Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Economic losses are particularly significant in poor regions, and the main economic risks fall on developing countries rather than industrialised countries.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[71] According to the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate in 2018, opposing climate change would create 65 million jobs and prevent 700,000 premature deaths and add at least $26,000 billion to the global economy by 2030, compared to the situation that there would be no response to climate change.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[72] [73] The Climate Change Debate A growing awareness of scientific conclusions regarding global warming has led to a broad political and economic debate on mitigating climate change, both through greenhouse emission limitation and other mitigation measures and on adaptation to climate change.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[74] [75] The greatest risks associated with the expected effects of climate change threaten poor regions, particularly Africa and India, although their greenhouse gas emissions have been negligible compared to industrialised countries.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[76] At the same time, the United States has criticized exemptions for developing countries from greenhouse emission restrictions related to the Kyoto climate agreement and uses them as justification for non-ratification of the treaty.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[77] One sticking point in the debate is whether newly industrialised countries such as India and China should limit their emissions.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

China's CO2 emissions are expected to overtake those of the United States in the next few years, something that may have already happened, according to one report.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[78] In the Western world, ideas about human involvement in climate change and measures to mitigate it have gained wider acceptance in Europe than in the United States.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[79] [80] Fossil fuel companies such as ExxonMobil and some think tanks have stopped campaigning in 2007 to downplay the risks of climate change [81] [82] while environmental organisations have launched campaigns highlighting the consequences of climate change.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Recently, however, some fossil fuel companies have backtracked on belittling measures or called for measures to curb warming.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[83] [84] There has been debate in several countries to introduce alternative energy sources to reduce emissions.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[85] In addition to centralised, state-run emission controls, emissions are also restricted in a more decentralised way.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

The oil company BP, for example, has set itself emission limits, emissions targets and introduced an internal emissions trading scheme.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[86] On the other hand, BP's measures have also been criticised as an eyesore, especially from Greenpeace, and the US Corpwatch organisation, which monitors the ethics of large companies, awarded BP in 2010 with the Greenwash Award for</i>greenwashing when the company spends more money an advertising campaign that emphasises its environmental friendliness rather than concrete action in favour of limiting emissions.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[87] Climate policy The Kyoto Agreement organised by the UNFCCC, which limits emissions, entered into force on 16 February 2005.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

In a deal ratified by 141 countries, industrialized countries pledge to limit their emissions to a certain agreed level.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Along with reducing their own emissions, states can increase their emission quota by buying more allowances from other states in emissions trading.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

In May 2007, international negotiations began to conclude a follow-up agreement with the end of the Kyoto Agreement in 2012.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

APEC countries the United States, Australia, China, India, Japan and South Korea have entered into a mutual AP6 agreement to limit climate change through technology development and dissemination.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

The parties believe the agreement will promote emissions-free technologies such as renewable energy sources, carbon capture and improved energy efficiency.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

The agreement has been widely criticized as it lacks emissions limits and no specific targets.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

But the United States sees unilateral emissions restrictions as constraints on growth in the economy.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[88] The G8 countries agreed at their summit in June 2007 to halve greenhouse emissions by 2050.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[89] There are several similar, more local and looser agreements.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Mitigation See also The Inconvenient Truth Geological Storage of CO2 List of CO2 emissions per capita of countries and regions Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nevanlinna, Heikki (ed.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

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Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

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Question: When was global warming first detected?

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Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

References Literature iPCassessment Reports:First (1990) 1992 SUP.Second (1995) Third (2001) Fourth (2007) Fifth (2014) 1.5 °C special (2018) CC & Land special (2019) Sixth (2022) UNFCCC | WMO | UNEP Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fölster, Stefan| title = Apocalypse is cancelled: Climate change can adapt| others = Translated by Sari-Anne Ahvonen| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2009| version = (Farväl till världsundergången: Konsten att överleva växthuseffekten, 2008) | id = ISBN 978-951-796-598-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gore, Al| title = An Inconvenient Truth| publisher = Rodale| year= 2006| id = ISBN 1-59486-567-1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Question: When was global warming first detected?

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Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

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Global warming

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Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Notes on the Apocalyp| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-1-21512-7}} On the topic elsewhere in Finland - Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finnish Environment Institute and Aalto University — NGO Climate Change Site, site where you can map their carbon footprint and get emission reduction instructions and other information about Transclusion error in English: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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* Category:Environmental disasters Category:Key articles of screening Category:50.1 Environmental and Nature Conservancy


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Veikko Aleksanteri Heiskanen (23 July 1895, Kangaslampi — 23 October 1971 Helsinki) was one of Finland's most famous geophysicists and geodesists.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[1] In the 1930s he was considered in scientist circles by the Dutch F.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

A. Along with Vening Meinesz, even as the best surviving geodet in the world.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[2] Heiskanen, a scientist in the structure of the Earth's gravitational field, was awarded the 1956 Bowie Medal number 18 by the American Geophysical Union (AGU).


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[3] Heiskanen is known for his development of George Biddell Airy's model of isostasia and for his research on the global, Columbus geoid, which was his major project as professor of geodesy at Ohio State University.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[4] Heiskanen was also an active astronomy enthusiast, longtime chairman of Ursa (1921—1930 and 1937—1947), [5] researcher and director of the Geodetic Department [6], and MP who pushed strong Finnishness policies between 1933 and 1936.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[7] Although Heiskanen was not an astronomer by profession, in Finland he was perhaps best known in his lifetime as a popularizer of astronomy.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

His books Astronomy 1 and Astronomy 2 served for years as foundational works for enthusiasts.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[1] Youth Heiskanen was born into a devout Christian small farming family.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

His parents were Heikki Heiskanen and Fredriikka Jurvanen.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

At the family pit, Veiko had eight older siblings.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[8] When he was six years old, Veikko started school with his brothers Oskar and Otto.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[9] There, the teacher noticed Veiko's talent and persuaded the parents to send him to the grammar school that Oskari already attended.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[9] Veikko was able to be sent to the Savonlinna real lyseo with the help of Aunt Loviisa, who worked as a cooker in St. Petersburg's wealthy families.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

The father was in charge of victualling, and the aunt paid expenses of 120 marks per school year.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[9] As a student and school teacher After graduating as a matriculation in 1914, Heiskanen began studying in the physical-mathematical department of the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Helsinki.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[10] He graduated with a BA in three years.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Among his teachers, he later praised Mathematics Professor Ernst Lindelöf and criticised the teaching of physics lagging behind his time.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[10] In the summer of 1917, the fiercely patriotic Heiskanen was establishing a patronage in Kangasponds.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

However, he found his first job at the Finnish coeducational school in Saint Petersburg, where he taught mathematics 1917—1918.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[10] Peter's time came to an end when Heiskanen was imprisoned in the turmoil of the revolution.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

However, he got away and crossed the border river by wading.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[10] In Finland, he tried to pursue a career as a school teacher at the Mikkeli Lyceum, where he obtained the post of junior lecturer in mathematics and natural studies.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[10] In the spring of 1919, Heiskanen was inaugurated as a master's degree.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

That same summer, he transferred for a year to the Central Meteorological Institute, where he served as a magnetologist and acting.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

as an assistant.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[10] However, Heiska was interested in astronomy, which he was able to study in Germany for the winter of 1920—1921 under the doctrine of Hans Ludendorff.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[10] Heiskanen studied astronomy, physics, geophysics and mathematics at the Potsdam Observatory.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[11] Another Finn, Vilho Väisälä studied at the same time in Göttingen, with whom Heiskanen kept in touch by letter.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[11] In Potsdam, Heiskanen wrote six publications, one of which subsequently appeared in the “Zeitschrift für Physik” and four others in various issues of the “Astronomische Nachrichten”.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

One of the latter studies was also published in a series of publications by the Finnish Academy of Sciences.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

It dealt with the effect of tidal friction on the length of the day and the century-acceleration of Moon motion.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[11] Heiskanen's dissertation Untersuchungen über Schwerkraft und Isostasie was completed in 1924.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

In May 1923 Heiskanen married Kaarina Levanno, four years younger than himself, whom he had met a year earlier at the home of his colleague Yrjö Väisälä.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[12] His wife was Kaarina Levanno's sister, so Väälää became Heiskanen's brother-in-law.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[12] Academic career from Finland to the United States After returning from Germany to Finland, Heiskanen discovered that there were no jobs in the field of astronomy — the posts had been filled for years.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

He turned out to the nearby field of geodesy.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[11] He was from 1921 to 1931 as a geodesist in the Department of Geodetic [13], and from 1928 to 1949 a professor at the University of Technology.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[14] Director of the International Isostatic Institute he was 1936—1949.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[15] Head of the Geodetic Department he was 1949—1961.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[16] In the United States, Heiskanen began 1948 as a visiting professor at Caltech.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[17] As a visiting professor at Ohio State University, he began 1950, and from 1951 to 1961 he was a research professor there.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

In Columbus, Heiska was asked to devise a global gravimetric program that would exploit the full potential of the gravimetric method.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[18] Geodetic “The Columbus Program” In early November, he presented the US scientific community with the “Columbus Program”.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Reception was ambivalent.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Some considered the program revolutionary and rated its geodetic potential as sizeable.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Still others found it unfeasible.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

The publication On the World Geodetic System appeared in 1951 in the Finnish Geodetic Institute series.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[18] The programme faced the problem of finding funding.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

The university felt it could not fund the programme because it was global, which would mean that funding would belong to the federal government.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Heiskanen had to sell the project for a year and a half.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

The recommendation of the International Geodetic-Geophysical Union (IUGG) in August 1951 turned the horizontal cup in Heiskanen's favour.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[18] Heiskanen acquired gravimetric material from around the world, for example from universities and oil companies.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

In 1952, material was from 31 countries, 1959 already from 59 countries.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

A few years later, the work was nearing completion.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Using an IBM 650 computer, Heiskanen's task force counted geoid bumps and pits for more than 7000 Northern Hemisphere points (there was too little data from the Southern Hemisphere).


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

According to the results, for example, the geoid surface was more than 40 metres too low in the western part of the Atlantic, in the eastern part and central and southwestern Europe about 40 metres too high, in India about 25 metres too low, in the East Indian archipelago about 20 metres too high.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

On the southern coast of Finland, the surface was about 10 meters below the benchmark ellipsoid.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

By Berlin it was already 30 metres and in Spain, North Africa and the Western Mediterranean about 40 metres above the ellipsoid surface.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

According to Heiskanen's understanding, the bumps were caused by the accumulation of heavy matter in the earth's crust.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[18] The Columbus geoid was named after the location of Ohio State University, but Heiskanen felt he might as well have named it a Finnish-American geoid because the most prominent researchers of the gravimetric means were Finns.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Up to seven Finnish geodestics, such as R.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

A. Hirvonen, T. J. Kukkamäki, Urho Uotila and Lassi Kivioja, participated in the work.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[18] Politics and NGOs Universities Question The content of the 1923 Universities Act obliged universities to provide teaching in Finnish and Swedish, broadly in relation to the number of Finnish and Swedish-speaking matriculations.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Student language was used in examinations, rehearsals and interrogations.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

The teacher had to know the second language perfectly and the other so that he could teach them if necessary.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

During his studies, Heiskanen had experienced that it was difficult for a Finnish-speaking matriculation to study at a university where lectures were predominantly in Swedish.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

He perceived this as a kind of language barrier, and the Swedish language later did not provide similar benefits.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[19] In Heiskanen's opinion, this university law pushed the process of Finnish language well ahead, as numerous changing professorships in Finnish had been established, bringing young blood into a musty environment.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

But it soon became apparent that not all subjects were taught in Finnish and often it was given by a lecturer who did not really know Finnish.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

It could also be faced with the situation that even though almost every pupil was in Finnish, the lecture should be held in Swedish in order to comply with the letter of the law.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[19] Heiskanen's statement on the university issue is evident from his 1935 writing The Correct Solution of the University Question, published by the Finnish Association of Suomalaisuus.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

The writing ended with a sharp statement that the only correct solution was to make the University of Helsinki fully Finnish-speaking.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[19] However, he did not believe in such a throughput, but regarded the consistory proposal as a sufficient step towards the ultimate goal.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

The third option was the proposal of the Board of Experts to fully finalise the University of Helsinki and compensate Åbo Akademi with an appropriate amount.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

This had achieved widespread support.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[19] During his studies, Heiskanen had experienced that it was difficult for a Finnish-speaking matriculation to study at a university where lectures were predominantly in Swedish.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[19] Academic Karjala-Society During his studies, Heiskanen was a member of the Academic Karjala-Society, from which he resigned in 1932 together with Urho Kekkonen, Martti Haavio, Lauri Hakulisen, V. J. Sukselainen, Gustav Vilkuna, Reino Kuuskoski, Heikki Hosia and others to the political centre with oriented members when the majority of the AKS at a meeting on 27 April 1932 did not agree to condemn the Mäntsälä rebellion.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[20] To Parliament In 1933, Heiskanen was elected for one term from the Agrarian List to Parliament.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

He was, among other things, the most active advocate of the Finnisation of universities.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[19] However, his enthusiastic way of driving things and unashamed attitude towards the public of strong opinions provoked so much resistance that work in Parliament did not become a career for Heiskanen.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[19] One of Veikko Heiskanen's bills became law.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Based on the name change law, the so-called “Lex Heiskasen”, at least 250,000 surnames were Finnised.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[19] Heiskanen was also the president of the 1933—1948 Federation of Finnishness.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[21] Recognitions Awards Heiskanen were awarded 1956 by the American Geophysical Union (AGU's) Bowie Medal number 18.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

No Nobel Prize is shared in the field of geophysics, so the Bowie Medal, awarded once a year, is considered its closest equivalent.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[3] Heiskanen was a member of many academies of sciences due to his merits.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

These included, among others, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, the Geological Society of London, Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, the Vatican's Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, or Papal Academy of Sciences.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[3] The election to the papal Academy of Sciences entitling the designation “Excellency” crossed the news threshold, particularly in the United States.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[3] In addition, he was an honorary member of the Royal Geographical Society of the Netherlands and the Council of the IAG, as well as honorary president of the Nordic Geodetic Commission, as well as being a member of about a dozen scientific societies.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[3] An honorary doctorate, Heiskanen was named to the University of Bonn, University of Technology, Ohio State University and Uppsala University.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[3] Ohio State University has named its Geodesy Symposium after Heiskanen and has presented since 1964 the “Kaarina and Weikko A. Heiskanen Awards” to distinguished geodesy researcher and young geodesy researcher.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[22] Heiskanen received, among other things, the Order of Merit Badge II of the Estonian White Star ().


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[23] On 9 October 1953, Heiskanen was awarded the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Fund's one million mark honorary award.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[24] In honor of Heiskanen, there is a so-called so-called event held annually in July/August Sun day at Härkämäki Observatory, Kangaslammi.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

The Heiskasen monument is also located at Härkämäki Observatory (2013 onwards).


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Portraits at Härkämäki Observatory, Kangaslammi, bronze relief sculpted by Nina Sailo in 1995 (since 15 October 2013).


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

Previously, the monument was located at the Harjuranta school in Kangaslammi.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[22] Bronze relief and medal made by Viljo Savikurje in 1955 at the Geodetic Institute [22] A 1962 painting by Efraim Tilvis at the Geodetic Institute [22] Publications Heiskanen wrote about 150 publications during 1921—1967.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

[25] Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W.| title = Untersuchungen über Schwerkraft und Isostasie| location = Helsinki| publisher = Geodetic institution| year = 1924| version = dissertation}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W.| title = Die Vergleichung von zwei Ablesungsverfahren des Normalbarometers| location = Helsinki| publisher = Central Meteorological Institution| year = 1924}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bonsdorff, I. et al.| title = Die Beobachtungsergebnisse der südfinnischen Triananchen Lation in den Jahren 1920— 1923| location = Helsinki| publisher = Geodetic plant| year = 1924}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W.| title = Schwerkraft und isostatische Kompensation in Norwegen| location = Helsinki| publisher = Geodetic institution| year = 1926}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W.| title = Die Erddimensionen nach den europäischen Gradmessungen| location = Helsinki| publisher = Geodetic plant| year = 1926}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W.| = Über title die Elliptizität des Erddits quators| location = Helsinki| publisher = Geodetic Facility| year = 1929}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bonsdorff, I. et al.| title = Die Beobachtungsergebnisse der Triangulationen in den Jahren 1926—1928| location = Helsinki | publisher = Geodetic Facility| year = 1929}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W.| title = Starworld| publisher = WSOY| year = 1929| version= based on the 7th edition of Newcombin-Engelmann's Populäre Astronomie by H. Ludendorff}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W. A.| title = Basics of Ball Astronomy| publisher = WSOY| year = 1937}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W. A.| title = Astronomy 1, Historical Development of Astronomy: Astronomy Advice and Methods of Work: Solar System| publisher = WSOY| year = 1948}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W. A.| title = Astronomy 2, Structure and Radiation Doctrine of Matter: Milky Way System: Space Islands aka Outer Galactic Star Systems: Genesis and Evolution of the Cosmos aka Cosmogony| publisher = WSOY| year = 1950}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W.| title = On the world geodetic system| location = Helsinki| publisher = Geodetic institution| year = 1951}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heiskanen, W. A.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

& Vening Meinesz, F. A.| title = The Earth and its gravity field| publisher = McGraw-Hill| year = 1958}} Celebration Book Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Celebration publication dedicated to Professor Weikko A. Heiskanen on his 60th birthday | location = Helsinki| publisher = Geodetic plant| year = 1955}} Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cake, Juhani| title = Earth Measurer: V.


Question: In which Finnish universities can you study astronomy?

V. A. Heiskanen

A. Heiskanen life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ursa| year = 2008| version = Ursa publications 108| id = ISBN 978-952-5329-71-1}} References elsewhere CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |date= (help) Category:Finns geophysicists Category:Finnish geodestics Category:University of Technology Professors Category:MPs Category:Politicians in central Finland Category:Finnish Civil War Whites Category:Finnish astronomers Category:Finnish astronomers Category:Finns Non-fiction writers Category:People born in 1895 Category:99.5 Naturalists, mathematicians Category:Finnish professors


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The history of electricity has begun with the observation of basic electrical phenomena.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

An extensive field of electrical engineering and electronics has developed on this basis.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Observations of electrical phenomena have been made much earlier, but actual scientific observations of electricity have been made since the late 18th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

During the 19th century, many scientific observations were made on the behavior of electricity and many electrical devices were developed, such as electric motors.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

During the 20th century, electronics and the computer and telecommunications technology based on it caused the actual technical revolution.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Before the 19th century, Static electricity, abrasive electricity, was already known in the old days.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It was already mentioned by Thales.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[1] It was known that amber, especially when scrubbing, acquires the ability to attract light objects nearby and may additionally spark.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In several modern languages, even words meaning electricity derive from the Greek amber word ελεκτρον, elektron.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

William Gilbert noted in the 16th century that in addition to amber, many other substances such as glass, diamond and some other precious stones, hardened resins, sulfur and seal lacquer gained similar appeal when scrubbing.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

He called such substances amber-like, that is, electric.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

By contrast, metals did not become electric when scrubbing, neither did marble nor emerald.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Such substances he called non-electric.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[1] Later, Stephen Gray stated that these non-electrics conduct electricity, i.e. through them, the electric charge could be transferred from one place to another.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[2] However, electrodoctrine began to develop as a branch of science only in the 18th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It was then that Charles François Dufay discovered that there were two contrasting electric modes originally called glass and resin electricity [3] until Benjamin Franklin adopted the terms positive and negative electricity.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[1] It was observed that the same brand electrics repel each other, the different brands are attracted to each other.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[1] In 1784, Charles Augustin de Coulomb verified the law bearing his name, according to which between reserves the force is directly proportional to their input and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[4] Some of the most prominent scholars in electro-doctrine also included Benjamin Franklin, who, among other things, proved lightning to be an electrical discharge.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[5] The observations gave rise to various, contradictory theories about the nature of electricity.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Robert Symmer put forward a dualistic theory that there were two electrical substances that could flow from one piece to another.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

An electro-free piece was assumed to have both equally, in a charged one or the other more.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Benjamin Franklin, who was one of the most prominent scholars of electro-doctrine, again put forward the Unitarian theory a short time later that there was only one electrical substance corresponding to another of the electrical substances in Symmer's theory.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

According to the theory, the uncharged body contained this substance at a certain, sort of normal concentration, but the electrical substance content in the piece was higher or lower, manifesting the difference as a positive or negative electrical charge [3].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The question of which theory is correct was considered unresolved until the discovery of the electron into the late 19th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrotechnical observations in the 19th century In 1800, Alessandro Volta invented an electric pair, the first device that could generate a continuous electric current.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[6] Soon afterwards, an inverse phenomenon was also invented, electrolysis, in which an electric current causes chemical changes in some substances.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[6] Gaston Planté invented a rechargeable lead-acid battery in 1859 [7].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that an electric current caused the needle of a nearby compass to turn.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[8] This showed that electricity and magnetism have a close link, and hence the rapid development of research into electromagnetism began.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Already in the same year, André-Marie Ampère published the laws governing the magnetic field induced by electric current.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, Michael Faraday invented electromagnetic induction, i.e., showed that electric current can also be produced by the magnetic field.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The whole current generation of electrical energy is based on this phenomenon.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

During the 19th century, the nature of electricity was learned in a diverse way and an electromagnetic theory was already widely created in relation to electrical phenomena.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

During the century, such electrical devices as a generator, electric motor, electric lighting, electric lighting, electric telegraph and telephone were developed at a functional level.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

With the development of basic theories of electrodoctrine in the 19th century, Charles Augustin de Coulomb had invented the 1784 Coulomb law describing the interaction of reserved bodies [9].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1826, Georg Simon Ohm formulated Ohm's law describing the dependencies of electric current, voltage and resistance in a resistor [10].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The Kirchhoff circuit laws, invented by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in 1845, describe the behavior of voltages in the loop of an electrical circuit and the behavior of currents at the hub of the circuit.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The basic properties of electric and magnetic fields were learned to understand over the course of the 19th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

James Clerk Maxwell combined 1864 various previously observed law secrets to describe phenomena in electric and magnetic fields into Maxwell's equations: [11] how electric charge generates an electric field (Gauss's law for electric fields, Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1835) how magnetic monopoles do not exist ( Gauss's Law for Magnetic Fields, Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1813) how a changing magnetic field generates an electric field (Faraday's law of induction, Michael Faraday, 1831) and how an electric current and a variable electric field produce a magnetic field (Ampère's Law, André-Marie Ampère, 1820; James Clerk Maxwell Addendum 1864) Inventors and inventions of electrical engineering in the 19th century In the 19th century, the development of electrical engineering was still on the very personal achievements of many inventors.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Michael Faraday invented the first primitive electric motor in 1821 as well as, ten years later, electromagnetic induction.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Dynamos, early electric generators, began to be built in the 1830s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Samuel Morse invented the 1837 electric telegraph.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Antonio Meucci introduced the telephone in 1860 [12].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electromechanical relay was invented in the 1840s and was initially used in e.g.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

in telegras.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Wireless telegraphy was developed in the 1890s and was improved from many details in the early 20th century [13].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Thomas Alva Edison was a prolific inventor whose most notable achievements were phonographer in 1877 and electric lighting in 1879.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Guglielmo Marconi invented radio in 1896.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Various electric generators were developed over the course of the 19th century and electricity began to be produced commercially at the end of the 19th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The introduction of electric lighting dates to the late 19th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The incandescent bulb developed by Edison is broadly similar in use still.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, block- or house-specific lighting electric plants were built in the 1880s and the first urban electricity plant was commissioned in Tampere in 1888.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[14] With the development of electrical engineering and the emergence of electronics in the twentieth century, the use of electrical engineering became commonplace and the rapidly expanding field of engineering electronics developed into the foundations of electrical engineering.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrical energy was increasingly produced and distributed both to industry and private homes, and a variety of electric-powered machinery was introduced.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Over the course of the 20th century, many electronic devices were developed and introduced: for example, radio, television, computers and mobile phones.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics gained many applications in industry, engineering, scientific research, medicine, vehicles and consumer electronic equipment.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

At the end of the 20th century, almost all fields of engineering began to use electrical engineering and electronics to help.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics Components The development of electronics began in the early part of the century based on electron tubes (invented 1906 [15]), but the transistor invented in 1947 [15] began the development of semiconductors.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Semiconductors were used to make ever-smaller, cheaper and more reliable electronic devices.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Since the 1960s, several transistors and other components could be manufactured in the same microcircuit and in the 1980s one million transistors were produced in the same circuit.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been passive components as far back as the 19th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There were primitive capacitors, Leiden bottles, as early as the latter half of the 18th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Until the 21st century, passive component manufacturing technology and materials have evolved significantly: Capacitors were previously made as plate structure and paper insulated [16] Coils were first made in a lot of air cores, but later developed into cores many different materials (e.g. ferrites since 1937 [17]) Resistors have been manufactured in different ways: e.g. initially wire resistors and mass resistors and later carbon film and metal film resistors Rectifiers: crystal diode was one of the first radio technology detector diodes — German Karl Ferdinand Braun had invented it in 1874 [18] [19] and patented 1899 [20] selenium rectifier was a power diode that entered production in the 1930s [21] mercury rectifier invented in 1902 [22] tube diode was invented in 1904 [15] semiconductor diode was invented in 1940 [15] Production and distribution of electricity As promoters of electricity use and distribution, Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla were pioneers.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison had been developing the incandescent lamp as a durable source of electric light.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison obtained a patent in 1880 for a system of distribution of electricity, which was essential to allowing the electric bulb to spread into general use.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It was not until the distribution network gradually made it possible for other electrical appliances to become more common.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On December 17, 1880, Edison founded a company called the Edison Illuminating Company.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It was the world's first electric plant to sell electricity to the public, and in 1882 its first power plant was made at New York's Pearl Street Station.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On September 4, 1882, Edison itself connected power to the mains.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[23] The plant distributed direct current to the southern parts of Manhattan at a voltage of 110 volts.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The voltage 110 volts was chosen because it was first used in lamps in theaters powered by batteries, and this voltage was then left in general use.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

As early as January of the same year, Edison had opened the first steam-powered electric power station on Holborn Viaduct in London.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

This DC system provided electricity for street lamps as well as a few private residences located near the plant.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On January 19, 1883, the first standardized, electric lighting system based on overhead lines was introduced at Roselle, New Jersey.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison had had time to build an already reasonably extensive DC-grid, but the DC lost out to AC power developed by Tesla.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison and Tesla fought a bitter battle for their electrical systems.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The advantage of AC power is that the voltage can be easily changed by means of a transformer.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

This is exploited in the power grid for the transmission of electricity because transmission losses are lower at higher voltage.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The AC motor and generator design is also durable without the commutator used in the DC motor.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Of all the electricity produced, electric motors use most of it.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

When household appliances came on the market in the early 20th century there were local power grids outside the largest cities in Finland.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrification was temporarily slowed by the Finnish Civil War, but after the war development was rapid, and in 1925 already 40% of the economies were covered by the electricity grid.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the cities, electricity was available to everyone starting in the 1930s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[14] History of batteries and batteries Chemical stored electrical energy is obtained from various batteries and rechargeable batteries.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Major stages of battery development: The zinc-carbon battery was invented as early as 1886 [24] Alkaline battery was developed in the 1950s [25] [26] Lithium batteries were introduced to the market in the 1980s [27] Battery development stages: Lead-acid battery had been developed as early as the latter half of the 19th century Nickel-cadmium batteries have been in use since the mid-20th century, although the NiCd battery principle was invented by Waldemar Jungner as early as 1899 [28].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Nickel metal hydride battery in commercial use since 1989 [29] Lithium-ion batteries have been commercially available since 1991 [30] Evolution of electric lighting Lighting technology: Arc lamp since the early years of the 19th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Light bulb, several developers since the beginning of the 19th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A working and industrial version was made by Edison in 1879 [31].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The halogen lamp was developed during the 1950s into a usable form [32] The principle of fluorescent lamp was invented in the late 19th century, but they came into everyday use in the mid-20th century [33].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

First fluorescent lamps came into use in offices and factories.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the latter half of the 20th century, fluorescent lights began to be used in apartments as well.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Energy-saving lamps are small fluorescent lamps and began to come into use in the late 20th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Good efficiency LED lighting began to come into use in the late 1990s from low-power lamps [34] and became more common in the 2010s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrification of industrial, buildings and homes Electrical engineering in industry Electric lighting, electric motors and solenoids Electrical machinery: drill, screwdriver, lathe, boring machine, planers, circular saw, jigsaw, band saw, millers, grinders, angle grinder,... Battery technology came into use in the 2000s for many hand-electric machinery.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Industrial automation: first electromechanics, with the development of computers increasingly programmed functions Electrical engineering in pneumatics and hydraulics control Electronics in industry Application sites: Process control Industrial automation Manipulators and Industrial robots Control techniques: Control by relay logic Microprocessor technology Programmable logics Process control by computers The use of electricity in buildings Electric heating and electric heater Air conditioners Ventilation equipment, extractor hood Elevators and escalators The use of electricity in home engineering Electric lighting was introduced as early as the end of the 19th century and became heavily prevalent throughout the 20th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The first household appliances appeared on the market in Finland in the first decade of the 20th century, the earliest of them an electric plate and an electric kettle.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 1910s, a washing machine, a vacuum cleaner, as well as an iron, among others,


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[14] The electric shaver was invented in the 1920s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It slowly became widespread and later became battery-powered models as well.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric toothbrushes have been around since the 1950s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have also later been battery-powered models of these.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Hair dryer Massager Vibrator Home food supply appliances Electric plate and electric stove (electric stove), kettle Coffee maker and toaster Refrigeration machines (refrigerator and freezer) Mixer, blender, hand blender and kitchen mixer Dishwasher The microwave was invented in 1945 [35] and commercial models began to come in the 1950s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Microwave ovens became more common for home use over the next several decades.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Meat grinder, bread maker, waffle iron and ice cream machine Home clothing maintenance equipment Electrical mangles and irons Washing machine for washing clothes and dryer Electric sewing machine and overlock Electricity in transport Electrical engineering in automobiles Otto motor which is common gasoline-powered internal combustion engine and was invented in 1876, has always used an electric spark to ignite gasoline.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric start and charge generator began to become common in automobiles in the 1910s [36], although on a principle level the electric motor and electric generator had been invented in the 19th century side.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Automobiles have used both DC alternators and later alternators together with the rectifier.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Since the early 20th century, cars have had electric headlights and more and more different types of electric attention lights (turn signals, brake lights, etc.) came to cars.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

At the end of the 20th century, various additional electrical functions came to automobiles: for example, electric window mechanisms and mirror adjustment, electric instrument panel, and electric heaters for glasses and seats.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In electric cars and hybrid cars, electricity is used to move the car using a charging device, batteries and an electric motor.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in cars In connection with the operation of the engine, passenger cars have come into many types of electronics: electronic ignition since the 1960s and electronic injection since the 1970s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronic motor control diversified thereafter related to the catalytic converter.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric cruise controls for automobiles have existed since the 1950s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronically controlled automatic transmissions have been manufactured since the 1970s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Traction control systems have existed since the 1970s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On-board computers entered cars in the 1980s, an anti-theft alarm and immobilizer in the 1990s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric power steering began to exist in cars from the late years of the 20th century onwards.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

As electronics have evolved, a wide variety of safety systems have entered cars.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Anti-lock brakes (ABS) entered automobiles in the 1980s and became established as standard equipment on cars in the 1990s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Airbags began to exist in cars starting in the 1980s and driving stability management systems began to enter cars in the 1990s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There has long been a desire to listen to music during a car journey: rudimentary car radios have existed since the 1930s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Towards the end of the 20th century, versatile radios and music reproduction equipment came into automobiles: first alongside the radio receiver, the devices included C cassette players, and later CD players.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Mobile phones initially became specifically automobile phones in the 1970s, which were solidly installed in the car and took the operating voltage from the car's electrical system.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

At first mobile phones were very expensive and were mainly used only for professional use.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Positioning devices for cars began to come in the early 2000s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics and electrical engineering in ships, trains and aircraft Electronics and electrical engineering have been used in many means of transport besides cars such as: Electric locomotives in rail transport since the first half of the 20th century Trams and trolleybuses Diesel electric transmission e.g., in locomotives and ships, invented in the early 20th century and much developed during World War II, radar in aeroplanes and ships Gyroscope in aeroplanes Instruments and Control Systems, Autopilot and Fly-by-wire History of computers and communications Computer Engineering Before computers such as today, electronic calculators and computers implemented with different components were used.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

First in the 1940s, various relay machines and tube machines were introduced.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A famous example of tube machines is the ENIAC [37] introduced in 1945.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Tube technology was followed by devices based on transistors.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Personal computer (Microcomputer Apple II) for home and business use entered the market in 1977.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1981, the IBM PC arrived on the market, computers built according to the model later became the practical standard for personal computers.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Several different home computers were introduced to the market in the 1980s: among them the Commodore-64 and the ZX Spectrum (in 1982).


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Microprocessors, in which the processor is implemented on a single microcircuit, came in the 1970s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 in 1971.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Different peripherals are also integral to computer technology: Data storage media to capture digital information.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The earliest recording media were punch cards and punch tapes.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Input devices for supplying information to a computer into a form understood by it.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer display devices for displaying various computer-generated results (e.g. figures, text and images) for viewing.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Printers to provide a permanent print of text or images on paper or other similar material.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Telecommunications Technology Information is transmitted in cables and by radio Information began to be transmitted over earth via copper cables and by radio links.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

By chaining links, networks were formed.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Communication satellites began to be used for long distances and intercontinental data transmission during the 1960s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Copper cables have been increasingly replaced by fiber optic in the fastest connections since the 1970s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Landline Telephones and Cellular Telephones Telephone operated using built landlines as handheld since the late 19th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The process of changing the network to autodial took, for example, in Finland from the 1920s until the 1970s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later designs began to be made for telephony equipment and telephone networks operated by radio, which were analogue at first.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Mobile phones enabled telephone connections in cars and later anywhere when moving.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A handheld car radio telephone network (ARP) was opened in Finland in 1971 [38].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The first NMT mobile phones came into use in the Nordic countries in 1981 [38].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

GSM digital telephone networks came into use in the 1990s [39].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 2000s came multimedia and smartphones.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Other communication technology Remote printer (telex), which could produce text on a device in another locality, was in use from the late 19th century well into the 20th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Telefax, which could print a copy of a document on a distant second telefax device, was invented in principle as early as the 19th century, but came into use generally in the 1970s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Both of these have been superseded by more advanced technologies and equipment.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer networks were already being built since the 1960s and the global Internet came into common use in the fold of the 1980s and 1990s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Internet technology (e.g.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

TCP/IP protocol) was developed in the 1970s, but did not come into mundane use until the 1980s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Development of Consumer Electronics Consumer electronics includes radio, TV, music recording and playback devices, video recording and playback devices, and electronic games.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The following has also covered electronics in filming and film.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Some principles of equipment for entertainment electronics were invented as early as the 19th century, but the actual consumer equipment used by consumers began to be developed in the early years of the 20th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Movies and their sound Sound films first came to optical soundtracks, starting in the late 1920s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Multichannel magnetic sound has been in use in films since the 1950s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 1990s, digital sound became more common in films.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Films' shooting and editing were also digitized.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio and TV, invented in the late 19th century, led to broadcasting from the 1920s onwards.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Suomen Yleisradio was founded in 1926 [40].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio transmissions began based on AM modulation.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Invented in the 1930s, FM modulation began to come into use at ULA frequencies starting in the 1940s and sound quality improved significantly.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, ULA broadcasts started in 1953 [40].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, stereo sound was introduced in FM broadcasts.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, stereophonic broadcasting began in 1967 [40].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio broadcasting has not been extensively digitized in the 21st century, either, because the audio quality of FM broadcasts is sufficient for many purposes.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Television was invented in the 1920s and there has been a wider public TV broadcasting business since the 1950s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, trial broadcasts started in 1955 [40].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In its early days, television imagery was black and white and colour television was developed from the 1940s onwards.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

To transmit a full-color TV image, the NTSC system was developed in the US in the 1950s and in Europe in the 1960s the PAL system.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1969, Yleisradio started broadcasting TV programmes in Finland in colour [40].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Stereo sound came to television in the 1980s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In wider areas, broadcasting was started on terrestrial antenna networks, but at an early stage cable television was used in densely built cities due to problems with the propagation of the TV signal between buildings.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Satellites have been used since the 1960s to relay TV programmes around the world, but satellites transmitting the TV signal directly to homes began to come into use in the 1980s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio and TV operations are started based on an electron tube developed in the early 20th century.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later transistors and microcircuits came into use in the devices.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the early 2000s, television was digitized: became digital television, with a set-top box or digital TV receiver used to watch.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland digital terrestrial broadcasting began in 2007 [40].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Music Recording and Playback A turntable playing vinyl records was developed in the 1930s from a fully mechanical gramophone playing gramophone records.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Stereo sound discs were invented as early as the 1930s but only became common in the 1960s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The turntable couldn't record the sound itself; the discs always had to be bought.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A magnetophone was developed to record and reproduce sound.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been open reel recorders since the 1930s and 1963 saw the release of the C cassette.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

C cassette recorders were at first often monophonic, but later became generally stereophonic.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Music playback became digitized in the 1980s as CDs and instruments entered the market and rapidly into general use.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There had been digital tape recorders before, but they were rare.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Various media players—as a general type of MP3 player—came into use starting in the 1990s for music playback.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Video Recording and Playback Clumsy, expensive and rare open reel recorders have existed since the 1960s for video recording.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

However, they never entered home use.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

VCRs using cassettes came in the 1970s: Betamax was released in 1975, VHS in 1976, and Video 2000 in 1979.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Of these, VHS became established for home use with the advent of the 1980s and was used until the early 2000s, when in a few years new digital video recording methods supplanted VCRs.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, video recording becomes digitized: rare LaserDisc technology was designed in the 1970s, in the 1990s video CD entered video recording (compressed video), and DVD-video became common at the end of the 1990s (the format was announced in 1995).


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The media player, as well as the recording set-top box, have come into use in the 21st century as digital video recording devices.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in filming Beginning in the 1960s, electronic functions began to come to film cameras.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

With the help of electronics, e.g.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

exposure meter and exposure automatics, as well as an electronic flash device.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Digital cameras based on CCD and CMOS cell have existed since the 1990s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The TV cameras were initially powered by vidicon tubes and later on CCD cells.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Home-powered video cameras came in the 1970s based initially mostly on VHS recording.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later came digital video cameras that recorded on tapes, discs or memory cards.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronic games for TV games and game consoles have been around since the 1970s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

First they had them as coin machines and then as home machines as well.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Released in 1971, Computer Space was the first serially produced and commercial video game [41].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer games became more common with the onset of home computer use in the 1980s, e.g., there were many games for the generic Commodore 64 computer.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Scientific Applications and Specialized Applications Electronics in Medical Engineering Electronics have been used in medical analysis devices and treatment methods such as: Electrochoke therapy came into use in relation to mental illness in the 1930s [42] Defibrillator — 1940- century principle, portable DC voltage versions since the 1960s Transistorized hearing aid in 1952 [15] Pacemaker in the 1950s [15] Electronic blood pressure monitor and electronic thermometer Measurement of the electrocardiogram, or ECG, or EEG Imaging equipment (medical imaging): X-ray imaging in 1895 Ultrasound imaging since the 1950s Computer layer imaging Magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging Positron emission tomography (PET imaging) Radiotherapy Equipment Electronics in Space Engineering In space engineering such as satellites, space probes, space stations and lunar rockets, control and communication has been based on electronics.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been satellites since the late 1950s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, hundreds of them have been in operation in space at once and have been used for e.g. telecommunications, weather monitoring and positioning systems.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Satellites began to be used for positioning: GPS entered civilian use in the mid-1980s and as an accurate version in 2000 [43] [44].


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Space probes have been sent since the 1960s to various parts of our solar system and beyond.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been manned space stations orbiting Earth in space since the 1970s.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The U.S. made manned lunar flights between 1969 and 1972 (the Apollo space program).


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in War Engineering Radar has been heavily developed especially during World War II Electronic warfare Communication systems, military radios Missile systems Reconnaissance drone and UAV Space technology — telecommunications, positioning and rocket technology — is closely associated with war engineering.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in Scientific Research Tools Electronics has been a key part of the scientific measuring and analysis devices of recent decades.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Such devices incorporating electronics include e.g.: Newer microscope types: electron microscope, tunneling microscope, atomic force microscope Weather radar Radio telescope and newer star telescopes DNA sequencer in the late 1980s Particle accelerator Almost all precise basic measuring devices — e.g. scales and clocks — today contain electronics.


Question: When was the Generator invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Advances in Electronics Manufacturing Technology Printed circuit board since 1950s Wave soldering Surface joint technology since 1980s Pasta sample Lead-free soldering introduced in early 2000s for environmental reasons Hand loading and automatic typesetting machines Microcircuits late 1960s since BGA cases in the early 1990s [45] Chronological table of inventions and research of electricity and electronics Active electronic components by decade Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindell, Ismo| title = Electricity long history| publisher = Gaudemus| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-67235-80}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grove, Arto| title = World of Radio Waves| publisher = Otadata| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-672-350-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Vartiainen, Juha O.| title = Century of Electricity| publisher = Alfamer/Karisto Oy| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-472-202-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paavola, Martti| title = Electrical Engineering Textbook| publisher = WSOY| year = 1936}} Sources * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (, 2 November 1755 — 16 October 1793) was a Princess of Hungary and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria, Dauphine of France and finally Queen.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

She was the daughter of Queen Mary Teresia of Austria and sister of Emperor Joseph II.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

She was also the consort of Louis XVI, King of France, and mother of Louis XVII.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Because of her politics, behaviour and descent, Marie Antoinette was the target of hatred during the French Revolution, and was beheaded in October 1793.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[1] Youth in Vienna Marie-Antoinette was the fifteenth and second youngest of the children and daughters of Emperor Francis I and Empress, Archduchess Maria Teresia.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

She was born on 2 November 1755 at Hofburg Castle in Vienna and received the name Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna at baptism.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

The name change only became relevant with the marriage.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[2] The young Archduchess received a deficient upbringing and showed interest only in dance and music.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Still at the age of ten, his reading skills were poor, and therefore he did not exactly dabble in reading.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

He learned the rudiments of Latin, received no instruction whatsoever in governmental affairs, and spoke very poorly French because he considered German to be a more important language.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[3] Like the rulers of the era, Empress Maria Teresia put the marriages of her children to serve her political purposes.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Thus Marie Antoinette's older siblings had married on political grounds: Maria Christine married Albert von Sachsen-Teschen, regent of the Austrian Netherlands; Maria Amalia married Ferdinand, Duke of Parma; and Maria Karolina to Ferdinand, King of Naples.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[3] In 1768, it was decided to marry Marie Antoinette to Louis XVI, the granddaughter and heir to the throne, King of France, Louis XV, in order to strengthen the union between France and Austria.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

He was hired by teachers of the French language and the looser etiquette of the Austrian court was allowed to give way to Versailles appropriate manners.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

The French dance master Jean-Georges Noverre taught Marie Antoinette the minuets to be danced at Versailles as well as the niceties required for court life.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[4] The future queen was sent from Vienna in April 1770 at the age of fourteen.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

In early May, he was handed over at the French border.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

He entered the rendition house built on the banks of the Rhine from the “Austrian” side and came out from the “French” side.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[2] Marriage Dauphine Marie-Antoinette on 17 April 1770 formally renounced all her rights to the Imperial Crown of Austria.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

After a month, on 16 May, he was consecrated at Versailles with the Dauphin of France, or heir to the throne.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

The event attracted widespread attention across Europe for its glorious setting and the youth of the king couple.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[2] At the end of the wedding celebrations, a fireworks display in Paris caused a disaster: The first rockets flew in the wrong direction and blew up a fireworks warehouse.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

More than a hundred people perished and rumours of misfortune brought by Marie Antoinette spread.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[2] Already on her arrival at the court of Versailles, Marie Antoinette aroused envy in aristocratic circles where marriages were viewed with suspicion.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Her beauty, youth and exquisite family tree made it difficult for her to adapt to a new life.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette did not readily conform to the complex ways and machinations of the “old court”, nor to the immoral behaviour of the old king Louis XV with his mistress du Barry, Countess.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

The Dauphine acquired many enemies among the king family and at court.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Her consort aunts and princesses Adeleine and Victorie were hostile to the “Austrotarta” from the first meeting.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[5] As Austrian ambassador to the French court, Count Mercy-Argenteau had received orders from Empress Maria Teresia to monitor her daughter's actions and to inform Vienna of everything the dauphine did.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

The marriage didn't seem happy and Marie Antoinette sought amusement from proms and concerts.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[2] In addition, he made long pleasure trips with his disreputable brother-in-law, Count of Artois.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

On nocturnal trips to Paris, Marie Antoinette showed herself in opera camouflage amusements accompanied by young noblemen, often English.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[5] On the death of King Louis XV, Queen of France, on 10 May 1774, Marie Antoinette became Queen of France and Navarre.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

However, his behaviour did not change significantly.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

In the summer of 1775, the first mock songs and pamphlets drawn up about the Queen went into circulation.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

The instigator of the nasties was his other brother-in-law, the Count of Province, who pursued the French crown, and used all means to keep the king pair at a distance from each other.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette insisted on officialdom to address the unsubstantiated rumors circulated about her in public places.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[6] Quickly Marie Antoinette became the fashion figurehead of her own era.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Her dressing was luxurious and her hair apparatus was tall and fanciful.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

He threw expensive parties and game nights that might have lasted until morning.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

The court's popular card games like cavagnole and lansquenet made room for fashionable faro, where you can lose large sums in one night.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[7] From inside the court, Marie Antoinette gathered around her a small group of favourites, including twenty people.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

His “inner circle” caused aggravation in the king and the court people alike.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Public discontent increased further as the Queen distributed posts, titles and clean money to her inner circle.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

France suffered great economic difficulties and Marie Antoinette's generosity to her favourites was perceived as offensive to the people.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[8] Family and children The royal marriage did not materialize on a physical level until August 1777.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Marie-Antoinette's first child was born at Versailles Castle on 19 December 1778.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

She had to give birth in the Queen's bedroom in the presence of hundreds of courtiers.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[9] The child was a girl, and she was baptized as Marie Thérèse Charlotte.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

She became a “royal princess” as this was the eldest daughter of the King of France.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

While the whole country had wished for a boy, Marie-Antoinette rejoiced in the girl: “The boy would have belonged to the state,” she said, “but this child is mine and it shall receive all my tenderness; it shall be allowed to rejoice in my happiness and soften my sorrows”.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[10] Children were born from the marriage of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette: Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (1778—1851), Louis-Joseph-Xavier-François (1781—1789), Dauphin Louis-Charles (Louis XVII) (1785—1795), Duke of Normandy, Sophie-Beatrix (1786—1787)).


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Life Marie-Antoinette tried to influence the king's political decisions, as well as ministerial appointments and dismissals, but mainly she interfered in the affairs of the king's friends.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

He thus also became embroiled in a scandal in connection with which Count Guines, the ambassador to London, was accused of embezzlement.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

He also fired Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Inspector General of the State Resources, one of the king's most important and key aides.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[11] At court, Marie Antoinette was repeatedly subjected to the intrigues of the courtiers.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

Among his supposed lovers was mentioned, among others, a Swedish overlord, Count Hans Axel von Fersen, Lord of Harviala.


Question: When did the Castle of Versailles serve as the residence of the French monarchy?

Marie Antoinette

[12] Furthermore, the pamphlets mention he also had mistresses.