Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Lehtola worked from 1996 to 2001 as Director of the Onneumuusinvestigtakeskus, from 1996 to 1999 as President of the Public Word Council, and from 2001 to 2008 at the Helsinki City Council.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

In Sweden, Sara Hedrenius (20 years old) and Kent Härstedt (29 years old), who had been saved from Estonia, were given the face to death.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

After the accident, Härstedt became a nationwide politician and a member of the Swedish Riksdag; Hedrenius (now Hedrenius-Andreasson) works for the Migrationsverket, or immigration office.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[7] In relation to the number of passengers on board, more people lost their lives in the Estonia disaster than in the sinking of the Titanic in 1912.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Estonia's death percentage was 86 and Titanic's 68.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[5] [8] Estonian replaced the Estline shipping company on the Tallinn-Stockholm route M/S M/S Mare Balticum as the aftermath of the accident (now.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

M/S Bluefort), which was originally intended to become a pairing of Estonia on the route [9] under the name Vironia.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

However, due to the accident, Estline decided to give the ship another name.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The beginning of the journey M/S Estonia left Tallinn on 27 September 1994 at 19:15 for her scheduled shift towards Stockholm, [10] 15 minutes late according to the official accident investigation report.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Wind warnings had been received in Estonia in the afternoon from several parties [11].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The ship was fully loaded and had an uneven weight distribution, so water had been taken into its left-hand ballast tanks to straighten the ship.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The Commission of Inquiry concluded that Estonia was at least partially loaded in the wrong way, but this did not have any immediate effect on the accident.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

According to some witness accounts, not all cargo would have been secured properly, only some trailers would have been mourned and trucks and other cars would have been parked with their own brakes and wheel wedges.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[12] However, this is disputed by the crew members who survived the accident.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

A common practice on ferries in inconvenient weather conditions is for all vehicles to be mourned to the lid to prevent the ship's tilt and risk of capsizing caused by their possible movement.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

As soon as it got out of port, the ship had moved to full speed with all four main planes pushing the ship forward.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

This machine order remained the same until the accident.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

By early evening, wind speeds were around 8—10 metres per second.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[13] When passing Osmussaari lighthouse, the ship was approximately on schedule.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The speed was about 19 knots (35km/h).


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[14] Subsequently, conditions deteriorated rapidly without being exceptional in the Baltic Sea [15].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

When Estonia left coastal cover, the wind turned to the southwest and its speed increased to 15—20 metres per second.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Significant wave height was 3—4 metres.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The tilt of the ship increased and some of the passengers became seasick.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

At about 0.25 a.m., the ship arrived at the pivot point of her route and resumed her journey northwest.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The speed was then 14 knots (26km/h).


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Waves battered the ship's bow structures from the left, causing the pavement to turn out the fin stabilizers to equalize the passage.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[4] Breaking the bow visor During his regular inspection tour, the matrus Silver Linde heard a metallic bang from the bow area at the same time as the ship encountered a large wave.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Some of the passengers on the lower decks were already leaving their cabins towards the upper decks and rescue stations at this point.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Linde reported the bump to the second mate, who told him to find out what had caused the sound.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Linde stayed by the ramp to listen, and also checked the indicator lights on the ramp locking devices.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

He indicated that everything seemed normal.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Beginning at approximately 1:05am, over the next ten minutes, crew members in their cabins and several passengers heard several additional unusual metal bumps from the ship's hull [4].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

As Linde returned from his round after a change of watch, he saw Chief Arvo Andresson arrive at the bridge before him.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Shortly after this, he was ordered back down to the decks to find out what had caused the reported noises.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

However, due to crowding on the lower decks and the budding panic of the people, Linde failed to continue his journey all the way to the car deck.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Some of the passengers told him they saw water in the aisles.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

At about 1:15 a.m., the metal from the bow visor locks gave way.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The visor tumbled forward and sank into the waves, also pulling the roadramp open with it, resulting in water entering the ship's car deck as the bow was running below the water level as the ship stamped.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[4] The free fluid surface caused by water entering the car deck caused the ship's stability to collapse, causing the ship to lose its ability to resist tilting transverse forces [16].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Too much tilt on the ro-ro ship (approximately 30° depending on the vessel) may cause the cargo attachments to break, displacement of the cargo and thus quickly capsize the vessel.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

When the bow visor broke, the ship quickly tilted well to the right, causing the ship's direction to the left and the speed reduced [17].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Panic and failure to evacuate Passengers began to scramble up the stairs and in many places a stampede ensued.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Several passengers were trapped in their cabins and had almost no chance of getting out in time.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

In public areas, game and drink vending machines and other bulk goods moved to the right edge of the ship crushing people [18].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

On the stairs, the railings were torn off by the weight of the people hanging on them [19].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

At the dance restaurant on the sixth deck, people formed a chain to help each other onto the eighth deck, where the outside deck and lifeboats were located.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Only the fittest, mainly young and middle-aged men, survived to the outer deck.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Life jackets were spread all over the outside deck so that anyone coming on deck would get their vests on.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

As the ship tilted, more people climbed over the railings to the side of the ship.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The lifeboats could not be lowered due to the ship's large tilt.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

In addition, sea water from 10 to 11 degrees quickly enveloped the water.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Many suffer from underheat.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[6] As the situation became serious very quickly, there was no time to organise the evacuation of the vessel.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Time to evacuate would have been only about 10—20 minutes before the ship tilted so badly that it was almost impossible to get out.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

According to those rescued, the ship's crew did not attempt in any organized way to help people further up the ship's deck, and no operational instructions of any kind were issued through the ship's public address system.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Only at about 1:20am did a faint female voice sound “Häire, häire laeval is häire” () with some ambiguous instructions.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The alert came from the ship's information desk on the fifth deck.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Moments later, an alert and a lifeboat alert was issued for the crew.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

A rope ladder and ropes were lowered into the ship's aft staircase.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[20] The ship also issued a fire alarm directed to the crew with the symbols Mr. Skylight 1, Mr. Skylight 2.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[6] The distress call is sent out The ship's Estonian co-pilots Tormi Ainsalu and Andres Tammes sent the first Mayday message at 1:22 a.m. on Sea-VHF channel 16.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

A distress call was sent with the ship's emergency flow because the auxiliary and main planes had stopped at about 1:20 a.m. just before the distress call.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[21] The ship then suffered a power failure, and the emergency generator on the deck was powered only by the main items such as the bridge equipment and emergency lighting [22].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The first person trying to respond to the distress call was the Viking Linen M/S Mariella who travelled to Stockholm nearby.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[23] When Estonia called M/S Silja Europa, Mariella also heard Europa's response.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The second distress call was received by more than 14 ships.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The distress call reported that the ship has a bad tilt to the right side, more than 20—30 degrees.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

It is possible that the ship's tilt was much worse than reported.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Immediately after the distress call, all ships moving in the Baltic Sea set a course towards Estonia.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Esa Mäkelä, chief of Silja Europa, initially became the head of the accident site of the event (OSC, On Scene Commander).


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

On their way towards Estonia, Mariella and Silja Europa reached out to Helsinki Radio and Turku Radio (the operator responsible for safety radio communications).


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

At 1:29 a.m., the last Mayday message was received from Estonia.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

On the last occasion with Silja Europa, Estonia announced her location.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The dramatic message ended with: “Really bad, really bad looks now here yes.” [24] The wind was blowing at an average of about 20 metres per second in the area [21].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Estonia sinks As Kallistuma increasingly increased, water began flooding the cabin decks.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

As the entry of water into the living quarters accelerated, the right flank of the ship was fully depressed underwater at about 1:30 a.m.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Even before its depressions below the surface, the ship's tilt was over 90 degrees and only the bow was no longer visible.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

A few of those who have been saved have reported walking in the area of the ship's bow on top of the bottom.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

One of them was Swede Mikael Õun, who took the last photographs from Estonia with his camera.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The purpose of Õun was not to take pictures, but to draw the attention of ships profane to the scene with a lightning light.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

However, photos taken by chance by Õun show Estonian Janno Aser sitting in two lifejackets wearing the bottom of the ship.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Shortly after the photo was taken, he fell into the sea but was saved.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

At the time of the accident, Õun was on an aid trip to Estonia and also donated the money he received from his famous photographs to children at a children's home in Estonia.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[6] With the bow still visible, several people found the roadramp to be in a roughly closed position, but no bow visor could be seen.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The ship sank faster and faster stern ahead, and waves washed the people out to sea off the bottom.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Estonia disappeared from the radar of ships heading to the scene at 1:42 a.m., still returning to sight.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The last radar sighting was received at around 1:50 a.m. on Mariella, after which Estonia was finally lost from radar [25].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Rescuers arrive during the Estonia accident two dozen ships were moving in the Gulf of Finland.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

14 ships and coastal radio stations received the Estonian distress messages [26].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

All ships turned towards Estonia after receiving distress messages and word of the accident.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Due to a severe storm in the Gulf of Finland, the ships were unable to run full speed because it would have been a major safety risk.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Only a few ships coming from the west were able to travel at full speed towards Estonia.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Such were among others M/S Isabella (now.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

M/S Isabelle) and M/S Silja Symphony.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Those coming from the eastward direction, that is, the ships heading towards Sweden, Mariella and Silja Europa, were able to travel at an average speed of only 10 knots because of the wind from the southwest, that is, the waves hit directly on the bow of the ships.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

On the way towards the site of the crash in Estonia, the ships' masters discussed the seriousness of the situation and the fact that the lifeboats could not be lowered, which complicated the chances of people being rescued very much.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The first ship to arrive at the Estonia crash site was Mariella at 2:12 a.m.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Next arrived Silja Europa at 2.30am.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

As Silja Europa served as the lead ship at the scene of the rescue work, it drifted slightly sideways from other ships.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Within the next 20 minutes Isabella and Silja Symphony also arrived.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Isabella was ushered south of Mariella and next to Silja Symphony Europa.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The first rescue helicopter arrived at 3:05 a.m.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

3.20 GTS Finnjet arrived, followed by a number of other ships.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Life rafts were lowered from the ships to allow those on Estonian ferries to reach them.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Rescue slides were lowered from Isabella and Silja Symphony to help pull people onto the deck.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

It turned out to be a good idea.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The first survivors were raised to Mariella around 3 a.m.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Helicopters operated in the area for more than 15 hours and surface rescuers were able to rescue 104 people in them.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Mariella rescued 15 people from the water on her own ferries, Isabella 17 and Silja Europa one.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Twenty-one lives were brought to Silja Symphony, the same for Mariella.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Some of those brought on board were dead.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Rescuers who arrived at the scene: [27] M/S Mariella turned towards Estonia at 1.32am and arrived at 2.12 M/S Silja Europa turned towards Estonia at 1.40am and arrived at 2.30 M/S Silja Symphony turned towards Estonia at 1:50am and arrived at 2.40 M/S Isabella turned towards Estonia at 1:55am and arrived at 2:52am the GTS Finnjet turned towards Estonia at 1:33am and arrived at 3:20am.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Inquiry into the causes of the accident The Accident Investigation Branch opened an investigation into the accident immediately after the accident and the actual cause of the accident was revealed to be the failure of the bow visor to withstand the load caused by the impact of the waves, causing its locking devices to fail.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Crew members on the bridge also failed to reduce the ship's speed after receiving reports of metallic noises.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

A speedy reduction in speed at this point would likely have increased the chances of survival considerably.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

There was also no line of sight from the bridge to the bow visor.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[28] The Estonian shipyard in Papenburg was also accused of not having a separate watertight bulkhead built about five metres away behind the roadway ramp (which in Estonia served as a backward waterproof gate).


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

This structure was first added to the ships for automobile decks during the Falklands War (1982).


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

These bulkheads were also built for passenger ferries even before Estonia was built, but for some reason it was not built in Estonia.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

This structure could have saved the ship.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

When the visor ripped while detaching the roadway ramp partially open, water would not have been able to penetrate the ship's deck through a watertight bulkhead.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

At the very least, it would have allowed more time to detect the visor missing.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The high casualty rate of the accident also contributed to the fact that a general lifeboat alert was issued only at the stage when the vessel had already tilted considerably and access from the cabins to the lifeboat decks was extremely difficult [29].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

In addition, the crew did not conduct almost any organised evacuation activities to rescue passengers [30].


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

There has been criticism that a distress call to other ships and authorities was also made too late.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

In 2009, Estonia's top Prosecutor General Margus Kurm expressed the hope that the Estonia wreck would be further thoroughly investigated.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Kurmi says a proper investigation of the wreckage is the only way to end speculation about the causes of the ship accident and ensure that no crime has occurred.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Kurm wondered in Postimees magazine why the first divers didn't go to the wreckage until two months after the accident.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

At the time, the wreck was only partially described.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Kurm, who headed the Estonian Government Commission of Inquiry into Estonia, considers it possible that the cause of the ship's sinking was a gap in the side of the ship.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Andrus Ansip, who was Prime Minister of Estonia at the time, rebuffed the proposal.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[31] Some of the passengers had heard sounds before the sinking, which they interpreted as coming from the bottom of the ship — as if something metal was scratching the bottom of the ship.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[6] Some passengers heard howling, squealing, squealing and scratching.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[6] Searches for the wreck began immediately on the day following the accident and it was discovered by oblique sonar on 30 September 1994 a couple of kilometres away from the location given by Estonia in the mayday call.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

It lies at the bottom of the Baltic Sea at about 120 degrees tilted.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The bow is at a depth of about 85 metres and the stern at a depth of about 74 metres.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[32] The visor was found a mile and a half away, facing west, in the wreckage itself.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[33] Goods from the wreck have been found a few hundred metres west of the wreck.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[32] The bow visor was later lifted up for studies.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

It has been stored near Stockholm in a Swedish army storage area.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[34] At the time of discovery, the ship was in fairly good condition and there were almost no external signs of an accident, excluding damage to the bow.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The dives also made some progress to the interior of the ship to investigate the condition of the ship and retrieve the ship's navigation equipment and other research material.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

More than a hundred bodies were identified in the wreck by dives.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[35] More than 500 people are still missing elsewhere in the ship's furnaces.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Dives were particularly hampered by bulk and crushed cabin compartments.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Numerous locations on the ship, including the car deck, were not accessible.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Diving there would have been too dangerous.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[36] The wreck was later declared a burial place for the people who drowned there, although relatives insisted on lifting the bodies.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

In 1995, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Russia and Great Britain concluded an agreement that citizens of these countries should not operate in the ship's surroundings.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The Treaty prohibits contracting countries from diving into a wreck, tampering with the wreck or its cargo, from taking anything from it or in the vicinity of the wreck, and in practice an improper approach to the site of the sinking is undesirable.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The countries” coastguards have also, for example, sought to prevent investigations into the wreckage by a German-American diving team led by Jutta Rabe, although this is not outright forbidden to citizens of those countries.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

In this situation, the contracting countries have practically been left to monitor the activities of the research teams, in which case ships and helicopters from the contracting countries have been present.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The grave site is guarded by the Finnish Border Guard Service and Swedish authorities.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

[37] Conspiracy theories relating to the scabies of the sinking of the Estonia have been put forward theories different from the final report of the Accident Investigation Commission.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

For example, Soviet weapons material that would have sunk the ship when it exploded has been suggested as alternative causes of sinking.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The Russian mafia has also been suspected of deliberately sinking the ship with explosives.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

A few people who were part of the ship's crew have also been claimed to have disappeared after being saved.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

In 2006, the Accident Investigation Branch issued a memorandum of responses to some of the above allegations.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The claims have been proven to be incorrect, according to the Accident Investigation Centre.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

Furthermore, the explosive theory has been proven wrong in investigations by the Finnish Central Criminal Police, which found no residue of explosives in the metal parts of the bow.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

The sinking of Estonia

The possible explosion was also not recorded on the equipment of the Porkkalanniemi measurement station of the Department of Seismology at the University of Helsinki or the Finnish maritime surveillance system.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

[38] See also Other major accidents in the Baltic Sea: The sinking of Wilhelm Gustloff on 29 January 1945 The Soviet passenger ship Josif Stalin sank on 3 December 1941 The tank ship Ilmarinen sank on 13 September 1941 The cargo ship M/S Jan Heweliusz sank on 14 January in 1993.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Final report on the investigation of the crash of a passenger car ferry in the Baltic Sea on 28 September 1994.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

MV Estonia| location = Helsinki| publisher = International Commission of Inquiry set by the governments of Estonia, Sweden and Finland, Oy Edita Ab| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-836-033-2.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

ISBN 951-37-2951-6| format = [Final Report Web Version] (PDF) | accessdate = 8.4.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saari, Matti| title = Estonia 28.9.1994| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-20-4690-3}} Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lobby, Jorma & Sugaro, Mikko | title = Estonia: It sinks every night| location = Helsinki| publisher = Polarleaves| year = 1995| id = ISBN 952-9762-10-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ellermaa, Einar Pitsner, Inge| title = Estonian people: 20 years after the accident| others = Translated by Sanna Immanen| publisher = Publication Pilgrim| year = 2014| isbn = 978-9949-529-82-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kopra, Ismo| title = Police tell: special print| number = Estonia| location = Helsinki| publisher = Nordic Police Book| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-98801-3-5| pages = 7—28}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuosma, Tapio| title = Case Estonia| publisher = Livres “Belles-Lettres” | year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-978-52-99683-1-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Minkkinen, Tuula| title = M/S Estonia Haveri and Rescue Work: Rescue Workers' Experiences and Importance of Psychological Intervention| location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere University| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-44-4565-1}} Nelson, Jack A. Flashes in the Night: The Sinking of the Estonia.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Samuelsson, Moa| title = Ringar på vattnet: Berättelser från Estoniakatafen| location = Stockholm| publisher = Printz| year = 2014| isbn = 978-91-87343-49-0}} On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

Yle Living Archives.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

Yle Living Archives.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

Aftenposten.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

style="background: #F99; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;” class="table-no"|No (in Swedish) Dagbladet.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia

style="background: #F99; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;” class="table-no"|No Helsingin Sanomat on 28 September 1994.


Question: How many people died in the sinking of Estonia?

Sinking of Estonia


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

Archbishop (Greek.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

arche 'first' and episcopos' caitant ') is a bishop of the Christian Church in a diocese of particular importance, for example, for its size or history.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

An archbishop is a bishop by his ecclesiastical consecration; when a bishop of an ordinary diocese is elected archbishop of another diocese, he or she is not re-consecrated as a bishop.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

Classically, the archbishop's jurisdiction is described by the phrase primus inter pares, the first among his peers.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

This means that the archbishop, as the first bishop, has honorary office and related duties, but no episcopal jurisdiction outside his diocese.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

Archbishop in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland, the archbishop presides over the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Episcopal Assembly, the Church Board, and the Church Foreign Affairs Council, but he does not hold any supervisory or leadership roles.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

The archbishop manages the church's relations with other churches at home and abroad.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

The title of archbishop is in use in the Lutheran churches of Sweden, Finland, Latvia and Estonia.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

The Archbishop of the Church of Finland is the Archbishop of Turku.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

The current archbishop is Tapio Luoma (2018−).


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

History The first Archbishop of Finland was Jakob Tengström, who was consecrated to his post in 1817.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

As the Russians took control of southern Finland in the early stages of the Finnish War of 1808, Bishop Tengström of Turku and Zacharias Cygnaeus, Bishop of Porvoo, realised that Finland would become part of Russia.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

Tengström then aimed at adapting Finland to the new situation and the views of Russians.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

After the Russians reached Turku, Tengström paid a salute visit to the commander-in-chief of the Russians.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

In his speech, he expressed his delight at the fact that the Emperor had promised to preserve the Lutheran faith and inherited ecclesiastical order in Finland.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

Archbishop in the Orthodox Church In the Orthodox Church, an archbishop is traditionally the titular title of the presiding bishop of an autocephalous or autonomous church (denomination).


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

Although all bishops are of equal rank in consecration, it has been necessary for the order and functioning of the Church to place some bishops in a more significant position in their duties or responsibilities.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

The Archbishop of the Finnish Orthodox Church is the bishop of the Diocese of Helsinki and has the title of highly consecrated Archbishop of Helsinki and all of Finland.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

The current Orthodox archbishop is Archbishop Leo.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

On the blessing of the Ecumenical Patriarch, he is allowed to wear a white clobuck as an emblem of his rank.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

Archbishop Leo is the president of the Orthodox Ecclesiastical Board and Ecclesiastical Assembly, as well as the Orthodox Episcopal Assembly.


Question: How are archbishops elected?

Archbishop

See also List of Archbishops of Turku — Church (as an organization) Finnish Orthodox Church Diocese of Helsinki Archbishop Leo On topic elsewhere Category:Ecclesiastical posts Category:Lutheran churches Category:Orthodox Church Category:Key to screening Articles Category:Functions and Values of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

The Aegean Islands (;) is a group of islands belonging to Greece in the Aegean Sea and one of the historical-geographical regions of Greece.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

Broadly speaking, the islands in the Aegean Sea can also be attributed to Turkey, the largest of which are Imbros (Gökçeada) and Tenedos (Bozcaada).


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

The Aegean Islands lie to the east of mainland Greece, between mainland Greece and Asia Minor (Turkey).


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

The largest islands in the Aegean Sea and Greece as a whole are Crete and Euboia.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

However, they are not always counted as actual Aegean islands, not only because of their size but also because they lie on the edge of the sea area.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

The other smaller islands of the Aegean Sea have been divided into two groups, the Cyclades (Cycládes) located in the middle of the sea area and the Sporades (Sporádes), which are scattered around them.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

Nowadays, however, the Sporades usually refer mainly to the Northern Sporades.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

The total population of the Aegean islands is about 1440000 (in 2011).


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

[1] In addition to the Aegean islands, the Greek archipelago includes the Ionian islands to the west and south of mainland Greece.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

Island groups Today the Aegean islands are divided into seven island groups, which are (from north to south): [2] Northern Aegean Islands (Northern) Sporades Euboia and its surroundings islands Argo-Saronic Islands Cyclades Dodecanesia (Southern Sporades) Crete and its surroundings The largest islands of the Aegean Islands The 20 largest islands belonging to Greece are: See also: List of islands of the Argo-Saronic Islands List of islands in the Dodecanese island group List of islands of the Cyclades List of islands of the North Isles of the Sporadien Island Group List of islands in the northern Aegean island group Administrative division The Aegean islands belonging to Greece are administratively included in seven different regions.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

Most of the islands fall within the territory of the North Aegean Islands or South Aegean Islands, which are part of the Aegean Decentralized Administration.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

Crete forms its own region, the region of Crete.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

The Argo-Saronic Islands belong to the region of Attica, Euboia and Skýros to the region of Central Greece, the other Sporades to the region of Thessaly, and part of the Northern Aegean Islands to the region of East Macedonia and Thrace.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

[1] In the Greek NUTS regionalisation, most of the islands belong to the NUTS 1 region called the Aegean Islands, Crete.


Question: Where are the Aegean islands located?

Aegean Islands

Sources *


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Archaeology (< Greek.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

arkhaios, 'ancient' + logos, 'knowledge'), sometimes also ancient research or ancient science, is a humanities science or, more correctly, a set of sciences that study the human past by analyzing relics, that is, the traces left by human activity on the soil or at the bottom of bodies of water.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

These include, for example, old buildings and their foundations, artifacts, remains of animals and plants used by humans for their benefit (such as macrofossils), tombs and human remains, ship wrecks, and human changes in the landscape.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Source material for archaeological research is most often obtained from archaeological excavations.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Archaeology can study recent history and thus complement historical research based on written sources.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Often archaeology explores the distant past, early or prehistory, for which there are no written sources.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Objectives Archaeological research has four main objectives.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Cultural history is constructed on the basis of discovered artifacts by creating temporal and local overviews of cultures.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[1] In archaeology, culture refers to a people of prehistoric time to be defined by types of archaeological material.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[2] Archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe defined an archaeological culture or cultural group as a complex entity in which features such as earthenware, implements, ornaments, burial rites and house forms occur regularly together.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

These traits occur together because they are the creations of one people and, through its collective experience, adapted to their environment.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[3] Archaeological research also explores the lifestyles of ancient people such as the acquisition of livelihood, social order and religious perceptions based on the tools, pots, weapons, houses and other remains they use.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The study also seeks to explore cultural and societal change.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Such changes include, for example, a shift to farming or the collapse of a large culture.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The fourth main objective of the study is to capture and protect material remains of the past for future generations.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[1] The results of archaeological research are applied in teaching, exhibits and ancient relics conservation.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[4] Relationship with other sciences Archaeology includes interdisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity, and has adopted numerous research methods, concepts and theories from other disciplines.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The natural sciences have influenced the methods of excavation and timing in archaeology, as well as a wide range of analysis and reconstruction methods.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

From the sciences that study human cultures to archaeology, there have been insights and theories about how humans and human communities interact with each other, as well as in relation to their environment.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In addition, philosophy has gained ways to structure the scientific research process.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[5] Archaeology studies the past as does the discipline of history.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

These are distinguished by the variety of their source materials: history uses written sources and archaeology relics.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

This has resulted in research problems, priorities and research traditions for both of them.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Archaeology can be viewed as picking up where the historical notes end.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Archaeology can also study the phases of literary communities, whereby the image it provides reinforces, illuminates, or alters the overall picture formed of a community based on written and pictorial material.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[6] In the United States, archaeology has become more associated than Europe with anthropology.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The European population of the Americas did not have a past to study, and Native American cultures and their continuum could be studied alive on the ground using anthropological research methods.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[7] Since the 1980s, the importance of social scientific theories and philosophy of science in archaeology has grown drastically (so-called interpretative, or postprocessional archaeology).


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Sociological research has been conducted archaeologically, for example, in examining landfill formation and changes in consumption patterns.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Source materials Central to archaeological source material is the knowledge of its context, namely the age, the place of discovery and the way in which it has reached scientists, as well as its characteristics such as the material and the soil of the discovery site.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[8] Movable ancient objects or artifacts are, for example, artifacts, waste created in their manufacture, or food residues.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[8] They are recovered from the terrain in archaeological excavations and inventories and are often placed in museums.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In Finland, all finds over one hundred years old are government property.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[9] Solid relics include, for example, tombs, squads, dwellings or castles.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[8] Key components of solid relic are structures and cultural layers.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The cultural layer is land that has been affected by human activity.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[10] The vast majority of all archaeological discovery material comes from cultural strata, the others being so-called bulk finds.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[11] Other source materials for archaeology include aerial photographs, map material and soil samples.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[8] With aerial photographs, archaeologists were able to detect many landmarks of archaeological sites that cannot be detected from the surface of the earth.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

These include mounds whose shadows are visible well when the sun is low, and patterns formed by vegetation variations that indicate the rubble below.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[12] Methods Many research methods are used in archaeology.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

These include various field research methods, methods used to process and classify data, and methods related to timing, location, place and understanding of phenomena.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[13] Scientific archaeology involves the scientific method: carefully collecting archaeological data, objectively examining it, identifying regularities, inferring cause-and-effect relationships, proposing ways to explain data, and testing these hypotheses.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[14] If, on the other hand, pseudo-scientific claims about the past of humanity or its study are made that do not follow the scientific method, then it is pseudo-archaeology.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[14] Field Research Methods Field research methods acquire the vast majority of archaeological source material.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Field research involves searching, examining and recording an object, as well as sampling for analyses.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[15] Inventory Archaeological inventory is archival clearance and terrain inspection.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

It collects archival data on known sites, inspects them from terrain and searches for unknown targets.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The object of the inventory is most commonly a region, sometimes a theme.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[16] Research reports, written sources, old names, lineage and maps are used as the source material for the inventory.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Advance planning involves familiarizing with the history of the area under study, including its natural history.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In inventory fieldwork, visual surface observation is carried out on site.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In it, ancient relics are searched for signs mainly on the surface of the earth; such signs include mounds, mounds, pits and depressions.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Sometimes test pits are also dug.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The object is accurately placed on the base map, descriptions are made of it, and for protection the relic is also delineated.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[17] Prospecting by prospecting methods, sites are searched and localized before undertaking excavations.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Methods give an indication of the shape, size, or depth of the cultural layer of structures on an object.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Prospecting methods include a variety of soil chemical analyses or measurements of applied geophysics, but also experimental excavation and surface picking, i.e., searching for and collecting movable finds from ground level.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[18] Excavation Archaeological excavation is the main method of obtaining source material for archaeologists.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In it, soil is slightly removed and finds and observed structures are documented.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Archaeological excavations include test excavation, rescue excavation, and exploratory excavation.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Rescue excavations are carried out at sites that are destroyed under the construction project.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In it, the relic is documented before destruction, and movable finds are recovered.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Exploratory excavation can have a wide range of exploratory objectives.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The main purpose of the excavations is not to collect artifacts for exhibition purposes, but to elucidate the context, purpose and meaning of the finds.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[19] The most common methods of excavation are level excavation, profile excavation and unit excavation.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In level excavation, a wide excavation area is excavated in a layer of uniform thickness, after which the surface is documented.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The method is suitable for places where the soil has not undergone major upheavals.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In profile excavation, the cultural layer is documented vertically.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In it, for example, deep square-shaped pits are dug in parallel.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The method is suitable for such relics with thickly overlapping layers of culture.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In unit excavation, relics formed from human actions are identified and excavated separately from youngest to oldest.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The method is typically used in classical archaeology, in places of residence in the Middle East, and in Finland for excavations of the historical period.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[20] At the beginning of excavation, the topsoil is carefully removed.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

After that, the ground is scraped off a little bit.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

From around the finds, the ground is gently removed with suds, paintbrushes, spoons or palette knives.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The discovery points and positions of the finds are marked down and recovered.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The most fragile finds are delivered to conservation.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Excavation is continued until a pristine subsoil is reached.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The bulk soil is then returned to the excavation and covered in order to restore it as it was as before as possible.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[21] Grouping Archaeological material found in field research is grouped based on different characteristics.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The objectives of grouping include the description of types and discoveries, the examination of objects in relation to other objects of the same type, and the analytical examination of objects, that is, dividing features of an object into the smallest possible parts, and comparing objects to each other.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Concepts of grouping include, for example, typology, taxonomy, type, style, and form.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[22] In typology, each object is classified into one type.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Typology is based on common features of different objects and grouping based on it.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Typology allows the absolute or relative age of objects to be defined and thereby prehistory periodized.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[23] An archaeologist conducting typological research compares finds with previous finds and classifies objects with similar ones into the same types.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[24] Seriation refers to grouping datasets chronologically.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In it, the life cycle of an object type is described from its emergence through an increase in the number of objects to the disappearance of the object type.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[25] Taxonomy is a system whereby objects are categorized by many individual traits into hierarchically multiple levels, similar to that in biology.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[26] Numerical taxonomy is a method used by the study of objects with emphasis on the natural sciences.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In it, a large set of variables and attributes is treated using statistical methods such as diagrams.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Objects are statistics such as lengths and their averages and standard deviations.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Deviations observed may indicate a change in some tradition.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[27] Objects may also be grouped according to their intended purpose, if one can be ascertained.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[28] Location information Archaeology, as a science, is very spatial, that is, dealing with the location of phenomena.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The location of the sites is generally well known, and analysing the distribution of finds and the location of the places of residence provides valuable information about them.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The archaeologist utilizes spatial methods to identify features and regularities associated with phenomena, their location and distribution.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

He is also trying to understand what factors have contributed to the object's shaping up.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Spatial analysis includes various analyses using location data, such as visual examination of maps and statistical analysis.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Today it uses GIS systems.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Chorological methods and cartography associated with spatial analyses.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[29] Restoration Restoration, or reconstruction, is the correction of a broken discovery or to perceive a phenomenon that is unknown or has already disappeared.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

A broken ceramics vessel can be assembled from fragments.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The economy of the community, its structure and function, settlement pattern and religious phenomena can be attempted to be described on the basis of relics.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[30] Timing The source material for archaeological research must be dated proportionally or in absolute terms depending on the subject.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Sometimes a period is sufficient for timing, but sometimes a precise year number is required.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[31] Methods of age determination used by archaeologists include: [32] a typology based on the shape and ornamental motifs of the type of object and their change over time monetary timing, in which the earliest date can be determined based on the year of the youngest money minted associated with the finds, in which case the material is hidden or wasted in the ground.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

beach displacement chronology based on land uplift and reveals the current elevation of habitations originally located in the vicinity of water by radiocarbon dating of their age where the current amount of radiocarbon in the sample is calculated from what period the carbon is thermoluminescence dating i.e. thermal radiation timing, in which the time elapsed from the burning of a clay object is defined on the basis of the amount of thermal radiation generated from the re-heating of the piece by dendrochronology, i.e. the wood timing method, in which the thicknesses of the annual rings of wood are measured and compared with known lubrication sequences.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Other Natural History Methods In addition to dating, other natural science methods used by archaeology include: [33] macrofossil research analyzing plant parts preserved in archaeological deposits pollen analysis osteology i.e. bone study, which reveal the genetics of animals used for food and the sex and diseases of the deceased, which informs the kinship and migrations of populations by isotope analysis to provide information such as the diet and geographical origin of humans geophysical and chemical methods that assist in the discovery of archaeological sites and enable internal analyses of habitations and chemical methods of studying underground structures to examine stone objects and ceramics to determine their manufacture, raw materials and origin geography spatial systems that model places of residence and human activity.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Research trends Archaeology is most often grouped chronologically, regionally, thematically, methodologically, or theory-formationally.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[34] Since the field of research in archaeology is extremely wide, archaeology has been divided into a large number of different research trends, with their own distinct institutions, research traditions and partly its own methodology.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Various aspects of archaeology include the following for example: [35] History The Genesis of Archaeology Archaeology began to emerge as a modern science during the Renaissance, when travelers took to collecting ancient artifacts.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Early archaeology is called antiquarism.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Cyriacus Anconan (1391—1452) has been considered the first archaeologist.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[36] Up until the late 19th century, archaeological excavations were very rough and scantily documented, even looting of antiquities.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[37] Evolution of understanding prehistory Europeans had begun to distinguish among the stones lying on the ground from rocky artefacts such as arrowheads in the 16th century.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Initially, their significance was not understood; they were believed to have been dropped by fairy birds or storm clouds.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

When the discoverers of the Americas reported the stone tools and weapons used by Native Americans, even in Europe it came to be widely believed that local relics were made by early humans.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[38] Although the stone tools were recognised as man-made, they were still considered much newer than real.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The stone objects, as well as the Stonehenge Monument in England, were thought to date back to the times of the Roman Empire.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The only sources of history for Europeans were the Bible and ancient literature, and nothing was known about times older than them.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Until the middle of the 19th century, the world was believed to be only 6000 years old.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Scholars of that time saw nothing in their work that contradicted the Bible.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[39] It was only thanks to the development of geology that the true age of mankind was discovered.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

For a long time, various erroneous explanations were given for fossils.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Robert Hooke and Nicholas Steno found in the 17th century that different fossils appeared in different layers, which reported that they had lived at different times and very early.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Around the same time, it was discovered that man too had already lived during some of the animals that became extinct, though these discoveries were still often misexplained.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[40] In the early 18th century it was discovered that the Earth must have been very old, as its crust had had time to cool.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

With this discovery the accuracy of the creation narrative began to be doubted, and the Frenchman Georges Louis Leclerc suggested that the “days” of the creation narrative were longer periods.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In his work Theory of Earth, published between 1788 and 1795, geologist James Hutton described how tremendously long Earth's formation through geological processes must have taken.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[41] In 1797, Englishman John Frere found stony arms and above them a layer of earth containing the remains of extinct animals.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

He deduced from this the fact that man had existed for a very long time.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

However, no attention was paid to Frere's theory.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[42] In 1833, the British Charles Lyell proved the so-called catastrophe theory to be flawed and reinforced the position of uniformitarianism developed earlier.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Soon after, ice age theory was adopted, explaining the existence of large boulders as well as other geological features of Europe.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

It was already widely believed that man did indeed live together with ancient ice species such as mammoths.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[43] As no intermediate forms were found in fossils, the species were still believed to be unaltered in the first half of the 19th century.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[44] The prehistory of mankind gained further insight into the discovery in 1859 of Stone Age tools in the same soil layers with bones of extinct animal species.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[45] Prehistoric archaeology is considered to have emerged as a science in 1859.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

It was then that Charles Darwin's Genesis of Species appeared, and soon afterwards the theory of evolution was adopted.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The first Neanderthal human remains were discovered in 1857 and human remains of a cro-magnon were discovered in 1868.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Due to these discoveries and Darwin's theory, the notion of the existence of primitive humans was accepted.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[46] Division into Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age German Johann von Eckart first put forward archaeological classification into three periods, Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

He had studied the burial mounds of the ancient Teutons and found that they contained no iron objects at all, but bronze in some and only stone in others.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

However, Eckart's theory did not attract attention and was forgotten for a hundred years.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[47] It was not until 1816 that Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, who was appointed curator of the Danish National Museum, developed and brought into general use the current archaeological classification for the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

He published his classification in 1836.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[37] Thomsen's division was not only about the classification of objects, but it also explained the stages of human technological development.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[48] Thomsen's pupil Jens Worsaae drew on Thomsen's division in the timing of prehistoric monuments and understanding the movements of human communities.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Worsaae was also the first to consider archaeology as the main purpose of gathering information about human history and the development of culture.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

He stressed the importance of even the most puny objects as a source of information.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[49] The first chronological classification of the Paleolithic cultural development of man and the division of the older Stone Age into epochs was made in 1882 by the Frenchman Gabriel de Mortillet.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[50] Discovery of rock paintings Stone Age people were long believed to have been ape-like primitive creatures, leading many to dispute that the elaborate bone carvings found in the 19th century were made in the Stone Age.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In 1879, however, the Spaniard Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, with his young daughter, discovered rock paintings in an Altamiran cave.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The finds were not believed to have been made by Stone Age people until similar paintings found in 1895 in La Mouthe, France, secured the point.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[51] From chronology to understanding cultures in the 20th century After World War I, archaeologists took it upon themselves to try to understand the history of different regions by arranging finds into meaningful models.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Archaeological cultures were initiated to define, and explain their temporal and spatial growth.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Born in the 19th century, the concept of distinguishing their characteristic features from cultures also began to be applied to archaeology in the twentieth century fold.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In the 1920s, archaeologist Alfred Kidder created a nine-point speciation for the cultures of southwestern North America and four stages for each culture.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Kidder's classification was even more rudimentary and consisted mostly of cataloguing pottery and building types.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Soon other archaeologists began to define and classify the cultures of other regions, both in the Americas and the Old World, and over the years the chronologies of the cultures became more precise, and the reasons for their genesis began to be established.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In the 1930s, talk began to be made of the “Neolithic Revolution” in the Middle East, which created the conditions for the emergence of high cultures in the region, as well as their spread to Europe.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[52] Archaeologists also disproved the popular belief that the evolution of cultures would have been unidirectional.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

For example, North American mound builders were found to have been more advanced than their successors.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[53] The American Walter W. Taylor developed the goals and methods of archaeology in the 1940s by suggesting that the goal of archaeology is not a mere elucidation of chronologies, but should result from it a comparative study of the patterns, functions and developments of culture.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

According to Taylor, archaeologists should use different research methods in analyzing archaeological data in order to restore prehistoric cultures.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Taylor's ideas took fire in the 1960s and 1970s when increased knowledge made decent restoration possible.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[54] Methods development The British company Mortimer Wheeler developed a new method of excavation in the 1940s based on the excavation of square pits with vertical edges.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The method was used especially by the British Kathleen Kenyon in Jericho, and the method is known as the Wheeler—Kenyon method.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[55] Aerial photography came into use in archaeology with the development of aircraft after World War I.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

After World War II, infrared photography was introduced in archaeology, allowing, for example, to find hundreds of Etruscan tombs.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In the 1950s, the magnetometer was introduced.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[56] Annual ring dating based on the annual rings of trees was introduced in archaeology after the 1910s in the United States.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

It made it possible to ascertain the dates of artificial timber artifacts found in the southwestern United States all the way back 2000 years.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[57] Radiocarbon dating was developed by Willard Libby of the University of Chicago in the latter half of the 1940s, and the method revolutionized the archaeological period in the 1950s.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Using it and similar dating methods based on the decay of radioactive materials, it was found that the human species was older than previously thought, an ice age later than thought, farming and urbanization earlier than thought, and Stonehenge older than the pyramids.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[58] History of excavations Egypt Archaeological investigations of ancient Egypt began in the fold of the 19th century.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Prior to that, the inability to interpret Egyptians' writing, as well as a break with ancient tradition, had prevented the creation of a historically true image of Egypt.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[59] An important part in the genesis of Egyptology was the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's war expedition to Egypt in 1798.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Napoleon took a large group of scientists to the country, who began to study Egyptian monuments consistently.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[60] In the 1820s, the Frenchman Jean-François Champollion managed to solve, using the Rosetta Stone, the riddle of hieroglyphs.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

When the writings of the Egyptians could be read, their history and culture came to life again.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Interest in the country's culture grew, and Egyptian structures and treasures were bought and plundered in myriad quantities across the world or used as building material.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In 1880, British Egyptologist William Flinders Petrie (1853—1942) developed the scientific method of Egyptological research, which allowed Egyptian history to be timed even more accurately.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[61] The first scientific tomb surveys began in the late 19th century, and significant discoveries have been made up to modern times.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

One of the best-known discoveries was the Tutankhamon tomb discovered by Howard Carter in 1922.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[62] The rest of the Near East had not left much trace of the pre-Hellenic cultures of Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine and Persia, unlike Egyptian civilization.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Babylon, Nineveh and the ruins of other major cities of the old era were covered by land.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

When the French began exploring Egypt in the early 19th century, the rest of the Middle East also began attracting scholars.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Some came on the scene to clarify the veracity of events in the Bible.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[63] The first scholars of Palestine in the early 19th century were the Englishman Edward Daniel Clarke and his student the Swiss Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Burckhardt was the first European after the Romans to visit Petra.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The studies of Edward Robinson of the United States in Palestine laid the foundation for later biblical archaeology.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[64] Mesopotamian arrow editorial was learned to interpret by the mid-1850s.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[65] In the early 1840s the first excavations at Nineveh were carried out by the Frenchman Paul-Émile Botta and the Englishman Austen Henry Layard a short time later near it at Nimrud.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[66] Between 1869 and the beginning of the 20th century, French and American archaeologists discovered the first signs of Sumerian civilization.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[67] Ruins found near the Turkish village of Boğazkale were identified in the late 1870s as remnants of the Hittite civilization.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[68] In the early 20th century, archaeologists in the Middle East learned to use the timing of pots developed by Flinders Petrie to assist in the timing of ruins throughout the region.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[69] Between 1899 and 1917, German architect Robert Koldewey carried out painstaking excavations in Babylon and found the remains of buildings made of unburned clay brick which had gone unnoticed by previous visitors.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[70] Walter Andrae discovered around the same time Assyrians' first capital Assur.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[71] Greece and Rome Classical Greek archaeology began to develop in the 18th century.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In London, the Society of Dilettanti was founded in 1734 to fund the study of monuments in Athens.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

With Johann Joachim Winckelmann's history of ancient art (1764), an appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman ancient artifacts arose as historically important manifestations of change in society and culture.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[72] In the 19th century, many ancient objects from Greece still ended up in the collections of the British Museum.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

After Greece gained independence, Greeks too became interested in studying the history of their own country, and the Greek Archaeological Society was founded in 1837.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Thereafter, all excavations in the country took place under government regulation.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[73] The German Heinrich Schliemann made significant excavations and discoveries in the 1870s in Troy and Mycenae.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[37] The Englishman Arthur Evans carried out excavations on Knossos, Crete, where he discovered the pre-modern Minoan culture.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Evans not only dug up the ruins of Knossos, he also restored them by, among other things, erecting the walls and columns and repainting the plastered murals.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[74] The ruins of Rome began to arouse interest in Italy with the advent of the Renaissance in the 15th century.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[75] There was also interest in the Etruscan past.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[76] In 1738, excavations began in the city of Herculaneum and 1748 in Pompeii, which had been buried well preserved under the ashes at the eruption of Vesuvius 79 share.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[45] [77] Italian archaeology was placed under state control after 1870, and excavations began to be oriented towards exploring the past rather than collecting and studying art objects.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

The most significant consequence of the modern approach was the discovery of the Etruscan city of Veji in the run-up to World War I.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[78] America Thomas Jefferson conducted excavations in 1784 on the mounds of Virginia and made stratigraphic observations.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[79] In the 1840s, the study of Mayan high culture and North American pueblos and mound builder cultures began.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[45] Notable discoveries of the 20th century included the discovery of the origin of processed cereals in Central America and the discovery of the Olmeek civilization in Mexico.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[79] The rest of the world in the 1920s archaeological excavations were carried out in Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, Pakistan, where the remains of the Indus culture were found.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

In Anyang, China, a prehistoric culture from the Shang Dynasty period was discovered in the late 1920s.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[79] Louis Leakey discovered two million-year-old human bones and tools in the Olduvain Gorge in Tanzania.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[79] Other notable 20th-century excavation sites were Jeriko, Hassuna and Çatal Hüyük.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

[79] Studying in Finland Archaeology can be majored in the universities of Helsinki, Turku and Oulu.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Archaeology belongs to the humanities field of education.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Typical job positions of those who have studied archaeology include researcher, publicist, archive secretary and amanuence [80].


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fagan, Brian M.| title= Archaeology: A Brief Introduction| publisher = Pearson Education| year = 2003| id = ISBN 0-13-099436-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grönblom, Rolf| title = Pharaohs Egypt| location = Espoo| publisher = Schildts| year = 2002| version = (Faraoernas of Egypt, 2000.)


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

English translation Tuula Kojo| id = ISBN 951-50-1259-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Halinen, Petri & al.| title = Introduction to archaeology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2009 (second edition) | id = ISBN 978-952-495-051-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Egypt: Land of the Pharaohs| location = Cologne| publisher = Könemann| year = 2000| version = (Ägypten: Die Welt der Pharaonen.)


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Edited by Regine Schulz and Matthias Seidel.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Translation: Sonja Mäkinen and Kaarina Niemi| id = ISBN 3-8290-5710-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stiebing, William H.| title = Uncovering the Past: A History of Archaeology| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1993| id = ISBN 0-19-508921-9}} References About studying archaeology in Finland.


Question: Are all Hittites extinct?

Archaeology

Category:90 History Research Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

Salo railway station (,, ratakm 154+300) is a railway station located along the waterfront railway, located in the centre of the town of the same name.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

All passenger trains operating between Helsinki and Turku stop at the station except trains S 975 at 16.10 Helsinki-Turku and S 976 at 7:08am Turku-Helsinki and there is also freight traffic.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

The station is used by approximately 320,000 passenger train passengers each year.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

The interior of the station is served by one train mat ticket vending machine and one Train Mat ticket vending machine.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

The station has two elevated platforms occupied by passenger services and for undercutting the tracks, the station has a tunnel from which exit is via stairs and an elevator.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

There are services to Helsinki from track 1 and Turku from track 2.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

[1] Salo railway station was completed in 1898 to a design by architect Bruno Granholm, in which outfit the station has been retained.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

Salo railway station is VR's Station of the Year 2005.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

The award to Salo was justified by the development of sales (9% better compared to the previous year), the quality of customer service and the cleanliness of the position.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

Senate properties put the station building up for sale in 2012 and in the spring of 2013 it gained a new owner.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

In addition to the café business, the station used to operate VR ticketing during reduced opening hours as a tenant until it was discontinued on 2 August 2014 [2], but the station has a ticket vending machine.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

On 9 October 2013, the Salo Post Office commemorates the Day of the Stamp with its own postage stamp and special stamp, the image of the Salo postage stamp is Salo Station.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

The journey to the next station Ervelä is 25 kilometres and 29 kilometres to Paimio.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

It is 56 kilometres to Turku and 144 kilometres to Helsinki.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

The Museum Authority has identified the Salo railway station area and the old commercial milieu as one of Finland's nationally significant built cultural environments.


Question: What is the distance between Turku and Salo?

Salo railway station

[3] Sources on the topic Elsewhere Railway Station Category:Varsinais-Finland passenger transport railways Category:Built cultural environments of national importance in Finland Category:Buildings designed by Bruno Granholm


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

Bidi (also beedie) is an Indian cigarette with tobacco wrapped in a leaf of the Diospyros melanoxylon plant.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

The bidi is, more famously, a cigarette smaller in size, closed with a fold from one end and tied with colored thread or a strip of paper.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

A cigarette wrapped in a magazine should be burned more frantically than wrapped in paper so that it burns.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

Cheap bids have long been popular in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia and India, where regular cigarettes can't afford.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

In India, 800 billion bids return every year.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

Bid production is probably a very effective source of employment, at least in India, where many people earn a living by wrapping them.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

Bidi has also been criticized on the grounds that the low price of the pack (US$1.50 to 3.50 USD) and flavored alternatives (such as strawberry, chocolate and mango) effectively serve as marketing means appealing to children.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

Cons India has sold bides to the United States and some of American young users mistakenly think bides are healthier than tobacco because bids contain only 10— 20% tobacco.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

However, bidi is not a healthier option than tobacco, as you get three times the amount of nicotine and carbon monoxide and five times that of tar in a cigarette from bidi.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

Bid smokers have increased risk of heart disease and cancer, and pregnancies are compromised.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

[1] [2] 70% of packages have no warning texts and 40% of bidets are not subject to taxes.


Question: What is a bidi?

Bidi

[3] See also Smoking Sources Category:Smoking Category:Indian culture


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

Pirates of the Caribbean is an American adventure film series, the first volume of which was released in 2003.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

The first three films in the series were directed by Gore Verbinski, scripted by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

Starring in the first three parts of the series, Johnny Depp (Jack Sparrow), Orlando Bloom (Will Turner) and Keira Knightley (Elizabeth Swann) are seen in the first three parts of the series.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

Other important cast members of the series include Geoffrey Rush, Jack Davenport, Bill Nighy, Jonathan Pryce, Tom Hollander, Naomie Harris, Lee Arenberg, Mackenzie Crook and Kevin McNally.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

The first film in the Pirates of the Caribbean series, Pirates of the Caribbean: Curse of the Black Pearl, was made based on the device of the Walt Disney theme park and was released on July 9, 2003 and is the third highest-grossing film in the series.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

Following the surprising success of the first film, Walt Disney Pictures made a sequel to the film, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, which came out on July 7, 2006.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

At its premiere, the film broke the viewership record, ultimately grossed a total of $1066 million and is the highest-grossing film in the series.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

The third part of the series, Pirates of the Caribbean: On the Edge of the World, premiered worldwide on May 25, 2007.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

This film saw a lot of characters from the first two films and additionally new characters and actors.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

The first three films combined have already grossed $2.79 billion and are the fifth highest-grossing film series.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

The fourth part of the film series, Pirates of the Caribbean: Visit Waters, premiered in the summer of 2011 [1] and is the second highest-grossing film in the series.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush co-star in the film, but of the main actors, Keira Knightley and Orlando Bloom are not renewing their roles.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

Penélope Cruz plays Blackbeard's daughter and Jack Sparrow's former beloved Angelica Teach in the film.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

Part four was directed by Rob Marshall, who thus replaced Gore Verbinski.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

The fifth part of the film series, Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge, premiered in May 2017.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

New cast members in the film include Javier Bardem, Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

[2] Movie heroesConnatensi Evening Box (Worldwide) Pirates of the Caribbean: Curse of the Black Pearl Sparrow Will Turner as Elizabeth Swannhector in Barbo9.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

July 2003654264015$ Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's ChestJack Sparrow Will Turner Elizabeth SwannDavy Jones7.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

July 20061066179725 $Pirates of the Caribbean: At the Wide of the WorldJack Sparrow Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Hector BarbossCutler Beckett Davy Jones Ian Mercer25.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

May 2007963420425 $Pirates of the Caribbean: Visit the watersJack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Philip SwiftBlackbeard Angelica Teach18.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

May 20111045713802$ Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's RevengeJack Sparrow Henry Turner Carina Smyth Hector BarbosSaarMando Salazar24.


Question: What year was the Rush movie released?

Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

May 2017794861794 $Total4524439761 $ Main Actor Sources Category:Pirates of the Caribbean Category:Film Series Category:Screening Key Articles


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is part of Asia.


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

It includes states south of China, east of India as well as north of Australia.


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

[1] The region is at the boundary point of tectonic plates, where there is a lot of earthquakes and volcanic activity.


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia has two geographical regions: the mainland part comprising the Indochina and Malacca peninsulas and the Malay archipelago.


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

States on the mainland are Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

The Malay archipelago includes the states of Brunei, the Philippines, East Timor, Indonesia and Singapore.


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

Also included in the archipelago is East Malaysia on Borneo.


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

The population is predominantly Austronesian peoples.


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

The main religions are Buddhism (on the mainland) and Islam (in the archipelago).


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

The third major religion is Christianity (in the Philippines).


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

The old Finnish-language designation for Southeast Asia is Taka-India, which vaguely encompassed all the regions that were, when viewed from Europe, behind India.


Question: Who were the Khmer Rouge?

Southeast Asia

[2] Geographical and Political division Political division The definitions of Southeast Asia vary, but by most definitions it includes the states and territories listed below.