Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

In most countries, nobility, clerical ordinance and bourgeoisie were represented in the Reichstag; exceptionally in Sweden, peasant ordinance was also represented.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

Before the 19th century, the Reichstag was in use at least in France, the Holy German-Roman Empire, the Nordic countries, as well as Poland (under the name Sejm).


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

The Reichstag is often referred to simply as the Riksdag.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

Swedish Decree Riksdag In Sweden, each of the four legislatures had its own chamber, which took positions on matters before the Riksdag.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

Each decency also had its own Speaker and Secretary.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

The Speaker of the Order of Nobility was called a land marshal.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

See also: Landdays of Sweden The legislating Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland from the Riksdag of Porvoo onwards on 25 March 1809 The legislating Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland operated separately from the Swedish Riksdag until the end of the auxiliary Riksdag on 18 September 1906.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

They met in their sessions, taking into account the extra Riksdag, 15 times during the autonomy period.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

The Peasant Reichstag constituencies serve as constituencies.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

One representative was elected from each jurisdiction.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

Heads of noble families in the Finnish noble calendar represented their own lineages in the Reichstag.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

The clergy had a special method of election comprising bishops, vicars and chaplains.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

The burghers were elected from the cities by their own election.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

The first elections to the Parliament replacing the Statute Riksdag took place 15—16.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

on March 1907.


Question: What does the Reichstag mean?

Riksdag

See also: January Committee (1862) On the topic elsewhere *


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

A dice is a geometric object used for scarring purposes in games such as.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The dice has a certain number of flat surfaces, each of which corresponds to some result, which is most often a figure.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The most common is a six-sided, cube-shaped dice, or a raffle cube.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

History of the dice is assumed to have originated in the Middle East.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Among the oldest known is a dice made from a Mesopotamian tomb some 2400 years before the beginning of the period.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

[1] Some stem forms of dice were four-sided bone buds used for divination, made from animal joints, astragaloi (αστραγάλους) in Greek.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Their page values were 1, 3, 4 and 6.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

[2] The Romans used two types of dice, a larger four-sided one called tallow and a smaller six-legged one named tessera.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

[3] In addition to players and fortune tellers, the behaviour of dice was of interest to researchers.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Between 1613 and 1623, Galileo Galilei wrote a treatise on Sopra le Scoperte dei Dadi (“Findings on the Dice”).


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

[4] Born around the time of writing Galilei's treatise, Blaise Pascal (1623—1662) studied the phenomena associated with dice throwing at the suggestion of Antoine Gombaud (Chevalier de Méré).


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Gombaud was an avid enthusiast of the Sonnes game.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Pascal, for example, showed the probability of important double sixes on 25 throws in this game to be .5054.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

[5] The subject matter was addressed in the correspondence between Pascal and Pierre de Fermat.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Properties of dice A decent dice is shaped and balanced so that it has basically equal chance of stopping at any position possible for it.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

When throwing such a dice, it is eventually stopped by a supposedly random side up, with the side left upwards determining the result of the dice throw.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The sides of dice are usually numbered so that the sum of the opposite sides is always the same, for example, the sum of the opposite sides of an ordinary six-sided dice is always seven — the eye figures have been laid out this way at least since antiquity.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Most commonly, dice are made of plastic, wood, or other durable hard matter such as metal.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Finer ones are also made, for example, from marble.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Ivory has also been used as a traditional material for dice.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

They can be colored, as well as marked in a variety of ways.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

In betting, the coin can be considered a 2-page dice.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

In addition to the commonly used six pages, there are, for example, 4-, 8-, 10-, 12-, 20-, 24-, 30- and even 100-page dice.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

They are especially used in role-playing games.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Dice RPGs In role-playing games, dice are often referred to as d the number of sides of the dice, and dice rolls are often denoted as the number of dice d the number of dice sides.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

For example, a six-sided dice is d6, and the notation 2d6 means that the results of two six-sided dice rolls are added up, resulting in a number between 2 and 12.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The letter d refers to the English word dice 'dice'.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The popular role-playing system d20 System takes its name from the 20-page dice, which is used in the system quite often.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Some English translations of RPGs sometimes use the letter n in the holding of “d”; some games use uppercase letters (for example, “D6").


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Dice Throwing Math 1.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Looking at the casting of a lottery cube as a mathematically random phenomenon, it is usually the premise that the result chances (eye numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) are symmetric elementary cases, i.e., that in one throw, the probability of occurrence of each eye number is 1/6.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

[6] 2.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

When throwing a lottery cube twice the probability of getting a six both times is 1/36.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

[7] The probability of getting one six is 10/36 and the probability of getting at least one six is 11/36.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

[8] 3.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The raffle cube must be thrown at least four times before there is a greater likelihood, e.g., of a six occurrence at least once compared to a case where it does not occur once.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

[9] The probability is given by the formula 1 − (5 6) 4 ≈ 0.518 {\ displaystyle 1- ({5\ over 6}) {^ {4}}\ approx 0.518} This problem was already considered in the 17th century by Chevalier de Méré.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

When throwing two lottery cues and looking accordingly at the appearance of a pair of sixes, the old rule of gamblers resulted in a result of 24 throws.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

In reality, the probability falls short of 1 − (35 36) 24 ≈ 0, 491 {\ displaystyle 1- ({35\ over 36}) ^ {24}\ approx 0.491} and only the 25th throw would result in a long run victory in the possible betting on behalf of the presence of a pair of sixes.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

To solve the problem, de Méré turned to Blaise Pascal.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Calculate the probability that when throwing an arpacube n times the maximum number of eyes is m. There are 6 n {\ displaystyle 6^ {n}}


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The base set needs to be limited because elementary cases m+1, m+2,... 6 are now banned.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The permissible cases are therefore m n {\ displaystyle m^ {n}}.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Further it is required that the mesh m must appear at least once.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

This is obtained as a complement of the case that m does not occur once.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The probability of the latter case is (m − 1) n/m n {\ displaystyle (m-1) ^ {n} /m^ {n}}.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Overall, the probability P = m n (1 − (m − 1) n m n) 6 n = m n − (m − 1) n 6 n {\ displaystyle P= {m^ {n} (1- {(m-1) ^ {n}\ over m^ {n})\ over 6^ {n}} = {m^ {n} - (m-1) ^ {n}\ over 6^ {n}}} In particular, if n = 1, then P = 1/6.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

If m = 1, then P = 1 6 n {\ displaystyle = {1\ over 6^ {n}}}.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

This is equivalent to the case where all throws get number one.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

When throwing two lottery cubes, the most likely result of the sum of the eye figures is 7, as seen in the table below.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The probability of the result is 6/36 = 1/6.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Result 7 is also the average of sums.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The distribution function of the sum already somewhat resembles a normal distribution, and all the better if you look at two sums of more dice rolls.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The sum of two dice throws678910111256789101145678910345678923456781234567123456 Distribution of the sum of two dice throws65432123456789101112 6.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The throw sequence 1121314151622324252633435364454655661 is an example of the shortest possible chain (37 throws), containing all 36 of the result possibilities of two consecutive throws.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Next, let's consider the likelihood that a certain number of different eye figures have appeared in the arpacube throwing sequence.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Let the general random process M be as likely a result opportunity.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Consider the nth test of the repeat test and the likelihood that m different results have occurred in the test series.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Two roads may have ended up in that space: 1.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Preceding trials have already featured the required amount of m.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

In this case, in the current experiment there are favorable outcome options m, that is, those that have already appeared.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Preceding experiments have shown m — 1 result variants.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

In this case, a new result must be obtained in the current experiment, that is, the favourable alternatives are M — (m —1) = M — m + 1.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

By combining the cases, one can write the difference equation L (n, m) = m L (n — 1, m) + (M — m + 1) L (n — 1, m — 1) which indicates how many favorable outcome options there are for the case that m different results have been observed after experiment n.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The corresponding probability is obtained by dividing the number L (n, m) by the number of all possible result options Mn, that is, by the sum of the numbers in column n.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The table below illustrates a dice roll with 6 different result options.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The initial value of the calculation is L (1, 1) = 6.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Continuing to calculate the table, it is noted that in throw round 13, the number of results in which all eye figures have occurred is 6,711,344,640.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Overall, there are 613 result opportunities and this is the first time in the toss series that the probability of getting all eye figures is greater than 0.5.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

A similar problem can be viewed slightly differently.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Assume that the results yet to occur in the arpacube throw sequence are m.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

The probability of getting a new value on the next throw is M:m, where M = 6.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

But this probability can be interpreted as a mean reduction in the remaining values, in which case the difference equation m (n) = m (n − 1) − m (n − 1) M = 5 6 m (n − 1) {\ displaystyle m (n) =m (n-1) - {m (n-1)\ over M} = {5\ over 6} m (n-1)} From this we obtain m (1) = 5 6 m (0) = 5 6 = 5; m (2) = 5 6 m (1) = 5 6 5 = 25 6 ≈ 4.2; m (3) = 5 6 m (2) = 5 6 25 6 ≈ 3.5 {\ displaystyle m (1) = {5\ over 6} m (0) = {5\ over 6} 6=5; m (2) = {5\ over 6} m (1) = {5\ over 6} 5= {25\ over 6}\ approx 4,2; m (3) = {5\ over 6} m (2) = {5\ over 6} {25 over 6} 6}\ approx 3,5} and commonly m (n) = (5 6) n 6 {\ displaystyle m (n) = ({5\ over 6}) ^ {n} 6} which is an example of exponential reduction.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hald, Anders| title = A history of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications before 1750| publisher = Wiley| year = 2003| isbn = 978-0-471-47129-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juve, George | title = Basics of Probability Calculation.| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book group| year = 1971| version = Special course for mathematical line.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Fifth edition| page = 12—14}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peterson, Ivars| title = Jungles| others = Translated by Kimmo Pietian | location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra Cognita| year = 1998| version = Initial work: The Jungles of Randomness (1998) | id = ISBN 952-5202-17-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Shea, William R.| title = Designing Experiments and Games of Chance: The Unconventional Science of Blaise Pascal| publisher = Science History Publications| year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-88135-377-8| language = Transclusion error: { } is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Taber, Donald, Miles, Rodney & Morrison, Sherman| title = The Secret History of Dice: From Ancient to Modern Times| publisher = Createspace Independent (self-publishing) | year = 2014| isbn = 978-1-4997-5303-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice


Question: What's the probability of getting two sixes in a row at the roll of the dice?

Dice

Category:Dice games Category:Gaming equipment Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The Battle of Oravainen was fought on 14 September 1808 in Ostrobothnia.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

It is widely regarded as one of the settlement battles of the Finnish War.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

[1] In the battle, 7000 Russians commanded by Count Nikolai Kamensk defeated General Carl Johan Adlercreutz's 5000 Finnish and Swedish soldiers.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Backgrounds of the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia had turned Sweden unfavourable.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The Finnish army had spent much of the summer of 1808 in the war effort in southern Ostrobothnia, beating the Russians in the battles of Lapua, Alavude and Kauhajoki, among others, but Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor, commander-in-chief of the army, did not know how to exploit these successes.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden, who received appreciable reinforcements, ordered his subordinate General Kamenski to begin operations in August to push the Finns out of Ostrobothnia.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

After crushing Finnish resistance at the Battle of Karstula, Kamenski attacked the main army commanded by General Carl Johan Adlercreutz at the village of Kuorneen Ruona on 30 August 1808.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The battle, which lasted three days, finally ended in Kamensk's victory and the Finns' chances of defending their country began to dim.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The army retreated to the coast and garrisoned new positions at Oravais, where it was supplemented by Swedish regiments.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

On 13 September, the forces of Colonel Georg Carl von Döbeln were defeated in the Battle of Juutta by Russian forces attempting to cut off the route of retreat of the Finnish army.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Adlercreutz had regrouped his 5,000-man force in Oravais and hoped to stop his opponents there.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Noteworthy in the battle is that for the first time during the war there were more Swedish than Finnish troops in the position.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

However, the Swedes lacked the experience that would have been desperately needed and the Finns were exhausted by many days of marching and the exhausting war effort of the summer.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

In Squirrels, there was good momentum unfolding the decisive blow of the war, which would once and for all destroy the dreams of the Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf of Finland.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Battle The Finns waited tense on 14 September in their positions for the Russians to arrive.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The morning was still dark at five o'clock when men from the outpost began to hear the copse of cavalry hooves.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

They had a river and a bridge behind their backs, which were to be left in case the Russians attacked.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

At the bridge, the top troops led by Cossack general Yakov Kulnev collided with a Swedish field guard and the first shots were exchanged.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Kamenski had instructed Kulnev to advance to be felt by the Finns, but to avoid an attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Kulnev, who on more than one occasion had already attacked under impossible circumstances, now went completely inexplicably on his own to attack the Swedish outposts, which were quickly replenished.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The Hälsingen Regiment, commanded by Colonel von Platen, waged valiant resistance against Kulnev's constant attacks.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

However, the fierce firefight lasting five hours consumed Adlercreutz's men just as much as the Russians and so the general decided to pull his men backwards.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Having risen to hero fame in battle, the cannon battery of Ensign Wilhelm von Schwerin aged only 15 successfully supported this detachment.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The brave teenage officer eventually sustained shrapnel to his chest and died a few weeks later.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Kulnev was encouraged by this turn of events, although Kamensk's auxiliary forces had still not arrived.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Apparently he decided to win the battle on his own and set out to make a circular motion against the Finns' right flank.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

However, his forces became bogged down at the Fjärdså stream and the attempt was repulsed.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

At the same time, General Demidov's Russian troops arrived on the left flank of the Finns, where the 4th.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The brigade was in position and were also trying to break through the lines of these.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The attack was not successful and the Finns, without Adlercreutz's orders, made an unsuccessful counterattack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The scramble badly ate the worn out forces of the defenders.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

But Kulnev hadn't come to Oravais to give up.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Around two o'clock in the afternoon, he repeated his attack with his left against Adlercreutz's right flank.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Adlercreutz sensed the now weakened center of the Russians and gave his troops the order to attack.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Colonel Brandström's two battalions performed a stinger assault so harsh and fiercely threatening that the Russians admired it too.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Kulnev's men broke and fled to the shelters of the forest to the level where the battle had begun.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

But the success prompted Adlercreutz to continue his attack too far.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Soon the Swedes were up against not only Kulnev but Kamensk's entire army, totaling approx.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

7000 men.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Brandström stated that he was ambushed by 3,000 Russians stationed behind the ridge.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

While the soldiers were still weary of their harsh rushing, pushed the Russian superiority these bitterly fighting back.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Kamensk had thus managed to lure Adlercreutz out of his excellent positions, the escape of Kulnev's men was obviously just a fast-knuckled war run.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Kamenski had captured yet another initiative for himself and he ordered Demidov one more time to attack on the right Adlercreutz's left flank.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Ignoring losses, the Russians pushed forward in the fierce moon rain and soon the situation for the Swedish-Finnish army began to be untenable.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The demoralised troops were forced to watch as 100 men of the Uplann Regiment were surrounded in an open meadow and forced to surrender.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

As a result of the constant skirmishing, the Finnish Army literally bled to death.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Around seven o'clock in the evening, when the battle had already lasted fourteen hours, Adlercreutz finally gave orders to leave even the last positions.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

As darkness descended, the army retreated in a hasty rush to the north.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

It had done what it could and failed.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The end result The Battle of Oravainen was the bloodiest clash of the Finnish war.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The Finnish-Swedish forces lost 740 men and Kamenski suffered even more, a defeat of over 900 men.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The outcome of the war was sealed in Oravais.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The cries of the wounded echoed overnight as the Finnish army loomed, deathly weary and crushed by defeatism, to the north, all the way to the other side of the river Vetelin, where it equipped the positions for itself.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The Russians also attempted to cut the Finns' road at Kruunuppy, from where they attacked Major von Fieandt's troops at Kauko Bridge at Kokkola with 1500 men.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

However, the attempt was repulsed and when General Gripenberg and his brigades struck the Russians had to withdraw to Alavetel.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army, Field Marshal Klingspor established his headquarters in Lohtai, and after Kamenski had advanced to Kokkola, he began negotiating with his Russian counterpart von Buxhoevden for an armistice.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

With public starvation on both sides, the Russians, to the surprise of the Finns, agreed to the treaty.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Major maintenance difficulties for the Russians came to a head on bad roads whipped up by autumn rains.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The Armistice Agreement, written in Lohtai on 29 September, was quite advantageous to the Russians in that it defined the new boundaries of the armies.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

On the coast, the Finns had to retreat to Himanga (Himanka) and the Russians in turn would stop at Lohtai.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The area remaining between the localities was not allowed to be occupied.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

The memorial pillar of the Battle of Squirrels is on Mount Karlsberget.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

Sources Forgotten Heroes of the Finnish War, Anders Persson in the Battle of Southern Ostrobothians I, Aulis Alanen Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lappalainen, Wolke, Pylkkänen| title = History of the Finnish War 1808—1809| publisher = Finnish Literature Society/Map Centre| year = 2008 (finish.kiel.


Question: Who won the Battle of Squirrels?

Battle of Squirrels

) | id = ISBN 978-951-593-197-9}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Fighting of the Finnish War Category:Squirrel Class:1808 Class:History of Ostrobothnia


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Европейски съюз (Bulgarian) European Union (English) Unión Europe (Spanish) Europese Unie (Dutch) An Taontas Eorpach (Irish) Unione Europea (Italian) Ευρωπαπακή ένωση (Greek) Europska unija (Croatian) Eiropas Savienība (Latvian) Europos Sąjunga (Lithuanian) Unjoni Ewropea União Europeia (Portuguese) União Europejska (Polish) Union européenne (French) Uniunea Europeană (Romanian) Europeiska unionen (Swedish) Europäische Union (German) Európska únia (Slovak) Evropska unija (Slovene) Den Europæiske Union (Danish) Európai (Hungarian) Evropská unie (Czech) Europe Liit (Estonian) flagMotto: In varietate concordia (Finnish Uniform in Diversity) 1Official languages2Bulgarian, English, Spanish, Dutch, Irish, Italian, Greek, Croatian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Portuguese, Polish, French, Romanian, Swedish, German, Slovak, Slovenian, Finnish, Danish, Czech, Hungarian, Estonian ParliamentStrasbourg (France), Brussels (Belgium) and Luxembourg (Luxembourg) President-in-Office of the European Council—Donald TuskeEuropean Commission PresidentJean-Claude JunckerPresident of the European ParliamentAntonio Tajanipinta sector — total — Water Ranked 73 4324782 km² 3.08% Population (2015 estimate) — total — Population densityRanked 33,508,191 116 115.8/km²GDP — total — per inhabitant ranked 1 16,220 billion.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

$ (2015 estimate) $31,918 (2015) currencyEuro4 (EUR) Other currencies: Czech koruna (CZK) Danish krone (DKK) British pound (GBP) Hungarian forint (HUF) Polish zloty (PLN) Swedish krona (SEK) Romanian leu (RON) Bulgarian leva (BGN) Croatian kuna (HRK) Time Zone5 — Summertime TimeC+0... +2 UTC+1... +3Formed —confirmed —recognized by the Maastricht Treaty of 7 February 1992 1 November 1993 National Song Code for Joy Internet Domaina.EU1Unofficial motto proposed in the Constitution.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

2The official languages of the European Union are different from those that have official language status within the territory of the European Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Member countries set official languages in their territories.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

3If the EU is counted as a single entity 4Used by euro area countries and EU institutions.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

5The French Overseas Territories UTC−4... +4 The European Union (EU [1]) is an economic and political alliance formed by 28 European member states.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

All European countries which fulfil the democratic and economic criteria set for a Member State are eligible to join the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The name European Union came into use in 1993 with the advent of the Maastricht Treaty.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The most important competences of the European Union include the internal market area, the euro area, the common agricultural policy and trade policy.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The combined population of the Member States of the European Union is more than 500 million and an area of 4324782 square kilometres.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The population density in the EU is 115.6 inhabitants per km².


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

If the EU were a state, it would be the seventh largest in terms of area and the third largest in terms of population.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Member States are the Netherlands, Belgium, Bulgaria, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Greece, Croatia, the Republic of Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Poland, France, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, Denmark, Czech Republic, Hungary, Estonia and the United Kingdom.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The candidates for EU membership are Turkey, Iceland (membership talks suspended), Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia and Albania.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

As a result of the UK's June 2016 consultative referendum result, the country has initiated a process of separation from the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Union is not a federal state, like the United States, for example, because its member states are independent and autonomous.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Nor is it a purely intergovernmental organisation along the lines of the UN, because Member States have pooled their resources into the Union to gain more influence than they could have alone.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

This is possible through joint decisions taken by the Union institutions.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The EU institutions are the elected European Parliament, the European Council of Heads of State and Government of the Member States, the Council representing the governments of the Member States and the European Commission, which draws up proposals for new EU legislation for approval by Parliament and the Council.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Other key institutions include the Court of Justice of the European Union, which ensures that EU law is interpreted and applied in the same way in all member states, and the European Central Bank and the Court of Auditors.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[2] The total number of staff of the EU institutions is approximately 40000 employees.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In October 2012, the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[3] History of European integration British Prime Minister Winston Churchill put forward the idea of a “United States of Europe” and the prevention of wars in Zurich after World War II in the autumn of 1946.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The initiative led to the creation of the Council of Europe in 1949.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In addition to Churchill, Konrad Adenauer, Alcide De Gasperi and Robert Schuman were active in the opposition to totalitarianism and the intention for peace.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

New structures based on the mutual interest of the parties were to be created in Western Europe.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

They would, on the other hand, be based on treaties guaranteeing respect for the rule of law and equality between countries.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[4] Europe wanted to avoid another major war, and efforts were made to eliminate tension between Germany and France by placing the coal resources of the Saar region, the countries' border region, under the control of an international, independent authority.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Coal and Steel Community was established in 1951 and the Constitution was signed in Paris by Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] As a result of the creation of the Coal and Steel Community, cooperation between European countries expanded, and the agreements between the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community were signed in Rome in 1957.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Economic Community was based on a customs union between member countries and a progressive common market.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The agreement decided to establish common policies for agriculture, transport, labour movement and important sectors of the economy.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] Common institutions were established for the three communities.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In 1967, the Merger Agreement came into force, creating a common council and a common commission for the European Communities.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] The European Community expanded in 1973 with the accession of the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Greece became a member in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] The 1970s also saw the development of political cooperation, supported by the establishment of the European Council in 1974, as a system outside the Community structures.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The influence of the European Parliament was consolidated, and the first direct elections to elect MEPs were held in 1979.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In 1986, the Single European Act was signed, followed by the creation of an internal market which made the Community a closer economic area.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] The political situation in Europe changed radically with the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the socialist countries seeking to leave the Soviet front.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Germans were reunified in December 1990, and the Soviet Union ceased to exist at the end of 1991.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Meanwhile, member states were negotiating a new treaty that would create the European Union (EU).


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[6] The European Community changed its name to the European Union with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Union cooperation extended to foreign and security policy and justice and home affairs.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Finland, Sweden and Austria joined the European Union in 1995, but Norway was excluded from it following the referendum result.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] The Maastricht Treaty Plan for Economic and Monetary Union was implemented in three phases.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Central Bank became operational in 1999.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In 2002, 12 countries adopted the single currency of the euro.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] In March 2000, the EU adopted the so-called Lisbon Strategy to modernise the Union's economy.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[6] As the European Union continued its enlargement into Eastern and Central Europe, the institutional structure and decision-making of the Union were modernized and intensified.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 strengthened cooperation in justice and home affairs and strengthened the common foreign and security policy.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Treaty of Nice prepared the Union for 2004 enlargement.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Ten new countries joined the European Union: Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Estonia.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The number of Member States increased to 27 in 2007, with Bulgaria and Romania also joining the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Croatia became a member in 2013.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] The European Constitutional Treaty was signed in Rome in 2004.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The purpose of the Agreement was to clarify the division of competences between the Union and the Member States, to simplify the legal system of the Union and to increase democratic, efficiency and transparency in Union decision-making.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

However, the treaty failed to be ratified, as referendums in France and Holland had majorities voting against it.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Treaty of Lisbon 2007 was adopted in each member state in accordance with the countries' own constitutional provisions.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The agreement entered into force in December 2009 after Ireland also accepted it.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] In the context of the global economic crisis in 2009, it became apparent that Greece had long misrepresented its economic statistics.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Euro countries and the International Monetary Fund backed Greece with guarantees worth hundreds of billions of euros.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Euro countries also established the European Financial Stability Facility and the European Stability Mechanism to safeguard financial stability in the euro area.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

After Greece, aid packages also had to be made to Spain, Ireland, Cyprus and Portugal.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] The European Union was awarded the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize for promoting peace, reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] Great Britain decided in a referendum in 2016 to secede from the European Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In the 2010s, the European Union has also been hit by the crisis in Ukraine, the refugee crisis and terrorism.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[5] Member States Terms of Membership Legal requirements The process of political and economic integration in Europe has always been open to European countries ready to sign treaties and adopt EU law in full.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

According to Article 237 of the Treaty of Rome, “any European State may apply for membership of the Community”.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In addition, according to Article F of the Maastricht Treaty, Member States must have a state system based on the “principles of democracy”.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[13] Candidate countries and Copenhagen criteria Candidate countries are referred to as countries which have applied for membership of the EU and whose application has been formally approved.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The current candidate countries are Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Iceland, who had previously been a candidate for membership, has withdrawn its application.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Membership negotiations with Turkey began in October 2005, with Iceland in July 2010 (but broke down in August 2013), with Montenegro in December 2010, with Serbia in January 2014 and with Albania in June 2014 [14].


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

With Balkan countries, the EU has special association agreements designed to pave the way to EU membership.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[15] Before accession, a candidate country must fulfil the Copenhagen criteria.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The criteria were set by the European Council in 1993 for former communist countries to become members of the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

According to them, the new Member States must have: [13] stable national institutions to ensure respect for democracy, legal order and human rights, respect and protection of minorities in a functioning market economy and the ability to cope with the internal Union competitive pressure and the functioning of market forces, the capacity to comply with the obligations of the Member States and to support all objectives of the Union: public administrations in new countries must be able to apply and administer EU legislation in practice.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Each candidate country's specific terms of membership are defined in negotiations with the European Commission, which usually last for years.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[16] Accession event Prior to the actual membership negotiations, convergence negotiations take place.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

First, the European Council approves the opening of accession negotiations with the new Member State, followed by comparison of the laws of the new candidate country with Union acts.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

There are usually 35 sets of negotiations, and criteria for their assessment are agreed before negotiations begin.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

There will be separate negotiations for each set of negotiations, which could take years.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

When the applicant country fulfils the criteria for the negotiating sets, it will present both its country's position on negotiations and proposals for measures to bring into force a matter, and the Council of Ministers will then adopt the EU position on negotiations between the Commission and the Member State.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The actual accession negotiations will take place between each candidate country and the Commission.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

After accession negotiations, the applicant country must fulfil the terms of membership and adjust its legislation in accordance with Union requirements.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Where appropriate, special arrangements may be granted to the applicant country or a transitional period to bring a matter in order.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Thereafter, the representatives of the Member States meeting in the Council must unanimously endorse membership.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In practice, Member States' position has already been asked several times before this stage.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Parliament must also receive the assent of an absolute majority of its members.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The accession treaty shall be ratified by the Member States and the candidate country or countries according to their own constitutional procedures.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[13] Candidate countries will receive EU support during the negotiation period to make it easier for them to bridge economic development gaps.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

For example, the ten countries that joined in 2004 received €41 billion in aid.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[13] The limits of EU enlargement Geographical borders When the EU Constitutional Treaty was debated, it became apparent that many Europeans are concerned by the question of the Union's borders and even identity.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Turkey's potential membership, for example, raises the question of the status of Caucasus countries such as Armenia and Georgia.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Baltic states, meanwhile, support Ukrainian membership, but the political situation in Belarus and Moldova's strategic position are problematic.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Russian membership could create an unsustainable imbalance in the Union, both politically and geographically.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

On the other hand, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland are not in the process of applying to join the Union, even if they fulfil the conditions of membership, as public opinion is against accession in these countries.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[17] Administrative restrictions The national languages of all EU countries are official languages of the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The question has been raised whether parallel use of all languages is necessary in all situations.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[18] Institutions, other bodies and agencies Official institutions The European Union has seven official institutions, each of which has its own function: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union i.e. the Council of Ministers, the European Commission, the European Union the Court of Justice, the European Court of Auditors and the European Central Bank.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[19] The European Parliament employs 751 MEPs from 28 Member States, in number proportional to the population of each country.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

They are elected by direct popular election in European Parliament elections held every five years to represent EU citizens.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The seats of Parliament are Strasbourg, Brussels and Luxembourg.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[20] [21] The three main tasks of the European Parliament are legislation, control and budgetary.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Parliament adopts EU legislation based on the proposals of the European Commission together with the Council of the EU.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

It decides on international agreements and EU enlargements and evaluates the European Commission's work programme and requests legislative proposals from the Commission.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Parliament acts as the democratic guardian of all the institutions of the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Among other things, it elects the president of the European Commission, approves the new commission and can force it to resign.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Parliament decides on the EU budget together with the Council and approves the Union's long-term budget.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[20] Parliament works in committees where legislation is prepared and in plenary sessions where legislation is passed.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[20] The European Council defines general policy priorities, but does not have legislative powers.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Council consists of the Heads of EU countries, the President of the European Council and the President of the Commission.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Council shall meet at least twice in each six-month period, usually for a period of two or three days.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[21] The European Council is the official initiator in the context of the main sectors of the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

It also has the power to agree on difficult issues on which the Council of the European Union has failed to agree.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Council also deals with topical topics related to the common foreign and security policy, so that the EU can appear as a single front in diplomatic matters.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[22] The Council of the European Union, or the Council of Ministers in the Council of the European Union, is governed by the government and ministers of each EU country.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Council is chaired by each EU country in turn.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[21] All meetings of the Council are attended by one minister from each Member State, depending on the subject matter: whether it is, for example, foreign affairs, agriculture or transport.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[23] The Council has legislative powers, which it shares with the European Parliament.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In addition, the Council shall adopt the budget together with Parliament.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Council also concludes international agreements negotiated by the European Commission.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[23] Decisions shall be taken by the Council either by majority or unanimous vote, depending on the subject at hand.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

A unanimous decision is required on important issues such as treaty amendment, initiation of a new common policy or accession of a new Member State.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In most other situations, qualified majority voting is used, meaning a certain predetermined number of votes is required to approve a decision.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The number of votes in each EU country roughly corresponds to the size of its population.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[22] European Commission The European Commission represents the interests of the Union as a whole.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Its members are elected by the governments of member countries.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[21] Members are appointed for five years at a time.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The appointments are agreed between the Member States and must be approved by the European Parliament.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Commission is answerable to Parliament and the Commission must resign if Parliament votes no confidence in it.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Since 2004, the Commission has had one member for each Member State.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[24] The Commission is very independent because it needs to look out for the interests of the EU as a whole and cannot take instructions from the government of any Member State.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

As the 'guardian of the Treaty', it must ensure that legislation drafted by the Council and Parliament is implemented in the Member States.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

If this does not happen, the Commission may refer the case to the Court of Justice of the European Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Commission is the executive arm of the EU, so it implements the decisions taken by the Council and has broad powers to manage common EU policies, such as research and technology, development aid, regional policy, and appropriations for them.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[24] The European Commission is assisted mainly by an official crew based in Brussels and Luxembourg, consisting of 36 Directorates-General and branches.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[24] Court of Justice The job of the Court of Justice of the European Union is to ensure that EU law is respected and the Treaties are interpreted and applied correctly.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Court is based in Luxembourg and consists of one judge from each Member State and eight Advocates General.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Judges are appointed by common agreement between the governments of the Member States for a term of six years, renewable.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[24] Court of Auditors The Court of Auditors of the European Union takes care that the Union's revenue and expenditure are correctly and legally measured and the budget has been properly managed.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

It shall have one member from each Member State appointed by agreement between Member States after consultation with the European Parliament.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[24] The European Central Bank (ECB) in Frankfurt is responsible for the euro and EU monetary policy.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[25] Other bodies The seven official EU institutions are supported by five other important bodies: the European Economic and Social Committee, the European Committee of the Regions, the European Investment Bank, the European Ombudsman and the European Data Protection Supervisor.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[19] The European External Action Service shall assist the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[21] Interinstitutional bodies and agencies The institutional bodies are the Publications Office, which produces and distributes publications on the EU, the Staff Selection Office which employs staff for EU institutions and other bodies, a staff training centre providing training for EU staff, as well as the IT crisis team dealing with threats to the IT systems of the institutions.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[26] Agencies have been decentralised to the Member States of the European Union to perform certain technical, scientific or administrative tasks.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[19] Supreme Leaders Jean-Claude Juncker, European Commission President Donald Tusk, European Council President Antonio Tajani, European Parliament President Federica Mogherini, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Mario Draghi , the President of the European Central Bank European Union law The law of the European Union is divided into primary legislation, namely treaties and secondary legislation.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[27] Treaties All the activities of the European Union are based on its Treaties.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

They are binding agreements concluded between Member States defining the objectives of the Union, its rules and decision-making procedures for its institutions, and relations between the Union and its Member States.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Treaties are voluntarily and democratically adopted by the Member States of the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[28] The main Treaties of the European Union including the years of entry into force: [28] Treaty of Lisbon (2009) Treaty of Nice (2003) Treaty of Amsterdam (1999) Treaty on European Union, i.e. Maastricht Treaty (1993) Single European Act (1987) Merger Treaty, i.e. Brussels Treaty (1967) Treaties of Rome, namely the EEC and Euratom Treaties (1958) Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (1952-2002) Secondary legislation of the European Union includes, inter alia, regulations, directives and decisions.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

They are derived from the principles and objectives laid down in the Treaties.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[27] Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, decision-making has been adopted in accordance with the general legislative procedure known as the ordinary legislative procedure.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Exceptionally, the common foreign and security policy uses an intergovernmental procedure, and in the case of justice and home affairs delegated to the Union, special procedures in which Member States retain considerable competence remain applicable.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[29] Legislation The most important form of decision in the European Union is legislation.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

It can be divided into binding instruments, non-binding instruments, as well as other instruments.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[29] The Union's binding instruments are the Regulation, the Directive and the Decision.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[29] The regulation is a compulsory instrument in general application.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

It is binding in its entirety and binding on the institutions, the Member States and the persons to whom it is addressed.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Regulation shall apply as such in all Member States immediately from its entry into force, and its legal effects are binding on the national legislation of all Member States simultaneously and uniformly.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[29] The directive is a compulsory instrument in general application which is, however, more flexible than the Regulation, since States are free to choose the means to fulfil that obligation.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Directive is mainly used to approximate and harmonise the laws of the Member States.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[29] The Decision is a binding instrument in its entirety and cannot be implemented inadequately, selectively or in part.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The decision may be addressed to one or more recipients or issued without a specified recipient.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[29] There are around 70% of Union law legislation (2012), around 26% of decisions and 4% directives.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

By directives, the EU seeks to harmonise the administration of justice in the territory of the Union and other provisions seeks to refine the legal basis and guide its application and interpretation.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[29] Recommendations and opinions are non-binding instruments of Union law.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

They do not have a binding character, but they can be considered to have a political impact.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[29] Other instruments of Union law include, inter alia, the internal rules of the institutions and the various operational programmes.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Non-legislative decisions include deciding on the Union budget, decisions relating to the common foreign and security policy, deciding on amendments to the Treaties and the open method of coordination.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[29] Competences The European Union is only able to take decisions in those policy areas in which it has jurisdiction.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The competences of the European Union in different policy areas can be divided into four categories, depending on how wide they are.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[30] Areas for which competences have been delegated to the EU in full or almost all: [30] Foreign trade Competition policy Agricultural policy Fisheries policy Competences and decision-making in the euro Areas in which the EU plays a strong role and Member States limited influence: [30] Environmental policy Regional policy Internal market Research and product development Combating cross-border crime Areas where Member States and the EU have a strong role only to play a role: [30] Social policy Foreign policy Defence Taxation Health care Fiscal policy of Member States Areas where competences rest exclusively or almost exclusively with Member States: [30] Educational policy Cultural policy Housing Political agendas The Union's decision-making influences the political agenda of policy makers, that is, the set of issues which, at a given moment in time, are of particular interest to decision makers.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The political agenda determines which issues end up on the table.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In addition to the Union's overall decision-making agenda, each EU institution can also be defined with its own decision-making agenda in relation to its tasks.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

By lobbying, various interest groups seek to influence the end of the Union's decision-making agenda.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[31] The legislative process is defined and delineated by three fundamental principles of the administration of justice in the European Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Firstly, the Union can only act in those areas where the Member States have separately ceded powers to it.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Secondly, Union law takes precedence over international law.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Thirdly, all solutions and decisions aim as close as possible to the object of decision-making.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[32] The legislation of the European Union follows the so-called ordinary legislative procedure.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The roles of the various institutions are defined in the Treaties of the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Commission alone has an indivisible right of initiative with regard to Union law.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Parliament must approve the bill before it can come into force.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The bill also needs the approval of the EU Council.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Any of these three institutions can make or introduce amendments to the bill.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[33] The actual consideration of the bill can be divided into four phases.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In the first stage, the commission issues a bill.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

After a preliminary examination, the proposal will proceed to first reading, first in the European Parliament, then in the Council.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

If the positions of Parliament and the Council differ, the bill will proceed to a second reading in Parliament, which is now based on a 'common position' formulated by the Council.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

If the Council approves all the amendments tabled by Parliament, the proposal shall have legal force.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Otherwise, the bill will proceed to the conciliation stage, that is, the third reading, which will take place in a special reconciliation committee.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The compromise proposal it has made will either be accepted or rejected in a vote by the European Parliament.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[34] Specific decision-making procedures Amendment procedure The Treaties of the European Union may be amended through the normal amending procedure or simplified amending procedure.Under the normal amending procedure, the Government of a Member State, the European Parliament or the Commission shall submit a proposal to the European Council for amendments to the Treaties.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Council will then convene a special convention to prepare a draft for a special intergovernmental conference.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Under it, member governments are holding discussions to find consensus to change the treaties.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

If, due to the narrowness and paucity of the draft amendment, the European Council decides not to convene a convention, it will give the Intergovernmental Conference a mandate to prepare a treaty amendment.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Finally, in both cases, Member States will decide whether to ratify the amendments adopted during the process.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Amendments to the Treaties will enter into force only if the new treaty is ratified by all Member States.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Under the simplified amendment procedure, the Treaties can be amended to a limited extent by means of a much lighter procedure than the normal amendment procedure.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

It is used in areas that rely on 'internal policy' of the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In addition, by means of the bridge procedure, the passerelle procedure, the European Council may, by unanimous decision, introduce a majority decision or a normal legislative procedure, provided that the European Parliament supports the decision of the European Council.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In addition, any proposal to introduce the passerelle procedure must be adopted by all national parliaments.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[35] Open method of coordination The open method of coordination is a flexible and light method introduced in 2000, which is used in support of, inter alia, the reform of national economic systems, employment and social policy, education and research policy.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The methodology is based on voluntary cooperation between Member States with the aim of reciprocal learning.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Initially, the Council will determine the objectives and common indicators will be drawn up.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Participating Member States draw up their own operational programmes and, after the agreed period, their performance will be assessed.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Member States exchange experiences and practices and seek to dispense with poor practices and to increase information on the impact of different practices in different circumstances.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[36] The implementation and control of decisions within the framework of the European Union shall be exercised by the Council and the Commission.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The majority of decisions of the Union are taken by the Member States.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The first stage of implementation is the legal implementation by which the measures required for the actual application of Union legislation are carried out.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Regulations apply immediately after their entry into force, but the implementation of the directives requires a change in national law.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The second stage is practical implementation, i.e. concrete implementation of the decisions taken.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The main responsibility for implementing decisions is usually borne by the officials of the Member States.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The third stage consists in the control of decisions.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Compliance with the obligations of a Member State shall be monitored by the Commission, which may, if necessary, bring proceedings against a particular Member State.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The enforcement of Union legislation is also carried out by national courts.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[37] Funding and Budget The size of the current annual EU budget is approximately one per cent of the EU countries' combined GDP and is financed from so-called EU own resources.


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European Union

In 2014, the budget of the European Union was around €135.5 billion.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[38] The budget shall not exceed 1,24% of the combined gross national income of all Member States.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[39] In practice, the budget has remained below this ceiling and was, for example, very close to 1% of gross national income (GNI) through the 2000s.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The funds come mainly from customs duties, VAT and Member States' levies.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[39] The annual budget is decided by the Council and Parliament on the basis of a proposal from the Commission.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Commission shall draw up a preliminary draft budget, which will be considered by the European Parliament and the Council and seek to reach agreement on it.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Finally, the House votes to pass the budget.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[40] Parliament is also empowered to reject a budget if it considers that its priorities have not been met.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In this case, the Commission must draw up a new draft.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[41] The budget for each year falls within the seven-year budget period referred to as the 'financial perspective'.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Commission, the European Parliament and the Council commit themselves to a joint agreement aimed at guaranteeing budgetary discipline, establishing a long-term plan and improving cooperation in the framework of the budgetary procedure.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

This agreement also includes a multiannual financial framework which sets out annual ceilings for each budget heading.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Parliament and the European Court of Auditors shall monitor that the budget is managed efficiently.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Every year, the EU institutions must demonstrate to Parliament that they are spending the funds allocated to them appropriately.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[42] For the period 2014-2020, EU expenditure is as follows: [38] Sustainable growth and employment 47% Protection and management of natural resources 38.9% EU as a global player 6,1% citizenship, freedom, security and justice 1,6% other expenditure (incl. administration) 6.4%.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Internal Market The internal market of the European Union comprises the removal of barriers to trade between the Member States of the Union in order to improve trade activity.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Restrictions on trade and free competition between Member States have been gradually lifted, but the internal market does not yet represent a single economic area.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Some sectors of the economy, mainly public services, have been left under national law and individual EU countries continue to have primary responsibility for their own taxation and social welfare.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[43] Economic and Monetary Union — euro Most countries in the European Union use the euro as a common currency.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

It was introduced for non-cash transactions in 1999 and for all payments in 2002, when euro banknotes and coins were also issued.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Of the 15 then member countries, all but Denmark, the United Kingdom and Sweden have taken the euro.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Later in 2007 Slovenia adopted the euro, 2008 Malta and Cyprus, 2009 Slovakia, 2011 Estonia, 2014 Latvia and in 2015 Lithuania.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Other new Member States are preparing to adopt the euro as they meet the required criteria.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Central Bank monitors monetary stability and Member States are committed to promoting growth and economic convergence [44].


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The introduction of euro banknotes and coins also had a significant psychological impact.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

More than two-thirds of EU citizens manage their personal finances denominated in euros.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The common currency allows consumers to compare prices in different countries directly.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[45] Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) was created in 1992 by the Maastricht Treaty, which contained a binding implementation plan for economic and monetary union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[46] The economic crisis in the euro area forced EMU out of the Maastricht Treaty world, where the member countries had strong economic sovereignty and had almost no solidarity with each other's public finances.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Many have seen this as a development towards a federal government.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The three models for the future of the study published by Etla and the Foreign Policy Institute in 2014 are the Federal EMU, the Fiscal Union-EMU and the Banking Union EMU, which is now born.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

A possible federation was seen as troublesome for Finland, in the view of the study authors, if the important Sweden and Britain were to be excluded, for example, by some form of associate membership.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[47] Freedom, security and the right to open the internal borders of the EU has been an obvious advantage for ordinary people when they can travel without border controls.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Admittedly, the EU's external border controls have been tightened in order to combat trafficking in human beings, drug smuggling, organised crime, illegal immigration and terrorism.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[48] The Treaty establishing the European Community did not envisage the integration of European countries in matters of justice or home affairs.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

However, free movement also made it important to guarantee the same protection and legal protection for everyone anywhere in the EU.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The original Treaties were gradually amended over the years by the Single European Act, the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) and the Treaty of Amsterdam.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[48] Free movement in the Schengen area In 1985, the governments of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Germany signed an agreement in Schengen that facilitated travel between the two countries.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The countries agreed to end all person checks at their common borders, harmonise non-EU controls at borders and introduce a common visa policy.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[48] Thus a zone known as the Schengen zone was created, with no internal borders.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Schengen complex has since become part of the EU Treaty and the Schengen area has expanded.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Today, 26 countries are included in the agreement: the countries of the European Union, excluding Britain and Ireland, and Norway, Iceland and Switzerland.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Asylum and Migration Governments in EU countries have agreed that asylum applications will be processed according to mutually agreed principles.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In 1999, the objective was to have a common asylum procedure in the Union and to have a valid and uniform status throughout the Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Refugee Fund was also established


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

However, a true common EU asylum and migration policy has not materialised.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[49] France and Germany have told Poland and Hungary that they must accept migrants or leave the European Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[50] To combat international crime and terrorism, the EU has set up the Schengen Information System (SIS).


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

It allows authorities to exchange information about individuals for whom an arrest warrant or extradition request has been issued or stolen property such as vehicles or art objects.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[51] Another milestone has been the establishment of Europol.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

It is an EU body of police and customs authorities based in The Hague that deals with the full spectrum of international crime.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[52] Towards the European area of justice, different legal systems exist in the different Member States of the European Union.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

However, the Eurojust unit has been set up in The Hague in 2003 to assist the investigative and prosecutorial authorities of different countries to cooperate.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The European Arrest Warrant, which has been in force since January 2004, replaces lengthy extradition procedures.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[52] In the field of civil law, efforts have been made to facilitate the enforcement of court decisions in cross-border divorce, legal separation, custody and alimony cases.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

This allows judgments in one country to be applied in other EU countries.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

Common procedures also simplify and accelerate the mediation of civil claims that cross state borders but are minor and unchallenged, such as debt or bankruptcy cases.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[52] Foreign policy Objectives for the European Union's foreign policy include the EU's common foreign and security policy, the common security and defence policy and other international actions of the EU.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[53] The objectives of the European Union's foreign policy are defined in the EU Treaties.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) are based on the Maastricht (1992), Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) treaties.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[54] EU Member States have the opportunity to define the Union's foreign policy guidelines and the limits of action.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[55] EU foreign policy decision-making takes place as an intergovernmental process and decisions are taken by the Council or the European Council.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[56] The overall objective of the European Union's foreign policy is to promote and safeguard the interests and values of the EU.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

So-called European values form the basis of the EU's foreign policy agenda.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In addition to promoting peace and stability, the foreign policy objectives enshrined in the Treaties of the Union include promoting global sustainable development, the fight against poverty and the defence and promotion of human rights in accordance with the UN Declaration of Human Rights.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

As defined by the Treaty of Lisbon, the Union's international action must be based on the values that have served as a basis for European integration.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In its international activities, the Union must also commit itself to democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, equality and solidarity.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

In addition, the Union must endeavour, for example, to promote environmental protection and disaster response, peacekeeping, conflict prevention and strengthening international security.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

One objective of the agreement is also to form a zone of prosperity and good neighbourly relations around the Union, through which stability is enhanced in the immediate vicinity of the EU.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[57] Along with the treaties establishing general guidelines, a key document defining the practical objectives of EU foreign policy has been the European Security Strategy of 2003.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

The three main objectives outlined by the strategy are to combat threats, strengthening security in the EU's neighbouring regions and strengthening multilateralism, which contributes to the strengthening of a multipolar world order in which the United Nations would play the most important role.


Question: How many geographical parts can Russia be divided into?

European Union

[58] In 2016, the European Union published a Global Strategy on Foreign and Security Policy, which sets out the Union's common vision and action plan for EU action in the world.