Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

On the first days of fighting from the Swedes, two Eastern New American soldiers were killed on the 21st and 22nd.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

day.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[11] The Russians crossed the Swedish border at five points and advanced about 15—20 kilometers.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The war began under extremely inconvenient conditions, as records show that in late February temperatures often dropped below −30°C.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[12] Conditions were further hampered by a severe blizzard, which hampered the advance of the Russians as well as the retreat of the Swedish army along already poor Finnish roads.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

February—March The message that war broke out arrived a week later from the start of the war, along an optical transmitter built between Åland and Stockholm in 1796 to Gustav IV Adolf.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

A state of war was declared in the Kingdom of Sweden 3.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

on March.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[13] The commander-in-chief of the Finnish army, W. M. Klingspor, was also late, as he was still staying in Stockholm at the time of war.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

It was only when a message about the war had arrived in Stockholm that Klingspor began the long journey towards Finland, circling the Gulf of Bothnia by horse and sleigh.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[14] Klingspor was deputised by 70-year-old C.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

N. af Klercker.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Winter was not an opportune attack time due to the difficulties of maintenance, but it provided Russia with a strategic advantage, removing the basis of Swedish defensive thinking: the possibility of transporting reinforcements from Sweden by sea.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sweden acted according to its plans and began a retreat from the border crossings.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Russians began their incursion into Finland on the morning of 21 February, resulting in a few minor clashes.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Swedish army continued its retreat until it reached Hämeenlinna on 1 March, where the maintenance situation was well placed and enough food was available.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[15] A day later, negotiations were held, which decided to retreat towards the north, to the regions of Oulu and Ostrobothnia.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The decision was almost unanimous, though Klingspor's deputy af Klercker was of the opinion that its current drives could be held until food threatened to run out.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

On the other hand, Klercker was not necessarily ready to fight the Russian army from Hämeenlinna.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[15] A letter sent by Johan Adam Cronstedt reached Hämeenlinna on 5 March, where he reported that the Russian 5th Division had attacked the Savo Brigade on 28 February, and that the division was marching towards Kuopio led by Lieutenant General Tutchkov.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

This signaled to the main army that they would have to begin withdrawing swiftly, as the 5th Division might, in the worst case, encircle the main Swedish army facing Savo.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[15] The Savo Brigade was tasked with delaying Tutchkov's advance as much as possible so that the main army could have time to retreat to Oulu without the threat of encirclement.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Savo Brigade consisted of 3500 men and was up against 6500 Russian troops.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Cronstedt did not watch all the roads leading to Savo, so the brigade could have been threatened by motitus.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

However, the brigade withdrew quickly enough to Kuopio and the Russians could not keep up, and the threat began to dissipate.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

However, the retreat created a new threat, as the brigade assembled on 8 March at Leppävirta, a distance of 45km from Kuopio, located further away from the given order.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Now the Russian 5th Division was given the opportunity to use the road west of Kuopio, under which the division would be able to block the passage of the main Swedish army through Vaasa to Oulu.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[16] Sweden fought a major battle at Leppävirta on 11 March and another battle in Kuopio four days later.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

An outpost led by Joachim Zachris Duncker had been set up off Kuopio.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The brigade withdrew from Kuopio on the 15th, but had not informed the outpost.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Consequently, Duncker had to repel the Russian attacks that came in several waves.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After three hours of fighting, the situation began to look desperate, as the defence was successful mainly because the passage of the Russian cavalry in the snow hange was slow.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[16] Some time later Duncker received notice that other detachments of the brigade were marching towards the north, and that he should follow.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After arriving in Toivala, Duncker received reinforcements and things began to look better.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[16] At the same time, the main Swedish army had marched from Hämeenlinna to Tampere, where it was divided into two columns.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

A smaller column led by Carl Johan Adlercreutz retreated northwards through Parkano, Ilmajoki and Uusikaarlepy.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The larger platoon circled to Pori, and continued north along the coast.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Russians constantly remained on the heels of the main army.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The retroop had to constantly repel Cossack attacks.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The attacks did not substantially tax the forces of either army; the more significant factor was the weather.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In March the frost was −30°C on some days, and according to Carl Magnus Möllersvärd's war diary on 13 March the frost was as high as 40 degrees.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[17] In addition to severe frost, blizzards forced soldiers to tear firewood from barns to keep warm, above all to stay alive from harsh conditions.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

At that point it was more about fighting the weather than the Russians.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Swedish forces disembarked from Pori on 18 March.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Four days later, Russia scored a major political victory when it conquered Finland's administrative centre, Turku.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Now the whole of southern Finland was practically under the control of the invaders, an exception made by the strong fortress of Viapori.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Meanwhile, the main force of the Swedish army rested in Lapfakt and the Russian 5th Division controlled Kuopio.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The rest continued all the way until 28 March, when the detachment led by Adlercreutz joined the detachment that had traversed the west bank and the main army was again assembled.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The main army was further threatened by the 5th Division, which would be capable of encircling the main army because the Savo Brigade had retreated too hastily.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Tutchkov feared Cronstedt would recapture Kuopio for himself, so he was too afraid to send his men west to encircle the main army.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

However, Tutškov sent a small unit, but it was far too small and arrived too late, so it posed no threat to the main Swedish army.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Savo's brigade arrived at its destination, Oulu, on 29 March.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Tutškov received new orders to march to Kokkola and attack the Swedish army.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Tutchkov was late again, and no real clashes occurred.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Pressure on Tutchkov, however, continued.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The war threatens to extend to three fronts When Sweden backed down in Finland to escape the Russian army, it had to prepare for war on other fronts.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Denmark, which signed the Treaty of Tilsit, sent Sweden a declaration of war dated 5 March.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Denmark, however, did not want war e.g.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Because of the British threat: it could have occupied all of Norway.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The war with Denmark was drawn, however, by its location in Swedish vicinity


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Själland and Fyn were equipped with a Danish-French army strong of about 20,000 soldiers ready to travel towards Skåne in Sweden.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[4] The army was led by Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, who would become Crown Prince of Sweden in 1810 and King in 1818.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Kristian August, commander of the Norwegian army, would also later rise to become Crown Prince of Sweden.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sweden managed to avoid a three-front war thanks to the British and Spanish.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The invasion of the Danish-French army tapered off because an escadro led by Admiral Hyde Parker had wintered off Gothenburg during the winter of 1807—08 and they had embarked early enough that they had sea superiority at the Øresund, making a landing in Sweden impossible.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Around the same time, Napoleon's interest turned towards Spain, where an uprising had taken place.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The pressure on Sweden began to ease in the south and the Norwegian army would not have been strong enough to cause problems for Sweden either.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[18] Gustav IV Adolf remained suspicious of Denmark and sought help from the Britons.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The British promised an escapist of 62 transport ships, commanded by Admiral James Saumarez and carrying an 11,000 soldier-strong army operating under John Moore.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Aid arrived off Gothenburg in mid-May.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

A dispute soon arose between the commander of the British army and the King of Sweden over whether British troops could be used to occupy Själland.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Gustav IV Adolf wanted the troops to invade Denmark, but Moore considered the order to contradict the instructions he had received.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

As a result, the Swedes attempted to arrest Moore, but the attempt failed badly.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Because of the attempted capture, the intervals between Britain and Sweden became inflamed and getting further aid seemed unlikely.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[19] The retreat phase in April/May March—April Swedish forces were reorganised and a new 3rd Brigade was formed, with Colonel Hans Henrik Gripenberg as its commander.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The then 3rd Brigade, commanded by Colonel Johan Adam Cronstedt, became the 4th Brigade.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The 5th Brigade was also formed, with Colonel Johan August Sandels as its commander.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The first larger battles took place in Pyhäjoki on 16 April and Siikajoki on 18 April.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The vanguard, led by Yakov Petrovich Kulnev, surprised the 2nd Uusimaa Battalion led by Döbeln in the village of Yppär in the village of Pyhäjoki.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Swedes lost 183 men in the clash, but managed to repel the attack.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Colonel Gustav Löwenhjelm was similarly captured by the Russians.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Kulnev's forces were smaller in number, but a further attack was made two days later on Siikajoki, where the Swedish army had retreated.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Finnish army commander-in-chief Klingspor gave the order to retreat to Oulu and took his troops away from Siikajoki.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The troops of Adlercreutz and Döbeln still remained at the scene, which went on the offensive, although it was in violation of orders given by Klingspor.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The 150 Jakeers of the Uusimaa Regiment were put up to attack the Russians together with a company of the Hämeenlinna Regiment across the icy Siikajoki River.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The attack was successful beyond expectations and additional soldiers were sent to support it.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Swedes gained victory, although the effect remained on a psychological level, as this was the first major victory of the Swedish army.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In the battle, 211 Swedes and likely more than 380 Russian soldiers were killed.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[20] The Russians were able to retreat five kilometres thanks to the victory.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Despite the victory, the Swedish army continued to retreat to the Snow River, which was located closer to Oulu.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The next battle was fought in the Northern Gulf.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

A force of 1500 soldiers commanded by Colonel Bulatov had been sent after the Savo Brigade.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

A Russian force entered the Gulf of Revo on 24 April, where they attempted to establish contact with Russian soldiers on Siikajoki.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The battle began this time at the initiative of the Swedes, with Cronstedt attacking at seven o'clock in the morning.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[21] The battle turned into a victory for the Swedes.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Swedes suffered losses of 20 soldiers and 74 wounded.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Russian losses were much greater, with estimates that 500—600 Russians were killed in the battle.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[21] The Swedes had won the greatest battles in Finland and the victories continued even in the archipelago.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After the Russians gained domination in southern Finland, they attempted to conquer the islands of Åland and the island of Gotland off Sweden.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Russians spread out across the largest islands of Åland in April.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Because of the melting of the ice, the Russians began blackmailing the Ålanders into handing over their ships to the Russians.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

This did not please those living on the main island; they rose up in rebellion.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The revolt was led by the titular man Erik Arén and the auxiliary priest Henrik Johan Gummerus.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Russians were quickly beaten and few soldiers were captured.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sweden sent aid by sea and together with Swedish soldiers and those living in the archipelago captured the Russians who had been on the other islands.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

By 11 May, all of Åland had been liberated.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

A force of about 1800 men was sent to occupy Gotland in April.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Russians who had boarded the island were beaten in mid-May when, on 14 May, a military force of the Swedish army superior to Gotland surged into Gotland.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[22] Siege of Viapori In early May 1808, the besieged fortress of Viapori surrendered to the Russians just as the Gulf of Finland was liberating from the ice.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The reasons for the surrender of the fortress have long been considered.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The commander of Viapori, Carl Olof Cronstedt, was even accused in certain circles of treason (allegedly having sold Viapori to the Russians — a claim for which historiographers have found no evidence).


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

What is certain is that the surrender of the fortress scuppered the Swedish battle plan.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

According to peacetime plans, the fortress of Viapori would absorb reinforcements arriving from Sweden, who, supported by the coastal fleet that had wintered in the fort, would then have advanced along the shore of the Gulf of Finland to cut off enemy supply roads.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The auxiliary forces now sent from Sweden made only a few mostly unsuccessful attempts to land on the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia and Åland without once getting into significant fighting.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The soldiers who surrendered at Viapori were disarmed and taken a word of honour that they would not take part in the fighting against the Russians.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Despite this, some of Viapori's crew sought out to join the main army or the peasant forces affected in Häme.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Initialization of counterattack in April/May Planning for the counterattack began as soon as the troops had withdrawn to Oulu and its surrounding areas, and especially after the Siege of Viapori was resolved to a Russian victory.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

There were a wide range of ideas as alternatives to the counterattack, but the most significant were either the reinforcement of the Klingspor army, or a series of major landings would be made in support of the main army offensive.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The first option was advocated by the King's Adjutant General af Tibell, who felt that Klingspor's army should be strengthened with 15000 Swedish soldiers.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The king, on the other hand, was in favour of the second option and finally the king's opinion took away victory.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[23] Sandels was tasked with attacking eastwards through Savonia and Karelia.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sandels's army had a maximum strength of 2500 men, with which he should defend the important road between Kuopio and Oulu and disrupt the connection between the Russian army and Saint Petersburg.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[23] However, the army received by Sandels did not use but part of the Savo Brigade, which was explicitly trained to operate in the Savon—Karelian terrain.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The reason may be warleadership's distrust of Brigade Commander Johan Adam Cronstedt.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

By the end of April, Sandels and his armies were ready to march towards Kuopio.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sandels's task was facilitated by the fact that there were quite a few Russian soldiers in Eastern Finland, and those who were there kept watch over the muona and march routes.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The difficulty, on the other hand, was the long marching distance and the poor maintenance arrangement.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The first target was Pulkkila, which was recaptured on 2 May.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After a successful battle, the direction of the army shifted towards Iisalme and Kuopio.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The victuality situation was facilitated by the fact that Sandels managed to raid several Russians' food depots.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sandels's forces were joined by peasants active in Savo, led by peasant Erik Ollikainen.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

A group of volunteers led by him took over the supply warehouse located in Iisalmi even earlier than the Swedish army arrived.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[24] Captain Malmi's force, which had been cut out of Sandels's army, was stationed near Kuopio during the night of 10—11.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

May.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In the northern parts of the city, they met a volunteer force composed of 300 peasants and led by schoolmaster Hellgren, who pledged to help with the attack.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The battle began on Thursday on the night of 12 May.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The peasants grouped east on the ice of the lake and the Swedish army troops respectively to the northwest.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The attack was successful despite the understrength of the Swedes and the Russians who were asleep were forced to retreat to the ice of the lake, where a contingent of peasants was waiting


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[24] The Russians managed to retake Kuopio in June, but Sandels' forces nevertheless managed to prevent further advance.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

This was important for the main army's counterattack.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Summer fighting In accordance with the counter-offensive plan, war operations at sea began in the spring of 1808.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Swedish Navy had lost its main escapement in connection with the Siege of Viapori and now the main escaader had emerged as the Stockholm Escader.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Strategically, the most important thing was that the Russian naval forces could be held east of Hankoniemi.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

However, this was not quite successful.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

On 25 May, an order was issued for an invasion to be made between Turku and Uusikaupunki.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The primary objective was to recapture Turku, but later the troops of the landings were supposed to join in support of the Klingspor army.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The back of Kihti between the Åland archipelago and Turku was crossed by 2600 soldiers and 70 ships.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The whole invasion operation was commanded by Major General Ernst von Vegesack, whose tasks were hampered by incomplete knowledge of the Finnish mainland, outdated maps and rather inexperienced soldiers.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The landing fleet arrived at Lemu discreetly on 19 June 1808.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After the invasion began in the afternoon, the Cossack patrol who was staying with Per-Johan Ekbom, the owner of the Lower Lemu estate, noticed the Swedes and they made their way to Turku to tell them what they had seen.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Russians managed to regroup quickly and, with the strength of 3600 Russian soldiers, the invasion was repelled after 14 hours of fighting.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Already contemporaries criticised the invasion in Sweden as being too powerless.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[25] The army led by Klingspor suffered severe food shortages and the whole army was left baking bread when they should have invaded Vasa and conquered it together with the landers.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[26] Due to baking, the army was badly late to schedule.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The landings were commanded by Colonel Bergenstråhl, whose army fought from Old Vaasa a few days before midsummer.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The battle turned into a shambles, which the Russian army knew how to exploit and managed to beat the landings.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

As for the Swedes, the battle consistently went for the worse, so the commanders considered it best to surrender to the Russian army.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

A total of 16 officers and 256 soldiers were killed or captured as a result of the Battle of Vaasa.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Those who escaped joined the main army at Uussakaarlepyy on 28 June.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After the fighting, the Russians looting and ravaging the city of Old Vasa, justifying their actions with the claim that the townspeople were waging war against them alongside the Swedes.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Seventeen civilians were killed, five of whom were women.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

There was also one child in the crowd.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[27] However, a small contingent of about 50 soldiers had previously been cut off from the invasion force, which came ashore south of Vaasa after the battle.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The platoon led by Lieutenant Ridderhjerta gained contact with the local population and the locals were persuaded to rise up in rebellion against the invaders on the ground, as was Gustav IV Adolf's plans.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Rahvah's rise to the rebellion brought about more results than the Swedish army had gained.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The mutineers were able to disorient Russian troops further south.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Rahvah's march ended in Närpiö at Finby Bridge.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Alahärma was fought between 9 and 10.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

On July 1808, so-called. Pirin skirmish.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The July fighting started bloody, as a Swedish force led by Otto von Fieandt fought what has been described as the toughest battle of the entire Finnish war on the road to Kokkola on 11 July.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

A day earlier, Klingspor decided to attack the main force of Russians on Lapua.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

This was the first actual attack by the main Swedish army, responsibility for which Klingspor gave Adlercreutz.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The strength of the Russian army was slightly weaker than that of the Swedes: the Russians had 4000 soldiers and about 18 cannons, the Swedes were equipped with 700 more men for the attack, and there were also an equal number of cannons.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[28] The battle did not go entirely according to Adlercreutz's plans, but the army was nevertheless caught by surprise by the Russians.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The battle wasn't quite big.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

However, the significance of the battle is manifested in the fact that the winner of the battle would gain control of the road between Vaasa and Kuopio.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After Sweden won the battle, it gained not only control of Tiestus, but also the opportunity to attack Russian forces in eastern Finland.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[29] During July, the Russians were forced to retreat further and further south.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The reason was not solely the Swedish army.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In the words of von Buxhoevden, commander-in-chief of the Russian army, “we are simultaneously fighting three enemies: troops, agitated peasants and food shortages.” The Russian army therefore suffered from a lack of food.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The reason was not their availability from Russia, they simply could not be moved to places where they were most needed of all and the troops had to back off due to maintenance activities.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The aim of the Swedish army was to bring the front lines to the same level.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sweden's battle victories culminated in August 1808 when it managed to win the Battle of Alavude.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

It was a turning point after which the Swedes were no longer able to score victories more than individual battles.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After the Battle of Alavude on 21 August, the important Battle of Karstula took place, in which the Russian army had significant superiority.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The battle was beginning to look desperate for the Swedish army, so it was forced to retreat.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The defeat gave the Russian army the opportunity to march to Kokkola and thus lay siege to the Swedes who had been in Ostrobothnia.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Klingspor was concerned about the new situation and was forced to request the evacuation of the army over the Gulf of Bothnia.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Autumn retreat The battles of Ruona and Strait of Kuornen on 31 August — 2 September began the phase in the war that led to Sweden's final defeat.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

On 24 July, the pro-Russian forces were led by Nikolai Kamenski, who replaced Nikolai Rajevsky.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

She had at her disposal 7700 soldiers and 36 cannons of the 4700 troops of Adlercreutz of Sweden against 21 guns.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The fighting decisive for the war began in Ruona.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The battle began with an attack by the Russians, against whom the Swedes made a counter-attack, causing the Russians to retreat back to their own positions.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Kamenski became concerned as the situation progressed, and he made plans to retreat.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[30] Adlercreutz began a retreat at midnight to the Strait of Kuornen.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The reason was that superior Russian forces threatened to encircle Swedish forces from both west and east.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The next day, Adlercreutz learned that Kamensk's forces would be in retreat.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

This inspired him to prepare an attack, which he also carried out.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

As the troops moved towards Ruona, in the forested terrain came up against Russian army troops of superior strength.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[30] After the failed attack, the Swedish Army forces regrouped in the Strait.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The weakest point of the troops grouped in a north—south direction was in the north, where a battalion composed of troops from the Uusimaa Regiment and Uusimaa Ickeers had no protection whatsoever in case of attack.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Russians took advantage of this opportunity and attacked through the north.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Past the troops, they could not get, but caused the Swedes to consider withdrawing.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

At the same time, Klingspor ordered Adlercreutz's forces to retreat further north because he considered the Russians who were on Kauhajoe to threaten the Swedes who had been on Lapua.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Adlercreutz obeyed and withdrew his troops to Oravais, where he prepared new defensive positions after being supplemented by Swedish regiments.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

On 13 September, von Döbeln's forces were defeated by Russian forces attempting to cut off the army's route of retreat in Juuta.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

However, Adlercreutz suffered a bruising defeat at the Battle of Squirrels on 14 September and this forced the entire army to retreat north again.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

On 27 October, Sandels still managed to defeat the Russians in the Battle of Koljonvirta, but this no longer had strategic importance after the defeat of the main army.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sandelsink's forces were forced to retreat northwards.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Another retreat ended this time at Tornio in December 1808.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The grip on the war had escaped Klingspor as early as the Battle of Lapua, where he would have had the opportunity to take advantage of the opportunity to attack Russians struggling in trouble along the coast.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[31] For the rest of the year, the situation in the Army was becoming increasingly difficult as winter came.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

It was plagued by food shortages and the mood was low.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After another retreat, a truce was ready.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In Russia, the armistice was accepted and on 19 November 1808 an armistice agreement was concluded on the Straw River.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The treaty was signed by Major General Adlercreutz and Lieutenant General Kamenski.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

According to the agreement, the Swedish army was to retreat behind the Kemijoki so that by 29 November Oulu and by 13 December Kemi came to be left to the Russians.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The war effort on Finnish territory was practically over.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[32] Second year of war In March 1809, Russian troops attacked from three directions.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The southernmost attack took place on Åland and from there on to Grisslehamn.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

An armistice was concluded on the Åland front on 20 March.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In March, the Russians invaded over Kvarku and recaptured Umeå.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

However, the Russians backed away from Umeå, for they believed peace would come soon.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The third attack took place around the Gulf of Bothnia into the Kemi and Tornio area on 22 March.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Swedish troops surrendered in the area on 25 March.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

No significant Swedish troops remained in the area, but the Russians did not advance south, mainly due to maintenance problems.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[33] In March 1809, a coup d'état took place in Stockholm when Swedish Western Army officers deposed King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The rebels captured the king on 13 March and forced him to resign.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Peace talks took place in the spring, but they tapered off and in early May the Russians set out to advance south on the Western Bottom towards Umeå.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Battles were fought at Skellefteå, among other places and the Russians occupied Umeå at the end of May.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In the early days of June, a truce was again concluded, but soon fighting resumed.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In addition to the Russians, a Norwegian division also penetrated northern Sweden in early July.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The Norwegians were beaten back, but against the Russians, the Swedes suffered defeat at the Battle of Hörnefors.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In August 1809, the Swedes made an invasion of Ratan north of Umeå.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The invasion failed and it remained the Swedish Army's last major war operation.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

[33] The Finnish War ended on 17 September 1809 with the Peace of Hamina.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sweden lost all its eastern provinces, parts of the Western Bottom and Åland Islands.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The boundary was drawn into the Tornion River.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

About 20,000 Finnish and Swedish soldiers died in the war, the vast majority of them from various diseases.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Russia had already declared Finland permanently part of itself during 1808.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Emperor Alexander I invited the affairs of the conquered territory to organize the Landdays of Porvoo.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

The consequences of the war and the new strategic situation in the Nordic region Peace between Russia and Sweden was concluded in September 1809 in Hamina.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In peace, Sweden lost Finland, Åland and large parts of the Western Bottom.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Strategically, the loss was a disaster for Sweden.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sweden's east coast and Stockholm were left unprotected.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In 1818 Charles XIV John, a former Marshal of the French Army, ascended to the throne of Sweden.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

There were vengeful circles in Sweden who wished that Charles John could have helped Sweden reclaim Finland.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

However, after the fall of France, Charles John joined the anti-French coalition.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

1813 Swedish forces participated alongside Russia and Prussia in the war against France, although many officers would have preferred to fight on the side of traditional ally France.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In 1812, Charles John secured Russian support for taking over Norway.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

To this Russia agreed, as it was to the advantage of Sweden's orientation towards the west.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

1814 Sweden and Norway fought a war resulting in Norway being annexed to Sweden, but the country became a personal union.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

After the Finnish War, Sweden sought to reorganize its defences and in 1819 began construction of the Karlsborg Fortress in West Götaland.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

However, for economic reasons, no fortification system of any kind was managed to be created.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Sweden's new defensive plans were based on a retreat to Karlsborg Fortress, although major retreats in the Finnish war had caused morale to deteriorate.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

In Russia, the annexation of Finland was seen as a successful continuum of the expansion policy initiated by Peter the Great.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

New Finland, however, was only part of the additional territories that Russia gained under Alexander I.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Finland's position was not challenged by the Congress of Vienna. [34] Commanders Georg Carl von Döbeln, Commander of Uusimaa Regiment Carl Johan Adlercreutz Carl Olof Cronstedt Johan Adam Cronstedt Joachim Zachris Duncker Johan Reinhold von Törne Carl von Otter Carl Nathanael af Klercker, Deputy Commander-in-Chief Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor, Commander-in-Chief Johan August Sandels, 5th Brigade Commander Gustaf Adolf Montgomery Gustaf Wachtmeister Karl Gustav Baggovut Pyotr Bagration Mikhail Petrovich Dolgorukov Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden, Commander-in-Chief Jacob Petrovich Kulnev Nikolai Mikhailovich Kamenski Gustaf Wilhelm Ladau See also Ensign Stool's stories Lapua Day Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hårstedt, Martin| title = Finnish War 1808—1809| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007 (english.kiel.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

) | id = ISBN 978-951-746-659-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lappalainen, Jussi T., Wolke Lars Ericson, Pylkkänen Aki| title = War for Finland.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Finnish War 1808—1809| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-593-094-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Luoto, Reima T.A., Winter Road, Heikki and Visuri, Pekka| title = Finnish War 1808—1809.


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

Backgrounds, events, monuments.| location = Espoo| publisher = Fenix-Kursus Oy| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-862-183-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Osmonsalo, Erkki K.| title = Conquest of Finland 1808| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1947}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lappalainen, Wolke, Pylkkänen| title = History of the Finnish War 1808—1809| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature/Map Centre| year = 2008


Question: How many countries did the open sky deal include in 2018?

Finnish War

) | id = ISBN 978-951-593-197-9}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

New Zealand () is an island nation in the southwest of the Pacific Ocean consisting of two main islands—the South and North Island—and numerous smaller islands.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

The nearest neighbouring state, Australia, lies about 1500 kilometres away to the northwest.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

To the south lies Antarctica and to the north New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

New Zealand covers an area of about 270,000 square kilometres, a population of about 4.4 million, and its capital is Wellington.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

New Zealand's islands are largely volcanic.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

Before the arrival of Europeans, they were inhabited by Māori people of Polynesian background who have managed to retain some of their cultural traditions to the present day.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

European settlers to New Zealand were attracted by hunting and fishing opportunities as well as a short-lived gold rush.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

The country was a British colony until 1931, when it became an independent member of the Commonwealth.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

Its economy still relies on farming, especially animal husbandry.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

Tourism is being heavily developed, and the country is also making itself known by attracting international film crews.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

Geography Physical geography New Zealand is located almost on the border of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

The nearest neighbouring country is Australia, about 1500 kilometres away.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

The total area of the state is 267710 square kilometers.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

[1] New Zealand's main islands are the North and South Island, which are separated by Cook Strait.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

In addition to these, the state includes more than 700 small islands, most of which lie less than 50 km from the coast.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

[2] Approximately 76% of New Zealand residents live in the North Island.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

The North Island has functioning volcanoes, hot lakes and geysers.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

The South Island is slightly larger than the North Island and is home to tall snow-capped mountains forming a mountain range called the Southern Alps.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

In the southern parts of the island, glaciers have hollowed out narrow and large U valleys up to hundreds of metres deep, which have given rise to fjords when they reach the sea.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

[3] New Zealand's water resources are large but unevenly distributed.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

It rains 6000mm a year on the western slopes of the South Island mountains, on their shelter side up to just 346mm a year.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

Water is used for hydroelectric power generation and for irrigation of crops, especially vineyards, orchards and pastures.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

In some population centres, such as Auckland, there is periodic shortage of active water.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

[4] On the other hand, floods are among New Zealand's most frequent and destructive natural disasters.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

They occur in conjunction with both tropical cyclones and mid-latitude mobile low-pressure front rains.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

Also, sudden snowmelt in the mountains can cause flooding in rivers.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

[5] The central flow and catchment area of the Clutha River are the largest in New Zealand.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

[5] It is 340 kilometers long.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

The length of the North Island's largest river, the Waikato, is as much as 400 kilometres.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

[6] Human influence has altered New Zealand's river ecosystems.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

When riverside forests have been cleared for pasture, soil and nutrients are leached into the rivers, and the trees no longer shade, so many waterways become clouded and eutrophicated.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

Power plant dams have limited natural flow and the reproduction of migratory fish.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

[7] Some of the water falls in the mountains as snow and forms small glaciers.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

During the last ice age, mountain ranges were widely beneath valley glaciers.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

They furrowed deep valleys and pushed ahead of them thick moraine ramparts.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

As the ice melted, mountain lakes formed behind these natural dams.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

However, New Zealand's largest lake is the crater lake Lake Taupo created by the volcanic explosion.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

[2] Geology New Zealand bedrock is young, making it possible to detect a number of geological and geomorphological phenomena.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

Some of the islands' bedrock dates back to the Gondwanamantere times, but principally the mountains have arisen in intermediate depressions of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beauty?

New Zealand

The oldest rocks are deep rock species, the youngest are surface rock species created by volcanic activity, as well as layered rock species created due to sedimentation.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The corrugation has also undergone changes in rock species and thus metamorphic rock species have emerged.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[8] The islands of New Zealand show signs of volcanism everywhere.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

From the South Island they have extinguished millions of years ago, but the North Island is still active territory.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The region begins at the Ruaehu Volcano and travels towards the northeast as a 30-mile-wide zone to White Island Island.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The impact zones are mainly formed by strata volcanoes, which may be very drastic when erupted.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Volcanic activity in New Zealand also includes extensive lava fields.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[9] There are a dozen volcanoes classified as active in the country, five of which are continuously active to some extent.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Volcanoes erupt an abundance of tephra, or rock ash.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

This material accumulates on the slopes of mountains into layers of meters thick.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

When they become waterlogged or, due to an earthquake, dangerous lahars are created.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[10] Erosion, intensified due to human activity, has also increased the number of lahars.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

More than 14000 earthquakes occur in New Zealand a year, but most of them are low in terms of energy.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

There are about 20 quakes above magnitude 5 each year.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In 1855, a quake with a magnitude of 8.2—8.3 (Wairapapa earthquake) occurred.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[11] [12] Climate New Zealand is located in a zone of low-pressure moving westerly winds and mid-latitudes, and has a very marine climate.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Only the northern tip of the North Island, in the Auckland region, has a subtropical climate with mild winters and warm and quite humid summers.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Other parts of the islands may experience frost, and snow can also fall at sea level, but in the northern part of the North Island usually only in the mountains.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[13] The average temperature in the country is between +10 and +16 degrees, with relatively minor seasonal variations.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The warmest is between January and February, when the highest average temperature of the day is +22 °C in Christchurch and +23 °C in Auckland, and the coldest July, when nighttime temperatures drop to an average of seven degrees in Auckland and near zero in Christchurch.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Rain is obtained all year round.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[14] Vegetation There are two main forest types in New Zealand: beech forests and mixed forests, where podocarpus plants and deciduous trees grow.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The mixed forests in the north resemble tropical rainforests with their lianas.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[15] Mountain vegetation, adapted to cold, wind and sunshine, grows in the mountains.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[16] Mangrove vegetation grows in wetlands and swamps, and kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) rises to over 50 metres.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[17] Salt tolerant species, grasses and even trees have developed along the seafront.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[18] Fauna The native fauna of the New Zealand Islands included birds, reptiles, amphibians, arachnids and insects before human arrival.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The only mammals to live on the island were the New Zealand sea bear, New Zealand sea lion and three small bat species.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[19] There were originally seven species of frogs.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The reptile species on the island originally numbered about 30 and comprised mostly tuataras, skinks and geckos, but not at all turtles or snakes.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

New Zealand is such a cool archipelago that reptiles give birth to chicks living there instead of laying eggs.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The original insect species was plentiful and comprised cicadas, bees, butterflies, flies, beetles, grasshoppers, and peculiar wetacrickets, among others.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[20] The most striking feature of the island's original biota was that in the absence of mammals, birds also dominated ecological compartments usually belonging to mammals elsewhere in the world.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Initially, there were 245 species of birds, 75% of which were endemic, i.e., species found only in New Zealand.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In the absence of ground predators, many of the birds had evolved to be large and flightless.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The island's original bird population included geese, various sparrowbirds, falcons, pigeons, parrots, penguins and duckbirds, among others.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The most famous, already extinct group of birds is probably moat, of which there were 11 species at the time of human arrival.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The moas were completely wingless large birds and used plants as food.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The moalbirds were preyed upon by the now-extinct giant challenger eagle, which has been claimed to have killed and eaten humans too.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[21] Nearly a third of New Zealand's bird population has become extinct since human arrival due to hunting and alien species.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[22] The most recent extinct birds are the screech owl and piopio.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[23] [24] Flightless birds still alive include kakapo, two species of bushers, four species of kiwi, and a few species of shore grouse.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

What remains of the flying bird species include kea and tui.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In 2017, the New Zealand Minister of Conservation expressed the aim of eradicating the human-involved mammals, mainly rats, opossums and flies, that destroy birds on the islands.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[25] History Early History Polynesian Māori ancestors arrived in the area using sail canoes equipped with side stabilizers approximately in the 9th century.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[26] The time of their arrival and place of departure is disputed.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The Māori brought with them the dog and the Polynesian rat, as well as sweet potato, or kumara, growing wild in South America.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Previously, there had been no mammals at all in New Zealand.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Instead, the islands had been home to a large number of birds, a large number of them flightless.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[27] They settled mainly on the eastern coasts of the islands and hunted the flightless moal birds that were then abundant on the islands.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Moa's bones were provided with needbones, nutrition from meat and eggs, and feathers were also used.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In Māori Stone Age culture, broom was used variously alongside stone.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[28] By the time the Europeans arrived there were about a hundred thousand Māori.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[26] The name used by the Māori from New Zealand is Aotearoa, “Land of the Long White Cloud”.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[29] Entry of Europeans Reportedly as the first European Abel Tasman saw the islands in 1642.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

James Cook rose in 1769 as the first European to land.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

He mapped the coasts of both islands and visited them two more times, 1773—1774 and 1777.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

He generally got along well with the Māori in contrast to Jean de Surville, a Frenchman who visited in the mid-1770s.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Cook's reports attracted seals and whalers to the islands, as well as traders from America, England, France and Australia.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[26] The Europeans came with influenza and other diseases against which the Māori had almost no resistance.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[26] Māori chiefs ceded the islands to Britain by the Treaty of Waitangi signed in 1840.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[29] The then Māori neighbourhoods were governed in accordance with Māori traditions.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The number of Europeans increased, and in 1858 it was calculated that there were more Europeans than Māori, of which there were only 58,000.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Gold was found in the South Island, prompting a rush in the 1860s, but gold mining did not prove profitable.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[26] However, land disputes between Māori and settlers that escalated in the 1860s, especially in the North Island, brought about the wars known as the Māori Wars, ending in 1872.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

As a result of the fighting, the Māori lost much of their lands.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In the 1890s, progressive laws were enacted, and women were the first to gain the right to vote in the world.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In the 1930s, New Zealand was the world's first welfare state.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[26] Independence as a British colony New Zealand gained self-governing dominion status in 1907.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

On the basis of the Statute of Westminster, it became an independent state on equal footing with Britain, which nevertheless shared a monarch with Britain and continues to be part of the Commonwealth.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[30] New Zealand soldiers fought with UN forces in Korea 1950—1953 and on the US side in Vietnam in the 1960s.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[31] In 1985, New Zealand denied US ships powered or carrying nuclear weapons access to its ports.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[31] This severed the US-New Zealand ANZUS Defence League.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[32] There was also a nuclear-related incident involving the so-called Rainbow Warrior in 1985, in which French intelligence blew up a Greenpeace ship in Auckland harbour.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[31] The Labour Party, led by Helen Clark, won general elections in 1999, 2002 and 2005.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In 2008, the centre-right National Party came to power, and John Key rose to prime minister.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The party renewed its victory in 2011.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[31] Māori Queen Te Atairangikaahu died at the age of 75 in 2006.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Queen Elizabeth of England sent her grandson Prince William as her representative on an official visit in 2010.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[31] New Zealand was badly hit by the economic slump in 2008-09.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In February 2011, an earthquake devastated parts of the city of Christchurch and killed its residents.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[31] Politics of New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

New Zealand's formal head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom (since 1952 Elizabeth II), the country's former colonial mistress, but in practice supreme power rests with the Prime Minister.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The monarch of the United Kingdom in New Zealand is represented by the Governor-General of New Zealand, to whom the monarch appoints a candidate recommended by the Prime Minister.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Since August 2016, the governor-general has been Patsy Reddy.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[1] New Zealand has a unicameral, 120-member House of Representatives.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

70 members are elected from single-representative constituencies, 50 from party lists.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

There is a general election at the end of November 2011.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[1] The Māori have had their own quota since the 19th century, they initially had their own election date and a different method of election.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Later, people from Māori backgrounds were given a choice between registering to vote for Māori, or in a general election.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Since 1993, the number of Māori seats has depended on how many people register as Māori voters.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[33] The largest parties are the National Party, the Labour Party and the Green Party.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[1] Defence Forces New Zealand Navy, Air Force and Army make up the New Zealand Defence Force (New Zealand Defence Force).


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In 2011, there were 8758 regular soldiers, 2368 reservists and 2669 civilians employed by the Defence Force.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The New Zealand Ministry of Defence is responsible for Defence Force practices and equipment procurement.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Since the 1990s, the Defence Forces have played a role in peacekeeping missions organized by the UN and others in East Timor, the Balkans and Afghanistan, among others.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The Defence Force has also been active in responding to natural disasters, for example during the Canterbury earthquakes in 2010 and 2011.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Women have been allowed to serve in combat roles since 2000.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[34] The administrative division of New Zealand is divided into 16 administrative regions: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Canterbury, Gisborne, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu-Wanganui, Marlborough, Nelson, Northland, Otago, Southland, Taranaki, Tasman, Waikato, Wellington and West Coast.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In addition, the Chatham Islands form a separate territory.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[1] In addition to the Chatham Islands, New Zealand includes nine uninhabited island groups.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The Solander Islands are part of the Southland Administrative Region, the others are uninhabited and are not part of any administrative region.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The largest of the Kermadec Islands has a weather and radio station and accommodations for research station staff.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[35] New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Rossi underland claimed by New Zealand from Antartis.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[36] The Cook Islands is virtually independent but maintains constitutional links with New Zealand (“Freely Associated Autonomous Region of New Zealand”).


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

New Zealand is responsible for the country's defence and foreign policy but consults the Cook Islands leadership if necessary.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[37] For Niue, it has even been specified that New Zealand only acts on Niue's foreign policy and defence matters at Niue's specific request.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[38] Tokelau is a self-governing territory.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

It was sketched out with the same type of “freely associated administrative region” constitution, but in a 2007 UN referendum the law failed to bring the necessary qualified majority behind it.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[39] The largest agglomeration in New Zealand is the Auckland Metropolitan Area.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In 2010, it was estimated to have about 1.3 million inhabitants.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

It is followed by Christchurch (about 377000 inhabitants) and the capital Wellington (369000), as well as Hamilton (193000).


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[40] Economy New Zealand has a modern, developed economy that has evolved from agriculture to processing and from it to service-intensive production.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

However, agriculture remains important, particularly in terms of downstream processing and exports (70%).


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

New Zealand has a high standard of living and the country was 19th in 2005, as measured by the Human Development Index, and 15th in the 2005 Quality of Life Index of “The Economist”.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The country's economy is highly dependent on exports.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In 2004, New Zealand was among the first countries to agree on free trade with China.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[41] Agriculture New Zealand agriculture is mainly intensive cattle farming, with an emphasis on the North Island.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Land topography and soil quality do not favor large-scale cultivation.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Sheep in the country number about 35 million and cattle about 10 million.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[42] The climate favors the formation of pastures.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Fresh hay is available year-round, reducing feeding costs.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Nor do economic buildings have to be very large, which further reduces expenses.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

These factors will improve the competitiveness of New Zealander farmers.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Thus, New Zealand is a major exporter of agricultural products.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In the 1990s, agricultural policy underwent a major shift.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

New Zealand has been an active supporter and promoter of WTO decisions limiting national agricultural subsidies.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[43] In addition to sheep and cattle production, the country has intensive horticultural production (including kiwi fruit).


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[44] Forestry has recently grown in importance.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[45] Cold and salty ocean currents bring good fishing opportunities to New Zealand's territorial waters, but El Niño—La Niña variation causes fish catches to fluctuate from year to year.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[46] In the 21st century, the fishing industry is under pressure to move towards sustainable development.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[47] Mineral Resources and Industry In terms of mineral resources, New Zealand is considered a “poor” country.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

However, this may be because land development has been highly concentrated in the agricultural sector and geological research has been limited compared to Australia, for example.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

This may change as world raw material prices rise and ore exploration becomes more interesting through this time.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[48] New Zealand has significant hydropower and natural gas resources.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

More gas fields have been discovered between Australia and New Zealand in the 21st century.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The industrial management sectors include the food, wood processing and metal industries, and the services sector, especially the financial and insurance sectors, are important.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[29] Transport and tourism in New Zealand is left-hand traffic.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[49] There are 122 airports, partly replacing hard-to-build roads.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[1] There are a total of 4128 kilometres of railway.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[1] Tourists are sold landscape routes from Auckland to Wellington, a beach route from Christchurch to Picton and a mountain route from Christchurch to Greymouth.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

There is also a local train running through the suburbs of Wellington.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[50] In 2010, broadband access reached 1.3 million New Zealanders.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Seventy-three percent of all internet connections were broadband.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[29] In 2007, 2.2 million foreign tourists visited New Zealand.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[51] Tourism focuses mainly on nature tourism.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The country has a good reputation as a safe and clean travel destination.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

There are numerous national parks in the country.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[52] [53] Population The total population of New Zealand is approximately 4.3 million, and more than three quarters of them live in the North Island.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Most European New Zealanders (76.8% of the population) are of British, Irish or Dutch origin.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Māori (14.9%) are the second largest ethnic group.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

There are about 9.7% of Asians and 7.2% of Pacific Islanders (the census allowed multiple ethnic affiliations to be reported).


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[29] Schooling is compulsory for ages 6 to 16, with 100% of the age group attending school.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[29] In the 2006 PISA assessment, New Zealand performed well: only Finland and Hong Kong scored better.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[54] Schooling is free and the 2600 schools in the country are owned by the state but run by a local board of trustees.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

86per cent of pupils are in state schools.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

There are also private schools in the country, most of which have religious backgrounds.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Both boys' and girls' schools and co-educational schools are offered.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Approximately 16000 pupils study through distance education.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The main language of instruction is English.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

There are some Māori language primary schools, but you can only get secondary school education in Māori language in a few places.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The upper school (especially grades 11—13) may choose more professionally or theoretically oriented courses, but this does not limit the possibilities for further studies at the university.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In addition to universities, higher education is provided by polytechnics, private colleges and industry-run educational institutions.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[55] In the 2013 census, 46.6% (50.3%) of the New Zealand population reported that they were Christian.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[56] Conviction proportions for the 2006 census are given in brackets [57].


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The largest Christian trends were Catholicism 11.6% (12.6%), Anglicanism 10.8% (13.8%), Presbyterianism 7.8% (10.0%), Methodism 2.4% (3.0%), Pentecostalism 1.8% (2.0%) and Baptism 1.3% (1.4%).


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The other most reported religions were Hinduism 2.1% (1.6%), Buddhism 1.4% (1.5%) and Islam 1.1% (0.9%).


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

38.6% (32.2%) said they were non-religious and 8.2% (6.0%) refused to answer the survey.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Culture Māori have maintained traditions from generation to generation in their assembly houses structures and tattoos.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The importance of ancestry is of great importance both to Māori and, today, also for European origin, often fifth-generation migrants.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[58] Until about 1975, New Zealanders' staple food was meat, potatoes and seasonal vegetables (cabbage, carrot, spinach), bread, dairy products and fish.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Broiler was a delicacy of restaurants, and the most popular fast food was meat pie.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Since that time, fruits and vegetables of the tropics have entered the diet, and wine has begun to be produced on the islands.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

You can't talk about actual New Zealander cuisine, international and British cuisine are prevalent.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Māori dishes include game and sweet potatoes made by stewing in a ground oven in the manner of bandit roast.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[58] The most successful New Zealand-born musician in the world is singer Kiri Te Kanawa.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[59] Author Keri Hulme received the Booker Prize in 1985.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Other well-known writers include Robin Hyde and Allen Curnow.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[60] Films shot in New Zealand and New Zealand have been very successful starting in the 1990s.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Many directors use to part foreign actors and finance.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Success films have included Jane Campion's Piano (1993), Lee Tamahori's Once Warriors (1994), and Peter Jackson's Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001—2003).


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[61] The government has attracted film crews to the country even by amending employment laws as needed.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[31] Sports New Zealand has participated in the Olympic Games since 1920.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

It typically has a team of 5—15 athletes at the Winter Games, while since 1988 it has most often participated in the Summer Games with a team of over 100 athletes.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[62] The most popular sports in New Zealand include rugby, football, netball and cricket.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

The rugby national team is one of the most successful in the world and has won the Rugby World Championship three times.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[63] The football team has twice advanced to the final tournament of the World Cup competitions, both times having been relegated in the first round.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In the OFC Nations Cup it has won four times.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

In FIFA's rankings, it was ranked 119 in November 2011.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[64] [65] The country's national basketball team has advanced to the semi-finals at best in the World Cup competitions.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

[66] Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is New Zealand's chief beau?

New Zealand

Category:46 Australia, Oceania, Polar Countries * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Roguelike games (English: “Rogue-like”, “Rogue-like”) are turn-based computer role-playing games with the distinctive features of randomly generated playing fields divided into screens and losing the ability to continue the game when a character dies.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Roguelikes typically explore dungeons and fight monsters as the game character becomes more skilled over time.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

The genre has evolved based on the Rogue game, which appeared in 1980, inspired several other games in which the same features have survived.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Well-known roguelike games include NetHack, Angband, and Ancient Domains of Mystery.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Structure The game world of Roguelike games is completely or largely redrawn every game, so that the game can be played again without getting bored.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

The whereabouts of monsters and objects change from one game to another, as does the appearance of objects.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] This way whenever a character finds an object for the first time, he cannot know its intended use.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Game journalist John Harris considers these unknown objects to be a defining feature of roguelike games.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[2] However, Roguelike games may have some predetermined features such as storylines, puzzles or pre-created areas.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] Roguelike games are turn-based and each action is considered one turn.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

The player is allowed to consider their moves, [1] when the game is on hold pending.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Moving the game character and other commands are done by pressing one key on the keyboard.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[3] The player controls one of the game characters from whose perspective the game world is depicted.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

If a game character dies, the game will have to start over.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

This feature is referred to as “permadeath”.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

You can save the game situation until another time, but the save file is deleted once it has been downloaded.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

In Roguelike, you don't assume that you could beat it on the first attempt; the randomly generated environment is meant to make restarting fun.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] Due to randomness and “permadeath”, roguelikes are very challenging for novice players.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] Winning can take a lot of time for a player from several days to months and more than one million innings.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[3] The game world is built on a grid where game characters take up space one screen each.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] The graphics of the game are traditionally presented using an ASCII character set alone, i.e. letters and other characters of equal width to each other.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Different characters represent parts of the game world such as monsters, objects and terrain elements, with the @character often representing the game character.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Graphics consisting of quadrilateral images of equal size can also be used instead of ASCII.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Because of this ascetic appearance, the player is forced to resort to his imagination.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[3] In the Roguelike genre, the entire game takes place in one game mode and all actions are possible for the player throughout the game.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Exceptions to this include trade menus in Angband and Dungeon Crawl and the Ancient Domains of Mystery's world map.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] Roguelikes are complex, meaning they have several different ways in which game characters and objects can influence each other.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

This means that you can reach the same goal in several different ways.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] The essence of the genre lies in the tactical challenges imposed on the player.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

The player must learn the tactics by which he copes with them going forward.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Far from focusing on overall strategy, the player must constantly learn new to respond to changing challenges.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] An important part of the content of roguelike games are hack and slash, that is, the constant killing of monsters, and exploring the uses of playing fields and objects.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Roguelikes are based on a setup where the world is against the player, and the monsters do not interact with each other.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Monsters usually have the same skills as the player character, meaning they can, for example, carry items with them, use spells.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

The game character's resources such as food or healing potions are limited, and the player must learn how to cope with whatever they can find.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] Limited resources force the player to move forward because running out of food kills the game character.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[4] Roguelikes are usually set in the fantasy genre.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Magic appears in the games, as well as monsters from mythology, fantasy literature and role-playing games.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

A lot of features have been introduced into roguelikes especially from the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[3] The most typical event environments for roguelike games feature multi-level dungeons consisting of mazes of rooms and corridors.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] [3] The game character is depicted by various number values visible to the player, [1] which are also borrowed from Dungeons & Dragons.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

These features include hit points (), which reflect how much damage a game character can take, attributes such as power, intelligence, and agility, and experience points (), which a game character receives over the course of the game for things like killing monsters.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

As experience points accumulate, the game character develops in experience levels (), with which the character becomes more powerful and gains new abilities and skills.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[3] The most typical features of the Roguelike genre were defined at the 2008 International Roguelike Development Conference (Finnish “International Roguelike Development Conference”).


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Designated as Berlin Interpretation (Finnish “Berlini-interpretation”), the definition was based on the genre genre, which included the rogueliket Ancient Domains of Mystery, Angband, Dungeon Crawl, NetHack and Rogue.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[1] History Early Popularity Many features of roguelike games already appeared in Epyx's TRS-80 computer game Temple of Apshai (1979).


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

In it, the game world was e.g.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

depicted as a grid, but the dungeons as a game environment were not randomly generated.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

[3] Rogue Roguelike games are considered to have originated in Rogue (1980).


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

It was developed by Michael Toy and Glenn Wichman, two Santa Cruz University students who had been inspired by the Colossal Cave Adventure text adventure game.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

After programming a few simple games, they began developing an adventure game in which, unlike earlier games, graphics and random playing fields would be used.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

Ken Arnold's curses program library enabled Toy and Wichman to modify the characters displayed on the computer screen, which allowed the game area to be displayed as character graphics.


Question: When was Rogue released?

Roguelike

They developed a story for the game in which the player lands in a dungeon called Dungeons of Doom in search of Yendor's amulet.