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Suez Crisis and Six-Day War In 1956, Egypt decided to take the British and French-owned Suez Canal under its own ownership.


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As a result of the decision, the Suez Crisis erupted, during which Britain, France and Israel successfully invaded Egypt towards the Suez Canal.


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The armistice was concluded when the United States and the Soviet Union pressured the parties for peace.


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Conditions for the withdrawal included the deployment of UN UNEF forces in Sinai to monitor that Egypt would no longer attack Israel as it did in the 1948 war.


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In 1967, Egypt blockaded Israeli shipping in the Red Sea, removed UNEF peacekeepers from the area and moved tanks and hundreds of soldiers to the Sinai, declaring itself ready for war.


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[14] Israel decided to respond by attacking, and the Six-Day War began with a strike declared pre-emptive by Israel, with which it managed within hours to render the Egyptian air force incapacitated.


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Jordan, in turn, attacked Israeli cities in West Jerusalem, as well as Netanya.


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At the end of the war, Gaza, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank and the Golan Heights were left under Israeli control.


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The Yom Kippur War Syria and Egypt invaded Israel in 1973 and surprised Israel that had been holy.


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Israel initially suffered considerable losses, particularly in the Golan Heights, but with the arrival of reserve forces on the fronts after a few days, the war situation began to change.


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After a second week of fighting, Egypt and Syria had lost most of the positions they had captured, and soon Israel advanced into the west bank of the Suez Canal and into Syria.


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The ceasefire went into effect three weeks after the war began.


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South Lebanon Israel invaded civil war-torn Lebanon in 1982 with the aim of countering terrorist attacks on the northern parts of the country from the Lebanese side.


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After forming a 40-mile-wide security perimeter, the Israeli military continued to attack inland, also capturing the country's capital, Beirut.


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The PLO, which had kept its headquarters in the city, fled to Tunisia's capital Tunis.


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Israel withdrew its troops from the country mostly in 1986 but continued its occupation in the South Lebanon Security Zone with the South Lebanon Army (SLA) paramilitary militia it supported.


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Israel withdrew from the area in 2000, after which it was taken over by the Hezbollah organization as well as a UN peacekeeping force.


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First Intifada and Oslo Accord The First Intifada, or Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation, began in December 1987 and continued until 1993.


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In total, about 1400 Palestinians and about 270 Israeli civilians and 150 Israeli soldiers were killed in the clashes.


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[15] Following the victory of the Labour Party in 1992, Yitzhak Rabin began negotiations with the PLO to bring peace, and in 1993 the two sides signed the Oslo Agreement.


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Also known as Oslo I, Israel and the PLO recognized each other.


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Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat negotiated in July 2000 at Camp David under Bill Clinton, but the talks failed to produce results after the PLO rejected Barak's offer.


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Critics of the motion say Barak's proposal would not have given prospects for the creation of a viable Palestinian state because it would have fragmented the West Bank and stripped many important territories out of it.


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[16] After failed peace talks, tension in the region began to increase again.


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The Second Intifada The Second Intifada, or Al-Aqsa Intifada, began in September 2000.


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It is often suggested that the Second Intifada began after Ariel Sharon visited Al-Aqsa Mosque and that the visit would have been interpreted as a provocation.


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Today, both Palestinians and Israelis agree that it was not only Sharon's action that was the cause of the intifada.


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Israelis view the Intifada as “part of the Palestinian Authority's calculating policy in its relations with the State of Israel” and Palestinians in turn view it as more like “.. just a legitimate reaction to a provocative incident.


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It is the unanimity of the Palestinian people, a public expression of mind caused by the failure of negotiations and a complete condemnation of Israel's actions”.


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[17] In Israel, it is widely believed that the Palestinian leadership initiated the uprising deliberately to pressure Israel through violence.


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[18] In hindsight, however, there were many signs of potential violence that could have ignited from almost any random event.


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There have been 1116 Israelis killed in clashes during the Second Intifada [19] and 4066 Palestinians [20] As a result of the Intifada, Israel is building a security fence in the West Bank, which is said to be to prevent terrorists from entering Israeli cities.


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[21] The fence has been criticized by the UN General Assembly and the EU as it breaks down Palestinian territories and annexes 6% to 8% of the disputed territories to Israel for an indefinite period of time.


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In Israel's view, however, the fence is only a temporary solution.


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[22] In 2004, the International Court of Justice in The Hague ruled that the fence was contrary to international law and should be dismantled immediately.


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Under the ruling, Israel would also be obliged to compensate the damage caused to the Palestinian population by the fence.


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[23] Israel nowadays, the Likud Party led by Ariel Sharon won the March 2001 elections and was re-elected Prime Minister in the 2003 elections.


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The right-wing Likud refused in 2002 to recognize the state of Palestinians under any circumstances.


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[24] In 2003, the Israeli Parliament adopted the so-called Middle East Plan as the basis for a peace plan.


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In the same year, Sharon signed with the Palestinians the Roadmap Peace Plan, which aims for e.g.


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to an independent Palestine.


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[25] After Sharon presented a plan for unilateral Israeli withdrawal from Gaza, his party was mired in internal strife and the Prime Minister dissolved the Knesset and in October 2005 founded the new party Kadima.


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Sharon suffered a severe brain haemorrhage before the election, and Ehud Olmert rose to replace him as the officiating prime minister and leader of the Kadima party.


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Olmert led Kadima to an election victory in March 2006.


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Violence in the area escalated again in June 2006 after Palestinians kidnapped Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit () hostage.


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Israel then began Operation Summer Rain by striking air and ground troops at many targets in Gaza [26] and capturing, among other things, eight of the twenty Palestinian Authority ministers.


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In July, clashes spread to Lebanon after Hezbollah guerrillas penetrated Israel, where they killed three soldiers and took two hostage.


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Among other things, Israel struck Beirut's international airport and blockaded all ports in the country.


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In December 2008, a ceasefire between the Hamas organization that controls the Gaza Strip and Israel expired.


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On December 27, 2008, Israel began aerial bombardment of the Gaza Strip, and a ground invasion, Operation Cast Lead, on January 3, 2009.


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Israel withdrew for the most part by the inauguration of the new US president on January 21, 2009, and completely the next day.


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[27] High number of civilian casualties (incl.


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416 children) and damaging fifty UN buildings led the United Nations to strongly criticize the attack.


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[28] According to the newspaper Haaretz, during the fighting, the Israeli army, with the permission of the commanders, killed numerous civilians and deliberately destroyed their property.


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[29] Right-wing parties were the best performing in the 2009 elections, and the government was formed under Benjamin Netanyahu.


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The Likud government was also supported by the Labour Party, Yisrael Beiteinu and Shas.


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Avigdor Lieberman, known for his anti-Arab statements and labelled a racist, drew the most criticism.


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[30] Lieberman disengaged himself from the two-state solution and declared the Annapolis process negotiated under American leadership null and void.


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[31] The 2010 takeover of civilian casualties of an international aid convoy bound for Gaza on 31 May 2010 was met with sharp criticism.


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Many states condemned the actions of the Israel Defense Forces, including Israel's neighbours, the EU, Spain, Britain, China, Greece, France, Germany and Finland.


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[32] Geography Israel borders Lebanon and Syria to the north, West Bank and Jordan to the east, to the southwest are the Egyptian and Gaza Strip.


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Israel's shoreline to the Mediterranean Sea is to the west and the Gulf of Aqaba, which connects to the Red Sea, to the south.


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Israel's largest waters are Lake Genesaret to the north and the Dead Sea to the southeast.


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The largest river is the Jordan.


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The highest mountain is Har Meron.


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Climate The climate of the country is Mediterranean except for the deserts of the southern and northern parts of the country, the largest of which is the Negev Desert.


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In spring and summer, sandstorms occur periodically.


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The country has a hot rainless summer and a relatively short cool rainy winter.


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The climate varies within the country according to meridian, latitude and proximity to the Mediterranean Sea.


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August is the hottest of the months, with average temperatures ranging from 18 to 38°C.


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Rains are usually heavy rainfall causing erosion and flooding.


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In winter, water might come as snow in the highlands of the central part of the country like Jerusalem.


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In the most cultivated areas of the country, more than 300 millimeters of rain per year.


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About a third of the land is cultivable.


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Plants and Animals More than 500 species of birds have been found in Israel.


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Some of the birds live there permanently, some migrate through Israeli territory twice a year.


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[33] Across Israel there are more than 150 nature reserves and 65 national parks, about 1000 square kilometers in size.


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The areas are cared for by the Israel Nature and Parks Administration.


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Twenty of them have been developed for public use, with two million visitors each year.


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Mount Carmel has been designated a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.


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Hundreds of plants and animals, including oak, palm and animals gazelle and leopard, have been protected, and rescue programs have been put in place for endangered species.


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[33] Metropolises In 2004, the Israeli census defined three metropolitan areas: Tel Aviv — 2933700 people Haifa — 980600 people Beersheba — 511800 people Jerusalem could also be called a metropolitan area, but it is difficult to define it because the settlement spreads such a wide area and the boundaries of the city itself are blurry.


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The official population of the city of Jerusalem is 724000 (2006).


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Including Nazareth and its Muslim-majority suburbs, the area would also be included in large metropolitan areas.


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Population Israel enacted the Return Migration Act in 1950, under which all Jews have the right to immigrate to the country as an olena, or Jewish immigrant, and obtain citizenship of the country.


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According to the definition of the law, anyone born of a Jewish mother or who has converted to the Jewish religion is considered Jewish, and is not a member of any other religious community.


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In 1970, the law was expanded to include all descendants of a Jewish parent or grandparent, spouses of Jews, and the spouse of a Jewish descendant.


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Those former citizens of British Palestine who lived in the country from 1948 to 1952 are also entitled to return to Israel.


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In recent years, Jews, especially from the former Soviet Union, have been emigrated by law.


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Since 1990, more than a million Russians have entered the country, which today constitute the largest population group in the country.


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[34] Non-Jews can also immigrate according to the normal immigration process, and citizenship can be obtained within five years.


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Israel is the only state in the world where a majority of the population is Jewish.


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77.7% of the Israeli population are Jews of different regions, with the largest groups being those born in Europe or the United States (32.1%), those born in Israel (20.8%) and those born in Africa (14.6%).


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Arabs make up 18.5% of the population.


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Other groups account for 4.3% of the population.


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76.2% of Israelis are Jewish by religion, 16.1% Muslims and 2.1% Christians.


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Druuses in religion make up 1.6% of the population.


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Druze are ethnically often classified as Arabs, but they generally do not consider themselves Arabs, but as their own group.


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[35] [36] Israeli religious Jews are roughly divided into two groups: about 12% are considered Haredi Jews (so-called ultra-Orthodox) and about 9% consider themselves religious Zionists.


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The Haredi strive to live according to the customs of the time of Moses and are in principle suspicious of even the State of Israel, because according to traditional Jewish conception, Israel should come into existence only when the Messiah comes.


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Today, the Haredi have become more interested in politics and seek to “Jewise” society.


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Their goal is a Torah state based on religious law.


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The influence of the Haredis increases as their population share increases thanks to the high birth rate.


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[37] 43% are secularized, or hilons, of whom 53% state their belief in God.


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Of all Jews in Israel, 65% believe in God and 5% report being non-religious.


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Of all Israelis, 78% spend the Sabbath.


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[38] Of Israeli Arabs, 82.3% are Muslims, 9% are Christians and 8.5% are Druze.


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Almost all Muslim Arabs are Sunni Muslims, and the majority live in northern parts of the country.


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Bedouin Arabs belonging to thirty tribes are also Muslims and live sparsely in the deserts of southern parts.


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Bedouin are already generally ending Bedouin life and entering the workforce.


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Arab Christians live in Nazareth, Shfar'am and Haifa.


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Some 3000 Adygeians live in the northern villages, who are Sunni Muslims, however not Arabs, and are not part of communities of other Muslims.


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According to Human Rights Watch, Israeli Arabs are subject to discrimination within the country, including in education.


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[39] Culture Israel is a multicultural and -language society in which many ethnic groups and denominations are represented.


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A central place in the culture is occupied by festivities and traditions associated with the Jewish religion.


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The culture of Israel has been influenced by the cultures of Jews who immigrated from different regions, for example Sephardic and Ashkenasi Jews and Ethiopian Jews.


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The Arab minority has maintained its own culture.


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The preservation of the heritage of minority groups is supported by monetary grants and other support.


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Arabs have taken an active part in electronic media in general and Arabic language productions.


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[40] Haifa, Tel Aviv and Jerusalem are centers of culture with many exhibitions, theaters and other cultural life.


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Israelis diligently read newspapers.


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Major daily newspapers appear in Hebrew, Arabic, English and Russian.


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Newspapers are also published in French, Polish, Yiddish, Hungarian, German and Persian.


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Kol Israel ('The Voice of Israel') offers radio programs on eight radio channels and 17 languages.


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The state has two television channels serving in Hebrew, Arabic and English.


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Three private producers operate on one commercial channel.


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Pay cable television is available in most of the country and can receive programming from a variety of American, European and Asian television networks.


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Israel has a millennia of history and is historically important to the four monotheistic religions Much effort has been invested in archaeology in Israel, with relics protected, excavated and placed for public viewing.


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Researchers from the University of Helsinki have participated in the excavations from Finland.


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In the Middle East, archaeological finds are interpreted in various contexts, often to support their own political and religious ideas.


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Thus, the extent of the Kingdom of David has served in part as an ideal for the borders of the State of Israel, for example on the issue of the Golan Heights.


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[41] Literature, theatre and cinema Israeli literature is highly regarded: Samuel Josef Agnon received the Nobel Prize in Literature 1966.


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David Grossman has been a Nobel candidate.


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Well-known contemporary writers include Amos Oz, Yehudit Katzir, Etgar Keret, Orly Castel-Blum, Gadi Taub, Irit Linor, Mira Magen, Batya Gur and Shulamit Lapid, and poet Jehuda Amihai.


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In addition to Hebrew, much literature is published in Arabic, English and French.


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With 1 million Russian immigrants, Israel has the highest number of Russian-language literature published in the world after Russia.


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Theatre has not been part of traditional Jewish culture.


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Israeli theatre got its start with the advent of Russian immigrants.


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The first theater was founded 1931 in Tel Aviv, and today there are several theaters in Israel.


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[42] Israeli film exports are on the rise with internationally successful films.


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Films in the past have often dealt with Israeli-Arab confrontation.


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The Israel Film Center, under the Israeli Ministry of Trade and Industry, promotes and supports the country's film sector.


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Film Archive The Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the world's largest archive of Jewish cinema.


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Music in Israel is a strong art music tradition that came to the country mainly with the participation of Ashkenasi Jews who immigrated from Central and Eastern Europe.


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The Palestine Philharmonic Orchestra (now the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra) held its first concert in Tel Aviv in 1936 under Arturo Toscanini.


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Another notable symphony orchestra in the country is the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra.


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In 1980, New Israel Opera was founded in the country.


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Well-known Israeli art musicians include pianist and conductor Daniel Barenboim and violinists Shlomo Mintz, Pinchas Zukerman and Itzhak Perlman.


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Major international attention has been received by the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, founded in 1998 by Daniel Barenboim, in which both Jewish and Palestinian young musicians play, and the Young Palestine Chamber Orchestra, founded in 2003.


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The orchestras have performed concertos in the West Bank city of Ramallah, among others.


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[43] [44] Israel has won the Eurovision Song Contest four times, most recently in 2018 with the song “Toy” by Netta Barzilai.


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Other popular performers in pop and rock music have included Idan Raichel, Ofra Haza, Kaveret, Izhar Cohen and Gali Atari.


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In recent years, hip-hop music has also gained a wider listener base with the popularity of Tamer Nafar, an Arab-Israeli, among others.


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Sports Sport has a prominent place in Israeli culture and Israeli sports culture very much resembles that of European countries.


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The most popular sports in the country are football and basketball, but the country has also achieved international success in areas such as handball and fixture gymnastics.


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Israel has won a total of 9 Olympic medals so far in judo, canoeing and windsurfing.


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There are also major Jewish sports competitions Maccabids held in Israel every four years.


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Economy Originally based on farming, the economy has grown strongly, especially in the decades since independence, and Israel's economy is modern and diverse.


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Significant export products (total.


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nearly 30 billion in 2003) are e.g.


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heavy machinery industry (also includes weapons industry), memory chips and processors, electro-optics products, computer software, pharmaceutical products, cut diamonds, agricultural products such as Jaffa oranges, chemicals and clothing.


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High-tech plays a significant part in the economy.


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Because of non-existent natural resources, Israel has placed a high emphasis on education and been at the forefront of research in information technology, communications and life sciences.


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Israel is often talked about as the Silicon Valley of the Middle East.


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More venture capital is invested in Israel than any country in Europe, and its venture capital investment share of GDP is the highest in the world.


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Outside the United States and Canada, Israel has the highest number of Nasdaq-listed companies in the world.


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[45] Israel's patent figures are among the highest in the world.


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In the early 2010s, huge deposits of natural gas and shale oil have been discovered in Israel, which are in the process of changing Israel's political, economic and military position significantly.


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Oil deposits recently discovered in Israel are estimated to be up to the same magnitude as Saudi oil deposits.


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[46] Trade with the EU The European Union is Israel's main trading partner and exports to the Union make up 28% of Israel's total exports.


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The 1995 trade agreement, which replaced the 1975 cooperation agreement, allows Israel to import industrial products into the EU without import tariffs and seeks to promote cooperation on investment and harmonisation of laws.


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[47] There have been disagreements between the EU and Israel over imports into the EU of products made in West Bank and Gaza settlements as Israeli products, but the dispute was agreed in the summer of 2004.


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[48] The Arab boycott has kept trade with Arab countries low, but Egypt and Jordan, among others, have opened trade.


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United States most significant contributor About half of the economic and military loan guarantees and other aid Israel receives comes from the United States and the rest mostly from the European Union.


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About half of Israel's foreign debt originates in the United States, and a significant portion of the total debt comes from individuals through the Israeli promissory note program.


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Germany has provided Israel with palpable grants and entered into cooperation agreements to develop industry and armed forces in recompense for Nazi Germany's crimes against Jews.


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Tourism Both foreign and intra-country tourism are major livelihoods in Israel and account for 3-4% of the country's GDP, of which foreign tourism accounts for 35% to 40%.


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The calmness of the region has somewhat reduced tourism to the area in recent years.


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[49] The most famous tourist destinations are Eilat, Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Tiberias and Lake Genesaret, Haifa, Zefat (Safed), the Dead Sea and Be'er Sheva and the Negev Desert.


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Attractions are historic buildings, cities and places or nature attractions.


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The most famous sights in Jerusalem are the biblical sites in the Old City and its vicinity, as well as around Lake Genesaret.


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Zefat (Safed) is a destination for religious pilgrims, and the high altitude town offers fine views.


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Tel Aviv and Haifa are major cities.


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On the Dead Sea are located saltwater baths and hotels, natural parks and the mountain fortress of Masada.


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There are staggering vantage points and beautiful natural parks in the Negev Desert, the Galilee and the Golan Highlands.


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Eilat has bathing beaches and is one of the best diving sites in the world.


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The most visible part of the security effort in Israel is security checks at doors in shops and shopping centres, as well as checkpoints on the roads.


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Even if checkpoints aren't normally manned — or if they are, no cars are stopped — it's always worth silencing and being prepared to stop.


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Current information on the security situation in Israel can be obtained, for example, by the Finnish


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Notable companies from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, the world's largest generic drug manufacturer.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Natural Resources Israel's most significant natural resources are copper, phosphate, bromine, sulfur, potash, natural gas.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[50] and shale oil.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[51] The most significant export products are high-tech (more than half of exports), e.g.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

information and communication technology, pharmaceutical equipment, software, diagnostics, biotechnology, fine chemicals, electro-optics and measurement technology, and machinery industry products.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Some Israeli foods are quite well-known, but agricultural products account for only a few percent of Israel's exports.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Politics Israel is a parliamentary democratic republic with equal voting rights.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel's unicameral 120-member parliament is called the knesset.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Representative seats are allocated according to the party endorsement according to the proportional representation method.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Knesset is elected by popular vote every four years, but MPs can call an early election by voting on confidence.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The President of Israel is essentially a representative office.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The president is elected by parliament for a seven-year term.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The president chooses the leader of the majority party or alliance as Prime Minister.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel's head of state is the president, but it follows from British-style majority parliamentarianism that the prime minister is effectively the country's political leader.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel's president is Reuven Rivlin, elected in 2014.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The prime minister has been served since 2009 by Benjamin Netanyahu of the Likud Party.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The position of prime ministers is hampered by the fragmentation of the Knesset.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Governments have often been politically weak “governments of national unity”.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Early elections have been commonplace.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel considers Jerusalem as its capital, and the knesses and most of the regime are located there.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[52] Jerusalem has not been recognized as a capital by the international community, including Finland, and the vast majority of embassies are located in Tel Aviv.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[53] According to Hannu Juusola, the major political issues in Israel are issues that a young state normally has to solve as soon as it becomes independent.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The “external eternity conflict” with the Palestinians awaits resolution, and the borders of the country are waiting for final definition.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Another problem is that the country has no constitution.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The third “ultimate question” concerns external status: whether Israel is part of the Middle East, an eternal bastion of European culture or even colonialism in the Third World, or no less than a sort of remote “state” of the US.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[54] The lack of a constitution stems from the failure to agree on what “Jewish state” means.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The secular and moderate majority view Judaism as an ethnic concept and want a state based on secular law.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Some, on the other hand, want a theocracy based on Jewish law halakha.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

According to the largest religious party, the god-given torah is the constitution, that's all you need.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[37] The lack of a constitution has been replaced by the so-called Basic Laws, which are supposed to sometimes form the Constitution.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The right is independent from other governmental bodies.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The judicial system is three-tier and includes a sub-court, a district court, and a supreme court.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Supreme Court justices are appointed by the president for life.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Transport, labour, youth, war and municipal matters have their own legal courts.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Religious legislation is in place in family matters.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Jewish affairs are handled by rabbinic court, Muslim affairs by Sharia court, Druze affairs by their own courts, and the ecclesiastical rights of the ten recognized Christian denominations.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[55] Domestic politics The most prominent ruling parties in Israel until very recently have been the left-wing Labour Party and the 1973 born right-wing Likud.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

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Ariel Sharon became the country's first prime minister from outside these parties after the Likud Party dissolved into internal strife and Sharon's resignation from it.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The new centrist Kadima Party, founded by Sharon in the fall of 2005, emerged as the largest party in the Knesset in the 2006 elections, and its chairman, Jehud Olmert, became the country's prime minister.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Kadima attracted name politicians from right and left alike.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In the 2009 elections, Likud emerged as the winner, which formed a government with the Haredi Shas, the Labour Party and Yisrael Beiteinu Party, which is mainly read as far-right [56] [57].


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Due to its proportional representation as well as social fragmentation since the 1990s, the country also has a large number of smaller parties, which have often held a significant scale language position in the country's parliament and thus proportionally greater influence than their size.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Small parties include Meretz-Jahhad (“Social Democrats”), Ra'am (“United Arab List”), Ta'al (“Arab Movement for Renewal”), Shas, National Religious Party, Yisrael Beiteinu, Communist Party of Israel, Balad (“National Democratic Coalition”).


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

However, the participation of Arab parties Ra'am, Ta'al and Balad in the 2009 elections is banned.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[58] Nonetheless, they hold a total of 8 seats in the Knesset.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Similar to many European countries, a group of foreign non-Jewish migrant workers has also emerged in Israel.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

By the turn of the millennium, the share of legal and illegal migrants in the workforce had increased to between 7% and 14%.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel, leaning towards Jewish identity, has not had the nonethical tools to integrate immigrants into society.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The country's liberal economic policy emphasizes the free market, which is liable to weaken the state as well as emphasising the importance of individuality.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

On the other hand, the Palestinian minority, more alienated from Israeli society, emphasizes their Islamic faith and Palestinian identity.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[59] Foreign Policy Israel has close ties with the world's industrialized countries.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Relations with China and India were established in 1992.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In foreign policy, Israel has a peace treaty with Egypt over the 1973 Yom Kippur War, with Jordan for the 1967 Six-Day War.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

With Syria, the dispute over its six-day war over the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights remains open, and Syria and Israel do not yet have a peace deal.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The state of Israel has not been recognized by 32 predominantly Muslim-majority countries in North Africa and the Middle East.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Some Orthodox Jews do not recognize the secular state of Israel.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Arab countries have put forward a plan to normalize relations with Israel, provided that Israel withdraws to the 1967 borders, that an independent Palestinian state is established in the West Bank and Gaza with Jerusalem as its capital, and that Palestinian refugees are allowed to return to Israel to the region.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[60] The Fourth Committee of the General Assembly devotes a third of the session's time to deal with the Israeli-Middle East conflict, a third of the HRC's country decisions concern Israel, and with the reform that has passed through Muslim countries the only mandatory structure of each session the so-called “Israel Bulletin” has been prescribed.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[61] The UN-critical United Nations Association of the United Kingdom found in its study the UN interpreted Israel's actions with significantly more negative expressions than Palestinians or Arab countries.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

However, in the view of scholars, this is not necessarily an anti-Israel bias; Israel's ignoring of UN resolutions and violations of international law would undermine the organization's credibility.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

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The researchers did not take a position on the veracity of the facts behind the decisions.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[62] According to the New York Times, relations between Israel and the UN improved in the early years of the 21st century; Ariel Sharon stated in September 2005 relations were “better than they have been ever before”.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[63] UN Secretary-General Annan has acknowledged that “the UN's history of anti-Semitism has not matched our ideals.”


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

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Israeli presence is banned at all other UN offices except New York because Arab countries do not recognize the state of Israel.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[63] The United States, the most prominent supporter of Israel, is a permanent member country of the Security Council and has frequently exercised veto power on what it sees as anti-Israel resolutions.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[64] There is censorship in Israel for news about foreign and security policy.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Newspapers and other traditional media covering these topics must be submitted to military censorship review by the military before their publications.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Censorship has ordered the amendment or blocked the publication of about a fifth of the stories.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[65] US-Israeli relations have strengthened during the reign of US President Donald Trump.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[66] Concerns have arisen in Israel, however, about what the country's status will be in the post-Trump era, as the country's status could be diminished if Democrats win the next election in the United States.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[66] The Jewish People Policy Institute JPPI has stated that the American Jewish community is, in the long run, one of Israel's most important strategic assets.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[66] For more than 50 years, the United States has been regarded as Israel's most prominent supporter.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[66] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has been criticized in his foreign policy for alienating himself from the liberal democratic world and being more xenophobic.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[66] The Palestinian Territories and the Golan Heights UN Security Council Resolutions 242 of 1967 and 338 of 1973 called for the withdrawal of Israel's armed forces from at least some of the territories captured in 1967.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[67] [68] Approximately three million Palestinians live in the occupied territories, as well as 200,000 Jewish settlers.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel has a total of 242 settlements or other civilian sites in the West Bank, 42 in the Golan Heights and 29 in East Jerusalem.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[69] Security Council Resolutions 446, 452, 465, and 471 consider the establishment and expansion of these settlements to be contrary to the Geneva Convention and to be “without legitimate basis”.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The settlements are also considered by human rights organisations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to be contrary to international law.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[70] [71] Israel acknowledges that some of the smaller settlements were built in violation of Israeli laws.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[72] [73] Israel therefore uses the territorial term “disputed territories”.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Human rights crimes Palestinians living in the Palestinian territories in the West Bank and Gaza have been the target of human rights violations.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In 2008, there were an estimated 11000 Palestinians in Israeli prisons, 98 of whom were women, 345 children, 50 members of the Palestinian Legislative Council, as well as three Palestinian Authority ministers [74].


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

According to Amnesty International reports, the majority are non-violent prisoners of conscience and very few have received a judicial review that meets international standards.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[75] The security fence and roadblocks built by Israel make it difficult for Palestinians to move.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The region has an unemployment rate of about 30% and more than two-thirds of the Palestinian population live below the poverty line.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel's actions towards the Palestinians have been compared to South Africa's apartheid policies [76] [77] [78].


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

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According to critics and opponents of the apartheid analogy, the parable is factually, morally and historically incorrect and its purpose is to present Israel's actions as illegal.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[79] According to critics, Gaza and the West Bank are not part of Israel.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Critics argue that while the movement of Palestinians across borders is heavily controlled by Israel, the territories are governed by the Palestinian authorities and an elected Hamas, so the situation cannot be compared to South Africa's domestic apartheid policies.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Other problems in the region include honour killings in the Palestinian territories, summary killings of suspected collaborators by armed Palestinian groups, and death penalties imposed by the Palestinian Authority.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[80] Human Rights Watch has accused Palestinian terrorist organizations of human rights crimes and has criticized the Palestinian Authority for not making every effort to prevent attacks and to bring the perpetrators to trial.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

On the other hand, several Palestinian entities and organizations urge people to violence against Israel as well as against Jews.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Amnesty International has issued a demand to Hamas to respect the human rights of all Palestinians, adhere to the standards of international law and end violence against Israeli civilians.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[81] [82] [83] Palestinian rocket warfare Since 2001, Hamas and other Palestinian factions have shelled from Gaza into the Israeli side with rockets and mortars smuggled, among other things, along the tunnels from the Egyptian side.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

While much of it has fallen outside the settlement, continuing to be under the threat of shelling has been emotionally consuming for Israel's civilian population and has put pressure on the Israeli government to strike Gaza.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

2007 Israel's defense minister had said he would not allow evacuations of the area's population, pressured by terrorist attacks.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[84] By the beginning of 2009, 8600 rockets had been fired into southern Israel from the Gaza Strip alone, including 6000 since Israel's 2005 withdrawal from Gaza.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The attacks had killed 28 people and wounded hundreds within 40km of the border.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In the past, the rockets were homemade “Kassam” rockets with a maximum 10 km range, but later Hamas acquired Russian Grad and Katjusha rockets with longer range.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

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[85] Israel has responded to the threat by fortifying bus stops and reinforcing school buildings.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In March 2011, Israel placed the first Iron Dome anti-rocket system in the area.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

By December, missile defense managed to repel 75% of the rockets, according to the IDF.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Normally, two missiles priced at $50,000 were fired at each projectile coming towards them.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[86] Palestinian militants in southern Lebanon have been shelling rockets even after the Lebanese War, in which 2009 Hezbollah was estimated to have 30,000 rockets, [87] and from the Sinai Peninsula to Eilat.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel has sought to repel rocket attacks with return fire, airstrikes and a variety of large-scale ground operations, as well as the 2007 blockade of Gaza that began in June.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Since withdrawing from Gaza, between 1000 and 2000 Palestinians have been killed in Gaza by Israeli strikes.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In November 2012, Palestinians fired several rockets into Israel and Israel returned fire by firing rockets into Gaza and killing a senior Hamas leader.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel also moved its ground forces closer to Gaza, preparing for a ground offensive.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Limited Water Reserves The main water source on the West Bank side of the 1967 border consumes water in Israeli territory by about 80% and about 20% on the Palestinian Authority side.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The population of Jewish settlements in the West Bank consumes almost as much water as the region's 2.3 million Palestinians.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Under international law, the use of natural resources in occupied territories for the benefit of one's own citizens is illegal.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[88] Israel entered into a bilateral agreement with the Palestinian Authority to create the Palestinian Water Authority.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The Water Administration's proposals include streamlining water use in the region.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[89] Sharon's Kadima Party wants decision-making power over Palestinian borders The Kadima Party founded by Ariel Sharon and its new chairman and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert have presented Israel's decisive dispute over the borders of a Palestinian state unilaterally, as there is no negotiation advanced.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The plan would see Israel withdraw from at least some of the territories it occupied in 1967 but retain some of its West Bank settlements.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Gaza was handed over to the Palestinian Authority in September 2005 by unilateral Israeli decision.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In the West Bank and Gaza, Palestinians are run by the Palestinian Authority.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The Palestinian Authority, in the form of the National Council of Palestinians, declared independence as early as 1988.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The Armed Forces of Israel (or Tzva Hagana L'Yisrael, often also in English Israel Defence Forces) are considered among the strongest in the Middle East.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel's defence spending is very high due to the crisis in the Middle East: for example, in 1996 it amounted to 10.6% of the country's GDP and 21.1% of the state budget.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The United States has given Israel about three billion dollars in development aid each year, of which, for example, in 2001, two billion was military aid.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[90] Israel, as the first country in the world, included women under universal conscription.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Conscribed in Israel are Jews, Druze, and Cherchesses, while Christians and Muslims are generally exempt from it as Arabs.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[91] Haredi Jews studying in Yashiva schools have also been exempt, which the more secular Jews have resisted.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Entering the service at the age of 18, the term of service is three years for men and 21 months for women.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

However, women do not have to go into the military if they are married or have a child.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

In 2006, the Israeli Armed Forces recruited 75% of conscripts for military service.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[92] Conscientious objectors are referred to as refusenik.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

The Refusenik movement grew significantly with the start of the Second Intifada of 2000, when some reservists refused to operate in the Palestinian territories.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[93] In the 21st century, the proportion of Old Jews in the strength of the army has increased as the attitude of the country's secularised population towards the military has become more critical.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[94] Israel has an autonomous capability to launch reconnaissance satellites along with Russia, the United States, Great Britain, France, China, India and Japan.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Well-known Israeli weapons include the Uzi submachine gun, the Galil and TAR-21 assault rifles and the Merkava tank, the former being a major export product.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel supposedly has nukes.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

By the late 1990s, according to CIA estimates, Israel possessed between 75 and 140 nuclear weapons.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

According to some sources, there were as many as 400 weapons.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[95] [96] Israel is outside the NPT.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[97] The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) adopted a 2009 resolution on the inspection of Israel's nuclear weapons.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel has refused to cooperate.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

[98] Intelligence Mossad, or “Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks”, is an Israeli intelligence agency commonly known as Mossad.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Its missions include intelligence gathering, covert operations and counterterrorism.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Mossad is one of the world's most famous intelligence services and is often put in the same league as the CIA and MI6.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

It is considered highly effective and is considered to have contributed greatly to Israel's stability and security.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Israel has other intelligence services, for example the military's Shin Bet.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

See also Judaism Arab-Israeli conflict Considerations Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juusola, Hannu| title = Israeli history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-662-920-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juusola, Hannu & Huuhtanen, Heidi (ed.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

) | title = Religion and Politics in the Middle East| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-662-849-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Daily, Pasi| title = Israeli-Palestinian conflict| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-37-4114-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reime, Hannu| title = Israel/Palestine: Promised Land of Two Peoples| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like: Finnish Peace Defenders | year = 2003| version = Upright ear| id = ISBN 952-471-056-0}} information about Israel's population, location, climate, society and culture in Finnish In several languages, including information about Israel Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What was the population of Israel in 2018?

Israel

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosticiancy

Gnosticism was particularly influenced by the syncretistic religious movement of the 10th and 12th centuries, which existed in the context of many religions of the time, including Christianity, from the Mediterranean to Central Asia.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosticiancy

The word “gnosticism” comes from the Greek word “gnosis” (), meaning knowledge.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosticiancy

Gnostic concepts were based on Judaism, Greek philosophy, especially Platonism, and early Christianity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosticiancy

[1] Gnosticism generally refers to religious doctrinal systems and myths that the universe is the creation of an evil or ignorant lower creator god, and salvation refers to the saving knowledge of the divine origin of man and the liberation of the soul from the prison of the body.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosticiancy

[1] The reality conception of Gnosticism was starkly ambivalent.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosticiancy

Creation was often depicted in Gnostic myths as the end result of the struggle or divine fall of the forces of good and evil.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The concept of the creation of the world includes more deities.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The creator of material reality was a lower deity, a demiurgist, born of disorder in the divine world.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

This creator god wanted to create a perfect world, but failed.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The perfect world of the creator god would have been immortal and imperishable.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Because of the failure of creation, the Gnostics considered the material world to be otherworldly or evil, but since the origin of the soul of man is nevertheless in divine reality, with the most supreme god, it is possible to release from matter through the secret, saving of the Gnostics mediated by the Gnostics with knowledge.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The saving knowledge included knowing where a person came from, what state he is in now, and what he can get into.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[2] Today, Gnosticism is often seen as a religion in competition with early Christianity, which broke away from or developed alongside Christianity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

However, there is not one concept accepted by all about the genesis of Gnosticism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[1] The ideas of Gnosticism are largely based on Platonism, particularly Middle Platonism, as well as Judaism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

For example, the idea of a demiurgist is based on Plato's dialogue with Timaios.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In addition to these, Gnosticism was influenced by Christianity as well as Babylonian-Iranian religions.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[3] Christian Gnosticism is spoken of when Christian ingredients are combined with the above Perignostic ideas, [3] such as the teachings of Jesus and his intermediary role as the bringer of saving knowledge.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Definition of Gnosticism Origin and Meaning of the word 'Gnosticism' The term “gnosticism” was developed only in the 17th century [4] and has often been used, partly erroneously, for all trends that included encrypted insider-only information.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

As a result, the precision and usefulness of the term has also often been questioned.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In general, however, the term “gnosticism” is used in a fairly strictly delineated sense.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Thus, Gnosticism can be distinguished, for example, from various esoteric trends, mysticism and New Age movements.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Today, Gnosticism is often seen in its history as a religion that competed with Christianity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

It has often been held that Gnosticism would have emerged as distinct from Christianity, for example from a Judeo-Hellenistic background, and later “penetrated” into Christianity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

However, this view is not without problems, since ancient sources do not speak of Gnosticism as a separate religion, and Gnostic scriptures do not support the idea of at least one unified religion.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Other scholars consider that Gnosticism would have arisen with Christianity, been influenced by it, and subsequently separated from it.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The problem with this theory is that there is little Christian traits in the earliest Gnostic literature.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[5] The word 'gnosticism' is based on a concept dating back to antiquity: it comes from the word gnosis () which signifies' knowledge 'in the Greek language.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Gnosis itself, however, refers to a highly specialized species of knowledge that is related both to the original meaning of the Greek word and its use, particularly in Platonist philosophy.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Gnosis does not refer to knowledge in the conventional sense, but to the fact that man is receptive in a certain way to a mystical or esoteric experience of a deity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In the vast majority of Gnostic systems, this' knowledge 'of the deity is itself a contributing factor to salvation.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

This' knowledge 'is commonly combined with internal' knowledge 'or introspection, highlighted by Plotinos, among others.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

However, before the religious meaning, the term 'Gnostic' was used in a philosophical sense in a number of ancient philosophical traditions, which must be borne in mind when studying the religious use of the term.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Disagreements on the definition of 'gnosticism' In 1966, a conference on Gnosticism was held in Messina.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Its main objectives were the organization of the translation work of Nag Hammadi's discoveries and agreeing on a precise definition of Gnosticism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[3] Over the ages, the term 'Gnostic' had begun to be used in an increasing number of different meanings and its original purpose was obscured.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

For example, in 1835, New Testament scholar Ferdinand Baur defined Gnosticism as culminating in the thinking of G. W. F. Hegel.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Harold Bloom looked for Gnostic ingredients in modern US religions and Eric Voegelin explored totalitarianism from the perspective of Gnosticism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The “cautious suggestion” as definitions of 'gnosticism' and 'gnosis', the conference therefore decided that the term 'gnosticism' would historically be delimited to denote the Gnostic movements of the first centuries, while the term 'gnosis' would be a generic designation for all privileged information limited to the best.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[3] However, this created new problems, as' gnosticism 'intended to be historical was an entirely modern designation, whereas' gnosis' intended to be generic was a genuinely historical term.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Scholars thus referred to 'Gnosticism' as something which antiquity theologians had referred to as 'gnosis'.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Markschies has written that scholars thus ended up creating the concept of Gnosticism, which was almost unusable in the historical sense.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[6] In antiquity, everyone acknowledged that knowledge was central to life, but there was no consensus on what knowledge consisted of.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The definition given to information by the Messina Conference did not exist at the time.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

For this reason, problems with the precise definition of Gnosticism have persisted.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The practices term relations decided at the Messina conference are still in common use.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

However, the delineation of the term 'Gnosticism' to describe the religiosity of the first centuries has also been questioned.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In his book Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for the Dismantling of a Dubious Category, Michael A. Williams compared definitions given to Gnosticism and writings read to Gnosticism, particularly Nag Hammadi's texts.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Williams held that the class of Gnosticism is still based on the foundation laid by opponents of heresy.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In the use of the term, too much weight has been placed on dualism, the known disgust for matter and the body, and anticosmism, without these assumptions being tested against the texts themselves.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Current scholars have adopted definitions from opponents of heresies, although today it would also be possible to determine how valid the definition actually is.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Williams proposed replacing the term with a different denomination altogether, his own proposal being “the biblical demiurgical tradition” (“the Biblical Demiurgical Tradition”), [7] which has not yet received widespread support.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Gnosticism trends and main schools Gnosticism can be divided into very many different trends.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Its main trends are Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism as well as Persian Gnosticism, which includes such religions as Manichaeism and Mandeanism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

However, Manichaeism and Mandeanism are very much religious traditions of their own kind and are usually treated as their own religions under their own names, whereas Gnosticism refers mainly to Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Its main tendencies were Setian Gnosticism and Valentino Christianity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Setian Gnosticism may have been at the root of other Gnostic trends.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Valentino Christianity absorbed more ingredients from Christianity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[2] Gnostic schools can be mainly divided into two categories.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

These are the Eastern or Persian school and the Syrian-Egyptian school.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The former has a powerful dualism as a central component, and a distinct division into the world of light and darkness exists in its myths.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Creation is seen as the result of the joint action or struggle between the two forces.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Even if the forces are even-handed, the ultimate purpose of creation is to ensure the victory of the forces of light.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism The Syrian-Egyptian school has taken on more Platonist influences.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

It typically presents creation as a series of emanations, that is, currents from the primary monadic source of complete oneness, ultimately leading to the creation of the material world.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

As a result, the school generally sees matter as' evil ', inferior to everything divine and intangible.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In school concepts, 'good' and 'evil' primarily describe distance from the divine source and principle of good, not the inner-born goodness or evil of things.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Settiism, or classical Gnosticism, honored Set, the third son of Adam and Eve, as the proprietor and mediator of special knowledge.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Setianism and Valentinism were influenced in the first centuries, beginning no later than the second century.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Bentley Layton has outlined the relationships between various Gnostic movements in his book The Gnostic Scriptures.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In his model, “Classical Gnosticism”, or Settiism, and “To Bring a School” preceded Valentino and influenced him.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Many scholars have assumed precisely Sittianism was the starting point of other Gnostic tendencies.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[8] Setianism has derived distinct influences from Jewish thought and literature, and it is thought that it may have initially seceded from Judaism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Much of the Setian writings also have Christian influences, but some of them are completely absent.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[9] Because of this, it is possible that Settiism may have arisen on the basis of Judaism, with Christian ingredients later attached to the Setian writings.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The problem with the theory is that Settiism takes a very negative view of the foundations of Judaism: the creator god, who was interpreted as Yahweh in the Old Testament, and the law he gives.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

John D. Turner has presented a hypothetical history of Settiism, stating that it is based first and foremost on Judaism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Classical Gnosticism, he said, originated with the merger of two groups of Jewish backgrounds, the Barbelo Gnostics and the Setites, in the 10th century.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Barbelo Gnostics considered Barbelo to be one part of the divine trinity, and to this their doctrine they had drawn possibly Middle Platonian influences.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

They practiced immersion baptism, which associated them with divine wisdom.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The Sethite Jews, on the other hand, considered themselves to be part of a lineage inherited from Seti, with classified knowledge of the origins of mankind.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[10] According to Turner, in the first phase, the Barbelo Gnostics were similarly influenced by Christians who practiced baptism, and interpreted Christ as the self-born son of Barbelo.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In the second phase, the merger of the Barbelo-Gnostic and Setian sects formed Gnostic Settiism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In this case, Christ and Set were identified.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In the next phase, towards the end of the second century, Settiism began to zoom away from Christianity, as the mainstream of Christianity attacked its interpretations.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

By the coming of the 13th century, Apostolic Christianity had abandoned Settiism in its entirety, but at the same time it became attractive to the Platonians of that time.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

As a result, Gnosticism took on additional Platonic influences and distanced itself from his Jewish background.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Towards the end of the 21st century, Platonism also began to counter Gnosticism, and was attacked, along with Plotinos, by many other Platonians.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

As a result, Gnosticism dispersed into several small sects, some of which survived until the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[10] Valentinoism derives its name from the Christian teacher Valentinos.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In the 10th century, Valentinos established his own Gnostic school in both Alexandria and Rome.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Layton calls Valentino the “great Gnostic reformer” and the “focal point” of Gnostic development.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In Alexandria, Valentinos was most likely involved with Basilide, a Gnostic teacher, and may have been influenced by him.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Valentinos' pupils further developed the teachings and material they received from Valentinos, although it is not known how much change they actually made.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Valentinoism can be considered philosophically the most advanced of the schools of Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Several different variations of its central myths are known, and it is referenced in several outside writings.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

It was often the main target of attacks by Church Fathers who opposed heresies.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Valentinoism was more influenced by Christianity than Setianism and Valentinoans lived for a long time as part of Co-Christian congregations.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The school is known to have been very popular.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

For these reasons, it often appears in writings opposed to the Gnosticism of the Church Fathers as a main opponent.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[11] However, the popularity of Valentinoism did not prevent other schools from having pupils as well.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The school of Basilide was also popular and survived in Egypt until at least the 3rd century ja.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Successors of Valentinos existed at least as recently as 388, when a list of sectarians and heretics was made against whom Emperor Constantine directed action.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

By the time of entering the 3rd century, Gnostic Christians had fallen outside Catholic Christianity and represented, from its point of view, a heresy that began to be fought against with the support of the emperor.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

As a result, the status of Gnosticism gradually deteriorated while general, Catholic Christianity, gained an increasingly solid foothold in the Roman Empire and eventually elevated to the dominion of Rome.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

[12] ThomasChristianity refers to the school of the Apostle Bring.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Basilidelism, on the other hand, takes its name from Basilide, the founder of the school.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Persian Gnosticism Persian Gnosticism differs from Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism in the absence of visible Christian ingredients Mandeanism is still practised to a small extent in southern Iraq and Iranian Khūzestān.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Mandeanism probably arose in the first century.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Manichaeism represents a completely independent religious tradition, but has nowadays disappeared.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Manicheism was founded by the prophet Mani in the 200th century


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

It began to fade in Persia in the 4th century, but spread before that both east and west.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In the West, teachings of Manichaeism migrated to Syria, Arabia, Egypt, as well as North Africa, where, among other things, the Church Father Augustine was a member of the school from 373—382.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

From Syria, it advanced further into Palestine, Asia Minor and Armenia.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Manicheans are known from Rome and Dalmatia in the 3rd century, as well as from Gaul and Spain.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Manichaeism was attacked by imperial decrees and polemical writings, but the religion survived until the 5th century and still influenced the Paulicians, Bogomiles and Cathars in the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In the East, Manicheanism flourished because Islam had broken the monopoly of Zarathustranism and Christianity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In the early years of the Arab Conquest, Manichaeism rediscovered followers in Persia above all in the most educated circles.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

However, it prospered among the best in Central Asia, to which it had spread through Iran.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In 762, Manichaeism became the state religion of the Uyghur Empire.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Through this, the influence of Manichaeism spread ever wider, and its influence can be observed as far as Tibet and China.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Manichean traditions have been suggested to have survived, despite persecution, until the 17th century.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Christian Gnosticism Regardless of the order in which Christianity and Gnosticism originated and developed, the doctrines of many forms of Gnosticism are in any case more or less connected to the teachings of Christianity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In Christian Gnosticism, Jesus was the bringer of saving knowledge.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

He had a knowledge of the divine origin of man.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Along with the canonical gospels, Gnostic Christians had at their disposal scriptures purported to contain the secret words of Jesus.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In Gnosticism, Jesus was not believed to have been human but merely a divine being who had not died on the cross either (docetism).


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In Christian Gnosticism, it was often thought of their faith to be higher and finer than that of ordinary Christians.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

One early Gnostic Christian defined saving knowledge thus: General, or Catholic Christianity, regarded Gnosticism as heretical; however, clear Gnostics can be seen in the thinking of many early Christian influences such as Origene and Clemens Alexandrian features.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Origenes, though, was himself at one point condemned as a heretic.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Other schools and movements close to the Gnosticism were Simon Magus and the Marchion, both of whom had received Gnostic influences, and may be considered a kind of pseudo or pre-ignostic.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Both had many followers.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The Kerinths, or followers of Kerinthos, were a cult of the late first century and early second centuries who believed in a lower creator god but considered ceremonies more important than the Gnos.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The Ophites, or Nahasites (Hebrew.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

nahash, “serpent”) who worshipped the serpent in Genesis as the bringer of knowledge.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Barbelo Gnostics depicted as performers of sexual rites.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The Cainites who revered Cain, Esau, Koorah, and the Sodomans.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

There are few records of the group, but they considered the fall of sin essential to salvation because the body, which was considered evil, came to be smeared with evil deeds.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The Carpocrats Bogomiles Cathars, or Albigences, were a medieval sect commonly seen as imitators of the Gnostics, but there is no certainty as to whether they derived direct historical influences from Gnosticism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In the Cathars, one can find ambivalent conception and belief in a lower, evil creator god.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

However, they do not seem to have considered gnosis important to salvation.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Main features of Gnosticism Although it is difficult to give a single precise definition of Gnosticism, it can be approached with a typological model of those ancient philosophical-religious schools usually referred to as Gnostics.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The following model is derived from Christoph Markschies's book Gnosis: An Introduction.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Key ideas Gnostic systems are typically characterized by: Supreme god: The idea of a distant, supreme, and unknown monadic deity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

This deity is known by several different names, including Pleroma (“Fullness”) and Bythos (“Deep”).


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Emanations: The emergence of inferior deities from the supreme deity through emanations, or a kind of flow.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

However, the lower deities are identifiable as parts of the supreme deity, the character traits that describe it.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

They are usually presented as progressively distancing themselves from the highest source.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The series of emanations at the same time caused instability in the weft of divine nature.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Fall: Falling in a deity itself ultimately rather than human fall.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Falling is usually associated with the Gnostic Sophia (“Wisdom”) character.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Its appearance in several Gnostic writings is a sign of the character's central role.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Demiurgist: The idea of a separate, inferior creator god, called, according to Platonian tradition, the demiurg.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

However, the demiurgi is described as very different from Plato's creator god appearing in Timaios.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

On Plato, the demiurgist was a benevolent craftsman who shaped the best possible world from pre-existing matter, and all evil was caused only by the poor quality of matter.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In Gnosticism, the demiurgist is ignorant of the supreme deity and thinks he is the only god.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Often he is also portrayed as genuinely malevolent.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

This leads to a failure of creation.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The demiurg typically creates a group of powers and lords, the Archons, who run the material world and seek to prevent the human soul from escaping from the material world.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Evil World: Because of the failure of creation, the world is considered a failure and the result of error, not as good as what would have been accomplished from its constituent substance, or even outright evil, as the material prison of its inhabitants, the souls.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Salvation: A complex mythological-cosmological explanation of the state of the world as a drama in which some divine ingredient (spirit, light, etc.) gets into the material world and accommodates humans, i.e.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

creates the core of the human soul.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

It can be returned to the divine world through awakening or salvation.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Thus human salvation at the same time mirrors the restoration of divine nature to its original state.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Gnosticism thus made personal salvation a significant event on a cosmic scale.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Saving Knowledge and Savior: The idea of knowledge as a key element in this salvation or restoration of the original state.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Knowledge is obtained through a redeemer figure such as Christ, Set, or Sophia.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

This model mainly depicts Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism and has been challenged by Williams, among others.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Nonetheless, the above model is still in common use and is useful for discussing Gnosticism with some relevance.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Dualism and Monism Gnostic systems are generally loosely defined as dualistic, or ambivalent, in their conception of reality.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Within this definition, different levels of Manichaeism can be found, from the “extreme” or “steep” dualism of Manichaeism to the “weak” or “mediated” dualism of traditional Gnosticism.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Valentinoans' views approach monism, that is, monobasic, which, however, was expressed in terms previously used in a dualistic manner.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Radical dualism — Manicheism considered two worlds that had previously been together, the worlds of light and darkness, to have come into conflict as a result of the latter's chaotic acts.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

As a result, some of the light was imprisoned inside the darkness.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Eventually, the kingdom of light would overcome the darkness.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Manicheism likely embraced this universe ambivalence myth of Zarathustranism, in which the eternal spirit Ahura Mazda is opposed by its opposite Angra Mainyu.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The two engage in a cosmic battle that ends with the victory of Ahura Mazda.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The creation myth of Mandeanism describes emanations from the Supreme Being of Light, with each level alternately increasingly depraved, so that eventually Ptahil, the god of darkness who created the material world and therefore also acts as its ruler.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Mediated Dualism — Classical Gnosticism, like Settiism, held that the material world had been created by a higher God who was the object of their worship, the lower deity, or demiurgist.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

The spiritual world was considered to be radically different from the material world, located with the true God, and to be the true home of certain enlightened individuals of humanity.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Therefore, these systems experienced complete alienation from the material world and their goal was to enable the soul to escape from the limitations of the physical world.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

Monism — Some versions of the Valentinian Gnostic myth indicate that its conception of the universe was more single-based than ambivalent.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

In these myths, the malevolence of the demiurg has been tempered: although the material universe had failed, it was not due to the demiurg's moral shortcomings, but by its genuine ignorance of the spiritual reality that stood above it.


Question: What is the most famous teaching of Gnoscicy?

Gnosy

As a result, the Valentinoans had reason to view physical reality more positively than the Setites.