Question: How many pages are there in a Dangerous House novel?

Hercule Poirot

E. True Theater” - United States (new name) Hercule Poirot (1962) episode of TV series, Acting Martin Gabel ABC Murders (1965) Acting Tony Randall aka “The Alphabet Murders” - Britain (original title) Black Coffee (1973) (tv) Acting Horst Bollmann East Express Riddle (1974) As actor Albert Finney aka “Murder on the Orient Express” - Britain (original title) The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It (1977) As actor Dudley Jones Death on the Nile: Making of Featurette (1978) (tv) Acting Peter Ustinov Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978) As actor Andrew Sachs aka “Revenge of the Pink Panther” - Britannia (original title) Death on the Nile (1978) Actor Peter Ustinov aka “Death on the Nile” - Britannia (original title) “Novel•la” Les cartes d'Hèrcules Poirot (1979) tv- series episode, Acting Joan Borràs (as Hercules Poirot) The Making of Agatha Christie's 'Evil Under the Sun' (1982) (tv) Acting Peter Ustinov Crime Under the Sun (1982) Actor Peter Ustinov aka “Evil Under the Sun” - Britain (original title) Thirteen at Dinner (1985) ( tv) As actor Peter Ustinov aka “Agatha Christie's Thirteen at Dinner” - Britain (full name), United States (full name) Murder by the Book (1986) (tv) Acting Ian Holm in Dead Man's Folly (1986) (tv) Acting Peter Ustinov aka “Agatha Christie's Dead Man's Folly” - Britain (full name), United States (full name) Agatha Christie: Triangle Murder (1986) (tv) Acting Peter Ustinov aka “Murder in Three Acts” - United States (original title) He Must Be Killed (1988) Acting Peter Ustinov aka “Appointment with Death” - United States ( original title) Zagadka Endkhauza (1989) Acting Anatoly Ravikovich “Sketch Pad” Episode 1.


Question: How many pages are there in a Dangerous House novel?

Hercule Poirot

4 (1989) episode of television series, Bobby Davro Hercule Poirot TV series (1989—2013) Actor David Suchet Murder on the Orient Express (2001) (tv) Acting Alfred Molina Neudacha Puaro (2002) (tv) Konstantin Rajkin Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures (2004) (tv) Acted by Anthony O'Donnell Doing Agatha (2008) As Tom Petrone “Hercule Poirot” aka “Agatha Christie's Poirot” - Britannia (original title) Murder on the Orient Express (2010) episode of TV series, Acting David Suchet in Hallowe'en Party (2010) episode of TV series, Acting David Suchet Three Acts Tragedy (2010) episode of TV series, David Suchet episode of the TV series The Clocks (2009), David Suchet Appointment with Death (2008) episode of TV series, Acting David Suchet (and 65 others) The Riddle of the East Express (2017), Acting in a film director Kenneth Branagh ABC Murders mini-series (2018) Acting John Malkovich Death on the Nile (2020), Featured by film director Kenneth Branagh Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haining, Peter| title = Agatha Christie's Poirot: A Celebration of the Great Detective| publisher = Boxtree| year = 1995| id=ISBN 0 7522 1046 7}} References Category:Crime Literature Characters Category:Fictional Detectives Category:Agatha Christie Category:Screening Essential Articles


Question: Why was the Nyby glass factory shut down?

Station Village (Ii)

Asemankylä (sometimes also Asemanseutu) is a village in the municipality of Ii, northern Ostrobothnia.


Question: Why was the Nyby glass factory shut down?

Station Village (Ii)

The area has grown together with the Iin Hamina agglomeration.


Question: Why was the Nyby glass factory shut down?

Station Village (Ii)

The village is located about four kilometres east of the Ii central drive, at the junction of the Oulun—Tornio railway and the Iijoki railway.


Question: Why was the Nyby glass factory shut down?

Station Village (Ii)

Ii railway station is located on the south bank of the river


Question: Why was the Nyby glass factory shut down?

Station Village (Ii)

The station village has been major commercial concentrations of Ii in the past due to the railway station.


Question: Why was the Nyby glass factory shut down?

Station Village (Ii)

The station village has previously housed numerous shops, cafes, a bar and a post office.


Question: Why was the Nyby glass factory shut down?

Station Village (Ii)

The last shop and bar from Asemankylä closed in the early 2000s.


Question: Why was the Nyby glass factory shut down?

Station Village (Ii)

Sources Category: Villages of Ii Category:Former agglomerations of Northern Ostrobothnia


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

A centaur () is a creature from Greek mythology who is half human and half horse.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The centaur has the body of a horse, but in the condition of the neck and head there is a human upper body from the waist up.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

According to one view, the pre-Indo-European population who lived in the mountainous region of Thessaly would have interpreted the figures of Indo-Europeans from the steppes of South Asia, catering on horsebacks to their cattle, as animalistic mixed fetuses of man and horse.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

[1] In the earliest Greek literature (Homer), there is no mention of the confusion of centaurs, domesticity and bestiality.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

It is not until Pindaros mentions centaurs as a combination of man and horse.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Also in early Greek art, centaurs are depicted as hairy giants, and the horse element does not come along until later.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The word centaur is obviously not an Indo-European cancel, [2] so it is probably safest to assume it as a pre-Greek word with content from different local contexts.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Birth of centaurs in mythology In Greek mythology, the birth history of centaurs goes back to King Iksion of the Lapites living in Thessaly (according to some myths himself the son of the god of war Are), who was naima intentions and in accordance with good manners promised gifts to his bride's apelle.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Iksion, however, betrayed his father-in-law, from which his father-in-law robbed the king's horse.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Iksion eventually threw his father-in-law into a pit filled with glowing coals — an act that provoked so much outcry that Ixion eventually had to seek the help of self-supreme god Zeus.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Zeus apparently did not consider burning his father-in-law a very great sin, as he promised Iksion a place at the dinner table of the gods.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Here Iksion struck his eye at Hera and began to squeak at her.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The plotted Zeus tricked Ixion into sleeping with a cloud shaped like Hera, from which a monster named Centauros emerged.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

This again inspired the mares living on the slopes of Mount Peleias so that they sired a whole herd of horse people.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The end of King Ixion, the father of the centaurs, was miserable.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

He began bragging about his relationship with Hera, from where, as a hunk, Zeus threw him into the Underworld, where he was forever bound to a spinning wheel.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Myths about centaurs One of the most popular topics in Greek sculpture art is the battle of centaurs and shovels.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

It was depicted on the western end of the Temple of Zeus of Olympia and on the friezes of several other temples (such as in the Parthenon of Athens).


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The poet Ovidius recounts the event in his book Metamorphosis.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The events originated at the wedding of King Ixion's son Peirithoos, to which the centaurs had also been invited.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Suddenly, a centaur named Eurytion popped up and tried to capture the bride.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

In the same, other centaurs began capturing women to accompany them and general chaos began.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The Lapites naturally set about fighting their rude guests and eventually managed to expel the centaurs back to the mountains.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The fate of women Ovidius does not tell.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Another myth tells how the violent Heracles (Latin for Hercules) met the friendly centaur Folos, who offered the hero a meal but not wine, as the only pot was the common property of the centaurs.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Heracles, however, drank the pot without snatching empty and shot several enraged centaurs to death with his poison arrows — including Folos.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Heracle's death also involves a centaur.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

On one occasion Heracles had married a maiden Deianeira.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

On their journey, the couple met a seething river in their path, across which centaur Nessos offered to carry Deianeira.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Upon reaching the other beach, the centaur tried to escape with Deianeira, but Heracles shot this too with his poison arrow (some versions of the myth include the rape of Deianeira).


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The dying Nessos told Deianeira the secret of his blood-stained cloak: it was enchanted, and if ever Heracle's favourite Deianeira were to be diluted, the cloak would help the maiden.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Later, Heracles left Deianeira, but the woman sent the cloak of Nessos to the hero, who threw it on, but was so badly poisoned by it that she would rather burn herself alive.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The exception to the barbaric centaurs was the wise and talented Kheiron, who has been called the father of all Greek wisdom.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

For example, he taught the medic god Asklepios all about the art of medicine.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

As with many other centaurs, Kheiron was destined for his student Herakles, who, in connection with Jupaka of Folos, fired his poison arrows at Kheiron as well.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Since Kheiron was immortal, he begged Zeus to take this feature away.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Eventually, Zeus placed the wise centaur as a constellation in the sky.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Centaur in symbolism In Ancient Greece, centaurs were seen as embodiments of seducts, passions, and living in raw bestiality, in which human traits were imperfectly combined with animal nature.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Physiologus, the basic work of “Christian natural science” in late antiquity, regarded the centaur as an allegory of a heretic who knows the doctrine but does not internal it and thus remains ambivalent in mind.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

In the Middle Ages, the centaur was seen as a counterforce to the unshakable knight, because—unlike a knight—it has not overcome its animal nature.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Moreover, it was considered the epitome of arrogance and vice.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

In astrology symbolism, the ninth star sign of the zodiac, Sagittarius, is depicted as a bow-shooting centaur, so to speak as a fire sign, giving those born under it such things as determination, aggression, liveliness, and striving for light, power and power.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Centaurs in later fiction in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter book series, centaurs play a significant part: beginning with the fifth book, a centaur named Florence serves as the second teacher of prophecy.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Disgusted teacher Dolores Pimento gets beaten by a herd of centaur after mistakenly calling them “filthy racial sides” — and unless Principal Dumbledore came to take her away, it could have been worse.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Also, in the funeral of Dumbledore at the end of the sixth book, as well as in the final battle of the final book, centaurs play an integral part.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Similarly, a centaur named Motaro appears in Mortal Kombat games and films.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

The self-absorbed and brilliant centaur Foaly also appears in the Artemis Fowl books.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

C.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

S. Lewis explains in his book The Silver Chair that it is a difficult decision to invite a centaur to a meal: first the centaur needs food for the human partition — porridge, eggs, ham, tea — and then for the horse section, that is, an hour in pasture, and still apetta and sugar.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

In Brandon Mull's Myth Court books, centaurs are self-absorbed and copious creatures who only care about the outside world after being insulted by others.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

In the Shadow Trooper Touch book, Seth does this and would have gotten into a duel with a centaur had Patton not saved him.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Biedermann, Hans| title = Great symbol book| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-0-18537-X}} Chantraine, Pierre: Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Histoire des mots.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Paris: Klincksieck, 1968.


Question: What kind of creature was the centaur of Greek mythology?

Centaur (fable creature)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henrikson, Alf| title = Ancient Stories 1—2| publisher = WSOY| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-0-18515-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leikola, Anto| title = Sirens, centaurs and sea monsters| publisher = Publishing company Tammi| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-31-2372-3}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Emily Jane Brontë (30 July 1818 — 19 December 1848) was an English novelist and poet.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

She was one of the so-called Brontë writer sisters.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

His sisters included Charlotte and Anne Brontë.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Brontë's first novel was Wuthering Ridge, published in 1847.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

It remained his only novel, but was enough to carry his name into the history of world literature.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

During her lifetime, Brontë additionally published a collection of poetry Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, which included poems by both her and her sisters.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Brontë passed away from tuberculosis in December 1848 at the age of only 30.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Life Adolescence Emily Brontë was born on 30 July 1818 in Thornton, Yorkshire, where her father Patrick Brontë served as a chaplain.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

He was the fifth of six children of Reverend Brontë and his wife Maria Branwell Brontë.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

In 1821, the Brontë family moved from Thornton to Haworth, Yorkshire, where the family's father had obtained work in the local rectory.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Still in the same year, Maria, the mother of the family, died of cancer, and Brontë and her five siblings were left dependents of their father and their stern, religious aunt.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

[1] Three years later in 1824, Brontë was decided to send along with her older sisters Charlotte, Mary and Elizabeth to study at a boarding school.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

The school had poor hygiene and scarce nutrition available, leading to the family's two elder daughters Maria and Elizabeth falling ill and eventually dying in 1825.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Following this, Emily and Charlotte Brontë were promptly picked up home.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Back home, their Patrick father began to be in charge of their studies and taught both them and their two other surviving siblings Anne and Branwell.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

There was not much entertainment for children in Haworth's rectory amid the barren moors, and the four lonely and motherless siblings began to entertain themselves with the various imagination games they had invented.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

After learning to write, among other things, they began to write and illustrate their own narratives, set in the imaginary worlds of Angria, Gondal and Gaaldine.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

In addition, the father's bookshelf provided much to read, and the siblings were already familiar with young, liking the works of William Shakespeare, John Milton, George Gordon Byron and Walter Scott.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

[1] Later life In 1835, an attempt was made to send Emily Brontë to school again, this time to Roe Head, where her elder sister Charlotte was already a pupil.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

However, Brontë did not adjust to her new school and suffered from severe homesickness.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

After a couple of months, he returned back to his home in Haworth.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Later, Brontë tried on a few occasions to act as governess.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

She found the governess's job enslaving, however, and returned again to Haworth.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Brontë, who was reclusive by nature, was happiest to be home and loved lonely walks with her dog on the Yorkshire moors.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

According to her sister Charlotte, there was always something mysterious and inexplicable about Brontë.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

She did not have a single close friend besides her sisters, and was interested in mysticism.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

His last trip from home Brontë made in 1842 when he travelled together with Charlotte to Brussels to study languages.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

He returned again that same year back to Haworth and no longer after that left his home.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

[1] For the last years of her last years, Brontë nursed her alcoholic and opium-abusing brother Branwell, while writing her poetry and later her only novel Wuthering Ridge.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

In 1846, the Brontë siblings jointly published their first joint poetry collection Poems, which they wrote under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Only a few copies of the collection were sold, but Brontë's poems received some attention for their part.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

That same year, Emily Brontë began writing her firstborn novel Wuthering Ridge.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

The novel was completed a year later in 1847.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Publisher Thomas C. Newby published it under the pseudonym of Ellis Bell still in the same year.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

The wuthering ridge received a mixed reception and did not sell very well.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Emily Brontë's brother Branwell died in September in 1848.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

At her funeral, Emily Brontë herself caught a cold and contracted tuberculosis.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

He refused to receive treatment and died on 19 December in 1848 when he was only 30 years old.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

He was buried in the family tomb of Brontë in the Church of St. Michael and All Angels in Haworth.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

[2] Literary production Poems In 1846, the Brontë sisters' first joint collection of poetry Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell was published, freely translated with poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

The collection was the sisters' first published work.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

To avoid prejudice against female writers and to become criticized for their writings rather than their genders, they decided to adopt masculine pseudonyms, and Emily Brontë chose Ellis as her pseudonym.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

The Brontës themselves paid for the printing costs of the collection at London-based Aylott and Jones.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

At the time of its first release, the compilation was not doing well, selling only a few copies.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

However, Emily Brontë's poems received some attention for their part.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Despite the reception the collection received, the sisters continued to write, and Brontë set about writing prose, her first and only novel Wuthering Ridge.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

The poetry collection was republished in 1850 after Brontë had already died, as interest in the Brontë sisters' production had grown over the years.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Charlotte collected in a new edition the pre-unpublished poems of her already perished sisters.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

The second edition of the collection was much more successful than the first.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

[3] [4] Wuthering Ridge Brontë began writing her first novel Wuthering Ridge after the publication of the sisters' joint poetry collection Poems in 1846.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Set in Brontë's native Yorkshire, the novel about the fervent but doomed love of different class childhood friends Heathcliff and Catherine was completed a year later in 1847.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

It was still published in the same year by publisher Thomas C. Newby.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Like the poetry collection, Wuthering Ridge was also published under the pseudonym Ellis Bell.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Wuthering Grayling did not immediately become a success like Brontë's sister Charlotte's work published the same year about the Governess novel.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

At the time of its first publication, the novel met with mixed reception, received plenty of disapproval and sold poorly.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Critics and readers alike horrified the crude use of its persons, finding it unsophisticated and unmoral.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

Several of them, however, found its storytelling powerful and the writer himself as artful.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

After the author's gender was revealed, some sceptics claimed that the book had been written by Brontë's brother Branwell, for they say no unmarried female person who lived in such limited circles like Brontë could have come up with such a passionate and violent story.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

In the present day, the Wuthering Ridge is considered one of the finest classics of English literature.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

In general, later critics have additionally regarded the Wuthering Ridge as the best of the works of the Brontë writer siblings.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

The novel remained Brontë's only one, but it was enough to carry her name into the history of world literature.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

[5] [6] [6] [7] Sources on the topic elsewhere Free to download in the Gutenberg project Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

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Question: What is the most famous poem written by Emily Brontë?

Emily Brontë

as well as Category:Brontë family Class:Born in 1818 Class:Those who died in 1848 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Ari Juha Antero Virtanen (born 1952 in Tampere) [1] is a Finnish physicist and professor.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Since 1996, he has been the Director of Research on Industrial Applications at the University of Jyväskylä in the Accelerator Laboratory of the Department of Physics.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

He was appointed Director of Research at the Accelerator Laboratory in 2010.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[2] Virtanen has been Professor of Physics at the University of Jyväskylä since 2017.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Academic career Ari Virtanen studied physics at the University of Jyväskylä.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

He graduated from there with a Licentiate in Philosophy in 1987.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[3] He received his PhD in January 1990 in the physics of nuclear structure.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[4] The subject of the thesis (Complex Alignment Mechanism and Lifetimes of High Spin States in 172Os and 173Os) was examinations of the lifetimes and spin states of the two isotopes of osmium (172Os and 173Os).


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[3] Virtanen conducted the experimental studies of his doctoral dissertation in 1987—1988 at the Oak Ridge National Research Laboratory in the United States.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] After graduation, Virtanen worked 1990—1991 at the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] Since returning to his native country, he has worked as a physics researcher at the University of Jyväskylä.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

He was appointed adjunct professor at the University of Jyväskylä in 1995.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[4] After working at the Jyväskylä Technology Centre for some time in 1996, Virtanen returned to the Department of Physics of the University of Jyväskylä, where he was responsible for developing a commercial use for the university's K130 particle accelerator.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[4] Under his leadership, the accelerator laboratory began to develop various industrial applications.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

In addition to Virtanen's own research work, there is a long-standing research group in accelerator-based physics under his leadership.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

In 2000—2001 Virtanen worked as a senior researcher using the large particle accelerator K130 and the 6.4 gigaherz ECR ion source ion beams of the Department of Physics of the University of Jyväskylä Physics in the accelerator-based material physics research group which, in addition to basic research, did applied research.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[5] Some of the studies have been carried out at CERN's ISOLDE facility in Geneva and at the University of Stuttgart and the Metals Research Institute of the Max Planck Institute.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[5] The Nuclear and Materials Research Institute of the Department of Physics at the University of Jyväskylä was a Centre of Excellence appointed by the Academy of Finland from 2000 to 2005, headed by Professor Matti Manninen.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[6] It was followed from 2006 to 2011 by the Centre of Excellence in Nuclear and Accelerator Physics, led by Professor Rauno Julin.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[7] The Research Unit, led by Professor Julin, was elected as a Centre of Excellence for yet another term, 2012-2017.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[8] Ari Virtanen's research group has been part of these research units all the time.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Since the beginning of 2011, Virtanen has worked as a research director in the Particle Accelerator Laboratory.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[9] He continued in the position until he was appointed professor.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Appointment as Professor In October 2016, Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at the University of Jyväskylä, Professor Henrik Kunttu, proposed to the University Rector that Ari Virtanen be appointed Professor of Physics at the University of Jyväskylä.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[10] Virtanen was invited to the position of Professor in spring 2017 by Matti Manninen, Rector of the University of Jyväskylä, and he took up his post at the beginning of April 2017.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] Ari Virtanen's duties as a professor relate to research and further education in nuclear and accelerator-based physics.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

The study of matter using a particle accelerator is part of accelerator-based physics research, which is one of the research focus areas defined by the Department of Physics - and more broadly the University of Jyväskylä.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[10] The Accelerator Laboratory Projects The European Space Agency (ESA) selected the Ylistö Laboratory at the University of Jyväskylä as the official test laboratory for testing components of satellites sent into space.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[11] The laboratory led by Ari Virtanen explores how well electronic components are resistant to cosmic background radiation.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Testing is carried out using what is known as Radef hardware.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[12] Since the beginning of the 2000s, Ari Virtanen has led research work on the equipment.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[13] Virtanen's research team conducts various experimental studies on the equipment.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

The Radiation Effects Facility (Radiation Effects Facility) of the Department of Physics Accelerator Laboratory is one of three non-ESA irradiation stations (ECIF, European Component Irradiation Facility) to test the radiation resistance of space electronics components.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[14] The main contributors to the project are the space agency ESA and companies supplying microelectronics for space technological applications.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] The Accelerator Laboratory of the Department of Physics has participated in the international Horizon 2020 research programme.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

As part of it, the department operated from 2014 to 2015 a two-year research project coordinated by the Leibniz Institute for Innovative Microelectronics ().


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[15] The aim of the project was to develop more radiation-resistant models of ordinary memory chips.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Virtanen's research team participated in the project.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

In the team's laboratory, it is possible to study components under suitable radiation conditions corresponding to the situation normally prevailing in space.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[15] The project also aims to popularise physics and science more broadly, since studies can be used to illustrate the effects of radiation to the general public.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[14] In addition to testing electronic components, other applied research has been carried out in the accelerator laboratory, which has sought solutions to industry issues.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

The laboratory has e.g.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

developed porous membranes for a Swiss-German company.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[4] Membrane research is an example of studies that sought new material solutions for the filter industry.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] Particle accelerator equipment can be used to study, for example, the effects of radiation on filter materials.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Under Virtanen's leadership, the physics department's particle accelerator has also developed applications for the pharmaceutical industry.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] With the help of cyclotron is prepared mm.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

drug isotopes (for example, iodine isotope 123I).


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[11] Research career As a physicist Virtanen specializes in research in accelerator-based material physics.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

He has done basic and applied research and developed various industrial applications for the particle accelerator.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Virtanen has studied e.g.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

interaction of ion beams and materials.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Experiments have been carried out using the K130 particle accelerator at the University of Jyväskylä.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Research has also used 6.4 GHz (ECR= Electron Cyclotron Resonance) introduced in 1991 to generate ion beams.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[16] Research work began in the late 1990s with basic research in materials physics.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

As recently as 2000, the researchers' key interest was the use of low-energy heavy ions in materials research.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[16] Since then, research has expanded to applied research.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

In his applied research, he and his team have looked at, for example, the types of errors caused by the operation of electronic components when ion beams are applied to them from a particle accelerator or ion beams produced by an ion source.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] In addition to material research, Virtanen and his team have developed radiographic research methods described by gamma radiation for the paper and energy industries.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[4] During his scientific career, Professor Virtanen has published a total of 177 scientific research articles in journals and publications in the field of physics.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] About 130 of them have appeared in peer-reviewed international publication series.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] The topics of the articles are mainly from Virtanen's own field of research, i.e. applied physics research using particle accelerator equipment.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

Recognitions President of the Republic Sauli Niinistö awarded Virtase the Order of the Lion of Finland, Class I, on Independence Day 2014.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[17] For his business concept, Virtanen has received 1st prize at the Finnish University Entrepreneurship Forum in 2011.


Question: Where was Ari Virtanen born?

Ari Virtanen

[1] Sources Category:Finnish physicists Category:Finnish professors Category:Persons born in 1952 Class:Professors at the University of Jyväskylä Category:Living persons


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Japan's history has been particularly influenced by the country's geographical location.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

As an island nation, Japan has managed to leisurely blend outside cultural influences into its culture.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The sea has prevented conquerors from the mainland from reaching the islands.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Japan's location, on the other hand, has allowed for isolation from the outside world: long periods of isolation and periods of intense foreign influences are characterised by the country's history.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Japan's advantageous climate has created suitable conditions for maintaining even a large population.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Japanese history is usually divided into epochs whose duration and quantity may vary and which, especially in early history, do not necessarily have clear start and end dates.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Periods may also overlap, and often have shorter subseasons.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Nor does the change of season necessarily mean any kind of sudden change in circumstances.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In Japan, time has been traditionally calculated using Chinese type period markings (nengō), the use of which began in the 6th century.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In the past, the nengōs changed frequently, and there are several dozen of them.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Since the Meiji period in 1868, they have corresponded to the reigns of emperors.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Prehistoric Japan Paleolithic Period The origin of the Japanese population remains somewhat unclear.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Most likely, Japan's current population has been formed partly from different parts of mainland Asia and partly as a result of waves of migration from the South Sea.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[1] The islands of Japan were connected to the mainland about 18,000—12,000 years before the beginning of the period when Hokkaidō was connected to Siberia and Honshū Korea.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The present-day Sea of Japan thus formed a large inland lake.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[1] [2] Since World War II, thousands of Paleolithic sites have been discovered in Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

From research, it seems obvious that there may have been settlement in Japan from at least 30,000 to 50,000 years ago.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[2] The population of the period lived by gathering and hunting, and they used stone tools.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Human fossils from this period have been found on all the main islands of Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[3] Jōmon Period Mesolithic Jōmon period is especially known for its pottery, from which it derives its name.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Pottery of the period is possibly the oldest in the world, and ceramic artefacts began to be made around 12,500 years ago.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Dishes were decorated with ribbon-like patterns.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[2] [4] Decorative motifs varied and became more complex over time.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[2] In addition to tableware, sculptures possibly symbolizing fertility were also produced during the period, particularly female figurines.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[5] Wild animal meat, as well as seafood and fruit, were used for food.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[2] The Jōmon culture was based on gathering and hunting, but by the late stages of the period, rice cultivation began to spread from the mainland to Kyūshū.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[6] People of the era were adorned with jewelry made of bone or seashells.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[2] The Jōmon period probably originated the Japanese language as well.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The ancestors of the Japanese shared the country with the Ainas, who were forced to gradually retreat northwards as the Japanese living circle spread out.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[2] The population of Japan is estimated to have been around 2400 BCE.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

around 265,000, so the country has since early been one of the most densely populated areas in the world.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[4] Yayoi Period The Yayoi period, which marked the great progress of culture, is timed from the 30th century BCE.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

about until 250 share.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[3] [7] The Yayoi culture, like Jōmon, is well known for its pottery, which was less decorated than before and made using more advanced technology.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The culture originated in Kyūshūn, and spread from there to other parts of Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[3] As China's cultural circle expanded, Korean emigrants brought several new technologies to Japan during the period, including cloth making, wet cultivation of rice, bronze and later iron processing, and a new type of ceramics.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Under their influence, Japan began to transition from a hunter-gatherer society to a farming culture.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[6] [8] [7] However, outside influence was mostly material rather than mental in the Yayoi period.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[8] In the Yayoi period, the population of Japan is thought to have been around 600,000.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[8] As the population grew, social classes also began to take shape.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The inhabitants lived in agricultural villages whose settlements were made of wood and stone.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Grain was also stored in buildings.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[3] Information about Yayoi period Japan has been obtained from Chinese chronicles of the time.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In the Han dynasty chronicle Hòu hànshū, Japan is first mentioned as Wa.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[9] [3] The chronicle reports that Wa sent a mission to China in 57.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[9] Early texts of the Wei Kingdom in the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms tell of a civil war in Japan in the late 10th century, pacified by Queen Himiko.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

He is reported to have ruled with his religious authority over 30 state consortiums.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[9] The chronicle details a detailed route from China to the Wa queen's court in Yamatai, which was likely a local power center in the northern part of Kyūshū.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[9] There has been no consensus on the location of Yamatai among scholars.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[2] According to the chronicle of the Wei Kingdom, Japan had a relatively developed class society in which citizens paid taxes.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Some of the population were also most likely able to read and write, as letters were exchanged between WA state and China.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[9] Classical Japanese Yamato Period The Kofun and Asuka periods are sometimes collectively referred to as the Yamato period.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[10] The period takes its name from the Yamato state of central Japan, which was taken over by the smaller rulers of the region possibly in the mid-3rd century.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

A Korean monument erected in 414 mentions a large army sent from the WA state in 391.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The show of force has been assumed to have necessitated the existence of a highly unified state.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[9] Some have annexed the earlier Yamatai state to Yamato, which is thought then to have been located in Kyūshūn instead of central Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, there has been no definitive clarity.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[11] Yamato has been suggested to have arisen either more likely from a new stage of development of the Yayoi culture or as a result of an outside invasion.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In the latter case, its ruler lineage could have been of Korean origin.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[11] Kofun Period The Kofun period of the years 300—552 takes its name from the large kofun-burial mounds whose construction had begun as early as the 200th century.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[11] [12] Haniwa sculptures were placed next to the mounds.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The sculptures might have featured animals, people, or various buildings.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Information on the clothing, armour and armament of human sculptures has been obtained regarding the living conditions of the time.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[13] The construction of large tombs required a lot of manpower, and the construction of the largest of them, Emperor Nintoku's tomb mound, is comparable to that of the Egyptian pyramids.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[2] The Yamato rulers controlled significant labor resources, the management of which was aided by the development of farming techniques.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

With their help, the Yamato court was able to extend its power over a larger area than before.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[14] During the Yamato State, a foundation for the political and social system of the country emerged.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[15] By the end of the 3rd century, Yamato was an established kingdom, connected with China and Korea, especially Baekje.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Through the Korean peninsula, the products of the high culture of China arrived in Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Foreign scholars and immigrants brought technology, Chinese writing system and Confucianism to the country.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[14] In the struggle for power over the Korean peninsula, Yamato allied himself with the South Korean Baekje in the 3rd century.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Interest in the Korean region apparently arose from the need for technology and raw materials, especially iron.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[14] Yamato society was divided into three main groups.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Ujis were an upper class thought to have emerged from the original farming communities.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

By the 4th century, uji groups were bound to the ruler of Yamato economically and religiously, and the ruler appointed chiefs to the most powerful of them.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Bet were, in turn, clan-type professional communities, making things such as pottery, fishing or cultivating rice.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The lowest was a group of yatsuko, slaves who served as servants, possibly comprising about five percent of Japanese.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[15] In the 5th century, the central state of Yamato began to decline, and power passed to local clans, from which Soga in particular gained influence.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

At the same time, Buddhism spread to Japan from Baekje.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

It marked an infinitely significant impact on the emergence of Japanese high culture and a new period in the history of the country.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[14] [16] [12] Asuka period The arrival of Buddhism in Japan has been traditionally timed to the years 538 or 552, but had spread among the Japanese probably even earlier.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[14] [17] The era that began until 710 is often referred to as the Asuka period.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

It takes its name from the Asuka region south of present-day Nara, from which the Yamato court ruled.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[14] The question of Buddhism caused a power struggle inside the court.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Soga clan, who advocated the new religion, saw Chinese-type governance and Buddhism as ways to consolidate their own power, came to victory.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The clan effectively ruled Japan from 587—645.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[18] [19] New governance began to be implemented at the turn of the 6th century under the leadership of the regent Shōtoku Taishi.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The first major reforms were the Court Values Scale introduced in 603 and the seventeen-point “Constitution” of 604, which set ideals for state government and people-to-people relations for the first time.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In foreign policy, Shōtoku opened relations with China's Sui dynasty.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Over the next two centuries, numerous missions were sent to China, which may have consisted of several hundred spirits and had great influence in bringing Chinese high culture to Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[18] [19] [17] The adoption of Chinese culture and reform of governance was later also seen as a means of protection against a strengthened Tang dynasty.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[20] After Shōtoku's death in 622, the court again found itself in the throes of a power struggle.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In the 645 coup d'état, the reformist Prince Naka no Ōe and Nakatomi no Kamatari eradicated the Soga clan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Magic reforms they initiated saw the creation of a central state, led by the Emperor as an absolute monarch, and introduced a Chinese-style period designation.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Private land ownership was abolished, and the land was divided among all those who reached a certain age in exchange for taxes paid to the central government.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[20] [21] In practice, however, land reform was mainly cosmetic, as Japan was not ready for a Chinese land allocation system developed over the centuries.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The reforms took place gradually over the latter part of the century.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[22] They were compiled into collections of statutes that served as the basis for the ritsuryō system of government.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

It was a system adopted from China that defined a clear administrative apparatus and taxation practice, and divided the people into two main groups, the free population and slaves, the latter of which nonetheless made up less than a tenth of the population.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[23] [20] Nara period According to the ancient belief, the capital was always moved to a new place after the death of the emperor, because it was believed that the emperor's death had contaminated the place.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In 710, the capital was moved to Heijō-kyōho, present-day Nara, from where the time period derives its name.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[17] [25] The Nara period, which lasted until 794, marked the flourishing of Buddhism and the arts in particular.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The airuena of Buddhism served as Emperor Shōmu, who ordered the establishment of a temple in every province and played a key role in the construction of the huge Tōdai-ji temple compound in the capital.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, the union of politics and Buddhism marked the growing influence and meddling of the clergy in state affairs.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The influential Fujiwara lineage rose to the leadership of the counter-movement, who installed Emperor Kōnin, who was more dismissive of Buddhism than his predecessors, on the throne.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

His son Kammu moved the country's capital first to Nagaoka and later to Heian, severing court ties with temples in the former capital.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[20] [26] [27] The Nara period was a period of relative calm.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[28] During the period, Japan had about six million inhabitants, the capital had an estimated population of 1000—200,000.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[29] [30] Despite economic hardship and the collapse of the land distribution system, prosperity increased.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The use of money as a means of payment increased as the 7th century wore on, and the first gold coins were minted in 760.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[31] The immigration of Koreans to Japan in the late 6th century greatly accelerated the assimilation of Chinese culture.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In any case, foreign relations were brisk.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[32] At the beginning of the 7th century, the first history books preserved into modern times were produced.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Completed in 712 until the beginning of the 6th century, Kojiki was not to the court's liking, but Nihonshoki, completed in 720, received a satisfactory reception.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The chronicles created a mythical one for Japan and the Japanese court, by 660 BCE.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

spanning history.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Their purpose was to elevate the status of the emperor institution and create a past similar to Chinese tradition for the state.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[33] Although Buddhism's influence increased, it still remained predominantly the religion of the elite during the Nara period, and its principles were not universally understood.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[31] The literary tradition practiced in temples was popular Buddhism closer to the original form of the religion.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[34] On the other hand, Buddhist thought began to become a part of Japanese life.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In particular, syncretism between Buddhism and Japanese traditional religion began to develop.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In Japan, Buddhism took on a particularly eclectic form, with Shinthian kami often seen as manifestations of the Buddha.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Syncretism led to Shinthian shrines beginning to be established in Buddhist temples and the other way around.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[35] Heian-period Emperor Kammu moved the country's capital to Heian-kyōho, present-day Kyoto, in 794.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

During the Heian period, Japan's national culture evolved considerably and grew independent from its Chinese paragons.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Official relations with the decaying Tang Dynasty China were dissolved at the end of the 8th century.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, the new culture did not really gain ground until the 9th century onwards.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[20] [36] The court culture that developed at its peak was remarkably distinct from the agricultural population surrounding it and the reality of the provinces.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[37] The Heian period also marked a gradual decline in the power of the emperor.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Emperor Kammu attempted to revive the ritsuryō system of government, which he modified according to the demands of the time, and which remained formally in effect for several centuries.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[20] [38] However, the country's actual situation gradually diverged from the ideals of the ritsuryō regime.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Putting the land distribution system into practice proved difficult.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Private land ownership increased, and from the middle of the Heian period, private grand estates, or shōens, were largely successful in obtaining exemption from taxes.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

This led to a deterioration in the central government's tax revenues.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[20] Power began to pass to local chiefs when the state's grip on provinces became fool and it was no longer able to maintain law and order.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Gradually, the Shōens evolved into fiefdoms, and a feudal system later emerged in the country.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[36] [37] The Fujiwara family rose to influence at court, who managed to control it through carefully planned marriages.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In practice, the family married their daughter to the emperor, and members of the family gained control of the posts of sesshō and kanpaku.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The post of regent, or sesshō, was taken up by Fujiwara no Yoshifusa in the mid-8th century when his grandson, Emperor Seiwa aged only nine, ascended to the throne.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The post of advisor, or kanpaku, was created by Fujiwara no Mototsune in 887 — in practice kanpaku acted as something of a dictator.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Many emperors were minors during the peak period of the Fujiwaras, or were forced to resign before reaching the age of majority.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[20] [38] [39] [27] The power of the Fujiwaras began to decline in the 10th century, when emperors regained their power through the Insei monastic emperor system.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Under the system, the resigned emperor controlled the affairs of the kingdom from the monas


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The system was based on allowing a minor emperor to hold public ceremonial functions when real power was exercised nominally by a previous ruler who had withdrawn to the monastery.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[40] [27] Nara period Buddhism had been based directly on Chinese Buddhism, but in the Heian period two trends founded by Japanese monks developed, Tendai and Shingon.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[40] [17] [41] Furthermore, at the end of the period in the 12th century, Pure Land Buddhism, Jōdo-shū, formed as its own school.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[17] [42] The Japaneseization of culture was evident especially in literature.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In the past, Japanese had been written with Chinese characters, but by the 9th century they were developed into the kana-syllable alphabet, hiragana and katakana more suitable for the Japanese language.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Men were still expected to use Chinese when writing, so most of the prose literature of the Heian period is written by women.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Among the most notable works of the time are Murasaki Shikibu's Genji Story and Sei Shōnagon's Pillow Book, depicting life at the court of the Heian period.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[20] [43] [27] [44] Heian period poetry was collected in several imperial poetry anthologies, the first being Kokin-wakashū from 905.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Waka poetry, born of earlier styles, developed into an integral part of court life.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[40] The decline of the power of the central government led to the emergence of a new military class, the samurai, in the provinces.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The samurai served not only as protection of large noble families but also of the state against unrest.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Gradually, they gained power at court.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The two largest samurai lineages were the Taira and Minamoto clans.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Internal disputes between the Fujiwaras and the court led to the Hōgen Rebellion of 1156, in which power decisively passed to the military class.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In the Heiji rebellion three years later, the families fought each other, and the Taira clan emerged victorious.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

After a few decades in the Genpei War in 1180, Japan found itself in the midst of unprecedented fighting.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The struggle also marked a turning point in Japanese history when its victor, Minamoto no Yoritomo, established a shōgunate, or bakufu military government in Kamakura.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Bakufu held power in various forms right up until 1868.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[40] [45] [46] [27] Feudal Japan Kamakura Period After the Genpei War, the battle between Yoritomo and his brother Minamoto no Yoshitsune continued until 1189, when Yoritomo destroyed the northern Fujiwara family that had protected his brother.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Three years later, Yoritomo received from the emperor the title of shōgun, the highest rank awarded to a soldier, which later became the designation of the head of the bakufu military government.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, absolutely complete military rule in the Kamakura period was not achieved; nominally the country was jointly ruled by the Kyoto civilian aristocracy and the Kamakura military government.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The old Heian period institutions survived in the Kamakura period, and only later were they replaced by new feudal structures.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[47] [48] After Yoritomo's death in 1199, real power passed to the Hōjō clan, whose members served as regents of the shōguns until 1333.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[47] [49] Kamakura's military government and imperial court soon became mired in a power struggle.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In 1221, Emperor Go-Toba attempted to overthrow the military government in the Jōkyū-rebellion, but was expelled from Kyoto.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Although the bakufu brought its troops to Kyoto, it had great difficulty in maintaining order.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Thousands of aristocrats and soldiers who supported Go-Toba were given to government vassals, and the bakufu's power now extended throughout the country.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[20] [50] The Bakufu acted relatively impartially and efficiently in maintaining order; the first time the new feudal court was assembled in one cover for the Jōei shikimoku collection in 1232.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Despite social crises and upheaval, the stability created by the bakufu had a significant impact on the country's economy.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The exchange of goods between the regions increased, and the use of money became more common again.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Craftsmen and merchants from various fields began to form guilds (), and centres specialising in the manufacture of paper or metal were now emerging in the provinces for the first time for the first time.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The area of land occupied by farming grew rapidly.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

A feudal economy began to form in the Kamakura period, but Japan was still far from a complete feudal society.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The aristocracy and temples had huge public shōens in their possession, while military landowners lived in villages and may have farmed the land themselves.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[51] [47] The disasters of time, famines, natural disasters, and war, together with the expectation of the end times (mappō) of Buddhism, made Pure Land Buddhism popular.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Unlike previous Buddhist tendencies difficult to understand for ordinary Japanese, it offered enlightenment with a simple belief in the Amida Buddha.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Another new school was Nichiren Buddhism, founded by monk Nichiren, which contradicted the religious tradition of Japan by taking a sharp stance towards other trends.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, the most significant form of Buddhism that became widespread in the Kamakura period was zen, which has had a particularly deep influence on Japanese art, thought, and aesthetics.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

It especially appealed to the samurai.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[51] [52] [47] By the early 13th century, the Mongols had extended their empire to China and Korea.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Kublai Khan now wanted to gain control of Japan as well.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In November 1274, an army of possibly a few ten thousand Mongol and Korean soldiers beached Kyūshū from the Gulf of Hakata and occupied part of Hizen Province.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The surprising typhoon, however, sank two hundred ships of the invaders, and those who survived the storm were forced to retreat back to Korea.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Bakufu now began preparing for the next attack by strengthening the coastal defensive arrangements.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The next attack in 1281 was considerably larger than the earlier one.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

It consisted of 4400 ships and about 140,000 soldiers, forming two armies.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The first fleet, arriving from Korea, was beached again from the Gulf of Hakata, but the Japanese managed to prevent its advance for several weeks.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

With the arrival of the 2nd Fleet, the typhoon rose again and destroyed almost the entire invading fleet.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Storms later began to be referred to as kamikaze ().


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[53] [47] [27] [54] [55] The threat of invasion did not recede, however.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The constant preparation for war badly ate the government's financial resources and undermined its stability.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Agricultural production fell, especially on Kyūshū, and the government was incapable of compensating for the losses experienced by its vassals.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[53] [47] Due to uncontrollable economic changes and disputes between the Hōjō clan and rival military governors, the bakufu began to wobble.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Its weakness gave the Kyoto court another opportunity to seek back the power it had lost, but the court was nonetheless divided into two lines competing with each other.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In 1318, Go-Daigo rose from the junior branch to emperor.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[56] [54] Muromachi period In 1331, the bakufu exiled Emperor Go-Daigo to the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, local leaders in the Kyoto region, supported by monks, assembled an army to oppose the bakufu, and Go-Daigo returned in 1333 to launch another coup.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The military government fell with the support of disgruntled vassals of the Hōjō clan, Ashikaga Takauji and Nitta Yoshisada, and Go-Daigo now assumed the task of restoring imperial power in the so-called Kempu Restoration.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Many of the emperor's former allies, however, were not satisfied with his actions.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In 1336, Takauji turned against Go-Daigo and crowned emperor from a rival senior lineage, causing Go-Daigo to flee with his followers south near Nara, where he erected a rival court.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The next 60 years have been called the Nanboku-chō period, the Southern and Northern Court Period.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

It ended only in 1392 with the succession of power remaining on the northern court.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[56] [57] [58] [59] [60] The Muromachi period takes its name from the Muromachi district of Kyoto, where the new shōgunate established by Ashikaga Takauji was relocated in 1378.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[56] [58] The new bakufu inherited the structure of its predecessor almost as is.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The most fundamental difference was the role of shugos, or “constables”, in the administration of the Ashikagos: many shugos gained considerable power in the provinces they controlled, and the bakufu were practically built on the delicate balance of the Ashikaga shōguns and the major shugo lineages.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, the new regime was considerably weaker than its predecessor and began to lose even a small amount of power with the intensification of the shugos and numerous rebellions initiated by samurai and farmers.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The political mayhem of the Muromachi period was also affected by the state of decadence of the imperial court: by the 15th century, the court had become so impoverished that Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado could not be buried due to lack of funerary funds.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Bakufu was the only force holding together in the country.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[56] [61] The Muromachi period marked an almost continuous civil war.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, most skirmishes were small-scale and local, and trade and culture developed considerably despite political imbalances.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Agricultural production increased, and the serfs of the Heian period mostly emancipated and became small farmers.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Official trade links with China were re-established, although Japanese pirates (wakō) disrupted Chinese trade.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Relations with foreign countries were remarkably lively, with Japanese merchants spreading all the way to Southeast Asia, where Japanese urban communities (nihonmachi) sprang up.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Crucial to the development of indoor trade was the improvement of transport routes, and new towns emerged at ports and other hubs.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[62] [56] [63] [64] The new military culture of the period developed especially in connection with Zen Buddhism.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The heyday of the culture was centrally influenced by the active support of the Shōguns, for example the Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and the Yoshimasa.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The period developed a number of contemporary prestigious Japanese cultural institutions, including ikebana, tea ceremony, zen garden art, and the thriving nō theatre, as well as the humorous kyōgen plays performed in between.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Tea had been a popular drink as early as the Kamakura period, but through zen it acquired a new kind of spiritual meaning through the tea ceremony.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

As the merchants and craftsmen of the cities prospered, new art forms also spread among the common folk.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Ring-chain poetry became popular in literature, but kouta songs about love and sex, for example, became more common.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Fairy tales gained popularity among children of both the upper class and ordinary folk.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The art of painting was also influenced by Zen: monochrome suiboku ink painting was imported from China to Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

One of the most prominent Japanese schools of painting, the Kanō school, originated in the Muromachi period.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[56] [65] [58] [64] Sengoku period and connection with Europeans Main articles: Sengoku Period and Nanban Trading Period In 1467, the Ōnin War broke out, a civil war that began with a dispute over power and economic hardship.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Initially, fighting was confined to Kyoto and its surroundings, where the devastation was severe.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The war itself ended in 1477 without any settlement, but fighting still continued in the capital and now spread to other parts of Japan as well.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Hundred Years' Wars season, which began with the Ōnin War, has been called the Sengoku Period, the Warring States Period.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The power of local leaders increased considerably.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In the context of the rural revolts caused by the fighting, many of their samurai leaders emerged as county lords, challenging the local shugos.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The previous shugos almost completely disappeared after the new county lords, the daimies, took their place.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The political power of the Bakufu was reduced to non-existent and effectively passed to the Hosokawa clan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In the first half of the 16th century, the provinces controlled by the daimies were practically completely detached from the rule of the shōgun.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[56] [66] The first Europeans, the Portuguese shipwrecked on Tanegashima south of Kyūshūn, arrived in civil warring Japan in 1543.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

They were well received, and the muskets they brought, of which copies were made, quickly revolutionised warfare in Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Gradually, regular trade from Japan to Portugal began to develop.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

It took the Portuguese karaks, called “black ships” (kurofune) by the Japanese, two or three years to get from Portugal to Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[67] The first Jesuit missionary, Francisco Xavier, arrived in Kagoshima in 1549.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Xavier stayed in the country for only two years, but after him Jesuits arrived in the country continuously.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Jesuits faced a number of difficulties: the denunciation of Buddhism as idolatry infuriated Buddhist monks; the rejection of the Shinthian camis was inconsistent with Buddhist tolerant attitudes; and the samurai, who had both hetero and homosexual relationships, became angry on Jesuits' attacks on homosexuality.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The missionaries used trade to help spread Christianity: the Daimians, who benefited from foreign trade and new weapons technology, welcomed the religion, and some of them also converted to Christians.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Christianity also attracted the rural population, partly because of the social work practiced by the Jesuits.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In 1582, Alessandro Valignano reported that Japan already had about 150,000 Christians and 200 churches.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[66] [68] [69] [70] The Azuchi-Momoyama period in the late 16th century, the actions of three daimios, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu led to the gradual reunification of Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

According to one metaphor, Nobunaga mined the stones of New Japan, Hideyoshi sanded them, and Ieyasu placed them in place.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

For the most part, the reign of Nobunaga and Hideyoshi in 1573—1600 or 1603 is called the Azuchi-Momoyama period after the administration castles of the daimies, Azuchi Castle and Momoyama Castle.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[71] [72] [69] In the battles between the Daimias of the Sengoku period, Oda Nobunaga gradually rose to influence.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

He was a brave, if remarkably brutal, opportunist and the first daimio to successfully use firearms brought by Europeans in combat.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[73] In 1573, he overthrew the shōgun and helped power the last Ashikaga ruler Yoshiaki.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, this tried to be more than just a puppet ruler, causing Nobunaga to eject him from power and the period of the Ashikaga shōgunate coming to an end.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

A testament to Nobunaga's ruthlessness is the massacre in 1571 of three thousand monks from the Mount of Hei who opposed him.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Nobunaga's fate was struck by his own rebellious general, Akechi Mitsuhide, in 1582.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

While heading to the western part of the country to quash the unrest that had broken out, Nobunaga stopped at Honnō-ji Temple in Kyoto, where he found himself surrounded by Mitsuhide's forces.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

After struggling, Nobunaga ended his day by committing suicide by slicing his stomach open.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Nobunaga missed his goal of a unified Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[74] [69] Nobunaga's mission was continued by one of his most powerful commanders, Toyotomi Hideyoshi.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

He quickly defeated several of his rivals.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In 1587, he amassed a huge army of 200,000 against the rebelling Satsuma region on Kyūshū and returned victorious to Kyoto, where the other feudal lords pledged their allegiance to Hideyoshi and the emperor.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Three years later, he had gained control of all of Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

At the centre of Hideyoshi's policies was the binding of the people to their social classes, where what mattered was the strict separation of soldiers and farmers.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The mission was aided by extensive land clearance, census and disarming of peasants in the so-called “sword hunt” in 1588.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Earlier Sengoku period egalitarian alliances between daimies were replaced by a clearer feudal ruler-vassal relationship.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[75] [73] [76] [69] [72] Hideyoshi's feudal administration, however, did not have sufficient land in its possession for the eventual unification of Japan.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The regime's internal problems and Hideyoshi's megalomania drove him to pursue the takeover of China, which he initiated by invading Korea in 1592.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The takeover went well at first, with the Japanese advancing as far as Pyongyang after taking Seoul as early as the same year, but resistance from the Koreans forced the troops to gradually withdraw.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

In 1597, Hideyoshi, with a force of 100,000 men, launched a new offensive.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, he died the following year, so the new attack failed.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Power was gained by Tokugawa Ieyasu, who emerged as the most powerful daimio in the country.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Hideyoshi's invasions were useless for Japanese expansion and caused permanent hostility between the two countries.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Paradoxically, they brought numerous Korean craftsmen to Japan, who had considerable influence on Japanese ceramics in particular.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[77] [73] [69] [72] The Azuchi-Momoyama period is especially remembered as the era of castles.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Nobunaga and Hideyoshi highlighted their achievements with their grandiose administrative palaces, especially known for their glorious fusuma doors and large and rich-coloured murals of the Kanō school.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

They form a counterpoint to the monochrome nature of painting art of the Muromachi period.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Also, the tea ceremony lived its Golden Age under master Sen no Rikyūn.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[73] [69] Nanban trade to Western countries and the spread of Christianity continued during the Azuchi-Momoyama period.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

At its most abundant in the early 17th century, of Japan's population of around 20—25 million people, more than half a million were Christians, in proportion more than today.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Nobunaga favored Christianity in his fight against Buddhist monks, and Hideyoshi was also initially sympathetic to Christians.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, he changed his line and issued the first statutes opposing Christianity in 1587.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Ten years later he executed 26 Franciscans and Christian Japanese; however, the actual repression did not begin until later in the 17th century.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

When the Dutch and British, who had a fist attitude towards Catholics, began trading to Japan in the early 17th century, the Japanese no longer had to fear trade being cut off for religious reasons.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[78] [79] Edo period New bakufu and closure After Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu and the daimias opposing him clashed at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Perhaps the victor of Japan's most significant internal struggle emerged as Ieyasu, who in 1603 founded a new bakufu in Edo, present-day Tokyo.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

After assuming the title of shōgun, he ejected from power or transferred to new territories numerous daimies who opposed him, whose lands were confiscated to the Tokugawa family.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Once and for all, opponents of the Tokugawa shōgunate were defeated in 1615 when Ieyasu defeated in the siege of Osaka Castle, Hideyoshi's son Hideyori.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

From the position of Shōgun, he abdicated in favour of his son as early as 1605, but nevertheless kept power in his hands until his death in 1616.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[80] [81] [82] [69] under Ieyasu's successors, the new system of government took its final form.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The main towns and mines were taken under the direct control of the bakufu.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The loyalty of the daimies was ensured not only through effective reconnaissance activities, but also by the so-called sankin kōtai system, in which daimios were obliged to reside seasonally in Edo while their wives and children remained in the city permanently hostage.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Daimies also had to assist with public works projects.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Trips to Edo, lavish gifts for the shōgun, and construction work ensured that the daimias would not get too rich.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Management of the agricultural population was also intensified.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

Peasants were forbidden from changing their professions or selling their land, and residents of villages were required to form solidarity gonin-gumi groups ().


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

[80] [83] Ieyasu was initially acquiescent towards Christians, and encouraged trade with Europeans in the hope of profits.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

However, the Japanese now realised they could continue foreign trade without the monopoly of the Portuguese.


Question: How have the only ones survived in Japan?

History of Japan

The Dutch and British fueled Japanese suspicions of Catholics' quest for conquest — Ieyasu also feared Christians would support Toyotomi Hideyori before his overthrow in Osaka.