Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

[1] With the adoption law reform of 2012, open adoption, expressed in law as a child's right to maintain contact with their birth parent or parents, also became possible.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Also, in open adoption, the legal relationship with the birth parents is severed, but the child retains the opportunity to stay in touch with them.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The adoptive parent adopts a child whom the biological parents are unable to care for or unwilling to take care of permanently as their own child.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The child's biological parents give up their child, and the child himself moves into a new family, experiencing many times at the same time a break in one or more early attachment relationships.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Adoption usually has life-long effects on the lives of all three parties.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The reasons for adoption vary.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Many times you end up with adoption if biological parenting doesn't work out or feel attractive because of things like infertility, fear of childbirth or illness.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

However, there is not always an underlying cause of involuntary childlessness or other reasons such as the above; adoption can also be the primary means of acquiring children.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

In addition to adoptions to guest families, many countries, such as Finland, are subject to intra-family adoptions, where usually the mother or father's new spouse adopts their spouse's already existing child.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

There is also some number of adult adoptions each year, where the adoptee is of legal age and can give consent to adoption themselves.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Adoption in practice Adoption to Finland After the adoption of children, the adopter is subject to custody and responsible for the child.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Finnish law does not distinguish between an adopted child and a biologically obtained child, but considers the child's guardians to be their official parents.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Finnish law also has an adoption law that dictates under what circumstances a child can be adopted.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

A revised adoption law has entered into force in Finland (22/2012) on 1 July 2012.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The previous adoption law came into force in 1985 and for the first time provided for international adoption.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The first law on adoption for domestic children was enacted as early as 1925.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Adoption counseling is a prerequisite for adoption, which is statutory for both parents wishing to adopt the child and to the mother or parents considering adoption of the child.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

In adult adoption, adoption counseling is also mandatory for the adoptable person for themselves.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Adoption counseling can be provided either by the social services office of your municipality or the municipality can purchase the service from Save the Children ry.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Adoption counseling is free of charge.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

In addition to local social services, domestic adoptions are transmitted by Save the Children Association.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Domestic children are now adopted by a few dozen each year.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Interpedia, Save the Children Association and the City of Helsinki Social Services broker international adoptions.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

In the past, around 200 children were adopted from abroad each year in Finland.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

[2] There were 308 adopted children who arrived in 2005.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

[3] In 2012, Finland had the highest number of children adopted from China (64 children), South Africa (32 children) and Russia (23 children).


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

[4] Other adoptive countries included the Philippines, Thailand, Kenya, Colombia and India.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

[5] Between 2015 and 2016, adoption from Russia, Kenya and Ethiopia to Finland was stopped.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

[3] In 2016, 58 children arrived in Finland through international adoption providers, Interpedia and Save the Children.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

[3] Social benefits Social benefits for adoptive parents differ somewhat from those of biological parents.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Parental leave for adoptive parents of a newborn child is 234 business days calculated from the birth of the child, but since in practice adopted children are always at least 2 months old usually receive only 200 days of parental leave.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

With the reform of the law that came in 2006, the parents' right to care leave and home care support changed so that care leave and home care support are entitled until the child reaches the age of three or until the child has been in the family for two years; the right to care leave and home care support ends when the child goes to school.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

For adoption abroad, which usually incurs thousands of euros in costs, Kela receives an adoption allowance ranging from 1900 to €4500 depending on the country of destination of the adoption.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The actual cost of adoption may be much higher.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Adoption from Finland Finland has given children for adoption, especially to Sweden and Denmark, but also to other parts of Europe and North America.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Children were given up for adoption from Finland after the wars, especially in the 1950s—1960s.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Also, many of those sent to Sweden or Denmark as war children remained adopted children in wartime families.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

No children have been given abroad for adoption from Finland since the 1970s.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Previously, mostly Finnish adoption or orphaned children were adopted.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Today, of the parents of most domestic adoptive children, at least one is alive.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

For children who came through international adoption, the practice varies from country to country.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The criteria for assessing adoptive parents in Finland must have reached the age of 25 when applying for adoption.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The new law also brought upper age limits into law.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The age difference between the child and the adoptive parent should be 18—45 years.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

When receiving a child presentation, as a rule, the applicant for adoption is allowed to be no more than 49 years old.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Those wishing to be adoptive parents should go through the adoption advice provided by social workers and obtain an adoption permit to apply for from the adoption board under Valvira.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Adoption counseling examines the suitability of adoption applicants as adoptive parents.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

In addition to adoption motivations and age, issues such as criminal record, health status, housing and financial situation are examined.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Adoption counseling discusses life history, relationship issues, social support network, educational principles, and the specific issues that adoptive parenthood brings with them.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

This is to ensure the conditions for those wishing to be an adoptive parent to take care of the adopted child, since Finland is committed to complying with the Hague International Convention on Child Protection, which defines adoption as a child protection measure.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

In other words, adoption always springs from the child's need to have parents, not the need for parents to have a child.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Not only the criteria of the Finnish State and the Adoption Board for international adoption are also influenced by the laws and practices of the destination country.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Different countries have different regulations, for example, on the age of couples who are adopted as adoptive parents.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

In 2014, the issue of the right of same-sex couples to adopt was caused by debate in Finland.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

The issue has sparked heated debate in some places that has extended to the perception of family in the culture more broadly.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Under the law, individuals living in a marriage can jointly apply for adoption, while those living in a registered partnership cannot.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Seta, an organization for sexual and gender minorities, is pushing for the right of same-sex couples to adopt from outside the family as well.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

There is also a problem with adopting from abroad that not all countries give up children to same-sex couples, or the concept of cohabitation is unknown in the child's birth culture.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

See also Adoptive families Adoption law for same-sex couples Sources on the topic elsewhere Authorities and adoption organizations:, children's rights and e.g.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Adoption Organisation General information about adoption: For adoptive parents and those considering adoption: For adoptive children: Association for Finnish-speaking adults Adopted Association for Swedish-speaking adults adopted, American as children Adopted Adult Interest Organization.


Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

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Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

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Question: How is the right to adoption defined in Finland?

Adoption

Category:Family Policy Category:Social Relations Category:Infertility Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Petsamo (,,) was a municipality of Finland that existed from 1920 to 1944.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

It was annexed from Russia to Finland in the Peace of Tartu in 1920 and handed back in small part in the Peace of Moscow in 1940, entirely in the Moscow Intermediate Peace of 1944.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

It is located today in the northwesternmost corner of Russia on the shores of the Arctic Ocean in the Northern Arctic Ocean and borders both Norway and Finland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The municipality covered an area of 10470 square kilometres.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Its eastern border started at Kautunturi, ended at the shore of the Arctic Ocean on the Kalastajasaarenno peninsula and went over 200 kilometres completely straight.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Today, the region forms the main part of the Petsamo District of Murmansk Oblast, which includes the urban municipalities of Petsamo, Nickel and Zapoljarny, as well as the rural municipality of Korzunovo.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Petsamo District has a population of 45400 (2006).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

History Petsamo As an area belonging to the tundra on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, it has been a reindeer herding and fishing area where Skolt Sami people have lived.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In 1590, a military force formed by Finnish peasants from Tornio and Kemi trekked through the wildernesses to Petsamo to destroy and pillage the Petsamo Monastery.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

According to a written source in Värdöhus dated 7 August 1590 at the Norwegian State Archives, an igumeen Gurrij, three priests, 37 monks, women Femenj and Kyllinna who served as cattle were struck to death.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Among the buildings are mentioned the buildings that had been in the monastic area, most of the (movable) goods, the cattle house as well as the mill, the Wickitz house that served as a harbour building, logs and ships for the manufacture of boats and ships.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Undestroyed were two homes and a granary that were on the island.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[1] In the year that followed the destruction, 1590, the Petsamo Monastery was moved to the shelters of the fortress of the city of Kola.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Because of the monastery's finances, it was still trying to obtain fishing rights and make the colts pay themselves tax.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Koltas complained about the matter to the ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Emperor Peter I of Russia investigated the complaints of the colts and issued a 1697 decision revoking the colt-subordinating rights granted by his predecessors to the Petsamo Monastery: - - - and now (1688) the monks and their guardians appointed in the Book of Appeal have forged Alai Mikhalkov tax books and, according to their complaint, took these books with forgeries to the fortress of Kuolansu.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Since the forgery of these books, they have filed a number of complaints and forged the spirit books and now they are going to court under these tax books.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

— By this false plea, they have deceived us the Tsar, and by this fraudulent plea — the monks of Petsamo shall not now or henceforth hold the benefits belonging to the Lappans, — the Lappans' benefits shall not be sold or rented.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[1] The Petsamo Monastery was abolished by Catherine II in 1764 because only 22 strelts of decadence remained there.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Petsamo Monastery did not begin to be rebuilt until 1886.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[1] The Petsamo Oblast, a joint administrative region of Swedish-Norwegian-Russia, was at one time part of the Norwegian-Russian Common Administrative Region, which was divided between the countries in 1826, leaving Petsamo on the Russian side.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The border of the Grand Duchy of Finland was defined to run inland, from Kolmisoaiv to Muotkavaara.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Norway was in an 1814—1905 union relationship with Sweden.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

For the formation of a favorable border for Norway, mm.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Russian critics speculated that Jarfjord, Rautafjord, Näämö and Paatsojoensuu could be the reason that the Russian colonel who handled the Russian border with Swedish-Norway, Galam, was suspected to have received 2000 silver tarals and 20 fox skins as bribes from the Norwegians.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[2] In Finland, unfavourable border drawings for the country of 1826 have not been dealt with.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In the negotiations of 1826, Finns' housing and interests in the area were not taken into account.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Instead, after Norway turned its back on Russia's arch-enemy Denmark, Russia was prepared to favour Norwegian positions and ready to draw the demarcation line eastwards all the way to the Paats River.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Finns in these negotiations were promised free access to the Arctic Ocean regardless of border drawings.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In fact, the settlement west of Paatsjoki consisted of Sami, Finns and Norwegians.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

For Finns unfavourably v.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The promise of free access to the Arctic Ocean in exchange for the 1826 border draw can be seen as a part of the reason for the subsequent annexation of the Petsamo region to Finland in the Peace of Tartu, a promise made by Russia and the redemption of the border bet that sidelined Finnish interests.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Territorial exchange of the Grand Duchy of Finland with the Russian Empire proper In 1864, the Russian Emperor granted the Grand Duchy of Finland, on the initiative of the Senate, the Petsamo region, in compensation for the industrial area located near Saint Petersburg on Siesserve, which had been transferred from Finland to Russia.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In the name of Alexander II, the Senate of Finland proposed: The Merciful Announcement of the Imperial Majesty Issued in Helsinki on 15 February 1864 by Me Aleksander the Other, by the Grace of God, Emperor and Sovereign over the whole land of Russia, the Tsar of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland — We know: For the reason that has arisen and the fact that the workers and the rest of the population of the factory in the Rajajoki rifle factory under the Russian Crown in Kivennava, Vyborg County, are Russian subjects and do not know the Finnish language, we have graciously looked good. command that the said rifle factory at the nearest of about twelve square verns should be separated from the said fief and incorporated into the Governorate of St. Petersburg, beside which We most graciously wish to declare that in return the land in question will only come to be given to Finland either the shoreline land at Jääreme east of the Jacob River and near the Bay of Stolbova, which the question of throwing as fishing grounds for the Finnish Lappans was raised before this, or, after cratering and criticising, the use of the border towards Finland premises as mentioned above in the governorate.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The transfer of the border to the Grand Duchy of Finland was not replaced when Finland was part of the Russian Empire.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Alexander Lavonius made an 1861 motion and Carl Johan Jägerhorn in 1880 that the Northern Arctic Ocean strip should be annexed to Finland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland 1882 made a presentation to Alexander III at the initiative of the bourgeoisie representative of Uuskaarlepy, Robert Castrén.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Going into the 1890s, the Petsamo question was removed from the diarios of the Senate of Finland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

During the Finnish Civil War and expeditions to Petsamo during the Finnish Civil War, the Finnish People's Delegation in the name of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic Oskari Tokoi and Edvard Gylling signed an agreement according to which: The Russian Federative Soviet Republic will cede Finland The territory defined below as the complete property of the Socialist Workers Republic, if the local population, when asked freely, declares their consent to it.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The border between Russia and Finland runs from now on Korvatunturi on the present border between Finland and Russia in a direct line to the sources of Petsamo, thence along the eastern watershed of the Petsamo River across Muokafjord and Kalastajaniemi in a direct line to the shore of the Arctic Ocean by Supuska.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

When Finland requested recognition of its independence from Germany on 2 January 1918, the Finns tried to persuade the Germans to also recognise the annexation of the territory between Finland's northern border and the Arctic Ocean to Finland, which it did not agree to because it had an armistice with the Soviet Russians in Brest-Litovsk for peace negotiations.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The same cause was also attempted by the Finns in the United Kingdom, which, like the United States, did not recognise Finland's independence until 1919 and did not agree to recognise Finland's Petsamo wishes.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

After the Peace of Brest-Litovsk, Britain, France and the United States undertook intervention in northern Russia to prevent their coal and 600,000 tons of military equipment in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk from falling to the Bolshevik government or, due to Finland's and Germany's own policies, to the Germans.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In addition to Arkhangelsk, the occupation of Murmansk by the Circum-Powers in support of the Russian White Movement Northern Government led to Finland and Britain drifting to opposing sides due to the initial phase of the Russian Civil War, also because of the British recruitment of Muurmann's Legion in the Northwest. Of those who fled to Russia, mainly in northern Finland, the initial fighting of the Finnish Civil War to the patrons of the Svinhufvud Independence Senate.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The first Renvall expedition, with the Finnish cause remaining open and strengthening the circumference powers, is taken from the Kola Peninsula with the support of the former Finnish Red Guards left the Petsamo station open.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Doctor of Philosophy Thorsten Renvall planned a war expedition to Ivalo and Petsamo presenting his plans in writing to the Commander-in-Chief, C.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

G.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

E. Mannerheim, who approved it on 16 March 1918 with regard to arms aid.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The expedition was under political responsibility by the Svinhufvud Independence Senate, but was enforced under the control of the land lord of Oulu County, Matts von Nandelstadh.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

According to the decision of the Senate of Finland, the Senate has seen it good to allocate an appropriation of 250000 marks for the formation of a border guard of 250 men on the eastern border of Northern Finland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Alongside Renvall, another leader of the expedition was Dr. Onni Laitinen, who in February 1918, as a military doctor belonging to Satakunta's group, had proposed taking the coast of the Arctic Ocean.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

After the Whites took over Tampere, a meeting of businessmen was held there on 7 April 1918, deciding the establishment of the Arctic Ocean Expedition with private funds.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The delegation, which travelled from Tampere to Vaasa, learned about Renvall's project and decided to participate in it.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Laitinen led a cavalry detachment called the Lapland Dragoons.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Renvall, on the other hand, is the main group designated as the Lapland ice keepers [3].


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The expedition consisted of four companies of 16 men strong, a machine-gun detachment of 13 men, as well as Laitinen's 12 horsemen.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In addition, the expedition included supply troops of twenty people, including six boilerheads [4].


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Well-known participants were the painters Eero Nelimarkka, as well as Jalmari Ruokokoski and his lady Saima Ruokokoski.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Renvall's expedition crossed the Finnish border on 27 April 1918 at four o'clock in the morning.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

On ascending the fells, it was discovered that the steeds were of no use in the abundant snow.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

So they were returned to the base at Salmijärvi.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

On the morning of 10 May, the expedition encountered a Russian-British detachment reinforced with a machine gun of less than forty men.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In the ensuing battle lasting a couple of hours, the enemy was forced to retreat.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[5] On 12 May, the Finns, led by Laitinen, advanced to a monastery located west of Petsamovuono near the village of Näsykka.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

There they were met by a couple of hundred English marines from the cruiser Cochrane guarding in Liinahamar harbour.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

This time the Finns were outnumbered in battle.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

After withdrawing from the battle, the entire expedition turned to the return voyage.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[6] After difficulties, despite requests for additional forces, Renvall's expedition was broken up on 3 July 1918.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Finnish General Staff transferred border guarding entirely to the Lapland Border Commandant.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Second Wallenius' Expedition When the Northern Russian intervention of the Circum-Powers began to end and a Soviet-Russian fillable military vacuum formed in the region, the Vennola government decided that Finland could occupy Petsamo.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Three days before the final departure of the British from Petsamo, Karl Fredrik Wilkama, Chief of the Finnish War Corps, issued an order to the commander of the Jääkär Brigade, Lieutenant Colonel Erik Jernström, stating that Petsamo on the shores of the Arctic Sea was to be occupied to guard the stores remaining from the British, The Finnish flag should be raised alongside the English flag and the head of the command must become the Commandant of Petsamo.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

According to the Finnish military people, the region of the Finnish Arctic Ocean, or Petsamo region, included a strip of land from the North Arctic Ocean in the west to the Norwegian-Finnish border in the east to Nuortijoki, Nuortijärvi and Läätsinjoki (Litsa) in the east.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In addition to the Soviet Russians, according to the plan, the supplies and population left behind by the British were to be protected from the former Red Guards of northern Finland left behind from Muurmann's Legion, but counter-revolutionary North Russian White Army soldiers were to be approached kindly.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

For parliamentary oversight of the expedition, the President of the Republic, Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, decided on 17 November 1919 that the leadership of the expedition was to acquire the arising (foreign policy) issues of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in effect the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs Rudolf Holsti.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[7] One of the Vennola government's foreign policy justifications for going to Petsamo was the request of Lieutenant-General Yevgeny Miller, fighting with the British, for the restoration of the telegraph link between Petsamo and Ivalo by the White Government in Arkhangelsk to secure connections.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The justification for this request was that during World War I the Government of the Russian Empire had not paid anything to the Department of Road and Civil Engineering of the Grand Duchy of Finland for the construction of the road and telegraph line, in which case it was considered to be, in fact, due to non-payment. property still belonging to the Grand Duchy.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Council of State ordered the establishment of an expedition of 60 people to repair, occupy and maintain the telegraph link, but also, as far as possible, to defend the interests of those living on the coast of the Arctic Ocean, provided the forces of the Command were sufficient.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Funding was provided for 162000 marks until 1 March 1920.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

On 5 January 1920, the Lapland Border Commandant, Major Kurt Martti Wallenius, was assigned to the head of the command.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Wallenius stated to Prime Minister Juho Vennola that 60 men were not enough to occupy Petsamo and asked for more troops because white government in northern Russia is faltering.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Vennola said Major General Oscar Enckell had said it was not possible to move a larger force in Lapland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In an underpowered situation, Wallenius received instructions from Wallenius to request an end to the attack in order to receive instructions from the Minister of Foreign Affairs Rudolf Holst at the same time as the attacker could be in contact with Moscow.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[8] The command corps led by Wallenius left Rovaniemi on 5—7.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

January 1920 to ski a 520-kilometer journey to Petsamo.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The winter road ended 300 km away in Ivalo and the border was crossed without the direct permission of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 28 January 1920.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Petsamo was reached on February 10, 1920.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

By the time it reached Petsamoo, reinforcements had been provided for maintenance, among other things, to a book strength of 156 men.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

On March 22, 1920, Soviet Russians came ashore in Trifona.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

On the afternoon of the same day, 480 soldiers entered the village of Moscow, resulting in the command detachment withdrawing to Lake Salmi.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Following Wallenius' proposed withdrawal to Finland, ordered the Minister of War in Erich's government, Bruno Jalander, to stay put.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

On April 1, Minister of Foreign Affairs Rudolf Holsti announced an intermediate peace between Finland and Soviet Russia.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

At 3 a.m., the Soviet Russians attack on Salmijärvi began and the expedition withdrew to reduce losses to the Finnish side to Virtaniemi on 4 April 1920.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[8] Petsamo as part of Finland in the 1920—1944 Peace of Tartu with Russia on 14 October 1920, Petsamo was annexed to Finland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Peace came into effect with its borders on 31 December 1920.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Due to the border definition of the Peace of Tartu, the Finnish villages of Muotka and Uura and Suonikkylä were left on the side of the border by the Russian Soviet Socialist Federative Republic.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Finns occupied Petsamo as a state territory of Finland on New Year's Day 1921.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[9] Administratively, Petsamo was formed into its own Petsamo county, but already in early 1922 the area was annexed to Oulu County.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

When Oulu County in 1938 was split into two, Petsamo was defined as part of the new County of Lapland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Petsamo County The administration of Petsamo had been considered by the Land Distribution Committee, which had proposed that Petsamo Region be formed into Petsamo County for a transitional period.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Colonel Ilmari Helenius was assigned as the first land lord of the county.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The takeover of the area was the responsibility of Kurt Martti Wallenius, the border commandant of Lapland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The first official house of the Landlord of the County of Petsamo became the stable chamber for the monks of Petsamo Abbey and the site of the Lapland Border Guard, the former building of the English Intervention Corps.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The administration of the area was serviced by sea due to lack of proper road connections initially by steamer Vaasa.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[10] Border crossing began between the states to be carried out in the summer of 1921.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Ilmari Helenius and Kurt Martti Wallenius from the Finnish side and Elof Kristiansson, who moved to the United States from Finland during the second period of repression and subsequently transferred to Soviet Russia, who worked as a teacher at Vättolahti National School as its representative agreed locally on a temporary border prior to the official border call.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Voitolahte from the other side was secured by a warship and garrison, on the Finnish side of the border there were Ensign Schönberg initially two, then three rifle groups.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The border visit with representatives of the States was to be completed on 31 July 1921.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The demarcation was completed four days before the deadline, when the border was deemed to have become established and Petsamo County was abolished.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The area was annexed to the County of Oulu.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Winter War The Soviet Union invaded Petsamo at the beginning of the Winter War 1939 and occupied the whole area, but in the peace of Moscow 1940, it was enough to hand over the northeastern part of the municipality: the area to the west of Lake Kuavla — Little Cherdekaisi — Hukkalahti in the Punisesälahti of Maattifjord [11], i.e. including also The northwestern part of the fishermen's blockade and the larger part of the central blockade (without I represent the Heinäsaari).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The area ceded from Petsamo was 370.21 square kilometers in size, of which 352.45 square kilometers was land and 17.76 square kilometers were inland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[12] Intermediate peace Immediately after the end of the Winter War, Petsamo and its ice-free port, Liinahamar, increased significantly, because of the ongoing Great War, European ports open to the world were only Lisbon in Portugal and Liinahamari of Petsamo.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

For Finland's foreign trade, the only free route to the United States, for example, went through Liinahamar.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In Finland, a massive freight transport was quickly organized by rail to Rovaniemi and from there by car transport to Petsamo via the Arctic Oceans.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Sweden also used the route for its foreign trade traffic.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

For Petsamo, the Liinahamar route meant a rapid flow of labour into the area and investments in infrastructure required by transportation.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

After the Winter War, Petsamo's nickel mines quickly emerged as a sticking pit in Finland's negotiations with the major powers.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The exploitation of the deposit rich in ore resources had shifted from the British-Canadian mining company to the Finns with the Winter War, and production was sought by both Germany and the Soviet Union.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Military cooperation between Finland and Germany started with transit traffic and weapons sold to Finland.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The intensification of military cooperation occurred from early 1941 onwards.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The cooperation took aim at an attack in the name of Operation Barbarossa by the Soviets.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In that offensive, Petsamo was planned to be a support area for German forces moving from Norway with the objective of taking Murmansk.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The handover of Petsamo to the Soviet Union in 1944 According to the Moscow Intermediate Peace Treaty that ended the 1944 Continuation War, Petsamo was to be completely handed over to the Soviet Union.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In addition, the Jäniskosken—Niskakoski area, which was part of the municipality of Inari, west of Petsamo, was sold to the Soviet Union in exchange for freezing German assets agreed in the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Jäniskoski Power Plant, which generates electricity for the Petsamo nickel mines, is located in the district.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Kolt Sami people evacuated from the Petsamo region as a result of the war were largely settled in the municipality of Inari, the villages of Sevettijärvi, Nellim and Näätämö after the war.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The coat of arms of Petsamo after the Peace of Tartu, Petsamo was formed as its own county for which the State Council confirmed its own coat of arms in January 1921, in deviation from the 1919 decree on the abolition of provincial armies.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

E.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The coat of arms, designed by O. W. Ehrström, highlighted the fishing industry in the area; the coat of arms has three split cod.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

However, Petsamo was annexed from the beginning of 1922 to the County of Oulu and Petsamo County was abolished.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The county coat later served as the emblem of Petsamo Municipality.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[13] Geography and Nature Landscape Picture Petsamo is a biogeographically quite cohesive region.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In landscape terms, however, it can be divided into three different parts: the Petsamo forest land comprising the southern and central part of Petsamo, the Petsamo fell country comprising the northern part, and the rugged Arctic Ocean coast that comprises the northernmost part.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] The Petsamo forest land, which has also been called Tuuloman Lapland, [14] comprises mainly the river basins of the Lutto and Jauru River.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[15] The area resembles much of the Inari lake country to its west, but there are fewer lakes on the Petsamo side, terrain forms are not as varied, and there are more spruce and birch forests, while there are more pine forests on the Inari side.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] The Petsamo Fell Country comprises the area from the east of the river Paats up to the fjord coast.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[15] Typical landscapes include several low sects and felly groups, uplands growing in birch forests, donkey marshes and mighty river valleys.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] The coast of the Arctic Ocean is punctuated by goofy fjords and bays.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Bedrock and topography Petsamo belongs to the same Fennoscandia bedrock area as Finnish Lapland on its western side and the Kola Peninsula to the east.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The most common rock species are granite, gneiss, and in some places shale.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] However, different from the rest of Petsamo are Fisherman's Aarento and the Hey Islands, whose bedrock is significantly younger, Paleozoic sandstone associated with the scandic crimping and of a kind also found at the “tip of the arm” of Enontekiö.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[16] The soil covering the bedrock is moraine, and the bedrock itself is visible only on the peaks of the fells on the walls (dams) of the adolescent valleys.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] Surface shapes are gently shaped, rounded and shaped by the Ice Age.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Right through the southernmost part of Petsamo curves the Saariselä Fell Group, whose highest fells in Petsamo area are Joutsenpää (716 metres), Talkkunapää (638 metres), Jonlaki (635 metres) and Suorsapää (626 metres).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[16] [17] North of Saariselä is the basin of the Luttojoki River, which joins the basin of Lake Inari in the west in the Paatsjoki region.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[16] Across the northern part of Petsamo, from Paatsjoki to the east of the Petsamon River, curves the Petsamontunturi group, with the highest fells being Kuorpukas (632 metres), Säräslaki (555 metres) and Maattert (528 metres).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[16] On the northern edge of Petsamontunturi there is a chain of shallower fells known as 'ore tunture', including Nautunturi, Kammikivitunturi and Ortoaivi.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] Across the eastern part of the Petsamon Fells chain runs the mighty puncture valley of the Petsamon River.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] On the coast of the Arctic Ocean between the fjords there are several shallower fells, the highest of which is Pasar Tunturi 507 metres high.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[16] The fisherman's island is a flat plaque on its inner parts with steep dams and canyons along the edges, especially on the Pummangincape.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] The highest points of the fisherman blockade is Alegoaivi (328 metres).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[18] To the west of Pummanginniemi in the Barents Sea is the low Hey Islands.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[18] Water bodies Almost the entire area of Petsamo belongs to the catchment areas of three rivers: Paatsjoki, Petsamon River and Luttojoki.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Paatsjoki forms the border with Norway as far as Kolttakönä and is descended by small rivers in the western part of Petsamo, such as the Nautsiekki, Kornettjoki and the Laukkujoki river.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[15] The Petsamon River flows from the central part of Petsamo through the Petsamontunturi and descends into the Petsamonfjord in Peruka.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Its catchment area comprises parts of the central and northern part of Petsamo.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Tributaries of the Petsamon River include Naamajoki, Näsykkäjoki and Lammasjoki.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[18] The catchment area of Luttojoki, which originates from Saariselka and descends into Tuulomajoki, comprises the widest area of Petsamo, comprises almost entirely the southern part of the region and parts of the central part.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Apart from these three main river catchments, significant ones are still the Jauru River flowing through the southernmost part of Petsamo, the Vuoremi River forming the Norwegian border in the north, and the Vaales River, which flows into the western part of Petsamo, which flows in the former Finnish-Soviet border area.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Petsamo area is rich in lakes, and there are small lakes on the fells.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

However, the lakes are quite small and there are no lakes distinctive by their size.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[18] The largest lakes are Upper Akkajärvi, Ala-Akkajärvi, Ala-Akkajärvi and Huutojärvi in the southern part of Petsamo in the Luttojoki catchment area.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The largest lakes in Northern Petsamo are Kuotsjärvi and Salmijärvi in the Paatsjokilavalley to the west of Petsamotunturi.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[18] Vegetation Most of Petsamo belongs to the northernmost part of the coniferous forest zone, namely the North Boreal Zone, where its territory is divided into the Fell-Lapland and Metsä-Lapland zones.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] The very northernmost parts, such as Fisherman's Island and the Hay Islands, are tundra or tundra-like vegetation.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

However, many researchers do not consider the nearly treeless plant cover of the northernmost parts of Petsamo to be authentic tundra vegetation.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] The forests of Petsamo, like all of Lapland, are the northernmost forests in the world.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Petsamo forests live in the Arctic annual light rhythm and, as elsewhere, the northern boundary of the forest runs where the average July temperature is around +10 °C.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] The northernmost forests of Petsamo are slow growing, sparse and quite low-yielding, since vegetated forest land is only a few per cent of the land area.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] As elsewhere in Fennoscandia, the fell birch forms the forest boundary in Petsamo, both on the fells and on the coast of the Arctic Ocean in the north.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] Birch forests change to fell in the Petsamo fells at an altitude of 300 metres above sea level.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In the southern parts of Petsamo, the corresponding boundary is at 400—500 meters.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] On the fisherman island, birches grow in places.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[14] Settlement Villages The Government confirmed 1930 the new village division of Petsamo, in which the municipality was divided into 16 village municipalities.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Some of these came to include several “old” villages (in parentheses): [19] Höyhenjärvi (Nautsi, Korettijoki, Höyhenjärvi) Jokikkylä (Alaluostari, Moscow, Upper Monastery, Puska [20]) Kaakkuri Kervanto Kirkonkylä (Parkkina, Näsykkä) Kolttaköngäs Maattifjoro Petsamo Pitkäjärvi (Parkkina, Näsykkä) Vouvatusjärvi, Pitkäjärvi) Pummanki Salmijärvi (Salmijärvi, Kolosjoki, Menika Island) Suonikylä Voitolahti Valasjärvi (Valasjärvi or Töllevi and Kovernorrinkoski) Vuonokylä (Liinahamari, Peurafjoro, Porovaara) Vuoreminjoki (Vuoremi) School districts was divided into 9 school districts.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[21] Settlement in 1918 The settlement of Petsamo area was mainly concentrated in Paatsjokivarte, along the Petsamonfjord and the Fisherman Island.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

There was minor settlement in Paatsjokivarsa along the way, as in Featherjärvi and Pitkälläjärvi, but the largest population centre was formed by the village of Salmijärvi, (about 30 houses or smokes) as a junction of access routes to different quarters.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

North of it was the minor village of Töllev, and downstream of the Paatsjoki at Kolttakönkä, where the border intersects an area of about 4km² wide, was the village of Kolttakönkä (Boris Gleb) with a church, a community office house and numerous cottages for the Sami people.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

On the part of Petsamonfjord there was a village of Upper Abbey along the Petsamon River.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

From this led a 15 km long good road to the village of Lower Monastari, with a barracks and a monastery for Russian military personnel.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

One kilometre to the north was Näsykki (20 houses or smoke), from which a connecting road led to the west.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

East of Jokisuu were the villages of Kaakkur and Poikkijoki or Lapinkylä (about 40 houses or smoke in total).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Three kilometres north of Näsykä was the central village of the fjord Parkkina (30 houses or smoke), and four kilometres north of it the village of Trifona (15 houses or smoke), as well as Porovaara (10 houses) on the eastern bank of the fjord. with a few residents.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

At the mouth of the mountain river opposite the Norwegian village of Konug Oskar II Kul (now Lillesanden) was the fishing village of Vuorem.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The villages of Kalastajasaarenno, Maattifjoro, Pummanki, Kervanto and Vaitolahti comprised a total of about 30 houses.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In addition to Kolttakönä, there were a few villages (“sit”), such as Peätsam, Moskua (Moscow), and Suonikkylä (Suonjil).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

According to 1921 population data According to local Finnish authorities, Petsamo district had a total of 1423 inhabitants in 1921, of which there were Finns 577, Karelians 387, Sami 221, and the remaining 238 people Russians, Norwegians, Swedes and Komi.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In addition, it had unregistered Colt Sami population of 475 people, making a total of 1898 people.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Population data of 1926 In 1926, Petsamo had a population of 2039 (1112 men and 927 women).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Among these were Lutherans 1078 (Finns 1022 and Sami 56).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Orthodox population of Petsamo numbered 961 in the same year, including Colt Sami 422, Karelians 311, Russians 217 and Komites 11.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[22] After Petsamo moved to Finland, geological surveys were initiated by the government in connection with which a nickel-copper deposit was discovered in the area in 1921.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Studies showed the ore to be the richest nickel deposit in Europe.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In the sheds of a concession owned by a British—Canadian company, mining was able to begin in 1935.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

However, the Finnish government supplied 80% of the production to Germany.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In 1943, the Kolosjoki mine produced 73% of the nickel consumed by Germany.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Transport links In 1916, the Arctic Ocean road from Sodankylä to Petsamoo was completed in 1931.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Petsamo Upper Monastery Airport was completed just on the eve of the Winter War in November 1939.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Aero Ltd operated scheduled air services on the Helsinki−Petsamo route for one year, from 21 June 1940 to 21 June 1941.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

During the intermediate peace, Finland's entire foreign trade to the oceans passed through Petsamo's port of Liinahamar, only trade to the countries of the Baltic Sea region was handled through other ports.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Liinahamari route's road transport along the Arctic Ocean Road from Rovaniemi was handled by thousands of migrant workers, for whom communities were established at a rapid pace in the Petsamo region.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

There were more than 1,000 trucks in traffic.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Britain cut off sea shipments after the Continuation War ignited.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In the early stages of the war, British planes bombed the port of Liinahamar.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Maritime traffic to and from Petsamonfjord was assisted by the lighthouses of Numeroniemi and Ristiniemi (as they are today).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The Petsamo railway plans to Petsamo were already planned for a railway from Rovaniemi in the early stages of the Finnish administration.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

In its 1920 report, the Access Facilities Committee proposed the introduction of the Petsamo line into the construction programme.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[23] The following year, Professor Jalmari Castrén was commissioned by the State Council to prepare a report on the economy and profitability of the project.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[23] Castrén surrendered this account, the economic conditions of the Petsamo line, in the autumn of 1923.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The survey presented three different route options for the line.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[23] The first line proposal ran from Tornio up the Tornionjoki valley to Kolari and thence via Kittilä and Inari Kyrö from south of Lake Inari to the Paatsjoki valley to Salmijärvi, from where across the fells to Petsamo.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The second option ran from Rovaniemi via Sodankylä to Kyröö in Inari and the same route to Petsamo as the first line line.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

The third option ran from Rovaniemi via Kemijärvi, Pelkosenniemi and Sodankylä to Kyröö in Inari, from where the same route to Petsamoo as other line alignment options continued.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

As regards profitability, the Castrén Committee issued a negative opinion that the line project did not begin to be planned beyond that.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[23] The construction of the Petsamo line resurfaced in connection with the exploitation of Petsamo's nickel ore finds.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Particularly Northern Finland's MPs were active in the circuit and took several initiatives in 1939 to build the line.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

[23] Famous Pezamoans Father Akaki, Andreas Alariesto, the last monk of Petsamo Monastery, who died at the age of 110 in 1984, visual artist Mikko Ekorre, MP Jaakko Gauriloff, Skolt Sami singer Mirjam Kälkää, writer Maila Nurmi, actor Arto Paasilinna, writer, Erno and Reino's brother Erno Paasilinna, writer, brother of Arto and Reino, Reino Paasilinna, politician, writer, brother of Arto and Erno, former Director General of Finnish Broadcasting, former MP, Tuulikki Soini, author See also Petsamo County Petsamo (Murmansk Oblast) — current municipality and agglomeration Petsamo district Muurmann Finnish Fisherman island Kolosjoki mine Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = ed.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Onnela Samuli & Vahtola Troop| title = Country of the Turjian Sea, History of Petsamo 1920—1944| location = Rovaniemi| publisher = Petsamo-Seura r.y.| year = 1999| id = ISBN 952-91-0873-7}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) References Literature Mikko Uola: Petsamo 1939—1944 (Minerva, 2012) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anttila, Risto| title = Petsamo: Beautiful and rugged northern land| location = Humppila| publisher = KR-books| year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-9387-56-0}} Valter Keltikangas: Seven hours of wilderness (WSOY 1977) Eero Kuussaari: Battle From Petsamo (Finnish Literature Society Book Printing 1939) Ritva Kytölä: From Kaarnika to a fish frying stick, Petsamonsami yesterday, 1999, Kotka Mirjam Kälkäjä: Petsamolainen (Book Group 1977) Karl Nickul: Place-names of the southern part of Petsamo from a cartographic point of view.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Publications of the Board of Surveying No. 26.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Huddersfield in 1934.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Jukka Nyyssönen: Two histories of Petsamo — Change and Continuity in Historiography.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Cooperative Jyväs-Ainola (2008).


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

ISBN 978-952-5353-36-5.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Erno Paasilinna: Petsamo, History and Memories (1983—84) Kalle Päätalo: Haunted Earth (Gummerus 1977) Kirill Sergejeff and Martti Blåfield: Pictures by Petsamo.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Hannes Pukki at Petsamo's Karelians and Colts 1929—1939.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

North.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Jyväskylä in 1992.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Joni Skiftesvik: Petsamo gold barrel (WSOY 1991) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Soini, Tuulikki; Uurasmaa, Pekka| title = Petsamo... Petsamo| location = Naantali| publisher = self-publisher| year = 1972| id = ISBN 951-99002-7-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Skiftesvik, Joni (ed.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

) | title = Petsamo: Eastern Arm of Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-34506-1}}} Väinö Tanner: Place names of the Petsamo region/Lappish place names.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Fennia 49:2.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Huddersfield 1928.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Väinö Tanner: Contricution à la sociologie des Lapons semi-nomades de Petsamo en Finlande.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Societas Scientiarum Fennica.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Huddersfield 1928.


Question: Where is Petsamo located?

Petsamo

Esko Vuorisjärvi: Petsamo nickel in international politics 1939—1944 (Otava 1989) On the topic elsewhere Category:Murmansk region Category:Lappi Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The Jacquerie are peasant rebellions of the old rule in France.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The nobility used the mock name Jacques Bonhomme, common among peasants in the late Middle Ages, from where, in the peasant disturbances of 1358, the word Jacquerie was derived.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Jacqueries in the Middle Ages on 28 March 1358, the day of the Holy Sacrament, flared in the Île-de-France region, notably in the municipality of Ponleroi (now Pronleroy), a rebellion movement called the jacquerie.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

This rebellion was linked to the difficult years of the Hundred Years' War and at the same time also the spread of the Black Death in France.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The nobility of the nation had lost in prestige following the battles and defeats of Crédy (1346) and Poitiers (1356).


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

At the same timethe so-called large companies (grandes compagnies), looting and living at the expense of the countryside.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

In Paris, Étienne Marcel maintained extensive agitation for necessary reforms.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

According to Jacqueries 16th century Historian Boris Porchenev, the following uprisings can also be attributed to the peasant revolts: In 1520—1550, the so-called Pituauds Revolt is the most famous of the revolts of the era.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

It was substantially related to the salt tax (gabelle) imposed on the entire territory of the country.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

In 1570—1590, a peasant revolt favoured to the Catholic religion.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The rebellion was also joined by nobles who took the cause as their own.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Between 1590 and 1600 there was a revolt by the king's supporters, the so-called croquantes-jacquerie.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

During the time of Jacqueries Richelieu, numerous very serious peasant rebellions took place during the era of Minister Richelieu.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

France was a participant in the Thirty Years' War and the war enjoyed very limited popular popularity, as with it taxes were significantly increased.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

France warred well against Catholic Spain and the Emperor and was in league with the Protestant Nordic countries.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Furthermore, the consolidation of kingship and centralization of power was questioned, as was the cardinal fiscal policy resulting from a very difficult economic situation.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Rebellions were a very serious expression of opposition to both wars and too-high taxes.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

In this case, the cry from the mouths of the people was also observed: “Long live the king without salt tax.”


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The unevenness of the tax burden depending on how and by whom the taxes collected.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

If the collectors were local officials of the king, the strain was considerably lighter than in the case of royalist troops, in which case gathering was swift and exemplary.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

These rebellions did not actually bring the functioning of the state apparatus into trouble, which did not have a unified program, but were nevertheless a strong expression of the opposition policy against Cardinal Richelieu.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The most problematic were the so-called croquant rebellions in southwestern France, notably between 1594 and 1595, as well as the barefoot (Nu-Pided) rebellion that raged in Normandy in 1639.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Around the time of the Fronde noble revolt of 1648—1649, there were also anti-militaristic and anti-taxation rebellions by peasants.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

They also called for the realization of local self-government and therefore desentralization.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

During the time of Jacqueries Louis XIV in the 17th century, peasants lived almost on sustenance produced by their own land, in addition to which they could exchange and buy in a small quantity the produce of their immediate surroundings.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

They lived simple lives.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

If it became a bad harvest, because it was a major accident in agriculture, if hailstorms whipped the crop, floods destroyed the crop, or the crop was generally weak, then first of all, a rise in prices, and then very quickly famine.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Contrary to what is usually assumed in history, so in reality these calamities began quite early in the reign of Louis XIV.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Hunger prevailed in France as early as 1662; in this case, there was a strong movement of rural people to the cities, where they sought help and at the same time filling the poorhouses.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Other calamities also overshadowed the daily life of the peasant; these included various epidemics attacking peasants weakened by hunger and generally considered to be the cause of hunger besides lack of food, heavy taxes, salt tax (gabelle) as well as sheets of paper with tax stamps appeared as by the whimsy of fate.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Most of these riots and rebellions, particularly experienced in southwestern France between 1624 and 1670, were the result of precisely these problems, and in particular of tightened taxation.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

These were farm labourers, peasants and farm renters who rose more voluntarily than others to rebel.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

These rebellions of the 17th century were by no means desperate attempts at rebellion.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

There were several rebellions and they were often suppressed with great grips.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

In 1662, there was a revolt in Boulonai, in the north of France, which resulted in 3000 mutineers being arrested and 400 of them sent as prisoners on galley ships.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

In 1664, Colbert wanted to re-impose a salt tax on the territories that had already rebelled earlier.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

In Gasgogne, an adventurer named Bernard d'Audijos took command of the rebellion.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

He was able to resist, with his troops, for two years the measures of the Royal Army.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

When he was finally arrested, the king did not, for his great popular popularity, dare to punish him severely, but to pardon and promote him to colonel.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

One of the most serious uprisings was the jacquerie of Vivarais that took place in 1670 in the south of France.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Some unknown person had kept a mindless rumour in motion: a new tax was being created that would be even more troublesome than previous taxes that already existed.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The knowledge of the imposition of the new tax was not at all true, but movement only increased in and around Aubenas.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The rebels found Antoine du Roure as their leader.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Looting was followed by fires and murders.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

According to their leader, called “Rourois”, the rebels called “Rourois” were defeated and a bloody counter-strike ensued.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The leader of the rebellion was also arrested and executed.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

In 1674, the war in Holland required new tax burdens and they in turn caused riots in Aquitaine.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The pacification of the rebellion took place in a particularly drastic manner, Bordeaux 'n came to victualize and accommodate over two hundred gunners and horsemen at their own expense.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

In Mansi in 1675, the increase in city duties sa brought about the rebellion.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The prestige that Louis XIV acquired for France became economically expensive for the country.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The government had the intention of filling the state treasury with the promulgation of the Decree of 1673, which was brought into effect the following year.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The decree had been issued earlier in 1655, but its implementation had not materialised.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The decree stipulated that all future papers presented to the court should be equipped with a stamp duty stamp to be admitted to court hearing and registered.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The decree also reimposed a tax on tobacco and tin containers that Brittany had bought for herself at a cost of two million livres.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

On the other hand, at the unification of France and Brittany, it had been agreed that any new tax increases would also require the adoption of the Landtag of Brittany.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The Landtag was naturally opposed to further tax increases, but the king used a detour to nullify this decision.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

These taxes caused strong discontent, notably in Renne, Nantes and Cornouailles, and in 1675 the so-called stamp duty revolt, or rebellion of red mussels, broke out.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The peasants of the fourteen congregations went to arms and their leader was Sébastien Le Balp.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Nobles were abused, castles burned, towns threatened, and stamp duty and tobacco shops looted.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The rebelling peasants demanded that special peasant legislation be brought about, such had been done at Notre-Dame de Tréminou, near Pont-l'Abbé in Brittany.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

In this proposal, they called for a relief on county taxes, and sometimes even their complete elimination.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The end of the Jacqueries Peasant rebellions subsided after 1680, with the most recent being experienced in 1797.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

This century thus saw the end of rebellion, and there were several reasons for this: Taxes are more shrewdly defined and are often smaller in sums and indirect.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Religion and state are intertwined very strongly.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Priests are more obedient and peasants reject mass rebellions.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

The era, or the 18th century, was a time of strong growth in agriculture and at the same time also saw the growth of the strong individuality of the peasants.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

But the peasant rebellions did not disappear, but took place on a much smaller scale and developed all the time towards regional fiefdom.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

However, peasant revolts began again shortly before the Great French Revolution (1789) in the so-called flour war around 1775.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

During the revolution, peasants played a key role especially during the so-called Great Fire.


Question: How common were peasant revolts?

Jacquerie

Category:French history


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The State of Israel [1] or Israel (,) is a state between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River in the Middle East.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel was established on the territory of Palestine in 1948.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

It is a parliamentary democracy in statesmanship and strongly a “Jewish state" [2], which is enshrined in law as an official ideology.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[3] However, Israel is multinational in population and diverse in its religious base, and not all recognise the principle of a nation-state for Jews.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[4] It has therefore led to ongoing internal unrest and clashes with the Palestinians throughout the existence of the State of Israel.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel has about 8.3 million inhabitants, according to a 2014 estimate.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[5] The official language is Hebrew, the official status of Arabic was removed in July 2018.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

78% of the inhabitants are Jewish, 17% are Arabs, the rest are Druuses and other minorities.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israeli Arabs are mostly Sunni Muslims or Christians by religion.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel's neighbours include the Arab states Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, as well as Palestine, which is recognised as independent by some states.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel has an area of 20700 km², including the Golan Heights, but not East Jerusalem or the West Bank and Gaza Strip.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

While Israel has neither admitted nor denied its nuclear weapon, it is widely thought to be the only nuclear-armed state in the Middle East.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[6] The name “Israel” has, in customary and liturgical use, for three thousand years denoted both Israel as a country and the entire Jewish people, whether they lived in Israel or in the diaspora.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The name is derived from the Bible, 1.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

From Genesis 32:28, where Jacob receives the new name Israel (perhaps śara + el meaning struggle with God) after struggling with an angel.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

There are different understandings of the name.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

According to some, the name derives from the verb śarar (“to rule, to be strong, to impose”), in which case the name would signify “God reigns” or “God judges”.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Other possible meanings include “Prince of God” or “Ēl fights”.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Regardless of the exact meaning, the twelve sons of Jacob were descended from the “12 tribes of Israel”.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The first historical mention of the word “Israel” is from the Egyptian in the steela of Merenptah, which details the military camps in Canaan Land.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel is mentioned in the paade as a people who had not formed a state and is dated to the 13th century BCE.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[7] The modern state was given the name “Medinat Yisrael”, meaning the State of Israel, and its citizens are Israelis.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Other name suggestions included Eretz Israel, Zion and Judea.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[8] History Inspired by Zionist causes, the territory of present-day Israel, then part of Turkey, began to emigrate Jews between 1881 and 1914.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

During these migrations, or aliyas, key national institutions began to form for Israel's future independence: efforts were made to revive the Hebrew language, and Hebrew-language press and literature emerged in the region.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Jews also established political parties and trade associations.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

About half of the Jews who immigrated to the area during the Second Aliyah were disembarked by 1914, when the First World War interrupted immigration.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[9] The period of British rule In World War I, Great Britain took control of the region.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Zionists had been migrating to the area at the urging of Theodor Herzl since as early as the 19th century, but the migration accelerated, particularly after World War I, as comers were attracted by the right promised by Britain in the Balfour Declaration to establish a “national home” in Palestine.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In 1922, by decision of the League of Nations, Palestine was made a British Mandate Territory, which, however, soon separated 3/4, the eastern half of the Jordan River into Transjordan.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

At the end of World War II, there were already 650,000 Jews in the regions, and European Jews, uprooted by the Holocaust, arrived as a great wave to establish a new state.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

At the insistence of the Arabs, the Mandate administration eventually banned Jewish immigration almost completely.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[10] In the UN General Assembly, a motion was made to divide the territory into Arab and Jewish states.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Arab states surrounding Palestine opposed the motion and refused to recognize the Jewish state, while David Ben-Gurion, Israel's future, first prime minister, endorsed the plan.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

On 30 November 1947, the morning after the plan was approved, the violence escalated further, and on 11 December, London newspaper The Times reported that some 70 Jews, 50 Arabs and four Britons were killed in the clashes.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israeli armed organizations managed to seize all of the territory granted by the UN to Israel and part of the territory assigned to the Palestinians before the end of British rule.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Palestinians blamed these for a number of massacres of civilians, including the killing of more than 100 people in the Deir Yassin massacre between 9 and 11 April 1948.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[11] As a result of the fighting, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were forced to leave as refugees.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

An open war had broken out (kts.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel's War of Independence).


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Establishment of Israel After the British left the territory, Israel was established on 14 May 1948 in Palestinian territory before the British Mandate expired at midnight on 15 May.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The conflict widened when Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian, Lebanese and Iraqi forces invaded Israel.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In the ensuing war, the Soviet Union, which opposed the colonial system, supported Israel, while Britain, as an old colonial host, continued to support the Arabs against their independence colony.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The fighting took place mostly in territory designated for Palestinians.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In 1948, volunteer Jews left Finland to join soldiers in Israel, and the Finnish state also assisted Israel with weapons donations.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

These Finnish-Jewish volunteers constituted the largest pool of volunteers in the world compared to the rest of the Jewish diaspora in terms of the number of members of their Jewish community.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[12] By the end of the war, larger areas remained in Israeli possession than envisaged in the UN partition plan.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

At the same time Egypt occupied Gaza and Transjordan occupied the West Bank.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Large numbers of Arabs were forced to leave their neighbourhoods or fled the threat of violence.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

There were massacres of Arab civilians and Palestinian housing communities were destroyed.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

About half of the indigenous population relocated or were expelled out of the territory of the new Jewish state, virtually without the option of returning.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

According to the UN, a total of 711000 people [13].


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Because of the crisis in the Middle East that has persisted until these days, the refugee issue remains unresolved.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

After the creation of Israel, the largest number of Holocaust survivors began to migrate from Europe, and the country's population doubled in its first year of independence.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Over the next decade, 600,000 Jews fled or were deported from surrounding Arab countries and Iran to Israel.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Suez Crisis and Six-Day War In 1956, Egypt decided to take the British and French-owned Suez Canal under its own ownership.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

As a result of the decision, the Suez Crisis erupted, during which Britain, France and Israel successfully invaded Egypt towards the Suez Canal.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The armistice was concluded when the United States and the Soviet Union pressured the parties for peace.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Conditions for the withdrawal included the deployment of UN UNEF forces in Sinai to monitor that Egypt would no longer attack Israel as it did in the 1948 war.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In 1967, Egypt blockaded Israeli shipping in the Red Sea, removed UNEF peacekeepers from the area and moved tanks and hundreds of soldiers to the Sinai, declaring itself ready for war.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[14] Israel decided to respond by attacking, and the Six-Day War began with a strike declared pre-emptive by Israel, with which it managed within hours to render the Egyptian air force incapacitated.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Jordan, in turn, attacked Israeli cities in West Jerusalem, as well as Netanya.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

At the end of the war, Gaza, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank and the Golan Heights were left under Israeli control.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The Yom Kippur War Syria and Egypt invaded Israel in 1973 and surprised Israel.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel initially suffered considerable losses, particularly in the Golan Heights, but with the arrival of reserve forces on the fronts after a few days, the war situation began to change.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

After a second week of fighting, Egypt and Syria had lost most of the positions they had captured, and soon Israel advanced into the west bank of the Suez Canal and into Syria.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The ceasefire went into effect three weeks after the war began.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

South Lebanon Israel invaded civil war-torn Lebanon in 1982 with the aim of countering terrorist attacks on the northern parts of the country from the Lebanese side.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

After forming a 40-mile-wide security perimeter, the Israeli military continued to attack inland, also capturing the country's capital, Beirut.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The PLO, which had kept its headquarters in the city, fled to Tunisia's capital Tunis.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel withdrew its troops from the country mostly in 1986 but continued its occupation in the South Lebanon Security Zone with the South Lebanon Army (SLA) paramilitary militia it supported.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel withdrew from the area in 2000, after which it was taken over by the Hezbollah organization as well as a UN peacekeeping force.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

First Intifada and Oslo Accord The First Intifada, or Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation, began in December 1987 and continued until 1993.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In total, about 1400 Palestinians and about 270 Israeli civilians and 150 Israeli soldiers were killed in the clashes.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[15] Following the victory of the Labour Party in 1992, Yitzhak Rabin began negotiations with the PLO to bring peace, and in 1993 the two sides signed the Oslo Agreement.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Also known as Oslo I, Israel and the PLO recognized each other.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat negotiated in July 2000 at Camp David under Bill Clinton, but the talks failed to produce results after the PLO rejected Barak's offer.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Critics of the motion say Barak's proposal would not have given prospects for the creation of a viable Palestinian state because it would have fragmented the West Bank and stripped many important territories out of it.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[16] After failed peace talks, tension in the region began to increase again.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The Second Intifada The Second Intifada, or Al-Aqsa Intifada, began in September 2000.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

It is often suggested that the Second Intifada began after Ariel Sharon visited Al-Aqsa Mosque and that the visit would have been interpreted as a provocation.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Today, both Palestinians and Israelis agree that it was not only Sharon's action that was the cause of the intifada.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israelis view the Intifada as “part of the Palestinian Authority's calculating policy in its relations with the State of Israel” and Palestinians in turn view it as more like “.. just a legitimate reaction to a provocative incident.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

It is the unanimity of the Palestinian people, a public expression of mind caused by the failure of negotiations and a complete condemnation of Israel's actions”.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[17] In Israel, it is widely believed that the Palestinian leadership initiated the uprising deliberately to pressure Israel through violence.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[18] In hindsight, however, there were many signs of potential violence that could have ignited from almost any random event.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

There have been 1116 Israelis killed in clashes during the Second Intifada [19] and 4066 Palestinians [20] As a result of the Intifada, Israel is building a security fence in the West Bank, which is said to be to prevent terrorists from entering Israeli cities.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[21] The fence has been criticized by the UN General Assembly and the EU as it breaks down Palestinian territories and annexes 6% to 8% of the disputed territories to Israel for an indefinite period of time.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In Israel's view, however, the fence is only a temporary solution.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[22] In 2004, the International Court of Justice in The Hague ruled that the fence was contrary to international law and should be dismantled immediately.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Under the ruling, Israel would also be obliged to compensate the damage caused to the Palestinian population by the fence.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[23] Israel nowadays, the Likud Party led by Ariel Sharon won the March 2001 elections and was re-elected Prime Minister in the 2003 elections.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The right-wing Likud refused in 2002 to recognize the state of Palestinians under any circumstances.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[24] In 2003, the Israeli Parliament adopted the so-called Middle East Plan as the basis for a peace plan.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In the same year, Sharon signed with the Palestinians the Roadmap Peace Plan, which aims for e.g.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

to an independent Palestine.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[25] After Sharon presented a plan for unilateral Israeli withdrawal from Gaza, his party was mired in internal strife and the Prime Minister dissolved the Knesset and in October 2005 founded the new party Kadima.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Sharon suffered a severe brain haemorrhage before the election, and Ehud Olmert rose to replace him as the officiating prime minister and leader of the Kadima party.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Olmert led Kadima to an election victory in March 2006.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Violence in the area escalated again in June 2006 after Palestinians kidnapped Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit () hostage.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel then began Operation Summer Rain by striking air and ground troops at many targets in Gaza [26] and capturing, among other things, eight of the twenty Palestinian Authority ministers.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In July, clashes spread to Lebanon after Hezbollah guerrillas penetrated Israel, where they killed three soldiers and took two hostage.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Among other things, Israel struck Beirut's international airport and blockaded all ports in the country.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In December 2008, a ceasefire between the Hamas organization that controls the Gaza Strip and Israel expired.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

On December 27, 2008, Israel began aerial bombardment of the Gaza Strip, and a ground invasion, Operation Cast Lead, on January 3, 2009.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel withdrew for the most part by the inauguration of the new US president on January 21, 2009, and completely the next day.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[27] High number of civilian casualties (incl.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

416 children) and damaging fifty UN buildings led the United Nations to strongly criticize the attack.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[28] According to the newspaper Haaretz, during the fighting, the Israeli army, with the permission of the commanders, killed numerous civilians and deliberately destroyed their property.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[29] Right-wing parties were the best performing in the 2009 elections, and the government was formed under Benjamin Netanyahu.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The Likud government was also supported by the Labour Party, Yisrael Beiteinu and Shas.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Avigdor Lieberman, known for his anti-Arab statements and labelled a racist, drew the most criticism.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[30] Lieberman disengaged himself from the two-state solution and declared the Annapolis process negotiated under American leadership null and void.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[31] The 2010 takeover of civilian casualties of an international aid convoy bound for Gaza on 31 May 2010 was met with sharp criticism.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Many states condemned the actions of the Israel Defense Forces, including Israel's neighbours, the EU, Spain, Britain, China, Greece, France, Germany and Finland.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

[32] Geography Israel borders Lebanon and Syria to the north, West Bank and Jordan to the east, to the southwest are the Egyptian and Gaza Strip.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel's shoreline to the Mediterranean Sea is to the west and the Gulf of Aqaba, which connects to the Red Sea, to the south.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Israel's largest waters are Lake Genesaret to the north and the Dead Sea to the southeast.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The largest river is the Jordan.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The highest mountain is Har Meron.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Climate The climate of the country is Mediterranean except for the deserts of the southern and northern parts of the country, the largest of which is the Negev Desert.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In spring and summer, sandstorms occur periodically.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The country has a hot rainless summer and a relatively short cool rainy winter.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

The climate varies within the country according to meridian, latitude, and proximity to the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

August is the hottest of the months, with average temperatures ranging from 18 to 38°C.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Rains are usually heavy rainfall causing erosion and flooding.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In winter, water might come as snow in the highlands of the central part of the country like Jerusalem.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

In the most cultivated areas of the country, more than 300 millimeters of rain per year.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

About a third of the land is cultivable.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Plants and Animals More than 500 species of birds have been found in Israel.


Question: In what years was the Kingdom of Israel in operation?

Israel

Some of the birds live there permanently, some migrate through Israeli territory twice a year.