Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Some of the others found when examining the site were a hole stone, a gutter chisel and a spearhead.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The paucity of prehistoric finds can be explained by the fact that later settlement has destroyed the traces of an earlier settlement.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[1] The Tammerkoski region received permanent settlement during the Iron Age around the 6th century, when settlers from the west settled in Takahuhti farming places.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[2] The settlement history of the Tampere region focuses on the keepers of Messukylä and Pirkkala, whose individual houses were located in the later area of the city as early as the Middle Ages.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[3] There were about 200 houses in the area of present-day Tampere during the Middle Ages.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[2] The first resident of the Tammerkoski region known by name has been Matts aff Koskis, who is mentioned in documents as a boarder of the districts of Kangasala, Pirkkala and Kyrö in 1405.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The land book of 1540 listed Tammerkoski, Pyynikkilä, Laiskola, namely Nalkala, Erkkilä, Siukola, Kytälä and Hatanpää as houses.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[4] Prior to the establishment of the city, a market place had operated in the Pispala area for centuries, where trade was carried out especially by Turku burghers.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[3] In 1638, Governor-General Peter Brahe decreed that two markets were to be held annually in Tammerkoski, an autumn market on Pertu Day in August and a winter market on the day of Mat in February.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In 1708 the market was moved from Tammerkoski verge to Harju and from there in 1758 to Pispala.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[4] The founding and early stages of the town The tax arrears caused by war burdens and years of disappearance drove many houses to the Crown in the 17th century, from whom they ended up as the noblemen's official houses.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tammerkoski Manor was one of the manors born in this way.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Its main building was located on the present Central Market at the site of Culture House Likku.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The manor existed for 142 years when Tampere was founded in 1779 on its lands.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[5] Erik Edner, vicar of Lempäälä, proposed in the Reichstag 1771—1772 to establish a town in Tammerkoski.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[6] Around the time the town was founded, land ownership began to be concentrated.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The impetus for the founding of the town was given by the financial problems of Tammerkoski Manor, which gave the Crown the opportunity to cheaply acquire Tammerkoski's west bank from Hans Henrik Boije as the site of the new town.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The city's eastern border was the western bank of Tammerkoski and the border between the existing Pyynikki park area and Pispala district as the western border.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The town's eastern neighbour was Hatanpää Manor, which controlled the western part of the Keeper of Messukylä.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Hans Henrik Boije founded the Otavala spinning school in 1759, which was in operation until 1767.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Despite its short-lived activities, the spinning school foresaw the establishment of flax mills in Tampere a few decades later.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[7] Gustav III founded Tampere on 1 October 1779.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere was located in a remote backcountry, and its inhabitants were farmers.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tammerkoski still flowed almost vacant, but the king believed that with it the city could prosper and bring tax revenue to the Crown.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[5] Prior to the founding of the city of Tampere, five families lived in the district; Björkqvist, Forstrom, Tammerfors (later Grönlund), Gök and Rundell.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Of these genera, only the Grönlund (Tammerfors) lineage has remained vibrant to the present day.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The town's first office holder was named Mats Tammerfors.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

(Matti Heikinpoika Grönlund) When Gustav III founded the town as Tammerfors (Tammerkoski, Tampere), he forbade Mats Tammerfors to use that surname again, as no one was allowed to have the name of the new town.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Consequently, Mats Tammerfors changed the name to Grönlund.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Matsi's son bore the name Henrik Grönlund (Heikki Matinpoika).


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Henrik Grönlund served as town manager and on the governing body of city elders.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

What says something about Grönlund's position in the city at the time is that when the towns beaches were divided into fishing grounds, Henrik Grönlund gained exclusive rights to fishing in the area stretching from the present Ratina Bridge to the border with Pispala.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

And when James Finlayson came to Tampere and wanted an old bulb area along the upper falls for his factory, it was discovered that the area was almost completely controlled by Henrik Grönlund.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Henrik had seven children, three of whom lived to become adults.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Daughter Maria Grönlund was left unmarried and moved to Grönlund to buy Rahola Manor</b>is.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Another of the daughters, Sofia Grönlund, ended up marrying the merchant Otto Erik Mauritz Thuneberg.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

They moved Henrik Grönlund to acquire Kaarila Manor</b>is.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The graves of Otto Erik and Sofia can be found in the Alexander Church Cemetery in central Tampere.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Sofia's descendants were the only ones to continue the lineage forward.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere was given free city rights.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Anyone would be allowed to move to the city and operate in their preferred profession.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

However, land in the city was not allowed to be cultivated


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The livelihood was acquired from trade and handicrafts, as there were no factories yet.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[5] The city was also allowed to import and export goods from abroad and Russia without customs.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

It was also stipulated that residents of the town had the right to profess any Christian faith.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The first inhabitants of the city of Tampere came in the autumn of 1780, when plots were distributed to 92 applicants.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Merchants were given a place along Market Street and craftsmen from the periphery of the city.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Entrepreneurs in need of hydropower in their field, such as dyers, received plot land from the rapids.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Most of the residents moved from elsewhere.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Even foreigners were expected in Tampere, which is why seats were reserved for four denominations on the edges of Keskus Square.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[5] The main street of Tampere was initially Kauppakatu.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

From its inception, an important marketplace was Market Square, the current Central Market Square.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The town had a population of 300 in its early stages and slowly increased in population.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The big problem for the city was that inland transport was crappy.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Although there were attempts in the mercantilist spirit of the time to give orders as to which region's peasants should make their trade in Tampere, peasants also often visited other places.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The burgher of Tampere, who bought goods from peasants, had to transport their goods further to coastal cities, so it was often more convenient for peasants to deal directly in coastal towns.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

It was often most profitable for the peasants of Suomenselä to transport their goods to the coastal cities of Ostrobothnia.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

On the other hand, the peasants on the south side of Tampere took their goods directly to Turku.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Before the Finnish War the possibilities of gutting the Kokemäenjoki to suit shipping were explored, but no concrete works were undertaken.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In 1807 a committee was set up to name the streets of Tampere and in this case Hämeenkatu, Halluskatu, Kauppakatu, Kuninkaankatu and Gardenhakatu arose among others.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Even today, the checkerboard formula for the old centre is based on the city plan drawn up by Carl Ludvig Engel and adopted in 1830.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

As the population grew, the need for an expansion plan arose and Carl Albert Edelfelt, Chief Architect of the Building Board, drafted a new city plan which was approved in 1868.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Upon the adoption of the Edelfelt formula, street names were formalized.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[8] The Old Church of Tampere, designed by Charles Bass, was completed in 1824.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

A belfry of the same style designed by Carl Ludvig Engel was built next to the church in 1828.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[1] From industrialisation to the late 19th century Although Tampere was free to attempt and had significant tariff advantages, industrialisation was slow.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The lump paper mill, founded by Abraham Häggman, started 1783 as the first in the middle reaches of the rapids.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

During Swedish rule, Tampere's most successful enterprise was the state liquor bulb.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[5] When home burning of peasants after the Finnish war was allowed again, the buildings of the bulb were left underused.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Finland was annexed by Russia in 1809, when Tampere still had fewer than 1,000 inhabitants.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[5] During his 1819 tour to Finland, Emperor Alexander I also explored the city of Tampere and discovered the potential for industrial development of water power in the rapids.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The Tampere Free City station was continued to allow this.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

James Finlayson, an engineer working in Saint Petersburg at the time, founded a factory in Tampere in 1820 with the original intention of producing spinning machines for the textile industry to be formed in Finland.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The mill received a large tract of land on the northern edge of the town from the site of the former Crown Bulb.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[9] Finlayson was unable to get his machinery traded, causing the mill to switch to cotton spinning.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[10] Despite widespread state aid, the Finlayson plant remained unprofitable.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[11] Finlayson sold his factory in 1836 to St. Petersburgers Georg Rauch and Carl Nottbeck.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[10] The group began to develop the factory vigorously.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Hydropower began to be exploited much more efficiently and the plant began to grow.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Kuusivooninkinen was built as the main building of the industrial plant.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[10] Other industries began to arrive in Tampere in the 1840s, when an iron blast furnace exploiting Teisko lake ore was established on Messukylä's side of the rapids.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

This industrial plant later developed into the Tampere Cotton Factory and Mechanical Workshop Limited Company, Tampella.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[12] The paper industry was represented by the Frenckell Paper Mill, which was built on the Market Square (later.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Central Market) between and the Finlayson factory.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[13] In turn, a roofing felt factory was built south of the Market Square (later.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

TAKO) and the purring of Lilyrosis.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

On the eastern shore of the rapids, Verkatehdas was created in the area of present-day Koskikeskus.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

All mills were powered by rapids, the water of which was collected in the grasses on the banks of the rapids.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[14] Congestion was abandoned in the 1930s, when power stations were built in the middle and lower rapids.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Emil Aaltonen moved his shoe factory from Hattula to Tampere in 1905, marking the breakthrough of the new industrial branch.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[15] At the end of the 19th century Tampere grew rapidly, with around 7000 inhabitants in 1870 and 36,000 in 1900.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[16] At the beginning of the 20th century, Tampere was a city of workers and women, as one third of the inhabitants were factory workers and more than half were women.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[17] At the same time, the area of the city almost sevenfold and spectacular apartment buildings were built in the centre of Tampere among modest wooden houses.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The stone houses shaped Tamperetta in a modern direction.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The regeneration was also demonstrated by the construction of a sewer and water supply network and the ignition of electric lights.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[16] The area of the town grew in the latter half of the 19th century facing east.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In 1877, the eastern shore of the rapids, Kytälä [18], where the Tampere railway station had been built the previous year, originally outside the city.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[19] Even a few years earlier, the area had belonged even to a different county than the city itself, since Tammerkoski was the border between 1775 and 1870 between Häme County and Turku and Pori County.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[20] On the lands of Hatanpää Manor, a suburb inhabited by working people had arisen in Kytälää, with very poor building stock.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

As part of the territorial union, the lands of the borough passed into the ownership of the city.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[21] As a result, the city required house owners to repair their houses to comply with the new city plan.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Those who were unable to do this had to move to Armonkallio or Pispala, which was part of the municipality of Pirkkala.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Later, the city bought Viinika from the Hatanpää estate as well as eventually the whole area of the manor.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

At the beginning of the 20th century, Tampere had 15 official boroughs, marked with Roman numerals, most of which had their own informal designations in everyday parlance, for example Amuri (IV and V boroughs), Kaakinmaa (VI), Pyynikinrinne (VII) and Tammela (XIV and XV).


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[22] The Alexander Church, designed by architect Theodor Decker, was completed along Hämeenpuisto in 1881.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

At the very end of the 19th century, the Tampere Orthodox Church was built for the beginning of the Russian colony and military people.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[1] The railway connection from Helsinki via Hämeenlinna to Tampere was completed in 1876.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[23] In 1883 a section of the line was completed from Tampere via Haapamäki to Vaasa and in 1895 to Pori.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[24] The first folk school in Tampere started operating along Hämeenpuisto in 1875 [25], replacing the schools established by the factories and the parish, the most famous of which was the Finlayson School, which started in 1839.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[26] The first grammar school was the Tampere Reaalilyseo, founded in 1884 [27], followed by the Swedish Coeducational School in 1894, the Finnish Coeducational School in 1895 and the Tampere Classical Lyceum in 1903.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

At the beginning of the 20th century, Tampere began to quickly develop into a theatre city as well, with the establishment of Tampere Workers' Theatre in 1901 [28] and Tampere Theatre in 1904.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[29] [30] The first Tampere newspaper, Sanomat from Tampere, began to appear in 1866.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[1] Tampere's most prominent newspaper, Aamulehti, began its publication in 1881; the magazine was a voice supporter of the Coalition Party between 1918 and 1990.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Another noted journal was the Social-Democratic People's Journal, which appeared between 1899 and 1991.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

With independence, civil war and its roots, Tampere was Finland's most important industrial city when it came to the beginning of the 20th century, marked by a working population.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[31] The population grew rapidly: in 1910 there were 44,000 inhabitants.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Numerous suburbs had sprung up around the city.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The most important of these were Viinikka and Pispala.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Particularly in the suburbs, the living conditions of the working population were poor.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Due to the large number of working population, a vibrant labour movement emerged in Tampere from the end of the 19th century.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampereans actively participated in temperance, revival and women's movements, among others.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[32] The grand strike of 1905 brought the city to an almost complete standstill and was part of the radicalisation of the labour movement.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Contributing to the development was driven by wealth-based suffrage, which caused the city's municipal politics to be dominated by the largest industrialists and merchants.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The First World War initially brought prosperity to the city, as the war caused a high economic downturn, but the March Revolution in 1917 severed trade relations with Russia.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Finland depended on trade in the east especially for its food supply, which caused food shortages especially in cities.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The country's declaration of independence did not solve the economic problems.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Instead, the events of the summer and autumn of 1917, with their various incidents, created deep suspicion between populations.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Civil War With the start of the Finnish Civil War in late January 1918, the Reds took control of power in Tampere.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

As white supporters tried to leave the city, an incident arose in Suinula, where a number of unarmed white prisoners were shot dead by a Turkish Red Guard unit.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Although the event was minor in itself compared to the brutality carried out later by both sides, it affected the mental climate and set a precedent for the unjustifiable killing of prisoners.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In the early stages of the Civil War, the city's Red Guards participated in fighting along the direction of Vilppula, from which these were expelled by the Whites in early March


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

At the end of March, Tampere was surrounded by the Whites from both the east and west sides.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Since there was a strong chain of fortifications built by the Russians on the west side, the White attack took place from the eastern side.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The bloodiest battles took place in Messukylä, Kalevankangas (in the battle of which those who fought as a volunteer on the White side, the eponymous uncle of former Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, also fell) and in the centre.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

After the fighting, about 11000 surviving reds were collected in Market Square and taken to Kalevankanka prison camp.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The war left marks on both the nation and the cityscape.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The two-week takeover battle left behind ruined blocks, with about 2000 people losing their homes.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Kyttalä and Tammela are the worst affected.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The net factory and nearby buildings were so badly damaged that the city expropriated the area for the construction of the Hatanpää Highway.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[32] From Civil War to World War II After the war, municipal suffrage was changed to universal and equal, resulting in the formation of a social democratic majority in the Tampere City Council.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The city grew and expanded rapidly.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The Tampere Diocese of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland was established in 1923 when the episcopal seat of the old Porvoo diocese — originally the Diocese of Vyborg — was transferred to Tampere.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

At the same time, infrastructure was developed by building a tunnel running from Hämene and under the railway station.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In 1938, the bus station was completed, which for twenty years was the largest in the Nordic countries.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere expanded into several suburbs during the interwar period, resulting in Viinikka, Lapland, Petsamo, Nekala, Härmälä, Vuohenoja, Rantaperkiö and Järvensivu, which were located a few kilometres from the main town.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Most of their residents were factory workers.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In turn, housing for the wealthier population rose in particular in the area of Pyynikinte.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[33] The boroughs that arose before World War II were officially marked with Roman numerals; the last of these are Vihioja (officially XXV arrondissement) and Jokipohja (XXVI arrondissement), founded in 1939.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

[34] The eastern part of North Pirkkala, including Pispala, was annexed to Tampere in 1938; the remainder of the municipality was transformed into the Nokia merchant sector at the same time.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The national consensus formed in the late 1930s was illustrated by the fact that the city's working population power did not prevent the establishment of a State Aircraft Plant in Tampere.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

On the other hand, in the first sign of industrial restructuring, Frenckell's stale paper mill went bankrupt as early as 1932.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Notable buildings completed in Tampere between the World Wars include, in addition to the railway station and the bus station, e.g.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Old Library House (1925), Hotel Tammer (1928), Pyynikki Observation Tower (1929), Viinika Church (1932), Hatanpää Hospital (1935), Tampere Lyceum (1936), Kauppi Hospital (1939) and Pyyniki Vocational School (1939).


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

A major contribution to the shape of the cityscape was played by the then city architect Bertel Strömmer.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere-Härmälä Airport was inaugurated in 1936.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Time of Winter and Continuation War During World War II Tampere was a major centre of the war industry.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

A particularly important part was played by the Tampella factory, which manufactured and serviced mortars and cannons during the war.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Textile mills mainly manufactured uniforms as consumables fell short.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The use of substitute materials was common; Sarvis Ltd was founded to produce buttons from semi-synthetic plastic.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

During the Winter War Tampere was bombarded quite heavily by the enemy, but the devastation was left minimal.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Bombings took place on nine days in total, the first time on 21 December 1939 and the last time on 4 March 1940.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The damage caused by the last bombardment was the most severe.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In the Winter War Tampereans were killed by bombings 14, in the Continuation War there were no bombings.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Contributing to this was the fact that landlocked Tampere was, for most of the Continuation War, quite far from Soviet Air Force bases.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere men fought mainly in Infantry Regiment 16 (JR 16) and Continuation War in Infantry Regiment 60 (JR 60) and Message Battalion 24 (VP 24).


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Post-World War II After the war, Tampere developed essentially following the trends of the interwar period.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The manufacture of war reparations inflated the city's metal industry, whose main representatives were Lokomo and Tampella.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Its own color to city life was given by the legalization of communist activities, which split the working population in two.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

However, in the political life of the city, cooperation between the Coalition and the SDP — the so-called axis of arms — kept the other parties in de minimis.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The main architects of the armorial axis were the Mayor, Social Democrat Erkki Lindfors and the Coalition President of the City Council Lauri Santamäki.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Its major contributor was the editor-in-chief Arvo Poja Tuominen, who returned from exile from Stockholm to Tampere in 1956.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The look of the city was marked by vigorous construction that has led to the current cityscape.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

During the 1950s, the now-shaped neighbourhoods of Kaleva and Kissanmaa came into being, as well as several districts consisting mostly of single-family homes, among them Veisu, Viiala, Niemi, Ikuri and Kalkku.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

New high-rise neighbourhoods built in the 1960s and 1970s include Peltolammi, Multisilta, Kaukajärvi, Tesomajärvi and Lennvänniemi.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The construction of Tampere's largest suburb, Hervanna, whose central buildings were designed by architects Raili and Reima Pietilä, began in an almost uninhabited forest area in the early 1970s and continued in the following decade.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

At the same time, the building environment in the downtown area changed drastically as most of the old wooden houses in Tammela and Amur were demolished to make way for the new apartment buildings.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The disappearance of the old building stock was observed in 1976 with the demolition of the old buildings of the cloth factory.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

A colourful conservation dispute also took place over the market hall in the early 1980s.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In the last decades, the districts of Hallila, Linnainmaa and Atala have been formed.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Vuoresi district is emerging on the border of Tampere and Lempäälä.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere's importance as a hub for train transport was further emphasized when a new railway line from Tampere to Ostrobothnia via Parkano was completed in 1971.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Härmälä Airport, which had become cramped over the years, was replaced in 1979 by the new Tampere-Pirkkala Airport built on the neighbouring municipality's Pirkkala side.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Härmälä Airport closed for good in 1982.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In 1948, the Municipal Transport Department was established, which has handled most of the public transport within Tampere.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The Transport Department's fleet included trolleybuses until 1976 when this service was discontinued.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The process of transforming the old industrial town into an important growth centre began in the late 1950s when the Kohjoininen college moved to the city and changed its name to Tampere University.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In 1965, the filial of the University of Technology was established in Tampere, which in 1972 became independent as Tampere University of Technology, later Tampere University of Technology.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The Local Technical Society also started a television business, which was subsequently acquired by Yleisradio.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

This originated TV2 based in Ristimäki, Tampere.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Alongside Tampere Theatre and Tampere Workers' Theatre, Pyyniki Summer Theatre was created in 1948, which gained attention with a rotating grandstand in 1959.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In 1962, Tampere Central Hospital was completed, Tampere Central Hospital, in 1965 the Tampere Ice Rink, in 1966 the Ratina Stadium, in 1969 the Särkänniemi Aquarium Planetarium and in 1971, Näsinneula, one of the city's main landmarks.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere's Workeren Theatre received a new modern office building in 1985 and the new main library was completed along Hämeenpuisto in 1986.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In 1988, Koskikeskus, Finland's first covered shopping centre, rose on the eastern shore of Tammerkoski on the site of a former cloth factory.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

A new concert and convention centre Tampere Hall was completed in Sorsapark in 1990.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere's most notable church building of the post-war period is Kaleva Church, completed in 1966.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

One characteristic feature of Tamperean culture has been “Manserock”, which reached its peak in the mid-1980s.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Since the 1950s, it was planned to form the Tampere Economic Area as a new county of Pirkanmaa, which would have included the northern part of Häme County and several municipalities from Turku and Pori counties.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The project proceeded so far that Mauno Koivisto's government made a decision in principle to create a new county in 1981.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

However, the county project tapered off in a tight parliamentary vote in 1985.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The present province of Pirkanmaa broadly follows the territory of the unrealized county.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Three municipalities have been annexed to Tampere as a whole: Messukylä in 1947, Aitolahti in 1966 and Teisko in 1973.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

New boroughs that came with regional associations were Takahuhti and Vehmainen in Messukylä and Olkahinen in Aitolahti.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In 1950, the district of Lielahti was transferred from Ylöjärvi to Tampere.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Thus, the area of Tampere has multiplied.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

The former area of Messukylä municipality is today largely a densely built urban area, but the Aitolahti and Teisko areas on the eastern shore of Näsijärvi are still quite sparsely populated.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

At the turn of the 1990s, Tampere industry faced a strong structural change.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In particular, the production of textile industries in Tampella and Tampere had been heavily focused on bilateral trade with the Soviet Union, which when the country collapsed.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

As a result of the sudden change, Finlayson and the Finnish jersey severely curtailed their activities.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampella went bankrupt in turn.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Even earlier in the 1980s, Verkatehdas had moved its operations out of downtown to the Hankoo area.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Other industrial areas where mainly small businesses operate include Sarankulma, Lakalaiva, Rusko and Myllypuro formed during the 1970s and 1980s.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

As a result of the change, a huge amount of empty industrial space was left in the city centre, which has been slowly brought to other uses in the early 2000s.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Today, Tampere's urban landscape is primarily characterised by business activities in the field of information technology, among which Nokia's Tampere Research and Development Units are the most important.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

See also Tampere Regional Joints Sources Lind, Mari: “Tampere — a growing and changing city”.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hautamäki, Ranja (ed.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

) | title = Tampere story| location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere city| year = 2015| version = Publications/City of Tampere, urban development, land use planning.| isbn = 978-951-609-783-4| format = [pdf] | accessdate = 9.9.2016}} Lilius, Martin: Frenckel Papers, Tampere, Tampere Museums, 2000, ISBN 951-609-112-1.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Niemelä, Jari: Finlayson Palace - a gem in the national landscape, Olander-Kiintetet Oy, 2009, ISBN 978-952-92-6000-3.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Saloniemi, Marjo-Riitta & Tervakangas, Reetta (eds.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

): Chimneys and pure scrub.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

William Lomax's Tampere.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere Museums, 2012.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Sinisalo, Uuno: Book of Tampere, Tampere Society, Tampere, 1947 Voionmaa, Väinö: History of Tampere III: History of Tampere in the last decades (1856—1905), Tampere, 1907—1910 Tampere - Studies and descriptions VII.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Tampere Historical Society XII.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Viljo Rasila:The city's regulars.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Ari Ylönen: Tampere development stages and city centre housing.


Question: Where does the West Bank get its name from?

History of Tampere

Aune Innala:Yrjö Raevuori References *


Question: Where will the Geneva Motor Show be held?

Salon International de l'Auto and Accessoires

The Salon International de l'Auto et accessoires, or Geneva Motor Show, is an event held annually in early March in Le Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland, in the neighbouring city of Geneva.


Question: Where will the Geneva Motor Show be held?

The show is very popular, and is one of the most important events in the automotive world.


Question: Where will the Geneva Motor Show be held?

The first time the exhibition was staged in 1905.


Question: Where will the Geneva Motor Show be held?

The exhibition will be held at the Palexpo Exhibition Centre, located next to Geneva Airport.


Question: Where will the Geneva Motor Show be held?

There is also a car museum, the Musée International de l'Automobile, in connection with the exhibition halls.


Question: Where will the Geneva Motor Show be held?

Almost every major car model, from petrol machines to steam-powered ones, has been introduced in Geneva over the years.


Question: Where will the Geneva Motor Show be held?

Many exotic and so-called supercars have year after year stole the show.


Question: Where will the Geneva Motor Show be held?

Prototypes, concept cars, new technologies and technical breakthroughs, international cooperation agreements, and political and social issues are all the distinguishing features of this international event.


Question: Where will the Geneva Motor Show be held?

On topic elsewhere in Category:Car shows Category:Swiss events Category:Geneva Class:Le Grand-Saconnex


Question: Is Guatemala located in South America?

List of states by continent

This is a list of states broken down by continent.


Question: Is Guatemala located in South America?

List of states by continent

Disputed territories are marked in italics.


Question: Is Guatemala located in South America?

List of states by continent

Asia Africa South America Europe Oceania North America Disputed States Europe Donetsk People's Republic Catalonia Caucasus Emirate Kosovo Transnistria Luhansk People's Republic Africa Azawad Southwest Somalia Western Sahara Somaliland Jubamaa Puntmaa Maakhir Asia Northern Cyprus Tamil Eelam Palestinian Authority Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Aceh South Ossetia Azad Kashmir Tibet Waziristan Shan by Continent Category:Screening key articles


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The Flag of France (Tricolori) is the national emblem of the French Republic, provided for in the second article of the country's constitution (4 October 1958).


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The flag has three vertical bars of the same width (blue, white and red; hence the designation Tricolori, meaning tricolor).


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The colours of the flag are said to depict the ideals of freedom, equality and brotherhood of the Great French Revolution.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

[1] Flag ratios are 2:3.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The genesis of the flag is associated with the Great French Revolution of 1789.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The birth stages of the flag In June 1789, the Marquis de Lafayette created a tricolor cochard.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The colours of Kokard, blue; white and red, had long been in use in France.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The blue flag had flared since the time of Charles the Great and reminded the robes of St. Martin that he gave to the poor.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

White was the colour of the royal flag and maritime pennant from 1638 until 1790.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

It was subsequently also the colour of the flag of the Royal Army in 1814—1839.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

During the regime of Hugo Capet and his descendants, the red “Oriflamme” of the Abbey of Saint Denis, patron of the kingdom and personal flag of the king, served as the flag.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Henry IV (as monarch 1589—1610) recommended three colours (blue, white and red) to the Dutch ambassadors, who then, on its basis, executed their own flag.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

In France, the French Guard Guard had adopted these three colours as equal insignia for their uniforms and regiments.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

These emblems on the Guard were preserved when, after the revolution, it changed its name to the National Guard.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

During the Great French Revolution, the fighters of Paris kept visible the blue and red cocardia, which were the hallmark colours of the city.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

A few days after Bastille's takeover, La Fayette had the idea of attaching the royal symbol colour, white, to the cochard of Parisians.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The new cochard immediately gained quite a bit of popularity.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

It may be that La Fayette, who fought for American freedom, saw in that combination of three colours a confluence with the US cochard.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The still life “blue caught on the bar, white in the middle and red in the blaze” was authorized by decree on 15 February 1794 and went into effect on 20 May 1794.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

This was to avoid mayhem in naval battles, as the marines had engaged in mutiny and they were still fighting under the flag of the old white Royal Navy.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The Land Army had since 1791 and the National Guard since 1789 (when the Paris Quarters prepared a flag for them) carried the tricolour flag, but in various combinations.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Napoleon's forces carried a white flag at the Battle of the Pont d'Arcole, with a golden bouquet of liqutors placed in the centre, and whose angulations were blue and red.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

This variation in the form of the flag has been typical of the French flag tradition.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

It can be seen from the early days since the colours of cocards were not avoiding always in the same order.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

History Restoration restored the white flag in 1814, but the July Monarchy decommissioned it again in 1830.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Tricolor was then reinstated.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Louis Philip himself had fought in the battles of Valmys and Jemmapes.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

He decorated the flagpole with a cock.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The Revolution of 1848 considered the introduction of the red flag for a while, the same one that the National Guard used as its flag when the Law of War was introduced, which was the new inventions of the Revolution.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The red flag was used in an official function on 17 July 1791 when the National Guard opened fire on protesters gathered in the Champ de Mars field.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The red flag has often been a symbol of a nation that has been oppressed and risen in revolt, which it has adopted as its own emblem.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

This was the case with the Paris Commune in 1871 and this was also done during the Russian Revolution of 1917.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

However, for example, the poet Lamartine gave a defence speech to the crowd gathered in front of Paris City Hall for Tricolor.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

He argued that “the flag had made a journey around the world with the Republic and the Empire, when, by contrast, the red flag not like circulated on the Champ de Mars field in the blood of the nation”.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Roosts were removed from the ends of the flagpole and replaced with spearheads which have been in use on it ever since.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

In 1873, the restoration of kingship failed, as the Legitimists' candidate for the throne, Henry of Artois (1820—1883), did not accept the Tricolori flag.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

He wanted instead the old flag of the Ancien Régime restored as the flag of the kingdom.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

In the province of Vendée, an area of the staunchest support of the royal legitimists, one had to wait all the way until 1916 before the Tricolor flag was adopted as the flag of ecclesiastical buildings.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

At the time of World War II, Marshal Pétain, the head of Vichy France, commissioned the crossed marshal's rods to the white part of the tricolor.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

In turn, General de Gaulle, the leader of Free France, completed a red Lothringen cross in the white section.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The proportions and colours of Trikolor's three vertical bars were of different widths for a long time (the vertical bars of the Paris flag were of different widths and the practice persisted in the Revolution-era flag).


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The order of colours also varied: sometimes the red side was against the bar, sometimes blue.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The current design was determined when Napoleon issued a decree: all three vertical bars should be of the same width and the bar should always be against the blue coloured flag part.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Although flag colours are stipulated by legislation, the practice has also varied for official flags.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The darker blue previously in use, considered by many to be too belligerent, was replaced by a distinctly lighter shade of blue during the Giscard d'Estaing period.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The colours of the flag are defined as the blue being PANTONE Reflex Blue, or RGB (0.85,164), or CMYK (100,70.0.5), and red as PANTONE Red 032, or RGB (239,65.53), or CMYK (0.90,86.0).


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Today, tricolor should be 50% wider than it is high (i.e. 2:3 ratio) and all three vertical bars should be of the same width.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The ceremonial flag is square in shape, but even the three vertical bars of the same width.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Shipping at sea, French merchant and warships use a trace different national flag as an emblem of nationality.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The proportions of tricolor are otherwise the same, but the division of the three vertical bars occurs in the ratio 30:33:37.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Thus, when the flag flames, the impression is that the three vertical parts are the same size.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

This same optical correction in their flags are used by e.g.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Scandinavian countries and Finland, whose cross has been moved from the centre facing the pole.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

A symbol of freedom Numerous nations, for example, France's former colonies in Africa have adopted vertical tricolor as a model for their flag.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The previous norm was to divide the flag into sections horizontally.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Thus one wants the symbol of a nation to testify to its belief in “freedom.”


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

In 1830, Belgium, which became independent from the Netherlands, adopted and adopted a flag with three different coloured vertical bars.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The Irish Free State adopted tricolor as its flag model immediately after its founding (1920).


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The flag was then formalized by legislation in December 1939.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The current flag is in the same form as where it was first used in 1848 in connection with the Young Ireland Movement.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The Italian peninsula has been known as the tricolor flag since 1787.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The Cispadanic Republic was proclaimed on 7 January of that year and it retained its flag until 1802.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Napoleon strongly influenced the choice of the flag and he wanted to replace the blue color with green, which was the opposite color of red and at the same time the emblem of the future Empire.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

The flag became the official flag of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Norway has adopted three colours of tricolor into its flag in recognition of the French Revolution and its own independence.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

Since 1848, tricolor has been the national symbol of Romania.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

After Romania gained independence, the white colour of tricolor was replaced by yellow, and has since become the national flag of Romania.


Question: What do the colors of the French flag describe?

Flag of France

See also List of flags of non-autonomous territories List of historical flags of states Sources on topic elsewhere (in French) (in French) (in French) Flag Category:Flags of states Category:Key articles on screening


Question: How many visitors were at the Down By The Jetty festival in 2018?

Music Festival

A music festival is a public event where many ensembles or artists take turns presenting their repertoires.


Question: How many visitors were at the Down By The Jetty festival in 2018?

Music Festival

Festivals often last for many days and spectators are accommodated in tents.


Question: How many visitors were at the Down By The Jetty festival in 2018?

Music Festival

They are organized, as a rule, in the summer months.


Question: How many visitors were at the Down By The Jetty festival in 2018?

Music Festival

The disadvantages of large mass events include traffic problems, emissions of carbon dioxide and pollution, trampled fields and forests, frightened animals, noise and other disturbance experienced by the inhabitants of the environment.


Question: How many visitors were at the Down By The Jetty festival in 2018?

Music Festival

Visitors to the biggest events may not have come to the venue simply because of the music, but the background may also include alcohol consumption.


Question: How many visitors were at the Down By The Jetty festival in 2018?

Music Festival

[1] Finnish music festivals Aawastock, Ylitornion Aavasaksa Aitoo Transfiguration Party, Aitoo Ankkarock, Vantaa Dinosaurock, Mikkeli Down By The Jetty, Turku Faces, Raasepori Firebox Metal Fest, Seinäjoki Hanko Music Festival, Hanko Harjufestarit, Kangasala Heinola Jyrä, Heinola Himosfestival, Jämsä Ilosaarirock, Joensuu Imatra Big Band Festival, Imatra Iskelmäfestival, Himos Iskelmäniät, Kiuruvesi Jalometalli Festival, Oulu String Quartets at the Knight's Room, Helsinki Jurassic Rock, Mikkeli Kalajoki Midsummer, Kalajoki Karjurock, Uusikaupunki Karmarock, Harjavalta Kaustinen Folk Music Festival, Kaustinen Kokkola Rock Festival, Kokkola Koneisto, Helsinki Kuopio Rockcock, Kuopio Lahti Nights, Lahti Lappeenranta Festivals, Lappeenranta Lumous Gothic Festival, Tampere Land in Visible Festival , Turku Metalliaurinko, Harjavalta Milliarock, Tuuri Music in Paanukirikka, Kärsämäki Kyötuulirock, Vantaa Naantali Music Festival, Naantali Nummirock, Kauhajoki Pipefest, Jämsä Pori Jazz, Pori Province, Seinäjoki Puntala-rock, Lempäälä Puustock, Juva Qstock, Oulu Rantarock, Virrat, Alavus, Vaasa, Hyvinkää Rauman Sea Midsummer, Rauma Riihimäki Rock, Riihimäki Ristirock, Tampere Rotuaari Picnic, Oulu Rockfest, Vantaa, Hyvinkää Rockperry, Vaasa Ruisrock, Turku Räikkä-rock, Ylöjärvi Archipelago Open, Kaarina Port, night Jyväskylä Sauna Open Air, Tampere Simerock, Rovaniemi Seinäjoki Speed Drives, Seinäjoki Sommelo, Kainuu (Kuhmo, Suomussalmi and Sotkamo) and Viena Karelia (Uhtua and Haikola) Spelit, South Ostrobothnia Tammerfest, Tampere Tangomarkeat, Seinäjoki Volcanorock, Lappajärvi Tuska Open Air Metal Festival, Helsinki New Music Festival, Turku Valtarock, Harjavalta Wanaja Festival, Hämeenlinna Vastavirarock, Kokemäki Vappugospel, Kouvola Green Meadows, Kiuruvesi Välipuistorock, Lapua Ämy, Hämeenlinna Foreign music festivals Beigang International Music Festival, Taiwan Fuji Rock Festival, Naeba, Japan Glastonbury Festival, Glastonbury, England Hole in the Sky, Bergen, Norway Pinkpop, Landgraaf, Netherlands Rock am Ring, Nürburg, Germany Roskilde Festival, Roskilde, Denmark Sziget, Budapest, Hungary Voodoo Music Experience, Louisiana, New Orleans, United States Wacken Open Air, Wacken, Germany Woodstock, Bethel, New York, United States Sources Category:Music Events


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The euro (symbol €, abbreviation e, international currency symbol EUR [1]) is a common currency of the European Union, which was introduced as an account currency on 1 January 1999 and as a cash currency in twelve EU countries on 1 January 2002 [2].


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Currently, the official eurozone comprises 19 EU states, four non-EU European dwarf states, as well as some French overseas territories.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

It is today one of the world's most important [3] international currencies, along with the US dollar.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The hundredth of the euro is called cent (abbreviation snt or c [4]).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Like many other currencies, for example the US dollar, the euro is a fiat currency whose value is based on regulations or laws rather than some concrete thing.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[5] [6] [7] In Finnish, the word euro is a common name.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Therefore, the euro is written with a lowercase letter elsewhere except at the beginning of the sentence.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Like any noun in Finnish, it inflects in the ranges: one euro, two euros, two euro.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Although on euro banknotes and two euro coins, the name of the currency is written only in basic form, the appropriate form of inflection must be used in Finnish.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Other languages have different recommendations, but often a plural ID or position forms required by the language are added to the name of the monetary unit if necessary.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The Euro symbol € can be used in the price tags.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

It is written in Finnish, like an abbreviation, always after the amount of money and is separated from it by word interval, which is preferably written on the computer as a binding space: “10€”.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

As such, the symbol corresponds to the nominative (1€ “one euro”) and the partitive (2€ “two euros”).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

If the monetary unit needs to be bent in other positions, the inflection suffix is attached to the symbol with a colon: “I got a price to 10€.”


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

However, often the simplest and most natural thing is to avoid the symbol and write the name of the currency as such: “I got a price to 10 euros.”


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In contrast, in English, the euro sign is written in front of the amount of money without a word interval, for example €10.00.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[8] The euro symbol is included in the Unicode character set (U+20AC EURO SIGN) and also in the more limited Latin 9 character set, which is an updated version of Latin 1 for euro time.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Today, the use of the euro sign in information technology is not difficult.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The three-letter currency symbol EUR, written in capital letters, has been developed for use in international monetary transactions and other similar situations where currencies need to be able to differentiate unequivocally.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[9] In addition to the currency symbol and symbol, there is no official international abbreviation for the euro, but according to the national standard on numbers and signs, the abbreviation e may also be used in Finland.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Although the euro is such a short word that there is no reason to abbreviate it in the general language text.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The abbreviation or symbol of the euro does not include an abbreviation point, as does other abbreviations or symbols of monetary units.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

No official abbreviation or symbol is defined at EU level for the hundredth cent of the euro.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In Finnish, the abbreviation of cent was first qualified only snt, but later the abbreviation c used in Swedish was also adopted alongside it.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[10] However, the latter has been criticised for being able to interfere with the euro symbol: in most fonts, € looks mainly like the letter C, with two thin horizontal lines drawn across it, and especially people with low vision can find it difficult to distinguish which character is about.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In Spain, for example, the abbreviations cts and ctms based on the plural céntimos have also been used.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Usually cents are not shortened, but cent prices are denoted in hundredths of the euro: €0.75.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

A comma is used to distinguish cents in Finnish, as in other decimal digits.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

When cents are also displayed in a sum of money, it is undesirable to write the sum in just one decimal place (to tens of cents) even when the second decimal is zero.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Cents are therefore best written with two decimal places (to the precision of individual cents), for example €12.30 instead of €12.3, or €8.00 instead of €8.0.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

This was already an established way of marking sums of money in the Markkah period.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Instead, when using higher number values, the number of decimal places can be selected according to the desired representation resolution (e.g. 25.7 million.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Euros).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[11] Cash from the euro is used as cash banknotes and coins.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The banknotes are equal in denominations and look similar throughout the euro area, but on coins only the clave or value side is common and the pattern on the crown side varies.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Multiples of values 1, 2 and 5 are regularly repeated in the series of use notes and coins: denominations of the money are €0.01, €0.02, €0.05, €0.10, €0.20, €0.50, €1, €2, €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200 and €500.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Banknotes For the design of euro banknotes, a competition was held in EU countries in the mid-1990s, in which several visual artists were invited to participate.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The competition was won by Austrian banknote artist Robert Kalina, whose winning work was decided in December 1996 to take as the basis for the appearance of euro banknotes.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Starting in 2013, the designer of the second series of banknotes to be gradually issued is German Reinhold Gerstetter.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[12] Unlike euro coins, euro banknotes do not have national illustrations or texts, but emphasise values common to Europeans.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The main illustration is the windows, doors and bridges of different eras and stylistic directions, which reflect the opening towards other people and connections with them.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The size of the banknotes of both the first and second banknotes, namely the denominations and the stylistic directions of the illustrations, are as follows [12]: 5 euros: classical era 10 euros: Romanesque style 20 euros: Gothic style 50 euros: Renaissance, 4 April 2017 new banknote issued 5. on July 2016.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[13] 100 euros: Baroque and Rococo 200 euros: the era of steel and glass architecture 500 euros: the modern period of the 20th century.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The dimensions of the banknotes reflect their value, so that the €5 banknote is the smallest size and the larger the value the banknote is.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

This, combined with the large numbers of the banknotes and variable embossing by face value, makes it possible to identify the banknotes even for the visually impaired.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Coins Regular coins The denominations of coins are 2 euros, 1 euro, as well as 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 cents and 1 cent.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In all Member States, the pattern of the common clave or value side consists of the denomination of money and the map theme, which on 1, 2 and 5 cent coins presents Europe as part of the globe and in larger coins as Europe in general.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Minted before 2007 [14] (Italy, Austria, Portugal, San Marino and Vatican City before 2008 [15]), only the 15 EU countries at the time of the introduction of the euro were marked.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The common sides of the coins were designed by the Belgian Luc Luycx, [16] whose initials (“double-L”) are on the small coin value side.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The subject of the crown side, or the so-called national side, is decided by each NCB.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

However, the national side must always be minted with 12 EU stars plus the year of minting (with the exception of the 3-year transition period preceding the introduction of the cash euro, when coins were allowed to be minted either in the year of minting or the year of introduction 2002).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

According to the latest decisions, at least the coins of new member countries joining the euro area in the future must also bear the name of the state or its abbreviation on the national side.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Two euro special coins A number of euro countries have published national ones that are legal tender throughout the euro area.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Their common value side is similar to that of all two-euro coins, but the topic of the national side differs from the usual one.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Only two euro coins are allowed to be made into commemorative coins.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Each euro country was initially entitled to issue one new special coin per year.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Today the number is two per year.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[17] These special coins circulate in general payment, but a large number of them may sooner or later end up in collectors' collections.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Below is a list of special coins published in Finland with the topics: 2004, June/July: Enlargement of the European Union by ten new Member States (so called.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

tonsils).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[18] 2005, October: Piece by piece, 60 years since the founding of the United Nations and 50 years of Finland's membership in the UN.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[19] 2006, October: 100 years of universal and equal suffrage in Finland.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[20] 2007, March: 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome (see


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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lower).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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Money doesn't count towards the annual one-special coin quota.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[21] 2007, December: 90 years of Finland's independence.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[22] 2008, October: 60 years of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[23] 2009, January: 10 years of the euro.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Joint publication of euro countries.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[24] 2009, October: 200th anniversary of the Finnish Autonomy and the Riksdag of Porvoo.


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[25] 2010, October: 150 years of Finnish money.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[26] 2011, October: 200th anniversary of the Bank of Finland.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[27] 2012, January: Ten years of euro banknotes and coins.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Joint publication of euro countries.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[28] 2012, September: 150 years since the birth of artist Helene Schjerfbeck.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[28] 2013, September: Beginning of regular Riksdag activities in Finland 150 years ago.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[29] 2013, November: 125th Anniversary of Nobel Prize Writer F.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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E. Sillanpää's birth.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[29] 2014, June: 100 years since the birth of author Tove Jansson.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[30] 2014, November: 100th anniversary of designer Ilmari Tapiovaara's birth.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[30] 2015, January: The 150th anniversary of the birth of composer Jean Sibelius.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[31] 2015, third quarter: 30th anniversary of the EU flag.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Joint publication of euro countries.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[31] 2015, October: 150 years since the birth of artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


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[31] 2016, April: Writer and poet Eino Leino.


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[32] 2016, October: 100 years since the birth of Finnish philosopher Georg Henrik von Wright.


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Euro

[32] 2017, April: 100 years of Independent Finland.


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[33] 2017, October: Finnish nature.


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[33] 2018, April: Finnish National Landscapes — Koli.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[34] In other euro countries, special two-euro coins have included important events and persons.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Germany has a programme spanning many years, according to which a special coin depicting a single German state and its historic building or structure is published every year.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[35] Commemorative coins In addition, each euro country has a national commemorative coin programme.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Most often commemorative coins are minted from some precious metal, most commonly silver and some gold.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Commemorative coins are worth euro but are legal tender only in their issuing countries.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The denomination of the commemorative coin shall not be any of the denominations of ordinary coins.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

However, the selling price of commemorative coins tends to be higher than their face value and therefore practically do not move in payment traffic, but end up directly to collectors.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Despite the fact that commemorative coins are legal tender, shops are not forced to accept them as payment in trading.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[36] Special commemorative coins of EUR 5 in Finland were minted between 2010 and 2011, one for each historical province (Åland, Häme, Karelia, Lapland, Ostrobothnia, Satakunta, Savo, Uusimaa and Varsinais-Suomi).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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The money is bimetallic, aluminium bronze (CuAlNi) and copper nickel (CuNi).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[37] Since then, the corresponding series of special commemorative coins of EUR 5 have also been minted on the following topics [38]: Finnish national landscapes Finnish presidents sports Provincial animals Nordic nature.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Like other commemorative coins, five euro coins are fair money only in Finland, and shops here are not obliged to accept them as payment either.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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[36] Mint of Mint of Finland accidentally manufactured a batch of approximately 55000 pieces of incorrect two-euro coins in the rest of 2006.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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The coin had a new value side, intended for introduction in 2007, but a national side for 2006.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[39] Such an error appears to have arisen in the way that when the Mint of Finland minted the coins of Slovenia, which introduced the euro at the beginning of 2007, and they all became a new value side, then Finnish coins of 2006 began to be minted, but the punch of the value side was forgotten to change the old model.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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In the beginning of 2007, the collectible value of the error was around 120 to 150€, but during the summer the price level fell to those who knew 70 euros.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

There have been a lot of other, smaller errors in the coins.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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The most famous are various additional paffles in the patterns of coins.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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For example, on coins of the 1999 number, the inside of one of the nine rings may be metal.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Such a punch error has been caused by damage to the punch so that a piece has been worn or broken off, and such a point has been left on the surface of the coin thus elevated.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

A type of defect is sometimes seen to be mistakenly referred to as a valve due to its appearance, although the patterns of coins are not formed by casting a coin into a mold, but by striking a pattern with an engraved punch with great force on the surface of a smooth coin blank.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Even these error punches have occasionally been paid a higher collecting price than the face value of the coin.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The use of small coins in Finland was decided from the outset not to use one- and two-cent coins.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The reason is the impracticality of small coins when paying in cash.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

This was already used in Finland in the last years of the Mark period, when the smallest coin used was ten pence.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

One and two cent coins are still legal tender in Finland, although merchants may refuse to accept them as payment if they report this prominently, for example, at the shop door.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In Finland, the rounding rule is followed, according to which the amount payable is rounded up to the nearest five cents [40].


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

For savings reasons, from September 2004, cash purchase totals in Dutch retail stores began to be rounded up to the nearest 5 cents.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The one- and two-cent coins, however, retained their status as legal tender.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[41] The euro as a currency The background of the common currency Monetary union (monetary union, single currency) is not a new idea, but a variety of common money used by several peoples has been used frequently in history, with varying frequency and duration.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

More often than not only has it been a matter of practice or compulsion brought with them by the conquerors, but sometimes also voluntary co-operation.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The fermentation of money outside the borders of the kingdoms was quite natural, as coin coins were effectively valued in the metal used to make them (such as gold, silver, copper).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In Europe, one single currency period can count the use of money from the ancient Roman Empire in geographically large areas of the empire and also outside it as a means of payment.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In 1865, France, Switzerland, Italy and Belgium established a union known as the Latin Monetary Union.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The gold and silver coins of these countries were determined to be equal in concentration, diameter and weight.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The motifs were on coins each country its own.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Similarly, each country's own monetary unit names were adopted, so that, for example, the Italian 5-lira coin was equivalent in size and silver content to the Belgian 5-franc coin.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Later, the Latin monetary union was joined by Greece, and many other countries began to use the same standards.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The monetary union was officially in effect until the end of 1926.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In practice, its existence came to an end during World War I.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

At the end of the gold standard period, the common currency area with different economic regions was Austria-Hungary.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The development that led to the current common currency, the euro, can also be said to be quite old to be reversed, since the idea has already appeared before the 20th century.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

But what really matters is the need arising because of the Second World War: the decision-makers of European countries wanted to unite the fates of the countries that had once warred bloodily with each other with such close economic ties that there would be no more control over European resources to warring no place and no need.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

This generalized argument has originally concerned the integration of the German and French economies into the European Community, the culmination of which monetary union is.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The single currency was closely linked to these fundamental objectives of the European Union, the previous EEC and the even earlier European Coal and Steel Community, such as capital and resources (labour, raw materials, etc.)


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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free movement and integration of countries' economies.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

But the realistic prospects of creating a common currency were long slim.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The economic situations of the countries varied at different rates.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In addition to broad political will, favourable economic conditions and social and legislative reforms were needed to bring each country's national economy and monetary policy closer to the other countries.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

This happened gradually, and one pre-euro phase came into existence in 1979 with the creation of the European Currency Unit ECU.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

However, this was not yet a single currency, but a computational unit for budgeting purposes.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

It was only at the beginning of the 1990s that a true single currency began to look possible for the achievements of integration.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The first phase of the European Economic and Monetary Union, EMU, started from mid-1990, since almost all former barriers to the free movement of capital had been removed in the then EU.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

However, the troubled period in the financial world that lasted from the turn of the 1980s and 1990s to the early years of the 1990s included, among other things, periods of depression in different countries and strong fluctuations in the rates of national currencies, some of which were caused by the actions of currency speculators.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

This turmoil, on the one hand, postponed the creation of a single currency, but on the other, reinforced the desire for a single currency: the multi-country single currency was seen as an opportunity to protect against the forces of a globalising global economy against which the national money of any country in Europe is no longer alone been large enough and strong.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Despite the troubled economic situation — and at the same time thanks to it — development continued.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992, agreed on the way EMU works and the so-called convergence criteria.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The second phase of EMU began from the beginning of 1994, when the European Monetary Institute, EMI, the predecessor of the European Central Bank, began operation.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Practical preparations for the transition to the third phase of EMU, the common currency (then still unnamed) began with real progress.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The name of the future common currency was later decided to be the euro.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In May 1998, it was decided which states were eligible to participate in the euro area.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The decision had been preceded by an ERM II phase of at least two years, during which eligibility, i.e. compliance with economic conditions for each country, was measured.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

There were eleven qualified countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Austria, Luxembourg, Portugal, France, Germany and Finland.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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At the same time, the exchange rates of all participating countries were pegged to the euro at a fixed, irreversible rate, no longer called the exchange rate, but the conversion factor.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

It was decided to officially define these conversion coefficients by six significant digits.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

A table of them is below.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

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Greece won permission to join the eurozone only later, in 2001.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The euro was made a rather high-value currency: the value of one euro was higher than that of any participating country, except the Irish pound.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

When it came to the creation of a whole new currency, then in principle the value of the euro could have been determined whatever.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In practice, however, it was decided to take the existing value of the ECU of the basket currency already mentioned above, made up of the currencies of the countries, so that 1 euro became ECU 1.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

From the beginning of June 1998, the European Central Bank became operational, replacing the EMI, which preceded it.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

[42] The adoption of the euro The third phase of EMU, the period of the single currency, began with the introduction of the euro as an account currency on 1 January 1999 in the eleven countries mentioned above.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

However, each country continued to use its own currency as cash, which from this point on were considered national manifestations of the euro until cash euros would come into use.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Subsequently, the conversion ratio between national currencies and the euro, no longer referred to as the exchange rate, was fixed.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The date for the introduction of cash euros was decided on 1 January 2002.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

This left eurozone countries with a three-year transition period to prepare for the euro.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

A transitional period was necessary for at least the following reasons: a huge number of euro banknotes and coins were needed to replace the national currencies in circulation, and the production of euros in printing and mints required more years.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

In both public and private economic administrations, time was needed to change policies and computer systems to enable the use of the euro.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

This applied to both large financial entities (sovereigns, banks, large corporations) as well as the smallest kiosks, because, among other things, cash registers, ticket machines and parking meters had to be planned to change the euro condition.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

During a transitional period of three years, financial administrations were allowed to switch to using the euro as an accounting currency (“No barrier, no compulsion” principle).


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

The public wanted to be given time to get used to the new money to come.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Information material was produced on the euro, and most shops began to display their price tags in both national currency and euros.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

A few weeks before the actual introduction of cash euros, the public was allowed to buy so-called starter kits with a few euro coins for exploration.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Similarly, retail stores were allocated certain quantities of packages containing cash euros to enable them to start giving change to customers in euros as early as 1 January 2002.


Question: What was Spain's monetary unit before the move to the euro?

Euro

Euro coins and banknotes were introduced on 1 January 2002 as planned.