Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Especially the rooftop years caused riots, in which popular forces sought to set the price of grain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Mills, farmers and grain carriers were threatened with force unless they sold grain at the set price.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[30] Letters of threat and small-scale vandalism were common means used by the public.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

A death sentence for a negligible crime may have triggered a riot.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The leaders of the riot could be freed by force.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The warfolk were reluctant to address internal problems, and if called in, it was usually late.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

If the army ever got there, it could lead to such widespread terror that even those who called in the army asked the army to leave.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[27] The consequence of this was that the judiciary was forced to seek solutions that satisfied all parties [29] and local authorities learned to be negotiating sensitive.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[31] [27] Rahvah's inspiration in his legal struggle was the radical MP and newspaperman John Wilkes (1725—1797), who sought to expand suffrage.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[32] Another person who was popular with the people was Thomas Paine (1737—1809), read as the Founding Father of the United States on some occasions, but also influenced in England.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[32] Despite internal instability, it was not until the French Revolution that made the nobility fear revolution in England as well, and it hardened the grip of the state in the late 18th century.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[32] Due to the growth and urbanisation of the market economy, the pool of merchants, officials, specialists, teachers, accountants, entertainers and the like began to expand.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[33] The power of these was limited by a client relationship with the nobility.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[33] Over the course of the 18th century, an increase in the size of intermediate groups reduced dependence on the nobility.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[33] There was a refusal within the nobility to accept the meaningfulness of the concept of “middle class” until the end of the 18th century.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[33] Once there was sufficient wealth, the right to vote was gained and, as the force grew, the position of the bourgeoisie in parliamentary administration began to improve.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes about the state gained more ground.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith (1723—1790) began to speak critically of the prevailing economic policy, which he called mercantilism.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

After the middle of the century, the British image of their own country had changed from bigoted to freedom-favouring, prosperity-seeking and trading superpower.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[34] At that time Anglophilia of continental European civilisation was also at its peak.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The war against an independent United States, which began in 1775, was perceived to be a struggle against freedom and Anglophobia emerged on the continent.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[35] Science and Engineering in the 18th century Isaac Newton published in 1687 his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in which he laid out the fundamentals of mechanics.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In his studies, Newton applied the natural science method that had already been used by Galileo Galilei.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

As this method began to be better understood, there was a desire to apply it more widely.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[36] The French, influenced partly in England by Denis Papin (1647—1712), built a pressure cooker and safety valve for it in 1681, as well as the first steam engine in 1690.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[37] His research was published by the Royal Society between 1707 and 1712.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1712 Thomas Newcomen (1663—1729) built the first commercially significant steam engine, drawing on the ideas of Thomas Savery (1650—1715) as well as the first steam engine in 1698.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In England, the struggle for power between the king and parliament resulted in the Statute of Monopolies of 1624, the king gaining the right to grant a monopoly to any particular invention only for a specified period of time.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[38] Its idea was to promote technology.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[38] This law evolved into patent law, which is considered to have been a promoter of the Industrial Revolution.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[38] Savery's patent was extended by the Special Fire Machine Act until 1733.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

By 1775, about 600 Newcomen steam pumps had been built, which were used in the mines to extract water.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Since Johannes Gutenberg's invention of book printing, more printing had also begun to be printed on various farming guides and similar technical guides.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Despite this, in the 18th century mechanical engineering skills were mainly still knowledge spread through apprentices.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Quite complex and precise clocks could already be constructed, such as the first valid chronometer of 1759.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Water mills had been utilised in Europe since Roman times and windmills since the Middle Ages.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

These had increased in number year by year and were used for simple tasks to grind grain, forge pieces of iron, pull iron wire and wool cloth into vera and sedge.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[39] Organisation of work in the 17th and 18th centuries The manufacture of better and more uniform equipment demanded by the armies also gave rise to better organised production.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The 17th and 18th centuries saw the emergence of large craft establishments, manufactures, where uniforms, rifles and sailcloth were mass-produced according to subscribers' quality standards.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[40] Hundreds, even thousands of workers could work in these.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[40] Parallel to this was a cost system based on the domestic industry.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In it, the publisher, or the subscriber, took out a loan from the bank to pay wages to domestic workers and supplied them with the material for the manufacture of fabrics for the winter.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The workers were farmers who had time in the winter season.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

They used wage money to buy seed grain and pay wages to harvest season workers.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

After harvesting, farmers deposited their excess money in banks.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[41] Money circulated in half-year cycles and banking expanded.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The cost system was flexible from the point of view of subscribers and employees alike.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[40] 18th and 19th century gear The essence of industrial subversion was mechanized factory work.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[42] The most significant invention of the First Industrial Revolution was the improvements made to the steam engine, although the steam engine did not yet have time to greatly influence industrial production during the First Industrial Revolution.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Instead, cotton spinning and weaving became more efficient with hydroelectric machinery and transitioned into factory work.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Other notable inventions included the use of coal in enhanced iron making.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Coal also became a source of energy for steam engines.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In the early 19th century, the steam engine began to be applied to traffic on the railroad and in ships.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In the early part of the 19th century, the first electronic message, or telegraph, was also introduced.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[42] Steam engine Thomas Newcomen built the first steam pump in 1712, which at best could lift 500 litres per minute, but consumed a lot of fuel.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[43] James Watt (1736—1818) developed a useful producer of rotating power from a steam pump, namely the steam engine.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[43] He added a condenser to it, a gate valve to also direct steam over the piston, a planetary gearbox mechanism to produce rotary motion, and a mechanized centrifugal control of the speed of rotation.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[44] In the 18th century, a safe pressure vessel could not be produced, so early steam engines operated under negative pressure, where cold water was injected into a piston containing hot steam.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In this case, the condensing steam created a negative pressure in the piston and the air pressure from the outside compressed the piston in, producing force.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[45] In an improvement presented by Watt and patented in 1769, steam cooling was transferred to the condenser.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

When the piston remained constantly hot, the efficiency of the machine improved significantly.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Fuel consumption dropped to a third.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[43] Other improvements received patent in the 1780s.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

When Watt's patents lapsed in the early 19th century, steam engine development work took off at a new pace.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1804 Richard Trevithick introduced the first steam locomotive using a steam engine and a steam boiler powered by overpressure.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

James Watt began to compare the workload produced by steam engines to horses and the term horsepower originated from him.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

As a result of Watt's work, it also began to be understood that there is a link between the amount of coal burned and the work done by the machine.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[45] Watt's machinery continued to be used to pump mines, but his improved machinery also began to be used in other tasks instead of hydroelectric or wind power, such as ships.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1800 Britain had about 2500 steam engines [43] and of these, the machine shop founded by Watt together with Matthew Boulton had built 496.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[46] Coal and iron manufacturing Coal could not be used in the manufacture of iron because coal contains sulphur.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Therefore, charcoal was used to reduce iron ore, resulting in European forests becoming scarce and forested countries such as Sweden and Norway becoming major iron producers.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The use of coal in the manufacture of iron had been tried as early as the 17th century, but the problem was its sulphur content.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Abraham Darby developed a method in 1709 to make coke, or purified coal, using coat iron.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[47] Coke had begun to be used as early as 1642 in the production of beer, as it did not destroy the kettle and gave no error of taste.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

After Darby's invention, England's production of coat iron and coal consumption began to increase.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1784 Henry Cort developed the putlaus method, whereby coat iron could be made by mellowing low-carbon cooking steel.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[45] The method made Britain the largest iron producer in Europe in a couple of decades.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[48] Production in 1788 was 32000 tonnes and 680000 tonnes in 1830.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[48] On the continent, the same level of iron production per capita as Britain in 1790 was not achieved until 1870.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[49] Coke, which displaced charcoal by 1790, is better in thermal value than coal.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[48] It also does not produce sulphur compounds corrosive to iron when burned, so coke was also burned in steam engines.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Steam engines, on the other hand, were able to operate deeper and deeper mines and transport coal longer distances.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

By burning coal, humanity first adopted fossil fuel and gained control of the abundant energy accumulated over millennia.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[42] Britain produced 24 million tonnes of coal in 1830, which was 75% of world production.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[49] In 1870, production was already 110 million tonnes, which represented another half of world production.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[49] Cotton and textile industries The English East Indies Trading Company began in the 17th century to import cotton fabrics from India.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

There were different grades of fabrics.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

They were light, colorful, washable and retained their color well.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Because of this, they were commercially successful.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

European textile workers were unable to compete with these fabrics and they began to demand import protection.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

This is what they got, and by the 18th century the import of cotton fabrics was prohibited in almost all of Europe.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Unprocessed cotton was still allowed to be imported, which encouraged entrepreneurs especially in England to exploit it.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The main stages of work on cotton fabric are spinning and weaving.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The garment industry was a home industry where women traditionally spun the threads and men wove the fabrics.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Spinning took considerably more time, and the problem was exacerbated when John Kay invented the flying shuttle in 1733, with which the speed of fabric weaving was doubled.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Development of wire spinning The spinning problem made us wait for a couple of decades to be solved.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1764, James Hargreaves manufactured a device known as the spinning jenny.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

This quite simple machine eightfold increased the efficiency of spinning and changed the direction of industrial development in England.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

At the same time, it also promoted the use of child labour because small- and nifty-fingered children more effectively joined together broken threads.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Before spinning Jenny, houseworkers spun by hand about 250,000 pounds of cotton.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1785, the number had risen to seven million kilograms.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Richard Arkwright was the central figure in the genesis of the textile industry proper.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

He gained possession of an improved version of the Kehruu-Jenny and added an external powerhouse to it, which was initially a perimeter run by horses.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

He built a hydro-powered mill in 1770 in the remote Derwent Valley to safeguard from the Luddites.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

This is considered to be the first modern factory.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1792 Arkwright had employed 5000 people and had assets of half a million pounds, which was then very much money.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Samuel Crompton developed a spinning machine called the 'spinning mule' in 1779, which was used to make stronger threads than by hand spinning.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[51] Production of cotton yarn per worker increased so that in 1800 production was already 150 times higher and in 1825 300 times.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[51] Fabric prices did not fall in the same proportion, as machinery required capital.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

From 1780 to 1850, the price of cotton cloth had dropped by 85%.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[51] The development of the weaving machine The country priest Edmund Cartwright became interested in the manufacture of cloth and in 1785 developed the mechanics of the loom so that an outside source of power could be used in it, so one can speak of a weaving machine.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

However, it took another half century for the weaving machine to be fully automated.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Richard Roberts patented an 1822 metal, automatic and very fast weaving machine, but even after that further significant improvements were made.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[52] The number of weaving machines increased after Cartwright's invention so that in 1851 a quarter of a million weaving machines were in operation in England.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Their number increased in England after this time by about one hundred thousand in ten years, and the maximum was reached in 1913, when there were 805000 copies in England.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

There were almost three million weaving machines in the whole world at that time.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[50] The cotton industry in England became an entirely manufacturing industry.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Spinners and weavers were assembled in the same facility.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Large factories were concentrated in the cities and Manchester became a metaphor for development.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[52] U.S. growth as a producer of cotton As the cotton industry and the number of weavers increased, the need for raw material also increased.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The southern part of the United States was a climate-friendly place to grow cotton.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The problem was that the only variety growing there was a tricky one because its home contained a lot of sticky seeds, three pounds per one kilo of cotton.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Seed separation wasn't economical, even with slave labor.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The problem of carding cotton was solved by Eli Whitney in 1797.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Known as gin, the cotton-seed separating machine he developed was simple and easily constructed.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Its use spread rapidly.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Thanks to cotton, the Confederate States of the United States began to become rich.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In the early 19th century, cotton became the most important trade commodity in world trade.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

1850 The United States produced two-thirds of the cotton purchased by Britain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[51] Cotton production increased from roughly zero in the early 19th century to nearly 1 billion pounds by the start of the Civil War.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Cotton production escalated the problems as slavery was allowed in a growing number of states due to the need for labor for the cotton fields.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Between 1793 and 1861, 800,000 slaves were exported from the North to the Confederate States.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[50] The importance of the textile industry In 1803, exports of cotton products exceeded the sale of traditional wool products in Britain for the first time.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[51] More than half of cotton products went for export.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[51] From 1790 to 1820, the share of the cotton industry rose from ninth place to become the most important industrial sector.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

At the same time, it became the main export product, with a share that rose to almost half of total exports.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[51] The same situation continued even in the 1840s.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[53] The main market for fabrics was continental Europe and there Prussia and then the German Customs Union.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[53] The customs union, Belgium and France together consumed raw cotton only one-third of what Britain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[53] In France, wages were lower than in Britain, but their products were 25% more expensive than Britons.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[53] In 1860, the production technology of the cotton industry had reached a level at which it could produce fabrics at a cost of only one-eighth compared to the cost of 1780.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[53] Britain exported 60% of their production and they held 80% of the market still in 1880.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[53] Transport and Telecommunications Steamships on Canals Construction of canals in England gained momentum in the 1750s.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The main river routes were connected to each other.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

From 1750 to 1820, almost 5000 km of canals were built.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[54] The Erie Canal, built in the United Kingdom, was most affected by the passage in this period, when it opened the route from the Hudson River to the Great Lakes and greatly shortened grain transport distances.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Grain had previously been transported via the Mississippi River.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

As a result, travel time was reduced from three to one weeks and transportation costs fell considerably.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[55] Canals and rivers provided a good place for steamships to develop, as sailing was difficult and ships were often hauled by horses on shore.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

A breakthrough in the use of steam to power ships was the ship built by American Robert Fulton.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Fulton had test-driven in England on Charlotte Dundas and was familiar with the inventions of John Fitch.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[56] In this 1807 North River Steamboat (Clermont) steamboat built on the Hudson River, an 18-horsepower steam engine manufactured by the Watt and Boulton mill was placed.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

On her first 12-hour voyage, the ship achieved an average speed of 4.7 knots.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

For the same journey, the river burrs used four days.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In five years, there were already more than fifty steam ships in US coastal and river traffic.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Commercial steamboat operations in England were initiated by the PS Comet ship built by Henry Bell.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1815 there were already twenty steam-powered ships in England.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[57] However, railway Canals could not be taken to every coal mine or iron blast furnace, in which case their transport was arranged by rails but drawn by horses to the nearest port.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

For such an industrial line, Richard Trevithick built the first usable steam locomotive in 1804.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1815, a customs was enacted on United States grain in England to safeguard England's own agriculture.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

As a result of the Act, the price of grain rose and it became cheaper, especially for coal mines, to operate a steam locomotive than horses eating expensive feed.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[58] Industrial lines developed technology and track construction gained momentum when a Rocket locomotive won a competition in 1829 to organise traffic between Liverpool and Manchester.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The Rocket was built by Robert Stephenson along with his father George Stephenson.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In the race, Rocket pulled five times its own weight in front of the load and achieved an average speed of 33 km/h on one full passenger car.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

This began the rapid proliferation of railways, and as early as 1840 there were 3000 miles of railways in England.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[59] The first railway on the European continent opened in 1835 in Belgium.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[60] On the European continent, railways had a significant impact on industrial development, especially in Germany and Russia.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[60] In 1850 Britain still had as many railways as the continent combined.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[60] Powerful railway construction on the continent employed British industry as railway stock was ordered from Britain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[60] Funding also came largely from Britain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[60] Telegraph The first telegraph system was built in the United States by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The telegraph line between New York and Baltimore was commissioned on May 24, 1844.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

A single wire connection was enough for this telegraph, as different characters were encoded by electrifying different pulse queues, namely the Morse alphabet.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Morse and Vail's use of the telegraph quickly became widespread and within a few years it almost completely superseded competing systems.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[61] The telegraph spread rapidly along with the construction of the railways, as the telegraph was used to ensure the safety of the railway.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The train was not sent to travel until it was verified that the track was free.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Clocks and Changing Time Conception Mechanical clocks had begun to be built as early as the Middle Ages and in the 17th century all larger agglomerations began to have a clock in the tower of the town hall or church by which the time of the locality was indicated by the bell ringing.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The watch announced the opening of the market, but its goal was also to get people on time to rest and get up early for work and duty.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Beginning in the 1660s, cabinet clocks began to become common in homes.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

From the early 18th century it began to become common for watchmakers to buy ready-made clock parts from Birmingham to build cabinet clocks.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The manufacture of pocket watches became common in the 18th century and was concentrated in a few localities, including London, Coventry, Prescot and Liverpool.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The annual volume of manufacture is thought to have been around 120000—190000 bells in the peak year 1796.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Watches were relatively expensive, but even the poorer could buy one at a better time because the watches remained in value and could be pawned.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The dexterity of watchmakers is considered crucial to the development, construction and running of machinery early in industrialization.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

From 1797 to 1798, a clock tax was in effect in England, where the owners of watches had to pay tax on their watches.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

For the sake of the tax, there are estimates of the tax proceeds and at the same time the number of clocks: silver and metal clocks 800000, gold watches 400000 and cabinet clocks 1200000 pieces.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The tax proved impossible to implement and had a very detrimental effect on watch production in England.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

French and Swiss watch manufacturers gained a leading position in the market.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[62] In agrarian society, time conception was task-oriented, animals had to be fed daily and grain sown on time.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The prevalence of clocks coincided with the need for pacing the larger work demanded by industrialization.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Workers in mines and factories in the countryside also farmed the land or fished along the coasts, leaving them off work during the high seasons.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

As industrialization progressed and urbanized, labor discipline needed to improve.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In the 18th century, pay was contractual or temporary, but in the early 19th century there was a shift more to a time-based weekly wage.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

There were legitimate reasons for employers to monitor working hours.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The factory clock began to impose a working rhythm.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

When workers too could have their own pocket watch, disputes arose over the accuracy of time measurement and in some cases factories forbade their employees from bringing their own watches into the workplace.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[63] The mills could operate in local time, where time was paced according to the sun, but it very soon became necessary to introduce uniform time in railway transport, which was carried out by railway companies in the 1840s.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The time followed on the railways became the basic time commonly used in England in 1880.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[64] Other notable inventions The development of machine tools helped manufacture more precise machinery parts, for example cylinders and pistons for steam engines.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

New methods of chemical yield, for example in the production of sulfuric acid.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Portland cement Gas lighting, which helped illuminate cities and factories.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The factories could use gaslight to work more extensively even in the dark ages.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In the manufacture of flat glass, a new cylinder method.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Because of this, it was possible to make steel-frame greenhouses.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The method of construction was used in the new railway stations and the most famous representative of the style is the Crystal Palace at the 1851 London World's Fair.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Continuous flat wire paper machine, referred to as Fourdrinier according to its inventor.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle in 1786.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

This reduced the need for labour so that the use of the machine led to extensive revolts by farm workers in 1830 known as the Swing Riots.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The beginning of industrialization around the Channel and the spread to the European continent on the European continent was noted early in the development of Britain and information about it was abundant available.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] In order to maintain its competitive position, England had placed industrial production machinery under an export ban in the 1780s.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[66] To bypass the ban, European countries enticed English machine builders to move to the continent to manufacture textile machinery.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[66] Many later established machinery manufacturing companies.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[66] Among those who emigrated particularly well were brothers William and John Cockerill, who founded a foundry and machine shop in Liège.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[66] Belgium liberalised the export of machinery in 1830 and English technology was supplied to Europe from Liège.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[66] The English export ban decayed and it was gradually lifted between 1836 and 1842.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[66] During the 19th century, the first industrial revolution came from the European continent, including areas along the eastern bank of the Channel and the regions of major rivers, such as parts of the Netherlands and the Ruhr region in present-day Germany, north-eastern France and especially the southern part of Belgium, which became independent in 1830, Wallonia.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[67] These areas had large coal reserves, iron mines and iron production.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[67] In Belgium and the Netherlands, trade and industry had a great deal of political power and were early in favour of the liberalisation of goods markets within the States and the movement of labour and capital.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[67] These countries moved, like England, without much trouble, to capitalism after 1815.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[67] Continent industrialization development in the 18th century In the early days of the Industrial Revolution technology moved to the Channel as it was in use in Britain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] This took 10 to 20 years from the first introduction of the machines.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Imported technology prospered if conditions were equivalent to those in England.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Failure to make the technology work could happen as it did for the textile industry on the continent, which disappeared due to British competition.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] In the 1820s, Belgium and France began to produce their own textile machinery, but it was not until the 1850s in Germany.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Construction of steam engines began in France in 1815, in Belgium and the Rhineland in 1820, and in Saint Petersburg in 1825.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] British cotton machines had already been imported into France in the 18th century before the Revolution, but after the Napoleonic Wars these machines were obsolete.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Coke in France had been made with English doctrines as early as 1785, but even this skill had to be re-learnt 30 years later.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] In 1784 a steam engine manufactured by Watt and Boulton was also experimented in France for iron production using bellows, but this facility fell through 1818 for cheap British iron.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] After the Revolution, France no longer received British engineering and was unable to increase the production of iron, which would have been needed for weapons.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Prussia experimented with putling in the manufacture of iron at Gleiwitz (now Gliwice) 1794—96.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] The first steam pump to Newcome's design had been built in 1751 at a mine in the Ruhr region.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Cotton machines came to Verviers and Ghent in Belgium at the turn of the 1700—1800 figures.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] A steam pump had been built in Liège as early as 1721, therefore earlier than several English mines.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Wallonia developed into the most industrialised region on the continent in the 19th century.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[66] In Russia, St. Petersburg came the first spinning Jenny already in 1798, but Russia remained the recipient of European technology.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] The growth of iron production in England deprived the Russian iron market in Europe.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[65] With the acceleration of industrialisation in the early 19th century, Britain had accumulated a huge amount of debt by the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

There was more than £1 million in debt and, as a proportion of gross domestic product, debt was over 250 per cent.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Britain balanced the state budget and began to follow policies that would lead to a growing economy so that the debt would decrease relative to the overall output of the economy.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Britain managed to solve the indebtedness, as industrialisation brought growth rates of the economy not seen before.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[68] [69] Since the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the continent's industry has fallen badly behind Britain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] This slowed further industrialisation on the continent, as cheap British products dragged the market.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Britain's industrial success coupled with superpower status and control of trade and seas put the continent's states in a coercive situation with the risk of over-dependence on Britain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Initially an attempt was made to protect themselves by customs.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] The fastest began to adopt British industrial machinery and operating customs in the 1820s and 1830s, but for example Germany new its cotton industry machines only in the 1840s.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] The continent also feared the social change brought about by industrialisation and the impact on employment.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] In the early part of the 19th century, British influence extended to almost all new industry on the continent.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] In 1824, according to official calculations, more than 2000 British entrepreneurs, mechanics and machine builders were employed on the continent, often backed by British capital as well.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] On the other hand, when European industry got a little bit on its feet, ideas and inventions also moved from the continent to Britain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] It was only after the mid-19th century that Western European companies took a greater market position from the industrialization of Eastern Europe.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] The most successful 19th century mainland industry from the state was Belgium, which by 1830 was the continent's largest producer of coal and by the 1850s it produced more iron than France or the region later known as the German Empire.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Belgium remained the continent's most industrialised country on a per capita basis until 1913.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Impact Status of working people and child labour The transition of labour from rural domestic industry to urban manufacturing improved production capacity, but at the same time created new problems.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

For a part of the craftsmen, machines took their income.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The introduction of the weaving machine in the early 19th century caused such great bitterness in craftsmen that they attacked factories and smashed machinery.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Quite widespread attention was received by one such group, called the Luddites.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

However, the industrialisation development that had been launched failed to halt.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[71] As early as the late 18th century, the spinning Jenny promoted the use of child labour.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[72] Growing industry began to use more and more child labour in England.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The reasons were that children could be paid lower wages and were better adapted to the industrial rhythm of work.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[73] The children's position was poor.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Infant mortality was high, according to one statistic half died before the age of seventeen.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[74] On the other hand, a lot of children were born, because that way parents could ensure that one of the children survived and was able to take care of their parents when they were elderly.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[75] In poor homes, everyone had to contribute to the acquisition of the measure.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

As young as six years old were put into mining jobs because they could walk through narrow passageways.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Because of their long hours, they could not see the sun and suffered from vitamin D deficiency.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[76] Industrial chemicals were toxic; for example, lead and arsenic were used in colours.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Young children were also used as sooty boys in cleaning flue flues.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[76] Children had almost no outlaw.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

It wasn't until 1814 that a law came that forbade the theft of children.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Many factories employed 12—14 hours six days a week [76] and it was not until the Factory Working Hours Act 1833 that limited the working day for children under 13 to ten hours per day and eight hours on Saturday, as well as prohibiting night work.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The Mining Works Act of 1842 forbade women and boys under 12 years of age from mining.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Children's misery was compounded by a poor nutritional situation.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1750, it was estimated that a third of London residents, particularly those without permanent employment, would go to bed penniless.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[76] In the 1860s, London was estimated to have 100,000 street children.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[76] Industrial labour and economic restructuring In his book The Wealth of Peoples (1776) Adam Smith tells of the manufacture of eyeneedles.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

By example, he wants to portray the difference between handicraft and industrial work.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The craftsman made the eyepin one by one from iron wire.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In industrial manufacturing, the work was divided into stages of stuttering iron thread, giving the needle a rough shape, beheading a needle eye at one end, then sanding the needle into shape, hardened, and finally, a surface treatment was made.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[77] This allowed the work to be divided into parts where few skills were needed, which has been the driving principle of all industrialisation.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Child labour could therefore also be used.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Industry did not civilize the working population.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[78] In needle manufacturing, the rise in productivity also came not just from the phasing of work, but phasing allowed mechanization and needles to be made in larger batches.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith estimates productivity will rise 260 per cent.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[78] Man became a part of the machine in a way and in this role the human with his weaknesses became a bottleneck in production.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[78] The industrial revolution proceeded by replacing muscle work with mechanical force and hand skill with automation.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[78] In the factory, the work may not have been done in rivakammi than in handicraft, but the work had become simpler and more one-sided.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[78] Work phasing has been seen as a tool for maximising the cutting and deprivation of workers, as the new mode of production often caused poor treatment of the working people.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[78] On the other hand, phasing started the development of processes and tools, and improved the understanding of materials and processes.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[78] The relationship between machinery and human labour since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution has been debated, does new technology increase unemployment or do the opposite with rising incomes and demand?


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] From the perspective of the overall economy, it is clear that mechanisation also increased the need for craftsmen.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] The economic growth of the 18th century improved employment in labor-intensive textile manufacturing.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] When spinning machines came and the price of wire dropped, spinners switched to weavers.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] As weaving mechanized, the amount of sewing work increased, and especially after the advent of sewing machines, the work at home increased.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] It was not until the late 19th century that a breakthrough in the textile industry made sewing a factory job.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] However, much home-sewing was done until the garment industry moved away from Europe.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] The same phenomenon occurred in the machinery industry when maintenance men and repairmen began to be needed.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] The old practitioners are particularly affected by economic restructuring, as they sought to continue in the old way, preferring to tighten the belt rather than learn the new.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] Youth had greater capacity to choose new jobs.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] The industrial revolution prospered because young people chose new professions, regions and cities.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[79] Economic change in Britain The cotton industry employed around 1.1 million people in Britain in 1850, mines about 300,000 and iron production 100,000.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Britain became the first export-led industrial country.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[80] In 1870 British exports were greater than French, German and Italian exports combined.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Agriculture also experienced significant productivity gains and had the highest productivity compared to the rest of Europe.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Even this was not enough for Britain's growing population; in 1840 about one-fifth of food was imported.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Agriculture accounted for about 20% of British national product in 1860.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[80] In 1913 it was only 7% and about half of the organ requirements were then imported.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Industrialization and the state in the late 18th century states still were very mercantalist and protectionism was used especially to support agriculture, but also industry.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[81] Although the objective of the British mercantilist state was to support industry, it did not lead to much industry in the 18th or early 19th centuries [81].


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

On the other hand, the ban on importing cotton cloth to support artisans or grain duties to support farming indirectly promoted mechanization.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

A new way of thinking, economic liberalism, played a crucial role in accelerating industrialization.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[81] The idea of liberalism, whose father is considered Adam Smith, is to give freedom of enterprise to all citizens.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[81] For the state, this is easier when officials were no longer responsible for the emergence of businesses.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[81] When an entrepreneur's goal is success, he or she is ready to adopt all the new technologies that he can expect will help towards a better financial result.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[81] In the industrial subversion of England, the status of the state was reduced, it has even been called a nightwatchman state.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[82] The conditions for industrialisation had arisen in the arm's-length development of agriculture, trade and technology and transport.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[82] It was left to the State to promote development by liberalising legislation and promoting regional decision-making and individuals' initiative.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[82] The laissez-faire attitude exercised by England in the 19th century has been considered a model of industrialisation.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[82] This ignores the fact that the English State protected the interests of shipping and trade through its protectionist legislation.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[82] In the late 18th century, Britain spent large sums equipping against France specifically to equip the navy, thereby supporting industrial development.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[82] British dominance of the seas pacified shipping in the 19th century, and created the world's largest free trade zone.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[82] Due to its functioning market economy and high internal mobility, England was able to take advantage of these advantages.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[82] In the early stages, industrialization was a local event and did not affect at the Reich level until much later.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[83] Scotland was a very backward country in the early 18th century, but within 100 years it became the most industrialised part of Britain.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[83] The opposite region is Ireland, which did not create industry in the 19th century.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[83] Likewise, as a strong agricultural region, the south of England remained largely sidelined by industrialisation.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[83] The organisation of the working population and the labour movement during the First Industrial Revolution was juxtaposed with old and new systems affecting production activities, for example, the trade union was not formally abolished in England until 1835.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[81] The professional guilds had controlled the interests of the professions and nurtured the tradition of handicrafts.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[84] The new organisations were different in that they nurtured the idea that the individual worker was vulnerable in relation to the capital owner, but in cooperation they are able to improve their position.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[84] In 1820 there was a general strike in Scotland organised by radicals defending the rights of craftsmen, and in 1825 the Parliament of England enacted the Combination Act 1825, restricting the organisation of labourers.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In the 1820s and 1830s, attempts were made to establish a country-wide trade union.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

One was brought into existence in 1845.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The movement of labour between 1830 and 1850 is known as Chartism.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The upper class of society viewed worker orders as a platform for conspirators seeking socialism.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[84] Widespread riots arose in 1848 and the Labour movement was confronted by the British Army.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[84] Among factory managers were individuals who felt the public interest was to distribute job outcomes more evenly.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

A well-known such person was Robert Owen (1771—1858) who, while serving as a factory manager in Scotland, developed a paint plant out of the mill through social reforms.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

He was also the founder of the cooperative movement and is considered a pioneer of labor law.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Karl Marx later referred to these individuals as utopia socialists.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[85] Population growth and emigration The population of England and Wales remained from 1700 until 1740 at around six million.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Subsequently, the population began to grow sharply.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 1801 the population size was 8.3 million and in 1850 16.8 million.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In 2007, the population was 61 million.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[86] There had been constant migration from England to America before the Industrial Reversion, but this had been low in population terms.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

1820 began with England as the first European country to have a wider migration, between 1821 and 1850 some 2.6 million people emigrated from England, of which the Irish accounted for a significant proportion.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[87] In the rest of Europe, such an extensive migration did not begin until after 1850.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[87] By 1700 the population growth rate was about 0.1% and then accelerated to 0.5%, which it remained until the end of the 19th century.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[88] Population growth has also been influenced by the prolongation of life, which began in Western Europe as early as the 18th century.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[88] In demographic conversion typically, mortality rates fall first and birth rates slightly later.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[88] Due to the increase in life expectancy, investment in people's education has become more profitable.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[88] Industrialization did not initiate population growth, but these phenomena have gone hand and supported each other.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[88] New needs, capital and urbanization The capital became an increasingly important condition for industrialization due to expensive investment in machinery.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] At the beginning of industrialization, the capital was still not much affected because the machinery was simple, made by village blacksmiths and the buildings modest.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] What was more significant was that merchants, publishers or enterprising craftsmen with even small capital understood the potential of manufacturing and were prepared to try something new.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] Early on new ways of using capital were developed.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] The factory could lease production space and purchase propulsion.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] Several factories could be assembled around the same energy source, hydro or steam engine.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] As factories were concentrated, conditions also arose for infrastructure development.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] This resulted in better supplies of raw materials and more reliable links with the market.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] In the early stages, factories were forced to build housing for workers and set up shops.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] Towns developed around factory clusters.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] Trade and technological expertise was concentrated in cities.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[89] In England, the towns that became hubs for trade, transport and other services grew rapidly in the 19th century.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[90] In 1800, 23% of the population lived in the cities, 45% in 1850, and in 1910 already 75%.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[90] This urbanization development occurred half a century earlier than elsewhere.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[90] Urbanisation was partly due to the nineteenth-century whooping population growth and partly because mechanising industries sought to concentrate.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[91] In 18th century England, the wool industry had been located around the country in small units.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

One hundred years later, too, it was concentrated, like the cotton industry.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[91] Mechanised production became major production and as the market grew into a world market, the industry demanded large numbers of workers around them.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[91] Cities began to develop into big cities, for example London grew from around one million to a city of 4.7 million inhabitants during the 19th century.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[91] Gradually, production methods became internationalized and trade became world trade, making almost all countries and people dependent on international business cycles.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[91] The intensification of forms of production led to an unprecedented increase in the wealth of cities, businesses and individual citizens.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

On the other hand, a new group of people formed in society, the working class, who worked long hours and lived in poverty nonetheless.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[92] In Western Europe and North America, a large number of people moved from rural areas to cities as land work was replaced by industrial wage labour.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In addition to the development of transportation, technological advances in the communication of information also spurred widespread social and economic change.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Impact on politics The social and economic changes following the Industrial Subversion fundamentally changed the nature, purpose and state structure of politics.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The change became clear no later than the 1830s.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Economic development, publicly funded education and social welfare projects became the main factual issues of the state.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[93] Rapid economic changes impoverished educated laborers, while increasing overall production as work phase by phase was automated (see also Luddites).


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The concentration of population in urban centers intensified the need for political reforms.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The ideas of equality and unease over economic changes also contributed to the pressure for change.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The introduction of steam power in the industrial processes of book printing greatly expanded the number of newspapers and book publishing.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

This increased literacy and demands for political participation of the masses.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Universal male suffrage was introduced in the United States, leading to the election of popular General Andrew Jackson in 1828 and the emergence of modern mass parties.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[94] In Britain, the Reform Act 1832 responded to a problem that had become relevant with the emergence of large population densities in areas with almost no parliamentary representation.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

This law expanded the pool of suffragettes, created modern political parties, and began a series of reforms that continued all the way into the 20th century.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

In France, the July Revolution expanded the electorate and transformed the country into a constitutional monarchy.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[95] Belgium gained independence as a constitutional monarchy in 1830 after separating from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which had included for 15 years.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The struggle to implement liberal reforms achieved mixed results in Switzerland.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The next series of attempts to initiate political reform swept across Europe in 1848, with mixed results.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

This also triggered mass migration from Europe to North America — and also parts of South America, South Africa and Australia.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Why Europe?


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Historians have been troubled by the question of why the Industrial Revolution took place in Europe and not in other parts of the world, for example in China.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Environment, statesmanship and culture have been suggested as the main reasons.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Benjamin Elman argues that China was in a situation where non-industrial manufacturing methods were so effective that they prevented the development of large industrial methods requiring capital.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Kenneth Pommeranz, on the other hand, thinks that China and Europe were strikingly similar in the 18th century, and major factors contributing to the birth of industrial subversion were due to the location of coal deposits relative to the centres of production and the production of raw materials such as food and wood America, favoring Europe.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Due to China's large population, there was no need to develop machinery to replace cheap labour.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

The old land also weaned from reforms.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Why Britain?


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Why did the process of industrial revolution start in Britain thirty — a hundred years before continental Europe and the United States?


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[96] Population growth began in Britain before the Industrial Revolution, what is the ratio of these?


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[96] Could Britain have prospered by trade alone, without industrialisation?


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[96] One reason for early industrialisation is that Britain waged wars behind the seas, thus avoiding the fears and devastations of the conquest of its own territories which had plagued the rest of Europe.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[96] Canals, the single currency and internal customs liberalisation, abundant coal and steel resources, deforestation that supported new energy inventions, and attitudes towards economic growth, enterprise and risk-taking are usually reasons.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[96] Some stress the country received natural and economic resources from overseas colonies or the proceeds earned by the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Subsequent calculations have shown that the colonies were, as a whole, a bad transaction for the parent countries because the income was less than expenses.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[97] For individual entrepreneurs, colonies could still be lucrative ventures.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[97] An alternative reason has been given greater freedom of trade than elsewhere.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

More merchants in Britain were able to exploit scientific and technological advances more effectively than in countries founded on a stronger kingship.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[98] The level of technology on the European continent was not any weaker and connections there were quite abundant.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[98] Continental markets did not perform as well as Britain, the agricultural surplus went to the upper class and there was a clammy attitude towards price competition at the local level.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[98] Britain's developed, export-oriented domestic industry also ensured an already ready market for many early production goods.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

New inventions were often introduced and developed by carpenters, watchmakers, or other professions of the rather poor social classes.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

For example, James Watt was a model builder and author of mathematical instruments for the University of Glasgow and obtained for his remarkable invention the requisite knowledge of steam engine miniature models he made for scientists at the university.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Edmund Cartwright, developer of the weaving machine, was a priest and chaplain. [99].


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

There was a democratic approach to the transmission of information in England and several landmen's clubs shared knowledge of farming.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[98] A well-known scientific association was the Lunar Society, whose members included James Watt, Erasmus Darwin, Josiah Wedgwood, John Whitehurst and Joseph Priestley The Protestant work ethic Max Weber (1864—1920) set out in his book Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism in the North To explain the industrialization of Europe, a theory based on Protestant and especially the ethics of the work of Calvinism.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[100] Paradigms Capitalism Industrialization was the starting shot of modern capitalism and its development caused a huge increase in wealth and productive capacity.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith's work The Wealth of Nations (The Wealth of Nations) can be regarded as the foundation of the theory of industrialising capitalism.


Question: How much has infant mortality decreased since the beginning of the 19th century?

Industrial Revolution

[101] The characteristics of the capitalist economic system include free enterprise, private finance, and free market competition.