Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon

At the height of his career, he conquered and controlled large parts of Western and Central Europe.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon

In this case, his empire was the largest in Europe in size, army and population since the Roman Empire.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[2] He was captured after the losing Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and exiled to Saint Helena Island.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Youth and the beginning of a military career Napoleon was born in the city of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica a year after the Republic of Genoa had sold Corsica to France as a debt payment.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His original name was Napoleone (Nabullione) Buonaparte, but he changed it to the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte in 1796.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The name Nabullione had also been held by his uncle as well as his brother, who died in 1765.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[3] Napoleon's parents belonged to the low noble lineage.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His father, Carlo Buonaparte, an Italian-born lawyer, was named 1778 to the court of Louis XVI, where he spent several years.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's mother, Letizia Ramolino, bathed her eight children every other day (normally the upper class didn't bathe either than maybe about once a month).


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In Napoleon's family there was tough discipline and young Napoleon often got his back.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[3] At the age of five, Napoleon began to be taught at a girls' school run by nuns, which was also open to boys.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[3] A few years later, the boy's upbringing was entrusted to Abbé Recco, who taught Napoleon to read and write Italian.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's mother bore a total of thirteen children, [3] five of whom died at a young age.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Eight survived to adulthood and became nobles of high rank all.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon became Emperor of France and King of Italy, from his brother Joseph King of Naples and later King of Spain, from his sister Élisa, Duchess of Tuscany, from his brother Louis King of Holland, from his sister Caroline Queen of Naples, from his brother Jérôme in northwestern German Westphalia King, from his sister Pauline to the princess and duchess of Guastalla, and from his brother Lucien to the Prince of Canino and Musignano.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[3] The father arranged for his son's education in France, and the young Napoleon was put into the military school at Brienne-le-Château in 1779.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was regarded as a countryman and a mob; he learned French only at the age of ten and spoke it in Italian terms.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His first military studies he completed at the boarding school in Brienne, which at that time was newly established and did not achieve great prestige.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Several other children of the most underprivileged nobles studied at the school.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, Napoleon was the only Corsican student, [4] which is why he was regarded as an uncivilized barbarian by other pupils.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[4] Although Napoleon had no good friend in Brienne, he was still very successful in his studies.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Especially in mathematics, he was really proficient and was among the few pupils the school introduced to outside guests.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In this case, Napoleon had a brilliant career as a marine officer, but access to artillery was not excluded either.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Although the school had still been a monastic institution some years earlier, there was not much investment in religious education and the priests' sermons could only last a few minutes.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[4] Napoleon himself says that he lost his Christian faith when a teacher at the school said that Julius Caesar, the warlord admired by Napoleon, was still burning in hell because he wasn't a Christian.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[4] In September 1784, Napoleon was selected on the basis of Brienne's final exams among the five pupils sent to the elite school of the École Militaire, France's most prestigious military academy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The school differed considerably from Brienne, where Napoleon's room had resembled mainly a cell.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[5] At the École Militaire, his room was heated by a tiled oven, his mug and washing platter were made of tin, he was given an elegant blue uniform, and in addition to everything, five different dishes were served at the school and in between students were allowed to choose from three different desserts to their liking.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, Napoleon still felt that he was an outsider, as even the École Militaire could still find the enactment society in force.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Many of the school's pupils graduated solely because they happened to be of exalted descent.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[6] Napoleon graduated from this military academy on October 28, 1785.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He was allowed to choose for himself which artillery regiment he was placed in, which is why he chose the La Fère Regiment.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was now 16 years old and promoted to enlisted artillery.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

From Vänrik to general at the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1789, Napoléon returned to Corsica, where the Nationalists revolted to break away from France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Buonaparte family fled civil war to France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon supported the revolutionaries and quickly rose up the rank scale.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The National Assembly, which gained power, decided that Corsicans, those exiled for their opinions, were allowed to peacefully return to their home island.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Among them was the Corsican freedom fighter Pasquale Paoli, whom Napoleon considered his paragon.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon took leave from his regiment and travelled to Corsica to meet Paoli.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Paoli planned to transform Corsica into an independent absolute monarchy, which he would lead and Napoleon hoped to become commander of the troops on the island.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[7] However, the meeting with Paoli was a disaster and Napoleon managed to anger Paoli by pointing out that he had misdeployed his troops during the Corsican War of Independence.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Paoli became enraged and from then on he did everything he could to put the brakes on Napoleon's career.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon, however, was not discouraged, and instead set up a Jacobin club on the island.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Through the club, his brother Joseph was elected to the city council of Ajacco, the hometown of the Bonaparte family.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon himself had to return to France as his holiday was at an end, but due to dire weather no ship was able to leave Corsica.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon did not return to his regiment until January 1791, three months late.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He might have been sacked, but documents written to him by the Ajaccio city council proved there was no way to leave Corsica sooner.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was soon promoted to lieutenant and received a hundred livres more to his monthly salary.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At the same time he was transferred back to the city of Valence.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Around the same time, King Louis XVI and his family tried to flee France but were caught.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

As a result of this incident, all officers were forced to swear a new oath of allegiance, from which the king's share had been removed.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Thirty-five of Napoleon's clerical brothers refused, but the 22-year-old Napoleon obeyed.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon returned in September 1791 back to Corsica, as the decision had been made to form a National Guard on the island whose leaders would be elected by election.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon signed up and his worst counter-candidate was Pozzo di Borgo, the inheritor enemy of the House of Bonaparte.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon and his brother Joseph bribed soldiers, organised pro-Napoleon occasions, and even hijacked an electoral official who supported de Borgo.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[8] The election was held in a Corsican church where de Borgo arrived to give a speech against Napoleon's family.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

This set off a riot in the church and de Borgo was to get killed.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon won the election, however, but at the same time a vendetta, or blood vendetta, began between the Bonaparte and de Borgo lineages, which continued all the way to the end of the 19th century.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At the same time, the National Assembly of Paris decided to close all the monasteries in Corsica.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The monks refused to obey and most of the Corsicans turned out to be on their side.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon and his National Guardsmen had to intervene.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The leader of the fortress in the city of Ajaccio refused to obey, at which point Napoleon was forced to attack French troops.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was court-martialed.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In addition, he had to leave Corsica because his leave time from the regiment was exhausted and he had been wiped from the list of wage earners.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In Paris, however, he was no longer wanted to be tried in court martial.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

There was a sorely shortage of officers who knew artillery in France because most of them had been nobles and had fled abroad with the revolution.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Of Napoleon's more than fifty coursemates, only six were in France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Other states had declared war on France and skilled officers were dug in.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was appointed captain.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At the same time, he began to be paid again and his financial situation improved.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Soon, however, unrest broke out and the Tuileries Palace was overrun and the royals imprisoned.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon fled with his sisters in France again to Corsica because he believed his future was there.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He again became lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Battalion of the Corsican National Guard.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He proposed to Paolini, the leader of the island, a takeover of Sardinia and eventually he was forced to agree.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon carried out the invasion, but in the same the corps retreated and Napoleon remained in Sardinia with only his own battalion.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He believed Paolini had betrayed himself and returned to Corsica.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Information of the troops' escape made its way to France, which began to investigate Paolini's actions.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon felt he could attempt a coup but was unsuccessful and had to flee Corsica and his family.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At the same time, British troops occupied Corsica and Napoleon's dream of an independent Corsica was gone.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In France, Napoleon wrote a novel supporting the Republic, in which the brother of the dictator Robespierre took great interest and wanted to meet Napoleon.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The meeting materialised and Napoleon was soon transferred to the forces besieging Toulon.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In 1793, he liberated Toulon from royalists and the British troops who supported these.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The then artillery officer had played a significant part in the liberation of Toulon, as a result his promotion in the rank scale had continued more rapidly and he had risen all the way up to the rank of general.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's life could have ended in the guillotine, for he was arrested after the fall of Robespierre's government on 9 August 1794.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His Lucien brother was also among those arrested.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

This was nothing short of praying for mercy, but Napoleon remained calm.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He wrote letters to the new government to assure loyalty.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Furthermore, many individuals at the head of the army became convinced that Brigadier Napoleon was necessary to maintain French military might.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Eventually, Napoleon was released on August 20, 1794.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

It was decided to transfer Napoleon to the Army of Western France, where he would be made general of infantry.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

This depreciation was due to Napoleon being the youngest of the generals.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, he wanted to overturn the ordinance and gambled for time.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He pretended to be sick in Paris, waiting for the order to be rescinded.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, it never came and Napoleon lost the leadership of his army.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He was now a general without an army inactive in Paris.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

To top it off, her first love had just written a letter telling her she was leaving him.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In 1795, as the Royalists marched against the National Assembly in Paris, Director Paul de Barras — who remembered Napoleon as an officer who rehabilitated at Toulon — summoned him to put down the uprising.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Barras handed over command to Napoleon, who was the first to command to put the cannons of the Tuileries Palace in their positions and orient them facing the rebels.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's tactic was to allow the Royalists to come very close before the soldiers started shelling with their muskets.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The rebels responded with gunfire and continued to advance.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

It was then that Napoleon ordered the soldiers to move aside and the cannons loaded with leadballs were revealed.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Never before had cannons been used to quell the riots in Paris.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[9] The rebels rushed to escape, whereupon the mounted and infantry engaged in pursuit.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

After a few hours, bodies of rebels were lying in the streets and the rebellion had been defeated.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Two months later, Napoleon was appointed commander-in-chief of the French army in Italy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Europe in Napoleonic times as Napoleon trained as an officer and nobility, encompassed Europe approximately three hundred independent states.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[10] In terms of area, Russia was the largest country on the continent, with Sweden in the next place.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[10] There were 28 million people living in France, only ten million in Britain.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[10] Paris had a population closer to half a million while Napoleon studied there.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

With Napoleon's rise to command the French army in Italy, Europe was divided into two camps, one formed by France with its allies and the other comprising its adversaries.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Great French Revolution had initially provoked positive emotions in neighboring countries such as Britain, but during the reign of terror its opposition had increased and many initially favourable countries had turned against France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The British Empire was basically led by King George III, but in practice power lay with Parliament and through it Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

With the reign of terror, France became more drastic in its foreign policy and it began to spread the doctrines of revolution through expeditions of conquest.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At this point, William Pitt the Younger assembled an alliance in Europe opposed to France, including Prussia, Russia, Austria, as well as some German principalities.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

France had no allies because the European courts feared the spread of the ideas of the revolution and at the same time its own position.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The United States, led by the president, seemed favourable to France at first, but opinions there too grew tighter.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The United States saw itself as an outsider in internal disputes in Europe, leaving France without support.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

As commander-in-chief in Italy, Napoleon was given command of an ill-equipped army with a shortage of cannons and horses alike.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, he decided to settle for this.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He wanted to gain firm control of the troops and later while on Saint Helena, reported that he gave them the following speech: the French army was advancing disastrous across Europe.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In January 1795 they were occupied by Holland and in April of the same year Prussia had been forced to acquiesce to the Basel peacemaking, resulting in King Frederick William II of Prussia being forced to resign from the alliance against France formed by William Pitt the Younger and in practice to cede to France all its territories west of the Rhine.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's army was also victorious.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His victories are believed to have been the result of skillful strategy and excellent exploitation of artillery.Napoleon became France's most admired warlord and at the same time the most feared man in Europe.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon proceeded from victory to victory and in four weeks he had occupied the Piedmont region.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

A few weeks after this, Napoleon had captured Lombardy and marched his troops to Milan.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoléon gained the nickname Little Corporal after defeating Austrian forces at the Battle of Lodi in 1796.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In November of the same year, he beat the Austrians again, now at Arcol's.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In January 1797, he gained yet another victory, coming at Rivoli.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The army continued its advance and soon penetrated Austrian heritage lands, already threatening Vienna.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In April 1797, he concluded a truce with the Austrian Emperor.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Shortly after this, he occupied Venice with no regard for the city's neutrality.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In October of the same year, Austria was forced to write a final peace treaty at Campo Formio.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The treaty forced Austria to cede Belgium and Milan to France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In creating a French vassal state in Italy called the Cisalpine Republic, Napoleon also ensured the stay of power by directing Paris.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He sent some troops to Paris to support Director Barras.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

With the help of these troops, Barras conducted a military coup and French administration passed to the army.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon quickly brought into force a social and legislative system in Italy, which France too had used since the revolution.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

During Napoleon's stay at Mombello Castle, the Cisalpine Republic was formally governed by a parliament elected by the inhabitants, but in reality the country was under a precipitous military dictatorship led by Napoleon.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At the castle, Napoleon stayed, enjoying his first great triumphs, surrounded by his family members and sub-officers.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Several persons living in this castle then with him came later to receive the titles of generals and dukes and form the core force of the leadership of Napoleon's great army.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon stated in the autumn of 1797 that there was no further chance of advancing higher in Italy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Because of this, Napoleon returned in December of the same year to Paris, where he was received enthusiastically by the people.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

War Excursion to Egypt In 1798, the French Directorial Government began to fear Napoléon's popular popularity and ordered him to invade Egypt in order to complicate British contacts with India.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The British government received word from its secret agent about French plans to invade Egypt, but the government did not take them seriously.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Preparations for the Egyptian war expedition were completely drowned out by preparations for the French fleet's invasion of Britain.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon, however, stated himself that an invasion would be impossible.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Britain concentrated all its vigour on preventing French plans, leading it to assemble a large fleet in the English Channel and completely ignoring the preparations for the French expedition to Egypt.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The whole expedition in Egypt was to be sold at the very beginning, when the Napoleon-led fleet avoided a confrontation with the British Navy's committee forces at the last point.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[11] It came close to not having Napoleon confronted the troops led by Horatio Nelson seventeen years before the Battle of Waterloo.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Given the power relations and combat skills of the fleets, it is almost unanimous among historians that the clash would almost compulsively have destroyed Napoleon and his troops.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[11] However, a confrontation was avoided, because even though the fleets' routes were crossed, the French ships had time to disappear behind the skyline moments before the British ships could have seen them.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

According to the ideals of the Enlightenment period, Napoleon took with him a team of scientists who conducted studies in Egypt.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The most famous result of the work was the discovery of the Rosetta Stone.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

While the scientists were conducting their research, Napoleon defeated the warrior people who ruled Egypt, an army assembled by the Mamelucks, and marched with his troops to Cairo.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Soon, however, thirst, heat and pestilence began to torment his troops.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The English fleet had blocked the return road to France, and Napoleon could not retreat with his troops from Egypt.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's situation was not improved by the fact that Horatio Nelson had destroyed Napoleon's fleet at the Battle of Abukir, in which 1700 men of the French died and 3000 were captured.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Of the Britons, only 218 were killed.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The only realistic route of return to France had been cut off from the forty thousand men in Egypt, as advancing by land would have been virtually impossible.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon, however, did not stand idly by, choosing to continue his war expedition.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He and his troops marched east, facing Syria.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

There he encountered an Ottoman force supported by Britain.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's advance slowed, albeit with his success in occupying the city of Jaffa.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

While besieging the town of Akko, Napoleon lost over 5000 men and was forced to retreat.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He never made it to advance further east.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Eventually he decided to abandon the Egyptian war expedition and return to his homeland, and that's when he left with five hundred soldiers back to France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

After his return to France, Napoleon feared that the people would blame him for the failure of the Egyptian war expedition.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, he was received in jubilation by the people as the saviour of the kingdom, for during the Egyptian war expedition France had been in a more threatened position than at any time since the Great Revolution.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In November, Napoleon staged a coup.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The date was 18, according to the French Revolutionary calendar.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Brumaire (9 November 1799).


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The coup was carried out with the support of the military.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The National Assembly was dissolved, causing delegates to call Napoleon a dictator, bringing this into a nerve scene.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon collapsed, [12] whereupon his bodyguard took him into his ministry and his Lucien brother continued his capture.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Direktor Barras was forced to relinquish power, which was transferred to the consulate of three equal consuls, Napoléon Bonaparte, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès and Charles-François Lebrun.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The consuls were to be re-elected every ten years, but were nevertheless declared lifelong in 1802 and Bonaparte the first consul.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In practice, Napoleon had become the mono-ruler of France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

An attempt was made to assassinate Napoleon on 24 December 1800, when a bomb was detonated in Paris while he was going to the opera.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The attempt at attentate did not remain unique, and the kingship had not disappeared from France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Louis XVIII, the brother of King Louis XVI, executed in the revolution, lived as an exile in Germany, waiting only for a suitable time to return to France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon, for his own security, was forced to tighten security measures and during his consular period France developed into a police state.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The police were led by Joseph Fouché, who was superior in his work to others.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He protected Napoleon decisively, but he himself harboured himself to the position of French monopoly.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[13] Napoleon knew this, but he needed Fouché to keep his kingdom in check.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[13] 1802 he sent the Minister of Police Fouché into retirement, but two years later he was forced to send his emissary to reclaim him to his former post.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

First Consul After becoming First Consul, Napoleon was determined to once again engage in battle against the Austrians.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He left St. Pierre in May 1800 with 40,000 men to cross the Alps.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[14] The crossing of the Alps lasted seven days and during this time Napoleon's soldiers had to carry not only their heavy range but also the army's cannons.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The cannons were detached from their levees and placed inside hollow tree trunks.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

One cannon was pulled by a hundred men.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

After crossing the Alps, he engaged in the Battle of Marengo against Austrian forces.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, the battle did not become as Napoleon had hoped; rather, defeat was very close indeed.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The French withdrew from the plain, on which more and more Austrians were sliding in.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In a mortar rain, the retreat of the retreating French was already beginning to resemble escaping.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon is told two decades from now, while on St. Helena and lying on his deathbed, that he was still repeating Marengo's name in despair, muttered vague words.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[15] The battle certainly seemed completely lost, but in an instant the course of the battle was reversed.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

General Desaux of Napoleon's forces brought his own division to the battlefield, turning the French retreat into a counterattack.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Within hours, the Austrians had lost and Napoleon was the undisputed winner.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

General Desaux fell at the Battle of Marengo himself, and he thus could not become a rival to Napoleon.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[15] The victory at the Battle of Marengo further consolidated Napoleon's power and, in making peace with Austria, France gained the entire west bank of the Rhine as far as Holland.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At the same time, the Austrian Emperor had to recognize the Batavian Republic, the Helvetian Republic, the Cisalpine Republic and the Ligurian Republic.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

During his tenure as consul, Napoleon established his power as the undisputed ruler of France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He made reforms of education, legislation, economics and administration consistent with the ideas of the French Revolution.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Code Napoléon, which was chiefly a collection of laws drawn up by Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the second consul replaced the local laws of the feudalism period with a single uniform collection of laws.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Several European countries later adopted the model for their own legislation.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon made peace with Britain on 26 March 1802.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He also sold a large tract of land from 1802 North America to the United States because he would not have been able to defend it.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

With this land transaction, the area of the then United States was doubled.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In this so-called Louisiana land deal, more than 2000,000 km² of land changed hands for only $15 million.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Thirteen states were later formed out of French Louisiana.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon extended his influence to Switzerland and Germany, but the dispute over Malta again led to Britain's declaration of war in 1803 and support for royalists opposed to Napoleon.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Emperor Napoleon I The French voted almost unanimously in favour of the establishment of the Empire in a referendum held in November 1804.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Pope Pius VII crowned Napoleon emperor on 2 December 1804.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

On 26 May 1805, he was crowned in Milan Cathedral with the Iron Crown of Lombardy also King of Italy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The crowning performed by the pope had symbolic significance because more than a thousand years earlier, that is, in 800, the Pope had crowned Charles the Great as Emperor.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

To emphasise that he was superior to everyone else, Napoleon took his crown from the hands of the Pope and himself crowned himself Emperor of France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

It was left to the pope only to perform sacred anointing.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Cannon shots paid tribute to Napoleon and among the people they were said to have belonged as far as the coast of the British Isles.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[16] The next day, Napoleon inspected his troops in the Mars field.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His regiments were now given golden imperial eagles as their insignia, much like the soldiers of the Roman Empire thousands of years ago.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon prepared for yet another war.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleonic Wars After becoming Emperor, Napoleon again set about waging wars against other European countries.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

These wars fought between 1803—1815 are referred to by the generic term Napoleonic Wars.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon now had an army of 120,000 men under his command, [17] La Grande Armée.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon began to build new ports in the northern parts of France and new ships for his fleets, as he wanted to occupy Britain.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He was still surrounded by enemies, especially Britain and the Russian Empire still posing great threats.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The years 1803—1805 were a “time of great fear” for the Britons and at that time a Napoleonic invasion was expected day after day.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon built large flat-bottomed ships that were to carry his mighty army across the English Channel to occupy Britain.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Around the same time, power in Russia changed and Alexander I. Napoleon gained from this not an ally, but an enemy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Europeans' attitude towards Napoleon was increasingly cool and King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden even considered him a beast of the Book of Revelation.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In Europe, a Third Federation opposed to Napoleon was formed, which Austria too joined a few months after its formation.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, Napoleon's new flat-bottomed ships proved unseaworthy, and Napoleon was no longer going to waste his time in the arms race of the English Channel fleets and decided to set off with his armies.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon and his troops marched east to take together with the main Austrian army.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

As Napoleon travelled towards battle, Horatio Nelson and his troops set sail towards Trafalgar.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

On 20 October 1805, Mack, commander-in-chief of the Austrian army, surrendered with his troops at the town of Ulm


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The following day, however, the Franco-Spanish plan to destroy the British Royal Navy experienced a setback at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805, and although Admiral Nelson was killed in it, Britain gained a lasting upper hand at sea for the next hundred years.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Nelson imagined in the moments of his death that he had defeated Napoleon once and for all, and Napoleon either had no idea of Trafalgar's defeat after he defeated Mack's army.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In the battle against the Third Alliance of 1805, Napoleon again achieved a major victory against Austria and Russia at Austerlitz on 2 December 1805, the anniversary of his crowning as emperor.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

This battle has been called the highlight of Napoleon's life and there he defeated an army larger than himself through his ingenious strategy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had chosen the battleground himself and was left waiting for the enemy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His army pretended to be tired and weak.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon himself asked for an eyesore for a truce and played the exhausted peace envoy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Of course, the leadership of the Austrian-Russian army was able to hear a report from their sender that Napoleon's army was weak and he himself exhausted.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The enemy armies believed they had had a great opportunity to destroy Napoleon's forces.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

An Allied victory looked certain.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Allied forces began their march towards the “weak” right flank of the French, but at the same moment the main force of the French attacked from the flanks into the Allied centre and beat the army apart.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In a nine-hour battle, the enemy army was thoroughly defeated.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Even the elite Russian forces were lightly beaten to the ground.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The last Russians fled to the ice of the lake, but Napoleon's cannons dispersed it and thousands drowned.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's forces were only half the enemy forces, but still his had managed to halve the entire Allied army.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The battle has been considered one of Napoleon's most brilliant and Napoleon himself described it as “my most beautiful battle”.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The following year he also batted for Prussia at Jena and Auerstedt (14 September 1806).


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Thus Napoleon also became the de facto ruler of Germany.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

After marching through Poland and defeating the Russian army at Friedland, he concluded with Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, peace and an alliance by which those two great powers divided Europe between them.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Russia invaded Sweden with the idea of forcing Sweden into the British embargo, as after hard diplomatic persuasion proved fruitless, Alexander came under pressure from Napoleon to declare a war on Sweden in 1808, known as the Finnish War.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

As a result, Finland was annexed as part of Russia.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Finland then became subject to Russian rule and in 1809 the Grand Duchy of Finland was established.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The French part of Poland was made Grand Duchy of Warsaw, with a Saxon king placed at its head.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Still in 1809, Napoleon annexed the Church State into the French Empire.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

With his brother he installed as King of Spain.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, the Spanish began to revolt, and the British came ashore in Portugal.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Austria invaded Germany, but suffered defeat at Wagram on 6 July 1809.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Invasion of Russia Russian Tsar Alexander I said he broke free of the British blockade.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In 1812, Napoleon invaded from Poland against Russia.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Poles suggested to Napoleon that this would take over the part of Poland belonging to Russia alone.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon rejected caution and marched his troops towards Moscow.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He first set foot on Russian soil at five o'clock on Wednesday 24 June 1812.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

On the morning of entering Russia, Napoleon shouted to his soldiers: Napoleon marched across the Niemen river in all around 450,000 troops.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Among them was the dreaded Imperial Guard, “50,000 Immortals.”


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

They had been chosen with special care: each Guardsman had to be at least 176 centimeters tall.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Guard ran on brown horses.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Guard was the pride of Napoleon's army.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The course of the Russian war expedition still seemed very promising and Napoleon was confident of his victory.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon decided to march his troops first to Vilnius, but the march became surprisingly heavy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The wind crossed, it began to rain, and at night there was already frost.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[18] The cheerful mood of the army switched to depression and many died on the way to Vilnius.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon assumed he would find a lot of provisions there in order to replenish his food supply.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, Vilnius had been evacuated and fields burned.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

There were few residents and monastery monks left in the town.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had envisioned the entire Russian takeover of Russia for approximately two months when he went on the offensive, [19] but the retreat of the Russian army and the scorched earth tactics it employed prolonged the war and confused Napoleon's plan.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon should at this point have found the Russian expedition to be an overwhelming challenge for France: thousands of French people died a day.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had already lost 20,000 horses before a single confrontation with the Russians.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon decided to continue, however, as he had, in spite of everything, a much larger army than Alexander I and Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, who was leading the troops.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon quickly organized a vassal government in Vilnius and hastened to resume the war expedition.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Russians withdrew and did not agree to battle, but Napoleon still managed to separate the two Russian armies from each other.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon could have tried to strike, but he decided to wait for his army's retroop for another 24 hours.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

During that time, the Russian army had already retreated.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had to keep going.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The two Russian armies were united again.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

A month had passed, but there was still not a single battle and Napoleon's army still lost its men daily.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon declared to the troops that the expedition would be over and the troops would be accommodated in Russia for the winter.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The next day, however, he regretted his declaration and soon gave the order to leave towards Moscow.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon knew that Russian troops were forced to defend the city of Smolensk, as it was among the most important and holy cities in Russia.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The first major battle was fought on 7 September in Borodino off Moscow.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The battle was extremely bloody and the losses of both sides were heavy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's strategic skill seemed to be lost and he attacked directly from the front into a great massacre.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon lost 25,000 soldiers in the battle [20] and Kutuzov 38,000.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[20] Napoleon's army may be considered to have been scantily victorious, but the decisive victory he had hoped for he did not receive.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In addition, his army had suffered heavy losses deep on enemy soil.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He continued on to Moscow, waiting for Alexander I to now plead for peace.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Moscow did not surrender but, on the orders of Mayor Fyodor Rostoptsin, Moscow was burned.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

After a month, Napoleon began to fear power in France would fall out of his hands.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Because the army's food supply was difficult, he set out in the autumn weather on the return march.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

She departed on 19 October for the return voyage.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The first snow fell on 15.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

on October.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[21] The Grande Armée in France suffered terrible losses: only 75,000 men out of the 600,000 who left for the conquest made it back to France in November 1812.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's misfortunes in Russia incited the states of Sweden, Prussia, Austria and, with some input, Britain, Spain and Portugal to rise alongside Russia against him.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The French defeat finally came at the Battle of Leipzig 16—19.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

on October 1813.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In the battle, Napoleon lost to an enemy much larger than himself and was forced to retreat to France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He lost an entire army and the Allies now had enormous superiority.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The accompanying French Foreign Minister Louis de Caulaincourt wrote in his diary on his return journey thus: Battle for France and Expulsion to Elba After his return from Russia Napoleon quickly assembled a new army in Russia to replace what was lost in Russia.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

This army, however, consisted largely of inexperienced soldiers, and was not as effective as La Grande Armée had been.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

France had never been so weak under Napoleon's emperor.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, European states were not yet ready to attack together, as historical mutual disagreements held the armies back.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Austria and Prussia doubted Russia's intentions to advance as deep into the heart of Europe as France, while Tsar Alexander I of Russia wanted to get to avenge the Moscow fire, but this was held back by his generals.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Austria was suspicious of Prussia's intentions and feared it would seek to acquire all German territory for itself and increase its influence considerably.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Prussian commander was already ready to march on Paris, but the king refused.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Britain, too, was hesitant, as the current situation was new to it.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Even since the Middle Ages, it had incited other European countries against each other, but now it was in league with its former enemies.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

As a solution to the ill-awareness, the Allies decided to offer Napoleon the peace of 1813.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In peace, France would have retreated to its “natural borders”, whereby the country would have been forced to cede all the conquests it had acquired except Belgium and some confessional lands in the Alps.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Allies assumed Napoleon would refuse, thus giving these a brilliant reason to attack.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon agreed to the terms.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The new twist confused the Allied plans and they withdrew their offer.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon continued to assemble his army.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Officially the troops numbered 300,000 men, but in the end only 150,000 of them fought in the war.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

On top of this, the army had a shortage of everything, food, money and horses.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The will to fight was down, and not many people thought France would rise to the same position it had before the war expedition to Russia.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The burghers holding power with Napoleon were unaware of their situation, unwilling to put themselves directly behind Napoleon.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had also been abandoned by his own family and, among others, King Josef of Spain conspired with Bernadotte, who had opposed Sweden, to save his crown.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At the same time, Louis's brother pleased the Austrian emperor.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

As the Allies quarreled among themselves, King Charles XIV of Sweden, John, an earlier Napoleonic ally of Bernadotte, decided to strike.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He wanted Norway for himself even now, so as not to have to engage in lengthy negotiations about it with the Allies when the war was over.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He invaded Denmark and quickly defeated it.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In peacemaking, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At the same time, Denmark had to commit itself to the war against Napoleon and the Allied resources only grew.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In 1814, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria formed an invasion alliance against Napoleon.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon went on the offensive against the Allies, knowing his own army was weaker and smaller.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Yet he was still a brilliant strategist, and it would not have been the first time he had defeated an enemy larger than himself.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He monitored the situation closely and was ready to strike as soon as the enemy made one mistake.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

On 10 February, he struck one Russian detachment that had invaded France at Chaumpabert.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He took over 6000 prisoners of war, plundered 40 cannons and 200 ammunition wagons, captured the commander, generals and all colonel.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The next day Napoleon won again.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Again he destroyed a large army of Russians and Prussians, gaining 7000 prisoners and over 40 more cannons.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon did not stay to celebrate his victories but continued his pursuit and on 12 February he encountered the posthumous force of his enemy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In this case, Napoleon wrote in a letter to his wife: Napoleon fought six battles in nine days.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In addition to this, the French revolted against enemies that invaded their country.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was asked for a truce, but this did not agree.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Instead, he offered peace in which France would be allowed to keep its “natural borders.”


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Allies demanded Napoleon cede Belgium, which had been part of France since 1795.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon refused and the war resumed on 28 February.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was again victorious, as his army of 35,000 men managed to evict the Prussian army of 85,000 soldiers from the vicinity of Paris.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

While the countryside still revolted against the enemy, there was a mood in Paris in the country.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, Napoleon continued his battles and on 14 March he took his last victory over the Russo-Prussian army, gaining himself 5000 prisoners and 25 cannons.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The victories, however, were not enough.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The enemy was overwhelming and Napoleon's forces began to tire.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The Duke of Wellington continued his advance into Paris and France was attacked from all directions.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Although Napoleon had gained twelve great victories, his kingdom was lost.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Coalition forces marched on Paris on March 31, 1814.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The victors ordered Napoleon to abdicate the crown and he handed it over on 6 April to his son.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, the victors demanded unconditional surrender and Napoleon relinquished the crown for a second time on 11 April.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the victors exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba 20 miles off the coast of Italy.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He was allowed to keep the rank of emperor, but the Empire was now confined to that small island.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Returning to power and the Hundred Day Empire Napoleon tried to poison himself but failed.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

On his way to Elba, there was an attempt to assassinate him.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In France, the Royalists took over and Louis XVIII was elevated to power.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon became concerned about the fate of his wife and son at the hands of the Austrians, and the French government failed to pay him the promised pension.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In addition, he heard rumors of his expulsion further to some Atlantic island.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon fled Elba on 26 February 1815 and arrived in France on 1 March.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Army troops sent against him turned to his side.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He arrived in Paris on 20 March, supported by the army's 140,000 regulars and 200,000 volunteers, and seized power.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

This second reign of his fell short, however, and is known as the Hundred Day Empire.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

After coming to power in Paris, Napoleon went against his enemies.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

On 16 June 1815, he encountered Marshal Blücher's troops.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He won the battle but failed to destroy the entire army.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His last defeat he experienced against Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battle of Waterloo in present-day Belgium on 18 June 1815.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon could have defeated the British, even if the Imperial Guard had to retreat after it lost a really large number of men.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Only the coming of Prussia prevented Napoleon from winning the battle.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's defeat also contributed to the fact that Marshal Michel Ney's failed cavalry attack had deprived France of his cavalry.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's army numbered about 80,000 men, the British forces comprised approximately 70,000 soldiers, and the Prussians numbered 50,000.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[22] Napoleon signed the formal surrender treaty on the deck of HMS Bellerophon outside Rochefort Harbour on 15 July 1815.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Deportation to Saint Helena and death by Napoleon's captors took him into exile to the island of Saint Helena, 2800 miles off the coast of the Gulf of Guinea since 15 September 1815, where he was guarded by 2000 men and two warships circling the island around the clock.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

On the island, he was a mere prisoner, unlike Elba, where he had been emperor.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

There he wrote his memoirs and testaments criticizing his captors.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon died on 5 May 1821.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The diaries of Napoleon's chambermaid Louis Marchand were published in 1955.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

From them, it was concluded that Napoleon would have been poisoned with arsenic.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In 2001, a sample taken from Napoleon's hair measured 73 times higher than normal levels of arsenic.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, arsenic was commonly used in wallpaper, paints and even medicines at the time before antibiotics were invented.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In light of contemporary research, Napoleon did not perish, at least from arsenic poisoning.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[23] He probably died of stomach cancer, as noted by scientists at the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The matter was reported to the media on 12 February 2008 in Finland.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Investigators said there were no signs of elevated arsenic levels.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[23] Research now implicitly supports the hypothesis that the Emperor died of stomach cancer because of his poor diet.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon ate a lot of foods preserved in salt and few fruits, as well as vegetables, which contributed to the deterioration of his health.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was initially buried at Saint Helena, but his body was exhumed in 1840 and reburied, as per his wish, in the Invalid Church of Paris on the banks of the Seine.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He is buried in a sarcophagus, inside which are five overlapping coffins made of wood and metal.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Contrary to frequently presented information, the sarcophagus is not porphyry or granite, nor from Finland.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's influence on world history Napoleon's influence on world history is immense.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His wars, decisions and fights still affect different parts of Europe, America and Asia.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The collection of laws established by him (Code Civil, also known as Code Napoléon) is an important part of the legislation of many countries, up to and including Japan.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[24] He reorganized the French school system, developed several disciplines, built Europe's first telegraph system, [24] was the first to introduce mass vaccination against smallpox, [24] built several towns and hospitals, and founded the Bank of France.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[24] In his conquest of Egypt, he at the same time created modern Egyptology, in addition to which the Rosetta stone was also discovered and the Suez Canal was planned.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[24] His conquests in Italy sparked a sense of nationality, leading to the later unification of the states located in the region.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[24] Due to Napoleon, Sweden became involved in wars, leading to the dissolution of the state and, among other things, the annexation of Finnish territory by Russia.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

At the same time, King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden was ejected from power and today the Bernadotte family, which dominates Sweden, came to power.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

In addition to this, Napoleon's conquest of Spain led to the independence of several South American states.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[24] In addition to all this, he also sold to the United States French Louisiana, realizing that defence of that land would be impossible, thus doubling the then acreage of the United States and allowing the United States to develop into a viable factor in world politics.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[24] Marriages Napoleon was married twice.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

First with Joséphine de Beauharnais, whom she later crowned empress.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Before her marriage, Joséphine had been a popular socialite woman, and Napoleon was not her only loved one.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[25] Josephine's decision to marry then-General Napoleon was not due to love, [25] but due to careful consideration.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Joséphine was no longer quite young and had to think about her future.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

She therefore married Napoleon, hoping he could take care of her family.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon also benefited from the union, as by marrying a popular socialite he was at once able to reach the high society and closer to the directive government.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[25] However, no necessary heir to the throne emerged from the union of Napoleon and Joséphine, and therefore it ultimately ended in divorce.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had already made several plans to divorce his wife due to her ousters among other things, [25] but had nevertheless remained in the union.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Joséphine knew how to lead Napoleon in a way favourable to himself.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

However, the kingdom longed for an heir to the throne and eventually Napoleon decided to divorce his wife.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

His second wife was Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, who became the second Empress.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Marie-Louise bore one child: Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles Bonaparte (1812—1833), who received the title of King of Rome.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon also had illegitimate children: Charlemagne, Count of Léon (1806—1881), Catherine Eléonore with Denuelle de la Plaigne (1787—1868), and Alexandre Joseph Colonna, later Count of Walewski (1810—1868), with Mary, Countess of Walewski.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Émilie Louise Marie Françoise Joséphine Pellapra (mother Françoise-Marie LeRoy), Karl Eugin von Mühlfeld (mother Victoria Kraus) and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (mother Countess of Montholon) have also been claimed to be Napoleon's illegitimate children.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon lost his litter not to either of his wives, but to a street girl in Paris.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[26] This happened when Napoleon was 18 years old, that is, in 1787.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon himself writes about the incident in one of his many short stories thus: It did not remain a mere conversation, however.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[26] Napoleon took the girl to his hotel room, where she was staying at that time.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

This is when Napoleon first slept with a woman.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[26] He soon became a streetmate [26] and returned to the case several times in his life.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Mental Health Before becoming emperor, Napoleon signed all his papers under the name Bonaparte.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

After becoming emperor, his signatures were usually either Nap.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

or Np.. [27] This was probably because the name Napoleon had been on Napoleon's brother, who had died young before Napoleon was born.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

The death of a child targets parental love especially for the next child, which was good for this but bad for the third child.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[27] Napoleon was just the third child in his family and the second to survive to adulthood.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Another issue related to Napoleon's mental health was his maternal relationship.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Napoleon admired his mother throughout his lifetime, and did not seek to diminish the importance of this in his life.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Even at her coronation, she painted a huge picture of her mother, even though she didn't even attend the occasion.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[28] Although, according to Sigmund Freud, Napoleon's mother's infidelity when her son was young led Napoleon, at his later age, to view each woman with suspicion and believe that they would come somewhere in between to betray her.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[29] Napoleon also incubated at least literary suicidal thoughts, [30] as one of his short stories written while serving as an artillery officer reveals: Other Napoleon suffered from ailurophobia i.e. was afraid of cats.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[31] Napoleon's length Napoleon's opponents used Napoleon as an example of a man who suffered from his short height and compensated for this with megalomaniacal plans for world conquest.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[32] [33] At his death, Napoleon was 5 feet and 2 inches, or 157 cm.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

He was thus a Frenchman of medium height but short for an officer.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Some historians have begged the feet to be from the French system of measurements abolished in 1793, giving a length of 168 cm, but Napoleon had sought to wean it out of the way of the metric system.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

Partly due to brevity, he ended up in the artillery.


Question: What height was Napoléon Bonaparte?

Napoleon I

[34] Marshal Napoleon had several famous marshals: Jean Lannes Michel Ney Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, later King of Sweden Charles XIV John Joachim Murat Jean-de-Dieu Soult Guillaume Marie Anne Brune Emmanuel de Grouchy Louis-Nicolas Davout Jacques MacDonald Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon Pierre Augereau Louis Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bessières Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Jean-Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe Kellermann François Joseph Lefebvre Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph Mortier Nicolas Oudinot Józef Antoni Poniatowski Jean Mathieu Philibert Sérurier Louis Gabriel Suchet Claude Victor-Perrin Jean Rapp Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindqvist, Herman| title = Napoleon| others = Translated by Kinnunen, Matti| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-0-30810-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Svanström, Ragnar| title = History of Peoples, part 18| publisher = WSOY| year = 1983| id = ISIS| BN 951-0-09746-2}} References On the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Born in 1769 Category:Dead in 1821 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato (, 427—347 BC)


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

was an ancient Greek philosopher and founder of the Academy, considered one of the most influential philosophers of antiquity and all history.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

He was the most famous pupil of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[1] [2] As a philosopher, Plato was a rationalist, realist, idealist, and dualist, and has been the inspiration for many of these ideas in later philosophy.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[3] He wrote on numerous philosophical topics and dealt specifically with ethics, politics, metaphysics, and the theory of knowledge.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato is particularly known for his ideas doctrine, dialogues he wrote (including Pidot, Faidros, and State), and Socrates' defence speech.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato's dialogues, as the only ones in antiquity, are probably preserved in their entirety to the present day, but some of the works passing in his name are considered unoriginal, written by later Platonics.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[4] Plato was a fiction writer in style, so his writings included stories, metaphors and myths combined with exploration of concepts.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato also wrote down the teachings of Socrates, and also in Plato's dialogues, Socrates is almost invariably starring.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

However, it is unclear to what extent the opinions of the Socratic character in the dialogues are those of the true historical Socrates, and to what extent Plato's own thoughts put in Socratic's name (the so-called Socratic problem).


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

In any case, Socrates contributed significantly to Plato's thinking and likely at least some of the ideas addressed by Plato's earlier works have been borrowed or applied from Socrates.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[1] [2] Life The information about Plato's life comes mainly from six sources preserved from antiquity to modern times.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

These include surviving fragments of Philodemos' Academicorum philosophorum index Herculanensis from the first century BCE.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

; first chapters of “De Platone et eius dogmate” by Apuleius from the 10th century; the third chapter of the Lives and Doctrines of Significant Philosophers by Diogenes Laertios, “The Life of Plato”, from the 13th century; the commentaria of In Platonis Alcibiadem of Olympiodoros from the 5th century; and Hesykhios of Miletos Mention based on Onomatologos (5th century) in Suda (9th century).


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[5] The youth Plato was a native of Athens from the demos of Kollytos, and was born either there or on Aigina.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

His father was Ariston, son of Aristokle, and his mother Perictione.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato was born into a relatively upper-class family, as he was related on his mother's side to the well-known statesmen Solon and Glaukon.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

His father, too, was of superior ancestry.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato had two brothers, Adeimantos and Glaukon, and a sister Potone, who was the mother of Plato's later pupil and successor Speusippos.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[6] Plato himself never married, and does not appear to have had much contact with women since his childhood.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[7] [8] According to Diogenes Laertios, Plato's real name was Aristokles, according to his grandfather.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

The nickname Plato he is reported to have received from his wrestling partners.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

It means broad (platys) in Greek.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

It is not known whether it possibly meant his external essence, such as his forehead or the chest developed by wrestling, or the expansiveness of his “style”.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[6] [9] However, according to some, Plato would have been his real name.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

This is supported by the fact that it was a standard name at that time.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Dikaiarkhos says Plato participated as a wrestler at the Isthmian Games.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

In addition to sports, the young Plato was interested in painting and poetry: he is said to have written both dityrambs, lyric and tragedies.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

According to Diogenee, Plato served in Athens as a koregi.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[6] As a pupil of Socrates, Plato became acquainted with Socrates in 407 BC, when he was 20 years old.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[6] He immediately became his pupil.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato had received a good education in accordance with his social class and was therefore familiar with philosophy even earlier, but after meeting Socrates, philosophy became his life's mission.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Given his pedigree, it would have been natural for Plato to surrender to a political career, but the troubled times in Athens in the years following the Peloponnesian War caused him to abandon politics.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

According to the story, Plato also buried his dreams of a poet's career after first hearing Socrates speak.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

He is alleged to have burned the tragedies he wrote after getting there of his new calling.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Instead of these traditional means of influence, politics and literature, he chose his own way of reforming society and outlining his own kind of social autopia.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[9] [10] Plato was a pupil of Socrates for eight years, Socrates in 399 BC.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

until the death that occurred.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[9] In antiquity, Plato was long counted as just one Socratic among others, and he was not always considered even the most significant of the Socratics, or even the actual continuation of the Socratic tradition to the same extent as other Socratics.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato himself seems to have considered that he was not one of Socrates's closest friends.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[11] Plato was also on bad terms with many other Socratics, notably Xenophon, Antisthene, Aristippos, and Aiskhine.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

With Xenophon, he was considered to be in competition because they wrote on similar subjects such as a defence speech to Socrates as well as a work called Pidot.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

On the other hand, the friction between Plato and Xenophon in particular has also been exaggerated in later legends.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[12] [13] Plato attended — at least according to his own account — in the trial of Socrates, [14] but was not present when he died: according to Faidon, he was ill at the time.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[15] Plato was greatly moved by the treatment received by Socrates, and most of his early work includes memoirs of his master.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato admired Socrates so much that he later made this the protagonist of his dialogues and put his own thoughts entirely in his name.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

In reality, the ideas are probably Plato's own, but the inspiration for them has most obviously come from Socrates, because only so can his admiration for Socrates be explained.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[9] After the death of Socrates, at the age of 28, Plato moved to Megara to Eucliide for a time together with some other pupils of Socrates.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[6] They fled possible persecution which might have been directed against the pupils of Socrates, who was sentenced to death.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

According to stories, Plato additionally travelled at least in Egypt and Cyrene before returning to Athens.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

It is reported that he would have met in Egypt with soothsayers and priests, as well as in Cyrene the mathematician Theodoros.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato would have liked to travel to Asia as well to meet the Mages, but the wars prevented that.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[6] Eudoxos [16] and Simmias, [17] and even Euripides, are mentioned as his travelling companions.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[18] In addition to Socrates, Plato drew much influence from Heracleitos and Parmenide, among others.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Diogenes Laertios explains that Plato would have joined Socrates after his death in the company of Kratylos and Hermogene.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

The former had been a pupil of Heraclite, and the latter in turn had adopted the ideas of Parmenide.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Furthermore, Plato was later influenced by Pythagoreans, whom he became acquainted with while visiting Italy.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[6] [2] [19] Early dialogues The defense speech of Socrates is generally thought to be Plato's earliest work.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

It is a speech that Socrates gave in his defense at his own trial.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Although it typically takes some liberties for antiquity in the name of artistic impression, it is thought to describe the core of original speech well.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[20] Shortly after the death of Socrates, Plato also wrote his first, so-called early-stage dialogues.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

They include the wider and shorter Hippias, Ion, Kriton, Kharmides, Lakhes, Lysis, Euthydemos, Euthyfron, Gorgias and Protagoras, as well as the First Book of State.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[2] The works were possibly completed very soon after the death of Socrates.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Some may, in principle, have been completed as early as Socrates was alive.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Ion and shorter Hippia have been suspected of such as this.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

According to the story told by Diogenes Laertios, Plato would have read into his dialogue Lysis to Socrates, who would have been angered because Plato had written in it something Socrates had never said.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[12] Socrates' defence speech and Kriton are naturally born only after the death of Socrates.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[9] Around the year 389 BC.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato first traveled to Greater Greece and Sicily to the territory of present-day Italy.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

He attended both Taras and Syracuse.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

One reason for the trip may have been a desire to get acquainted with Pythagorean philosophy.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

In Taras, he is known to have been in contact with at least the Pythagorean Arkhyas.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[21] According to Diogenee, in Italy he also met Philolaos and Eurytos, who belonged to the same school.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[6] In Syracuse, Plato became acquainted with Dionysios the Elder, the tyrant of the city, and his kinsman Dion, and taught them philosophy.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Dionysios himself did not agree to abandon his violent principles of governance, but Dion became a pupil and friend of Plato.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato returned to Athens in 388 BC, because Dionysios drove him away offended by his teachings that a tyrant should not rule solely by force but should also be particularly virtuous.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[9] According to one account, Dionysios would have sold Plato as a slave to the Spartan emissary Pollis and the Cyrene Annikeris would then have freed him.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[22] [23] The period of Plato's early dialogues is thus placed between the death of Socrates and Plato's First Sicily voyage, around the years 399-387 BCE.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[2] Plato's Academy, mid-stage dialogues after returning from Italy Plato founded the renowned philosophy school Academy.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

This happened around the year 385 BCE, when Plato was about 40 years old.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

The academy was located in Athens in a grove called the Akademeia.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

A park-like sports venue was located there, where Plato began teaching philosophy to the philosophy enthusiasts who gathered around him.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[9] The most famous students include Aristotle, who studied there like many other well-known scholars for several years.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Other pupils of Plato included Speusippos, Xenocrates, Filippos, Dion, Heracleides, Lykurgos, and Demosthenes.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato's pupils also included women.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[24] The Academy was one of the earliest organized educational institutions in the Western world, and in addition to teaching, its activities included research from all fields of science.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

In addition to the Akademeia, Plato also taught at Kolonos in his own garden.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[6] For Plato himself, the establishment of the Academy has probably been his most significant achievement.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[25] He served at the head of the Academy without interruption for about twenty years and for about forty years in total.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

He surrendered the school only for the duration of his travels to Herakleide in charge.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[26] During this season, his philosophy developed to its full maturity.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

During that time Plato also wrote the mid-stage dialogues, including his most famous works The State and Pidot.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Other mid-stage dialogues include Faidon, Kratylos, Meneksenos, and Menon, the last three of which are sometimes considered to belong to the transitional period between early and mid-stage dialogues.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

The transition towards the late stage additionally includes Parmenides, Theaitetos and Faidros.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Including transitional phases, the period of mid-stage dialogues is set in the years 387—355 BCE.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[2] Late stage dialogues In 366 BC.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato travelled for the second time to Sicily at the invitation of Dionysios the Younger and the latter who rose to become his advisor.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato's intention was likely to teach the young tyrant the ideals of a philosopher king he defined in the State.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

According to Diogenes Laertios, his purpose was to ask Dionysios for land and inhabitants who would take up life according to the form of statesmanship he envisaged.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

It is uncertain, however, whether he was actually dreaming of establishing an ideal state in Sicily.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Eventually, however, Dionysios and Dion feuded, and Plato too was forced before long to leave the country.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

He returned to Athens to run his school in 365 BC.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

In 361 BC.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato returned to Sicily for the third and final time, for he was recalled.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

His purpose was to bring reconciliation between Dionysios and Dion.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Construction of the settlement failed, however, and Plato was taken hostage.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

He was able to return to Athens in 360 BC.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[27] [9] With the exception of voyages to Sicily, Plato served at the head of the Academy until the end of his life without showing significant infirmity in old age.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[28] On his final return to Athens, Plato wrote his late-stage dialogue.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

They include (possibly in chronological order) Sophist, Statesman, Filebos, Timaius, Critias, and Laws.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[2] Plato died at the age of about 80 in 347 BC.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

According to the more reliable information conveyed by Diogenes Laertioksenk, he died in the middle of the wedding meal, [29] [28] according to Cicero in turn in the middle of writing.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[30] Plato's death was a case of character in Athens.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

He was buried in the grounds of the Academy while the whole school attended the funeral reception, and Philip II is also reported to have attended the funeral.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

A cult expenditure was dedicated to Plato's memory, which included an annual celebration.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[29] [28] Laws, which was unfinished at the time of Plato's death and written solely on waxboards, were not published until after death.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[2] [31] The period of late-stage dialogues is therefore set in the years 355—347 BCE.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[2] Philosophy Plato, like Socrates, thought that there was something divine in wisdom, that philosophy, which originated from the desire for knowledge, was an activity necessary for an intellectual man and the greatest blessings of which man can be involved.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

When a man pursues wisdom with a lover's passion, it becomes a purifier of the soul, guiding him from nightlike darkness to light.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

However, such a pursuit of wisdom requires that man has already been associated with the deity in the first place, and this connection means that the soul is divine and immortal in nature and has an innate need to be like the eternal.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

It is through philosophy that not only knowledge, but also the right action.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[32] Socrates' idea that virtue is practical knowledge comes to light in the dialogue Protagoras and the related smaller dialogues.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

They lay the foundation of Plato's ethics by refuting general views that were attached to morality and virtue.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Although the words ethics and physics do not even appear in Plato's works and dialectics are not presented as a separate field either, Plato can still be seen as the originator of the classical tri-division of philosophy — dialectics (and logic), physics, and ethics.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

He probably had the goal of developing the Socratic method into a scientific dialectical (logical metaphysical) system that would provide a basis for both human knowledge (physics) and action (ethics).


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Because of this, he distinguished public knowledge research and understanding, at least to some extent, on matters related to physics and ethics.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Of the dialogues Theaitetos, Sophist, Parmenides, and Kratylos are primarily dialectical, Protagoras, Gorgias, Statesman and Filebos primarily ethical, and Timaios deals primarily with physics.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Plato, however, can be seen to have been more successful in dialectics and ethics than in his physics.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[32] Plato's thinking has been interpreted mainly in two ways.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

In antiquity, his works were considered to form a cohesive whole.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

In modern times, Plato's thinking, by contrast, is most often considered to have evolved and changed over time.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

Similarly, where previous scholars sought to arrange Plato's dialogues according to subjects so as to form the most rational entity possible, contemporary scholars have sought above all to elucidate the order in which the dialogues were written.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[20] Despite the appreciation the dialogues received, Plato himself considered oral instruction to be considerably more valuable.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[9] Some knowledge of Plato's oral teachings, such as the lecture “The Good”, has survived.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[33] A later philosophy based on Plato's own thinking is called Platonism.


Question: What did Plato die of?

Plato

[34] Two Levels of Reality Plato's earlier dialogues dealt mainly with the methods of achieving knowledge, and the later dialogues on fairness and practical ethics.