Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In the year, Lönnrot met Ontrei Malinen, who sang eight long poems to him, totaling 806 verses.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[9] These included a 366-verse sampo-themed section and other major narrative ingredients of Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[10] After a conversation with Vaassila Kieleväinen, who lived near Malinen, Lönnrot began to believe that by combining different poems he could create a large cohesive whole.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

After returning from this excursion, Lönnrot began writing a miniature poetry about Väinämöinen.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He was supposed to publish a manuscript of the Poetry Assembly from Väinämöinen in the spring of 1834, but before that he still wanted to meet a few well-known poem singers.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[9] On his fifth collection expedition in spring 1834, Lönnrot initially met Martiska Karjalainen in Viena's Lonka village, from whom he received nearly thirty long songs.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

At the end of the excursion, he arrived in Latvajärvi, where Arhippa Perttunen sang several new poems and inadequately known poems to him for three days in intact ensembles.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

An impressed Lönnrot considered Perttu to be the last true poem singer.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

After the fifth voyage, Lönnrot wrote the manuscript of his epic, which was completed on 28 February 1835.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[9] Lönnrot's goal was to compile the poems into a broad, plotfully progressive narrative according to the model of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey epics.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He also pruned Christian and other “modern” features of poems, made changes to place names and personalities such as Ilmarinen, composed individual poems from the ingredients of several poems, and made selections about poems.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He additionally sepitated entirely new verses of the materials of folk poems if necessary — the verses from the Kalevala, which Lönnrot confessed, account for 3% of the Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[11] Lönnrot did not raise the persons of the poem singers he heard, for he saw folk poems as common poems for the whole people.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

However, in the introduction to several of his works, Lönnrot mentioned at least one important singer by name, and from his travelogues, letters and other information, more than 70 singers have been identified whom he listened to on his excursions.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[12] Lönnrot toured most frequently in the Karelian regions of Viena east of Kajaani.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He also went on collecting trips on the Finnish side, mainly in Eastern Finland.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

This does not mean that Western Finland has not played any part in the genesis of Kalevala's poems; from there the poetry singing tradition just disappeared earlier.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

West Finnish dialect features also appear in the poems.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Western Finland is therefore not a “poet-free” region.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Unlike the rest of Kalevala, the origin of the Kullervo poem is in Inker, where it was collected and submitted to Lönnrot by D.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

E.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

D.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Europaeus.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[13] Many others collected poems and many of them have been recovered.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The Finnish Folk Poetry Archive is the largest in the world.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[14] Kalevala publications Lönnrot published five different Kalevalas.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Sikermä-Kalevala was first published in 1833, with concise Lemminkäis, Väinämöis and wedding poems.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In the same year there was also an epic Poetry Assembly from Väinämöinen, which was later renamed Alku-Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[15] The Lemminkäinen poetry of Sikormä-Kalevala had 825 verses, Väinämöinen poems 1867 verses and Naimaa hymns 449 verses.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The poetry meeting in Väinämöinen already had 5052 verses.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[16] The first edition of the actual Kalevala (or Old Kalevala) appeared in 1835.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Lönnrot gave it the title Kalewala or Wanhoja Karelian Poems from the ancient times of the Finnish people and it is divided into 32 poems and 12078 stanzas.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[16] Lönnrot conjectured when building the Old Kalevala that the poems were from pre-Christianity and depicted historical events.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He believed that Karelians, Hämians and Estonians would have wandered from Asia in ancient times under a Kaleva like Moses.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[15] Kalevala immediately attracted interest in academic circles, as it gave importance to Finnish-language literature and ancient culture to the Finnish people.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

According to Johan Gabriel Linsén, president of the Finnish Literary Society, Kalevala gave Finnish literature “almost a European meaning”.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Although the work was well received by academic circles, Kalevala was not a sales success.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

An edition of 500 copies was taken from it, which was enough to be sold for 12 years.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[15] Kalevala was also interested abroad, M.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

A. Castrén's Swedish notation appeared in 1841.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In French, the work was translated by Louis Léouzon Le Duc, who served in Finland as governess to a Russian count's family and was interested in Finnish folk poetry.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

A French edition appeared in 1845.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Thanks to the translations, Kalevala gained fame abroad, for example Jacob Grimm gave an illustrious presentation of the work in the spring of 1845 at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[17] The so-called New Kalevala, most often referred to as just Kalevala, was completed in 1849.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[18] It contains 50 poems and 22795 verses.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

It was even earlier versions more of Lönnrot's own creation.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[16] When building the New Kalevala, Lönnrot no longer believed that the poems could be restored to their original form.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He felt at this point that he knew the poems better than the poem singers, so he combined poems and their subjects according to his own vision.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[19] Lönnrot became professor of Finnish in autumn 1853 and gave Kalevala lectures for 17 semesters.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Based on his teaching experience, Lönnrot began to consider the work from an educational perspective as well.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He therefore decided to undertake editing his work for the fifth time when asked for a shortened edition to address the need for schools.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The school-Kalevala manuscript was ready in April 1861.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

It was not received with great enthusiasm and, for example, J. V. Snellman felt that the abbreviated establishment had lost its poetics and epicity.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

School-Kalevala was not in long-term use in schools.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The “easy-priced” Kalevala, published by the Finnish Literature Society, began to be used in teaching in the 1870s.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

However, in the lower classes, the students received their information from Zachris Topelius's Book of the Country, and in the upper classes the schoolchildren already read the actual Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[19] Publication of poetry recordings After the appearance of the New Kalevala in the 1850s, scholars such as D.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

E.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

D. Europaeus, began to insist on getting acquainted with the poetry recordings used by Lönnrot.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

However, Lönnrot delayed their publication, even though he had promised it in the opening sentence of his work.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

For the use of scholars, this very extensive and unorganized collection of manuscripts came in 1874.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The first volume of the recordings, Kalevala's reproductions, was published in 1888, after which scholars had the first opportunity to begin exploring in more detail the relationship between Kalevala and folk poetry.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

From this began a debate over how much Kalevala came to be regarded as a creation of Lönnrot himself and how much as authentic folk poetry.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

As the extent of Lönnrot's editing and creation work became clear in the 1880s, the problem of authorship was solved by making Lönnrot the “last poem singer”.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[20] The name Kalevala is the seat or homeland of the heroes featured in the Kalevala epic.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The name comes from Kaleva, the mythical ancestor of the Finns and the father of Väinämöinen.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kalevala is a nation of Kaleva's descendants, and Kalevala's heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen are Kaleva's sons.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kaleva was also interpreted in early works and writings on ancient history as a paragon of evil and an enemy of the divine order, but Lönnrot transformed him into an early hero by selecting and interpreting poetry material.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kaleva of Lönnrot is the first immigrator to Finland and thus the progenitor of all the Finns, or Kalevians, of the Finnish tribe.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The second name of Kalevala appears as Väinölä.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[21] In original folk poetry, Kalevala is mentioned only occasionally.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

These verses were recorded in 1837 in Kellovaara: In Kalevala, the name is mentioned 26 times in various forms, often with his second name Väinölä, for example at the beginning of the third poem: Language Kalevala language is mainly Eastern dialects of the Finnish language as well as those spoken in Viena Karelia Vienan dialects, from whose territory Lönnrot most poems collected.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Vienaan dialects are read as dialects of the Karelian language, but Lönnrot himself considered them dialects of the Finnish language.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Lönnrot modified the language of the poems to be easier for Finns to understand and made sonic compromises between the vernacular and the traditional literary language.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In Old Kalevala, Karelians are more abundant than in the New Kalevala, especially in vocabulary, but also somewhat in sound, form and leadership doctrine.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[22] In Kalevala, the foreign letters b, c, d, f, q, w, x, z and å are not used in Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[23] Similar to Eastern dialects, Lönnrot did not use the letter d as a weak equivalent of t in poems, but did use d nonetheless in the introduction, synopses, and poem names.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[24] The long vowels a and ä-vowels Lönnrot denoted aa and ä in the main emphatic first syllables, but further back in the word, in accordance with the Vienese and Eastern dialects, oa and eta.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

As early as Old Kalevala, Lönnrot began to use the ts of southeastern dialects rather than the tt and ht of other dialects.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[25] Kalevala made the Eastern dialects of Finnish and the Karelian language more familiar to Finns.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

It introduced new sound and form doctrinal features into the Finnish language, influenced Finnish word formation and introduced new words into Finnish.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[26] The Old Kalevala has been calculated to have 184 words entering the Modern Finnish dictionary that first appeared in VK.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Apart from these, the 197 words used in VK had not yet appeared in Swedish publications, as is now common words such as, organize and so.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Many types of cords also became familiar to Finns just from Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[27] Events Poems 1—10: First Väinämöis episode: The creation of the world and the birth of Väinämöinen; The encounter between Väinämöinen and Joukahainen; Joukahainen promises his sister Aino's hand to Väinämöinen in exchange for his life; Aino drowns; Joukahainen takes revenge; wounded Väinämöinen swims Pohjolaan and meets Pohjola's mistress Louhe; Louhi helps Väinämöinen return home in exchange for promising to arrange a skilled blacksmith to forge Sampo, a miraculous rich-making mill; Väinämöinen forces Ilmarinen to Pohjola with his spellbinding skills; Ilmarinen forges Sammo when she is promised a magnificent Nordic maiden as a consort; however, to Ilmarinen's disappointment, the maiden refuses to go on her way.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Poems 11—15: First Lemminkäis episode: Lemminkäinen robs Kyllik and they make vows: neither does Lemminkäinen wars nor Kyllikki villages, but vows are broken; Lemminkäinen travels to Pohjola to propose to Pohjola's daughter to become a better wife; works of merit which Lemminkäinen will performs: skiing Hiiden deer (succeeds on the second attempt) and derail Hiiden gelding as well as shoot the swan of Underworld; however, the wet-hat cattle shepherd slays Lemminkäinen and throws this body into the stream of the Underworld; Lemminkäinen's mother rakes her son from the Tuonela river and recreates him to life.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Poems 16—18: Second Väinämöis episode: Väinämöinen searches for the spellwords needed to build a boat, first from Tuonela and then from Antero Vipusen; Väinämöinen sails to Pohjola; Ilmarinen and Väinämöinen compete for the hand of Pohjola's daughter.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Poems 19—25: Ilmarinen's wedding (first Ilmaris episode): The mistress of Pohjola demands merit work from her daughter; Ilmarinen performs the tasks required with the assistance of Pohjola's daughter: ploughing a green field, derails Tuonen bear and Underworld wolf, and brings Tuonela pike from Tuonela river; Ilmarinen and Pohjola daughter's wedding; the slaughter of a great bull and a story about brewing beer.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Poems 26—30: Second episode of Lemminkäis: Lemminkäinen is resentful because he is not invited to the wedding; he travels to Pohjola and defeats the Pohjola host in a duel; the army is exorcised to take revenge on Lemminkäinen; Lemminkäinen escapes to Saari on his mother's advice; after returning home, he discovers his home burned; she goes on a revenge trip to Pohjola with her partner Tiera; Pohjola's mistress freezes the sea and Lemminkäinen must return home.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Poems 31—36: Kullervo episode: Untamo slays his brother Kalervo's people, except for the wife who gives birth to Kullervo; Untamo tries to murder Kullervo but fails; Kullervo is sold as a slave to Ilmarinen; Ilmarinen's wife torments Kullervo by baking a stone inside the bread; Kullervo swears revenge and the wife is killed; Kullervo escapes and finds his family unharmed near Lapland; Kullervo seduces the maiden and later discovers her to be his own sister; sister slays herself; Kullervo destroys Untamola, slaying Untamo's family and upon returning home discovers everyone dead; Kullervo slays himself.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Poems 37—38: Second Ilmaris episode: Ilmarinen forges himself a wife out of gold and silver, but finds this cold and rejects her; after this, Ilmarinen robs the second daughter of the mistress of Pohjola; the girl insults Ilmar, so this spells the girl into a log; Ilmarinen tells Väinämöinen Pohjolan the carefree lives of the people that Sampo guarantees.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Poems 39—44: Sampo robbery (third Väinämöis period): Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen sail to plunder Sampo; the boat is caught on the shoulders of the great pike; Väinämöinen slays the pike and its jawbone is made the first kantele; Väinämöinen lulls everyone in the Pohjola hall to sleep with his song, and Sampo is robbed; the wretch awakens the Nordic people; the mistress of the Nordic conjures up mist, storm and Iku-Turso to stop the robbers; kantele falls into the sea in a storm; Nordic mistress conjures up a large army, transforms herself into an eagle and fights Sammo; Sampo is shattered and loses into the sea.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Poems 45—49: Louhe's revenge on Kalevala: Väinämöinen prepares a new birch kantele; Pohjola's mistress sends Kalevala to kill people and bear to kill livestock; Väinämöinen heals the people and knocks down the bear; Pohjola's mistress hides the moon and sun and steals fire from Kalevala ; Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen return the fire and Ilmarinen forces the mistress of the Nordic to return the sun and moon to the sky.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Poem 50: Marjatta episode: Marjatta becomes pregnant with lingonberry she eats and gives birth to a boy in a stable, comparing to the Virgin Mary and Jesus; her parents curse and abandon her; Väinämöinen orders the boy to be put to death in the marsh; the boy begins to speak and sound about Väinämöi, reminding of this for the sins of youth; Estonia baptizes the boy king of Karelia; Väinämöinen gets angry and sails away, leaving an inheritance of ringing and kantele.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Persons The protagonist of Kalevala is the Sage hero Väinämöinen, who has magical gifts of singing and playing.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He's been complicit already in the creation of the world.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He plays the chanterelle, the most important of which is made from the jawbone of a pike.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Väinämöinen's search for wife is one of the central themes.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

However, he never finds a wife — among them one of the maidens, Joukahainen's sister Aino, drowns rather than marry Väinämöinen.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Väinämöinen participates in the robbery of Sampo from Pohjola.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Seppo Ilmarinen is a heroic blacksmith who draws comparisons to Weyland of Germanic mythology and Daidalus in Greek.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He builds, among other things, the firmament and the Sampo.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He wins to marry the Maiden of North, whom Kullervo later kills.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Ilmarinen also participates in the robbery of Sampo.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Louhi, the mistress of Pohjola, is the Shamanist matriarch of the enemy people of Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He promises his daughter Ilmarinen as a reward for building Sampo.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

After Sampo's robbery, he moves the sun and moon out of place and steals the fire from Kalevala's people.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Joukahainen is a young challenger to Väinämöinen, who, in order to save himself, promises his sister Aino to Väinämöinen after losing a singing contest.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Joukahainen tries to take revenge on Väinämöinen by killing her.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

His attempt fails, but results in Väinämöinen promising to build a Sammon for Louhe in return for the fact that he saved him.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kullervo is a maltreated orphan child raised in Untamola, who never grows properly due to a cruel childhood.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He is an unfit slave who is impossible to get killed.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He murders Ilmarinen's wife in retaliation for the bread, whose stone baked inside shattered Kullervo's knife.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

He finds his home in Kalervola and accidentally seduces his sister to a “moss bed”.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

After identifying each other, the sister drowns in startled rapids and Kullervo punishes himself by going on a war expedition to Untamola.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

After destroying Untamo's people, Kullervo returns to his home and finds his entire home people dead.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kullervo kills himself with his sword.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Lemminkäinen is a handsome but ruthless hero.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

His mother is forced to retrieve his body from the stream of the Underworld and restore him to life, where the Osiris myth is repeated.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Lemminkäinen kills the Pohjola host at the conclusion of a battle of songs and swords.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Lemminkäinen is also involved in robbing Sampo.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Geography Kalevala's main venue is Kalevala land, or Väinölä, which is home to Väinämöinen and many other main characters.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kalevala is a beautiful, grainy and lush land.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The cold Nordic land is the enemy of Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

It is ruled by Nordic mistress Louhi, and is also home to witches and monsters.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Animals living in Metsola, or Tapiola, as well as the mythical forest folk dominated by Tapio and Mielikki.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The water kingdom Ahtola is ruled by Ahti and Vellamo.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Tuonela, or Netherworld, is a kingdom of the dead located behind the Tuonela River.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[28] Since the time of Lönnrot, Kalevala and Pohjola have been attempted to locate Kalevala and Pohjola on a map, and several theories have been put forward as to their location.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

According to some scholars, the question is immaterial, and Pohjola is mythical in its foundation.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Some scholars, however, see in Kalevala references to actual places.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Elias Lönnrot placed the North East of the White Sea.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[29] The Book of the Land of Topelius reckons that Väinölä was located on the southern shore of Ladoga and on the northern shore of Lake Ladoga.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The sea of Kalevala was circumnavigable from the western side or carried by water, as is the case in the plunder of Sampo.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[30] Pohjola has also been located in places such as Lapland, Satakunta and Southern Ostrobothnia.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

These placements have been justified by place names found in Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

For example, it has been observed that the name Louhi is densely found in northern Karelia.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

According to scholars, however, the nomenclature of the poems may have changed over time as stories spread from singer and region to region.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

It has also been suggested that there have been several Nordic countries, as the name has always been associated with others, hostile groups or tribes.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

According to Matti Klinge, Kalevala was located in northern Estonia and southwestern Finland, and Pohjola in Satakunta and eastern Sweden.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The sea linking these, which does not exist in Karelia, is much on display in folk poems.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[29] National and political significance Kalevala became a hallmark of the nation's past, nationality, language and culture for the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the 19th century.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

A Finnish identity began to be built on it, which was still on a tenuous basis at the time.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The work brought Finland's small and unknown people to the consciousness of other Europeans.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[31] Kalevala maintained its nationalist significance well into the 20th century.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[32] Kalevala has been used for political, ideological and cultural purposes since its appearance, and the work has been harnessed at different times and depending on different business cycles to serve different ideas.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The Kalevala has been the subject of a hegemonic struggle over who it and the Kalevalan cultural heritage belong to, and who or which group most correctly interprets it.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In the early 20th century, efforts were made to incorporate Kalevala as an integral part of the cultural activities of the working people.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In the 1930s, various political fronts reinforced their ideological interpretations of the epic.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In the political struggle that began after World War II over the heritage of Finnish national culture played a central role in Kalevala's interpretations.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kalevala has also played a part in cooperation between Finland and the Soviet Union in the form of film.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Regionally politically, the heritage of the Kalevalan world is sometimes articulated with regions, the building of their identity and their business life.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[33] Kalevala has justified belligerence (for example, the Ice March: And we will rise Kullervo in revenge) and peace (for example, the Confessors of Humanity).


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kalevala has also inspired neo-pagans, especially groups like the Uko faith inspired by the national romanticism of the early 20th century.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

However, contemporary neo-pagans are more critical of the Kalevala, preferring to study the authentic folk poems behind it.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[34] Cultural influence Art and literature Kalevala has had a great influence on Finnish art, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

It has inspired literature, music and figurative art alike.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kalevala has been influenced by Aleksis Kivi, Eino Leino, Juhani Aho, Robert Kajanus, Jean Sibelius, Oskari Merikanto, Erkki Melartin, Leevi Madetoja, Uuno Klami and, above all, Akseli Gallén-Kallela.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kalevala has inspired many writers outside Finland as well, among them Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and J. R.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

R.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Tolkien.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[35] Kristian Huitula's comic adaptation Kalevala (2000) contains all 50 poems by Kalevala with the original poetry dimension.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[36] Music Kalevala has been of interest to composers since its appearance, and its influence has remained steady for decades.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In 2008, there were already around 500 Kalevala-themed compositions.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[37] The first major Kalevala-themed composition was the Kullervo Overture by Filip von Schantz, premiered in 1860 in Helsinki.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[37] The first Kalevala Oopera in Finnish and at the same time the first opera in Finnish was Oskar Merikanto's Miss Pohja (1898), which sought to involve all the key events of Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[38] Jean Sibelius made extensive use of Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

His works include Kullervo (1892), Lemminkäinen series, Pohjola's daughter, Tapiola and Luotar.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[39] Uuno Klam's Kalevala series premiered in December 1933.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[40] The most notable work associated with the theme made in the 1940s was the Kanteletar song series by Yrjö Kilpinen.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The most famous Kalevala compositions of the next decade include Ahti Sonninen's song series Taivahan takas and Jouko Tolonen's Notku young virgin.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[41] Einojuhani Rautavaara created three notable Kalevala works between 1975 and 1985.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[42] Aulis Sallisin, among others, composed an opera of the same name inspired by Aleksis Kivi's play Kullervo, which even became an international success.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[43] In Finnish popular music, Kalevala themes have shifted especially to metal music, the most famous example of the band Amorphis.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[44] Television and films The first serious project of a Kalevala-themed film was born in 1919, but the plans of Finnish Film Art remained unimplemented.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The first filmatizations from Häidenvietto Karelia Poetry (1921) and Kalevala lands (1935) were ethnological documentary films with material derived from the Kalevalan tradition.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[45] Häidenetto in Karelian poetry is generally considered to be the first Finnish film composed.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

It also attracted attention and was even a reasonable audience success.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[46] Although it attracted positive publicity, it received no followers and remained Kalevalaseura's only film.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Wedding in the Karelian poetry lands focuses on one subject, but Kaleva lands are a cross-section of the customs of the Kalevaans living in Karelia.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[47] The first actual Kalevala filmatization was the Finnish-Soviet collaborative film Sampo (1959).


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[48] The best known animated versions are Reino Niiniranna's Kalevala (1975) and Riitta Nelvimarka and Jaakko Seeck's six-part Story of Sampo (1971—1974).


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[49] Paavo Haaviko's well-known work “Iron Age” was loosely based on Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[50] Newer adaptations Kai Nieminen wrote Kalevala 1999 (Finnish Literature Society, 1999) in celebration of the 150th anniversary of New Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

According to the author, the work is an attempt to open the locks of old language and dialectical expression so that the contemporary reader can access the work without resorting to explanations.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[51] Crafts Kalevala has also been used as an inspiration for crafts, as well as the Kalevala CAL quilt known as the Finland 100 project.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Translations of Kalevala had already been translated into 61 languages by 2010.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[52] Among the first it was translated into Swedish (1841, New Kalevala 1864—1868), French (1845/1867), Russian (1847/1889), German (1852), Hungarian (1871), English (1868, 1888, 1907, 1963, 1989) and Estonian (1891—1898).


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[53] [54] Although the language of the original poems underlying Kalevala is predominantly Karelian, an actual Karelian translation of the work was obtained only in 2009, when the Karelian Language Society published a translation by Zinaida Dubinina into aunus karelia.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[55] Among the mystics, Kalevala contains valuable information about the old beliefs and myths of the Finns and Karelians.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

This information can be utilized by researchers and laypeople alike.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

On the basis of Kalevala, advanced assumptions and thought games have also been developed (e.g. Timo Heikkilä's studies).


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Kalevala, at least, is also illustrated by Ior Bock's work on the saga of the Bock family, which features names familiar from Kalevala, although the story itself does not coincide with Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[56] Pekka Ervast published in 1916 the book The Key of Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In the book, the Kalevala is treated as a holy book enclosing in itself the knowledge and experience of great knowers and wise men.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The Kalevala Key interprets the Kalevala from aspects such as mystery knowledge, inner chastity doctrine and magic.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

According to Ervasti's interpretation of the holy trinity of creative deities in Kalevala, the names Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen and Väinämöinen are used.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

[57] See also Starter Big oak Kalevala persons Väinölä or Kalevala Country Kalealamitta Sampo Suur-Kalevala Pohjola Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aho, Kalevi| title = Kalevala Cultural History| number = Kalevala and Finnish art music| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literary Literary | year = 2008| version = Edited by Ulla Piela, Seppo Knuuttila and Pekka Laaksonen| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}}} Immonen, Kari & Kallioniemi, Kari & Kärki, Kimi & Laine, Kimmo & Salmi, Hannu: Kalewhale popular culture.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala Cultural History| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2008| version = Edited by Ulla Piela, Seppo Knuuttila and Pekka Laaksonen| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Laaksonen, Pekka| title = Symbols of Finns| number = How did Kalevala become a national epic? | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2005| version = Edited by Tero Halonen and Laura Aro| isbn = 951-796-394-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Piela, Ulla & Knuuttila, Seppo & Laaksonen, Pekka| title = Kalevala cultural history| location = Helsinki publisher = Finnish Literature Society | year = 2008| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society, 1179| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}} References Literature Kalevala editions Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = Illustrated and designed by Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

22nd edition (1st edition 1922) | isbn = 978-951-0-24270-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1982 (5th edition 1994) | version = Pre-and back title: Juhla-Kalevala and Akseli Gallen-Kallevala Art.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Compiled and created as an epic by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Photos and decoration: Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Photo essays and delivery: Aivi Gallen-Kallela.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

The layout of the work is based on Koru-Kalevala, published in 1922 by Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

2nd edition| isbn = 951-0-11253-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Created by Elias Lönnrot


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Hannu Väisänen| isbn = 951-1-16061-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2005| version = Compiled by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Editories of the Finnish Literature Society 14 (31st edition) | isbn = 951-746-669-2}} Elias Lönnrot.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Aarno Karimo and Hugo Otava.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Huddersfield: Pellervo club, 1953.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Mukaelmia Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kunnas, Mauri & Kunnas, Tarja| title = Dogs Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1992 (15th edition 2007) | isbn = 951-1-12244-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkinen, Kirsti| title = Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2002| version = Narrated by Kirsti Mäkinen.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Pirkko-Liisa Surojegin| isbn = 951-1-17468-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nieminen, Kai| title = Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Nyt| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2011| version = Kai Nieminen based on the 1849 Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

2nd Revised Edition.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Renewed facility from Kalevala 1999.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society, 1326| isbn = 978-952-222-295-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pottonen, Risto| title = Kalevala Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Books on Demand| year = 2009| isbn = 978-952-498-748-6}}, replace with {{ cite book| author = Rintala, Aulis| title = Kalevala in Finnish | location = Tampere| publisher = Pilot-cost| year = 2006| version = Edited by Aulis Rintala| isbn = 952-464-408-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tolkien, J. R.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

R.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

(ed.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Fliegler, Verlyn) | title = Kullervo story| others = Translated by Juva, Kersti, Kankaanpää, Jaakko & Martin, Alice| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2016| version = (The Story of Kullervo, 2015, written 1912—1914.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

) | id = ISBN 978-951-0-41845-1}} Change literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anttonen, Pertti & Kuusu, Matti| title = Kalevala-Lipas| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1999| version = New institution (1st institution 1985).


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society, 740| isbn = 951-746-045-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkinen, Reijo| title = Kalevalan nature| publisher = Arcticmedia| year = 2009| version = Images Hannu Hautala| isbn = 978-951-98612-5-8} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Raimo| title = Kalevala Dictionary| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-1-23222-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala and guide to reading it| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finn Literary Society | year = 2015| version = Charts, editorial work: Liisa Kaski| isbn = 978-952-222-579-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ojanperä, Riitta (ed.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

) | title = Kalevala in pictures| location = Helsinki| publisher = State Art Museum, Ateneum Art Museum| year = 2009| version = Ateneum publications, 55| isbn = 978-951-53-3154-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentikäinen, Juha| title = Kalevala Mythology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1987| isbn = 951-662-403-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Piela, Ulla & Knuuttila, Seppo & Kupiainen, Tarja (ed.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

) | title = Kalevalan good and obscenity| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1999| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society, 746| id = ISBN 951-746-089-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siikala, Anna-Leena| title = Mythology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literatures| year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-393-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turunen, Aimo| title = Kalevala Dictionar| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Literature Follow| year = 1949}} On topic elsewhere (Kalevalaseura) Kalevala site for schoolchildren — and others (Kalevalaseura) (Project Gutenberg) Kalewala or wanhoja Karelian poems from the ancient times of the Finnish people.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Appeared in 1835 Old Kalevala.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Digital copy of the song from the National Library.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Information package, Finnish Literature Society, 1998.


Question: In what year is forging developed?

Kalevala

Yle Living Archive * Category:Creation fables Category:Books of the 1830s Category:Key articles of screening Category:The works of Elias Lönnrot


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Imre Nagy [ˈimrn] (Hungarian: Nagy Imre; 7 June 1896 — 16 June 1958) was a Hungarian politician who served as Prime Minister of his country in October—November during the 1956 uprising.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Adolescence and underground activities, Nagy was born in Kaposvár of peasant parents; his father had been the ringman of the estate, then an usher of the county government and post office.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

He studied at a vocational school to become a machine fitter, subsequently attended a trade school and, following the outbreak of World War I, was inducted into the Austro-Hungarian army in 1915.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

In 1916, he was imprisoned in Russia as a prisoner of war and ended up in Siberia.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Following his release from a prison camp following the revolution, Nagy joined the Red Guards and fought in the Russian Civil War.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

In 1920, he joined the Hungarian party branch affiliated with the Russian Communist Party.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

[1] While fighting in the Red Guard, Imre Nagy is alleged to have been involved in the murder of Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia, and his family, but apparently it involved another Hungarian Guardsman of the same name.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

[2] Imre Nagy returned to Hungary in 1921 and worked in his hometown of Kaposvár as an insurance clerk.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Here, due to his political activities, he went to prison for a couple of months in 1927.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

After his release, he moved first to Vienna, where he became involved in the activities of Hungarian communist emigrants, and from there in 1930 to Moscow, where he served for a time at the Agricultural Research Institute under the Communist International.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Among the worst purges of Stalin's terror, Nagy survived through a temporary separation from the party.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Apparently he also acted, under the alias “Volodja”, as an NKVD agent, but the surviving evidence for this is so scarce that the impact and significance of his whistleblowing is difficult to assess.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

During the war, he worked as a journalist for Hungarian-language broadcasts for Moscow Radio.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

[3] [2] Rise to Hungarian leadership In 1944 Nagy returned again to Hungary and served, among other things, as Minister of Agriculture in the Communist government.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

In the memory of the peasant population, he remained as “land-dividing minister”; the distribution of accounts of major landowners to poor peasants was combined with his name.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Nagy opposed the violent collectivization of agriculture, and therefore in 1949 he was expelled from the Politburo.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

He retired from politics and for some years taught agricultural policy at the Economics University of Budapest.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

[4] During the “shelter weather” that followed Stalin's death, Nagy served as Prime Minister first from 1953 to 1955, succeeding in transforming the political climate in the country to a more free one.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Many political prisoners were released, internment camps were abolished, and censorship relaxed.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Collective farms were reduced from 25.6 per cent to 15.6 per cent.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Prices fell and the new five-year plan no longer gave a place for heavy industry.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

As the accession of the Federal Republic of Germany to NATO escalated the international situation and the Communist Party's political line tightened again, Nagy's reforms began to be too much for Moscow and the Communist Party leadership, and Nagy was dismissed from office and the party in April 1955.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

The uprising, arrest and execution Hungarian uprising began on 23 October as a demonstration that led to an escalation of the situation.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Demonstrations called for Nagy to be reelected prime minister; he was the only one of the communist politicians to enjoy the widespread trust of the people.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

On October 24, at 8:30 a.m., radio announced Nagy was in the process of forming a government.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

However, it took days for the rebels and Nagy's government to reach a reconciliation.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

As events unfolded, Nagy, who at first had denounced the fighting against the Soviet occupiers as “counter-revolutionary activity”, agreed to ever broader compromises with non-communist forces; on 30 October, in a radio speech, he announced the one-party system had ceased to function and 1. on November Hungarian membership in the Warsaw Pact expired.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

On November 3, Nagy formed a new, more broad-based coalition government, and on the morning of November 4th he in a radio speech declared that Hungarian troops were fighting the Soviet army, which has launched an attack on Budapest to overthrow the legitimate government of the country.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

At the same time, János Kádár, the new Secretary-General of the Reformed Communist Workers' Party (MSZMP), had left through the Soviet legation to Moscow.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

When the Soviet Union crushed the Hungarian uprising, Kádár emerged as the country's new leader.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Nagy was granted asylum at the Yugoslav Legation.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

He left there on 22 November, after Kádár had in writing granted him the free right of exit.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

However, he was arrested by KGB men and transported to Romania, from where he was later returned back to Hungary.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

In June 1958, after a secret trial, he was sentenced to death and executed by hanging along with Pál Maléter and Miklós Gimes.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Nagy's body was first buried in the prison yard, in 1961 in all silence, under a false name on the edge of the Rákoskeresztúr cemetery.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

The burial site remained secret for a long time.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Rehabilitation and Aftermath As the Hungarian communist regime did not allow the memory of Nagy's death to be venerated, a cenotaph was erected for him in the Père-Lachaise cemetery in Paris.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

In 1989, Imre Nagy was rehabilitated and his earthly remains were reburied in the same place on the 31st anniversary of his death.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

The funeral was organised by those opposed to the regime.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

[5] More than 100000 people were estimated to have been present.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

The funeral spurred the downtime of Hungary's communist regime.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

In connection with them, Viktor Orbán, the country's future prime minister, delivered his first attention-grabbing speech.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Imre Nagy's memory is cherished by a foundation founded by his daughter Erzsébet Nagy, which also maintains a museum (Nagy Imre Emlékház) operating in Nagy's former Budapest home.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

Statues of Imre Nagy have been erected in Budapest and Szeged.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

On 28 December 2018, the monument, located in the Vértanúk tere square next to the Parliament House in Budapest, was taken off its site, reportedly to be repaired and repositioned elsewhere.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

This has been seen to reflect the problematic relationship of Viktor Orbán's government with Imre Nagy, who despite his positive role in the 1956 uprising never renounced his leftist convictions.


Question: Who was Hungary's prime minister before Imre Nagy?

Imre Nagy

[6] Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Persons influenced in the Comintern Category:Hungarian politicians Category:Hungarians executed Class:Those executed for treason Class:Those born in 1896 Class:Those who died in 1958


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval battle fought in October 1805 between the Franco-Spanish fleet and the British fleet.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

In a battle belonging to the Napoleonic Wars, the French fleet under Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve encountered the British fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The battle is one of the most famous naval battles in the history of the world and one of the most important battles of the Napoleonic Wars.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[1] At the Battle of Trafalgar, Admiral Nelson defeated the Franco-Spanish fleet, but fell himself during the battle.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

As a result of the battle off Trafalgarinniemi, Nelson became one of Britain's greatest war heroes.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

At the same time, France, led by Emperor Napoleon I, lost its chance at great power status at sea.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

After the battle, a potential adversary could no longer be found for Britain in the seas, enabling the birth of the British Empire.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[2] Background of struggle The French and British rivalry for maritime supremacy grew in importance during the late 18th century as well as the beginning of the 19th century as most European states sought to secure their highly productive trade routes.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

By the end of the 18th century, only Britain and France fought no longer for maritime supremacy.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Britain wanted to secure its maritime contacts, which were vital to the island kingdom, as the French pursued European domination under Emperor Napoleon I.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Britain feared Napoleon's invasion across the English Channel under the cover of his Franco-Spanish fleet.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

However, Britain thwarted this intention by concentrating its fleet on coastal cities along the Channel, causing Napoleon to abandon his idea of invasion by the summer of 1805.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

After abandoning his idea of invasion, Napoleon moved his army from the banks of the Channel to Central Europe.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The order received by the French fleet to return to the Mediterranean thus strengthened the power of the French along the Mediterranean coast.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

However, Napoleon's intentions were to relieve all French cities in the Mediterranean from British ships, which is why he planned to draw British attention to the West Indies, which would cause British ships to move from the Mediterranean to the Caribbean Sea.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

However, the plan failed due to a surprising move by Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson [3] and at the same time this move also caused the British fleet led by Nelson to encounter a Franco-Spanish fleet in battle.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The commanders of the British fleet were led by Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, who had earlier produced a heavy defeat to the French fleet at the Battle of Abukir.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Appointed commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet in 1803, Nelson had begun his career in the Navy at the early age of 12.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

As a tactician, Nelson was skilled and had been knighted in 1793 for his merits at sea.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

At the Battle of Trafalgar, Nelson abandoned the traditional method of naval warfare, in which ships fought shoulder to shoulder with cannons facing each other for several days, instead of which his tactic on Trafalgar was to disperse the phalanx of the enemy fleet.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[3] At the age of fifteen, Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, who joined the fleet, led a Franco-Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Like Nelson, Villeneuve had also been involved in the defeatist Battle of the Nile for France, but, unlike Nelson, Villeneuve did not lead the other side, only his own ship.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

At Trafalgar, Villeneuve led a fleet bigger than Nelson, but unable to exploit his superiority, instead losing to the British fleet and was taken prisoner.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Fleets at the start of the Battle of Trafalgar, Britain had 27 liner ships.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The Franco-Spanish fleet again comprised eighteen French and fifteen Spanish ships, guaranteeing the Franco-Spanish fleet quantitative superiority.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

In total, sixty ships, six thousand cannons and forty thousand men were involved in the Battle of Trafalgar.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[3] Quantitatively speaking, the Franco-Spanish fleet seemed to have an advantage, but in reality the soldiers of the British fleet led by Nelson had been better trained, besides which the British were more experienced and motivated than the Franco-Spanish fleet soldiers.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[3] Of the sailors who served in the forces led by Nelson, 53% were English, 21% were Irish and seven per cent Scottish.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[4] After the Great French Revolution, many experienced officers of the French Navy were dismissed as these had served in the service of the former regime.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

For this reason, even before the Battle of Trafalgar, several experienced sailors had entered the payroll of merchant ships.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

These sailors had been hastily replaced by soldiers belonging to the ground forces.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The new sea forces could not be properly trained for naval battles and seafaring, as the French fleets were blockaded in ports for most of their time and seafaring was not successful due to enemy ships.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[3] The training of marines in the Spanish armada was even worse than in the French Navy; most Matruses were not trained in maritime service but had been recruited from the poor intelligence quarters of Cádiz.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[3] Nelson's tactics Nelson aimed to destroy the enemy fleet completely, thus ensuring British supremacy at sea continued and forever eroding Napoleon's dreams of French superpower in the seas as well.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

At Trafalgar, Nelson never intended to take advantage of the old doctrines of naval warfare, where ships fought for even days shoulder to shoulder.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Such an old method of naval warfare prolonged battles, and in general naval battles fought according to the traditional formula, there was no clear winner.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Because of this, Nelson decided to try a new type of tactic.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

His plans included splitting the British fleet into two lines, the north of which he commanded himself.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The task of both fronts was to disperse the enemy's mile-long phalanx.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The tactic required that the British fleet, due to bad winds, could have to sail for a long time under fire from the Franco-Spanish fleet without being able to return fire.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Where the French's tactic was to undermine the maneuverability of enemy ships by destroying their masts and sails, Nelson's troops' tactic was to fire directly into the hulls of enemy ships to cause maximum destruction.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The whole of Nelson's tactics were based on careful timing and surprise, which required initiative from the captains of ships.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[5] Fleet movements before battle The battle was preceded by a pursuit lasting several months in which the British fleet pursued the French fleet.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

In March 1805, French Emperor Napoleon had given orders to de Villeneuve to sail to the Caribbean Sea to produce great damage to the British colonies in order to temporarily draw British attention elsewhere.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

As the British ships moved into the West Indies archipelago, Franco-Spanish ships would return across the Atlantic to Europe and liberate French ports, while destroying the remaining British ships.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Subsequently, Napoleon planned to take over Britain.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

As de Villeneuve departed for the Atlantic, Vice Admiral Nelson decided to follow him, thus muddling the plans of the Franco-Spanish fleet.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

De Villeneuve turned back, but the wind took his troops to the naval detachment commanded by British Vice Admiral Sir Robert Calder.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

On 22 July, the Battle of Cape Finisterre took place between these naval divisions, which ended unresolved, albeit Villeneuve lost two of his ships (San Rafael (80 guns) and Firme (74 guns)).


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

De Villeneuve violated Napoleon's orders and did not sail north.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

He sought shelter first in Vigo and then sailed to Cádiz.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

By this point, Emperor Napoleon had already given up his dream of taking over Britain by invasion.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

She gave de Villeneuve the new task of sailing to the Mediterranean to support French forces in Sicily.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

De Villeneuve, however, knew Vice-Admiral Nelson was waiting for him ready for battle, which is why he defied the Emperor's order and stayed until mid-October to wait in the harbour of Cádiz.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

It was only after Napoleon deprived him of chiefdom because of cowardice that de Villeneuve was subjected to humiliation to be spared to give his ships the order to leave on 19 October.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Nelson foresaw de Villeneuve's plan, which led him to order his more southerly fleet to close Gibraltar to prevent the Franco-Spanish fleet from entering the Mediterranean.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Because of this, de Villeneuve could no longer avoid a clash with Nelson.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Vice Admiral Nelson had the advantage with the advent of combat drills that had become everyday.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Admiral Villeneuve of the French fleet knew he would face a British warfleet, but was unprepared for battle while fleeing the fleet on a month-long trade.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

On 21 August 1805, Admiral Nelson launched the battle.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Passage of battle Nelson begins his attack At the start of the attack, de Villeneuve, the commander of the Franco-Spanish fleet, had placed his ships in line to make it as difficult as possible for the enemy to destroy many ships with a few shots.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Nelson went into the attack as planned as two fronts.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

He himself led further north of these.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The intention was to break the enemy line by breaking through at two points.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

At the start of the battle the wind from northwest to southeast, [6] although the wind was quite weak.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Initially, the tactic appeared to be defeatist to the British forces, as due to weak winds, the ships moved slowly towards the phalanx of the Franco-Spanish fleet.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Due to the direction of sailing, the British were unable to fire on enemy ships, albeit these were able to fire on the advancing Nelson forces.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The Franco-Spanish fleet was therefore able to fire on the British for half an hour before these could return fire.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[3] Before Nelson's flagship HMS Victory had reached the enemy line, about fifty sailors had been killed.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[3] In addition, the maneuverability of the ships had suffered; the masts had been severely affected and the rudder was manually controlled by 40 sailors.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[3] The phalanx of the Franco-Spanish fleet breaks after British ships penetrated through the phalanx of the Franco-Spanish fleet and reached the enemy, launched cannons.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Vice-Admiral Nelson's flagship Victory's first full-flanker hit Bucentaure (80 guns), wounding two hundred French sailors and destroying twenty guns.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[2] At the same time, the British marines began a co-fire towards their enemies.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Unlike the French, Vice Admiral Nelson did not want to use snipers on his ships, as the shots from these may have accidentally set fire to his own ship's sails.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[2] Nelson therefore agreed with the prevailing notion in the British Navy that the commander's primary task was to capture an opponent's ship, not to destroy it.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[2] The five-hour battle ends in victory for the British After attacking Bucentaure, Victory moved on to fight Redoutable (74 cannons).


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

For a time, both ships fired fiercely at each other.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

As Redoutable closed its cannon hatch on Victory, it was assumed that Lucas, the captain of the enemy ship, was going to let his men board the flagship of the British fleet.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Lucas believed that he had already defeated Nelson [2], but Téméraine's run-in with Redoutable prevented the plan from being implemented.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

With Redoutable incapacitated, Victory continued his shelling, dispersing his enemy ships.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The battle continued for another five hours.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

At last Nelson's tactics proved itself workable, as the Franco-Spanish fleet began to disperse.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

By breaking through a phalanx of enemies immediately at the start of the battle, Nelson had caught the British ships directly into the centre of the battle.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The British at the centre of the upper hand forced de Villeneuve to surrender and ten ships of the Franco-Spanish fleet fled to Cádiz in the process.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

In the entire battle, the British had not lost a single ship, although 1700 men had been killed or wounded from them.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The British ships were in poor condition in some places, but worse was on the side of the Franco-Spanish fleet.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

They had lost 18 of their ships either overrun or destroyed and thousands of soldiers had fallen.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[3] British sailors soon recovered from the battle and a French eyewitness writes: Vice-Admiral Nelson's fate Although the Battle of Trafalgar was indisputably Vice-Admiral Nelson's greatest victory, he himself did not enjoy it.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

According to its early mode of warfare, ships' commanders traversed the deck unprotected whale hope and motivation for sailors and marines.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

This placed the commander, in this case Nelson, in danger when the enemy ship came within firing range.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Trafalgar had not had time to fight until fifteen minutes when the sniper's bullet reached Nelson.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

“Now they hit me, Hardy [Victory's captain].


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

My spine is gone,” Nelson said after the bullet hit him.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

While walking on deck, Nelson had no protection whatsoever against bullets and was dressed in his party uniform.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The bullet had hit him in the left shoulder and thereby penetrated deep into his body.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Further attempts were made to save Nelson, who was carried below deck, by surgical constein, but Nelson perished from his wounds.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

However, before he died, he could hear of the victory.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Vice Admiral Nelson's last words were: “Thank God, I have done my duty.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

“[3] Horatio Nelson's body was stored in a large, full brandy cask to preserve it for the duration of the journey home and transported to Great Britain for burial.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[7] His three victories are still honoured by the three stripes on the collars of the marines and death by the black tie placed on their costume.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

A state funeral was given for Nelson and after his maritime victory, Trafalgar Square, one of London's most prominent squares, was named.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The consequences of the Battle of Trafalgar as a result of the Battle of Trafalgar, France led by Emperor Napoleon I lost forever its chance of defeating Britain at sea, albeit still planning to take Britain.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[2] It can therefore be considered that victory at Trafalgar saved Britain from French invasion.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[8] [1] Victory at the Trafalgar Cape led to Britain becoming the undisputed superpower of the seas, and no further competitor to it in the seas could be found in Europe or other continents.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

Britain's superdominance of the seas resulted in no state being able to compete with it for maritime supremacy.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

This allowed Britain to use its maritime power to create and maintain a global empire.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The clear dominance of the seas greatly helped Britain during colonialism, when Britain acquired many colonies.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The Battle of Trafalgar therefore partly allowed the emergence of the British Empire.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[2] Nelson became a national hero in Britain as a result of the battle.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

The most famous monument to the battle is the square in Trafalgar Square in central London.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

At its centre is a 46-metre high column completed in 1843 with a 5.5-metre tall statue of Nelson at its end.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

In 2005 Britain commemorated the 200th anniversary of the battle with, among other things, six days of festivities in Portsmouth and a major international fleet review conducted by the Queen.


Question: What led to the Battle of Trafalgar?

Battle of Trafalgar

[9] Sources Science Picture No. 14/2005 p. 46—51 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tim Newark| title= 50 battles that changed the world| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-20-6139-2}} p. 16—19 References on topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help)) *


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Suvarnabhumi Airport (New Bangkok International Airport,, pronounced suvannaphuum) is Bangkok's new international airport.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

It is located in Racha Thewa in Bang Phli District of Samut Prakan Province about 25 kilometres southeast of Bangkok.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The airport opened years delayed initially with limited services on September 15, 2006.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The airport temporarily used the IATA airport code NBK, but inherited the BKK code from Don Muang International Airport.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Suvarnabhumi Airport became Bangkok's primary airport for all commercial international airlines, as well as domestic air traffic when it was officially commissioned on September 28, 2006, by some estimates as unfinished.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The old field today serves as a domestic and local area field at the same time.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Bangkok International Airport is the base of Thai Airways International.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The name Suvarnabhumi is coined by Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand, and means 'golden land'.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[1] History The first plans for Bangkok's second international field were made back in the early 1960s.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[2] In 1973, the state purchased 3100 hectares of land east of Bangkok in Samut Prakan in a place then called Nong Ngu Hao ('cobra snake's snot make').


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The project was almost interrupted when Thanom Kittikachorn's military government was overthrown in student protests that same year.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In the early 1990s, the old Don Muang Airport was becoming old-fashioned despite major investment, and there was a threat that the fields in Singapore, Kuala Lumpur or Hong Kong would develop into Asian air transport hubs instead of it, so the Anan Panyarachun government took the decision on resuming construction of the new field in April 1991.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The site chosen for the field proved weak in its swampy and clay soil for large passenger planes, and thousands of illegal land squatters lived at the site who had to be relocated first.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In 1994, the board declared a major international architectural competition for the new field, won by the ultramodern glass-and-concrete terminal of the Chicago-based Murphy/Jahn Architects office.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[1] The winning plan was criticised at the outset for its “lack of Thaianism” and for failing to take into account tropical conditions.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Fearing the huge cost of air-conditioning the building, a group of local architects proposed making a huge trellis over the terminal.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The construction project was still going ahead in 1996 when the government of Banharn Silpa-Archa came to power.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In February 1996, the state company New Bangkok International Airport Co., operating under the Ministry of Transport, was formed to lead the construction of the field, but the next government of General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh suspended work because Prime Minister Chavalit wanted the field moved to another to the place.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The project was swung by political winds throughout the remainder of the 1990s until, following Chuan Leekpai of the Democratic Party becoming Prime Minister, support for the project was regained.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Until the very last, there was a dispute over the budget and spending of funds.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

All initial competition proposals exceeded the budget set for the project, which was sought to reduce by using more local building material.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

King Bhumibol Adulyadej laid the foundation stone for the new airport on 19 January 2002.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[3] Leekpai's successor as Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra hastened the completion of the field, setting deadlines first since 2005, [4] then July 2006, which time and time again were exceeded by the law of previous promises.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[5] Misconduct, corruption and political wrangling have marked the project throughout its history.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[6] Some used their inside knowledge to buy land near the future airport in the hope of soaring profits.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The Thaksin administration was forced to respond to charges of ambiguity in the procurement of prime-time throughput equipment for the station terminal.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[7] After a four-decade delay, the field was finally brought to the condition that it could be officially opened on September 28, 2006.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

However, Thaksin did not get the chance to take credit for the completion of the new field, [8] as he was ousted in a military coup on 19 September 2006.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Opening problems The opening of the new pitch went without official celebrations peacefully but not quite without problems, with disruptions with computers and baggage handing over with some passengers having to wait up to four hours for their belongings on the conveyor belt.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[1] There was also a shortage of taxis and the queues grew long.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In December 2006, it was announced that due to start-up difficulties with the new airport, the old Don Muang Airport might be opened again to domestic air traffic and low-cost airlines, who have also complained of increased airport fees.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[9] Later in February 2007, Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont announced his intention to open Don Muang to international traffic permanently, after which Bangkok would have two international airports.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[10] The decision generated strong criticism as the two airports are feared to create unawareness among passengers, as well as even worse traffic congestion in the city, as there is no functioning tramway or expressway system between Don Muang and Suvarnabhumi.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[11] In January 2007, several cracks were admitted to have been found on the runway and taxiways at Suvarnabhumi Airport and in the terminal building which could affect aviation safety.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[12] The new airport may have to be temporarily closed for the duration of repair work, which would allow international air traffic to be diverted back to the old Don Muang Airport.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In February 2007, a government-erected task force led by Tortrakul Yomnak, CEO of Airports of Thailand (AOT), conducted an investigation at the airport based on which it was found that cracks and depressions in taxiways are caused by water infiltration under the pavement between the sand layer and the clay layer, which has contributed to the poor quality of the coating and the rush to open the field by the deadline.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[13] The working group issued its final statement on 14 February 2007 that repair work can be done by limiting passenger traffic and without closing the field.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

On 16 February 2007, Thai Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont sympathized with the task force's recommendation in a statement that the station remain open during the repair, but some domestic flights without foreign feeder traffic be transferred to the old Don Muang Station, the opening of which would be possible in three weeks.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[14] It is possible that the opening of Don Muang may taper off, with most international airlines and Thai Airways refusing to move to the old field, citing large costs.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[15] Suvarnabhumi Airport lost its International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) safety rating on January 27, 2007, from which time it has operated with local safety certification.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[16] Features Suvarnabhumi Airport Passenger Terminal is built mostly of steel, glass and concrete.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The terminal has a length of 444m, a width of 111m, a height of 42.85m and an area of 563000m².


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The project was started in 1996.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Construction work was carried out in four years (2002—2006).


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Although, when it opened, the station was not yet fully completed.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The estimated total budget for the construction of the airport was THB 155 billion (US$4.4 billion).


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[17] The field's control tower is claimed to be the tallest in the world (132m).


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Suvarnabhumi has two parallel runways, 60 metres wide and lengths 4000 and 3700 metres, as well as two parallel taxiways, allowing simultaneous takeoffs and landings.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

There are 120 gates on the field, five of which can park an Airbus A380 plane.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

It is estimated that the airport will be able to handle 76 flights per hour and 30 million passengers on an annualized basis, where there would still be room for growth to 45 million passengers in the near future.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The initial cargo capacity is three million tonnes.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Some sources, though, are already warning that the field will become cramped in a few years.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[18] In the future, the station is still planned to be expanded with two new runways, one additional terminal and two satellite buildings, with a total capacity estimated at one hundred million passengers per year, as well as 6.4 million tonnes of cargo.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Work on the second phase of the airport is planned to begin three to five years after the end of the first phase.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The airport is home to the 600-room airport hotel Novotel Airport Hotel, owned by Accor Group.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

There are two five-storey parking buildings in the area that can accommodate 5000 passenger cars.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In addition, there is a tourist center, from which buses to Bangkok and elsewhere depart.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

AOT (Airports of Thailand) has announced the construction of a separate low-cost terminal (LCC Terminal — Low Cost Carrier) at Suvarnabhumi for 600 million baht, which would be completed within 16 months of the project's approval.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Thai Airways subsidiary Nok Air and two other local low-cost carriers are behind the project.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[19] Airport charges AOT (Airports of Thailand), which manages the new field, announced new increased airport and passenger service charges as soon as Suvarnabhumi started operations.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

On 1 February 2007, the airport tax (officially the Passenger Service Charge) on a foreign flight increased from an earlier 500 baht to 700 baht and from 50 to 100 baht for domestic flights.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

At the same time, the charge of the service fee shifted to the purchase of the ticket and no longer has to be paid at the airport when leaving the country separately.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Field fees charged to airlines will increase by 15% after a half-year transition period starting on April 1, 2007.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The new increased fees are justified by improved services.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[20] Transport connections Suvarnabhumi Airport Link connecting railway was introduced on August 23, 2010.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Direct access to the field from Makkasan railway station takes about 15 minutes, and the shutdowns stop about 30 minutes.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The railway connects to BTS's Sukhumvit Line at Phaya Tai Station and the Blue Line of the Bangkok Metro (MRT) at Phetchaburi Station.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The construction of the railway started by the State Railways of Thailand (SRT,) started in June 2004 and was originally scheduled for completion in early 2009.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The project was late for several reasons (among them a flood at the construction site and land ownership problems).


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[21] Protests In November 2008, the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) closed the entry lanes to the airport in Operation Hiroshima and took over the passenger terminal.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Yellow-shirted PAD protesters demanded the resignation of Somchai Wongsawat's government.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[22] Air traffic stopped completely for eight days from 25 November to 3.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

On December and thousands of air passengers [23] remained in blockades in Thailand.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Suvarnabhumi was opened again on 5 December [24], after the Thai Constitutional Court had dissolved the government.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Accidents In October 2018, a Thai Airways company Boeing 747 plane drifted off the runway.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

No one was injured in the crash.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[25] Sources Elsewhere — Official Homepage Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who designed Suvarnabhumi Airport?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

(PDF-document) Category:Airports in Thailand Category:Bangkok buildings and structures Category:Bangkok Transportation


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Interlacing is a property in quantum mechanics of two or more quantum systems (for example, a particle or set of particles) for which there is no analogy in the everyday world.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

In an interlaced state, subsystems have “non-classical” correlations, which is why by measuring a pre-unknown property of one subsystem, information is obtained about the corresponding property of other subsystems.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

The formal example Assume, for simplicity, two particles (or collectively behaving sets of particles).


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

This pair of particles is described by a wavefunction (space vector) of the form | ψ = | α β, {\ displaystyle |\ psi\ rangle =|\ alpha\ beta\ rangle,} where α {\ displaystyle\ alpha} describes” space of the first” particle and β {\ displaystyle\ beta} the space of the “second” particle.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Suppose, also for simplicity's sake, that particles have exactly two degrees of freedom, ↑ {\ displaystyle\ uparrow} and ↓ {\ displaystyle\ downarrow}.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

In other words, α, β {↑, ↓} {\ displaystyle\ alpha,\ beta\ in\ {\ uparrow,\ downarrow\}}.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Such could be, for example, a spin-1/2-particle whose kinetic energy can be ignored for some reason.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

The second (actually analog) option is qubit.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

A pair of particles is in an interlaced state if their total wavefunction is of the form | ψ = c 1 | ↑ + c 2 | ↓, {\ displaystyle |\ psi\ rangle =c_ {1} |\ uparrow\ uparrow\ uparrow\ rangle +c_ {2} |\ downarrow\ downarrow\ rangle,} where both coefficients are different than zero.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Similarly, the interlaced space can also be of the form | ψ = c 1 | ↓ + c 2 | ↑.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

{\ displaystyle |\ psi\ rangle =c_ {1} |\ uparrow\ downarrow\ rangle +c_ {2} |\ downarrow\ uparrow\ rangle.}