Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Ikur Sports Hall is located at Tesomankatu 33, but why is it called Ikur Sports Hall even though its address is Tesomankatu?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Which borough is it in?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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I don't really know anything about Tampere other than the city centre (from the train station to Hämeenpark), that's why I have to ask.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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I have never lived in Tampere, although I visit it at least once every year.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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JIP (debate) 20 March 2016 at 10:39pm (EET) In short life, this is how the city centre of Tampere becomes the business centre of Tesoma and the surrounding Tesoma apartment blocks.


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Behind the Tesoma (west side) is the old detached house area of Ikur.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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(Then more difficult: The region (Tesoma-Ikuri-Tohloppi) has four boroughs (Tampere statistical units): Ikuri, Tesomajärvi, Ristimäki, Tohloppi.


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Of these, Tohloppi is clear-bordered and forms a cohesive neighbourhood separate from Tesoma to the northeast of Tesoma.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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The Ikur district includes the Ikur detached houses and apartment buildings west of Tesomäjärvi.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Together with Ikur's eastern apartment buildings, Ristimäki and Tesoma lake form what is usually called “Tesoma”.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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The boundaries of the statistical units of Ristimäki and Tesomajärvi are intricate and each has a variety of detached areas.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Then to addresses: Tesomankatu is long (more than 2km).


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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It serves as the boundary of Tesoma lake (north of the street) and Ristimäki (south side) for its eastern part.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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In the western part, it is the border between Ikur (north) and Tesomäjärvi (south).


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Ikur Ball Hall is located in Tesomajärvi district.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Tesoma Ball Hall, on the other hand, is located in the Tohlop district.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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In the district of Ristimäki, the Tesoma School, the Tesoma Library and the Tohlop TV Studio are located.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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GOPase+F (debate) 21 March 2016 at 1:51pm (EET) Longest current president Who is the longest-serving current president?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Nenoniel (debate) 21 March 2016 at 12:47pm (EET) Equatorial Guinea's Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo and Angola's José Eduardo dos Santos have at least been in power since 1979 and are apparently the most long-serving current presidents.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Obiang has been in power for a couple of months longer.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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—188.67.85.54 March 21, 2016 at 1:21pm (EET) Melting cable wasting electricity Can anyone tell if there are any significant differences in the (aqueduct) melting cables on the market in terms of the temperature at which the heating power drops to zero watts?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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I was looking at the cable installed last year by an electrician in my cabin and I think it should be replaced for a better one.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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The current one says 10W/m and the length of the cable mentions 6 meters, however, according to my electricity consumption meter, that (maximum) power is 160 Watts and it heats the water to about 25 degrees.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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In other words, it uses an awful lot of electricity to heat an aqueduct (which has never frozen anyway).


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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The water comes from the borehole, meaning it is about +4 degrees, basically the best would be a cable that heats up at maximum power when the temperature is below 4 degrees and stops heating when the temperature is five degrees or more, but does this exist?


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Or do 'self-regulating' cables always heat up too much because of their operating principle?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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By googling, I couldn't find a power/temperature curve like a single manufacturer for products.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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—91.158.70.249 21 March 2016 at 8:11pm (EET) Finland 100 Years Medal I even receive messages in my email advertising the free Finland 100 years medal and the message contains a link to some miracle Polish site.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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This must be yet another scam.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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But Google revealed that those Finland 100 years medals would actually exist:.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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So this is absolutely true?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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JIP (discussion) 23rd March 2016 at 20:33 (EET) If an email link redirects to a Polish page, then it must be some scam site trying to exploit the official English 100th anniversary campaign.


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I found a quick googling that “Moneta of Finland distributes medals for the mere cost of delivery (4.95 euros)”, although that information is behind some somewhat dubious links.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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—Stryn (debate) 23 March 2016 at 8:37pm (EET) The title of Christmas/church song In the movie Talkkari, what might be the case?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Beautiful song, searching even after searching I couldn't find, top Christmas songs or anything.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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At least I can't tell you what I'm saying.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Click on the video, the song passage starts by itself at the right point.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Have a nice Easter!


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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P.S: the scene does not reveal the course of the plot —A comment left by 91.157.56.192 (conversation) Shazam gives the title “This Christmastide (Jessye's Carol)”.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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—Otrfan (debate) 25 March 2016 at 7:20pm (EET) That's it.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Interesting program this Shazam.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Thanks to you guys!


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Comment left by 91.157.56.192 (discussion) Myths about Saw movies Too bad Mythbusters ran out but I would have myths related to Saw movies: A.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Is it possible in just 20 seconds to open a human belly, take the key from there and open the lock and remove the bear iron mask before it goes off?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Amandahan waited 40 seconds before doing anything.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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What if he had started right away without hesitation?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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What if the key was up to the gut?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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B.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Would it have been possible to survive the barbed wire maze?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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C.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Could Dr Gordon, instead of his foot, have sawed off his heel with a hacksaw and, despite the pain, shyed off the shackle and survived?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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D.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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In the Saw 4 movie, could Inspector Rigg, with his gun, have shot Brenda's device-bound hair across, in which case he would have survived with less?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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—62.80.158.106 26 March 2016 at 8:49pm (EET) The upper floor of Helsinki railway station I just visited Helsinki train station in central Helsinki today and looked towards the station hall from Aseman Wursti restaurant.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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My attention was drawn towards the upstairs of the building, where I saw bronze statues in the windows and a thermos jug.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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What's really up there upstairs, other than some pub's upper cabinet?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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JIP (debate) 27 March 2016 at 01:17 (EET) Apparently at least a state where Voima magazine claimed security guards could abuse customers without being caught on CCTV ().


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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—188.67.137.91 29 March 2016 at 21:47pm (EEST) Ice hockey, injury to more referees in Lappeenranta was injured in the middle of the match.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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At that time, of course, the game was able to finish with a lineup of 1 head referee+2 line judges?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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How about methodology if the other line judge was injured?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Would there have been a lineup then played with 2 head judges and 1 line judge, or would the other head judge have done the line judge's job?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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What if 2 judges had been injured in the same match?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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How would it be done then? —LCHAWK (debate) March 29, 2016 at 10:50pm (EEST) The Hockey Federation referees manual contains (in short) the following instructions in case of an injury to the line umpire: the line judge handles all starts and long pucks, but the nearest umpire handles the blue-line in an offside situation, either the line judge himself or one of the two main judges if the line judge fails to make it to the blue line.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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The rules state that if, in a three-judge system, the chief judge is offended, then one of the liners is chosen to perform the duties of the chief judge.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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In addition, games might have a reserve umpire coming in to replace the injured person.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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—PTG (debate) 29 March 2016 at 11:07pm (EEST) So basically two judges is the minimum configuration to push the match through? —LCHAWK (debate) 29 March 2016 at 11:32pm (EEST) The rules do not specifically talk about two judges being injured.


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But in the NHL, for example, I think there was a situation this season where the other head umpire had left the rink while the other head umpire was injured (however, after a moment of maintenance, was able to continue).


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Had the other umpire not been able to proceed, the NHL Situation Room would have made a decision whether the bout could have been continued with two referees.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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In Finland, the situation is probably similar, that is, if two judges are injured, the match supervisor will decide whether to proceed.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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One umpire certainly would not play a league match, but the referee's instructions also have instructions for the single-referee system.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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In hobby series subordinate to the Hockey Federation, only one umpire is often played.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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—PTG (debate) 30 March 2016 at 09:20 (EEST) Two judges are quite capable of whistling the game.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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In general, this is how to do so when necessary.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Many times I've seen this happen at the main league level.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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GoPase+F (debate) April 4, 2016 at 12:27pm (EEST) What composition?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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You can't write notes here, but I wonder if the melody is easily recognizable by the names of the tunes.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Which song, composed and performed by whom is the following: (the lines mean here that the note marked before them will ring longer, and those marked in capital letters are slightly more emphatic than others and start a new beat)?


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E—gd—gc-ggagg-e—gd—gd—gc-ggagg- I have heard this quite often, but almost always quietly or otherwise in such circumstances that I have not been able to get anything clear from the lyrics of the song at least.


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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-137.163.19.9 March 30, 2016 7:48pm (EEST) Middle of the Road: Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep Cheep, 1972.


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—Kotivalo (debate) 30 March 2016 at 23:03pm (EEST) Number of Finns abroad by country?


Question: Whose song from the end of the 1980s was I've Got the Power?

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Does anyone know if there is a statistic somewhere on how many Finns (=Finnish citizens) live in different countries?


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The Migrant Institute is statistical, but only for Europe and North America.


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Would there be any information for developing countries, especially Africa? —LCHAWK (debate) 1 April 2016 at 20:31 (EEST) There is an article on Statistics Finland's page saying: “There are no exact figures for the number of expatriate Finns, i.e. Finns who have moved abroad, in different corners of the world.” —Ryhanen (debate) 1 April 2016 at 9:04pm (EEST) Right, but I wonder if there were even some estimates in the studies?


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So, in style, are we talking about individual people or dozens or perhaps hundreds? —LCHAWK (discussion) 1 April 2016 at 21:44pm (EEST) Jouni Korkiasaari's “Finns on the world” contains some kind of estimates, e.g. In Africa, a thousand Finns.


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Perhaps more accurate information can't easily be found because those same figures are apparently quoted by the media (e.g.).


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—Ryhanen (debate) 1 April 2016 at 22:06pm (EEST), as Red Cross and Church missionaries, certainly some in Africa.


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—88.113.35.42 on 1 April 2016 at 10:10pm (EEST), there are currently around 200 Finns living in Tanzania, of which around 100 in Dar es Salaam.


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tips about which countries have significant Finnish communities.


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—Tappinen (debate) 1 April 2016 at 10:29pm (EEST)


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The euro (symbol €, abbreviation e, international currency symbol EUR [1]) is a common currency of the European Union, which was introduced as an account currency on 1 January 1999 and as a cash currency in twelve EU countries on 1 January 2002 [2].


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Currently, the official eurozone comprises 19 EU states, four non-EU European dwarf states, as well as some French overseas territories.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

It is today one of the world's most important [3] international currencies, along with the US dollar.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The hundredth of the euro is called cent (abbreviation snt or c [4]).


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Like many other currencies, for example the US dollar, the euro is a fiat currency whose value is based on regulations or laws rather than some concrete thing.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[5] [6] [7] In Finnish, the word euro is a common name.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Therefore, the euro is written with a lowercase letter elsewhere except at the beginning of the sentence.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Like any noun in Finnish, it inflects in the ranges: one euro, two euros, two euro.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Although on euro banknotes and two euro coins, the name of the currency is written only in basic form, the appropriate form of inflection must be used in Finnish.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Other languages have different recommendations, but often a plural ID or position forms required by the language are added to the name of the monetary unit if necessary.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The Euro symbol € can be used in the price tags.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

It is written in Finnish, like an abbreviation, always after the amount of money and separated from it by word interval, which is preferably written on the computer as a binding space: “10€”.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

As such, the symbol corresponds to the nominative (1€ “one euro”) and the partitive (2€ “two euros”).


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

If the monetary unit needs to be bent in other positions, the inflection suffix is attached to the symbol with a colon: “I got a price to 10€.”


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

However, often the simplest and most natural thing is to avoid the symbol and write the name of the currency as such: “I got a price to 10 euros.”


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

In contrast, in English, the euro sign is written in front of the amount of money without a word interval, for example €10.00.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[8] The euro symbol is included in the Unicode character set (U+20AC EURO SIGN) and also in the more limited Latin 9 character set, which is an updated version of Latin 1 for euro time.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Today, the use of the euro sign in information technology is not difficult.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The three-letter currency symbol EUR, written in capital letters, has been developed for use in international monetary transactions and other similar situations where currencies need to be able to differentiate unequivocally.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[9] In addition to the currency symbol and symbol, there is no official international abbreviation for the euro, but according to the national standard on numbers and signs, the abbreviation e may also be used in Finland.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Although the euro is such a short word that there is no reason to abbreviate it in the general language text.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The abbreviation or symbol of the euro does not include an abbreviation point, as does other abbreviations or symbols of monetary units.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

No official abbreviation or symbol is defined at EU level for the hundredth cent of the euro.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

In Finnish, the abbreviation of cent was first qualified only snt, but later the abbreviation c used in Swedish was also adopted alongside it.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[10] However, the latter has been criticised for being able to interfere with the euro symbol: in most fonts, € looks mainly like the letter C, with two thin horizontal lines drawn across it, and especially people with low vision can find it difficult to distinguish which character is about.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

In Spain, for example, the abbreviations cts and ctms based on the plural céntimos have also been used.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Usually cents are not shortened, but cent prices are denoted in hundredths of the euro: €0.75.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

A comma is used to distinguish cents in Finnish, as in other decimal digits.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

When cents are also displayed in a sum of money, it is undesirable to write the sum in just one decimal place (to tens of cents) even when the second decimal is zero.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Cents are therefore best written with two decimal places (to the precision of individual cents), for example €12.30 instead of €12.3, or €8.00 instead of €8.0.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

This was already an established way of marking sums of money in the Markka period.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Instead, when using higher number values, the number of decimal places can be selected according to the desired representation resolution (e.g. 25.7 million.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

euros).


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[11] Cash from the euro is used as cash banknotes and coins.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The banknotes are equal in denominations and look similar throughout the euro area, but on coins only the clave or value side is common and the pattern on the crown side varies.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Multiples of values 1, 2 and 5 are regularly repeated in the series of use notes and coins: denominations of the money are €0.01, €0.02, €0.05, €0.10, €0.20, €0.50, €1, €2, €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200 and €500.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Banknotes For the design of euro banknotes, a competition was held in EU countries in the mid-1990s, in which several visual artists were invited to participate.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The competition was won by Austrian banknote artist Robert Kalina, whose winning work was decided in December 1996 to take as the basis for the appearance of euro banknotes.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Starting in 2013, the designer of the second series of banknotes to be gradually issued is German Reinhold Gerstetter.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[12] Unlike euro coins, euro banknotes do not have national illustrations or texts, but emphasise values common to Europeans.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The main illustration is the windows, doors and bridges of different eras and stylistic directions, which reflect the opening towards other people and connections with them.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The size of the banknotes of both the first and second banknotes, namely the denominations and the stylistic directions of the illustrations, are as follows [12]: 5 euros: classical era 10 euros: Romanesque style 20 euros: Gothic style 50 euros: Renaissance, 4 April 2017 new banknote issued 5. on July 2016.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[13] 100 euros: Baroque and Rococo 200 euros: the era of steel and glass architecture 500 euros: the modern period of the 20th century.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The dimensions of the banknotes reflect their value, so that the €5 note is the smallest size and the larger the value the banknote is.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

This, combined with the large numbers of the banknotes and variable embossing by face value, makes it possible to identify the banknotes even for the visually impaired.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Coins Regular coins The denominations of coins are 2 euros, 1 euro, as well as 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 cents and 1 cent.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

In all Member States, the pattern of the common clave or value side consists of the denomination of money and the map theme, which on 1, 2 and 5 cent coins presents Europe as part of the globe and in larger coins as Europe in general.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Minted before 2007 [14] (Italy, Austria, Portugal, San Marino and Vatican City before 2008 [15]), only the 15 EU countries at the time of the introduction of the euro were marked.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The common sides of the coins were designed by the Belgian Luc Luycx, [16] whose initials (“double-L”) are on the small coin value side.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The subject of the crown side, or the so-called national side, is decided by each NCB.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

However, the national side must always be minted with 12 EU stars plus the year of minting (with the exception of the 3-year transition period preceding the introduction of the cash euro, when coins were allowed to be minted either in the year of minting or the year of introduction 2002).


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

According to the latest decisions, at least the coins of new member countries joining the euro area in the future must also bear the name of the state or its abbreviation on the national side.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Two euro special coins A number of euro countries have published national ones that are legal tender throughout the euro area.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Their common value side is similar to that of all two-euro coins, but the topic of the national side differs from the usual one.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Only two euro coins are allowed to be made into commemorative coins.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Each euro country was initially entitled to issue one new special coin per year.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Today the number is two per year.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[17] These special coins circulate in general payment, but a large number of them may sooner or later end up in collectors' collections.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Below is a list of special coins published in Finland with the topics: 2004, June/July: Enlargement of the European Union by ten new Member States (so called.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

tonsils).


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[18] 2005, October: Piece by piece, 60 years since the founding of the United Nations and 50 years of Finland's membership in the UN.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[19] 2006, October: 100 years of universal and equal suffrage in Finland.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[20] 2007, March: 50 years of the Treaty of Rome (see:


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

lower).


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Money doesn't count towards the annual one-special coin quota.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[21] 2007, December: 90 years of Finland's independence.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[22] 2008, October: 60 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[23] 2009, January: 10 years of the euro.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Joint publication of euro countries.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[24] 2009, October: 200th Annual Coin of Finnish Autonomy and the Riksdag of Porvoo.


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[25] 2010, October: 150 years of Finnish money.


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[26] 2011, October: 200th anniversary of the Bank of Finland.


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[27] 2012, January: Ten years of euro banknotes and coins


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Joint publication of euro countries.


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[28] 2012, September: 150th anniversary of the birth of artist Helene Schjerfbeck.


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[28] 2013, September: Beginning of regular Riksdag activities in Finland 150 years ago.


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[29] 2013, November: 125th anniversary of Nobel Prize author F.


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E. Sillanpää's birth.


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[29] 2014, June: 100 years since the birth of author Tove Jansson.


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[30] 2014, November: 100th anniversary of designer Ilmari Tapiovaara's birth.


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[30] 2015, January: The 150th anniversary of the birth of composer Jean Sibelius.


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[31] 2015, third quarter: 30th anniversary of the EU flag.


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Joint publication of euro countries.


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[31] 2015, October: 150 years since the birth of artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


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[31] 2016, April: Writer and poet Eino Leino.


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[32] 2016, October: 100 years since the birth of Finnish philosopher Georg Henrik von Wright.


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[32] 2017, April: 100 years of Independent Finland.


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[33] 2017, October: Finnish nature.


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[33] 2018, April: Finnish National Landscapes — Koli.


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[34] In other euro countries, special two-euro coins have included important events and persons.


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Germany has a programme spanning many years, according to which a special coin depicting a single German state and its historic building or structure is published every year.


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[35] Commemorative coins In addition, each euro country has a national commemorative coin programme.


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Most often commemorative coins are minted from some precious metal, most commonly silver and some gold.


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Commemorative coins are worth euro but are legal tender only in their issuing countries.


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The denomination of the commemorative coin shall not be any of the denominations of ordinary coins.


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However, the selling price of commemorative coins tends to be higher than their face value and therefore practically do not move in payment traffic, but end up directly to collectors.


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Despite the fact that commemorative coins are legal tender, shops are not forced to accept them as payment in trading.


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[36] Special commemorative coins of EUR 5 in Finland were minted between 2010 and 2011, one for each historical province (Åland, Häme, Karelia, Lapland, Ostrobothnia, Satakunta, Savo, Uusimaa and Varsinais-Suomi).


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The money is bimetallic, aluminium bronze (CuAlNi) and copper nickel (CuNi).


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[37] Since then, the corresponding series of special commemorative coins of EUR 5 have also been minted on the following topics [38]: Finnish national landscapes Finnish presidents sports Provincial animals Nordic nature.


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Like other commemorative coins, five euro coins are fair money only in Finland, and shops here are not obliged to accept them as payment either.


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[36] Mint of Mint of Finland accidentally manufactured a batch of approximately 55000 pieces of incorrect two-euro coins in the rest of 2006.


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The coin had a new value side, intended for introduction in 2007, but a national side for 2006.


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[39] Such an error appears to have arisen in the way that when the Mint of Finland minted the coins of Slovenia, which introduced the euro at the beginning of 2007, and they all became a new value side, then Finnish coins of 2006 began to be minted, but the punch of the value side was forgotten to change the old model.


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In the beginning of 2007, the collectible value of the error was around 120 to 150€, but during the summer the price level fell to those who knew 70 euros.


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There have been a lot of other, smaller errors in the coins.


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The most famous are various additional paffles in the patterns of coins.


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For example, on coins of the 1999 number, the inside of one of the nine rings may be metal.


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Such a punch error has been caused by damage to the punch so that a piece has been worn or broken off, and such a point has been left on the surface of the coin thus elevated.


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A type of defect is sometimes seen to be mistakenly referred to as a valve due to its appearance, although the patterns of coins are not formed by casting a coin into a mold, but by striking a pattern with an engraved punch with great force on the surface of a smooth coin blank.


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Even these error punches have occasionally been paid a higher collecting price than the face value of the coin.


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The use of small coins in Finland was decided from the outset not to use one- and two-cent coins.


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The reason is the impracticality of small coins when paying in cash.


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This was already used in Finland in the last years of the Mark period, when the smallest coin used was ten pence.


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One and two cent coins are still legal tender in Finland, although merchants may refuse to accept them as payment if they report this prominently, for example, at the shop door.


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In Finland, the rounding rule is followed, according to which the amount payable is rounded up to the nearest five cents [40].


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For savings reasons, from September 2004, cash purchase totals in Dutch retail stores began to be rounded up to the nearest 5 cents.


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The one- and two-cent coins, however, retained their status as legal tender.


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[41] The euro as a currency The background of the common currency Monetary union (monetary union, single currency) is not a new idea, but a variety of common money used by several peoples has been used frequently in history, with varying frequency and duration.


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More often than not only has it been a matter of practice or compulsion brought with them by the conquerors, but sometimes also voluntary co-operation.


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The fermentation of money outside the borders of the kingdoms was quite natural, as coin coins were effectively valued in the metal used to make them (such as gold, silver, copper).


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In Europe, one single currency period can count the use of money from the ancient Roman Empire in geographically large areas of the empire and also outside it as a means of payment.


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In 1865, France, Switzerland, Italy and Belgium established a union known as the Latin Monetary Union.


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The gold and silver coins of these countries were determined to be equal in concentration, diameter and weight.


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The motifs were on coins each country its own.


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Similarly, each country's own monetary unit names were adopted, so that, for example, the Italian 5-lira coin was equivalent in size and silver content to the Belgian 5-franc coin.


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Later, the Latin monetary union was joined by Greece, and many other countries began to use the same standards.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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The monetary union was officially in effect until the end of 1926.


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In practice, its existence came to an end during World War I.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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At the end of the gold standard period, the common currency area with different economic regions was Austria-Hungary.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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The development that led to the current common currency, the euro, can also be said to be quite old to be reversed, since the idea has already appeared before the 20th century.


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But what really matters is the need arising because of the Second World War: the decision-makers of European countries wanted to unite the fates of the countries that had once warred bloodily with each other with such close economic ties that there would be no more control over European resources to warring no place and no need.


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This generalized argument has originally concerned the integration of the German and French economies into the European Community, the culmination of which monetary union is.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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The single currency was closely linked to these fundamental objectives of the European Union, the previous EEC and the even earlier European Coal and Steel Community, such as capital and resources (labour, raw materials, etc.)


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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free movement and integration of countries' economies.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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But the realistic prospects of creating a common currency were long slim.


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The economic situations of the countries varied at different rates.


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In addition to broad political will, favourable economic conditions and social and legislative reforms were needed to bring each country's national economy and monetary policy closer to the other countries.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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This happened gradually, and one pre-euro phase came into existence in 1979 with the creation of the European Currency Unit ECU.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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However, this was not yet a single currency, but a computational unit for budgeting purposes.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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It was only at the beginning of the 1990s that a true single currency began to look possible for the achievements of integration.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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The first phase of the European Economic and Monetary Union, EMU, started from mid-1990, since almost all former barriers to the free movement of capital had been removed in the then EU.


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However, the troubled period in the financial world that lasted from the turn of the 1980s and 1990s to the early years of the 1990s included, among other things, periods of depression in different countries and strong fluctuations in the rates of national currencies, some of which were caused by the actions of currency speculators.


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This turmoil, on the one hand, postponed the creation of a single currency, but on the other, reinforced the desire for a single currency: the multi-country single currency was seen as an opportunity to protect against the forces of a globalising global economy against which the national money of any country in Europe is no longer alone been large enough and strong.


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Despite the troubled economic situation — and at the same time thanks to it — development continued.


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The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992, agreed on the way EMU works and the so-called convergence criteria.


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The second phase of EMU began from the beginning of 1994, when the European Monetary Institute, EMI, which was the predecessor of the European Central Bank, began operation.


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Practical preparations for the transition to the third phase of EMU, the common currency (then still unnamed) began.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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The name of the future common currency was later decided to be the euro.


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In May 1998, it was decided which states were eligible to participate in the euro area.


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The decision had been preceded by an ERM II phase of at least two years, during which eligibility, i.e. the fulfilment of economic conditions for each country, was measured.


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There were eleven qualified countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Luxembourg, Portugal, France, Germany and Finland.


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At the same time, the exchange rates of all participating countries were pegged to the euro at a fixed, irreversible rate, no longer called the exchange rate, but the conversion factor.


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It was decided to officially define these conversion factors by six significant digits.


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A table of them is below.


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Greece won permission to join the eurozone only later, in 2001.


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The euro was made a rather high-value currency: the value of one euro was higher than that of any participating country, except the Irish pound.


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When it came to the creation of a whole new currency, then in principle the value of the euro could have been determined whatever it was.


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In practice, however, it was decided to take the existing value of the ECU of the basket currency already mentioned above, made up of the currencies of the countries, so that 1 euro became ECU 1.


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From the beginning of June 1998, the European Central Bank became operational, replacing the EMI, which preceded it.


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[42] The adoption of the euro The third phase of EMU, the period of the single currency, began with the introduction of the euro as an account currency on 1 January 1999 in the eleven countries mentioned above.


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However, each country continued to use its own currency as cash, which from this point on were considered national manifestations of the euro until cash euros would come into use.


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Subsequently, the conversion ratio between national currencies and the euro, no longer referred to as the exchange rate, was fixed.


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The date for the introduction of cash euros was decided on 1 January 2002.


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This left eurozone countries with a three-year transition period to prepare for the euro.


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A transitional period was necessary for at least the following reasons: a huge number of euro banknotes and coins were needed to replace the national currencies in circulation, and the production of euros in printing and mints required more years.


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In both public and private economic administrations, time was needed to change policies and computer systems to enable the use of the euro.


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This applied to both large financial entities (sovereigns, banks, large corporations) as well as the smallest kiosks, because, among other things, cash registers, ticket machines and parking meters had to be planned to change the euro condition.


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During a transitional period of three years, financial administrations were allowed to switch to using the euro as an accounting currency (“No barrier, no compulsion” principle).


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The public wanted to be given time to get used to the new money to come.


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Information material was produced on the euro, and most shops began to display their price tags in both national currency and euros.


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A few weeks before the actual introduction of cash euros, the public was allowed to buy so-called starter kits with a few euro coins for exploration.


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Similarly, retail stores were allocated certain quantities of packages containing cash euros to enable them to start giving change to customers in euros as early as 1 January 2002.


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Euro coins and banknotes were introduced on 1 January 2002 as planned.


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This was followed by an exchange period of varying length in different countries, during which the euro and the national currency were allowed to be used at the same time.


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In Finland, this phase lasted until early March 2002.


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The intention was that when you were still paying in national currency, the change was received in euros, and thus the old money would change to the new one in a natural way in daily payments.


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This was very successful, since already a couple of weeks after the turn of the year a significant proportion of national money had changed to euros.


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When the money exchange period officially ended, the euro became exclusive tender.


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However, for several months, commercial banks were obliged to accept and exchange the old money received from customers into euros.


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When that period too ended, each country's central banks continued to exchange their country's old money for euros.


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Most countries have years or decades in which especially old banknotes are allowed to be exchanged for euro.


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In addition, some retail stores have had a history of stunts during which customers have been allowed to pay with old money.


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Today, there are still billions of euros worth of old national cash to be exchanged, and in Finland alone more than EUR 200 million.


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[43] There are several reasons for this: money is in memorabilia and collectables, lying around (e.g. small coins that have not been allowed to exchange), in forgotten caches, destroyed, and also as dark money left in the hands of criminals, which has not been obtained since the money-laundering controls have tightened exchanged to Euros.


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There are even people who did not approve of switching to the euro and have saved old money in the hope that it would still be reintroduced.


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EU countries that have joined the euro and their former currencies Kosovo since 2002.


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For the first euro countries, the euro for currency column in the table shows the date 1 January 1999, when the euro became a real currency unit and account currency.


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Thus in Finland, for example, the date of introduction was 1 January 1999, although the cash euro did not come into use until 1 January 2002.


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Subsequently, in the countries that joined the euro, the introduction of the euro as both account and cash has taken place simultaneously.


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The third column contains the currency multiplier in euros.


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[47] The euro's international status The euro is a floating currency, meaning its rate relative to the world's other major currencies is determined by international currency markets.


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The main gauge of the value of the euro is its exchange rate against the US dollar.


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During the euro's existence, the dollar rate has fluctuated sharply: at the beginning of 1999, 1euro was slightly below $1.20, but in late October 2000, the 1euro weakened to the lowest value in its history to date, around US$0.83USD.


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Thereafter, the euro gradually strengthened (despite temporary periods of decline) so that on July 15, 2008, the value of one euro was the highest in its history to date, almost $1.60$.


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By the time of the start of 2012, the value of the euro had again weakened to around $1.30USD.


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[48] Also, the dollar is buoyant.


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Therefore, other cyclical factors in foreign exchange markets than the euro and dollar exchange rate need to be considered in order to assess the reasons for the changes in rates: the appreciation or weakening of the euro may not only be on the own merit or fault of the euro area economy, but may be due to more on the weakening or appreciation of the dollar caused by factors affecting the dollar.


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The European Central Bank operates monetary policy independent of member countries and sets a base rate that is the same in all euro countries.


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The interest rate affects the price of money, i.e. the cost of loans on the market, and thus also has an impact on the value of the euro relative to other currencies.


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The euro's international position as a currency has gradually strengthened.


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It has become the second most significant international currency in the world after the US dollar.


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Many states keep some of their foreign reserves in euros.


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Some states opposed to US policy, including Iran, have changed their dollar reserves for euro reserves for political reasons.


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The euro has thus become a competitor to the dollar, although it is not the official goal of the European Central Bank to form the euro into a world currency or competitor to other currencies.


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Due to its international status, like the dollar, the euro often goes to retail shops as a cash means of payment in many countries outside the euro area, especially in areas frequented by tourists.


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Although, in this case, the price of the purchase can often become somewhat or much more expensive than when paying with the country's own currency — due to merchants' currency exchange costs and perhaps also profit.


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Since 2010, the euro's status as a reserve currency crisis The euro was mired in a deep debt crisis lasting several years.


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The crisis was partly the result of the 2008-09 recession.


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Chartalists predicted the euro's drift into crisis in the early stages of the euro, for example economist Warren Mosler wrote in 2001: Chartalism is a theory of economics that studies the functioning of fiat monetary systems.


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It has been critical to the structure of the euro.


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According to it, the euro lacks mm.


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A publisher like the Federal Government of the United States and the structure of the euro with too much reliance on commercial banks is unsustainable.


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[51] Criticism Helsingin Sanomat commissioned an economist survey in 2016.


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In it, a majority of respondents said that the euro has done Finland more harm than good compared to Finland having its own free-floating currency.


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[52] Area of use of euro The euro countries that are members of the European Union are the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Greece, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, France, Germany, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland and Estonia.


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In some Swedish municipalities, though the euro is in use alongside the krona, although Sweden is not otherwise a euro country.


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[53] Of the member countries that joined the EU before 2004, the euro is used in all but Britain, Denmark and Sweden.


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In 2004, the first of the countries to join the EU, the euro was adopted by Slovenia on 1 January 2007, replacing the Slovenian tolar, becoming the 13th euro country in the EU.


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Next, from 1 January 2008, Malta and Cyprus switched to using the euro instead of the Maltese lira (MTL) and the Cypriot pound (CYP), which they received permission from the EU Council of Ministers on 10 July 2007.


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This was in anticipation of the European Union Commission's recommended move in May 2007, when countries met the convergence criteria, according to the convergence report published at the time.


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[54] [55] In May 2008, Slovakia's accession to the euro area was confirmed on 1 January 2009.


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Slovakia became the 16th EU state to use the euro.


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Estonia joined the eurozone on 1 January 2011 at 17.


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As an EU state [56], Latvia became part of the euro area on 1 January 2014 and the euro was introduced at the same time.


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[57] Latvia became 18th.


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The EU member state that adopted the euro.


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[58] On 1 January 2015, Lithuania became the 19th country to use euros as currency.


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[59] The euro is also used in four non-EU dwarf states, namely Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra.


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[60] The first three already had monetary union agreements with the euro area on the use of the euro.


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Andorra, without agreement, used the euro by its unilateral decision, but concluded an agreement with the EU on 30 June 2011 [61].


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These practices are a continuation of the arrangements of the pre-euro period under which the currencies of surrounding countries were used in the dwarf states: in Monaco the French franc was used in San Marino the Italian lira was used in the Vatican was the Italian lira in Andorra was used the French francs and Spanish pesetas.


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This was because it would have been unnecessarily expensive for dwarf states to maintain their own currency and associated monetary policy, as well as printing and mints.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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When the surrounding countries exchanged to the euro, it was also natural to take the euro as the currency of the dwarf states.


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Countries also have the right to mint some number of euro coins with their own national images, which are fair money in the euro countries belonging to the EU [62], but end up at a price almost exclusively higher than their face values due to their low mintage. collectors' collections.


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Coin-minting rights for Andorra began three other countries later, on 1 July 2013.


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[61] In addition, the euro is used in some other non-EU countries, such as Montenegro and Kosovo (see Euro area for more detail).


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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This use, which has been called euroisation, is similar to the so-called dollarisation that has occurred in some other countries, namely the country's own-initiative decision to stop using its own currency and start using the US dollar instead.


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With the exception of cases of dwarf states such as the one mentioned above, euroization and dollarisation are usually a sign of a country's economic problems: a country's own currency has been abandoned due to the continued rapid depreciation of its value and started to be used as a world currency that is reliable in value.


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Eurosisation in no way makes a country officially euroworthy or a member of the eurozone, nor does Eurosciation pave the way for subsequent formal eurozone accession — usually quite the opposite, since the use of a foreign currency tells the country's economy to be in a state where you could not have its own currency trust.


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On the other hand, no international or eurozone code prevents an independent but non-EU state from taking the euro as its official currency.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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The euro state is not involved in the functioning of the European Central Bank or the European System of Central Banks.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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European Union countries that do not use euros Several EU member states do not use the euro but their national currencies.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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These countries can be divided into three categories depending on the reason they do not use the euro: 1.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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Countries entitled not to adopt the euro: Great Britain and Denmark Great Britain was a member of the EU even before the Maastricht Treaty and negotiated a treaty for itself the right not to adopt the single currency.


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British Eurosceptics say the single currency is a step towards a federal EU that would soon begin to resemble the US.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

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Eurosceptics say that with the euro, Britain's economic life would suffer if it had to evolve at the pace of monetary and economic policy in the eurozone, but under the pound, Britain can determine its pace of development itself.


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Like Britain, Denmark was a member of the EU even before the Maastricht Treaty and negotiated for itself the right not to adopt the single currency.


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In the 2000 referendum, 53.2% opposed joining the common currency.


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However, unlike Sweden and Britain, Denmark has pegged the value of its krona to the euro and is in ERM II phase.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

So it can be said that Denmark is formally one step closer to adopting the euro than Sweden and Britain.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

A country that, according to its EU commitments, should switch to the euro, but which at least has not yet wanted to do so: Sweden held a referendum in Sweden in 2003 on exchanging crowns for euros.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

55.9% opposed the introduction of the euro and 42.0% were in favour.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Unlike Britain and Denmark, Sweden joined the EU while the Maastricht Treaty was in force, which in principle obliges it to switch to the common currency.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Sweden has asked the EU to be allowed to keep its own currency.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The formal reason is that accession to the ERM phase is voluntary and must precede the introduction of the euro.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

In Sweden, the debate over the euro was very heated around the time of the referendum.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Countries that have not yet met the euro adoption criteria: Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic and Hungary The introduction of the euro in an EU country requires certain economic criteria to be met (convergence criteria and the Maastricht Treaty).


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The purpose of the convergence criteria is to guide new euro aspiring countries to put their economies in good enough shape, both for the welfare of the countries themselves and for the protection of the euro area.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Ten new member countries joined the EU in 2004, with Slovenia switching to using the euro in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia 2011, Latvia in 2014 and Lithuania in 2015.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[63] [64] [65] Old national currencies are used so far by Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

As negotiated in their accession treaty, these countries do not have the right to abstain from adopting the euro and therefore have an obligation to try to bring their economies into euro shape and adopt the euro as soon as possible.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

The exchange of Polish, Czech and Hungarian currencies into the euro is still in an undetermined future, as the countries' economies do not meet the criteria for adoption of the euro.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

Some countries would like to introduce the euro as soon as possible.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

In some other new member countries, such as Poland, the position of politicians in government has been less pro-euro or even anti-euro.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

In such a situation, there has been no active push towards the adoption of the euro in the country.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

In 2007 Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU, and in 2013 Croatia.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

According to the accession treaties, they must join the euro when they meet the criteria of the common currency.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

States that have tied their currencies to the euro Withdrawal from the euro No country has seceded from the euro and there are no regulations for seceding from the euro.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[66] The position of Mario Draghi, president of the European Central Bank, is that the euro is irreversible.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[67] According to Jean-Claude Juncker, president of the European Commission, the common currency is tied to free movement, and therefore the end of one would also destroy the other.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[68] Euro countries have a single payment system through which payments are transferred through the single Euro payments system under the auspices of the ECB in the form of SEPA account transfers.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

According to a Finnish study, a country that diverges from the euro should set up a new payment system.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

For a country like Finland, which has completely abandoned its own payment system and would have to set up a new one from scratch, it would take half a year to a year to set up a payment system.


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

[69] Sources on the topic elsewhere (see


Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

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Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

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Question: Where does the name euro come from?

Euro

€ * Category:European Monetary Union Category:2002 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic system.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Its chemical marker is H ().


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a non-metal, but in the periodic system it is placed in the first main group together with alkali metals.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The electrons of hydrogen are distributed over energy levels in the same way as alkali metals in general: it has only one electron, which is therefore its valence electron.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

At normal atmospheric pressure at room temperature, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless and tasteless, flammable, significantly lighter-than-air gas that occurs naturally as two-atom molecules (H2).


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The melting point of hydrogen is −259°C and the boiling point is −253°C (approx.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

14 and 20 K).


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The molar mass of hydrogen as per IUPAC standard is [1,00784; 1,00811] g/mol [1].


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The most famous hydrogen compound is water with the molecular formula H2O.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Despite its lightness, water occurs at room temperature as a liquid, due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Water has a high boiling point, which has made possible the emergence of life similar to the present.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is most on Earth specifically in water molecules, and is 0.14% of the total mass of the Earth's crust.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[2] Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and serves as a fuel for stars in the fusion reactions that occur in them.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Occurrence in the Universe Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and accounts for about 74% of the mass of matter present in the universe.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Of the atoms in the universe, 90% are hydrogen, 9% are helium, and 1% are other substances.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Measurements made using spectroscopic instruments have found out that most of the Sun and other stars are hydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[3] In the sun, hydrogen is continuously fused into helium.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The reaction is vital to life on Earth, since without the energy generated by the Sun, Earth would not have enough heat for life.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen (and helium) was the first element in the universe, and other elements emerged later in stars as hydrogen fused [4].


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Metallic hydrogen is at least theoretically possible at high pressure as in the cores of large planets, for example Jupiter.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Attempts have been made to experimentally produce superconducting hydrogen even under laboratory conditions by lowering the required pressure by producing lithium and sodium hydrides.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[5] On Earth, hydrogen is the tenth most common element on Earth, so it is clearly less common than elsewhere in the universe.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Due to the lightness of hydrogen, it accounts for only 0.9% of Earth's total mass and even less of the crustal mass, about 0.15%.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Of the mass of the universe, the proportion of hydrogen is thought to be as high as 73%.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[2] [6] As a free element, hydrogen is rare on Earth and almost always appears bound to chemical compounds.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

However, small amounts of hydrogen gas may be released in volcanic eruptions and when drilling for oil.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[3] Most hydrogen present on Earth is bound to water, which is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Other naturally occurring inorganic hydrogen compounds include ammonium salts found in soil.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is also present in almost every organic compound.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrocarbons only have carbon and hydrogen atoms.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

In other organic compounds, some of the hydrogen atoms are usually bound directly to a carbon atom, but some to an oxygen atom, for example, as in alcohols and carboxylic acids, or to a nitrogen atom as in amines.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

More complex organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and other elements include such biologically important substances as proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as DNA.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[3] Hydrogen is also committed in fossil fuels [7], of which petroleum and natural gas are predominantly hydrocarbons.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Also, coal pores usually contain methane (mining gas), the simplest hydrocarbon.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Seawater can become a fuel source if a controlled fusion operation is achieved on earth.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is obtained from seawater to fuel a fusion reaction.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[8] Properties Physical properties Pure hydrogen is a gas in normal conditions.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen gas (H2) is considerably lighter than air: at 0°C and normal atmospheric pressure, hydrogen has a density of about 0.09g/dm3, compared to 1.3g/dm3 air density under similar conditions.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Also, when liquid and solid, hydrogen density is significantly lower than the densities of other elements in similar states.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The density of liquid hydrogen at its boiling point is about 0.07g/cm3 and the density of solid hydrogen at its melting point is 0.0763g/cm3.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[9] Hydrogen has the second lowest melting and boiling points of the elements, since only helium has a lower melting and boiling temperature than hydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The melting point of hydrogen at 1,013 bar is −259.4°C and the boiling point is −252.9°C.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Liquid hydrogen, first produced by British chemist James Dewar in 1898, is colorless otherwise except in large quantities, making it appear pale blue.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Solid hydrogen is colorless.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[10] Isotopes Hydrogen occurs naturally as three isotopes: 1H, 2H, and 3H.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

However, laboratories have also been able to synthesise other isotopes of hydrogen, namely 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

They are very unstable and do not occur in nature.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[11] [12] 1H, or protium (), or common hydrogen, is the most common isotope of hydrogen, representing 99.98% of all hydrogen atoms.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

There is only one proton in the isotope, which is where the name protium comes from.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

So there is not a single neutron in the nucleus of the isotope.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

2H or D, deuterium, (“the second”), is the second most common isotope of hydrogen, of which is about 0.015% of hydrogen on Earth.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The nucleus of the isotope contains one neutron in addition to one proton.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Deuterium is not radioactive and does not pose a significant risk of poisoning.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

A water molecule with deuterium instead of ordinary hydrogen is called heavy water.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Heavy water is used, for example, in nuclear power plants in CANDU reactors as a retarder.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[13] Many deuterized organic compounds, such as deutered chloroform, are used as solvents in NMR spectroscopy.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[14] Deuterium will also be used as fuel in fusion reactors in the future.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[15] 3H or T, tritium (“third”), is a very rare isotope of hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

For all the hydrogen it is.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Tritium is radioactive, and decays via beta decay to helium-3.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Tritium has a half-life of about 12.32 years.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[16] Tritium was discovered by Ernest Rutherford, M.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

L. Oliphant and Harteck in 1934 when they bombarded deuterium atoms with deuterons, i.e., nuclei of a deuterium atom.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Small amounts of tritium form in the upper atmosphere when cosmic rays strike nitrogen molecules.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[16] Tritium can also be produced in reactors by bombarding lithium-6 with neutrons.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[15] Tritium can exist as gaseous, but most commonly in a form where one of the protium atoms of a water molecule has been replaced by it.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[16] Electrons generated in the decay of tritium can excite electrons from other substances, so it is used as a self-illuminating agent in wristwatch displays and exit road signs.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[17] Other applications are as a marker in isotope geochemistry and medicine for the study of drug metabolism [16] [18].


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

One of the most promising fusion reactions in terms of energy production is the fusion of deuterium and tritium.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

It releases energy of 16 MeV, but requires a temperature of about 40 million kelvins.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[15] Ortho- and paravety Multi-atomic molecules may have so-called spin isomers.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

With hydrogen, there are two of them: ortho- and paravety.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Their existence was discovered by R. Mecke in 1924 spectroscopically, and explained by Werner Heisenberg using quantum mechanics in 1927.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

In orthohydrogen, the spins of the atoms of the hydrogen molecule are parallel to each other and opposite in paravid.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

There are differences in the physical properties of these isomers, and their melting and boiling points, vaporization heats, and heat capacities differ.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

For example, orthohydrogen has a boiling point of 0.24°C higher than paravedic.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Also, hydrogen compounds such as water have their ortho- and paraisomers.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[19] [20] [21] At room temperature, 75% of hydrogen is orthoform and the remainder is parahydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

In liquid hydrogen, the paraform prevails instead because it is then more stable, and at absolute zero point, all hydrogen is parahydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Ortho- and paravety are in kinetic equilibrium.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Orthohydrogen can mutate into a para-isomer.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Transformation is exothermic, that is, heat release, which causes hydrogen gas to evaporate from its storage bottles.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

To minimize loss, hydrogen gas is passed through aqueous iron (III) oxide in the liquefaction phase.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Iron (III) oxide, platinum, palladium, or nitrogen monoxide act as catalysts and convert orthohydrogen into paravidex.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[22] [23] [20] [21] Chemical properties Location in the periodic system According to established practice, hydrogen is placed in the first column of alkali metals in the periodic system.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

However, hydrogen differs in several ways from other elements in the group: for example, it does not react with water like lithium, sodium or potassium, and is generally considered a nonmetal.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

However, from a chemical point of view, hydrogen also has metallic properties such as a positive oxidation rate.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Sometimes hydrogen is placed in halogens, or 17th group, because the structure of hydrogen is close to that of halogens, that is, one electron away from the full electron shell.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Today, IUPAC recommends hydrogen to be placed so that it is an elemental element of the first period in the top row of the periodic system, in the middle of the table so that it does not belong to any of the main groups.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[24] [25] The most common oxidation number of hydrogen is +I, but a few metals may coalesce with hydrogen into hydrides where its oxidation number is exceptionally −I.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The ionization energy of hydrogen is about 1310kJ/mol, therefore much higher than that of actual alkali metals, where it is around 400—500kJ/mol.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

In this respect, hydrogen resembles more like halogens.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Also, the electronegativity of hydrogen is much higher than that of actual alkali metals.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is linked to alkali metals, however, by its low electron affinity, that is, the energy that is released or bound when one electron is added to the atom of an element in gaseous form.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The electron affinity of hydrogen is 73kJ/mol, i.e., hydrogen binds energy 73kJ/mol.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

For other alkali metals, the equivalent value is 46—60kJ/mol and for halogens it is −270—−349kJ/mol.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

A unifying factor is also that the outermost atomic orbital of hydrogen is, like alkali metals, an s-orbital, but with halogens the outermost orbital is the p-orbital.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Reactivity Hydrogen occurs as a two-atomic molecule that is very persistent at ordinary temperatures, and not very reactive.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

This is partly due to the high bond energy of the covalent bond between the hydrogen atoms of the hydrogen molecule, which is 436kJ/mol.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

A large amount of energy is required to break down a molecule, and not all hydrogen molecules have decomposed into hydrogen atoms even at temperatures above 4700°C.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

However, with oxygen and halogens, it reacts very strongly, even explosively, to form water or hydrogen halides.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[26] [27] Atomic hydrogen, on the other hand, is very reactive.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

It is a powerful reductant that reduces even sodium metal from sodium salts, and especially strongly it reacts with halogens and other strong oxidants.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Therefore, atomic hydrogen does not occur in nature free.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[27] Bonds Hydrogen forms a covalent bond with itself and other elements because hydrogen has a high electronegativity of 2.1.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen forms the so-called σ-bond, that is, a simple bond.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The bond is spin symmetric: hydrogen is able to rotate with respect to the bond without breaking the bond.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

In the hybridization model, hydrogen is an exception in that the atomic orbital of hydrogen does not hybridize with the rest of the orbital.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen also plays an essential role in the generation of hydrogen bonds between molecules.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

A hydrogen bond is the strongest weak bond created between hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine (N, O, F) present in a pool molecule.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

(The hydrogen in the molecule forms a hydrogen bond with the N, O, F atom of another molecule.)


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Compounds that exhibit hydrogen bonds have abnormally high melting and boiling points.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

This is due to the strength of hydrogen bonds.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

A particularly high melting and boiling point is with water, as the water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

For life, the high melting and boiling point of water are vital.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Acids and bases Acid and base have been defined in Brønsted—Lowry theory as an acid being a substance that donates a positive hydrogen ion (H+), that is, a proton, to a base.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The base, on the other hand, is a substance that receives a hydrogen ion from acid.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Acidic aqueous solutions are created when the acid donates one proton to water, creating oxonium ions (H3O+) into the solution.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Oxonium ions cause acidity of the solution.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Alkaline aqueous solutions are created when the base reacts with water to form hydroxide ions (OH−).


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The acidity or alkalinity depends on the number of oxonium and hydroxide ions present in the solution.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Compounds Binary compounds of hydrogen are called hydrides and can be divided into three classes of covalent, ionic, and metallic compounds on the basis of bonds.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Covalent compounds include compounds of hydrogen and other nonmetals, such as ammonia, water, and hydrogen halides.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Many of these are room-temperature gases.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[28] [29] [30] Ion-linked hydrides contain a hydride ion (H−) as anion.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

These hydrogen forms with electropositive alkali and alkali earth metals.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Ion-linked hydrides react fiercely with water releasing hydrogen gas as an example of the reaction of sodium hydride [28] [29] [30] NaH + H 2 O NaOH + H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ ce {NaH + H2O -> NaOH + H2}}} With transition metals and lanthanoids and actinoids, hydrogen forms metallic hydrides.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Characteristic of metallic hydrides is a metallic sheen and electrical conductivity.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

In these compounds, hydrogen, when small in size, gets diffused in the metal lattice and forms what are known as intermediate compounds.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

These are most often non-stoichiometric in composition and complex in structure.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The study of some metals as a method of storage of hydrogen is based on metallic hydride, because when heated they release hydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

For example, platinum is thus able to bind hydrogen up to 900 times its own volume.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Alloy hydrides are also being studied to store hydrogen, for example, the tini2 and Lani2 alloys that have proven to be the most promising.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[28] [29] [30] Important inorganic hydrogen compounds include water, all inorganic acids, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[3] History The discovery of hydrogen in Switzerland, an alchemist from Paracelsu who lived in the 16th century, is considered to be the first detector of hydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

While dissolving iron in sulfuric acid, he noticed a developing gas, which he described in words as “air rising and disintegrating like wind.”


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Paracelsus was not sure what he had produced, nor did he elaborate on the properties of hydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[31] [32] In 1670, the Englishman Robert Boyle produced hydrogen by mixing iron filemeal with dilute hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Boyle described hydrogen as an incendiary gas, the peer of which he had never observed before, and referred to it as “the burning solution of Mars”.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Boyle only noticed the gas generated would burn if air was available.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

He also found that the combustion consumed air and the combustion products weighed more than the combustion substances.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[32] [33] Pure hydrogen was first made by Henry Cavendish, an English chemist-physicist and one of Britain's richest, in 1766, by allowing iron to react with dilute sulfuric acid.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[34] However, he himself did not believe that he had found hydrogen, but assumed it to be phlogiston.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

He speculated the gas was coming from metal rather than acid, and used the name “burning air of metals” from it.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

In his studies, Cavendish observed a mixture of hydrogen and air exploding, and he also decided to calculate the density of hydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

In his calculations, he reached the conclusion that hydrogen is lighter than air.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

After examining the droplet condensed in the explosion, he found it to be water.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Thanks to this experiment in 1781, he came to prove Aristotle and other natural philosophers of antiquity wrong when they claimed water was an element.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[34] Cavendish is considered the discoverer of hydrogen, but the name was given to it by French chemist Antoine Lavoisier.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[35] Lavoisier testified in 1783 that water contains “combustible air” and oxygen previously discovered by Cavendish.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Lavoisier gave hydrogen the name hydrogène.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The origin of the name is the Greek words δωρ (hydor, water) and γίγνομαι (gignomai, to form, give birth), meaning water-former.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[34] The name comes from the combustion reaction of hydrogen, from which water is produced as the reaction product.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The Finnish word hydrogen also refers to the formation of water; it first appeared in book parlance in 1851.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[36] Cold research Until the early 20th century, only a few uses had been invented for hydrogen: it was used in so-called lime lights, which were the limelight of theatres, and as a filling gas for airships.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Cryogenics, or the study of low temperatures, began around 1880.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

French mining engineer Louis Cailletet reported in 1877 that he had detected liquid oxygen droplets.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

A few days earlier, Swiss physicist Raoul Pictet had also announced that he had succeeded in liquefaction of oxygen, but in a different way.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The study of low temperatures was very expensive at the turn of the 20th century, and few universities were able to provide the necessary laboratory conditions.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

After the liquefaction of oxygen, an international competition began to see who would be the first to succeed in liquefaction of hydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The competition was mostly fought in Europe, as most of the physicists were European at the time.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The race was coloured by disputes and priority issues from the start, and hasty results were commonplace when competing for prestige.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The first was succeeded in 1898 by Scottish chemist James Dewar, whose work was facilitated by his earlier invention of the vacuum cryostat, or thermos.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[37] The thermos poorly conducts heat because it has two silver-plated glass walls with a vacuum between them.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Dewar used it to keep very cold liquids cold and managed to make liquid hydrogen totaling 20 milliliters.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

After that, Dewar wanted to manufacture solid hydrogen, which he succeeded in the following year.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[38] Harold Urey, with his colleagues at Columbia University, observed in his spectroscopic studies an anomalous substance in vaporized hydrogen whose structure was otherwise identical to that of hydrogen, but had a single neutron in its nucleus.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The atomic mass of the substance, designated as deuterium, was double that of hydrogen.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Led by Urey, the researchers produced heavy water consisting of two deuterium atoms and one oxygen atom by electrolysis.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[39] Heavy water has applications in nuclear power plants, among other things.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Role in the evolution of the atomic model Hydrogen is the most essential element of the atomic model developed in the 20th century, being the simplest of them in structure.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The nucleus of a hydrogen atom has a single proton orbited at the lowest energy level by a single electron.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The simple structure of the hydrogen made it easy to study the spectrum produced by the hydrogen and the spectral lines visible in the spectrum.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The diffusion of light across the spectrum has been known since the Middle Ages.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

William Wollaston, in 1802, examined the spectrum of the Sun and observed a few small dark lines in it, but he mistook them for the limits of colour and paid no further attention to the matter.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

[40] Twelve years later, Joseph von Fraunhofer observed hundreds of lines when studying the Sun's spectra, and when studying the spectra of light reflected by the Moon and planets, he found that the same lines occur in their spectra too.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

He also observed them in the spectra of stars, but their place and intensity differed from each other.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Fraunhofer's observations showed that spectral lines were related to the properties of the light source.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

The basic principles of spectroscopy were laid in the late 1850s by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Johann Balmer invented a simple formula in 1885 that allowed the wavelengths of spectral lines of hydrogen to be calculated.


Question: How is nitration defined?

Hydrogen

Attempts were made to develop similar formulas for other elements, but no uniform formula that all elementals would follow could be constructed.