Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[14] Germany and Austria-Hungary saw as one of their objectives the secession of Ukraine from Russia.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The intention was to create a chain of friendly fringe states stretching from Finland to Georgia.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Austro-Hungarian Ukrainian troop detachments announced that they would fight Russia in order to liberate Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[15] Due to Russia's policies suffocating Ukrainianism, Social Democrat Symon Petljura supported the Central Powers.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

He believed they would eventually win the war.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

He wanted to avoid a situation where the central powers would forget the Ukrainian cause.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[16] The war and economic collapse that has gone badly caused a revolution in Russia in February 1917.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

There were no more barriers to freedom of speech.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In March, the Ukrainian Rada, or Council, was established


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In general appearance, it was leftist and nationalist and demanded autonomy.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Professor Myh'ailo Khrushevskyi was elected president of the circuit.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[17] In April 1917, the Pan-Ukrainian National Congress convened in Kiev which appointed Rada as the highest state body of Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Later in the same month, 100,000 protesters demanded immediate autonomy for Ukraine in Kiev and even Ukrainians in Helsinki held their own demonstration.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[18] The track's grip on the countryside was weak, but the grip on the countryside was not given to Russian provisional rule either.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[19] The peasants took up their own efforts to take over large estates belonging to the nobility.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

This did not mind the left-leaning Rada, but on the other hand it did not express its support for land reform either.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The track had to balance between the opinion of his own people and the Russian Provisional Government.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[19] In May 1917, Rada sent his delegation to Saint Petersburg to negotiate Ukrainian autonomy.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

However, Russia's interim government did not acquiesce to any of the points expressed by the Ukrainians.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

It actually disputed the legitimacy of Rada's existence.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

It also did not consider itself entitled to resolve the autonomy issue, but considered it to be a matter for the government to be elected after the election.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[20] Things were now progressing under their own weight.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In June, Rada issued a somewhat vague declaration that Ukrainians will now decide their affairs for themselves.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

By this meant autonomy and the Rada assumed legislative powers for itself.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

A secretariat was elected from among it, which in practice was the government.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Volodymyr Vynnychenko of the Social Democrats was installed as its leader.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[20] The government of Aleksandr Kerensky launched its major offensive against the German and Austro-Hungarian armies around the same time.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

It ended in almost total defeat.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Russia was forced to retreat and also lost part of Ukraine west of the Dnieper River.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

A faltering Russia reconciled with the Ukrainians and agreed to autonomy.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Rada saw this as a great victory, though many questions remained unresolved.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[21] First Ukrainian People's Republic Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin seized power in Russia in the October Revolution in 1917.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Rada reacted to this by declaring 20 November the birth of the Ukrainian People's Republic.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[1] In its declaration, it declared that its territories would also extend to Crimea and Kharkov.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

However, the track lacked the military strength to take control of the territories.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Elections to the Constituent Assembly were promised.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

It was also stated that Ukraine would be part of the future democratic Russian state.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The wording had been made consciously obscure, as Rada wanted to support Bolshevik opponents.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian Rada therefore did not consider the Bolsheviks to have any standing in their country, but regarded them as leaders of Russia.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Nor was all Ukrainian politicians at this stage in favour of full independence.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[1] The Bolsheviks attempted to capture control of Kiev on 12 December 1917, but were easily defeated by forces loyal to Rada.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Next, the Bolsheviks met in Kharkov on 24—25.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

December and declared Soviet power erected in Ukraine as well.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They declared the government in Kiev to be a “government of people's enemies” and appealed to Russia for help.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[22] Soon a war between Ukraine and Soviet-Russia broke out.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainians” war success was weak, partly because people were fascinated by Communist promises of peace and land division.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In the middle of the war, on January 25, 1918, Rada issued a declaration of full independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

However, the document had already been signed on 22 January, but was not made public until three days later.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[23] [24] The first president of the first government of the Ukrainian People's Republic was Symon Petljura and the actual Prime Minister was Vsevolod Holubovych, 30 January — 29 April 1918.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In their hour of need, Ukrainians seek military aid.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

It was offered in the Central Powers.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[25] For Germany and Austria-Hungary, this was better suited than well, as they had begun to consider a plan that would see Ukraine detached from Russia.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainians were included in the Brest-Litovsk peace talks, as their presence strengthened the position of the Central Powers, weakening Russia's negotiating position.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Revolutionary leader Lev Trotski could not initially accept Ukraine's separation from Russia, triggering a guerrilla war.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

However, the last word on the matter was uttered by Lenin.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Russia, he said, was now in a position where it desperately needed peace.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

He persuaded Trotsky to allow him to accept the Ukrainian People's Republic as one of the parties to the peace talks.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[26] [27] In the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, Soviet-Russia recognized the independence of the Ukrainian People's Republic.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

It also pledged to immediately cease all military action against it and withdraw all troops warring on behalf of Soviet-Russia from its territory.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Germany and Austria-Hungary released all their Ukrainian prisoners of war.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They also pledged to equip Ukrainian armed forces so they can fight the Bolsheviks.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[28] At this point, the Central Powers believed that Ukraine would still have military force at its disposal.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The former Russian front forces were subordinate to Ukraine, but among the troops the discipline had completely collapsed and the men had largely left for their homes.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Ukraine signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers on 9 March 1918.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Under the peace treaty, the Ukrainian-Austro-Hungarian border would be the same as before the war, each side released their POWs and no war reparations were required.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In the secret protocol, Ukraine extended in the east to Kharkov and the west bank of the Dnieper would not be part of the Kingdom of Poland formed by Germany in 1916, but to Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

As a reward, Ukraine promised to deliver 1 million tons of food to the Central Powers on 31 July 1918.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Austria-Hungary, in particular, would have desperately needed all the grain supplied by Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

These again pledged to help in the war against the Bolsheviks.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[29] [30] By agreement with the Central Powers, Ukraine effectively submitted itself to their control.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

To counterbalance it received recognition for its independence and military assistance.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[31] Military aid was immediately useful, since the Bolshevik forces commanded by Mikhail Muravjov overran Kiev on the same day that the treaty was signed.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Red terror unfolded in Kiev, in which 5000 Bolshevik opponents were killed.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[32] The Germans recaptured Kiev in March and by the end of April all of Ukraine was held by the Central Powers.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian People's Republic had become militarily entirely dependent on the German Army.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[33] [34] The Central Powers agonized over Rada's ability to manage the affairs of his country.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Negotiations between the track and German military authorities usually ended up in disputes.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Food supplies in particular worried the Central Powers.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Rada was unable to deliver the amount of food it promised, as the countrymen disobeyed its regulations.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In their view, food donations to the central powers were not in Ukraine's interest.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The countrymen expected land reform, which could not be implemented due to resistance from the Germans.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[35] [36] The Germans set out to organise the coup with the help of right-wingers.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The coup was supported by the Democratic Peasants' Party and the Socialist-Federalists.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The nearly bloodless capture took place on 28—29.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

on April 1918.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

At the time of the hijacking, the assembled landowners elected Pavlo Skoropadski as the hetman of Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[37] Ukrainian Empire The coup plotters promised to keep private property in honor and hold new elections.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The name of the state now became the Ukrainian Empire (Ukrainian: Укранска Держава, Ukrajinska Deržava).


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The date of the election was in some vague future and before the election would be hetmanic powers of the dictator.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[38] This state reflected the strengthened position of the Germans in the peace of Brest-Litovsk and, even before that, in the eastward attack.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian Empire established numerous diplomatic relations, but due to the occupation of large areas of Ukraine by Germans and Austrians, the state led by Pavlo Skoropadskii was not able to drive a very national policy.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Furthermore, the hetmanic regime defined Ukrainianism stately, not linguistically; Ukrainians included everyone living there, not just Ukrainian-speakers.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

This led the Nationalists to view the regime with scepticism.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Once and for all, relations were tightened when Petljura and Vynnychenko were arrested on charges of Bolshevism.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The accusation was wanton and the men were acquitted, but confidence in the regime could no longer arise.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[39] There was now a brief respite in Ukraine in a long and multi-pronged war.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Many Russian conservatively minded migrated to Ukraine in an escape from Russia's Bolshevik regime and the civil war that just broke out.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They hoped for a base from the ground from which Russia would later be liberated.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[40] The new regime was also loathed in rural areas.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The cancellation of land reform and the requirement for the forced release of food caused the peasants to take up arms.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[41] Although the Hetman-led state was entirely dependent on Germany militarily and foreign policy, significant cultural work was carried out during it.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

A university was established in Kiev and the Academy of History and Philology in Poltava.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In already existing universities such as the University of Odessa, Ukrainian language faculties were established.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Academy of Arts, National Library and Archives were also established in Kiev.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[42] Due to the Circum-Powers and the onset of the German Armistice on 11 November 1918, the state leadership of the Ukrainian Empire lost its political power, allowing Ukrainian nationalist Social Democrats a chance to rise to power once the German influence ceased.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[43] Finland's diplomatic representative in the Ukrainian Empire was Herman Gummerus, who wrote a book about his experiences from the Ukrainian adolescence.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Second Ukrainian People's Republic Hetmani issued pro-Russian proclamations in November 1918.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

As soon as they came to light, the Nationalists established a five-person secret directory in Kiev as the government of the country.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[44] The Direktorio set about arming the rebels, joined by a large number of peasants.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Its leaders included Symon Petljura and Volodymyr Vynnychenko.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Hetman power remained in force until mid-December 1918 when the Directorium and Germany concluded a withdrawal agreement.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Direktorio took control of Kiev on 19 December 1918 and guaranteed safe exit for the Germans.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Pavlo Skoropadski relocated to Germany, where he lived out the rest of his life.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[45] [46] From the beginning of 1919 Ukraine derailed into total chaos, which continued for almost the entire following year.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The chaos was exacerbated by Russian white generals, the Polish army, as well as the Bolsheviks.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The situation can be described mainly as an uncommonly multi-stranded and chaotic belt.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

There were at least seven parties in the chaos: the Directorium of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the Bolsheviks, the Peasant Revolt, the Russians who opposed the Bolsheviks, the Circum-Powers, the Western Ukrainian People's Republic and Poland.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[47] When Kiev was overrun and the power of the hetman was abrogated, the peasants went back to their homes.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

This was dangerous for the new state, as the Bolsheviks restarted their war.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Their ally was the peasant army of Nestor Mahno.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Mahno's forces had very little idea of how the affairs of the country should be handled.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They raided the rich and poor landowners who hit upon them.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They also massacred a lot of Jews and other minority nationalities.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Direktorio tried to negotiate with the Russian government, but the Soviet government claimed it had nothing to do with it.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[48] [49] Symon Petljura, director of the Directorium, set three important goals for his government.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The first was to continue the fight against the Bolsheviks; the second was to reach contact with Great Britain and France, and as a comantena to cooperate with the West Ukrainian People's Republic.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

All the handsome goals failed.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Only an agreement was reached with Poland.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

An armistice was first concluded in June 1919.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Thereafter, temporary borders were agreed with Poland in December 1919 and mutual assistance in April 1920- [50] France made the invasion of Odessa in December 1918.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Direktorio tried to form good relations with France and withdrew his troops from the city.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Of Russian whites and Ukrainians, France wanted a counterforce to communism.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Unwilling to recognise Ukraine's independence, France evasively announced that the issue would be raised in subsequent peace talks.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

France's final position was that Ukraine must not be separated from Russia.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[51] [52] White Russians led by General Anton Denikin did not even recognize Ukrainian autonomy.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In their view, Ukrainians could only be granted small rights to nurture their own culture.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Directorio's negotiations between France and Denikin led to a collapse in its endorsement.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

At the same time, Bolshevik accusations of right-wing Direktorio began to seem plausible.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Some Ukrainian army units now moved to the Reds side.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[53] By August 1919 Denikin's forces had taken control of Kiev and almost all of Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They pursued policies that were completely unacceptable to the majority of Ukrainians.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They imprisoned pro-Ukrainian politicians and sympathizers of communism, returned land property to grandees, and triggered local Jewish persecutions.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainians rejected the Russian White Generals and were now clearly supporters of either the Directory or the Bolshevik.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[54] The Bolsheviks had now changed their attitude towards Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They had made a decision that Ukraine would be a formally separate state and be in some form of alliance relationship with Russia.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Bolsheviks were the only Russian party to promise Ukrainians status as a state.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

This impressed Ukrainian socialists, who move in large numbers to become backers of the Bolsheviks.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Their activities, as well as those of Nestor Mahno, were banned soon after Soviet rule was consolidated.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[55] France withdrew its forces from Odessa in April 1919, after which Ukrainians defecting to the Bolshevik side took the city.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Kiev had been lost to the Bolsheviks as early as February 1919, but it had been recaptured by Denikin's forces in August 1919.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[56] [57] Ukraine pro-independence people had not yet lost the war.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They still had the western parts of the Dnieper River in their possession.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Direktorio considered Kamjanets-Podilsk as its main seat.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[58] During 1919, the war situation was difficult.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

There were too many parties for any of them to have secured itself a quick victory.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian People's Republic, the Anarchists of Nestor Mahno, the Russian Bolsheviks, as well as the Poles advancing from the West, seeking to spread their state territory as far east as possible.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The confusion of the situation is well illustrated by the fact that when Direktorio declared war on General Denikin's white forces, it was effectively an ally of the Bolsheviks.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[59] The peasants who made up the majority of Ukrainians did not support any of the groups.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Once the People's Republic had divided the great estates of the nobility, the peasants wanted to live peacefully on their own farms.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In Bolshevik-controlled areas, there was a rebellion against the forced taking of food.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The peasant revolts again helped the Whites and the Ukrainian Direktoria.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[59] During the times of the Ukrainian Liberation and Civil Wars between 1918 and 1921, a number of Jewish persecutions occurred, in which about 60000 persons were killed, which is more than in all persecutions during the period of Russian rule combined.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Directorium is considered to bear the greatest responsibility for this, although Jews were also murdered by the Bolsheviks.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The worst persecutions were in 1919.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Henry Abramsson, who studied the history of Ukrainian Jews, has come to the conclusion in his studies that the murders were not orchestrated by the Direktorio.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Petljura was not anti-Semitic as was neither Vynnychenko.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Direktorio further issued several proclamations ordering an end to murder.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

But it did nothing tangible to end the Holocaust and the murderers were not once held to legal liability.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Consequently, Direktorio is partly responsible for what happened.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[60] Unexpected difficulties weakened the People's Republic.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Within months, two out of three of its soldiers died from the epidemic and in November some of its Galitsian troops joined the Russian Whites after receiving a promise that they would not have to wage war against the Direktorio.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

This is a promise whites kept.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[61] By the end of 1919, the Direktorio had virtually ceased to exist.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

With the exception of Petljula, its members moved abroad.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

They authorized Petljura to operate in Ukraine in the name of the entire Direktorio.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

With the situation already completely hopeless, Petljura also left Ukraine in December 1919.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian People's Republic no longer had territories, but its army warred as guerrillas against both Bolsheviks and Denikin's army.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Ukraine and Poland were allied on 20 April 1920.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The treaty was in line with Poland's will; the People's Republic ceded Eastern Galitsia to Poland and the west bank of the Dnieper was divided between Poland and Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Poland promised aid to Direktorio's army, of which about 20,000 men were still left.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

After the conclusion of the territorial pledges came to light, Petljura's administration lost the support of the Nationalists.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[62] The war escalated again in April 1920 when Polish-Ukrainian troops invaded Soviet Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Kiev was overrun in May but was lost to the Bolsheviks, who carried out a fierce counterattack, in June.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The Bolsheviks continued their offensive, reaching Warsaw in August 1920.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

During the invasion, both the Galitsian and Polish Soviet republics had been declared to have been born.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

However, the Bolsheviks were beaten by the Poles and they backed away from Warsaw.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The war was now at a stalemate: neither was able to beat the other for good.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[63] In October 1920, peace negotiations began in Riga.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

There was no talk of an independent Ukraine in the negotiations.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

In the Peace of Riga of March 1921, Poland and Soviet Russia agreed to divide Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Most of Ukraine formed the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Poland annexed Galitsia and Volynia within itself.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Romania and Czechoslovakia annexed small border areas formerly part of Russian Ukraine.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

The People's Republic continued to exist only as a refugee organization.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[64] The last troops loyal to Petljura and the Directory fought in Ukraine still in 1921.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

However, they did not pose any real threat to Soviet power.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

[65] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Johannes Remy| title = Ukrainian history| location = Tallinn| publisher = Gaudeamus oy| year = 2015| isbn=978-952-495-354-2| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for File namespace.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| accessdate = 10/31/2018}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paul Robert Magosi| title= A History of Ukraine| publisher = University of Toronto Press| year = 1996| isbn = 0-8020-7820-6| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the West Ukrainian People's Republic exist?

Ukrainian People's Republic

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Book in Google Books] | accessdate = 31.10.2018}} References Category:Former Ukrainian states and state formations


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Uralic languages form the language of which the languages are today spoken in a large area of the two sides of the Ural Mountains and in Europe.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

There are more than 30 Uralic languages and their speakers around 20.7 million.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Finnish language also belongs to the Baltic-Finnish branch of the Uralic language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Other state languages belonging to the Uralic language include Estonian and Hungarian language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Other Uralic languages are minority languages, most of which are spoken in Russia.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The branch of linguistics that studies Uralic languages is Fennougristics.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Sometimes the designations “Uralic languages” and “Finno-Ugric languages” are synonyms to refer to the whole language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[1] The main branches of the language and the languages that belong to them The family tree of Uralic languages according to traditional conception is based on, inter alia, M.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

To the views expressed by A. Castrén and Otto Donner.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In this family tree, a large number of intermediate languages (Finno-Ugric, Permian, Hungarian, Mansi, Khanty, Samoyedi) [2] are assumed to have been a large number of intermediate languages (Finno-Ugric, Finno-Permian, Finno-Permian Intermediate Language, Finno-Volgan Intermediate Language, Volgan Intermediate Language, Finno-Sami Intermediate Language, Cantaugri, Cantaobinugri).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

However, the latest research calls into question the existence of either all or some intermediate languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The old assumption of the dichotomy of Uralic languages into Finno-Ugric languages (mainly west of the Urals, with the exception of the Obinugrian languages spoken in Western Siberia) and Samoyedic languages (mainly east of the Urals, Tundranene also on the European side all the way up to the Kanin Peninsula) based mostly on the observation that Samoyedi shares clearly the least common words with other language branches.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Although some features of the sound level have been proposed in support of the old dichotomy [3], the proposal has also been criticised and put forward a different interpretation in which, on the basis of sound level, Samoyedi and Ugric languages would revert to the common parent language [4].


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Thus, there is no clear support for the old dichotomy in sound level, and the sheer difference in vocabulary numbers may be explained by the fact that Samoyedi would have changed its vocabulary in greater measure than the more western language branches.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

For this reason, most scholars today hold that the distance between Samoyedic and Finno-Ugric languages is not as great as has been previously assumed, and that the division of the language into the main branch of Samoyedic and Finno-Ugric is questionable.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Perhaps the best justified intermediate language level is the Finno-Permian language (which would be the common stock language of Sami, Baltic Finnish, Mordvan, Mari and Permian), since it has been presented with both lexical [3] [5] and voice-level support [4] Finno-Volgish intermediate language (which would be Sámi, Baltic Finnish, Mordva and Mari common stock language) and Volgan intermediate language (which would be the common stock language of Mordva and Mari) are now generally rejected, at least among Finnish scholars.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Also controversial is the Finnish-Sami intermediate language, whose existence has been advocated by Pekka Sammallahti [3] and Ulla-Maija Kulonen and Terho Itkonen [6].


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

László Honti [7] and Ulla-Maija Kulonen have been advocated by László Honti [7] and Ulla-Maija Kulonen and opposed by Tapani Salminen [2].


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In the latte family tree (comb model) presented by Tapani Salminen, no intermediate language levels would be reconstructed between the undisputed lowest level parent languages (Kansaami, Finnish, kanmordva, etc.) and cantaurali.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Ulla-Maija Kulonen's “sukupensas” model [8] represents a compromise between the old multi-level family tree and the comb-like family tree accused of excessive platitudes, as it accepts four of the seven intermediate languages of the traditional model (Finnish-Permian, Finnish-Sami parent tongue, cantaugri and cantaobinugri).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Jaakko Häkkinen's model originally adopted five intermediate languages, but the grouping differed quite a bit from the traditional one (in addition to Obinugrian and Finno-Permian, Ugri-Samoyedic, Maris-Permian, and Finno-Mordatian as well).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In a newer version of the Häkkinen model, Cantaural is assumed to have been divided into three parent languages: West Uralic (Kantasaami, Kantafinnish and Mordva), Middle Uralic (Mari and Cantapermi), and Eastern Uralic (Cantaugri and Kantasamojedi).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Mordlight-Finnish and Mansilais-Hungarian are also mentioned as lower-level intermediate languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[9] Old designations can still be used to refer to geographically defined language groups, without assuming a common parent language for these.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Thus, Finno-Ugric, Finno-Permian, Finno-Volgan, Volgan, Finno-Sami, Ugric and Obinugrian languages can be spoken when it is necessary to distinguish them from the whole language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The distinction between language and dialect is very ambiguous in Uralic languages (as in other languages).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Often the distinction is based on political and historical reasons, as well as the existence of an established literary language rather than on mutual intelligibility of language forms.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Khanti and Mansi have traditionally been considered unified languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

However, both of these are in reality a group of languages whose speakers share a common national identity.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Khanty language is divided into three (or even five) language forms that are not particularly intelligible with each other, the Mansi language into four language forms.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In Russia, comipermyak is considered a separate language from Komi, but in Western countries this view is not normally accepted.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Sami has previously been considered a single language, but today the division into nine living and two dead Sami languages is well established.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Lyyd can be considered either one of the main dialects of the Karelian language or as an independent language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Inkeroinen's status as a distinct language from Karelian (or Finnish) has only been established in recent decades.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The most recent examples of the desire to elevate a language form previously considered as a dialect to an independent language are the discussions on the status of Mea and Queen in Sweden and Norway.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In the following list, Uralic languages and their dialects are sorted into nine groups considered completely uncontroversial (obsolete denominations of languages in parentheses) [10] [11].


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Samoyedic languages Northern Samoyedic languages Enets language (Yeniseinsamojedi; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Enets) Tundraenets dialect of Forest Enets dialect Nenets language (Jurac; see


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Nenets) Tundranenets dialect of Forest Nganasan language (tavgi; see


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Nganasans) Avami dialect of Vadeyev, or Hatanga dialect of the Jurats language (died out in the 19th century [12]; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Jurats) South Samoyedic languages Selkup language (Ostjakkisamojedi; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Selkupit) Taz dialect of Tymi dialect Ketin dialect Kamassi language (last speaker deceased 1989 [12]; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Kamasses) Matori language (defunct in the 19th century [12]; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Mators) 2.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Hungarian language (Madjaari; see


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Hungarian) western dialects of Hungarian Danube dialects southern dialects of Hungarian Southern dialects of Tisza dialects of Hungarian Northwest dialects of Hungarian Northeast dialects of Central Transylvania dialects of Eastern Transylvania or Székely dialects (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Székelyt) Csángó dialects (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Csángót) 3.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Khanthian language (Ostyak, in reality several different languages; see


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Khanti) North Khanti Middle Obin or Šerkal dialect Kazym dialect Berjozovo or Šuryškary dialect of Urals or Obdor dialect of Southern Khanty (died in 20th century [12]) Irtyš dialect of Eastern Khanti Vahin-Vasjugan dialect of Surgut dialect Salym dialect 4.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Mansi language (Vogul, in reality several different languages; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Mansit) North Mansi Sosva dialect Sygvan dialect Upper Lozvan dialect South Mansi (died 20th century [12]) Tavda dialect East Mansi Lower Konda dialect Middle Konda dialect Upper Konda dialect West Mansi (died 20th century [12]) Lower Lozva dialect Middle Lozva dialect Pelymin dialect Vagim dialect 5.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Permian languages Komi language (i discriminate; see


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Komit) in the Commisyri Ižma dialect (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Ižmese) Syktyvkar dialect Middle Sysola dialect Upper Sysola dialect Petšora dialect (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Pechoreans) Luzan-Letka dialect (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Luzans) Lower Vychegda dialect Upper Vychegda dialect Vymin dialect Udora dialect (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Udorans) comipermyak (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Komipermjak), the northern dialect of Comipermjak, the southern dialect of Komipermjak, Zjuzdin (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Comit of Zjuzdin) a dialect of Jazva (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Jazvan komit) Udmurt language (Votyak; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Udmurts) northern dialects of Udmurt Sarapul dialect Glazov dialect Slobodskoi dialect Beserman dialect (see


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Besermans) Udmurt southern dialects Ufa dialect Jelabuga dialect Uržym dialect Malmyž dialect 6.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Mari language (Cheremism; see


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Marit) meadow mari Morkin-Sernur dialect Joškar-Ola dialect Volžsky dialect East Mari dialect Mountain Mari Jaransk dialect Kozmodemyansk dialect 7.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Mordovian languages (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Mordvians) Ersä language Kozlov dialect Alatyr dialect Suran or Šugurovo dialect Staryje Turdak or Tašton-Murza dialect Drakino dialect Mokša language Spassky dialect Krasnoslobodskin-Temnikov dialect Insar dialect 8.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Sami languages (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Sami) West Sami languages of Southern Sami (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Southern Sami) Luleå Saami (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Luleå Saami) Silicon Saami (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Silicon Sami) Northern Sami (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

North Sámi) in the Ruijsami dialect of Tornionsami dialect of Sea Sami (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Sea Sami) Umeå Saami (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Umaja Sami) Eastern Sami languages Inari Saami (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Inari Sami) Kiltsaami (Kildinsámi; see


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Kolt Sami and Kola Sami) Skoltan Sami (Coltta; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Koltat) Turjansaame (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Turjans-Saami and Kola Sami) Akka Saami (last speaker deceased 2003 [12]; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Akka-Saami and Kola Sami) Keminsaame (died in the 19th century [12]; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Kemi Sami) 9.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Baltic Finnish languages Inkeroinen language (see


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Inkerikot) Soikkola dialect of Heva dialect Lower Laukaa dialect Upper Laukaa dialect (defunct 20th century) Karelian language (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Karelian) dialects of Karelian Karelian dialects vienankarjala South Karelia Central East Karelia and Raja-Karelian dialects Daughter Karelian dialects Tihvinä dialect (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Tihvinänkarians) Valdai dialect (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Valdainkarelians) Tver dialect (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Tverinkarelians) dialects of Aunuksenkarelia, or Livvi dialects of lyd (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Lydians) Kontupohja dialect, or Northern Lyd Präsä dialect, or Middle Syd Kuujärvi dialect of the Livonian language (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Livonians) Curinland Livonian dialect of East Livonian (died in 20th century) West Livonian dialect (last speaker dead in 2013) Livonian Livonian Salatsi dialect (died in 19th century) Finnish language (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Finnish dialects (Finnish dialects and Finnish) Western dialects of Finnish (see Finnish dialects)


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Finnish Finnish) Hämälinen dialects (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Hämäläinen) Southern Ostrobothian dialects (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Ostrobothian) Middle and Northern Ostrobothian dialects (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Ostrobothian) Afterbothian dialects (include Quene and Meic; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Lappish, Queens and Western Ostrobothians) Eastern dialects of Finnish Savonian dialects (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Savolalainen) southeastern dialects of Finnish (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Finnish Karelians and Ingerians) Vatja language (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Vatjans) dialect of East Vatja (died in 20th century) dialect of Kukkos dialect of Creevin (defunct in 19th century; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Kreevins) Vepsä language (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Vepsäläiset) dialect of Sound Vepsi (died in the 19th century) dialect of Estonian language (see EastVepsian dialect)


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Estonian dialects and Estonian) Estonian northern dialects central Estonian dialects western Estonian island dialects Estonian eastern dialects eastern Estonian northeastern coastal dialects Estonian southern dialects Mulgi dialects Tartu dialects Võro dialects (include setu; see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Võroese and Setut) the number of speakers of Uralic languages and areas of speakers Early dead Uralic languages In addition to those listed above, some early dead Uralic languages are known from historical sources by name.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

These include the Merja language, the Muroma language, the Metserä language and the Chudian language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Of these, the Chudic language has been considered Baltic Finnish since its old age, while the previous three are more commonly Finnish-Volgan.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Regarding Chud, however, the perception has changed, and according to more recent studies, of the peoples called Chudes, only the so-called Taipalese Chuds appear to have spoken various Baltic Finnish language forms, whereas the languages of the so-called Olhava Chudes would not have been Baltic Finns but other Finno-Ugric languages, including in the west similarities to Mordva and Finnish and sea and Sámi in the east.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In addition to these, other lost Finno-Ugric languages or language groups included, among others, the Tverites, the Lopites of Valkeajärvi, and an unknown group of “Tverites” who lived in the area of present-day Tver.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The existence of these peoples and language groups has been interpreted in the place-naming of northwestern Russia and in local Russian dialects.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[20] [21] [22] The discovery of the Uralic language connection As early as the late 17th century, among others Gottfried Leibniz and Martin Fogel were aware that the Finnish and Hungarian languages are similar in structure and that these closely resembling languages are widely spoken in Eurasia.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

However, as the discoverer of the Uralic language connection, János Sajnovics is generally respected, who compared the key grammatical emblems and basic vocabulary of Sami, Hungarian and Finnish among themselves and found these to be of common origin.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Coming into the 19th century, Samoyedic languages, whose speakers reside in western Siberia as well as the northernmost parts of European-side Russia along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, were also merged into the language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The scientific witness of the kinship between Samoyedic languages and other Uralic languages is considered to be M.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

A. Castrén.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

For a long time the entire language was referred to as Finno-Ugric according to its geographical extremes.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The denomination Uralic is well established in scientific parlance in the second half of the 20th century.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

There have also been numerous attempts to dispute the Uralic language connection.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In the latter half of the 19th century, particularly in Hungary, linguists were influenced, who believed Hungarian belonged to the Turkic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Today, there is a consensus in the scientific community that the numerous similarities between Hungarian and Turkic languages are based on long-standing lending contacts, not language kinship.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In the 1990s, Ago Künnap and Angela Marcantonio, among others, have suggested that the connections of Uralic languages might have arisen through the parallel development of languages and loan touches.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

However, since the assumption of the connection of Uralic languages is based on the use of standard methodologies in historical-comparative linguistics, it is difficult to refute unless these methods are challenged.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Connections with other languages Although the languages of the Uralic language have been suggested to be related to many different languages, there is a majority of scholars of the opinion that none of the distance-kinship hypotheses presented are sufficiently substantiated.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Particularly in older sources, one sees speaking of the “Ural-Altaic language”, that is, the Uralic languages are assumed to be related to the so-called Altaic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Newer mainstream tauralistics is critical of the Ural-Altaic hypothesis, since the mutual kinship between the so-called Altaic languages has not been able to prove either.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Uralic and Altaic languages belong to the same typological language type and the key grammatical relations are expressed in them by the same means, but historical-comparative linguistics has not been able to prove that they revert to the common parent language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

According to the so-called nostrate hypothesis, Uralic, Altaic, Indo-European, and a few other Eurasian languages would all be related to each other, but this hypothesis is even more controversial.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Some scholars, including Björn Collinder, have postulated the Siberian Yucagir language as a relative of the Uralic languages, but even this hypothesis has failed to gain mainstream support from scholars.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Recently Jaakko Häkkinen has suggested that the Yucagiric languages have a pre-Cantaralic substrate.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

According to Häkkinen, this would refer to the pre-cantaural Asian origin, despite the fact that cantaural has been spoken in Europe [23].


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Ante Aikio does not consider the arguments presented for the hypothesis to be valides, but considers that only loans from the heel samojedi and pre-stock samojedi to the stock jukagiri are demonstrated.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[24] The connection of Uralic languages with Eskimo languages has also been suggested, but this too is at the level of an unproven hypothesis.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Occasionally, in addition to these, the hypothetical Uralic-Siberian language has also been read in Chukch—Kamchatcan languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Occasionally, the Sumerian language has also been claimed to be a relative of the Uralic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Along with some lexical similarities, the agglutination typical of both Sumerian and many Uralic languages has been presented as evidence.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[25] The theory was presented already in the 19th century by Oppert, Lenormant and Hommel, and in Finland it was made famous by J. W. Lagus and Yrjö Koskinen.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[26] The conception became popular for national and political reasons, especially in Hungary [27], but most linguists consider it unfounded.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[27] However, the notion that Sumerian belongs to the Uralic languages is still supported in 2016 by Finnish Assyriologist Simo Parpola in his book Etymological Dictionary of the Sumerian language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[27] Mainstream Tauralistics, on the other hand, has generally accepted the idea that the Uralic parent language had been spoken in close proximity to the Indo-European parent language, as there have probably been loan touches between the two language forms.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Cantaural timing and positioning The timings of the Uralic parent language, or Cantaural, have varied by various scholars between about 7000—3500 BCE.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Today, many scholars are inclined to advocate late timings.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The main argument is the loan contacts with various branches of the Indo-European language that began immediately after the breakup of the cantaurali, for which there are more detailed criteria for scheduling.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Uralic stem language is localized somewhere in the coniferous forest zone of Russia by the methods of paleolinguistics and areal linguistics.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Scholars' positions differ in whether the linguistic initial home of the Uralic languages was located west or east of the Urals.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The initial home, which was located east of the Urals, is defended by scholars (e.g.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Juha Janhunen) suggest that the Uralic languages typologically resemble other languages of this region, above all Turkic languages, Mongol languages and Tungous languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The initial home, which was located west of the Urals, is defended by scholars (e.g.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Jorma Koivulehto and Asko Parpola) suggest that there have been old loan touches between the Indo-European and Uralic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

When the Indo-European parent language is now most commonly located in Ukraine, the Uralic language must be assumed to be spoken north of this.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

This theory of the “Volgan bend” has already been advocated by Paavo Ravila and Erkki Itkonen, among others.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

It has also occasionally been suggested that the parent language was originally spoken in a large area from the Urals to the Baltics.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Mm.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

According to Kalevi Wiik's much-publicized model, Uralic languages would have been spoken during the Ice Age in approximately the areas of present-day Ukraine, and the language would have spread from there with the first modern humans to central and northern Europe.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Wiiki's timings and positioning differ greatly from those presented by the Fennougrists and, despite much publicity, have failed to achieve scientific endorsement.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

It has been stressed that the method used by Wiik is unreliable because it disregards the results of linguistics and because the method yields contradictory results.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[28] In the past, much debate has also been about whether the initial home of the Uralic languages should be assumed to have been relatively limited or rather extensive.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

An argument in favour of a wide area has been made that the Comb Ceramic Cultural Circle extending from the Urals to the Baltic Sea would have been Finno-Ugric in language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[29] Nowadays, however, most Fennougrists advocate a narrow primary home based primarily on the fact that all linguistic primordial homes known from history are rather small.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The linguistically reasoned views expressed in recent years have therefore suggested that the spread of cantaural is a later event than assumed and therefore could no longer be associated with combed ceramic culture.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[30] [31] Research Paradigms In the study of the past history of Uralic languages, variations in various research paradigms can be observed.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

For the past few decades Finnish uralistics has been dominated by moderate continuity theory, which is essentially an archaeological model.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Continuity theory is built on the assumption that continuity in archaeological material would correspond to linguistic continuity.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Therefore, since the continuity of settlement in Finland goes back to the Stone Age, the preform of the Finnish language would have been spoken in Finland for thousands of years.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The evidential power of archaeological continuity with respect to linguistic continuity has been doubted from the beginning, that is, as long as archaeologists have put forward arguments for continuity (for example, as early as Y. H. Toivonen in the 1950s [32]).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

However, at the interdisciplinary symposium on Finnish roots held in 1980, a large number of linguists finally tilted towards moderate continuity theory [33].


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

According to this view, the preform of the Finnish language would have spread to Finland along with typical comb ceramics (timing in calendar years around 3900 BCE [34]).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

At the time, this view was not considered to be inconsistent with the results of linguistics, so no obstacles were seen to its adoption.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

However, in recent years, stances against continuity theory have increasingly been expressed.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

On the one hand, it has been stressed more emphatically that archaeological continuity cannot reliably prove linguistic continuity and, on the other hand, it has been suggested that, based on the results of linguistics, the spread of Finnish preform to Finland appears to be a later event than assumed.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

A growing number of Finnish linguists have recently questioned the credibility of continuity theory [35] [36] [37] [38] [39].


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

One major factor in demonstrating the weakness of the reasoning behind the moderate continuity theory can be considered the so-called radical continuity theory, according to which already reached Finland immediately after the ice age (in calendar years around 8500 BCE.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

; [40]) the arriving population would have spoken a Uralic language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Since the mid-1990s, this view has been most vociferously espoused by Kalevi Wiik (see.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Kalevi Wiik's theory on the origin of Finns).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Radical continuity theory relies on exactly the same argument as the Maltic Continuity Theory, namely archaeological continuity: the continuity of settlement shown in the archaeological material can be extended to the early settlers of our country.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Linguists believe that a method that achieves such contradictory results cannot be reliable.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[41] At the moment, continuity theories are losing their popularity.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In addition to the general unreliability of the method, the weakness of continuity theories include conflicts with the results of linguistics.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

For example, in Baltic Finnish and Sámi, there is a stratum of Iranian loanwords, the latest borrowings of which, based on Aryan chronology, are not dated until 2000 BCE.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

post [42] [43].


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Since the Iranian language area is never assumed to have extended to the northwest of the Upper Volga, this stratum would be very difficult to explain if the preform of Finnish was already spoken in Finland two millennia earlier.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Since these loanwords are for the most part phonically regular, they have been adopted to a level of language where the voiced separation of Finnish and Kansaami had not yet begun.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Even in the event that these loanwords had passed from the Upper Volga as far as Finland, they could be rather only some hundreds of years later than the spread of the Finnish predecessor to Finland [39].


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Thus, the assumption according to the moderate continuity theory is that the development of the clandestine Finnish would have begun in southwestern Finland already under the influence of the tightrope culture, or hammeraxe culture, shortly after 3200 BCE.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

After, is considered implausible by many linguists.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

History of Uralic Languages Most of the Uralic languages are today spoken in the coniferous forest zone of Eurasia.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In those Uralic languages that have spread across the tundra zone, there is a significant number of fairly young loanwords from defunct language forms, suggesting that the Uralic language form has spread to these areas quite late.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Such languages include, above all, the Obinugrian languages, Samoyedi languages and the Sami languages Most of the Uralic languages have been in long-standing loan contact with various branches of the Indo-European language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In particular, the vocabulary of languages belonging to the western branches of the language is characterised by many Indo-European loanword strata (e.g.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Aryan, Iranian, Baltic, Germanic and Slavic strata).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Another language that has greatly influenced the Uralic languages of Central Russia in particular is the Turkic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Uralic languages of Siberia, meanwhile, have been in contact with Tungous languages and Paleosiberian languages, among others.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Apparently the area spoken by Finno-Ugric languages has been fairly uniform until about 1000 years ago.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

It began to disintegrate before the rest with the strong expansion of Turkic languages around 500 shares.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Among the peoples speaking Uralic languages, the Hungarians adopted a lifestyle characteristic of the Turkic tribes and moved from the Taiga Zone to the steppe zone.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The spread of East Slavic on the territory of present-day Russia and the formation of the Russian language around 800 BCE.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

from further fragmented the Finno-Ugric language area and led to the Slavonicisation of its extensive parts.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Many Finno-Ugric languages died out as their speakers assimilated into Russian.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Some early dead Uralic languages are known by name from historical sources.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

These include Merja language, Muroman and Mestserä languages, and the Chudian languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Researchers' views on when the Uralic language form spread across the territory of present-day Finland differ considerably.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Referring to early contacts between Baltic Finnic languages and Germanic languages, among others Jorma Koivulehto advocated early timings (ca.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

2000—1500 BCE).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Referring to the minor inter-differences between the Baltic Finnic languages and the supposed late break-up date of Finnish, among others, Juha Janhunen has advocated considerably later timings (ca.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

0—500 share.).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In most of Finland, linguistic Uralicization has occurred in at least two phases, where the earliest was represented by the Sami languages, the later by the Baltic Finnic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Writing Systems The longest written history is in the Hungarian language, whose oldest language monuments are from the 9th century Share.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Fragments written in the Baltic Finnish language appear slightly in later Novgorod Tuoho letters.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The 14th century also saw the creation of the Ancient Perm literary language, the use of which ceased in the 17th century.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Most of the Uralic languages spoken in Russia did not begin to be used in writing until the fold of the 19th and 20th centuries.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

All Baltic Finnish languages and most Sami languages have an orthography based on the Latin literal.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Finno-Ugric languages spoken in Russia, excluding Baltic Finnish languages, have an orthography based on the Cyrillic literal.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Some of the smallest languages, such as Vatja, Silicon Sami and Turjansami, have not been developed at all; some languages, such as cattle and komi, have more than one language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

A Finno-Ugric precision script (SUT) has been developed for the scientific description of Uralic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The same exact writing has also been used to describe Turkic languages and other Altaic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Linguistic kinship and genetic kinship Uralic kinship is based on inter-language equivalence relationships, which is studied by historical-comparative linguistics.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The grammar (for example, inflectional endings) and basic vocabulary of Uralic languages contain a large number of common ingredients inherited from the common parent language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

So it is not a genetic kinship of speakers of these languages, as the dynamics of language and gene spread are different.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Genetic close relatives of Finnish speakers include speakers of Germanic and Baltic languages in addition to Estonians.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Similarly, in the lineage of speakers of Mokša, Mari and Udmurt, for example, there is a great deal of association with speakers of Turkic languages, which is nevertheless a genetic change following the time of comb ceramics.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The genetic lineage of the Sami people is very different from other European peoples.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

It has been hypothesized that this would be linked to the colonisation of the northern parts of Fennoscandia originally from the west in the Stone Age along the edge of continental ice, while other peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages have spread to their current speaking areas from the east.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Typology Uralic languages share many characteristic features common to a large part of the language (a single trait is often not common to the linguistic community as a whole).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

agglutination large number of placeforms Uralic position system vowelization grammatical genus absence of prohibitionverb slender tonality absence common vocabulary possessive attachments absence of possessive pronouns dual i.e. dual plural i.e. plural possessive structure Agglutination Agglutination, i.e., the use of various wires, emblems, and endings occurs strongly in many Uralic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Identifiers and endings include, but are not limited to, emblems of verb major classes, custom classes and tenses, persona and place endings, possessive affixes, and attachment particles.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The large number of substitute forms in Uralic languages averages 13—14 place forms.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

However, the number of position forms varies widely across languages (as well as in different grammar traditions; the boundary between position form and adverb conductor is ambiguous, and in Hungarian, for example, traditionally read suffixes as substitute endings, which in Finnish have been considered conductors).


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

There are 15 productive places in Finland, but up to 24 in Hungarian, while some languages get along with up to three position forms.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The number of different forms in a few languages is as follows: lot: 12 Inari Saami: 9 Komi: 18 Mokša: 13 Nenetti: 7 Northern Sami: 6 — 7 Finnish: 14 (or more) Udmurt: 16 Hungarian: 24 (or more) Vepsä: 24 Estonian: 14 Uralic position system Uralic the position system is the basis for all Uralic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In many languages, the number of substitute forms has increased abundantly, while in others it has remained moderate or even decreased.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Uralic location system comprises three generalizations and three localities.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The generalizers are nominative, accusative and genetic, and locative, and locative, separative and lative.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Vowelization Vowelization, or vowel harmony, is considered by most scholars to have already existed in the Uralic parent language.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

In the current Uralic languages, the vowel variation is known by many Baltic Finnish languages such as Finnish (in Estonia it is absent from the common language but is especially found in southern dialects), Hungarian and dialect-wise Mari, and some other Uralic languages can be indicated at least by dialect traces of vowel chord.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Lack of grammatical genus Nouns in Uralic languages have no grammatical lineage as in many Indo-European languages, where nouns are usually divided into masculines, neuters, and feminines.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The prohibition verb Kieltoverb occurs in most Uralic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

A prohibition verb is an inflectional verb that is used to form forms of prohibition of verbs.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Kieltoverb occurs in Finnish, Karelian, Northern Sami, Inari Sami, niittymari, komi, nenets, enets, nganasan and kamassi, among others.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

There is a mere prohibition word in Hungary.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Liquidity In Uralic stem language, some consonants are assumed to have had their dissolved counterparts, for example n' dissolved alongside n.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Of the current Uralic languages, some (for example Hungarian) have expanded the scope of Liudennus, while some (such as the Baltic Finnish languages) lost the original liudennus altogether.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Some Baltic Finnic languages have since developed a new crease over the original i or j, such as Estonian or Eastern dialects of Finnish.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Lack of tonality Uralic languages are not tonal like, for example, the Yeniseic languages whose spoken area is east of the Ural Mountains.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Common vocabulary A common vocabulary plays an essential role in the study of linguistic kinship.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The Uralic parent language has been a full-fledged language whose vocabulary has not been substantially more scarce than that of existing languages, but only a small fraction of this vocabulary has apparently survived in the daughter languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

This Uralic vocabulary contains about 200 words, according to the most critical contemporary scholars.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

(It should be taken into account, however, that the vocabulary of all Uralic languages has not been studied as thoroughly as, say, Finnish or Hungarian.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Furthermore, some old words may have survived only, for example, in the languages of one daughter branch, in which case they cannot be proven to be ancient.)


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The word is considered to be of Uralic origin if it occurs in both Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic languages and is not a loanword in either language group.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

The common vocabulary includes designations such as body parts, kinship relationships, animals and nature-related things, as well as pronouns, small number words, and common verbs.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

As these words are central to the basic vocabulary, the cords formed from them are also abundant in the current Uralic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Language samples The accompanying language samples show the first section of the UN International Declaration of Human Rights in nine Uralic languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

[44] [45] Finland All people are born free and equal in value and rights.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

They have been given reason and conscience and must act towards each other in a spirit of brotherhood.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Karelia Kai raittahes vällinny da taza-arvozinnu omas arvos da oigevuksis.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Jogahizele heis is given mind da conscience da heil avoids not be mutually, kui vellil.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Vepsä Kaik mehed sünduba joudajin i kohižin, ühtejiččin ičeze arvokahudes i oiktusiš.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Heile om anttud mel' i huiktusentund i heile tariž kožuda toine toiženke kut vel'l'kundad.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Estonia Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena and võrdsetena own false kuselt and õigustelt.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Neile is antud mõistus and südame detection and nende relationshim üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Vest Amād rovzt attõ sindõnd brīd and Īdlizt eņtš vrtitõks and õigiztõks.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Näntõn um andtõd mūoštõks and sidāmtundimi, and näntõn um īdtuoisõ tuoimõmõst veļkub wiessõ.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Northern Sami Buot olbmot leat riegádan friddjan and olmmošárvu and olmmošvuoigatvuođaid dáfus.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Sii leat jierbmalaš olbmot geain lea oamedovdu and sii gálggaše leat dego vieljačagat.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Komi Bydös otirys čužöny vol'nöjеzön da ötkoddеzön dostoinstvoyn da pravoèzyn.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Skin sеtöm myvkyd da sovеst' ovny ötamödnysköt kydz vonnèzlö.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Nenetsi Et xibjari nenėc' sojamarianta xurkari pravada tnjava, ṇoboj nenėcja nidu nic' tokalba, ṇybtamba ilevatu tara.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Hungary Minden emberi lény szabadon születik és egyenlő méltósága és joga van.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Az emberek, ésszel és lelkiismerettel bírván, egymással szemben testvéri szellemben kell hogy viseltessenek.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Sources On the subject elsewhere Daniel Abondolo (ed.)


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

1998: The Uralic Languages.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

London: Routledge.


Question: Which language group does Hungarian belong to?

Uralic languages

Gyula Weöres (1935) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

Boeing is an American industrial company whose main products include civilian and military aircraft, as well as satellites and launchers.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

History The company was founded on July 15, 1916 in Seattle by William E. Boeing, who was the son of German mining engineer Wilhelm Böing.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

The company was headquartered in Seattle until the early 2000s, when it was relocated to Chicago.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

Boeing began manufacturing aircraft in 1916 and in the 1920s developed a flying boat, fighter aircraft as well as the 'Model 40' mail aircraft, which could also accommodate two passengers.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

In World War II, Boeing contributed B-17 Flying Fortress and B-29 Superfortress bombers.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

After World War II, the company developed long-range bombers for the U.S. Strategic Air Force (SAC, Strategic Air Command), among them the B-52 Stratofortress.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

Since the 1950s, the company has been developing missiles that carry nuclear weapons.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

In the 1960s, Boeing began to develop manned spacecraft in particular, which played a major role in the Apollo program.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

It was one of two owners of the U.S. Space Alliance, which operated the space shuttles.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

Boeing nowadays In 1997, Boeing acquired its rival McDonnell Douglas.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

Civilian aircraft development at the former McDonnell Douglas factories has ended.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

After the development of the B757 and B767 planes, Boeing drifted into a similar quiet life in product design as McDonnell Douglas once did after designing the DC-9 and DC-10 aircraft.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

After the Boeing 777 aircraft, the company contemplated a Sonic Cruiser plane flying at near the speed of sound and subsequently designed the Boeing 787.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

On 8 July 2007, Boeing publicly debuted the new 787 aircraft type.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

However, the commissioning of the plane was delayed three and a half years from planned and did not occur until October 2011.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, Air New Zealand, Air Berlin and Thomson Airways, among others, have ordered new planes.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

Boeing, as owner of the former McDonnell's St. Louis (Missouri) plant, has moved to manufacture more military aircraft, including fighter jets, such as subcontracting the F-15, F/A-22 and F-35.


Question: Who founded the Boeing company?

Boeing

Boeing is currently the world's second-largest aircraft maker.