Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On the evening of the same day, the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland asked Great Britain for an army in Derry.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The army was ordered to separate police and rioters.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Even then, Protestants generally regarded the army as neutral, only a few opposed that too.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At least 350 police officers were seriously wounded.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Soon after this, pro-Irish people staged protests in Belfast and elsewhere.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

What happened in Belfast was a pogrom against Catholics.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Some led to incidents with police and attacks on police stations.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Loyalists penetrated Protestant quarters, burning dozens of homes and business apartments.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Homes of Protestants were also destroyed.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

A few thousand people were driven away and/or fled.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Armed battles took place between nationalists and loyalists, as well as nationalists and police.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In some cases, the police supported loyalists e.g.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

by not showing up.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In one instance, police shelled a residential block from an armoured car with machine gun fire.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In a few places, police fired at the rioters.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Irish Prime Minister Jack Lynch blamed the Northern Ireland police.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

From 14 August, British troops were ordered to Derry, but these did not try to reach the Bogside, calming the riots.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland was assigned to the command of the British Army.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At Falls Curfew the Irish Republican Army now began to defend Catholic areas against Protestants violence.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA was able to block access to some areas, for example “Free Derry”.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Violence continued and increased from 1970 to 1972.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 11 October, a couple of civilians defending Ulster were shot dead by police, and a British soldier was killed by a UVF activist.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In early June 1970, there was an incident dubbed the Falls Curfew, in which Protestant youths first threw guns at British soldiers seeking weapons among others.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

with stones.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

A minor incident escalated into a riot.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Activists from the Official IRA began throwing self-made hand grenades at soldiers.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Soon firefights were ongoing between British soldiers and some 60—90 members of the Official IRA.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The military continued to fire CS gas canisters.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Canisters went through roofs and windows into houses.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Civilians began to leave the area.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

After about four hours of fighting, the army blockaded an area of 3,000 dwellings for arrests.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The riot and gunfire continued for hours more and the final shots were fired the next morning.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The military searched about 1,000 homes and killed four civilians during the entire operation.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Sixty civilians and 15 soldiers were maimed.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The incident at Falls Curfew appreciably worsened the intervals between the Catholic working class and the British Army, and the army was no longer neutral.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

So the IRA increased its support among the working class.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On the other hand, the incident drove the Provisional and Official IRA into strife.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Official IRA accused the Provisional IRA of starting the firefight and leaving the Official IRA under attack by Army troops.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The following year, rival IRAs retaliated against each other with weapons.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In June 1971, two civilians and three soldiers were shot dead by the army, further exacerbating the crisis [8].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In August 1971, the Army began an extensive detention operation, which it referred to as “Operation Demetritus”.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This drove even moderately moderate nationalists away from cooperating with the state.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In December 1971, the Nationalists declared a region of Derry under self-government as “Free Derry”.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Bloody Sunday saw a significant increase in the popularity of the IRA when, in one incident, 2 young men were killed by British soldiers.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Eleven civilians were killed by British paratroops in 1971 at Ballmurphy in August.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Official IRA began carrying out its bombings of 1971 on 11 December 1971.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On Blood Sunday, 30 January 1972, British paratroops at a civil rights demonstration in the Bogside of Derry shot at rioters fleeing from behind, killing 14 and wounding 13.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This provoked huge anger among the Irish and many new members joined the Provisional IRA.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Meanwhile, the Marxist, official IRA concluded a ceasefire, but still operated in 1973.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In 1972, the IRA began waging guerrilla warfare especially in South Armagh.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The British government attempted to negotiate with the Provisional IRA many times in 1972 and 1973.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police, loyalist and army violence and operations against IRA-occupied territories drove the Provisional IRA to launch a bomb campaign in 1972.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Great Britain transferred direct control of Northern Ireland in 1972.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In the same year, the British Army recaptured “Free Derry” in “Operation Motorman”.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

But while the IRA sought to report these bombings to area residents by telephone, they often killed and wounded scores of bystanders.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Violence in Northern Ireland peaked in 1972, when 500 were killed, half civilians.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Ulster Defence League UDF came into being in response to IRA action.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

An attempt at the end of 1973 to create peace, the Sunningdale Agreement, fell to opposition from a unionist bloc led by Ian Paisley.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

1975 was one of the bloodiest.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Violence still killed hundreds in 1976.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The “Long War” IRA began carrying out bomb attacks in England in 1973 [9].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Convicted IRA activists were denied the rights of a political prisoner in 1976.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

As early as 1976, imprisoned IRA activists began a dirty protest toiling the walls of their cells with excrement.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Violence by guards was commonplace in Long Kesh Prison [10].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This protest eventually expanded into hunger strikes in which more than ten IRA activists were killed.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The most famous of these was Bobby Sands.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Many perpetrators of violence were sides and unlike the poor working class [11].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Various combat organizations e.g.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA, UDF and UVF were engaged in obtaining money e.g.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

by donations from foreign countries, legal transactions, collection of protection money, smuggling and other crime, and the enemies even cooperated with each other [12].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In the 1970s, the Irish Government's actions against the IRA were loose and the country did not effectively control its border with Northern Ireland [13].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

A saturation with violence began to appear in the ranks of both Protestants and Catholics in the mid-1970s.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In 1977, Gerry Adams of the IRA created a tactic in which the IRA operated both in politics and with arms as a “ballot and bullet" [14].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA smuggled goods across the border in one direction and another [15] in an effort to obtain money in this way.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Illegal border crossings were in a difficult area and too few customs authorities [16].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

When the military set up various roadblocks, the IRA cleaned them away.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Otherwise, there were problems with the enforcement of the law on both sides of the border due to the reluctance of the civil authorities [17].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

These provided no evidence to the security forces of the actions of suspected IRA members [17].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA held its lodge in the city of Dundalk in Ireland [16].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The towering Marxist INLA carried out many devastating bomb attacks in the early and mid-1980s.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA also continued its bomb campaign, as did loyalist factions.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Both acquire weapons from abroad.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The British Army secretly supported loyalist groups, advising these, among other things, on the selection of targets.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This saved lives, but on the other hand, the military sometimes advised murdering the innocent as well.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The INLA broke in two in 1986 when the IPLO broke away from it.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The war between the two weakened the INLA decisively.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA waged active guerrilla warfare in South Armegh in the early years of the 1990s.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Peace Process Great Britain and Ireland began pushing for a political settlement [18].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Thatcher government agreed in 1985 on the status of Northern Ireland.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

By the beginning of the 1990s, support for extremist organisations began to decline on both sides, although discrimination against Catholics continued in employment [19].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Sinn Fein's Gerry Adams and the SDLP's John Hume initiated a peace initiative in 1993 [20] [21].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The process was significantly promoted by Irish Prime Minister Albert Reynolds [22], who persuaded the republicans away from violence and into negotiations.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In the early 1990s, the UDA and UVF accelerated the killing of Catholic civilians.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

There was a temporary ceasefire for some time as early as 1994.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In 1998, a tentative agreement was reached.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Provisional IRA ceased its armed activities in 2005 and disbanded itself in 2008.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Fragmented violence Even as old-knee activists made peace, some small extremist groups still continued to violence.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

These included the Real IRA and Continuity IRA, as well as some loyalist organisations.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Partly these were merely criminal organisations fighting each other over areas of activity [23].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At times, violence continued for days at a time in Belfast [24].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Parties to the war The war has been fought by various terrorist organisations, including the nationalist IRA (Irish Republican Army) and unionist/loyalist UVF (Ulster Volunteer Forces) and UDA (Ulster Defence Association).


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In addition, the RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary), the paramilitary police of Northern Ireland, as well as the British armed forces, have also participated in the war.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Victims of Ireland's unrest since the 1960s until 2001 have claimed 3523 casualties.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Of these, most lost their lives in Northern Ireland, but unrest elsewhere in Europe has claimed casualties as well.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Apart from Ireland, the most victims have come in Britain.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Deaths due to unrest from 1969 to 2001 to 2055 by republican groups (e.g.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

IRA) on account of 1020 unionist/loyalist groups (e.g.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

UVF and UDA) due to 368 British and Irish security officials due to 80 unknown factors Backgrounds of victims 1857 civilians 1121 members of the security forces (mainly UK Army soldiers and RUC police officers) 394 members of the republican forces 151 members of unionist/loyalist forces Most casualties are claimed by unrest in Belfast and the counties of Armagh and Tyrone [25].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Victims by year [26] Other victims, torts etc.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adams, James| title = Terrorism| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1987| version = (The financing of terror, 1986.)


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Translated by Ilkka Rekiaro| id = ISBN 951-1-09369-X}} Implacable, Simopekka Nuortamo, Otava 1991, ISBN 951-1-11586-3 Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Politics of Northern Ireland Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Italian Republic (), or Italy (ital.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy) is a republic in southern Europe on the Apennine Peninsula and nearby islands that protrude into the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy covers an area of about 300,000 square kilometers and a population of about 60.5 million.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy's neighbours include France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The dwarf states of San Marino and the Vatican are surrounded by Italian territory, while an exclave belonging to Italy, Campione d'Italia, is surrounded by Swiss territory.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Because of its appearance that resembles a boot, Italy is called “bootland”.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The capital of Italy is Rome.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Other cities of historical or current significance include Naples, Milan, Florence, Turin and Venice.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Most Italians speak Italian as their native language, and many other languages are also spoken in the country.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The largest denomination in Italy is Catholics.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In ancient times, the present territory of Italy has been the core region of the Roman Empire.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

With the dissolution of the empire in 476, the region was divided into numerous small principalities.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Italian state was established in 1861.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy is a founding member of both the EU and NATO.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy's purchasing power adjusted gross domestic product in 2018 is around USD 2.4 trillion, according to the International Monetary Fund.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[1] Geography and Nature Italy is located in southern Europe, on the Apennine Peninsula, a narrow peninsula dominated by the mountains of the same name.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy borders on the north by the Alps and the Swiss and Austrian states, on the northeast by Slovenia, on the northwest by France, on the east by the Adriatic Sea, on the west by the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, on the south by the Ionian Sea and the Straits of Malta and Sicily.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In addition to the Apennine Peninsula, Italy includes several islands, including Sicily and Sardinia, the largest Mediterranean islands, and Elba, Capri, Ischia, Panteleria and the volcanic islands of Lipar.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

On the island of Sicily lies the highest volcano in Europe, Etna, and nearby Naples is the volcano Vesuvius.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy can be divided into three regions with different terrain shapes and climates: the southern slopes of the Alps, the wide valley of the River Po, and the mountainous peninsula and the islands of Sicily and Sardinia.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[2] The Italian Alps rise to 3500 metres and their climate resembles the Swiss mountain climate, but more rain is received.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The most rain falls in summer, with thunderstorms occurring from spring to autumn.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

There is flat farmland in the Po River valley and other parts of the northern plateau.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Summers are hot and sunny, winters cold and often foggy.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In the middle of a long and narrow peninsula, the Apennines soar to 1800 meters.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

It's cold, rainy and frequent snow in winter.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The coasts have a typical Mediterranean climate: temperate winters and hot, often dry summers.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[2] In 2007, about 34% of Italy's area was covered by forests.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[3] Two-thirds of the forests are deciduous forest, with beech, oaks, poplars and chestnut as the principal species.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Of the conifers, the most important are pine trees, forest fir and European larch.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

60% of the forests are economic forest, the rest is either protected or exploiting them is economically unviable.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The proportion of the treasure forest is very small, most being semi-natural forest with alien species such as poplars.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Douglas spruce, montese pine and eucalyptus also grow in cultivated forests.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[4] There are 24 national parks in Italy.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The largest of them are the Pollino National Park in Calabria over 180,000 hectares and the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park in Campania.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[5] The Giau Pass in the north of the country Lake Garda, the largest lake in Italy With rolling terrain in Tuscany Green Valley in Umbria in Sicily the volcano of Etna from the south described History Early history In antiquity the Apennine peninsula was the site of the ancient The heartlands of the Roman Empire.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Before the Romans, Italy was inhabited by the Etruscans, among others.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In 476, the western part of the divided Roman empire disintegrated, and for over a thousand years the region had been divided into small principalities.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Parts of the region were also ruled from time to time by Byzantium and Spain, among others.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The French Normans also had a kingdom in southern Italy and Sicily during the Middle Ages.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[6] Following the territorial division by the Congress of Vienna after the Napoleonic Wars, the territory of present-day Italy consisted of six states: the Kingdom of Both Sicily, the Church State, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, to which Sardinia besides included northern Italy regions also on the continent.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Venice region and the Po River valley were part of Austria.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[7] The birth of a unitary state Present-day Italy was born in the 1850s—1870s, piece by piece, in the so-called risorgimento.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Kingdom of Sardinia conquered Lombardy (the surroundings of Milan) from Austria from Austria in 1859, and a volunteer force led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, operating without official permission from the King of Sardinia, conquered the Kingdom of Both Sicily as well as the main part of the Church State controlled by the Pope 1859—1860.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The northern Roman duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena joined the Kingdom of Sardinia in the plebiscites of 1860, and the Italian state was established in 1861.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[8] Turin, the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, became the first capital of the Italian state, but in 1865 the capital was moved to Florence.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy participated in the Prussian—Austrian War and was able to retake from Austria the province of Venice in 1866.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

When the French troops protecting the part of the Church State around Rome left for the sake of the 1870 German—French War, Rome and the surrounding area were also annexed by Italy.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[7] Independent Italy aspired to be among the great powers, but remained, little in the same way as Germany, France and Britain today, as a “small superpower”.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

It was able to acquire some colonies in Africa, including the southern part of present-day Somalia, Eritrea and Libya.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

However, the 1895—1896 attempt at the conquest of Ethiopia ended in military disaster and embarrassing prestige defeat.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Before World War I, Italy was in alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary (the Tri-Federation).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[9] World Wars At the outbreak of World War I, Italy initially remained neutral, as others left their treaty obligations unfulfilled and failed to inform Italy in time of entering the war.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Later Italy joined the war on the side of the Circum-Powers, having promised Italy territories belonging to Austria-Hungary.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

However, in peacemaking, some of the territories promised to Italy were annexed to Yugoslavia, leading to a rise in discontent.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

This was exploited by fascists led by Benito Mussolini who turned Italy into a one-party dictatorship.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[10] Mussolini conquered Ethiopia in 1936, but was unable to pacify the country.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In April 1939, Italy also conquered Albania, which, as a protectorate, fell into Italian contact.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Together with Germany under Hitler, Mussolini sought to dominate Europe; though, because of Germany's vastly greater military power, Italy was little by little by little to become a satellite state of Germany.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In World War II, Italy entered by declaring war on France and Great Britain on 10 June 1940 and taking part in the invasion of France.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The invasion of Greece, begun in October 1940, produced embarrassing losses, but eventually turned, with German support, into a victory.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In North Africa, Italy sought to conquer Egypt from the Britons.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Eventually, however, Britain and the United States invaded Italy in 1943, forcing Italy to soon switch sides.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Germany occupied the northern part of Italy, and between 1943 and 1945 the Allied and German fighting in the country produced great damage.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Mussolini died trying to escape from the German-occupied part of Italy and in making peace Italy lost all its colonies and small territories of Europe.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[11] The current republic After World War II, Italy was forced to abandon its African territories, as well as Fiume and Istria.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The statesmanship was changed by referendum in 1946 from a kingdom to a republic, and in 1948 a new constitution came into force.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[12] In the 1950s and 1960s, the northern part of the country was heavily industrialised, something that has even been talked about as Italy's economic miracle, but the development of the south of the country was slower.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[13] In 1951 Italy joined the European Coal and Steel Community and in 1955 to the UN.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In 1957 it became one of the founding members of the European Community.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[12] During the 1970s and 1980s, Giulio Andreotti was prime minister a total of seven times.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In the 1970s, both the far-left Red Brigades and far-right groups massacred people with their terrorist activities.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Catholic Church's state status gradually crumbled, abortion was allowed in 1978 and the church lost state church status in 1984.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[12] In the 1990s, the country was rocked by corruption scandals and the 1997 Umbria earthquake.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[12] The Italian government, through a broad campaign, sought to crack down on both corruption and the mafia.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Its members were arrested in 1992 with the help of whistleblowers more than 200 and assets were seized worth about $1 billion.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[14] The Mafia struck the judiciary by killing judges with car bombs.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Organised crime has been a major part of Italian society for decades.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[15] In 1996, the centre-left coalition of Romano Prodi came to power, Prodi's government lasted until the rest of 1998.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

After two short-lived governments, Silvio Berlusconi rose to become prime minister when a centre-right coalition won the 2001 parliamentary elections.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[12] In the 2006 general election, media mogul Berlusconi's right-wing coalition lost to Prodi's centre-left coalition.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Giorgio Napolitano was elected president the same year.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The largest group in Prodi's governing coalition was the Social Democratic Left Democrats (Democratici di Sinistra).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In the 2008 general election, power returned to Berlusconi's right-wing coalition.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

It was also very successful in the March 2010 local elections.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[12] In September 2011, Parliament approved a €54 billion package including a pledge to rebalance the economy by 2013.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In November 2011, Berlusconi resigned and Mario Monti was appointed as the new Prime Minister.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[12] Monti was succeeded by leftist Matteo Renzi.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Parliamentary elections were held in the country in February 2013.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[16] Politics The Italian head of state is a president whose position is mainly representative.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The President is elected by the Electors, which includes representatives from both houses of Parliament as well as the regions.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

A presidential term is seven years, and there is no limit on the number of terms.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The head of government is the prime minister, who is also sometimes spoken of as the president of the government.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The prime minister proposes the government, the president appoints it.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[17] Italy has a bicameral parliament.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Senate has 315 seats and 630 seats in the lower house (Camera dei Deputati).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

They are elected by proportional representation.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[17] There have been numerous parties in Italy that have formed various electoral alliances and coalitions.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Towards the end of the 2000s, many coalitions have merged into parties, leaving the political field somewhat clearer.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In the 2008 general election, power returned to Berlusconi's right-wing coalition, formed mainly by Forward Italy (Forza Italia, FI) founded by Berlusconi and the national-conservative National League (Alleanza Nazionale, AN) and the Northern League, which claimed self-rule for Northern Italy ( Lega Nord, LN).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Forza Italia and Alleanza Nazionale merged in 2009 and hold 37.4% of the seats.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Northern Alliance received 8.3% and was part of the ruling coalition, as did the Autonomy Movement (1.1% of the vote).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The opposition was left behind by the centre-left Democratic Party, which received 33.3% of the vote.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

It was in alliance with Italy of the Values (4.4%), while the Central League waged its electoral struggle alone, receiving 5.6% of the vote.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Communists fell out of parliament for the first time since World War II.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[11] In late 2011, the right-wing coalition fell apart, and Mario Monti's civil service government came to power.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[12] After the 2013 general election, a government was unable to be formed for two months.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

After Giorgio Napolitano had been re-elected president in April, a broad-based government was formed under Enrico Letta, backed by both the Democratic Party and Berlusconi's People of Freedom party.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[18] Territorial division Italy is administratively divided into 20 regions (), five of which have self-governing status: the Valley of Aosta (,), Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia (), Sicily () and Trentino-South Tyrol (,) [19].


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The regions are further divided into provinces () and metropolitan cities ().


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

There are 93 provinces and 14 metropolitan cities.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

There were 7983 municipalities in Italy at the beginning of 2017.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[20] Economy In 2017, Italy's purchasing power adjusted gross domestic product was approximately USD 2.3 trillion [1], the 10th largest in the world.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In Europe, the bigger were Germany, Russia, Britain and France.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[21] Italy is characterized by a very large grey economy (“economia sommersa”): it is worth hundreds of billions of dollars.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[22] [23] Italy accounts for around 2% of the global economy.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[1] There is a big divide in economic life between the modern, industrialized north and the agricultural-dominated, high-unemployment plagued south.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Much of the production is handled by small and medium-sized businesses, often held by families.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[17] Italy has deposits of oil, natural gas, iron ore, coal, mercury, sulphur, salt and marble, among others, but there are few natural riches overall.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[11] Manufacturing accounted for 25% of GDP in 2010 and employs about 30% of the working-age population.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[17] Italy produces traditional products of the mechanical and engineering industry, such as ships, motor vehicles, branch machinery, electronics, agricultural machinery and railway equipment.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[24] The most famous of the car brands are Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Ferrari, Maserati and Lamborghini.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[25] In addition, Italy has, among other things, steel, food and chemical industries.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[11] Major export products include machinery and motor vehicles, textiles, shoes and chemical industry products, as well as wines, olive oil, fruits and vegetables.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Exports go to Germany, France, Spain, the United States, Britain and Switzerland.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[17] Primary production accounts for three per cent of GDP and eight per cent of the labour force is employed.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Farming is concentrated in the lowlands of northern Italy, where wheat, maize, sugar beet and rice are cultivated, among others.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

There is also significant production of feed and dairy products in the region.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In central and southern Italy, sheep and goats are predominantly bred.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy is the world's second largest producer of grapes after France and the world's largest wine producing country.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In the south of the country, citrus fruits, tomatoes and olives are grown.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Silkworm trees are cultivated in northern Friuli and Lombardy, but their breeding has declined as the use of artificial fibres has become more common.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

On the coast, fishing for sardines, anchovies and tuna, among other things, is an important source of livelihood.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Fish is one of Italy's export products.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[26] [27] Tourism has traditionally been an important industry and Italy is one of the world's leading tourist countries.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In 2014, Italy was the fifth most popular travel destination in the world.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

At that time, 48.6 million tourists visited it.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Particularly popular tourist provinces were Veneto, Lombardy and Tuscany.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[28] Before the transition to the European common currency, the euro, the Italian currency was the Italian lira (ITL,).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[29] The lira was a heavily inflationary currency.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Efforts to remove zeros failed and became inappropriate as the euro loomed.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In late times, the smallest banknote was 1000 lire in denomination and the smallest coin in turn was 50 lire.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The hundredth of the lira was called centesimo.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The exchange rate of the lira to the euro was 1936.27 lire per 1 euro.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[30] Italy's current account has been characterised by a fluctuation of under-par and surpluses.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The deficit years of the 1980s were followed by a long period of surplus, in the early 2000s the current account was back in deficit.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Since 2013, the trend has been a growing surplus.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[31] In 2017, Italy's national debt to gross domestic product stood at 131,6%.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[32] Traffic in Italy is 132 aerodromes.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

There are 20254 kilometers of railway, 487700 road.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Port cities include Augusta, Cagliari, Livorno, Genoa, Trieste, Venice and Taranto.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[17] There are passenger ferry connections to Italy from virtually all countries in the Mediterranean region.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[33] Within the country, public transport is functional and inexpensive, hitchhiking extremely rare and private motoring is said to frighten foreigners.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[34] Population At the end of August 2017, the number of permanent residents of Italy was approximately 60.5 million [35].


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Ethnically, almost all are defined as Italians, but there are German, French, Slovene, Greek and Albani-Italian groups in the frontier areas.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[17] The largest denomination in Italy is Catholics, which in 2006 comprised 87.8% of the population (of whom, however, only 36.8% reported practicing the religion).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[36] Non-denominations comprised 7.0%, other Christians 3.2% and Muslims 1.4%.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[37] The largest cities and urban areas of Italy's two million cities on the basis of administrative region are the capital Rome (permanent inhabitants at the end of 2016 2.87 million) and Milan (1.35 million).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The most fortified cities in Italy are: [38] The metropolitan areas (area metropolitana) cover about nine percent of Italy's area and are home to around 24 million people.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The largest metropolitan area is Milan with about 7.5 million inhabitants.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[39] Languages The official language of Italy is Italian, whose status was not enshrined in the Constitution until 2007.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Italian language is largely based on the language used in the works of Dante Alighieri (1265—1321), which have combined Southern Italian languages with the Tuscan dialect.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

At the unification of Italy in 1861, only 2% of the population used General Italian as their colloquial language.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

During the reunification, or Risorgimento, there has been congruence, and the increase in literacy has made the Italian language a norm, which has been reinforced by television, radio and newspapers.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[40] The second official language of the province of South Tyrol is German, and French of the Aosta Valley region.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[41] There are 12 officially recognised minority languages in Italy.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

A 1999 law on minority languages recognises the following languages: Albanian, Franco-Provensal, Friuli, Catalan, Greek, Croatian, Ladino, Occitan, French, German, Sardi and Slovenian.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[42] In addition to the established languages, Italy has a large number of immigrants with their own languages.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In addition, Italy has a Roman-speaking minority.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

According to the Ethnologue book, the total number of speakers of the three Romani languages in Italy is 23000, but some of the estimates go back 20—30 years.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[43] Culture The differences between social classes in wealth and education are clear and are covered in the way of human speech: the educated speak general Italian, the speech of the less educated is closer to the local dialect.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[40] Milan and Turin in northern Italy have become centres of fashion and design.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italian world-famous fashion houses include Armani, Benetton, Dolce & Gabbana, Fendi, Gucci, Versace and Prada.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Milan hosts the annual Milan Fashion Week, one of the four major annual events in the industry.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[44] Italian cuisine has influenced the cuisines of many other countries.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The importance of food in Italian culture is important.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In Italy, food is a means of establishing and maintaining social bonds.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Breakfast typically consists of a bun and coffee.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Traditionally, lunch is a large multi-course meal, almost ubiquitously involving pasta and additional soup and bread and possibly meat or fish.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

More like leftovers have been eaten at dinner.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

As lifestyles change, the evening meal is becoming the family's common main meal, and heavy lunches are being abandoned because it is not always possible to spend the subsequent siesta.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[40] Cuisine Italian cuisine has strong regional differences, and almost every village and town has its local specialty, and even the same dishes are made in different places in different ways.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Mountains and sea affect the supply of raw materials, and foreign influences have been obtained in different regions from different directions.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[46] Two Italian dishes are spread throughout the world: pasta and pizza.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Already, the ancient Greeks and Phoenicians baked flat, herb-coated breads on top of hot stones.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Tomatoes spread to Italy at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Using them over pizza was a Neapolitan invention.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Pizza was sold there first by street vendors, then by kiosks and in the 1830s started the first actual pizzeria “Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba”.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[47] Already the Etruscans baked wheat flour strips in the oven, but cooking dried pasta was apparently invented in Sicily in the 7th century.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Discoverers and seafarers prefer preserved and nutritious pasta.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The development of machinery allowed pastas of different shapes, and more than 350 different types have been developed.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Today, Italians eat thirty kilograms of pasta per person per year.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[48] According to a 2004 World Health Organisation study, Italian alcohol consumption is 9,14 litres per adult converted to pure alcohol, which is above the world average, higher than in Poland but lower than in Greece.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[49] Italians consume 5.8 kilograms of coffee per person each year, the seventh most in Europe.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Coffee is usually consumed as espresso, cappucino or macchiato.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The most important thing in coffee is freshness, and therefore coffee is bought in small packages.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Even small children often drink coffee in the morning.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

70% of coffee is drunk at home.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[50] Fine arts Italian art has gone through several phases in its history.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

What is now known about the Etruscans is much based on their murals, drawings and sarcophagi.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The sculptures and architecture of ancient Rome have served as inspirations for later periods of style for centuries, as have mosaics and murals found in Pompeii.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italian painting rose to the top of the world during the Renaissance.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

On the 15th century side, the focus was on central Italy, with big names including Fra Angelico, Masolino, Masaccio, Fra Filippo Lippi, Botticelli, Filippino Lippi, Ghirlandaio, Piero della Francesca, Melozzo da Forli, Luca Signorelli, Perugino and Pinturicchio.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The 16th century saw the transition to a full Renaissance, and Rome's importance as a city of art grew as the popes invited the most advanced artists of their time, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Rafael.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[51] The general genius of the Renaissance, Michelangelo was acquainted with ancient sculptures and the structure of the human body.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

His best-known sculptures are the large-sized David (1501-1504) and the Pietà of St. Peter's Basilica (1499).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The sculptor, architect and painter Gian Lorenzo Bernini was, in turn, the most prominent and famous artist of the Italian Baroque.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[52] Baroque churches have spectacular frescoes that create various spatial illusions: figures reaching out of the painting, opening in the ceiling into heaven.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Artists focused on the decoration of buildings, and painting as an independent art genre became evident.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[53] The Venice Biennale is a biennial large contemporary art event that has been held more than 50 times.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[54] Architecture has preserved buildings from antiquity than the Middle Ages.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Its golden age was the Renaissance, when Filippo Brunelleschi worked in Florence and Leon Battista Alberti conveyed the influences of antiquity to future knees.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[55] The architect of the Full Renaissance, Donato Bramante, was the principal architect of the reform work in St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[56] Famous contemporary architecture is represented by Genoese Renzo Piano and minimalist buildings in Milan and Turin.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[57] Performing Arts At the end of the 17th century, Venice had four conservatories and emerged as the central biscuit of the musical world.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Antonio Vivaldi worked there for the main part of his career as a composer.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[58] Italy is the birthplace of classical opera.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[59] Giacomo Puccini, Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini were influenced there.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[60] Milan's La Scala has always been one of the most famous opera houses in the world, and many of Giuseppe Verdi's operas have been premiered there.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In the 21st century, Turin's Teatro Regio, where Puccini's La bohème was premiered in 1896, has also risen in value.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[61] Over the years, many great tenor singers have emerged in Italy, including Enrico Caruso and Luciano Pavarotti.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[62] Italian iskelma was at its most popular in the 1950s, when Italian songs were translated and recorded in other languages.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[63] In the Eurovision Song Contest Italy has won twice, in 1964 and 1990.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[64] Italian cinema was already flourishing in the times of silent cinema.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

An early great director was Mario Caserini.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[65] Neorealism prevailed in the 1940s and 1950s; the most notable directors of the trend were Luchino Visconti, Roberto Rossellini and Vittorio de Sica.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Neorealism brought to light the problems of postwar Italy while creating a new cinematic style at the same time.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

It did not use studios, staging or professional actors partly out of necessity of circumstance.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[66] The great directors of the post-Neorealism period included Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[67] From the 1960s to the 1980s, more than six hundred western films called spaghetti western were also made in Italy.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[68] Three Italian actors have received Oscars: Anna Magnani, Sophia Loren and Roberto Benigni.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[69] Literature The history of Italian literature begins as early as the Latin texts of ancient Rome.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Significant works of 14th-century Italian-language literature included Dante Alighieri's Divine Play and Giovanni Boccaccio's Decamerone.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Among those who wrote after the wars, the best known are Primo Levi, Italo Calvino, Alberto Moravia, Umberto Eco and Dario Fo.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[70] Six Italians have received the Nobel Prize in Literature: Giosuè Carducci (1906), Grazia Deledda (1926), Luigi Pirandello (1934), Salvatore Quasimodo (1959), Eugenio Montale (1975), and most recently Dario Fo (1997).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[71] Science The Italian Galileo Galili has been called the father of modern natural science.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

He was among the first to make observations, developed a theory based on them and tested theories through observations.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[72] Guglielmo Marconi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for development work related to radio, Enrico Fermi in 1938 for nuclear physics and Carlo Rubbia in 1984 for the study of elementary particles.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[73] Giulio Natta was awarded the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for polymer chemistry.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded by Camillo Golgi (1906), Daniel Bovet (1957), Renato Dulbecco (1975) and Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[74] World Heritage Sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List lists 53 sites from Italy, more than from any other country.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Five of these are natural sites and 48 cultural sites, among which are the historic centres of many cities (Rome, Naples, Florence, Venice), ancient archaeological sites (such as Pompeii), and significant ecclesiastical buildings.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[75] Photos of Italian World Heritage Sites Venice Florence Historic Centre Cinque Terre Siena Historic Centre Alberobello Trulli Houses Sports Italy has held the Olympic Games three times.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Summer Olympics were held in Rome in 1960, as well as the Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1956 and Turin in 2006.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[76] Italy has participated in the Summer Olympics since 1896 and the Winter Olympics since 1923.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

It currently has a team of more than 300 athletes at the Summer Olympics and over 100 athletes at the Winter Olympics.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[77] The most popular sport in Italy is football.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The country has hosted the sport's World Championships in 1934 and 1990 and the European Championships in 1968 and 1980.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The Italian national football team is one of the most successful in the world, winning four world titles and one European title.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy of the year was ranked number one in FIFA's country ranking.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Serie A, Italy's main series, is one of the toughest in the world.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The country's most prominent club teams are Turin club Juventus as well as Milanese side Milan and Inter.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[78] Other ball sports are also popular in Italy.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Especially popular are basketball and volleyball.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In basketball, both the national team and the main series belong to the elite of the world.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The same goes for the volleyball national team and the main series.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[79] [80] Motorsport is also popular in Italy.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The main motorsports centres are Imola and Monza.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy is embedded in the core regions of F1.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Ferrari is one of the best-known F1 stables.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[80] Road cycling is also one of Italy's most popular sports.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The round run in Italy is one of the sport's most important races.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In addition, Italy has strong traditions in athletics, among other things.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Winter sports are especially popular in northern Italy.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[81] Media In Italy television is the most dominant media and magazines are read quite a bit.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Italy's public service broadcaster is called Radiotelevisione Italiana and abbreviated as RAI.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

About 90 daily newspapers appear, four of which are large and nationwide.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

The largest leaves are La Repubblica and Corriere della Sera.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Politicality is strongly tied to Italian media.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

In 2012, Italy was only ranked 57 in the statistics measuring freedom of the press (cf.


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

Finland ranked 1).


Question: What is Italy's second largest city?

Italy

[82] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Solly, Martin| title= The Xenophobe's Guide to the Italians| publisher = Oval Projects Ltd| year = 1999| id = ISBN 9781902825359}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gombrich, E.H.| World title = art history| others = Translated by S. Saarikivi| publisher = WSOY| year = 1980 (original work 1972) | id = ISBN 951-0-10033-1}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:41.5 Southern Europe Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus (symbol: ♀) is the second planet in the Solar System including the Sun.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

It appears to Earth as a bright morning and evening star and is the brightest star-like object in the sky.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

It is possible to see it even during the day without aids, if you know where to look.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus orbits the Sun closer than Earth and becomes the planets closest to Earth.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

When viewed with a telescope, Venus most often looks like a feature less crescent moonlike object.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Only clouds from the tops of the planet's atmosphere are visible with the telescope, where little detail can be seen.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus has been mapped by space probes orbiting the planet with radars.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The planet is rich in volcanic formations.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The surface of Venus has heat in excess of 460°C, due to the planet's thick carbon dioxide rich gas ring causing a strong greenhouse effect.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[1] Images from space probes that landed on the planet's surface show surface rock, rock and gravel.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

High gas pressure distorts visibility on the planet's surface.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus has often been said to be Earth's sister planet.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

It is a rock planet whose size and composition are close to Earth.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Differences can be found, Venus rotates very slowly and its geological formations are different in many respects than those on Earth, and the planet's magnetic field is weak.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[1] Venus is named after the goddess of love in Roman mythology.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Its astronomical symbol is ♀, which in other contexts is used as a symbol of womanhood and femininity.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[1] The gas perimeter on Venus is a very dense, largely composed of carbon dioxide, which heats the planet through the greenhouse effect.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

It is thought that Venus's circle is not original, but has arisen since the early days as a result of volcanic activity.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus is estimated to have as much carbon dioxide as Earth, although here it is bound to soil carbonate rocks, unlike Venus where almost all carbon dioxide is in the gas ring.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Carbonates are compounds containing carbon and oxygen.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In the country, water is known to be required to create carbonates.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Liquid water in Venus would potentially have been able to do the same there as well, and could have prevented such a drastic greenhouse effect.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[2] The peak of the clouds visible to us is at an altitude of about 70 kilometers, and above it is about 90 kilometers.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The densest clouds are at altitudes of about 49—51 km, with a slightly sparser middle cloud layer below 57 km altitude.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[3] Below the clouds, at an altitude of approximately 30/35 to 45 km, there is thin tulle and perfectly clear on the surface.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

At some points the clouds are thinner, at some times thicker.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In ultraviolet light you can see more features of clouds.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Located at an altitude of about one hundred kilometers, the ozone layer is one hundred thousand times less frequent than the Earth's layer.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[4] Clouds occur in three distinct layers; the top two consist of small droplets of sulfuric acid and the lowest probably phosphoric acid solution.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In the uppermost cloud layers, thousands of kilometres in size, cloud formations of the letter Y are observed in the ultraviolet region, which are quite short-lived but continuously renewal and are thus a permanent feature of the planet's gas ring.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Clouds are quite sparse, with visibility within them reaching several hundred meters.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

On the surface, visibility is already several kilometers.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Sulfuric acid in clouds comes from volcanic eruption gases as water vapor and sulfur dioxide react with each other under the influence of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[5] Ultraviolet radiation from the sun also scatters water vapor that escapes into space.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The gas ring contains more than 96% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen and a very small amount of other substances.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Gas pressure at the surface is about 92 times Earth's atmospheric pressure and is equivalent to pressure in the ocean at a depth of about one kilometre.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Much of the nitrogen in the gas ring of Venus escapes away continuously by the influence of temperature alone, this phenomenon is called thermal escape.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Some of the nitrogen remaining in the gas ring is the nitrogen isotope deuterium, which is slightly heavier than regular hydrogen, so it does not escape with solar winds so delicately.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[2] [1] The surface temperature averages 464°C, [6] which is higher than the melting point of lead.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Temperatures never drop below 400 degrees, and in low-lying areas near the equator, temperatures could reach as high as 500 degrees Celsius.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The temperature cools down quite quickly as you go upwards: in the upper gas ring the temperature is left at −45 degrees Celsius.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Due to the extremely high concentration of carbon dioxide, Venus has an extremely powerful greenhouse effect that raises the temperature of the planet by about 500 degrees above the theoretical temperature.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

A gas-free body at the distance of Venus should have a temperature of about 230K, or -43°C.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[2] Venus may have experienced a lower temperature sometime billions of years ago before the greenhouse effect got out of control.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

There appear to be some hot spots of about 700 degrees on the surface of Venus, perhaps functioning volcanoes.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus is even warmer than gas-baseless Mercury, orbiting the Sun nearly half closer and thus receiving nearly four times the amount of radiation.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The gas perimeter reflects 65 percent of visible light and 60 percent of all radiation away.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The amount of radiation received by Venus is 2613.9 W/m² at the top of the gas ring and only 1071.1 W/m² at the surface.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Without the greenhouse effect, the gas perimeter itself would cool the planet's surface considerably.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The surface receives only about one percent of the light entering the upper atmosphere; the light has filtered red after passing through the cloud layer and carbon dioxide.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Although Venus' day lasts slightly longer than a year causing the same side to turn for a long period of time per Sun, temperatures vary little on the day and night side of the planet.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

This is due to the heat-sharing effect of the gas periphery: strong winds blowing between 300 and 500 kilometres per hour in the upper gas perimeter orbit the entire planet in about four days, distributing the heat received by the daytime side to the rest of the planet.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Wind speeds are about 100 meters per second.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The high wind speed is due to the high radiation energy received by the upper atmosphere.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Fast winds are very gusty.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

On the surface, the speed of the winds is minimal — a few kilometers per hour, but due to the density of the atmosphere, even a small breeze causes considerable resistance.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

There is a polar vortex over Venus's polar region in the same way as in the upper layers of Earth's atmosphere.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

So far, it is unclear whether lightning is taking place in the atmosphere, as observations from probes that have studied the planet contradict each other.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Some data suggest lightning would be effective for volcanoes estimated to be functional.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Surface Venus has two major highland formations, Ishtar Terra and Aphrodite Terra, which resemble Earth continents in size.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[1] In addition, there are mountain ranges, valleys and plains on the surface.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

There are volcanic bows, pancake-like elevated formations and rift valleys on the surface, and large areas covered by petrified lava.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

There are volcanic blast craters as well as meteorite impact craters.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus's topography is different from those on Earth, there is no clear plate tectonics, i.e. tectonic plate movement, although terrain shapes near Aphrodite Terra bring to mind the midribs of Earth's oceans.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Still, the planet's surface appears to be renewing rapidly due to intense volcanic activity.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The planet's volcanoes are fairly evenly distributed over the planet's surface, and the crust of Venus appears to be in every region of the same density of rock, because gravity measurements suggest the greatest concentrations of gravity are on mountains, unlike on Earth or the Moon.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The altitude distribution of the planet's surface is monophonic, not continental and ocean-distributed as on Earth.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

About 15% of Venus' surface is old uplands, perhaps the original surface of the planet, the rest fairly fresh basalt lava rock.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

According to the second classification, there are 8% continents, 25% lowlands and 65% plains.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[7] It is believed that there would be periods of intense volcanism on the surface of Venus every few hundred million years.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Around 500 million years ago there would have been such a period, and the oldest planetary surface formations are estimated to be between 800 and 2000 million years old.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[8] [9] The topography of Venus is quite shallow compared to other earth-like planets.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The difference between the highest and lowest points is about 13 kilometers, compared to about 20 kilometers on Earth, for example.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

According to measurements by the Pioneer probe, 51 per cent of the surface is no more than 500 metres from the planet's central radius (6052 kilometers), and based on the results of the Magellan probe, 80 per cent of the surface is within one kilometre of the central radius.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Only two percent of the surface is more than two miles above.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The highest mountain ranges lie around the Lakshmi Plateau; the most notable of them are the Maxwell Mountains named after James Clerk Maxwell (11—12km), the Akna Mountains (7km) and the Freya Mountains (7km).


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The largest of the uplands is the South American-sized Aphrodite Terra near the equator.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Another notable upland is Ishtar Terra, approximately the size of Australia, which is located at about 70° north latitude and where the Maxwell Mountains are also located.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Since there is no water on Venus, rocks and mountains are harder than on Earth, and the only factor causing erosion is the subdued wind.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Therefore, in many places the surface shapes are sharp-cut and steep.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

With the exception of the Maxwell Mountains and the Alpha Regio and Beta Regio regions, all topography of Venus are named after female persons, mainly god figures.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Craters on Venus have quite a few impact craters, as the smallest meteors are most often destroyed once they reach a dense atmosphere or slow down on the way so much as not to cause a significant impact.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[1] Magellan discovered about 900 impact craters on Venus, only very few of which were less than 30 kilometers in diameter.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Craters less than 2 kilometers in size were not found at all.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Most of the craters are relatively new and do not occur on top of each other.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Molten lava has often flowed around the craters at birth, the lava fields formed by which are still visible on radar images as brighter than the rest of the environment.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The age of craters on Venus is estimated to be less than 300-500 million years [10].


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Some of the craters are volcanic blast craters.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Volcanic activity The surface of Venus is dominated by volcanic activity.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

No plate tectonics typical of Earth are observable on Venus; rather, about 80% of the surface consists of a mosaic pattern formed by lava plains, with over a hundred distinct large shield mountains here and there and additionally smaller volcanoes as well as coronas.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus' coronas are volcanic, 100 to 300 km wide and hundreds of metres raised, thimble-like formations with central parts depressed.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

They have arisen when magma from the mantle has pushed the crust elevated.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The depression of the central sections is the result of lava cooling and erupting away from the sides of the corona.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Coronas are possibly caused by local “hot bubbles”.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Often volcanic activity is concentrated in a specific area, but there are also volcanoes that form lava flows around the planet.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Large volcanoes are likely located on top of the so-called hot spot where hot magma can erupt towards the surface.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Due to the fluidity of the lava, the eruptions have been very calm and that the lava spreads easily, forming a kind of riverbed.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

It is estimated that there are hundreds of thousands or even millions of small volcanoes less than 20 kilometres in diameter on Venus.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

These volcanoes, too, are shield-shaped and less than a kilometre high.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

No active volcanoes have been detected so far, but large changes in atmospheric sulfur dioxide content suggest their existence.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Other volcanic formations on Venus's surface include novat and arachnoids, which have only been found on Venus.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Nova is formed when large amounts of magma erupt from the opening and gaps created around it, forming radial ridges or also sinkholes at times when the magma chamber has collapsed below the surface.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Arachnoids, on the other hand, are spider-web shaped fissure webs with radial fissures running between nested ovals.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Arachnoids have been found on Venus around 250.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Tectonic activity in Venus' crust is not detectable plate tectonics possibly due to the fact that the structure of the crust is thinner and weaker than on Earth, thus not allowing the underwork zones typical of our planet to emerge.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Instead, the crust forms only local zonal deposits.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Despite the absence of actual tectonic slabs on the surface of Venus, abundant formations are observed that are caused by tectonic activity, such as warp mountain ranges generated by volcanic activity, burial sinks and areas known as tessera that have broken up as a mosaic formed by tiles due to prolonged pressing.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Gravity measurements suggest Venus has almost no asthenosphere, a plastic layer below the crust that allows tectonic movements, suggesting surface formations are created directly through mantle convection currents.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The structure Venus resembles Earth in its internal structure, as the planets are of the same size class and were born in the same region of the Solar System.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Beneath the cohesive crust is a mantle composed of molten rock material, comprising most of the planet's volume.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The innermost is an iron core about 6,000 kilometres in diameter.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The density and diameter of Venus is slightly less than on Earth.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus' magnetic field is very weak compared to other planets in the Solar System.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

This may be the result of the planet's extremely slow spin time, due to which the molten iron core has failed to produce a proper magnetic field-generating dynamo.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

As a result, the solar wind hits Venus' upper atmosphere unhindered.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

It has been speculated that Venus may originally have had as much water as Earth, but as particles of the solar wind struck the atmosphere, its water molecules decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen, from which hydrogen lighter quickly escaped into space.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Because of this, the amount of deuterium of the heavy isotope of hydrogen relative to ordinary hydrogen is large.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Some of the molecular oxygen merged with the atoms in the shell and some again remained in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide with carbon.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Visibility Because Venus is located closer to the Sun than Earth, it is visible at midnight only in the northernmost or southernmost latitudes, at the time of greatest elongation also in Finland.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Depending on which side of the Sun it and Earth are on, it may appear at the equator no more than three to four hours before the Sun rises or after the Sun sets: closer to the poles, these diurnal sight times may be longer.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

North of about 60 degrees latitude, it can be visible through the night.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Being near its largest western elongation, it appears in the morning sky, in which case it is also referred to as the morning star or moth star.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

When it again is near the largest eastern elongation it is visible in the evening sky, allowing it to be referred to as the evening star.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

However, it is so bright that when it is near its greatest elongation, you can see it with the naked eye even in the middle of the day, if you know exactly where to look at the sky.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus is normally the third brightest celestial body after the Sun and the Moon.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

It has an apparent luminosity of −4.6 magnitudes at its brightest, making it significantly brighter than the brightest star Sirius.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Bright, star-like Venus might even cast a shadow.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

There are rotation phases of Venus in e.g.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

largest eastern and western elongation, making Venus appear to be furthest from the Sun on either of its sides.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In the sub-conjunction, Venus is closest to us in front of the Sun.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

That's when Venus, when viewed from a telescope, looks like a large narrow sickle or it's dark.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In the upper conjunction, it is behind the Sun.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Then it looks like a very small full moon, but it doesn't really stand out because it's so close to the Sun or even behind the Sun.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

At the time of the upper conjunction, while furthest from Earth, Venus disappears from view for several weeks, but it passes the sub-conjunction quickly enough to be noticeable perhaps as early as a few days after its disappearance.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

If Venus is above or below enough of the Sun during a sub-conjunction it will even then be visible as an extremely narrow sickle.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

With a powerful binocular and buff level telescope, you can see the phases of Venus, but even with a powerful telescope, details are limited to slight differences in brightness in different regions of the planet.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The apparent diameter of Venus is 9—10 arcseconds in the upper conjunction and about 60 arcseconds in the subjunction.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Rotation characteristics Venus' mean distance from the Sun is about 110 million kilometers, or 0.723 AU.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus orbits the Sun once every 224 days.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Looking from Earth, the phases of Venus recur in a significantly longer synodic period.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The planet's course is almost a perfect circle.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The track's oval, or eccentricity, is the smallest of the planets, at less than 0.7 per cent, with an inclination of about 3.4 degrees to Earth and 3.86 degrees to the Sun's equator.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Compared to the rotation of most other planets, Venus rotating backwards at a three-degree angle has a spin time of 243 days.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[6] The rotational speed of the planet at the equator is small compared to Earth, at only 6.52 kilometres per hour.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus' backward rotation is hypothesized to be caused by the colliding of a large protoplanet at an appropriate angle to the planet during the birth of the Solar System, when there were a few dozen oligarchs, about the size of Mars, in the Solar System.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Also, Pluto rotates retroactively (retrograde) and Uranus on its side, depending on the perspective, either retrograde or in the normal direction.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Phases Because Venus orbits the Sun within the Earth's course, it has clear phases, similar to those on the Moon.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Being in a subjunction at its closest point to Earth, it appears on a telescope as a very thin sickle — the exception of the overpass, causing the planet to pass directly in front of the Sun.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

While in elongation at the seemingly greatest angle to the Sun (45.0—47.8°), it appears as a half-lit, eastern elongation as an evening star, and in western elongation as a morning star.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

As the planet moves into the upper conjunction on the opposite side of the Sun, it appears full but, due to its increased distance, more than six times smaller than the sub-conjunction.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The rotation of the phases lasts for one synodic rotation period of Venus, or about 584 days.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

At its brightest, Venus averages 37 days before and after the subjunction, when 25 percent of the planet's surface appears illuminated.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In this case, its luminosity is −4.6 magnitudes.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

At its dimmest, Venus is in the upper conjunction, dropping its luminosity to −3.5 magnitude.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The flyover of Venus occurs when a planet travels on its course directly between Earth and the Sun.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The phenomenon is the same as in a solar eclipse, but due to Venus' small apparent size, it appears only as a small black disk in front of the Sun.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The overpass of Venus is a rare event, as the angle between it and Earth's course plane is 3.4 degrees.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

It exhibits a certain periodicity, with two overpasses following each other just under eight years apart and pairs separating alternately intervals of 121.5 and 105.5 years.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Johannes Kepler was the first to predict a flyover for 1631, but it was not observed.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The flyover, which occurred eight years later, was the first to be detected by Jeremiah Horrocks.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The previous overcharges occurred on June 8, 2004 and June 6, 2012.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[11] They were also noticeable in Finland.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The next flyover takes place in 2117, but it does not appear in Finland.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Before modern astronomy, the overpass of Venus was of important scientific significance.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

It was used to calculate Earth's distance from the Sun from parallax, as the initial moment of overpass varied slightly as observed from different parts of the Earth.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Previously, it had only been possible to determine the relative distances of planets, so the overall picture of the size of the Solar System was finally able to be outlined.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In 1761, the flyover saw a bright ring around Venus as it passed beyond the edge of the Sun, from which it was concluded that the gas circle of the planet was refracting light. [12].


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Similarly, when Venus touched the edge of the Sun from the inside, a dark bulge was seen next to it, which was caused by the same cause.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Research Observations Before Space Age Venus is the brightest object in the sky after the Moon and Sun, so it is certainly known as early as prehistoric times.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

One of the earliest known astronomical documents is from Babylonia around 1600 BCE.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

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an observation table from which the dates of the appearance of the planet over a period of 21 years are noted.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The Babylonians and Sumerians referred to Venus as Dil-bat, Dil-i-pat, or Nin-Dar-Anna, signifying the Master of Heaven.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[13] In Akkadia, it was, in turn, the star of the goddess Ištar, and in China, and in nearby cultures, the Metal Star according to the Chinese Five Elements philosophy.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

For the Mayans, Venus was the most important celestial body, and they referred to it as Chak ek, 'the great star'.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

They observed the planet's movements carefully, including during the day, as they believed its position with respect to other planets would affect the course of life on Earth.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

They created a religious calendar showing the full synodic round of Venus (approximately 584 days) in five-round cycles.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus has been called the Old Moth Star, or the Morning Star, and the Evening Star because it is often the most prominent astronomical object in the morning and evening sky.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In the word Koinstar moth means dawn, that is, the first light of the morning before the sun rises.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In the earliest times, it was possibly not understood that the Moth Star and the Evening Star were the same target.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In ancient Greece, the Evening Star was referred to as Hesperos, referring to the appearance in the western sky, and the Morning Star as Phosphoros.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Phosphoros, from Latin Lucifer, literally means lighter: when she appeared in the eastern sky, Venus brought with her the light of the day.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Eventually, it was realised that it was the same target.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Diogenes Laertios and Pliny the Elder argued that Pythagoras would have been the first to understand this.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[14] [15] However, reproductions of early Babylonian clay tables found in the Assurbanipal library have shown that the Babylonians had known this for over a thousand years before the Pythagorean period.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[13] In the Old and Middle Ages, planets and the Sun were assumed to orbit Earth.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

However, there was no consensus as to whether Venus and Mercury are closer or farther to Earth than the Sun [16] According to some authors in Late Antiquity Heraclides would have posited as early as the 3rd century BCE that Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun instead of Earth.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[17] The theory did not become generally accepted in the old days, but in the 14th century it appeared by several authors.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[16] In the new age, Galileo Galilei made a remarkable observation when he saw the phases of Venus with his telescope in 1610.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

This was an important piece of evidence in favor of Copernicus' solar-centric worldview.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In addition, Galilei found that the apparent diameter of the planet varied from being at its smallest fullness and at its greatest sickle.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In 1932, it was discovered using a spectroscope that there is carbon dioxide in the gas ring of Venus.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[18] As recently as the 19th century, it was generally believed that the spin time of Venus is about 24 hours.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The slower rate of rotation was first proposed by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli, assuming that Venus' rotation was, like Mercury, locked in order to measure its rotation period.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

This was reinforced by the observation that Venus had always turned in the same direction to Earth while in a subjunction.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The assumption didn't hold true for either planet, but came quite close.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Final knowledge of the spin time was obtained in the 1960s when, starting from the 1961 conjunction, the planet was observed by radar from several observatories.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

The retrograde nature of the twirling movement was not noticed until 1964.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Venus was found to be emitting intense radio radiation itself, suggesting a temperature of 300—400 degrees on the planet's surface on the night side.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In the early 1960s, various explanations were put forward: the planet would be hot because of dust or carbon dioxide hovering in the air, or radiation would come from the planet's ionosphere.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

[19] From 1968 onwards, it was noticed by radar observations that Venus has variously radar radiation-reflecting regions, among them Alfa Regio and Beta Regio.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

In the 1970s, the surface already stood out as radars continued to develop craters.


Question: How far is Venus from Earth?

Venus

Space probes have been deployed toward Venus since the early 1960s.