Question: Which territories did Russia ceded to Japan in the Portsmouth Peace Treaty?

Russo-Japanese War

Rimski-Korsakov was a former marine officer and had been fiercely opposed to the war.


Question: Which territories did Russia ceded to Japan in the Portsmouth Peace Treaty?

Russo-Japanese War

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= Facta 2001.


Question: Which territories did Russia ceded to Japan in the Portsmouth Peace Treaty?

Russo-Japanese War

18 — Ved—Ö| publisher = WSOY| year = 1986| version = Keyword “Russo-Japanese War 1904-05” | id = ISBN 951-0-10239-3}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fagerholm , Bengt| title = Tsushima — End of a War | publisher = Self-Published| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-92-7573-1}} On the topic elsewhere * Category:Wars that affected autonomous Finland Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

X-ray radiation is a species of electromagnetic radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

It has a wavelength of about 0.01 to 10 nanometers; it is much more shortwave than visible light.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

X-ray radiation is characterized by its high throughput: it passes through many such solids, which, to visible light, are completely opaque.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

An X-ray is read as shortwave radiation generated by an electron shell around the atomic nucleus from the discharge of excitation states or as braking radiation from electrons.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In turn, shortwave radiation generated in the nucleus is called gamma radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[3] History Wilhelm C. Röntgen discovering X-ray radiation The German Wilhelm Röntgen conducted studies in 1895 with a cathode ray tube to determine what exactly the radiation flowing through the tube emanating from the cathode is.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Suddenly, he noticed that some mineral samples in the vicinity of the expertise equipment were beginning to shimmer in an eerie light.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Röntgen thought “the devil had let go”, but soon, nevertheless, noticed the light was only generated when the test equipment was on.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

From that he concluded that the experimental equipment produced a previously unknown type of radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Röntgen gave this new species of radiation the name X-radiation, which is still used in some languages.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In Finland and many other languages, it is most commonly referred to as X-ray radiation according to its inventor.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Further experiments revealed that this X-radiation penetrated through paper, wood, hand, and a thin metal film.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Radiation also left traces on photographic film.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Röntgen understood the medical significance of his invention and the road from research to practical applications was fast.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In Finland, Helsinki Surgical Hospital, the first X-ray machine was acquired already in 1897, two years after the first tests.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In turn, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

X-ray diffraction is invented Because the wavelength of X-ray radiation is of the same order as the diameter of atoms, the crystal structure of solids causes the X-ray emission to impact diffraction phenomena according to Bragg's law.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Max von Laue pitched the idea of the possible functionality of X-ray diffraction on a ski trip to a few of his colleagues who, despite their doubts, decided to try its functionality.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

After a successful attempt, Laue led a mathematical presentation to the phenomenon.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this remarkable invention in 1914, just two years after the study was published.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[4] Since von Laue's discovery, X-ray radiation has played a key part in the study of the crystal structure of solids.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Compton's phenomenon leads to the rise of quantum mechanics X-ray radiation also played a significant role in the early 20th century when classical physics proved inadequate as an explainer of some phenomena.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In a phenomenon observed by Arthur H. Compton on X-rays in 1922, the energy of scattered rays changes.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

This phenomenon is only explainable in the particle image of light and is thus an indisputable proof of the dualistic wave-particle nature of electromagnetic radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Compton scattering also yields information about the velocity distribution of electrons in matter.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Experiments in the early twentieth century showed that, among other things, conduction electrons in metals follow not the Maxwellin—Boltzmann distribution consistent with classical physics, but rather the quantum mechanical Fermin—Dirac distribution.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[5] Imaging remains the most important application Today, X-ray radiation is used in areas such as medicine, throughput security checks at airports and border stations, the search for microcracks in various structures, and the study of the atomic level structure of matter.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Today, the radiation-sensitive static image preserving image film has been replaced by an electronic detector and the image is stored and processed digitally.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Digital detectors are more sensitive than film, so the radiation doses used in studies have been able to be greatly reduced.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Also, when films are left out, there is no need for development and catching chemicals, which are harmful to the environment.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Access to digital images is faster and can be sent and stored more easily than films.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Transmittance The high throughput of X-ray radiation is due to its small wavelength and its corresponding high energy of the quantum.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Because its energy is so great, especially the atoms of the lightest elements are usually unable to absorb them.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In heavier substances, absorption, on the other hand, becomes more intense.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[6] Sources of X-ray radiation X-ray radiation arises, among other things, when fast electrons collide with metal.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

If their kinetic energy is large enough, they can extract electrons from a metal atom from some orbital close to the nucleus, causing an electron to enter the resulting gap from some higher orbital.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In this case, radiation is generated, the frequency of which is obtained by dividing the energy separation of the orbitals by the Planck constant.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

If this energy difference and its corresponding frequency is large enough, then the radiation generated is X-ray radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Radiation generated in this way is referred to as characteristic radiation, since only certain frequencies and wavelengths characteristic of each element occur.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[6] In addition, braking radiation is produced at the same time, as the nucleus brakes the motion of an electron that has arrived near it, whereby, according to the equations of electrodynamics, an electrically charged particle in accelerating motion emits electromagnetic radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Unlike characteristic radiation, the spectrum of braking radiation is continuous, but its wavelength has a lower limit corresponding to the total kinetic energy of the electrons.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[6] X-ray tube X-ray tube is historically the first known method of generating X-ray radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Electrons are shed from the filament in the tube, which are accelerated by an electric field in the tube.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

When they collide with a metal plate in the centre of the tube, as described above, both characteristic and braking radiation are generated.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Synchrotron Sources Synchrotron sources are a modern way of generating X-ray radiation for the needs of material physics research, among other things.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

A synchrotron is a specially designed particle accelerator to produce radiation in which radiation is generated when the track of a charged particle jet moving at almost the speed of light is arched by magnetic fields.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Thus generated, the so-called synchrotron radiation is more suitable for research use in many respects than conventional X-ray radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

The high intensity of synchrotron radiation, selectable polarization, and pulsed time structure of radiation intensity allow for a series of new experiments.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Free-electron lasers The free-electron laser is closely related to synchrotron and the most advanced technology to produce X-ray radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

An electron pulse accelerated by a linear accelerator passes through a long (~100 m) periodic magnetic structure in a free-electron laser, resulting in very strong X-ray pulses.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

A free-electron laser produces about as many photons per second as a synchrotron, but due to the short duration of the pulses, the instantaneous photon flux can be several orders of magnitude larger than the synchrotron equivalent.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

By analogy with optical lasers, free-electron lasers allow the study and application of multiphoton phenomena in the X-ray range.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

A scale free-electron laser is a massive, often mile-long device.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In 2015, a few X-ray emitting free-electron lasers are in operation in the world, but new ones are under construction.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Medical imaging X-ray in medicine is probably the most famous form of use of the method.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Although in the early days the imaging of bones was most common, with the development of methods, the description of soft tissues also began to become more common.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

One notable target of X-ray imaging was to resist tuberculosis through scans.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In medicine, films of different sizes are used, enclosed in a light-tight cassette.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Although X-rays shed light on the film, the use of special amplification plates improved the quality of the images and the radiation dose could be reduced.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

The fluorescent surfaces of the amplification plates are more sensitive than film and they cause light visible inside the cartridge, which then casts light on the film.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

The image is latent and is preserved by development and fixation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

The method resembles the evolution of traditional camera films.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

New technology include digital X-rays, in which, for the time being, a latent image is stored on a cassette-like memory disk, which is then scanned onto a computer.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

The method resembles scanning a photo on a computer.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

When using the latest technologies, the image is generated directly into digital format.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Digitization speeds up filming, reduces radiation volumes and, moreover, darkroom and cumbersome chemicals are no longer needed at all.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In addition, the digital image can be easily attached to patient cards and, if necessary, sent elsewhere.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Various methods of image processing can also be used to adjust the brightness and contrast of the image.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Different tissues of a person undergo X-ray radiation in different large quantities.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Because of this, for example, X-rays taken of the chest mainly show bones and lungs with possible shading, heart and diaphragm.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Soft tissues are made visible by using appropriate contrast agents, such as barium sulfate used when photographing the digestive system.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[6] In veterinary medicine, X-ray imaging is used in addition to diagnosing some hereditary defects.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

The most famous of these are hip, elbow and back problems of several breeds of dogs.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

X-ray astronomy X-ray astronomy () originated from measurements of high-flying spheres and rocket measuring instruments.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Satellites from the late 1950s measured X-ray radiation from the Sun.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Since then, special X-ray observatory satellites have been built, for example XMM-Newton launched by ESA in 1999.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

In 2002, Italian-American physicist Riccardo Giacconi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics largely due to his work on X-ray astronomy.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Sources of X-ray radiation in space include pulsars, or fast-rotating neutron stars, as well as X-ray eruptors, or bursters.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[7] X-ray radiation is also produced when matter enters a black hole just before it reaches the event horizon.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[8] The ozone layer in the atmosphere absorbs almost all radiation with a wavelength of less than 300 nanometers, [9], including X-ray radiation.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

Because of this, X-ray radiation from space can only be studied by space probes, and has only been systematically studied since the 1970s.


Question: How dangerous is X-ray radiation?

X-ray radiation

[10] See also X-ray scattering X-ray diffraction X-ray crystallography synchrotron radiation X-ray imaging Sources on the topic elsewhere category:19th century inventions Category:X-ray radiation Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

Janne Santeri Saarikivi (born 29 May 1973, Helsinki) is a Finnish linguist who works as a researcher at the Collegium of Researchers at the University of Helsinki.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[1] He has been a fixed-term professor of Finno-Ugric language studies at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Helsinki from 2009 to 2014.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[1] Saarikivi matriculated from Kallio High School in 1992 and received his doctorate at the University of Helsinki in 2006.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[2] In his dissertation Substrata Uralica: Studies on Finno-Ugrian Substrate in Northern Russian Dialects he dealt with the traces of dead Finno-Ugric languages in the northern dialects of the Russian language and sought to develop methods of research on dead languages.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[3] [4] Between 2006 and 2008 he was a researcher at the University of Helsinki.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[1] Saarikivi has lectured and taught abroad at the University of Tartu, Babeș-Bolyai University and Udmurtia State University, among others.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[2] Saarikivi is a polyglot and predominates from the Baltic Finnic languages Finnish, Estonian, Vepsi and Karelian; Northern Sami from the Sami languages, in addition to understanding some other Sámi languages and some of their dialects; from other languages of Finnish origin, Permian languages Komi and Udmurt, Marin and Ersän and Ugric languages Hungarian; Germanic languages English, German and Swedish and other Indo-European languages Russian, Greek and Latin, as well as other languages including Turkish, Arabic and Japanese — though not all of which he speaks as fluently as, for example, Estonian.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[5] [4] He has also studied nivhi.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[5] Currently Saarikivi is leading two research projects.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[6] The Minoreurus project investigates issues of survival and disappearance of minority languages, particularly in Russia, in comparison with the European Union's lesser bodies.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[6] In the 1990s, Saarikivi has made lyrics to songs of the band Ultra Bra.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[7] He has also written columns for Parnasso and Helsingin Sanomat, among others.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

[8] Publications in Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= | publisher = University of Helsinki | year = 2007| version = Differential edition: Juhani Nuorluoto (ed.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

): Topics on the ethnic, linguistic and cultural making of the Russian North.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

Slavica Helsingiensia; 32.| id = ISBN 978-952-1043-67-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Linguistics and archaeology: a critical view of an interdisciplinary approach with reference to the prehistory of Northern Scandinavia| publisher = Finnish-Ugric Society | year = 2012| version = Book part| id = ISBN 978-952-5667-39-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= | publisher = Finnish Oriental Society| year = 2013| version = Festskrift tillägnad Juha Janhunen på hans 61. födelsedag 12.2.72013| id = ISBN 8-951-9380-82-7}} Sources on the topic elsewhere , Librarylane video, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.


Question: What is a polyglot?

Janne Saarikivi

Category:Finnish professors Category:Finnish linguists Category:Finnish lyricists Category:Persons born in 1973 Class:Living persons


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Eugenics (or eugenics doctrine) is the refining of humans to improve the population over generations.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Positive eugenics means encouraging the reproduction of individuals considered the best, and negative eugenics refers to limiting or completely preventing the reproduction of those considered the worst.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Negative eugenics aimed at cleansing from an undesirable segment of the population is often referred to as racial hygiene by some of the ethnic group.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

It has been implemented, among other things, in Nazi Germany as part of the National Socialist ideology.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Several actions related to negative eugenics, such as forced sterilization, are contrary to human rights conventions.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

After World War II, eugenics was widely condemned and became a forbidden talking point.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[1] As a Concept Objectives Eugenics developer Sir Francis Galton created the concept of eugenics in 1883 from the Greek word “εγενής”, “good-born”.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Galton wrote in 1904 that the goal of eugenics is to improve in the population such qualities that are unequivocally considered by all to be always good.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Such qualities, according to him, were especially health, vigour, prowess, virility, politeness and adaptability.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

According to Galton, eugenics would create a people that would be more rational, more profound, less often agitated and politically foresighted.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[2] Methods According to the division made by Galton, positive eugenics means promoting the occurrence of desired characteristics in offspring.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Positive eugenics have included various rewards for aspirational parents, who are thus encouraged to have more children.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Marriage counseling also had links to the ideas of eugenics in its early stages.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Negative eugenics means limiting or preventing the reproduction of carriers of undesirable traits.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

This has meant isolation and sterilization, sometimes even outright destruction, of unwanted parents.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Destinations Eugenics actions have been a policy of the well-off towards the disadvantaged.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The measures have targeted the poor, i.e. those receiving poor assistance; the sick and disabled, such as alcohol addicts, deaf people, epileptics, Huntington's disease, mentally disabled people, schizophrenics and people with bipolar disorder; sex workers and sex offenders; vagrants, i.e. unemployed and homeless; and stigmatised ethnicities such as Roma, indigenous people and Jews.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[3] [4] The adoption of sterilization laws has been facilitated by their distance to the law-makers” own lives; they were drafted “for other, unworthy people”, not for the MPs themselves, their family members, or for citizens deemed full-headed and fully fledged from their point of view.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

In Finland, for example, a large percentage of people who were subject to the forced sterilization law could not influence the birth of the law because they had already been excluded from political decision-making in the past.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

People needing support for their livelihoods or living in closed institutions such as psychiatric hospitals were not eligible to vote at the time the laws were drafted.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[3] Today, Eugenics is still considered to be present in fetal screening programmes and in Finnish conditions of abortion, sterilization and sex correction.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The criteria for obtaining an abortion are more lax in a situation where a child is suspected of being disabled.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

One of the criteria for receiving sterilisation in Finland under the age of 30 is suspicion of serious illness and bodily defect developing in the child.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[5] At artificial fertilization, humans have the opportunity to acquire certain characteristics for their offspring in terms of hair colour, physique, or intelligence through the selection of a sperm donor.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Such selective lineage influence is more common in the United States than in Europe.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[6] In China, refining the gene lineage is widely welcomed, and at least in Shenzhen, government-sponsored research is being carried out to find IQ genes to enable parents to select them for their children.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[7] Evolution of Eugenics Early history The Greek philosopher Plato described in his book The State (378 BCE)


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

a society in which assorted mating is practiced.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[8] Plato suggested that the authorities should control reproduction.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

He suggested that the selection be conducted through a staged, government-controlled draw so that people's feelings would not regret knowing the selection criteria.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Italian philosopher and poet Tommaso Campanella described in the work Solar City (1623) a utopia in which only the elite of society were allowed to reproduce.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[8] Rise in popularity in the 19th century In 1865 Gregor Mendel discovered the basic laws governing heredity, which led to learning how physical characteristics were inherited from two parents.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Knowledge of heritability, coupled with the rise of social darvinism brought about by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, provided eugenics with the scientific basis for the upliftment of humanity through assorted mating.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

According to eugenicists, nature played a much greater role than nurture in humanity.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[8] Francis Galton, in his book Hereditary Genius (1869), proposed arranged marriages between men of special quality and rich women, which would produce a gifted race of people.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[8] According to Galton, human society erodes the natural laws of survival.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

One of the functions of society is in some way to help the underprivileged and weak, and thus a conflict with natural selection is formed that brings the weak to destruction.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

According to eugenics advocates, blocking this mechanism may lead to an explosive increase in the number of the weak.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

So they proposed balancing the decline of natural selection caused by this society with the means of eugenics.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

This basic idea inspired numerous and often very different views.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

With its concretization in the twentieth century, eugenics became a serious discipline practiced by biologists and social scientists alike.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

They sought to determine the extent to which socially significant characteristics of humans are inherited: in particular, intelligence and certain aberrant behavioral traits were studied.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The eugenics debate also took place far beyond science around the world, influencing social policy in many countries.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[8] Galton had funded a research post in eugenics, and he left money in his will for the eugenics lesson chairs at University College, London, which began to be run later by Karl Pearson.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

According to Pearson, the high birth rate of the poor threatened civilization, and he wanted the “upper” races to supplant the “lower” ones.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[8] At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, eugenics was popular in the United States and across western Europe.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

In the United States, the racial hygienic movement peaked in 1924, waned thereafter, and five years later fell completely.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The stock market crash of 1929 is seen as a major factor in the crash - suicides by monetary elite and middle-class professionals and academics falling into the same unemployment queues with immigrants of weaker racial lineage made it impossible to maintain doctrine for the superiority of the lineage of certain kinds of people.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[9] Beginning in the 1930s, eugenics was involved in the practices of Nazi Germany and many other countries.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

For example, in Finland and Sweden, forced sterilization legislation was adopted in the 1930s, which was abandoned (mainly for Finland) in the 1970s.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

In the early part of the 20th century, eugenics was popular with the Left.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Mm.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

President Theodore Roosevelt, H. G. Wells, Emma Goldman, George Bernard Shaw, Hardold Laski, John Maynard Keynes, as well as Marxist biologists J.B.S.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Haldane and Hermann Muller were its advocates, while many Christian conservatives viewed eugenics as an attempt by the scientific elite to “play God.”


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[10] The Awakening of Opposition to Eugenics began to manifest itself in the 1910s, and accelerated in the 1930s.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Initially, opposition was often directed at birth rate rationing, and was usually due to religious reasons.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Suspicions about eugenics were raised in the United States when Nazi Germany began implementing its racial hygiene policies to eradicate Jews and other unAryan nationalities.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

As a result, the United States ERO-Eugenics Agency was abolished in 1939.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[8] On the trail of World War II, eugenics gained a bad reputation and was denounced by many of its former proponents as a failed pseudoscience.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The word began to be removed from the names of organisations and publications: Annals of Eugenics became Annals of Human Genetics in 1954, and Eugenics Quarterly in 1969 became Social Biology.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

In 1973, the United States began abolishing sterilization laws in its states.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

On the other hand, for example, in China, national eugenics programs continued to be openly pursued.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[8] Eugenics in various countries Nazi Germany controlled by Adolf Hitler, Nazi Germany carried out an extensive eugenics program from 1933 to 1945 with the aim of preserving the so-called “Aryan race” as “pure”.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Negative eugenics culminated in the T4 eugenics program, in which 75,000 to 250000 people were systematically massacred in the name of eugenics as “unviable life” (Lebensunwertiges Leben).


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The Nazi regime also forced sterilized tens of thousands of women, and conducted unethical and human rights-violating medical experiments on humans to test their heredity theories.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Communist Czechoslovakia Socialist Czechoslovakia's sterilization program was aimed at women who gave birth to disabled children, but at least in the 1970s mostly Roma were sterilized.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[11] Human Rights Watch reports that a significant number of Roma were sterilized during the communist period in Czechoslovakia.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[12] Some of these report that they have been sterilised without giving their consent, some have been pressured into sterilization.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[12] The Government's Roma Commission memorandum stressed the importance of sterilisation of Roma, complaining that “even backward Roma women can calculate” that they receive more money from the state than from sterilisation, so the sterilisation allowance must be increased.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[12] The United States, besides Germany, the most large-scale eugenics movement has appeared in the United States.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Following Connecticut (1896), many states enacted marriage laws based on negative eugenics that prevented marriages of “epileptic, imbeciles, and less-minded”.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

In 1904, Charles B. Davenport, a distinguished U.S. biologist, accepted leadership at a biological research station in Cold Mountain Spring.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

There he began the study of plant and animal evolution.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Eugenics Programme The research program was later expanded to include human evolution.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

In 1910, the Eugenics Record Office was established to drive the eugenics cause.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Over the next few years, ERO collected an archive of family lineages that showed the “misfits” to be from economically and socially poor conditions.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

As a result, the 1924 Immigration Act was finally passed, restricting immigration and cutting out comers deemed unsuitable from among the ranks.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The law also sought to prevent racial mixing.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The ERO was closed in 1939 when eugenics was discredited after the National Socialists used it against Jews.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Still, ideas of eugenics were left simmering in cases such as incest legislation and in some states continued to sterilise “imbeciles” for most of the 20th century.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Among the prior decisions can be noted, for example, the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Buck v. Bell (1927), which reached the conclusion that the state of Virginia may choose to sterilize what it deems unsuitable.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Between 1907 and 1963, more than 64,000 individuals were forcibly sterilized in the United States due to eugenics laws.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

When the leaders of National Socialism were on verdict at the Nuremberg Trial, they justified their mass sterilization operation (over 450000 in a decade) by the fact that they had sought their inspiration from the United States.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Migration Laws Many have highlighted the fact that the American immigrant laws enacted in the 1920s (which were completely reformed in 1965) were motivated by eugenic goals.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[9] The effort was to prevent “lower” races from entangling the national gene strain.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

In the early part of the 20th century, even more emigrants from southern and eastern Europe began arriving in the United States and Canada.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Experts who thought in line with the common racial doctrines of eugenics at the time, for example Lothrop Soddard and Harry Laughlin made claims that these were inferior breeds that would contaminate the national gene stock if their numbers were not limited.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

It is argued that it was the idea of racial hygiene that led the United States, and also Canada, to create a hierarchy for incoming emigrants according to nationality - highest in the hierarchy were emigrants from Anglo-Saxon countries and Nordic countries, while similarly Chinese and Japanese were almost barred completely from entering the country.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The view has also been opposed and it has been suggested that in reality the migrant laws were based on guarding American cultural unity.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

In 1935, Finland enacted a law whereby the inadequate and mentally ill could be forced sterilized on certain grounds without the subject's own consent.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Sterilizations were abandoned in 1969.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Between 1935 and 1970, over 7500 people were sterilized in Finland based on racial hygienic reasons.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[13] According to the law of 1950, it was possible for a woman to terminate the pregnancy if a severe hereditary mental or bodily illness of her or the child's father was also inherited to the child.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Since 1970, sterilization has only been possible at the request of the person concerned, or at the application of his legal representative if the person is permanently incapable of understanding the meaning of sterilization due to illness.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[14] [15] [16] Under the Marriage Act 1929, self-born epilepsy was an obstacle to marriage, except when authorized by the President of the Republic.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Two congenitally deaf mutes were not allowed to marry each other.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[17] 'These restrictions were in place until 1969.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Today, no hereditary disease is a divorce.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[18] [14] [13] Sweden established the world's first racial biological institute.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The interest of Swedes in their own race and its improvement had gained validation from the United States, where it was thought that the race represented by the North and especially the Swedes was the most valuable.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Furthermore, the state-centric policies that prevailed in the Nordic countries put the interest of the state over that of the individual.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Following the rise to power of the Social Democrats, the 1934 Sterilization Act came into force in Sweden.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[6] Sweden sterilized about 63000 of what they deemed unsuitable in its eugenics programme during the years 1935—1975.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[6] Of these, about 27000 were sterilized against or under pressure from one's own will.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[19] Overrepresented in sterilization were women (93%), working class, Roma, dark-skinned people, people with mental health problems and developmental disabilities.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[20] Karl Johan Olsson, MP for the Social Democrats in power, declared in 1941: “I think it is better to go a little too far than to risk bringing unfit and weak-minded offspring into the world”.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[20] Eugenics was also adopted by the ideologues of the Swedish welfare state Gunnar Myrdal and Alva Myrdal.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

[20] In their book, they stated that between 10% and 20% of the people are unfit.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

The problems are e.g.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

“imbeciles, morally defective and otherwise with severe hereditary burden.


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

“[21] Well-known eugenicists German pediatrician Hans Asperger [22] Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler [23] German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin [24] US nurse, birth control pill ideator, family planning pioneer Margaret Sanger [25] Eugenics in entertainment Author Ilkka Remes has covered eugenics extensively in his novel The Generation of Evil (2007).


Question: Who is the developer of eugenics?

Eugenics

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tapio Tamminen| title = Darker Side of the People's Home | publisher = Atena| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-300-127-5}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton Football Club is an English football club founded in Liverpool in 1878.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

It is one of the most successful teams in England.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton, for all but four seasons, have always played at the highest league level in the country.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The club has amassed more points at this league level than any other team.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Early stages Founded in 1878, the club received its original name St. Domingo FC after the parish of St. Domingo Sunday School.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The purpose of setting up the club was to provide children with a winter pastime, as the main sport of cricket in the area could not be played in winter.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The following year, individuals from outside the parish played in the club so much that it was decided to change the club's name to Everton Football Club.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The first official match was played on 20 December 1879 at Stanley Park against St. Peter's.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton FC defeated their first opponent by figures of 6—0.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

After the 1882—1883 season, the club moved to Priory Road.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Loud Everton fans caught J. Cruitt, the owner of the Priory Road pitch, into such outings that Everton had to move again.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Anfield was Everton's next home ground.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

This field, now belonging to Liverpool FC, served Everton until 1892.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In 1885 Everton FC switched to becoming a professional club.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the years immediately following (1886 and 1887), Everton played in the Liverpool Cup, winning the title in both seasons.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the 1886—1887 season, Everton first participated in the FA Cup.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The start did not go too well, as Everton lost 0—1 to Rangers, who at the time were still participating in the English Cup.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In 1888, the first national series of The Football League was established in England, comprising 12 clubs.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton were one of the founding members of the series.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the opening season of The Football League, 1888—1889, Everton's first match was against Accrington.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The match ended as a 2—1 Everton win.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Preston North End took their first two championships, but Everton did not have to wait long for their first league win.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the 1889—1890 season, Everton were second in the series.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

It collected 31 points in the season and fell behind championship-winning Preston North End by two points.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton won the league championship in the 1890—1891 season when its point catch of 29 points was two points better than second-placed Preston North End.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

[1] The following season was the latest move so far ahead, this time to Goodison Park.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The then crowd record was broken with 44,000 people watching as the team faced Liverpool assembled from their former players at Goodison.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton won 3—0.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In 1893 Everton promoted to the FA Cup Final but lost that reading 0—1 to Wolverhampton Wanderers.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the Division 1 season 1894—1895, Everton were runners-up.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

It reached 42 points and fell within five points of Championship-winning Sunderland.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In 1897 Everton were again in the FA Cup final but lost to Aston Villa by goals 2—3.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

[1] For the 1901—1902 season, Everton's playing outfits changed from deep red to royal blue shirts and white shorts.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the same season, Everton were runner-up in Division One.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Sunderland won the championship by 44 points, Everton reaching 41 points.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Three years later in the 1904—1905 season it was second in the First Division again.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

It fell short of the 48 points of championship-winning Newcastle United by just one point.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the 1905—1906 season, Everton won the FA Cup for the first time by beating Newcastle United 1—0 in the final.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The following year the club again made it to the FA Cup final, mud losing it to Sheffield Wednesday by a reading of 1—2.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the 1908—1909 season, Everton were second in Division One as Newcastle United took away the title.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

It also won silver in the 1911—1912 season as Blackburn Rovers took away the championship by a three-point difference.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

It won its second league championship in the spring of 1915 by a point difference away to Oldham Athletic FC.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Subsequently, league football was interrupted for the duration of World War I.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

[1] Dixie Dean's Time In 1925, William Ralph “Dixie” Dean moved on at the age of 18 to the Everton team from Tranmere Rovers.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Prior to his move to Everton, Dean finished with 27 goals in 27 games for his Breeder club.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the 1927—1928 season, Everton won the league championship under Dean: this scored as many as 60 goals in the league, a record still standing throughout English league history.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In the final game of the season, Dean scored the final three goals required for the record with over 60,000 people following.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Dean scored 349 goals in 399 league matches for Everton during his career and 16 goals in 18 games for the England national team.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

He is considered one of the most effective goalscorers in football history.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

After a brilliant 1927—1928 season, there was a collapse.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton were relegated in the spring of 1930 to Division Two.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

However, the club immediately rose the following season back to the highest league level and, following their boom in 1932, immediately won the league championship (Dean scored 45 goals).


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The following season, under Dean's leadership, Everton won the second English Cup in their history.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton won the league championship in the 1938—1939 season, and that season's team is considered by many to be Everton's best ever.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Its star player was young striker Tommy Lawton, whose career was cut short by World War II.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Again, the war also halted Everton's winning run: as during the First World War, from 1939 to 1946 Everton were also the reigning league champions.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

After the war, Lawton achieved fame in the ranks of Chelsea and Arsenal.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Goodison Park's current crowd record of 78299 spectators is from the autumn 1948 local match against Liverpool.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Golden 1960s and 1980s success Everton, led by their new star player, Scotsman Alex Young, won the league championship again in the 1962—1963 season.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

That season, Everton did not lose once at Goodison Park.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The success of the 1960s continued with the FA Cup win in 1966 and a successful decade was culminated by the league championship again in 1970 with its early points record.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The team's biggest star at that stage was also Alan Ball, who won the World Championship in an England shirt in 1966, who is still regarded by many as Everton's greatest ever player.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton's most recent golden age came in the mid-1980s when a team led by manager Howard Kendall won the FA Cup (1984), the English League twice (1985, 1987) and the European Cup Winners' Cup (1985).


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

However, Everton's perhaps strongest team ever fell apart when the club, along with other English teams, were excluded from UEFA competitions after Liverpool supporters caused rioting the deaths of 39 people in the spring 1985 European Cup final against Juventus At Brussels' Heysel Stadium.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Successes in the 1980s also included winning the FA Charity Shield three times between 1984 and 1987.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In this charity match, the league and cup champion from the previous season meet.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Star players of the 1980s included Welsh goalkeeper Neville Southall and central defender Kevin Ratcliffe, English midfielders Peter Reid and Trevor Steven, Irish wide receiver Kevin Sheedy and Scots strikers Andy Gray and Graeme Sharp.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Gary Lineker also played the 1985—1986 season for Everton.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

That season became his greatest success, as he won then the English League Goal Kingship, was selected as Player of the Year and Footballer of the Year, and also won a Goal Kingship at the World Cup in Mexico.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The 1990s and 2000s Everton's most recent major success has been their English Cup triumph in 1995.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

After that, Everton again won the Charity Shield.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

The most visible player at Everton of the 1990s was Scottish striker Duncan Ferguson, who played for Everton on two occasions vv.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

1994-98 as well as 2000-2006.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

In 2002, Everton's line-up was broken into by then-only 16-year-old Wayne Rooney, who subsequently became a star player also in the England national team.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Rooney's transfer to Manchester United in 2004 was a highly controversial event.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Everton's manager since March 2002 has been Scotsman David Moyes.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Under his leadership, Everton have survived their best finish in the Premier League to finish fourth (2005) as well as fifth (2008).


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

During this time Moyes has been selected three times as Manager of the Year in England.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

After Moyes took over as Manchester United manager for the 2013-14 season, Everton's manager became Roberto Martinez.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

[2] In the 2007-2008 season, Everton participated in the UEFA Cup.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

Representative Team Updated November 6, 2018.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

[3] Transfer history Updated 20 September 2017.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

[4] 2010s Period PurchasesSales/Sales +-Most Valuable Procurement TransferalMost Valuable Sales Transfer Am2017-2018158.2M €107.38M €-50.82M € Gylfi Sigurðsson49.4M € Romelu Lukaku84.7M €2016-201785.9M €60.8M €-25.1M Yannick Bolasie28.9m € John Stones55.6m €2015-201649.18M €11.0M €-38.18M Oumar Niasse17.9m € Steven Naismith€11.0M 2014 to 201540.16M €1.9M €-38.26M Romelu Lukaku35.4M € Shane Duffy1.9M €2013 to 201431.8M €46.1M + €14.3M James McCarthy15.3M € Marouane Fellaini$32.4M €2012 to 201321.65M €18.75M -£2.9M Kevin Mirallas7.7M € Jack Rodwell€15.0M 2011-20127.2M €26.8M + €19.6M Nikica Jelavić6.6M € Mikel Arteta12.0M €2010-20111.7M €6.6M €+€4.9M Magaye Gueye1.4M € Steven Pienaar3.6m €YHt.395.79M €279.33M €-116.46M €2000s Period PurchasesSales/Sales +-Most Valuable Procurement Transfer SolutionMost Valuable Sales Transfer Amount 2009-201023.3M €28.3M €+5.0M € Diniyar Bilyaletdinov10.0M € Joleon Lescott27.5M €2008-200925.1M €13.1M -11.8M € Marouane Fellaini2M €1.8M Andy Johnson13.3M €2007-200837.6M €15.8M €-21.8M Yakubu Aiyegbeni16.5M € James McFadden7.6m €2006-200717.9M €2.5M €-£15.4M Andy Johnson11.0M € Kevin Kilbane2.5M €2005-200632.5M €7.0M €-25.5M Andy van der Meyde9.0M € Per Kröldrup4.0M €2004-200511.9M €45.4M + £3.5M James Beattie9.0M € Wayne Rooney37.0M €2003-200410.1M €1.0M €-9.1M Joseph Yobo6.0M € Mark Pembridge0.8M €2002-200313.7M €0.4M €-£13.3M Richard Wright15.0M € Kevin McLeod0.4m €2001-200217.5M €11.9M €-£5.6M Jesper Blomqvist7.0M € Michael Ball9.8M €2000-200134.5M €35.6M + £1.1M Alex Nyarn KO6.3M € Francis Jeffers15.3M €224.1m €161.2M €-62.9M 1990s Seasonal PurchasesSales/Sales +-Most Valuable Procurement TransferalMost Valuable Sales Transfer Amount 1999-20007.9M €16.2M €+€8.3M Kevin Campbell4.5M € Olivier Dacourt6,0M €1998-199929.4M €12.5M €-16.9M € Ibrahima Bakayoko6.8M € Duncan Ferguson10.7M €1997—19987.9M €14.3M + €6.4M John Oster1.5M € Gary Speed8.3M €1996-199710.8M €13.0M + €2.2M Nick Barmby8.0M € Andrey Kanchelskis8.0M €1995—199617.3M €0 €-17.3M Andrey Kanchelskis7.5M € Alex SmithFree Transfer1994—199512.1M €2.3M -£9.8M Duncan Ferguson6.1M David € Burrowskis1994—199512.1M €2.3M -£9.8M Duncan Ferguson6.1m David € Burrowskis1994—199512.1M €2.3M €1.7M 1993—19942.2M €1.7M €-€0.5M Graham Stuart1.3m € Peter Beardsley1.7m €1992— 19930.1M €3.5M + €3.4M Preki0.1m € Martin Keown3.0M €1991-19925.5M €4.7M €-€0.8M Mo Johnston2.3M € Stuart McCall1.7m €1990-19912.0M €0.3M €-€1.7M Andrew Hinchcliffe1.2m € Neil Pointon0.3m €5.9M €95.9M 2M €68.5M €-26.7M Player Transfer Records Updated March 12, 2018.


Question: What was the original name of Everton Football Club?

Everton F.C.

[5] [6] Most expensive purchases Transfer total49.4M €35.36M €28.9M €28.5M €28.5M €27.0M €22.9M €22.5M €22.0M €21.76M Player Gylfi Sigurðsson Romelu Lukaku Yannick Bolasie Michael Keane Jordan Pickford Davy Klaassen Morgan Schneiderlin Theo Walcott Cenk Tosun Marouane Fellaini Old Club Swansea City Chelsea Crystal Palace Burnley Sunderland Ajax Manchester United Arsenal Beşiktaş Standard Liège Year2017201420162017201720162016201820182008 Most Expensive Sales Transfer total84.7M €55.6M €37.0M €32.4M €27.5M €16.9M €15.3M €15.0M €13.3M €12.0M Player Romelu Lukaku John Stones Wayne Rooney Marouane Fellaini Joleon Lescott Ross Barkley Francis Jeffers Jack Rodwell Andy Johnson Mikel Arteta New club Manchester United Manchester United Manchester United Manchester United Manchester United Manchester City Chelsea Arsenal Manchester City Fulham Arsenal Years 2017201620042013200920182000201220082011 Achievements England Championship: 1890-91, 1914-15, 1927-28, 1931-32, 1938-39, 1962-63, 1969-70, 1984-85, 1986-87 (9) FA Cup: 1906, 1933, 1966, 1984, 1995 (5) Charity Shield: 1928, 1932, 1963, 1970, 1984, 1985 1986 (shared), 1987, 1995 (9) Cup Winners' Cup: 1985 (1) Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:English football clubs Category:Liverpool Sports Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Wembley Stadium is a football stadium in London, England.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Wembley has become a football holiday for the English over the years, but there has been plenty of other activity.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

It served as the main stage for the 1948 Summer Olympics, rock concerts have been held there, rugby played, boxed and driven speedway.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Wembley serves as the home ground of Tottenham Hotspurs, in addition, the England national team plays their home games there.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

In addition, Wembley has played the finals of the FA Cup and League Cup, the finals of various European Cups and the final of the 1966 Football World Cup and the 1996 European Football Championship.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

The original stadium, the so-called old Wembley, closed at the end of 2000.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

It was completely demolished and an entirely new arena was built on its site.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

The demolition of the old Wembley was reached because it was deemed too old and unable to meet the challenges of the new millennium.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Despite many refurbishments, the basic structures of the old Wembley had remained the same since 1924.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

The old Wembley had seating for 76,000, the new Wembley 90,000.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

The first match at the new Wembley was an England—Brazil country match, which ended tied 1—1.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

History As early as 1889 Sir Edward Watkin, chairman of the Metropolitan Railway, was planning a stadium for the Wembley area, but the plan failed to materialise.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

After World War I, the government began planning for the Grand Exhibition of the British Empire.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

The Wembley site was chosen as the area and a stadium was built for the occasion.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

The stadium's original name was The Empire Stadium, but later it has come to be called Wembley.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Low towers, or so-called twin towers, were built on both sides of the stadium's main gate, which became symbols of Wembley.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Wembley opened on 23 April 1923 and the first event was the 1923 FA Cup Final against Bolton Wanderers against West Ham United (ended 2—0).


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Wembley's first goal was scored by David Jack.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

An estimated 200,000 people had crammed into watching the game at the stadium, which had been built to accommodate 125,000 people.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

One police officer rode a white horse around the field before the match, urging people to stay outside the field lines.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Because of this, the English will know the final in question as The White Horse final.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

The final game in the old stadium missed the World Cup qualifying match England—Germany, which was played on 7 October 2000.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

There were 80,000 spectators.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Germany won the match 1—0.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

The final goal at Wembley was scored by Dietmar Hamann.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

The stadium renewal was tasked with the Australian Multiplex.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Construction work began in September 2002.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

There were delays and financial setbacks in construction work.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

[1] The stadium was supposed to be completed in 2005, but did not open until March 2007.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

[2] Images Sources on the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was London's old Wembley Stadium demolished?

Wembley Stadium

Category:London football stadiums Category:Key articles of screening Category:Olympic stadiums Category:Summer Olympics 1948


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Uralic languages form the language of which the languages are today spoken in a large area of the two sides of the Ural Mountains and in Europe.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

There are more than 30 Uralic languages and their speakers around 20.7 million.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Finnish language also belongs to the Baltic-Finnish branch of the Uralic language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Other state languages belonging to the Uralic language include Estonian and Hungarian.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Other Uralic languages are minority languages, most of which are spoken in Russia.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The branch of linguistics that studies Uralic languages is Fennougristics.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Sometimes the designations “Uralic languages” and “Finno-Ugric languages” are synonyms to refer to the whole language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[1] The main branches of the language and the languages that belong to them The family tree of Uralic languages according to traditional conception is based on, inter alia, M.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

To the views expressed by A. Castrén and Otto Donner.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In this family tree, a large number of intermediate languages (Finno-Ugric, Permian, Hungarian, Mansi, Khanty, Samoyedi) [2] are assumed to have been a large number of intermediate languages (Finno-Ugric, Finno-Permian, Finno-Permian Intermediate Language, Finno-Volgan Intermediate Language, Volgan Intermediate Language, Finno-Sami Intermediate Language, Cantaugri, Cantaobinugri).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

However, the latest research calls into question the existence of either all or some intermediate languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The old assumption of the dichotomy of Uralic languages into Finno-Ugric languages (mainly west of the Urals, with the exception of the Obinugrian languages spoken in Western Siberia) and Samoyedic languages (mainly east of the Urals, Tundranene also on the European side all the way up to the Kanin Peninsula) based mostly on the observation that Samoyedi shares clearly the least common words with other language branches.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Although some features of the sound level have been proposed in support of the old dichotomy [3], the proposal has also been criticised and put forward a different interpretation in which, on the basis of sound level, Samoyedi and Ugric languages would revert to the common parent language [4].


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Thus, there is no clear support for the old dichotomy in sound level, and the sheer difference in vocabulary numbers may be explained by the fact that Samoyedi would have changed its vocabulary in greater measure than the more western language branches.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

For this reason, most scholars today hold that the distance between Samoyedic and Finno-Ugric languages is not as great as has been previously assumed, and that the division of the language into the main branch of Samoyedic and Finno-Ugric is questionable.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Perhaps the best justified intermediate language level is the Finno-Permian language (which would be the common stock language of Sami, Baltic Finnish, Mordvan, Mari and Permian), since it has been presented with both lexical [3] [5] and voice-level support [4] Finno-Volgish intermediate language (which would be Sámi, Baltic Finnish, Mordva and Mari common stock language) and Volgan intermediate language (which would be the common stock language of Mordva and Mari) are now generally rejected, at least among Finnish scholars.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Also controversial is the Finnish-Sami intermediate language, whose existence has been advocated by Pekka Sammallahti [3] and Ulla-Maija Kulonen and Terho Itkonen [6].


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

László Honti [7] and Ulla-Maija Kulonen have been advocated by László Honti [7] and Ulla-Maija Kulonen and opposed by Tapani Salminen [2].


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In the latte family tree (comb model) presented by Tapani Salminen, no intermediate language levels would be reconstructed between the undisputed lowest level parent languages (Kansaami, Finnish, kanmordva, etc.) and cantaurali.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Ulla-Maija Kulonen's “sukupensas” model [8] represents a compromise between the old multi-level family tree and the comb-like family tree accused of excessive platitudes, as it accepts four of the seven intermediate languages of the traditional model (Finnish-Permian, Finnish-Sami parent tongue, cantaugri and cantaobinugri).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Jaakko Häkkinen's model originally adopted five intermediate languages, but the grouping differed quite a bit from the traditional one (in addition to Obinugrian and Finno-Permian, Ugri-Samoyedic, Maris-Permian, and Finno-Mordatian as well).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In a newer version of the Häkkinen model, Cantaural is assumed to have been divided into three parent languages: West Uralic (Kantasaami, Kantafinnish and Mordva), Middle Uralic (Mari and Cantapermi), and Eastern Uralic (Cantaugri and Kantasamojedi).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Mordivalo-Finnish and Mansilais-Hungarian are also mentioned as lower-level intermediate languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[9] Old designations can still be used to refer to geographically defined language groups, without assuming a common parent language for these.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Thus, Finno-Ugric, Finno-Permian, Finno-Volgan, Volgan, Finno-Sami, Ugric and Obinugrian languages can be spoken when it is necessary to distinguish them from the whole language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The distinction between language and dialect is very ambiguous in Uralic languages (as in other languages).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Often the distinction is based on political and historical reasons, as well as the existence of an established literary language rather than on mutual intelligibility of language forms.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Khanti and Mansi have traditionally been considered unified languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

However, both of these are in reality a group of languages whose speakers share a common national identity.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Khanty language is divided into three (or even five) language forms that are not particularly intelligible with each other, the Mansi language into four language forms.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In Russia, comipermyak is considered a separate language from Komi, but in Western countries this view is not normally accepted.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Sami has previously been considered a single language, but today the division into nine living and two dead Sami languages is well established.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Lyyd can be considered either one of the main dialects of the Karelian language or as an independent language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Inkeroinen's status as a distinct language from Karelian (or Finnish) has only been established in recent decades.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The most recent examples of the desire to elevate a language form previously considered as a dialect to an independent language are the discussions on the status of Mea and Queen in Sweden and Norway.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In the following list, Uralic languages and their dialects are sorted into nine groups considered completely uncontroversial (obsolete denominations of languages in parentheses) [10] [11].


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Samoyedic languages Northern Samoyedic languages Enets language (Yeniseinsamojedi; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Enets) Tundraenets dialect Forest Enets dialect Nenets language (Jurac; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Nenets) Tundranenets dialect of Forest Nganasan language (tavgi; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Nganasans) Avami dialect of Vadeyev, or Hatanga dialect of the Jurats language (died out in the 19th century [12]; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Jurats) South Samoyedic languages Selkup language (Ostjakkisamojedi; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Selkupit) Taz dialect of Tymi dialect Ketti dialect Kamassi language (last speaker deceased 1989 [12]; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Kamasses) the Matori language (died out in the 19th century [12]; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Mators) 2.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Hungarian language (Madjaari; see


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Hungarian) western dialects of Hungarian Danube dialects southern dialects of Hungarian Southern dialects of Tisza dialects of Hungarian Northwest dialects of Hungarian Northeast dialects of Central Transylvania dialects of Eastern Transylvania or Székely dialects (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Székelyt) Csángó dialects (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Csángót) 3.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Khanty language (Ostyak, in reality several different languages; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Khanti) North Khanti Middle Obin or Šerkal dialect Kazym dialect Berjozovo or Šuryškary dialect of Urals or Obdor dialect of Southern Khanty (died in 20th century [12]) Irtyš dialect of Eastern Khanti Vahin-Vasjugan dialect of Surgut dialect Salym dialect 4.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Mansi language (Vogul, in reality several different languages; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Mansit) North Mansi Sosva dialect Sygvan dialect Upper Lozvan dialect South Mansi (died 20th century [12]) Tavda dialect East Mansi Lower Konda dialect Middle Konda dialect Upper Konda dialect West Mansi (died 20th century [12]) Lower Lozva dialect Middle Lozva dialect Pelymin dialect Vagim dialect 5.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Permian languages Komi language (i discriminate; see


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Komit) in the Commisyri Ižma dialect (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Ižmese) Syktyvkar dialect Middle Sysola dialect Upper Sysola dialect Petšora dialect (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Pechoreans) Luzan-Letka dialect (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Luzans) Lower Vychegda dialect Upper Vychegda dialect Vymin dialect Udora dialect (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Udorans) comipermyak (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Komipermjak), the northern dialect of Comipermjak, the southern dialect of Komipermjak, Zjuzdin (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Comit of Zjuzdin) a dialect of Jazva (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Jazvan komit) Udmurt language (Votyak; see


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Udmurts) northern dialects of Udmurt Sarapul dialect Glazov dialect Slobodskoi dialect Beserman dialect (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Besermans) Udmurt southern dialects Ufa dialect Jelabuga dialect Uržym dialect Malmyž dialect 6.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Mari language (Cheremism; see


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Marit) meadow mari Morkin-Sernur dialect Joškar-Ola dialect Volžsky dialect East Mari dialect Mountain Mari Jaransk dialect Kozmodemyansk dialect 7.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Mordovian languages (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Mordvians) Ersä language Kozlov dialect Alatyr dialect Suran or Šugurovo dialect Staryje Turdak or Tašton-Murza dialect Drakino dialect Mokša language Spassky dialect Krasnoslobodskin-Temnikov dialect Insar dialect 8.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Sami languages (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Sami) West Sami languages of Southern Sami (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Southern Sami) Luleå Saami (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Luleå Saami) Silicon Saami (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Silicon Sami) Northern Sami (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

North Sámi) in the Ruijsami dialect of Tornionsami dialect of Sea Sami (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Sea Sami) Umeå Saami (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Umaja Sami) Eastern Sami languages Inari Saami (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Inari Sami) Kiltsaami (Kildinsámi; see


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Kolt Sami and Kola Sami) Skoltan Sami (Coltta; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Koltat) Turjansaame (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Turjans-Saami and Kola Sami) Akkalansaame (last speaker deceased 2003 [12]; see


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Akka-Saami and Kola Sami) Keminsaame (died in the 19th century [12]; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Kemi Sami) 9.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Baltic Finnish languages Inkeroinen language (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Inkerikot) Soikkola dialect of Heva dialect Lower Lauka dialect Upper Lauka dialect (defunct 20th century) Karelian language (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Karelian) dialects of Karelian Karelian dialects vienankarjala South Karelia Central East Karelia and Raja-Karelian dialects Daughter Karelian dialects Tihvinä dialect (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Tihvinänkarians) Valdai dialect (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Valdainkarelians) Tver dialect (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Tverinkarelians) dialects of Aunuksenkarelia, or Livvi dialects of lyd (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Lydians) Kontupohja dialect, or Northern Lyd Präsä dialect, or Middle Syd Kuujärvi dialect of the Livonian language (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Livonians) Curinland Livonian dialect of East Livonian (died in 20th century) West Livonian dialect (last speaker dead in 2013) Livonian Livonian Salatsi dialect (died in 19th century) Finnish language (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Finnish dialects (Finnish dialects and Finnish) Western dialects of Finnish (see Finnish dialects).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Finnish Finnish) Hämälinen dialects (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Hämäläinen) Southern Ostrobothian dialects (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Ostrobothian) Middle and Northern Ostrobothian dialects (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Ostrobothian) Afterbothian dialects (include Quene and Meic; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Lappish, Queens and Western Ostrobothians) Eastern dialects of Finnish Savonian dialects (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Savolese) southeastern dialects of Finnish (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Finnish Karelians and Ingerians) Vatja language (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Vatjans) dialect of East Vatja (died in 20th century) dialect of Kukkos dialect of Creevin (defunct in 19th century; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Kreevins) Vepsä language (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Vepsäläinen) dialect of Sound Vepsi (died in the 19th century) a dialect of Estonian language (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Estonian dialects and Estonian) Estonian northern dialects central Estonian dialects western Estonian island dialects Estonian eastern dialects eastern Estonian northeastern coastal dialects Estonian southern dialects Mulgi dialects Tartu dialects Võro dialects (include setu; see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Võroese and Setut) the number of speakers of Uralic languages and areas of speakers Early dead Uralic languages In addition to those listed above, some early dead Uralic languages are known from historical sources by name.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

These include the Merja language, the Muroma language, the Metserä language and the Chudian language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Of these, the Chudic language has been considered Baltic Finnish since its old age, while the previous three are more commonly Finnish-Volgan.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Regarding Chud, however, the perception has changed, and according to more recent studies, of the peoples called Chudes, only the so-called Taipalese Chuds appear to have spoken various Baltic Finnish language forms, whereas the languages of the so-called Olhava Chudes would not have been Baltic Finns but other Finno-Ugric languages, including in the west similarities to Mordva and Finnish and sea and Sámi in the east.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In addition to these, other lost Finno-Ugric languages or language groups included, among others, the Tverites, the Lopites of Valkeajärvi, and an unknown group of “Tverites” who lived in the area of present-day Tver.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The existence of these peoples and language groups has been interpreted in the place-naming of northwestern Russia and in local Russian dialects.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[20] [21] [22] The discovery of the Uralic language connection As early as the late 17th century, among others Gottfried Leibniz and Martin Fogel were aware that the Finnish and Hungarian languages are similar in structure and that these closely resembling languages are widely spoken in Eurasia.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

However, as the discoverer of the Uralic language connection, János Sajnovics is generally respected, who compared the key grammatical emblems and basic vocabulary of Sami, Hungarian and Finnish among themselves and found these to be of common origin.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Coming into the 19th century, Samoyedic languages, whose speakers reside in western Siberia as well as the northernmost parts of European-side Russia along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, were also merged into the language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The scientific witness of the kinship between Samoyedic languages and other Uralic languages is considered to be M.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

A. Castrén.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The entire language municipality was long called Finno-Ugric according to its geographical extremes.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The denomination Uralic is well established in scientific parlance in the second half of the 20th century.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

There have also been numerous attempts to dispute the Uralic language connection.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In the latter half of the 19th century, particularly in Hungary, linguists were influenced, who believed Hungarian belonged to the Turkic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Today, there is a consensus in the scientific community that the numerous similarities between Hungarian and Turkic languages are based on long-standing lending contacts, not language kinship.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In the 1990s, Ago Künnap and Angela Marcantonio, among others, have suggested that the connections of Uralic languages might have arisen through the parallel development of languages and loan touches.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

However, since the assumption of the connection of Uralic languages is based on the use of standard methodologies in historical-comparative linguistics, it is difficult to refute unless these methods are challenged.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Connections with other languages Although the languages of the Uralic language have been suggested to be related to many different languages, there is a majority of scholars of the opinion that none of the distance-kinship hypotheses presented are sufficiently substantiated.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Particularly in older sources, one sees speaking of the “Ural-Altaic language”, that is, the Uralic languages are assumed to be related to the so-called Altaic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Newer mainstream tauralistics is critical of the Ural-Altaic hypothesis, since the mutual kinship between the so-called Altaic languages has not been able to prove either.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Uralic and Altaic languages belong to the same typological language type and the key grammatical relations are expressed in them by the same means, but historical-comparative linguistics has not been able to prove that they revert to the common parent language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

According to the so-called nostrate hypothesis, Uralic, Altaic, Indo-European, and a few other Eurasian languages would all be related to each other, but this hypothesis is even more controversial.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Some scholars, including Björn Collinder, have postulated the Siberian Yucagir language as a relative of the Uralic languages, but even this hypothesis has failed to gain mainstream support from scholars.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Recently Jaakko Häkkinen has suggested that the Yucagiric languages have a pre-Cantaralic substrate.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

According to Häkkinen, this would refer to the pre-cantaural Asian origin, despite the fact that cantaural has been spoken in Europe [23].


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Ante Aikio does not consider the arguments presented for the hypothesis to be valides, but considers that only loans from heel samojedi and pre-stock samojedi to stock jukagiri are demonstrated.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[24] The connection of Uralic languages with Eskimo languages has also been suggested, but this too is at the level of an unproven hypothesis.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Occasionally, in addition to these, the hypothetical Uralic-Siberian language has also been read in Chukch—Kamchatcan languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Occasionally, the Sumerian language has also been claimed to be a relative of the Uralic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Along with some lexical similarities, the agglutination typical of both Sumerian and many Uralic languages has been presented as evidence.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[25] The theory was presented already in the 19th century by Oppert, Lenormant and Hommel, and in Finland it was made famous by J. W. Lagus and Yrjö Koskinen.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[26] The conception became popular for national and political reasons, especially in Hungary [27], but most linguists consider it unfounded.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[27] However, the notion that Sumerian belongs to the Uralic languages is still supported in 2016 by Finnish Assyriologist Simo Parpola in his book Etymological Dictionary of the Sumerian language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[27] Mainstream Tauralistics, on the other hand, has generally accepted the idea that the Uralic parent language had been spoken in close proximity to the Indo-European parent language, as there have probably been loan touches between the two language forms.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Cantaural timing and positioning The timings of the Uralic parent language, or Cantaural, have varied by various scholars between about 7000—3500 BCE.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Today, many scholars are inclined to advocate late timings.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The main argument is the loan contacts with various branches of the Indo-European language that began immediately after the breakup of the cantaurali, for which there are more detailed criteria for scheduling.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Uralic stem language is localized somewhere in the coniferous forest zone of Russia by the methods of paleolinguistics and areal linguistics.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Scholars' positions differ in whether the linguistic initial home of the Uralic languages was located west or east of the Urals.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The initial home, which was located east of the Urals, is defended by scholars (e.g.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Juha Janhunen) suggest that the Uralic languages typologically resemble other languages of this region, above all Turkic languages, Mongol languages and Tungous languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The initial home, which was located west of the Urals, is defended by scholars (e.g.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Jorma Koivulehto and Asko Parpola) suggest that there have been old loan touches between Indo-European and Uralic languages.