Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[20] After the Reichstag of Worms, Luther's whereabouts were not in public knowledge.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Many believed he had already died as a victim of assassination by his opponents, but in reality Elector Fredrik the Wise had arranged for him to take refuge at Wartburg Castle.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[20] The Reformation expands Wittenberg image-graters Although Luther was forced to hide, his supporters did not remain idle.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Andreas Karlstad, who took part in the Leipzig debate, was one of those Luther supporters who attempted to reform the church in Wittenberg.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[21] The reform programme was radical by the yardstick of the Catholic Church: communion for lay people in connection with worship services was to be allowed, nuns and monks to be guaranteed the right to leave their monasteries, and the abolition of celibacy for priests.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[21] Relying on the Old Testament, some wanted pictorial grating, or iconoclasm, also in churches.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[21] However, the required reforms did not materialize quickly enough, increasing violence and unrest in the city.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

On March 1, 1522, Luther returned from his hideout to Wittenberg.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Luther began preaching to the people of the town.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

His criticism was directed not primarily at the reforms themselves but at the way they were implemented.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Admittedly, he took a negative view of the image, justifying that it was more important to eradicate idolatry ingrained in people's hearts.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Likewise, Luther said that “faith is received voluntarily and by itself without sanctions,” with which he rebuffed the violent actions of his supporters.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[21] The second major event of 1522 in terms of the Reformation was the appearance of the German translation of Luther's New Testament.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

He had spent eleven weeks on translation work at Wartburg Castle.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[22] The idea of translating the Bible into the vernacular was not new, since even before Luther, Erasmus of Rotterdam had recommended the matter.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[22] In translation work, Luther had not relied on the Latin edition, but mainly on the initial Greek text.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[22] Luther's work gained great popularity among the people, and already in the same year a new edition of Luther's Bible was taken.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Germanisation of the Hebrew Old Testament took Luther well longer than the New Testament, as the entire Bible translated by Luther did not appear until 1534.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[22] Luther's ears in 1523 was informed of the prohibition of his Bible translation in some areas of the German-Roman Empire.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Luther returned to the issue that same year in his work on Secular Predominance.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[21] In it he laid out the doctrine of the two regiments of God, and according to it secular and religious power should not be confused.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[21] Zwingli as Reformer At the end of January in 1523, a religious debate was held in Zurich among the clergy of the region.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Included in the discussion was Ulrich Zwingli, a Swiss vicar and theologian.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

At the meeting, he presented his doctrine of the “Gospel of Christ alone” as the sole source of faith.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] Samaten Zwingli held that the Gospel also applied, even if it was not confirmed by the Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] He soon became a leading figure in the Swiss and southern German Reformation movement.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

As early as 1519, Zwingli had been elevated to the most prominent priest in Switzerland.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the background, he had a humanistic mindset which he had become acquainted with, among others, through the writings of Erasmus Rotterdamese.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

When Zwingli received the post of vicar in Grossmünster, Zürich, a condition of the post was that sermons should be based on the Bible.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] Zwingli agreed, and gradually he also began to reform the church by removing from it customs that could not be justified by the Bible.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] Zwingli considered the changes taking place in the church to be too slow.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

As a result of the debate in 1523, the Zürich city jury allowed Zwingli and other priests to continue preaching, and it itself began to implement reforms.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the semi stages of the 1520s, relics and images of churches were banned, monastic institution activities were stopped, and so did Latin Mass.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] Those who called for even more radical action separated from the new community and established communities of “baptismal recursors”.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[24] Those new movements emphasised adult baptism and also had a negative view of secular predominance.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The groups that emerged were not cohesive, and their doctrines differed considerably.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In general, baptismal recusalists refused to use weapons, but there were also exceptions: a group known as Melchiorians, among other things, armed forces invaded Münster.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

However, the city was recaptured, and its leadership tortured to death.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[24] In other ways, baptismal recusers were not universally highly regarded, and were persecuted for disobedience to the preselection.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Free ecclesiastical tendencies later developed from these movements.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Zwingli's activities were not limited to theological work alone; he wanted all of Switzerland to position himself as a supporter of his Reformation program.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] The idea was not met everywhere.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Another problem was that in Switzerland the Reformation was on many issues on different lines with Luther's supporters.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In 1529, an attempt was made to resolve the problem through the Marburg debate on religion, where attempts were made to clarify the conflicts between Luther and Zwingli's supporters.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] The main topic was the issue of communion, but no consensus was reached on that either.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Luther saw the imposition of Communion as a promise from God, while Zwingli considered it merely metaphorical.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] In practice, the unresolved nature of disputes separated the budding Protestant Church and the Reformed Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] When Zwingli failed to establish a consensus between Protestants, he tried to get behind his ideas, at least the Swiss.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

To achieve the goal he did not rule out even military action, [23] and supporters of the Swiss Reformation movement went to war against the Catholic cantons.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] Zwingli, who served as a war priest, lost his life in the war in 1531.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

After the fall, his body was dismembered into four pieces and burned.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[23] The war itself ended in victory for the Catholics, weakening the strength of the Swiss Reformation movement.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Peasant revolts in Germany See also: Knights' Revolt (1522—1523) The spread of the Reformation movement also provoked widespread unease among peasants in the region of the German-Roman Empire.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The movement of the peasants was significant, especially in that they made up three quarters of the population of the kingdom.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[25] Even earlier, feudal princes had sought unification of the territories they governed, which had limited the rights of peasants.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Rebellion and movement were evident at the local level as early as the 14th century, but the Reformation and Luther's ideas of Christian freedom brought new tones to them.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[25] Between 1524 and 1525, large-scale movements arose, which soon acquired the characteristics of revolution.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The movement was also joined by representatives of the nobility and bourgeoisie.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[25] A number of ideas related to the Reformation were hidden behind the protest movement known as the Peasant War.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Reformer and radical theologian Thomas Müntzer contributed much to the fact that the peasants believed they were fighting for an egalitarian “Kingdom of God”.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[25] 1525 was published as the Declaration known as the Twelve Articles of Swaben Peasants.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

It called for hunting, wood-felling and fishing to be exempt from restrictions, on a religious basis.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[25] Likewise, the abolition of taxation and serfdom collected in tithes were on the list of requirements.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[25] However, no negotiations of any kind took place.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The princes and landowners waged against the peasants with their own troops, the outfitting and organisation of which was significantly higher than the rebellion movement.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The rebellion was suppressed, and an estimated 100,000 peasants involved in the rebellion were executed.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[25] As a consequence of the rebellion, the attitude of the princes towards Luther cooled, for they saw this as one of the culprits of unrest.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[25] Luther defended himself against the allegations.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Still at the beginning of the rebellion, he had tried to take a moderate stance on the situation, but as the violence escalated, he had urged the princes in every way to defeat the rebellion movement.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[25] Reformers' reforms continue, spooked by the Peasant Revolt, Luther began to establish clear rules for congregations to avoid radical action.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

As a first action, worship was addressed.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The reform work led to the publication of three writings on the subject: the German Mass in 1525, the Small Book on Baptism in 1526, and the Small Book on the Consecration of 1529.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[26] In the service of worship that Luther rearranged, the sermon was emphasised, and the hymn singing common throughout the congregation was included.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[26] As part of the reform work, Luther also translated hymns into the German language.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The church's property Luther dealt with in his inscription, which appeared in 1523, in the Order of the Common Casket.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In it, the ideas he envisaged included collecting the property and revenue of the congregation for the supervision of ten superiors.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[26] In addition to church workers, teachers and the poor would be used for the funds.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[26] The system also included audits organised by the Elector, in which, in addition to spending money, chastity and adherence to the “true doctrine of God's Word” would also be investigated.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[26] Initially Luther's idea had been to leave checks to the bishops, but since no bishop had rejected Catholicism, responsibility was transferred to the monarch.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[26] In 1524, Luther's inscription was published to the town men of all German cities that they would establish and maintain Christian schools.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[26] In it, Luther outlined his ideas on how to organise schooling.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

He did not want to leave educational work solely to parents, but to bring in the work pre-eminence as well.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Luther wrote: “Gentlemen, is it really necessary to spend so much money every year on arms, roads, bridges, dams and anything like that to sustain cities?


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Or would you rather be given at least enough to a thirsty, poor youth to elect one skilled man or two as schoolmaster?


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

“[26] The inspections carried out according to Luther's ideas soon revealed how bad the knowledge of religious matters was among the congregations and priests.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[26] To alleviate the problem, Luther drafted two catechisms in 1529.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Among them, the Lesser Catechism was directed to the common people, and was written in a popular language.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The big catechism, on the other hand, was meant for use by clergy and teachers.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[26] Reformation for political reasons Sweden Where central European theologians argued over disputed points of faith, the Swedish Reformation was carried out on the basis of political objectives.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The country's reformation officially kicked off in 1527 in the Riksdag of Västerås.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[27] In practice, the Reformation was motivated by the desire of ruler Gustav Vasa to weaken the power of the powerful Catholic Church at the expense of local administration.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Concretely, the Swedish Reformation meant the confiscation of church property to the state and the severing of relations with the Pope.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[27] The most prominent of the Swedish Reformers was Olaus Petri, who studied at Wittenberg.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

As present-day Finland was part of the Swedish Empire, Finland was also affected by the country's Reformation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The most important person in the Finnish Reformation was Mikael Agricola.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

His activities to reform the Church of Finland were moderate, and the old traditions were not very radically abandoned.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[27] In general, Agricola's reforms were more moderate than those of Olaus Petri and more respectful of the old tradition.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Among the bearing ideas of the Reformation was the Bible as the supreme Christian dogma.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

That's why making Bible translations into the vernacular was important.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[27] In Finland the work was carried out by Agricola, whose translation work laid the foundation for the Finnish language.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[27] Sweden, adopting the Protestant faith, was a major force factor in the disputes between European Catholics and Protestants in later years.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the Thirty Years' War, for example, Sweden, under King Gustav II Adolf, played a significant part.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

English Like Sweden, the Reformation was political rather than religious in England.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Reformation spread through central Europe, but in the British Isles pressure for reform was much less pronounced.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Certainly, there had been criticism of the Church in the country before, John Wycliffe as an example, but the main call for reform came from the humanists' side.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Instead, King Henry VIII, in a firm position, took a negative view of Luther's ideas of reducing the sacraments or translating the Bible into the vernacular.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The king's activities were so pro-Catholic that the Pope even gave him the title of defensor fidei ('defender of the faith').


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[28] The situation clearly changed at the point when Henry wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Pope Clement VII did not approve the procedure.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

To get his way, Henry convened the clergy of the country and, in 1531, appointed himself to the head of the church in the country.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Thomas Cranmer was elevated to Archbishop of Canterbury.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[28] In the following year, the intermediate break with the Catholic Church was definitively sealed by a new suprematiala law: thanks to Henry VIII's action, the Anglican Church became the state church in the country.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Since the nature of the Reformation was not hidden in theological questions, the doctrine of the New Church did not differ much from the ideas of the Catholic Church at the beginning.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[28] In the most visible sign of the reforms, monastic activity was abolished and papal supremacy was revoked, but for example Mass and celibacy of priests were left intact.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[28] It was not until the death of Henry VIII that the Reformation also extended to the doctrines.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

During the reign of Edward VI, reforms already extended to doctrine and liturgy.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

1552 appeared in the Anglican Confession of Faith 42 articles.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

With the death of Henry King, the influence of foreign theologians, primarily Jean Calvin, also began to extend to England.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In later years, it turned out that the English Reformation was not on solid ground.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the reign of Queen Mary in 1554, Catholicism again reverted to the faith of England.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[28] It marked not only the return of papal supremacy, but also extensive persecutions of Protestants.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Queen's death in 1558 elevated Elizabeth I to power.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

During his time, the Anglican Church was re-established.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[28] Calvin continues the Reformation in the 1530s the Reformation was already widespread.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In 1536, the Reformer Jean Calvin's major work Institutio Christianae Religionis () was published, and Calvin's reputation began to spread.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

He soon resumed the work of Ulrich Zwingli, who died in 1531, to reform the Swiss Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] In 1536, Calvin stopped at the city of Geneva.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

There he was asked to reform the city in accordance with the principles of the Reformation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Inscription by Calvin An article to organize the church started Calvinism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Through his forceful actions, Calvin was creating a progressively Reformed Church as clearly his own line.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Some years his work suffered due to opposition, but gradually the work began to yield results.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

After being a refugee from Geneva for some time, Calvin was able to return in 1541.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

After the case, Calvin planned a harsh church order for Geneva.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] The preservation of church discipline was supervised by a consistory, and violations could even receive a death sentence.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] The Geneva Theological Seminary, founded by Calvin in 1559, spread the Reformation ever wider through students.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Calvin's activities contributed decisively to the development of the Reformed Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The church order created in Geneva spread widely and gained much support.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In Calvin's system, there were no bishops at all; the parish actors were pastors, teachers, deacons and elders serving as “judges of chastity”.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] A consistory composed of pastors and elders oversaw the preservation of the chaste order.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

It could blame things like swearers, drinkers, fight pukers, dancers and circuit play instructors.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] You could also have to go before the supervisory body if you didn't understand the faith well enough.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] Although in this case the penalties were mild.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] A notable feature of the Reformed Church was also that it was developed independent of the state.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

According to the Lutheran view, obedience to the state was a Christian's duty, while Calvinists may also have allowed resistance to pre-domination.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] The theologically Reformed Church is also associated with the idea of the doctrine of preprescription.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

According to it, some people are already predestined to salvation and others to damnation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] The idea also aroused opposition among the Reformed Church's own theologians, although Calvin felt he could justify the doctrine directly with Scripture.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] There is also a high religious work ethic associated with the preprescription doctrine, which became a major factor after the departure of the Calvinist colonists to America.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] Lutheranism gains victory in Germany The intensified situation Emperor Charles V convened in 1530 the Reichstag of Augsburg to deal with the doctrinal disputes of the Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the same Reichstag, a Lutheran confession prepared by Philipp Melanchthon was presented.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In response to the confession, a counter-script emerged, which the emperor considered to refute Protestant ideas.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Protestants were given six months to convert back to Catholicism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] The princes who embraced Protestant doctrine still tried to appeal to the emperor with a defence drawn up by Melanchthon, but Charles V rejected this too.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] In response, the Protestant princes formed the Union of Schmalkaden against the Emperor.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Charles V saw the formed alliance as a threat, especially because of its French connections.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

However, the invasion of the Turks forced the emperor to redirect his attention elsewhere.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The emperor and the Protestant princes concluded a truce in 1532.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] Charles V was forced to leave Germany and did not return until the early 1540s.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the meantime, attempts were made to resolve disputes of faith through doctrinal debates.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Doctrinal debates among Protestants As the Reformation spread, its own doctrines had also dispersed.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Lutheran, Southern German, and Reformed theologians had disagreements, and furthermore the free directions that emerged from the Reformed Church differed in doctrine from all others.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

There was no desire to divide and intermediate break between Protestant groups, leading to several doctrinal debates between theologians.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In 1536 a group of theologians gathered in Wittenberg.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Included were Luther, his associate Philipp Melanchthon, and theologians who advocated Wittenberg and Zwingli.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[31] Wittenberg's doctrinal debates succeeded Lutheran and South German theologians in reaching consensus, as the participants accepted the Lutheran confession drawn up by Melanchthon.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

There was also agreement on the issue of communion.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

There, Luther's view was accepted that the body and blood of Christ are actually present in communion wine and bread.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[31] Disputes which could not be resolved were merely excluded from the contract document.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[31] Instead, Swiss theologians refused to accept the Wittenberg Treaty Document.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Within the Reformed Church, the Lutheran view of communion was not accepted but advocated the ideas expressed by Zwingli.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[31] Thirteen years later, Calvin was still trying to bring about reconciliation, but his only success was to secure the unity of the Reformed Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Instead, no rapprochement was reached with Lutheranism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Rather, the Reformed learned I diverged further from Lutheranism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[31] Emperor Charles V still hoped in the early 1530s to maintain the unity of the Church, at least in the territory of his kingdom.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[31] He tried to appeal to the Pope to bring about a new ecclesiastical assembly.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The pope did not outright refuse, but for political reasons France sided against it.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Neither did the backlash come from the direction of Protestants, who wanted an assembly independent of the pope, with only the Bible to recognise as their authority.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[31] Charles V's idea of ecclesiastical convocation did not proceed, so he sought instead to hold smaller doctrinal debates as conciliatory between known theologians.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

However, a few doctrinal discussions failed to produce a bigger result.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[31] In Regensburg, some sort of solution was reached, but both Luther and the Papal Curia knocked it out.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[31] Military action Direct military confrontation between Emperor Charles V and the Union of Schmalkalden was avoided until 1546.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Previously, the Italian Wars and the Turks were Charles's greatest threats, but with the 1544 conclusion of the Treaty of Crépy with King Francis I of France, Charles's resources were freed against the Federation of Schmalkalden.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The treaty dismantled an earlier alliance between France and Protestants.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Likewise, Charlemagne won over Duke Morits of Saxony.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] To top it off, Pope Paul III called on Catholic princes to engage in a war of faith against Protestants.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Luther died in February 1546.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Still in July of the same year, the Schmalkalden War broke out between the Union of Schmalkalden and Charles V.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Charles V succeeded in defeating the Protestant princes.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] After winning the war, he may have dictated the Augsburg interim, a temporary arrangement in which Protestants were forced to abandon all their reforms except for the communion of lay people and marriages to priests.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] However, even these reforms would only be allowed until the next church assembly.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] The emperor raised Duke Morits of Saxony who had defected to his side as Elector.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Because of the turncoat, Protestants began to refer to Morits as “Judas of Meissen”.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] The Augsburg Interim drove the Reformation to a cramped but unable to nullify it.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Its effects were wider in southern Germany than in the north, where Protestants defended themselves against the decision more effectively.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] The situation changed unexpectedly in 1552 when Elector Morits defected again to another camp.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] This time he went against the emperor, who, unprepared, was little to remain in the spring of 1552 as Morits prisoner.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] Emperor Charlemagne was forced to submit to the new situation and allow Protestantism until the next Reichstag.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Peace of faith is concluded The following Reichstag met in Augsburg in 1555.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] Charles Emperor's brother Ferdinand I was in charge of the negotiations.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Ferdinand was forced in the Reichstag to acquiesce to Lutheran demands, which meant that Charles V's plans to eradicate Protestantism from Germany were scuppered.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] Lutheran statutes were henceforth recognized by the law of the German-Roman Empire.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The confession, however, did not apply to the Reformed.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] The Riksdag adopted the principle of Cuius regio, eius religio (“Whose land, its religion”), under which secular princes were guaranteed the right to impose the religion of their subjects.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] Soon Germany was divided into principalities recognizing different churches.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The bishops' conversion to Lutheranism was allowed, albeit they were then required to relinquish their secular power.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] A lot of Lutheran territories arose in Germany.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Among them, Luther's writings were held in esteem, albeit theologians held debates about his doctrine.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

To avoid excessive debate and discord, the “Instruction of Unanimity” (Formula concordiae) was introduced in 1577, which became the ultimate recognition of Lutheranism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] Reformation in France The Reformation also played a role in French history.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Even in the early years of the Reformation, interest in it had emerged in France, and in 1522 the Gospels were translated into French.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[32] On the other hand, the Reformation spirit was limited by the Catholic Church's firm foothold in the country.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Similarly, the intensity of the Reformation was influenced by the ever-fluctuating great power political situation: in his foreign policy, King Francis I was almost constantly at war with the Catholic Charles V.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[33] However, the French Reformers had their own patrons at court, as Francis I's sister Margareeta of Navarre was among the supporters of the French Reformers.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The king himself was not as sympathetic to the Protestants of his country; they were persecuted not only by burning at the stake, but by being handed over into the hands of the Inquisition.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[34] In the reign of Henry II, actions against Protestants became more strained: a separate Parliament of Heretic Trials () was established in the French Parliament, among other things.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[34] Eventually the situation in France became chaotic.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Protestantism, and especially the Calvinism of the French-born Calvin, also gained supporters within the Exalted Circle, and therefore a Catholic and Protestant party emerged in the country.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[33] Despite attempts at mediation, France drifted into two camps.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Over the following decades, mutual hostilities erupted several times, both as massacres and wars of faith.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The most important of these events are the French Wars of Religion 1562—1598 and the Paintbird Massacre of 1572.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Religious violence only waned after the Edict of Nantes guaranteed French Protestants freedom of conscience and faith in 1598 to begin again following the 1604 assassination of King Henry IV, who drafted the Edict of Nantes.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Wars of faith were fought thereafter in France at an accelerating pace throughout the 17th century.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Persecutions of faith reached a peak during Louis XIV, when [absolutism] and autocracy, as well as tyranny, reached its peak in France.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

After Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, tens of thousands of Huguenots fled out of France.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Huguenots were persecuted in France right up until the early 18th century.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In Reformation Scotland, the Church of Scotland split from the Catholic Church in 1560 when Parliament adopted John Knox's harsh Calvinist creed.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

This led to civil war and the overthrow of the Catholic Queen Maria Stuart.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Having already served as a Reformer in Scotland, Knox had fled the country since Mary came to power and had become acquainted with Calvin in Geneva, as well as becoming a supporter of the latter, returning in 1559.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church on the Background of the Counter-Reformation Six years after the publication of Luther's theses in 1523, Pope Hadrian VI read a remarkably extraordinary declaration to the Papacy in the Riksdag of Nuremberg: presented by Hadrian VI on behalf of the Church “Confession of Sin” was a significant step towards the beginning of the Counter-Reformation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[35] The Catholic Church confessed itself to blame for the division of the churches that began, but no more was brought about by Hadrian VI.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

His reform plans drew opponents from the papal curia, and eventually the early death of the pope still in the same year prevented the proper start of the Reformation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[35] Desires for reform were not very persistent within the Church, as Clement VII, already elected to succeed Hadrian, became embroiled again in the prevailing political disputes and struggles for dominance.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[35] In 1527 Rome was plundered by Spanish soldiers and German mercenaries alike, and the city was soon hit by both famine and plague.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[35] Pope Clement himself spent seven months imprisoned in Castel Sant'Angelo.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[35] Clement VII's successor, Paul III, decided to start a real reform work in the church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

It entailed the convening of the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Trento against the will of several secularised cardinals.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[35] Jesuits Pope Paul III gave his confirmation and beatification in 1540 to the Jesuit organization founded six years earlier.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[36] The Jesuit Brotherhood evolved from a group of young men who studied in Paris, headed by former knight Inigo López de Loyola, better known as Ignatius Loyola (1491—1556).


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[36] In the Reformation era, the Jesuits were loyal to the Pope and wanted to serve the church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[36] The Jesuits also had their own military organization, the leader of which served under the Pope.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Jesuits, like other spiritual clubs, were not tied to monasteries or other centres, allowing members a mobile life.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[36] Membership increased considerably from 1,000 members in 1556, and in 1750 the Jesuits already numbered 22,590.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[36] The Jesuits began to be accused shortly after the establishment of the organization for adhering to the “intent to sanctify the means” type of action, and that “aiding the salvation of souls” stated by the organization as its goal included a number of other ends as well.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[36] The Jesuits were active throughout Europe at the courts of Catholic princes but also engaged in extensive conversion work, especially in the Americas and East Asia.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[36] One of the original goals of the Jesuit order was to “reclaim” the territories from Europe it lost to Protestantism to Catholicism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The means of work in Europe were education and diplomacy.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[37] Jesuits' activities in Europe contributed to stopping the spread of Protestantism in Poland, Austria and southern Germany.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[37] The Ecclesiastical Assembly of Trento was convened by Pope Paul III in response to the Protestant Reformation, and the purpose was to strengthen the doctrines and structures of the Catholic Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The ecclesiastical assembly lasted for a total of eighteen years.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] The reasons were disputes between the respective pope and the emperor and the variation of political situations.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] The ecclesiastical assembly lasted through the reigns of Popes Julius III, Marcellus II and Paul IV and ended during the papacy of Pius IV, so the respective pope played a part in prolonging the meeting.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

For example, following Paul III's quarrel with Emperor Charles V, the ecclesiastical assembly was moved to Bologna.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] Eventually the ecclesiastical assembly was completed in 1563.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

It resulted in a renewal of the Catholic Church in many areas, in addition to which earlier pieces of faith were dogmatized.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the area of the Doctrine of the Faith, the Ecclesiastical Assembly took positions on topics such as the Bible and tradition, original sin, and the sacraments.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] For example, according to one decision, the apostolic tradition was to be treated with the same respect as the Bible, which was, among other things, contrary to Luther's ideas.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] The ecclesiastical assembly was also involved in the reforming of the church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The ecclesiastical assembly decided, for example, that bishops and cardinals must be present in their dioceses.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] Bishops and cardinals may not hold multiple offices at the same time.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] In order to make priests who studied theology, priestly seminaries should be established.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] celibacy is reaffirmed.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] Consequences of the Reformation New churches and doctrinal directions The concrete consequence of the Reformation was the emergence of new churches and doctrinal directions.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Several new directions were detached from the Catholic Church, the most important of which were Lutheranism, the Reformed Church and the Anglican Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In addition, Protestant movements further branched, resulting in movements similar to Puritanism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Several free directions evolved from the “rebaptists” detached from the Reformed Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Early such movements include Baptists and Mennonites, for example.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[39] Subsequently, Methodism, Pentecostalism, Adventism, Hutterites, Evangelizing Revival Christianity, and the Salvation Army arose.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Of today's Christians, 1.1 billion are Catholics, 225 million are Orthodox and 77 million are Anglicans.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[40] There are about 75 million members of the Reformed Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[41] There are around 72 million people belonging to Lutheran churches worldwide.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In Europe, Lutheran churches comprise about 36 million members.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Nordic countries and Germany are the most robust areas of support for Lutheranism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Germany has the largest number of Lutherans, around 12 million.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The next highest number of Lutherans are in Sweden (6.5), Ethiopia (6.4), Tanzania (5.8), Indonesia (5.8) and Denmark (4.4 million).


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[42] Lutheranism is the state church in Iceland and Denmark.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The largest Lutheran churches in terms of membership are located in Sweden (about 6.5 million members), Ethiopia (Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus, 6.4 million), Tanzania (5.8 million), Denmark (4.4 million) and Finland (about 4.1 million).


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[42] The United Evangelical Lutheran Church in Germany (VELKD) has a total of 9.7 million members, [43] but Lutherans are divided into eight country churches, the largest being the Church of Hanover, with about 2.8 million.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[44] The most significant inter-church doctrinal disputes The doctrinal dispute that bears the Reformation between the Catholic Church and Protestants was the question of what church doctrines must primarily be based on.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The requirement of Luther, and later other Reformers, was to place the Bible (sola scriptura) as the basis of the doctrine.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[16] The Catholic Church, on the other hand, considered that the apostolic tradition should also be treated with the same respect as the Bible.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[38] The question was important in that, for example, papal dominance was not laid down in the Bible, but rather the doctrine of the superiority of the Bishop of Rome was based precisely on the tradition of the Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Another important subject of dispute were the sacraments and their number.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The nature of Communion, in particular, generated controversy.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Lutheran Church rejected the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, namely that communion bread and wine would be transformed in a secret way into the body and blood of Christ.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Instead, Lutherans held that Christ is present in bread and wine.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Lutherans regarded Catholic communion doctrine as a pagan superstition.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[45] The members of the Reformed Church, on the other hand, did not agree to accept the Lutheran concept of communion either; communion was seen as symbolic.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Thus, Christ was considered to be present in Communion only spiritually.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[45] The dispute was also caused by different perceptions of office.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Lutherans, in the manner of Catholics, did not consider the priesthood a sacrament.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[46] For Catholics, priesthood was an absolute sacrament, but Lutherans could see it as a mere arrangement demanded by practice.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[46] In working with the Reformed Church, the congregational order was based on Calvin's view, which he considered resembling the early congregations.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In Calvin's model, there were four posts: [29] The function of the pastor was to preach and distribute the sacraments.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Teachers did the work in schools.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Deacons tended to the poor and the sick.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Elders, or Presbyterians, oversaw and directed the life of the congregation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The reformed conception of the congregation therefore contained no bishop at all, let alone a pope leading the bishops.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Such a doctrine could not be accepted by the Catholic Church, as the apostolic tradition emphasised the importance of bishopric.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Counted as Church Father, Cyprianus had already, at the time of the early Church, expressed his view that “the bishop is in the church and the church is in the bishop, and unless one is with the bishop he is not in the church”.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[46] A very important doctrinal dispute was also the view of how man can achieve salvation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Catholic Church saw that sins had to be replaced by atonement work or a letter of indulgence.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The purgatory doctrine was also in use.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Instead, Lutherans held that salvation is achieved by faith alone, by grace alone (Sola fide, sola gratia).


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[47] In the Reformed Church, a doctrine of predestination was developed different from the rest of Christianity.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

According to it, man himself cannot influence his salvation; God has already decided who will be saved and who will be condemned to damnation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] The destabilization of the dominance of the Catholic Church The Reformation profoundly changed the religious division of European territories.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Before the Reformation, Christian regions in Europe had split into either Catholicism or Orthodoxy.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In practice, Catholicism was predominant throughout Western and Central Europe.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

After the Reformation, the situation had changed considerably.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Swedish Empire and other Nordic countries had abandoned Catholicism and switched almost completely to Lutheranism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the era of Gustav II Adolf, Sweden even had a death sentence imposed on all Catholic priests to meet in the country except for papal messengers.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[49] For the German-Roman Empire, the situation was more complicated.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The northern regions and Prussia were strongly Lutheran, while the south had not only Catholic areas but also Calvinist regions.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Poland and Austria remained predominantly Catholic territories, while Bohemia, Moravian and the Kingdom of Hungary converted to predominantly Lutheranism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] In southern Europe, and especially in Italy, Catholicism remained in a solid position.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Switzerland, on the other hand, became a supportive area of the Reformed Church.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the final stages of the Reformation, Protestantism also reached France, where Protestants were, according to estimates, at best around ten per cent of the population.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[50] Later, as the Counter-Reformation progressed, the Catholic Church regained power in several areas.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The intense activity of the Jesuit Brotherhood in Central Europe was in part to halt the spread of Protestantism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In the years that followed, spheres of influence depended largely on the political situation due to several wars and skirmishes.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The wars of religion and persecution that followed the Reformation created a deep divide between the Protestant churches and Catholicism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

There were tensions between the churches that emerged and the doctrinal directions, which in the years following the Reformation erupted as a war of faith.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

For example, the Thirty Years' War began as a war of faith between Protestant and Catholics, though it later developed into a political superpower war.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Another example is the wars of faith between Protestants and Catholics in France between 1562 and 1598.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Disagreements erupted not only as wars, but also as massacres and persecutions.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The most famous of these include the Paintbird Massacre, in which around 30,000 people are estimated to have been killed.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[51] Also known as the “Paris Blood Wedding”, the massacre was violent rioting by Catholics against Protestant Huguenots.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The regeneration of the Catholic Church The Reformation also forced the Catholic Church to reform, and a Counter-Reformation emerged.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Thus, the Reformation, through the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Trento, also influenced Catholic doctrine.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The ecclesiastical assembly in Trento caused not only reforms within the church, but also a return to some already abandoned methods.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

One of the decisions was to re-establish the Papal Inquisition.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The Inquisition had its origins under Pope Gregory IX, who ruled in the 13th century.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Officially established, the Inquisition Department was the “Holy Agency for Resisting Heresies”.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[52] The office was given the task of monitoring the purity of faith and, if necessary, punishing heretics.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Influences on secular life The main effects of the Reformation were ecclesiastical, but it also extensively influenced ordinary secular life.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

As secular princes became involved in the Reformation, it also acquired political features.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

For example, the German-Roman Empire was divided into territories recognizing different doctrines, between which tensions formed.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[30] Other effects linked to politics were related to changing human perceptions of morality: for example, in the Reformed Church, opposition to predominance was accepted if the predominance could no longer be regarded as “serving the glory of God”.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] At the same time, the Reformed justified democracy and freedom of peoples from the religious point of view that the congregation was the people of God and thus the state order was based on it.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] Likewise, within the circle of those who embraced the Reformation, Luther was seen in places as a liberator who led Christendom out of its long-standing darkness.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[17] The Reformation can also be considered to have increased the self-esteem of the ordinary folk part in relation to, for example, the clergy.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[17] [16] In the following decades and hundreds, the effects of the Reformation also extended to the American continent, where Protestants went to become emigrants.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Several sects of the Free Directions homesteaded there.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Today, the most famous of these sects are, for example, the Amish.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Similarly, it has been said that the high religious work ethic of members of the Reformed Church who immigrated to America was partly contributing to the birth of modern capitalism.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[29] Implications on science and philosophy The effects of the Reformation also extend to the scientific revolution.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

In some places, among Protestants, Catholics were accused of practicing “magic” in their conservative ways.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[53] As the church had been disenfranchised, traditional-based practices had also been pruned in Protestant churches.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

According to Protestants, what served God was primarily ethical acts, not so much ecclesiastical expenditure.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The abandonment of the practices considered “magical” gained continuation during the period of Enlightenment in the 17th century.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[54] Now Enlightenment philosophers went beyond the Reformers and rejected the confessionality of religion.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

They stripped religions of religious and thus “irrational” traits and sought through the natural sciences to create a new worldview.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Though there were still very many features of Christian ethics in the background.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[54] Influences on music With the Reformation, church music acquired new features.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The language used in worship services changed from Latin to vernacular.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[55] In the Lutheran Church, music took centre stage, in part because of Luther's own hobby and appreciation for music.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The hymn became the central form of ecclesiastical music in the Lutheran Church, usually sung at worship services by the entire congregation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Many of the hymns were top new adaptations of old Gregorian church songs or secular songs for which new ecclesiastical words were written.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Luther also composed several hymns himself, the most famous of which is the Ein' feste Burg (meaning God Ompi in the Finnish hymnal of our castle), which has risen as the “theme song” of the whole Reformation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[56] Only texts directly from the Bible were used in the Calvinist Church for worship services, and no art form such as Lutheran hymn poetry emerged.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

However, Jean Calvin, like Luther, considered the community singing of the congregation to be important.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

For this purpose, poem-scale, final translations of the Psalms were made for which new tunes were composed.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

These songs were compiled into books referred to as psaltars.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Later, songs from the psaltar were also adapted as polyphonic works to be sung at home.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[57] As the language of worship in England had changed from Latin to English in the reign of Edward VI, new forms of music also emerged.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The most central of these was the anthem, which closely resembles a motet.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

The most notable composer of his time in England was Catholic William Byrd, who nevertheless conducted the choir of the Chapel Royal and was active in the Anglican Church service.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Byrd's extensive production also includes Catholic church music.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

[58] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heininen, Simo| title = Larger than human: History of the Papacy | publisher = Edita| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-37-4184-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Christianity 2000: From the Reformation to Modern| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-35-6515-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Orlandis, José| title = History of the Catholic Church | publisher = Okeanos oy| year = 1999| id = ISBN 952-9804-05-9}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| title = World History giant| publisher = WSOY| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-0-30602-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grout Donald Jay et al.| title = A History of Western Music, 7th p.| publisher = W. Norton & Company| year = 2005| id = ISBN 0-393-97991-1}} Equipment Literature Marshall, Peter: (The Reformation.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

A Very Short Introduction, 2009).


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

English. Tapani Kilpeläinen.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Tampere: so & thus, 2017.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Pages: 157.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

ISBN: 978-952-7189-11-5 (nid.)


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

On topic elsewhere Rusama, Heikki:.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Homeland on 22 April 2008.


Question: What does the Geneva treaty say?

Reformation

Category:Protestant Churches Category:Church History Category:Key articles on screening


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

The Meiji period was a period of about 45 years in Japanese history during which Emperor Meiji was in power, that is, from 1868 to 1912.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

The Meiji period began with the Meiji Restoration, with which the emperor took power from the Shōgunis back for himself and abolished the feudal system.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

During the Meiji period, Japan began to modernize and emerged as a great power.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

[1] Upon Emperor Meiji's death in 1912, Emperor Taishō, whose reign is referred to as the Taishō Period, ascended to the throne.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

Meiji Restoration and Emperor Meiji On the third day of February 1867, fifteen-year-old Mutsuhito ascended to succeed his father Emperor Komei on the throne, and the Meiji period, the “period of enlightened reign,” was declared to have begun.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

The Meiji Restoration in 1868 put an end to 265 years of ongoing feudal rule under the Tokugawa shōgunate.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

The first reform was the Five Section Proclamation, which paralleled the Constitution, in 1868.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

Its purpose was to assure the people of the good intentions of the new regime, to raise morale, and to seek financial support for the new government.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

The five articles of the Declaration were the establishment of the National Assembly for the participation of all social classes in the management of state affairs freedom of choice in professional and social matters (for example, the right to inter-class marriages) “replacing” evil customs of collection” with just laws of nature” search for international knowledge to consolidate emperor power, the consequence of the Five Section Declaration in practice was the scrapping of shōgun power and a step towards more democratic governance.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

To realize the spirit of the Declaration, an eleven-point constitution was written.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

Foreign relations After repelling China in Korea in the Sino-Japanese War (1894—1895), Japan emerged as a major power of international importance, defeating Russia in Manchuria in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904—1905.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

During the Meiji period, Japan entered into a military alliance with the United Kingdom in 1902, because of which it joined the Allied side in World War I.


Question: When was there a Meiji period in Japanese history?

Meiji period

See also Japanese industrialization during the Second Industrial Revolution Pictures Emperor Meiji Woodcut of the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution The Emperor of Japan accepts the second French military mission in Japan Sources On the topic elsewhere Category:Japanese Ages Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Otto Immanuel Colliander (9 April 1848, Valkeala — 17 December 1924, Savonlinna) was Professor of Practical Theology 1883—1897, Bishop of the then Diocese of Kuopio (which later became the Diocese of Oulu) 1897—1899 and Bishop of the Diocese of Savonlinna (later Vyborg and Mikkeli diocese) bishop 1899—1924.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

As a theologian, Colliander was one of the most prominent representatives of the biblical direction, or Beckianism, in Finland.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

From his societal thinking, he was a values conservative.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The most important of his literary works is the matricle of the Finnish clergy from the beginning of the 19th century to modern times, which remains a key source work.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

As a scholar of practical theology, Colliander's specialty was hymnology, or hymnal research, and in the last decades of the 19th century he was one of the most prominent experts in this field in Finland.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Life stages Colliander's grandfather was the owner of Valkeala Manor, Lieutenant Gustaf Adolf Colliander, who was one of the key figures in the awakening.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Father Alexander Magnus Colliander also numbered the awakened, and O.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

I. Colliander attended the confessional school of Johan Fredrik Bergh, a well-known awakening priest, in Rantasalmi.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[1] Colliander graduated with a Bachelor of Philosophy in 1871 and thereafter made a more than year-long study trip through Sweden and Denmark to Germany, where he studied theology in Erlangen.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

He received a Bachelor of Theology degree in 1877.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

In the same year he was ordained a priest.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

After graduating, Colliander was an instructor of catechetical (Christian teaching) and homiletic (preaching doctrine) exercises at the Faculty of Theology and held the post of Vicar General of the Finnish Guards Battalion.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

He obtained a licentiate degree in theology in 1881 and at the same time also received the rank of Doctor of Theology.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Colliander's licentiate dissertation Om den kyrkliga psalmen jemte inledning till evangelisk-luthersk hymnologi 1880 dealt with hymnal research.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

For the post of Professor of Practical Theology, he published a dissertation on the Church Conception of the Bible, “Grunddragen af det bibliska kyrkobegreppet” (1882).


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[2] As Professor of Practical Theology, Colliander was from 1883—1897.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Along with that, he held the post of Professor of Church History from 1892—1897.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Colliander left university posts after receiving appointment as Bishop of the Diocese of Kuopio in 1887.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

In 1899 he was elected from the third electorate as Bishop of the Diocese of Savonlinna, a post he held until his death.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[1] Bishop Colliander's relations with the authorities were good.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

His understanding of society was hierarchical: he stressed that the Church must obey the monarch even when he is wrong.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Because of this, he was absolutely loyal to the Russian Emperor and his representatives in Finland, and Governor-General Nikolai Bobrikov had declared his support for Colliander in the episcopal election of Savonlinna.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[3] Colliander was also criticized as reactionary.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

One of the critical views is Bishop Collopaeus from Joel Lehtonen's Once in the Summer novel.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[1] Action Biblical theologian Theologically Colliander was associated with the same biblical tradition of biblicism developed by the German Johann Tobias Beck as Gustaf Johansson, his predecessor in the then diocese of Kuopio.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

In Finland, Beckianism was the most significant theological school in the late 19th century.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Colliander's Beckianism was evident in his dissertation on Biblical church perception, as well as in other writings related to systematic theology.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

In the preface to his dissertation, Colliander explains that the correct conception of the church is based on the Bible rather than Lutheran books of confession.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

According to Colliander's conception of Beck, the church is the result of human activity, while the kingdom of God is realised in Christ who came into the world.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

This kingdom of God includes only true-believing members of the Church.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[2] Colliander also mentions the name of J. T. Beck several times in his dissertation.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[4] Colliander later returned to the eschatological view of a transcendent Kingdom of God with a triphasic history that was already raised in his dissertation.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The first stage is formed by the preparatory temple religiosity of the Old Testament, which is realized in the second stage in Christ and allows for the emergence of a personal and subjective inner faith life.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The third phase, the Christocracy, begins with parusia, that is, the Second Coming of Christ.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Colliander was interested in eschatological questions and also addressed them in his sermons.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[4] [2] Colliander's Beckian views came to light in several practical stances.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Among other things, he reserved himself to an outdoor church establishment whose mission he saw only the raising of its members to receive the kingdom of God.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

He also warned against an overemphasis on church confession, which can supplant Biblical doctrine and life as a guideline.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Colliander made the distinction between doctrine and recognition.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The doctrine allows the church to explain the content of God's revelation, confession gives instructions over doctrine and life.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

In the dispute over catechism, he also wanted the position of the Bible to be central.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

In his view, the central position of the books of confession espoused by the ecclesiastical direction would result in church doctrine being defined by church leadership and ecclesiastical assembly rather than scripture.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Communion Colliander regarded — unlike baptism — as a sacrament belonging only to believers and therefore pushed for the abolition of communion compulsion.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

According to him, the church acted to its own detriment if it offered communion to all its members.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[5] Colliander's theological views led to a highly conservative view of society.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

He saw social reform movements as expressions of the anti-Christian spirit of the time.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

He had reservations about representative democracy.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

He feared, among other things, that the Church could be influenced by a parochial system and therefore advocated separation of the church from the state.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

He also had reservations about the new activities of the church and the growing Christian association activities.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[5] Hymnologist One of Colliander's particular interests was hymnology, or hymnal research.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Colliander's most significant hymnological research was the licentiate dissertation “Om den kyrkliga psalmen jemte inledning till evangelisk-luthersk hymnolog” published in 1880.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

It is considered the actual opening of hymnology in Finland.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The study represents a historical and theological-theoretical approach.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

It doesn't really address the musical side of the hymns much.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[6] In the preamble to his dissertation, Colliander dealt with e.g.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

the concept and position of hymnology in theology.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

While starring in the study, Colliander dealt with the background and history of hymns and the status of hymns in worship.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

According to Colliander's conception, in worship, the congregation must have the opportunity to act as a collective subject and thus spiritual clergy.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

This can be accomplished in a common hymn carving, where the congregation can express common thanks, prayer, and confession.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[7] Colliander also envisaged sequels to his dissertation that would have dealt with hymnal, chorale, and liturgical song, but these remained only as plans.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The development of hymn singing he promoted as chairman of choral committees set by the Ecclesiastical Assembly in 1886 and 1903, and as Chairman of the Committee Planning the Training of Lockers set by the Board in 1903.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Together with Richard Faltin, he edited several chorale books.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[8] On a study trip in Germany, Colliander was inspired by “rhythmic” choral tunes as an alternative to the “even-paced” tunes advocated in Finland at that time, in which the rhythm is equal and the length of the tunes is the same.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Colliander felt that Finnish parishioners would be capable of learning rhythmic tunes as well.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

He also justified his position by referring to the oldest Finnish choral books, such as the 1702 choral book Yxi Tarpelinen's Nootti-Book.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

In this book, the tunes were rhythmically richer than in later establishments.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Colliander speculated that the nation may have sung tunes from the Book of Notes in the past and wondered how this skill could have been lost.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

According to him, old rhythmic choral tunes lived on among the awakened.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

He also recalled himself as a child in the awakening home that he learned several hymns largely in the form presented by the Book of Notes.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[9] Colliander introduced his concepts of hymns, among other things, in the preface to the book Three Wiides translated by Elias Lönnrot, in which he called for a return to the spirit of the Reformation in texts and tunes alike.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

In hymn tunes, this meant, he says, moving from even-paced to rhythmic pitch form.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[10] The post-Reformation development of hymn singing was, according to Colliander's view, decay.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Folk tunes and tone forms he did not approve, let alone the use of secular folk tunes, but rebuffed the use of anything other than classical Lutheran choral material in hymn singing.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[11] Genealogist Already during his tenure as a professor, Colliander began compiling genealogical data on the clergy of the 19th century and their descendants.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

During his time as bishop, Colliander published from his material the pastoral memory of clergy and congregations in the Church of Finland from the beginning of the 19th century to modern times I—II (1910—1918).


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The first part of the work contains information about parishes, their priests and church buildings.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The second part, left unfinished, contains genealogical information about the clergy.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The published section contains the surnames A to E.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

This matricle remains a key source work on the clergy of the 19th century.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Its unpublished portion is available to researchers.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

[1] O.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

I. Colliander's Publications Three Wiides translated by Elias Lönnrot, translated by Elias Lönnrot, which from German wirsi treasure walitsi and with initial rythmil notes warusti O.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

I. Colliander.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Philos.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

M.A.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Huddersfield in 1874.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Question about a new chorale book for the Church of Finland.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Historically and principled lit.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Kuopio in 1898.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Koralbok, ny, för de evangelisk-lutherska församlingarna i storfurstendömet Finland, sammanstäld enl.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

den af andra allmänna finska kyrkomötet år 1886 tillsatta koralkomiténs nya finska o. svenska koralpsalmböcker, samt läpad äfven till de gamla finska o. svenska Psalmböckerna.Helsinki, Edlund 1888.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Skolans nya koralbok.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Några utvalda psalmer och liturgiska sångstycken för blandad kör till begagnande vid sångundervisningen samt morgon- och aftonbön äfvensom fester och andaktsstunder i skolan.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Huddersfield in 1889.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Exegetic-homiletic manual.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Explanations of the gospel texts of the Church of Finland.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

1-2, Christmas Time—Easter Time.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Kuopio 1891—1894.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The pastoral memory of the Church of Finland from the beginning of the 19th century to modern times.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The first part.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

I.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Dioceses of the Church of Finland and their respective chapters.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

II.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Parishes of the Church of Finland and their church buildings and clergy.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

XI p. + 1132 columns + 3 p. Editories of the Finnish Church Historical Society 8:1 (also Otava).


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Huddersfield.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Rev.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

in booklets from 1907 to 1910.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Second part.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Clergy of the Church of Finland in the nineteenth century.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

The first volume A to E and a personal directory by Arvid Colliander.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

VIII p. + 1156 columns + 141 p. Editories of the Finnish Church Historical Society 8:2 (also Otava).


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Helsinki (hakem.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Sortavala).


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Rev.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

booklets from 1911 to 1918.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

An overview of contemporary leading ideas in the field of Christendom, theological science and Christian life, and an account of the phases and state of the diocese of Savonlinna from 1907 to 1912.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Savonlinna in 1913.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Current adolescence in light of the history of the kingdom of worship reported by the Holy Bible.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Published by the author.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Savonlinna in 1922.


Question: Where was Otto Colliander born?

Otto Immanuel Colliander

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Toiviainen, Kalevi| title = Colliander, Otto Immanuel| location = Helsinki| publisher = SKS| year = 2003| version = National Biography of Finland 2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Murtorinne, Eino| title = Finnish theology of autonomy| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1986}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sentzke, Geert| title = Die Theologie Johann Tobias Becks und ihr Einfluss in Finnland II| location = Helsinki| publisher = Luther-Agricola Gesellftscha| year = 1957}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vapaavuori, Hannu| title = Hymn Song and Awakening National Cultural Identity | location = Helsinki| publisher = Church Historical Society of Finland | year = 1997}} References Category:Bishops of Mikkeli Category:Finnish Priestly Reichstag of the Grand Duchy Class:Born in 1848 Class:Persons who died in 1924 Class:99.2 Representatives of religions and denominations Category:Bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Diocese of Oulu


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Human digestion is a system that transforms the food eaten into a useful form for the body.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

First, nutrition is digested in the mouth by the tongue and teeth.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Salivary glands secrete according to saliva.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Food continues to travel to the pharynx and esophagus, and on to the stomach.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

From here, nutrition proceeds to the small intestine, where most of the food is absorbed through the wall of the small intestine.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Unabsorbed material accumulates in the large intestine, where some of the substances are absorbed by the body.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The rest is exited from the rectum eventually through the anus as feces.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

In a study of healthy, Western-diet-adhering, mobile adults, approximately 90% of total dietary energy has been found to be absorbed.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Important organs for digestion are the liver and pancreas.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The pancreas secretes most of the digestive enzymes.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The liver regulates sugar and amino acid levels in the blood, stores many substances and prepares food products such as fats and glucose.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

In the gastrointestinal tract, nutrition and the microbes and other substances that came with it are subjected to varied environments.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The mouth is almost neutral environment, the stomach again very acidic and part of the intestine mildly alkaline.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Substances meet many digestive enzymes that break down substances that pass through the intestine into substances suitable for use by the body.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Digestive tract The wall of the digestive tract consists of four parts.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The inner part is strongly crumbled mucous membrane.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The mucous membrane is corrugated in the area of the small intestine into fluff inserts.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

After the mucous membrane follows the support layer.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

It has a lot of blood vessels, lymph collectors and nerves.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The third layer is the muscle layer.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

In the muscle layer there are longitudinally and annular clustered muscles.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

These muscles take care of the gastrointestinal movements and the push of nutrition forward.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The outermost layer is the outer layer consisting of connective tissue.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The outer layer is attached in the area of the intestine to the mesentery, thanks to which the intestine joins the abdominal wall.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

[1] The muscles carry out movements necessary for digestion in the intestine.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Approximately ten times a minute, the intestine constricts in place, thereby mixing the food mass.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The shallow movement of the intestine, on the other hand, is a progressive wave of contractions that moves food mass forward.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The rate of propagation is usually a few centimeters per minute.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

However, after eating, a stronger wave of propagation begins, which takes unabsorbed nutrition all the way to the end of the colon and eventually causes a defecation reflex.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

[2] The gastrointestinal tract is jointly controlled by hormones and the autonomic nervous system.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The autonomic nervous system is involuntary and regulates, among other things, the internal organs that produce digestive fluids.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

However, stress can impair events that promote digestion, so digestion works best when the body is not under strain.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

[3] On the inner surface of the intestine there are locally hormone-secreting cells that respond to nutrients.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Cells secrete hormones that, when released into the blood, regulate the work of the nervous system, stomach, intestines, pancreas and gallbladder.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

This ensures that the necessary amount of enzymes is excreted into the digestive tract.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Hormone-secreting activity can be triggered by already seeing food or even smelling.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

[3] The gastrointestinal tract constantly passes large amounts of fluids, most of which are secreted by the body itself.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Within a day, about 9-12 liters of fluids pass through the canal.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

They are almost completely absorbed back into the body.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The fluids secreted by the gastrointestinal tract include saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic fluid, bile, and intestinal fluid, among others.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

It is important for fluid balance that enough fluids are absorbed back into the body.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Therefore, diarrhea in some cases can even be life-threatening.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

[3] Stages of digestion Mouth Human digestion begins already in the mouth.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

There, the tongue controls the finery of food and acts as a taste organ.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

Also, teeth grind food.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

In an adult there are 32 pieces of teeth.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

On the surface of the teeth there is the hardest substance in the human body, enamel.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The dry substance of the enamel consists of 97% calcium salts.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

On the surface of the teeth there are bacteria that derive their energy from human nutrition.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

The most famous of the bacteria is Streptococcus mutans, which causes caries.


Question: How does fat attach to human organs?

Human digestion

In the mouth, saliva is also excreted, about one and a half liters per day.