Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Until the 21st century, passive component manufacturing technology and materials have evolved significantly: Capacitors were previously made as plate structure and paper insulated [16] Coils were first made in a lot of air cores, but later developed into cores many different materials (e.g. ferrites since 1937 [17]) Resistors have been manufactured in different ways: e.g. initially wire resistors and mass resistors and later carbon film and metal film resistors Rectifiers: crystal diode was one of the first radio technology detector diodes — German Karl Ferdinand Braun had invented it in 1874 [18] [19] and patented 1899 [20] selenium rectifier was a power diode that entered production in the 1930s [21] mercury rectifier invented in 1902 [22] tube diode was invented in 1904 [15] semiconductor diode was invented in 1940 [15] Production and distribution of electricity As promoters of electricity use and distribution, Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla were pioneers.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison had been developing the incandescent light bulb as a durable source of electric light.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison obtained a patent in 1880 for a system of distribution of electricity, which was essential to allowing the electric bulb to spread into general use.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It was not until the distribution network gradually made it possible for other electrical appliances to become more common.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On December 17, 1880, Edison founded a company called the Edison Illuminating Company.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It was the world's first electric plant to sell electricity to the public, and in 1882 its first power plant was made at New York's Pearl Street Station.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On September 4, 1882, Edison itself connected power to the mains.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[23] The plant distributed direct current to the southern parts of Manhattan at a voltage of 110 volts.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The voltage 110 volts was chosen because it was first used in lamps in theaters powered by batteries, and this voltage was then left in general use.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

As early as January of the same year, Edison had opened the first steam-powered electric power station on Holborn Viaduct in London.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

This DC system provided electricity for street lamps as well as a few private residences located near the plant.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On January 19, 1883, the first standardized, electric lighting system based on overhead lines was introduced at Roselle, New Jersey.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison had had time to build an already reasonably extensive DC network, but DC lost out to AC power developed by Tesla.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison and Tesla waged a bitter battle for their electrical systems.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The advantage of AC power is that the voltage can be easily changed by means of a transformer.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

This is exploited in the power grid for the transmission of electricity because transmission losses are lower at higher voltage.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The AC motor and generator design is also durable without the commutator used in the DC motor.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Of all the electricity produced, electric motors use most of it.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

When household appliances came on the market in the early 20th century there were local power grids outside the largest cities in Finland.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrification was temporarily slowed by the Finnish Civil War, but after the war development was rapid, and in 1925 already 40% of the economies were covered by the electricity grid.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the cities, electricity was available to everyone starting in the 1930s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[14] History of batteries and batteries Chemical stored electrical energy is obtained from various batteries and rechargeable batteries.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Major stages of battery development: The zinc-carbon battery was invented as early as 1886 [24] Alkaline battery was developed in the 1950s [25] [26] Lithium batteries were introduced to the market in the 1980s [27] Battery development stages: Lead-acid battery had been developed as early as the latter half of the 19th century Nickel-cadmium batteries have been in use since the mid-20th century, although the NiCd battery principle was invented by Waldemar Jungner as early as 1899 [28].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Nickel metal hydride battery in commercial use since 1989 [29] Lithium-ion batteries have been commercially available since 1991 [30] Evolution of electric lighting Lighting technology: Arc lamp since the early years of the 19th century.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Light bulb, several developers since the beginning of the 19th century.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A working and industrial version was made by Edison in 1879 [31].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The halogen lamp was developed during the 1950s into a usable form [32] The principle of fluorescent lamp was invented in the late 19th century, but they came into everyday use in the mid-20th century [33].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

First fluorescent lamps came into use in offices and factories.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the latter half of the 20th century, fluorescent lights began to be used in apartments as well.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Energy-saving lamps are small fluorescent lamps and began to come into use in the late 20th century.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Good efficiency LED lighting began to come into use in the late 1990s from low-power lamps [34] and became more common in the 2010s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrification of industrial, buildings and homes Electrical engineering in industry Electric lighting, electric motors and solenoids Electrical machinery: drill, screwdriver, lathe, boring machine, planers, circular saw, jigsaw, band saw, millers, grinders, angle grinder,... Battery technology came into use in the 2000s for many hand-electric machinery.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Industrial automation: first electromechanics, with the development of computers increasingly programmed functions Electrical engineering in pneumatics and hydraulics control Electronics in industry Application sites: Process control Industrial automation Manipulators and Industrial robots Control techniques: Control by relay logic Microprocessor technology Programmable logics Process control by computers The use of electricity in buildings Electric heating and electric heater Air conditioners Ventilation equipment, extractor hood Elevators and escalators The use of electricity in home engineering Electric lighting was introduced as early as the end of the 19th century and became heavily prevalent throughout the 20th century.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The first household appliances appeared on the market in Finland in the first decade of the 20th century, the earliest of them an electric plate and an electric kettle.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 1910s, a washing machine, a vacuum cleaner, as well as an iron, among others,


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[14] The electric shaver was invented in the 1920s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It slowly became widespread and later became battery-powered models as well.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric toothbrushes have been around since the 1950s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have also later been battery-powered models of these.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Hair dryer Massager Vibrator Home food supply appliances Electric plate and electric stove (electric stove), kettle Coffee maker and toaster Refrigeration machines (refrigerator and freezer) Mixer, blender, hand blender and kitchen mixer Dishwasher The microwave was invented in 1945 [35] and commercial models began to come in the 1950s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Microwave ovens became more common for home use over the next several decades.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Meat grinder, bread maker, waffle iron and ice cream machine Home clothing maintenance equipment Electrical mangles and irons Washing machine for washing clothes and dryer Electric sewing machine and overlock Electricity in transport Electrical engineering in automobiles Electrical engineering in cars Otto motor which is common gasoline-powered internal combustion engine and was invented in 1876, has always used an electric spark to ignite gasoline.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric start and charge generator began to become common in automobiles in the 1910s [36], although on a principle level the electric motor and electric generator had been invented in the 19th century side.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Automobiles have used both DC alternators and later alternators together with the rectifier.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Since the early 20th century, cars have had electric headlights and more and more different types of electric attention lights (turn signals, brake lights, etc.) came to cars.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

At the end of the 20th century, various additional electrical functions came to automobiles: for example, electric window mechanisms and mirror adjustment, electric instrument panel, and electric heaters for glasses and seats.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In electric cars and hybrid cars, electricity is used to move the car using a charging device, batteries and an electric motor.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in cars In connection with the operation of the engine, passenger cars have come into many types of electronics: electronic ignition since the 1960s and electronic injection since the 1970s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronic motor control diversified thereafter related to the catalytic converter.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric cruise controls for automobiles have existed since the 1950s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronically controlled automatic transmissions have been manufactured since the 1970s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Traction control systems have existed since the 1970s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On-board computers entered cars in the 1980s, an anti-theft alarm and immobilizer in the 1990s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric power steering began to exist in automobiles from the late years of the 20th century onwards.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

As electronics have evolved, a wide variety of safety systems have entered cars.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Anti-lock brakes (ABS) entered cars in the 1980s and became established as standard equipment on cars in the 1990s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Airbags began to exist in cars starting in the 1980s and driving stability management systems began to enter cars in the 1990s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There has long been a desire to listen to music during a car journey: rudimentary car radios have existed since the 1930s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Towards the end of the 20th century, versatile radios and music reproduction equipment came into automobiles: first alongside the radio receiver, the devices included C cassette players, and later CD players.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Mobile phones initially became explicitly automobile phones in the 1970s, which were solidly installed in the car and took the operating voltage from the car's electrical system.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

At first mobile phones were very expensive and were mainly used only for professional use.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Positioning devices for cars began to come in the early 2000s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics and Electrical Engineering in Ships, Trains and Airplanes Electronics and electrical engineering have been used in many means of transport in addition to automobiles such as: Electric locomotives in rail transport since the first half of the 20th century Trams and trolleybuses Diesel electric transmission e.g., in locomotives and ships, invented in the early 20th century and much developed during World War II, radar in aeroplanes and ships Gyroscope in aeroplanes Instruments and Control Systems, Autopilot and Fly-by-wire History of computers and communications Computer Engineering Before computers such as today, electronic calculators and computers implemented with different components were used.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

First in the 1940s, various relay machines and tube machines were introduced.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A famous example of tube machines is the ENIAC [37] introduced in 1945.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Tube technology was followed by devices based on transistors.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Personal computer (Microcomputer Apple II) for home and business use entered the market in 1977.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1981, the IBM PC arrived on the market, computers built according to the model later became the practical standard for personal computers.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Several different home computers were introduced to the market in the 1980s: among them the Commodore-64 and the ZX Spectrum (in 1982).


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Microprocessors, in which the processor is implemented on a single microcircuit, came in the 1970s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 in 1971.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Different peripherals are also integral to computer technology: Data storage media to capture digital information.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The earliest recording media were punch cards and punch tapes.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Input devices for supplying information to a computer into a form understood by it.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer display devices for displaying various computer-generated results (e.g. figures, text and images) for viewing.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Printers to provide a permanent print of text or images on paper or other similar material.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Telecommunications Technology Information is transmitted in cables and by radio Information began to be transmitted over earth via copper cables and by radio links.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

By chaining links, networks were formed.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Communication satellites began to be used for long distances and intercontinental data transmission during the 1960s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Copper cables have been increasingly replaced by fiber optic in the fastest connections since the 1970s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Landline Telephones and Cellular Telephones Telephone operated using built landlines as handheld since the late 19th century.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The process of changing the network to autodial took, for example, in Finland from the 1920s until the 1970s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later designs began to be made for telephony equipment and telephone networks operated by radio, which were analogue at first.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Mobile phones enabled telephone connections in cars and later anywhere when moving.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A handheld car radio telephone network (ARP) was opened in Finland in 1971 [38].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The first NMT mobile phones came into use in the Nordic countries in 1981 [38].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

GSM digital telephone networks came into use in the 1990s [39].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 2000s came multimedia and smartphones.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Other communication technology Remote printer (telex), which could produce text on a device in another locality, was in use from the late 19th century well into the 20th century.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Telefax, which could print a copy of a document on a distant second telefax device, was invented in principle as early as the 19th century, but came into use generally in the 1970s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Both of these have been superseded by more advanced technologies and equipment.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer networks were already being built since the 1960s and the global Internet came into common use in the fold of the 1980s and 1990s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Technology of the Internet (e.g.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

TCP/IP protocol) was developed in the 1970s, but did not come into mundane use until the 1980s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Development of Consumer Electronics Consumer electronics includes radio, TV, music recording and playback devices, video recording and playback devices, and electronic games.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The following has also covered electronics in filming and film.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Some principles of equipment for entertainment electronics were invented as early as the 19th century, but the actual consumer equipment used by consumers began to be developed in the early years of the 20th century.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Movies and their sound Sound films first came to optical soundtracks, starting in the late 1920s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Multichannel magnetic sound has been in use in films since the 1950s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 1990s, digital sound became more common in films.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Films' shooting and editing were also digitized.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio and TV, invented in the late 19th century, led to broadcasting from the 1920s onwards.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Suomen Yleisradio was founded in 1926 [40].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio transmissions began based on AM modulation.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Invented in the 1930s, FM modulation began to come into use at ULA frequencies starting in the 1940s and sound quality improved significantly.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, ULA broadcasts started in 1953 [40].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, stereo sound was introduced in FM broadcasts.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, stereophonic broadcasting began in 1967 [40].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio broadcasting has not been extensively digitized in the 21st century, either, because the audio quality of FM broadcasts is sufficient for many purposes.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Television was invented in the 1920s and there has been a wider public TV broadcasting business since the 1950s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, trial broadcasts started in 1955 [40].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In its early days, television imagery was black and white and colour television was developed from the 1940s onwards.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

To transmit a full-color TV image, the NTSC system was developed in the US in the 1950s and in Europe in the 1960s the PAL system.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1969, Yleisradio started broadcasting TV programmes in Finland in colour [40].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Stereo sound came to television in the 1980s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In wider areas, broadcasting was started on terrestrial antenna networks, but at an early stage cable television was used in densely built cities due to problems with the propagation of the TV signal between buildings.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Satellites have been used since the 1960s to relay TV programmes around the world, but satellites transmitting the TV signal directly to homes began to come into use in the 1980s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio and TV operations are started based on an electron tube developed in the early 20th century.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later transistors and microcircuits came into use in the devices.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the early 2000s, television was digitized: became digital television, with a set-top box or digital TV receiver used to watch.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, digital terrestrial broadcasting began in 2007 [40].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Music Recording and Playback A turntable playing vinyl records was developed in the 1930s from a fully mechanical gramophone playing gramophone records.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Stereo sound discs were invented as early as the 1930s but only became common in the 1960s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The turntable couldn't record the sound itself; the discs always had to be bought.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A magnetophone was developed to record and reproduce sound.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been open reel recorders since the 1930s and 1963 saw the release of the C cassette.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

C cassette recorders were at first often monophonic, but later became generally stereophonic.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Music playback became digitized in the 1980s as CDs and instruments entered the market and rapidly into general use.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There had been digital tape recorders before, but they were rare.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Various media players—as a general type of MP3 player—came into use starting in the 1990s for music playback.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Video Recording and Playback Clumsy, expensive and rare open reel recorders have existed since the 1960s for video recording.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

However, they never entered home use.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

VCRs using cassettes came in the 1970s: Betamax was released in 1975, VHS in 1976, and Video 2000 in 1979.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Of these, VHS became established for home use with the advent of the 1980s and was used until the early 2000s, when in a few years new digital video recording methods supplanted VCRs.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, video recording becomes digitized: rare LaserDisc technology was designed in the 1970s, in the 1990s video CD entered video recording (compressed video), and DVD-video became common at the end of the 1990s (the format was announced in 1995).


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The media player, as well as the recording set-top box, have come into use in the 21st century as digital video recording devices.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in filming Beginning in the 1960s, electronic functions began to come to film cameras.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

With the help of electronics, e.g.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

exposure meter and exposure automatics, as well as an electronic flash device.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Digital cameras based on CCD and CMOS cell have existed since the 1990s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

TV cameras were initially powered by vidicon tubes and later on CCD cells.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Home-powered video cameras came in the 1970s based initially mostly on VHS recording.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later came digital video cameras that recorded on tapes, discs or memory cards.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronic games for TV games and game consoles have been around since the 1970s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

First they had them as coin machines and then as home machines as well.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Released in 1971, Computer Space was the first serially produced and commercial video game [41].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer games became more common with the onset of home computer use in the 1980s, e.g., there were many games for the generic Commodore 64 computer.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Scientific Applications and Specialized Applications Electronics in Medical Engineering Electronics have been used in medical analysis devices and treatment methods such as: Electrochoke therapy came into use in relation to mental illness in the 1930s [42] Defibrillator — 1940- century principle, portable DC voltage versions since the 1960s Transistorized hearing aid in 1952 [15] Pacemaker in the 1950s [15] Electronic blood pressure monitor and electronic thermometer Measurement of the electrocardiogram, or ECG, or EEG Imaging equipment (medical imaging): X-ray imaging in 1895 Ultrasound imaging since the 1950s Computer layer imaging Magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging Positron emission tomography (PET imaging) Radiotherapy Equipment Electronics in Space Engineering In space engineering such as satellites, space probes, space stations and lunar rockets, control and communication has been based on electronics.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been satellites since the late 1950s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, hundreds of them have been in operation in space at once and have been used for e.g. telecommunications, weather monitoring and positioning systems.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Satellites began to be used for positioning: GPS entered civilian use in the mid-1980s and as an accurate version in 2000 [43] [44].


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Space probes have been sent since the 1960s to various parts of our solar system and beyond.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been manned space stations orbiting Earth in space since the 1970s.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The U.S. made manned lunar flights between 1969 and 1972 (the Apollo space program).


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in War Engineering Radar has been heavily developed especially during World War II Electronic warfare Communication systems, military radios Missile systems Reconnaissance drone and UAV Space technology — telecommunications, positioning and rocket technology — is closely associated with war engineering.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in Scientific Research Tools Electronics has been a key part of the scientific measuring and analysis devices of recent decades.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Such devices incorporating electronics include e.g.: Newer microscope types: electron microscope, tunneling microscope, atomic force microscope Weather radar Radio telescope and newer star telescopes DNA sequencer in the late 1980s Particle accelerator Almost all precise basic measuring devices — e.g. scales and clocks — today contain electronics.


Question: When was electricity invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Advances in electronics manufacturing technology Printed circuit board since 1950s Wave soldering Surface joint technology since 1980s Pasta sample Lead-free soldering introduced in early 2000s for environmental reasons Hand loading and automatic typesetting machines Microcircuits late 1960s since BGA cases in the early 1990s [45] Chronological table of inventions and research of electricity and electronics Active electronic components by decade Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindell, Ismo| title = Electricity long history| publisher = Gaudemus| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-67235-80}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grove, Arto| title = World of Radio Waves| publisher = Otadata| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-672-350-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Vartiainen, Juha O.| title = Century of Electricity| publisher = Alfamer/Karisto Oy| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-472-202-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paavola, Martti| title = Electrical Engineering Textbook| publisher = WSOY| year = 1936}} Sources * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953, New York), also known in hacker circles by his username rms formed from the initials of his name, is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU Project, and the Free Software Foundation.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Stallman is a distinguished programmer.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

His achievements include GNU Emacs, GNU C compiler (gcc) and GNU Debugger (gdb).


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

He has created the GNU GPL license, the most popular free software distribution license.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Since the mid-1990s, however, Stallman has spent the vast majority of his time influencing political influence and promoting the Free Software cause.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

He has also opposed software patents and extensions of copyright law.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Stallman is not an opponent of capitalism, but he does believe that states should prevent corporations from becoming too big and doing nasty things that he thinks include making and selling closed code programs.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

In the 2016 United States presidential election, he endorsed Bernie Sanders.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

[1] Biographer Stallman first became acquainted with computers in the 1960s while still in school.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

After getting to work for IBM, Stallman wrote his first computer program.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Although Stallman had gifts for research (he worked for a time in the Department of Biology at Rockefeller University), he continued working on computers and went on to study at Harvard.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

In his freshman year of college in 1971, he was hired at MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

[2] Later he was on the payroll of a job hire firm where he met lawyer Eben Moglen.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

In the 1980s, the hacker community important to Stallman at MIT began to disintegrate.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Computer manufacturers began shutting down and patenting their source code to prevent its use on competitors' computers.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

The folks at MIT's AI lab gradually moved into commercial, competing companies.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Stallman was required to have a non-disclosure agreement at MIT, which he rejected as contrary to his principles in 1983.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

As a result of the intermediate break, he resigned early the following year, dedicating himself full-time to the GNU project he had founded in September 1983.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, in which he articulated the need to create a free operating system called GNU.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

The system was intended to be compatible with Unix.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Soon the Free Software Foundation association emerged, which began to push the goals Stallman had set.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

In 1989, Stallman created the concept of copyleft, a legal method of protecting free software's right to distribute through copyright laws.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

The pre-obtained tools and their distribution license, the GPL, guaranteed all programmers the ability to write free software.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Freedom, however, was ostensible, as unfree parts were still needed to create a functioning entity.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Much of the new GNU operating system was already nearly complete by the turn of the 1990s, only the kernel was missing.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

The GNU project focused its efforts on the development of a kernel called Hurd, but Linux initiated by Linus Torvalds took over its reserved place in GNU programs.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

The result of the consortium was the first free operating system whose name has been disputed.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Stallman and his supporters are scrupulous about the entity being referred to as GNU/Linux, although among the general public and mainstream media, Linux without the GNU prefix is effectively well established.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

The badly belated HURD was already usable in 2006, but it hasn't beaten the Linux kernel in stability or popularity.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

Stallman was awarded the Grace Murray Hopper Prize in 1990 [3] and in 1996 the title of honorary doctorate at the Royal Swedish University of Technology.


Question: When was Richard Stallman born?

Richard Stallman

[4] See also Free Software Free Software Foundation GNU GNU GPL Linux (GNU/Linux) Free Software Song Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nikkanen, Wind| title = Linux story| publisher = Satku| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-762-990-7}} References On the topic elsewhere (in Finnish) Category:American programmers Category:Born in 1953 Class:Living Persons Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The history of the Catholic Church, or the history built around the Catholic Church, goes back almost two thousand years back to the early Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the following centuries, there was practically a degree of division in Christendom between East and West Christianity, but it was not until 1054 that Christians split into Catholics and Eastern Orthodoxies.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In its history, the Catholic Church has been a powerful powerhouse, especially in Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Its history is also closely related to the history of the papacy, and, led by powerful popes, the church has participated in or been the initiator in several major events during its history.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

For example, the Crusades, the Inquisition, and the Reformation are closely related to the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the present day, the Catholic Church is the largest of the Christian denominations.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Its more than one billion adherents make up almost seventeen percent of the total world population.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[1] The Catholic Church still wields considerable moral power globally.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The early congregation during the Early Congregation and the First Christians could not yet speak of a separate Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Christians formed a single church, although several different and mutually contradictory doctrines existed within it.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Of note is the Catholic Church's view of the moment the papacy began.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The question of the first pope is significant insofar that later the Roman Congregation began to justify its leader's dominance over other bishops with the alleged roots of the papacy over the Apostle Peter.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Catholic Church therefore considers the handover of the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven to the Apostle Peter as a sign of declaring him head of all the other apostles and the first Bishop of Rome, or the pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

It is written on the inner edge of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica: Tu es Petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam et tibi dabo claves regni caelorum [2] (English. You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

I am giving you the keys to the kingdom of heaven) as Jesus is reported to have said to Peter according to the Gospel of Matthew (Matt.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

A major milestone in the history of the Catholic Church was the establishment of the Roman Congregation.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

As the parish developed, lists of its leaders began to be drawn up as well.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The oldest surviving list of Roman bishops dates from 185, and only a few of the predecessors of the then bishopric were known.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

However, the list continued until Peter, because the inheritance of the position from the apostle prince was a guarantee of correct doctrine for the congregation.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[3] Probably, in the list, the names between Peter and Anicetus, who brought the office of bishop to the city, are not invented, but are possibly members of the parish leadership team.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[3] It is not until the action of Viktor I in the Easter Controversy at the end of the second century that can be seen as the first authoritative intervention of the Bishop of Rome by which he sought to preserve the unity of the Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[4] According to the report, Viktor I demanded that the bishops of Asia Minor conform to the rest of the world from the date of the Easter celebration.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

However, no immediate source material exists for this case other than the letters of two other bishops passed on by Eusebios Caesarean to the Bishop of Rome.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Eusebios says the Bishop of Rome also tried to distinguish the congregations of Asia Minor and Christians from the communion connection, although this provoked a lot of protests among the people.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[4] In the present day, one cannot be sure of where Viktor I based his privilege among other bishops and the legitimacy of his claims.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[4] From Constantine to Gregory Christians in the Roman Empire and the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea for two hundred and fifty years, the church was the church of martyrs.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Christians were persecuted for refusing to worship the emperor of the Roman Empire and the gods of the kingdom as gods.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The suspicion was heightened by the lack of Communion open to outsiders, prompting rumours of human sacrifice and lascivious expenditure, instilling fear and contempt for Christianity.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[5] In 312, Constantine the Great beat his opponent at the Battle of Mulvius Bridge.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

According to the historian Eusebius, before the battle, Constantine saw a sign in the sky, a red cross, and heard a voice: “In this sign you are victorious.” [6] Soon after this, Constantine became the leader of Western Rome.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He soon allowed the practice of persecuted Christianity, as in the Edict of Milan the Roman Empire became neutral in terms of religious beliefs.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Later, Constantine intervened in doctrinal disputes among Christians by demanding that the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea be convened.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

More than 220 bishops attended the meeting, [7] The most important action of the Ecclesiastical Assembly was the denunciation of Areioism as heresy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Constantine, too, became the first emperor to convert to Christianity.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

However, he did not allow himself to be baptized until his deathbed.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[8] It is unknown whether Constantine converted to Christianity gradually over the course of his life, or whether he adopted the faith under the influence of his mother Helena at a young age.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In modern times, theories have also been put forward that Constantine's favourability towards Christianity would not have been faith but political calculation: with the increasing number and influence of Christians, Constantine would have preferred to consolidate his power by taking a favourable view of Christians.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[6] In any case, Constantine was eagerly embroiled in internal disputes within the Church and several letters have survived to the present day in which Constantine commented on Donatolism and Areioism, among other things.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[9] Church Fathers Churchmen are referred to as the first and most influential theologians and authors of the early period of Christianity who have laid the groundwork for the theology of Christianity as a whole.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Church Fathers were influenced from the 10th to the 5th century, when Christian doctrine, theology and life took strong shape.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In terms of Western Christianity, the most significant of the early churchmen is probably Augustine.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Along with Thomas Aquinese, he is the most influential Christian philosopher, and he was the most influential Christian philosopher for a whole eight hundred years before Tuoma alone.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[10] In addition to being a major theological and philosophical work, Augustine's main work on the State of God, it also formed the theoretical basis upon which papal power in the Middle Ages could form over its position of secular power.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[11] Augustine gave much thought to free will and salvation.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Although the Catholic Church sees him as a church teacher, there were also Protestant features in Augustine's thinking.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among other things, he advocated the doctrine of predestination, according to which some people are already predestined to damnation and others to salvation.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[12] Later, at the time of the Reformation, Calvinists adopted the doctrine of predetermination under theologian Jean Calvin.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Leo I the Great in the 4th century began the strengthening of the papacy, especially during the time of Leo I.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Leo strongly developed theological arguments for papal rule, and in his time the notion of papal supremacy within the Church became established.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[13] Leo I therefore considered the papal seat to enjoy the legitimacy given by God.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[14] According to Leo I, the handover of the keys of the kingdom of heaven and the words of Jesus to the apostle Peter also applied to other leaders of the Roman congregation.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In his theology on the supremacy of the papacy, Leo I relied on the words of the Gospel of Matthew: according to Leo I, handing over the keys to the kingdom of heaven to the apostle Peter meant elevating this above the other apostles.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Similarly, Leo considered the bishops of Rome, or popes, that he considered Peter's successors, to be above the other bishops.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[15] The appeal to theology for the position of the pope deliberately differed from the demands of the Patriarchs of Constantinople, based mostly on political grounds.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[15] The Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III also supported Leo I's claim to papal supremacy within the Church by siding with Leo in the dispute between him and the Bishop of Arles.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[15] As a result of the dispute, the Emperor decreed that the apostle Peter had been granted the office of supreme judge as well as supreme administrative authority in the Church, [16] as was the highest teaching post.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[15] [17] Leo I also had a great deal of secular power during his papacy due to the weakness of the position of Western Roman emperor.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Leo I is well known for his meeting with the Hun king Attila.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At that meeting, Leo I managed to stop Attila's expedition to Italy, something the weak emperor Valentinian III had not been able to.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Leo I was not only a powerful pope, but also a prominent theologian.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Khalkedon, he presented his writing Epistola dogmatica ad Flavianum, which presented the doctrine of the two drafts of Christ.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[18] The papal inscription received general approval in the ecclesiastical assembly, as the bishops also seemed to accept Leo I's claim to the special status of Bishop of Rome compared to other bishops.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[18] Leo I was also the first to make a claim to papal infallibility, basing his claim on the Bible.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[19] According to the views of Christianity of the East, the city of Rome was only one of five egalitarian patriarchates, and thus the power of the Bishop of Rome was no higher than the other bishops.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[14] The honorary position of the Pope was recognised in the East, but at the same time the supreme decision-making power was considered to be vested in the ecumenical assemblies and not to the pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[14] Christendom of the East and West Even in the first centuries, one cannot speak of the Catholic Church as a separate part of Christendom.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Instead, differences between East and West Christianity began to emerge slowly: later it was Christianity in the West that I separated from Roman Catholicism and Eastern Christianity from Orthodoxy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Already in the Roman Empire, clear differences had been noted between the Hellenistic culture of the East and the Latin culture of the West.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In order to intensify the administration of his kingdom, Diocletian had already in the late 2000s recognised the empire as having two parts: eastern and western.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[20] Christendom also suffered from the confrontation between the cultures of the East and the West.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The worsening problems were already caused by the sheer difficulty of communicating: Greek was the dominant language in the East, while Latin had become established in the West as the language of the Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[21] The divergence of languages and cultures created discord between East and West Christianity, especially as various doctrinal disputes and rite disputes divided already pre-existing Christendom.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[21] Also, mutual power disputes between the Pope of the West and the Patriarch of the East created a rift between Christians.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The problems were motivated by the final division of Rome into East Rome and Western Rome, of which Western Rome was destroyed in the 4th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

East Rome was left to live as the Byzantine Empire.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Now Constantinople had become the “new Rome”: it was the new main and administrative city of the kingdom.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Because of this, the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Kcracdon approved in its 28th canon — something Pope Leo I did not agree to confirm — the granting of privileges given to the pope also to the Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The power disputes created confrontation between Rome and Constantinople.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The divergence in secular relations also became apparent: the Christianity of the East leaned heavily on Byzantium, while Rome distanced itself from the empire, preferring to turn to the Franks.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[21] The first concrete disputes between Rome and Constantinople began to appear as early as the 4th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In this case, the controversy concerned the teachings interpreted as monophysitism of the patriarch.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

This dispute lasted thirty years.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[21] Another serious controversy concerned iconoclasm, or imagery.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The controversy was prompted by Emperor Leo III's desire to ban and destroy all images made of saints.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The emperor sought support from the pope for his view, but received no for an answer.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

This again led to reprisals against Rome.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[22] Gregory I the Great In 590, Gregory the Great, who became pope, began a new phase in the history of papacy and Catholicism.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory the Great was a very significant figure in the history of the papacy, and during his pontificate between 590 and 604 may indeed be considered the Church of Western Christendom to have entered a new era.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[23] Gregory the Great was a competent administrator, an experienced jurist and an accomplished diplomat.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[24] His actions include, among other things, the organisation of the pope's central government.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Far from being a mere religious leader, he also organised the management of farms owned by the Church — the largest landowner of the time in Italy [24] — and created a workable system for distributing the money coming from them.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

During the time of Gregory the Great, the territory of present-day Italy belonged to the Eastern Roman Empire, ruled by the Emperor.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Pope Gregory recognized this supremacy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

However, with enemies threatening the Roman city, the emperor was not helpful, so out of necessity of circumstances, the pope had to negotiate with them and bribe them.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[24] [25] The weakness of secular power therefore forced — or, from another perspective, enabled him to also assume responsibility for secular rule in the neighbouring regions of Rome.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Through these actions he initiated the construction of the Church State in Central Italy, as well as through his taxation arrangements, ensured the financial independence of the Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Thus the Pope effectively became the secular ruler of the Italian peninsula.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[24] Gregory realised that he should not try to spread the idea of papal religious supreme power to the east, so he decided to concentrate on Western Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Pope Gregory established important relations with the rulers of France and Spain, as well as sending the head of his home monastery and forty monks to Great Britain to convert pagans.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory therefore appeared in the West as a Christian leader and commandant, and in the East as a loyal subject of the emperor.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory the Great spread Christianity to Europe more effectively than any pope who preceded him on the papal see.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Similarly, Gregorius' actions as pope included consolidating the Church internally and guaranteeing its unity.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[23] During his pontificate, Gregory the Great achieved a clear lead over the Bishop of Rome in western Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[26] The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages Broke with the East In 858, the eminent layman Fotios was appointed the new Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Despite the canonical rules, the initiations required by the post had been delivered within five days.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

This led to a dispute in which Pope Nicholas I was also drawn into.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 863, a Roman synod, with the approval of the Pope, declared Fotios to be put and dismissed him from office.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

However, the Byzantine emperor settled in support of Fotios and, with the support of the Patriarchs of the East, declared Nicholas I to be put in place.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[27] The dispute seemed to cause the Christian Church to split, so Emperor Basileios I decided to bow to save the unity of the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He dismissed Fotios from his post and expelled him from the country.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[27] In addition to this, Basileios I convened an ecumenical synod whose purpose was to seal the consensus between East and West.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the synod, the pope demanded from all to acquiesce unconditionally to his proclamation, although the Greek patriarchs first wanted to hear from Fothio on the matter.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After a heated war of words, Fotios had to accept the Panna Declaration and he found himself outside the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At this point, the pope seemed the absolute winner of the dispute, to whose will the Byzantine Emperor and the Patriarchs of the East had had to bend to save the unity of the Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

On top of all that, the decisions of the synod also included a rule forbidding the election of a layman as patriarch.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Eastern Christianity was also forced to adopt and from the Son amendment.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[27] However, the papal victory did not remain final.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 879, after ten years of separation from the Church of Fotios, Fotios re-emerged as Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Basileios supported Fotios, despite the latter's excommunication still in force.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Christendom of the East and West was definitively mired in an intermediate break, although the division of the Christian Church into the Orthodox and Catholic Church was not definitively confirmed until 1054.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Western monastic institution, which influenced the Middle Ages, had its roots in the teachings of Benedict Nursian, who lived as early as the 5th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

To reform the decaying monk life, Benedictus drew up his own monastic code.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Its starting points included hermit life, humility, commitment to one place, and obedience to the abbot.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[28] Even in Benedictus' lifetime, his rule played not a very prominent role, being only one of the subjects competing with one another.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Instead, Pope Gregory the Great favored Benedict's monastic rule and spread it around the areas of Christianity in the West.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[28] Monte Cassino, founded by Benedictus, emerged as a paragon of the monastic establishment of the West, and the Benedictines became successors to Benedictus's monastic rule.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The great monk monasteries led by the Benedictines were powerhouses of feudal Europe, but in later times increasing urbanization nailed at their prestige.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[29] A particular problem was also the prohibition imposed on monks and nuns to leave the monastic grounds.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

This contributed to the weakening of the importance of monasteries located relatively far from urban centres and universities.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The diminished status of monasteries in an urbanized environment was also a serious problem for Christianity in general.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The main concern was that priests in the cities were not up to their duties, and their theological civilization was not of the same class as monastic monks.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The poor level of education of priests in the cities, on the other hand, created a foothold for heretical causes.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the early 13th century, the Pope and the King of France had to wage several wars to subdue sects they considered heretics.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[29] As monasteries in a new kind of urbanised environment were no longer ideal solutions for spiritual monks, competing, monastic life free, rules emerged in the 13th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Especially the Franciscans and Dominicans emerged as rivals of the Benedictines.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The development of papal and church power in the Middle Ages Strengthening and weakening in the early Middle Ages Papal prerogatives changed several times during the Early and Heart Middle Ages.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After the collapse of Western Rome, the whole of western Europe had been in a state of weakness for hundreds of years, while Eastern Rome, which had changed to Byzantium, had at least partially retained its might.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

It was only as Western Europe gained strength, too, that papal power began to grow significantly: The situation eased for Western Europe around the end of the first millennium, when several nations that threatened Western Europe, apart from Muslims, were converted to Christians.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, population growth in Western Europe was strong, and the economy also improved.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

This also saw Western Europe become a serious political factor in Europe and the Middle East, where it could equally challenge both Byzantium and Islamic regions.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[30] In the 7th century, the prestige of the papal seat increased greatly with the Pope's anointing of Pip as King of the Little Franks, although many supremacists felt that Pipin belonged to the wrong lineage and was a usurper.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[31] Thus the pope gave a new justification for kingship: power would not be connected to descent but to the will of God, for which the pope would act on earth as an intermediary.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[31] Thus the papacy became an integral part of the power structure of western Europe.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Prior to the crowning of Pipin the Little, the papal seat formally still recognised the Byzantine Emperor's rule in western Europe as well, but at the latest after the agreement concluded between Stefanus II and Pip the Little it became clear that the papal seat preferred to settle with Byzantium rather than the Frankish emperor patronage.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Moving to the patronage of the Frankish Emperor, the Pope and the Church of Rome lost some of their independence, but Pipin the Small undertook to “hear all the pope's exhortations and edicts”.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[32] Pipin soon returned the favour of the Pope by defeating the Langobards and ceding Rome, with its surroundings, to the Pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The church state can be considered to have originated, which made the pope not only a spiritual but also a secular ruler.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, the papal seat had gained itself a Western supporter to rely on in times of trouble, and therefore no longer needed the support of Constantinople or its emperor.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[31] The papacy was plunged into crisis when, in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided into two parts.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

This caused the dispersal of the pre-unified Reich Church, leading to a crumbling of papal spiritual authority among the Franks.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] Properties before the Pope were plundered throughout Europe, and all over the Frankish kingdom the nobility took monasteries for their own use.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] On taking office following the assassination of his predecessor John VIII in 891, Pope Formosus, in his letter to the Archbishop of Reims, described the situation in Rome: “On every side heresies and controversies erupt, and there is no one to oppose them.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

“[33] Likewise in Africa, the bishops quarreled with each other and waited for resolution from Rome.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Formosus tried in vain to find a political supporter in the Franks to lean on.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] Formosus turned to the king who administered the territory of present-day Germany, but the king took over Rome in 895.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] Formosus had to crown this emperor.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Due to the uprising, Formosus was soon eaten from the papal seat, but his successor died two weeks after taking office.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Stefanus VI usurped power for himself, after which, for several generations, the papacy turned into nothing more than a power play for the Roman nobility.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Later this mayhem period began to be referred to as the Pornocracy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Although the papacy lost its spiritual respect, the institution itself remained standing.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] The intensification of papacy in the Middle Ages with the advent of the Middle Ages, Western Christianity was in decline.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The desire of secular rulers to restrict the freedom of the church, priestly marriage, as well as simony were seen as problems.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

For secular rulers, the problems were related to the fact that the princes themselves wanted to be involved in appointing bishops and thus interfering in the functioning of the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Priestly marriage was also seen as a bad thing, as it was seen as binding the priest to a particular lineage and property.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[34] In the 9th century, a desire to reform the Church arose within the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Born in a French Benedictine monastery, the Cluny movement sought to free the Church from problems seen as grievances, while at the same time strengthening the position of the Pope in relation to secular princes.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory VII was the first member of the Cluny movement to rise to pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He believed that the Papal See included complete authority over the Church as well as the world at large.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory VII therefore draws up 27 theses for his own use, according to which, for example, [35] the Church of Rome has never erred and, according to the testimony of the Bible, it can never be mistaken.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Only the Pope may convene an ecclesiastical assembly.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Only he can impose bishops and dismiss them.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Only he can change his own sentences.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

No one can judge him.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Only he can approve amendments to the Church Act.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He can fire emperors.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He can free his subjects from the oath of allegiance.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

All princes must kiss the feet of the pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Under Gregorius, the position of the papal seat was strengthened.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Likewise, within the Church it began to be thought that spiritual supremacy could only be properly prevailed in a situation where secular power would be subject to spiritual authority and thus to the Church in all matters concerning morality or faith.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[36] Pope Gregory VII even considered that the pope had the right to dismiss emperors at will.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[36] These great demands for power also provoked opposition, resulting in the Papal See engaged in a multi-decades-long investment dispute with secular rulers.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Eventually, as a compromise, the Pope's changed position in Europe was recognized, as well as the power of secular rulers.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[37] Crusades In 1095, Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested assistance from Pope Urbanus II against the Seldžuks.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Urbanus was inspired by this and began preaching a crusade for the liberation of Jerusalem.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The crusade can be considered to have begun in 1095 as a result of a sermon delivered by Pope Urbanus II at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Clermont.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[38] Urbanus II did not present the Crusade as his own idea at the meeting, but declared it to be God's will and commandment.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Furthermore, the pope “forgave him by the power bestowed upon him by God the sins of all those who died in the Crusades”, as Urbanus II put it in his speech to the Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[39] At the Ecclesiastical Conference of Clermont, Urbanus II also promised every Christian who died in battle eternal bliss.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[40] In 1099, the crusaders who participated in the First Crusade managed to take Jerusalem.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, the papal power in the East


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

However, the takeover of Jerusalem remained temporary and did not, in the end, bring much benefit to the popes.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Instead, the Fourth Crusade partially dissolved the Byzantine Empire, causing the balance of power in Europe to shake and papal power experiencing a significant rise while Innocentius III was pope.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

New Regulations In the era of urbanization, traditional Benedictine monasteries lost their importance and influence.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Urbanization presented new challenges to monk activity, which the Benedictines, because of rules restricting their activities, were unable to meet.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the 13th century, two new monk statutes emerged from within the Catholic Church, the Franciscans and the Dominicans, which were not bound to absolute monastic life.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Franciscan Rule was founded by Franciscus of Assisi.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He was the son of a rich merchant by birth, but later decided to abandon his fortune and commit himself to living in poverty.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Francis and his followers formed a group of beggar monks who committed themselves to absolute poverty and began preaching as well as helping and caring for the other poor.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Pope Innocentius III recognized Francis' fraternity in 1212.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Franciscan Brotherhood soon became a major asset to the church, although even at the beginning there were fears of the movement's alienation from the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[41] In later centuries, within the Franciscans, both charmed ideas of poverty and penance.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Those thinking this way felt that the Franciscans had moved too far away from Franciscus' original idea of poverty and non-ownership, and this sowed fragmentation inside the church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[42] At its worst, the rapturous movements of the Franciscans led to acts of violence and blood, as was the case with Fra Dolcino, for example.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The 13th century also saw the emergence of a rule of Dominicans, whose founder was Dominicus.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He was a learned man and worked for a long time in converting work.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He achieved his goals through his vigorous sermons and various debates, and gradually a group of supporters of the preaching work gathered around him.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Admittedly, the emergence of a new monk was complicated by the fact that the Ecclesiastical Assembly had forbidden the establishment of new monks in 1215.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In July 1215, the bishop supporting Dominicus established a community of Dominicans by his document, but this was not an anti-ecclesiastical monk: the Dominican Brotherhood took over the rule formulated by Augustine, who lived as early as the 4th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[43] [44] Thus a community of spiritual brethren was formed, which, however, because of the flexibility of Augustine's rule, was not bound to monastic life.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

On December 22, 216, Pope Honorius III confirmed the rules of the Dominicans and approved them as a Catholic rule.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[43] In drawing up the rules of the new group, Dominicus himself saw as the values of beggar thought, discipline, and preaching.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[44] The Dominicans developed into a beggar order, as Dominicus wanted it.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

He also opposed eating meat and advocated sleeping on straws and walking around in simple outfits.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[44] Instead, the proportion of women in the Brotherhood was favourably viewed, and in later years Dominican women's communities also developed.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

One of the most famous female Dominicans was Catherine of Sienan.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The peak period of the Catholic Church in the fold of the Heart and the late Middle Ages, the Catholic Church lived its peak period in terms of both secular and spiritual power.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

After the Cluny Movement and the Crusades, the influence of the Pope as well as the Church rose for about two centuries.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among the persons of the era, in terms of secular power, one can mention Pope Innocentius III, who ruled at the beginning of the 13th century, who is considered one of the most powerful popes in history.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[45] Innocentius, who was educated in law, led the most efficient administrative apparatus of his time in all of Europe and a papal judiciary which enjoyed high value.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[46] Under Innocentius III, papal prerogatives extended beyond secular kings in some places.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The Pope was able, through his immense authority, to prevent the marriage of King Philip II of France, through excommunication to overturn the decision made by King John the Landless of England to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and to choose from two candidates for the Holy German-Roman to the Empire under a new ruler.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[47] The peak period of the Catholic Church was visible not only as broad control over matters of secular life, but also on the spiritual side.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Catholic Church held no fewer than six concises, or ecclesiastical meetings: the First, Second, Third and Fourth Lateran Concils, and the First and Second Ecclesiastical Assemblies of Lyon.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Significant in terms of the monk movement were the activities of Bernhard Clairvauxlaine and the Cistercian friary that grew stronger thanks to him.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[48] Likewise, the establishment of Franciscan and Dominican rules just coincided with the peak period of the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The peak moments of medieval theology can also be dated to the 13th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In this case, the most significant role from the point of view of Catholic theology was played by scholastics.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The first notable scholastics such as Petrus Lombardus, Pierre Abélard and Anselm Canterburylainen lived as early as the 12th century, but in their golden age the scholastics lived in the 13th century.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In this case, the most prominent theologians of the church were the Dominicans Thomas Aquinese and Albert the Great.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Among them, Thomas Aquinese's influence on Christian theology was so immense that in 1879 Pope Leo XIII declared him the church's most prominent teacher.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[49] Thanks to his work, Thomas Aquinese received the title of doctor angelicus (“angel teacher”), which elevated him to the level of the apostle Paul and church father Augustine.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[50] The Summa theologiae was already found to be so significant at the Ecclesiastical Conference of Trento that the work was placed on the altar alongside the Bible.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

[51] From the captivity of Avignon to the great schism, the Popes' status as secular ruler also meant the risks of secular politics.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

The power of the popes was highly sought after in the Middle Ages: The pope could influence the people and rulers by virtue of his religious status, so kings and emperors sought to gain office as their own favourites.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

In 1309, the King of France succeeded in persuading the Pope to move to Avignon, France.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

There the papal seat was always until 1377; the time is referred to as the Avignon captivity of the papacy.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

Naturally, during this period, the King of France had much influence over the decisions of the popes.


Question: What is the claim about Islam as a religion of peace based on?

History of the Catholic Church

During Babel's imprisonment there were a total of seven popes in office.