Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[14] The theme musics of Kallio and Witika were in use on the channel from 1994 to 2005, and a certain jingle consisting of three tunes was heard in the musics.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

1996—2001 A slightly more elaborate dice owl was introduced in April 1996.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

It did little to differ from its predecessor, but the flair had been removed and the owl had changed its colour to white.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The background color was red.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

With ad breaks, the emblem displayed video footage taken from the surroundings of Helsinki, for example.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At first the image appeared clear on the emblem, but finally it became blurred.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The Continued ID was quite short, which just flashed on the screen before the ad break and after the ad breaks.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The music of the Continuing emblem had varied.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Sometimes the text “continues” in the resume symbol was yellow, otherwise white.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The music produced by Kallio and Witika remained the music of the programme listing.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At Christmas, the word “continues” in the “Continuing” symbol was replaced by “Christmas Street”.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The music in the Continuing emblem was the same as the previous Continued emblem, which was used until 2000.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In 2000, the music changed slightly and the dice owl became more three-dimensional looking, which was used until 2001.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Beginning in 1998, after the programs came the emblem, with the dice owl and blue ribbon as the sky in the background.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In the background it read “The program is produced for the MTV3 channel.”


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

2001—2005 The Owl's Eye logo had been in use between 2001 and 2013 along with two different channel ways, the latter being in use between 2005 and 2013.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Chapter 3 remained red.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The channel wool and logo, introduced on September 6, 2001, was designed by Novocom.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[15] The look included a lot of different symbols, with MTV3 especially using red and orange as background colours, or images of Finnish natural and urban landscapes.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

A transparent owl eye appeared on the emblem.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

From there peered at the owl and it spun slowly.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Their own emblems were on sports and children's programmes, as well as films.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In the mornings, after night fill-in programmes, an emblem with a morning landscape and sunrise was shown.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At the end, an owl-eye logo appeared on the box.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The programme listing showed four (early three and occasionally throughout the rest of the day programmes) following programmes and various pieces of furniture were displayed in the lower right corner of the screen, such as, for example, a sofa, a lava lamp, a table, a fan or curtains that wobbled with the wind.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In addition, you could see rhombos moving slowly in the background.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In addition, in the early days of the channel, the programme that starts next was said aloud, but this was not always done.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The music in the program listing continued to be produced by Ile Kallio and Pekka Witika.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Our new channel brought many new music made by them, but many old ones also continued to be used.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At the beginning of the “advance ads” there was initially an owl's eye logo and the word “MTV3" on the left wing, and then either the word “Coming” or “Today”.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

After that, there was a big screen of snippets of different programmes and at the end read the name of the programme and the show time.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Soon the advance advertisement changed its appearance and in turn showed images of future programmes and the background was quite similar to the bottom of the programme listing.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The program name and showtime read at the bottom of the screen.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Towards the end of the ad breaks, between 2003 and 2005, the channel could present what is known as a filler compilation, with rhombots hovering over a red-grey background, the largest of which remained in place and showed footage of future programmes.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The programme name and performance time were now on the left side of the diamond.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The filler compilation synchronized the differences in regional advertising.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

While advertisements were still being shown in the Helsinki region, a compilation was sent elsewhere in Finland.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In Uusimaa, the filler was rarely seen because it was broadcast most commercials, while in Northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland it was a familiar sight on television.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

During the filler compilation, the channel's theme music plays, but in advance commercials, the programme's soundtrack.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The resume emblem had an owl's eye, which spun slowly and when it stopped, an MTV3 text appeared on the underside.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

You could see a very small text in the background that said “ContinuousRemains...” Initially, only one continuous emblem was used during this look, which was red and the magnification of the owl's eye could be noted in the background.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Later also continued emblems received different themes, such as, for example, a Christmas emblem with snowfall.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Also, the music changed a bit.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

On October 2, 2005, MTV3 had a Design Off night, when the design, sound and image had been removed from the channel wayside.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Instead, only texts that had been reduced to a white background were visible.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

This was to emphasise the importance of the look before it was redesigned.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[16] 2005—2013 On October 3, 2005, MTV3 reduced its channel wayside to a white background with a red-black owl's eye.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Chapter 3 was changed to black.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The canal way was designed by Graham McCallum of Kemistry and was premised on the idea of an owl and its 360-degree field of view.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The look also wanted to highlight MTV3 as being a channel for the general public.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[17] There was only one emblem and in it the balls of different colors rotated in circles until finally all the circles went to the center, after which came the eye of the owl.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The ID was usually shown during the daytime hours after each program.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In November 2006, the Circles farm had the logos of pay channels (MTV3 Channel Package started then).


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

After 2010, though, the emblem was no longer used.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The program listing had the next three programs and a picture of each program on the left.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Sometimes the images were not shown in the program listing.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Before the program began, video pots were shown with the camera rotating 360 degrees.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The video stall depicted activities such as kayaking in a canoe, swimming in water, and park, city and market landscapes.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Owl's Eye appeared as details in the IDs, whose idea was to depict MTV3's extensive programme offerings.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

During the emblem, the theme music played on guitar, composed by Marko Nyberg, was included.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

During the evening video clip, the announcer would tell you which program next was about to start and what programs the rest of the evening consisted of.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In children's and rerun programs, the announcer didn't say anything (like Encrypted Lives).


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

On the other hand, there were several symbols and the owl's eye adventured in different ways, such as flying like a butterfly or a bird.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Continuing symbols could advertise future programmes, for example in the emblem promoting Jaws the owl's eye turned into a shark's fin.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

2013—2017 In May 2013, MTV Ltd announced that the company was restructuring throughout, which also meant a renewed look for the channels it owns.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[18] Overhauls of channel tracks and logos took place on November 3, 2013 at 7:00 p.m.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

On November 4, 2013, MTV's website and MTV Text Channel renewed, and on November 5, 2013, MTV's channels became available for live viewing online.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[19] There are several different types of channel IDs, and certain themes in them contain different versions: 1.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

This channel ID features a group of people disguised as owls rollerblading.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

There are also cheerleaders involved.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

On the channel emblem, a ball game is played in the gym.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

This emblem features people celebrating and dancing in the woods, staining faces with paint.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In one of these, a female character blows red dye toward a television screen.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In the background are balloons, ledlights, paper ornaments and colourful triangular flags.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In this version there are children who are on the beach.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In some versions, they jump off the pier into the water, while in some they play on the beach or sunbathe on towels.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The fifth consists of a crowd of people blowing soap bubbles.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In one version, a large soap bubble is shown alone, which at the end bursts.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

This channel emblem features toddlers descending the hill and playing in the snow.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In some versions, children drink from mugs, while in some they go down a hill, play in the snow or go up a hill.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The three children of these emblems are wearing animal costumes and one of the three has reindeer antlers.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The emblem promotes the Nymphs program, which began on MTV3 in March 2014.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

This emblem was only shown at the time.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The screen came characters from the show and the flower petals opened.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The end read: 'starts Monday 24th March, Nymphs'.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

As the start time of the program approached, read on the screen e.g. “Starts Monday 21.00".


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The emblem features youths sledding and waving light sticks in their hands.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Some sit on the sled, while some push sleds.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In one version, balloons can also be seen in the background.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The emblem features MTV Junior's owl chicks Junnu and Nuppu.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At the beginning of the emblem it always says “MTV Junior presents”.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

This emblem is shown only when children's programs are shown, most often in the morning.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

This channel ID promotes the Kingi program, showing all of the show's contestants with microphones in their hands.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

This symbol was also shown only at the time the program began, that is, at the turn of the year 2014-2015.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Next, the emblem during the day showed a microphone on the stand and colorful lights in the background.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In the evening, it had only lights.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

These Kingi emblems had almost no owl wing brackets and the white mtv3 logo shone in silver and consisted of small silver balls.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

It's 11.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

There are three people in this emblem who play hockey.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

They have strips of light on top of their clothes.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

They also come in helmets, paint, drink bottles, rackets and even skates.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In some versions they shoot pucks at goal, in some they just skate and together they drink water from their drinking bottles.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In the daytime next emblem, hockey players skate across the field, and in the evening they shoot the puck at goal.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The channel credentials advertise MTV3's Fall 2016 “Whole Evening Domestic” campaign.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The stars of Maikkar's autumn programmes include Eero Ettala, Roope Salminen, Tuomas Enbuske, Maria Veitola, Miia Nuutila, Jukka Hilden, Jenni Dahlman, Mari Perankoski, Mikko Leppilampi, Juhani Merimaa, Johanna Puhakka and Maija Lehmusvirta.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The emblems have no owl wing brackets at all, but red vertical lines moving across the screen and an eye-striking “Advertising Owl” can form from the company's logo through the outline.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In the next IDs, people are on the right side of the screen.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

In the Now Start IDs, people are displayed 2-4 pieces in the same ID.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Resumes, on the other hand, display all persons in random order.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Some persons may have only one and the same emblem, while some have two, three or even four different versions.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At the end of almost every channel emblem, owl wing feathers come up, except for the emblems of the Kingi program, which had no wing brackets at all.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The wing blades are later quickly rolled away.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The middle of the image shows MTV3's logo in white.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[20] Also in programme advertisements you can see owl wing brackets.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The Continued emblem shows the MTV3 logo in white in the middle of the picture, with owl feathers moving on the right side as the music plays.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

You can see roller skaters in the background, for example.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The program listing has three programs with names on the left side.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

There is a white channel logo in the centre, and you can see a roller skating rink in the background, for example.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At the same time, the announcer explains what comes next and explains a little about the content of the upcoming program.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At the bottom of the picture, for example, an evening movie from Sub might be advertised.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

2017— On May 22, 2017, MTV3 again renewed its channel availability, but the logo remained the same.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The inspiration for the new look is the slogans “Home of the Stars”, “Only One Take” and “All Evening Domestic”, which were introduced a few years ago.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The new concept is also intended to elevate TV industry professionals on the other side of the camera to attention.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The previous “Whole Evening Domestic” concept was desired to be redesigned into a new three-year concept.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The new channel claim was implemented by MTV and Valve Group's spin-off Wake Dynamite.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

As in the previous look, the continues and main emblem shows the MTV3 logo in white in the middle of the image.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[21] Mtvuutiset.fi replaced MTV.fi in late 2018, Katlo.fi was renamed MTV.fi instead.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At the turn of the year 2018—2019, MTV will expand its news offerings on digital channels to 24/7.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The look of the news studio will also be updated, as well as added technology and functionality.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[22] Logos MTV logo 1957—1966 [23] MTV logo 1975—1983 [23] MTV3 logo 1993—1996 (used from 1993 to 1994) [23] MTV3 logo 1993—1996 (used from 1994 to 1996) [23] MTV3's logo 1996 — September 6, 2001 [23] MTV3's logo September 6, 2001 - October 3, 2005 logo from October 3, 2005 - November 3, 2013, MTV3's logo since November 3, 2013.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Identifiers MTV's ID from 1988—1989.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

MTV's channel tagline from 1990—1992.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The Continued emblem, which was in use by MTV between 1990 and 1992.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The MTV3 channel's Continued ID from 1993 to 1994.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The Continued emblem, which was in use by MTV3 between 2001 and 2005.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The “Continued” symbol used by the MTV3 channel between 2005 and 2013.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

There was a version of the MTV3 channel “Continuing” from 2013 to 2017.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

The MTV3 Continued ID as of 2017.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Software as the backbone of MTV3's software are certain standard programs.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

On weekdays, the morning programme “Morning Finland” starts at 6.25, which also includes news broadcasts.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

About nine hours of reruns and other less important programmes will be presented after Finland at around 9 a.m.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At 5.55pm there will be a new episode of the Beautiful and Bold soap series, and at 6.25pm a new episode of the Emmerdale soap series will be aired.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

This will be followed by the 7 p.m. newscast Seven News, followed at 7:20 p.m. by the Weather of the Day and the 7:25pm Scores Screen.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At 7.30pm, a new episode of the Scrambled Lives soap series airs, with domestic entertainment and drama programmes coming from 20pm to 10pm.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At 10pm, a 35-minute newscast will begin, which includes Ten News, Today's Weather and Scores Screen.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Tuesdays at 10:35 p.m. will be the Peter Nyman talk show, and on Wednesdays at 10:35 p.m. there will be a Crime Scene current affairs program.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Late night comes foreign drama and reality shows.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Saturdays and Sundays at 7:30 p.m. are aired after the news some big domestic entertainment show like Falls or Dancing with the Stars.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At 21, meanwhile, usually domestic comedy shows come.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Nightly, reruns are aired on the channel.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

[24] 48% of MTV3's repertoire is Finnish and the rest is foreign.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

At prime time, MTV3's software is only Finnish [25] [26] [27] [28] Finnish programmes are acquired from independent production companies and other programmes are driven by contracts with big international actors.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Initially, the channel produced most of its Finnish repertoire itself, but in the late 1990s all programme production except current affairs programmes was sold to outside companies.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Previously, the channel's repertoire had some standard programmes for decades, such as The popular soap series Concealed Lives has aired since 1999 and the series still continues.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Along with encrypted lives, the most popular shows on MTV3 in the 21st century have included Falls, Dancing with the Stars, Criminal Police Maria Kallio, Roba, Stars, Stars and Posse.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Among the foreign series, the most popular have been Pako, The Mentalist, C.S.I., C.S.I.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Miami, C.S.I.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

New York, Survivors and The Amazing Race.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

MTV3's Most Watched TV Broadcasts in 2018 Substitute Programme DateReach Average Viewering1.Hockey World Championships 201817 May 20181 769,0001,406,0002.Ten NewsMay 17, 20181 324,0001,332,0003.Dances With the Stars25/11/20181 637 0001 232 0004.Fall10.3.20181 783 0001 222,0005.Weekly weather 13 May 20181 040 0001 093 000 Source: [29] MTV3 announcers Mika Tommola, journalist (mainly working on the final cuts of Ten news) Nina Honkanen, announcer Ismo Jokinen, announcer Mika Jenytin, the channel's first male announcer Minna Kuukka, announcer Irene Usvasalo, announcer between 1983 and 1992.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Ritva Kajasto (1938-2015), announcer Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentti Hanski| title = Owl's Wing: MTV Years 1955—1984| publisher = Otava| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-1-17300-6}} References Literature Citation error, replace {{cite bookite | author = Hellman, Heikki| title = The joy of the whole evening?


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Channel 3 and commercialization of television in Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literary Literary Literary | year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-222-339-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Luoto, Santtu| title = Ile Kallio| location = Helsinki| publisher = Minerva| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-492-651-5}} On topic elsewhere Kannisto, Maiju:.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Book review of Hellman, Heikki: The joy of the whole evening?


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

Kolmoschannel and television commercialization in Finland.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

SKS, 2012.


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

(Agricola book reviews, May 25, 2015.)


Question: When was Bonnier founded?

MTV3

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Alexios II Komnenos (, Aléksios II Komnēnós; 10 September 1167 — 1183) was a Byzantine emperor from 1180 to 1183.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Alexios was the eldest son of Manuel I Komnenos.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

His mother Maria was the daughter of Raimond of Antioch.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Upon Manuel's death in 1180, Mary reigned in place of her son.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Citizens fed up with Manuel's Western-friendly politics feared Frankish influence would increase further.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Maria appointed protosebastos Alexios, who was known to be particularly sympathetic to Western countries, as her advisor.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

The discontent prompted numerous conspiracies.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Mary's stepdaughter, also named Maria, was part of one such and had to flee to the church of Hagia Sophia with her husband Ranieri of Monferrat.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

The Empress commanded the Imperial Guard to take over the church.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Only the intervention of the patriarch prevented the church's takeover.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Behind the ensuing coup attempt was Andronikos, a cousin of the emperor.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

The 64-year-old Andronikos marched towards Constantinople in August 1183.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Before he had even gathered in the capital its inhabitants rebelled and welcomed him with open arms.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

The Empress and the young emperor were sent out of the city into captivity to await their fate.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Namely, Andronikos turned out to be a brutal despot, clearing in his path all possible opponents.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Thirteen-year-old Alexios had to write his mother's death sentence with his own hands.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

The Empress was strangled in her cell.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

In September 1183, Andronikos allowed to crown himself emperor.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Young Alexios was murdered a few months later and his body dumped into the sea.


Question: Who ruled Alexios I Komnenos before?

Alexios II Komnenos

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Georg Ostrogorsky| title = History of the Byzantine State| publisher = Rutgers University Press| year = 1969| id = ISBN 0-8135-1198-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = John Julius Norwich| title = Byzantium: The Decline and Fall| publisher = Viking| year = 1991| id = ISBN 0-679-41650-1}} On topic elsewhere An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors Encyclopedia Britannica Category:Born in 1167 Category:Deaths in 1183


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Elon Musk (born June 28, 1971 in Pretoria, Transvaal Province, South Africa) [1] is a South African-born Canadian-American entrepreneur, investor and inventor currently living in Los Angeles, United States.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk was one of the co-founders of PayPal and a co-founder of SpaceX companies and a developer of launchers.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

He is the CEO and chairman of the board of electric car maker Tesla, as well as one of the company's early big investors.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk additionally served as chairman of the board of solar installer SolarCity and has founded The Boring Company in 2016 to drill tunnels for traffic use.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk is also one of the founders of the brain chip developing Neuralink [2].


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

According to Forbes, with his $22.8 billion fortune in 2018, Musk is the 24th richest person in the United States and 54th richest among the world's billionaires.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[3] Life and career Early life in South Africa Elon Musk was born on June 28, 1971 in Pretoria, South Africa.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

The successful family lived in one of the largest houses in the city.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Father Errol worked as a mechanical and electrical engineer, and mother Maye was a nutritionist at her own company.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

The paternal family had already lived in South Africa for 200 years, and Elon's mother had emigrated as a child with her family from Canada.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Elon has a younger brother and a younger sister.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

As a little boy he was very diligent reading and book-wise.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

After his parents' divorce, Elon moved to live with his father.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[4] Musk got his first computer Commodore VIC-20 at the age of nine and was learning to program.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

At age 12, he received a $500 publishing fee for a technology magazine for a computer game he programmed.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[5] Musk also built explosives and rockets with his friends.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

At school, he was good especially at mathematics, physics and computers, which he considered the most useful subjects for his future in mind.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

In middle school and high school, Musk was a victim of violent school bullying.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[6] Musk studied at the University of Pretoria for five months, preparing to move to Canada.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

He said that he thought he could get to the United States the fastest way, as his family has lived in Canada.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Nor did he want to have to perform compulsory military service under South Africa's apartheid regime.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk persuaded his Canadian-born mother to apply for Canadian citizenship, and once granted, Musk soon received a Canadian passport as well [7].


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

It enabled him to emigrate in 1988.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[8] Studies Musk was admitted at the age of 19 to Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, from where, after two years of study, he transferred in 1992 to the University of Pennsylvania.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

There he earned two bachelor's degrees, one in physics, the other in economics and graduated in 1995.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[1] Internet career Musk began doctoral studies in applied physics at Stanford University in 1995, but dropped out after only two days, after becoming convinced that the Internet was a more socially significant issue than work on physics.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

That same year, he founded a company called Zip2, which produced maps and business directories for online magazines.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Compaq bought the company after a few years for $309 million.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

In connection with the deals, Musk gave up his 7% stake in ZIP2, for which he received $22 million.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk then founded X.com, an online financial services company.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

It became PayPal, which specializes in online money transfers.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

In 2002, eBay bought PayPal for $1.5 billion.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[1] Space rockets Musk's long-standing goal has been to make it possible for humanity to spread out to other planets.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk founded SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies), a company that develops low-cost launch vehicles for space travel in 2002.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk's goal was to develop a launcher that would return to the starting platform after his journey.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

By 2014, the company has developed two rockets and one capsule.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[1] In September 2016, Musk outlined the SpaceX company's plans to colonize the planet Mars.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

He told me that spreading life to other planets has been the main reason he has amassed a fortune of more than $10 billion with which he intends to fund the project.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[9] Electric cars, energy and transport In 2004, Musk began investing in Tesla Motors, a manufacturer of electric cars.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

He is the CEO of the company and chairman of its board of directors.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[1] Musk develops emission-free energy and says his goal is to complete the transformation of the world's energy infrastructure.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Tesla released a lithium-ion battery in spring 2015 that allows electricity to be stored when the price of electricity is down.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[10] Tesla acquired solar energy company SolarCity in November 2016.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk was founding SolarCity, and with the deal, Musk became chairman of its board.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[11] In 2013, Musk proposed a Hyperloop transport system for California, in which an under-pressurized tube could carry 28 passengers at a time at a speed of 1220 kilometres per hour.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[1] In 2017, Musk served as an adviser to President Donald Trump but resigned his position following Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Climate Agreement.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[12] Views Musk is afraid of artificial intelligence and says that the state should be proactive in regulating it.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk says artificial intelligence is the single biggest existential threat to humanity and puts an emphasis on AI regulation.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[13] According to Musk, automation/robots push to adopt a basic income.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[14] [15] Musk says job losses are going to be so severe that the state needs to take a role in ensuring the livelihood of citizens.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk says a basic income is essential.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[16] Musk has expressed support for a technocratic state government derived by an engineer-type methodology.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk wishes that the United States Congress had more people knowledgeable about technology than lawyers, of whom Musk says there are probably too many.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[17] Private life Musk has been married three times, to two women.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

His first wife (2000—2008) was Justine Wilson, who he met in college, with whom he has five children.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

Musk's second wife was British actress Talulah Riley, to whom he has been married from 2010 to 2012 and again from 2013 to 2016.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[18] [19] Musk received U.S. citizenship in 2002.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[20] He lives in Bel Air, Los Angeles.


Question: When was Elon Musk born?

Elon Musk

[21] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vance, Ashlee| title= Elon Musk: Visionary behind Tesla, SpaceX and Solar City| publisher = Karisto| year = 2016| id = ISBN 978-951-23-6192-2}} References Elsewhere, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Category:American entrepreneurs Category:People born in 1971 Category:Living Persons Category:Key articles of screening Category:SpaceX Category:US billionaires


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Science criticism evaluates the scientific method in acquiring knowledge and the importance and utilization of the results of science.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

At the same time, criticism of science seeks to evaluate and clarify the importance of science in forming the perception of reality.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Science criticism is not the same as anti-science.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Critique of Science in Philosophy Continental Philosophy Phenomenologist Edmund Husserl (1859—1938) considered scientific inquiry to be based on the so-called natural attitude that does not examine.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

how it itself parses reality.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

According to Husserl, there is a built-in effort to superficialise oneself and forget its own ontological origin, i.e. existence.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

This is why scientific systems of explanation are made to be the only legitimate notions of reality.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Mathematical science, according to him, is reducing reality to mathematical reality and producing results consistent with his thinking, thereby eliminating the very questions that are most burning for man: questions about the meaning or irrelevance of human existence.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

However, according to Husserl, there is no general criterion for assessing scientific neutrality; different areas of human life and science have their own qualifications, namely circuit ontology.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[1] [2] Martin Heidegger (1889—1976) classified scientific thought as “calculating thinking” as a distinction from “philosophical thought”.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to him, calculating thinking “is not contemplative thinking, not thinking, one who thinks of a mind that chooses in all that is”.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[3] Calculative, or computational thinking, has always been part of Western culture and philosophy, but since the scientific revolution it has become all-encompassing and mathematically impartial.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to Heidegger, calculating thinking already determines in advance the manifestation of reality to people, and at the same time reveals the new and hides the old.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[4] Heidegger also criticized the technicalising world for consumer hysteria, nuclear weapons and natural destruction, but his main concern is leading bearish thinking to changing perception of reality and, consequently, anxiety.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to him, man and nature are reduced to mathematically manageable resources and objects of efficiency thinking in the time of technology, since rational thought itself is planning and organizing.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[5] In his view, advances in science have led to a profound change in the perception of nature and human perception, and concerns about rootlessness.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[6] Hans-Georg Gadamer considers technology solely the application of science and considers that the further society is rationalized, the less room remains for man's own rational appreciation formation.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

He also mentions nuclear and genetic technology and environmental problems as threats created by science, but also assesses that the growth and specialization of scientific knowledge has made it impossible to create a scientific cohesive picture of the world, thereby detrimental to research itself.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

This is why science, on the other hand, is opposed on sentimental grounds, but also idolised unreservedly and sought to apply to areas where it does not apply.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Science should, according to Gadamer, be “unraveled from myths.”


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Because of the threat imagery, however, science has, he says, “come into conflict with our human value consciousness.”


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[7] In its critical theory, the sociology of knowledge, the Frankfurt school wanted to study the social determination of knowledge and science.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The Frankfurt School looks at science from the perspective of social constructionism.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[8] According to them, for example, the emergence of a new scientific theory and the subversion of the old cannot be explained only by its superiority, but social factors must be taken into account.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

If science cannot see its societal connections, it will remain blindly to implement its ideology.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[9] According to Herbert Marcuse (1898—1979), the apparent neutrality and objectivity of science allow it to be used as a tool in social oppression.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to him, science has a technological aprioric intuition of the world and in this way enables nature and human beings to be dominated.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The scientific method Marcuse characterizes as internally constrained, prejudiced, and historically subjective.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The scientific method or its self-criticism does not alter the basic experience, that is, the historical world, but expands it and preserves the prevailing form of domination.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to Marcuse, an alternative might be to associate science with another kind of experience connection, which he terms the “appeased world's experience connection.”


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[10] According to Michel Foucault (1926—1984), science and power are always interconnected, and because of this the results of science reflect the power relations of society.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

He refers specifically to Friedrich Nietzsche and describes the field of science as a battlefield.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Determining the hallmarks of science and non-science, that is, boundary drawing, and declaring some knowledge to be truth are power issues.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[11] According to Jacques Ellul (1912—1994), the modern technicist is in danger of losing the opportunity to assess the importance of technology because he has lost the aspects of life and value from which such an assessment was possible.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

As such, he cites religion, among other things.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Modern man is born inside a technicalized world and is no longer able to imagine life without it.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

In this series of events, the technological world has become at the same time the foundation of its own new needs.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[12] Analytical Philosophy Science should be a self-correcting, self-critical project.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn (1922—1996), the development of science does not proceed through self-criticism of scholars, but through scientific revolutions and very often through happy coincidences.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

During “normal science”, science practitioners hold tightly to their scientific theories, block their criticism, and do not challenge them.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Only through a new generation of scientists can a “scientific revolution” occur that momentarily puts scientific theories into question until you return to yet another phase of normal science.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Such a revolution is, at the same time, a change in worldview.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[13] Methodological instrumentalism is the philosophical conception of science that scientific theories are descriptions of the world in a weak sense.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Even the most fundamental concepts of scientific theory are not always matched by anything “objectively real”; concepts in theory only serve as instruments, i.e. instruments.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The function of scientific theory, therefore, is not to describe the world “as it is” but as one that it can be exploited.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Willard Van Orman Quine (1908—2000) argues in his article Ontological Relativity that scientific theories are always subterminated by empirical data.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

It follows, he says, that the same empirical observational material can be used to support different theories, provided that the same hypotheses concerning observations can only be derived from theories.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

So the value of observational facts in choosing a theory is relative.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[14] Science Theory According to Vincent A. Hamner, professor of chemistry, both involuntary and intentional misconduct occurs in scientific research.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The former include, for example, the cold fusion study of Pons and Fleiscmann, in which untested information was brought into the public domain with financial benefits in mind.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to Professor Henry H. Bauer, of scientific publications, it can be noted that 90% of studies presented in scientific series of publications are incomplete or incorrect, but the corresponding figure for scientific textbooks is 10%.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

This leads, he says, to a serious problem of popularization of science, as people are interested primarily in new scientific discoveries and sensationalists.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

As intentional abuses, Hamner cites falsification and modification of data or research results, plagiarism, piracy, and fraud.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Such is motivated by economic interests, fishing for scientific reputations and competition in scientific communities.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[15] According to Hamner and Bauer, instead of the scientific method, one should talk about the myth of the scientific method.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Doing science is not pursued by the scientific method; the scientific method is an ideal goal that cannot be achieved in practical research.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

In practice, scientists approach scientific problems in their own personal ways.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[16] C.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Psychological Science Critique of G. Jung and Viktor E. Franklin C.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

G. Jung of the founder of Analytical Psychology C.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to G. Jung (1875—1961), the emphasis on reason in scientific world perception has led to human alienation from subconscious and unconscious events of the mind.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

This has led to a narrowing of human self-perception and manifests itself, according to him, among other things, as neuroses and communal delusions.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to Jung, the struggle of rational perception of reality against myths and rituals has resulted in man being unable to connect with his unconscious archetypes and in danger of being completely victimized by them.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

This, according to him, can only be avoided by becoming aware of the workings of unconscious events through myths or rituals.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[17] According to Jung, science cannot replace, nor explain myth, for archetypes are not inventions of human consciousness, but numerical, unconscious, and apriorous structures of mind with their mental energy independent of consciousness.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The myth, according to him, can be described as an independent manifestation of divine life in humans.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to Jung, the one-sidedness of rational knowledge distances one from the mythical world and deprives a person of his afterlife and experience of the meaningfulness of life.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[18] According to Viktor E. Franklin, developer of logotherapy, scientific advances and industrialization have led to the emergence of a new type of neurosis, which he calls the “existential vacuum”.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

In it, a person is unable to recognize any purpose for his life, but perceives his life as absurd, thereby predisposing to other mental and physical illnesses.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Underlying neurosis is, according to Franklin, the human detachment of the industrialized age from tradition and an instinctive sense of security, as well as the scientific rationalization with which the fundamental fringe conditions of life are sought to explain away.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

At the same time, scientific reductionism has led to the fact that a person's quest for a psychically meaningful life has not been taken seriously; his situation is seen as a medical problem.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[19] Oswald Spengler's Faustic Science Cultural philosopher Oswald Spengler (1880—1936), in his book, examines the science of the Western world as a product of culture and in this way questions the idea of scientific objectivity.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to him, modern Western science is the manifestation of the Faustic culture and soul and its self-realization and it develops on the foundational myths that influence culture.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Ancient science, in turn, was apollonic and Arabic magical.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The fundamental myths of Faustic culture and man, that is, soulfulness or spirit, are associated with will, infinity and tragicity, according to him, and these come to light in all areas of culture.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Fundamental faustic myths did not, he say, gain the same status in other cultures, but allowed for a new form of the faustic form of scientific theories — images — in Western Europe.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

In Western physics, especially during the Baroque period, he says, becomes central because of this the concepts of power and space, namely “dogmas”, and later also the concept of “energy”.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Spengler also considers the atomic doctrine already born in antiquity to be a myth.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

In new-age science, mathematics, on the other hand, evolves from ancient geometry into complex analysis, in which the concept of infinity plays a significant role and the number as “large” is replaced by a “function”.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

In other cultures, these changes would not have been possible, and the author of science does not necessarily know their cultural influences.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Spengler sees science as “destiny.”


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[20] According to Spengler, the sciences evolve towards their end eventually through the “tyranny of reason” phase.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

As such he names the era that antiquity encountered in Late Hellenism and which Western culture encountered in the Baroque.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Expressions of the “Tyranny of Reason” include “the cult of exactic sciences, dialectics, evidence, experience, and causality”.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[21] Spengler regards science strongly as a system of myths similar to religion.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

In the end, he says, Western sciences are no longer capable of major new achievements when the internal mental structure of culture has been dragged to nothing and they have realized themselves as the image of the “faustic idea of soulfulness”.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Because of this, the days of great innovations in Western science are over and science finally succumbs to excessive refinement and pedanticity, and no longer evokes great emotions.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

As a new stage of relativity of all absolutes, he briefly presents the theory of relativity that emerged in the early 20th century and the contradictions associated with it.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[20] Finnish science critique Georg Henrik von Wright warned of “the moral dangers to which man succumbs when he begins to rely on the solutions of his reason.”


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[22] Ilkka Niiniluoto states in his article “Is scientific-technical progress manageable?


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

“, that criticism of science from “Rousseau to Spengler” is needed for ethical reflection on the goals of scientific activity and to balance the thinking world of scientific optimism.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Niiniluoto is also concerned about the too close links between basic research and technology and economic life, as these jeopardise the production of knowledge needed for scientific worldview.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[23] Veronica Stolte-Heiskanen, for her part, considers that science inevitably also becomes a party to societal conflicts of value.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[24] Lars Hertzberg, in his article The Prestige of Science and the Occupations of People, suggests that a one-sided scientific worldview — science fiction — leads to cultural anemia because it unilateres the perception of knowledge into the study of facts and positions scientific inquiry over all knowing to the climax.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to Hertzberg, a great deal of different important non-scientific information related to practical life is excluded from such knowledge that cannot be reconciled to the form of factual knowledge, such as practical skills, morality, and emotional intelligence.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[25] Also, according to Reijo Wilenius, the predominance of science has led to the intensification of the information side of man in education at the expense of the emotional and ethical side.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[26] From a developmental psychological point of view, the negative consequences of technology are also addressed by Juhani Pietarinen.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The danger, he says, is the mediation of human relationships, commercial maneuvering of people through technology, and becoming unempathetic in human perception.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[27] According to Hertzberg, unilateral knowledge perception fails to account for differences in sciences that study facts and creates a misleading generalizing understanding of scientificity.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[28] The same topic is also addressed by Aulis Aarnio in his article “Should philosophers remain silent too?”


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

He opposes elevating science to absolute status and also to the view that there should be a scientific method that produces the only and correct results.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to Aarnio, science must be seen as a perspective-specific and humane action.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[29] Religious Science Criticism Tapio Half Journey Professor of Education Tapio Half examines the “myth of science” in his book Faith, Knowledge and Myths and quotes such scholars as Jacques Ellul, Mary Midgley, Nicholas Rescher, Theodore Roszak and Leo Sestov.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Halfway, the myth of science serves as the basis of the myth of progress and means the view that only science can solve, now or at the latest in the future, all human problems.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The myth of science also includes the myth of objectivity, which refers to the distorted notion that in science it would be possible to attain non-human objective observer status.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Halfway, it is a religion-like system of ideas that has gone beyond the limits of scientificity and therefore distorts the possibilities of science into absolute.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

However, science is incapable of answering all questions.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[30] K. V. Laurikainen Established concepts connected to science were shaken by physicist K. V. Laurikainen in his book The Guillotine of Science.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

He is particularly critical of ideas about the rationality and objectivity of the scientific worldview, basing his arguments on studies of particle physics by Niels Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli, namely the so-called Copenhagen interpretation, among others.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to Lauriainen, objectivity and rationality as criteria for judging scientificity can no longer function because in particle physics it has been shown that its phenomena cannot be rationally explained.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Instead of causal relations, in particle physics one can only talk about probabilities and at the same time one can talk about the irrationality and indeterminism of physical phenomena.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

This shows, he says, that the subject of study is neither rationally nor objectively describable.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Laurikainen also defends his point of view by the fact that particle physics studies cannot forget the impact of the measuring instrument and the researcher on the results.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

According to him, research must be conceived as the interaction between the researcher and the object of the study and objectivity can be understood at most as intersubjectivity.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Laurikainen advocates the idea of complementarity, according to which reality can be approached from the perspectives of science and the inner voice, such as religion, which together complement each other.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[31] Fundamentalism and Intelligent Design Religious fundamentalists think that religious beliefs should be tested and supported by scientific evidence.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The doctrine of creation, which holds that the Bible's account of the creation of the universe and the birth of life is true, and that therefore chemical evolution and the theory of evolution are untrue, is an example of religious fundamentalism.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Proponents of the doctrine of creation interpret the creation narrative contained in Genesis as an experiential explanation and seek evidence against a developmental explanation of the evolution of life.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[32] Intelligent design asserts: “certain characteristics of the universe and living beings are best explained by intellectual reason, not by an undirected sequence of events such as natural selection”.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[33] Its key representatives, all of whom are connected to the US-based Discovery Institute, [34] are of the opinion that the designer is God.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[35] Proponents of intelligent design argue that it is a scientific theory, [36] and they also seek to redefine the scientific method in a fundamental way so that it would also accept supernatural explanations.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[37] Ethical Problems of Science Ethics in science deals with ethical issues related to science.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Intentional and involuntary misconduct occurs in the investigation.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Professor Henry H. Bauer cites the falsification and modification, copying, unauthorized dissemination, and fraud as examples of intentional wrongdoing.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Abuse can be encouraged by financial interests, reputation fishing and competition.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[15] Scientific publications and textbooks often have numerous errors and shortcomings, which causes problems, among other things, in the popularization of science.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[15] The use of laboratory animals in scientific studies is an ethical dilemma.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

Another ethical dilemma that has received plenty of attention relates to genetic research and the application of its results.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[38] The war industry and related research is, in principle, ethically problematic.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[39] However, some of the research and its results also end up in civilian use.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

In OECD countries, most scientific research is conducted by private companies.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

[40] In the case of such research data, the publicity principle imposed on scientific research is not realised, according to which all scientific information should be subject to public evaluation.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

In Finland, corporate funding has led to concerns about the freedom and independence of scientific research.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science criticism

The public funding area, on the other hand, has run into the zero research problem, at least in civic opinion.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[41] Critique of Science in Art Poets of the Romantic period looked at the societal problems created by science and technology as early as the early 19th century in England and wanted to free man from the power of technology.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Later science fiction in particular has depicted the societies of the future where people are governed by science and engineering — including Aldous Huxley's novel The Brave New World and George Orwell's In 1984.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

The threat imagery of science has also affected films.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

The subject of postapocalyptic cinema is often the future after a catastrophe caused by man's own actions.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

In the 1980s, the genre was dominated by a post-nuclear war future in films such as Mad Max 2 — Asphalt Warrior, The Last Battle and Escape from New York.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

In the 2000s, viruses and diseases were taken as the new theme of these films in films such as Resident Evil and 28 Days Later.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Criticism of science has also appeared in the films Sons of Man and Invasion — Intruders.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[42] The War of Sciences and Anti-Science Thought Ilkka Niiniluoto has argued that the “war of sciences” science criticism and defence of science launched by Alan Sokal is about a struggle between science and anti-science with a long tradition.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

John Passmore also finds anti-science views from such writers as Jonathan Swift, William Blake, J. W. von Goethe, Mary Shelley and Søren Kierkegaard.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Richard Bernstein, meanwhile, has criticized in his article Rage of Reason against philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Theodor Adorno and Jacques Derrida.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

According to critics, the views of postmodernist, relativist and constructivist philosophers are part of the anti-science program.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Philosopher Elizabeth Lloyd has challenged this interpretation because, in her view, the attempt of science critics is not to desecrate science but to “demystify” it: it has been desired to show that the everyday life of science does not correspond to the ideal previously set by philosophers and sociologists.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[43] Kalle Michelsen, a researcher at the Academy of Finland, points out that science is too valuable to be excluded from the new — and still young — constructivist science and technology research.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[44] In Finland, among others, Ilkka Niiniluoto has criticized various relativistic, constructivist and postmodernist “anti-science” concepts, including in his writing collection Loving Truth.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[45] Politics and anti-science Conservative anti-science Among Republican supporters in the United States, many doubt climate change, deny evolution and oppose stem cell research.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Of Republican supporters, 58% and 41% of Democratic supporters believed God was created by humans less than 10,000 years ago.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[46] Cognitive creationism According to science historian Michael Shermer, leftists in the United States often succumb to cognitive creationism—the belief that evolution could not explain human psychology even though it explains the features of the human body.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[46] Also, the term social creationism is used for the common belief among Marxists that human values, personalities and institutions should be solely socially formed.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[47] The claim that our minds are almost entirely a product of culture is, according to psychologist Steven Pinker, the mantra of some left-wing intellectuals.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

These attacked evolutionary psychology in the 1980s and 1990s, for example, the American far-left “Science for People” disputed its now-undeniable idea that human thought activity and behavior are at least partly a product of evolution.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[48] [46] Feminist Science Criticism Feminist science criticism holds that scientific theories maintain and contain gender-related prejudices and perceptions and are therefore incorrect.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Such conceptions have been put forward by e.g.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

R. Bleier in her book Science and gender: A critique of biology and its theories on women (1984) and Evelyn Fox Keller in her book Reflections on Science and Gender (1985).


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[49] According to criticism, progress in science suffers from unilateral masculine theory formation — such as the preference for hierarchical causal systems — and unequal treatment and ignorance of women in the scientific community.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Furthermore, according to feminist criticism, the application of scientific theories does not consider their interests, and does not address the gender issue in a scientifically acceptable way.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Furthermore, according to feminist criticism, narrative and rhetorical means are used in the consolidation of scientific theories relating to sexual discrimination, as theories alone are empirically underterminated.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Feminist critics also talk about legitimate preconceptions that allow scientific action and which are not outright incorrect.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

According to these, the important thing would be to prevent the formation of dominant preconceptions, allowing different preconceptions to serve as knowledge-doctrinal resources and bring out different aspects of the world.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

This associates feminist science criticism with postmodern science criticism, which opposes “dominant narratives”.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[50] Naturally According to science journalists Alex Berezow and Hank Campbell, US leftists often believe that “natural things are good and unnatural are bad.”


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

It is often essential to their identity to advocate organic and oppose gene modification, even though mankind has been practicing genetic modification for 10,000 years by refining.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[46] Deep ecological anti-science Deep ecologist Jouko Kämäräinen wrote in 2012 in an article in Voima magazine that science is a fundamentalist religion and professors Esko Valtaoja and Kari Enqvist have declared themselves priests of science: “What if man gets his final knowledge of the world intuitively and in dynamic interaction with living nature, without a religious and meritocratic particle accelerator.” According to Kämärinen, “environmental debate is carried like a wet rag on the terms of rational thought.”


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

[51] See also Janne Kivivuori Two cultures Development criticism Standpoint theory The relationship between science and religion Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gross, Paul R.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

& Levitt, Norman| title = Higher superstition: The academic left and its quarrels with science| location = Baltimore, Madison| publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press| year = 1994| id = ISBN 0-8018-4766-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

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Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Clarkeburn, Henriikka & Mustajoki, Arto: A Researcher's Everyday Ethics, Equipoise, 2007.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Kuula, Arja: Research ethics: acquisition, use and storage of data, Equipoise, 2006.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pirttilä, Ilkka| title = We and the world models: In search of the essence of the sociology of information | location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1994| version = Technically and editorially corrected version of dissertation with the same name | id = ISBN 951-662-592-4 }} Varto Juha: Phenomenological critique of science (Phenomenological critique of science), Philosophical studies at Tampere University 30, Tampere 1992.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Immonen, Kari (ed.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

): History of Science — Critique of Science, Publications of the Department of History of the University of Turku 19, 1988.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Curses and Blessings of Science, Days of Progress 87 Seminar Report, ed.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Jaana Venkula, Progressive Science Association's publications, Helsinki 1988.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Wilenius, Reijo: Man, Nature and Technology, Atena-cost, Jyväskylä 1987.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Wright, Georg Henrik von: Science and Human Reason.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Otava, Helsinki 1987.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Myths and biases of science, Progress Days 85 seminar report, Progressive Science Association's publications, Helsinki 1985.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Zammito, John H.: A Nice Derangement of Epistemes: Post-Positivism in the Study of Science from Quine to Latour.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

from the University of Chicago Press, 2004.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Collins, Trevor & Pinch, The Golem: What everyone should know about science.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Cambridge University Press, 1998.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

Bauer, Henry H.: Scientific Literacy and the Myth of the Scientific Method.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

University of Illinois Press: Urbana (Ill.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

), in 1992.


Question: When did Tapio Half-way become a professor at the University of Jyväskylä?

Science critique

On topic elsewhere So & this is how 4/1997 In science happens 7/97 Category:Critiques Category:Science and Society


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini (22 June 1805 Genoa — 10 March 1872, Pisa) [1] was an Italian freedom fighter and revolutionary nationalist.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

He played an important role in driving the unification of Italy.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Mazzini founded the underground Young Italia movement in 1831, which he expanded into the Young Europe organisation.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

He led several unsuccessful rebellion attempts to liberate northern Italy from Austrian rule.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[2] The Young Italy movement was an inspiration for revolutionaries across Europe, and Mazzini is remembered as one of the key representatives of republican nationalism.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Life Early Action and Founding of Young Italy Giuseppe Mazzini's parents were Giacomo Mazzini and Maria Drago.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[3] His father was a physician.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

His hometown Genoa was a former republic that was annexed as part of the Kingdom of Sardinia after the Napoleonic Wars in 1814.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Mazzini was already very talented as a child and began his studies at the University of Genoa at just 14 years old.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

After graduating as a lawyer in 1826, he served as a lawyer for the poor and wrote articles for political journals.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

As a youth, he was attracted by a career as a play or novel writer.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] Mazzini became interested in the struggle for freedom in Italy as he sidelined the revolutionary movement of 1820—1822 and its suppression in Genoa.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

He joined the underground Carbonari secret society which had driven the unification of Italy in 1827.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[3] In 1830, another member of the Society turned him in to the authorities and was imprisoned for three months in the fortress of Savona.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

During his time in prison, he decided to create a new movement to lead the Italian freedom struggle to replace Carbonari, who was in decline.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Mazzini was released in early 1831 for lack of evidence, but was ordered to choose between voluntary exile or living under supervision in a small town.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

He chose the first option and settled in French Marseille.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] [4] He lived in Marseille for two years and quickly emerged as a leading figure in the community of Italian political emigrants.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] Mazzini published an open letter addressed to Charles Albert, King of Sardinia in 1831 in Marseille, demanding that he give his kingdom a constitution, put himself at the head of the Italian national movement, and expel Austrian troops from the Lombardy-Venetia region.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

The letter attracted attention in Italy and Charles Albert declared Mazzini awaiting arrest should he return to the Kingdom of Sardinia.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Known as a lifelong republican, Mazzini later declared that he had appealed to the king only to expose this reluctance to act for Italian freedom.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

In his view, Italy's future would be created by “neither the Pope nor the King — only God and the people.”


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] While living in Marseille, Mazzini founded the Italian National Freedom Struggle Movement for Young Men, to which he gave the name Young Italy, La giovine Italia.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] The Young Italy Manifesto was published in October 1831.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[3] The aim of the movement was to liberate the states of the Italian region from foreign power and unite them into a single republic.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

The means to achieve this were to use both the Enlightenment and the raising of uprisings across Italy.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Young Italy was the first of the Italian freedom movements, which membership represented all social classes.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

The movement quickly received backlash from the Italian youth, its clandestine departments were established in various cities and in 1833 members were reported to have already numbered 60,000.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Giovine Italia, a propaganda magazine edited by Mazzini in exile, was smuggled into the country.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] Years of exile in Switzerland and England, attempts at uprisings orchestrated by Young Italy failed miserably.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

In 1833, a military uprising planned for the Kingdom of Sardinia was uncovered prematurely, resulting in 12 project leaders being executed and one committing suicide.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Mazzini was sentenced in absentia to death.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Although Young Italy's organisation was destroyed, Mazzini nevertheless believed that countermeasures would only intensify the movement, as, according to him, “ideas mature rapidly when nourished with the blood of martyrs”.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

He sought to expand the deadlocked Young Italy into a Europe-wide network of freedom movements.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

It was inspired by Young Germany, Young Poland and Young Switzerland, among others.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] The joint umbrella organization Young Europe was declared established in April 1834 in Bern, Switzerland.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[3] Mazzini's ultimate goal was the emergence of a Europe governed by sovereign nations under Italy.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[5] Threatened by the French authorities, Mazzini was forced to move in 1833 from Marseille to Genève in Switzerland.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

He tried to assemble a volunteer force of 1,000 men there to march on Savoy, which had belonged to Sardinia, but the plan tapered when only 200 men were brought to the pile.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] In 1836 Mazzini was forced to flee Switzerland as well and he settled in January 1837 to live in London, England.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

In the following years, he spent a modest life writing for English periodicals and heading the Italian-language boys' school he founded.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

In 1840, Mazzini founded the Italian-language weekly newspaper Apostolato popolare, which appeared in London, and continued to communicate by letter with his allies.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] [4] In 1844 he came into contact with the Bandiera brothers, who were soon executed after their attempt to lead a doomed rebellion in Calabria.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Mazzini's friends in Parliament persuaded the English government to admit that it had secretly opened Mazzini's correspondence and passed on information of the impending rebellion to the authorities of the Kingdom of Both Sicily.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

The incident brought Mazzini much public sympathy in England.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] With the help of Giuseppe Lambert, who lived in Paris, Mazzini was able to revive Young Italy in the early 1840s.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] In 1847 he presented an open letter to Pius IX, the new pope who had implemented progressive reforms, similar in content to the 1831 letter to Charles Albert.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

The pope did not comment publicly on Mazzini's letter.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[1] [4] Revolution of 1848—1849 After the revolution of 1848 broke out, Mazzini returned to Italy for the first time in 17 years.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

He travelled to Milan in the spring shortly after the Milanese had expelled their Austrian powers and the Kingdom of Sardinia had declared war on Austria.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Mazzini received an initially enthusiastic reception from the Milanese, but conflicts soon resurfaced.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

The Provisional Government of Milan supported King Charles Albert's bid to annex Lombardy, which had broken off from Austria, to the Kingdom of Sardinia.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

Mazzini wanted a republic in Lombardy, but considered cooperation with Charlemagne Albert in conditions of war necessary, which again the leaders of the republicans in Milan saw as a betrayal of the republican cause.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[5] [1] Mazzini published a magazine called L'Italia del popolo in Milan.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

When Austrian troops already in the autumn of 1848 recaptured Milan, Mazzini joined for a while a volunteer force led by another freedom fighter, Giuseppe Garibaldi, until forced to flee via Switzerland back to England.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

[4] [1] Mazzini returned as early as 1849 to Italy, initially to Tuscany, where he was a member of the short-lived Provisional Revolutionary Administration, [4] and thereafter to Rome.


Question: How big a role did Giuseppe Mazzini play in the Italian reunification?

Giuseppe Mazzini

After the Pope fled the revolution, the inhabitants of the Church State had established a Roman Republic in January 1849, the leadership of which was given to the three men known as the Triumvirate.