Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Before the colonial period, the buildings were built mainly of clay bricks, and in our days there are usually no ruins left from them.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The only noteworthy exception to this is the ancient Kingdom of Zimbabwe.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Diseases Diseases in Africa are closely related to geography.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

In the tropics, diseases spread faster than in more temperate regions.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The most significant disease has long been malaria, but the rapid spread of HIV and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa has emerged as a new, huge problem.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[32] AIDS, whose spread usually depends on the poverty of the region, has hit rich countries such as Botswana, Swaziland and South Africa worst in Africa.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[33] AIDS has killed and continues to kill many African countries in large numbers of working populations.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Health care costs pose a growing strain on the economies of many African states.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Antiretroviral drugs developed to treat AIDS are very expensive.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Tropical diseases are often just as expensive to treat as AIDS, if drugs even exist.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[34] Because tropical regions are poor, pharmaceutical companies are reluctant to develop medicines for diseases typical of the region.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Diseases not only thinning the working population and increase health care costs, but they also make it harder to operate agriculture and transport as livestock die from diseases.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

For the same reason, in sub-Saharan Africa, there has been little chance of using loadparties for transport or horses for work.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[35] Africa is currently struggling against a widespread AIDS epidemic.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

High vaccine and drug prices add to the financial burdens that come from it.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

When adults die or become incapacitated, children need to find care elsewhere, further increasing the burden on families in difficult situations as well as states.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Colonial power There are many opinions about the importance of Africa's colonial period to the economy.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Africa achieved its greatest relative prosperity in the 1960s just before the end of colonial rule.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Many African countries have not reached the same level of wealth since then.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Some see this as evidence that colonial rule helped countries' economies, but others argue that it was because of colonial rule that countries were incapable of doing on their own [36] Colonial powers in the colonial era put an emphasis on exporting raw materials in the economy to collect large profits.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Egypt became a major producer of cotton, Rwanda-Urundi devoted itself almost entirely to coffee cultivation and Upper Volta to producing palm oil.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

However, the foundation of the state's economy on only one product has subsequently had serious consequences.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The national economy on one product was quite vulnerable to price changes, and economic planning was therefore difficult.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[37] Some experts argue that several of Africa's current problems are a direct result of such colonial policies.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Thus, for example, Walter Rodney in his book How Europe Underdeveloped Africa.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Other experts, most notably Frantz Fanon, have argued, in turn, that the true effects of the colonial period are psychological and that a foreign power leaves the country with a sense of lasting inferiority that creates a barrier to growth and innovation.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

In the late 19th century, racism and social darvinism became major ideologies in European culture.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The elevation of the white race above blacks caused long-term aftermath in countries affected by extensive immigration of Europeans, such as South Africa and Rhodesia.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Even more damaging was the perception that Ethiopians and Tutsis were racially superior to other Africans.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The division of society into mutually hostile nationalities had far-reaching negative effects, especially in Rwanda and Burundi.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Europeans acted swiftly in their colonies in ensuring that all the most important functions of society were in their possession.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

This applied not only to the administration, but also to doctors, lawyers and intellectuals.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The colonial power viewed the highly educated indigenous population with suspicion and viewed them as nationalists as well as opponents of imperialism e.g.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Gold Coast and Maghreb.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The administration of the colonies therefore did not invest at all in the local upper class.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The administration funded education, but only in terms of basics like learning literacy.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

As the countries gained independence, Europeans moved out of Africa in large numbers, leaving the administration to be managed by an uneducated and untrained local population.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

For example, French Equatorial Africa, which consists of four countries, was home to only five highly educated representatives of the indigenous population.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

One way to examine what impact colonialism has had on the economies of different African countries is to compare two different colonial policies and their outcomes.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Areas affected by a raiding economy, such as Leopold III's Congo Free State, have not fared.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The long-standing Portuguese reluctance to surrender their colonies and the ensuing long wars of independence had a negative impact on the economy of Mozambique and Angola.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Lands under French control have fared much better, with former British colonies having fared the most.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[38] However, the mismatch can also be seen to be due to another cause.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

At the time of the conquest of Africa, Britain was one of the most powerful states in the world and was thus able to extract the most productive regions of the continent for itself.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Great sea power France was also capable of capturing productive territories, and Belgium had to settle for inland areas unfavourable to the economy.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Using the same method, we can compare all of Africa with other former colonies such as Asia and South America.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

At the end of World War II, South America was the economically strongest of these regions.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[39] In turn, the former settlements of Asia have developed into a new force in the world economy in one generation.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Borders During the conquest of Africa, Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa determined the borders of countries often based on latitude and longitude rather than natural boundaries.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

In some cases, this hampered food supplies to population centers and isolated them from nearby natural resources.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Artificial borders of African countries bisected unified cultural areas, tribal areas, language areas, as well as faith-based entities.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Ethnic and sectarian tensions ensued, which prevented national unity and increased internal violence.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

However, countries that maintained their frontiers prior to the colonial period have fared no better than other countries.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The recent history of Rwanda and Burundi, for example, has been tinged with problems, even if their borders are almost the same as the old borders of prosperous kingdoms.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The ancient state of Ethiopia, which was only briefly conquered, is one of the poorest states on the continent, and ethnically unified Somalia is in severe chaos today.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Africa is also a continent divided into many small states.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Successful economic growth would require regional cooperation, which is difficult because of political tensions.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Languages Language diversity contributes to economic growth in much of Africa.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

More than 2000 different languages are spoken in Africa [40].


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

In 2005, six of the ten most profusely speaking countries in the world were located in Africa.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

In Tanzania alone, nearly 27 million people speak 127 different languages.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[41] Further problems are produced by the fact that in many countries the language of the administration is the language of the former colonial power, English, French or Portuguese, and much of the political debate also takes place in European languages.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Only the upper class speaks these languages well enough to participate in political discourse, and the majority of the population thus have no chance of social influence.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[42] Governance The poverty situation in Africa is also difficult, in part because of internal political tendencies.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Democracy has failed to gain much ground in Africa; it has almost always been replaced by a centralised, authoritarian statesmanship like military dictatorship.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Some rulers have worked to improve the conditions of their citizens, but others have used their power solely to pursue their own interests.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

One of the most notorious rulers was Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire (1965—1997), whose regime plundered the nation's assets [43] to the extent that his reign has been referred to as a kleptocracy.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Seko Seko will be matched by Nigeria's notorious military dictator Sani Abacha (1993—1998) and Kenya's Daniel arap Moi.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[44] International assessments generally rank African economies among the most corrupt in the world.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The cause of rampant bribery is poverty, mismanaged decolonisation and the Cold War-era habit of superpowers supporting every monarch of the right political orientation, regardless of his ways of governing and human rights abuses.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[45] Wars Since the independence of African countries, the continent has suffered dozens of wars, both civil wars and interstate wars.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Wars have increased poverty as states have expended their scarce resources on the arms race.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Development has regressed as foreign investors have left as a result of the war, infrastructure has been destroyed and permanent hostilities have arisen.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Many of the conflicts are a legacy of the Cold War.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Both NATO and Warsaw Pact countries used development aid funds to attract African countries to their own side.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Aid was tied to weapons purchases, donor countries turned a blind eye to corruption and donation misuse.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Corruption took root in Africa and began to hamper economic development.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Conflicts arose in Africa, with Cold War parties assisting insurgent factions operating in the territories of states belonging to the second camp.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Since the Cold War, violence has increased in Africa, although almost all industrialized nations have cut development grants since the end of the Cold War.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

There have been civil wars all over the Great Lakes region: Somalia, Sudan, Mozambique, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast and Guinea-Bissau.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

International wars have included the First and Second Congo Wars and the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Foreign trade Protectionism in certain sectors of the economy in industrialized countries slows the growth of the African economy.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

One of the most important protected sectors is agriculture.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Several developing countries harvest large amounts of crops at little cost, but are not currently exporting the harvest abroad as much as would be possible.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Large agricultural subsidies and high import tariffs to industrialized countries in Europe and the United States, as well as Japan, are the reasons for this.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[13] Over the last few decades, subsidies and duties have slowly decreased, but still remain moderately high.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

China's need for raw materials has increased and has increased exports from Africa, for which China today is as important a trading partner as Europe and North America.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[19] While industrialised countries have been calling for Africa to open up its markets and abolish national subsidies, this has been partly unilateral, as industrialised countries have left the half-way point of opening their agricultural markets in Africa themselves and have not abolished their own agricultural subsidies.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

In GATT free trade talks, African leaders have repeatedly called for industrialized countries to remove their support and open their markets to African agricultural products.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

It has been argued that eliminating subsidies would have three benefits for Africa and other developing countries: Industrialized countries would produce less food locally, thereby opening up more export markets to developing countries.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The price of food would rise without artificial subsidies, increasing the profits that developing countries make from food exports.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Developing countries could adopt a more balanced agricultural policy and produce food and grain for export as well.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The food surplus created in this case would protect countries from potential famines.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Views on how crucial to development the opening of agricultural markets in the north will be varied.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

According to Claire Melamed, simply opening markets abroad will not solve many of the problems associated with national production in African countries.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Christian Aid, according to the organization, many African countries would have been able to cope with their foreign debts if they had not been forced to liberalize their markets in exchange for loan forgiveness.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[46] There is also support for a more structuralist economic thinking, which places emphasis on developing the production of higher grade products, rather than agriculture, with government assistance.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

With the effects of widespread poverty, the plight of the African economy is feeding itself, as it follows more diseases, wars, mismanagement and corruption that have also been the cause of distress.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The most direct consequence of Africa's low GDP are low living standards and poor quality of life.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Apart from the rich elite and the wealthier populations of South Africa and the Maghreb, Africans have very few consumer goods.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Quality of life is not directly tied to state wealth.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Angola, for example, receives large sums of money each year from its diamond mines, but after years of civil war, conditions in the country are still poor.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Radios, televisions and cars are a rare luxury.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Most Africans do not have access to electronic devices or the latest means of communication such as the Internet.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

There are very many African states at the bottom of the UN Human Development Index.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Infant mortality is high, with low life expectancy, literacy rates and educational attainment.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The best educated often leave for Western countries or the Gulf in search of a better life.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

No reliable estimates of unemployment in Africa are available, but it is a significant problem anyway.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Large cities like Lagos and Kinshasa have large slums housing the unemployed or underemployed.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The environment is decaying as a result of widespread exploitation.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Starving people are not interested in the rarity or endangerment of the animals they capture, nor the fate of the rainforests as they fade more cultivable land.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[47] In the Sahel region, deforestation and excess grazing have caused increasing desertification, and the Sahara has spread further south.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Proceeds from rare animals and ivory sold to the West entices the practice of poaching.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Local governments, on the other hand, don't have much money to spend on protecting the environment.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Promoting economic growth Africa's weak economic situation has long been a major issue both in Africa and beyond.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

There have been many different attempts to solve poverty in Africa, but few of them have yielded any reputable results.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Socialism In the years that followed its independence, many African states took as their role model the rapid industrialization of the communist Soviet Union and China.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The model of the economy became a planned economy, and much investment was made in heavy industries such as coal and steel production to stimulate growth, but this had little impact on economic growth.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Few countries became formally socialist and even fewer Marxist.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Across the board, government intervention in the economy was seen as necessary for economic growth, especially as private companies and investors did not invest in the region.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Often governments” starting point was to borrow money from abroad and using it to boost the economy to the level of being able to repay the loan.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Intermittent growth in the years after independence continued.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Countries focused on exports in order to pay off loans taken out for development.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The 1973 oil crisis hit sub-Saharan Africa with as hard force as the rest of the world.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Some states were net exporters, but most states were highly dependent on imported oil.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Economies soon began to falter and in the 1980s Africa was hit by plagues like famine.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The collapse of the Soviet Union, which supported socialist and collective projects, destabilised the socialist approach, especially since international support could no longer be received for maintaining the socialist economic system as a result.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Liberalism in the 1980s socialist principles were abandoned in almost all of Africa, and economic liberalism under the guidelines of the Washington Consensus was seen as a solution to the situation.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

By 1990, forty sub-Saharan African states had adopted tough restructuring plans from the International Monetary Fund.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The International Monetary Fund's recommendations would see an average drop in the value of African currencies by 50%, state-owned companies would be sold and administration expenses would be reduced.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

After twenty years, however, these means seem to have brought as little success as socialist methods did in previous decades.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Annual economic growth rose from an average of 2.3 per cent to 2.8 per cent.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Few states became significantly prosperous, and many states even became impoverished during the 1990s.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[48] Today it is arguable why the reforms failed in their mission.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

According to one school, the reason they failed was because they were only related to the economy, and without the principles of democracy and the rule of law there could be no development.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

According to the second school, this low-key liberalism was fundamentally imperfect.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Many development organizations, including Christian Aid, have criticized Western demands to liberalize Africa's economy.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Critics say the liberalisation of the economy demanded by the West has done African economies more harm than good.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[49] Since independence African countries have received varying amounts of development aid.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The benefit from development aid has been variable; in some cases, state leaders have embezzled much of the aid to themselves.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

During the Cold War, the main purpose of giving development aid was getting allies, so its granting people often viewed the misuse of money through the fingers.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Since the end of the Cold War, almost all industrialized countries have cut development budgets.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[50] The European Union considers Africa to be its main target area for development assistance, but nevertheless requires aid recipients to include:


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

adherence to the principles of human rights, democracy and sustainable development.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[19] Some e.g.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

EU citizens believe that aid is directed at the wrong kind of projects.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[51] For decades it was thought that major government-run projects would best move development forward; today many aid organizations like Kiva consider support to local businesses as a more effective form of support.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The Nobel Committee also awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 to the micro-loan pioneer.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[52] One of the forms of support that has received criticism is food aid.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

In some cases, food aid may destroy local agriculture and serve only agricultural producers in the West, who produce plenty of excess food as a result of farm subsidies.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[53] The provision of food aid in previous decades has been due to the overproduction of the West rather than the need for developing countries.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Debt restructuring Driving various debt facilities has become large-scale.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Every year, Africa pays Western banks more in interest on debt alone than it gets in development aid back from these countries.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

Debt forgiveness is not the solution to all problems, but easing the debt burden could spur growth in Africa's economy.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

It has been suggested that debt forgiveness should be conditional on reducing the amount of development grants.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) was launched in 1996 on a proposal from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

The initiative has already had positive effects for the poorest countries.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

[54] See also African central banks and currencies List of states by gross domestic product per capita History of Africa Sources Fage, J.D.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

A History of Africa (Routledge, 4th edition, 2001 ISBN 0-415-25247-4) (Hutchinson, 1978, ISBN 0-09-132851-9) (Knopf 1st American edition, 1978, ISBN 0-394-32277-0) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kayizzi-Mugerwa, Steve| The title = Rican Economy: Policy, Institutions and the Future| publisher = Routledge| year = 1999| id = ISBN 0-415-18323-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moshomba, Richard E.| title = Africa in the Global Economy| publisher = Lynne Rienner| year = 2000| id = ISBN 1-55587-718-4}} Citation replace error, error with {{cite book| author = Sahn, David E.; Paul A. Dorosh; Stephen D. Younger| title = Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1997| id = ISBN 0-521-58451-5}} References on the topic elsewhere, Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman (eds.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

), FONDAD, December 2005, book, pdf.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

— Monthly Review.


Question: Who came up with the idea of a steady-state economy?

Economy of Africa

— Yale Economic Review — Yale Economic Review — The Economist — World Bank Institute Report Category:36 Economy * Category:International Economy Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What does Loyalists mean?

Loyalism

Loyalism refers to loyalty to the prevailing power or ruler, especially during a war or revolution.


Question: What does Loyalists mean?

Loyalism

Specifically, it can mean: Loyalists of the time of the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War (1775—1783), that is, those North American colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain as Northern Irish Unionists, that is, those Northern Irish who wish to to retain Northern Ireland as part of Britain.


Question: What does Loyalists mean?

Loyalism

Category:Political ideology


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire — 3 May (J: 23 April) 1616 in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire) was an English playwright and poet.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

He is considered to be one of the most prominent writers in history and the most advanced English language proficient of his time.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare wrote several plays, tragedies as well as comedies, sonnets and poems.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare wrote his works in 1585—1613, but the order of writing the plays is not known for certain.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Life Early life In the books of the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, one can find on 26 April 1564 the Latin baptismal entry of Guilelmus filius Johannes Shakespere, meaning William, son of John Shakespeare.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[1] According to the date of baptism, it is commonly conjectured to be April 23 as the birthday.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The estimate is based primarily on the fact that that day is St George's Day, which in the 19th century was considered a suitable birthday for the national poet of England.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[2] Shakespeare might also have been born on the 21st or 22nd.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

on the day.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[1] William was the third of eight children of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

He had four sisters and three brothers.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

William was the first of the children to survive beyond childhood, although soon after William was born, a plague epidemic arrived in Stratford, which took every seventh inhabitant of the town.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[3] William's father was a successful glove merchant and town manager, mother of old prosperous ancestry.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[4] Both parents were likely illiterate — although at his height the father served as mayor of Stratford, he always spelled his name on a tree marker.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[5] There are two concepts of William's religion: he lived as a Protestant, but some suggest he was Catholic of his background and his own faith.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[6] [7] For example, biographer Anthony Holden has conjectured William's father to be Catholic on the basis of a will found in the roof structures of this house in 1757.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

John Shakespeare would probably have sought to hide the affair, and the persecution of Catholics of the time may have been a part of the economic problems of the end of his life.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[8] Although no written record of Shakespeare's schooling has survived, most scholars believe that he studied at King's New School in Stratford.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

After entering grammar school at the age of seven, his reading order probably included Latin grammar and ancient literature.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[9] Adult life Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, eight years older than himself, at the age of 18, on 28 November 1582. Anne was pregnant and they were born a child in May of the following year.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

They had three children in all, in addition to their firstborn Susanna, twins Judith and Hamnet in January 1585.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[10] Data from the mid-1580s onward are scarce.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

According to biographer Anthony Holden, Shakespeare moved to London perhaps in 1587, when the acting troupe of The Queen's Men visited Stratford.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[11] In 1592, Shakespeare's name is first mentioned in London theatre circles when Henry VI, a trilogy of plays written by this “former actor”, was noted as a great success.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[12] By 1592 Shakespeare had written possibly already at least five plays.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[13] Around this time London theatres were repeatedly closed due to plague epidemics, giving Shakespeare time to write poetry in between plays as well.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[14] In 1594 Shakespeare joined the acting troupe of The Lord Chamberlain's Men, of which he became a permanent member and co-owner.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The troupe performed for Queen Elizabeth I in December 1594.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[15] Shakespeare probably lived on a tenement in the mid-1590s in the parish of St Helen in the Bishopsgate area, [16] and until he could afford to buy a new house in Stratford for his family in 1597.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[17] His son Hamnet died at the age of 11 in 1596.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[18] In 1599, the Globe Theatre was built in London, of which Shakespeare was a regular dramaturge, actor and shareholder.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

He moved to live in Southwark, London.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[19] After Queen Elizabeth I's death in 1603, King James I took Shakespeare's acting troupe under his patronage, and it was renamed The King's Men.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[20] Around the year 1611 Shakespeare returned back to Stratford and lived there permanently from 1614, having had his health deteriorated.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[21] The Globe Theatre burned down in 1613, but was rebuilt the following year.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Manuscripts of Shakespeare's plays may have been destroyed in the fire.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[22] Death and burial Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, on his possible birthday.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

He was married to Anne until his death.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

He left his estate to his children, wife, siblings and other relatives.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare's grandchildren were left childless.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[23] Shakespeare was buried in the Church of the Holy Trinity in Stratford-upon-Avon.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

His skull is apparently not in the tomb, which is why some archaeologists believe that the tomb was looted in the 18th century and the skull was stolen.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[24] The production of Shakespeare's literary legacy to the afterworld is most abundant: 37 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems and, moreover, many other poems.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[25] A number of Shakespeare's plays have been considered among the greatest in literature in England and the Western world as a whole.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

His plays cover tragedy, history and comedy.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare's works have been translated into most modern languages and are continuously performed around the world.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Characteristic of the plays are psychological portrayal, natural dialogue, dramatic tension and linguistic acumen.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[26] Shakespeare's sonnets are also much appreciated.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare is, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the most translated author of all time: by October 2005 his works had been translated into at least 116 languages.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[27] Plays Shakespeare's plays are met roughly divided into four stylistic periods.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Until the mid-1590s, Shakespeare wrote mostly classic and Italian-influenced comedies such as A Midsummer Night's Dream and lyrical historical plays such as Henry IV's first volume.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Subsequently, his plays became more serious, his character characters deepened, and a shift from lyric to prose took place in the narrative.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The next season was started by the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (approx.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

1595—1596) and concluded another famous tragedy by Julius Caesar (1599).


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Early plays are typically lighter than those in the dark tone of a tragedic period, dealing with subjects such as betrayal, murder, lust, power and selfishness.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare's tragedic period lasted approximately the years 1600—1608.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

That includes the most illustrious tragedies Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet and King Lear.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

In his final season, Shakespeare moved on to romances and tragedy comedies such as The Wintry Tale and The Storm.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Late period romantic plays often contain a happy ending, as well as magic and other fantasy elements.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

However, the boundary drawing between periods is imprecise and other methods of classification have been put forward.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As was the custom of the time, Shakespeare based many of his work on the works of other playwrights, and recycled older stories as well as historical material.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

For example, Hamlet (approx.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

1601) is likely a rewritten version of an older Hamlet play, and the basic pattern of the story already appears in Saxo Grammaticus' works of the Danes.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

However, what is considered essential, such as dialogue and character characters in a deeper sense, is considered a Shakespearean creation.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

In his historical plays, Shakespeare used two main sources: Plutarchus's series of biographies of the great men of Antiquity, and Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles on English history.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The 18th-century three-author play Double Falsehood has been found to be based on Shakespeare's lost play Cardenio.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The Royal Shakespeare Company is considering taking the play into its repertoire.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[28] Sonnets and other poems Shakespeare's sonnets consist of 154 poems dealing with subjects such as love, beauty and mortality.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

All but two sonnets, which had been published as early as 1599, first appeared as a single volume in 1609.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The backgrounds for the publication of the sonnets are unclear: it is not known whether Shakespeare had approved publication.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The sonnets must have been written over several years.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The sonnets feature the mystical Mr. W. H. (possibly Henry Wriothesley), who is praised in a way that some believe suggests homosexuality, but other interpretations suggest it is a purely platonic friendship.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[29] In the sonnets of the end, a mystical dark woman appears, whose identity has also been the object of lively theorizing.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Dr. Ad.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

In a volume presenting English literature written by Hansen, General History of Literature 3 of 1900, it is mentioned that with some probability it is assumed that the friend of whom the sonnets contain a speech was William Herbert, from 1601 Count of Pembroke, and that the dark woman was At the age of 17 in 1595, Mary Fitton, who became Queen Elizabeth's court lady [30].


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

In addition to sonnets, Shakespeare wrote longer telling poems Venus and Adonis, as well as Lucrece.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

They are both dedicated to Shakespeare's mesenate Henry Wriothesley.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare also wrote some other shorter poems.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Controversy over identity Some theories suggest that some writer or group of writers used the Shakespeare name only as a pseudonym and the Stratfordian William Shakespeare had nothing to do with the works.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[31] Theories suggest that such writers might include, for example, Sir Francis Bacon, Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Christopher Marlowe, Sir Henry Neville or even Queen Elizabeth I.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[32] [33] [34] Theorists who think the plays were written by someone other than Shakespeare who lived in Stratford in his youth are called antistratfordans.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The theory of many authors was advocated as early as the 19th century by Delia Bacon, among others.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Edward de Vere (1550—1604), for example, is speculated to have used a pseudonym because he himself belonged to the inner circle of the king's court, but feared he would cause a scandal or possibly find himself in duels with other figures at court who might have been interpreted by persons in the plays parodies of them themselves, besides which in his time it was not otherwise considered appropriate for a nobleman to write poetry or plays.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[31] For the same reason, neither his heirs, who in 1623 published the plays as an assembled institution, would have wished to reveal the true identity of the author, and therefore they would have claimed to be the author the Stratfordian merchant William Shakspere, whose name coincidentally resembled the author's pseudonym.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[31] Today, however, the vast majority of scholars consider Shakespeare's identity to be attested.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Instead, it is well known that many of Shakespeare's plays were based, for example, on plays that had largely existed in terms of plot, as was the custom of the time.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Furthermore, serious consideration has been given to whether Shakespeare wrote every word of his plays himself, or whether to assist other dramaturges.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

According to a textual analysis published in 2016, 17 plays published in Shakespeare's name also featured some other author.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[35] Doubts about the identity of the author of Shakespeare's plays are based on this, as well as the fact that very little is known about Shakespeare's life.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The evidence that Shakespeare wrote his play following Robert Greene's most obviously criticism of Shakespeare from 1592 can be taken as one piece of evidence that Shakespeare actually wrote his play.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

In a pamphlet he wrote on his deathbed, Groats-Worth of Wit Greene berated an upstart actor who had begun writing plays himself, imagining himself to be the equivalent of university-educated playwrights.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Greene uses the actor's ironic designation of Shake-scene, which could be translated as “stage shaker”.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[36] The fact that Shakespeare also acted as an actor can be attested, among other things, by the fact that he is recorded as having performed to Queen Elizabeth in 1594.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[15] Evidence that he was interested in theatre can be demonstrated by the fact that Shakespeare was co-owner of a theatre company called the Lord Chamberlain's Company between 1594 and 1595.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[15] Shakespeare's presence in theatrical circles is also attested by indications that he was one of the owners of the Globe Theatre in 1599.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[19] In 1603 Shakespeare also received a new client, James I, King of England, which enabled him to become popular in court appearances.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[20] Shakespeare's career as a poet, in turn, is witnessed by Francis Meres' attack on him in 1598.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Meres says in his work Palladis Tamia Shakespeare's works are “sugared sonnets among his private friends.”


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

In the same piece, Meres praises Shakespeare for his “outstanding” comedies and tragedies.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[16] Criticism of Shakespeare was appreciated in its own time, but not praised.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

At the end of the 17th century, classical ideals came into vogue, and many critics valued Ben Jonson and John Fletcher more than Shakespeare.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare was criticized for mixing comedy and tragedy, among other things.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

In the 18th century, Shakespeare's appreciation grew after Samuel Johnson and Edmond Malone published new editions of his work.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

By the time of entering the 19th century, Shakespeare had gained the status of national writer in England and was beginning to become known in other countries as well.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Those who promoted Shakespeare included Victor Hugo, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Stendhal.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

During the Romanticism period, Shakespeare was praised by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

In the Victorian period, large-scale spectacle versions of Shakespeare's plays were made.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

George Bernard Shaw, on the other hand, attacked the Shakespeare cult, suggesting that Ibsen's naturalism had made Shakespeare's production alive for its time.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The modernist revolution of the 20th century did not abandon Shakespeare, but harnessed him as an instrument of the avant garde.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

German Expressionists and Moscow Futurists utilized Shakespeare subjects.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Shakespeare influenced Bertolt Brecht's epic theatre.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The poet and critic T. S. Eliot argued against Shaw, saying that Shakespeare's “primitiveness” made this genuinely modern.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The new school of criticism by T. S. Eliot and G. Wilson Knight explored Shakespeare's imagery more closely than before.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Beginning in the 1950s, modern research changed to postmodern, and beginning in the 1980s, Shakespeare research has involved movements such as structuralism and feminism.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Publication of plays during Shakespeare's time plays were printed according to paper size in quarto and folio editions.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Four folio editions were made, of which, published in 1623, the first folio containing 36 plays is the main source of Shakespeare's plays.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Cheaper quarto releases made in the past are many times bad, even copied from the exterior memory of the actors.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[37] The influence on the English language Shakespeare's influence on the English language was significant.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

He invented more than 1700 words in common use (among them birthplace, champion, cold-blooded, fixture, gossip, outbreak, and torture).


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

[38] Plays Comedies Comedy of Errors, 1590—94 Two Young Taxans, 1590—96.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Lots of noise about nothing, 1598—99.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

How to tame the shrew, maybe n.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Pointless Lemme, 1594—97.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

A Midsummer Night's Dream, (A Midsummer Night's Dream, as an eBook in the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

; A Midsummer Night's Sleep) 1594—97 Merchant of Venice, 1594—97.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Ending well, all well, 1594—1609.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

How you please, 1599—1600.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Epiphany Eve, 1600.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

The Merry Ladies of Windsor, 1600—01.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Measure from measure, 1601—03.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Pericles, 1607—08 The Winter Tale, 1608—11.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Storm, 1611.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Tragedies of Romeo and Juliet, 1594—96.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Troilus and Cressida, 1601—02.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Coriolanus, 1607—08.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Cymbeline, 1607—19.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Titus Andronicus, 1589—93.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Timon Athenian, perhaps approx.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Julius Caesar, 1598—99.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Macbeth, 1605—08.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Hamlet — Prince of Denmark, 1600—01.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

King Lear, 1605—06.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Othello, 1602—11.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Antony and Cleopatra, 1606—07.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Historical Plays of Henry VI (three parts), 1591—92.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

King John, 1590—97.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Richard III, 1591—94.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Richard II, 1594—95.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Edward III, 1595 (it is uncertain whether this is a Shakespeare play) Henry IV: The First Part, 1596—97.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Henry IV: Part Two, 1597—99.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Henry V, 1599.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Henry VIII, 1612—13.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

As an e-book on the Gutenberg Project.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

Lost plays Love's Labour's Won Cardenio Poems Shakespeare's sonnets Venus and Adonis, 1592—93 Lucrese, 1593—94 The Phoenix and Turtle, 1600—01 See also List of film adaptations of William Shakespeare's plays Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ackroyd, Peter| title = Shakespeare: The Biography| location = London| publisher = Chatto & Windus| year = 2005| id = ISBN 1-85619-726-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Holden, Anthony| title = William Shakespeare| others = Translated by Kaisa Sivenius| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2003| version = (original work William Shakespeare: His life and work, 1999) | id = ISBN 951-662-890-7}} Unknown truth, New light on the riddles of history, Chosen Pieces 1992, ISBN 951-8933-45-6 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hansen, Ad| title = English, General literary history 3| location = Suomal.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

bookall.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

club printing company in Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 1900| version = Danish by Otto Manninen}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Boyd, Brian| title = Why Lyrics Last: Evolution, Cognition, and Shakespeare's Sonnets| location = Cambridge (Mass.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

) | publisher = Harvard University Press| year = 2012| isbn = 978-0-674-06564-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Greenblatt, Stephen| title= Shakespeare: How did William become Shakespeare? | others = Translated by Kaisa Sivenius| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version= Will in the world: How Shakespeare became Shakespeare, 2004.| id = ISBN 978-951-1-20960-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Keinänen, Nely (ed.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

) | title = Shakespeare in Australia | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-0-35836-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kott, Jan| title = Shakespeare today| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1984| version = (Szkice o Szekspirze, in 1961.)


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

From German translation Shakespeare heute english. Salla Hirvinen.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

2nd edition (1st ed. 1965) | id = ISBN 951-0-12814-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Potter, Lois| title = The Life of William Shakespeare: A Critical Biography| location = Chichester| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-0-631-20784}} On topic elsewhere Freely downloadable William Shakespeare ebooks and Petäjä, Jukka: Helsingin Sanomat 23.4.2016 Bahtin, Mihail:.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

swamp. Tapani Laine.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

so & thus 4/1997, 21—23.


Question: Where was William Shakespeare born?

William Shakespeare

* Category:Those who died in 1616 Class:Born in 1564 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Red Guard is a generic term used to refer to the early 20th century paramilitary forces of the Finnish labour movement.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Red Guards were established in two phases, initially as a result of the Grand Strike in 1905—1906, and after their abolition again in 1917—1918.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The most famous force known as the Red Guard is the Finnish Red Guard, which fought as an army of the Finnish People's Delegation in the Civil War of 1918.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The first Red Guards were mainly unarmed groups formed from members of the trade union movement, emerging from the National Guard formed during the 1905 Grand Strike.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In December 1905, the Red Guards gained official status within the Social Democratic Party, but were disbanded as a result of the violence of the Viapori Rebellion in August 1906.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

After the February Revolution of 1917, at first temporary picket and workers' guards were established, which were subsequently established in the autumn by the Finnish Professional Association as a counterforce to bourgeois patrons under the name of the Finnish Workers' Order Guard.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In turn, the Finnish Red Guard, which served as the army of the Finnish People's Delegation in the Civil War, was formed in January 1918.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

After the Civil War, there were still attempts to organise the Red Guards in northern Finland, but their activities ceased by 1921.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Red Guards of 1905—1906 Suurstrike National Guard The first organizational crews were already born after a call-out riot at the Helsinki Senate Square in April 1902.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Their purpose was to maintain order in order to prevent Russian troops from using call-out strikes against protesters in the future.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[1] Proper, however, the Guards originated during the grand strike of autumn 1905, when the police force was also on strike, and the Grand Duchy of Finland without any ordinal power.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On the first day of the strike, on 30 March, the Central Strike Committee, dominated by the working population, decided to take over order in Helsinki in exchange for the workers not being able to join the negotiations between the bourgeoisie and the Governor-General.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[2] On the initiative of Kaarlo Luoto, editor of the “Workmen” magazine, [3] [4], the National Guard was established, whose name referred to the French Revolution of 1789.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[5] [6] It was also joined initially by matriculators representing the bourgeoisie.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

A former old people captain, Johan Kock, supported by the workers, was elected chief of the National Guard, under whom the matriculates eventually agreed to serve as their own department.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On the second day of the strike, the National Guard occupied the main police station located on the edge of Senate Square and sent ordinance cartridges to various parts of the city.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[2] The grand strike began as a joint protest between the working people and the bourgeoisie against the Russification measures, but already after a few days disagreements arose between the two sides, which eventually led to the dissolution of the National Guard.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Following the separation of the students, they formed their own patron guard, with Captain Gösta Theslöf as their chief.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On 6 November, the last day of the strike, the situation escalated to an already close to violent confrontation when the National Guard tried to close shops opened before the official end of the strike in central Helsinki.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Theslöf had commanded the armed matriculators to open fire on the unarmed National Guardsmen until the situation finally lapsed after Kock ordered his own men to withdraw.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[2] The National Guard was practically unarmed.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

It possessed only a small number of small arms, which would have been no match for the Russian military people or the matriculates who received rifles from the Helsinki-based arms dealers.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[7] The designation “red guard” arose as early as the beginning of the Grand Strike, but originally it meant only two regiments commanded by Kaarlo Luoto wearing red armbands.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[8] The colour in Finland was not yet associated with its later political significance at the time; for example, some of the workers who were part of the National Guard wore white ribbons.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[9] However, the designation quickly spread, and already at the end of the strike, the national guard was commonly referred to as the “Red Guard” by the bourgeoisie.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[2] The “Red Guard” assembled by Luo was organised according to the military model.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

It trained in Kaisaniemi Park or in the workers' neighborhoods of Kallio and Punavuori, while some of the crew patrolled various parts of the city.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[10] On Friday 3 November, the Red Guard evicted student students deemed disloyal from the police department, described by Luoto as “athletes dressed in tight leotards”.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[7] According to him, they were now replaced by “men”.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[11] Ordinary Guards were also established in numerous other cities during the strike, as well as some country keepers.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On Thursday 2 November, telegrams were sent across the country urging the establishment of militarily organised Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[12] Outside Helsinki, however, the Guards were mostly made up of the working population, so similar disintegration was hardly seen elsewhere.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Russian military personnel intervened in the activities of the National Guard, at least in Vyborg, where it was disbanded by force and 175 members were captured.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[13] K. V. Wallin, who wrote the history of the National Guard (late.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

According to Voionmaa), during the final phase of the strike, the Helsinki Red Guard consisted of about 2,900 men, compared to 6,450 men for the strength of the entire National Guard in the capital without matriculations.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[10] Red Guard gains official status After the end of the Grand Strike, the National Guard handed over the ordinal power back to the former police corps.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[14] However, at the last Helsinki People's Assembly held on Senate Square, it was decided to keep the National Guard intact.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At the same time, the operation was expanded to cover the entire country and Johan Kock was elected Commander-in-Chief of all National Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The old designations quickly fell into disuse and the Labour Guards came to be commonly referred to as the “Red Guards”.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[15] The Red Guards' position within the labour movement was formalized from 20 to 22.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At an extraordinary party conference of the SDP held in Tampere on November.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The new party administration adopted the Guards Rules, which defined the task of protecting the lives and property of citizens during a possible new grand strike, and safeguarding freedom of assembly and expression for the working people.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Red Guard was required to operate according to the party program and follow the instructions of the party administration.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

All members were also hoped to belong to labour associations.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Kaarlo Luoto was chosen to replace Kock, who had left office, as the new Commander-in-Chief.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Red Guards were intended to be temporary only, as they were to cease operations when the Emperor would confirm the decision of a unicameral parliament to be elected by universal and equal suffrage.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[16] At the same time, the bourgeoisie also began to assemble their own patronage in Helsinki.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[15] In an atmosphere intensified after the Grand Strike, the Red Guards line gradually steepened, and the Guard for organizational duties became a revolutionary army of an offensive nature.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Already during the Great Strike, the idea of armed revolution was on display.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Its roots lay in the Marxist doctrine of class struggle, but the social unrest of the years of repression also reinforced admiration and acceptance of violent action.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[17] When the Senate confirmed the police force, it was felt by the labor movement that the measure was directed against just that.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[18] The Radical Red Guard formed a whole new kind of organisation within the pacifist labour movement which had emphasised non-violence in the earlier pacifist labour movement, which was viewed with suspicion by its veterans and the SDP party administration, and often also openly negative.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The members of the Red Guards were generally young people who had only joined labour organizations during the Great Strike.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Their leadership, too, was for the most part in the hands of new labour movement members.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[19] Red Guards generally emerged in localities where labour organisations were already active, but they were also established in rural areas where there were no workers' associations prior to the Great Strike.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Such localities included Mouhijärvi and Suodenniemi, the typical crofter keepers of Satakunta, as well as rural industrial settlements such as Mänttä and Enso.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In some localities, the Guards were established with the order of the new Grand Strike in mind, but in other places, such as Lake Mouhijärvi, for example, it was directly reported to be a counterweight to the patron guard of the bourgeoisie.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[19] Immediately after the grand strike, underground combat organisations were operating in Vyborg.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Particularly on the Karelian Isthmus and other parts of Eastern Finland, there were also several incidents of violence, including the robbery murder of engineer Oscar Geffert involving members of local labour associations and Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Bourgeois activists, as well as labour activists who collaborated with them, also committed similar acts.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[20] The party administration initially tried to control the Red Guards so that the meetings of the chiefdoms always included two of its representatives.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Later, during the spring of 1906, the task passed to representatives of the Grand Strike Committee, who, however, did not have the same prestige.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The intervals between Commander-in-Chief Kaarlo Luoto and the party leadership were cool, which caused the Red Guards to drift further and further away from the party.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In April 1906, a Red Guard Assembly was held, with 150 representatives from 87 Guards in attendance.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Paavo Leppänen and Jalmari Kirjarinta were present from the party administration.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The leading committee elected at the meeting consisted mostly of previously unknown persons involved in the labour movement for a short time.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Luoto was removed from the position of Commander-in-Chief due to alleged financial irregularities and Johan Kock was again elected in his place.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

He had only entered the labour movement during the Great Strike, which is why Kock did not own its traditional anti-violence views, but as a former officer openly emphasized armed action.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Due to his lack of contacts with the leading Social Democrats, the separation of the Red Guards from the control of the party and the Grand Strike Committee further deepened.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[19] When Emperor Nicholas II confirmed the new electoral law and the Reichstag order on 20 July, the task under the Red Guard rules had been fulfilled.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, at the meeting that began the next day at the Old Student House in Helsinki, the Guard's representative office decided to continue the operation.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The meeting almost completely broke away from party control and even turned against the party leadership.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Independence was wanted to be emphasised, among other things, by the Red Guard's own newspaper, whose establishment was abandoned in the absence of financial conditions.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The number of Red Guards members had grown to the point that by the summer members were already estimated to be 25,000.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At the same time, it began in earnest to emerge alongside the SDP as a serious player in the labour movement.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[19] Viapori Rebellion and Hakaniemi Riot The Red Guard led by Kock worked closely with the Russian revolutionaries and at the turn of July—August 1906 it took part in the events of the military revolt that broke out in the sea fortress of Viapori without party leadership permission.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On 30 July, after the revolt was launched, Kock self-proclaimed a grand strike on Helsinki for the next day.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Legation of the Guard, which in addition to Kock included John Mannerstam and Jean Boldt previously complete strangers to the party leadership, called for the party to declare a nationwide strike.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Their efforts provoked strong resistance within the party leadership and the Grand Strike Committee, and both sided with opposition to the strike.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Eventually, the party administration referred the matter to the Grand Strike Committee, which ended up declaring a strike on Helsinki, to avoid possible violence.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The strike was supported by Kaarlo Luoto, Eero Haapalainen and Matti Kurikka, among others, who thus sought to strengthen their own position in a whole new situation when the old leading figures of the SDP had lost their authority.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

For example, Eetu Salin and Taavi Tainio were shouted down from the rosette during a meeting in the courtyard of the Workers' House in Helsinki to contain the Red Guards who joined the revolt.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[19] After the strike declaration, the Helsinki Red Guard sent 300 men to King's Island in support of mutinying Russian soldiers.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition to this, a special railway company was formed, which, with the support of the local Red Guards, on 1 August cut the main line on the section of line between Tikkurila and Riihimäki and the Saint Petersburg line at Hikika.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Two railway bridges were also blown up north of Riihimäki.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The intention was to prevent the Russians from moving troops to Helsinki to defeat the rebellion.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[21] According to some sources, some 100—150 Red Guard members would have participated in fighting against Russian Cossacks and infantry loyal to the government on Katajanokka.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Along with the Red Guards, the rebels were also assisted by bourgeois activists who also had the goal of overthrowing the Tsarist power.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On 2 August, the last day of the Viapori Rebellion, the situation between the Red Guards and the Student Protection Guard escalated into a violent confrontation.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Guardian Guard tried to keep the tram traffic running, but the carriages manned by the student students were stopped at Hakaniemi market.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

An angry mob surrounded the Guardian Guards and began slamming them with stones, after which an exchange of shots arose in the square.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The mounted police managed to calm the situation down briefly, but when a new detachment of 60 Guardian Guards arrived on the scene, along with ten Russian matruses supporting the Red Guards, another exchange of shots broke out, resulting in two Red Guards and seven members of the Guardian Guard being killed.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The situation lapsed when student students fled the scene and Russian Cossacks dispersed the crowd that remained at the scene.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

This was the first violent conflict between the Red Guards and the Patron Communities.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[22] After the Viapori rebellion was defeated, about one hundred Red Guards soldiers were captured, 77 of whom were sentenced to discipline room sentences of various lengths.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, Johan Kock, with the help of activists, managed to escape via Sweden and Great Britain to the United States, where he died in 1915.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The exact number of Red Guards killed in the rebellion is unknown, but the number of fallen and executed is estimated at around 150.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[23] Abolition The failure of the revolt in Viapori was a heavy blow for the Red Guard and due to the events in Hakaniemi it also lost the support of bourgeois activists.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The opportunity was now offered to the SDP leadership to rid the Guard, which had threatened the party's position.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The People's Lehti in Tampere published a call for the dismissal and abolition of the Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

When, on 3 August, the Senate, as a result of the Hakaniemi riot, ordered both the Red Guards and the Student Protection Guards to be disbanded, an embarrassing situation was resolved to suit the party leadership.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[19] The matter was addressed at an extraordinary party conference in Oulu at the end of August, where Jussi Tuominen and Jussi Vatanen, who were members of the Red Guard leadership, declared that they were not aware of any plans for the revolt that Kock had kept secret.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, criticism of the Red Guards at the meeting was not heard, as Kaarlo Kalke, a Turkish tailor master and long-line Social Democrat, had left a written wish to refrain from it in speeches.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[19] Instead, the Guard was defended, inter alia, by the fact that it was better than the police in keeping order, for example, in the troubled Kymenlaakso.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

According to some party conference delegates, the Red Guards should have been converted into free-fire brigades or sports clubs because of the fear that with the abolition, members of the Workers' Unions would go along with the activities of the bourgeois Force League.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[24] The problem of continuing again saw that after the Senate's decision, the Guards should have operated underground, an idea entirely foreign to the labour movement.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[25] Jussi Tuominen, who was a representative of the Red Guards, also supported abolition, but insisted in his speech that they should be admitted to having done great service to the Labour cause.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[24] Eventually, the party caucus unanimously decided to abolish the Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[24] However, some of the party conference delegates set up an underground armed parallel organisation for the SDP as a replacement for the Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The secret meeting included Väinö and Sulo Wuolijoki, as well as Timo Korpimaa and Leo Laukki, who influenced workers activists.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

According to them, the Finnish labour movement had to prepare for a revolution in Russia, the support of which they saw as the only way to consolidate autonomy and the continuation of popular development.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[26] Secret Guards were active at least in Turku and especially in and around Vyborg, where radical Russian revolutionaries and even anarchists were influenced by radical Russian revolutionaries.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The creation of a parallel organization came to the attention of other Social Democrats as early as September 1906.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[26] They were strongly condemned by the party leadership, and at the same time the activities of the Guards began to wane as public interest was directed towards the upcoming elections and the subsequent parliamentary work.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[19] Moreover, the attitude of the older knee of the labour movement was also influenced by Yrjö Mäkelin, for example, regularly criticising underground activities in the People's Journal.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[27] Some underground organisations collaborated with labour activists, but their activities too were already halted during 1907 after the secret printing was revealed and the engineer Severi Alante, who ran it, went into exile in North America.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, Johan Kock, who had fled to the United States earlier, was still in contact with the Underground Guards, who were still waiting for him to return one day as head of the Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In July 1907, Kock founded the Association for the Finnish-Russian Revolution, which published flyers circulated in Finland and a newspaper called Tahto of Poorälistö.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[27] During the following autumn, the activities of underground organisations were terminally halted as the labour movement concentrated on the initiated parliamentary work.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

While still in 1908, Matti Kurikka founded an organisation called Suoja Suoja, aimed at armed resistance against the Russian government, it failed to gain much support.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[19] The 1917 Order Guards Battle for Ordinary Power begins The ouster of Emperor Nicholas II in the March 1917 Revolution brought down the ordinal power in Finland as well, with the capture of Governor-General Franz Albert Sey on 16 March.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Subsequently, large popular assemblies took place across the country calling for the Tsarist police force under his command to resign.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Senate tried to rein in citizens who acted self-empowered, but in the end the police lost their position altogether.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Responsibility for the ordinal power passed to the Russian military people, who in turn handed it over to organized labour.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[28] When the status of the organizational commissions and councils established by the local divisions of the SDP together with local authorities in the spring became established, the militia calling the ordinaries became established.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In other localities, the establishment of the militia took place in agreement between the working people and the bourgeoisie, but in places the bourgeois city councils attempted to restore the status of the deposed police department.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

By the end of March, a total of 18 towns entered the People's Militia System.