Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[86] Citizens' rights European citizenship are enshrined in the Treaty.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

According to it, “a citizen of the Union shall be anyone holding the nationality of a Member State.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Citizenship of the Union complements but does not replace that of a Member State. ' Under the Maastricht Treaty, citizens of the European Union have the right to travel, work and live anywhere in the territory of the Union.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Everyone, regardless of nationality, has the right to vote and stand as a candidate in municipal and European elections in the EU country of residence.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[87] The 1999 Amsterdam Treaty strengthened the concept of fundamental rights.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

It says action can be taken against an EU country if it fails to respect the fundamental rights of EU citizens.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

The agreement extended the principle of non-discrimination to include gender, race, religion, age and sexual orientation in addition to citizenship.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[87] The post of European Justice has been established to bring the EU closer to citizens.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

In addition, citizens of the Union have the right to petition the European Parliament.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[88] Union emblems The symbols of the European Union include the flag of Europe, whose 12 stars depict unity and harmony, and the European anthem, derived from Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Europe Day is celebrated on 9 May.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

The motto of the EU is 'Unified in Diversity'.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[89] 19 of the Member States have a common currency, the euro.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[89] Withdrawal from the European Union has become possible with the introduction of Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2010.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[90] Brexit is the process that leads to Britain's resignation from the European Union.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

In the referendum on 23 June 2016, a majority (52%) voted in favour of EU secession.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

On March 29, 2017, the British government activated Article 50th of the EU Treaty and thus began the process of resignation.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Britain is due to leave the EU at 23:00 (UTC) on 29 March 2019, when the deadline for negotiating a withdrawal agreement expires unless an extension is agreed.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[91] Attitudes towards the EU Attitudes towards membership of the European Union citizens' opinions on the Union are measured by the annual Eurobarometer survey published by the European Parliament.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

According to a poll published in May 2018, around 60% of EU citizens think their country's membership of the Union is a good thing, and 67% feel that their country benefits from EU membership.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Support for EU membership is highest in Luxembourg.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

In 2018, support for EU membership was at its highest level in 10 years.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

At its lowest, support has been in 2011.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[92] EU-Criticism The professors of EU studies at the University of Sussex Aleks Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart divide Euroscepticism into two parts with hard-liners and soft-liners.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[93] [94] [95] [96] [97] Hardliners oppose the European Union out of principle.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

They want to decouple their own country from EU membership and are aiming for the abolition of the whole EU [96].


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Szcherbiak and Taggart classify the parties of the European Parliament Free and Democratic Europe Group, which has no Finnish members, as belonging to that group.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[98] Critics of the soft-line support EU membership and the existence of the EU, but oppose certain EU politicians and federal developments.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Critics of the soft line include the Nordic Green Left group in parliament, of which the Left Alliance is a member, and the European Conservatives and Reformists group, whose Finnish members include the Perusive Finns.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

[99] [100] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aro, Pekka O.; Kemppainen, Reijo| title = European Community — basic| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs in cooperation with the Economic Information Office| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-47-7150-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Clerc, Louis & Elo, Elimo| title| title = Cause to Institution: History and Structures of the European Union| publisher = Key| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-304-028-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fontaine, Pascal| title = 12 lessons from Europe| location = Luxembourg| publisher = European Commission| year = 2007| id = ISBN 92-79-02867-7}} Kemppinen, Reijo 2002,, ISBN 951-37-3675-X Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Erkkilä, Tero; Tiilikainen, Teija| title = Key to EU concepts | publisher her = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Europe -information| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-724-460-6| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Basic information about Europe and European| location = Luxembourg| publisher = European Commission| year = 2007| id = ISBN 92-79-03612-2}} European Commission, 2004, European Commission, 2005,, ISBN 92-894-9529-4 - Official Annual Report on EU Activities by the European Commission References Literature in Finnish Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aherto, Suvi; Ekholm, Peter| title = Lust for union!


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Kitchen discussions about the European Union| location = Helsinki| publisher = Europeans| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-92-1771-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hägglund, Gustav| title = European Defense| publisher = Thought| year = 2004}} Citation error, replace with {{{ cite book| author = Hämäläinen, Unto| title = Brief History of Westernization | publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| version = Drawings: Terho}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Liikanen, Erkki| title = Brussels Diaries 1990—1994| publisher = Otava| year = 1995}} Citation, error replace with {{cite book| author = Lipponen, Sponge| title = Towards Europe| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2001}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuosma, Tapio| title = Brave New Europe: Constitution of the European Union| location = Espoo| publisher = Livres Belles-Lettres| year = 2005| id = ISBN 952-99178-7-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kuusela, Hanna; Bruun, Otto (ed.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

) | title = from Europe nothing new?


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Citizens in search of the European Union| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-495-107-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nieminen, Hannu; Karppinen, Kari; Mörä, Tuomo (ed.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

) | title = Does Europe exist?


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Perspectives on European publicity and democracy| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-952-495-062-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pihkala, Erkki| title = Integrating Europe: Economic History of the European Union| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2008| version = Editorials of the Society of Finnish Literature 1168| id = ISBN 978-951-746-974-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raunio, Tapio; Saari, Juho (ed.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

) | title = Future of Europe| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-495-037-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rehn, Olli| title = European selection of Finland is not a cyclical policy| publisher = WSOY| year = 2006}} Citation error , replace with {{cite book| author = Ruonala, Marko| title = EU basic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Europeinforma| year = 2008| version=Europe 192| id = ISBN 978-951-724-639-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppänen, esko| title = Emumumunaus| publisher = Into Kustannus Oy| year = 2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stubb, Alexander| title = Margin to Core.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Finland in the European Union 1989—2003| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 2006}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tiilikainen, Teija; Palosaari, Teemu (ed.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

) | title = Theory of Integration | location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-495-042-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Toivanen, Erkki| title = European| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-1- 18930-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Viinamäki, Olli-Pekka| title = European Government and Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-495-012-1}} In English Wallace, William; Wallace, Helen: Policy-making in the Union ( various editions since the 1970s) Wallace, William: The Dynamics of European Integration (1990) Wallace, William: The Transformation of Western Europe (1990) Rehn, Olli: Europe's Next Frontiers (2006) Nieminen, Ari: Towards a European Society?


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Integration and Regulation of Capitalism.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Department of Sociology, Research Reports No.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

He's 245.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Helsinki University Printing House, Helsinki 2005.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Aho, Esko: Creating an Innovative Europe (2006) Grabbe, Heather: The EU's Transformative Power.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Europeanization through Conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe (2006) Grant, Charles: Europe's blurred boundaries: rethinking enlargement and neighbourhood policy (2006) Leonard, Mark: Why Europe wull run the 21st Century (2005) In French Schuman, Robert: Pour L'Europe (2005; first edition of 1963) On the topic of other EU information in Finnish and Swedish — EU-related news Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many founding countries were in the EU?

European Union

— EU law collection * Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates Category:United Nations observer members Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social representations theory is an approach applied in Social Psychology as well as its close disciplines.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

The theory of social representations represents European social psychology and originated in France with Serge Moscovici's thesis on the spread of psychoanalysis and social representations.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

The theory has since spread outside Europe as well.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social representations are socially formed and shared everyday knowledge.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social representations theory looks at how people collectively form everyday concepts shared about new or otherwise socially significant topics and make them understandable.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Theory of social representations broadly The theory of social representations represents what is known as social or social social psychology and the study of social representations approaches significant and current phenomena.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

According to Moscovici's definition, social representations are systems of values, ideas and practices with two kinds of purposes.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social representations create an order that allows individuals in the material and social environment to act and manage it.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

In addition, social representations provide codes for social exchange and the naming and classification of phenomena in the surrounding world, thus allowing communication between members of the community.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

(Moscovici, 1973.)


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

In the theory of social representations, there is an emphasis on sociability.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social representations are always formed together and not just located in the mind of an individual person.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

An individual does not form a social representation of an object alone, but interacts with other people.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Moscovici calls this idea a semiotic triangle formed by myself, another and an object.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social representation, therefore, typically consists of some new phenomenon.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

For example, scientific knowledge and its findings are a subject from which everyday knowledge is formed together with other people.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

A foreign object is discussed in discussions and understanding for a new thing is sought together.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social representation includes not only information, but also an attitude and image of the subject.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

The processes of anchoring and objectifying are fundamentally related to the shaping of social representations.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Anchoring simply refers to how a new and foreign subject is addressed by equating it with already existing knowledge of some more familiar phenomenon.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Objectization, on the other hand, refers to the stage in the process of formation of social representations in which abstract phenomena and concepts become concretized and formed into mental images.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

In objectification, for example, a person, image, or object can emerge as a symbol of a new phenomenon.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social representations also involve a process called naturalization.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

With naturalization, the object of social representation has become a natural and understood part of social reality.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

It's no longer foreign, it's socially understood.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Naturalized social representation is no longer itself an object of discussion or negotiation, but has become a tool for debate.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Naturalized representations are also used as an aid in understanding new phenomena.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Through the processes of anchoring, objectifying, and naturalization, a foreign phenomenon becomes familiar and understood.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Research on social representations It is possible to study social representations using both quantitative and qualitative methods.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

After all, the theory of social representations is not tied to any particular method of data collection or analysis, but leaves room for the researcher's creativity.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

When examining social representations, the content, shaping and changing of thinking and mental images are examined.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

In addition, the structure of the content of social representations has been a typical object of study.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

The study of social representations can also examine the role of social representations as constructors and shapers of reality.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

The first study of social representations can be considered Serge Moscovici's research on psychoanalysis, from which the theory originated.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

In his study of French society, Moscovici found three different ways of embracing psychoanalysis.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

In addition to psychoanalysis, research on social representations has been conducted in areas such as mental health and AIDS.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

More recent research topics have included social representations of climate change, the European Union and organic food.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social representations research can serve as data such as discussions, interview materials, news texts, literature, official texts such as legislation or visual materials such as images.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

In the past, in the study of social representations, newspapers and television provided significant material for research.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Today, with the increasing role of the Internet, a new area of research has opened up for the study of social representations.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

The Internet has multiplied the number of possible research data and also changed the formation of social representations.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

For example, social representations can be formed through virtual interaction without face-to-face discussion, and it is also possible to break prevailing social representations through internet communication channels.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Sources Sakki, I., Mäkiniemi, J. P., Hakoköngäs, E., & Pirtti-Backman, A.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

M.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

How to study social representations.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Social Medicine Magazine, 51 (4).


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Sakki, I., & Menard, R.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

4 Anchoring, naturalization, and transformation in the study of social representations.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

EVERYDAY THINKING, 68.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Moscovici's preface in Herzlich, C.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Health and illness: A social psychological analysis.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

The Academic Press.


Question: Where did the theory of social representations originate?

Theory of social representations

Category:Social psychology


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome (ital.,) is the capital of Italy and the largest city in Italy by population.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

It is located near the western coast of Italy, along the Tiber River.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome, also known as the “eternal city” (), is nearly 3000 years old and has a long history as the capital of the Roman Empire, the Catholic Church, the United Kingdom of Italy, and the present-day Italian Republic.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome has a number of very significant historic buildings, including the Colosseum and St. Peter's Basilica, the largest religious building in the world.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[1] Other well-known venues include the Spanish Steps, Pantheon and the Forum Romanum.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The historic centre of Rome is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[2] The Vatican city-state is an independent state within the borders of Rome.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome has about 2.9 million inhabitants (November 2015).


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[3] The Metropolitan Area of Rome has a population of approximately 4.2 million (2015).


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[4] Geography and climate Location Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy, on the banks of the Aniene and Tiber rivers.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The city center is 24 kilometers from the Mediterranean coast inland, the urban area has expanded southwest to Ostia.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome's elevation is at its lowest about 13 metres above sea level and at its highest point around 140 metres atop Monte Mario.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[5] Climate Rome prevails with a typical Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa).


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Temperatures in summer are high, with August often reaching 32°C.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The average temperature in December is 13°C, but sometimes frost also occurs.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The rainiest month is November; in July and August, rains are very rare.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[6] The arrondissement of the municipality of Rome, comune speciale, is divided into fifteen parts, with the designation since 2001 municipio, formerly circoscriziono.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Their number and boundaries changed in 2013.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[7] The numbering of municipias starts at the center and circulates clockwise, such that sections 1-10 are south and east of the Tiber River, sections 11-15 north of the river.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The main city of Rome, in turn, is divided into 22 arrondissement (rione, plural rioni).


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The historic seven hills are all east of the Tiber River, three of them in the Monti borough.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

To the west are the boroughs of Prat, Borgo and Trastevere.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Vatican City was part of Borgo until 1929.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Trastevere (“on the other side of the Tiber”) has narrow medieval alleys, small dwellings and lots of restaurants.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Many students and foreigners live there.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The Rionet are numbered 1—22 in Roman numerals; the current boundaries date from 1921.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[8] Monti Trevi Colonna Campo Marzio Ponte Parione Regola Sant'Eustachio Pigna Campitelli Sant'Angelo Ripa Trastevere Borgo Esquilino Ludovisi Sallustiano Castro Pretorio Celio Testaccio San Saba Prati Key attractions from Roman times The Mausoleum of Augustus built by Emperor Augustus Mausoleum of Caracalla Baths of antiquity greatest terms Circus Maximus from ancient Roman racing tracks largest Colosseum used for gladiatorial matches Forum Romanum Centre of political power in the Roman Empire Pantheon of all gods Temple Churches St. Peter's Basilica - dominates the Roman cityscape in the Vatican San Giovanni in Laterano The seat of the Bishop of Rome and the Cathedral of Rome San Paolo fuori le mura The largest of the churches in Rome after the early Christian basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, the interior of which is well preserved Trinità dei Monti At the top end of the Spanish Steps Plazas and other open-air sites Spanish Steps meeting place and central landscape site St. Peter's Square flanked by columns square off St. Peter's Basilica Piazza del Popolo and Egyptian obelisk Fontana di Trevi Great Baroque Fountain Piazza Navona and Bernini Designed Fountains Monument to Viktor Emanuel II Altare della Patria Bocca della Verità Mouth of Truth Via Appia St. Peter's Square, view from St. Peter's Basilica Colosseum Castel Sant'Angelo Altare della Patria Piazza Venezia Temple of Saturn (Tempio di Saturno) Spanish Steps Piazza del Popolo Fontana di Trevi Forum Romanum Trajanus Market Halls (Mercati di Traiano) Rome in panoramic photo: 2048px| History Ancient time According to the story of the founding of Rome, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

she-wolf bred by brothers Romulus and Remus.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome was founded on Palatium Hill, on the side of the Tiber River, from where it spread to the surrounding hills.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

It also began to be referred to as the City of Seven Hills; these hills were Collis Palatinus (Palatium), Collis Aventinus, Collis Capitolinus (Capitolium), Collis Quirinalis, Collis Viminalis, Collis Esquilinus and Collis Caelius.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Located north of the Palatium, Rome's most important market, the Forum Romanum, was formed.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Notable hills also include the location of the Vatican City State, Collis Vaticanus, west of the Tiber River, and the highest hill in the present-day downtown area, “Ianiculum”.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The Roman Empire formed around the city was always around until 300 BCE.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

until quite a typical Mediterranean city-state, which, of course, was perfectly situated on the edge of the Etruscan region and close to the Greek settlements of southern Italy.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Trade routes from south to north ran at Rome across the Tiber River, and from the coast inland along the river was carried salt.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

However, the conquests of the late 3rd-century and 2000s elevated the Roman Empire first to a local (Italian region) grandeur, and after the Punic wars against Carthage as the leading force in the entire western Mediterranean.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The city remained the undisputed political and economic center of the kingdom into the 13th century Jaa.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

until, but then began to stand aside: in military terms Rome was sidelined from the borders of the empire and the emperors rarely visited it, and economically Rome had diminished in importance.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

In 271, Emperor Aurelianus ordered a city wall to be built around Rome, which for the most part has survived until modern times.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

In 330, Emperor Constantine established a new capital for the kingdom, Constantinople.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Even in the western part of the kingdom, the seat of government was often elsewhere, notably Milan or Trier.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

However, the Roman Senate kept its authority, though technically only as a “city government”, and continued to convene until at least the 5th century.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

However, Rome's status as a symbol of the unity and might of the Empire did not diminish, so in 410 the takeover and pillage of the city by the Gothic Alarik forces was a great shock, as was the extermination expedition by the Vandals in 455.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[9] In 476, Odovakar, king of the Ostrogoths, conquered Rome and brought an end to the Western Roman Empire.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[10] Medieval times Since the 4th century, Rome has been indisputably the central seat of Catholic Christendom, and the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, has had a special status throughout Christendom.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

After the fall of Western Rome, the Ostrogoths controlled the city from Ravenna.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

East Rome recaptured the city in 536, but in 546 the Gothic king Totila conquered it and caused great destruction.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The Eastern Roman warlord Belisarius recaptured the city again, and the Goths again in 549.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Belisarius' successor, Narses, finally gained the city in 552.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The Goths were followed by the conquests of the Langobards.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome belonged to the Byzantine Empire until 751.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[11] Pope Leo III crowned Rome's first emperor, Charles the Great, in Rome on Christmas Day in 800.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[12] In 754 Rome became the capital of the Church State ruled by the Pope, and as such remained, except for a few short intermediate periods, until 1870.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Admittedly, the papal seat was located from 1325 to 1378 in French Avignon, but even then Rome was also part of the Ecclesiastical State.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The Roman plunder occurred in 1527 when the army of Emperor Charles V of the Holy German-Roman Empire began fighting the so-called League of Cognac and took over Rome.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Some 45,000 Roman residents died or fled in the robbery.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[13] The New Age Roman cityscape acquired many of its current hallmarks in the 16th and 17th centuries.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The most famous of the achievements of the era is St. Peter's Basilica, which was inaugurated in 1615, after more than a hundred years of continuous building work.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Popes such as Julius II hired the most prominent artists of the Renaissance and Baroque to work in Rome: works by Michelangelo, Rafael and Bernini can be seen in various parts of the city.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

When the Medici family served as mesenate in Florence, the Catholic Church funded construction, painting and sculpture art in Rome.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Napoleon conquered Rome in the early 19th century and for a short time annexed it to France.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

After his overthrow, the Church State was returned to papal control and Rome became, for a further lavish half-century, its capital.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The church state stretched across the entire Italian peninsula.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

When Italy was united in 1865, the part of the Adriatic coast that had belonged to the Church State was also annexed from the outset, but Rome and its surroundings still remained in the Church State.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

But on September 20, 1870, Italy conquered Rome and annexed it to its territories, soon making it its capital.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

At the time, the city was dilapidated and poorly maintained, a city of a few hundred thousand people that had clearly lagged behind the industrial centers of the north Milan and Turin in development.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome, on the other hand, had an antique past to offer and the greatness of Italy combined with it.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[14] The town had about 200000 inhabitants and a basic structure in poor condition.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

However, among other things, sanitation conditions were determined to improve and fight flooding in the Tiber.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

By 1881, the population had increased by about 50,000 people.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[14] In 1874, public water posts for drinking water began to be installed in Rome, which are still operational.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[15] 20th century The Pope received his own state in the city of Rome again in 1929 on the basis of a lateran agreement with Prime Minister Benito Mussolini.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

In World War II, Italy fought alongside Germany, led by Mussolini, until 8 September 1943, when Mussolini was defeated and Italy made peace with the Allies.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

This was not accepted by the Germans, but invaded northern Italy.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome, too, was under Nazi occupation from September 1943 until Rome was conquered by the Allies on 4 June 1944.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The Nazi occupation was also a time of persecution and violence depicted, for example, in Roberto Rossellini's film Rome — an open city.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[16] In the semi-lands of the 1970s, Rome was riven by the left-wing terrorist organisation Red Brigades, which, for example, kidnapped and killed the country's former Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Even as the emblem of the modern city of Rome (among other things on the coat of arms) is the letter abbreviation S.P.Q.R inherited from the period of the ancient Roman Empire.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

It comes from the Latin words Senatus Populus Que Romanus, in Finnish, the Roman Senate and the People, which referred to the negotiating and law-making power of Rome.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[17] Administration and politics The local government of Rome is led by a mayor and a municipal council whose gathering place is the city hall Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitolium hill.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The mayor of Rome, elected by municipal elections, is one of Italy's most authoritative political posts.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

In 2015, Virginia Raggi, representing the Five Star Movement, was elected mayor.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[18] Evolution of the number of inhabitants Year1750156 0001800163 0001820139 9001850175 0001853175 8001858182 60031 December 1861194,50031 December 1871212 43231 December 1881273 95210 February 1901422 41110 June 1911518 917 Year1.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

December 1921660 23521 April 1931930 92621 April 19361 150 5894 November 19511 651,75415 October 19612 188,16024 October 19712 781 99325 October 19812 840 25920 October 19912 775 25021 October 20012 546,8041 January 20052 643,771 Culture Capital Station draws many well-known cultural events to Rome.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The opera house opened in 1880.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

After many renovations, it now seats 1600 spectators.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Ballets are also performed there.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[19] In 2002, a new music park was opened in the city near the 1962 Olympic Village.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

This 20-hectare cultural complex has three concert halls, the largest of them for 2700 and 1200 people.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

In addition, the park has recording studios and an open-air concert arena [20] Education in Rome operates several colleges.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The oldest of the universities, the University of Rome (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”) was founded in 1303.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

It has 145000 students in 21 faculties.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The other two public universities are Tor Vergata (founded 1982) [21] and Roma Tre (founded 1992, 40000 students).


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[22] In addition, the city has numerous private and ecclesiastical universities and other educational institutions.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Sports In 1960, the Summer Olympics were held in Rome.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Football clubs based in Rome include SS Lazio, AS Roma and AS Cisco Roma, with the former two playing in Italy's main league, Serie A.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The home stadium of both main league teams is Rome's Olympic Stadium, the Stadio Olimpico.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

In volleyball the city of Rome is represented by Roma Volley.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

In the 2006—07 season, the team finished third in the A1 League.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

At senior league level, the team made its first appearance in the 2005—06 season.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The city's most famous basketball club is Pallacanestro Virtus Roma, which has won the European Championship for club teams once in its history.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Other clubs include Stella Azzurra Roma and Società Ginnastica Roma, who won the Italian championship four times.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The economy of Rome accounts for a larger share of Italy's GDP than that of other Italian cities.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Central government and foreign trade, as well as the service sectors, employ many city dwellers.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Industries are still represented are the textile industry, the food industry, the pharmacy industry, as well as the engineering, paper and metal industries.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Italian film production is also largely concentrated in the Roman region.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO, has maintained its headquarters in Rome since 1953.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

[23] It is also home to the International Agricultural Fund IFAD, the World Food Programme WFP, the NATO educational institution NDC [24] and ICCROM.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Three of the world's 100 largest companies: Enel, Eni and Telecom Italia keep their headquarters in Rome.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Traffic in Rome has three airports: Leonardo da Vinci International Airport namely Fiumicino, Ciampino and Aeroporto dell'Urbe.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

It is the main junction station of the Italian Railways.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Rome's main railway station is called Roma Termini.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

The Rome Metro (metropolitana) has three lines.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Roman roads from the times of the Roman Empire still appear on the Italian road map, and in keeping with the saying “all roads lead to Rome”: Via Appia leaves Apulia in the south, Via Aurelia from France, Via Cassia from Tuscany, Via Flaminia from Ariminium and Via Salaria from the Adriatic Sea.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Sources Other Literature Taina Literature: Constructing Unity, Living in Diversity.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

A Roman Decade.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

Finnish Academy of Science and Letters 344: Helsinki 2006.


Question: What is the population of Luxembourg to a hundred thousand inhabitants?

Rome

272 p. * Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Italy Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic system.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Its chemical marker is H ().


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a non-metal, but in the periodic system it is placed in the first main group together with alkali metals.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The electrons of hydrogen are distributed over energy levels in the same way as alkali metals in general: it has only one electron, which is therefore its valence electron.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

At normal atmospheric pressure at room temperature, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless and tasteless, flammable, significantly lighter-than-air gas that occurs naturally as two-atom molecules (H2).


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The melting point of hydrogen is −259°C and the boiling point is −253°C (approx.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

14 and 20 K).


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The molar mass of hydrogen as per IUPAC standard is [1,00784; 1,00811] g/mol [1].


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The most famous hydrogen compound is water with the molecular formula H2O.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Despite its lightness, water occurs at room temperature as a liquid, due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Water has a high boiling point, which has made possible the emergence of life similar to the present.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is most on Earth specifically in water molecules, and is 0.14% of the total mass of the Earth's crust.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[2] Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and serves as a fuel for stars in the fusion reactions that occur in them.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Occurrence in the Universe Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and accounts for about 74% of the mass of matter present in the universe.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Of the atoms in the universe, 90% are hydrogen, 9% are helium, and 1% are other substances.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Measurements made using spectroscopic instruments have found out that most of the Sun and other stars are hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[3] In the sun, hydrogen is continuously fused into helium.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The reaction is vital to life on Earth, since without the energy generated by the Sun, Earth would not have enough heat for life.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen (and helium) was the first element in the universe, and other elements emerged later in stars as hydrogen fused [4].


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Metallic hydrogen is at least theoretically possible at high pressure as in the cores of large planets, for example Jupiter.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Attempts have been made to experimentally produce superconducting hydrogen even under laboratory conditions by lowering the required pressure by producing lithium and sodium hydrides.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[5] On Earth, hydrogen is the tenth most common element on Earth, so it is clearly less common than elsewhere in the universe.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Due to the lightness of hydrogen, it accounts for only 0.9% of Earth's total mass and even less of the crustal mass, about 0.15%.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Of the mass of the universe, the proportion of hydrogen is thought to be as high as 73%.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[2] [6] As a free element, hydrogen is rare on Earth and almost always appears bound to chemical compounds.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

However, small amounts of hydrogen gas may be released in volcanic eruptions and when drilling for oil.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[3] Most hydrogen present on Earth is bound to water, which is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Other naturally occurring inorganic hydrogen compounds include ammonium salts found in soil.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is also present in almost every organic compound.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrocarbons only have carbon and hydrogen atoms.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In other organic compounds, some of the hydrogen atoms are usually bound directly to a carbon atom, but some to an oxygen atom, for example, as in alcohols and carboxylic acids, or to a nitrogen atom as in amines.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

More complex organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and other elements include such biologically important substances as proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as DNA.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[3] Hydrogen is also committed in fossil fuels [7], of which petroleum and natural gas are predominantly hydrocarbons.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Also, coal pores usually contain methane (mining gas), which is the simplest hydrocarbon.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Seawater can become a fuel source if a controlled fusion operation is achieved on earth.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is obtained from seawater to fuel a fusion reaction.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[8] Properties Physical properties Pure hydrogen is a gas in normal conditions.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen gas (H2) is considerably lighter than air: at 0°C and normal atmospheric pressure, hydrogen has a density of about 0.09g/dm3, compared to 1.3g/dm3 air density under similar conditions.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Also, when liquid and solid, hydrogen density is significantly lower than the densities of other elements in similar states.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The density of liquid hydrogen at its boiling point is about 0.07g/cm3 and the density of solid hydrogen at its melting point is 0.0763g/cm3.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[9] The melting and boiling points of hydrogen are the second lowest of the elements, since only helium has a lower melting and boiling temperature than hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The melting point of hydrogen at 1,013 bar is −259.4°C and the boiling point is −252.9°C.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Liquid hydrogen, first produced by British chemist James Dewar in 1898, is colorless otherwise except in large quantities, making it appear pale blue.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Solid hydrogen is colorless.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[10] Isotopes Hydrogen occurs naturally as three isotopes: 1H, 2H, and 3H.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

However, laboratories have also been able to synthesise other isotopes of hydrogen, namely 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

They are very unstable and do not occur in nature.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[11] [12] 1H, or protium (), or common hydrogen, is the most common isotope of hydrogen, representing 99.98% of all hydrogen atoms.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

There is only one proton in the isotope, which is where the name protium comes from.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

So there is not a single neutron in the nucleus of the isotope.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

2H or D, deuterium, (“the second”), is the second most common isotope of hydrogen, of which is about 0.015% of hydrogen on Earth.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The nucleus of the isotope contains one neutron in addition to one proton.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Deuterium is not radioactive and does not pose a significant risk of poisoning.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

A water molecule with deuterium instead of ordinary hydrogen is called heavy water.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Heavy water is used, for example, in nuclear power plants in CANDU reactors as a retarder.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[13] Many deuterized organic compounds, such as deutered chloroform, are used as solvents in NMR spectroscopy.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[14] Deuterium will also be used as fuel in fusion reactors in the future.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[15] 3H or T, tritium (“third”), is a very rare isotope of hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

For all the hydrogen it is.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Tritium is radioactive, and decays via beta decay to helium-3.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Tritium has a half-life of about 12.32 years.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[16] Tritium was discovered by Ernest Rutherford, M.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

L. Oliphant and Harteck in 1934 when they bombarded deuterium atoms with deuterons, i.e., nuclei of a deuterium atom.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Small amounts of tritium form in the upper atmosphere when cosmic rays strike nitrogen molecules.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[16] Tritium can also be produced in reactors by bombarding lithium-6 with neutrons.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[15] Tritium can exist as gaseous, but most commonly in a form where one of the protium atoms of a water molecule has been replaced by it.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[16] Electrons generated in the decay of tritium can excite electrons from other substances, so it is used as a self-illuminating agent in wristwatch displays and exit road signs.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[17] Other applications are as a marker in isotope geochemistry and medicine for the study of drug metabolism [16] [18].


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

One of the most promising fusion reactions in terms of energy production is the fusion of deuterium and tritium.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

It releases energy of 16 MeV, but requires a temperature of about 40 million kelvins.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[15] Ortho- and paravety Multi-atomic molecules may have so-called spin isomers.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

With hydrogen, there are two of them: ortho- and paravety.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Their existence was discovered by R. Mecke in 1924 spectroscopically, and explained by Werner Heisenberg using quantum mechanics in 1927.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In orthohydrogen, the spins of the atoms of the hydrogen molecule are parallel to each other and opposite in paravid.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

There are differences in the physical properties of these isomers, and their melting and boiling points, vaporization heats, and heat capacities differ.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

For example, orthohydrogen has a boiling point of 0.24°C higher than paravedic.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Also, hydrogen compounds such as water have their ortho- and paraisomers.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[19] [20] [21] At room temperature, 75% of hydrogen is orthoform and the remainder is parahydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In liquid hydrogen, the paraform prevails instead because it is then more stable, and at absolute zero point, all hydrogen is parahydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Ortho- and paravety are in kinetic equilibrium.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Orthohydrogen can mutate into a para-isomer.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Transformation is exothermic, that is, heat release, which causes hydrogen gas to evaporate from its storage bottles.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

To minimize loss, hydrogen gas is passed through aqueous iron (III) oxide in the liquefaction phase.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Iron (III) oxide, platinum, palladium, or nitrogen monoxide act as catalysts and convert orthohydrogen into paravidex.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[22] [23] [20] [21] Chemical properties Location in the periodic system According to established practice, hydrogen is placed in the first column of alkali metals in the periodic system.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

However, hydrogen differs in several ways from other elements in the group: for example, it does not react with water like lithium, sodium or potassium, and is generally considered a nonmetal.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

However, from a chemical point of view, hydrogen also has metallic properties such as a positive oxidation rate.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Sometimes hydrogen is placed in halogens, or 17th group, because the structure of hydrogen is close to that of halogens, that is, one electron away from the full electron shell.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Today, IUPAC recommends hydrogen to be placed so that it is an elemental element of the first period in the top row of the periodic system, in the middle of the table so that it does not belong to any of the main groups.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[24] [25] The most common oxidation number of hydrogen is +I, but a few metals may coalesce with hydrogen into hydrides where its oxidation number is exceptionally −I.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The ionization energy of hydrogen is about 1310kJ/mol, therefore much higher than that of actual alkali metals, where it is around 400—500kJ/mol.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In this respect, hydrogen resembles more like halogens.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Also, the electronegativity of hydrogen is much higher than that of actual alkali metals.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is linked to alkali metals, however, by its low electron affinity, that is, the energy that is released or bound when one electron is added to the atom of an element in gaseous form.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The electron affinity of hydrogen is 73kJ/mol, i.e., hydrogen binds energy 73kJ/mol.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

For other alkali metals, the equivalent value is 46—60kJ/mol and for halogens it is −270—−349kJ/mol.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

A unifying factor is also that the outermost atomic orbital of hydrogen is, like alkali metals, an s-orbital, but with halogens the outermost orbital is the p-orbital.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Reactivity Hydrogen occurs as a two-atomic molecule that is very persistent at ordinary temperatures, and not very reactive.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

This is partly due to the high bond energy of the covalent bond between the hydrogen atoms of the hydrogen molecule, which is 436kJ/mol.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

A large amount of energy is required to break down a molecule, and not all hydrogen molecules have decomposed into hydrogen atoms even at temperatures above 4700°C.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

However, with oxygen and halogens, it reacts very strongly, even explosively, to form water or hydrogen halides.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[26] [27] Atomic hydrogen, on the other hand, is very reactive.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

It is a powerful reductant that reduces even sodium metal from sodium salts, and especially strongly it reacts with halogens and other strong oxidants.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Therefore, atomic hydrogen does not occur in nature free.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[27] Bonds Hydrogen forms a covalent bond with itself and other elements because hydrogen has a high electronegativity of 2.1.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen forms what is known as a σ-bond, that is, a simple bond.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The bond is spin symmetric: hydrogen is able to rotate with respect to the bond without breaking the bond.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In the hybridization model, hydrogen is an exception in that the atomic orbital of hydrogen does not hybridize with the rest of the orbital.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen also plays an essential role in the generation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

A hydrogen bond is the strongest weak bond created between hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine (N, O, F) present in a pool molecule.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

(The hydrogen in the molecule forms a hydrogen bond with the N, O, F atom of another molecule.)


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Compounds that exhibit hydrogen bonds have abnormally high melting and boiling points.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

This is due to the strength of the hydrogen bonds.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

A particularly high melting and boiling point is with water, as the water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

For life, the high melting and boiling point of water are vital.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Acids and bases Acid and base have been defined in Brønsted—Lowry theory as an acid being a substance that donates a positive hydrogen ion (H+), that is, a proton, to a base.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The base, on the other hand, is a substance that receives a hydrogen ion from acid.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Acidic aqueous solutions are created when the acid donates one proton to water, creating oxonium ions (H3O+) into the solution.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Oxonium ions cause acidity of the solution.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Alkaline aqueous solutions are created when the base reacts with water to form hydroxide ions (OH−).


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The acidity or alkalinity depends on the number of oxonium and hydroxide ions present in the solution.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Compounds Binary compounds of hydrogen are called hydrides and can be divided into three classes of covalent, ionic, and metallic compounds on the basis of bonds.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Covalent compounds include compounds of hydrogen and other nonmetals, such as ammonia, water, and hydrogen halides.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Many of these are room-temperature gases.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[28] [29] [30] Ion-linked hydrides contain a hydride ion (H−) as anion.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

These hydrogen forms with electropositive alkali and alkali earth metals.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Ion-linked hydrides react fiercely with water releasing hydrogen gas as an example of the reaction of sodium hydride [28] [29] [30] NaH + H 2 O NaOH + H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ ce {NaH + H2O -> NaOH + H2}}} With transition metals and lanthanoids, as well as actinoids, hydrogen forms metallic hydrides.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Characteristic of metallic hydrides is a metallic sheen and electrical conductivity.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In these compounds, hydrogen, when small in size, gets diffused in the metal lattice and forms what are known as intermediate compounds.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

These are most often non-stoichiometric in composition and complex in structure.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The study of some metals as a method of storage of hydrogen is based on metallic hydride, because when heated they release hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

For example, platinum is thus able to bind hydrogen up to 900 times its own volume.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Alloy hydrides are also being studied to store hydrogen, for example, the tini2 and Lani2 alloys that have proven to be the most promising.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[28] [29] [30] Important inorganic hydrogen compounds include water, all inorganic acids, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[3] History The discovery of hydrogen in Switzerland, an alchemist from Paracelsu who lived in the 16th century, is considered to be the first detector of hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

While dissolving iron in sulfuric acid, he noticed a developing gas, which he described in words as “air rising and disintegrating like wind.”


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Paracelsus was not sure what he had produced, nor did he elaborate on the properties of hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[31] [32] In 1670, the Englishman Robert Boyle produced hydrogen by mixing iron filemeal with dilute hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Boyle described hydrogen as an incendiary gas, the peer of which he had never observed before, and referred to it as “the burning solution of Mars”.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Boyle only noticed the gas generated would burn if air was available.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

He also found that the combustion consumed air and the combustion products weighed more than the combustion substances.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[32] [33] Pure hydrogen was first made by Henry Cavendish, an English chemist-physicist and one of Britain's richest, in 1766, by allowing iron to react with dilute sulfuric acid.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[34] However, he himself did not believe that he had found hydrogen, but assumed it to be phlogiston.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

He speculated the gas was coming from metal rather than acid, and used the name “burning air of metals” from it.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In his studies, Cavendish observed a mixture of hydrogen and air exploding, and he also decided to calculate the density of hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In his calculations, he reached the conclusion that hydrogen is lighter than air.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

After examining the droplet condensed in the explosion, he found it to be water.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Thanks to this experiment in 1781, he came to prove Aristotle and other natural philosophers of antiquity wrong when they claimed water was an element.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[34] Cavendish is considered the discoverer of hydrogen, but the name was given to it by French chemist Antoine Lavoisier.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[35] Lavoisier testified in 1783 that water contains “combustible air” and oxygen previously discovered by Cavendish.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Lavoisier gave hydrogen the name hydrogène.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The origin of the name is the Greek words δωρ (hydor, water) and γίγνομαι (gignomai, to form, give birth), meaning water-former.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[34] The name comes from the combustion reaction of hydrogen, from which water is produced as the reaction product.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The Finnish word hydrogen also refers to the formation of water; it first appeared in book parlance in 1851.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[36] Cold research Until the early 20th century, only a few uses had been invented for hydrogen: it was used in so-called lime lights, which were the limelight of theatres, and as a filling gas for airships.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Cryogenics, or the study of low temperatures, began around 1880.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

French mining engineer Louis Cailletet reported in 1877 that he had detected liquid oxygen droplets.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

A few days earlier, Swiss physicist Raoul Pictet had also announced that he had succeeded in liquefaction of oxygen, but in a different way.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The study of low temperatures was very expensive at the turn of the 20th century, and few universities were able to provide the necessary laboratory conditions.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

After the liquefaction of oxygen, an international competition began to see who would be the first to succeed in liquefaction of hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The competition was mostly fought in Europe, as most of the physicists were European at the time.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The race was coloured by disputes and priority issues from the start, and hasty results were commonplace when competing for prestige.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The first was succeeded in 1898 by Scottish chemist James Dewar, whose work was facilitated by his earlier invention of the vacuum cryostat, or thermos.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[37] The thermos poorly conducts heat because it has two silver-plated glass walls with a vacuum between them.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Dewar used it to keep very cold liquids cold and managed to make liquid hydrogen totaling 20 milliliters.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

After that, Dewar wanted to manufacture solid hydrogen, which he succeeded in the following year.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[38] Harold Urey, with his colleagues at Columbia University, observed in his spectroscopic studies an anomalous substance in vaporized hydrogen whose structure was otherwise identical to that of hydrogen, but had a single neutron in its nucleus.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The atomic mass of the substance, designated as deuterium, was double that of hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Led by Urey, the researchers produced heavy water consisting of two deuterium atoms and one oxygen atom by electrolysis.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[39] Heavy water has applications in nuclear power plants, among other things.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Role in the evolution of the atomic model Hydrogen is the most essential element of the atomic model developed in the 20th century, being the simplest of them in structure.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The nucleus of a hydrogen atom has a single proton orbited at the lowest energy level by a single electron.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The simple structure of the hydrogen made it easy to study the spectrum produced by the hydrogen and the spectral lines visible in the spectrum.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The diffusion of light across the spectrum has been known since the Middle Ages.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

William Wollaston, in 1802, examined the spectrum of the Sun and observed a few small dark lines in it, but he mistook them for the limits of colour and paid no further attention to the matter.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[40] Twelve years later, Joseph von Fraunhofer observed hundreds of lines when studying the Sun's spectra, and when studying the spectra of light reflected by the Moon and planets, he found that the same lines occur in their spectra too.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

He also observed them in the spectra of stars, but their place and intensity differed from each other.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Fraunhofer's observations showed that spectral lines were related to the properties of the light source.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The basic principles of spectroscopy were laid in the late 1850s by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Johann Balmer invented a simple formula in 1885 that allowed the wavelengths of spectral lines of hydrogen to be calculated.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Attempts were made to develop similar formulas for other elements, but no uniform formula that all elementals would follow could be constructed.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[41] The reason for the spectral lines could not yet be explained exhaustively.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

However, Niels Bohr was able to explain with his own atomic model the spectral lines of hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

According to Bohr, electrons travel in certain tracks around the nucleus of an atom, but they are also able to move to higher or lower energy levels.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

When an electron absorbs a photon, the electron enters the upper energy state if the energy it absorbs coincides with the difference of energies required by the two energy states.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The atom is said to have been tuned.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

As a result, the radiation coming towards the observer is weakened at wavelengths corresponding to the differences between the energies of the base state and excitation states.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

A set of dark lines, absorption lines appear in the spectrum.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[42] Emission lines, i.e. bright lines over a dark base, occur with gases.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Normally, the gases being studied are very hot, in which case they are tuned.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

However, the excitation state does not last long, and the electron moves to a lower energy level, handing off the photon.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

This is observed as an issue line.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Bohr's model was capable of explaining the spectral lines of hydrogen for the first time.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[43] Manufacturing Hydrogen is manufactured in several ways in industry.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

There are five main ways used: 1) Hydrogen can be made from natural gas or petroleum, as well as water vapor in the presence of a catalyst, which is often nickel.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are produced in the reaction and occurs at a temperature of 800—1000°C and a pressure of 10—50 atmospheres.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Most industrially produced hydrogen is made in this way from methane.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[44] natural gas (methane) CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 petroleum C12H26 + 12H2O → 12CO + 25H2 2) Water vapor is introduced among the glowing carbon, creating a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, so-called water gas.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[45] C + H2O → CO + H2 3) Hydrogen can be separated from water gas, or water gas is led through a tube containing a catalyst at a temperature of about 400°C.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In the tube, carbon monoxide reacts with water vapor to form a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[45] CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 4) Hydrogen is also formed in the cracking of hydrocarbons contained in petroleum.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In addition, elemental carbon is formed [45].


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

5) Hydrogen can also be made from water by electrolysis [45]: Anode reaction: 4 [OH] − → O2 + 2H2O + 4e− Cathode reaction: 2 [H3O] + + 2e− → H2 + 2H2O Generally: [OH] − + [H3O] + → O2 + 2H2 On a large scale, electrolytically producing hydrogen is not economically viable because electrical energy is expensive.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[44] 6) When a base metal reacts with some acid, salt is produced and hydrogen is released at the same time, for example: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 7) Hydrogen has also been produced in the laboratory by photolysis by dispersing water by gallium nitride and sunlight.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Use Currently, hydrogen is most used in the chemical industry when crystall-watered ammonia is made as part of the fertilizer manufacturing process.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Manufacturing is done using the Haber—Bosch method, in which hydrogen and nitrogen combine to form ammonia.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[44] Another notable user is oil refining, where hydrogen can be used to increase the hydrogen—carbon ratio of hydrocarbons and make them burn more cleanly.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Other uses include extracting oxides from iron ores, desulfurization from oil and making methanol from carbon monoxide.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In total, approximately 50 million tonnes of hydrogen are used per year, and consumption is currently increasing by around 4% to 10% per year.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[7] Large amounts of hydrogen are also used to harden unsaturated vegetable fats by hydrogen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen joins double bonds of unsaturated fats, whereby they become simple bonds and the fatty acids become saturated.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[44] Hydrogen has also been used, among other things, as an infill for balloons and alongside helium as an infill gas for airships.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[34] The dangerousness of hydrogen came to light, among other things, in the destruction of the airship Hindenburg.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen was used in the Hindenburg because the United States had a monopoly on the industrial manufacture of helium and did not sell helium e.g. For Germany.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Nowadays, though, it seems that the real cause of the accident was the very flammable impregnation of the airship's outer shell.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[46] Liquid hydrogen is one of the most efficient fuels for launchers using liquid propellant.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The oxidant is usually liquid oxygen.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

In order to remain liquid, the temperature should be cold, at least −183°C.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Such a mixture is called cryogenic propellant.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Since the fuel should be kept very cold, its long-term preservation is inconvenient.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[47] Use in fuel cells Fuel cells convert the chemical energy contained in hydrogen into electrical and thermal energy.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The fuel cell consists of a positive cathode and a negative anode connected by an electrolyte.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen and oxygen gases are fed into the fuel cell, allowing hydrogen molecules to pass to the anode and oxygen atoms to the cathode and the total energy-releasing reaction in the cell is 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O The electrolyte affects the operating temperature and efficiency of the fuel cell, and the fuel cells can be divided into groups according to electrolyte, such as alkali, melt carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange and solid oxide fuel cells.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The proton exchange fuel cell has proven to be the most promising source of energy for automobiles.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[48] The main problems that hinder the application of fuel cells for widespread use as an energy source relate to costs and fuel cell sustainability.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

The high price of fuel cells is largely due to the use of platinum as a catalyst.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

[49] See also Antihydrogen Dark Fermentation Luminous Fermentation Hydrogen Economy Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Greenwood, N.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

N.


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

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Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

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Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

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Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

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Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

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Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen


Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

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Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

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Question: Is liquid hydrogen dangerous?

Hydrogen

Category:Elements Category:Fuels Category:Hydrogen Category:Packaging Gases Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Betty Gustafva Lovisa Elfving (16 March 1837 Pori — 29 October 1923, Turku), novelist named Aura, was a Finnish novel novelist.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

He is known for historical novels that achieved popularity in his time, especially among young people.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Personal History Before publishing books, Betty Elfving was born in Pori in 1837 into a middle-class family.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

His father was Professor Johan Fredrik Elfving, who was initially the son of a blacksmith, but rose exceptionally high in the then order of regulation: professor and district doctor.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Her mother's name was Vendla Elfving (of her own family Sucksdorff), and she belonged to a Loviisian bourgeois family.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

[1] Betty Elfving's home was Swedish-speaking, but Elfving became an avid friend of the Finnish language at a young age.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Nevertheless, he wrote his novels in Swedish, from which they were translated into Finnish.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

In Swedish, Elfving's works did not appear at all.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Elfving was also interested in Finnish history, which is reflected in his works.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

In the Finnish language hobby, Betty Elfving differed perfectly from her younger brother, botany professor Fredrik Elfving, who was among the most ardent pro-Swedish people.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Politically, Betty Elfving was close to Young Finnish circles.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Elfving was a close friend of Emilie Bergbom, who influenced Finnish theatre.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

They had become acquainted with each other in the 1870s at a society giving lectures to women at the Women's Academy, and had corresponded with each other until Bergbom's death.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

In his letters to Elfving, Bergbom may have defused concerns he was unable to talk about with others.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

It is also told of Elfving's close relationship with Bergbom that together with Bergbom's brother, Kaarlo Bergbom, a trip to Stockholm, Copenhagen and Berlin.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

The beginning of a literary career and the sons of Härkmann His literary career Elfving only started at the age of 50 and even then under the pseudonym Aura, as was the common custom for women in the past, since women's writing was not accepted in the same way as men's.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

His first work was the Sons of Härkmann, a historical war novel about the times of great-hatred.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

[1] The protagonists of the work are Miihkali and George Härkman, the vicar's sons of Keuruu, who are tempted by the war with Russia, Miihkali's wife Elina and Alli from Karelia.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Härkman's sons are historically based on actual priest sons Gabriel, John and Gustav Herpman, who defended their homeland against the Russians in 1714—1715.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Miihkali's problem is the choice between military and spiritual activities; eventually he ends up involved in the war.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Alli, on the other hand, looks among the flamboyant men for help for his enslaved family, but encounters nothing but disappointments.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

A triangle drama builds around Miihkali, Elina and Alli, questioning the virtue of Miihkali, who otherwise appears as a hero.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Heroism in Härkmann's sons has been problematised in a way that is often foreign to other war literature of the time.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Härkmann's sons portray the commander-in-chief of the Swedish army in Lybecker's quite critical light, when he is more interested in his pet piglet than in leading the army.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

In the piece, the hero is instead elevated to Major General Armfelt, who is nonetheless powerless in the face of the propellance of his superior.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

A defeatist war for Sweden aims to turn Finland's independence into a victory.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Compared to the works of Topelius, for example, Elfving presents the Swedes in a more negative light.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

What is remarkable about the novel is that the actual battle is hardly portrayed, despite the constant presence of war.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

The work is structured scene-by-scene by moving from one event to another.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

The time in between is not further explained.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Here you can see influences from playwrights.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

The novel also includes episodes reminiscent of historiography explaining the backgrounds of events and persons.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Relative to their own time, they are quite valid.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Theatre and Heritage of the Century Elfving assisted the Finnish Theatre in Turku by raising money and participating in the arrangements.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

He was also ready to help when the Bergboms were thinking about moving the theatre to Turku.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Elfving himself wrote a play about Yrjö Maunu Sprengtporten by the pupils of Sprengtporten, whose performance in the Finnish theatre was banned by censorship in the winter of 1890.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

The play was performed by the Rural Theatre, conducted by Jalmari Finne, only after the grand strike in 1905, but it did not achieve any mentionable success then.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

In 1902, Elfving published his second historical novel The Legacy of the Century, which appeared in two volumes (Part One of the Lots in Throwing, Part 2 During Adolescence).


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

The piece is set around the time of a little hate.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

The protagonist is the historically real Maria Sprengtport and the Russian officer Attila, who drive Finland's independence.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

With his work Elfving received both the Finnish Literature Society Prize and the State Literature Prize.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

The legacy of the century remained Elfving's last work.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

He died in 1923 in his hometown of Turku.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

A third edition of Härkman's sons was taken after his death in 1926, but since then Elfving has fallen into oblivion and is hardly noted in literary histories.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

Partly this is due to the narrowness of his production, partly to the romantic nature of the works and to the national and religious pathos.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

General about the production, Elfving's production belongs strongly to the literary trend of Romanticism, and in it you can see influences from the novels of Zacharias Topelius and Runeberg's works, including in nature photography.


Question: When was Betty Elfving born?

Betty Elfving

On the other hand, on a historical-oriented basis, the works have similarities with Yrjö Koskinen's history of the Finnish people.