Question: Where is the Wailing Wall located?

Western Wall

A year later, he announced his opinion: In 2006, Dr. Hassan Khader, founder of Al Quds Encyclopedia, said in a television interview that Jewish connections to the wall didn't originate until the 16th century and are not its parents, unlike its links to Islam.


Question: Where is the Wailing Wall located?

Western Wall

[157] Raed Salah, leader of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel, has written: “The Western Wall — it all parts, structures and gates — is an integral part of the al-Aqsa building group... The Western Wall is part of the western tower of al-Aqsa, which was mistakenly mistaken by Israeli authorities and viciously refer to as 'Walls of Appellation'.


Question: Where is the Wailing Wall located?

Western Wall

The wall is part of the holy al-Aqsa Mosque.”.


Question: Where is the Wailing Wall located?

Western Wall

[158] Yitzah Reiter has stated that the Islamic Movement in Israel generally seeks to systematically highlight the Wall's affiliations with Islam, claiming that it is nothing to do with Judaism.


Question: Where is the Wailing Wall located?

Western Wall

[159] United States Although the US government is aware that it will be very difficult to reach a final peace treaty that also agrees on the status of Jerusalem, it has officially acknowledged the importance of the wall to the Jewish people and has condemned statements attempting to explain, that Jews have no legal rights to the area in general, or to the Western Wall in particular.


Question: Where is the Wailing Wall located?

Western Wall

In November 2010, for example, the Obama government “seriously condemned a claim by a Palestinian official that the Western Wall of the Old City has no religious significance to Jews and is Muslim property.”


Question: Where is the Wailing Wall located?

Western Wall

The US State Department dismissed the allegation as “factual, insensitive and very provocative.


Question: Where is the Wailing Wall located?

Western Wall

“[160] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bleiweiss, Robert| title = Jewish Spectator| number = Tear Down the Western Wall| year = 1997| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chertoff, Mordecai S.| title = Zionism: a basic reader| publisher = Herzl Press| year = 1975| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Idinopulos, Thomas A.| title = Jerusalem: A History of the Holiest City as Seen Through the Struggles of Jews, Christians, and Muslims| publisher = Ivan R. Dee, Publsisher| year = 1994| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lee, James W.| title = Earthly Footsteps of the Man of Galilee| year = 1863| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mock, Steven| title = Symbols of Symbols Defeat in the Construction of National Identity| number = Theories of Nations and Nationalism| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2011| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = The World Book Encyclopedia| publisher = World Book| year = 2007| format = [online version]}} References elsewhere Photographs Category:Jerusalem Buildings and structures Category:Walls Category:Judaism


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Raman scattering, or Raman phenomenon, is the scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation in which the frequency of the radiation changes.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Among other things, the phenomenon can be used to identify molecules and clarify their structures spectroscopically.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Ramanscattering is named after the Indian Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

He was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of raman scattering.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Theory Basics When radiation is directed to matter, most photons continue straight through matter.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

A small percentage of photons hit molecules and deviate from their direction of propagation, i.e. scattering.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Resilient scattering where the energy of the photon does not change is called Rayleigh scattering.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Approximately one in ten million [1] photons entering matter scatters elastically, or uneelastically.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

This phenomenon, to be called raman scattering, is much weaker than Rayleigh scattering, and can occur in two ways.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

If the molecule receives energy in scattering, the energy of the scattering photon is less than the original, as the energy must remain.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

For this case, the name Stokes scattering is used.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In the opposite case, i.e., anti-Stokes scattering, the molecule gives off energy and the energy of the photon increases in the scattering.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

At the same time, the frequency of the photon increases and the wavelength decreases.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The magnitude of the energy transferred depends on the energy states of the molecule.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Raman scattering is therefore characteristic of the scattering agent.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

When a molecule absorbs a photon, it moves between two energy states.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

When a photon scatters from a molecule in raman scattering, the molecule moves from one state to another between ferments in a virtual, or apparent state.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

If there is no suitable virtual state, no rama transition can occur.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Such a transition is said to be forbidden.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The intensity of the raman transition depends on how much of the molecules are at the beginning in the state from which to transition.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Anti-Stokes scattering is usually weaker than Stokes scattering because in it the molecule leaves a state of higher energy and, according to the Boltzmann distribution, there are fewer molecules in a given energy state, the higher the energy of the state relative to other states.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Raman scattering differs from fluorescence in that it does not depend on the wavelength of light entering the sample.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Fluorescence is a phenomenon slower than raman scattering, because in it the electron of the molecule enters its true excitation state.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

When molecules are studied using the Raman phenomenon, the raman scattering created by their oscillation is most often investigated.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The raman spectrum and the usual absorption spectrum generated by infrared radiation are generally not similar in appearance, but complement each other.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

For a molecule to have an infrared spectrum, its electrical dipole moment must change as the molecule oscillates.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Raman scattering, on the other hand, is possible if the polarizability of the molecule changes in oscillation.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Polarizability describes how easily an external electric field can move a molecule's electron cloud.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

These results are the main selection rules for oscillation transitions.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Based on selection rules, for example, a symmetric stretch oscillation of carbon dioxide (CO2), where oxygen atoms move symmetrically in opposite directions and back, is not normally visible in the infrared spectrum.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

However, it is possible to detect this oscillation with the help of raman scattering.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Similarly, the asymmetric stretch oscillation of carbon dioxide is not visible in the raman spectrum, but is visible in the infrared spectrum.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

If a molecule has a center of symmetry (like carbon dioxide), no oscillation can appear in both the infrared and raman spectra.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Not all vibrations may be detectable either way.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In the rotation of molecules, the selection rules are different.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In order for a molecule to have a pure rotational spectrum, or microwave spectrum, it must have a non-zero permanent dipole moment, that is, it must be poolic.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

A rotational trajectory spectrum is possible if the molecule is anisotropically, that is, direction-dependent polarizing.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

For example, the hydrogen molecule H2 is more easily polarized by an electric field parallel to the bond than the field perpendicular to the bond.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Hydrogen thus has a rotational trajectory spectrum.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

However, it does not have a pure rotational spectrum because it is a poolless molecule.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Methane (CH4), due to its symmetry, does not appear in either the microwave or raman spectra.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In addition to oscillatory and rotational transitions, raman scattering can arise in connection with electronic transitions.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Franco Rasetti was the first to observe the electronic Raman phenomenon with nitrogen monoxide (NO) [2].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Classical explanation The emergence of Stokes and anti-Stokes spectral lines can be explained using classical physics as follows [3]: The electric field strength E changes over time as follows: E = E 0 cos 2 π ν 0 t, {\ displaystyle E=E_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {0} t,} where E0 is the amplitude of the electric field and ν0 is the frequency of the light used.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

If this light is directed to a two-atomic molecule, a dipole moment μ is generated in the molecule: μ = α E = α E 0 cos 2 π ν 0 t, {\ displaystyle\ mu =\ alpha E=\ alpha E_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {0} t,} where the proportionality coefficient α is the polarizability.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

If the molecule oscillates or rotates with frequency νm, the motion deviation q is q = q 0 cos 2 π ν m t, {\ displaystyle q=q_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {\ text {m}} t,} where q0 is the motion amplitude.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

With small amplitudes, polarizability depends linearly on q: α = α 0 + (α q) q = 0 q +... {\ displaystyle\ alpha =\ alpha _ {0} +\ left ({\ frac {\ frac {\ partial\ alpha} {\ partial q}}\ right) _ {q=0} q+\ dots} The expression α0 is the polarizability in the equilibrium position and the derivative describes the change of polarizability as q changes, calculated in equilibrium position.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Combining the equations, we obtain the dipole moment μ = α E 0 cos 2 π ν 0 t = α 0 E 0 cos 2 π ν 0 t + (⋅ α ⋅ q) q = 0 q α E 0 cos 2 π ν 0 t {\ displaystyle\ mu =\ alpha E_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {0} t=\ alpha _ {0} E_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {0} t+\ left ({\ frac {\ partial\ alpha} {\ partial\ q} \ right) _ {q=0} q\ alpha E_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {0} t} = α 0 E 0 cos 2 π ν 0 t + (α q) q = 0 q 0 cos 2 π ν m t α E 0 cos 2 π ν 0 t. {\ displaystyle =\ alpha _ {0} E_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {0} t+\ left ({\ frac {\ partial\ alpha} {\ partial q}}\ right) _ {q=0} q_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {\ text {m}} t~\ alpha E_ {0} cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {0} t.} Using the trigonometric formula 2cos<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[7279,7284,2,2]}'>x</i>cos<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[7299,7304,2,2]}'>y = cos (x+y) + cos (x−y) we finally obtain μ = α 0 E 0 cos 2 π ν 0 t + 1 2 (≫ α ≫ q) q = 0 q 0 α E 0 [cos 2 π (ν 0 + ν m ) t + cos 2 π (ν 0 − ν m) t].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

{\ displaystyle {\ mu =\ alpha _ {0} E_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi\ nu _ {0} t+ {\ frac {1} {2}}\ left ({\ frac {\ partial\ alpha} {\ partial q}}\ right) _ {q=0} q_ {0}\ alpha E_ {0}\ cos 2\ pi (\ nu _ {0} +\ nu _ {\ text {m}}) t+\ cos 2\ pi (\ nu _ {0} -\ nu _ {\ text {m}}) t\ right].}}


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The first term describes Rayleigh scattering (frequency ν0), and the latter terms describe anti-Stokes scattering (ν0+νm) and Stokes scattering (ν0−νm).


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

If the derivative is zero, that is, if the polarizability does not change, the motion of the molecule does not generate raman scattering.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Polarizability tensor The dipole moment generated in a molecule does not normally coincide with the electric field.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Then in the equation μ=αE must α be interpreted as a tensor in matrix form [μ x μ y μ z] = [α x x α x y α x z α y x α y y α y z α z x α z x α z z] [E x E y E z].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

{\ displaystyle {\ begin {bmatrix}\ mu _ {x}\\ mu _ {y}\\ mu _ {z}\ end {bmatrix}} = {\ begin {bmatrix}\ alpha _ {xx} ~\ alpha _ {xy} ~\ alpha _ {xz}\\ alpha _ {yx} ~\ alpha _ yy} ~\ alpha _ {yz}\\\ alpha _ {zx} ~\ alpha _ {zy} ~\ alpha _ {zz}\\ end {bmatrix}} {\ begin {bmatrix} E_ {x}\\ E_ {y}\\ E_ {z}\ end {bmatrix}}.}


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

This polarizability tensor is symmetric, i.e., αxy=αyx, αxz=αzx, and αyz=αzy.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In quantum mechanics, raman scattering is possible if one of the components of the tensor changes as the molecule moves.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[4] Group theory states that an oscillation can give rise to a raman transition if any component of polarizability belongs to the same symmetry species as the oscillation.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Symmetry species of components are indicated in the characteristic table of the molecule point group.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[5] Depolarization ratio Measuring the polarization of scattered light yields information about the symmetry of each oscillation in the molecule, making it easier to interpret the raman spectrum.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The raman line depolarization ratio (ρ) is the ratio of the intensities of scattered lights perpendicular and parallel to the polarization of the original light.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

To clarify the relationship, the scattering light must be directed to a polarizing filter, which is first placed parallel to and then perpendicular to the polarization of the light entering the sample.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

A raman line is said to be depolarized if its depolarization ratio is 0.75 or more.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

If ρ<0.75, the line is polarized.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In order to create a polarized line, the oscillation must be perfectly symmetric as in the symmetric stretching of tetrachloromethane (CCl4).


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[6] Raman methods Resonance raman scattering In resonance raman scattering, radiation with energy equal to some transition between the electronic states of the molecule is directed to the sample.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The molecule therefore visits a virtual state instead of in a real electronic excitation state.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In this case, the intensity of raman scattering increases 1000—100000-fold.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Since this intense scattering is often accompanied by only a few of the different oscillations of the molecule, the spectrum is greatly simplified.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The resonance raman spectrum allows not only to identify these oscillations from the complex ordinary raman spectrum, but also to locate electronic transitions in the absorption spectrum.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Resonance raman spectroscopy can study biomolecules that strongly absorb light and ultraviolet radiation.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[5] [7] Nonlinear raman phenomena Expressed more precisely than the equation μ=αE, the dipole moment generated in the molecule is the series: μ = α E + 1 2 β E 2 + 1 6 γ E 3 +... {\ displaystyle\ mu =\ alpha E+ {\ frac {1} {2}}\ beta E^ {2} + {\ frac {1} {6}}\ gamma E^ {3} +\ dots} The expression E is the electric field strength, α is the polarizability, and β and γ are the first and second hyperpolarizability.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In standard raman spectroscopy, which uses a continuous-action laser, the second and third terms are insignificantly small.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Strong laser pulses, on the other hand, generate a strong electric field, which can lead to the following nonlinear phenomena.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[8] Hyperraman scattering generates Hyper-Rayleigh scattering at frequency 2ν and Hyper-Stokes and Hyper-anti-Stokes scattering at frequencies 2ν0−νm and 2ν0+νm, where ν0 is the frequency of the laser and νm is the excitation frequency of the molecule.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Such scattering is caused by two photons.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Hyperrama scattering is difficult to observe, as only about a trillionth of the original radiation (ν0) becomes hyperraman scattering (2ν0±νm).


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The advantage of hyperraman scattering lies in the fact that the selection rules are different than in standard raman scattering.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

A hyperraman spectrum is possible if the components of the hyperpolarizability tensor change as the molecule oscillates.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Thus, it is possible to detect such oscillations that are not visible in the raman or infrared spectrum.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[9] When the electric field generated by the laser is large enough, raman scattering is stimulated instead of hyperrama scattering.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In it, the laser generates a strong coherent, that is, the same phase beam at Stokes frequency ν0−νm.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The beam causes Stokes scattering at a frequency of ν0−2νm, and this again scatters at ν0−3νm and so on.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Stimulated raman scattering can be used to create laser radiation at different frequencies.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[10] In reverse raman scattering, in addition to the laser frequency ν, a continuum of radiation is directed to the sample so that the continuum has an anti-Stokes scattering frequency ν+νm.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In this case, emission at frequency ν and absorption on the continuum at frequency ν+νm are observed.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The sample thus has tuned molecules so that the initial and final state energy difference conforms to frequency νm.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The phenomenon is referred to as reverse raman scattering because the frequency of anti-Stokes scattering is the tuning frequency rather than the scattered frequency as usual.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Reverse raman scattering can be used to study short-lived molecules.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[11] Coherent anti-Stokes raman scattering, or CARS (), is a method in which two high-energy laser beams with frequencies ν1 and ν2 are directed parallel to a sample.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

These rays give rise to coherent radiation at a frequency of 2ν1−ν2.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The frequency ν2 is adjusted to correspond to some Stokes line ν1−νm, where νm is some excitation frequency of the molecule.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In this case, the frequency of coherent radiation is 2ν1−ν2 =2ν1− (ν1−νm) =ν1+νm, i.e., the frequency of the anti-Stokes line.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Because the light generated in CARS is coherent and propagates in one direction, it is easy to observe and there is no harm from fluorescence.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Due to the high intensity of light, extremely low concentrations of gaseous compounds can be measured.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In addition, the selection rules are different than in standard raman spectroscopy.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[12] Surface-reinforced raman scattering Surface reinforced raman scattering, or SERS (engl.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

surface-enhanced Raman scattering) is a method in which the raman spectrum of a molecule adsorbed to the surface of a metal, that is adsorbed, can increase in intensity to one million times compared to, for example, the spectrum measured from solution.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Thus, little of the analyte is needed.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

For measurements, special surfaces are used, among other things, made of silver.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Surface reinforced raman scattering has been suggested to be based on the fact that the electric field is particularly strong near metal surfaces.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The method has been utilized since the 1970s.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[13] Hardware The four main components of the Raman spectrometer are the light source, the instruments controlling the light to and from the sample, the wavelength selector and the detector [14].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The light source must be powerful to scatter enough radiation.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Light must be monochromatic, that is, of one wavelength, so that even minor changes in scattered radiation can be distinguished from the original radiation.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Lasers are well suited as light sources because the radiation they emit is intense and monochromatic.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In addition, their radius is narrow, which makes it easier to study small specimens.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The radiation emitted by lasers is also almost completely linearly polarized, so it does well for depolarization measurements.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Prior to the development of lasers, a mercury vapor lamp was usually used as a light source.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The lamp had to have a filter to make the wavelength range of radiation as narrow as possible.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

To obtain a sufficiently high power, specially made lamps were used.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[15] Since raman scattering is weak, the laser beam must be accurately applied to the sample and scattering radiation must be carefully collected using various lenses and mirrors.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Scattering can be observed, for example, at an angle of 90 or 180 degrees to the direction of the beam.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[16] The most common of the radiance wavelength selectors to be directed to the detector are prism and lattice monochromators and FT installations based on fourier transformation.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In the FT method, the light source is a laser emitting infrared radiation and wavelengths are separated using an interferometer.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Compared to traditional raman spectroscopy, the advantage of the FT method is that fluorescence is low in the infrared range.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In addition, the separation capacity is high.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The disadvantage is, among other things, that infrared radiation generates weaker raman scattering than visible light.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[17] Since raman scattering is weak, it is difficult to observe.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In the first raman measurements, the spectrum was photographed using long exposure times.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Today, raman scattering can be observed, for example, by a light monitor that turns photons into an electrical signal, or by a CCD cell, where photons cause charges to be generated.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

FT raman methods normally use indium gallium arsenide detectors.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[18] Applications Using raman scattering to study the structures of substances in chemistry.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Infrared and raman studies can be used to elucidate the symmetry of small molecules and functional groups of large molecules.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

By comparing the infrared and raman spectra with symmetry reviews according to group theory, for example, it may have been established that the XEH4 molecule is a planar square in structure rather than a tetrahedron.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[19] In the study of solids, raman scattering can, inter alia, identify different crystal forms [20].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In biochemistry and medicine, raman spectroscopy is useful for two reasons in particular: First, water raman scattering is poor, making it easier to study aqueous solutions.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Secondly, the sample quantities required for resonance raman scattering are small.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The heme group of hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins has a porphyrin ring whose electronic transition can be exploited in resonance rama study so that other parts of the protein do not interfere with the spectrum.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[21] Raman scattering can also be used to study drug binding to DNA [22].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In medicine, using raman spectroscopy, ordinary tissue and cancerous tissue can be distinguished, among other things, from samples taken from the breast and liver.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Using fibre optics, raman spectra of arterial walls in live sheep have been used.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[23] In industry, raman spectroscopy has, among other things, monitored polymerization in paint manufacturing by observing how the raman scattering resulting from the oscillation of the carbon-carbon double bond of the monomer deteriorates as the process progresses [24].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Raman scattering can also be used in the oil refining industry to study the constituents of gasoline and in metal processing to identify ammonia complexes of cobalt, nickel and copper in aqueous solution [25].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In environmental research, raman scattering makes it possible to determine concentrations of ions in water bodies when the ion is allowed to react with a suitable complexometric indicator [26].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

History The first observations of raman scattering were publicized by C.V.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Rama at a scientific meeting in Bangalore on 16 March 1928.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Professor Raman had begun studying the scattering of light from transparent substances in Calcutta in 1921.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

His student K.R.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Ramanathan discovered in 1923 that when sunlight was directed through purple glass to the sample, a green light was visible in the scattered light, when viewed through a filter, which was not present in the light entering the sample.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Ramanathan referred to the phenomenon as “weak fluorescence”.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The phenomenon did not go away, although the liquid was carefully purified, so it had to be characteristic of the studied substance.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Two years later, Raman's pupil K.S.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Krishnan observed the same phenomenon in about 60 different fluids and found that the scattered light was partially polarized, unlike in ordinary fluorescence.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

While working on the classical theory of the Compton phenomenon, Raman realised that the weak scattering they observed was about a new fundamental phenomenon corresponding to Compton scattering at wavelengths of light.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[27] Raman and Krishnan published their results briefly in Nature on 31 March 1928 [28].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Next, Raman and Krishnan narrowed the wavelength range of light directed to the sample and discovered, to their amazement, that there was a blank region in the spectrum between the original and the scattered light.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

They began using a mercury lamp as a light source and observed raman scattering in liquids, gases, vapors, ice crystals and glasses.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Ramanlines were found to be specific to the analyte.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

On the lower frequencies, or Stokes scattering side, the lines were stronger than on the higher frequencies side.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The difference between these lines and the initial light frequencies did not depend on the original light, while in fluorescence the frequency of the line remains the same.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In many cases, the differences between the frequencies of the tuning light and the new lines accurately corresponded to the frequencies of infrared absorption of the same substances.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[29] Raman scattering had been predicted quantum mechanically even before Raman's discovery.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The Austrian Adolf Smekal suggested in 1923 that the energy of radiation could, in scattering, be reduced by the difference in energy between the basic and excitation state.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Hendrik Anthony Kramers and Werner Heisenberg developed the idea in quantum mechanical scattering theory in 1925.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The existence of raman lines was also in Paul Dirac's scattering theory.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Frenchman Yves Rocard had anticipated raman scattering theoretically, but he only published his results after Raman published his own because he had wanted to wait for experimental confirmation.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

The group that Rocard was involved in had studied gases that scatter poorly, rather than liquids like Raman's group.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Russians Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelštam, independently of Raman, observed raman scattering in quartz.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

They published their first article on the subject a few months after Raman had announced his results.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Although the term Raman phenomenon began to be used as early as 1928, Russian scientists weaned off the phrase for decades.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[30] Raman received the Nobel Prize alone apparently because the prize was proposed to Raman by ten physicists from several countries, while Landsberg and Mandelštam were proposed by only two Russians.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

In addition, Raman was the first to publish the discovery, demonstrating its universality by studying liquids, gases, and solids.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[31] As soon as raman scattering was discovered, chemists and physicists discovered that it was possible to work out the structures of substances.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

More than 2500 compounds were studied using Raman scattering in the first decade after the discovery of the Raman phenomenon.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[32] From 1945 to 1960, analytical chemistry used mostly infrared spectroscopy instead of raman spectroscopy because only small amounts of sample were required for infrared measurements and the measurement time was short.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Commercial infrared spectrometers were also available.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

[33] In the 1960s, raman spectroscopy began to make a strong new coming with the development of lasers [34].


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = A. Anderson (ed.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

) | title = The Raman Effect| publisher = Marcel Dekker| year = 1971| version = Volume 1: Principles| id = ISBN 0-8247-1014-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peter Atkins & Julio de Paula| title = Atkins' Physical Chemistry| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2006| | version=8th edition| id = ISBN 0-19-870072-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = John R. Ferraro & Kazuo Nakamoto & Chris W. Brown| title= Introductory Raman Spectroscopy| publisher = Elsevier| year = 2003| version=2nd edition| id = ISBN 978-0-12-2545-25105-6}} References: On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

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Question: What am I using ramanscattering for?

Raman scattering

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kalliorinne, Kaarlo etc.| title = Physical Chemistry 1: Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy| publisher = Book group| year = 1988| id = ISBN 951-26-3250-0| page = 175—180}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fractional, Juhani| title = Ramanspectrometry | publisher = University of Helsinki, Department of Physical Chemistry | year = 1975| version = Moniste 8}} Jukka Saarinen lecture at the Society of Natural Philosophy 13.11.2018: Category:Optics Category:Spectroscopy


Question: What is the largest hospital in Finland?

List of hospitals in Finland

University Hospitals Helsinki Region University Central Hospital HYKS includes numerous small hospitals, but as the main hospital Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki Turku University Hospital, Turku Oulu University Hospital, Oulu University Hospital Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu Tampere University Hospital, Tampere Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Puijo Hospital Central Hospitals Kymenlaakso Central Hospital, Kotka South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti Kanta-Häme Central Hospital, Hämeenlinna Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori Vaasan Central Hospital, Vaasa Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki Central Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Kokkola Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä Mikkeli Central Hospital, Mikkeli Savonlinna Central Hospital, Savonlinna North Karelia Central Hospital, Joensuu Kainuu Central Hospital, Kajaani Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi Åland Central Hospital, Mariehamn West Pohja Central Hospital, Kemi Regional Hospitals Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District Helsinki Aurora Hospital Haartman Hospital Haartman Hospital for Skin and Allergy (HYKS) Surgical Hospital (HYKS) Midwifery University Hospital (HYKS) Children's Clinic (HYKS) Children's Castle (HYKS) Malmi Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology (HYKS) Ocular Ear Hospital (HYKS) Clinic of Cancer (HYKS) Töölö Hospital (HYKS) Other municipalities Jorvi Hospital, Espoo (HYKS) Lohja Regional Hospital, Lohja Raasepori Hospital (earlier Western Uusimaa Hospital), Raasepori Peijaksen Hospital, Vantaa (HYKS) Porvoo Hospital, Porvoo Hyvinkää Hospital, Hyvinkää Varsinais-Finland Hospital District TYKS Surgical Hospital, Turku TYKS Vakka-Suomen Hospital, Uusikaupunki Turunmaa Hospital, Turku TYKS Salo Hospital, Salo TYKS Loimaa Hospital, Loimaa South Karelia Hospital District Honkaharju Hospital, Imatra Kymenlaakso Hospital District North Kymi Hospital, Kouvola Kanta-Häme Hospital Riihimäki Regional Hospital, Riihimäki Forssan Hospital, Forssa Satakunta Hospital District Harjavalta Hospital, Harjavalta Pori City Hospital, Pori Rauma Regional Hospital, Rauma Satalinna Hospital, Harjavalta Vaasa Hospital District Bothnian Regional Hospital, Kristiinankaupunki Southern Ostrobothnia Hospital Ähtäri Regional Hospital, Ähtäri Central Finland Hospital District Haukkala Hospital, Jyväskylä Kangasvuori Hospital, Jyväskylä Sädeshospital, Jyväskylä Juurikkaniemi Regional Hospital, Keuruu Inner Finland Hospital, Äänekoski Pirkanmaa Hospital District Kaivanto Hospital, Kangasala Valkeakoski Regional Hospital, Valkeakoski Vammala Regional Hospital, Sastamala Mänttä Regional Hospital, Mänttä Etelä-Savo Hospital Moisio Hospital, Mikkeli Pieksämäki Regional Hospital, Pieksämäki North Karelia Hospital District Kotilahti Hospital, Joensuu Northern Savonia Hospital District Julkula Hospital, Kuopio Alava Hospital, Kuopio Tarina Hospital, Siilinjärvi Iisalmi Regional Hospital, Iisalmi Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital Oulaskanka Hospital, Oulainen Visala Hospital, Ylivieska Lapland Hospital Muurola Hospital, Rovaniemi West Pohja Hospital District Keroputaan Hospital, Tornio Åland Hospital District Grelsby sjukhus, Finström Private hospitals Eira Hospital, Helsinki Docrates Cancer Hospital River Valley Hospital, Jämsä See also Large part of municipalities Night-time and weekend emergency rooms in primary care are handled in joint medical centres and specialised medical services located in hospitals.


Question: What is the largest hospital in Finland?

List of hospitals in Finland

Hospitals *


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

The Battle of Vyborg was fought during the retreat phase of the Continuation War on 20 June 1944.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

It ended after the Finns defending Vyborg backed down almost entirely without resistance and the capture of the city by Soviet forces.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

The defensive battle of Vyborg lasted only less than five hours, after which the Finns established a new defensive line on the west bank of the Kivisillansalmi less than four kilometres from the city centre.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim regarded the rapid loss of Vyborg as a “war historical scandal”.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

At the head of the Soviet Union, it was again received solemnly, for example, shots of honour were fired in Moscow as a result of the incident.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Until the Battle of Vyborg, which had been launched eleven days earlier, the major offensive of the Isthmus had been a success; Soviet forces had advanced less than 100 km from Valkeasaari to Vyborg almost uninterrupted at a daily rate of about 10 to 20 km.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[1] After the takeover, the Soviet Union continued its major offensive, but was stopped in the battles of Tienhaara, Talin-Ihantala, Vuosalmi and Vyborg Gulf.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Background The city of Vyborg, founded by the Swedes in 1403, has been the subject of a dispute between the West and the East for centuries.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

When the city was recaptured by the Russians after a siege in 1710, in addition to its sheer military significance, it had strong symbolic significance, as its recapture marked the victory of Slavonism over Sweden.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Controversy over Vyborg was also clearly visible in the policies of Soviet leader Josif Stalin from 1939 to 1944.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[2] Vyborg was also important to the Finns.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

It was the second largest city in Finland before the Winter War began and admittedly the capital of Eastern Finland.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

It was a major road and rail transport hub, as well as a hub for trade.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

In addition, it was the largest garrison town and a considerable school and culture town.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Vyborg was badly damaged, especially during the invasion phase of the Winter War and Continuation War, but was nevertheless an important city for the Finns.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Construction of defensive positions in the city began in February 1944 and their fortification continued until 17 June.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[2] [3] Troops after the Soviet Union began the major offensive of the Isthmus on 9 June 1944, Vyborg was evacuated from the civilian population and its defenses were in charge of the city from 18—19.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

June transferred to the 20th Brigade commanded by Colonel Armas Kemp, [4] whose hull was formed by former Infantry Regiment 22.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[5] However, it was poorly equipped and the brigade lacked the capability for settlement battle.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Ammunition and anti-tank weapons were scarce, and communication links had also not been established as Soviet troops took advantage of the city.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

The 20th Brigade had a line strength of 5,133 on the morning of the battle day.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[6] The Finnish forces were up against an estimated 40,000 Soviets, consisting of troops from six different divisions.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Included were two armoured brigades belonging to the 21st and 23rd Armies, three separate tank regiments as well as two infantry gun regiments, [1] The course of the fighting Soviet panzers made their first reconnaissance attacks in the early hours of the morning on 20 June, but the actual attack was launched until 1pm in the afternoon.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

However, soldiers from II Battalion, which had been manning the VKT line extending into the eastern districts of Vyborg, had begun to flee as early as midday as a result of various rumours.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Major Kurt Bäckman, who commanded the battalion, issued a detachment order a little later due to the severity of communication links and the threat of encirclement.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Colonel Kemppi, who commanded the brigade, was informed about the matter at about 1:40 p.m.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[7] The line of defence was finally breached at Ristimäki Cemetery at around 14:30, after which Soviet armours advancing along the then Isthmienkatu reached the railway yard area near the Kaleva and Pyöräsuo neighbourhoods around 16:00 and 16:30.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

They continued further further into the city centre, with Finnish troops retreating towards the west in a stampede with no say resistance.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Captain O.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

However, a light battery led by R. Karttunen was able to hold off the enemy — until they ran out of ammunition.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Captain Karttunen sent shortly before that, Lieutenant N.N.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

I'll pick up more from the Central Depot.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

However, the chief of the depot refused to give them: “Not from here, by any lieutenant's command, anything shall be given!”


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Karttunen's battery was thus forced to withdraw.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

There are more varied versions of the approximately couple of hours between the ban on surrender of ammunition and withdrawal [8] The retreating troops are also known to have raided the city.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Among other things, the central warehouse in Alko in Vyborg, which could not be destroyed in time, was broken into drinking soldiers [9].


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

The city centre was quickly depleted so that at 16:45 the Finnish flag on the tower of Vyborg Castle was pulled down and a few minutes later the leading Linnans in the Siikaniemi district was blown up to complicate the enemy advance.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Vyborg had thus fallen into the possession of Soviet forces in just under five hours.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Subsequently, new defensive positions for the 20th Brigade were organised to the west of the Kivisillansstrait between Linnasaari and the mainland.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[1] Losses 20.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

According to a summary compiled by Colonel Kemp, the brigade commander, on 23 June 1944, the losses of the Finns were “based on still inaccurate information” 19 fallen, 101 wounded and 419 missing men.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[10] [1] According to the file of those who perished in the Finnish wars 1939—1945, 23 Finnish soldiers died in Vyborg on 20 June.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[11] In the basement of the Vyborg Women's Hospital there was a mass bonding ground for Finns, where two medical officers and several severely wounded soldiers were left when the Russians arrived.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

There is no word on their later fate.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[12] Consequences The rapid implosion of the defences of Vyborg caused great shock in Finland's warfare.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Colonel Kemppi, who had been the commander of the 20th Brigade that fought in the city, was already dismissed from his duties as a brigadier after two days and transferred to the Home Forces HQ as a training inspector.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[13] In turn, Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim ordered Kemp and Major Bäckman, who commanded II Battalion, to be prosecuted before the Supreme Court Martial.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[14] However, in the investigation initiated, Kemp was found not guilty of anything.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

All that was considered to be a mistake by Kemp was that he did not set out effectively enough to organise a new defensive line after City lost the game.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[1] As a sentence, he was grounded for 25 days.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[15] Bäckman, on the other hand, was imprisoned on 10 July for two months and finally sentenced in January 1945 to an eight-month discipline room sentence for breach of duty.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Bäckman, who suffered from an alcohol problem, shot himself just under a week later.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[16] Later interpretations In the 2007 book Vyborg 1944 military history enthusiast Eeva Tammi made the claim that there was no intention to defend Vyborg.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

It has been generally assumed that the rapid loss of the city was mostly due to the dominance of the opponent and the lack of equipment of Finnish troops.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

However, according to the investigations carried out by Tammi, there was a group of three high-ranking officers who, unbeknownst to Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim, had decided to abandon Vyborg without a fight.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

They included General Erik Heinrichs, Major General Aksel Airo and Colonel Valo Nihtilä.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

According to them, the city was on the wrong side of the Gulf of Vyborg and defending it would do no good.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Mannerheim was not told of the plan because he would not have approved it anyway.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Tammi bases his claims on statements by, among others, a close friend of General Airo and Erkki Latikainen, 15 years old at the time.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Laatikainen's father is General Taavetti Latakainen, who had been told about the plan by Heinrichs, Airo and Nihtilä.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

There is no solid evidence for Tammi's interpretations, but his writing on the subject has nevertheless been published with the approval of Professor Ohto Manninen and the Finnish Military Historical Society.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

[15] Literature Elfvengren, Eero & Tammi, Eve: Vyborg 1944, WSOY 2007.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

ISBN 978-951-03319-6-5.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Manninen, Ohto & Rainila, Kyösti: Vyborg lost — Front falters 1944, Otava 2014.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

ISBN 978-951-12820-9-9.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Tarkki, Uuno: Battle for Vyborg 20.6.1944 — Vyborg loss and trial! , Gummerus in 1996.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

ISBN 978-951-20498-3-7.


Question: What were the Russian losses in the Battle of Vyborg?

Battle of Vyborg (1944)

Sources on the subject elsewhere Broadcasting Category:Continuation War Battles Category:History of Vyborg Class:1944


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Walter Percy Chrysler (April 2, 1875 in Wamego, Kansas — August 18, 1940, Kings Point, New York) was best known as a developer and successful professional executive of the early 20th century U.S. automotive industry, and founder of the Chrysler Corporation.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Background Walter Chrysler was born in Midwestern Kansas, a small town of Wamego, a descendant of Anna Maria (o.s. Breymann) and Henry Chrysler.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

During Walter's childhood and adolescence years, the family lived in the small town of Ellis, which had developed with the advent of the water tower of the Kansas Pacific Railway.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Today, Walter Chrysler's childhood home serves as a museum detailing his life.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[1] Walter's father was a train driver for the Kansas Pacific Railway and later the Union Pacific Railroad, so both Walter's growth environment and his father's occupation admittedly had an impact on the youngster's choice of career.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Young Walter Chrysler got himself an undergraduate degree in the field of mechanics as a letter course and at the same time he was learning how to work metal on his own.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[1] Walter married Della Forker in 1901 and they had four children.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Career Railroads The story of Walter Chrysler and his future company begins at the turn of the 20th century, when a young man trained as a machinist and railroad mechanic toured along the West, changing his job from one railroad company to another.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler soon acquired a reputation for himself as a knowledgeable mechanic, so there was enough work for him, although a restless nature and desire to develop drove him from company to company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In 1905, he obtained a position as chief mechanic of the Chicago Great Western Railway and in 1907 he was appointed to head the maintenance department of the railroad company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler became the youngest person of the astics in this position.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

He was subordinated to over a thousand workmen and was responsible for both the operation of the company's workshops and engineering shops and for the condition of the train fleet.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The salary he was paid a reasonable 350 then American dollars per month.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[2] The year 1908 was a watershed for the American vehicle industry: Henry Ford introduced his T-Ford, William C. Durant founded General Motors, Locomobile was the first American brand to win the Vanderbilt Cup, and Walter Chrysler visited the Chicago Auto Show, where he became enamored A Locomobile car, one of the finest vehicles of its time.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[3] Chrysler revolved around the car for three days.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The problem was that Locomobile cost a staggering $5,000 and his monthly income was $350.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Even he didn't have more than $700.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler managed to negotiate a $4300 loan from a familiar bank manager and was able to buy Locomobile.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

He transported it to his home, where he disassembled it into parts and spent the next three months in his stew shed, examining its structures, spare parts catalogues, etc., to get to grips with how his love (along with his wife) works.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[2] American Locomotive Company In 1909, Chrysler, at the end of a dispute with his superior, resigned from the service of the Chicago Great Western Railway and applied to the American Locomotive Company (ALCO).


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The salary here was lower than before, only $275 a month, but when it comes to manufacturing products, he would have a chance of anything.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Working for the railway company, he was “just” a mechanic who would never have access to the management desk.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[2] Chrysler secured a position at ALCO's Allegheny Locomotive and Wagon Plant in Pittsburgh.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Here, in a year and a half, he reorganized production so that the unit made a profit for the first time in three years.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler moved smoothly with the management of railway companies, many of them familiar from years ago, and arranged multi-million-class deals for ALCO through its dealings.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

By the time it reached 1911, Chrysler's annual salary was already $8000, with a monthly salary of more than $650.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[2] Buick Chrysler's career in the automotive industry received a major boost in the spring of 1911 when James J. Storrow, a banker who sat on the boards of both ALCO and General Motors, inquired about his willingness to transfer his gifts to the service of the automotive industry.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

On offer was a position as manager of Buick's Flint plant.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

After Chrysler answered in the affirmative, Storrow arranged for him to meet with Buick's then-general manager, Charles W. Nash.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

When word of Chrysler's departure intentions hurried to ALCO's chief executive, they pledged to increase this annual salary to $12,000.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Nash was only able to offer $6,000 a year, or less than Chrysler received from ALCO, but a love of cars took away the profit.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler resigned itself from the iron industry for the last time and relocated to Flint in January 1912.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[3] The period from January 1912 to July 1916, when Chrysler worked as manager of Buick's Flint plant, winged into the success of the label and its parent company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

By rationalizing working practices, Chrysler cut expenses, increased manufacturing volumes and improved productivity.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Modern line production was introduced at the Flint factory, albeit in a slightly more primitive form, where the in-work car was pushed from one installation point to another.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Using Chrysler's methods, Buick's daytime production rose first from 45 to 75 cars, and eventually to 200 cars.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In 1912, when Chrysler entered the house, Buick had annual production of 19,812 cars and in 1916 it manufactured 124,834 cars.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

And all this was done in such a way that the good quality of the cars did not suffer.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[2] Although Chrysler had already worked for the company for more than three years, and developed Buick's operations into a million-class profit-making business, his salary was still $6000 a year.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In his confident style, Chrysler marched to the package of Nash, who now served as head of all of GM, and demanded an immediate increase in his salary to $25,000 a year or he would resign.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Nash was of the opinion that Chrysler was a distortion of its price to the company, and obtained permission from GM's board to grant Chrysler what he asked for.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[2] Meanwhile, General Motors was in fermentation mode.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

William C. Durant, who founded the company in 1908, had, thanks to its reckless policy of expansion, brought it into a financially chaotic state and GM's board of directors, made up of bankers, had given Durant departure passes from the company he created in 1911, elevating Nash to head the company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Durant, however, managed to buy himself a sufficient number of GM shares that in 1916, by their power, he was able to regain control of the company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler, by banker Storrow, was offered a position in the Thomas B. Jeffery Company purchased by this Nash in case he would accompany Nash to the new company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Jeffery Company became the basis for the future Nash Motors Company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler, however, wanted to hear what Durant had to offer him.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Before Chrysler could even present anything, Durant slammed the table with an offer he couldn't refuse, a three-year contract at a half-million annual salary.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler agreed to this on the condition that $120,000 would be paid in cash for the salary and the balance be paid in General Motors shares.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Thus Walter Chrysler became a major GM owner.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[3] Billy Durant and Walter Chrysler were the complete opposites of each other.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Although Chrysler did not refuse to take risks, he wanted it to be done as controlled as possible, with all angles and careful consideration.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Durant made his decision based on emotion and spur of the moment and may have changed his mind several times in the same day.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

World War I and the situation thereafter [2] following the United States' entry into the Great War in Europe in the spring of 1917, Walter Chrysler negotiated a major contract for Buick to produce three thousand Liberty aircraft engines.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The re-equipping of the factory, training of the workforce and practical implementation of the project was provided by the then chief engineer of the Flint plant, K.T who transferred from the Maxwell-Briscoe company to GM.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Keller, who would play a major role in the fates of the future Chrysler Group.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

When he hired Chrysler, Durant had promised that he would be allowed to run Buick independently, but in fact Durant himself was constantly interfering with Chrysler's dealings and was very openly critical of his management style.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Durant, however, held Chrysler in high esteem and in late 1918 Durant appointed Chrysler as GM's first vice president, which meant that Chrysler handled many of the company's affairs that Durant, who joined him above everyday life, couldn't even think of.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

One example of this was GM's Modern Housing Corporation subsidiary founded by Walter Chrysler, which built 1,000 homes in the screaming housing shortage of Flint's tedas workers.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Durant hadn't been able to think of such a thing.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The crisis between the men culminated in the summer of 1919 and eventually led to Chrysler's departure from GM.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler had just secured a negotiated deal under which an outside subcontractor would supply Buick with car bodies for five years because production capacity was going to be raised.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

This deal would save GM $2 million a year in expenses.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler was at a luncheon organized by the Flint Chamber of Commerce when a power message sent by Durant announcing that GM was investing $6 million in a new frame manufacturing line.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler and Durant had a whistleblowing argument over this at GM: then-headquarters.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In addition, Chrysler opposed Durant's plans to buy a tractor plant and build a $20 million paying headquarters for GM in Detroit.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler left GM on the last day of October in 1919.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Despite their differences over work, the men remained lifelong friends.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Durant began in 1939 to write his biography, which he admittedly never completed.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

He began the script with a proprietary inscription: “To Walter P. Chrysler, the best friend I ever had.”


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Under the terms of the agreement between Chrysler and Durant, the vast majority of Chrysler's premium had been paid in GM shares.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Early in 1920, Durant offered Chrysler a sum of ten million dollars from a stock pot, to which Chrysler agreed, although the market value of the stock was even greater than this.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

At the age of 44, the former railway mechanic was a millionaire.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Willys-Overland In late 1919, bankers again approached Chrysler, this time he was asked to rescue Willys-Overland Motors, an Ohioan company in financial trouble.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

From 1912 to 1918, Willys-Overland had been America's second-largest vehicle manufacturer after Ford Motor Company, but the post-World War I recession weighed the company to its knees.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler promised to do this, but for his reward, he demanded $1 million per year for a two-year contract.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

As a father-in-law, he required that his site be occupied by Willys-Overland in 1919, the former Duesenberg Motors Company aircraft and marine engine plant in Elizabeth, New Jersey.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[2] With knowledge of mid-1920, Chrysler negotiated for Willys three of Studebaker's leading designers, Fred Zeder, Carl Breer and Owen Skelton, and their team.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The ZSB team moved to their new station site with Studebaker's employment agreement that they should put into production an already pre-designed, new Willys Light Six, which was effectively the Willys Four with a six-cylinder engine and a longer wheelbase.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

However, the car became completely class-free, so Chrysler gave the ZSB team the task of urgently designing a replacement six-cylinder model.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[4] The new Light Six would bear the Chrysler name and its manufacture would be handled in 1920 by the Delaware-registered Chrysler Motor Company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler Motor was a division of Willys Corporation, Willys Corporation again served as the holding company for all John Willys companies, including Willys-Overland.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In October 1920, the Willys Corporation issued a bulletin that a new, six-cylinder model would be introduced to the market in the spring of 1921.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

A light advertisement was installed at the Elizabeth factory proclaiming: “CHRYSLER - The six cylinder motorcar” and e.g.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

the owner of the drawings for the car was listed as Chrysler Motor Company, Division of Willys Corporation, Elizabeth, NJ.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[4] However, these fine plans fell short when it became apparent that the funds used to design the new design and equip the Elizabeth factory came from the treasury of Willys's Toledo factory.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Willys was in liquidation and the company's only means of coping with its debts was through a forced auction of assets.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

William Durant, who in 1920 had been evicted again from General Motors, was in the process of building a new empire, Durant Motors and he cashed in in 1921 for his company both the Elizabeth plant with its tools and the plans for the Chrysler Six.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The model finally saw the light of day as a 1923 model year Flint car.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[4] Maxwell Motors At the same time as Chrysler was wrestling with Willys's problems, another problem company was also on his hands.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In 1904, Maxwell Motor, which began operations in Tarrytown, New York, was in 1920 in a state where its own means of survival had run out.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[4] The rise of Maxwell Motor By the summer of 1913, the company had introduced the Maxwell 25 model, which would come to live longer as the Maxwell brand itself; it would come to evolve and take on the new name Good Maxwell, which would go on to become the Chrysler Four and finally the first Plymouth, in 1928.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[5] In 1916, a steam hammer system covering the entire factory building was installed at Maxwell Motor's New Castle factories and the plant, operating under the Forge and Hammer Shop name, became the largest facility manufacturing automobile forge parts in the United States.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In 1917, to meet growing demand, Maxwell longed for more production space and was being offered at the ailing Detroit-based Chalmers Motor Car Company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The two companies negotiated a mutual cooperation agreement, under which Maxwell was given production space at Chalmers Motor's giant Jeffersson Avenue plant and Chalmers would have his cars sold through Maxwell's network.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

After all, Maxwell Motor ended up being the owner of Chalmers Motor.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler Corporation emerges [4] [5] The combination initially worked well, but the post-World War I economic downturn hit Maxwell drastically.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The successful company got badly indebted.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In 1920, 34,169 cars were completed from the factory and about 26000 of these, two thirds of the annual production remained unsold.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In 1921, the company had to stop manufacturing automobiles at the Chalmers plant.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Part of the reason for the collapse of sales was the poor quality of Maxwell's products.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Walter Chrysler's task was demanding; getting the cars that were in stock sold, improved product quality, and drive the merger with Chalmers Motor to an end, with all the related debt litigation, et al. Before Chrysler could begin action, the managers of Maxwell's bankruptcy estate had to place the nest in a public forced auction.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

At auction, bids for the company were given by e.g.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

William C. Durant, Studebaker as well as several others and receivers had to pay $10.8 million to gain ownership of the company and be able to create a new company under the name Maxwell Motor Corporation.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Walter P. Chrysler was elected president of the company.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler brought a ZSB team into the company, its creditmen Fred Zeder, Owen Skelton and Carl Breer, who had been active in designing cars together already at Studebaker and Willys.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The team worked on plans for a new Chrysler Six model and the first car to bear the Walter Chrysler name was introduced to the market in 1924.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler Legacy In 1923, Chrysler had purchased a seaside residence in Kings Point on Long Island, New York, which he named Forker House after his wife's maiden name.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

In 1941, this property was sold to the United States Federal Board of Trade Shipping, and today the site is one of five training sites for the United States Maritime Academy.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[6] In Warrenton, Virginia, he built a North Wales rural residence where Walter Chrysler the Younger among others bred race horses.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler also acquired ownership of the nearby Fauquier White Sulphur Springs spa, which he renovated.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Walter the Younger continued to develop the area after his father's death and the area was implemented e.g.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

area for hunting on horses.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

The area was sold in 1953, and the Fauquier Springs Country Club now operates there.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

[7] In 1928, construction work began on the Chrysler Building in Manhattan, New York.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Upon completion in 1930, it was the tallest building in the world.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler gave up running the day-to-day affairs of his company in the spring of 1936 after turning 61.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Two years after this, his wife Della passed away at the age of 58.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Chrysler experienced the loss of its long-term partner really heavily and suffered a cerebral infarction.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Previously, the risk man never recovered from this properly again.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

He died as a result of a brain haemorrhage at his home in Forker House in August 1940.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

He is buried in New York's Sleepy Hollow Cemetery.


Question: What did Walter Chrysler die of?

Walter Chrysler

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Chrysler Class:American business influencers Category:US business leaders Category:People born in 1875 Class:Those who died in 1940


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Thumble|Iron powder Metals are elements or alloys having several of the following non-metal-different properties: easily give off electrons to form positive ions in a metal gloss with good electrical and thermal conductivity (free electrons) in general good forgability and elongation (high elongation and impact toughness) with several metals with a high melting point (all solid at room temperature except mercury) most react with acids to form salts and release hydrogen in the periodic system of elements metals are located on the left or in the middle of the rows, nonmetals on the right.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

There are also a few elements classified as semi-metals in the vicinity of the boundary line.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Physical properties Solid metals are held together by a metal bond between atoms.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

In general, good electrical and thermal conduction properties of metals are based on the motion of so-called free electrons.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Also, the metallic sheen is the result of free electrons blocking the passage of photons through the metal lattice.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Metals and alloys are usually crystalline in solid state microstructure, unlike amorphous glass, for example.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

The crystal structure of most metals is either spatial centric cubic (body-centered cubic, BCC), surface-centered cubic (PKK, face-centered cubic, FCC), or hexagonal close-packing (hexagonal close-packing, HCP).


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Some alloys may also appear amorphous.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Chemical properties Metal atoms have the following properties The number of electrons in the outermost shell is less than the coordination number The ionization energy is small Metals are most commonly found in their compounds as positive cations, that is, they have donated their valence electrons for non-metals.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

However, some metals may also form covalent bonds with nonmetals, or even be part of a negative anion composed of more atoms, for example in the manganese permanganate ion MnO4-.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Metals can be arranged into an electrochemical series according to their nobility.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Noble metals have the weakest tendency to form compounds.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Most metals react especially with acids to form salts and also with oxygen to form oxides.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Most strongly with oxygen react alkali metals, followed by alkali earth metals most strongly.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

In nature, gold does not form compounds, therefore it occurs as a pure metal.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Also, palladium and platinum do not react with oxygen in the air.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Other metals form more or less persistent compounds such as oxides, sulfides, as well as salts of various acids such as chlorides, sulfates, sulfites and nitrates.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Oxides in metals are alkaline, as they react with water to form hydroxides, while many oxides of nonmetals form acids when reacting with water.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

From a practical point of view, many reactions to metals are harmful, and they are called corrosion.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Corrosion reactions include iron rusting and copper patination.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Some metals (aluminum and titanium) form a protective oxide layer on their surface, which prevents oxidation.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

However, the oxide layer does not protect the metal from high temperatures.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

In electrically conductive aqueous solutions, different metals form electrochemical pairs among themselves.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Zinc as a base protects iron by forming a sacrificial anode on its surface.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

This is based on galvanic anticorrosion.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Usage Many metals are very important materials for the manufacture of the most diverse objects.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

They are especially useful by the fact that they, on the one hand, are hard and durable, on the other hand, however, at least at high temperatures easily malleable by casting or forging.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Of particular importance, since prehistoric times, they have been used as raw material for weapons and tools, today including machines.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Of them, for example, dishes, pipes and jewelry are made.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Also in electrical engineering, they are of great importance due to their electrical conductivity.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Precious metals have also become important as investments, and in the past they were the basis of the monetary system.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

In recent decades, however, plastics have partially supplanted metals from some of their old uses.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Metal objects are only rarely made from pure, non-alloyed metal elements.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Almost all use metals are alloys of two or more metals.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Among metals, by far the most used are alloys containing iron, the most important of which are steel and cast iron.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Iron is used in the world more than all other metals combined.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Among other metals, aluminum and copper are the most important.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Metallurgical Manufacturing Processes Metallurgy deals with metals manufacturing techniques and operating properties.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Metals are only rarely found in nature as free elements.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Minerals rich in them, or ores, are often metal oxides or sulfides.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Of them, metals are made with the help of suitable reducers, some also electrolytically.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Ores are mined from mines.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Metallic Materials Reinforcement Mechanisms The reinforcement mechanisms of metallic materials can be divided into five different subprocesses, which are: Solution reinforcement, that is, alloy strength Solution reinforcement refers to the induction of alloy atoms dissolved in the lattice of matrix metal strengthening.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Alloy atoms positioned in the atomic lattice as substitution atoms strengthen the metal because the size difference between the alloying and matrix atoms causes a stress field in the lattice.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Because of this, alloys are often harder than the metals in them when pure.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

If the alloying atom is located in the intermediate state, the reinforcement caused by it is 10 to 100 times the reinforcement caused by the replacement atoms.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

The reinforcement caused by intermediate atoms is also based on their induced stress field in the metal lattice.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

In addition, intermediate atoms tend to be favored for dislocations, causing them to interlock.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Dislocation reinforcement, i.e. modification reinforcement When cold forming metal, strengthening and deformation ability occur.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Multi-grained piece has several sliding levels active.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Sliding on sliding planes that intersect each other creates obstacles in the crystal that make it difficult for dislocations to move.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

These are called dislocation metrics.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

When the pressure generated by the dislocation forest increases to greater than the start-up resistance of the Frank-Read generator, the generator's operation stops.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Grain boundary gradation, that is, reinforcement caused by smaller grain size The grain boundaries resist the movement of dislocations.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

The structure, the volume of which has as much as possible grain boundary, is firm.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

In most cases, the metals are aimed at the structure, where the relative amount of the grain boundary is as large as possible - that is, the grain size is small.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Isolation reinforcement, that is, reinforcement caused by particles in the structure The strength of a separation-reinforced alloy is based on the ability of the isolated phase to slow down or even completely block the movement of dislocations.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Coherent erections have a greater reinforcing effect than non-coherent ercations, which do not generate a stress field around them in the matrix.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Transformation scaling Transformation is the most dominant reinforcement mechanism in steels and relies on, for example, steel hardening.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Common to these consolidation processes is that under their influence, the movement of dislocations becomes more difficult.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Rarely, solely strength is required from the material.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Other material properties such as electrical conductivity, ductility, heat strength or corrosion resistance should be optimistic.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Development of Metal Handling Skills Metal processing was possibly invented in the Middle East.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

The first metal to be modified was gold, which occurs naturally as metallic.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Copper was learned to make by smelting copper-rich ore, casting it into molds.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Among other things, hammer axes were made from copper.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Their design was copied on the stony hammeraxes of the north.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Copper was also forged when hot.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Copper was learned to mix tin and zinc, resulting in a bronze that was considerably stronger and harder than copper.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Thus invented, the alloy more technically usable than previously known gave the name to an entire historical era, the Bronze Age.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Iron began to be commonly used only a few thousand years later, when the Iron Age began.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Physiological significance Some metal elements such as magnesium, potassium and iron are important minerals or trace elements for humans that need to be obtained from food.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

In nutrition, they occur as a variety of compounds, usually ions.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

On the other hand, many metals and their compounds are toxic.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Of the toxic heavy metals, the most noticeable are lead, mercury and cadmium Examples of metals with a metal abrasive melting point (°C) Aluminial660,4mercuryHg−38,9silverAg961,8chromicr1907goldAU1063CopperCu1085LeadPb327.5molybdenimo2623nickeline1455Platinapt1772Iron FE1538zinczn419,5tinaSN231,9Plutonium PU639.4 In Astronomy and in astrophysics, for example when talking about the metal content of a star, metal often refers to all other elements except hydrogen and helium.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

This division is based on the belief that hydrogen, helium and a small amount of lithium were the first elements to be generated by the Big Bang, and still have hydrogen and helium in stars in many respects more than all other elements combined.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

Heavier elements have arisen later in intra-stellar fusion reactions or supernovae.


Question: Are alkali metals found in nature?

Metal

See also Transition metal Metal bond Various manufacturing techniques of metal objects List of alloy Sources On topic elsewhere Lindroos, Sulonen, Sculpture: Reformed Sword ditch Metal Doctrine ISBN 951-666-216-1 Category:Materials Engineering Category:Elements Category:Metals Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Gennaro Ivan Gattuso (born 9 January 1978, Corigliano Calabro) is an Italian football manager and former defensive midfielder.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Since November 2017, he has been the head coach of Italian club Milan.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

For most of his career, Gattuso played for Italian major club Milan, where he rose to become a club legend and fan favourite due to his playing fixtures and character.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

For his final season in 2012—13, he played for Swiss club Sion.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Career as a player Gattuso started his career in Perugia, where he started football at the age of 12.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

At the age of 17, Gattuso rose to the Perugia representative team, and played in the Perugia shirt between 1995 and 1997, playing 10 Serie A matches.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

From Perugia, he was sold in July 1997 at the age of 19 to Scotland Rangers.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Gattuso were favourite players of fans and then-coach Walter Smith in his first season at Rangers, but Dutchman Dick Advocaat, who succeeded Smith as coach, disliked Gattuso.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

In the previous season, Gattuso was given responsibility for 28 matches, but only five matches under the coaching of Advocaat.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Young Gattuso was unhappy with his conditions and was sold back to Italy, Salernitana for a £3 million transfer sum in October 1998.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Gattuso found time to play for Salertania, where he was given plenty of responsibility, just under a season until, AC Milan spent £8m to get Gattuso 10 months later.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Milan Gattuso's first season at Milan was good, and responsibility in the midfield of the big club came passably.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Gattuso played 22 matches during the season.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Although Gennaro Gattuso was already a defensive midfielder at the time, he managed to strike one goal in the season as well.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

Gattuso's upbeat grips also brought a place in the Italian national team for the young Gattuso, who made his national team debut in 2000 and played no fewer than six matches for the national team in the same year, and also struck the first and last missed ground match goal of his career.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

However, Gattuso failed to fit into Italy's European Championship squad, 2000.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

In the 2000—01 season, Gattuso's responsibilities at Milan increased and in the 2001—02 season Gattuso was already a key player in the team.


Question: When did Gennaro Gattuso start playing football?

Gennaro Gattuso

In the 2001—02 season, Gattuso played as many as 32 matches in Serie A.