Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The snout of the petit basset griffon vendéen is blunt and longer than the skull.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Around its snout it has a bushy mustache and a beard.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The colour of the cherry is black; brown is only allowed in white-orange specimens.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The eyes are quite large and dark in color, and the eyebrows should not cover the eyes.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The ears are long and pliable, but rather narrow and thin, as well as long-haired.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

They are attached below eye level.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The tail is saber-like, thick at the base, and when the dog moves it is upright.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The dog moves quickly, for example, in the forest by “leaping”; the movements are very free and effortless.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The coat of hair is coarse and long, not woolly or silky.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

There may be softer hair on the ears and muzzle.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

In terms of coloring, the breed can be monochrome gray, two-color or tricolor.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Two-color options are white and black, black and yellow-brown, as well as white and orange.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The tricolored dog is yellowish brown in colour with a black mantle and white spots.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

In addition, yellow-brown black hair tips, sand brown black tips, and sand brown black tips and white spots are also accepted.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Among these, the designations traditionally used are game colour, wolf colour, badger colour and wild boar colour.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The character and behavior of the Petit basset griffon vendéen is by nature dashing, sociable, alert, friendly and intelligent.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

These critters are the most curious basset-breed dogs.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The dog also has a sonorous bark with which it engages its human family in conversation.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

In the breed definition, petit basset is described in words as “the devil in the terrain, an angel in home conditions”.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

These are bassets very good companions for the active nature mover.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Origin The breed originated in France, where there is a very rich and old hunting culture.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Its roots go back centuries, when hunting and dog breeding was much of the amusement of royalty, nobility and clergy.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The birthplace of the breed is the province of Vendée in western France, where all four variants of this breed of hound originate.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Two of them are bass sizes (in addition to petit basset grand basset griffon vendéen), the largest grand griffon vendéen and an additional medium briquet griffon vendéen.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Petit basset griffon vendéen has been processed according to the purpose and working terrain, as rough and bushy dogs were needed in the area of the breed's home province.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Their slow driving style lends itself to hunting hares and rabbits in rugged terrain covered by dense undergrowth.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Typically, bassets hunted in ajue, and have been on the reputation of the rearguard hunting dog.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Initially, they were used for driving hunting, but already in the 19th century, petites began to be exhibited even in dog shows, which, too, was just a recreational entertainment for people of higher rank.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

In the early days, bass litters were very uncommon: puppies in the same litter could be very different sizes and the hair quality varied considerably.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

With breeding, a breed with two different sizes began to develop, small- (petite taille) and large-sized (grande taille) basset griffon vendéen.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The two breeds had the same breed definition for a long time, except for straightness and size of limbs.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Grand was to have straight forelimbs and height of 38—42 cm, while petites also adopted curved forelimbs and height 34—38 cm.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Over time, the breed definition no longer suited its purpose, as petits were too heavy-bodied and low-limbed in grandi proportions.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Therefore, they got tired easily when working.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Thus, in 1976, their own breed definitions were adopted for both size variants in order to accentuate the racial differences.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

A year later, a ban on cross breeds went into effect.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The spread of basset griffon vendéens to other parts of Europe accelerated in the 1970s, and the first representatives of the breed were also exported to the United States in the 1970s.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The first basset griffon vendéen to Finland came in 1977 from England.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The current situation and use of Petit basset griffon vendéens are registered in Finland between 50 and 90 individuals per year.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The number varies from year to year, but in the 2000s the number of registrations has been quite over 50 individuals, at best 107 dogs (2007) [1].


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

In total, there are about 500 to 600 dogs.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The popularity of the breed is increasing year by year, and every year several litters of petit are born.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Demand for them has grown among exhibition and hunting people alike.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

They have increased their popularity around the world as well.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The Petits are the most popular of the Vendée Provincial races outside France.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

There is no noticeable split between show and use dogs in the breed, as show dogs may as well be excelled at hunting pitches.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

However, dogs that visit the forest several times may not do as well at exhibitions as dogs, which are more a product of appearance-based breeding.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

In Finland, many bassets are only as companion dogs, but there are more and more hobby activities.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The most popular species are small game hunting and hunting experiments MESI (tracing hunting dogs) and DRAJ (driving test for dreevers), but enthusiasts of some agility and obedience training (toko) can also be found.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The biggest form of hobby is going to dog shows, and each year several petit basset griffon vendéens receive showcase values.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Finnish dogs also receive quite a lot of values from other countries.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The purpose of the MEJI experiments is to look at a dog's ability to track the tracks of a wounded game animal.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Bassets are well suited to this test form due to their precise and relatively calm method of tracking.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Bassets can also compete in the Dachshund Dachshund Driving Test (MÄAJ) Dachshund Driving Rules as they belong to the FCI Breed Group 6, namely driving dogs.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Bassets are allowed nowadays to think only of the rabbit and the fox.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Thanks to their natural hunting activity, these dogs have found good representatives of that species.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Care The breed is not very demanding to care for its fur.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

For its treatment, regular brushing, as well as plucking a couple of times a year, is enough.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The hair cover doesn't tangle very easily, so the basset doesn't require as much brushing as, say, spaniels.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

For exhibitions, it is enough to clean up and wash the dog, as the natural looking fur is characteristic of the breed.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Washing should be carried out about five days before the show, so that the fur does not feel too soft and silky.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

If the dog's ears are cramped, they may require special attention.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The hairs growing on the inside of the earlobe should be plucked regularly and if the ears are dirty they should be cleaned every 2—3 weeks.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

If the ears are clean, you do not need to clean them in vain.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

It should be remembered that as a hunting dog, the petit basset griffon vendéen must also get enough daily exercise and activity.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Health In Finland petit basset griffon vendéen, some premature closure of ulna growth cartilage typical of short-limbed breeds has been observed.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

In recent years, Finnish petites have also seen epilepsy and severe occipital pain syndrome.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Neck pain syndrome is a disease of young dogs and its manifestations and severity vary widely.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Some dogs may have mild pain sensations in the neck area, while others the condition is really painful and causes repeated outbreaks of the disease.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The age of illness is about 6 to 18 months.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

As a treatment for the ailment, cortisone is used, which helps with pain effectively.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

The disease is hereditary, that is, it passes through the family and is thus easily exposed to it.


Question: What is the height at the withers of the petit basset griffon vendée?

Petit basset griffon vendéen

Sources (pdf) The BassetClub of Finland, BassetBulletin 4/2006 Tapio Eerola, Finnish dog breeds, Publishing company January 1997 References Category:FCI 6 Driving and tracing dogs Category:Driving dogs Category:French dog breeds


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Annala Villa (or Annala Manor) is a white villa building located in the Old Town of Helsinki, on Hämeentie near Arabianranta, a little before the Old Town rapids, at the top end of Annala Manor Park (Annala Garden).


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The villa was founded at one time by a book printer, tobacco maker, a major influence on cultural and municipal life, Gustaf Otto Wasenius, a trade advisor, on a plot of land rented from the City of Helsinki by the Eastern Viertot Road (now.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

along Hämeentien) in 1826.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[1] [2] Today the estate is owned by the Useful Plant Association owned by Kiinteistö Oy Pro Anneberg and next to the Annala villa there are crop columns and specimen columns showing traditional ornamental and useful plants to the public.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The City of Helsinki sold Annala villa to Kiinteistö Oy Pro Anneberg in the 2017-2018 fold.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Annala Villa's activities are responsible for the support association Annala Friends of Villa - Villa Annebergs vänner rf. History of Annala Villa Waseniusten time The main building was built in 1832 and the building is the oldest villa in Helsinki.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[1] The park and garden area acquired its properties between 1826 and 1852, when other buildings were constructed in addition to the main building, as well as a form garden in front of the main building and a landscape park on the hill.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[1] Annala's original name is Villa Anneberg, after Wasenius' first wife Anna Charlotta (1805—37) and its position on a high cliff.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[1] Then there was a villa life, large cultivations, garden elements, a manor house and outbuildings.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Back then, the area was still just rural.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The city of Helsinki rented the space to Wasenius, as he was tasked with beautifying the Eastern Walkway of Helsinki.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Old trees along Hämeentie are traces of Wasenius.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The estate is to this day erroneously referred to as Annala Manor, although this was a holiday home, not a manor house, of Waseniuste.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Before Gustaf Otto Wasenius leased the area in 1826, it was fisherman Jernmark croft territory.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] The croft was demolished and a villa built in its place.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The cattle shelter and residential building were built in the 1920s.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The terraces were built of stone.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

In 1844 valuable greenhouse crops were cultivated.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

After signing the tenancy condition, Wasenius was allowed to plant deciduous trees.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The classic park of more than 13 hectares and the construction of the rugged rock terrain of its included garden testifies to Wasenius' passionate interest in horticulture.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[1] After the Annala Wasenius, Wasenius' grandson Leonard Wasenius was the last holder of the villa, and he died childless.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The villa was left under lease agreement in 1939 to the city.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

During World War II, in 1940—42 the main building serves as the children's home of the Mannerheim Child Welfare Union, where children evacuated from Karelia and their mothers came.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] After that, the villa was rented out as flats.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Other residential and economic buildings, as well as fields, were leased in 1940 to a private individual for market garden activities.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] Sergeant Väinö Liemola leased farmlands and economic buildings until 1958.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[4] After he gave up his leasehold, the economic buildings were put into use in the town and the Annala buildings were also home to city tenants for more than 30 years.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Modern Annala (1970s — 2000) The fields were also taken into the care of the city.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

They were leased to the Social Democratic Association of Toukola as farming columns since 1978.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

From the end of the 1980s, the columns were first under the care of the city's allotment garden office and then, since 1994, the Toukola-Old Town Association.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] Annala's crop parcels were restored for use by the Beneficial Plants Society following archaeological excavations in 1997.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] From 2000, the heart-shaped form garden and landscape garden were restored and renovated and column farming continued.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Themed gardens and crop columns were established starting in the 1970s.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The greenhouse was renovated and course activities and other public activities commenced.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Various buildings and sites in Annala The two-storey main building was built in 1832, but was later expanded and modified several times.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] Today, the Annala Villa Friends Association operates in the main building.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] A mansard roofed cattle shelter and residential building on the side of the fields was built in the early 1920s.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] It had a stables, barn, laundry room, baking room, ranch room and three small dwellings for workers.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Later it was converted into a woodwork hall, or workshop.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The apartments were in the building until 1976.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

It was then that workers' social facilities were built in place of the downstairs flats and the former woodwork hall was converted into a horse stable in 1997.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

In 2000, the eastern end of the building was renovated into facilities for the Beneficial Plant


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] Nearby is the house, the upper floor of which currently serves as a dwelling and the lower floor as a break room for the management team of the city's green unit.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The Gardener's House is a saddle-roofed classicist building, originally dating from 1840, but which took on its present form in the early 1920s.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] There is also a sauna in Annala, where drawings from 1918 have been found.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The sauna building has also previously housed an apartment which has been converted into a laundry room.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] The former villa workers' residential building is located on the side of the fields.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

It was built in the 1920s by enlarging the old log building.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

There were a few residences in residential buildings prior to the last renovation.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] In front of the main building is a 19th-century style heart-shaped shaped garden and next to the villa is an English-style landscape garden founded by Wasenius.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

There, Wasenius built freely kneeling paths and planted trees.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

As early as 1830, more than 400 deciduous trees were planted in the Annala area, some of which were in the park.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] The shape garden was renovated between 1999 and 2001 and used as a paragon of the German-style shape garden built by Wasenius in the 1830s, with corridor compositions and shrub and flower beds.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

During the Wasenius period, the utility vegetable garden blocks and the powder pond formed part of the composition of the shape garden.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] Wasenius built three leech breeding ponds near the park.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Between 1999 and 2001, a powder pond was constructed at the site.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The memorial stone to the founding of Annala is a large flat stone on the upper surface located at the end of a straight park corridor leading south from Annala Villa.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The stone is inscribed with the text: 'Anneberg anlagdt af Otto och Anna Wasenius 1826'.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Annalanmäki has 80 half-ares and aria farming columns and specimen columns for rent, such as medicinal herbs, dyeing plants, old Helsinki park roses, traditional perennials and summer flowers, berry garden, kitchen vegetable garden, permaculture garden, butterfly garden and others.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

They are part of the Beneficial Plant Association public park and these rentable columns cultivate all the plants in the kitchen garden, from potatoes and carrots to exotic oriental vegetables.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Annala has a huge population of Finnish herbal plants.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

A man's yard, dyeing vegetable garden, apothecary garden, butterfly garden, herb ground and berry orchard are also found in the area.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The Orangeria Orangeria, or greenhouse, has the oldest collection of houseplants and many hundred plant species.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

It is an 18th-century style single-pole, asymmetrical in cross-section and oblique greenhouse built of natural stone and brick.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Orange, citrus, german, grape and other fruit trees grow in the Orangeria, among others, as well as medicinal herbs, dyeing plants and cacti.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

There are also potato varieties grown in Finland that are no longer sold in regular seed potato shops.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Under Wasenius, plants grew in large pots and were taken to a greenhouse for the winter with large windows, a sloping glass front wall and tropical room temperature.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Wasenius had trees in the orangery, and also shaped garden plants in jars.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

There were e.g.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

roses, heliotropes and other plant species that did not overwinter in the Finnish winter.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

There were also those plants whose wintering was not yet known then in the 19th century.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Most of the plants were imported from the Mediterranean region and the Americas.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

In the time of the Wasenius, flower seedlings, potted plants and cut flowers were grown in the orangery not only for their own need, but also for sale.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

It was a long tradition that continues in Annala to this day.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Seedlings of rare and interesting plants are rarely obtained in garden stores and markets, so they are self-grown.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

The orangery was used in the 1920s as a dining space for temporary workers and then as a warehouse.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] It was renovated in 1999 for its original use and is today used by the Beneficial Plants Association.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[3] Buildings such as this were originally intended for wintering orange and citrus trees.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

Behind the glasses of the orangeria there is a huge number of beautiful geraniums.


Question: Who owns Annala Villa now?

Annala Villa

[4] Sources Literature Julia Donner, Satu Frondelius, Gretel Hemgård and Kai Häggman: Villa Anneberg — Annala villa: bourgeois idyllic oasis for urban dwellers Helena Mattila: Annala villa orangeria on the topic elsewhere Category:Toukola Class:Helsinki buildings and constructions


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The history of voting rights in Finland begins in the period of the legal society.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Especially during the 20th century, voting rights have been significantly expanded in Finland.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

During the period of Swedish rule and autonomy, the four-state legislative parliament served as the People's Representative of Finland.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In bourgeoisie law, suffrage was determined by ability to pay taxes, land ownership in peasant law, and clerical status.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Representatives of the nobility were not elected at all.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Universal and equal suffrage was implemented in Finland at the national level in 1906 in the same context when the Parliament was replaced by the Parliament.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

At that time, women and also the majority of the male population gained the right to vote for the first time and the number of people eligible to vote increased tenfold.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the municipal level, a similar reform was carried out in 1917.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Subsequently, some restrictions on the right to vote have been lifted, as well as a reduction in the voting age.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Before universal and equal suffrage began of electoral activity In 1362, Haakon VI Maununpoika, who was elected King of Sweden, decreed that Finns had the right to take part in the Swedish royal election.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

As representatives of Finland, laamanni, priests and 12 peasants were sent to the stones of Mora.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[1] The right to vote in elections to the Riksdag of Sweden in the bourgeoisie legislature was represented by borough-holders of bourgeoisie rights, by peasant law by party by inheritance and crown ranchers, but not by row-houseboys or landless.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The status of the peasants as the fourth enactment was a Swedish specialty unknown to the rest of Europe.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[2] In the bourgeoisie election, the number of votes was determined by the tax share without a cap.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[3] The priests and chaplains in office were permitted to elect their representatives by rovastic order, and the bishops were self-entitled.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The noble ordinance had the right to send a single representative, usually the oldest male member of the elder lineage, or a person authorized by him.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1750, the nobility comprised about 0.5 of the total population of the kingdom, 0.9, the clergy 0.9 and the bourgeoisie 2 percent.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In the Riksdag, a decision required the approval of at least three statutes; however, in constitutional matters, the unanimity of all four acts.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[2] In the Riksdag of Porvoo from 1809 and the Finnish Parliament of Decree from 1863 onwards, the Swedish legislation was initially followed, on the basis of which the Reichstag Order of 1869 was also formulated.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

It also formally incorporated the principle of popular representation, as the first section stipulated that the acts assembled at the Riksdag represented the people of Finland.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[4] The age of voting rights was 21 years for all enactments, which was also the limit of the age of majority.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[5] In the nobility statute, the reform of 1869 abolished class order between different noble values, marking a shift to decision-making by a simple majority.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

From 1869 onwards the priests of the Evangelical Lutheran Church were allowed to elect their representatives, along with the priests of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, as well as university teachers and permanent male teachers of grammar schools.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

All groups had separately quota delegate counts.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The priestly ordinance rebuffed the extension of the right of representation to national school teachers or other rural higher-education populations.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[6] Traditionally, the peasant rule was only intended for actual peasants, but from 1869 onwards, all male inhabitants of rural municipalities were entitled to vote in its election, who owned inheritance or ramble land laid in manttal, or ruled by permanent right crown space, and were not part of the other enactments.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

This also allowed land-owning practitioners of other livelihoods to the Riksdag — at worst in the Riksdag of 1885, only a meager majority of the representatives of the decree were actual peasants and others belonged to the upper social classes.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The 1869 reform also abolished the right to vote for female widows owning land, as well as the right of electors to issue binding instructions to their representatives.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The peasant Reichstag was elected by a two-tier election: the landowners were first able to elect the representatives of their municipality in an election in which the number of votes received by a person at their disposal was determined by the number of manttas he owned.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

These “electors” elected to the final Riksdag one man from each judgment in an election in which each representative had one vote.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1900, 102,184 suffragettes were counted in the Peasant Ordinance election, which corresponded to 4.3% of the population figure of rural municipalities and a clear minority of men also of legal age.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[7] Until 1879, the bourgeoisie legislature represented burghers and other privileged practitioners paying the urban tax.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

After the abolition of the old system of occupations, all male tax-paying residents, other than groups designated separately by law, were allowed to participate in the elections of the legislated.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Efforts were made to demarcate lower social groups outside the Electoral College because, for example, wage laborers were not in an “independent position”.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

However, loose legislation allowed electoral practices to become sharply divergent in different cities, especially for occupational groups that remain borderline cases.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In many cities, even part of the working population could get to vote based on things like owning a house.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1881, the proportion of persons eligible to vote in the spirit-written male population varied between 15 and 48 per cent in different cities.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The number of votes was determined by tax captures, but beginning in 1869, cities had the right to set a maximum number of votes, or a ceiling of votes, often something between 10 and 25 votes.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In Vyborg before the voting ceiling was set, a single elector had 1830 votes.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In practice, most of the votes piled up on the highest-earners.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

There was usually also a sensus, the minimum income allowance for voting rights.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

According to the 1883 Municipal Ordinance, the lower limit was the income of at least two tax badgers, or between 400 and 800 marks.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[8] Municipal suffrage until 1917 The 1865 decree on the self-government of rural municipalities ordered a municipal assembly as the deciding body of municipalities, in which all residents paying municipal tax were allowed to attend, who were not subject to another host power.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In municipal elections, too, one vote per tax cap was available, but one person was allowed to have no more than 1/6 of the total votes.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Although the wealthiest continued to have the greatest influence, the suffrage of rural municipal government was clearly wider than that of peasant rule until 1906 and the opportunity opened up for peasants to occupy more central positions of trust at local level.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[9] [10] Similarly, before the 1875 decree, only the holders of bourgeoisie rights were permitted to participate in municipal government in cities, thereafter by all reputable municipal taxpayers — men, women, and corporations.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Unmarried, tax-paying women therefore had municipal voting rights, but were eligible to stand for election only to boards, not councils.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The voting ceiling was at 25 votes and one voter was allowed to have no more than 1/50 of the total vote.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In cities, too, the electors' district was then markedly wider in municipal elections than in bourgeoisie elections, although among others married women and a large proportion of the working population were still excluded, either because of another's subordination or poverty — in 1900 urban of the spirit-written population, about a fifth were eligible to vote.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

However, the new municipal government formed as a paragon of early suffrage reform efforts.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[11] [12] [13] Calls for extending suffrage to move to a bicameral parliament had been initiatives in the Riksdag beginning as early as the 1860s, but had never led anywhere.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[14] Throughout the second half of the 19th century, the representativeness of the Reichstag declined, as the proportional share of industrial labourers and especially the rural farm population increased considerably.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the beginning of the 20th century, land-owning peasants were no longer about two-fifths of the agricultural population.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[15] Beginning in the 1880s, phennomans began to insist on an overall 10-vote vote ceiling for bourgeoisie elections, while Swedish-speaking liberals were quite reticent on suffrage reforms and the most conservative swecomans supported unlimited voting scales as a rule.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The main objective of the phennomans was to seize the majority in the bourgeoisie, because by controlling the three enactments thereafter, they would have gained sovereign power in the Reichstag.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Similarly, the overall 25-vote cap matched the income level of average Liberal supporters, so they had no reason to call for radical changes.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[16] In the Riksdag of 1885, leaders of the young phennomans already raised the idea of equal suffrage, but for the next two decades the struggle was mainly fought over the sound scales of the bourgeoisie.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[17] Several Finnish-speaking cities moved one by one to lower sound ceilings in the late years of the 19th century.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the very last legislative election in 1905, a few cities used a vote ceiling of as much as two votes.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[18] In the Riksdag, however, the proposals to extend the right to vote were not successful due to the braking of the regulations and partly because of the old nature of Russia.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[19] In the 1890s, the goal of the Young Finns became the replacement of the sound scales with equal suffrage in bourgeois and peasant legislation, though not yet universal suffrage.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

It was not until the second half of the 1890s that women's suffrage emerged in the Reichstag debate and the first initiative to do so was taken in 1897.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[20] The author of the initiative was Ivar Alexander Kyander, representing the bourgeoisie.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[21] The Finnish Women's Association, founded in 1884, had already previously called for women to be eligible for municipal election and state suffrage.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[22] General, equal and immediate right to vote and electoral rights for both men and women was the first to call for the Finnish Labour Party at its founding meeting in Turku 1899.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the Forssa meeting of 1903, a further unicamerality of Parliament was added to the list.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[23] Of the bourgeois parties, universal and equal suffrage was the first to include the Finnish Party in October 1904.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[24] A bill was introduced to the Riksdag of 1904—1905 to abolish the voting scales, which would have brought equal suffrage to noble-less enactments.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In addition, the Constitutional Committee report would also have given wages the right to vote and women the right to vote, but not to stand for election.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The report was adopted in the Peasant and Priest Act with some changes, but the nobility and bourgeoisie laws did not take it up, as the Swedish-speaking constitutionalists in particular wanted a “Riksdag strike” until legal conditions had been restored.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

As a result, the labour movement took the leadership of the suffrage struggle into its hands during 1905, prompting the mobilization of popular forces in large demonstrations to demand universal and equal suffrage.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[25] Universal and equal suffrage Preparation of parliamentary reform The Empire's poor success in the war against Japan triggered a revolution in Russia during 1905 and at the end of October, Tsar Nicholas II agreed to issue the October Manifesto promising to establish a broad the law-making parliament elected by the right to vote, or the State Duma.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

A major strike broke out in Finland as well, during which the labour movement was able to push through its demands for voting rights reform.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In accordance with the wishes of the Labour Party, the matter was not allowed to be resolved by the National Assembly; its adoption remained in the hands of the old system.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The Tsar's November manifesto for Finland on 4 November included a mandate for the new Senate to prepare a Reichstag order based on universal and equal suffrage, which was a concession of constitutionalists and Russian predominance to the labour movement and popular forces.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The extraordinary subversive situation allowed only slightly the reforms previously considered impossible to be implemented and, on the other hand, conservative pundits felt it necessary to bend to the demands of the radicals.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[26] [27] On 4 December 1905, the new Mechelin Senate appointed a 14-person committee to prepare parliamentary reform, whose chairman became Professor Robert Hermanson and members from Swedes Emil Schybergson, Felix Heikel and T. J. Boisman, Young Finns P. E. Svinhufvud, Th. Rhine, E.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

N. Setälä and Santeri Alkio, of the Old Finns J. R. Danielson-Kalmari, J. K. Paasikivi and Juho Torppa, and the Social Democrats Edvard Valpas, Heikki Lindroos and Yrjö Sirola.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[28] The right to vote for women was approved by the Committee almost without debate, but the vote on women's eligibility for election was mainly due to Swedes opposing it.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Only Chairman Hermanson objected to both, leaving alone in the committee session his objections to women's suffrage.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

As regards men, general election rights and eligibility were already clear in advance as a result of the Committee's mandate.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

As the minimum age for election, the Committee put forward the old 21 years, but 24 years for eligibility.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[29] After much wrangling, the Committee also decided that Parliament should be unicameral and proportional in the manner of election.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

It filed its report on 28 February 1906.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[30] In the final Act, the right to vote took the form presented by the Committee, although on a Senate motion, the age limit for the right to vote was also increased to 24 years — the suffrage must have reached 24 years before the election year.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The last decree Riksdag finally adopted the new Reichstag and Electoral Law on 1 June 1906 unchanged in essence and confirmed by the Emperor 20.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

on July.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[31] Russia accepted the radical reform, which, however, did not narrow the ruler's prerogatives in Finland.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[32] The first parliamentary elections were held 15—16.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

on March 1907.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Until then, Finland, which lagged behind other European countries in terms of democracy, moved ahead of them.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In Finland, women were the first in Europe to gain both electoral rights and eligibility, and the 19 female representatives elected to the new parliament were the first female MPs in the world.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the end of the enactment Riksdag, there were about 126000 eligible to vote in Finland, but in the first parliamentary elections 1272873, i.e. the parliamentary reform increased the electorate tenfold.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The modern party establishment also emerged in Finland with the advent of universal suffrage during 1906.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[33] Implementation of universal suffrage in municipal elections Where local elections had been more democratic than state elections during the legislative Riksdag, the situation was reversed by the 1906 reform.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Still, by revenue, tiered municipal suffrage was considered the most archaic in Europe.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[34] However, the implementation of universal and equal suffrage at the municipal level was postponed for another decade.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The relevant law was passed by Parliament as early as 1908, mainly by a vote of 146—41 of Old Finns and Social Democrats, but the Admiral Senate delayed its presentation for confirmation by the Emperor until 1914.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In an opinion in the end, the Senate found universal and equal suffrage “unfair” and the monarch left the law unconfirmed.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In July 1917, the left-majority parliament passed new municipal laws based on universal and equal suffrage, with an additional 20 years as a voting age and the possibility of municipal referendums.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[13] The Russian Provisional Government did not enforce these laws either, but dissolved the parliament due to the power law.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Along with the Eight-Hour Working Time Act, the implementation of municipal laws was one of the main demands in the Social Democrats' “We Insist” programme, for which another general strike was held in November.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

After declaring itself holder of supreme power in Finland on 15 November, the new parliament immediately confirmed these laws.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[35] [36] The first local elections based on universal and equal suffrage could not be held until December 1918, but in accordance with the practice at that time, only a third of the councillors were elected.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

As a whole, councillors elected by universal suffrage were therefore not obtained until the 1920 local elections.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Furthermore, during 1919, the bourgeois majority parliament removed their most radical features from the municipal election laws: the voting age was first raised to 24 and then equalised to 21, with the addition of the possibility of referendums removed.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

It has been speculated that the lack of municipal democracy had a significant impact on the development leading up to the civil war, since especially in the autumn of 1917 the intervals between oligarchy councils and the organised working population became very sharp in many localities.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[13] Restrictions on universal suffrage The Reichstag Order of 1906 still restricted a few groups from the right to vote.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Permanent military service, under patronage, who had not survived in the previous three years, non-payment of crown taxes during the previous two years (for reasons other than evidenced poverty), permanent assistance to patronage remained without the right to vote those who enjoyed their property to creditors (“until he has confirmed his estate by oath”), those convicted of vagrancy in the previous three years, those without civil trust by judgment, and for electoral offences such as selling or buying votes in the previous six years the condemned.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[37] Most of the restrictions were based on the fact that some degree of economic independence was still considered a necessary condition for participation in joint decision-making.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Many of them were picked directly from the Reichstag Order of 1869.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The Social Democrats were particularly critical of the restrictions on the poor.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The spirit writing condition was considered necessary, as there were no other general population records in Finland, but especially those without permanent residence and those who travelled in abundance were easily excluded from the spirit books.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Other people found themselves at the mercy of spiritwriters' mistakes and arbitrariness because of the law — for example, MP Matti Helenius-Seppälä was unable to stand again in the 1909 elections, as his name was accidentally missing from the spirit book.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The increase in the voting age limit also drastically pruned the pool of those eligible to vote.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

It is impossible to calculate the exact proportion of those affected by the restrictions, but by comparison of spirit books and church books it has been speculated to have been around 11—15% of voting age in the early 20th century.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Unpayment of taxes and assistance for hassle-care cared out about 140,000 voters, the rest of the restrictions touched a smaller number.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[38] Prisoners were also practically disenfranchised for a long time, as prisons did not have access to voting.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Social grounds for disenfranchisement, namely non-payment of taxes and hassle care, were absent from municipal laws enacted in 1917, but were added to them as early as 1919 accordingly to state elections.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

However, bankruptcy status and vagrancy judgment were not added to the restriction terms of municipal voting rights.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[39] In addition, the so-called Communist laws were in force between 1930 and 1944, which denied eligibility for election to those who belonged to an “association dangerous to social order”.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[40] Subsequent extensions to suffrage The grounds for loss of voting rights were later removed from the Riksdag one by one: bankruptcy status and unpaid crown taxes in 1928 (under the new Reichstag order), permanent war service, and poorkeeping 1944, absence of civil trust in 1969 and patronage, vagrancy conviction, and non-writing in 1972.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[41] [42] As grounds for loss of municipal suffrage, unpayment of taxes and assistance to poor care remained until 1948, although the first condition was already disabled by the emergency act in the 1945 and 1947 municipal elections.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[39] Loss of the right to be convicted of electoral offences also dropped out of municipal law in 1976 and finally 1995 also from state elections as the last reason for restricting voting rights — except age limit and citizenship condition.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[42] Impairment remains of the obstacles to eligibility (ex.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

patronage), as well as holding military office in the case of parliamentary elections.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[43] The voting age for municipal elections had already been 21 years since 1919, but for state elections it was not lowered back to 21 until 1944.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

During the 1960s and 1970s, the voting age was lowered four more times: the voting age for municipal elections was lowered to 20 in 1968 and for state elections to 1969; the age limit for election was lowered for all elections to 18 in 1972, and also for eligibility for election in 1976.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1995, the date of determination of voting rights was still moved from the last day of the year preceding the election year to the election day itself, which on average lowered the age limit by about half a year.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Rather, due to a change in the age structure rather than the lowering of the voting age, the relative share of the population eligible to vote has increased greatly: in 1907 they were 45.0%, in 2003 already 80.9%.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[44] A 1955 amendment made it possible to vote in hospitals, Finnish missions abroad and Finnish ships at sea.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The grip ballot was replaced in 1969 by advance voting, which 1972 was also ordered to be held in closed institutions such as mental hospitals, prisons, and labor facilities.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

This also allowed residents of closed institutions to gain de facto voting rights.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[45] The replacement of spirit books with a new population register enabled another 1972 amendment to the law, which gave the right to vote in state elections also to Finnish citizens living abroad.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

This was first used in the 1975 parliamentary election.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[46] The right to vote in municipal elections was extended in 1976 to nationals from other Nordic countries who lived in Finland for at least two years and in 1991 to all foreigners living in the country for at least four years.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1995, citizens of all European Union countries and Iceland and Norway residing in Finland were granted municipal voting rights on the same terms as Finnish citizens.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[47] In 2010, Justice Minister Tuija Brax set up a task force for public debate to explore a possible reduction in the voting age to 16 in municipal elections.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

In its report, the working group did not take a position on whether the change should be implemented.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[48] [49] [50] [51] Criteria for prohibition of voting rights and their validity Suffrage in other elections Parish elections in the parish elections of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland, the right to vote in accordance with the Church Act of 1869 was determined by family and the head of the family voted in favour of the whole family.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The number of votes was tied to the proportion by which the family contributed to the priest's pay, but no one was allowed to have more than 1/6 of the parish vote.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Universal suffrage entered the Congregational elections by decision of the Ecclesiastical Assembly in 1913.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The right to vote was otherwise equal, except that people over 40 received one additional vote and those who were married for more than 10 years another.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Women were accepted as eligible for election to other positions of trust in the church except as ecclesiastical representatives in 1923.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

The system was replaced by fully equal suffrage in 1953.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[55] A law enacted in 2008 reduced the age for voting rights in ecclesiastical elections, except for vicar election, to 16 years.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

[56] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juhani Mylly| title = Breakthrough of Representative Democracy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Parliament of Finland (Edita) | year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-37-4541-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aki Rasilainen | title = Legal Argumentation in Politics: Political History of Finnish Legalism| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Lawyers' Association| year = 2004| version = Publications of the Finnish Lawyers' Association, A series No 257| id = ISBN 951-855-232-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauri Tarasti| title = Finnish electoral law| location = Helsinki| publisher = State Printing Center| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-37-0099-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauri Tarasti| = Electoral and party law| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-37-4513-9}} Vesa Vares: Challenges of Democracy 1907—1919, in Vares, Uola & Majander.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

Parliament of Finland (Edita), Helsinki 2006.


Question: What was Finland's original voting age limit?

History of Finnish suffrage

ISBN 951-37-4541-4 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-04}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish History 6: From Romance to Modernism; Borderland republic| location = Welin+Göös| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-35-2495-7}} References on the topic Elsewhere website Category:Voting rights


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The fauna of Australia is a wide spectrum of unique animals.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Of its animal species, about 83% of mammals, 89% of reptiles, 90% of fish and 93% of amphibians are endemic Australians.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[1] The magnitude of the endemic rate is due to the continent's long geographical isolation, tectonic stability, and the effect of an unusual path of change in climate on soils and fauna.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

One of the unique features of the Australian fauna is the dearth of native placental mammals.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Therefore, marsupials, which are mammals breeding in the abdominal pouch of their brood, fill many of the ecological compartments inhabited by placental mammals in other parts of the world.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Two of the five remaining species of beaked animals live in Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The country is also home to several venomous species, including aquatic pigtail, spiders, scorpions, octopuses, jellyfish, molluscs, stonefish and spearrays.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Of the Australian snakes most are venomous. [2].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The fauna of Australia has also been greatly affected by the arrival of Australian indigenous peoples on the continent over 40000 years ago and from 1788 onward by Europeans settling.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Hunting, the arrival of outside species on land, and land management methods that shape and destroy fauna habitations have caused the extinction of several species, including the paradise roar, pouch pig and broadbrow kangaroo.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Inappropriate land use continues to threaten several species.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

To protect its fauna from threats to it, the Australian state has extensive wildlife conservation legislation and numerous protected areas.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Origins to the evolution of Australian fauna to its current uniqueness have been influenced by geological and climatic events encountered by the continent.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Australia was once part of the Southern Grand Continent Gondwana, which also included South America, Africa, India and Antarctica.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Gondwana began to disintegrate 140 million years ago, when Australia was, however, still attached to Antarctica.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Australia and Antarctica broke away from each other about 50 million years ago.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[3] After secession, Australia was comparatively isolated until the Indo-Australian slab collided with Asia during the Miocene period about 15 million years ago.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[4] The continent's unique climate and geology apparently shaped the evolution of the current fauna.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Gondwana's unique fauna, such as marsupials, survived and adapted to Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

After the Miocene period, fauna of Asian origin may have spread across Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[5] The Wallace Line, which separates the Indian and Australian zoogeographical region, is also the boundary between the Eurasian Slab and the Indo-Australian Slab.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The continental boundary prevented the emergence of land bridges and caused, with the exception of birds, a clear limited-overlapped zoological distribution in the fauna of Asia and Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

In the middle of the Oligocene period, Australia's climate began to change as a result of the emergence of circumpolar flow becoming drier, resulting in the development of a diverse array of organisms specialising in dry climates on the ground, while the humid tropical and seasonally humid regions began evolve their own unique adapted species.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Mammals Australia's mammal fossil history is rich, as is its range of preserved mammal species, with the majority being marsupials.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Fossil studies show that beaked animals have lived in Australia as early as the Early Cretaceous between 145—99 million years ago, [6] and that marsupials and placental mammals date back to the Eocene period between 56 and 34 million years ago.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[7] Although Australia had marsupials and placental mammals at the same time in the Eocene period, only marsupials have survived to the present day.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Placental mammals reappeared in Australia in the Miocene period as Australia moved closer to Indonesia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Excavations have found fossils of bats and rats dating back to this period.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Marsupials evolved to fill certain ecological compartments, and in many cases are physically similar to placental mammals living in the same compartments of Eurasia and North America.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The phenomenon is called convergent evolution.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[8] For example, pouch waste has considerable similarities to canine animals such as the wolf, and baggliding squirrels and covenant squirrels have adapted similarly to the lifestyle that moves in trees.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Beaked beaks are mammals that, instead of giving birth to puppies, reproduce by laying eggs.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

However, beaked animals are classified as mammals because they feed their brood on the milk they produce.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Of the five remaining species of beaked animals known, the aquatic pigtail and beaked hedgehog occur in Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Small and covered with brown hair, the aquatic pigtail is an exceptional animal.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

When the fur of the aquatic pigtail was first introduced to naturalists in England, they believed that it must have been a carefully prepared scam.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The aquatic pigtail has a large, externally, leather-covered snout resembling a duck's beak, a tail and flippers that serve as a fat store.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

During breeding time, venom is excreted from spurs on the hind legs of males of the species.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

All beaked animals have an electric sense, but in the aquatic pigtail it is the most advanced.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[9] The beaked hedgehog also has its peculiarities: a mammal covered with hairy spines has a tube tip in its mouth and can move the tongue in and out about 100 times a minute when catching termites.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[10] Marsupials in Australia live in the world's largest and most diverse range of marsupials.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Two families remain of the order of sac beasts: the pouch beasts (Dasyuridae), which includes about 50 members, and the Myrmecobiidae, whose only surviving member is the sac ant bear.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[11] The pouch waster was the largest of the Australian sac beasts and the last species in the family Thylacinidae.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The last known bag waster died in captivity in 1936.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[12] Today, the largest living bag beast in the world is the sac wolverine.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

It is the size of a small dog and can also hunt, although it is mainly a scavenger.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The sac wolverine became extinct from the mainland 600 years ago and today lives only in Tasmania.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[13] There are four species of sac marigolds, all of which are endangered.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[14] Other sac beasts in the family Dasyuridae are sometimes called sac mice, and many of them weigh less than one hundred grams.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Two species of pouch contigues live in the desert of Western Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

They are rare, blind and priceless carnivores that spend the vast majority of time underground.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Very little is known about bag contiums.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[15] Omnivorous marsupials include sac badgers and sac canines.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

They are inhabited by seven species in Australia, most of which are endangered.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

These small critters share several common characteristic physical features: a plumpness, a curvaceous body, a long, graceful, tapered snout, large forward-pointing ears, long thin legs, and a thin tail.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The evolutionary origins of the group are unclear, but they share characteristics with both flesh and herbivorous marsupials.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Herbivorous marsupials are classified in the order of sparse incisors and further into the subspecies Vombatiformes, Phalangeriformes and Macropodiformes.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Vombatiformes includes the koala and three species of vompat [16].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The koala is one of Australia's best-known marsupials.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

It lives in trees and enjoys nutrition on the leaves of certain eucalyptus.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[17] The Vompats live on the ground and eat grasses, columns and roots.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

They dig long corridors with their rat-like incisors and powerful claws.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Vompats are active mainly at dusk and at night.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[18] The pouch climbers (Phalangeridae) is a family of tree-dwelling marsupials and comprises six subfamilies and 26 species.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Sugar squirrel and norfolk sac gliding squirrel (Petaurus norfolcensis) are common gliding pouch climbers and inhabit the eucalyptus forests of eastern Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The smallest species in the genus is the Australian pygmy sac glider.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Jointing sac climbers have a membrane that extends from the fifth finger of their forelimb to the first toe of the hindfoot.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

With the membranes open, the bag climber can connect from one tree to another.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The Macropodiformes subsect is divided into three tribes that meet with the exception of alpine climates in all Australian environments.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The families are the Hypsiprymnodontidae, whose only member is the musk kangaroo, the rat kangaroos (Potoroidae) with ten species, [19], and the Macropodidae, which includes 40 species [20].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Rat kangaroos include rabbit kangaroos (Bettongia), head kangaroos (Potorous) and red-rat kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens), [19] which are small species whose members build a nest and carry building materials with their tails.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[21] The actual kangaroos and vallabs make up the family Macropodidae.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Species in this tribe vary widely in size.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Most members of the Macropodidae tribe move on two legs, energy-saving jumping.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

They have a powerful and tendon tail and large hind limbs with long, narrow hind legs.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The hind legs are characterized by four toes and five on the short front feet.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[20] The Musk kangaroo is the smallest of the species in the Macropodiformes subsect, and the red giant kangaroo known as up to 6-foot-tall and 95-pound males is the largest.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[22] [23] Placental mammals Australian endemic placental mammals belong to two sects: the bats (Chiroptera), which are found in six tribes, and the family Muridae of the rodent order, which in Australia includes mice and rats.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Bats and rodents are comparatively new arrivals in Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The bats likely arrived from Asia, and the bat fossils found are only 15 million years old.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[24] Although 7% of the world's bat species live in Australia, only two species are endemic to the country.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Rodents first arrived in Australia 5—10 million years ago and spread over a large area, producing a range of species collectively known as “old native” rodents [24].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

These are formed from the 14 remaining genera.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The rat arrived in Australia via New Guinea about two million years ago and evolved into seven species of rats (Rattus), which together are called “new native” rodents [24].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Several placental mammals have arrived in Australia with humans, which have since gone wild.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The first to arrive was the dingo, which, according to fossil evidence, appeared in Australia around 5,000 years ago accompanied by humans who arrived from the north.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[25] When Europeans set out to colonise Australia, they deliberately released several species including cat, fox, spruce deer, red deer, axis elk, horse, donkey, pig, goat, water buffalo and dromedary.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Only three of Australia's non-native placental mammals did not spread into the wild intentionally.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

They are house mouse, black rat and small rat.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Forty-six species of marine mammals belonging to the order of whales live in Australian coastal waters, but because many of them occur all over the world, not all non-fiction writers count them as Australian species.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The coast is home to nine species of hetula whale and a giant humpback whale, among others.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

There are 37 species of toothed whales, including all six genera from the family of beaked whales (Ziphiidae) and 21 species of dolphins.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Some dolphins, such as the killer whale, are found in all the waters surrounding the continent.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Others, such as iravad dolphin, exist only in warmer northern waters.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Dugongi is an endangered marine species that colonises the north-east and north-western parts of Australia, particularly the Torres Strait.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Its Australian specimens are smaller than those living elsewhere and can grow to three-metre tall and weigh 400 kilograms.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Dugongi is the only herbivore of Australian marine mammals.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

It uses seagrass growing in coastal areas for nutrition.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The destruction of seagrass is a threat to the survival of the species.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[26] Ten species of seals and sea lions live in Australia and are spread across the south coast of the continent and the Antarctic Territory of Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[27] Birds Australia and its territories are home to over 800 species of birds; of these, about 350 belong to the endemic fauna of the Zooological Region of Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The earliest discovered fossils of present-day birds' ancestors date back to the late Oligocene period.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[29] Birds originating from Gondwanan include flightless ostrich birds, bigfoot chickens and a large number of native parrots.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Fifty-six of the world's approximately 300 parrot species live in Australia, including many cockatoos and Brussels pooons [30].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Known for its song reminiscent of human laughter, the big plough is the largest-sized bird of kingfishers [31].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Australian sparrowbirds include thumbbirds, shrubberjacks, hoverflies, thiaismalurs, beads, huge mesiches, Australian climbers, lyre-tails, birds of paradise and stagemakers.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The framers have an elaborate mating ritual in which the male builds huts out of twigs, which it decorates with the colourful, shiny objects it finds in nature [32].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The lyre-tailed and smalltail are known for their ability to imitate almost any sound they hear.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

In addition to singing from other bird species, lyre-tails have been heard to imitate, among other things, a chainsaw and various alarm sounds.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[33] Comparatively fresh migrants include swallows, larks, dreadlocks, dukes, medesters and some birds of prey, such as the wedge-tailed eagle, who arrived from Eurasia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Numerous bird species have been introduced to Australia by humans.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Some of them, such as the woodpecker and the greenfinch, live in molten harmony with Australian species, while others, such as starling, blackbird, sparrow and courtyards, are destructive to some local bird species and thus destabilise the natural ecosystem.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Around 200 species of seabirds live off the coast of Australia, including several migratory birds.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Australia lies at the southern end of the East Asia-Australia flight route used by migrating seabirds.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Around two million birds travel along this route each year.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

One very common seabird is the Australianpelican, which can be met from almost all water routes in Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The blue penguin is the only species of penguin living on the Australian continent [34].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Amphibians in Australia live four native Australian amphibian tribes and one imported villain.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[35] Agakonna was introduced to Australia in 1935 with the intention of curbing pests hampering sugarcane plantations.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The attempt was not successful, but the agakonna itself has since become a pest found throughout northern Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Agakonna competes with other insectivores for food, producing a poison that is dangerous to both the local fauna and humans.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[36] Myobatrachidae is the largest frog family in Australia, of which approximately 112 species occur in Australia, belonging to 17—22 genera depending on the source.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

One of the notable members of the tribe is the colourful and endangered corroborene villain (Pseudophryne corroboree).


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[37] The tree-dwelling frogs of the family Leaf Frogs (Hylidae) are common in rainier areas along the northern and eastern coasts.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Australian frogs from three genera total of 73 species are found from the tribe.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The distribution of the 19 species in the two genera of narrowmouth frogs (Microhylidae) is restricted to rainforests.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[38] Of the world's dominant group, the family Ranidae, one species is found in Australia, Hylarana daemeli, found only in Queensland rainforests.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[39] Like everywhere else, the Australian frog population has also seen a sudden disappearance in recent years.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The loss of species cannot yet be given a proper explanation, but it is at least a part of the cause of the deadly amphibian disease chytridiomycosis.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[40] Reptiles in Australia live both estuarine crocodiles and Australian crocodiles.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The estuarine crocodile is the largest remaining species of crocodile, and can kill a human.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

At its largest, males of the species can grow to nearly seven feet tall and weigh more than 1,000 pounds.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Estuary crocodiles inhabit the coasts of northern Australia, in sweetwater rivers and swamps.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

They are also grown for their flesh and leather.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Only an Australian crocodile living in Australia is not dangerous to a human.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[41] Six species of sea turtle visit the coasts of Australia: the flat-back turtle, broth turtle, caret turtle, south bastard turtle, fake caret turtle, and sea-skin turtle.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

In Australian waters, they are all protected.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[42] There are 29 Australian freshwater turtles from a total of eight genera in the snake-neck turtles (Chelidae) family.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Australia is also home to the endangered fly turtle, the only member of the family Carettochelyidae [43].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The most endangered reptile living in Australia is the Western Australian snake-necked turtle.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[44] Australia is the only continent apart from Antarctica that does not inhabit a single species of land turtles.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Australia is the only continent where venomous snakes outnumber non-venomous [2].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Australian snakes belong to seven tribes.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Of these, the most venomous species desert taipan, Pseudonaja textilis, taipans and tiger snake belong to the family of poison orchard snakes (Elapidae).


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Of the 200 species in that tribe, 86 occur only from Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Thirty-one of the sea snakes live in Australia's northern waters, and many of them are venomous [45].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

There are also two species of command snakes in Australia [46].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Of the most prominent snake family in the world, only 11 species live in Australia, but none of them are endemic and all are thought to have arrived from Asia comparatively late [47].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Pythons live in Australia 15 species and true pox snakes 31 [48] [49].


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

More lizards live in Australia than on any other continent, and they belong to five sects.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[50] Geckos occur across the Australian continent with a total of 114 species from 18 genera.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Fin foot lizards is an endemic Australian genus of limbless lizards.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Of its 34 species, only one does not live in Australia.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

There are 13 genera of agamia, including the spiny devil, pogona and collared lizard, with a total of 66 species.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Varaans in Australia are home to 26 species, the largest varian species being the large-varane growing up to two feet tall.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Skinks out of 38 genera in Australia are home to a total of 389 species and make up about half of Australia's lizards.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

Fish in Australian waters live over 4400 species of fish, [51] 90% of which are endemic Australian species.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[52] Due to low inland waters, only 265 species are freshwater fish.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

[53] Two groups of freshwater fish, the araherds and the Australian lungfish, are of ancient origin.


Question: How many species belong to the kingfishers tribe?

Fauna of Australia

The Australian lungfish is the most primal of the lungfish, having evolved since before Australia separated from Gondwana.