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[21] Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 (see.


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Operation Weserübung), as Britain and France reportedly already planned during the Finnish Winter War to conquer Norwegian ports and mine territorial waters, and to take over the Narvik—Kiruna—Luleå railway to cut off vital iron ore supplies to Germany.


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[22] Denmark was defeated after two hours of fighting (see


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Danish occupation) and Norway in two months (see.


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Battle for Norway).


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[23] [24] On 10 May 1940, Germany launched an offensive on the Western Front.


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This marked the resignation of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and on the same day the King appointed Winston Churchill, who had opposed Chamberlain's policies, as Prime Minister.


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The Ardennes were regarded by the Allied warfare leadership as an impenetrable territory for modern warfare, so the defences of the area had been neglected.


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The assumption was proved wrong by the Germans, and a strong armour attack breached the defences of the area and German troops advanced at pace to the bank of the English Channel, isolating the Allied forces left north of the wedge.


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Germany also invaded the Netherlands, which had declared itself neutral at the start of the war.


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Due to more effective resistance than the Dutch assumed, the Germans bombarded Rotterdam to force its surrender.


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The surrender of the city had already been agreed, but German pilots had not been informed.


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The Netherlands surrendered on 15 May and Belgium on 28 May.


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However, the British managed to evacuate much of their forces from Dunkirk across the Channel under bombardment.


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French defences had also been torn open by this move, and within weeks Germany occupied large areas of western France all the way to Bordeaux, and finally France surrendered on 22 June.


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Under the armistice agreement, all of northern France and the Atlantic coast remained occupied by Germany.


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Southern France and the colonies were then ruled by the Vichy government led by Philippe Pétain.


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In Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union occupied the Baltics from 15 June to 17 June and Romania's Bessarabia on 28 June.


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After the French war expedition, Hitler began preparing an invasion of the Soviet Union.


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The German Luftwaffe drastically bombed Britain and attempted to cripple the Royal Air Force, but nevertheless failed to do so.


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The battle for Britain had been eradicated and Hitler moved the English occupation, namely Operation Sea Lion, into the future.


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[25] Balkans In September 1940 Italy invaded Greece from Albania, but the war success was abysmal.


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[26] In the spring of 1941, a coup d'état hostile to Germany in Yugoslavia provoked Hitler into action.


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Germany, Italy, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria invaded Yugoslavia, whose defences collapsed in an instant.


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However, the Yugoslav war forces failed to destroy; instead, communists and nationalist Serbs formed guerrilla divisions that harassed the occupiers until the end of the war (see.


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Yugoslav Partisans).


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The number of guerrillas has been estimated at more than one hundredthousand.


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Occupying the Balkans bound a large amount of German troops.


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Parts of Yugoslavia were annexed to neighbouring countries, and from the end the independent State of Croatia and Serbia were formed.


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Croatia was ruled by bigoted Croats under Ante Pavelić.


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Serbs living in Croatian territory were murdered en masse in concentration camps.


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Greece was also overrun in March—April 1941.


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The heaviest fighting took place for control of Crete, which the Germans had to recapture with paratroopers.


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The Eastern Front The war on the Eastern Front in Germany was known in the Soviet Union and today in Russia as the Great Patriotic War.


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Germany began its invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941.


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As allies of Germany, the war was fought by Romania, Hungary and Italy.


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Finland, too, waged a follow-up war against the Soviet Union, gave Germany permission to invade from northern Finland, and received war materials from Germany.


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However, according to its official alignment, Finland fought a separate war and was not an ally of Germany.


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[27] Germany's intention was to capture the European part of the Soviet Union up to the Astrahan-Arkhangelsk line.


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[28] The initial phase of the offensive went well and a lot of Red Army troops were taken prisoner.


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German forces blockaded Leningrad and advanced near Moscow, but were unable to retake the city and during the winter of 1941—1942, the Red Army was capable of numerous counterattacks.


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Military material aid from Western powers helped the Soviet Union withstand the worst of the shortage.


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In the summer of 1942, the focus of the German offensive shifted south towards the oil fields of the Caucasus, as the Panzer Corps suffered from a lack of fuel.


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Germany conquered the oilfields of the Caucasus, but they were met with disappointment, as the Soviets had set fire to the entire oil field after their retreat.


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No fuel was found for the Panzer Corps and the situation became difficult, as fuel was insufficient for any more attacks or battles.


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In the autumn, the advance ended in a bloody three-month battle for the city of Stalingrad along the Volga.


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While the battle for the city was underway, the Soviet Army gathered troops, encircling the German 6th Army in the Stalingrad region (Operation Uranus).


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In the operation, 300,000 [29] German soldiers were motivated to the ruined city.


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Hitler promoted the leader of the 6th Army, Friedrich Paulus, to marshal, indirectly ordering the troops commanded by him to defend the city to the last man.


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[29] Later, Don, an army group led by von Manstein, tried to help the Germans at Stalingrad, reaching as far as about 50 km from the city.


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However, Paulus's forces did not go out against, which could have saved the 6th Army from total destruction.


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Eventually the army group was driven back, and the Germans' battle for Stalingrad began to be hopeless.


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Rippled by Paulus's army, 91,000 men surrendered on February 2, 1943.


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Due to harsh conditions, more than half of the prisoners died during the winter, with a final death rate of 95%.


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It was the first time a German marshal has ever in history surrendered to an enemy.


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Hitler noted Paulus's promotion to be the last time he would promote anyone to marshal in a time of war.


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[29] In the spring, the Germans attacked again and recaptured the city of Kharkov.


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In July 1943, the largest tank battle in history took place near the city of Kursk as the Germans took advantage against the fortified Soviet front.


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The invasion of Italy and the Soviet counterattack forced the Germans to abort the offensive without achieving their objectives.


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The initiative on the Eastern Front passed definitively to the Soviet Union.


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By the end of the year, the Red Army had already advanced to Smolensk and Kiev.


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At the beginning of 1944, Soviet forces already reached the Polish border and ended the blockade of Leningrad.


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In June, an offensive began on the Karelian Isthmus, for which the fierce fighting that ensued finally prompted Finland and the Soviet Union to conclude a separate peace on 19 September.


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Shortly before this, an attempted German invasion of Suursaari, which was held by Finnish troops, led to the Lapland War.


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On 22 June, the Soviet Operation Bagration began; an attack of 2.5 million troops and 6000 tanks on a 700km long front line [30].


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The German Central Army Group of 400,000 troops was completely destroyed and 85,000 soldiers were captured [31].


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Romania surrendered in August and Bulgaria, part of the Axis powers, in September.


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The Germans withdrew from the Balkans and managed to maintain their position in Hungary until February 1945.


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On April 14, 1945, Soviet troops took Vienna.


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The final assault on Berlin began on 16 April, ending with the takeover of Berlin on 2 May 1945.


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The great importance of the Eastern Front in World War II is well illustrated by the fact that as many as 80% of German male losses came on the Eastern Front.


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[32] North Africa In North Africa 1940 the British had repelled Italian invasions of Egypt, and had been very successful in their counterattacks, so Germany was forced to send troops to Italy's aid.


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The Axis powers fought a successful war between now and 1942 under Erwin Rommel, until Allied forces defeated German-Italian forces at the Battle of El Alamein in October/November 1942.


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In Tunisia, resistance ended in May 1943.


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By late 1941, the United States had become involved in warfare.


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Josif Stalin called for Western powers to open a second front in Europe.


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However, the advance was first initiated in North Africa with the landings on 8 November 1942.


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Germany decided to take over even the unmanned parts of France because of suspicion against the French.


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After the Germans had been expelled in North Africa, the invasion of Sicily followed on 10 July 1943.


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There had been dissatisfaction with the war in Italy, and the country withdrew from the war: Mussolini was forced to resign and Italy concluded an armistice on 3 September 1943.


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The Allies reached Rome on 4 June 1944, but the Social Republic of Northern Italy was held by the Germans until May 1945.


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North Africa also encompassed extensive naval warfare.


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The survival of the British was to catch shipping convoys, which were capable of harassing by German aircraft and the Italian navy.


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Although the Italian fleet was not considered a very likely threat, it nevertheless had enough ships in service to keep the Royal Navy on its toes in the Mediterranean.


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[33] Therefore, the British organised an air strike on Taranto harbour from an aircraft carrier.


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The planes were equipped with bombs and torpedoes and crippled the Italian surface fleet almost completely at the loss of only two Swordfish planes.


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[33] Italy From 1943 after the end of the fighting in North Africa to the surrender of the Axis powers forces in Tunisia, the Allies began preparations to form a second front.


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The invasion of Sicily was a proposal by Churchill that would at the same time end the blockade of Malta.


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Following the recapture of Sicily, the force was moved to Salerno, the Italian mainland, where an advance towards the north was begun.


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The Allied advance was halted at Monte Cassino, where fierce fighting took place.


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After the line broke, the advance continued towards the north to Rome.


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Western Front in the final stages of the war on 6 June 1944, the Allies made a landings in Normandy, which surprised the German defences.


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In August 1944, the Allies made an invasion of the Riviera.


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The Allies reached Paris on 25 August 1944.


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By late 1944, fighting was already taking place in the Netherlands and Alsas-Lothringen.


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Because of adversity, a conspiracy had arisen among German officers attempting to kill Hitler with a bomb on 20 July 1944.


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[34] The resistance was crushed and the Germans rallied their forces and made a counter-attack on the western front in the Ardennes.


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Despite the initial success, maintenance problems and fuel shortages brought the Wehrmacht's armour tip to a halt and the attack was halted.


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The goal Antwerp remained only 100 kilometers away.


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Under Allied pressure, Germany no longer had the forces to hold the positions it had reached, but was forced to begin a final retreat across the Rhine.


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The defences of the German territory were broken between January and April 1945.


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The Allies had agreed to be an occupation frontier on the Elbe River, and the Red Army and Western Allied forces encountered there on 25 April 1945.


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Mussolini was killed on 28 April and Hitler committed suicide on 30 April.


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Germany surrendered for good on 8 May.


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The war in Europe had ended in Allied victory.


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Germany was divided between France, Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union into occupation zones.


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Also, the German capital Berlin, which remained in the Soviet occupation zone was divided between the three winning powers and France into zones.


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The Allies divided Austria into four occupation zones, which later became independent as the Austrian state.


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Later, relations between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies became tighter, leading to the Cold War.


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Pacific War The Imperial Japanese Navy Air Force bombed the United States Naval Base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.


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The attack destroyed most of the U.S. Pacific Fleet and caused the United States to enter the war on the Allied side.


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Japan next launched a major offensive into Malaysia, Borneo and the Philippines, capturing Singapore from the Britons, among others.


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The Japanese victory passage continued until May 1942, when the takeover of Port Moresby failed thanks to opposition from the U.S. Navy.


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A month later Japan sent a powerful naval contingent to take over the Midway base atoll in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, but surprisingly the American air gun managed to sink four Japanese aircraft carriers in the Battle of Midway [35] [36] partly for good fortune, partly for better because of tactics and reconnaissance — crash bombers were allowed to leisurely bomb aircraft carriers whose decks were filled with bombs, torpedoes and fuel.


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The vein blow meant Japan was put on the defensive.


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Through a long and heavy campaign, the Allies recaptured territories occupied by Japan.


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The Marines and Navy played a key role in capturing Iwo Jima and Okinawa, among others, in bloody battles.


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The outnumbered Japanese resorted to kamikaze tactics, suicide attacks by aircraft and baka bombs against US ships.


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Specific tactics such as ramming (ramming) were developed against B-29 bombers.


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[37] [38] From the captured islands, the United States began intense air operations against the main Japanese islands and, for example, the bombardment of Tokyo became the largest operation of its kind until then.


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In 1945, too, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, recapturing Manchuria.


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On August 15, 1945, a week after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered and was occupied.


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[39] More people died in war in World War II than in any war before or since.


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Estimates of the number of people who perished vary between 50 million and 70 million.


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Between 22 million and 25 million soldiers were killed, and civilian casualties totaled between 40 and 52 million.


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Consequences of war Europe After World War II, Europe was in political, economic and social crisis.


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Many major cities that flourished before the war had been disposed of into piles of rubble and millions of people had been left homeless.


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Infrastructure, agriculture and industry suffered immense devastation, especially in Central and Eastern Europe.


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Britain and France were among the winning nations of the war, but their status as global superpowers had been destroyed by warfare.


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The Marshall Plan, named after him, was initiated by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall to finance the reconstruction of Europe with $13 billion (about one hundred billion dollars at current exchange values) donated by the United States.


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The Soviet Union did not agree to participate in the economic program and withheld development aid from Eastern Bloc countries.


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By the 1950s, Western European countries participating in the Marshall Plan exceeded pre-war production figures and had become political and military allies of the United States.


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After the war, Western European countries rejected the idea of white supremacy and condemned the conduct of human rights abuses and war crimes.


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They began to build rules of law based on human rights, democracy, egalitarianism, the principle of legality and multilateralism.


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Western European countries wanted to consolidate respect for democracy and human rights by establishing the Council of Europe as a cooperative organisation in 1949.


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In 1951, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg created the European Coal and Steel Community to prevent European states from being able to freely obtain coal and steel for the arms race.


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The European Coal and Steel Community was also intended to end hostilities between France and Germany.


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The creation of the Cooperation Organizations of European States led to European integration in the following decades.


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European integration, in turn, culminated in the creation of the European Union in 1992.


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The Allies occupied Germany and divided the country into occupation zones that were under U.S., British, French, and Soviet control.


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The country's capital Berlin was separately divided into occupation zones.


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Berlin's infrastructure had experienced severe destruction from the trail of urban combat and other major German population centres such as Essen, Dortmund, Dresden, Frankfurt am Main, Munich, Hamburg, Cologne and Stuttgart had been razed to the ground by aerial bombardment.


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The US confiscated technological know-how and all patents from Germany.


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The industrial area of the Ruhr was under international control and until 1957 the Saarland was held by the French.


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The Germans had to pay war reparations partly through forced labour in Central Europe and the Soviet Union.


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German society experienced not only infrastructure collapse but deep national humiliation.


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In a denazification aimed at dismantling the former National Socialist system, Germans were made to feel collective guilt about Hitler's rise to power, the outbreak of war and massacres committed by the Nazis.


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The public display of German symbols such as the swastika and the Heil Hitler salute was made punishable by law.


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Millions of German citizens and ethnic Germans were driven out of German-occupied countries in Operation Keelhaul, in which tens of thousands of people died.


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As the Cold War intensified, Western powers allowed Germans into German territory to establish a 1948 German Parliamentary Committee, which drafted a 1949 constitution for the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), which was capitalist.


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Similarly, in the Soviet-occupied part of German territory, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) emerged, whose leaders mostly came with Soviet troops to Germany at the end of the war.


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Later, the Wall that divided Berlin in two (1961—1989) became a symbol of the Iron Curtain dividing Europe's capitalist west and communist east and the Cold War as a whole.


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The abolition of the German dictatorship led to political changes: the Federal Republic of Germany quickly democratised, adopting the multi-party system already existed in the Weimar Republic, while East Germany, or GDR, became a communist one-party dictatorship.


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The Federal Republic's economy prospered in the 1950s and the country had one of the most stable economies in Europe, but the GDR economy was weak due to war reparations paid to the Soviet Union and its planned economy was not as competitive as the open market economy of the Federal Republic of Germany.


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In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down and in 1990, Germany was reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, meaning the GDR was annexed into the Federal Republic of Germany.


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Austria was also under Allied occupation and experienced denazification, but the occupation ended up definitively as early as 1955.


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The country adopted a mixed economy and neutrality policy, rising to the ranks of Europe's developed industrialized nations.


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As Britain and France waned, the Soviet Union became a political, military and economic world power, but it was also the nation worst affected by the ravages of war.


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The Eastern Front had been the most large-scale battletanner of the entire war, as it was the venue for the most devastating battles and massacres of the war, as well as almost all death marches, extermination camps and ghettos.


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The Soviet Union financed the reconstruction with war reparations received from the Axis forces and began an economic recovery.


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The Soviet Union also achieved considerable expansions of territory by annexing the Baltic States as a whole in Europe, the outer islands of the Gulf of Finland, the eastern parts of the municipalities of Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and the majority of Karelia belonging to Finland, half of the Eastern part of Germany Prussia (Kaliningrad region), the territories east of the Curzon line belonging to Poland, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to Romania, and South Sakhalin and Kurils belonging to Japan in Asia.


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On the other hand, Poland was annexed the easternmost part of the former German territories up to the Oder—Neisse line.


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From these territories annexed to Poland, as well as the Sudeten territories returned to Czechoslovakia, were expelled after the war the entire German population living in them.


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Fearing a repeat of the German war of aggression, the Soviet Union decided to create a buffer countries exclusion zone as a barrier to further attacks from the West.


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At the end of the war, the Soviet Union occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia, which had been conquered by Germany, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria as well as the Axis powers, and Soviet troops remained in these countries even after the war.


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With Soviet support, communist parties rose to power in all these countries after the war, as well as in the GDR, and they remained in power until the fold of the 1980s and 1990s.


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Massacres enforced by Germany caused immense devastation to civilian populations throughout Eastern Europe.


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The Nazis attempt to completely destroy the Polish nation-state for German settler settlement, forcibly displacing the population into concentration camps and plundering all economic resources.


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More than half of Poland's nobility, clergy, intellectuals and academically educated people were murdered.


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Belarus lost a quarter of its population and almost its entire Jewish minority.


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The Ukrainian and Yugoslav populations also experienced tremendous eradication.


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In the Soviet Union, civilians died in millions not only in fighting and massacres, but also in famine and the Nazi slave labor program.


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Germany's goal was to destroy the Soviet state, colonize Russia with German settlers, and subjugate the Slavs to forced labour by the Germans.


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Of the world's 15 million Jews, one-third were eradicated in the final phase of the Final Solution, the Holocaust.


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[40] Up to 90 percent of the three million Jews in the Ashkenasi Jewish heartland of Poland were killed.


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In the Holocaust, millions of members of other ethnic groups such as Slavs and Roma, as well as politically and socially undesirable persons, were also killed in the Holocaust.


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Asia Japan's surrender to the Allies led to the US occupation regime.


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Japanese society was in a state of turmoil in its first years of occupation and homelessness and food shortages prevailed in bombed-out cities.


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U.S. President Harry S. Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Occupation Administration and Commander of the SCAP Control Commission to lead the democratization and disarmament of the country.


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The occupation involved not only the US but also international troops from the British Commonwealth.


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In 1952, Japan became a sovereign state, but Okinawa was held by the United States until 1972 and the island has served until the present day as a US military base.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In territorial credentials, Japan lost its takeover of Korea to the United States and the Soviet Union in the early 20th century, the island of Taiwan to China, South Sakhalin and the Kurills to the Soviet Union, and the Ryūkyūū Islands to the United States, but the latter were given back to Japan upon the end of the occupation of Okinawa.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The Japanese who lived in Manchukuo, Korea and Taiwan were deported to their homeland.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

MacArthur excluded Emperor Hirohito and the Imperial Family from the war crimes trials in order to establish a symbol for the unity of the Japanese people.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The post of emperor became a ceremonial institution and in order to dismantle the imperial cult, Hirohito had to inform the people that he was not of divine origin.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The war defeat was a subject of immense national shame and profound humiliation for the Japanese, who had a strong sense of tribute stemming from age-old folklore.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The United States initiated the modernization and Westernization of Japan, which culminated into the pacifist 1947 constitution.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

It says Japan is a parliamentary democracy and a rule of law that abides by human rights.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The ninth article of the Constitution ensured the demilitarization of Japan by denying Japan warfare in all political and military conflicts, as well as the maintenance of the armed forces.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The country also gave women the right to vote, dissolved conglomerates known as zaibatsu, and implemented land and education reforms.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In the 1950s, Japan experienced phenomenal economic growth as one of the world's most technologically advanced countries and leading economic powers.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The fracture of the military might of the Empire of Japan and the end of occupying powers over the lands it conquered had far-reaching political implications for the countries of East and Southeast Asia.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

During the war, Japan had occupied many of the Far Eastern colonies that belonged to European countries, abolishing their European colonialist rule.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

After the war, the mother countries attempted to reconquer their colonies, but under the influence of the independence movements that influenced those countries, the mother countries no longer gained a political foothold.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In 1947, the British main colony of India gained independence, whose independence treaty created the states of Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The French attempt to regain control of the colonies in Indochina led to the Indochina War.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

At the 1954 Geneva Conference, France recognized Vietnam's independence, and France's defeat in the war also led to Laos and Cambodia gaining independence.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

However, Vietnam's bifurcation into North and South Vietnam later led to the Vietnam War.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In 1949, an independent Indonesian state emerged on the site of the Dutch East Indies


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The wave of independence of Asian countries contributed to the fact that, in other parts of the world, colonies became independent within the next few decades.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

After the end of the Japanese occupying power, the Philippines continued to complete the independence process, becoming a sovereign state in 1946.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In 1948, the capitalist Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) emerged.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

South and North Korea fought the 1950—1953 Korean War, for which no definitive armistice agreement was signed.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In China, General Chiang Kai-šek lost the civil war to Mao Zedong, who in 1949 founded the People's Republic of China.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Chiang Kai-šek and his supporters fled to the island of Taiwan, which gained independence in 1950 as the Republic of China.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In the 1960s, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore became the economically developed “Tigers of Asia”, and the People's Republic of China became Asia's political and military powerhouse.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The fierce anti-Semitism of Germany and the genocide of Jews in the Holocaust intensified support for Zionism and calls for the establishment of an independent state as a refuge for the world's Jews.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly decided on the creation of a Jewish state for the British Mandate of Palestine in the Middle East, which had widely survived the ravages of war untouched.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Under the plan, a state for Muslim Arabs was also to be established next to the Jewish state in the former Mandate area.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The Jewish community accepted the plan, but accordingly, almost all Arab leaders rejected it because they did not agree to share Palestine with the Jews.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The conflict between Zionism and Arab nationalism was deepened by a religious dispute over Jerusalem in Palestine, a holy city for both Judaism and Islam.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In 1948, the Jewish State of Israel issued a Declaration of Independence, followed by Israel's War of Independence against Arab lands and the Palestinian refugee issue over the fate of Palestinians who went into exile.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The hostility and political tension between Arab countries and Israel, known as the Arab—Israeli conflict, has continued to the present day.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

World Politics After World War II, the winning states wanted to consolidate understanding between nations and guarantee the maintenance of international peace by signing the Charter of the United Nations on 26 June 1945 and establishing the United Nations Charter on 24 October 1945 nations as the successor to the League of Nations.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The League of Nations had been established as a peace organisation to prevent the Great War following World War I, but was deemed to have failed in the mission and the organisation was dissolved in 1946.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In 1948, the Third General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which stressed the importance of human rights to world peace and the well-being of humanity.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The message of the declaration reflected the world consensus condemning the war of aggression and the Holocaust initiated by Germany.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

On July 18, 1950, UNESCO issued a statement titled The Race Question, condemning racial discrimination and racial hygiene policies in all its forms and revoking as unfounded the big-nationalist and pseudo-scientific notions of certain human races that prevailed in the first half of the 20th century of inferiority.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In a new world political climate that emphasizes international relations, far-right political ideas founded on totalitarianism, militarism, nationalism and racism no longer gained ground in European countries, except in Phalangist Spain, which democratised after the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Fascism and National Socialism in the 1930s disappeared almost completely from the political map of Europe, and the Nazis in particular began to be weaned out of the influence of German expansionist policies on the outbreak of World War I, aggressive warfare and genocide of ethnic minorities.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The war winning states attributed the popular popularity of far-right governments of the Axis powers to the economic chaos of the 1930s Depression and subsequent social distress, hence the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Bretton Woods the system was set up to prevent another collapse of the world economy.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

After the end of the war, the Allies held war crimes trials in Europe and Asia for political and military leaders of the Axis powers to demonstrate that international law does not accept violations of the rules of war.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In Germany, the National Socialist Workers' Party, Gestapo, SS and SD were declared illegal criminal organizations whose members had to be jailed and tried for their war crimes and human rights abuses.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

At the Nuremberg Trials of 1946, Germany's highest-ranking politicians and military leaders of the war were sentenced to death or prison sentences.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The Nuremberg Trials were the first international war crimes tribunal.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Drafted through litigation, the Nuremberg Code is one of the cornerstones of modern medical ethics.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The trials also categorized the definitions of “crime against humanity” and “crime against peace” as serious human rights violations, for which those perpetrated must be brought to trial under international law.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Seven war crimes trials in Poland declared the former Polish Governor-General illegal and imposed death penalties in the Governor-General on Nazi war criminals involved in the Holocaust.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

There were also trials in Europe for leaders of Germany's allies and, through joint action with German occupiers, politicians guilty of treason, such as Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu, Vichy French head of state Philippe Pétain, and Norway's puppet government to Prime Minister Vidkun Quisling.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

At the Tokyo International War Crimes Tribunal, members of the government and military leaders of the Empire of Japan were sentenced to punishments similar to those in Nuremberg in Europe.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Trials at the Tokyo International War Crimes Tribunal also convicted members of the Imperial Japanese Army officers involved in war crimes in Manchuria, the Philippines and other Japanese-occupied territories.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The convictions of war crimes trials were based on the 1928 Kellogg—Briand Treaty, which prohibited warfare as a tool of politics.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The Second World War contributed to the end of centuries of imperialism and colonialism, and in particular the colonial rule of Europeans.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The Allies had emphasized the sovereignty and freedom of peoples in the war, making it difficult for the Western powers to justify their colonial rule.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Moreover, during the war, for example, Britain had promised many colonies independence after the war.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The war had put a strain on the colonies and they were forced to finance the rebuilding of their mother lands.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The politics of the mother countries provoked outrage in the colonies, where World War II was mainly considered to be Europe's war, rather than their war.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The success of the Asian Empire of Japan in World War II had also shown that European colonial hosts were not invincible, contributing to emboldening the colonies to demand independence.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Attempts for independence by the European colonies began decolonization in Asia and Africa, which continued until the end of the 20th century.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The final fracture of the British Empire, which still flourished at the beginning of the 20th century, was not only due to the economic losses of the war, but also to the decolonisation of the colonies.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

After independence, however, the former colonies of the British Empire decided to join the Commonwealth, which had been established in 1931 by Britain and some of its former colonies that had already become independent.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Britain, France, Germany and Japan emerged as leading states by the United States and the Soviet Union, whose global political, economic and military influence made them superpowers.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The United States had been spared the destruction of infrastructure and industry in the war, making it the most powerful and technologically advanced nation in the world immediately after the end of the war.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

However, the Soviet Union achieved military and political overdomination by occupying Eastern Europe and establishing new communist dictatorships.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

By the time of Germany's collapse, Europe had been divided ideologically into a capitalist west and a communist east, and political and economic divisions between the superpowers led to nearly the next five decades of Cold War.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Superpowers acquired allies in Third World developing countries and waged indirect warfare in them by means of surrogate warfare.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

They also established military alliances among European allies, the United States NATO and the Soviet Union the Warsaw Pact.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Both superpowers were also in possession of a nuclear weapon invented in World War II, which for the first time gave humanity the ability to eradicate itself to extinction in a very short term.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The fall of communist dictatorships in Eastern Europe in the revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 ended the Cold War.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

President Harry S. Truman declared hostilities with Germany ceased on December 31, 1946.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

In the Paris Peace Treaty of 10 February 1947, the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union negotiated peace treaties with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria and Finland, which were part of the Axis powers.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

On September 8, 1951, 49 countries signed the San Francisco Treaty, which went into effect on April 28, 1952.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The treaty formally ended World War II, established peace between Japan and the Allies, and imposed war reparations for Japanese war crimes victims.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The state of war between the United States and Germany ended with President Truman and the United States Congress by decision of October 19, 1951, but the state of war between the Soviet Union and Germany did not end until 1955.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

On September 12, 1990, the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, West Germany, and East Germany entered into an agreement of unification of Germans, which went into effect on March 15, 1991.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The treaty made the Federal Republic of Germany a fully sovereign state, gave it sovereignty over its capital Berlin, and finally ended World War II in Europe.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the last troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation left Germany in 1994.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Beevor, Antony| title = Second World War| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2012| version = (The Second World War, 2012.)


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Translated by Jorma-Veikko Sappinen| id = ISBN 978-951-0-36462-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Burleigh, Michael| title = Third Reich: New History| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = (The Third Reich: A New History, 2000).


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Translated by Seppo Hyrkä| id = ISBN 951-0-28721-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Carell, Paul| title = Scorched Earth: Fights between the Volga and Vistula | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 2005| version = (Verbrannte Erde: Schlacht zwis| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2005| version = (Verbrannte Erde: Schlacht zwis| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2005| version = (Verbrannte Chen Wolga und Weichsel, 1964.)


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Translated by Raimo Arhela.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

View edition (1st edition 1967) | id = ISBN 951-20-6814-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hastings, Max| title = World on Fire | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Docendo| year = 2012| version = (All Hell Let Loose: The World at War 1939—1945, 2011.)


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Translated by Panu Vääänen| id = ISBN 978-952-5912-39-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkonen, Esko — Ojakoski, Matti — Väisänen, Jaakko| title = World of Changes: Inter-Arrondiss| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Housden, Martyn| title = Hitler — Study of a Revolutionary? | publisher = Routledge| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Maiolo, Joseph A.| title = The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany, 1933—39| location = London| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan| year = 1998}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roberts, Andrew| title = Storm of War: A New History of World War II| publisher = Thought | year = 2010| version=( The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War, 2009.)


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Translated by Simo Liikanen| id = ISBN 978-951-20-8264-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Spector, Ronald H.| title = Eagle Against the Sun — The American War With Japan| publisher = Cassell| year = 2001| id = ISBN 0-304-35979-3| page = 95} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Snyder, Louis L.| title = Encyclopedia of the Third Reich| publisher = Wordsworth Editions| year = 1998| id = ISBN 1-85326-684-1}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Torbacke, Jarl| title = First and Second World War| others = Translated by Heikki Eskelinen| number = Axis Powers and Anti-Comintern Contract| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-1-13623-2| pages = 176-178}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Torbacke, Jarl| title = First and Second World War| others = Translated by Heikki Eskelinen| number = Mussolini War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-1-13623-2| pages = 245—246}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) References On the topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

— a brief overview of Facts and Fascism (1943) by George Seldes The Senate Military Affairs Subcommittee on War Mobilization, headed by Senator Harley M. Kilgore, held several hearings throughout the second half of 1945 focused that on German economic penetration of neutral countries, elimination of German resources for war, German's resources for a third world war, etc.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

The Archives are at Nara's Center for Legislative Archives in the Archives I building.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

for Holocaust research.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

I.G.


Question: How long did World War II last?

World War II

Farben (1947) by Richard Sasuly Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

The mountain bicycle, particularly a model of bicycles suitable for off-road conditions, originated in the early 1970s when a group of young SanFranciscans discovered how much fun it was to ride a motorcycle down the slopes of Mount Tamalpais, 748 feet high, in Marin County, California.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

Authorities did not accept the erosion and noise nuisance caused by the heavy wheels.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

The youngsters replaced motorised vehicles with old thick-tyred Schwinn Excelsior bikes made to be heavy and durable, which had once been made as substitutes for motorcycles for children.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

These wheels could weigh up to 27 kilograms and often had only one gear and a foot brake, but this was not perceived to be an obstacle, as these wheels were only driven downhill and up could be reached by truck ride.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

Later, active enthusiasts of the sport such as Joe Breeze, Gary Fisher, Charlie Cunningham, Keith Bontrager, and Tom Ritchey began developing more variously terrain-suited, even more robust bike designs in the 1970s, capable of driving the first bike races in the California hills.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

[1] Mountain biking became a popular sport in the 1980s and at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996 it became an Olympic sport.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

[2] A hybrid bicycle is a mountain bicycle with the features of a standard gear bicycle attached to it.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

Types of Mountain Bicycles Trail bike Trail bike designation is used for full-suspension mountain bikes where the flex distance is slightly longer than on standard mountain bikes.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

[3] Trail bike is for versatile terrain.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

The frame of the trailbike is more solid compared to the base wheel.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

The most common frame materials are aluminum and carbon fiber.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

Trailer bikes generally prefer a riser bar for a more comfortable driving position and easier controllability in technical driving.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

The front and back have a spring distance of 10—15 cm.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

Suspension rocking is prevented by systems in the rear and suspension forks.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

The weight of the bike is about 12—15 kg.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

Disc brakes are preferred.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

The tires are slightly wider than on xc wheels.


Question: What is the weight of a mountain bike?

Mountain Bicycle

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Bicycles Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The Mace War was a revolt of Finnish peasants against nobility and warfolk from 1596—1597.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

It ended bloody with the army defeating the poorly equipped peasants.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Key explanations in historical research for the outbreak of the mace war have included “the strains caused by wartime and harsh years of discontent, the eruption of discontent caused by war fatigue, political sedition, and the practice of nobility that grew up in numbers and wealth peasant deprivation”.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[1] Background Swedish power struggle Sigismund, who had already been Electoral King of Poland since 1587, inherited the Swedish kingship upon the death of his father, John III, in 1592.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Sigismund, however, spent his time in Poland, when practical power in Sweden was held by the Council of Power and by Sigismund's uncle (John's younger brother) Charles Duke.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Disagreements arose quite soon between Charles Duke, who supported the Reformation, and Sigismund, a Catholic.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

War burdens lead to unrest during the Russian-War, especially in the 1590s, regional peasant revolts began to occur in Marttila, Huittis, Loimaa, Haliko, Pöytyä, Paimio and Rautalampi, among others.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The rebellion that rose in the Iron Ponds between 1592 and 1593 due to the forced admissions of heavy military personnel was the largest of these. [2].


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Contrary to the expectations of the peasants, after the end of the war, the burdens of war did not go away in all respects and irritation among them increased.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

In Finland, Marshal Klaus Fleming, who represented Sigismund, was to blame for the stresses.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[3] Complaints of abuse and burdens in Sweden Peasants who suffered abuses by the upper enactments (the nobility, mounted ranchers and other soldiers) had to take their grievances to Sweden to Duke Charles.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Fleming banned appellate expeditions to Sweden, but it did not prevent them, rather adding to the bitterness of the peasant ordinance towards the upper enactments.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Among the abuses are the carrying of an overly large castle camp (child support for soldiers which fell to peasants in the army accommodation area) and the excessive use of rides and other perks which caused the peasants unduly great trouble.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The castle camp also involved heavy abuse: soldiers could behave in accommodation as if in enemy land and pillaged peasants without any punishment.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Passage of the Mace War Jaakko Ilkka rises to revolt The first conflict related to the mace war took place in southern Ostrobothnia in early 1596.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Its initiator was Jaakko Ilkka, a rich horseman and titular man.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Ilka's apparently low number was struck by the Hugs and Ilkka himself was taken prisoner to Turku Castle.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

During 1596, Fleming further strengthened the Ostrobothnian castle camps.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Jaakko Ilkka was elected head of the peasant army because of his war experience.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Message from the Duke of Charles Meanwhile, Duke Charles tried to obtain permission from the Reichstag to start a war against Klaus Fleming.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Upon its failure, the Duke hinted to the Ostrobothians that they might seek justice themselves (“After all, there are so many of you that you can shake off your blankets, if not otherwise so with fencewings and maces!”).


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

This message from the Duke of Charles must have been the actual impetus for the mace war, although it may not have been intended to incite peasants into rebellion.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The Mace War breaks out Rebellion got more wind on the sails when Jaakko Ilkka, who escaped from Turku Castle, appeared in Ostrobothnia — possibly with the help of Duke Charles.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

In November 1596, a conflict occurred in which a blanket was killed by drunken peasants.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

This served as kindling, and a force was assembled from the densely populated keepers in southern and central Ostrobothnia armed with axes, bear spears and crossbows.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The idea may have originally only been to defend one's own province, but when Satakunta's scouts promised the mace men support, a plan was drawn up to attack the south.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Subsequently, it was no longer about occasional looting of resistance against the castle camp system, but, in the words of scholar Mirkka Lappalainen, the mace war was “a peasant war led by men in relatively good standing, with the aim of capturing Turku and Vyborg and Fleming overthrow of the regime”.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[4] [5] Southern and Central Ostrobothnia are beaten The force was divided into three parts.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The main force led by Ilka was to march to Pirkkala, and with the reinforcements received from there to Turku.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

A smaller force was supposed to make their way to Ulvila and try to persuade Akseli Kurki, the host of the Anola manor considered fair by the peasants, on the side of the rebels.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The smallest contingent left to seek support from Rautalammi and Savo.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The Axis Kurki defeated Ulvila Department, and Fleming's detachment of about 2,500 men faced Ilka with a force of perhaps 1,000 men at Pirkkala (now.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

on Nokia) at the end of 1596.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Klaus Fleming's mounted soldiers killed hundreds of fleeing mace soldiers at the hange.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

After a day's battle, the mace men had lost hope and agreed to Fleming's demand to surrender and the leaders surrender.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

James Ilkka escaped, but he was captured by Abraham the son of Melkiori in the Ilmajoki.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The arrest was possibly carried out by local opponents of Ilka, led by supporters of Mauno Peltoniemi.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

In the early stages of the mace war, Ilkka had muted the attempted coup d'état within the insurgency movement by executing Mauno Peltoniemi.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Ilka was hastily executed by Abraham Melkiorinpoika at the church of Kyrö (now Isokyrö) and did not have time to receive Fleming's letter ordering him to deliver the prisoners to Turku.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[6] The Middle Finland—Savo Mace War The third detachment of the Nuijamiesten managed to foment an uprising in Rautalammi, whose leader was Matti Leinonen, the keeper's titular man.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Rautalamm's group split in two and went south on both sides of Päijännen.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

In mid-January 1597, the force of the west side was stopped by blankets on the Padas River.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The mace men were apparently lured into surrendering, but after agreeing to this, they were treacherously slain.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Apparently, 300 to 400 bludgeoners were killed.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

On the eastern side, the troops marched through Sysmö to Greater Savo (now.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

mainly Mikkeli and Savilahti) and managed to raise several uprisings, which were nonetheless fragmented and devoid of military objective.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Several squads of mace were struck.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

By the vicarage of Suur-Savo (now.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Mikkelin Kenkäveronniemi) killed 200 mace men in January 1597 in the same manner as in Padasjoki, after treacherous surrender persuasion.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Gödik Fincke, chief of Olavinlinna, had promised those who surrendered and renounced their arms an amnesty.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Turmoil continued in Savo as it waned into the spring spring of 1597.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The biggest and final battle of the Mace War: Battle of Santavuori, a vouti sent to Oulu by Charles duke Israel Laurinpoika in early 1597 caused some of the peasants in northern Ostrobothnia to rise in revolt.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

A force assembled from the Oulu region and Kemi, carrying a few cannons retrieved from Oulu Castle and led by Hannu Krankka, proceeded to Kokkola, and from there, after a skirmish with Fleming's forces, to Kyröö.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The North Ostrobothians would have given up there by now, but Israel Laurinpoika lied about the large reinforcements arriving from Sweden.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

In the Battle of Santavuori, which began on the banks of the House of Paavola on the banks of the Kyrönjoki River in Kurika and ended in the Santa Mountains bordering Kurika and Ilmajoki [7], Fleming's forces defeated the mace men, of whom about 500 were captured.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

There is no information on the number of fallen.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

By the early spring of 1597, even the last stoves of the mace war faded.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Losses Contemporaries estimates of the number of casualties in the mace war ranged from 1,500 to 11,000.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Recent surveys have concluded between 2,500 and 3,000.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

The victims were mainly mace men.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[8] [9] [10] Mace War clashes in Isokyrö skirmish on 25 November 1596, one blanket was killed.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

A mace war breaks out.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[11] Battle of Ulvila on 20 December 1596, Pentti Pouttu is captured.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Victory of the nobility.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[11] Battle of Nokia December 24—31, 1596, losses of 500—600 gavel men.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Victory of the nobility.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[11] Battle of Nyystölä 15.1.1597, losses of 450 mace men.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Victory of the nobility under Iivari Tavasti.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[11] Battle of Greater Savo on 23 January 1597, losses of 550 mace men.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Victory of the nobility under Gödik Fincke.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[11] The skirmish of Tarharanna at the end of January 1597, with 40 niches and 3 messengers.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Peasants' victory.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Battle of Mount Santavuori on 24 February 1597, with the losses of about 1,000 mace men.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Victory of the nobility.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[11] Explanations of the Mace War Among the first studies on mace warfare was Yrjö-Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen's thesis of 1858, in which he posited that rebelling peasants were fighting for their traditional peasant freedom.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

In nationalist historiography of the early 20th century, the mace war was often elevated to a symbol of Finnishness.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

It is presented as the rise of the Finns against the nobility who represented a foreign oppressor.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

On the other hand, Pentti Renvall saw it from a reverse nationalist perspective: the mace war was an annoying attack by an undeveloped segment of the population against the semi-independent “Finnish state”.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

According to this psychological interpretation, the rebellious peasants of northern and eastern Finland were tired of war and mentally underdeveloped relative to peasants in southern Finland.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

From the 1930s until the 1970s, Renvall's theory was the prevailing interpretation of history.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Instead of psychologising views, contemporary scholars emphasize the social background of war.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

According to these views, the bludgeon war arose because of the civil war that raged in Sweden, the intensifying contradictions in Finland and the fatigue caused by the lengthy Russian war.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Professor Heikki Ylikangas has shown in several studies that the causes of the rebellion can be found in the increased confrontation of the decrees due to the growth of nobility and the impoverishment of the peasants.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

American scholar John P. Maarbjerg suggested in 1992 that the revolt flared up in southern Ostrobothnia because it was most dependent on trade and imports and the price trends of the era had been disadvantageous to Ostrobothnian producers.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Because of this, traditional peasant leaders and poorer peasants joined forces and began rebelling.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

[12] See also Peasant unrest in the Swedish kingdom Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Finne, Jalmari| title = Bluewar: Historical description of the revolt between 1596 and 1597 | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1945}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haavikko, Sponge| title = Nuijasota: Civil War 1596—1599| location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 1996| isbn = 951-884-206-X}} Kallio, Rhino, History of Old Saarijärvi.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Gummerus, Jyväskylä 1972.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Katajala, Kimmo| title = Finnish Revolt: Peasant Unrest and Political Culture Change in Swedish Time (approx.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

1150—1800) | location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literary Literary | year = 2002| version = Historical Studies 212| isbn = 951-746-306-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lappalainen, Mirkka| title = Wolf Fair | location = Helsinki | publisher = Publishing company Siltala| year = 2009| isbn = 978-952-234-016-0}} Luukko, Armas: Southern Ostrobothnia's mace chiefs and their local opponents.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Scrappers III.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

in 1947.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Perälä, Väinö: Mynämäki 1260—1960.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Auraprint, Turku 1963.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Renvall, Pentti: Kingsmen and mutineers.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

January 1962, Helsinki.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ylikangas, Heikki| title = Nuijasota| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1996 (6th edition 2005) | version = 3. updated edition| isbn = 951-1-14253-4}} Yrjö-Koskinen, Yrjö-Sakari: Mace War, its causes and cases.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

2. p. Huddersfield 1877.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland.


Question: Who were the blankets?

Mucce War

First part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2001| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society 846| isbn = 951-746-341-3}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

The state religion is the official religion of the state, as defined by legislation.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

In addition, a state might have an official denomination, that is, a state church.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

State Church The state church is a denominational municipality administratively and financially dependent on the state.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

[1] The People's Church has been called the People's Church a nationwide system of local parishes, which includes a large portion of the people.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

Members of the People's Church are attached to the church as children upon baptism and they pay church tax.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

The concept of a folk church was introduced by German theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher in 1822/23.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

The concept of the People's Church was to emphasize the mission of the Church as the moral and religious backbone of the people and to emphasize a culture and society based on Christian values.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

The concept is popular in German and Nordic Protestantism.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

The goal of the People's Church is the “Christianization of the people”.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

[2] In the early Germany of National Socialism, the concept of the People's Church was applied to nationalist political purposes.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

Baptized Jews who converted to Christianity, for example, were not accepted as members of the People's Church.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

[2] According to theologian Miikka Ruokanen, South Africa's race-based denominational division or the Russian Orthodox Church's support for Grandpa nationalist policies can be seen as distortions of the popular church concept.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

[2] Church and State relationship in Finland Officially in the Nordic countries, the state church is in Denmark, Iceland and previously officially also in Sweden until 2000, Finland until 1869 and Norway until 2017.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

[3] In Finland, the Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Orthodox Church are state churches according to Statistics Finland, [4] [5] although the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland informally calls itself and the Orthodox Church the People's Church.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

[6] However, the relationship between church and state can be characterized as state-ecclesiastical because the joints between state and church are so strong [7].


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

Finnish human rights lawyers consider the status of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland to be unequivocally state ecclesiastical.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

Minority churches also think there is a state church in Finland.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

[8] [9] In Norway, the state and church were separated at the beginning of 2013.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

[10] See also Freedom of Thought Civil religion Church law Church law Church law The difference between church and state Laïcité List of states by state religion Secularism Freedom of religion Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Haarscher, Guy| title = Nonconfession| location = Tampere| publisher = European Society for Philosophy | year = 2006| version = (La laïcité, 1996.)


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

Translated by Tapani Kilpeläinen.


Question: What are the official state churches of Finland in 2019?

State Religion

23°45| id=ISBN 952-5503-22-4}} Category:Religion and Politics Category:Religious Laws Category:Church and State Difference Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Gene Simmons (born.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Chaim Witz, born August 25, 1949 in Haifa, Israel) is an American-Jewish rock artist, actor and businessman.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

He is best known as the long-string singer-bassist frontman of the band KISS.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

In Kiss, his stage character is a demon.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons is particularly known for his spectacular stage choreography, blowing fire, spitting blood, flying by wire and displaying his 20cm long [1] tongue.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Childhood and Adolescence Gene Simmons was born as Chaim Witz in 1949 in the port city of Haifa, Israel.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons' parents were mother Florence and father Yechiel Witz.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[2] While Simmons was still small, his family moved to the village of Carmel, which has become known for the Dead Sea Scrolls.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[3] Following the separation of Hungarian Jewish parents in 1955 in Israel, Simmons moved with his mother in 1958 to the United States, Brooklyn, New York City.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

At first, American culture was foreign to Simmons.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

He learned English language television by watching and reading cartoons.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

In the United States, Simmons changed his cross name to Gene Klein.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[4] Simmons attended a Jewish private school for ten hours a day.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons' first years in the United States were lonely.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The reason he has told me is that all his free time was spent watching TV.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[4] In the United States, Simmons' great passion was made up of monsters and superheroes.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The teenage Simmons was particularly fascinated by Superman and Tarzan.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

It was precisely, inspired by monsters and cartoon characters, that Kiss also began to wear masks.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[5] Simmons moved to the Jackson Heighs borough of Queens, New York with his mother in 1961 and entered the public school.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[6] Gene Simmons was introduced to rock 'n' roll in 1962.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons's big impact was made by Chubby Checker, The Beatles' appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in February 1964, Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[7] Simmons watched Famous Monsters of Filmland and Yancy Derringer on TV.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[8] Music Career Early bands Genen Simmons' first “proper” band was the Long Island Sounds (later Sounds), in which he sang.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons also played in cover bands Missing Links, Rising Sun and Bullfrog Bheer (the latter also performed his own songs).


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Principally, Simmons played in the '60s on Long Island Sound.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[9] Through Sounds' solo guitarist Steve Coronelli, Simmons became acquainted with Stanley Eisen, aka Paul Stanley, [9] with whom he founded the band Rainbow in 1970.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

In 1971, Simmons and Stanley changed Rainbow's name to Wicked Lester.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[10] In 1972, the duo fired the other members of the band [11] and replaced drummer Peter Criss based on an announcement they found in Rolling Stone magazine.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[12] Ace Frehley later joined as a member [13] and the band name was changed to Kiss.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[13] Kiss Simmons composed the songs “Nothin' to Lose” from Kiss's debut album “Nothin' to Lose” [14] and “Strutter” with Stanley [15] “100,000 Years" [16] and “Deuce”, which Ace Frehley named Kiss's favorite song, [17] The songs on the following album Hotter Than Hell were recorded either “road on” or was taken from the band's first demo tape.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[18] The third disc, Dressed to Kill was released in 1975.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[19] The most popular song on the album is probably “Rock and Roll All Nite”, which is known as the “theme song” for Kiss.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[20] Kiss' next release was the live album Alive! , which became a great success and the band's first gold record.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[21] Total Alive!


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

sold three million copies.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[22] Destroyer's “God of Thunder” was composed as a “theme song” by Paul Stanley, although Simmons sang it.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[23] In 1977, Kiss released the Love Gun album.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons sang the song “Christine Sixteen” from the album.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[24] In 1978, Gene and the other three band members released their own solo albums.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

On the album, Gene didn't play bass, but guitar.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[25] At the time of the solo albums, the band members started feuding.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[26] In 1979, the band released the Dynasty album.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The only single written by Simmons for the record was “Charisma”.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The next record Unmasked was very successful.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

It ranked number 1.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Norway and New Zealand.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[27] In 1980 Peter Criss was dismissed from the band and replaced by Paul Caravello aka Eric Carr.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[28] The Music from “The Elder”, released in 1981, was commercially a full flop, although the review by Rolling Stone magazine was favourable.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[29] The single “A World Without Heroes” was released from the album, composed by Simmons, Stanley, Lou Reed and Bob Ezrin.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The band's popularity began to decline.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[29] The 1982 Creatures of the Night “saved” Kiss.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[29] During this record, guitarist Ace Frehley resigned from the band.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Tracks to the disc were played by a group of studio musicians including Steve Farris and jazz-rock greatness Robben Ford.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The band's official solo guitarist became Vinnie Vincent.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[30] The next album Lick It Up brought something new.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The band members performed without makeup and received much criticism for it.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[30] Vinnie Vincent was dismissed a little while away and replaced by Mark St.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

John.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[31] In 1984, Kiss released the album Animalize.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

During the recordings of Animalize, Simmons focused on her acting career.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[31] However, Pesti did not last longer than the Animalize album, as St. John suffered from Reiter's disease, and was therefore unable to play on long tours again.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Another new guitarist was chosen to replace him, the brother of Bob Kulick, who previously collaborated with Kiss, Bruce Kulick.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Kulick got along well with other KISS players and the new line-up lasted more than seven years, the longest since the band's original lineup in the 1970s.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[32] Kiss released records Asylum (1985), Crazy Nights (1987) and Hot in the Shade (1989) with the same line-up.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[32] There was a change in the line-up when drummer Eric Carr died and he was replaced by Eric Singer.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The next album Revenge was released in 1992.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The album rose to number six on the Billboard charts.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[33] The next record was the live album Alive III, which was successful on the charts.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[33] The original lineup made a comeback on MTV's Unplugged program in August 1995, then admittedly without masks.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The 1996 Grammy Awards, where the band performed with the original members in face masks for the first time in nearly 20 years, will be considered to be the actual return of the original lineup.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[34] Kiss also held a reunion press conference on the Uss Intrepid.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[35] In late 1998, Kiss released a new album called Psycho Circus.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The album was promoted as a studio album made by the original KISS crew, but in reality Ace Frehley and Peter Criss did not play on many tracks.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Guitaring on the album was mainly by Tommy Thayer, who had been working in the band's background for several years.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Psycho Circus wasn't a big success, but sold gold nonetheless.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Despite the spectacular 3D effects, Psycho Circus wasn't Alive!


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Worldwide's tour was such a success, but grossed over $100 million.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[36] Ace Frehley also left the side in 2002 after forever boring the constant farewell tour and playing the same songs.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Also contributing to the issue was the worsening of Frehley's substance abuse problems, something Simmons, especially known as a consummate absolutist, could not tolerate.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[37] A solo career Simmons has gotten a lot done outside of Kiss as well.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

In 1977, Simmons saw a Van Halen gig at a local club, after which Van Halen sent a Simmons-funded demo to Warner Bros.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Van Halen went on to become one of Warner's most popular artists.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[38] [39] Simmons has released two studio albums, Gene Simmons and Asshole.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons has also served as Liza Minnelli's manager and producer for Wendy O. Williams.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

He also runs his own record label, for a short time operated $immons Records.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[2] Acting career Gene Simmons has also forged careers as an independent actor.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Her first role was in the film Fugitive in 1984, in which she starred with Tom Selleck, Kirstie Alley and Cynthia Rhodes.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[40] Simmons also starred in the film Between Two Women from 2002.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[41] Gene Simmons has also starred with Kiss in the film Kiss and the Ghost of the Amusement Park, which was made in 1978 and featured the band's original line-up (Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Ace Frehley and Peter Criss).


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[42] The same KISS lineup is also seen in Detroit Rock City (1999), where four boys want to get to a Kiss concert in Detroit.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[43] Simmons appeared in three episodes of Family Guy as himself.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

He also appeared in the animated series King of the Hill as himself.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[44] Gene Simmons has also appeared in television series.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

In 2008, she appeared in two episodes of the Ugly Betty series.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[44] In 2004, Gene starred in a few episodes of the series “Hour of Need” as drug kingpin Donald Mann.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[45] Simmons has been involved in the making of two reality TV series, Rock School [46] and Gene Simmons' Family Gentlemen.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The first production season of the rock school was also seen in Finland in the summer of 2006 on Nelosen.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

In the programme, Gene Simmons assembled a five-piece rock band of young British classical music students.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons was a guest judge in 2005 on the talent search program American Idol.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

He has also guest-starred on talk shows such as Jimmy Kimmel Live! , The Tonight Show and The Henry Rollins Show.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[44] Simmons goes on to be a judge on the CBS-produced TV show Jingles, which reviews audio commercials.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[47] Simmons is also seen in Nickelback's “Rockstar” music video.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

In the Eighties, Simmons guest-starred in an episode of the popular Miami Vice series and played a drug lord.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

The television series Gene Simmons' family calluses, which follows the life of the Simmons family, is aired in Finland by JIM channel.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Private life Gene Simmons has had a long-term relationship with former Playboy model and actress Shannon Tweed, with whom he also has two children, Nicholas (born January 22, 1989) and Sophie (born July 7, 1992).


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons has also socialised with many other public figures, the most famous of which are probably Cher and Diana Ross.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[48] He has also been in a relationship with actress Liv Ullmann.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

Simmons has written two books about her life and Kiss, the very successful KISS and Make-Up [49] in 2001 and Sex Money KISS in 2003.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

She has also published Ladies of the Night: A Historical and Personal Perspective on the Oldest Profession in the World, a book on prostitution in 2008.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[50] Simmons owns a record label, a marketing firm and the Moneybag clothing line.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[51] He also owns the Dragonfly clothing line.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[2] Simmons co-founded Simmons Abramson with Richard Abramson Marketing.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

He also owns the Simmons Books and Simmons Comics companies.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[50] Gene Simmons is also a notoriously absolutist — he has, in his own words, never been drunk.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[52] Simmons is particularly opposed to drugs and other intoxicants.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

According to Maxim magazine, Gene has slept with as many as 4600 women.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[53] Simmons is multilingual.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

He speaks English, Hungarian, Hebrew and German and is currently learning Japanese and Mandarin Chinese.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[48] Simmons performed at the Xbox 360's Guitar Hero II event in New York.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[54] Gene has also given his voice to Demigod of Rock in Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

[55] Gene Simmons is Jewish.


Question: Who created the Ugly Betty series?

Gene Simmons

He was born into a Jewish family, and his mother survived a Nazi concentration camp.