Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Revolution 2014 In November 2013, President Viktor Yanukovych rejected the EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement in favour of Russia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The EU had not agreed to haggle over the rule of law criteria.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

At least 100,000 protesters disappointed with Yanukovych occupied the streets of Kiev.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[24] Protests became violent in January 2014.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In the third week of February, clashes between police and protesters flared even more serious, with two dozen people killed and hundreds injured.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[25] Yanukovych was dismissed on 21 February.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Some Ukrainians have been dissatisfied with Yanukovych and the current state of Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

On the other hand, the opposition was fragmented.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[24] Ukraine's state economy was put to the test when the government came to power reported that the Yanukovych government had plundered more than EUR 50 billion of state funds.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[26] The United States and Europe then provided economic assistance and loans to Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Presidential elections were held at the end of May


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Petro Poroshenko won the election in the first round.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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He received more than half of the votes cast.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[27] Crimea Crisis 2014 and War in Eastern Ukraine With the revolution, protests against the new government began in Crimea and in favor of strengthening the autonomy of the peninsula.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Russia launched a maneuver on its border with Ukraine and moved troops to its base in Sevastopol.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[28] Russia soon annexed the Crimean peninsula to itself, confirmed by the referendum, although both the referendum and the annexation were condemned as illegal by Ukraine and Western countries as well as a majority in the UN General Assembly.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[29] [30] Between March and April, pro-Russia protesters and armed separatists overran many government buildings in the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkov regions.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

This triggered a new conflict inside Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ukraine accused Russia of fomenting separatism in the 2014 crisis in eastern Ukraine and supporting the “Donetsk People's Republic.”


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The Ukrainian military was very successful in the summer of 2014 in the fight against the separatists.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Separatists left with defeat appealed to Russia for help.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Equipment and, to varying degrees, volunteer crew assistance turned the course of the fighting into something advantageous for the separatists.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

By the beginning of 2015, thousands had died in the fighting, and hundreds of thousands went on the run from the war.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Politics Administration Ukraine is a semi-presidential republic headed by President Petro Poroshenko elected after the revolution.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Party Politics The party politics of Ukraine is centered around groups led by a few charismatic individuals.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

They have no coherent ideology, or comprehensive party programs to which delegates would commit, but gather their endorsements mostly on geographical grounds.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Among the most popular factions were the Party of Regions supporting ousted President Viktor Yanukovych in 2007 and gathering support from industrialised and Russian-speaking regions in the east of the country, the faction of Yulia Tymoshenko, which rallied around previous Prime Minister Julija Tymoshenko, and Viktor Our Ukraine (in the 2007 elections Our Ukraine — People's Self-Defense) supporting Yushchenko, whose support is concentrated in western Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The Communist Party of Ukraine and the Socialist Party of Ukraine are also garnering some votes.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[31] The Communist Party was banned in 2015.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[32] The number of registered parties — 198 copies at the beginning of 2013 — contributes to the confusion of the political field.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[33] Ukraine seeks its place between East and West in Ukraine as a balancing act of generally Russian-speaking and heavy-industrial eastern Ukraine, the (Dnieper) “left bank” (ven.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Levoberezhnaya), and already in the peace of Andrusov to the “West”, the “right bank” of Poland (the Dnieper) (ven.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

between Pravoberežnaya) continues.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Economically speaking, the division of eastern Ukraine and western Ukraine is partly a north-south division, with the northern Levoberezhnaya regions advocating more national and western alignments and the more southerly pravoberežnaya regions for closer cooperation with Russia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Economically, eastern Ukraine depends on energy supplied by Russia because of the mining industry and steel industry, as well as the military-industrial complex inherited from the Soviet period.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

After the 2004 election victory of Viktor Yushchenko, Ukraine sought to approach NATO and the European Union to achieve a more independent status over Russia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Pro-Western people think Ukraine, like Poland, needed to aspire to become members of the EU and NATO, while those nurturing a historic link with Russia think the most important thing economically is to be in economic cooperation with Russia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In June 2010, the Ukrainian parliament decided to abandon its pursuit of NATO membership.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Poland advocates Ukraine becoming a member of the EU.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

This would be relevant not only for security policy but also for EU agricultural policy, because Ukraine is a country of black muck in the south the size of France.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In late 2013, Ukraine failed to sign a pre-drafted trade agreement with the European Union, sparking widespread riots in the capital Kiev.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The EU and the US are trying to strengthen the democratization of Ukraine to loosen the Ukrainian-Russian link, while Russia is trying to hold on to its historic link with Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

On the other hand, Russia-Ukraine trade talks in December 2013 also did not go well when no agreement was reached to buy gas.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[34] Russia has attracted Ukraine into the planned Eurasian Union, which also envisages free movement of capital and labour.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[35] Mass media exposed to danger Means to influence social decision-making have been hard, at least under the previous President Leonid Kuchma, although no state-led consolidation such as Belarus has been carried out and government and opposition the dialogue has continued.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Arms shops Ukraine has a significant surplus of Soviet-era weapons and industrial capacity to manufacture them.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

International attention was received by the U.S. State Department's accusation in 2002 that Ukraine had sold Kolchuga range-surveillance radar systems manufactured by Donetsk based Topaz to Iraq, which was under UN embargo due to the occupation of Kuwait and the Gulf War.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[36] The charges were based on recordings made by President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard Mykola Melnychenko.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The United States, which enforced no-fly zones with Britain and at the same time prepared for the war in Iraq, reacted strongly to what happened.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

However, no investigation was found in Iraq and the United States acknowledged the allegations as false.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In September 2006, Jane's reported that Ukraine would have sold the radars to Iran, which the Ukrainian government has denied.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[37] [38] After the August 2008 South Ossetia War, Russia accused Ukraine of arming Georgia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[39] In addition, weapons have been sold e.g.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Arms sales to African countries where publicity gained publicity after the MV Faina ship carrying 33 T-72 tanks to Kenya (allegedly South Sudan) was hijacked by pirates off the coast of Somalia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In Ukraine, this caused a political scandal, as the Ukrainian security services were suspected of selling weapons under the protection of President Yushchenko.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[40] Controversy caused by the Soviet Black Sea Fleet over the allocation, location and financing of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet has chafed Russian-Ukrainian intervals, as has the status of the Sevastopol naval base as a base of the Russian Navy in once again an independent Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

As a result of the years-long dispute, the Soviet ships were divided between the Russian and Ukrainian navies.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In 1997, the Russian Navy was granted the right to use the Sevastopol naval base in Crimea on a fixed term until 2017.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In 2010, the lease agreement with Russia was extended for 25 years until 2042, to which the parties can agree five-year extension periods.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[41] In the Ukrainian administrative system, Sevastopol Urban District is an urban district in special status, like the capital Kiev, which is a territorial administrative unit comparable to oblastein (oblastein).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[42] The solutions have been aimed at guaranteeing the autonomy of the Russian-speaking population of Sevastopol and, at the same time, the partial naval base operating there from the Ukrainian central government.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ukraine's natural gas issue Ukraine, as a net importer of energy, depends on natural gas supplied mainly from Turkmenistan by Russia's Gazprom.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

It receives a discount on the price of gas from Russia, but price negotiations have led to disputes several times.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Western Europe is watching the disputes closely, as much of the gas coming west from Russia passes through Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In particular, Italy, Turkey, Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia depend on the route through Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[43] Gazprom cut off natural gas supplies from Ukraine on January 1, 2006.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Shortly after this, a Russian journalist accused Ukrainians of stealing gas going to Central Europe.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[44] The world price of natural gas sold to Europe is believed to be around $360/thousand natural gas cubes at the end of 2008.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Since January 2007, Ukraine purchased gas from Central Asia, mainly Turkmenistan at a price of 130$/1000 m³.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

After Turkmenistan raised prices, Russia and Ukraine agreed on a gas price increase since January 1, 2008, when the gas price became 179.5$/1000 m³.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[45] [46] Natural gas supplies from Turkmenistan to Eastern Europe are handled by RosUkrEnergo, registered in Switzerland, half of which is owned by Gazprom and half by a group of Ukrainian businessmen.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Criminal connections have also been suspected. [47].


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Another natural gas dispute arose in October 2007 when Gazprom again threatened to cut off supplies to Ukraine due to US$1.3 billion in unpaid debts.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In January 2008, Gazprom issued a new warning, with debts soaring to 1.5 billion.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ukraine paid off its 2007 debt, but in March 2008 it had another 600 million payments to Russia due to supply difficulties in Central Asia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In 2014, during the Ukraine crisis, Russia cut off gas supplies again.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

According to its debt of $5.3 billion, Ukraine allocates debts of $3.1 billion.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The EU tabled a conciliation motion.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[48] Regions and major cities, different parts of Ukraine broadly Ukraine can be viewed, for example, as ten more or less culturally consistent regions.


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However, the breakdown varies from one review to another cosolt.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

For example, when dealing with natural geography, history, politics, or economics, the meaning and territorial boundaries of designations vary from source to source.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The cultural life review often describes the capital Kiev and its surroundings, Ukrainian Polesia in the north in the vicinity of Belarus, Podolia on the border with Moldova, Galitsia and Volynia of northwestern Ukraine, the mountainous Carpathian region inhabited by many nationalities, the maritime Black Sea coast in the south, where there is the autonomous Crimean peninsula, famous for its Cossack tradition and heavily industrial in the lower reaches of the Dnieper River, Sloboda in the northeast on the border with Russia, and the heavily industrialised, linguistically Russian-majority Donets basin (Donbass) in the easternmost corner of the country.


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Ukraine

From the point of view of urbanization, there are clear differences between the major regions.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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For example, 86.7% of the population in the three regions of eastern Ukraine (Luhansk, Donetsk, Kharkov regions) were urban dwellers, compared to only 49.6% of the population in Ukraine's westernmost eight regions (2013 population estimate).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[42] Administrative division of Ukraine Ukraine is divided into 24 regions, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and two cities (): Sevastopol and Kiev.


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Kiev* (Кив; Kyjiv) Sevastopol* (Севастополь) Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Автономна Республіка Крим; Krym) Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Дніпропетровська обласка обласаска обласаска обласаска обласаска обласаска Donetsk Oblast (Донецька область) Kharkov Oblast (Харківська область) Herson Oblast (Херсонська область) Hmelnytskyi Region (Хмельницька область) Kiev Oblast (Кивська область) Kirovohrad Oblast (Кіровоградська область) Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Івано-франківська Luhansk Oblast (Луганська область) Lviv Oblast (Львівська область) Mykolajiv Oblast (Миколавська область) Odessa Oblast (Одеська Poltava Region (Полтавська область) Rivne Region (Рівненська область) Sumy Region (Сумська область) Rear Carpathy Region (Закарпатська область Ternopil Oblast (Тернопільська область) Cherkasy Oblast (Черкаська область) Chernihiv Oblast (Чернігівська область) Chernivtsin Region (Чернівецька область) Vinnytsja Region (Вінницька область) Volynia Region (Волинська область) Zaporižja Region (Запорізька область) Žyyū The largest cities of Ukraine, according to the 2001 census of Ukraine, had 454 cities in Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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67.2% of the population (or 32.574 million) were urban dwellers at the time and 32.8% (15.883 million) were rural residents.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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Five of the cities were home to more than a million people.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

There were a total of 37 cities with a population of more than 100,000.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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[49] [50] The table below shows cities with more than 300,000 inhabitants according to the 2001 census.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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The location of these, as well as the location of regional centres smaller than this in terms of population, is shown in the accompanying map.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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The 2013 population estimates of cities by the Statistical Agency of Ukraine have been used in the selection of symbols for the map.


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[42] Name of Ukrainian name, CyrillicRegionSuperior 2001Kievкивkiov2,611,327KharkovaхарківKharkov Oblast1,470,902dniproдніпропетровськdnipropetrovsk Krai1,065,008Odessaодесаodessa Oblast 1,029,049,EtskдонецькDonetsk Region1,016,194ZaporizhjaзапоріжяZaporizžyA815,256Lvivльвівlviv Region732,818Kryvyi Rihкривий Рігdnipropetrovsk Krai 668,980Mykolajivмиколавmykolajiv Region514,136MariupolмаріупольDonetsk Region492,176LuhanskлуганСьКLuhansk Region463,09MA7MA6309MA6MA7MA6309MA6MA6MA7MB KijivkaмаківкаDonetsk Krai 389,589Vinnytsjaвінницяvinnytsja Region356,665SimferopolсімферопольCrimean Autonomous Republic343,644SevastopolсевастопольSevastopol342,451H'ersonхерсонherson region328,360pultavaполтаваPoltava Region317,998ChernihivчернігівChernihiv Region304,994 Cities of Ukraine with more than 50,000 inhabitants are listed in the article List of cities in Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[42] Economy The economic development lines of the Soviet republics, including the Ukrainian Soviet Republic, were more dependent on each other and on Russia because of the centralist economy than the countries of Western Europe among themselves.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ukraine was part of the Soviet grain fence, producing raw materials and electricity as well as aircraft and missiles.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Consumables and oil were imported from Russia and other Soviet republics.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Although Ukraine was very damaged by the German occupation of World War II, shortly after the war the country was rebuilt on its pre-war resources.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Grain, electrical energy and heavy metal industries were the basis of Ukraine's economy until the early 1990s.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

After the independence of the Republic of Ukraine, the transition to a market economy was difficult.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

There were almost no competitive export products and trade with the Russian Federation brought political couplings.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The transition period lasted until the early 1990s.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Structural reforms left halfway at the time led to widespread unemployment.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Payroll payments could be interrupted for months.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The state let more money into the market, contributing to peak inflation.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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As in Russia, privatization of state enterprises meant the enrichment of a small minority and an explosion in income inequality.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The dissolution of the Soviet Union caused the fact that the land of black muck Ukrainian agricultural production did not go to Russia without commercial competition.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

With the collapse of Russia's engineering and defence equipment industries, Ukraine has had to seek new markets for steel produced in eastern Ukraine in countries such as Asia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The country remains a major manufacturer of locomotives, railway equipment and aircraft.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The Antonov Aircraft Plant operates in Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In space technology, the country is involved in making Zenit launchers, for example, together with Russia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Corruption has been a major problem.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In the 2015 country comparison by Transparency International published in early 2016, Ukraine ranked lowest in Europe as assessed by the CPI Index of Perceived Corruption, remaining in a shared 130th place out of 168 countries compared.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[51] From time to time, some foreign investors have ceased their business in Ukraine due to bureaucracy, corruption or other criminal activities.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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Since then, emphasis has been placed on eradicating corruption, at least in public speeches.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ukraine received market economy status from the European Union and the United States 2005—06.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The decisions opened new markets for Ukrainian products in the EU and the US.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ukraine was admitted to the World Trade Organisation WTO in 2008.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[52] Natural resources Economically important resources include: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, and arable land.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[53] Exports and imports External trade was strongly in deficit in 2012 in terms of goods exports.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

At the time, the size of exports of Ukrainian goods was 68.8 billion and imports were 84.6 billion US dollars.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In dollar terms, the most significant partner for trade in goods was Russia, which accounted for 25.6% of exports (USD 17.6 billion) and 32.4% of imports (USD 27.4 billion).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Other important export countries in 2012 were Turkey with 5.4%, Egypt with 4.2%, Poland with 3.7%, Italy, 3.6%, Kazakhstan with 3.6%, India with 3.3% and Belarus with 3.3% shares of Ukrainian exports.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Among the imported countries after Russia, China with 9.3%, Germany 8.0% Belarus with 6.0%, Poland with 4.2% and the United States with 3.4% shares.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[54] In 2012, exports to Finland were only 0.1% (48.2 million. USD) of the total value of Ukrainian exports.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

From Finland Ukraine imported a 0.6 per cent stake (485.2 million. USD) on its foreign trade imports.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[54] Important export product groups include base metals and their processed products (27.5% of exports, especially iron and steel), crop products (13,4%, mainly flakes 10,2% and oilseed and fruit 2,5%), mineral products (11,1%, incl. mineral oils, fuels and oil refining products 5,3%; ores etc.


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4.8%), machinery and equipment (10.2%), means of transport (8.7%, mainly railway fleet 6,0% and aircraft 1,3%), chemical industry (7.4%) and animal and vegetable fats (6,1%).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

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For imports, the largest product categories were mineral products (32.5%, notably natural gas 16.6% of total imports), machinery and equipment (15.5%), chemical industry products (10.1%, e.g. pharmaceuticals and pharmaceuticals 3.9%), means of transport (9.5% in particular vehicles) and base metals and their processed products (6,2%).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[55] On the other hand, exports of services far exceeded the number of services acquired by Ukraine abroad.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Services were exported for 13.5 billion and imported for US$6.7 billion.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Transport accounted for 63.0% of service exports, but only 25.0% of service imports.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In transport, the largest single export subdivision was pipeline transport through Ukraine (USD 3.2 billion).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Rail (USD 1.6 billion), air (USD 1.5 billion, incl. overflight charges) and maritime transport (USD 1.2 billion) also played a major role in the formation of a positive service balance.


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[56] Currency, GDP and average wage The new currency unit Ukrainian hryvnia (abbreviation: UAH) was introduced in September 1996, since which time it has been able to be maintained relatively stable.


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An important reform has been to simplify and clarify the tax code for private companies.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

New businesses have sprung up like mushrooms in the rain because private entrepreneurs no longer have to suffer incidental and arbitrary taxes.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

One hryvnia (pronounced hryvnia) was worth around €0.09 at the end of 2013.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[57] In 2011, Ukraine's gross domestic product (GDP) was 1302 billion hryvnia (UAH), i.e. at exchange rates at the end of 2011, approximately EUR 126.4 billion.


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Ukraine

For every Ukranian, this averaged 28488 hryvna, or 2766 euros in that year.


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Ukraine

The highest regional GDP share, about €7742 per year per capita, was made in Kiev.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Kiev accounted for 17.2% of the total country's GDP accumulation.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The regions of Donetsk (12.4%), Dnipropetrovsk region et (10.8%) and Kharkov (5.9% share of the country's GDP accumulation) were also important.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The lowest accumulation of regional gross domestic product (about 1285 euros per capita in 2011) was in the Chernivtsi region.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[58] [59] According to statistics and forecasts of the United Nations Special Organization IMF, Ukraine's gross domestic product was estimated in 2012-13 to have reached the pre-recession level of 2009.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In the IMF statistics, GDP per capita was 28555 hryvna (i.e. close to the nationally reported value), or USD 3584, and the purchasing power adjusted GDP value was approximately double that of US$7210.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The average GDP per capita share in Ukraine is among the lowest in geographical Europe, although at least in neighbouring Moldova (3382 USD/ person) the GDP level per capita adjusted for purchasing power was less than half of Ukraine's value.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Purchasing power adjusted gross domestic product per capita was markedly higher in countries such as Belarus (USD15056 per person) and Russia (16768 USD/person).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[60] The average monthly salary in Ukraine was approximately 2766 hryvnias in 2013, i.e. EUR 296 at exchange rates at the end of 2013.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The average monthly salary varied at regional level between 214 in Ternopil Region and €453 in Kiev.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[61] [57] Due to the low standard of living and a number of weaker economic development than its neighbours, Ukraine has moved millions of previous residents out of Ukraine since the early 1990s.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The poor economic situation of the population is not properly understood in the Western world, in the opinion of scientists.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[62] Energy Ukraine's electricity generation in 2010 was mainly based on fossil fuels (64.1%), nuclear power (25.2%) and hydroelectric power plants (9.9%).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[53] The share of nuclear power in electricity generation is among the highest in the world; the country ranks third in the world in relative comparison, after France and Belgium.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[63] Ukraine's electricity generation in 2012 was estimated at 198.1 TWh.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[53] In the same year, Finland's electricity production was 67.7 TWh, which corresponds to about one third of the total electricity generation in Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[64] According to the International Nuclear Energy Agency IAEA, Ukraine's four nuclear power plants produced about 78 TWh of electricity in 2013, accounting for about 43.6% of Ukraine's net electricity generation that year.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[65] In thermal energy production, natural gas was the dominant fuel in 2011 with a production share of 83.9%.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

12.7 were produced with coal or peat, 1.5 by biofuels, 1.1 by nuclear power and 0.9 per cent of Ukraine's heating energy.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[66] Ukraine is heavily dependent on energy imports from Russia, although it has sought to increase its own natural gas and oil production and oil refining in the 21st century.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In 2012, the country's own production was estimated to cover a generous third of the oil and natural gas used by Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[53] At the time, the country was the world's 10th largest importer of natural gas after the United States, Japan, several EU countries, South Korea and Turkey.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[67] There has also been significant discovery of petroleum and gas in the area of the Crimean peninsula and nearby marine areas.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The first discoveries of Crimean hydrocarbon resources were made as early as 1886.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Since then the focus has shifted to the westernmost part of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and to the southwestern maritime area of the peninsula, [68] although natural gas is drilled for example north of the Kerch Peninsula, near Shcholkine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Although extensive geological mapping was already undertaken in the area during the Soviet years, [68] in the 2010s Ukraine has agreed with major Western oil and gas drilling companies to cooperate in the exploration and exploitation of subsea deposits on the southwestern side of the Crimean peninsula.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

With this, Ukraine has aimed at reducing its dependence on Russia for its fuel supply.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[69] [70] [71] Efforts were made to increase annual natural gas production by just under 10% in 2014.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[72] New cooperation agreements, for example, for the Skifska gas deposit in the northern parts of the Black Sea have also been concluded.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The deposit is estimated to be capable of exploiting 200—250 million cubes of natural gas at an annual production of approximately 5 million cubes in due course.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In addition, another gas field is still unexploited in the neighbouring waters of Crimea in Ukraine, with similar estimates of annual production.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[73] [74] Ukraine's raw material resources and keeping the country dependent on Russian energy imports is one of the economic interests of Russia and the major companies it controls such as Gazprom during the 2014 Crimean crisis.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[75] The largest untapped natural gas resources in Ukraine are related to shale gas, [76] [77] which would have been intended to be released from the soil by fracking, i.e. by breaking the porous underground rock ring by means of pressurized water and chemicals.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

According to the most optimistic estimates, by the 2020s Ukraine could be liberated by these shale gas deposits for several decades completely from its natural gas import needs.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In January 2013, the President of Ukraine signed a US$10 billion long-term production cooperative agreement with the Shell company for the exploitation of the Yuzovska shale gas deposit in the Dneprin-Donetsk basin of northeastern Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The core areas of the Yuzovska deposit are located on the basis of pre-study in the Slovyansk region of the Donetsk region and the Izjum region of the Kharkov region.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[78] [79] A similar agreement was concluded in late 2013 with the US company Chevron to exploit the Oleska shale gas deposit in western Ukraine, despite opposition from hundreds of concerned people.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[80] [81] Russia also expressed concern about the impact of shale gas extraction in eastern Ukraine on water resources in its neighbouring regions.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[82] Due to great opposition, Ukraine's Minister of Environment promised in January 2014 that drilling measures, at least in the Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions of the western part of the country, would not begin at least until the summer of the same year.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[83] Population at the independence of Ukraine in 1992, the country's population was over 52 million.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In 2010, it had shrunk to 45 million and, according to UN projections, in 2030 Ukraine will have 39 million inhabitants.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[84] [85] Ethnic distribution In 2001, the largest nationalities or ethnic groups in Ukraine were: Ukrainians (77.8%), Russians (17.3%), Belarusians (0.6%), Moldovans (0.5%), Crimean Tatars (0.5%), Bulgarians (0.4%), Hungarians (0.3%), Romanians (0.3%), Poles (0.3%), Jews (0.2%) and others (1.8%).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The Autonomous Republic of Crimea in particular is ethnically diverse.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[86] Mother tongue In 2001 census, according to the Ukrainian population, 67.5% spoke Ukrainian as their mother tongue and 29.6% spoke Russian.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Russian's status as the mother tongue of the population had decreased by 3.2% between the 1989 and 2001 censuses.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Several minority languages are also spoken in Ukraine.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In the 2001 census, someone else's language was told as their mother tongue by 2.9 percent of respondents.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[87] The number of people speaking a minority language had risen by 0.4% between 1989 and 2001.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[87] This is explained, for example, by the return migration of Crimean Tatars.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[88] Minority languages have the highest number of speakers in Ruthenians (560,000, data from 2000), Romanian (319,000), Belarusian (276,000), Crimintarian (260,000, 2006 data) Bulgarian (234,000), Turkish (200,000) and Hungarian (157,000) and Polish (144,000).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[89] In late February 2014, the Ukrainian parliament decided to withdraw the language law enacted in 2012.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In Russian media in particular, this was seen as a major concern and a reason for the dissatisfaction of the Russian-speaking segment of the population, as a previous law had allowed more official languages to be used in areas where more than 10% of the population spoke a non-official language of the country Ukrainian.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Under the law, thirteen of the country's 27 regions had had time to adopt the use of Russian as the second official language in their territory.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In the west of the country, two regions had, in turn, adopted Romanian and Hungarian as the official language in their territory.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[90] [91] Acting President Turchinov of Ukraine vetoed the move, however, and rebuffed the law change.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[92] [93] Employment and UN Millennium Development Goals In 2012, the official unemployment rate in Ukraine was 2%, but much of the unemployment is thought to be hidden unemployment.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[94] As defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO), the actual unemployment rate was 7.5% in 2012.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Unemployment was lowest in Kiev (5.5%), the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Odessa Oblast (5.8%), and Sevastopol (5.7%).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Unemployment peaked in the Rivne, Ternopil and Chernihiv regions (9.8%) and Žytomyr region (9.7%).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[95] According to World Bank statistics, 2.9% of the population lived below the nationally defined poverty line in 2008.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[96] The labour organisation ILO stated in its 2013 summary that 3.4% of Ukraine's working-age population, or about 1.2 million Ukrainians, had emigrated from their country after work.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Between January 2010 and June 2012, these Ukrainians aged 15—70 lived outside their homeland for work.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Two-thirds of those who moved for work were men and a third were women.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The most popular working countries were Russia (43.2%), Poland (14.3%), Italy (13.2%) and the Czech Republic (12.9%).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[97] In 2007, it was estimated that Ukraine has achieved three of the UN Millennium Development Goals: poverty, education and equality.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

It was considered likely that it would also meet targets related to infant mortality and the health of expectant mothers, with the possibility of achieving two other targets as well.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[98] Religion In a 2006 poll, 62.5% of Ukrainians were non-denominational groups.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Orthodox constituted 26.8 per cent, Catholics 5.9 per cent, Protestants 0.9 per cent and other faiths made up 1.0 per cent of the population.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

2.6 percent did not know their convictions and 0.3 percent did not respond to the survey.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[99] Orthodoxy is currently divided into three competing churches.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The division is driven by Ukrainian nationalism and a desire to also ecclesiastically detach itself from Russian influence.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

According to an opinion poll, the largest religious community in Ukraine is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church — the Kiev Patriarchate.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

It is a denomination founded in 1992, led by Patriarch Filaret.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Filaret was until 1991 the Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kiev under the Moscow Patriarchate and the entire Ukrainian Metropolitan, but lost priestly consecration and was excluded from communion in 1997 for “schismatic activities”.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Other Orthodox churches have not recognized the Kiev Patriarchate led by Filaret.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ukrainian Orthodox Church — Moscow Patriarchate is subordinate to the Russian Orthodox Church, or Moscow Patriarchate, a church that operates autonomously since 1990.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The Third Orthodox Church is the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, which emerged in the 1920s during the brief independence of Ukraine and survived during the Soviet period in the diaspora abroad.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Since Ukraine gained independence, it has resumed operations on Ukrainian territory.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[99] Debate on the unification of the Kiev Patriarchate and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was revived in the spring of 2015.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[100] Western Ukraine also has a significant number of uniates belonging to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, who adhere to the Orthodox tradition of worship but recognise the status of the Pope and are thus part of the Catholic Church.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Among the Protestant faith directions, the largest are the Baptists and the Pentecostal movement, both of which have hundreds of thousands of members in different congregational unions.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Protestantism is concentrated in the western part of the country, from which extensive missionary work has also been carried out across the Soviet Union.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The share of the Catholic Church is similarly the largest in the western part of the country, which before World War II belonged to Poland, especially in the Lviv (Lvov) region.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

There are also Jewish and Muslim minorities in the country, a significant part of the latter formed by Crimean Tatars.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Culture Food Food is a major part of Ukrainian culture and a lot of regional specialties can be found in different corners of the country with predominantly nutrient soil.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The most famous Ukrainian dishes are borscht (soup made from beets), varenyky (a dish similar to ravioli), golubtsi (stuffed cabbage rolls) and deruny (pancakes made from grated potatoes).


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

There are many dishes associated with the celebration of Christmas and Easter that are not prepared at any other time.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ukrainian dark rye bread is also well-known.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[101] Music Many Ukrainians are nationalistic, and especially in the peripheral regions old traditions and folk music are gaining strength.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Among the composers of art music, Dmitry Bortnyanski and Sergei Prokofiev are Ukrainian-born, though lived and composed mainly in Russia.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Among its Ukrainian art music performers, the most famous are violinists David and Igor Oistrah and pianists Vladimir Horowitz and Sviatoslav Richter.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[102] In the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine has done quite well.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ruslana Lyzhychko won the Eurovision in 2004 in Istanbul, Turkey with her song Wild Dances.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

So Ukraine organised the 2005 Eurovision.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

At the 2007 Eurovisa, Vjerka Serdjutška finished second with the song Dancing Lasha Tumbai.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In 2008, Ani Lorak also came second with the song Shady Lady.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[103] At the 2016 Eurovisas held in Stockholm, Ukraine won with a 1944 song performed by Jamala.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[104] Literature The most famous Ukrainian writers are the poet Taras Shevchenko, who lived in the 19th century, and Ivan Franko, a novelist who died in 1916.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Ivan Franko was a prominent writer and politician who founded the Ukrainian Socialist Movement.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In addition to his own literary production, he translated works by Victor Hugo, William Shakespeare and Goethe into the Ukrainian language, among others.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Taras Shevchenko is considered the father of modern Ukrainian literature.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

He also wrote in Russian and, in addition to literary production, was also an accomplished painter.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

He was sentenced to deportation in 1847 due to his satirical poems describing the repression of Russians against Ukrainians.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[105] Sports Although the necessary sports infrastructure is not at the level of many European countries, Ukraine has performed well in top international sports, especially athletics, gymnastics, sailing, boxing, wrestling, swimming, judo and chess.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Among the country's most famous athletes are boxers Vitali and Volodymyr Klychko, Vasyl Lomachenko, as well as pole jumper Serhi Bubka.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The most successful athlete at the Olympics is four gold medals achieved by swimmer Jana Klochkova.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Since 1994, Ukraine has had a team at both the Summer and Winter Olympics, with the country winning a total of 29 gold medals.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[106] The most popular sport in Ukraine is football, where the sports clubs Kiev Dynamo, Donetsk Shah'tar and Dnipropetrovsk Dnipro have achieved international success.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The country's football team survived a difficult qualifying block (e.g.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Turkey, Greece and Denmark) as number one to continue on to the 2006 World Cup competitions, where ranked in the top eight.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

In the FIFA Rankig it was ranked 49th in April 2012.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[107] Kiev Sokol is the most famous ice hockey team in the country.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The Ukrainian ice hockey national team has played in the A series of the World Ice Hockey Championships in the 2000s.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The International Ice Hockey Federation calculates there are 4400 registered players in the country.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

The men's national team is ranked 20th in the IIHF rankings in 2013.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[108] Holidays Date [109] Finnish nameLocal nameNotes1.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

JanuaryNew yearНовий рік7.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

JanuaryChristmasріздвоThe date of Christmas is due to the Julian calendar of the Orthodox8.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

MarchInternational Women's DayМіжнародний день жінки1.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

— 2 May WayP9.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

May The Victory Daythe Capitulation of National Socialist Germany 1945 to the Soviet28.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

JuneConstitution Day24.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

AugustIndependence Dayдень незалежності УкраниThe independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union 1991 From the Christian holidays, the date of Orthodox Christmas is fixed, but the date of Easter varies.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

[109] Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References elsewhere (formin.fi) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

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Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) {{country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size = | name = | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} and Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How long did Ukraine's war of independence last?

Ukraine

Check date values in: |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |date= (help) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A security guard is a civilian employee employed by a private guarding shop whose job is to protect property or security on the basis of an agreement between the company and the owner of the object.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The duties, rights and duties of the guard, as well as the laws and regulations related to the work, vary in different countries.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guarding business is very often subject to licence.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

For example, in Spain, Italy and Belgium, a security licence is issued by the local Ministry of the Interior, the police government in Finland.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In Sweden and Norway the county government, in Denmark the police, in Germany and Austria the Ministry of Economy, in the Netherlands the Ministry of Justice and in France the prefecture.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

British law, on the other hand, does not exactly control and restrict the business of guarding; associations operating in various aspects of the private security sector have developed rules and recommendations for the sector itself.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[1] Often the entity issuing a security licence also controls the business of the sector and may issue instructions and regulations to it.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Training requirements are often imposed on the watchdog by the laws of different countries, which may aim to professionalise the private security sector and improve the legal protection of people, and even transferring public policy and security to public authorities. supervisory tasks for the private sector; in several countries, a security movement may be able to monitor the order and security of, for example, a market square, traffic station, shopping centre or similar public area.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Training requirements vary widely; for example, in Italy the duty of the guard movement is to identify the training needs of workers; in Germany the training requirement is 24 hours, in Sweden 90 hours, plus an additional 120 hours of work training.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[1] The carrying of firearms is permitted in Finland by legislation in certain specific tasks, [2] as well in some other countries, such as Sweden, Norway, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Spain and France.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[1] Often private detective activities are equated with guarding business, and private detective activities are also subject to licence.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

There are exceptions, for example Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany allow private detective activities to be carried out without a security licence.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[1] Private detective activities may also be partly related to the detection of crimes and therefore may be prohibited by law to non-government entities.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Internationally, the number of mandates for private security services has increased considerably.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In Europe, the sector is growing at an annualised rate of about 4 to 6 per cent at a turnover


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

15 billion.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[3] In several countries, common problems in the sector include e.g.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

low pay, staff turnover and recruitment problems.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[3] A security guard business in Finland A security guard is a civilian employee who works in an employment relationship for a guarding shop to whom the Ministry of Internal Affairs has issued a security licence.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard protects the integrity of property or persons, protects premises from external threats, or performs other tasks specified in the assignment agreement between the guarding shop and the client, is dressed in the guard's costume and has completed the training required of the guard, and has received to act as guardian of regulatory approval.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A police officer, customs officer or border guard shall not work as a guard or participate in the activities of the guarding movement.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A person performing so-called self-guarding organized by the company or entity itself is not a guard, nor does he have the rights of a guard.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Wearing guard insignia without a valid permit is a guarding motion violation punishable by a fine.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Performing guard duties or entering into an assignment contract without a guarding business licence issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs is a guarding business offence punishable by a fine or imprisonment of up to six months.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[4] In Finland, the law on private security services (282/2002) is based on security legislation.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, the security sector concerns include the Government Decree on Private Security Services (534/2002), the Government Decree on the Security Advisory Board (285/2002), the Decree of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the training of attendants and guards in charge of the guard movement (780/2002), Decree of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on the special use of force training of the guard (780/2002), Decree of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on a dog to be engaged in a guarding and order enforcement function (782/2002), Law on supervisors (533/1999), Decree of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the symbols (848/2003) and the Code of Order (612/2003).


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In 2008, Finland had a total of 91359 mandates in relation to guarding business.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[5] The number of orders has grown strongly throughout the 21st century.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In 2009, there are approximately 190 valid unrestricted security licences in Finland [6].


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

There are approximately 31 limited security licences [7].


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Performing guarding duties or entering into an assignment contract without a guarding business license is an offence of guarding motion punishable by a fine or imprisonment of up to six months.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[4] The security guard shall have a duty of secrecy regarding security arrangements between the parties (the guard shop and the customer), business or professional secrets and matters of privacy.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The obligation of secrecy will remain upon completion of the mission.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The obligation of secrecy does not apply to the right of a public authority or court to obtain information kept confidential from the guard.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[8] Supervisor of Order for the assistance of the police and the Border Patrol The functions of the officer of order in aid of the police and the Border Guard are coherent but differ significantly in terms of rights and responsibilities.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The establishment of a supervisor requires the approval of the local police in addition to the mandate agreement, i.e. it is authorised and always fixed term.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A supervisor may be assigned to supervise order and security with the assistance of the police, for example at a traffic station, shopping centre or public transport, provided that the person's acceptance as both guard and supervisor is valid and the supervisor is working in the service of the guard shop.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The Guards Movement shall not accept a mandate that includes a commitment to maintain public order and security because the Private Security Services Act prohibits it.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

However, a public place (such as a traffic station or shopping centre) may, by decision of the local police, an order supervisor under the Order Act be placed to maintain order and security.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In this case, the person performing the task must have valid approvals to be both the guardian and the supervisor.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In this case, the guardian of order has broader rights and responsibilities than the guard, and the primary role is to maintain order and security.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The supervisor is set at the request of the local police and the permit is always justified and fixed term.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Development of legislation in Finland Private security legislation is currently undergoing a transformational phase in Finland.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Legislation is being reformed and developed and the Ministry of Home Affairs has set up a legislative project to reform legislation in the security sector.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[9] The project will be implemented between 2008 and 2010 in two phases.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In the first phase, the Government's proposal will be submitted to Parliament no later than the autumn session 2009 and the proposal for the second phase no later than the autumn session 2010.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Identify the possibility of transferring sections under the Law on Supervisors of Order (533/1999) to the Private Security Services Act (282/2002) and to evaluate the extension of the scope for maintaining order and security, to define in more detail the number of guards, supervisors as well as the division of labour between the police, to develop the operating conditions of security operators in line with the current level and foreseeable developments, to extend the rights of guards and supervisors to the present level and to foreseeable developments, to identify whether the need to amend the prohibition to adopt a mandate concerning the maintenance of public order and security and to develop the control of guard movements and the right of access to information by the authorities.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Draft government proposal on legislative reforms in the security sector (9.4.2009, pdf).


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The duties of the guard Security legislation defines the role of guard as guarding property, protecting the integrity of a person, and revealing crimes against the object of guard or contractor, as well as supervising those duties.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[10] The duties of a guard at a practical level may include: local security, which means guarding at a single assignment site, district patrol, i.e. guarding at several different assignment sites moving from one destination to another, which may include, for example, burglary or inspection tasks related to other alarms, the duties of a shop guard, which may involve, under certain conditions, guarding without wearing a guard's outfit, fire and fire security, security screening, personal inspection, for example at a court or airport, control room duties, service center/alarm center tasks, reception and guidance of guests or customers, monitoring and security tasks of a nuclear power plant, metro security, personal protection tasks, money supply and CIT tasks, order-like tasks, crime detection tasks, controlling vehicle or passenger traffic.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

protection officer (“firefighter-guard”), performs work duties in the field of fire and rescue, as well as area security in industrial mandates.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A varied job description, where the work can also include fire extinguisher inspections, compressed air equipment maintenance, protective maintenance and safety training.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Generally, training requirements for a full-time protection officer include not only guard training but also to undergo a full-time or sideline training pipeline in the salvage industry, as well as maintaining smoke and chemical diving eligibility.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A guard's job description may also include non-actual security duties.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[11] Security checks are based on separate laws.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The screeners may serve the role of guard, although the performance of screening duties does not require separate approval as a guard.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Security screening duties in court must be approved by the police.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

As the service needs of the customers of guard shops have changed in place, the duties of the guard have also become multi-service tasks, including tasks such as property maintenance tasks.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In this case, the guard may also have basic training in property maintenance, for example.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Guardianship duties may also include the use of various machines and equipment and participation in different production processes.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Performing the duties of the guards saves the resources of the authorities.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Due to alerts from crime notification systems, security guards going to the scene will save the police an annual rate of 30 staff years.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[12] General principles to be followed in guarding duties must act correctly and equally and in order to promote amicability.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Guard duties must be performed without causing greater damage than is necessary to carry out the duties, and no further interference in the rights of anyone than is necessary to carry out the task.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, measures related to the tasks must be justified in relation to the urgency, importance and overall situation of the task.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard shall inform the person subject of the measure or to his representative of the measure.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The plea must be reported without further enquiry.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[13] Risk factors related to the work of a guard The guard's work ranks among the occupations whose risk of accidents at work exceeds the average in Statistics Finland's statistics on accidents at work for the year 2000.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[14] According to research, 16% of occupational accidents to guards were caused by violence.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Thirteen per cent of respondents perceived violence as serious and 40 per cent as a mild problem in their work.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The hazards and disadvantages of the work were cited e.g.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

threats, the generalization of bladed weapons and working alone.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Seventy-three per cent of respondents felt that work has become more dangerous in recent years.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[15] The Private Security Services Act on Private Security Services came into force on 21 August 2015.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The aim of the new law was to ensure the quality and reliability of private security services and to promote cooperation between public authorities and private security services.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Training as a security guard in Finland requires the completion of compulsory training.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

There are also a number of different vocational trainings in the security sector.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The average age of guards in Finland is currently around 30-32 years.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[16] The Compulsory Training of the Guard Act also renewed the basic training of the guard.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In the earlier Guards Movement Act 1983, the temporary guard did not require training and the training of a regular guard was 40 hours in length.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The new law changed regular guard training to 120 hours long and temporary guard training currently lasts 40 hours.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

With the training of a temporary guard, one can work a year for a total of 4 months.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

It is also possible for the guard to complete the professional qualification of the guard, of which the 120 hour course corresponds to two parts of the professional examination.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The basic training of the guard is two-stage.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The first stage lasts 40 hours and the second 80 hours.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Guard training begins with a 40-hour Guardsman Work Basics course, where the guard learns his legal rights and responsibilities.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The content of the course is regulated by law.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The course includes the basics of emergency first aid, use of force training and knowledge of the law, as well as basic information on cooperation with authorities.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A person who has successfully completed the course may seek approval from the police to be a temporary guard for a period of up to four months per calendar year.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The second stage of the guard course can only be completed once the Basics of the Guardsman's Work course has been passed.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The contents of the second section are also provided for in the regulation.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The course involves training additional first aid (EA1 training-wide), use of force, coping with various threat situations.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, the provisions concerning the guard are recounted.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The course also includes fire work training.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A person who has successfully completed the course can apply to the police for approval as a security guard for five years at a time.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard must undergo special use of force training for the telescopic bar, gas nebulizer and firearm.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Training may be administered and/or provided by a person who has completed the training of a police school use-of-force instructor.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard's use of force training is five hours per instrument of force, excluding a firearm with a training duration of 24 hours.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Training of the guard may only be organized by an educational institution.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Specific use of force training for gas nebulizer, telescopic bar and firearm may be provided by a person who has completed the training of the police school guard's use of force trainer and has been approved for the job.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Vocational training in the field of security training is provided by educational institutions in the field of security.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Vocational training in the field of security include e.g.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

in addition to the professional qualification of the guard, for example, the Safety Supervisor Specialist Qualification, the Undergraduate Degree in Security and the Bachelor's Degree in Security with the title of Bachelor's Degree, as well as the Specialist Qualification in Technology.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The Professional Qualification of the Guard Professional Qualification is commonly used as the abbreviation VAT.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Previously, the Government Decree on Private Security Services (534/2002) 9§ 2.mom stipulated that the guard who completed the training should attach the letter A to his shoulder tokens as a sign of the professional examination of the guard.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

As stipulated by the new law on private security services 2017, the letter A will no longer be allowed to be used as of 1 April 2017.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The mandatory components of the VAT are the basics of the guard's work, the basic guard course, guarding activities in the security field, rescue information, safety engineering, and threat situation management.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, students study two optional sections of the following: reception service, local security, district security and alarm duties, store security, order control, transportation safety, personal safety, entrepreneurship.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Safety Supervisor Specialist Qualification The Security Supervisor Specialist Qualification is a senior specialist and managerial qualification in the field of security which allows the person who has completed the training to seek approval from the Ministry of the Interior to be the responsible attendant of a guard shop.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Annual Refresher Training on the use of force The guard movement must annually provide guards with force refresher training which includes practical exercises in addition to theory.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard movement shall maintain a register of persons who have completed refresher training.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The trainer must be a person who has received a guard use of force trainer training at the Police Polytechnic University.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard's outfit The guard should be dressed in the guard's outfit when performing a guard duty.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The outfit shall be consistent with other guards performing similar tasks in the same company.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard's outfit must not resemble the clothing worn by the authorities.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

On the left breast of the guard's outfit must be marked with a pair of words guard, forcible.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, the bust must bear the name of the guarding movement or an established movement sign.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The back of the overcoat, jumpsuit and rain outfit must be marked “guard” or “väktare”, which can also be indicated on the headdress.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[17] The guard's costume shall not have any signs, texts or patterns other than those mentioned above.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

However, under certain conditions, the use of the guard's outfit can be deviated.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[18] Position insignia and insignia According to the regulation, insignia worn in the guard's outfit must be affixed to shoulder tokens.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Some guard shops in Finland use other badges indicating the status of the guard on their shoulder tokens.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The most common method of marking is the vertical or horizontal lines marked on shoulder polettes.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Not all companies use shoulder tokens, and their use is not mandatory.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The entries are company-specific and may indicate the role of the guard, the value, the employment-led right or the length of employment.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Some of the relatively common task identifiers in use are noted in the list below.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Entries and task content vary from company to company.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Examples of Guards' Task IDShoulder Tokens Marking1 Narrow Ribbon Senior Guard2 Narrow Ribbon Supervisor3 Narrow Ribbon Target Supervisor4 Narrow Tape Shift Supervisor1 Wide Ribbon Service Manager or Field Manager3 Wide Ribbon Area Manager or Unit Manager4 Wide RibbonThe CEO or Deputy Managing Director The responsible attendant of the guarding movement may, in certain situations, if enabled by law, specify an assignment by assignment in which the guard may wear anything other than the guard's outfit.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Such may be, for example, a mandate related to the disclosure of a crime.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Obstruction of a guard in accordance with Chapter 17, Section 6 of the Criminal Code, is provided as follows: Who by using or threatening to use violence prevents or attempts to prevent a person maintaining order from performing what belongs to him by law or decree the task, or otherwise complicates the performance of said task, shall be condemned, unless the law elsewhere provides for a harsher punishment, for resisting a person maintaining the order to a fine or imprisonment for up to six months.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The so-called. According to case law, “non-violent resisting” is an act punishable by a day fine, the maximum sentence for violent resisting is half a year in prison.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Therefore, resisting a person maintaining order is grounds for apprehension.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In 2016, the police became aware of 2,645 objections by persons maintaining the order in Finland.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[19] An assignment contract An assignment agreement is a contract document that a guarding business concludes a contract for a guard service with the subscriber.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

According to the law, the contract must contain at least the following items: the name and address of the sponsor, the name and address of the guarding shop, the duties to which the contract relates, the areas and objects to which the contract relates, the compensation and criteria for the assignment, and the date of commencement and duration.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

An assignment agreement may be concluded for the following types of guarding duties: guarding property, safeguarding the integrity of a person, exposing offences against the object of guard or contractor, and order control, in which case the task must be assigned to the task ordinance supervisor.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Event Notice The Private Security Services Act requires a security guard to file an incident report whenever he exercises his powers permitted by law.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The security guard shall indicate his name and the person guarding the shop he is employed by, the time and place of the incident, whether he has captured someone, carried out a security check or removed someone from the guard area, whether he has used handcuffs, a bar, a telescopic bar, gas nebulizer or dog, has taken out or used a firearm, and injuries sustained by the person subject to the procedure or his/her self in the situation.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[20] Where appropriate, the event notification may include the specific characteristics of the person who has been the subject of the operation and observations about the behaviour and condition of the target person.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, the event notification shall contain a more detailed description of the event and the actions taken in response to the event.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[21] The Guardian has therefore also been given the right by law to make entries of the offence committed, the offender, personal and contact details and his distinguishing marks, without prejudice to the Identity Registration Act.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

However, these labels may not be used in any other context.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The security shop is not allowed to keep a separate record of crime suspects.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Rights and obligations of the guard Delimitation of the guard's scope of duty The guard works for the guard shop and his rights are valid only in the area specified in the assignment agreement or in a specific designated function, although the right of apprehension granted by law does not end at the border of the guard area and outside the guard area, the guard may exercise the general right of apprehension under the Coercive Act.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The rights of the guard are based on the Private Security Services Act, (LYTP, 1085/2015).


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The universal right of apprehension is based on Section 2 of Chapter 2 of the Coercive Means Act (806/2011).


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Section 2:3 of the Coercive Act defines the general right of apprehension in connection with the possibility of use of force to supply the apprehension.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The Guardian works very far with the power of everyman's rights.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, the new law gives the guard the right of removal, the right to use force and the right to carry out a security check when apprehended, which are not the rights of every man.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, the guard has a general right of apprehension under the Coercive Act, which is almost the same in content even in the Private Security Services Act.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, guards may also perform tasks to which they are not entitled to by law.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Such may include inspections of vehicles or employees.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Such actions are voluntary for the subject of the measure, and legislatively such a measure is carried out with the consent of the offended.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[22] Duty to report aggravated offences The Private Security Services Act obliges the guard to report to the police some aggravated offences that have already occurred.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[23] [24] They constitute crimes referred to in Chapter 15, Section 10 (1) of the Criminal Code: endangering the sovereignty of Finland, treason, aggravated treason, espionage, aggravated espionage, treason, aggravated state fraud, rape, aggravated rape, aggravated sexual abuse of a child, murder, manslaughter, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, murder, death, aggravated assault, robbery, aggravated robbery, aggravated human robbery, hostage taking, aggravated destruction, aggravated endangering health, nuclear explosive crime, ship hijacking, aggravated environmental depravity, and aggravated narcotics offence.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

An ordinary citizen has the obligation to report the above-mentioned crimes only when the crimes are still preventable.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Removing The guard shall have the right to remove a person from his or her area where the deletee does not comply with the request to leave the territory owner, holder or his representative or if it is apparent that the deletee does not have the right to stay in the area and the guard has instructed him to leave.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

There is a privilege at issue that does not exist for an ordinary citizen.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The removal measure may result in the guard becoming obliged to take care of the safety of the object in the measure, as provided for in Chapter 21, Articles 14 and 15 of the Criminal Code for discarding and failure to act.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[25] Blocking access The Guardian has the right to block access to his domain if the right of removal is fulfilled if the person enters the guard area and there is a lawful grounds for removal.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Therefore, the guard does not have to wait for the person to invade the area if they could be removed from it anyway.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[25] Capture apprehension refers to every coercive act enforced for a lawful purpose which prevents a person from leaving the territory.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard makes it clear to the subject of the measure that his exit will be prevented.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The apprehension does not necessarily involve physical contact, but may occur verbally.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

According to Section 16 of the Law on Private Security Services (LYTP), when performing a guard duty, a guard has the right to apprehend an offender who has been met on the verge or on the run if the offence may result in imprisonment or if the offence is mild assault, shoplifting, mild embezzlement, mild unauthorised use, mild motor vehicle operation theft, mild tort or mild fraud.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Attempted shoplifting is also grounds for apprehension.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[26] The guard is required by law to hand over the apprehended person without delay to the police.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[27] Under the law, the right to apprehend the guard (as well as the general right of apprehension under the Coercive Act) also arises in any act which may result in imprisonment.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

When exercising the right of apprehension, the guard has the right to keep the person in the storage room if the person caught behaves in a dangerous manner.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

However, a person should not be left in the space alone.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[28] Safety inspection Upon apprehension, the guard may also carry out a safety check to take away dangerous objects or substances.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Dangerous items most commonly include various bladed weapons and drug syringes.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Hazardous substances, for example, refer to various sprays or chemicals capable of causing personal injury.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

If the apprehended resists the inspection, the guard may use proportionally necessary force.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The items and substances taken away during the safety inspection shall be handed over without delay to the police.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

There are no separate grounds required for carrying out a safety check; the guard is entitled to do so at each apprehension when carrying out guard duties.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Where the right of apprehension is tied to a guard duty, there is no right of safety inspection if, in a situation not related to guard duty, the guard exercises the general right of apprehension under the Coercive Means Act.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[29] In some cases, the performance of a safety inspection in the European situation could be subject to emergency protection conditions.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Right to use force The right to use force is based on Section 17 of Chapter 2 of the Private Security Services Act.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

If the person being removed, caught or subjected to a safety inspection attempts to prevent a guard from carrying out acts against a person based on the law, the guard shall have the right to use force which may be considered defensible.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, the guard may use force necessary in relation to the situation, for example in the case of a forced state or makeshift mode.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Exaggeration of the force used by the guard is provided for in the Criminal Code.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Elevated Criminal Protection The guard has an increased level of criminal protection when performing statutory duties.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

However, the act does not apply if the act is subject to a more severe punishment provided for by law elsewhere.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[30] Power devices The guard's means of force are handcuffs, gas sprayer, vinyl bar, telescopic bar and firearm.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A dog is not a means of force mentioned in the law, but it is equated as such.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard may carry specially defined means of force in his duties: a gas spray gun, handcuffs, and a vinyl bar and telescopic bar up to 70 centimeters long.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A firearm (usually a pistol or revolver) may only be carried in bodyguard or CIT duty, as well as in guarding an object of public interest, if necessary to perform the task.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Such targets mainly include nuclear power plants, airports or explosives factories.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[18] [31] A guard who has completed the general portion of the use of force training is allowed to carry a vinyl bar and handcuffs.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The firearm, gas nebulizer and telescopic bar may only be carried by a guard who has received special use of force training meeting the requirements established by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and demonstrated annually that he possesses adequate firearm handling and marksmanship skills.