War was, even after its end, a sensitive subject in the United States and was not desired to be addressed in films.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

In literature, however, the war was already addressed shortly after its demise, and David Morrell, for example, provoked heated debate with his book Manhunt, which appeared in 1972.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

In the book, a Vietnam War veteran named John Rambo, upon returning to his homeland, finds himself discriminated against by the community and, due to the traumas he has received from the war, starts his lonely war against the police force of a small town.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Morrell has said the book's idea to move the Vietnam War to U.S. soil.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The book was adapted into a 1982 film The Fighter, with the lead played by Sylvester Stallone.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

A very notable book about the Vietnamese guerrilla movement (Viet Cong) is “thus acting Vietnamese guerrillas” by Wilfred Burchett.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The cautious line in films regarding the Vietnam War changed when Michael Cimino's The Deer Hunter received five Academy Awards in 1978 (among them the Academy Award for Best Film) and Francis Ford Coppola's Book of Revelation.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Now, in 1979, two Academy Awards.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Since then, several mainstream films dealing with the Vietnam War have been made in the United States.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The best known of these are Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket (1987) and the Vietnam trilogy based on Oliver Stone's own experiences, whose first volume, Platoon — Young Soldiers (1986), received four Oscars.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The Vietnam War is also flanked in the film Forrest Gump (1994).


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Music Many rock musicians in the United States were highly critical of the Vietnam War, and some also expressed it in various media very audibly.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

The musicians' anti-war sentiment was also reflected in their songs, many of which have emerged as classics of their time.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Early known songs critical of the war included Country Joe and the Fish's “I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag” (1967), The Doors' “The Unknown Soldier” (1968), The Rolling Stones' “Gimme Shelter” (1969), and Creedence Clearwater Revival's “Fortunate Son” (1969).


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Following the aforementioned songs, a large wave of songs critical of the Vietnam War began, including such songs as Black Sabbath's “War Pigs” (1970), Jimi Hendrix's “Machine Gun” (1970) Edwin Starr's “War” (1970) and John Lennon's “Happy Xmas (War Is Over)” (1971).


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Years after the Vietnam War, many songs critical of the war were made, including Bruce Springsteen's “Born in the U.S.A.” (1985), Public Enemy's “Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos” (1989), and Slayer's “Mandatory Suicide” (1990) and Paul Hardcastle's “19" (1985).


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Some American radio stations refused to play Hardcastle's single because it was deemed to be un-American.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

Also, several records by thrash metal band Sodom (such as M-16 and Agent Orange) are about the Vietnam War.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

See also United States in Laotian Civil War Pots Plateau List of Finns who participated in the Vietnam War Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lewis, Adrian R.| title = The American culture of war: The history of U.S.


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

military force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom| publisher = Routledge| year = 2007| isbn = 978-0-4159-7975-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kallonen, Kari| title = Blue-Green Berets: Finnish soldiers in the Vietnam War| publisher = Northern Lights | year = 2006| isbn = 952-5170-56-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wiest, Andrew| title = Vietnam War| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Thought Books| year = 2009| version = Translated by Simo Liikanen| isbn = 978-951-20-790}} On topic elsewhere Puhakka, Olli: Agricola News and Discussion Forum (22.3.2013).


Question: How many A-class destroyers were serving in the British Navy at the time of World War II?

Vietnam War

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

African economic population887 million (14%) GDP (purchasing power) 1.635 trillion USDGDP (wealth) USDGDP 558 billion per capita (purchasing power) 1,968 USDGDP per capita (wealth) 671 USDGDP per capita annual growth per capita 0.74% (1990-2002) Earnings44.7 %Millionaires 0.1 million (0.01 %) People living on less than a dollar a day36.2 %Debt (% of GDP) 60.7% (1998) Debt repayments (% of GDP) 4.2 %Development aid received (% of GDP) 3.2% (2001) Women's average income level51.8% of men's income The African economy covers African industry, trade and resources.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In 2005, there were an estimated 922 million people living in Africa living in 54 countries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[1] Africa is by far the poorest of the populated continents in the world and poorer on average today than it was 30 years ago.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[2] In the UN report of 175 countries, the “Human Development Report” for 2003, the last 25 places were African states.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[3] Africa's current poverty has its roots in some places in history.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[4] The major causes of Africa's poor economic situation have been the volatile transition away from colonialism, the Cold War, the rise of political corruption, and despotism and protectionism.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Africa's economic development has trampled in place compared with the rapid economic growth in China, India and South America, which has lifted millions of people above the poverty line.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Africa's economy has even regressed as measured by foreign trade, investment and GDP.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Poverty has far-reaching effects, including low lifespan, violence and instability.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Over the decades, many attempts have been made to grow Africa's economy, but with little success.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[5] Regional variation from African states only South Africa is wealthy enough to be counted as an industrialised country on the OECD list.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[6] However, there are considerable differences in wealth between countries on the continent.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Africa's most prosperous regions are located in the north as well as


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

North Africa has long been closely linked to the economic regions of Europe and the Middle East.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

South Africa is by far the richest nation on the continent, measured by both total and population proportional GDP.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[7] South Africa's neighbouring states have also benefited from its wealth.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[7] Comparatively small oil-enriched states like Gabon and Equatorial Guinea do not fit into the top ten richest African countries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

West Africa, which has a long history of trading and was highly developed before the colonial period, is on average wealthier and more stable than the rest of the continent.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Island states such as the Seychelles, Cape Verde and Mauritius are slightly richer than mainland African states, but the volatile Comoros has remained poor.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The poorest are states that are in civil war or just recovering from one, for example the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Burundi and Somalia.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In the past, the poorest region has been the Horn of Africa, which has nevertheless historically been one of the wealthiest regions in sub-Saharan Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Also today very poor Ethiopia has a long and successful history.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The region has been burdened for several decades by poverty as well as related famines and wars.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Within countries, Africa has considerable disparities in wealth.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Economic inequality is very high in several African countries, with the upper class having significantly higher incomes than the majority of the population.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Information History Before the Roman Empire, ancient Egypt was one of the most successful and advanced civilizations on Earth.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Alexander the Great in 334 BC.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Founded by Alexandria was for centuries one of the most important Mediterranean trade centers.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Egypt remained one of the most advanced non-European countries right up to the 19th century.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Conditions in sub-Saharan Africa were very different.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Due to the dense forest and vast deserts, intra-continent commerce was difficult.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The prosperity extended only to Nubia, Ethiopia, Mali and Ghana, with trade routes to Mediterranean countries as well as the Middle East.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

New technology and advances in civilizations made commerce easier around the world.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In the first millennium after the beginning of the period, the Kingdom of Aksum had a lucrative trading kingdom on the east coast of Africa (in the territory of present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea).


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Aksum had a large navy, and traded with distant lands, even the Byzantine Empire and India.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

After the Arab conquers of North Africa taught the use of camels in the 9th century, trade across the Sahara began for the first time.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Profits from the sale of gold and salt led to the emergence of several powerful and rich kingdoms in the western parts of the Sahel; these included e.g.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Kingdoms of Ghana, Kanem-Bornu and Mali.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

With the help of the Arabs, a maritime trade route was also established along the east coast of Africa, and the region prospered as ivory was exported from the east coast as well as slaves across the Indian Ocean.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Further south, large empires were rare, with the exception of the Zimbabwean Empire.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In states in the African Great Lakes region such as Rwanda, Burundi and Buganda, administration was heavily concentrated as a result of high population and lavish agricultural yields.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In the 15th century, Portuguese traders began trading directly with the territory of Guinea, instead of using the Saharan trade route.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The Portuguese were followed over the decades by other European traders, leading to an explosive increase in wealth in the region and the emergence of successful states such as the Kingdom of Benin, Dahomey and Ašant.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The region was characterised by lax union and city-states such as the Yorubas and Hausas states.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Prosperity was based on the slave trade, but income from it was depleted as the slave trade was banned and Europeans established their colonies on the continent.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

For the first decades after the advent of Europeans, the principle of laissez-faire prevailed in the region.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

European companies were hoped to prosper by guaranteeing a secure operating environment.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

However, this only happened in a few areas with remarkably rich natural resources.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The colonies' economy grew hardly at all between the 1890s and the 1920s.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The colonies were forced to source their money themselves because they received little, if any, monetary support from Europe.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

With the emergence of Keynesian economics in the 1930s, settlement administration began to significantly support settlement development.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

However, the Great Depression and World War II curbed new projects, and settlement development did not get properly off the ground until the post-war years.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In the 1950s, economic growth and international trade grew in much of Africa to many times that of the pre-war period.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Huge demand for raw materials, reconstruction in Asia and Europe, and strong economic growth in North America pushed commodity prices high.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

With the end of the period of colonialism in the 1960s, there was an expectation that Africa would be able to prosper self-sufficiently.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

However, growth remained only momentary as newly independent states had to borrow large amounts of money from abroad.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In the 1970s, Africa's economy was hampered by global economic decline, rising oil prices, corruption and political instability.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Over the following decades, Africa has steadily become impoverished compared to the rest of the world; at the same time, the South American economy has grown steadily and the East Asian economy even phenomenally.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

According to the World Economic Forum, in 1970 ten percent of the world's poor lived in Africa; in 2000, 50% of them were Africans.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Between 1974 and 2000, the average income level has been reduced by $200.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The early 1976 Lomé Accords and the Cotonou Agreement between the EU and ACP countries have structured economic relations between Europe and Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Economic Sectors Agriculture The main sector of the African economy is agriculture, with 60% of Africans employed.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

About three-fifths of farmers in Africa receive just the amount of harvest they can provide for their families.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[12] Small farms do not leave extra crops for sale almost at all.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

However, Africa has a significant number of large farmers who cultivate more lucrative crops such as coffee, cotton, cocoa and rubber.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

These facilities are usually run by large corporations, cover tens of square kilometres and employ a large number of people.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The widespread cultivation of exported goods in the continent of millions starving has been criticized by numerous NGOs.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Many blame this on Japan, the EU and the United States, which strongly support their own farmers. [13].


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

For example, about half of the EU budget goes to agricultural subsidies [14].


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Subsidies lead to overproduction of cereals, cotton and milk, for example, which in turn drives down market prices for these products.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[15] Due to low prices, farmers in Africa are able to compete with the West and Japan only with products that are not well suited for growing in the northern climate.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Rich industrialized nations also protect their land economy with high import tariffs.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The annual growth of African agriculture has been 2.5%.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Successful inventions have been found in Africa that have been disseminated and applied, with improved food production and citizens' livelihoods.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Africans have also re-raised old historical inventions.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Of these, for example, cassava is a species that is ideally suited to sub-Saharan Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In some places, the cash harvest has been so extensive that food has been left over needs.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

This, on the other hand, has created new jobs in the processing and transport sectors.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Plant breeding has also developed in Africa, it has been able to produce new varieties resistant to diseases and pests.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In Kenya, on the other hand, milk production has grown at an annual rate of 3% for 20 years, thanks to the large number of small dairy farmers and training and support.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Soil-saving methods include minimum soil deforming and enhanced set-aside, with nitrogen-fixing fallow plants.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Other success stories include African maize processing, small-farmer-shaped cotton farming [16], which has done well despite huge agricultural subsidies in the north [17].


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In some African countries, governments have taken to subsidizing farmers with Western farm subsidies.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Various subsidies have been popular with which farmers receive chemical fertilizers either free or almost free of charge.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[18] As dictated by the market, all excess acreage in Africa is used to grow crops for export.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

This worsens food security in the regions because in the event of a crisis or poor harvest season there is no excess food in storage.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Excess food in industrialized countries tends to be destroyed because it doesn't make sense to transport it over long distances to markets where not much money is moving.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Ideally, growing lucrative crops can enrich the land if not done at the expense of food production.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Mining Africa's most valuable export products are minerals as well as oil.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

These natural resources are concentrated in the territory of a few states.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The southern states have large quantities of gold, diamonds, as well as copper.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Nigeria and its neighbours, as well as Libya, export significant quantities of oil abroad.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The fastest growth in Africa has been precisely the economies of countries with oil or minerals.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[19] Although mining accounts for the bulk of Africa's annual revenue, it employs only a small portion of the continent's population, some two million people.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Profits usually go to either big companies or governments.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Both have been known to spend much of this money on upper-class luxuries or big projects with non-existent benefits.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[20] According to the United Nations, natural resources have sometimes proved to be a curse rather than a benefit to the region, [21] because, for example, Congo has a lot of minerals, but the country is still one of the poorest countries in the world.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

This is due to mineral ownership disputes dating back to the early 20th century.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

As the Congo gained independence from Belgian rule, the colonial government was reluctant to leave these natural resources to the Congolese.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Congo asked the UN for help to put pressure on Belgium, but this proved to be a poor solution.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In its attempts to solve the problem, Congo sought help from the Soviet Union, but it led to even deeper problems for the country: the country split in two, and a long war between West and East began.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Industry Africa is the least industrialised continent; of the countries only in South Africa, industry constitutes a major sector of the economy.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Even if Africa has a lot of cheap labour, almost every natural resource on the continent is exported abroad for processing.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[22] According to the African Development Bank AfDB, about 15% of workers are employed by industry.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

International companies, as well as their financiers, dominate most of the world's industry, require political stability before setting up an expensive factory — and such stability is rare in Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Good infrastructure and reliable access to electricity are also essential for investment sites.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

For these reasons, other emerging regions of the world like India and China have been more attractive destinations for companies that have planned to build a plant or invest in local companies.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Several African states have limited foreign investment to guarantee local majority ownership, and because of the strict control of industry by governments, it has been unattractive to invest in Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Moreover, in several countries, the violent robbing of land from whites has frightened Westerners from investing in Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Attempts to promote local industry have foundered on a lack of money, technology and education.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The dearth of industry outside South Africa has been the cause of e.g.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

scarcity of local markets and logistical problems associated with export of products.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Africa has the highest growth in mobile phone use in the world.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[23] The African mobile phone market is growing almost twice as fast as the Asian market.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[24] Banking and Investment According to Unepf, there have long been a lot of problems in banking in Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[25] Because local banks are often volatile and corrupt, governments and industry tend to rely on international banks.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The exception is South Africa, which has a successful banking sector.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Its success has been at least contributed to by apartheid-era international economic sanctions, which resulted in British banks that dominated the market being forced to pull out of the country.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In the years after independence, banking in most of Africa was strictly rationed by the state, with strict constraints on foreign competition.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In recent decades, banking reform has been one of the top priorities of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and there have also been a number of significant changes in operations.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

One of the main changes has been easier access for foreign banks to enter the market.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[26] The most successful foreign banks to their country have been able to attract South Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[27] Attracting foreign investment to Africa has been really difficult.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Investments by foreign governments may often be driven by purposes that are not advantageous to the African economy, research suggests that much of the European Investment Bank's investments in Africa have only been benefited by Europe.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[28] The benefits of EIB aid to developing countries mainly to Europe The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank impose stringent requirements on borrowing countries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Even Africans are reluctant to invest at a local level: about forty percent of sub-Saharan Africa's savings are invested in other markets.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Factors affecting the economy There has been plenty of debate about the causes of poverty in Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Disagreements between tribes, unrest, widespread corruption, and despotic governments can at the same time be both causes and consequences for ongoing economic problems.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Geography The terrain of Africa is difficult for commerce because, apart from the easternmost part, central Africa is almost impenetrable rainforest, which hampers the transport of people and products.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The Kalahari Desert isolates rich areas of South Africa from the rest of Africa, and naturally the Sahara also hampers commerce from North Africa to the south.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Although Africa has a few huge rivers such as the Nile, Niger, Congo and Sambesi with their tributaries, they do not form as efficient trade routes as, for example, European or Chinese rivers.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In addition, several rivers have rapids and falls, so rivers should be modified to be exploited.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Humid terrains inland also make transportation difficult.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Few roads are paved, and during the rainy season several unpaved roads turn into impassable mud ponds.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Of African countries, relatively many have no connection to the sea.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Such inland states exist more in Africa than any other continent, and also have higher population densities than, for example, the plains and steppes of North America or Asia.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Admittedly, the highlands from Zimbabwe to Ethiopia have fertile volcanic soils and a more temperate climate, but the region is hampered by the inconvenience of international trade due to the lack of a maritime link.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In Africa, the wealth of states is fairly directly proportional to their geographical location in latitudes.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

One explanation for this is that civilization originated in the temperate zone and possibly also adapts best to right there.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[29] Most of the Earth's population and wealth is located in the temperate zone.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Almost entirely within the temperate zone, Eurasia has been linked by many land routes throughout history, along which new ideas and inventions have spread to new regions.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Farming techniques and medicines designed for the northern climate may not work as expected in the tropics.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[30] This theory may partly explain why South Africa in the temperate zone is by far the richest region in Africa and why the tropical regions of South America and Indonesia, like the rest of Africa, are poor.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

There is no tropical zone country among OECD member countries, and only a handful of countries have a GDP per capita higher than the world average.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[31] The location in the tropical zone does not directly result in poverty, but a clear link between climate and wealth can be seen worldwide.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Africa has rich natural resources, e.g.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

gold, diamonds and abundant oil reserves.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

However, due to inefficient governance, few African countries you get to benefit from their mineral resources.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa has always been scarce of stone suitable for construction.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Before the colonial period, the buildings were built mainly of clay bricks, and in our days there are usually no ruins left from them.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The only noteworthy exception to this is the ancient Kingdom of Zimbabwe.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Diseases Diseases in Africa are closely related to geography.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In the tropics, diseases spread faster than in more temperate regions.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The most significant disease has long been malaria, but the rapid spread of HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa has emerged as a new, huge problem.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[32] AIDS, whose spread usually depends on the poverty of the region, has hit rich countries such as Botswana, Swaziland and South Africa worst in Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[33] AIDS has killed and continues to kill many African countries in large numbers of working populations.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Health care costs pose a growing strain on the economies of many African states.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Antiretroviral drugs developed to treat AIDS are very expensive.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Tropical diseases are often just as expensive to treat as AIDS, if drugs even exist.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[34] Because tropical regions are poor, pharmaceutical companies are reluctant to develop medicines for diseases typical of the region.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Diseases not only thinning the number of working populations and increase health care costs, but they also make it harder to operate agriculture and transport as livestock die from diseases.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

For the same reason, in sub-Saharan Africa, there has been little chance of using loadparties for transport or horses for work.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[35] Africa is currently struggling against a widespread AIDS epidemic.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

High vaccine and drug prices add to the financial burden that comes from it.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

When adults die or become incapacitated, children need to find care elsewhere, further increasing the burden on families in difficult situations as well as states.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Colonial power There are many opinions about the importance of Africa's colonial period to the economy.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Africa achieved its greatest relative prosperity in the 1960s just before the end of colonial rule.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Many African countries have not reached the same level of affluence since then.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Some see this as evidence that colonial rule helped countries' economies, but others argue that it was because of colonial rule that countries were incapable of doing on their own [36] Colonial powers in the colonial era put an emphasis on exporting raw materials in the economy to collect large profits.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Egypt became a major producer of cotton, Rwanda-Urundi devoted itself almost entirely to coffee cultivation and Upper Volta to producing palm oil.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

However, the foundation of the state's economy on only one product has subsequently had serious consequences.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

A single product economy was quite vulnerable to price changes, and economic planning was therefore difficult.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[37] Some experts argue that several of Africa's current problems are a direct result of such colonial policies.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Thus, for example, Walter Rodney in his book How Europe Underdeveloped Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Other experts, most notably Frantz Fanon, have argued, in turn, that the true effects of the colonial period are psychological and that a foreign power leaves the country with a sense of lasting inferiority that creates a barrier to growth and innovation.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In the late 19th century, racism and social darvinism became major ideologies in European culture.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The elevation of the white race above blacks caused long-term aftermath in countries affected by extensive immigration of Europeans, such as South Africa and Rhodesia.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Even more damaging was the perception that Ethiopians and Tutsis were racially superior to other Africans.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The division of society into mutually hostile nationalities had far-reaching negative effects, especially in Rwanda and Burundi.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Europeans acted swiftly in their colonies in ensuring that all the most important functions of society were in their possession.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

This applied not only to the administration, but also doctors, lawyers and intellectuals.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The colonial power viewed the highly educated indigenous population with suspicion and viewed them as nationalists as well as opponents of imperialism e.g.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Gold Coast and Maghreb.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The administration of the colonies therefore made no effort at all on the local upper class.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The administration funded education, but only for basics like learning literacy.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

As the countries gained independence, Europeans moved out of Africa in large numbers, leaving the administration to be managed by an uneducated and untrained local population.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

For example, French Equatorial Africa, which consists of four countries, was home to only five highly educated representatives of the indigenous population.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

One way to examine what impact colonialism has had on the economies of different African countries is to compare two different colonial policies and their outcomes.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Areas affected by a raiding economy, such as Leopold III's Congo Free State, have not fared.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The long-standing Portuguese reluctance to surrender their colonies and the ensuing long wars of independence had a negative impact on the economy of Mozambique and Angola.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Lands under French control have fared much better, with former British colonies having fared the most.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[38] However, the mismatch can also be seen to be due to another cause.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

At the time of the conquest of Africa, Britain was one of the most powerful states in the world and was thus able to extract the most productive regions of the continent for itself.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Great sea power France was also capable of capturing productive territories, and Belgium had to settle for inland areas unfavourable to the economy.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Using the same method, we can compare all of Africa with other former colonies such as Asia and South America.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

At the end of World War II, South America was the economically strongest of these regions.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[39] In turn, the former settlements of Asia have developed into a new force in the world economy in one generation.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Borders During the conquest of Africa, Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa determined the borders of countries often based on latitude and longitude rather than natural boundaries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In some cases, this hampered food supplies to population centers and isolated them from nearby natural resources.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Artificial borders of African countries bisected unified cultural areas, tribal areas, language areas, as well as faith-based entities.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Ethnic and sectarian tensions ensued, which prevented national unity and increased internal violence.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

However, countries that maintained their frontiers prior to the colonial period have fared no better than other countries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The recent history of Rwanda and Burundi, for example, has been tinged with problems, even if their borders are almost the same as the old borders of prosperous kingdoms.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The ancient state of Ethiopia, which was only briefly conquered, is one of the poorest states on the continent, and ethnically unified Somalia is in severe chaos today.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Africa is also a continent divided into many small states.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Successful economic growth would require regional cooperation, which is difficult because of political tensions.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Languages Language diversity contributes to economic growth in much of Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

More than 2000 different languages are spoken in Africa [40].


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In 2005, six of the ten most profusely speaking countries in the world were located in Africa.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In Tanzania alone, nearly 27 million people speak 127 different languages.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[41] Further problems are produced by the fact that in many countries the language of the administration is the language of the former colonial power, English, French or Portuguese, and much of the political debate also takes place in European languages.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Only the upper class speaks these languages well enough to participate in political discourse, and the majority of the population thus have no chance of social influence.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[42] Governance The poverty situation in Africa is difficult, in part, also because of internal political tendencies.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Democracy has failed to gain much ground in Africa; it has almost always been replaced by a centralised, authoritarian statesmanship like military dictatorship.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Some rulers have worked to improve the conditions of their citizens, but others have used their power solely to pursue their own interests.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

One of the most notorious rulers was Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire (1965—1997), whose regime plundered the nation's assets [43] to the extent that his reign has been referred to as a kleptocracy.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Seko Seko will be matched by Nigeria's notorious military dictator Sani Abacha (1993—1998) and Kenya's Daniel arap Moi.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[44] International assessments generally rank African economies among the most corrupt in the world.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The cause of rampant bribery is poverty, mismanaged decolonisation and the Cold War-era habit of superpowers supporting every monarch of the right political orientation, regardless of his ways of governing and human rights abuses.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[45] Wars Since the independence of African countries, the continent has suffered dozens of wars, both civil wars and interstate wars.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Wars have increased poverty as states have expended their scarce resources on the arms race.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Development has regressed as foreign investors have left as a result of the war, infrastructure has been destroyed and permanent hostilities have arisen.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Many of the conflicts are a legacy of the Cold War.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Both NATO and Warsaw Pact countries used development aid funds to attract African countries to their own side.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Aid was tied to weapons purchases, donor countries turned a blind eye to corruption and donation misuse.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Corruption took root in Africa and began to hamper economic development.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Conflicts arose in Africa, with Cold War parties assisting insurgent factions operating in the territories of states belonging to the second camp.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Since the Cold War, violence has increased in Africa, although almost all industrialized nations have cut development grants since the end of the Cold War.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

There have been civil wars all over the Great Lakes region: Somalia, Sudan, Mozambique, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast and Guinea-Bissau.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

International wars have included the First and Second Congo Wars and the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Foreign trade Protectionism in certain sectors of the economy in industrialized countries slows the growth of the African economy.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

One of the main protected sectors is agriculture.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Several developing countries harvest large amounts of crops at little cost, but are not currently exporting the harvest abroad as much as would be possible.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Large agricultural subsidies and high import tariffs to industrialized countries in Europe and the United States, as well as Japan, are the reasons for this.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[13] Over the last few decades, subsidies and duties have slowly decreased, but still remain moderately high.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

China's need for raw materials has increased and has increased exports from Africa, for which China today is as important a trading partner as Europe and North America.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[19] While industrialised countries have been calling for Africa to open up its markets and abolish national subsidies, this has been partly unilateral, as industrialised countries have left the half-way point of opening their agricultural markets in Africa themselves and have not abolished their own agricultural subsidies.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In GATT free trade talks, African leaders have repeatedly called for industrialized countries to remove their support and open their markets to African agricultural products.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

It has been argued that eliminating subsidies would have three benefits for Africa and other developing countries: Industrialized countries would produce less food locally, thereby opening up more export markets to developing countries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The price of food would rise without artificial subsidies, increasing the profits that developing countries make from food exports.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Developing countries could adopt a more balanced agricultural policy and produce food and grain for export as well.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The food surplus created in this case would protect countries from potential famines.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Views on how crucial to development the opening of agricultural markets in the north will be varied.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

According to Claire Melamed, simply opening markets abroad will not solve many of the problems associated with national production in African countries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Christian Aid, according to the organization, many African countries would have been able to cope with their foreign debts if they had not been forced to liberalize their markets in exchange for loan forgiveness.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[46] There is also support for a more structuralist economic thinking, which places emphasis on developing the production of higher grade products, rather than agriculture, with government assistance.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

With the effects of widespread poverty, the plight of the African economy is feeding itself, as it follows more diseases, wars, mismanagement and corruption that have also been the cause of distress.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The most direct consequence of Africa's low GDP are low living standards and poor quality of life.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Apart from the rich elite and the wealthier populations of South Africa and the Maghreb, Africans have very few consumer goods.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Quality of life is not directly tied to state wealth.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Angola, for example, receives large sums of money each year from its diamond mines, but after years of civil war, conditions in the country are still poor.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Radios, televisions and cars are a rare luxury.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Most Africans do not have access to electronic devices or the latest means of communication such as the Internet.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

There are very many African states at the bottom of the UN Human Development Index.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Infant mortality is high, with low life expectancy, literacy rates and educational attainment.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The best educated often leave for Western countries or the Gulf in search of a better life.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

No reliable estimates of unemployment in Africa are available, but it is a significant problem anyway.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Large cities like Lagos and Kinshasa have large slums housing the unemployed or underemployed.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The environment is decaying as a result of widespread exploitation.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Starving people are not interested in the rarity or endangerment of the animals they capture, nor the fate of the rainforests as they fade more cultivable land.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[47] In the Sahel region, deforestation and excess grazing have caused increasing desertification, and the Sahara has spread further south.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Proceeds from rare animals and ivory sold to the West entices the practice of poaching.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Local governments, on the other hand, don't have much money to spend on protecting the environment.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Promoting economic growth Africa's weak economic situation has long been a major issue both in Africa and beyond.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

There have been many different attempts to solve poverty in Africa, but few of them have yielded any reputable results.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Socialism In the years that followed its independence, many African states took as their role model the rapid industrialization of the communist Soviet Union and China.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The model of the economy became a planned economy, and much investment was made in heavy industries such as coal and steel production to stimulate growth, but this had little impact on economic growth.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Few countries became formally socialist and even fewer Marxist.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Across the board, government intervention in the economy was seen as necessary for economic growth, especially as private companies and investors did not invest in the region.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Often governments” starting point was to borrow money from abroad and using it to boost the economy to the level of being able to repay the loan.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Intermittent growth in the years after independence continued.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Countries focused on exports in order to pay off loans taken out for development.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The 1973 oil crisis hit sub-Saharan Africa with as hard force as the rest of the world.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Some states were net exporters, but most states were highly dependent on imported oil.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Economies soon began to falter and in the 1980s Africa was hit by plagues like famine.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The collapse of the Soviet Union, which supported socialist and collective projects, destabilised the socialist approach, especially since international support could no longer be received for maintaining the socialist economic system as a result.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Liberalism in the 1980s socialist principles were abandoned in almost all of Africa, and economic liberalism under the guidelines of the Washington Consensus was seen as a solution to the situation.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

By 1990, forty sub-Saharan African states had adopted tough restructuring plans from the International Monetary Fund.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The International Monetary Fund's recommendations would see an average drop in the value of African currencies by 50%, state-owned companies would be sold and administration expenses would be reduced.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

After twenty years, however, these means seem to have brought as little success as socialist methods did in previous decades.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Annual economic growth rose from an average of 2.3 per cent to 2.8 per cent.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Few states became significantly prosperous, and many states even became impoverished during the 1990s.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[48] Today it is controversial why the reforms failed in their mission.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

According to one school, the reason they failed was because they were only related to the economy, and without the principles of democracy and the rule of law there could be no development.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

According to the second school, this low-key liberalism was fundamentally imperfect.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Many development organizations, including Christian Aid, have criticized Western demands to liberalize Africa's economy.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Critics say the liberalisation of the economy demanded by the West has done African economies more harm than good.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[49] Development aid African countries have received varying amounts of development aid since independence.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The benefit from development aid has been variable; in some cases, state leaders have embezzled much of the aid to themselves.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

During the Cold War, the main purpose of giving development aid was getting allies, so its granting people often viewed the misuse of money through the fingers.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Since the end of the Cold War, almost all industrialized countries have cut development budgets.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[50] The European Union considers Africa to be its main target area for development assistance, but nevertheless requires aid recipients e.g.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

adherence to the principles of human rights, democracy and sustainable development.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[19] Some e.g.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

EU citizens believe that aid is directed at the wrong kind of projects.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[51] For decades it was thought that major government-run projects would best move development forward; today many aid organizations like Kiva consider support to local businesses as a more effective form of support.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The Nobel Committee also awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 to the micro-loan pioneer.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[52] One of the forms of support that has received criticism is food aid.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

In some cases, food aid may destroy local agriculture and serve only agricultural producers in the West, who produce plenty of excess food as a result of farm subsidies.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[53] The provision of food aid in previous decades has been due to the overproduction of the West rather than the need for developing countries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Debt restructuring Driving various debt facilities has become large-scale.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Every year, Africa pays Western banks more in interest on debt alone than it gets in development aid back from these countries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

Debt forgiveness is not the solution to all problems, but easing the debt burden could spur growth in Africa's economy.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

It has been suggested that debt forgiveness should be conditional on reducing the amount of development grants.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) was launched in 1996 on a proposal from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

The initiative has already had positive effects for the poorest countries.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

[54] See also African central banks and currencies List of states by gross domestic product per capita History of Africa Sources Fage, J.D.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

A History of Africa (Routledge, 4th edition, 2001 ISBN 0-415-25247-4) (Hutchinson, 1978, ISBN 0-09-132851-9) (Knopf 1st American edition, 1978, ISBN 0-394-32277-0) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kayizzi-Mugerwa, Steve| The title = Rican Economy: Policy, Institutions and the Future| publisher = Routledge| year = 1999| id = ISBN 0-415-18323-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moshomba, Richard E.| title = Africa in the Global Economy| publisher = Lynne Rienner| year = 2000| id = ISBN 1-55587-718-4}} Citation, replace error with {{cite book| author = Sahn, David E.; Paul A. Dorosh; Stephen D. Younger| title = Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1997| id = ISBN 0-521-58451-5}} References on the topic elsewhere, Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman (eds.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

), FONDAD, December 2005, book, pdf.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

— Monthly Review.


Question: What products does Africa export abroad?

Economy of Africa

— Yale Economic Review — Yale Economic Review — The Economist — World Bank Institute Report Category:36 Economy * Category:International Economy Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Cardinal is a title granted by the pope, which claimants are entitled to elect in a papal conclave.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The post of cardinal is the second highest title after a pope in the Catholic Church.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

In addition, cardinals have special responsibility for the administration of the Catholic Church.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Likewise, in practice only a cardinal can be elected pope, although in principle any Catholic man can be elevated to the Papal See.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Some of the cardinals hold senior administrative posts in administrations associated with the Vatican City State in Rome.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

They are called the curiacardinals and the central government of the church, according to the paragon of the old Roman Empire, the curia.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Most cardinals serve as bishops of local dioceses, although they too, with the rank of cardinal, also have responsibility for the administration of the overall church.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The cardinal has the right to bear special rank marks, and his speaking according to protocol includes “eminence”.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The Pope inaugurates (officially “creates”) the new cardinals at the official meeting of the College of Cardinals, the consistorium.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[1] Cardinal denomination Background The denomination cardinal derives from the Latin word cardinalis [2], whose English translations are important, central, and which in turn is derived from the word cardo, meaning door hinge.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

There is no full clarity as to how the titular cardinal has originated from the outset.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

According to the most common theory, the denomination cardo began to be used from the main churches in or around the city of Rome, whereby the priests responsible for the churches began to be referred to as cardinalis (in cardinatus cardinalis).


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Later, these churches, as well as some old deaconry establishments in Rome, became titular churches, with a formally distinguished priest appointed to their head.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

He was therefore no longer in practice in charge of the functioning of the church or deaconry; it was a pure title (tituli cardinales).


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

According to another theory, the cardinal appointment has arisen from the fact that the priests in question acted as the closest associates of the Bishop of Rome, that is, the pope.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Because the Pope considered himself the successor of the apostle Peter and Jesus promised Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 16:18 —20), the cardinals considered themselves to be the “hinges” of the door of the kingdom of heaven.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

This is one of the oldest honorary appointments of the Catholic Church.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Protocollarically, cardinals are the highest office holders in the Church immediately after the pope.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The appointment was first used by Pope Silvester I (314—336) — presbyteri et deacon cardinales.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The full title of cardinal reads: Sanctae romanae ecclesiae cardinalis (“Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church”).


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

History In the beginning, the positions of cardinals were held only by the leading ranks of Roman priests, but gradually posts began to be given to others.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

During the medieval history of the papacy, the College of Cardinals was formed of only about half of a hundred persons appointed by the Pope, but later the number of cardinals began to grow.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Cardinals haven't always elected a pope.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Originally, the pope was chosen by the people of Rome, but in the Middle Ages the right was transferred only to cardinals.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The reason for changing the selection system was, among other things, the lattening of the papacy to the political game caused by the people's right to elect a pope.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[3] The advantage of the system in which the pope appointed cardinals and cardinals appointed popes was that it ensured continuity of the papacy; good popes handed the cardinal's hat to good cardinals, who in turn elected good popes.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[3] The Pope has the right at any time to replace the College of Cardinals with any other body he chooses.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Originally, any Catholic could become a cardinal.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

In the 16th century, for example, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was made a priest.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[4] Today typically only bishops are made cardinals, but a priest may also be elected cardinal, after which he must be consecrated as a bishop.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

At the beginning of the new age, the monarchs of England and France had cardinals as ministers — Wolsey in England and Richelieu and Mazarin in France.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

They were cardinals not because of their ecclesiastical merites, but because through this the kings were able to pay the salary of ministers from the money of the church.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[5] Urbanus VI, elected pope in 1378, was not a cardinal before becoming pope.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[6] This incident was exceptional, as usually only a cardinal could ascend to the Papal See.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Since Urbanus VI, all popes have been cardinals before their ascension to the papal see.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

In principle, a pope would not have to be a cardinal, but usually the College of Cardinals chooses a new pope from among the cardinals.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The corps of cardinals did not begin to internationalize across continent borders until the 1870s, when then-Pope Pius IX handed the cardinal's red hat to the Archbishop of New York.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[7] It was not until the 20th century that the first South American cardinals were appointed, and the Chinese did not become a cardinal for the first time until 1946.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[7] An Indian man received the cardinal's hat for the first time in 1953 as appointed by Pius XII and by a Japanese in 1960 while John XXIII was pope.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[7] It was not until 1960 that the first African cardinal of his descent, Laurean Rugambwa of Dar es Salaam, was named to whom the post of cardinal was handed by John XXIII.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[7] In 1586, Pope Sixtus V issued a decree that there were only no more than seventy cardinals appointed at any one time.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[8] Under Pope John XXIII, this number of members was exceeded and by the time of Paul VI's pontificate there were already almost double the number of cardinals than what Sixtus V's upper limit allowed.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[8] There was an important turnaround under Paul VI, as Italian cardinals remained in the minority.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[8] Paul VI reformed the College of Cardinals anyway by prohibiting cardinals over the age of 80 from voting in papal elections, while limiting the number of cardinals eligible to vote to one hundred and twenty members.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[8] The number of cardinals has increased in recent decades.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

On November 18, 2004, there were 185 cardinals, 122 of whom were under the age of 80, and were allowed to participate in the election of the pope.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[9] Church-legal status A cardinal appointee is usually already previously consecrated as a bishop.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

However, a distinguished priest may also be ordained as a cardinal—usually in this case it is a matter of theological merit.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

However, canonical law of the Catholic Church requires that a priest who is appointed cardinal be ordained a bishop.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

However, the Pope may be relieved of this obligation if the person who is ordained as cardinal so wishes.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

(The last such case was German theologian Leo Scheffczyk.)


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The Pope is not obliged to give the name of the person he has appointed as cardinal in the public domain, thus speaking of a cardinal appointment in pectore (“chest”).


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

This normally happens when a cardinal is appointed from a country where the church is persecuted.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Cardinal's rights The cardinal has the right to participate in the papal election and to have access to the pope whenever he wishes.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

In addition to this, he enjoys certain, mainly ceremonial, rights.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

A cardinal has the right to be buried in his own denominational church in Rome, he has the right to give absolution anywhere in the world (usually the absolution is tied to the diocese), he is allowed to carry a special “cardinal purple” outfit (which in fact is charm red), and from 1630 the cardinal has had the right to be addressed by the word “eminence”.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

If a cardinal is accused of crimes against canonical law, justice can only be served against him in the pope's own court.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[2] This is because cardinals are considered to be higher than terrestrial judges, and only the pope is their judge on earth.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[2] Besides, he is allowed to prescribe the place for the hearing of witnesses himself.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

In his own titular church, he has no leadership position, but as patron of the church he has the right to act as counselor.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The cardinal also has, in practice, a special right to become pope.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

While canonical law allows in principle any Catholic male to the papal seat, electing cardinals practically as popes only cardinals.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Then, before his appointment, all the popes of Urbanus VI of the late medieval period have served as cardinals.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Furthermore, in conclaves that are held today, or papal elections, cardinals write their candidates on ballots that read: “I elect my highest-ranking lord, Cardinal [name of candidate], as pope," [7] The hierarchy of cardinals The rank of cardinals is the second highest in the whole in the Catholic Church.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Only the pope is considered to be in esteem above cardinals.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Cardinals rank higher than bishops in the church hierarchy, for example, although the exception is that the Bishop of Rome — that is, the Pope — is considered to be of higher rank than cardinals.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

In the mutual hierarchy of cardinals, their rank is influenced by how long they have served as cardinals, what positions they hold, and what class of cardinals they represent.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

Currently, the highest-ranking living cardinals are: [10] Position in the hierarchy of cardinalsAt the time of appointment as a cardinalCurrent officialCardinal class1.Angelo Sodano28.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

June 1991Dean of the College of CardinalCardinal Bishop2.Roger Etchegaray24.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

June 1998Vice-Dean of the College of CardinalCardinal Bishop3.Giovanni Battista Re21.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

February 2001Former Prefect Cardinal Bishop of the Congregation of Bishops4.Francis Arinze25.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

May 1985Former Prefect Cardinal Bishop of the Congregation de Cultu Divino et Disciplina Sacramentorum5.Tarcisio Bertone21.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

October 2003Cardinal Secretary-Cardinal Bishop6.José Sairva Martins21.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

February 2001Former Prefect Cardinal Bishop of Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum7.Nasrallah Sfeir26.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

November 1994Patriarch Cardinal Bishop of Antioch of the Maronite Church (Cardinal Bishop of the Catholic Rite of the East) 8.Emmanuel III Delly24.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

November 20079.Antonios Naguib20.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

November 201010.Béchara Pierre Raï24.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

November 2012 Appointment of cardinals The right to appoint cardinals belongs to the ruling pope, as does the appointment of bishops.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The office of cardinal is commonly included in some important episcopal seats.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[11] This means that bishops normally appointed to these episcopal seats also receive the cardinal's red hat at the same time, although this is not a rule of any kind and cardinal appointment, along with the episcopal appointment, is not necessary.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

For example, the episcopal seats of the Italian cities of Milan, Turin, Florence, Venice, Palermo and Naples or the German cities of Cologne, Mainz and Trier are often accompanied by the post of cardinal as well.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[11] In some places, the term “kick upwards” is used to refer to the transfer of a person from the curia to the bishop of some major city, but without the office of cardinal usually associated with the office.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[11] For example, Pope Pius XII appointed Enrico Battista Montini in 1954 as Archbishop of Milan without the office of cardinal, because in this case Montini could no longer work in the curia, and he, without the office of cardinal, could not pursue important ones reserved for cardinals during the next pope posts.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[12] Also a common custom in the Catholic Church has been the appointment of former papal envoys, nunts, as cardinals.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

The custom has been intended to keep the diplomatic expertise of the College of Cardinals at a high level.


Question: How many dynasties did China have overall?

Cardinal

[11] Many popes, for example Pius XI, Pius XII, and John XXIII, had served as nuntis before obtaining the office of cardinal.