Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Certain evidence of Neanderthal human habitation in the area has been found, such as hearths and tools [9].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

After the Stone Age there were numerous Iberi tribes in the area.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In antiquity, Phoenician and Greek merchants arrived there, who founded the port city of Empúries [10].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

At the time of the Punic Wars around the year 218 BCE.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Empúries was beached by the Romans, who later conquered the region from the Ibers and ruled it until the fall of the Roman Empire in the 4th century [11].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Middle Ages and Self-Government Later, the territory of present-day Catalonia was ruled by the Visigoths, whose rule ended with the Muslim Conquest in the 8th century.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In the northern parts of Catalonia, the Muslim period fell comparatively short, for about 80 years, but southern regions such as Lleida, Tarragona, Balaguer and Tortosa were under Al-Andalus control for nearly four centuries.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Charles the Great formed a kind of exclusion zone between present-day Spain and France, between Marca Hispanica, the Frankish kingdom that was located in France, and the Muslim territories controlled by the Caliphate of Córdoba.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

This region was ruled by small counties such as Besalú or Girona, whose subsequent alliance is considered the beginning of Catalonia's political affiliation [12].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Later, Muslim influence in the region waned and Christian counties expanded southwards.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In 785, the Franks conquered Girona, and in 801 Barcelona.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In 988 King Borrell II revoked his pledge of allegiance to the Franks, which made Catalonia independent de facto [13] Power passed to the Counts of Barcelona.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In 1137, Catalonia formed a confederation with Aragon when Ramón Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, entered into a marriage with Princess Peronella of Aragon [14].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia-Aragon participated in the wars against the Muslims by conquering Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and the Balearic Islands.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

From Murcia, the conquistadors abdicated in favor of the kings of Spain.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Elevated to a Mediterranean sea mace, Catalonia-Aragon also controlled territories in Italy, Greece and France (Roussillon).


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalan influence declined after the 1350s with disputes over power succession, political and social upheavals, economic decline, and disease epidemics such as the decline of the population caused by the Black Death.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[15] The discovery of America in 1492 diminished the importance of Mediterranean commerce and strengthened Spain's position.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia became part of the Kingdom of Spain when King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile entered into marriage.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia retained self-government within the union, which it lost forever only in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Historic Catalonia extends across the Pyrenees in the north to include the historic county of Roussillon, which has been part of France (Department of Pyrénées-Orientales) since 1659, when the Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain was concluded.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalan nationalists still refer to the region as Catalunya Nord, northern Catalonia.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Subversive Catalonia prospered in the 18th and especially 19th century economically, when there experienced an industrial revolution among the first in Spain.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In particular, the textile industry was of great importance.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Nationalist ideas resurrected during the National Romanticism period in the 19th century.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Industrialisation was followed in the 1850s by the genesis of the labour movement.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Anarchism gained much ground within the Catalan labour movement, and Catalans were prominent in the International Workers' Union.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The labour movement also spread among the land labour.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

For example, the 1890 wine crisis spawned a movement of wine sharecroppers who in 1909 started a violent revolt known as Tragic Week.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[16] Franco's dictatorship 1939−1975 and re-democratization during the founding phase of the Second Spanish Republic, Catalonia recorded declaration as an independent republic in 1931, but the unilateral declaration was not recognized by the Spanish central government.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The following year, the government granted Catalonia self-government, but withdrew it in 1934 after a failed attempt at independence.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Self-government was restored in 1936 after the Popular Front won the elections, at which point Lluís Companys returned to Catalan leadership.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In the Spanish Civil War, Catalonia defended the Spanish Republic against rebels led by General Franco.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The rebels recaptured Barcelona in January 1939, and the war ended with a rebel victory on 1 April 1939, when Franco declared himself a mono-rule.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia faced persecution after the war: political freedoms and self-government were dismantled, the use of Catalan was banned.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia's regional government, the generalitat, operated in exile for more than 40 years.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The dictatorship ended with the death of Franco on 4 November 1975, beginning the transition period to democracy that lasted until 1978.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The Catalans demanded self-determination, and it came to fruition when the Spanish government decided to restore self-government on 30 September 1977 [17].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalan self-government was established in 1978.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Pujol's 1981−2003 The nationalist party Convergència i Unió CiU, formed jointly by the centre-right Convergència and Christian Democratic Unión, dominated Catalan politics under Chairman Jordi Pujol from the first free elections in the period of self-government since 1981 until 2003.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In the Pujol period, a modern model of governance and infrastructure was built in Catalonia.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Pujol made several governing alliances in Madrid, first with the Socialists led by Felipe González and in 1996 with José María Aznar's People's Party.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

2003−2010 In 2003, a three-party majority government, the “Tripartit”, came to power.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The governing parties were the Party of Socialists of Catalonia PSC, which is the Catalan sister party of the Spanish socialist party PSOE; the pro-independence Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya ERC; and the coalition of the Left and Greens, the Catalan Green Initiative — United and Alternative Left (ICV-EUIA).


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Pasqual Maragall rose to the chair.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The first term of the three left-wing parties, 2003—06, brought some changes in areas such as social and environmental policy.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In addition, a new Charter of Self-Government was drafted and discussed during the legislature.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

On June 18, 2006, Catalonia passed a new self-government law in a referendum, with 73.9% voting in favor of the law and 20.8% against.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Turnout was low: 49%.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[18] The term was also contested and scandal-filled and ended with early elections after the ERC was dismissed from the regional government.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In the fall 2006 elections, CiU narrowly received the most votes, but remained in opposition when the three left-wing parties formed a new alliance after the fall 2006 elections.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

José Montilla, a new leading figure of the PSC, became the chairman of the local government, became the first chairman born outside Catalonia.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The left-wing government received the calledname “Entesa”, which means consensual.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

At the same time, the regional government wanted to make a nest difference to the mistakes of the previous administration period.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Gradually, the designation was forgotten, and the alliance was again referred to as the Tripartit.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

2010s In the 2010 general election on 29 November, CiU gained 62 seats, PSC 28, PP 18, ERC 10, ICV 10.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Compared to previous elections, the winners were the CiU and PP, the losers governing parties.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

As a new party, four seats were gained in parliament by the pro-independence Solidaritat Catalana per la Independència (SI).


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Ciutadans retained its three representatives from the previous election.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[19] In December 2010, the CIU leader Artur Mas became the new Chair of Catalonia, with a minority government led only by CIU representatives [20].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

On the National Day of Catalonia on 11 September 2013, the pro-independence organisation ANC organised a 400 km long human chain for independence [21].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

On November 9, 2014, an unofficial, symbolic referendum on independence was held in Catalonia, although Spain's Constitutional Court had banned it from being held.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[22] [23] In the referendum, just under 81% voted in favour of independence.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Turnout was 37%.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[24] The September 2015 local elections led to political deadlock and Mas announced in January 2016 that he would resign from the position of chairman.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[25] In October 2016, the Constitutional Court of Spain repealed the law banning bullfighting enacted by Catalonia in 2011 because, according to the court, bullfighting is a Spanish culture with the protection of law throughout the state [24].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In March 2017, the Supreme Court of Catalonia sentenced Mas and former regional ministers Irene Rigau and Joana Ortega to a periodic ban from office for opposing the Constitutional Court in the referendum case, Mas for two years.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

As the trials began, about 40,000 people supported the defendants outside the courthouse.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[23] Catalan President Carles Puigdemont announced that he would hold a referendum on independence on 1 October 2017.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Spain's government considers the referendum illegal and Interior Minister Juan Ignacio Zoido says it intends to block the vote by all means.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia, on the other hand, announced it would declare independence unilaterally if a referendum could not be held.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[26] More than 840 civilians and 35 police officers were injured in clashes between voters and police.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Police used intense violence to disperse the polls.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[27] [28] [29] Police closed polling stations and seized ballot boxes, gaining control of 740,000 votes.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[30] Turnout was around 50%, and more than 90% of those who voted were in favour of Catalonia becoming independent.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[31] Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy thanked the police, saying they defended the law and democracy.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In Rajoy's view, Catalans were tricked into taking part in an illegal vote.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[32] Catalonia was declared an independent republic by the regional parliament of Catalonia on 27 October 2017.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[33] The Spanish Government decided on the same day that Article 155 of the Constitution allowing for the intervention of Catalonia in self-government should be introduced.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

It ordered the dissolution of the Catalan regional government and parliament and new regional elections to be delivered on 21 December 2017.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[34] In early November 2017, Spanish authorities began proceedings in Madrid against all nine separatist leaders in the country, accusing them of sedition, sedition and misuse of public funds.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The maximum sentence for those is up to 30 years in prison.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The other four, including Catalan regional leader Carles Puidgemont, are in Belgium's Brussels.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Of them, at least Puidgemont announced that he did not intend to return to trial in Spain.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[35] In the December 2017 election, a vote for the elected regional parliament on 14 May 2018, Quim Torra i Pla was elected as the new regional leader.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Mr Puigdemont had previously announced Torra's candidacy.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[36] Politics Catalonia has extensive self-government within Spain, which it received through the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the 1979 Charter of Self-Government [37].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The renewed charter of self-government, which expanded self-government rights, was approved by the Spanish and Catalan parliaments and in a referendum in Catalonia in 2006.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Self-government includes many key branches of government such as teaching, police and rescue, spatial planning, environmental protection and some tax collection rights.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Party politics in Catalonia is also of great importance nationwide, as its own nationalist parties have often had a scales language position in Spanish domestic politics.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

On the political map are nationalist parties representing Catalonia alone, such as Convergència i Unió (CiU) and the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), as well as sister parties to major nationwide parties such as the sister party of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) of Catalonia Party of Socialists (PSC) and the sister party of the People's Party (PP), the Catalan People's Party (PPC).


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Regional elections In the regional election on 21 December 2017, pro-independence parties won a majority, with 70 representatives out of 137 delegates.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The turnout was 83.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[38] Economy Catalonia is among the most economically prosperous regions and industrially developed regions of Spain.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

It accounts for about 19% of all of Spain's gross domestic product.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia's economy is comparable in size to Portugal.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The industrial revolution in Spain began with the textile industry in the Catalan region, which developed in the city of Barcelona and thanks to hydropower in inland river valleys such as the Llobregat River.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The textile industry was mired in crisis in the 1960s and 1970s, after which its share of industrial production has dropped considerably.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Today Catalonia is home to industries such as automotive, metal, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The tourist industry is one of the most important in the region.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Barcelona, the Costa Brava coastal area of Girona and the coast of Tarragona are major tourist destinations.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Tourism impacts also extend inland and into the Pyrenees Mountains, where there are several major ski resorts.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The capital, Barcelona, is an important centre for business and financial sectors, with companies such as the Stock Exchange (Borsa de Barcelona), banks such as BBA and La Caixa and the headquarters of large corporations such as Gas Natural.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Beyond that, Barcelona is Spain's main publishing centre.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Transport Catalonia is located in a central area for transport links between the Iberian Peninsula and France and has modern transport links.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

For road transport, the proportion of toll motorways is considerable.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In rail transport, the proportion of freight traffic is relatively small.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Airports Barcelona Airport in El Praat is the second largest in Spain.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The air bridge between Madrid and Barcelona is the busiest in the world.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Girona and Reus airports are particularly operated by low-cost airlines.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Lleida Airport opened in 2009 and Seu d'Urgell Airport in 2010.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Their commercial significance is of little importance.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Railway network In 2006, the high-speed train service AVE connecting Madrid and Lleida was completed.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In 2007 the line connected Lleida and Tarragona, and in 2008 Leida and Barcelona.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Later, Spain's bullet train network will be connected to France's equivalent TGV network via Girona and Figueres.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Traffic between Figueres and France will begin in late 2010.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

At a later stage, a high-speed train link will also be built between Barcelona and Valencia.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Ports From the Port of Barcelona there is a regular car ferry service to Rome, Genoa and the Balearic Islands, and is also an important cruise port.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In addition to Barcelona, Tarragona is home to one of Spain's most important cargo ports.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The road network in Catalonia is a road network of approximately 12,000 km of which there are 10,843 km of two-lane roads.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

There are 962 km of motorways, of which 665 km are toll sections and 307 km are toll-free.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The A7 motorway, following the Mediterranean Sea, connects Barcelona and the French border, Barcelona and Valencia.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The AP2 motorway connects the cities of Barcelona and Zaragoza.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Highway C25 or Eix Transversal connects the cities of Girona and Lleida.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

C-58, or Eix Lobregat, connects Barcelona and the Pyrenees region.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Major road tunnels include, for example, the Cadi Tunnel.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The population in Catalonia lived, according to the Statistics Agency of the autonomous community, at the beginning of 2017, 7477131 people.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[39] According to 2011 statistics, 86.4% of the inhabitants were from Spain.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The number of arrivals from elsewhere in the European Unioin region was 3.7 per cent.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Africans, on the other hand, made up 3.8%, South Americans 2.4%, and 1.9% of residents from Asian and Oceania regions.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[40] The official languages of Catalonia are Spanish and Catalan.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Apart from them, the Occitan dialect of Aranese is the official language of the Val d'Aran Valley in northwestern Catalonia.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Occitan is said to be the most closely related language of Catalan.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

According to statistics from 2013, 31% of residents use Catalan as their mother tongue.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Spanish as a native tongue is spoken for itself by 55.1% of the population.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

However, based on statistics, 36.4% of the population identifies themselves through Catalan.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[41] The next most spoken languages are Arabic (2.4%), Romanian (0.9%), Berber languages (0.7%) and French (0.6%).


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[42] Culture In terms of customs and traditions, Catalonia is an eccentric and rich region with many exceptions compared to other regions of Spain.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Celebrations In different parts of Catalonia, traditional celebrations of national or even international significance are held.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia has two celebrations designated to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List, La Patum and the Catalan Human Towers.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[43] [44] Bullfighting in Catalonia has been banned by a law that went into effect since the beginning of 2012.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[45] Media in Catalonia is its own public service broadcaster founded in 1983 and started regular broadcasting in 1984.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

TV3 was Spain's first autonomous television broadcaster.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

It is of great regional importance [46].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Activities are funded by advertising proceeds in addition to budget funds.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The Catalan broadcaster's activities have expanded especially in the 2000s with the start of digital television broadcasting, and today it has television channels TV3, Canal 33, youth and children's theme channel Canal 3XL, a sports channel started in 2010, the international channel TV3Cat and news channel 3/24.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In addition to that, the company operates Catalunya Ràdio, which operates radio operations, which operates several different channels including Catalunya Ràdio, iCatFM and Catalunya informació.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The main broadcast language of the channels is Catalan, but Spanish is also used when necessary.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Foreign programmes are usually dubbed into Catalan, but with the advent of digital television, it is possible to watch broadcasts in the indigenous language and in Catalan subtitled.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

TV channel TV3 tends to top viewership statistics, and on the radio side Catalunya Ràdio is the most listened to radio stations.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Among the most popular television shows are the sports-themed parody Cracovia, the political parody Polonia, and the television drama series La Riera.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

However, the channel draws its largest viewership from sports broadcasts, particularly football, where it holds the broadcasting rights to the Spanish Football League and Champions League.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In addition to that, the company also holds the broadcasting rights to Formula One races.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

From commercial television channels to its headquarters in Barcelona, La Sexta and Barcelona city television BTV.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Major newspapers appearing in Catalonia include La Vanguardia in Spanish, El Periódico, which weighs Spanish and Catalan versions, and El Punt in Catalan.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In addition to these, there are several provincial magazines such as Regió 7.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Several free news magazines appear in Barcelona.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Sports Catalan athletes participate in international competitions in Spanish national teams.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

However, it has its own sport federations in all the major sports played in the country.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Own international representation in football, for example, has also been clarified, but so far the attempts have not produced results.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Barcelona hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics, which it was awarded in 1986 [47].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The Olympics were a major event in terms of making the city known, reforming tourism and urban fabric, and building sports performance venues.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Previously, Barcelona played matches of the 1982 World Cup competitions and the opening ceremonies of the Games [48].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In motorsport, Catalonia annually hosts the Spanish Grand Prix of Formula One series, the Catalan Grand Prix of the MotoGP series on motorcycles, and the Rally of the World Rally Championship series.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Since 1991, the F1 race has been held at the Montmelón Circuit de Catalunya circuit.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Among the most popular sports are football, basketball, handball and roller skating hockey.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Other popular sports include motor racing, road cycling, gym football, athletics, water polo and swimming.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

International success Catalan athletes have also achieved in skill swimming.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Downhill skiing and snowboarding are also popular pastimes thanks to the ski resorts of the Pyrenees region.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

There are 11000 sports clubs in Catalonia with around 30000 performance places at their disposal [49].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Major sports clubs in Catalonia include FC Barcelona [50], RCD Espanyol, Joventut Badalona and Gimnàstic Tarragona.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

FC Barcelona is a five-time Football Champions League winner in 1992, 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2015.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The club's basketball team is a two-time winner of the Basketball Euroleague in 2003 and 2010.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The Handball Division has won the Handball Champions League seven times.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Holidays Sources On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

(in Catalan) (in Spanish) * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta (,) or Lakedaimon () was an ancient Greek city and city-state (polis).


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It was located along the Eurotas River in the province of Lakonia, or Lakedaimonia (), in the southern part of the Peloponnese peninsula.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[1] [2] [3] [4] Today, the town of Spárd is located on the site of the town.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The old name of the town was derived from its mythical founder Lakedaimon.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The territory under the rule of the Spartan city-state later encompassed not only Lakonia but also Messenia.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The name Lakedaimon has been used to refer to the region consisting of the city of Sparta and the towns under its rule; today Sparta can mean both.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[5] There was a major centre near Sparta as early as the Mycenaean Bronze Age between the 14th and 13th centuries BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The city was one of the leading Greek city-states around the period 700—500 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[6] It led the so-called Peloponnesian Federation, which included many other Greek cities.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

During the Peloponnese War of 431—404 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta's main enemy was Athens, with whom Sparta fought for Greek supremacy.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

After winning the war, Sparta again briefly gained the lead among the Greek city-states.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta lost its dominance in 371 BC, when its military might was definitively defeated.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Doorite Sparta was the most typical of Greece's supremacy states: a city-state whose form of government was ultimately downright oligarchic.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

However, the Spartan state order, the enactment of which according to tradition is associated with the name of Lykurgos, was the result of a long development.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[7] Sparta was a self-contained urban and military state, famous for its harsh and one-sided military education and army.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Its business life was dominated by farming and animal husbandry.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta did not engage in much commerce, nor did it have a mentionable craft industry or a significant contribution to the development of Greek cultural life.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[7] The name of Sparta often still symbolizes the “Spartan” simple and harsh way of life, as well as heroism and military glory.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[8] History Prehistory and mythology The area of Sparta has been inhabited no later than the Neolithic Stone Age.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Bronze Age, and especially the Mycenaean period, around 1400—1200 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

it developed into a major centre.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] In Greek mythology set in the Mycenaean period, the founder of Sparta was Lakedaimon, who was the son of Zeus.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] His consort was the daughter of the Eurotas river god Najadinymph Sparte.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[10] In myths, the city of Sparta appears as one of the three most significant centres of the Peloponnese, along with Mycene and Pylos.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta was the seat of King Menelaus and this consort, Helena, known for its beauty, where Mycenaea was ruled by Menelaus' elder brother Agamemnon.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Both were key warlords in the Trojan War, which originated when Paris took Helena with him to Troy.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

According to the narratives, the reign of the House of Menelaus lasted two more generations after the Trojan War.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Thereafter, the Doorese conquerors who arrived from the north, presented as descendants of Heracles, conquered the Peloponnese.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] The location of Mycenaean Sparta or the administrative centre of Lakonia at all is not entirely clear.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the past, it has often been assumed to have been located at Therapne about three kilometres east-southeast of the site of ancient Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

A complex of buildings known as Menelaion has been found there, including a Mycenaean palace and a settlement.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The palace had been built in the 15th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In antiquity, the site of Menelaion was a shrine dedicated to Menelaos and Helena, as the site was considered the burial site for these.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] [12] On the other hand, Pellana has also been proposed as Mycenaean Sparta some 30 km north of Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It has been found there as far back as the Early Helladic Period around 2500 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

originated settlement and graves, and might also be the site of a palace.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] [13] Between 2010 and 2015, a Mycenaean palace was excavated from Ágios Vasíleios about 12 kilometres south-southeast of Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Research suggests it had been built around the 14th—14th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[14] In the 13th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

most of Sparta's Mycenaean settlements were destroyed like other Mycenaean centres.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It is generally assumed that (somewhat in accordance with myths) the Doorites, who arrived from the north, conquered the Lakonian plain and Sparta around 950 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

from.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] In Spartan myths, Eurysthenes and Prokles appear as leaders of these.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

These serve as the progenitors of Sparta's two king genera, the Agiads and the Eurypontids.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] Only Sparta and Amyklai seem to have remained continuously inhabited throughout the so-called dark centuries of Greece following the cultural breakdown.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] Archaic Period In the course of time, the Spartans took over all of Lakonia and subjugated the native inhabitants of the region, of whom the Spartans made slaves, heloths.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta initially consisted of four villages with names such as Pitana, Limnai, Mesoa and Kynosura.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Roughly 7th-century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

halfway through, the nearby village of Amyklai was also annexed to Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta seems to have been ruled by some sort of military elite at the time.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] [9] [11] 7th-century BCE


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

towards the end Sparta began expansion beyond the Lakonian Plain as well.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Around the year 720 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

it conquered the province of Messenia in the so-called First Messenian War.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The inhabitants of Messenia were also made heloths; the group of helots thereafter consisted mainly of Messenians.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

As Sparta's longtime main opponent in the Peloponnese, Argos was formed, which had held the lead in the region since the end of the Mycenaean period.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 669/668 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

the Spartans suffered defeat to Argos at the Battle of Hysiai.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Messenians rebelled against Spartan rule around the years 648—631 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the same century, Sparta also significantly reformed its statesmanship and laws, and the problems faced by the state may have been the cause of this.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] The reform of the Spartan statesmanship is attached to the name of Lykurgos, but the timing of this was uncertain even in antiquity.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

He may have lived in the 8th or 7th century BCE, but the statesmanship put in his name would not appear to have arisen until the late 6th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[15] In the 6th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Spartan army also adopted hoplite tactics.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] In the Archaic period, Sparta, like other Greek city-states, participated in establishing settlements.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Its settlements included Taras [11] and Thera, both founded in the 7th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Still in the 7th—5th centuries BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta participated in Greek cultural life, and the city produced ceramics, bronze works and ivory carvings, among others, which were also exported elsewhere.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Some of the artisans of that time appear to have been Spartan citizens.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In addition, artisans and artists from other parts of Greece moved to the city.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

However, everything changed relatively quickly around the year 525 BCE, when trading elsewhere effectively ceased altogether.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] The same phenomenon can also be seen in the literature.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Still in the 6th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Tyrtaios, regarded as the city's national poet, lived in Sparta, who was writing patriotic poetry at the time of the Messenian Wars.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the same century, Alkman, who moved there from elsewhere, lived in Sparta, who is considered to be the founder of the choir.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

With the exception of these two poets of the Archaic period, ancient Sparta has almost left no marks in ancient literature.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta rose among the leading Greek states in the 5th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It sought to conquer Arkadia and fought here especially with its most prominent city Tegea.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 550 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta suffered a defeat to Tegea, but defeated this around 530 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 546/545 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta also eventually defeated Argos in the so-called Battle of 300, taking Kynuria, among others, which lay between Lakonia and Argol.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Contrary to the Heloths, with the new conquests, the so-called Perioics who lived in the frontier areas annexed to Lakonia remained free, but did not gain Spartan civil rights.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

At its widest extent, Spartan rule had an area of about 8500 square kilometers, making it the largest of the Greek city-states.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] During its hegemony, Sparta also sought to interfere with Boiotia and Samos, among others (525 BCE.)


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

affairs.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] In Athens, the Spartans were aided in 510 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

to overthrow the tyranny of the sons of Peisistratos.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] The Spartans also made military expeditions as far as North Africa and Sicily.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] The significance of Sparta in that period is also informed by the fact that King Croise of Lydia entered into an alliance with it.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

5th century BCE


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

towards the end Sparta was already seeking to expand by alliance rather than warring.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 505 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

it founded the Peloponnesian Federation, to which it was until 500 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

By the time received a number of allied subjects, [2] most notable Corinth, Elis and Tegea.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The union survived all the way to 365 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

up to.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] The allies were other opponents of Argos, allowing Sparta to exploit its position as Argos's main enemy.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] When King Xerxes I of Persia invaded Greece, Sparta was seen as the clear leader of the Greeks in the Persian Wars that followed.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta aided Athens, although late for the Battle of Marathon still in 490 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

During the second invasion of the Persians in 480—479 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Spartan warlords often served as commanders of the entire Hellenic warforce.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] At the Battle of Thermopylai in 480 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The famous army of 300 Spartans as well as these allies fought against the superior Persian army under King Leonida.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the classical period after the Persian Wars, Sparta's leadership in the Greek world began to wane.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Under Athenian leadership, the Delos Maritime Union was established, which soon became a rival to the Sparta-led alliance.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

As a result, Sparta and Athens positioned themselves as the main opponents of power political, and were also seen ideologically as opposites of each other.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta increasingly turned inward towards the harsh lifestyle for which it has become known, and the city was relatively isolated from the rest of the world.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

One example was not only the disconnect of trade and cultural links, but also the use of iron money unfit elsewhere.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] At the same time around 480—460 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta also suffered another rebellion by the helots.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] Tegea rebelled against Spartan rule in 473—471 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 464 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

the earthquake killed a large number of Spartans, in connection with which the Messenians also rose up again in revolt.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

After the Third Messenian War, the Athenians colonized Messenians in Naupaktos.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Athenian and Spartan intervals deteriorated in the middle of the 4th century, and between 460 BCE and 445 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

the cities fought against each other in what is known as the First Peloponnesian War.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The early phase of the war is usually referred to as the War of Arkhidamos, after the Spartan king Arkhidamos.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The war ended with no clear winner.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the Peloponnesian War proper, which began in 431 BCE, Sparta warred with its allies Corinth and Thebes against Athens.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 404 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta won Athens with the support of its allies and financed by the Persians.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] With the outcome of the Peloponnesian Wars, Sparta gained a lead among the Greek city-states for a short time.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] It tried to conquer the Greek cities of Ionia from Persian rule.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

However, Athens, as well as Thebes and Corinth, who had turned enemies of Sparta, started the Corinthian War against Sparta in 395 BCE, instigated by Persia.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The war ended in 387 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

with no clear winner.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Persian king acted as the guarantor of peace in Antalkida, which ended the war.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta soon drifted into war with Thebes and in 371 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Thebans defeated the Spartans at the Battle of Leuktra, marking the end of Sparta's military might once and for all.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] During the Theban hegemony that followed, the Thebans destroyed the Spartan Empire and freed Messenia and Arkadia from Spartan rule under Epameinonda.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 362 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Thebans defeated the Spartans again at the Battle of Mantineia.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Humiliated by these defeats, Sparta took no part in the struggle of Athens and Thebes against Philip II of Macedon and was the only Greek city not to participate in the League of Corinth established by Philip.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta attempted to rebel against Macedonia in 331 BC, but suffered defeat in the ensuing Battle of Megalopolii.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Hellenistic and Roman Period In the Hellenistic period, Sparta regressed and its population decreased considerably.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[4] As a result, its capacity for military action in accordance with its former reputation was also gone.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] In the 200th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta tried yet to increase its power and laid against Macedonia, but the city came under siege by the army of Pyrrhus in 272 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

At the same time, Sparta was weakening from within in attempts to reform its society.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] Macedonia and the new superpower of the Peloponnese, the Akkaian alliance, defeated Sparta at the Battle of Sellasia in 222 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 195 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

the city lost its perioic territory.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] Philopoimen conquered Sparta in 188 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

and forced it into the union of Achaia.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Union of Akhaia was defeated by the Roman Empire in 146 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

and annexed the Peloponnese as part of the Roman province of Achaea.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the Roman period, Sparta revived as a city.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] In the 10th and 13th centuries divide.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

some of its classical period practices were aimed at reviving in a spirit of a kind of nostalgia.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Attempts were also made to develop the city as something of a centre for sport and body culture against the centre of philosophy education in Athens.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[16] In 267 share.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta survived the invasion of the Heruls, but was destroyed in an attack by the Visigoths led by Alarik in 395 Jaa.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Subsequently, the town was almost completely abandoned.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] Later history In the Byzantine Middle Ages, the settlement of the region moved to the nearby fortified city of Mystras, or Mistra, which was the most significant centre of the entire Peloponnese.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

By the time of the 13th century to the 19th century, former Sparta had shrunk to a small village in the shadow of Mystras.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

After Greece gained independence, King Otto issued an edict in 1834 that the settlement of Mystras had to be moved to the site of Sparta, and the name of the town would become the same as in ancient times.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In Modern Greek form, it is known as Spárti.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the present day, Spárti is the administrative capital of the Lakonia regional unit and the centre of the economy, culture and farming of its neighbouring region.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Archaeological excavations of ancient Sparta, which have been carried out in and around the city's acropolis among others, began in 1892—1893.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

They were originally conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, or the United States Archaeological School, under the direction of C. Waldstein.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 1906—1910, 1924—1928 and 1949, excavations were continued by the British School at Athens, or the British archaeological school in Athens.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Since 1957 excavations have been carried out by the Greeks, as well as again by the British, among others, between 1992 and 1995.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[17] [18] Excavations have also been carried out elsewhere in the surrounding area, such as the Menelaion area, Amyklai and other sites of Mycenaean and antiquity.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Governance Statesmanship According to Spartan conception, the social order of the city had been imposed by King Lykurgos, who was timed to the 10th—7th centuries BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[4] In reality, it probably evolved gradually.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[7] The statesmanship reached its established form in the 6th century BCE, [4] but was still put in its entirety in the name of Lykurgos.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The core of the Spartan statesmanship was the so-called Great Rhetra, which Lykurgos was reported to have received from the Oracle of Delphi.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

This too dates the statesmanship most likely to the 6th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

for the rest.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[15] In statesmanship, power had been shared between the Spartan kings, the Council, or Gerusian, ephors, and the People's Assembly, or apella.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The purpose must have been to balance power between monarchy, aristocracy oligarchy and democracy, as Aristotle saw it.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[15] Sparta had two kings who served as supreme priests, judges, and warlords.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The model of the two kings reverted to the fact that Sparta had emerged as a merger of several villages.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Kingship was heritable.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

One of the kings always belonged to the lineage of Agiads (Agiadai) and the other to the lineage of Eurypontids (Eurypontidai).


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

One of the kings supplied the casualties of the state, the other in turn served as supreme chief in the war.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[4] Kings also supervised each other.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The power of kings was greatest precisely as warlords.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] Gradually their power was curtailed, but the commander-in-chief was maintained.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Spartan kings have included Lykurgos, kings of the order Prokles and Eurysthenes, and Leonidas.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The focus of power was on the Council of Elders, the Gerusia, as well as the Civil Service of the Five Ephors, which gradually gained ever greater power.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Gerusia was composed of kings as well as 28 overlords chosen for life at least 60 years old, thus 30 men in total.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Gerusia had the high command of the state and always had veto power.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It also served as the Supreme Court.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The proposals made by the Council were voted on by the People's Assembly at the apella, which included all Spartans aged 30 and over, therefore free men.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The People's Assembly had no right of initiative, but it elected the Gerusian members and ephors, as well as endorsing or rejecting, without debate, the things Gerusian presented to it.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The ephors changed annually and served as the executive body.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[4] Two of the ephors went to war with the king.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] Ephors were added to the system possibly only at a later stage during the time of King Theopompos.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[15] Eventually these gained all the power of inspection in the state.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[7] The most famous of the ephores is the Spartan philosopher Khilon (ca.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

500 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

), considered one of the Seven Sages of Greece.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta was considered a haven of olderness in Greece.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Statesmanship possibly contributed to the fact that the state was slow to make decisions, particularly regarding its foreign policy.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] Society was also very authoritarian and totalitarian in practice.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The people lived clearly for the state.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the old days, the state usually meant everything, the individual nothing, and this thinking had developed in Sparta to its peak.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Some have anachronistically suggested that Sparta would even have been the first communist state.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

However, this interpretation is unnecessarily simplified.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Army of Sparta was by far the best trained army in ancient Greece.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Always from the 5th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

3rd-century BCE


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

until the mids, the Spartan army caused fear and respect in its opponents.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta was the only Greek city-state to maintain a standing army.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The army was formed by the free men of the city, or Spartan citizens, who devoted their lives to military training and warring.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Spartan hoplites were equipped with long spears, circular shields marked with lambda letters, as well as helmets on the basis of which the helmets of Roman legionaries were later designed.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Spartan soldiers were also known for their long hair.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The soldiers were not equipped with strong armour like the hoplites of other Greek cities; their outfit was a blood-red chiton, which was considered the most manly in colour and, moreover, the blood stood out badly from it.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[19] The population of the Spartan people consisted of many different groups of people.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Spartan citizens were referred to as homoioi (equals) or spartiatai.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

These formed the Doorite upper class, who had come to the country as conquerors, and were the only full citizens.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

They got their livelihoods from their farms.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Under the Spartan state order, farmlands had been divided among citizens into equal parcels, which were not to be bought or sold.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In farming, all the work was done by state-owned helots (heilōtes), serfs.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

This oppressed group was formed from the original inhabitants of Lakonia and Messenia.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Heloots were also used as crews in the army.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Spartans had to fear all the time of the Heloths rebellion.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

On the other hand, the existence of helots freed citizens to devote themselves to life-long military training.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The third important group were the Perioiks (perioikoi), who were free but lacked Spartan civil rights.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Perioics lived in other Lakonian city-states; also the group's name suggests that they “lived around (Sparta)”.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

They were merchants, craftsmen and farmers, and thus operated in occupations that were not considered suitable for free Spartans.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

There were equal numbers of Spartans and perioques in the Spartan army.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Other populations included mothakes, who were children of poor Spartans or children of a Spartan father and heloot mother who had received a Spartan upbringing; the skiritai, a group comparable to the perioikes, whose members lived in northern Lakonia along the Arkadian border; and neodamodeis who were exempt helots who had served in the Spartan army as hoplites.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

They were notably performed during the Peloponnesian War and the Persian War Expedition of Agesilaos.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Below Spartan citizens were other inferior groups such as hypomeiones (inferiors), tresantes (cowards) and nothoi (bastards).


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

One other group were the trophimoi, who were children of foreigners who had received a Spartan education.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[20] [5] There were people who had migrated from elsewhere in Sparta (xenoi), but especially later these were not as welcome as elsewhere in Greece, and these were met with great suspicion.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] The number of Spartan citizens decreased significantly during the historical period.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The proportion of women in the public is difficult to estimate, but they may have been the majority because men were always killed in battle and Spartans tended to kill boy children who did not meet the criteria prescribed by the law.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the Archaic period, there were 9000 men of Spartan citizens.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 479 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

there were about 8000 of them, 5000 of whom took part in the Battle of Plataia.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

According to Herodotus, every Spartan who took part in the battle had seven helots with him as servants.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

This can be taken as an indication of the relative number of Spartans and helots.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

According to one estimate, Lakonia and Messenia were inhabited in the 4th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

55000 people, 18000 of whom were free citizens and members of their families.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Lakonia and Messenia would thus have been the least populated area in the Peloponnese.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[5] In 371 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta was able to send about 7000 more troops against Thebes.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

400 of them fell at the Battle of Leuktra.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

According to Aristotle, there were Spartans around the year 330 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

no more than a thousand.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In 244 BC.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

there were only 700 spartans left.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

One of the causes of Sparta's problems can be considered that strict social order and wars led to a decrease in the number of citizens and at the same time soldiers.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

As a result, soldiers came to be hired from other social classes, which nevertheless led to loyalty and other problems when there was no other social mobility in society to provide these soldiers.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] Spartan citizens were divided into different age groups as follows: paides — paidiscoes aged 7—17 — Hebontes aged 18—19 — Gerontes aged 20—29 — Culture over 60 years of age Culture Spartan upbringing All male Spartans went through rigorous educational and an exercise program that became known as agoge.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Training included activities such as military skills, hunting, hiding and dancing.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Spartan boy was only allowed to be in his home until the age of seven, but even before that he was raised in a peculiar way.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Babies weren't swaddled to allow body members to develop better.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

They were accustomed to the dark and loneliness.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

At the dinner table, neither whimsy nor tricks were allowed.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Boys were taught to speak briefly and nasevously.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

This kind of thing is called even more laconic speech.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

At the age of seven, boys were taken into state custody to attend boarding schools.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

They were divided into groups based on age.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The main thing was to learn to obey, endure and win.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The boys had their hair shaved and had any footwear confiscated.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

They walked in thin clothes and barefoot all year round.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

From the age of twelve, boys began to be given capes.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

On holidays, they were allowed to bathe.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The whip streaked at the minimum infringement.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Meals were intentionally scarce so that the boys would steal their food and learn cunning.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

If they were caught, they were flogged, not because they had stolen, but because they had been inept and caught.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Various manhood trials were held for the boys.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

A flogging ceremony was held at the shrine of Artemis Orthia, where, for example, cheese was to be stolen from the altar, watched by other young men with whips and staves as weapons.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sometimes the experiment turned into an endurance test where aspirants might be whipped half to death.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

A remarkable experiment in manhood was crypteia (“slumming”), in which boys first had to hide for a certain period of time on their own in the countryside and then go hunting for the least suspicious-looking helots.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

At least one helot was to be killed.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In this way, efforts were made not only to provide military training, but also to nip heloot rebellions in the bud.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Gymnopaidiai was a celebration where naked youths performed war dances.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In addition to body exercises, the boys were taught only to read, write and sing choral songs.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Choral singing promoted punctuality in the military corps.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Given the upbringing focused on physical exercises, it's no wonder the Spartans excelled at the Olympian Games.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Boarding schools, boys left when they were 18.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

They stayed until they were 20 with the heloths.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

After this, barracks life in military camps began.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It lasted from the age of 20 until he was 30, after which the man was allowed to move in with his family.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Until the age of 60, the man belonged to the military corps.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

A Spartan soldier may have carried seven helots, or slaves, on expeditions.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Spartan girls were also taken from their mothers at the age of seven and placed in training.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The girls were taught wrestling, gymnastics, were taught to fight, and were introduced to many other martial arts, as it was believed that strong women would produce strong children.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Young women competed (fought) against each other in various events likely without clothing like the Spartan boys.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

If they passed various tests, they were prescribed a husband at the age of 18—20 years.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Ways Plenipotentiary Spartans dine together.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The main and only dish was the famous black soup (melas zomos).


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It likely contained pig blood and flesh, as well as vinegar and salt.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Everyone took care of the cost himself.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[21] Preparations for the wedding day included women, among other things, dressing in man's clothes and cutting their hair short.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The wedding itself consisted of a ritual battle between a man and a woman.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It ended with the man “robbing” the woman with him and throwing her on her shoulder.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Men and women did not live together when they were under 30.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The freedom of Spartan women was considerably greater than that of other contemporaries, as they had no trouble having children anymore after they turned seven.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Women were allowed to move more freely than other Greek women.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Women were also allowed to own private property, which they had obtained, for example, by inheritance and dowry.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the end, women owned up to 2/5 of the Spartan lands.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] The Spartans were very religious and adhered to religious laws and customs strictly.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

This was reflected, among other things, in the fact that the Spartan army did not move in any bad situation if an important religious celebration approached.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Among the greatest religious celebrations was the Karneia celebrated in honour of Apollon, because of which the army was completely late for the Battle of Marathon and participated in the Battle of Thermopylai with only a small and famous contingent of 300 soldiers.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[9] [22] Another notable celebration was Hyakinthia [22] and the third Gymnopaidiai.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[23] Buildings and findings General view Sparta was located in the fertile valley of the Eurotas River in an area protected by the mountains.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

On the west side of the Lakonian Plateau is Mount Taygetos and on the east side is Mount Parnon.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

On the south side, the hill line separates the plain from the coast of the Lakonian Gulf and although it was not difficult to cross, at the same time mentally encloses the city to the hinterland.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[11] After all, the sea was not a particularly important factor in the history of the city.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Sparta was not originally protected, like other Greek cities, by a city wall.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Even in the Archaic and Classical periods, it was otherwise different from other Greek cities as the lack of walls removed the need to live in a tightly built city of narrow streets.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The core area of the city-state consisted of joined villages and scattered houses located west of Eurotas, surrounded by fields and vegetable gardens.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Here and there were temples, shrines and public buildings.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the centre of the area was the agora, or market, and near it the acropolis, or castle mountain.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] [4] [3] Sparta consisted of four villages which were Pitana, Limnai, Mesoa and Kynosura.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] The plateau had six hills, the highest of which served as an acropolis.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[17] It was located roughly in the middle of the villages.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The best of the city is the theatre on the south slope of the acropolis preserved.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Also known from the Acropolis is the site of Athene Khalkioikos temple, among others.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] The agora was probably located immediately east of the acropolis, where buildings suitable for this have been found, such as the so-called Persian stoa and Skias.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[24] In addition, the places of the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia and Menelaion are also known.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In Sparta, the tombs were partially located in the area of the settlement, while in other parts of Greece they were outside the cities.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] The town's port was located in Gytheion on the shores of the Gulf of Lakonia about 48 kilometres to the south.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] Relatively few remains have survived from ancient Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

As Thukydides predicted at the beginning of his Peloponnesian war, Sparta and its importance cannot be judged in our time by the magnitude of the ruins it leaves, like Athens, for example.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[25] Furthermore, most of the remaining ruins date from buildings of the Hellenistic and Roman period, and so do not give an image of the more illustrious Classical Period Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In addition to excavations, the ancient city of Sparta is known from the description of Pausania from the 10th century ja.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

in the book Description of Greece (Book III).


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Other objects in the Spartan region are mainly in the Spárti Archaeological Museum, as well as in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Notable buildings and structures in Sparta included (letters and numbers refer to a schematic figure): A. Acropolis B. Agora C. Pitana D. Mesoa E. Limnai F. Kynosura Athene Temple of Khalkioikos Artemis Orthian Shrine Theatre Skias Persian stoa Roman stoa Leonida tomb Heroon Bridge (Babyka?)


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Hellenistic City Wall St. Nikon Basilica Church Menelaion, or Palace of Menelaus/Sanctuary of Menelaus and Helena, The Acropolis Sparta's Acropolis, or castle mountain, was a relatively small hill some 25 metres higher than its surroundings, located in the centre of the four villages of Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

According to Pausania, Sparta did not even have an actual acropolis like other cities, but the Spartans gave this name to the highest of the city's hills.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[26] There is likely to have been a wall around the Acropolis Lae.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] The Temple of Athene Khalkioikos at the top of the Acropolis was located in Athene Khalkioikos or Athene Poliukhus, that is, the Athena goddess who protects the city, which derives its name from its bronze decoration.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

There was a shrine on its site as early as the 7th century BCE at the latest.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The temple was rebuilt in the 5th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] [17] The temple probably represented the Doorian style.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The site of the temple is known, but relatively few remains of it have survived.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Near the temple was its altar, with two statues of the warlord Pausania and statues of Aphrodite Ambologera and the brothers Uni and Death.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] Other shrines around the temple of Athene Khalkioikos had a wider sanctuary area, or temenos, with other shrines as well.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

On the hill were the shrine of Athene Ergane, the temple of Zeus Kosmeta, the statue of Zeus Hypatos sculpted by Learkhos Rhegionese, the temple of Ares Areia, the temple of the muses, the tomb of Tyndareus, the temple of Artemis Knagia, and two stoas, the so-called southern and western toas.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

On the slope facing the agora to the acropolis was the temple of Optiletis or Ofthalmitis erected by Lykurgos.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] Theatre On the southern slope of the Acropolis housed a theatre that had been built in the early Imperial Roman period.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It was a typical semi-arc-shaped Greek theatre with a circular orkhestra in the centre.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The building was made of white marble.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The stage was not fixed, but wooden and equipped with wheels, so it could be moved to the site if necessary.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The theatre has been fairly poorly preserved, but it is still one of the best-preserved ruins in ancient Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Numerous commercial buildings have been found near the theatre building that have served theatre guests.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[18] [27] Basilica Church Built in the Middle Ages the Basilica church was located on an ancient acropolis to the east of the theatre.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It was built in the Middle Byzantine period in the 9th century Share., and is the most significant medieval find in the area of old Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The basilica was three-ship and had nartheks and portiques at its western end and an apsis at its eastern end.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The church was dedicated to Saint Nikon, patron saint of the locality.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[28] The Agora Agora, or market, was probably located immediately east of the acropolis.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It was, like other Greek agoras, surrounded by columned halls and public buildings.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Public buildings included, among other things, the meeting place of the gerusian, or council of elders, and the gathering places of ephors, nomophylaws and bidiai.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] On the western edge of the Agora on the slope of the acropolis were presumably located the Skias as well as the Persian stoa, and on its southern edge a long Roman stoa.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[24] Skias Skias was one of the most prominent public, government-related buildings in the city.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It was built in the 5th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

and was in use as a gathering place still during the Pausania period.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[24] [29] It is assumed to be Skias a circular building found on the western edge of the agora, which was about 41.3 metres in diameter and possibly resembled to some extent the Tholo of the Athenian Agora.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[18] [24] Persian stoa Persian stoa (Persikē Stoa), or columned hall, was built in the 4th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

in honour of the victory gained in the Persian Wars.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It was the most spectacular building in the agora.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The Stoa was decorated with columns showing the Persians, and the spoils of war obtained in the war were placed there.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Later, the building was frequently renovated and expanded, and was still in good condition when Pausania visited the city.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[30] A pillared hall found on the western edge of the agora, north of Skias, is assumed to be a Persian stoa.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It has been dug up from a distance of about 31 metres.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[24] Other public buildings and shrines according to Pausania, near Skias was a circular building built by Epimenide with statues of Zeus and Aphrodite of Olympus.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] [29] On the Agora were also the old Ephoria, which formerly served as a gathering place for the ephores, containing the tombs of Epimenide and Afareus; the temple of the Moirs, or fathars; a large statue which presented the people of Sparta; the tomb of Oreste; a statue of King Polydoros; and a child bearing Dionysus A statue presented by Hermes from Agoraio.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] [30] In the Roman period, the agora had statues of Julius Caesar and Augustus.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] Khoros was a place separated from the rest of the agora where Spartan youngsters danced in honour of Apollon at the Gymnopaidiai banquet.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It was decorated with statues of Apollon, Artemi and Leto.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Near Khoros were the temples of Apollon, as well as Ga (Gen, or Earth), Zeus Agoraios, Athene Agoraia, Poseidon Asphaleios and Hera.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] Environment of the Agora and the Acropolis The roads leaving the Agora and their buildings from the Agora left roads to different parts of the city.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The main road was Afetais, oriented south from the agora towards the southern city wall.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Along it were the house of King Polydoros, also known as Booneta because the state bought it from the king's widow with a few oxen; the building of bidiai; the temple of Athene Keleutheia; the shrine of Poseidon Tainarios; a place called Hellenios, where the Greeks were said to have gathered either before the Trojan War or the Persian Wars; the altar of Acreita of Apollo; the Gaseption consecrated to the land; and the statue of Maleate of Apollo.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Also located along the street were Fruria and its temple to Artemi; the tomb of Iamiadai of the Eleans; the shrines of Maron and Alpheios who fell in Thermopylai; the temple of Zeus Tropaios; the Heroons of Hippolytus and Aulon; the Temple of the Mother of the Gods and the shrine of Arsinoe.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Near the city wall were still the temple of Artemis Diktynna and the tombs of kings of the Eurypontid family.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] [29] Another road was the road that led to the northeast known as Skias, which originated with the Skias building of the agora.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In its direction were, among others, the tombs of Kynorta, Kastor, Idas and Lynkeus; the temple of Kore Soteira; the temple of Carneios of Apollo; a statue of Aphetaios of Apollo; an altar dedicated to Zeus, Athena and Dioscures; a place called Kolona, most likely a hill, and its Dionysus The Temple of Kolonatas; the Temple of Zeus Euanemos; the Temple of Hera of Argos; the Temple of Hera Hyperkheiria, which featured an old, wooden statue of Aphrodite Hera; and a statue of Hetoimocles, who won at the Olympic Games.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] [29] The third road led west from the agora and passed by the theatre to the tomb of the kings of the House of Agiads.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Between the Agora and the theatre there was a tomb in Brasida.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In front of the theatre was the tomb of the warlord Pausania.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The fourth road was the road of the Hyakinthia feast, which led to Amyklai.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] In the direction of Pitana were, among others, the widow of Crotans, the place of assembly; the tomb of Tainaros; the shrines of Poseidon Hippocurios and Aiginian Artemi; the temple of Artemis Issoria or Limnaia; and the temples of Theti, Demeter Khthonia, Serapis and Zeus of Olympus.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Leonida's Tomb The tomb of King Leonida, or Leonidaion, was located in front of the theatre like the tomb of the warlord Pausania.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Leonida's tomb is referred to as the ruins of a small temple-like building in the centre of present-day Spárti.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The building was made in the 4th-century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

towards the end, that is, its timing corresponds to the time when Leonida's body was brought to Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

However, the actual use of the building has not been able to confirm.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[31] Babyka and Knakion Babyka (or Babyks) and Knakion were places known from literary sources, in the area between which, according to the Spartan state form, the People's Assembly of apella gatherings were held.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

According to one interpretation, Babyka was a bridge that crossed Eurotas and a tributary of Eurotas flowed south of the town of Knakio.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[32] In fact, the places in question defined pretty much the area in which the Spartan agora and other public buildings were mainly located.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

More distant buildings The shrine of Artemis Orthia dedicated to Artemis Orthia was located on the eastern edge of the city near the banks of Eurotas.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The sanctuary included the temple of Artem, built in the 7th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

and was remodeled around 570 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The shrine is particularly known for its bloody ceremony, which involved the flogging of youngsters.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In the Roman period, a semi-arc-shaped theatre grandstand was built on the sanctuary grounds where flogging could be followed.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] Menelaion Menelaion is located about three kilometres east-southeast of ancient Sparta.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The site was home to a megaron palace in the Mycenaean period, the so-called Palace of Menelaus, which had been built in the 15th century BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

A settlement has also been found in the area as well as graves.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

In antiquity, there was a shrine dedicated to Menelaos and Helena on the site, as the site was considered a burial place for these.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Dromos Dromos was the most prominent sporting venue in the city.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It included a stadium and a gymnasion built by Eurykle, as well as an amphitheatre built in the Roman period.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Dromos had a statue of Heracles.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Near it were the temples of Dioscurs, Kharites, Eileithyia, Carneios of Apollo and Artemis Hegemone, as well as statues of Asklepios Agnita and Dioscurs, the temple of the Heroon of Alkon and the Domatite of Poseidon.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[3] [33] The city wall in Sparta of the Archaic and Classical periods did not have a city wall.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Instead, the city relied on its army.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The construction of the city wall did not begin until the fold of the Classical and Hellenistic periods in the 3rd century BCE, when Sparta's military might had gone.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

It was completed around the year 184 BCE.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

The length of the wall was about 10 kilometres and an area of about 3 x 2 kilometres was left inside it.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

[2] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Brummer, O. J.| title = Book of Information — General Information for postgraduate students| number = Greece| publisher = WSOY| year = 1941| version = I part| page = 220—222}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Furuhagen, Hanuhagen, S| title = Focus Art part 1 — Art history — world art from antiquity to modern| number = Sparta| publisher = Otava| year = 1973| version=2. p.| id = ISBN 951-1-00336-4| page = 802}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hansen, Mogens Herman et.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

al.| title = An inventory of archaic and classical poleis| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004| id = ISBN 9780198140993}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Plutarkhos| title = Lykurgos: Spartan legislator| others = Translated by Kalle Suuronen| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1942}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Whitby, Michael (ed.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

) | title=Sparta| publisher = Edinburgh University Press| year = 2002| id=ISBN 0-7486-1293-9}} References on the topic elsewhere — History, beliefs and culture of ancient Sparta Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was Sparta founded?

Sparta

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

A howitzer is a field cannon with a tube length of 15—25 caliber.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

In terms of tube length, the howitzer is positioned between the bogeysar and the cannon.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

The howitzer tube is usually shorter than that of a cannon, but the howitzer can orient at a greater maximum interest rate.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

However, not all howitzers can be fired at upper angles (above 45 degrees).


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

Historically, the basic idea of a howitzer was to act as a weapon that could be used to fire heavy grenades, relative to the weight of the cannon, at a target located relatively close.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

The canons had a longer range, but were of considerable weight compared to howitzers of the same calibre.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

In World War I, the 149—155 mm howitzers had a firestation weight of about 3000 to 4000 kg and a range of 8—10 km.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

149—155 mm cannons of the same era weighed between 10,000 and 12000 kg and carried 17 to 22 km.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

It was possible to build howitzers relatively lightweight, as due to the brevity of the pipe it was not meaningful to use large gunpowder charges in them.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

The small gunpowder charge resulted in moderate recoil, which did not impose particularly high strength requirements on the gun's levee.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

Cannons aiming for high range had to have large gunpowder charges and a long tube so that the energy produced by the combustion of a large amount of gunpowder could be efficiently exploited.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

The long tube was of considerable weight, and its trailing, pushed by a large charge of gunpowder, placed very high demands on the levee and flex apparatus.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

For this reason, the cannon lacquets were also remarkably heavy-made.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

A sheer cannon lavette could weigh more than twice as much as an entire howitzer of the same calibre.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

In addition to its relative lightness, the howitzer was cheaper than the cannon and more terra-worthy.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

The howitzer also placed considerably lower requirements on traction stock, and these were often horse-drawn.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

The cannon, on the other hand, had a considerably longer range.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

Today actual howitzers are comparatively rare, as most field guns tend to be cannon howitzers, combining the long tube of the cannon and the large heel of the howitzer.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

On the other hand, the current cannon howitzers are also congruent in weight to those of World War I.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

During World War II, the most common was the German 10.5 cm le.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

The FH 18 (Leichtes Feldhaubitze 18) and the Soviet 122 mm howitzer M1938.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

Today, smaller calibers have been abandoned as heavy 120 mm mortars developed, with the most common field guns being 155 mm in Western countries and 152 mm (6 in) in Russia.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

Finnish Defence Forces howitzers Heavy howitzers 122 H 63, or Soviet D-30, the most common cannon in the world.


Question: What is a howitzer?

Howitzer

152 H 88 [1] 152 H 55 122 Psh 74 Strong howitzers 203 H/15 203 H/17 Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Where does Karai get its name from?

Leonardo (cartoon character)

Leonardo is originally a character appearing in comic books by Mirage Studios and now IDW.


Question: Where does Karai get its name from?

Leonardo (cartoon character)

Created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird, the character first appeared in 1984 in the first issue of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic book.


Question: Where does Karai get its name from?

Leonardo (cartoon character)

The character Leonardo identifies from the blue mask, originally in the comics Leonardo's mask color was red.


Question: Where does Karai get its name from?

Leonardo (cartoon character)

He uses two ninjake swords as his weapon, which are, however, named Katanoi.


Question: Where does Karai get its name from?

Leonardo (cartoon character)

Leonardo is the oldest turtle in the foursome and the quiet one who takes his sensei Tiku's ninjutsu doctrines very earnestly.


Question: Where does Karai get its name from?

Leonardo (cartoon character)

He often spends his time practicing and meditating.