Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After the end of his captivity, the pope returned to Rome again.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[52] Avignon's imprisonment also caused one of numerous so-called schisms, leaving the Catholic Church divided into several factions that recognized the different popes.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Let's talk about so-called counterpaves.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Pope Gregory XI, who returned from Avignon, returned back to Rome, but died already the following year.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Urbanus VI, the successor chosen by the conclave, quickly proved unfit to be a pope; he was megalomaniac, paranoid and received periodically unbridled outbursts of anger.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

One could only get rid of the new pope by declaring the result of the conclave null and void, and so the cardinals did.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

They claimed to have elected Urbanus VI as pope only because of pressure from popular forces and called on the pope to resign.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

From this the pope refused, and with the election of the College of Cardinals as the next pope, a schism began.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[53] There were now two popes in Europe who had cursed each other.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Two papal courtiers and a college of cardinals had arisen: Urbanus VI in Rome and Clement VII in Avignon.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Christendom split on the question of the right pope in two.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Italy, England, the Holy German-Roman Empire, as well as the Nordic countries sided with Pope Urbanus VI of Rome, while France, Scotland and Spain sided with the Pope of Avignon.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The situation also caused the division of individual monasteries and dioceses.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[53] The problem was not fixed, although both popes died, because successors were both chosen for them.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

A new doctrine, Consiliarism, was offered as a solution, according to which the highest authority in the Church did not belong to the Pope, but to the Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[54] In 1409, an ecclesiastical assembly convened in Pisa.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In this case, it was decided to dismiss both popes and a new pope was chosen in place.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

This did not ease the situation, however, as the popes of Avignon and Rome maintained their rights.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Three popes were now in power, the Pope of the Avignon line, the Pope of the Pisa line, as well as the Pope of the Roman line.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[54] In 1414, a major ecclesiastical assembly began in a town called Konstanz right on the Swiss border in the territory of present-day Germany.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The meeting lasted four years in total and brought together more than three hundred bishops in the city, as well as three hundred learned theologians, many more churchmen and princes.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The service staff including guests numbered as many as tens of thousands.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Council decided to dismiss all three popes in office.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Roman Pope agreed to resign voluntarily, and the pope of the Pisa line was imprisoned.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Pope Benedict XIII of the Avignon line refused to resign and fled to Spain, but at the same time practically lost his influence.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Council elected Martinus V as the new pope and the schism ended there.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Power soon returned from the ecclesiastical assembly back to the pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

First, an interval was set for ecclesiastical meetings to elapse from the end of the previous before the next could be convened.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The proclamation of Pope Pius II forbade the convening of an ecclesiastical assembly and thus power had returned to the pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[55] The Catholic Church at the beginning of the New Age From the Middle Ages to the New Age in the 15th and 16th centuries Europe entered a new age through the Renaissance.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Important points included the invention of the art of printing, which accelerated the spread of texts and ideas, and an expanded worldview as a result of the voyages of discovery.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the 15th century, the Catholic and Orthodox Church sought to converge after centuries of doctrinal disputes.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In some places an agreement on the unification of the churches seemed to be near: a bulla called Laetentur caeli was even brought about at the Ecclesiastical Assembly in Florence.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The ecclesiastical assembly had included not only the Pope and representatives of the Western Church, but also Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos, as well as 700 delegates from the East and Russia.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Although, in the end, the churches never got to unite.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

First, Emperor John VIII, alarmed by the reactions of the people, did not dare to publicize unification to the Constantinopolians.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In addition, the Russian Church decided to withdraw from the treaty concluded in Florence.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

On December 12, 1452, the new Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos declared the Catholic and Orthodox Church united.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After only a few months, Constantinople was overrun in a siege and annexed to the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Byzantine implosion prevented reconciliation between the churches from being put into practice.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[56] During the Renaissance, the power of the papal seat was on the rise again, but a spiritual renewal such as the peak period of the 13th century was not to be seen very widely.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

General renewal was not seen within the Church, as the Popes in particular were reluctant to do so.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[57] During the Renaissance there were several popes who favoured the civilised sciences and the arts, but also church princes who were depraved with morality.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Nikolaus V, for example, was the first of the humanist popes, and he greatly favored sciences and arts.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He supported the Vatican sciences, particularly with regard to books, for as an avid enthusiast of bibliophilia, Pope Nicholas decided to establish a library in Rome “for the common good of the scholars”, as well as to acquire there “all Greek and Latin books worthy of the Pope and the Apostolic See”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[58] On the other hand, there were also depraved popes, such as Alexander VI, who came to power with bribes.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The pope, who lived a promiscuous and earthly rich-filled life, was later noted that he “never did anything but deceive others and thought nothing but betrayal of others.”


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[59] There was an imbalance in the spiritual life of the Church, because despite Thomas Kempiläinen and other prominent theologians, scholastics were degenerate.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[60] Parallel to Skolastics emerged as a competing model of thought called via moderna (new way), in which the nominalism of William Okkamilainen played an important part.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Also on the rise was humanism, largely rejecting medieval scholasticism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The humanists offered a “Christian Renaissance” in place of medieval doctrines, in which not only the Sermon on the Mount Jesus and Paul's teachings would be the basis, but also the ideas of Cicero and Plato.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[61] The Reformation afflicts the Church According to Catholic doctrine, there was the possibility of liberation from sins either through reparation or purgatory.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the late Middle Ages, letters of indulgence, or exemptions to be purchased, became an ever-increasing source of income for the papal curia.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

However, the money was not used to help the poor, for example; half of the proceeds belonged to Pope Leo X and half to the “commissioner of indulgences” he authorized, Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[62] One destination for funds from the trade in indulgences was the construction of St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The construction of the church polled much of the funds raised by the indulgence blessed by the church all the way down to northern Europe, [63] which eventually led to the Reformation and the secession of Protestant churches from the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[64] The Reformation was a movement beginning in Western Europe in the 16th century that sought to redress the grievances it saw in the doctrine of the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Reformation was underpinned by the long-running demotion status of the papacy, as well as widespread depravity within the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The German Augustinian friar Martti Luther is generally regarded as the initiator of the Reformation, although even before him some “pre-Reformers”, for example John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, had attacked the church's official doctrine.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The 95 theses against Luther's trade of indulgences began, as they spread, a broad movement that later took on new forms.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In addition to Luther, the Reformation was joined by a number of other theologians whose views differed largely from Luther's ideas.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Thus, the division of the Catholic Church did not just end with the emergence of Lutherans, but also gave rise to the Anglican and Reformed Church, as well as a multitude of different free directions.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[65] Some German, Swiss and French theologians were key figures in the Reformation.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Apart from Luther, the most important were Ulrich Zwingli, Philipp Melanchthon and Jean Calvin.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Not only these spiritual reformers, but also the power ambitions of secular princes were emphasized in the Reformation: the Reformation provided an opportunity for secular princes to be liberated from the rule of the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In Europe, almost all of the Middle Ages, there had been a heated power struggle over the separation of powers between the pope and bishops, as well as secular princes (among other things, an investment dispute).


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

For example, the Swedish Reformation was carried out in a completely king-led manner, as it offered King Gustav Vasa the opportunity to take control of the church and revoke its lavish possessions to the Crown.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Another important example was the Reformation in England under Henry VIII.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[66] The Reformation profoundly changed the religious division of European territories.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Before the Reformation, Christian regions in Europe had split into either Catholicism or Orthodoxy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In practice, Catholicism was predominant throughout Western and Central Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After the Reformation, the situation had changed considerably.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Swedish Empire and other Nordic countries had abandoned Catholicism and switched almost completely to Lutheranism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the era of Gustav II Adolf, Sweden even had a death sentence imposed on all Catholic priests to meet in the country except for papal messengers.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[67] For the German-Roman Empire, the situation was more complicated.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The northern regions and Prussia were strongly Lutheran, while the south had not only Catholic areas but also Calvinist regions.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Poland and Austria remained predominantly Catholic territories, while Bohemia, Moravian and the Kingdom of Hungary converted to predominantly Lutheranism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[68] In southern Europe, and especially in Italy, Catholicism remained in a solid position.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Switzerland, on the other hand, became a supportive area of the Reformed Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the final stages of the Reformation, Protestantism also reached France, where Protestants were, according to estimates, at best around ten per cent of the population.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[69] Admittedly, in the following decades, the Catholic Counter-Reformation returned to the church the areas it had already lost.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church The Reformers were not intended to give rise to a new church that broke away from the Catholic Church, but to reform Catholicism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[70] However, the Catholic Church was reluctant to reform.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Although already six years after the publication of Luther's theses, Pope Hadrian VI had acknowledged the sins and abuses of the pope, prelates, and priests, but his early death ended hopes of church renewal.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[71] It was not until decades after the start of the Reformation that Pope Paul III convened the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Trento in response to the Protestant Reformation, and the purpose was to strengthen the doctrine and structures of the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The ecclesiastical assembly lasted for a total of eighteen years.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] The reasons were disputes between the respective pope and the emperor and the variation of political situations.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] The ecclesiastical assembly lasted through the reigns of Popes Julius III, Marcellus II and Paul IV and ended during the papacy of Pius IV, so the respective pope played a part in prolonging the meeting.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

For example, following Paul III's quarrel with Emperor Charles V, the ecclesiastical assembly was moved to Bologna.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] Eventually the ecclesiastical assembly was completed in 1563.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

It resulted in a renewal of the Catholic Church in many areas, in addition to which earlier pieces of faith were dogmatized.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the area of the Doctrine of the Faith, the Ecclesiastical Assembly took positions on topics such as the Bible and tradition, original sin, and the sacraments.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] For example, according to one decision, the apostolic tradition was to be treated with the same respect as the Bible, which was, among other things, contrary to Luther's ideas.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] The ecclesiastical assembly was also involved in the reforming of the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The ecclesiastical assembly decided, for example, that bishops and cardinals must be present in their dioceses.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] Bishops and cardinals may not hold multiple offices at the same time.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] In order to become priests who studied theology, priestly seminaries should be established.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] Celibacy is reaffirmed.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] Jesuit rule arises Pope Paul III in 1540 gave his confirmation and beatification to the Jesuit organization founded six years earlier.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Jesuit Brotherhood evolved from a group of young men who studied in Paris, led by former knight Inigo López de Loyola, better known as Ignatius Loyola (1491—1556).


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

During the Reformation era, Jesuits were loyal to the Pope and wanted to serve the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Jesuits also had their own military organization, the leader of which served under the pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Jesuits, like other spiritual clubs, were not tied to monasteries or other centres, allowing members a mobile life.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Membership increased considerably from 1,000 members in 1556, and in 1750 the Jesuits already numbered 22,590.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[73] The Jesuits began to be accused shortly after the establishment of the organization for adhering to the “intent to sanctify the means” type of action, and that “aiding the salvation of souls” stated by the organization as its goal included a number of other ends as well.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Jesuits were active throughout Europe at the courts of Catholic princes but also engaged in extensive conversion work, especially in the Americas and East Asia.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[73] One of the original goals of the Jesuit order was to “reclaim” the territories from Europe it lost to Catholicism to Protestantism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The means of work in Europe were education and diplomacy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Jesuits' activities in Europe were instrumental in stopping the spread of Protestantism to Poland, Austria and southern Germany.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[74] Missionary work in Asia and the Americas after America became known to Europeans also began its missionary activities there.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

An important role was played especially by the Jesuits.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

They were not only free from monastic life, but also, in their conversion work, sought to adapt to the local culture.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Such a method of missionary work was very effective, but also caused strife within the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among other things, Dominicans and Franciscans regarded the Jesuits' “adaptation to paganism” as outright “devil worship”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[75] In any case, Catholic missionary work proved effective in the Americas and Asia, although in the latter the results were not quite persistent.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

From the very beginning, the number of converts to Christianity in America was high.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, between the mid-16th century and the 1630s, about 70,000 new Christians were baptized in South America alone.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[76] In Asia, the results were achieved both in India, China and Japan, but later the Jesuits were forced to abandon missionary work in the Far East due to the hostilities of the local population.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The final death blow to Jesuit missionary work was the momentary abolition of the rule in the latter part of the 18th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[75] Missionary work was also carried out by the Dominicans, although most of the American conversion work was carried out under the leadership of the Jesuits.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[77] The ideas of individual freedom living among Christian rules and, by extension, of a degree of democracy were not resonated in the territory of the monarchies of Europe,.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[78] but work in Latin America also influenced Dominicans' social thought and gave cause for consideration of moral issues.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

As early as 1511, a sermon delivered by Dominican Antonio de Montesinos in Santo Domingo attacked European imperialism: One famous Dominican of the Age of Discovery was Bartolomé de las Casas, who pushed for the rights of the American Indian population in the 16th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among his merits can be read the abolition of slavery by Native Americans in 1542.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[77] De las Casas worked diligently to improve the rights of the local population, and he did not take an understanding of violence against Indians.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He wrote in one of his works, “The only real and ultimate reason for Christians to kill and condemn an immense number of innocent people was to gain possession of their gold”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[79] In modern times, de las Casas has come to be regarded as one of the pioneers of liberation theology.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[77] Admittedly, he is an increasingly controversial figure, for he proposed importing slaves more 'resistant' than Indians from Africa to secure Native Americans.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[79] Later, after seeing the consequences of his proposal as a slave trader, de las Casas began to regret deeply and wrote, “I did not know what I was doing, and I regret my proposal most deeply”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[79] Catholic Church in the era of wars of religion and exclusivity European Wars of Religion The century following the Reformation in Europe was marked by wars of faith between Catholics and Protestants.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

As the Reformation spread, there was also open violence between Protestants and Catholics, exemplified by the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War of the 17th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Disagreements erupted not only as wars, but also as massacres and persecutions.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The most famous of these include the Paintbird Massacre, in which around 30,000 people are estimated to have been killed.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[80] Also known as the “Paris blood wedding”, the massacre was violent rioting by Catholics against Protestant Huguenots.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Following the Ecclesiastical Assembly in Trento, the Catholic Church began to gain strength again, gaining ground again in the areas it had lost to Protestantism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Catholicism achieved victories in several quarters: at the Battle of Lepanto, the Papal and Venetian fleets struck the Turks, the French Wars of Religion resulted in the country remaining Catholic, and missionary work restored Protestantism-leaning Switzerland, Poland and Bohemia to be more Catholic.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[81] The intensification of the church was seen as a concern in the areas of the Holy German-Roman Empire, where Lutheranism had gained victory over Catholicism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The fear was, among other things, the possible new dominance of Catholicism in Germany.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Eventually the concerns led to a state of war between Catholic and Protestant countries in Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[81] The Thirty Years' War, which originated from the conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, soon turned into a great power political war.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the beginning, the Holy German-Roman Empire was falling for defeat, but after France entered the war the balance of power between the two sides shifted decisively.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

France left to fight on the side of the Protestants, although two cardinals of the Catholic Church served at the head of state: Richelieu and Mazarin.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[81] On the Protestants side, they joined to achieve their political goals in Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The war ended Spain's status as the most powerful state in Europe, as well as weakening the might of the House of Habsburgs.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[81] France benefited from the war, but the advance of the Catholic Church in Germany suffered.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[81] In the following decades, an empowered France developed into a significant country for the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[82] French spirituality The Thirty Years' War elevated France to Europe's leading state.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Despite its foreign-policy Protestantism, the country was domestically austerely Catholic.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

France's 17th-century heyday extended to spiritual life as well.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[82] In the 17th century, there was a willingness on the side of French spiritual life to raise the standard of ordinary clergy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[82] The objective was important in that the educational and moral standard of the diocesan clergy around Europe had serious shortcomings.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[72] In order to raise the level of clergy, priestly seminaries were established, where, in addition to priests, teachers were also trained in other seminaries.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, prominent thinkers such as Blaise Pascal, Jean Mabillon, Jacques Bénigne Bossuet and François Fénelon made their own contributions to French Catholicism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[82] To top it all off, Louis XIII promised in 1638 to “consecrate his Kingdom to the Holy Virgin”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[83] France, however, did not escape theological doctrinal disputes.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Prominent was the Jansenist movement within the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

It was represented by Cornelius Jansen, who, in his work published in 1640, laid out his concepts of salvation contrary to Catholic doctrine in part.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[84] Jansenism attacked the ideas of Jesuits, especially in France.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

They saw that the Jesuits' optimistic way of emphasizing man's capacity for good may have led to “spiritual algatedness”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[85] The Jansenist strong fatalistic, largely paraphrasing the predestination doctrine of Church Father Augustine, was the idea that salvation should only be part of God's pre-chosen people.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[85] By the same token, the Jansenists demanded strong repentance from the people, and they did not accept the human image of the Jesuits.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Conflicts between the Jansenists and the Jesuits led to a long theological dispute that eventually led to the destruction of the main monastery of the Jansenists.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[84] The Jansenists were defeated in France, but they established a Jansenist church in the Netherlands, which drifted into a schism with the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The long-term consequence of the Jansenist controversy was that it laid the groundwork for the anti-religious views of the 18th century Enlightenment period.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[85] The Enlightenment period in the 18th century was destabilised by the Church before strong dominance.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Philosophers and thinkers who influenced the genesis and development of the movement emphasised reason rather than faith, and God was not seen as at most an origin outside the universe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[86] “Enlightenment is man's way out of his self-induced paternalism, which is the inability to exercise his reason without the guidance of another.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Sapere aude!


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Be brave and use your own wits!


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

is therefore the motto of the Enlightenment,” defined German philosopher Immanuel Kant.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[86] Enlightenment thinkers also criticized blind faith in the prestige of the state and the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The natural sciences had advanced in the preceding centuries, and this affected the perception of reality.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Information from other continents also influenced perceptions of society and religion.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the 17th and 18th century, the problem of monopoly and interference by states in Church activities, especially in the papacy, became an increasing emphasis on monopoly across Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In France, for example, Gallikanism emphasized the need for church independence from papal power.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In practice, in the Catholic Church in France, power was mostly by the bishops' meetings and the ruler of the country.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[84] Especially the enlightened monopoly of the 18th century, despite Catholicism's status as a state church, saw papal rule as unreliable.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[87] In France, absolutism became entrenched in the reign of the “Sun King” Louis XIV.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In his early France, Catholicism was elevated to an important position by revoking the rights guaranteed to Protestant Huguenots.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Despite his preference for Catholicism, the king also drifted into disputes with the papal seat.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The reason for the dispute was the king's desire to extend his right to episcopal appointments.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Innocentius XI, who had been pope, expressed his opposition, but the French bishops sided with the pope instead of supporting the king.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Similarly, France formulated the “Four Articles” limiting papal power, whereby the pope could only present as infallible things which had already been accepted within the Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[87] The desire of the state to interfere in the activities of the Catholic Church was not only limited to France; many monarchies in Catholic countries embraced the desire to limit papal power.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among other things, Joseph II, Prince of Habsburg saw as one of the functions of the state to oversee the administration of the whole church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[88] The desire of European states to control the Church was evident especially in the case of pressure from the Papal See to abolish the rule of the Jesuits.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The rule was seen as a powerful tool of influence for the Pope, causing more and more Catholic monarchies to start calling for its abolition.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Eventually, the Bourbon-related states were already threatening the papal seat with outright war action against the Church State.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Eventually, Clement XIV deflected and abolished the Rule on 16 August 1773.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[89] From Revolution to Napoleon to Great French Revolution In 1789, members of the so-called “third act”, namely burghers, artisans and peasants, as well as the obscene rose up to revolution against the prevailing social order.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, the oligarchy of nobility and clergy was terminated.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Great French Revolution was a blow not only to European monarchs, but to the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

To ease France's dire economic situation, the new administration nationalized the assets of the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 1790, bishops and priests became government officials by decision of the National Assembly.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The monasteries were also abolished.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[90] Pius VI, who was pope, kept calm, but took retaliatory measures after the National Assembly required all priests to take an oath of religiosity to the new constitution.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The pope not only singled out priests who accepted the oath of allegiance, but also condemned the Declaration of Human Rights of 1789.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[90] Approximately half of the Catholic priests in France agreed to take an oath of allegiance.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Of the bishops it was approved by seven.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The French clergy had split in two.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, the new government in France severed its relations with the Pope and Avignon was occupied.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Churches also began to be looted and priests put to death.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Built similarly to the Virgin Mary, Notre Dame was reconsecrated as the “Temple of Reason and Freedom”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Even the Christian calculation of time was not spared; instead, a new revolutionary calendar was introduced.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[90] With the devastation and renewed rise of the church state as France drifted into war with the rest of Europe, the Pope positioned himself to support France's opponents.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The then general Napoleon Bonaparte was sent to conquer Italy, and gradually French power extended ever closer to Rome and the papal seat.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In February 1797, the pope was forced to conclude for himself an unfavorable peace treaty with France.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The treaty paid the Church State, in addition to heavy war reparations, one hundred works of art and five hundred manuscripts from the collections of the papal seat.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After the riots erupted in Rome, Napoleon's forces occupied the city.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Rome was made a republic and the pope was taken imprisoned to a fort along the Rhône.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

There he also died in 1799.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He was ultimately not granted even a Christian burial.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[91] On 1 December 1799, the cardinals met not as usual in the Sistine Chapel in Rome, but in a Benedictine monastery in Austro-Hungarian-dominated territory.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Before his martyrdom, Pius VI had given the oldest cardinal an order to hold the next conclave in a safe place.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[92] Pius VII was elected as the new pope after a long standoff.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The new pope returned to Rome, which now belonged to Napoleonic France.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Napoleon had become the de facto ruler of France and he therefore wanted to reconcile with the Pope and the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among other things, he arranged a funeral for Pius VII's predecessor Pius VI, which he had in time been denied.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[93] In his speech to the priests of Milan, Napoleon showed his desire to achieve reconciliation with the papal seat, and the Pope was also prepared to negotiate with Napoleon.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After eight months of negotiations, Napoleon signed their resulting concordat in July 1801.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the concordat, the status of Catholicism declined from the state religion to “the religion of the majority of French citizens”, but its practice was allowed.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

However, the Catholic Church did not recover the property it lost in the Great French Revolution, albeit the French state promised in compensation to pay the clergy a salary on behalf of the Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Church State was also restored to the Pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[93] Both sides of the dispute benefited from a reconciliation and a concordat.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Admittedly, both sides also had to haggle over their demands and compromise.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Pope would have wished the church's confiscated property back, and the church also failed to regain the Avignon it had lost.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Furthermore, the pope had to accept the religious freedom prevailing in France.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Even if the Pope was forced to give in to some of his demands, the concordat could still be seen as evidence of victory for the Church, as those in power in France had to admit that they had not been able to root out Christianity from France.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The concordat meant victory not only for the Pope and the Church, but also for Napoleon, for no longer could his detractors claim the French Republic as a pagan and godless kingdom.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[93] For some time there was agreement between Napoleon and the Pope, but soon the intervals cooled again.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

When Napoleon demanded that the Pope close the ports of the Church State to British ships, the pope refused, citing his position as a neutral defender of the peace.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

French forces again penetrated Rome, and the papal flag was exchanged for a tricolor.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Vatican was now annexed as part of the Napoleonic Empire.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Pope, on the other hand, declared the “robbers of Peter's patrimony” to be cursed, but did not mention Napoleon by name.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The pope was captured and transported to Savona, west of Genoa, where he was held for three years under house arrest.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[93] After Napoleon suffered defeat to the Allies, the Pope was able to return to Rome on 24 May 1814.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

As the Congress of Vienna convened to organise a tumultuous Europe from Napoleon's trail, the Pope now had on his side the changed atmosphere brought by the era.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Enlightenment achievements of the Enlightenment philosophers who opposed the Church were seen as the cause of revolution and mayhem in Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The new ethical trends of the early 19th century, such as Romanticism, held in appreciation a number of things such as faith, history, traditions and prestige, which benefited the Church which represented these qualities.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[93] At the Congress of Vienna, the Pope succeeded in restoring to the Church State the territories before it, except Avignon.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The restoration of the church state to the pope was well suited to the plans of both Britain and the defeated France, as a strong Church state on the Apennine Peninsula balanced the balance of power between Austro-Hungary and other states in the region.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[93] The Catholic Church in the industrialised era Missionary activity revives again after the overthrow of Napoleon, Pope Pius VII decided to re-establish the Jesuit rule abolished in the 18th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Although the Jesuits had progressively been able to resume their work even earlier, it was not until the overthrow of Napoleonic France that Pius VII could re-establish the Brotherhood throughout the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The decision was formalised by his publication on 7 August 1814 by a bulla called Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[95] Catholic missionary activity had suffered deeply from the weakness of the Church during the Napoleonic Wars.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The absence of Jesuits had also nipped the effectiveness of missionary work, and the church had been unable to replace the Jesuits with some other rule.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[96] Following the re-establishment of the Jesuit Rule, Catholic missionary work took off again, although there was also a backdrop that missionary duties were now entrusted not only to priests but also to lay people.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[97] In addition to the Catholic Church, Protestant churches also carried out extensive missionary activities in the 19th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the nineteenth century, Christianity began to spread strongly outside Europe and North America as well, allowing Christianity to become a world religion.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Despite the missionary nature around Christendom, the outcome ultimately remained quite limited in terms of the number of new Christians.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 19th-century Asia, for example, the number of Catholics rose to about 3.3 million, representing less than one percent of the total population.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[94] As recently as the first half of the 19th century, the Christian missionary movement did not become entangled in imperialism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Colonialism was also still repulsed until the middle of the 19th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, criticism of imperialism was considerably less pronounced.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In opposing imperialism, only a few American mission clubs were rehabilitated.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[94] Reformist Catholics and Conservative Popes An important point in looking at the development of the Catholic Church and the papacy in the 19th and 20th centuries is the collision between the Old Church and the modernising world.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

This was not a single event but a development during the multi-papal era that marked the Papal See's relations with the outside world.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Controversy was likely to be exacerbated by the election of deeply religious pious cardinals as pope in the first half of the 19th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

For example, Leo XII, who ruled in the first half of the 19th century, was a very reactionary man and devoid of proper sense of proportion, [98] which caused him, among other things, to stop giving smallpox vaccinations in the Church State as well as excluding Roman Jews in the ghetto.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[99] For playing cards on Sunday, imprisonment could be obtained.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Women were also not allowed to wear too tight suits.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Upon the death of Leo XII, historian Leopold von Ranke pronounced of him: “Other popes have also made themselves hated, but some supporters they have always had.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Leo XII was hated by everyone, from princes to beggars, no one was his friend.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

“[98] Similarly, hopes of changing the old priest-led system of government in the Church State experienced a clampdown in the early 19th century, because although the reformist popes may have tried to reform the old Church State, their successors quickly canceled these reforms.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

For example, Pope Gregory XVI cancelled the reforms of his predecessor Pius VIII, which had attempted to modernize the Church State.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Church State was considered one of the most backward countries in Europe during the papacy of Gregory XVI.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[98] Gregory XVI also gave his support to various measures restricting freedom of expression across Europe, as the Church State was militarily dependent on the support provided by these European states.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[100] During the term of Pope Gregory XVI, comments were made around the Catholic Church in favour of a new kind of world.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Theologians, too, expressed hopes that the Pope should ally himself on the side of democracy rather than monarchy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

For example, the priest, theologian and political writer Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais hoped the Church would side with “peoples seeking freedom” instead of “rulers who enslaved them”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Lamennais tried in vain to persuade Pope Gregorius to approve his program.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Instead, the pope issued a circular denouncing freedom of conscience, speech and opinion alike.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[101] Furthermore, the Pope rebuffed the demands for reform directed at the Church, saying: First Ecclesiastical Conference of the Vatican In 1867, Pope Pius IX convened the 20th General Ecclesiastical Conference, the First Ecclesiastical Assembly of the Vatican.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

As the secular power of the pope was at the same time coming to an end, cardinals and bishops considered it necessary to increase the ecclesiastical power of the latter.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Because of this, the representatives of the ecclesiastical assembly decided to proclaim the doctrine of papal infallibility.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among the cardinals and bishops, the majority supported the declaration, which is why it came to fruition, but it was also opposed.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Most of the opponents were not in themselves opposed to the doctrine of papal infallibility, which was very old, but to the declaration of the Ecclesiastical Assembly and the definition of papal infallibility.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The declaration would bind bishops and cardinals to admit the infallibility of papal proclamations interpreted as controversial.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[102] Despite opposition, however, the Proclamation was passed in 1870 on the first vote by a vote of 451—88.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

About fifty cardinals opted out of the ballot and 88 “advocated with reservations”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the final vote, opponents went home before voting began, causing the document to be formally adopted by a vote of 533—2 — for which even the opposing votes had apparently been cast accidentally.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[103] Thus, according to the Ecclesiastical Assembly, the pope was not infallible, but he may have made a statement from the episcopal seat ex cathedra.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The most important passage of the Declaration defines papal infallibility as follows: The minority opposed to the Declaration had hoped that a mitigating note had been added to the document that papal doctrine was based on church tradition.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At Pius IX's insistence, no such remark was added; instead, the following text was added to the proclamation: “The definitions of the Pope in Rome are unaltered on the basis of his own self, and therefore not by the acquiescence of the Church”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In any case, the First Ecclesiastical Assembly of the Vatican was a unique ecclesiastical gathering in its time, as the better means of transportation brought by industrialization had allowed global meetings to be held.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In fact, 47 cardinals, 9 patriarchs, 7 valedictorates, 117 archbishops, 479 bishops and some other participants attended the first session of the Vatican, i.e. 698 people attended the first session of the meeting.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[104] Italian nationalism ends The Church State In the era of nationalism began to seek the unification of Italy into a single Kingdom.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

When realised, the plan marked the end of the Pope's rule over the Church State.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

For the most part, Italy was united as early as 1860, and the eastern part of the Church State was also annexed on the Adriatic coast.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Rome with its surroundings was then still left under papal control, but on 20 September 1870, with Pius IX as pope, the forces of King Viktor Emanuel II of Italy invaded Rome.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The city was quickly occupied, and there was little resistance from the populace side either.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

A referendum in October 1870, by a vote of 133 681—1500, advocated the annexation of Rome as part of a united Italy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[105] Pope Pius IX declared the Roman squatters to a church curse.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Victor Emanuel II offered the Pope the right to the Vatican, the Lateran Church, as well as Castel Gandolfo.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In addition, the pope was offered 3.23 million lire annually to be paid, but the pope refused.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He declared himself a “prisoner of the Vatican.”


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[106] The intermediate break continued even under his successors, and it was not until 1929 that Pope Pius XI reached an agreement with the Italian state establishing the present Vatican City State.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

It was only after the destruction of the Church State that the papacy finally freed itself from the shackles of secular rule.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The pope became considerably more independent of European war powers than previously thought.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[107] The papacy began to evolve from a mixture of spiritual and secular institutions to an increasingly spiritual direction.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

New social teachings against Papacy Modernism during Pius IX's papal period, a circular was drawn up, which became famous thanks to the catalogue of errors known as Syllabus errorum attached to it.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the list, the pope condemned eighty modern things he considered heretical.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The list condemned freedom of conscience, Protestantism, civil marriage, and socialism, among others.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[108] [109] The eightieth paragraph of the list condemned the claim that “the Pope of Rome could and should come to terms with progress, libertarianism, and modern culture.”


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[108] Syllabus errorum classified heresies into ten different groups: [108] Pantheism, naturalism, strident rationalism Moderate rationalism Indifferentism Socialism, communism, secret societies, biblical societies, priestly liberal associations Errors concerning the Church Errors on natural and Christian ethics Errors on marriage Errors on the secular power of the Pope Errors of modern liberalism The circular itself was called Quanta cura (english. Great worry).


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

That, too, condemned a number of things the pope considered missteps.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Rationalism and critical bible science received particularly heavy judgment.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[110] The separation of state and church, as well as demands for the abolition of the secular power of the pope, also received negative judgment.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Pius IX's circular was condemned across Europe as unreasonable, and even Catholic theologians tried to interpret it from a moderate point of view to avoid trouble.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[111] The status of the working population in the early part of the 19th century throughout Catholic Europe awakened desires in part to combine “Christian and social goals”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[112] Although still in the early nineteenth century, the Catholic Church was rejecting anti-economic liberalism ideas.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[112] Nonetheless, the Catholic priest Adolf Kolping began to work on improving the conditions of the working population.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among other things, he founded a race club in Cologne and apartments for artisan salons.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[112] In his publication entitled Der Gesellenverein (The Face Society), he stated: “The young working man has no refuge other than an inn and a tavern, he cannot really rest and receive nourishment for his spirit [—] Besides, religion must be tweaked and revived anew by his in his heart.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

“[112] Over the next few years, Kolping's idea of association gained widespread support and spread to other parts of Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 1865, the combined membership of the Kolping clubs was around 24,000.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[112] At the end of the 19th century, the Pope also began to take a position on the status of


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 1891, Leo XIII's ensyklika Rerum novarum was announced.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Like his predecessors, Pope Leo again rejected socialism, deeming it “contrary to man's natural right to possess”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

On the other hand, the circular also introduced a new kind of Catholic social doctrine.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Catholic labour associations were also accepted.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Although the Circular did little to restore the working population to the church's connection, it still formed it as a cornerstone of modern Catholic social doctrine.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[113] Later in the 1930s, Pope Pius IX again took a position on social policy matters.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The circular Quadragesimo anno, published in 1931, took, like Rerum novarum, a negative stance on class struggle, but also sought to outline new guidelines for the order of working life.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, the pope also expressed the hope that the working parties would share their benefits with solidarity in mind, thereby making them act in the best interests of the whole.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The pope also heavily estranged the system of regulation driven by Italian fascists and used by Austria.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[114] [115] The opposition of theologians to leave the church on September 23, 1871, a meeting of theologians was held in Munich.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Participants represented the “opposition” of the Catholic Church, which opposed the position and infallibility of the pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After the meeting, it was decided to establish an Old Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Its members considered themselves to represent an old, “ecclesiastical tradition free from modern errors”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The new Old Catholic Church was joined by a number of critics of the Vatican's ecclesiastical assembly.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[116] Old Catholicism never developed into a protest movement destabilising the power of the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Even in modern times, membership numbers of Old Catholic movements are less than half a million.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The vast majority of today's Old Catholics live in North America.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In its doctrinal basics, the Old Catholic Church is relatively close to the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The concepts of the sacrament and the Eucharist are both relatively similar for the churches, but the Old Catholic Church does not accept celibacy nor the dogmas associated with the Virgin Mary given in the 20th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Today, Old Catholicism also accepts the female priesthood.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[116] Church and state struggle with each other Throughout the 19th century, conflicts between the Catholic Church and European states were visible.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Eventually, disputes led in some European countries to the separation of church and state.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the 1870s, a well-known conflict arose between Prussia and the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In Protestant Prussia, efforts were made to limit the power of Catholics in the so-called. by the “laws of May”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among other things, they gave the state the right to dismiss priests and facilitated secession from the Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Similarly, priests were required to obtain a “cultural degree” and study at a German university.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Even earlier, the penal code had provided for a punishment for a priest who “in the practice of his profession or in connection with it publicly in front of a crowd, or who, in a church or other place intended for religious gathering, in front of a number of persons, takes matters of state in danger to the public peace manner subject to declaration or debate”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Eventually, the dispute between the state and the church was settled.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[117] Although the Catholic Church had survived the dispute with Prussia as the victor, it soon found itself in trouble elsewhere.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In France, Jesuits were once again expelled from the country, religion teaching in state schools was banned, and 241 monk monasteries were closed.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The operation of the church-operated school facility was also hampered.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

On December 11, 1905, a law was passed separating the French state and the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After the revolution in 1910, Portugal followed the French model.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[117] The Catholic Church in the 20th Century Two World Wars The Catholic Church in the First World War Pope Pius X, who ruled at the beginning of World War I, tried for his part to prevent the outbreak of World War I.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He intervened in the incipient crisis as early as Austro-Hungary demanded that Serbia punish those involved in the assassination of Frans Ferdinand, as well as to change its internal politics.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

On 23 July 1914, Pope Pius X still tried to negotiate a reconciliation between Austro-Hungary and Serbia, but without success.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Five days later, Austria-Hungary declared war, which came to have claimed some 10 million lives.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[118] However, Pope Pius X, with his sympathies, sided with Austro-Hungary, because because of changes in French policy, it was the last remaining Catholic European superpower.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[119] According to some thesis, the Austro-Hungarian emperor would even have asked the pope to bless the arms of the country, to which the Pope did not agree to.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[119] The papacy of Pius X's successor Benedict XV surpassed World War I.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Benedict XV called the World War “the suicide of Europe” and tried several times to bring peace between the two sides.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

However, several attempts at peace mediation by the pacifist pope did not pay off.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

It had only been five days since the election of a new pope, when he made the first of his many appeals for an end to war and “mindless slaughter.”


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[120] Benedict XV also appealed for peace, for example, in his circulars Ad beatissimi apostolorum [121] and Humani Generis redemptionem.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[122] Furthermore, in his post-war circular Quod iam diu Benedict XV also outlined his ideas for peace.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[123] The pacifist pope tried to appeal to the parties of the war to end the fighting, but both sides condemned the pope's statement.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In addition to ending the war, Benedict XV tried, among other things, to bring about a truce for Christmas saints and to organise a joint devotional moment for peace.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Neither proposal was accepted.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

No pope's appeal met with backlash, and the parties did not more approve of the Pope's most extensive peace mediation proposal of 1917.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The reason for bringing down this peace mediation proposal was the situation in the war: the English and French felt the proposal was unfavourable to them, and the Central Powers, enthusiastic about the Russian implosion, were unwilling to accept the proposal either.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Pope was not included even in the post-war negotiations; he was forced to remain an outsider until the end.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[120] The Catholic Church in World War II during World War II as pope was Pius XII.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After becoming pope, he tried to prevent the outbreak of World War I and proposed negotiations to the European states to keep the peace.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

His request was rebuffed.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

When war broke out, the Pope still tried to keep Italy out of it, but failed in this too.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Both sides in the war sought to win over the Holy See, but the Vatican had decided, under the pope's leadership, to remain neutral, as it had done in World War I.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[124] Although Pius XII acted for peace during the war, seeking to help residents and prisoners of war in distress in various countries, more attention is paid in modern times to his silence about the mass extermination of Jews.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

It is true that the Vatican knew better than other states about the systematic extermination of Jews.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[124] The treaty with Mussolini and the events of World War II had reduced the authority of the Pope in the world, which is why the wartime pope Pius XII was even accused of being a Nazi at one time and suspected of protecting Nazi criminals.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[125] In any case, the Pope was not active against the Germans, even though the Catholic Church did not support National Socialism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Admittedly, the Pope probably would not have had the opportunity to prevent or even contain the Holocaust, even if he had condemned it.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Pope had reason to assume that a direct condemnation of the case would only have made matters worse.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

On one day, the pope burned his writing opposing concentration camps, which he had intended to publish in Italian papers, because a similar statement in the Netherlands had led to the imprisonment of tens of thousands of Catholics of Jewish descent.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Defenders of the pope's actions also usually remember the papal action during the German occupation of Rome in 1943, when the pope allowed about five thousand Jews to be hidden in the Vatican and the city's monasteries.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[124] Controversial Opus Dei In 1928, Spanish priest Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer y Albás founded Opus Dei, which later became the Personal Prelature of the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the first years of Opus Dei, Josémaría Escrivá urged those who followed him to be discrete about Opus Dei until the time the organization would take its first legal form.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Then Father Josémaría Escrivá wrote: “Work grew inside, unborn, in pregnancy, was only personal apostolate”. [126].


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

We also read in the contemplate number 970 of the Book of Road: “It is true that I have given your wise apostolate the name" silent and functional mission “.- I have no reason to change what I said”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[127] This is why the book “History of Christianity 2000: From Reformation to Modern Times” says that Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer obliged the members of Opus Dei to remain silent about their activities in the Society.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[128] Beginning in 1950, Opus Dei was continuously expanding.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Activity centers emerged in Germany, the Netherlands, Argentina, Canada, Venezuela and other Western European and American countries.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

It was then followed by Japan, Philippines, Nigeria, Australia, Kenya, Congo, Ivory Coast, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sweden (1984), Taiwan, Finland (1987), followed by e.g.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Poland (1989), Hungary and the Czech Republic (1990), India, Israel, Lithuania (1993) and Estonia (1996).


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 2015, Opus Dei included approx.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

93,986 members, 2,094 of whom are priests, the rest are laity and in modern times Opus Dei operates worldwide.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Judging by membership numbers, it is clearly larger than any Catholic rulemaking.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The figures are influenced in part by the fact that Opus Dei also accepts female members, but the differences in the number of members between it and the various rules are still huge.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 2004—05, for example, Jesuits were calculated to number around 20200, while Opus Dei had a membership of as many as 85,000.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, the Franciscans numbered about 16000 members and the Benedictines 7,900.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[129] In addition to this, it must be taken into account that, for example, compared to 1990 figures, the membership numbers of the Jesuits, Franciscans and Benedictines have fallen by thousands, while Opus Dei has increased by about seven thousand members between 1990 and 2005.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 2015, there were already 91,892 members in Opus Dei.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[130] To Rome Josemaría Escrivá moved permanently in 1946, where he established the headquarters of Opus Dei.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He died in Rome on 26 June 1975.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Action for his consecration was taken in Rome on 19 February 1981 by 69 cardinals and approx.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

1300 at the request of the bishop.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

On April 9, 1990, Pope John Paul II declared heroic his Christian virtues and on July 6, 1991, the Pope declared one of his intercessions read as a miracle of the nature of healing.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

John Paul II declared the founder of Opus Dei blissful in Rome on 17 May 1992 and holy on 6 October 2002.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The founder of Opus Dei is deeply respected in the community and Saint Josemaría Escrivá belongs inextricably to Opus Dei.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The essence of his teaching is the infancy of God as well as living the holy life in the midst of ordinary everyday life [131].


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

This teaching, especially at the time of the founding of Opus Dei, was radically contrasted with the notion in the Catholic Church that a person devoted to God should go to a monastery.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Second Vatican Council gives new direction, convened by Pope John XXIII, who ruled in the 1960s, the Second Vatican Church Conference was a highly significant event for the Catholic Church and is among the most significant events for the Catholic Church in the 20th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The ecclesiastical assembly caused a reversal in the Catholic Church's attitude towards other Christian churches and denominations.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Similarly, as a result of ecclesiastical assembly, the Catholic Church's perception of itself and the modernising world changed.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[132] In particular, the latter change was very significant, since the papacy had been marked by the conflict of the papacy of the papacy of the papacy of the papacy of the papacy of the papacy of the papacy of the papacy of the papacy of the papacy of the Pope


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Second Vatican Council differed greatly from the previous ecclesiastical assemblies, as that ecclesiastical assembly greatly reformed the Catholic Church, which was considered archaic.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

For example, 90 years before the start of the Second Vatican Church Conference, the First Vatican Church had not reformed the Catholic Church but strengthened the power of the Pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In addition, the documents prepared at the Second Vatican Conference of Ecclesiastics sought to be adopted by means of compromise solutions with the greatest possible voting majorities, [132] in contrast to, for example, the First Ecclesiastical Conference of the Vatican, where Pope Pius IX had opposed a number of compromises and carried through the will of the Pope despite much opposition.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among the results of the Second Vatican Council of Ecclesiastics were sixteen approved documents.