Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

Other services Forssa belongs to the domain of the Kanta-Häme Rescue Department and Forssa is occupied by the permanent fire department.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

The same station is also operated by Forssa's semi-stable fire brigade.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

Forssa has three contract fire departments, Forssan VPK, Matkun VPK and Suonpää VPK.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

Culture Forssa Cultural Centre operates in the historic spinning area.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

The city has several museums and a theatre and also hosts annual events.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

Esko Aaltonen, Professor, Publisher Matti Aaltonen, Industrial Advisor Kalevi Aho, composer Sirkka-Liisa Anttila, MP and Minister Kari Aro, hockey player and footballer Sanni Grahn-Laasonen, MP and Minister Minister Eino Grönholm, MP Ilkka Joenpalo, MP Ari “Arvid” Kettunen, musician Tuukka Kotti, basketball player Markku Kulmala, academician, Professor Minna Lintonen, MP Janica Rauma, endurance runner Mika Mali, musician Turkka Mali, musician, lyricist Miia Nuutila, actress, presenter Eino Raunio, MP and minister Ida Maria Saarinen, writer Juuse Saros, hockey goaltender Alpo Suhonen, hockey player, hockey coach Jonna Tervomaa, musician Timo Tervomaa, musician and composer Olavi Tuomola, author Lauri Uusi-Hakimo, author Ritva Vastamäki, MP Friendly Cities Forssa has seven twinning towns.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

In the following list they are organized by year of twinning: [70]: Municipality of Södertälje since 1946: Sarpsborg since 1951: Struer since 1951: Serpukhov since 1964: Municipality of Tierp since 1969: Gödöllő since 1990: Sault Ste.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

Marie since 1990 The godfather of the abolished Koijärvi Municipality was Hållnäs Municipality in Sweden.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

[71] However, Koijärvi was mostly annexed to Forssa in 1969, and Hållnäs became part of Tierp Municipality in 1971.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

[72] There are roads named after Södertälje, Sarpsborg, Struer, Serpuhov and Hållnäs in Vieremi.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

[73] [74] Distance distances from Forssa to other municipalities in southwestern Häme and to the nearest major cities are listed below.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

[5] Neighbourhood Humppila 20km to Jokiois 10km to Somero 26km Tammela 10km to Urjala 38km Ypäija 22km Nearest major cities to Helsinki 110km to Hämeenlinna 56km Pori 128km Tampere 87km Turku 88km Provincial central cities Joensuu 456km to Jyväskylä 235km to Kokkolaa 398km Kouvola 190km to Kuopio 379km Lahti 127km to Lappeenranta 276km to Mikkeli 253km to Oulu 563km to Porvoo 145km to Rovaniemi 770km Seinäjoki 257km to Vaasa 319km See also List of public works and monuments of Forssa Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peltovuori, Risto O.| title= Forssa history| publisher = Forssa print| year = 1993| isbn = 951-9026-31-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish municipal coats of arms | publisher = Finnish Municipal Association | year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-773-085-3| page = 116}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aaltonen, Esko| title = Forssa and its people 1| location = Forssa| publisher = Forssan cost| year = 1984| version=3rd edition| isbn = 951-95145-6-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aaltonen, Esko| title = Forssa and its people 2| location = Forssa| publisher = Forssa cost| year = 1986| version = 3rd edition| isbn = 95901-9590| 26-00-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aaltonen, Henna| title = City: Forssa| location = Forssa| publisher = Forssa print| year = 1997| isbn = 951-9026-41-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aaltonen, Ilppo| title = Kauppakatu before photos: From Sø year 1978| location = Forssa| publisher = Forssa print| year = 2003| isbn = 951-9026-52-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahola, Teija| title = Forssa: Forssa City Building Inventory | location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Häme Environment Centre | year = 2009| | isbn = 978-952-11-3652-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Harjunen, Jorma| title = Pylsybag: words, sayings and fragments from Forssa and Forssa halms.


Question: What is the total area of Forssa?

Forssa

Sack: strips of Forssa Company and associates| location = Forssa| publisher = Forssa Book Center| year = 2004| isbn = 952-91-6905-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kaakinen, Erkki| title = Spinning, weaving and factory crowd| location = Forsa publisher = Erkki Kaakinen (self-publishing) | year = 2011| isbn = 978-952-92-9559-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Far Power, K. V.| title = History of the Forssa Cotton Mill 1847—1934| location = Forssa| publisher = Forssa company| = 1934}} Citation error, replace with {citation ite book| author = Laine, Jari| title = Forssa Population Development and Structure 1847—1990| location = Forssa| publisher = Southwest Häme Home Area and Museum Association| year = 1995| version = Yearbook of Southwest Häme Home Area and Museum Association 64| pages = 7—68}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leppo, Markus| title= Forssa: report on growing city| location = Forssa| publisher = Forssa print| year = 1971}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Viljanen, Esko| title = Forssa: industrial and cultural city in southwestern Häme| location = Forssa| publisher = Forssakerho | year = 1964}} On the topic elsewhere (pre-study) (statistics on the municipalities of Kanta-Häme) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

One Direction (colloquially 1D) are a British-Irish boy band that became famous after finishing in third place on Britain's X Factor in 2010.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Following the competition, the band signed a record deal with Simon Cowell's record label, Syco Music, and later with Columbia Records.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[1] [2] The current members of the band are Niall Horan, Liam Payne, Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Zayn Malik was part of the band until March 2015.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

One Direction is the first band whose first four albums have climbed to the top of the Billboard 200 album charts in their first chart week in the United States.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[3] The band's albums and singles have sold over 46 million copies worldwide.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[4] In addition, films have been released about the band, including the films This Is Us (2013) and Where We Are (2014).


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

In August 2015, the band announced they would go on hiatus in March 2016.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[5] History The Birth of the Band (2010) One Direction was formed in 2010 when Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson participated separately on Britain's X Factor, but were all dropped from the boys category.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

However, guest judge Nicole Scherzinger suggested they form a band, and so they got to enter the competition together.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

They eventually finished third in the competition.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[6] Shortly after the competition, the band entered into a record deal with Simon Cowell's record label Syco Music and recording of the first album began in early 2011.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The band traveled to Los Angeles to record with producer RedOne.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[7] [8] First album and tour (2011—12) The band's first single, “What Makes You Beautiful”, was released in September 2011.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

It broke Sony Music's pre-sales record and rose to number one on the UK singles chart.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The single sold over five million copies worldwide.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[9] [10] [11] The next two singles — “Gotta Be You” and “One Thing” — also ranked in the top ten.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The band's first album, Up All Night, was released in the British Isles in November 2011, rising to number two in the UK album charts.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[12] In November 2011, the band entered into a record deal with North American label Columbia Records.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[13] In February 2012, the band's single “What Makes You Beautiful” was released in the United States, rising to number 28th on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in its first week, which was the highest single debut for a British artist since 1998.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[14] In March, the band's album Up All Night rose directly to number one on the Billboard 200 in the United States, and One Direction became the first British band to have their first album in its first week of release climbed to the top of the album charts in the United States.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[15] The album was the third most purchased in the world in 2012, with 4.5 million copies sold — only Adele's album 21 (8.3 million) and Taylor Swift's album Red (5.2 million copies) were the most purchased.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[16] In Finland, the album was sold for a gold record, i.e. more than 10,000 copies.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[17] One Direction went on their first self-titled tour in December 2011.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The band was initially scheduled to tour the UK, [18] but it was later announced that the tour would also extend to other continents such as North America and Australia.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[19] [20] Filmed on the tour, the DVD release Up All Night — The Live Tour was released in May 2012.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

It sold over one million copies and was the best-selling DVD in over twenty countries, including Finland.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[21] The band's first single, “What Makes You Beautiful”, was awarded by the British recording industry as the best British single of 2012.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[22] The band also performed the song at the closing ceremony of the London Olympics in August 2012.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[23] One Direction has also garnered questionable honours, as it was awarded the worst band of 2012 by British music magazine New Musical Express (NME).


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[24] Second album (2012—13), the first single from One Direction's second album, “Live While We're Young”, was released in September 2012.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

It made chart history in the United States, as it rose to be the most-purchased single by a foreign artist based on its first week of release — the single sold 341,000 copies in the week following its release, which is more than any other artist from outside the US for the single during the week.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[25] [26] The music video for the single also set a record at the time, garnering 8.24 million views in the first 24 hours.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[27] One Direction's second album, Take Me Home, was released in November 2012.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The album reached number one in both the US and the UK and several other countries as well.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The album sold over five million copies worldwide.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[28] In Finland, the album was sold for a gold record, a total of 19,919 copies.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[17] In February 2013, the band's second tour kicked off.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The Take Me Home Tour encompassed a total of 129 events from Europe, North America, Australia and Asia.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The third album and concert film (2013—), a concert film about One Direction: This Is Us, was released on August 30, 2013.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

On its premiere weekend, it grossed US$15.8 million at the box office, and was the most-watched film of the weekend.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[29] The film ultimately grossed $68.5 million worldwide.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[30] The film is the fourth highest-grossing concert film in the United States.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[31] The band's third album, Midnight Memories, was released in November 2013.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The album rose to number one in both the US and UK.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

At the same time, One Direction became the first band to have their first three albums at the top of the US Billboard 200 album chart.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[32] In Finland, the album was sold a platinum volume, totalling 36,182 copies.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[17] The band has released four perfumes.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The first perfume Our Moment entered stores in August-September 2013.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[33] The second perfume That Moment entered stores in Finland in April 2014, the third You & I in June 2014 and the fourth Between Us 2015 [34] The fourth album (2014) The band's fourth album Four was released in Finland on 17 November 2014.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

It gained great popularity both in Finland and in other parts of the world and has sold platinum or gold in many countries.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

In Finland's official list, Four has achieved third place at best.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The album has a total of sixteen tracks and its first song Steal My Girl was released as early as October 24.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The band launched their fourth tour in February 2015 under the name On The Road Again from Australia.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

During the tour, band member Zayn Malik announced his resignation from the band for personal reasons and because he wants to “have a normal 22 year old man's life.”


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

However, he moved on to a solo career.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

On that tour, the band performed for the first time in Finland, at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on Saturday 27 June 2015.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Initially, the band announced that they would hold two concerts in Finland, one of which was scheduled for Sunday 28 June, but it was later announced the cancellation of the second concert due to the busyness of the schedule.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[35] Fifth album and break (2015-) In July 2015, One Direction released their first single from their upcoming fifth album Made in the A.M.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The single “Drag Me Down” is the band's first release without Zayn Malik.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The song was released without any promotional material or outreach.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Their fifth album had a release date of 13.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

on Nov.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[36] [37] The album's second single, “Perfect”, was released on 21 October 2015.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[38] Shortly after the album's release, it was announced that the band is going on hiatus in 2016.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

At the 2015 American Music Awards on November 22, One Direction won the Artist of the Year award.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Louis Tomlinson later announced that the hiatus would come to last 18 months.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

On December 13, One Direction performed at The X Factor final.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Their last pre-hiatus televised performance was at Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on December 31, 2015.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

In June 2016, it was reported that Styles had signed a solo recording contract.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

In July of the same year, Payne announced that he had signed a record deal with Capitol Records.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Horan released his solo debut single, “This Town”, on September 29, 2016.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Members Each of the band members participated in The X Factor on their own.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

All five qualified from qualifying to Bootcamp, but fell out of the competition there.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The judges thought the youngsters were too talented to drop already at this stage of the competition.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

At the suggestion of the competition judges, a band was piled on from the boys and allowed to continue the competition.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Niall Horan Niall James Horan, b., is a native of Mullingar, Westmeath, Ireland.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

His parents are Bobby Horan and Maura Gallagher, and he has an older brother named Greg.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

His parents divorced when he was 5 years old.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

In a few years, he and his brother moved in with their father in Mullingar.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Horan auditioned for X-Factor at the age of 16 and performed the song “So Sick” to the judges and received multi-varied comments.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

He received three votes out of four and qualified for the extension to Bootcamp.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

At Bootcamp, he performed the song “Champagne Supernova” before he and the other band members were reunited with One Direction.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Niall has also played guitar since childhood.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Liam Payne Liam James Payne, b., is a native of Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

She was born three weeks early to Karen and Geoff Payne.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

He has two sisters, Nicola and Ruth.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Payne had been bullied at school, and he took boxing classes because of this when he was 12.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Payne took part in The X Factor in 2008 when he was 14 years old and made it to the second stage of the competition at the time, but Simon Cowell felt he was not ready for the competition and asked him to return after a few years.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Thus, Liam returned back to X-Factor in 2010, singing the song “Cry Me a River”, getting three votes out of three.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

In March 2017, he received Bear Payne as the firstborn along with an artist named Cheryl.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Harry Styles Harry Edward Styles, b., is a native of Holmes Chapel, Cheshire, England.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[39] His parents are Anne Cox and Des Styles.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

He also has an older sister, Gemma Styles.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

When Harry was seven, his parents divorced.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

His mother married in 2013 to Robin Twist.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Prior to participating in The X-Factor, 16-year-old Harry worked a part-time job alongside school at W.Mandeville bakery, Holmes Chapel.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

He also had a band with three of his friends during school days, called White Eskimo.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[40] Louis Tomlinson Louis William Tomlinson, b. [41], is a native of Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

His parents are Johannah and Troy Austin.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Louis's birth name is Louis Troy Austin, but with his parents divorcing and due to his mother's new husband Mark Tomlinson, the name soon changed to Louis William Tomlinson.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[42] Louis has seven half-sisters in total.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

On 22 January 2016, Tomlinson had a baby boy whose mother is stylist Briana Jungwirth.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[43] [44] Tomlinson is reportedly dating actress Danielle Campbell.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

On 7 December 2016, Louis Tomlinson's mother passed away from leukaemia when she was just 43 years old.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[45] Zayn Malik (2010—2015) Zain “Zayn” Javadd Malik [46] b., is from Bradford, England and is a former member of the band.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

His parents are Yaser and Tricia Malik.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

He has an older sister, Doniya, as well as two younger sisters, Waliyha and Safaa.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Zayn performed the song Let Me Love You on The X-Factor and received three votes out of three.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Zayn is Muslim.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

He has Pakistani, Irish and English lineages.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

[47] On March 25, 2015, Zayn announced that he would be leaving One Direction.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The reason for his departure was that he wanted to live “the life of an ordinary 22-year-old” away from the spotlight.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

She has moved on to a solo career [48] and released her first single “Pillowtalk” on January 28, 2016.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

The album he released on March 25, 2016, a year after his split from the band.


Question: What year is Simon Cowell born?

One Direction

Discography Tours and concerts The X Factor Live Tour 2011 (February — April 2011) Up All Night Tour (December 2011 — January 2012) Better With U Tour - United States (February — March 2012) Up All Night Tour - Australia/New Zealand (April 2012) Arena Tour (April 2012) 2013) Take Me Home Tour (2013) [51] Europe Tour (2013) [52] Where We Are Stadium Tour (2014) [53] On The Road Again Tour (2015) [54] Awards and nominations Sources on the topic Rest of Category:British pop rock bands Category:British boy bands Category:Irish boy bands Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Koijärvi is a former municipality of Finland whose territory is now mostly part of Kanta-Häme Province.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Koijärvi had a land area of 174.5 square kilometres and a population of 2842 people in 1963.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The municipality was abolished in 1969, when it was mainly annexed to Forssa and a small area from its northern part to Urjala.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The neighbouring municipalities of Koijärvi were Forssa to the south, Jokioinen to the southwest, Humppila to the west, Urjala to the north and Tammela to the southeast.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The municipality became particularly known for the Koijärvi movement.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Nature The municipality's name lake is Koijärvi, known for its nesting bird, which descends along the Koijoki River to the Warp River.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The lake is located about 5 kilometres north of the church village towards Urjala, near the village of Saviniemi.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

In the eastern part of Koijärvi near the border with Tammela there is 26 hectares of Kiimalammi.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Partly to the territory of the former Koijärvi municipality are Kokonjärvi (461 hectares) on the border between Forssa and Urjala and Lunkinjärvi (115 ha) and Valijärvi (87 ha) on the border between Forssa and Tammela.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Historia Koijärvi Municipality was created in 1923 from parts of Tammela and Urjala.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

In 1969, the municipality was mainly annexed to Forssa, but the northern part of 18.54 square kilometres was annexed to Urjala.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The area annexed to Forssa had, and in the annexed Urjala, 159 inhabitants.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

[1] The largest farm in Koijjärvi has been Kojo Manor in Kojo village.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Russian writer Maksim Gorki, who had been required to go into exile for political reasons, stayed in the mansion in 1906 for three months until he managed to leave the country via Turku by saliva.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin is reported to have visited Gorky on Lake Koi.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

In the wall of the mansion's main building is a plaque detailing Gorky's stay, unveiled in 1968.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Drying plans for a lake with the same name on Koijärvi gave rise to the Koijärvi movement in 1979.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Koijärvi, the municipality of Arms, was one of the few Finnish municipalities for which their own coat of arms was never established (and the only municipality of arms that still existed in the 1960s, alongside the rural municipality of Uusikaupunki).


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

On 21 June 1946, Koijärvi Municipal Council probably approved a draft coat of arms made by A. W. Rancken, the heraldic explanation of which reads: A barn in the coat of arms describes a settler settlement.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

In 1950 Koijärvi applied for new drafts of the coat of arms, but nevertheless, attempts were still made to obtain confirmation for the old coat of arms.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The coat of arms was never confirmed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Koijärvi decided not to acquire any kind of coat of arms.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Population The population of Koijärvi district is abundant 1500, and its postal code is 31130 (Matku postcode 31110, Saviniemi and Suonpää 31170 Savijoki).


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Known Koijärvi people Sirkka-Liisa Anttila, MP, Minister and Speaker of Parliament, worked as a farm hostess in Koijärvi [2] Jaakko Kaurinkoski, diplomat and journalist, born in Koijärvi.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Martti O. Kölli, MP, served as farmer and local councillor in Koijärvi Parish Koijärvi Parish was formed from the beginning of 1924, formed a parish association with Forssa parish at the 1969 municipal annexation and dissolved at the end of 2006.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

From the beginning of 2007, the parish was annexed to Forssa Parish, thus creating Koijärvi Parish District.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Villages Koijärvi villages include Kojo (Koijärvi church village), Kokko, Kölli, Matku, Raitoo, Saviniemi, Suonpää, Tiiri and Vuoltu.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

According to the 1960 conurbation, Koijärvi had no built-up areas at all.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

[3] The district operates the Koijärvi Region Villages Association and village associations or committees in Kalsu, Kojo, Matku, Peräjoki and Vuoltu.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

[4] In 2015 Koijärvi as a whole was awarded the title of Kanta-Häme Village of the Year.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

[5] Kojo village Koijärvi is the village of Kojo, located about 15 kilometres north of Forssa, located on regional road 284, where Koijärvi Church, which was completed in 1922, is also located.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Next to the church is the still in use Koijärvi Cemetery, on which about 100 local hero brethren also rests.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The new Koijärvi School (rak.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

2015), the parish house (rak.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

1978), as well as Koijärvi Youth Society Hall (after 2006 renovation Koijärvi House).


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Kojo also operates a shop.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The last bank branch ceased operations in February 2006.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The other major population centre in the Matku Koijärvi area is Matku, which has previously been an agglomeration.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Matku is located on the Turun—Toijala railway, and the village was formerly home to Matku railway station.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Scheduled passenger services to Travel ceased in 1983 and passenger services completely in 1990.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The station building and the remaining sidings were demolished in 2001.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

Matku School was dissolved at the end of 2014, and its students transferred to the new Koijärvi School in Kojo.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

The godfather of Koijärvi was a godfather of Hållnäs Municipality in Sweden.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

[6] However, Koijärvi was mostly annexed to Forssa in 1969, and Hållnäs became part of Tierp Municipality in 1971.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

[7] Since 1969, Tierp Municipality has been the second twinning town of Forssa in Sweden.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

[8] There is a road named after Hållnäs in Vieremi at Forssan Vieremi.


Question: When is Humppila's coat of arms confirmed?

Koijärvi

[9] [10] Sources on the topic elsewhere *


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

William R. Catton, Jr.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

William William (January 15, 1926, Minneapolis, Minnesota — January 5, 2015 [1]) was an American sociologist best known for his academic work in environmental sociology and environmental ecology.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

His investigative approach is broad and interdisciplinary.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Outside of academic social science, he is particularly known for his book Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change, which appeared in 1980.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Catton also wrote three other books, including From Animistic to Naturalistic Sociology, as well as several articles, book chapters, and book reviews.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

In 2009, he published a new book called Bottleneck: Humanity's Impending Impasse.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

He lived in Lakewood, Washington state, United States.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Private life William Catton was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota on January 15, 1926.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

He served in the United States Navy from 1943—1946.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

After his military service, he enrolled at Oberlin College, Ohio, where he met his future wife Nancy Lewis.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

They married in 1949.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

They were born four sons and six grandchildren.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Catton earned his B.A.A. degree at Oberlin College in 1950 and thereafter enrolled to read sociology at the University of Washington, Seattle.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

There he received his M.A.-degree in 1952 and completed his Ph.D. in 1954.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Later, he was Professor Emeritus of Sociology at Washington State University.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Catton served as president of the Pacific Sociological Association from 1984 to 1985, as well as chair of the environmental sociology department of the American Sociological Association.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

[2] Scientific Development William Catton began his career in mainstream sociology without any particular interest in environmental matters.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

During his early research career, however, he became acquainted with John Hende, a ranger with the U.S. Forest Service, as well as Frank Brockman, naturalist of the United States National Parks and future Professor of Forestry at the University of Washington.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Catton became interested in issues related to human populations when he observed congestion formed by visitors at campgrounds in natural parks in the northwestern United States and Canada.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

He was also influenced by museum exhibitions at the visitor centers in those parks.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Early in his career, Catton was dissatisfied with the qualitative emphasis on sociology and wanted to translate science to a more qualitative, and therefore more scientific, foundation.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

He believed that the new trend would help sociologists steer societies toward a better future.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

He traded this neo-positivist perspective on ecological issues after he resigned his position at the University of Washington in 1970 and moved on to the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

At the University of Washington, he had been disturbed by rapidly increasing student numbers as well as the adverse effects of rapid population growth in the Puget Sound area.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

In New Zealand, Catton again partnered with ranchers and became familiar with the country's national park system.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

His “Aha!” moment came at the Westland National Park Visitor Center, whose exhibition showcased the area of land left bare by the receding glacier.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Moving towards increasingly earlier periods, the exhibit presented how glacier melting was followed by successive zones of different vegetation types at a certain distance from the glacier's edge.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

This example of ecological following—that is, temporal alteration of ecosystems—showed how plant species modify their environment, making it less advantageous for themselves and more suitable for subsequent plant species.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

The Second Enlightenment Catton experienced from Claire Russell's book Violence, Monkeys and Man, which reinforced his personal view that larger population numbers are associated with higher levels of stress and violence.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Following these experiences, Catton's effort to change sociology in a more scientific direction turned into an effort to transform the discipline into being more aware of biochemical processes involved in the environment.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

This paradigm shift quickly led to the writing process that produced the work Overshoot.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

[3] Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change Catton began writing Overshoot during the three years he spent in New Zealand, and he completed it upon his return to the United States in 1973 after obtaining a professorship in sociology at Washington, D.C. from a state university.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

It took him a considerable time in the late 1970s to find a publisher held in value for the book who did not consider the ecological literature market already saturated, so the book did not appear until 1980.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

While awaiting the publication of the book, Catton, in collaboration with Riley Dunlap, wrote several articles on ecological issues.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Although Overshoot never became a major sales success, it has been reprinted after 1980 and has recently been translated into Russian and Spanish.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

[4] In his book, Catton combined the concepts of ecology with sociological analysis.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

The title Overshoot means overkill, that is, a population that exceeds the sustainable carrying capacity of the environment.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Carrying capacity can be momentarily exceeded, but as resources run out, the population collapses.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Catton considers the carrying capacity of the environment to be a major factor that shaped human history.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

There have been two ways to increase carrying capacity: either by taking over ecological compartments from other species of organisms (takeover) or by consuming non-renewable resources (drawdown).


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

However, these means can only be used once; for example, when North America had, by the end of the 19th century, been introduced to farming in its most important parts, there was no new land available anywhere in the world.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

More growth could be produced by fossil fuels, but these will come to an end at some point, and the environment will not be able to sustain a human population that has grown to several billions thereafter.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Demographic and societal collapse will result.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

The main message of the book Overshoot is that “... our way of life, our manners, our institutions, our forms of interaction, values and expectations have been shaped by a cultural heritage that was formed during a period when the carrying capacity of the environment exceeded the load formed by humans.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Cultural heritage may be more sustainable than the conditions that shaped it.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

That oversupply of carrying capacity is now exhausted, both through population growth and through tremendous technological per-capita expansion of consumption and environmental impact.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

People are now still living through a deepening deficit of carrying capacity.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

All familiar features of social human life are under a compelling pressure for change in this new era, when the load increasingly exceeds the carrying capacity of many local regions — and the entire limited planet.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Social disorganization, abrasion, demoralization and conflict will accelerate.” [5] Overshoot remains a major source for the examination and conceptual definition of the ecological basis of societies.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Catton identified or foresaw a number of problems known today, and the work draws inspiration, especially those aware of the massive threats posed by peak oil, climate change and other ecological problems.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

The work was years ahead of its time in favour of defining a clear and pure ecological paradigm.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Overshoot provides a scientific analysis of what Edward O. Wilson calls human activity on the environment the next “bottleneck” of ecological pressures and threats.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

The new ecological paradigm Catton's articles co-authored with Riley Dunlap in the 1970s greatly contributed to the development of environmental sociology that emerged at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

In a 1978 article in Environmental Sociology: A New Paradigm, Catton and Dunlap defined a new ecological paradigm (NEP) while criticizing the anthropocentricity of classical sociology.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

In terms of the anthropocentricity of the dominant perspective, they derived the maxim of Émile Durkheim, according to which social factors are explainable only by other social factors.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

A human-centered paradigm that prevails not only in sociology but also in economics and throughout the Western worldview, they called Human Exceptionalism or the Human Exceptionalism Paradigm (HEP).


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

According to this view, man differs from other animal species in that man has been able to break away from the limits set by the environment by culture.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Cultural development is assumed to be superior to biological development, which is the argument to justify the dominance of the environment and to assume that man can solve all problems related to physical reality through cumulative innovation.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Thus man is seen to determine his own destiny, and the environment is not seen as an essential factor in the development of societies.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

The new ecological paradigm, on the other hand, implies a more holistic and systems theoretical perspective.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

The boundaries of the environment and interaction with the environment have to be taken into account in social research as a whole.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Catton and Dunlap recognized human intellectual capacity, but still considered man to be in a constant ecological dependency relationship with other species of organisms.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Human activity affects ecosystems, which again, through feedback systems, impact back on humans.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

The environment does not determine the entirety of human activity, but imposes constant restrictions on it.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Scientific influence Willian Catton became familiar with sociology in an era when the major controversies in the field concerned theoretical orientation (structuralist functionalism or consensus theory vs.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Marxism or conflict theory) and methodology (quantitative vs.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

qualitative).


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

His innate interest in nature and his understanding of how Earth's ecosystems work provided him with insight into how all social systems, including the economy, operate within ecological systems.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Catton's main scientific influence is the formation of a research framework that combines sociological and ecological theory.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

The general presumption is that human control of the environment is a great achievement, but according to Catton, it is actually a reflection of the kind of exploitation of natural resources that seemed limitless but which, in fact, is limited.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

One of his critical remarks is that “Monumental social changes (and problems) in the 21st century will be misunderstood (and thus exacerbated, I believe) as long as humans... continue to interpret events according to a (pre-ecological) worldview that does not sufficiently take into account the ultimate dependence of human communities on their ecosystem context.” [5] Awards and Honors 1983, Membership, 1985, Fellowship Award, Pacific Sociological Association 1985, Award for Achievements, Natural Resources Research Group, (in association with Riley with E. Dunlap) 1986, Award for Notable Contribution, Section on Environmental Sociology, American Sociological Association (together with Riley E. Dunlap) 1989, Award for Notable Achievement, College of Sciences and Arts, Washington State University Publications Books (sole author) From Animistic to Naturalistic Sociology New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change in Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Bottleneck: Humanity's Impending Impasse Xlibris Corporation, 2009.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Books (in collaboration with) Conceptual Sociology: A Manual of Exercises Relating Concepts to Specimens, Principles and Definitions (featuring Otto N. Larsen) New York: Harper & Row, 1962; Second edition, 1971.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Sociology (fourth edition, featuring George A. Lundberg, Clarence C. Schrag, and Otto N. Larsen).


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

New York: Harper & Row, 1968.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Articles, 2003, 1998. , 1995.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

“What Have We Done to Carrying Capacity?” in Scott Wright, Richard Borden, Margaret Bubolz, Luc Hens, Jonathan Taylor, Thomas Webler, Denise Meeker and Robert Griffore (eds.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

), Human Ecology: Progress Through Integrative Perspectives.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Bar Harbor, ME: The Society for Human Ecology, April 1995. ss.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

“Carrying Capacity and the Death of a Culture: A Tale of Two Autopsies.” Sociological Inquiry, 63 (March 1993): 202-223.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Separation versus Unification in Sociological Human Ecology.” in Lee Freese (ed.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

), Advances in Human Ecology, vol.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc., 1992. ss.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

“Environmental Sociology: A New Paradigm” (William R. Catton Jr.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

and Riley E. Dunlap) The American Sociologist, 1:41-49.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

“A New Ecological Paradigm for Post-Exuberant Sociology.” (William R. Catton Jr.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

and Riley E. Dunlap) American Behavioral Scientist, 24 (September/October 1980): 15-47.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

“Environmental Sociology.” (featuring Riley E. Dunlap) Annual Review of Sociology, 5 (1979): 243-273.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

“Paradigms, Theories, and the Primacy of the HEP-NEP Distinction.” (William R. Catton Jr.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

and Riley E. Dunlap) The American Sociologist, 13 (November 1978) :256-259.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

“Can Irrupting Man Remain Human?” BioScience, 26 (April 1976): 262-267.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Videos produced by Frank Rotering, 2008.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

49 mins.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

from the program “What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire” produced by Sally Erickson.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Writer, director and editor Tim Bennett, 2007.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Sources Environmental Sociology: A New Paradigm (William R. Catton Jr.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change in Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

298 pp.; ISBN 9780252009884 Sociology (fourth edition, featuring George A. Lundberg, Clarence C. Schrag and Otto N. Larsen).


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

New York: Harper & Row, 1968.


Question: When did William R. Catton, Jr. die?

William R. Catton, Jr.

References Category:American sociologists Category:People born in 1926 Class:Deaths in 2015


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Elisabeth “Eliška” Junková-Khásová (originally Alžběta Pospíšilová;) was a Czechoslovakian race car driver [1] [2] and the first woman to win a Grand Prix race.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[3] Childhood and adolescence Junková was born in Olomouc as the sixth child of a family of eight children and was named Alžběta Pospíšilová.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

The father of the family was a locksmith.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Because of the hard times, only Alžběta, her sister and two brothers survived the family's children in adulthood.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

The ever-smiling Alžběta's nickname was Smíšek, “cheerful.”


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

For her schooling she attended a girls' school in Pötting, where she studied business administration, among other things.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Alžběta dreamed of traveling, so he was particularly interested in the study of languages.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] After graduating at the age of 16, he got a job in a branch of a Prague bank in Olomouc.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] [3] The branch was headed by the young, ambitious Vincenc “Čeněk” Junek, who had been demobilized from the army after receiving a bullet in his arm [3] during the early stages of World War I.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[4] When Čeněk Junek was tasked with opening a new office in Brno, he wanted to recruit professional staff there from Olomouc, [1] [2] including Alžbětan, who was his closest deputy.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] After moving to Brno, Alžběta studied music and languages.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Although Čeněk and Alžbeta had paid more attention to each other than their usual work camaraderie already in Olomouc, the relationship between the two strong personas was not romantic at this point.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

But when Junek moved from Brno to Prague after work, Alžběta followed along.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Alžběta completed his English language degree, the German language he had learned from his father already in his home.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] Journey to France Next, Alžběta began studying French, and in order to improve his language skills, he went to France.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

He managed to get a job in Antibes on a large garden farm where carnations and other flowers were cultivated.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

During three months, Alžběta had no contact with Junek or his family.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Alžběta planned to travel to Ceylon via Spain, Gibraltar, North Africa, the Middle East and India.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

However, he encountered difficulties with Spanish customs officials who did not grant him a travel permit, but Alžběta had the idea of applying for a visa in Britain so he could travel on a ship as a kitchen laborer.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

However, the visa was denied.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

In the meantime, Čeněk had begun to miss Alžběta and decided to look for him in his hands one way or another.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

They met each other at the Paris Motor Show, as Čeněk was interested in racing.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] He had driven cars initially built at the local level, [4] but had now earned enough in his job to realise his dream of a fast car.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[3] Alžběta was aware that if he wanted to walk alongside Čeněk, he would have to learn to tolerate cars as well.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Ažběta took a liking to the Bugatti she saw in the show herself.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] [3] Married After returning to Prague, Ažběta enrolled quietly in a driving school and passed the driving test.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

When Alžběta showed his licence to Čeněk just before he left for Geneva, he was greatly delighted.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Čeněk wanted to marry Alžběta, but she did not want to rush.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Čeněk Junek took up a racing car hobby and won the Zbraslav-Jílovište rally [1] [2] with his Mercedes-Benz in April 1922.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Čeněk and Ažběta were married on 24 June 1922 [2], and Alžběta changed not only her surname but also her first name more internationally to Elisabeth.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

In his homeland, he was known by the nickname Eliška.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] Eliška and Čeněk started competing together.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Eliška traveled along as a mechanic.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[3] On their honeymoon, the couple participated in a car race between Karlovy Vary and Mariánské Lázně.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

However, they drove out of the road and their car wrecked.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] Racing career Čeněk embarked on a new car acquisition trip to the Paris Motor Show that autumn, where he became acquainted with Ettore Bugatti.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Čeněk made the deal for the Bugatti Type 30, which was delivered at the end of the same year.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] The car had already taken part in the Grand Prix de l'Automobile Club de France in Strasbourg.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[4] Bugatti imagined that he had sold the car to some distant exotic country, as young Czechoslovakia was not yet very well known as a state.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] The car was powered by a two-litre, eight-cylinder engine.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] 1923 The following spring Čeněk drove the car back to the Bugatti factory in Molsheim, where the car was built to competitive condition.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] Eliška entered the race as a driver for the first time [1] [2] in late April [2] 1923, as Čeněk had difficulties with the gear shift due to a hand injury he sustained in the war.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[3] In the early stages Čeněk passed along in the passenger seat.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] 1924 The following year, Eliška participated in races alone and won the Lahotín-Třemošna runs in the touring class, which was an unexpected sensation.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] Eliška became landfamous in an instant.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[3] In the same summer Čeněk purchased a newer Bugatti Type 32 race car.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

The success of the pair harness continued in competitions held in Plzeň, Rumburk and other localities.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

As early as August, the Juneks bought a firebrand Bugatti Type 35.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

On September 7, Eliška drove the Type 30 he carried alone to victory in the Lochotín sports car class; the Type 35 driven by Čeněk won in the race car series.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] 1925 In May [2] 1925, Eliška promoted the Lahotín-Třemošna to the overall race victory.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] The season was successful anyway.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] In July, they also purchased another Type 35 in order to compete with cars of the same calibre.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[4] The Czechoslovakian press eagerly sought out national heroes who increased the young country's international prominence.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Consequently, Juneks became a familiar sight on the pages of magazines.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[3] 1926 In 1926 Čeněk traded the Type 35, which had bought the previous summer, for the even more powerful Type 35B with a mechanical supercharger.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

On 9 May, with a new car, Eliška took the overall race win of the Lahotín-Třemošna races with a record time, leaving behind her husband, among others.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] Junková's performance was praised by the press, and he became known as a driver whose excellent driving technique and memory trumped physical strength.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] A few weeks later [2] he finished second in the Swiss Klaussenpass.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] This was Eliška's first win in international competitions.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] 1927 In 1927 Eliška won at the Nürburgring in the German GP [1] [2] [3] category of two-litre cars.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[4] This is how she became the first woman ever to win a GP race.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[3] After the race, Otto Merz, who won the overall race, embraced Eliška so violently that several ribs were broken.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

According to the story, the orchestra that was present did not know how to play the Czechoslovak national anthem, so they played a composition by a Bedřich Smetana instead.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[4] Eliška and Čeněk decided to participate in the illustrious Targa Florio race run in Sicily.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] The Targa Florio was considered the most demanding car racing of the era.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Eliška travelled to Sicily beforehand and familiarized himself with the route and its every bend with care.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[4] This time Eliška had a lighter Bugatti Type 37 at his disposal.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

The first leg was excellent, [2] but on the second special test he derailed due to a defect in the steering gear [1] [2] and the subsequent collision only narrowly survived.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] In dropping out, he had been in second place.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] The suspension remained to dig Eliška, for he was not used to giving in.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] 1928 On 6 May of the following year, Eliška again took part in the race, this time as a driving kit Type 35B.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

On the second special trial he had a 20-second lead, [2] and ran the share with the best time of the entire race.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] During the third special test, mild overheating problems began to occur in the engine, which, however, did not cause harm.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

After one bend, however, he drove over sharp rocks, causing a tyre break that cost him many places.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

In the end, however, Eliška raced to the finish and finished fifth in the overall race.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

On his return, he was met by Čeněk, who stayed home due to the rush of work, family, friends and an enormous number of admirers who gave him a joyous reception.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] In the press she was referred to as the “queen of the steering wheel”.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] Quite soon after this, on 15 July 1928 Čeněk Junek was killed in an accident on the Nürburgring.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Devastated by woe, Junková decided to stop competing.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] Čeněk's car had survived almost unscathed from the accident, and after a minor repair it was sold to Josef Horák.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

This one crashed his car into a tree at an Ecce Homo race the following September and perished after getting out of a car that was spinning around.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[4] Later stages Junková wanted to realize her old dream of traveling to Ceylon.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

This was successful with the help of Ettore Bugatti, who arranged for him to have a car with which Junková could do promotional work in the Indian market.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

After returning to Czechoslovakia, Junková was active in motorsport circles.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

He participated in the construction of the Masaryk track together with the Moravian-Silesian Automobile Club.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Through his relationships, he made the circuit known, and thanks to him, numerous motorsport stars took part in the races held there, including Louis Chiron.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

In the arrangements of competitions, Junková was a major background influencer and because of her skills in German, English, French and Italian she often acted as an interpreter.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] Junková earned his living as a sales manager for the Baťa company, which started manufacturing tires in 1933.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

After nationalization, Junková worked in the rubber industry and then under the Ministry of Chemical Industry.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] In 1948 Junková remarried.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

Her husband was the newspaperman Ladislav Khás.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] Due to travel restrictions, Junková was not allowed abroad until 1964.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] In 1966, he participated in the commemorative events of Targa Florio in Sicily.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] He was awarded numerous recognitions, including honorary membership of the International Former GP and F1 Drivers' Club.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] Junková traveled in 1989, against her doctor's urges, to the United States to attend a gathering of Bugatti cars, where she was the guest of honor.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[3] In November 1993, the Eliška Junková Foundation was established to nurture the history of motorsport in Czechoslovakia.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[2] Eliška Junková died at the age of 93 on January 5, 1994.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[1] [2] In 1928, Czechoslovakian jazz composer Jaroslav Ježek composed the song Bugatti Step in honor of Junková.


Question: Where was Eliška Junková born?

Eliška Junková

[3] Sources Category:Grand Prix drivers Category:Czechoslovakian athletes Class:Czech persons Class:Born in 1900 Class:Those who died in 1994 Class:79.5 Motorsports


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Latin (lat.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

lingua Latin, sermo latinus) is an Indo-European language originally spoken only in Rome and the surrounding region of Latium, Italy.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

As the language of the administration of the Roman Empire, it spread widely beyond its birthplace.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Today, Latin is a extinguished language because it is no longer spoken as a mother tongue.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Latin still remained for a long time the common lingua franca of scholars of Western science and art, until it was supplanted by French, and still has many devotees.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Latin is the parent language of the Romance languages.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Romance languages such as Spanish and French evolved from a spoken form of Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

In addition to Europe, Romance languages are also spoken throughout Latin America.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Romance languages may not differ from each other Chinese and Arabic dialects any more, although they are read as different languages.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

[1] [2] In some contexts, Latin has remained in use and is still taught in schools and universities in different countries.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

It is the main language of the Catholic Church and is still used in medical classifications of diseases, scientific names of organisms, and denominations of principles of law.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Latin vocabulary is more widely used in the form of loanwords in numerous languages spoken today.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

History Latin was initially spoken only in the small province of Latium (now called Lazio) in Italy as one language among others.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Other languages spoken in the area of present-day Italy were the Latin related languages Oski, Umbri and Volski, Greek from the Greek regions in the south, and Etruscan, an isolate language.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Only fragments of early Latina have survived.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Accompanied by the Roman Empire, the language spread throughout the Mediterranean as a language of speech, book and administration.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

The Greek language, though, maintained a strong position in the eastern parts of the empire.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

Latin served as the common language of the western parts of the Mediterranean from the Punic Wars, the 13th century BCE.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

eventually all the way to the Carolingic period (7th—8th centuries), when the vernacular languages that evolved from it differentiated faster than each other.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

As a literary language, the status of Latin remained until the Renaissance period.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latina

The Golden Age of the Golden Age of the Latin language is now usually referred to as the period around 75 BC.—14 share.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Time is set at the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Emperor Age.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The so-called Classical Latin is based on the language of this time.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Classical Latin refers to a groomed and stylized form of language used by the upper class, which was hardly used by the common folk.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Among the most notable poets and writers who wrote in Latin during this period were Lucretius, Catullus, Vergilius, Horatius, Livius, Ovidius, Julius Caesar and Cicero.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Two centuries that followed the Golden Age are referred to as the Silver Age.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Literature of the time has traditionally but on quite light grounds been regarded as somewhat lower quality than that of the Golden Age.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Important writers of the time included Seneca, Tacitus, Juvenalis, Apuleius and Petronius.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The precious concepts of “Golden Age”, “Silver Age” and “Classical” are naturally contemporary concepts and only emerged after Renaissance humanists raised Roman literature and language to the pre-eminent status of Roman literature and language.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Vulgar Latin is called Vulgar Latina, the “mundane” Latin used by the people.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

It refers generally to the colloquial language and specifically the Latin spoken by the “raffish”, but the term actually refers exclusively to written Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Spoken Latin has not survived in its antiquity form; conclusions on it must be drawn largely on the basis of written sources.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Rome, as it expanded, spread the vulgar latina throughout the kingdom, before the rest to western parts.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

After the implosion of Western Rome in 476, the differentiation of Latin dialects from each other accelerated, and gradually they differentiated to such an extent that they began to be considered different languages.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

This is how the Romance languages were born — French, Spanish, Portuguese, Galego, Romanian, Italian, Rhetoromanic, Provensal, Catalan, and Sardi, among others.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Other languages were also heavily influenced by Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

For example, it is estimated that in English written text about 70— 80% of words might be of Latin origin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Languages developed from Latin are characterized by many words and expressions being inherited specifically from spoken Vulgar Latin and not from the written language.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Therefore, comparative research of current Romance languages indirectly yields data on vulgar Latin as well.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

For example, the French word for “horse”, cheval, stems from the Latin “kaakkia” or “konia” meaning caballus rather than the word equus meaning horse in the literary language.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Medieval Latin Although in the Middle Ages the dialects of Latin spoken by the people differentiated into different languages, Latin remained in use before the rest as a language of church and government.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In many ways, church Latin and medieval Latin are almost congruent concepts.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The language had ceased to be the mother tongue, so its development changed significantly.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The vocabulary expanded as new words were borrowed freely from other sources.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Greek and Germanic languages were important sources.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Latin also spread with the church to areas where it had not previously been spoken, for example Ireland, Germany and the Nordic countries.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The period of Charles the Great at the end of the 7th century saw the beginning of the Carolingic Renaissance.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Written Latin “was born again” after the dark centuries of the Early Middle Ages.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

On the other hand, this halted the natural development of Latin as written and spoken language definitively diverged.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

An appreciation of Classical Latin remained.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Literary texts seek to imitate the style of classical writers; however, the influence of vulgar Latin can be seen in works of this period.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Many features of the authors' own native languages appeared in Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The orthography of words changed radically.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Changes in orthography inform, above all, of changes in pronouncement.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

As the pronouncement of words changed, spelling became awkward.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The change in pronouncement was so great that, according to Erasmus, it was eventually almost impossible for Latinas from different countries to understand each other.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Medieval Latin is generally considered to end with the Renaissance.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The Humanist Latina is called the style of Latin developed by humanists during the Renaissance.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The motto of the trend was ad fontes, for sources.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Humanists sought to “purify” Latin from medieval vocabulary and structures.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Cicero and Vergilius were placed above the others when defining style.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Much of Medieval Latin was labelled “Gothic”, a term which included an assumption of barbaric assault.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The fairness of this valuation is questionable.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The Humanist Reform Programme was successful in many respects.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In schools, there was a shift to teaching Latin as determined by humanists and encouraging the study of texts favoured by humanists.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The Latin ideal of humanists, however, stiffened the language.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Writing technical literature — for example, law books, medical textbooks, and scientific books — became considerably trickier.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

As a result, the use of Latin in the new technical literature declined and Latin began to transform from a practical auxiliary language to a relic of antiquity.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

However, the increase in interest in many old texts can be attributed to the humanists.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Neo-Latin Neo-Latin refers to post-Renaissance Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Neo-Latin exists as the language of science.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Carl von Linné's classification of organisms is an important example of scientific Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Isaac Newton wrote his most important work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in Neo-Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Latin was a common language understood by scientists in Europe at the time.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

As a language of diplomacy, Latin also played a role.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

As the language of diplomacy, Latin could be seen as an alternative, which was the language for all parties involved.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Louis Pasteur, Marie Curie and many others continued to preserve the Latin language in the field of science.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

During this time, Latin as a communal language of communication lost its importance.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In the Renaissance period, Latin was in many places a compulsory school subject.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

All universities require Latin skills.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

For students, Latin as a colloquial language was a common language that students from different countries knew.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The Paris arrondissement where the Sorbonne University is located received the name Quartier Latin, which is used today.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Towards the end of the 19th century, Latin teaching declined considerably across Europe.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Latin in Finland The oldest known Latin inscriptions in Finland are probably on Roman coins, which came to Finland in the next centuries.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

However, these were hardly understood.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In Latin were also some preserved inscriptions on Iron Age swords.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In Finland, coins and perhaps preserved inscriptions were sometimes copied, although the meaning of the inscription marks was not understood.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In Finland, Latin has been spoken for almost a thousand years less, sometimes more.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Latin reached Finland more than half a millennium after Rome's implosion, but it still became the language of administration and religion.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

From the 17th centuries, Latin was a key part of Finnish university education, and was for a long time a compulsory part of matriculation writings.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

For a long time, university teaching was also in Latin, likewise university dissertations were prepared almost exclusively in Latin until the 18th century.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Latin influenced the shape of the Finnish language indirectly, as the creators of the book language and the authors of grammars shaped the language in part according to the Latin model.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

As elsewhere in Europe, the number of Latin readers has steadily declined.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

It can still be studied in many schools and can be written in matriculation as both a short and broader language.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

[3] Broadcasting broadcasts a Latin-language newscast, Nuntii Latini, recounting weekly events in Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Jukka Ammondt has made three Latin CDs in the 1990s containing Finnish tangos and songs made famous by Elvis Presley.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The meaning of Latin continues to be influenced in many ways and can be seen in different places.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Often you can't even recognize it.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

For example, the names of many companies and products are Latin or pseudolatina, such as volvo (spinner).


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The most famous are Latin flying phrases such as Alea iacta est (the arpa is thrown).


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Most of these flying phrases have only arisen since antiquity.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Latin, as well as Greek, also comes from a large number of words that have become international, especially scientific terms and other so-called civilisation words, which are currently used only slightly modified in almost all languages.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The scientific names of plants and animals are based on Latin, as well as Greek written in Latin: Canis lupus - wolf, Corvus corax - raven.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

All over the world you can find inscriptions in Latin in public buildings (inscriptiones).


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Many terms in music, science, engineering and other fields come from Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In the Catholic Church, the Latin language is used among various clergymen in a number of contexts associated with worship.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The official documents of the Vatican are in Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In the Vatican, Latin vocabulary is constantly being developed and Latin names are being developed for new terms (for example, CD is discus compactus).


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Latin and Modern Languages Among the current languages, the most closely related to Latin are the Romance languages, all of which have evolved over the course of about 2000 years from spoken Latin, or so-called Vulgar Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Other Indo-European languages, such as Celtic and Germanic languages, are also related to Latin, but not so closely.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Because Latin had such a prominent place in Europe, it has given several loanwords to nearly every language spoken in Europe.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

As an example of the proximity of Latin and Romance languages, the Latin word lingua, “language”, can be used.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In Romance languages, the word has changed little.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In Spain it is lengua, in Portuguese língua, in Italian and galego lingua, in French langue, in Catalan llengua, in sardi limba, and in Romanian limbă.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

English, on the other hand, has received its own language word as a loanword through French.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Similar words in other Indo-European languages differ more from Latin, although in some cases also outside the Romance language range are derived from the same strain word; cf.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

English tongue, German Zunge and Swedish tunga.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

[4] Medical Latin Doctors have to deal with the Latin language a lot in their daily work.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Diagnoses and descriptions of operations are still drawn up in Latin, because they are universal and allow practitioners from different countries to understand each other.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

You don't need to know full Latin grammar to understand medical Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Verbs and pronouns are used little, but nouns, adjectives and abbreviations a lot.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In addition, a grain of Greek vocabulary has been introduced into Medical Latin.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

In a simple diagnosis, the place of the disease or injury is indicated by a genetic that settles after the main word that denotes the disease.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Prepositional expressions are also common in diagnostic latina.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Medical diagnoses usually consist of one word that accurately describes the patient's ailment, for example, “dementia” (mental boredom) or “ulcus” (wound).


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

If more words are needed for a diagnosis, it is usually formed from the noun and the adjective that comes after it, for example “abscessus profundus” (deep abscess) or the anatomical term “fractura humeri” (fracture of the upper arm bone) describing the place.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

From the pronunciation of Latin The pronunciation practice of languages normally varies over time.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

This has happened to Latin as well.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The sound values of the phonemes already changed in Roman times on several occasions.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

This may have been detected by examining typos in plotlines and loanwords passed into other languages that negated the actual pronunciation of words during each period.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Classical pronunciation Nowadays, Finland usually uses a modified and simplified version of the so-called classical pronunciation of Latin to suit native speakers, which is the scientific community's restoration of the supposed pronunciation of the end times of the Republic.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Latin is taught in Finland to pronounce in principle very much the same way as Finnish.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

However: c is always pronounced as k: circus [kirkus] ae and oe are pronounced as ee, for example amoenae [ameːneː], scenic, unless a and e belong to different syllables, for example aer [aːer], air, atmosphere.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Sometimes the belonging of letters to different syllables is denoted by treema, i.e., differential points ¨, for example, Aboënsis, Turkulainen.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Some Finnish educational institutions, such as the University of Turku, follow the earlier pronunciation of Republic period Latin, giving the diphthongs ae and oe their previous phonetic outfit [ai] and [oi].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Probably the pronunciation of the late times of the Republic would have been in the intermediate terrain between the two - roughly [ae], [oe], as in the Savo dialect of Finnish.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The letter i denotes, not only the i-vowel, but also the phonemes j, ji, and ij; for example, iam [jam], inicere [injikere], maior [maijor].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The u trailing the ng phoneme is pronounced as v if a vowel belonging to the same syllable is followed; for example, the lingua [lingva].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The u following s is pronounced as v if a vowel belonging to the same syllable follows: suadent [slaiment].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

qu is pronounced kv: aqua [akva].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

ch is pronounced as k: pulcher [pulker].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

th only occurs in loanwords and is pronounced as t: Thebae [teːbeː].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

ph only occurs in loanwords and is pronounced as f: philosophus [philosophus].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

There are no letters in Latin and no phonemes for äe or ö.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The pronunciation of Classical Latin was actually more complex than this, but in practice today, at least in Finland, a pronunciation similar to the one mentioned above is taught.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Reconstructed Classical Pronunciation The sound system in Classical Latin is commonly reconstructed as follows: The phonemes /pttk/ occur only in Ancient Greek loanwords, where they represent the Greek letters φ θ χ.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Their aspiration was likely to be heard only in upper-class speech.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

[5] [6] /z/ also appeared only in Greek words as the equivalent of the letter.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

It was most likely pronounced at the beginning of a word as [z], but within a word with two consonants duplicated between two consonants, [zː].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

This differs from its Ancient Greek pronunciation of [dz] or [zd].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

[7] [5] In most cases /m/ was pronounced as such, but at the end of a word it could lose the nasalises and lengthening the preceding vowel, for example decem was voiced [də.kːːː].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Classical Latin had five long and five short vowels.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Vowel length was phonemic.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Greek loanwords may have appeared /y yː/, which however were pronounced muse as in upper-class speech usually /u/ or /i/ Medieval and other pronunciations When pronouncing Latin according to medieval pronunciation rules: [8] c is pronounced as s or ts for the front vowel (e, i, y, ae, oe ) front; for example, Cicero [tsitseroo] ti is pronounced [tsi] if followed by a vowel; for example, tristitia [tristitsia].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

The pronunciation is original if the letter t is preceded by s; for example, best [bestia] sc is pronounced ahead of the front vowel s. Speakers of different languages pronounce Latin differently.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Where Finns almost always pronounce c [k], in some languages it is pronounced differently before the front vowel, for example English pronounce [s] at the time and Italian [tš].


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

However, efforts have been made to unify pronunciation with classical practice.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Vowel length in Latin does not denote short and long vowels separately.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

However, the duration (quantiity) of vowels may have been inferred based on the Latin metric, which was based solely on the duration of open and closed syllables.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

Based on this, for example, the word plus (more) has been found to be the antique pronunciation /pluːs/, while the word minus (less) is pronounced /minus/, that is, with a short vowel.


Question: Does one speak Latin alone in some country?

Latin

However, the difference between long and short vowels cannot be entirely certain, and it has been suspected that long vowels have actually been half-length as in Italian.