Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[55] During a migraine attack, changes occur in the behaviour of platelets resulting in local release into the blood of serotonin, which contribute to pain sensitization and blood flow regulation (particularly regulates the diameter of extracranial blood vessels, affects of other neurotransmitters and platelets) and prostaglandins.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[56] Migraine status can be characterized by a general level of brain chemistry by the fact that serotonin levels fall and dopamine levels rise, and that headaches are (possibly) associated with multi-symptom autonomic nervous system dysfunction.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[57] Preliminary symptoms often occur prior to migraine status, all of which indicate a change in hypothalamic function in the period prior to migraine status, and which indirectly support the theory of brainstem and hypothalamicity of the condition.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Preliminary symptoms occur among others.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

changes in the nature of the patient, irritability, frostbite, fatigue, yawning, increased appetite, sweet hunger, etc. [50] Symptoms Migraine is characterized by progression of the disease through successive stages [58] and manifests itself as conspicuous congestion of time periods of illness.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[59] Migraine-related headache may be a disabling symptom, but not the only one of the symptoms present, but the symptoms of migraine may concern the person's self and his physical and mental entity in a comprehensive and serious way.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[60] The number of migraine attacks and the quality and intensity of associated symptoms can vary greatly for no apparent reason, and prolonged periods of mild migraine symptoms may be interspersed with severe migraine periods.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The reason for this is considered to be the center located in the midbrain, the sensitivity of which (migraine threshold) varies from mm.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

by stress and seasons.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[61] The stages of a migraine attack are the proactive phase, the aura phase, the headache stage, the symptom disappearance phase, and the recovery phase.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[62] The intensity of migraine pain is estimated on a pain scale from zero to ten with a value of 7-8, while the tension headache is usually estimated at 3-4.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[63] The first stage of migraine includes precancerous symptoms (prodromal symptoms) due to irritation of the nervous system, which may begin one day before the prodromal (aura phase).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

As a precancerous symptom, e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

irritability (lights, sounds, smells, speech), mood swings (fatigue and persistence, hyperactivity and talkativeness), the need to eat sweet foods, colds, muscle tightness, feeling thirst, frequent urination, constipation or diarrhea.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Preliminary symptoms can be so minor that you don't know how to pay attention to them.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[64] The duration of pre-symptoms can be from a few hours to a few days, and its symptoms can be diverse.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[65] Individuals who interact with a person may perceive behavioral changes due to pre-symptoms (e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

crankiness and overreaction), even if the person himself is not aware of them.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[66] Migraine prodromes (aura symptoms) are accompanied by various malfunctions of the nervous system and constriction of the arteries of the head.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Symptoms of aura develop in 5-15 minutes and usually last from half an hour to an hour.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The most common symptoms of aura are various disorders related to the sense of vision (e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

bright flashes of light, movement of objects in the field of view, double images, serrated pattern growing and moving in the field of view, changing colours, blurred vision, visual field deficiencies or temporary blinding of one eye [67]), others include e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

speech disorders, difficulty in finding words, tingling or numbness in the face and limbs, or transient one-sided paralysis (rare).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The aura phase belongs to the so-called classic migraine, but it can also occur with ordinary migraine.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[68] In the headache phase of migraine, the symptom is pulsating and one-sided headache (in 80% of cases [69]) and its duration can range from a few hours to several days, and the intensity of the ache can range from moderate to almost unbearable.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In most patients, movement and physical exertion exacerbate the pain.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Other symptoms of the pain phase may include light (increased glare [70]) and sound as disturbing (sensory sensitization phenomenon [71]), as well as numbness symptoms.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

As the seizure progresses, nausea and further vomiting often occur, after which frequent aches begin to relent.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The stage of pain can be accompanied by an increase in irritability, crying sensitivity and lowering of mood, as well as disorders of the autonomic nervous system such as redness of the face and discharge from the eyes, pallor and “pressing eyes deep into bumps”, sweat rising to the surface of the paled face, skin of the limbs colds, rhinitis (dry congestion or nasal discharge), abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[72] Rapid head movements exacerbate aches.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine pain is caused by the expansion of blood vessels in the scalp and meninges, not the condition of the cerebral vessels and blood supply.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[42] Symptoms of pain phase can cause temporary disability and loss of functional and working capacity.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[73] The headache phase (as well as prodromal symptoms) may be accompanied by a feeling of dizziness and lightheadedness (vestibular disorders), and disturbances in sensing sounds (extra sounds, distortion of voices, whispering, humbling and rumbling sounds, deafening).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The auditory symptom can manifest itself as a decrease in the ability to hear weak sounds at the same time as the sensitivity of hearing has increased for strong sounds (a silent whisper is left unheard, the usual speech sound is sensed as screaming).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Hearing symptoms of migraine can lead to permanent hearing loss, but deafening due to migraine is very rare.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[74] The symptom disappearance phase is the stage of the remainder of the headache phase in which other symptoms, except headache, are gradually subdued.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Vomiting and sleep can contribute to the subsides of the seizure, but the headache is still intense.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[19] During the after-stage (recovery phase) of migraine, symptoms may occur e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

severe mood and emotion swings, fatigue (or cheery), puffiness, lower abnormalities and muscle aches.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

During the postoperative period, moving the head can cause momentary vomiting.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The recovery phase can last several days (approximately 30 hours [74]) and is characterized by decreased concentration and brain mental performance.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

As a rule, restful sleep is enough to restore brain function asymptomatic.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In the recovery phase, there may be a mild and transient dysfunction in the brain function.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[75] Approximately 20% of headaches in children can be classified as migraines.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine in a child can begin in early childhood (diaper age), and it symptoms may include:


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

abdominal pain or transient behavior disorder.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[76] During a migraine attack, the child willingly retreats into a dim room, and is not interested in play.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[77] The pathophysiology of childhood migraine (the underlying physical and chemical causes of the disease) is less well known than the pathophysiology of migraine in adulthood, and there is no research evidence on the efficacy of triptans for its treatment.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine in a child can become asymptomatic with the advent of adulthood.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[76] Symptoms of unplowed and aural migraine in childhood differ in their symptoms from those present in adulthood, seizures in children tend to be frequent and intense, and slightly shorter in duration than in adults, and the interval between seizure episodes may be long.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Seizures usually do not include all stages, and symptoms may focus on general symptoms (sweating, vomiting, nausea, frequent urination, difficulty urinating).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Childhood migraines have links to dizziness and motion sickness.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[78] Examination (diagnosis) The causes of a previously unoccurring headache that has started suddenly should always be identified [73] and the person may have several different headaches at the same time.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[79] The determination of headache should be a neurologist (a doctor specialising in the functioning of the nervous system) if, based on his experience, the doctor does not have an opinion on the differential diagnostics of headaches (identification of different diseases and the designation of each disease).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[80] Migraine diagnostics is based on the report of the person in the examination by a physician about the quality of symptoms and their temporal course during the suspected migraine under investigation.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The neurological status (state of the nervous system) of a person with a predisposition to migraine is normal in the period between seizures.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

It is not possible to verify the diagnosis by mechanized examinations or by any single diagnostic method.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[2] [12] Various studies are conducted to exclude other causes of headache.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[81] The Migraine Diary (Scene Diary) can collect information e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

on the triggers and the frequency of migraine attacks, the quality, frequency and intensity of symptoms, and the efficacy of drug therapy can be assessed.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Accurate information can be used to assess the harm caused to the patient by migraine and its significance and can help the doctor in seeking the best possible treatment for migraines as quickly as possible.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[82] Rare types of migraines (including ophthalmoplegic, hemiplegic and bacillary migraine, status migrenosus and cerebral infarction in case of migraine) can only be detected (diagnosed) by a specialist in a hospital.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[83] Migraine is an under-diagnosed disease, [84] Statistically estimated around 500,000 people with migraines in Finland, of whom about 250 000 do not see a doctor, and of whom plenty of 50,000 have symptoms of migraine so severe that they have visited a specialist.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[85] Some migraines do not follow the type symptoms of IHS; their diagnosis is based on the professionalism of the doctor.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[86] Diagnostic IHS criteria (type symptoms) for unplowed and aural migraine are as follows: Patients have experienced at least five headache attacks lasting 4-72 hours, accompanied by at least two of the following symptoms: pain is pulsating Unilateral aches are moderate to severe, and the inhibition of normal physical activity aggravates the pain, as well as at the same time at least one of the following symptoms: nausea or vomiting, photophobia and sound sensitivity.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In addition, other causes of symptoms are excluded.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[87] Auraic migraine: Patients have had at least two seizures accompanied by three of the following symptoms: aurasymptom has been more than four minutes or aura duration has been two in a row, aura duration of up to 60 minutes followed by an aura headache less than 60 per minute (can begin already during the plow phase).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In addition, headache and accompanying symptoms meet the same criteria as aura migraine, and other causes are excluded.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[87] Diagnosis of migraine is based on the fulfillment of traits associated with migraine status and the exclusion of other diseases.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Different features of the migraine state have a habitually certain temporal duration in the course of the seizure.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Viewed in terms of differential diagnosis, the most common disease with which unplowed migraine can be confused is tension headache, but they can also occur simultaneously.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Other symptoms of migraine-like diseases include


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Horton's syndrome, or serial headache.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The main differential diagnostic diseases of acute headache are subarachnoid hemorrhage and meningitis.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Brain tumours, temporal epilepsy (temporal lobe epilepsy) and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) may also cause symptoms similar to migraine status.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[89] Severe migraine attacks may resemble an epileptic seizure in symptoms.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[90] If migraine has been diagnosed, observation should be carried out from time to time e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

whether the symptoms of headache change, severe nervous system dysfunction, or start a whole new type of headache, because this may be another disease.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Mm.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Temporal articulation requires medical intervention and SAV (subarachnoid hemorrhage, that is, occlusion of cerebral hemorrhage of unknown cause), as well as meningitis, require prompt medical intervention.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[91] When suspecting a brain tumour, migraine (or tension headache), the person experiencing usually experiences themselves as healthy between seizures, whereas a brain tumour patient usually has a vague knowledge of the disease between aches.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[92] Good quality effort headache, occurring with physical exertion (e.g. during sexual intercourse, with weight training), lasting from five minutes to a day, pain in the entire head, pain may be blunt ioding or explosive severe pain, similar to migraine in symptoms [20].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Treatment The causes of headache should always be clarified before starting treatment [93] and the migraine patient should have the feeling that they are not alone with their disease.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[94] Of the therapies for migraine status, the best is to avoid the factors that trigger migraine status.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

These factors may include e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

alcohol, monitoring, irregular eating, a change in stress level and some nutrients.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

A migraine-prone person identifies triggering factors based on their experience.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The most effective way to treat a migraine attack is early identification of the seizure and immediate initiation of treatment (prompt treatment may break the development of the condition) [3].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Treatment of a seizure is started by applying (if possible) to rest in a quiet and dark space.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[95] Medicinal treatment with prescription drugs for migraine is divided into prophylaxis and seizure therapy.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Acute Pharmacotherapy According to Huttunen and Simonen (1990), the treatment of migraine generally does not benefit from standard home pharmacy medicines, and migraine only characteristically responds to medications specifically for the treatment of migraine.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[96] However, according to Lockley (1996) and School and Mervaala (2013), adequate treatment efficacy can be achieved with common analgesics such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, acetylsalicylic acid or paracetamol.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[97] [98] The absorption of medicinal products into the bloodstream should be taken into the bloodstream, as migraine reduces the absorption of medicinal products in the gastrointestinal tract.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The efficacy of drugs is about 40 per cent for preparations of the ergotamine group, 50 to 60 per cent for common analgesics and 65 to 80 per cent for triptans, and the efficacy of all (in tablet form) can be increased by about 10 per cent with metoclopramide.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Only drugs of the triptan group have a significantly improving effect on the quality of life of the patient.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[99] Neurologists may also use medicines other than conventional medicines for the treatment of migraine if they can relieve migraine symptoms.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[100] In Finland, medical cannabis has also been prescribed for chronic migraine when other medicines have not helped.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[101] Seizure medications should be consumed after aura symptoms stop in pain during a mild pain phase to prevent painkiller addiction.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[102] Drug options for seizure therapy are primarily acetylsalicylic acid and metoclopramide or acetylsalicylic acid hypersensitive paracetamol and metoclopramide.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The next alternative to seizure drugs is drugs of the triptan group (among others.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) or any NSAIDs (incl.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

ibuprofin, tolfenamic acid, ketoprofin, naproxem).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Tríptans are affected at all stages of the scene.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[103] Classical ergotamine therapy may be tried if other medicinal treatments do not produce results.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Side effects of triptans are less pronounced than those of ergotamines, the effectiveness of drugs is the same level.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

When prescribing a migraine seizure drug, long-term diseases and possible pregnancy should be taken into account.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[95] The most potent form of drug therapy in migraine is usually injectable pethidine or morphine in combination with an injectable anti-nausea medicine.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[104] Preventive therapy Prevent medication may be considered when there are at least three migraine attacks per month.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

As a preventive medication can be tried e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Non-ISA-acting beta-blockers (propranolol, timolol, atenolol, metoprolol), sodium valproate (dosage same as for epilepsy) or amitriptyline in low doses.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In pregnancy, as a rule, prophylaxis can not be used.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[105] Preventive therapy is performed over a limited duration of treatment (interval therapy), and migraine symptoms may ease after a treatment period of 3 to 6 months.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

If symptoms recover quickly after the course of treatment, the duration of the course of treatment can be several years.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[96] A minimum period of interval therapy is recommended for two months and a maximum duration of one year.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Preventive therapy should be aimed at being carried out with a single drug, since in combination therapy, the chance of side effects increases significantly when using drug combinations.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

During preventive therapy, the onset of pregnancy should be prevented by adequate contraception.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[106] Biological blocking drugs have also been developed.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[107] Ergotamine (initially isolated from rye ergot) is the first effective medicine used to treat migraine and its vasoconstrictor effect lasts for about three days, which leads to it not being used more than once a week because its more frequent use results in ergotism, and a chronic daily headache may arise.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In addition, side effects of ergotamine are frequent muscle spasms and nausea.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Overuse of ergotamine can lead to lower limb amputations due to gangrene.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[108] Ergotamines constrict blood vessels throughout the body (triptans in certain areas of the brain) [105].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The use of ergotamine as a migraine medicine is limited in Finland [109], but it can be used if there is a medical justification.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[110] Migraine is associated with a likelihood of higher than average incidence of certain diseases, and the combined effect of drug treatments for these diseases must be taken into account that the medicine for one disease does not exacerbate the symptoms of the other disease.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In parallel with migraine, e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

stroke, epilepsy or mental disorders (e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

panic disorder, fear disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, depression, manic-depressive disease).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[111] Migraine and tension headache often occur together [22].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Mémière's disease also has a link to migraines.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[112] There is no research evidence of a link between allergy and migraines.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[113] Migraine may be accompanied by a fear of death that worsens migraine if the next of kin has developed migraines and has died of a brain attack.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[114] Other therapies Acupuncture can be used as support therapy for pain, although there is no definite scientific evidence for its effects.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The person who performs acupuncture therapy should have solid medical professionalism to avoid complications of treatment.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Serious complications include e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

spread of infections (e.g. hepatitis B), localized bacterial inflammation, spinal cord damage, and pleural puncture.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The use of acupuncture can be limited or inhibited e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

long-term disease (e.g. heart valve defect), impaired blood clotting or pregnancy.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[115] The biofeedback method (a technical tool provides information about the stress level in the body, and the person consciously strives to relax) has been found to reduce migraines by 30 to 80 per cent, depending on patient groups.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

With the help of biofeedback, a person learns to gradually recognize the body sensations associated with body relaxation and how this sensation can be maintained.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Learning biofeedback technology is a slow event.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Before proceeding to the use of biofeedback, migraine must be properly diagnosed, that any other disease is excluded.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[116] Also, relaxation exercises [117] and regular exercise [118] can reduce stress levels in the body and prevent migraine provoking.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Prognosis Aural migraine can cause (extremely rarely) cerebral infarction due to decreased blood flow [1].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine is a major problem affecting the quality of life and ability to work of a migraine patient.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[119] Between 2 and 25 per cent of cerebral infarctions in young individuals are associated with migraine, and symptoms develop with prolonged, severe migraine.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

A rare predisposition to occipital infarctions (cause visual field defects) in the context of migraine appears to be hereditary determination.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[120] Provoking factors Migraine attack can begin at any time of day [42].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine triggers have not been studied much, although individuals with migraine predisposition have experiential knowledge of the triggers of migraine status, and in some individuals the triggering factors are always the same.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[121] When looking at the lists of triggers, it is necessary to take into account the fact that not all of the listed factors may trigger migraines in all, or in a single person at every time.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[122] Irregular exercise, making love, running, bending over, crouching or lifting heavy loads can trigger a migraine attack due to associated stress [25].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

At its height, stress can be the cause of 44% of migraine attacks, [123] other factors in some cases have been reported as triggers of migraine status, e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

: Alcohol consumption (especially red wine and strong wines) Anemia (may increase the intensity of symptoms) Missing meals, long periods of meals or fasting (decreasing blood sugar is not an active mechanism) Travel by car Heat fluctuation in the body (sauna, warm bath, cold) Ergonomically incorrect work position (causes muscle tension, which triggers migraine) Smell and sound stimuli drugs affecting the hormonal balance (among others.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

E-pills) Menstrual rhythm (decrease of estradiol) Drugs (incl.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

vasoconstrictors) Neck pain or incorrect bite of teeth, unconscious gnashing of teeth during sleep Internal clock (jet lag, night shift work, irregular circadian rhythm, change in day rhythm at weekend) Painkiller-induced migraine Accuracy demanding work without breaks, studies include examinations and exams Certain nutrients (containing allergens, additives monosodium glutamate or nitrite or tyramine) Emotional upsets, stress and especially stress relief Smoking, cigarette smoke and other caries, strong odors (smells), “bad air” (elevation of impurities in the breathing air due to insufficient ventilation Lack of sleep or excessive sleep Light stimuli (bright light (or computer screen), glare, densely flashing light (fluorescent light, led light, computer display), brightness of spring shoots, sunlight at sea, strong contrast in lighting (or computer screen)) Sudden change in weather.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[3] [73] [124] The link between migraine and diet is complex, and food can contribute to migraines among others.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

through fluctuations in blood sugar, tyramine and allergic reactions.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Delaying or skipping meals can cause migraine religious fasting (e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Muslims in Ramadan, Orthodox Jews on Yom Kippur) and during weight loss when losing weight.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Foods containing tyramine include e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

orange, avocado, banana, yeast preparations, bull bean, cheeses, plum (fresh and dried), liver, egg, eggplant, beef, beer (stout and ale types), spinach, wine (especially red wine), pendant game, chocolate, salami and using ripened sausages, soy sauce decoction, salt herring, canned meat and fig.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The most common foods that affect migraines through food allergy are orange juice, cheese, coffee, potatoes, milk, tea and tomato.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

For migraine prevention, the main foods to avoid include alcoholic products (especially red wine), fruits (especially citrus and green apples), some vegetables (especially onion), cheeses (especially brie, camembert and stilton cheeses), coffee, fish products and seafood, meat (especially pork), dairy products and tea.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Excluding migraine-triggering foods from the diet may, in the long run, reduce the number of migraine attacks in about 85 percent of migraine patients.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Allergy-causing food that is consumed continuously (e.g., milk) can trigger a migraine condition from time to time almost occasionally.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Food allergy is usually accompanied by an addiction to that food, and if ingested after a five-day break, very quickly triggers a migraine condition.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[125] If a child has a predisposition to migraine, adults should ensure that the child adheres to preventive migraine methods when eating.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

A person with a migraine tendency should possibly follow the following guidelines in their diet: to consume a portion of food with sufficient energy when eating according to the regular rhythm of ingestion of food before physical effort ingesting food when it is expected a long break in eating (e.g. when going out to spend an evening in karaoke) to find out the foods that trigger migraines and avoid being eaten during a migraine attack with something sugar-rich or starchy.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[126] In avoiding migraine triggers, it may be sufficient to try to avoid the same early effect of too many co-triggering factors (e.g. red wine can be drunk other than during the week before menstruation).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[127] When it comes to avoiding migraine triggers, the main means include a regular and starchy diet and a regular sleep rhythm, as well as low or absence of alcohol consumption.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[128] Also major changes in body temperature should be avoided [129] A major factor in migraine is the fear of the migraine attack itself.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[130] The stress experienced by a migraine patient is most significantly influenced by the effectiveness of a seizure drug, being a practitioner who relates professionally to migraine, and living according to their own rhythm of life, because the balance of treatment for migraine is largely based on the ability to listen to the messages of their own body (similarly to in endurance running training).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[131] See also Horton's Syndrome Hangover Scent Sensitivity Sources Farkkilä, Mark


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Headache from Neurology.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Soinila, Seppo, Kaste, Markku & Somer, Hannu (ed).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Jyväskylä: Duodecim.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

ISBN 951-656-154-0 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huttunen, Jussi, Simonen, Olli, Kangasniemi, Kaija & Paajanen-Mannila, Anita (ed) | title = Finnish Medical Centre, part 3| location = Espoo| publisher = Weilin+Gös| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-35-3026-4}} Rock, Merja, Jääskeläinen, Juha, E.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

& Kouri, Moor.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Neoplasms of the central nervous system from Neurology.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Jyväskylä: Duodecim.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

ISBN 951-656-154-0 Kangasniemi, Pentti.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine from Headache and its treatment.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Partinen, Markku (ed).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Pitchfork: Recallmed.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

ISBN 951-9221-47-6 Kaste, Markku, Hernesniemi, Juha, Kotila, Mervi, Lepäntalo, Mauri, Lindsberg, Perttu, Palomäki, Heikki, Roine, Risto O.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

& Sivenius, Juhani.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Cerebrovascular disorders from the book Neurology.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Jyväskylä: Duodecim.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

ISBN 951-656-154-0 Kälviäinen, Reetta & Keränen, Tapani.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Epilepsy from Neurology.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Jyväskylä: Duodecim.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

ISBN 951-656-154-0 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindberg, Leif| title = Migraine| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Thought Books| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-20-6362-X}} Lockley, John.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine from Headaches.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Lockley, John & Sullivan, Karen.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Translated by Hannele Timberg.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Juva: Art House.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

ISBN 931-884-174-6 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Palo, Jorma, Haahtela, Tari, Simell, Tuula & Tyrkkö, Sirpa| title = Health facta 3| others = Translated by Medical Translation Agency Oy| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1996| version = (Swedish initial work: Bra Böckers Stora Läkarlexikon 1-10) | id = ISBN 951-0-21513-9}} Polyclinic, Doctori.fi & Physician Portal.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Midas Questionnaire Form.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Available on 1 May 2011.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salmenperä, Ritva, Fire, Sinikka & Virta, Maarit (ed) | title = Neurological and Neurosurgical Patient Nursing | location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere| publisher = January| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-26-4759-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Takala, Heikki & Joensuu, Jyrki (ed) | title = Every home large doctor's book| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-1-16049-4}} Vanhatalo, Sampsa, Soinila, Seppo & Iivanainen, Matti.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Development of the nervous system and its disorders from the work Neurology.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Jyväskylä: Duodecim.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

ISBN 951-656-154-0 References on the topic elsewhere Headache Patients Association for Migraine Pertti Mustajoki's article on migraine by Markus Färkkilä's article on headache * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Hideo Kojima (, born August 24, 1963) is a Japanese video game designer, director, screenwriter and producer.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

He has established his career starting in 1986 at the Konami Game House, where he worked until December 2015.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

[1] Currently, Kojima is based in its new independent Kojima Productions studio.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

[2] Kojima is known for many successful games, including the Metal Gear franchise, as well as the Snatcher and Policenauts games that enjoy cult fame.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

He has also produced the Zone of the Enders and Boktai game series.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Kojima first worked as a game developer at Konami and then as vice president of Konami Computer Entertainment Japan.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

He also ran his own, Konami's subordinate game studio, Kojima Productions.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Kojima was promoted in 2011 to vice president of Konami Digital Entertainment.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

On December 15, 2015, Kojima announced that his working relationship with Konami has ended [3] and he has moved to the new independent Kojima Productions studio.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

For his final game, Konami missed Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

He was honored with the “Industry Icon Award” at The Game Awards of 2016.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

[4] As a game developer, Kojima follows a distinctive and recognizable style.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

In his games, he delves into the diverse and extensive societal problems and the experience of human life.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

These features are best seen in the themes of the Metal Gear series, which take positions on issues such as cloning, the absurdity of warfare and how war affects man and the world.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

In Metal Gear Solid 4, he delves deeply into future warfare, with all its problems and possibilities.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

The Metal Gear series is also characterised by a strong anti-nuclear message.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Although Kojima's games are serious in their subject matter, his style also includes mixing sometimes absurd humour in the stories as well as strongly carricated characters.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Kojima is a great lover of movies, which can be noticed by his games.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

He borrows features from his favourite films in his games and often also refers to these directly at the level of picture narrative or dialogue.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Kojima's love of movies is also shown in his games in the form of long, cinematic interludes.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Production Metal Gear Series Metal Gear Solid V - The Phantom Pain (2015) - writer/producer/director Metal Gear Solid V - Ground Zeroes (2014) - writer/producer/director Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance (2013) - producer Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker (2010) - writer/ producer/director Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots (2008) - writer/producer/director Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel 2 (2007) - producer/director Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops (2006) - co-producer of Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Plus (2007) - writer/ original idea/co-producer of Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel (2006) - producer/director Metal Gear Solid 3: Subsistence (2005) - writer/producer/director Metal Gear Ac! d² (2005) - producer Metal Gear Acid (2004) - producer Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (2004) - writer/producer/director Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes (2004) - writer/producer/original director Metal Gear Solid 2: Substance (2002) - writer/producer/director The Document of Metal Gear Solid 2 (2002) - producer/director Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty (2001) - writer/producer/director Metal Gear: Ghost Babel (2000) - producer/ supervising director Metal Gear Solid: VR Missions (1999) - producer/director Metal Gear Solid: Integral (1999) - writer/producer/director Metal Gear Solid (1998) - writer/producer/director Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake (1990) - writer/director Metal Gear (1987) - writer/director (“game designer”) Boktai series Lunar Knights (2006) - producer Boktai 3: Sabata's Counterattack ( 2005) - producer Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django (2004) - producer Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand (2003) - producer Zone of the Enders series Zone of the Enders: The 2nd Runner (2003) - producer Zone of the Enders (2001) - producer Tokimeki Memorial Drama series Tokimeki Memorial Drama Series Vol.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

3: Tabidachi no Uta (1999) - second director Tokimeki Memorial Drama series Vol.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

2: Irodori no Love Song (1998) - designer/producer Tokimeki Memorial Drama series Vol.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

1: Nijiiro no Seishun (1997) - designer/producer/drama director Snatcher series Snatcher CD-Romantic (1992) - writer/director SD Snatcher (1990) - original writer Snatcher (1988) - writer/director Other games Project 'S' (unknown) - According to rumors possible Snatcher game.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Super Smash Bros.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Brawl (2007) - designer of Solid Snake's field and his specialty stores Stock Trading Trainer: Kabutore (2006) - unknown Policenauts (1994) - writer/director Lost Warld (1986, cancelled) - writer/director Penguin Adventure (1986) - assistant director Sonic Triple Trouble (1994) - His name can be found for an unknown reason in the “Special Thanks” section.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

It is uncertain whether that person even had any involvement in the playmaking, as only “H. Kojima” is mentioned in the closing credits, rather than his full name.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Castlevania: Lords of Shadow (2010) - assistant producer Silent Hills (2015) - producer Death Stranding (in development) - producer/writer/director Movies Versus (2000) - cameo role Azumi (2003) - cameo role Sources On the topic elsewhere - Kojima games Fansite focused (in English) - Information about all Kojima games and different versions.


Question: Where was Hideo Kojima born?

Hideo Kojima

Category:Metal Gear Category:Japanese video game designers Category:People born in 1963 Class:Living persons


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The history of Russia as a kingdom in its own right began, according to Nestor's chronicle, when some Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes called the Varjagi Rurik their prince.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Rurik settled in Novgorod and the Novgorodians named their land Russkaya zemlja 'the land of Russia'.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

However, the reality base of this fable is very unclear.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Russia is Finland's neighbour to the east, which is why Finland and Russia have a long shared history.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Finland was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1917.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Empire fell in the revolutions of 1917 and after a long civil war under Russian leadership, the 1922 Soviet Union was formed.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia became its own state again.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Prehistory of the territory of Russia in the Paleolithic Stone Age Neanderthal man is known to have lived in the region as early as 100,000 years ago, based on archaeological excavations in the Urals and Caucasus.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Cro-Magnon man arrived in Europe around 35,000 BCE.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the Late Paleolithic period, mammoths and other cultures that caught glacial big game appeared on the territory of Russia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

After the Ice Age in the Mesolithic Stone Age, hunter populations had to adapt to rapid environmental changes.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Farming spread in the 400s BCE, first to the territory of Ukraine, where, among other things, the culture of Tripolje emerged.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the northern forest zone, fishing industries were preserved, represented by combed ceramic cultures, among other things.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the 10th century BCE.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

begins in Russia during the Bronze Age.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the Bronze Age there are signs of chiefdoms and a nomadic lifestyle based on steppe horses is taking shape.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

There are flourishing Bronze Age cultures in eastern Russia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Iron becomes widespread around 700—400 BCE.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Greek settlements arise on the northern shores of the Black Sea and the territory of southern Russia ends up in the sphere of influence of ancient culture.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Several nomadic tribes mentioned by name are known from the steppe regions: the Cimmerians, the Scythians, the Sarmaths and, after the beginning of the period, the Huns.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In prehistoric times, the great steppes of northern Russia were home to fragmented tribes of wandering nomads.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In antiquity, the Caspian steppes were inhabited by Scythians


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[1] The remains of these societies that lived on the steppe have been found during the 20th century in areas such as Stravropol, [1] and Chelyabinsk [2] Arkaim, in the steppes of the south of the Ural [3] and in the Altai Mountains.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[4] 7th-century BCE


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the latter part, ancient Greek traders transmitted influences from their own society to Russian territory through the trading posts of the Don and Taman Peninsula.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[5] In the 200th and 5th centuries BCE.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Bosporus Empire located in the eastern parts of Crimea, a polite that followed Hellenistic Greek settlements, [6] fell under repeated attacks by warlike nomadic tribes such as the Huns and Avaars.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[7] The Turkic people, the Cassaars, ruled the steppes of the river basin of the southern Volga between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea until the 7th century.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[8] Prehistory of East Slavs The linguistic ancestors of modern Russians were Slavic tribes whose original home range has been placed in the forest areas of the Pripet swamps by some scholars.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[9] The East Slavs thus gradually settled the western parts of Russia in two waves, one moving from Kiev towards the present-day Suzdal and Murom regions and the other from Polatsk towards Novgorod and Rostov.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[10] Between the 7th—8th centuries, East Slavic tribes were forced to pay taxes to the Turkish-related cassaars who had lived in the southern Volga and Caucasus region.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

By the time of the 10th century, Slavs had divided linguistically into southern, western and eastern branches.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The eastern branch was formed by the linguistic ancestry of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Beginning in the 6th century, the East Slavs represented most of the inhabitants of western Russia, [10] and were slowly but peacefully united by Finno-Ugric tribes including Meryans, [11] muromas, [12] and Mashcherans.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[13] Further south, the Turkish-related peoples account for a large proportion of the lineage, but it has emerged in historical times with the migrations of the steppe peoples.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Russian mixed people have always been a melting pot of nations.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Cassaars Cassaars were a Turkish-related population that inhabited the steppe regions of the lower reaches of the Volga between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea between the 6th and 13th centuries.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the 7th century, the upper class of the Casars converted to Judaism.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Itil near present-day Astrakhan was the capital of their kingdom.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Due to their laws, tolerance and internationalism, the Kasars formed the main economic link between the Baltic region and the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Between the 7th—8th centuries, many East Slavic tribes paid taxes to the cassaars.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Their influence began to wane when Oleg, the shadow warrior, moved south from Novgorod, expelled the cassaars from Kiev, and founded Kievan Rus' around the year 880.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The influence of the cassairs continued to decline in the 9th century with the invasion of Slavs and Turkish-related nomads.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Kievan Russia Scandinavian Vikings, called the Variags by the Byzantines, combined looting and trade and began expeditions on water routes leading from the Baltics to the Black Sea and Caspian Sea.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[14] [15] The Slavs who lived along the rivers often employed varjags as their patrons.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

According to the oldest chronicles, a varjag named Rurik became Prince of Novgorod c. In 860.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In reality, his seat of administration may have been Ladoga Castle (the city of Novgorod was founded, according to modern archaeology, no earlier than around 930).


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Around the year 880, his followers took control of Kiev and established Kievan Rus, or Kievan Rus', in the valley of the Dnieper River.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[16] who had previously been under the rule of the Kasars.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[17] As early as the end of the 8th century, Kievan Russia encompassed a vast area that served as a preform of present-day Russia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

However, Russia itself cannot be talked about, for the reason that Kiev Russia can also be seen as the beginning of Ukraine and Belarus.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The name rus, along with the Swedish and Estonian roots of the Finnish language, is related to Swedish Roslagen, or a word describing rowing, according to many scholars.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

This theory has been accepted in Western Europe generally.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Some Russian scholars have also suggested that the word would have Slavic or Persian roots.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

For example, it has been suggested that the word would come from the name of the South Slavic Rosamondi people.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In any case, it seems certain that among the ruling class of Kievan Rus' Scandinavian substance played a significant part.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Kievan Russia comprised a centrally controlled group of principalities whose main purpose was to maintain river trade routes through which furs, beeswax and slaves were transported between Scandinavia and Byzantium.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

By the end of the 9th century, the Scandinavian minority had assimilated into the Slavic population.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Among the most long-lasting effects of Kievan Russia was the development of a Slavic version of the Orthodox faith, which strongly influenced Russian culture for the next thousand years.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Kiev converted to Christianity during the reign of Prince Vladimir in 988, when all the inhabitants were baptized.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

A few years later, the first law collection, Russkaya pravda, was created.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The princes of Kiev followed the Byzantine example and kept the church, with their income, dependent on the state, which led to the fact that the Russian church and state have always been closely connected.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the 9th and 10th centuries, Kievan Russia became a major power.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[18] By the time of the 10th century, especially during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus was capable of achievements in economics, architecture and literature that surpassed those of Western Europe.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Compared to Western Christendom, the Russian language drew little influence from early Christian writings in Greek and Latin.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

This was due to the use of church slave in services of worship.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the 10th and 12th centuries, constant invasions by Turkic nomadic tribes such as the Kipchaks and Petsenegs prompted a massive exodus of Slavs into the safest forest areas of the north, especially the region known as Metsäntaka.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[19] Like many other regions of Eurasia, these territories were taken over by the Mongols beginning in the late 1230s.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Later, these conquerors, also known as Tatars, formed a state known as the Golden Orda, which plundered the principalities of Russian territory and ruled the southern and central parts of the region for more than three centuries.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Mongol rule stunted the economic and social development of the region.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[20] However, the Novgorod Republic and Pskov retained some of their autonomy during the Mongol period and partly spared the unrest that plagued other regions.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Novgorodians, led by Alexander Nevalainen, had been expelled by German crusader forces seeking to turn the area into their colony.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Russian state of Kiev eventually dispersed as a result of internal struggles within the princely family that ruled it collectively.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Kiev had been badly wiped out by the Mongols in 1240, its dominance waned and its encircled Vladimir-Suzdal in the northeast, the Novgorod Republic in the northwest, and Galitsia-Volynia in the southeast, in turn, strengthened.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[21] Galitsia-Volynia eventually merged with Poland-Lithuania, while Vladimir-Suzdal, which fell under Mongol rule, and the independent Novgorod Republic were formed as the basis of modern Russia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Kiev Russia was completely dispersed by the armed power struggles of the princely families in the state.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The might of Kiev declined at the expense of Novgorod to the north and Halych-Volhynia to the southeast.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Mongol conquest in the 13th century eventually destroyed Kiev.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Halych-Volhynia joined Poland-Lithuania and the Mongol-ruled Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod, which retained its independence, became the basis of the modern Russian state.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Mongol Conquest See also Batu Khan Kievan Rus' dispersion into internal power struggles combined with the Mongol invasion.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In 1223, Kievan forces confronted the Mongols on the Kalka River and the Kievans were crushed.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The new invasion was led by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and in 1240 the Mongols dispossessed Kiev and moved westward into the Polish-Hungarian regions.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

By then they had conquered most of the Russian principalities, only Novgorod spared from takeover.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The effects of the Mongol Conquest were regionally uneven.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Centers like Kiev never recovered.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Those who fled southern Russia relocated mainly to the northeast, where the soil was better and rivers enabled economic development.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

From this region developed the heart of modern Russia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Novgorod was still flourishing and a new power formation Moscow began to develop under Mongol pressure.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Khanate founded in Russia by the Golden Orda Batu has been called the Golden Orda.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The defeated Russian principalities were allowed to keep their rule and religion, but were subjected to the harsh and arbitrary tax-slavery of the Orda.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

For the population of the territory of Russia, the time of Orda meant a heavy burden in the form of taxes and oppression, and for the civilization values and development of the region it was destructive.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In 1242, Batu established his capital Sarai, which must have been located downstream of the Volga.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Orda quickly lost its Mongolian identity: most of its population were of Turkish ancestry, Uzbeks and other native nomadic tribes of the region.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Orda became more of an urban than nomadic state: Sarai became a thriving metropolis.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Mongols in Orda also quickly embraced Islam, abandoning their old animist religions.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Those in power in the Orda have most often been referred to as Tatars.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Orda's policy in Russia followed the guideline of “divide and rule”, the Tatars tending to agree rapidly varying alliances with local princes to keep the region weak and divided.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the 14th century, the rise of Lithuania to a great power meant a challenge to Tatar supremacy.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Because of that, the Khan sought to form Moscow into a leading Russian state.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Ivan I of Moscow was granted the rank of Grand Duke and the right to collect tax from other Russian princes.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Principality of Moscow Rise Daniel Alexandrovich, youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, founded the Moscow Principality at the bottom of the city of Moscow, which later united Russia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The rise of Moscow was facilitated by its advantageous location in relation to the rivers and the protection afforded by forests and marshes, but the main factor was its cooperation with the Mongol states.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Mongols appointed Moscow rulers as Grand Dukes and gave them the right to collect tax from other principalities.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Later, the privileges of the principality were increasingly increased by making it the center of the Russian Orthodox Church.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The head of the church, the Metropolitan, moved with his court from Kiev via Vladimir to Moscow in 1299.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Beginning in the middle of the 14th century, Mongol power began to weaken into internal struggle and the Grand Dukes of Moscow saw the possibility of open settling against the Mongols.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In 1380, the Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Kulikovo and although this did not yet end Russian Mongol rule, brought it much fame to Grand Duke Dimitri Donsko, who was later made a saint, and cemented Moscow's leading position among the principalities.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Since the 14th century Ivan III, the Grand Dukes of Moscow sought to unite the lands of Russia under their subordination.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The most successful here was Ivan III the Great (1462—1505), who laid down the foundations of modern Russia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He doubled Moscow territories by annexing most of the then northern Russia including Novgorod to Moscow and later tripling them in territories acquired from the west.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He developed the regime in the direction of autocratics, nitpicking the power of nobles and local princes.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Ivan resigned the Golden Orda's tax-slavery and opened the way for its eventual overthrow.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Ivan married the daughter of the last emperor of defeated Byzantium and the idea of Russia as the third Rome began to develop.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

It was disseminated especially by the monk Philofei Pskovalainen in his letters to Ivana's successor Vasily III.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

After the implosion of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow adopted for itself the legacy of the Byzantine Empire.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

While still under the Mongol Tatars in the early 14th century, the Principality of Moscow, with their agreement, began to claim further influence over Western Russia for itself.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Supported by the Russian Orthodox Church and especially the revival of spiritual life initiated by the consecrator Sergei Radonezian, Russia finally defeated the Mongol Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Ivan III (“Ivan the Great”) eventually managed to detach Russia from the grip of the conquerors and united the surrounding territories under Moscow.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He appointed himself “Grand Duke of the Whole Russian Land”.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[22] Moscow Russia Ivan IV the Terrible Sovereign's autocracy peaked during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible (1547—1584).


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

During his long reign, Ivan IV annexed into his territory the Tatar Khanates (Kazan and Astrakhan) located on the banks of the Volga and turned Russia into a multinational state, which now also had a significant number of Islamists.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Ivan IV enacted a new collection of laws, established the first representative body of feudal administration in Russia, and granted local self-government to rural areas.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[23] [24] However, Ivan IV's reign was overshadowed by the long and unfortunate Livonian War, in which Russia fought Poland, Lithuania and Sweden to reach the Baltic coasts and, with it, better access to trade by sea.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[25] The same purpose was for diplomacy in the direction of Elizabethan England: the English established a sea route in the White Sea and gained a temporary trade monopoly in Russia [26].


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

War losses, epidemics and canopies [27] weakened the state, and the Crimean Tatars managed to burn Moscow in 1571.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[28] The death of Ivan the Terrible's sons, as well as famine between 1601 and 1603 [29], led the country to civil war and interference by foreign powers during the “mayhem” of the early 17th century.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[30] A period of turmoil and the death of Romanovs Ivan in 1584 was followed by a period of civil wars which struggled for the monarch and the revival of the power of the nobility.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

However, the monopoly survived through this period with the help of a powerful clerical apparatus capable of functioning regardless of the legitimacy of the ruler.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

This period caused Russia to have large territorial losses to Poland-Lithuania and Sweden.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Polish-Lithuania even managed to conquer Russia in 1609, but the Poles were allowed to be expelled as early as 1612.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[31] The period between 1598 and 1613 in Russian history is known as a period of turmoil.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Order was restored in 1613 when representatives of the fifty cities elected to power Ivan the Terrible's nephew, Mikael Romanov.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Romanov lineage ruled Russia thereafter all the way to 1917.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

A necessary task of the new dynasty was the restoration of order.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Fortunately for Moscow, its main enemies, Poland-Lithuania and Sweden were in a bitter mutual conflict that allowed Moscow to conclude peace with Sweden in 1617 and a truce with Polish-Lithuania in 1619.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Russian Oversies, or Pajars, preferred to opt for cooperation with the Romanovs rather than a new civil war period, which allowed the Romanovs to finalise a centralized clerical apparatus.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The state needed the support of the nobility, especially in military matters, and allowed the Pajars in return to finalize the serfdom of the peasants.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In previous centuries, the state had only restricted peasants from passing from one host to another, but now serfdom was enshrined in its entirety in law and escaped peasants were treated as outlaws.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The landowners had gained complete control over their peasants and were capable of buying, selling and mortgaging them.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The state and the superiority imposed an extravagant tax burden on the peasants.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Merchants and artisans in cities also began to be taxed and they too were forbidden from changing residence.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

All segments of the population came under military and other special taxes.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

With the conquest of Siberia Russia began already in the 16th century to expand its territory to the east, to Siberia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

By the middle of the 17th century, Russian settlements had been established as early as the Chukchi Peninsula and as far as the banks of the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In 1648, Russian explorers saw for the first time the Bering Strait separating Asia and North America.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[32] The Russo-Chinese border was first established by the Peace Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[33] The border ended in the east with the Sea of Ohota much further north than the present border.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[34] [35] Peasant rebellions The peasant revolts were mostly local, but the largest peasant revolt in Europe of the 17th century occurred in 1667 when the Cossacks rose against the concentration of power and the serfs joined them in escaping their masters.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Cossack rebel Stenka Razin led his supporters to the Volga, agitated the peasants into revolt, and established a previous local government to replace his Cossack government.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

His troops were eventually beaten by the Tsarist army in 1670 and a year later Stenka was captured and executed.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The uprising and subsequent shortage raised the area's peasant mortality rate considerably.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Empire Russian Empire (Росси́йская Импе́рия; Rossiyskaya Imperija) existed from the 1721—1917 conquests of Peter the Great to the Russian expansion from the Baltics to the Pacific until the February Revolution of 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II was deposed.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[36] Peter the Great Already Ivan IV's title Tsar came from Caesar.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The first Russian emperor was crowned in 1721 Peter the Great, who had become monosyllabic by 1696.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Peter reformed Russia in several ways.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He established a navy and defeated Sweden with it, westernized the Russian army, reformed the system of government, established the first civil service and senate.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Orthodox Church was annexed as part of the state and the patriarchate was replaced by a holy synod headed by a state official.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The amount of taxes collected under St. Petersburg tripled.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In addition to the mental tax, booze and salt began to be taxed.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He westernized Russia in terms of customs and art, founded the first book printing and the Russian Academy of Sciences.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Westernization, though, led to a drink between the people and the superiority.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The capital was moved to the Western-style city of Saint Petersburg, founded in 1703, which had been built on lands reclaimed from Sweden in the bottomland of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[37] [38] Peter died in 1725 [39], but as early as 1727 Russia wrote a border treaty with China.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The time of the Palace Revolutions Peter changed the succession to the throne by slaying his own son Alexei, who opposed his father's reforms and gathered troops opposing them.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Under the new law, the Tsar was allowed to choose his successor himself, but Peter was unable to do this when he died accidentally in 1725 while rescuing his men.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The ambiguous succession to the throne led to coups in which the crown was inherited by whoever managed to persuade the Palace Guard in St. Petersburg to its side.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

After the short-lived reigns of Catherine I and Peter II, Ivan V's daughter Anna Ivanovna, who had been Peter's co-ruler, ascended the throne.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He gained power with the support of the top brass, but was forced to concede to many concessions.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Empress Anna died on 28 October 1740 and her adopted child Ivan (1740—1764) ascended the throne.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

1741, daughter of Peter the Great, Yelizaveta Petrovna (1709—1762) seized power with the favored assistance of the Guard, and ascended the throne with the monarch name Elizabeth in 1741.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[40] The infant Ivan was thrown into prison, where he lived for the rest of his life.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[41] Elizabeth continued her father's reforms, and in her time the Moscow University (1755) and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts (1757) were founded.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Mikhail Lomonosov, the first prominent scientist in Russia was admitted professor of chemistry at the University of St. Petersburg and later rose to become its rector and 1764 minister of the interior.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In 1726—1761, Russia was an ally of Austria against the Ottoman Empire and France.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the War of the Polish Succession of 1733—1735, Russia and Austria blocked a French candidate from entering the Polish throne.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the war against the Ottoman forces of 1734—1739, Russia again conquered Azov.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the Seven Years' War of 1756—1763, Russian troops were already at the gates of Berlin, but after Elisabeth died in 1762, Anna Petrovna's son Peter III made peace with Prussia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Peter III had a brief and unpopular reign.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

As the son of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Catherine I, and Karl Friedrich, a German Holstein-Gottorp, he had received a Lutheran upbringing and was considered a foreigner by the Russians.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

His reign lasted only six months before the emperor was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy plotted by his wife with his lover Alexei Orlov.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

His wife ascended the throne as Catherine II in June 1762.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[39] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Russia expanded significantly.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

There was war against the Ottomans again in 1768.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the peace treaty of 1774, Russia received a port on the Black Sea, and the Crimean Tatars gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Catherine annexed Crimea to Russia in 1783, leading to a new war against the Turks in 1787.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the Peace of Jass of 1792, Russia extended to the Dniester.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Catherine did not achieve her entire objective in the war; however, the Ottoman forces no longer posed a significant danger, although the Balkans remained under their control.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Expansion westward led to the partition of Poland.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Weakened Poland's neighbors — Russia, Prussia and Austria — sought to place their own ruler on its throne.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In 1772, in the first partition of Poland, Russia gained Belarus and Livonia, and in the subsequent partition most of Belarus and Ukraine west of the Dnieper.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The division led to anti-Prussian and Russian uprisings, whereby by the Third Partition of 1795 Poland ceased to exist as an independent state.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Russia now lost Poland as a buffer territory and gained powerful German states on its border.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The annexation of the new territories also led to instability.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Catholic Poles proved troublesome citizens.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Russia had expelled all Jews by 1742 and due to the new population a law was enacted ordering Jews to remain in the western parts of the Empire.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Catherine initiated the Russification and unification activities that her successors also pursued by abolishing the independence of Ukraine, the Baltics and Cossacks east of the Dnieper.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

During the war of 1768—1774 against the Ottomans, Russia experienced the first signs of social discontent.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

As a result of the rebellion of Don Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev, Catherine decided to reform the administration and in 1775 she divided the country into provinces and districts with local government.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The overlords were relieved of the obligation to work for the central government, and many of them were placed in positions in local governments.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He also divided the people into the enactments of 1785, giving every part of the people its own responsibilities.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The supremacy now gained rights that even the emperor could not interfere with.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The status of serfs was not addressed.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Westernization continued and the increasing number of publications led to criticism from those who hold power.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[42] Paul I Catherine II died 1796 and his son Paul I (1796—1801) succeeded him on the throne.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Aware that Catherine had planned to succeed her son, Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov, Paul imposed a new succession to the throne, in which the eldest of the children was always succeeded.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He also founded the Russian-American Trade Company of 1799, which established the first bases in Alaska for fur fishing.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Paul was seen as unstable and indecisive, and could spin his older decisions unexpectedly, creating chaos and enemies.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[37] As a European superpower, Russia did not escape the effects of the French Revolution.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Paul became a relentless opponent of France and joined Britain and Austria in the war against France.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In 1798—1799, Russian troops under Aleksandr Suvorov fought gloriously in Italy and Switzerland.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Paul, however, changed his mind and abandoned his allies.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

This led to a crisis in addition to domestic political problems, and Paul was assassinated in March 1801.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[43] Alexander I ascended to the throne as Alexander I (crowned 1801—1825) after the murder of his father, in which he was also implicated.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Alexander had been brought up in the spirit of the Enlightenment period, but he was also inclined towards romanticism and mysticism, especially in the latter stages of his reign.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Napoleon's growing power was the main concern of European countries, and Russia rejoined Britain and Austria alongside Britain and Austria against Napoleon.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Napoleon defeated the coalition at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 and lobbed the Russians again at Friedland in 1807.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Alexander was forced to bend to peace, and by the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit he became an ally of Napoleon.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

To force Sweden into a British blockade, he conquered Finland in the Finnish War of 1809 and attacked another 1812 against Turkey, capturing Bessarabia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Russian-French alliance soon began to crack.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Continental foreclosure did not serve Russia's economic interests, and Alexander said he disconnected from it in 1810.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In June 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia with the Grande Armée of 600,000 men.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The troops marched as far as Moscow, but did not achieve a decisive victory.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

By the retreat, the army numbered only 30,000 men.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

With the allies, the French were driven back to Paris, and Napoleon was eaten from power.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

After the victory of the Allies, Alexander gained a reputation as the saviour of Europe, and his part was prominent at the Congress of Vienna of 1815 in redrawing the borders of Europe.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In the same year he founded the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia, with whose leaders he declared to uphold Christian values in Europe, the union was later joined by Britain and France.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

At the same time, countries protected their backs against the worrying values of exclusivity and demanding freedom from the French Revolution.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Britain largely remained aloof from the action, but continental members successfully quashed constitutional rebellions in Italy in 1821 and Spain in 1823.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

As Russia continued its westward expansion, the Congress of Vienna re-established the Kingdom of Poland, to which Alexander granted a constitution.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In addition to the position of autocratic emperor of Russia and Grand Duke of Finland (1809), he also became Polish constitutional monarch.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In 1813, Russia conquered Baku in the Caucasus from Persia, and Alaska, too, was already firmly held by the Empire.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Under Alexander I, the first revolutionary movements arose.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Officers returning from France brought with them the ideas of human rights, representative government and democracy.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Opposition to autocratics and calls for an end to serfdom, or even whole monopoly, began to increase.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The oddity that Congress-Poland had been allowed a legislative parliament accountable only to the Polish Viscount, while Russia had an autocracy without constitutions sparked discontent and several groups were preparing to revolt when Emperor Alexander unexpectedly died in 1825.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

His other brother Nicholas ascended to the throne.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

A group of officers with a 3,000-man force under their command refused to recognise the new monarch and instead demanded a constitution.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

According to the date of the revolt in December, it is called the Decembrist Rebellion.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Decembrists demanded a constitutional monarchy to be formed around Alexander's brother Konstantin, but there were also republicans among them.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

After Constantin's refusal of the crown, the army crushed the rebellion.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Its leaders were executed and the rest were exiled to Siberia.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

[43] Nicholas I Nicholas I (1796—1855) was emperor from 1825 until his death in 1855.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He avoided his brother's religious and Enlightenment influences and sought to prop up his power as an autocrat by necessary means.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He created in 1826 the gendarmerie headed by the Third Department of the Emperor's Office, which oversaw the country's internal security.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

Censorship carefully controlled all publications.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In 1833, Minister of Education Sergei Uvarov confirmed monopoly, orthodoxy and nationalism as the guideline of the regime.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The principles did not bring popular support, but led to attempts to suppress minority nationalities.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

The Eastern Rites, which had been associated with the Catholic Church, were suppressed in Ukraine and Belarus in 1839.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

After the French rebellion of 1830, Poles also rose up in revolt in 1830.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

After the Eleven Months' War, the Poles were overthrown in 1831, the Polish parliament was dissolved, the constitution was repealed, and the country was made a province of Russia, with Russian as its official language.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

In Europe's mad year of 1848, Nikolai was on the front lines defending the old system.


Question: When did historic Russia first become independent?

History of Russia

He provided assistance to the Habsburgs in defeating the Hungarian revolt and persuaded Prussia not to adopt a libertarian constitution.