Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

When the Indo-European parent language is now most commonly located in Ukraine, the Uralic language must be assumed to be spoken north of this.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

This theory of the “Volgan bend” has already been advocated by Paavo Ravila and Erkki Itkonen, among others.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

It has also occasionally been suggested that the parent language was originally spoken in a large area from the Urals to the Baltics.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Mm.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

According to Kalevi Wiik's much-publicized model, Uralic languages would have been spoken during the Ice Age in approximately the areas of present-day Ukraine, and the language would have spread from there with the first modern humans to central and northern Europe.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Wiiki's timings and positioning differ greatly from those presented by the Fennougrists and, despite much publicity, have failed to achieve scientific endorsement.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

It has been stressed that the method used by Wiik is unreliable because it disregards the results of linguistics and because the method yields contradictory results.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[28] In the past, much debate has also been about whether the initial home of the Uralic languages should be assumed to have been relatively limited or rather extensive.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

An argument in favour of a wide area has been made that the Comb Ceramic Cultural Circle extending from the Urals to the Baltic Sea would have been Finno-Ugric in language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[29] Nowadays, however, most Fennougrists advocate a narrow primary home based primarily on the fact that all linguistic primordial homes known from history are rather small.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The linguistically reasoned views expressed in recent years have therefore suggested that the spread of cantaural is a later event than assumed and therefore could no longer be associated with combed ceramic culture.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[30] [31] Research Paradigms In the study of the past history of Uralic languages, variations in various research paradigms can be observed.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

For the past few decades Finnish uralistics has been dominated by moderate continuity theory, which is essentially an archaeological model.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Continuity theory is built on the assumption that continuity in archaeological material would correspond to linguistic continuity.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Therefore, since the continuity of settlement in Finland goes back to the Stone Age, the preform of the Finnish language would have been spoken in Finland for thousands of years.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The evidential power of archaeological continuity with respect to linguistic continuity has been doubted from the beginning, that is, as long as archaeologists have put forward arguments for continuity (for example, as early as Y. H. Toivonen in the 1950s [32]).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

However, at the interdisciplinary symposium on Finnish roots held in 1980, a large number of linguists finally tilted towards moderate continuity theory [33].


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

According to this view, the preform of the Finnish language would have spread to Finland along with typical comb ceramics (timing in calendar years around 3900 BCE [34]).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

At the time, this view was not considered to be inconsistent with the results of linguistics, so no obstacles were seen to its adoption.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

However, in recent years, stances against continuity theory have increasingly been expressed.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

On the one hand, it has been stressed more emphatically that archaeological continuity cannot reliably prove linguistic continuity and, on the other hand, it has been suggested that, based on the results of linguistics, the spread of Finnish preform to Finland appears to be a later occurrence than assumed.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

A growing number of Finnish linguists have recently questioned the credibility of continuity theory [35] [36] [37] [38] [39].


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

One major factor in demonstrating the weakness of the reasoning behind moderate continuity theory can be considered the so-called radical continuity theory, according to which already reached Finland immediately after the ice age (in calendar years around 8500 BCE.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

; [40]) the arriving population would have spoken a Uralic language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Since the mid-1990s, this view has been most vociferously espoused by Kalevi Wiik (see.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Kalevi Wiik's theory on the origin of Finns).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Radical continuity theory relies on exactly the same argument as the Maltic Continuity Theory, namely archaeological continuity: the continuity of settlement shown in the archaeological material can be extended to the early settlers of our country.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Linguists believe that a method that achieves such contradictory results cannot be reliable.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[41] At present, continuity theories are losing popularity.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In addition to the general unreliability of the method, the weakness of continuity theories include conflicts with the results of linguistics.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

For example, in Baltic Finnish and Sámi, there is a stratum of Iranian loanwords, whose latest borrowings are not dated back to 2000 BCE based on Aryan chronology.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

post [42] [43].


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Since the Iranian language area is never assumed to have extended to the northwest of the Upper Volga, this stratum would be very difficult to explain if the preform of Finnish was already spoken in Finland two millennia earlier.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Since these loanwords are for the most part phonically regular, they have been adopted to a level of language where the voiced separation of Finnish and Kansaami had not yet begun.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Even in the event that these loanwords had passed from the Upper Volga as far as Finland, they could be rather only some hundreds of years later than the spread of the Finnish predecessor to Finland [39].


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Thus, the assumption according to the moderate continuity theory is that the development of the clandestine Finnish would have begun in southwestern Finland already under the influence of the tightrope culture, or hammeraxe culture, shortly after 3200 BCE.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

After, is considered implausible by many linguists.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

History of Uralic Languages Most of the Uralic languages are today spoken in the coniferous forest zone of Eurasia.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In those Uralic languages that have spread across the tundra zone, there is a significant number of fairly young loanwords from defunct language forms, suggesting that the Uralic language form has spread to these areas quite late.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Such languages include, above all, the Obinugrian languages, Samoyedi languages and the Sami languages Most of the Uralic languages have been in long-standing loan contact with various branches of the Indo-European language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In particular, the vocabulary of languages belonging to the western branches of the language is characterised by many Indo-European loanword strata (e.g.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Aryan, Iranian, Baltic, Germanic and Slavic strata).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Another language that has greatly influenced the Uralic languages of Central Russia in particular is the Turkic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Uralic languages of Siberia, meanwhile, have been in contact with Tungous languages and Paleosiberian languages, among others.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Apparently the area spoken by Finno-Ugric languages has been fairly uniform until about 1000 years ago.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

It began to disintegrate before the rest with the strong expansion of Turkic languages around 500 shares.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Among the peoples speaking Uralic languages, the Hungarians adopted a lifestyle characteristic of the Turkic tribes and moved from the Taiga Zone to the steppe zone.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The spread of East Slavic on the territory of present-day Russia and the formation of the Russian language around 800 BCE.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

from further fragmented the Finno-Ugric language area and led to the Slavonicisation of its extensive parts.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Many Finno-Ugric languages died out as their speakers assimilated into Russian.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Some early dead Uralic languages are known by name from historical sources.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

These include Merja language, Muroman and Mestserä languages, and the Chudian languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Researchers' views on when the Uralic language form spread across the territory of present-day Finland differ considerably.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Referring to early contacts between Baltic Finnic languages and Germanic languages, among others Jorma Koivulehto advocated early timings (ca.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

2000—1500 BCE).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Referring to the minor inter-differences between the Baltic Finnic languages and the supposed late break-up date of Finnish, among others, Juha Janhunen has advocated considerably later timings (ca.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

0—500 share.).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In most of Finland, linguistic Uralicization has occurred in at least two phases, where the earliest was represented by the Sami languages, the later by the Baltic Finnic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Writing Systems The longest written history is in the Hungarian language, whose oldest language monuments are from the 9th century Share.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Fragments written in the Baltic Finnish language appear slightly in later Novgorod Tuoho letters.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The 14th century also saw the creation of the Ancient Perm literary language, the use of which ceased in the 17th century.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Most of the Uralic languages spoken in Russia did not begin to be used in writing until the fold of the 19th and 20th centuries.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

All Baltic Finnish languages and most Sami languages have an orthography based on the Latin literal.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Finno-Ugric languages spoken in Russia, excluding Baltic Finnish languages, have an orthography based on the Cyrillic literal.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Some of the smallest languages, such as Vatja, Silicon Sami and Turjansami, have not been developed at all; some languages, such as cattle and komi, have more than one language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

A Finno-Ugric precision script (SUT) has been developed for the scientific description of Uralic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The same exact writing has also been used to describe Turkic languages and other Altaic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Linguistic kinship and genetic kinship Uralic kinship is based on inter-language equivalence relationships, which is studied by historical-comparative linguistics.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The grammar (for example, inflectional endings) and basic vocabulary of Uralic languages contain a large number of common ingredients inherited from the common parent language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

So it is not a genetic kinship of speakers of these languages, as the dynamics of language and gene spread are different.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Genetic close relatives of Finnish speakers include speakers of Germanic and Baltic languages in addition to Estonians.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Similarly, in the lineage of speakers of Mokša, Mari and Udmurt, for example, there is a great deal of association with speakers of Turkic languages, which is nevertheless a genetic change following the time of comb ceramics.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The genetic lineage of the Sami people is very different from other European peoples.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

It has been hypothesized that this would be linked to the colonisation of the northern parts of Fennoscandia originally from the west in the Stone Age along the edge of continental ice, while other peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages have spread to their current speaking areas from the east.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Typology Uralic languages share many characteristic features common to a large part of the language (a single trait is often not common to the linguistic community as a whole).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

agglutination large number of placeforms Uralic position system vowelization grammatical genus absence of prohibitionverb slender tonality absence common vocabulary possessive attachments absence of possessive pronouns dual i.e. dual plural i.e. plural possessive structure Agglutination Agglutination, i.e., the use of various wires, emblems, and endings occurs strongly in many Uralic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Identifiers and endings include, but are not limited to, emblems of verb major classes, custom classes and tenses, persona and place endings, possessive affixes, and attachment particles.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The large number of substitute forms in Uralic languages averages 13—14 place forms.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

However, the number of position forms varies widely across languages (as well as in different grammar traditions; the boundary between position form and adverb conductor is ambiguous, and in Hungarian, for example, traditionally read suffixes as substitute endings, which in Finnish have been considered conductors).


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

There are 15 productive places in Finland, but up to 24 in Hungarian, while some languages get along with up to three position forms.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The number of different forms in a few languages is as follows: lot: 12 Inari Saami: 9 Komi: 18 Mokša: 13 Nenetti: 7 Northern Sami: 6 — 7 Finnish: 14 (or more) Udmurt: 16 Hungarian: 24 (or more) Vepsä: 24 Estonian: 14 Uralic position system Uralic the position system is the basis for all Uralic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In many languages, the number of substitute forms has increased abundantly, while in others it has remained moderate or even decreased.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Uralic location system comprises three generalizations and three localities.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The generalizers are nominative, accusative and genetic, and locative, and locative, separative and lative.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Vowelization Vowelization, or vowel harmony, is considered by most scholars to have already existed in the Uralic parent language.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

In the current Uralic languages, the vowel variation is known by many Baltic Finnish languages such as Finnish (in Estonia it is absent from the common language but is especially found in southern dialects), Hungarian and dialect-wise Mari, and some other Uralic languages can be indicated at least by dialect traces of vowel chord.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Lack of grammatical genus Nouns in Uralic languages have no grammatical lineage as in many Indo-European languages, where nouns are usually divided into masculines, neuters, and feminines.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The prohibition verb Kieltoverb occurs in most Uralic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

A prohibition verb is an inflectional verb that is used to form forms of prohibition of verbs.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Kieltoverb occurs in Finnish, Karelian, Northern Sami, Inari Sami, niittymari, komi, nenets, enets, nganasan and kamassi, among others.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

There is a mere prohibition word in Hungary.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Liquidity In Uralic stem language, some consonants are assumed to have had their dissolved counterparts, for example n' dissolved alongside n.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Of the current Uralic languages, some (for example Hungarian) have expanded the scope of Liudennus, while some (such as the Baltic Finnish languages) lost the original liudennus altogether.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Some Baltic Finnic languages have since developed a new crease over the original i or j, such as Estonian or Eastern dialects of Finnish.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Lack of tonality Uralic languages are not tonal like, for example, the Yeniseic languages whose spoken area is east of the Ural Mountains.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Common vocabulary A common vocabulary plays an essential role in the study of linguistic kinship.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The Uralic parent language has been a full-fledged language whose vocabulary has not been substantially more scarce than that of existing languages, but only a small fraction of this vocabulary has apparently survived in the daughter languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

This Uralic vocabulary contains about 200 words, according to the most critical contemporary scholars.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

(It should be taken into account, however, that the vocabulary of all Uralic languages has not been studied as thoroughly as, say, Finnish or Hungarian.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Furthermore, some old words may have survived only, for example, in the languages of one daughter branch, in which case they cannot be proven to be ancient.)


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The word is considered to be of Uralic origin if it occurs in both Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic languages and is not a loanword in either language group.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

The common vocabulary includes designations such as body parts, kinship relationships, animals and nature-related things, as well as pronouns, small number words, and common verbs.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

As these words are central to the basic vocabulary, the cords formed from them are also abundant in the current Uralic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Language samples The accompanying language samples show the first section of the UN International Declaration of Human Rights in nine Uralic languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

[44] [45] Finland All people are born free and equal in value and rights.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

They have been given reason and conscience and must act towards each other in a spirit of brotherhood.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Karelia Kai raittahes vällinny da taza-arvozinnu omas arvos da oigevuksis.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Jogahizele heis is given mind da conscience da heil avoids not be mutually, kui vellil.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Vepsä Kaik mehed sünduba joudajin i kehižin, ühtejiččin ičeze arvokahudes i oiktusiš.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Heile om anttud mel' i huiktusentund i heile tariž kožuda toine toiženke kut vel'l'kundad.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Estonia Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena and võrdsetena own false kuselt and õigustelt.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Neile is antud mõistus and südame detection and nende relationshim üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Vest Amād rovzt attõ sindõnd brīd and Īdlizt eņtš vrtitõks and õigiztõks.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Näntõn um andtõd mūoštõks and sidāmtundimi, and näntõn um īdtuoisõ tuoimõmõst veļkub viessõ.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Northern Sami Buot olbmot leat riegádan friddjan and olmmošárvu and olmmošvuoigatvuođaid dáfus.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Sii leat jierbmalaš olbmot geain lea oamedovdu and sii gálggaše leat dego vieljačagat.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Komi Bydös otirys čužöny vol'nöjеzön da ötkoddеzön dostoinstvoyn da pravoèzyn.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Skin sеtöm myvkyd da sovеst' ovny ötamödnysköt kydz vonnèzlö.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Nenetsi Et xibjari nenėc' sojamarianta xurkari pravada tnjava, ṇoboj nenėcja nidu nic' tokalba, ṇybtamba ilevatu tara.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Hungary Minden emberi lény szabadon születik és egyenlő méltósága és joga van.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Az emberek, ésszel és lelkiismerettel bírván, egymással szemben testvéri szellemben kell hogy viseltessenek.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Sources On the subject elsewhere Daniel Abondolo (ed.)


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

1998: The Uralic Languages.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

London: Routledge.


Question: Which peoples and language groups are read as Germanic?

Uralic languages

Gyula Weöres (1935) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is Pakistan's monetary unit?

Pakistani rupee

The Pakistani rupee (abbreviation PKR) is the official currency unit of Pakistan.


Question: What is Pakistan's monetary unit?

Pakistani rupee

It is divided into 100 paisa.


Question: What is Pakistan's monetary unit?

Pakistani rupee

Pakistan began using its own currency in 1948.


Question: What is Pakistan's monetary unit?

Pakistani rupee

In the early days of independence, the currency of India with “Pakistan” stamped was used.


Question: What is Pakistan's monetary unit?

Pakistani rupee

1 euro (EUR) is approximately 129 rupees (PKR) and 1 rupee is around EUR 0.008 (as at 4 June 2013 [1]).


Question: What is Pakistan's monetary unit?

Pakistani rupee

Banknotes [2] 5 rupees 10 rupees 20 rupees 50 rupees 100 rupees 500 rupees 1000 rupees 5000 rupees Sources Category:Asian Monetary Units Category:Pakistan


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusades were pope-sanctioned, religiously motivated war expeditions especially in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Initially the intention was to retake Jerusalem under Christian control, which is why the first crusades were directed against the Muslim.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Later crusades were also made against pagan countries and peoples in Europe, or considered heretics, including to the southern coast of the Baltic Sea.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Admittedly, war expeditions in the Baltic Sea did not nearly always have the pope's declaration of crusades in support, and contemporaries did not necessarily regard them as crusades anyway: in this case, the Crusade designation has only arisen in the context of later historiography.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Also notable were the crusades against groups deemed heretics by the Catholic Church in southern France and in Bohemia.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Background of the Crusades The intensification of Islam Islam spread rapidly after the emergence of the religion in the 6th century.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

After the armed takeover of Mecca in 630, Islam began to be partially spread militarily to the rest of the Arabian Peninsula.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

At the time of the death of the Prophet Muhammad, Islam's sphere of influence already encompassed vast areas of the surroundings of Mecca and Medina, as well as the region of Oman.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[1] After Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr, who belonged to him, organised himself as “warlord of the believers” and later caliph.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[2] During his two-year reign, Abu Bakr had already had time to form an Islamic army and conquer the rest of the Arabian Peninsula.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Abu Bakr's successor, Umar ibn al-Khattab, or Omar, continued expeditions of conquest into neighbouring states surrounding Arabia, which were internally in a weak state at the time.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[2] During his lifetime, Omar had time to conquer from Byzantium several territories considered sacred by Christians, including all of Syriac Palestine.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Just over a century after Muhammad's death, the dominance of Islam stretched all the way from Spain to the territories of present-day Iran.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

With the new rise of the papacy and Europe after the collapse of Western Rome, western Europe had been in a state of weakness.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Before the 10th century, Western Europe had to withstand attacks from outside, because it was harassed from different directions by Vikings from Scandinavia, Madjaars from Hungary and Muslims who held power in North Africa and Spain.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[3] The situation eased for Western Europe around the time of the end of the first millennium, when several nations that threatened Western Europe, except Muslims, were converted to Christians.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

At the same time, population growth in Western Europe was strong, and the economy also improved.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[3] Western Europe also became a serious political factor in Europe and the Middle East, where it could equally challenge Byzantium as well as those of Islam.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[3] As Western Europe strengthened, Islamic territories began to experience internal fragmentation, evidenced by the disintegration of the caliphate, which was located in Spanish territory, into several smaller parts.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

In this case, Western Europe regained its foothold from Spain, and the papacy also showed its strengthening when Pope Alexander II announced absolution for all knights going to Spain.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The image of the popes of their duties and power also intensified, and Leo I's early ideas of papal supremacy intensified.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Saint Gregory VII, for example, believed that the Papal See had complete authority over the Church as well as in the world.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[4] Likewise, within the Church, it began to be thought that spiritual supremacy could only be properly prevailed in a situation where secular power would be subject to spiritual authority, and therefore the Church, in all matters concerning morality or faith.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[5] Pope Gregory VII even considered that the Pope had the right to dismiss emperors at will.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[5] These great demands for power also aroused a number of opposition, resulting in the Papal See engaged in a quarrel of investment for several decades with secular rulers, the compromise of which eventually recognised the Pope's changed position in Europe as well as the secular rulers power.


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The Crusades

[6] Pilgrimages as well as Jerusalem of the Three Religions Although Jerusalem had been conquered by Muslims as early as the 6th century, Christian organized pilgrimages to the city continued.


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[7] The holy places in Jerusalem for Christians were, among other things, the sites of the death of Jesus and the grave site.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Anyway, the area of the Middle East known as the “Holy Land” on the territory of present-day Israel was sacred to Christians because Jesus was considered to have influenced in those very areas during his life.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[7] After the Muslim takeover of the city of Jerusalem, Christian pilgrims were still allowed to continue their travels, and the churches and various relic sites considered holy places were not shunned.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[7] It was not until 1009 that the Caliph of Egypt ordered the building known as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to be demolished, although this church was later rebuilt by his successors under the cover of grants from Byzantium.


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[8] However, Jerusalem faced conflicts between different religions.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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For Muslims, the city was the third holiest of all cities, [9] because the Prophet Muhammad was considered from that city to have ascended to Heaven and to have met Abraham, Moses and Jesus there, all of whom are considered prophets in Islam.


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The Crusades

For Christians, Jerusalem was important, because according to the Bible Jesus was crucified, died, buried, and rose from the dead in Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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The city and its surrounding surroundings were also considered sacred by Jews, as it was believed to house the tombs of several persons mentioned in the Old Testament.


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Pope preaching in favour of crusade In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested assistance from Pope Urbanus II against the Seldzuks.


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Urbanus was inspired by this and began preaching a crusade for the liberation of Jerusalem.


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The crusade can be considered to have begun in 1095 as a result of a sermon delivered by Pope Urbanus II at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Clermont.


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The Crusades

[10] Urbanus II did not present the crusade as his own idea at the meeting, but declared it to be God's will and commandment.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[11] Furthermore, the pope “forgave him the sins of all those who perished in the Crusades by God,” as Urbanus II put it in his speech to the Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[11] At the Ecclesiastical Conference of Clermont, Urbanus II also promised every Christian who died in battle eternal bliss.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[12] In his speech, Urbanus II appealed several times to the people for them to arm themselves and go to war on the Holy Land.


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According to Urbanus, the temple of the Lord had been made the seat of the devil and the most sacred has been desecrated.


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The pope's speech immediately prompted an enthusiastic reception in the people, and people are reported to have shouted “Deus lo volt!” in the chorus


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(Finnish. God wills it!


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or It is God's Will).


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[12] The Pope not only gave a single speech in favour of the Crusades, but he also authorized several preachers to tour around Europe and inspire princes and knights to war.


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The papal ambitions were very successful, as a few princes became so convinced of the project that they sold their possessions to finance the crusade.


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[12] It was thanks to these princes that the First Crusade really came to fruition.


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[12] For example, the Duke of Lower Lothringen pawned his castle and sold two farms he owned, with the proceeds of which he equipped 1000 horsemen and 7000 infantrymen.


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[12] A Duke of Normandy, in turn, pawned his entire duchy to the King of England in order to equip enough troops for the crusade.


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[13] The immense influence of Urbanus II's speech is tricky to explain.


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[14] Historians have offered reasons, among other things, that the Crusade was supported by early theologians” idea of a “holy war” against the Gentiles.


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[14] Furthermore, several knights have reason to go on a crusade because of their social and economic problems.


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[14] Urbanus II's promises of eternal bliss and forgiveness of sins were also major reasons to embark on the crusade.


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[14] One of the most important crusades of the Middle Ages to the Middle East 1099 — First Crusade, Jerusalem is overrun In the crusade of 1101 an unsuccessful series of crusades from which few survived as far as the Holy Land.


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1147—1149 — Second Crusade 1189—1191 — Third Crusade, Saladin takes over Jerusalem 1202—1204 — Fourth Crusade, Constantinople overrun 1219 — Fifth Crusade, Egypt 1228 — Sixth Crusade 1248—1254 — Seventh Crusade 1270 — Eighth Crusade, Tunisia 1271 — Ninth Crusade First Crusade After Pope Urbanus II's speech, armies began to be assembled for the crusade.


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Exact figures of the Crusaders are not known, but at least one hundred thousand people are believed to have prepared to go to war.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[15] However, troops were reduced before the actual crusade began, as both loss and desertion occurred.


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[15] In 1097, approximately 60,000 crusaders gathered in Nikaia ready to go to war, and seven thousand of them were knights.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[15] The soldiers of the First Crusade were members of several different armies, all of which were ready to attack Jerusalem.


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Right at the beginning, a disagreement arose over who, in fact, was the leader of the crusade.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Pope Urbanus II had placed his own envoy in charge of Adhemar.


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Byzantine Emperor Alexios was also very alarmed when a large crusading army arrived outside Constantinople.


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He demanded that all leaders swear their allegiance to the emperor and return all lands conquered by the Seljuk from Byzantium.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[16] Preaching the crusade had also increased anti-Semitism, since Jews were seen as infidels in the same way as Muslims.


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On their way to the Middle East, the crusading forces forced the Jews who had hit their target to take baptism under threat of death, and in the first six months nearly 10,000 Jews were killed.


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[17] The Crusaders gained their first major victory after the Siege of Nikaia, when the Turks who had held the city surrendered.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Although officially the surrender was precisely about surrender to Byzantium, although the Byzantines had only been involved in the siege by a few thousand.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[18] Nikaia's victory was followed by a setback as the troops marched towards the city of Dorylaeum.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

In this case, the crusader army was divided, apparently as a result of the damage, into two forces, one of which was ambushed by ten thousand Turkish cavalrymen.


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[18] The main force of the Crusader army was forced to retreat the Turks, but later the Turks were brought in in hand-to-hand combat, in which the main Crusader force was also involved.


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At the Battle of Dorylaeum, the Turkish forces were defeated.


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[18] Several smaller victories in the Middle East were followed by the besieging of Antioch.


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The Crusades

By the time the Crusaders entered the city, the English fleet had already taken control of the city's ports, but a direct attack on the city was not dared to be made due to its massive protective walls and size.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[19] The siege led to a shortage of food among the Crusaders, and an expedition was sent to pick up more provisions.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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However, the expedition found itself en route to battle, which, despite its inconclusiveness, forced it to burn back without any unwanted food supplies.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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In order to obtain provisions, a large contingent of the Crusader Army was sent to request assistance from Constantinople, at which point the Turkish warlord Ridwan decided to attempt to attack the weakened crusader army.


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[19] However, the crusaders learned of this plan, so they arranged an ambush for the Turks and struck their forces.


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Subsequently, the army again received additional provisions.


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[19] During the siege, the Crusaders managed to shut down all access roads leading to Antioch.


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[19] Subsequently, a commander defending the city suggested to a crusader commander that he could betray his city and let the troops inside.


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[19] The Crusaders soon penetrated the city and carried out a massacre, although failing to defeat the entire resistance on the walls.


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[19] At the same time, the army of Kerbogah, the leader of Mosul, from whom the Antioch leadership had requested military assistance before taking the city, began to approach the city.


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[19] Kerbogah's forces were not properly restrained as they straddled Antioch, making the situation seem desperate and lost for the crusaders.


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[20] Despair, however, led to religious rapture in the Crusaders, resulting in these going on the offensive themselves, beating the forces of the surprised Kerbogah, who had been laid apart.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[20] From Antioch, the crusaders were supposed to invade Jerusalem, but the troops exhausted by the recapture of Antioch decided to postpone the date of the invasion.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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In anticipation of an invasion, the Crusader leaders quarreled with each other over control of Antioch, as the Bohemund of Taranto claimed Antioch for himself, while Raimund considered the city to belong to the Byzantine Emperor, in accordance with the treaties concluded.


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The dispute eventually led to the breakdown of the unity of the Crusader Army.


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When the march towards Jerusalem began, the leaders of several cities paid the crusaders not to destroy the cities along their journey.


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[21] With the arrival of the Crusaders in Tripoli, they ran into trouble.


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The region was ruled by the Egyptian Fatimids, with whom the Crusaders had an alliance.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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As a result, the Crusaders had to send a delegation to Egypt to request the voluntary surrender of Jerusalem to the Crusaders.


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When the answer was no, the crusader forces began their offensive against Palestinian cities, where the Fatimids had no military forces at all then.


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Jerusalem was recaptured on 15 July 1099 after a siege lasting more than a month.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Godefroy de Bouillon assumed the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri in lieu of the city's rulership and king. “Protector of the Holy Sepulchre" [22]).


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The massacre at the time of the takeover was probably magnified by Muslims in later times, but some massacres were carried out even after the capture of the city and in connection with it.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[22] Crusader kingdoms in the Holy Land Following the success of the First Crusade, the Crusaders had gained solid positions in the Middle East, which enabled a large number of those who participated in the Crusades to return home.


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After Godefrey de Bouillon's death in 1100, his brother Balduin I was crowned King of Jerusalem and the Crusader Kingdom was born.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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With the help of the Italian Navy, several more important port cities of Syria-Palestine were captured, which were important to the Crusader Kingdom, due to the lack of direct land contact with Europe, due to disputes with which Antioch had held power With the Bohemund of Taranto and the Byzantine Emperor.


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With the help of the Italians, the leaders of the Crusader Kingdom managed to secure the safety of their coastline, but this did not eliminate the threat of an invasion from Egypt.


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[23] Damascus also caused concern to the rulers of Jerusalem, who proposed a new crusade against the city.


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[23] Since the crusade did not materialize, King Balduin II married his daughter to Count Fulk of Anjou, who thus became heir to the throne.


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The Rich Count managed to resupply the troops invading Damascus, who, however, failed at any point to retake the city.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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In other ways, the Crusader states were weak in terms of military strength, although they could nevertheless pose a threat to nearby Muslim-dominated cities.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[23] Antioch, for example, at one point already managed to threaten the city of Aleppo.


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Later, Antioch's chances of threatening Syria fell to the intensification of Aleppo and internal disputes over power succession in Antioch.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[23] The emergence of spiritual knights See also: The Order of the Templar and the Order of Johannies The establishment of two influential spiritual orders, the Knights Templar and the Johannies, solved the problem that existed in the Christian kingdoms of the Middle East on the defense of cities.


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[24] In their first years, the Christian kingdoms were unprotected against outside attacks and could not guarantee the safety of pilgrims travelling on the Holy Land.


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[24] In order to solve this problem, Hugo Paynsian founded the Christian Order around 1120, whose duties would include the protection of pilgrims travelling around Jerusalem.


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The Order was headquartered by order of Balduin II, King of Jerusalem, the ruins of the al-Aqsa Mosque known as the Temple of Solomon [24].


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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This Order later came to be known as the Order of the Templar.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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After the Pope confirmed the Code of Order in 1129, the Order began to greatly grow and received donations from Christian fiefdoms.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Another notable order of the Order was the Johnite Organization, which originated in 1099 with the establishment of St. John's Hospital, which was built in Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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The hospital soon gained popularity and was also blessed by the Pope, both of which guaranteed generous financial donations to the monks running the hospital.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Later, the Johannites began to organise militarily, and the organization, at the request of the king of Jerusalem, took responsibility for protecting some fortifications.


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Together with the Knights Templar, the Johannites formed in later times the conscription of Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Crusade of 1101 underpinning the crusade of 1101 was the fact that, while rejoicing in the success of the First Crusade, there were at the same time concerns about securing the impact of the crusade.


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For example, Pope Urbanus II's successor Paschalis II represented this opinion.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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The idea of preserving conquests led to the overlords committed to the First Crusade in time, but later refused, and began to be pressured to embark on a new crusade.


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At the same time, it was felt that some Crusaders had returned too quickly from the war, at which point they too were required to return to the Middle East.


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The pressure led to a group of poorly organised troops leaving to wage war in the Middle East.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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The consequences of sending poorly organized troops included a number of near-total losses experienced by the Crusaders while fighting on the Holy Land.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The crusade of 1101 also involved well-organised troops, such as the army led by Count Guillaume de Nevers, which was nevertheless crushed in an ambush.


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In fighting against the crusaders of 1101, the Turks used new styles of fighting, which they came to exploit even during the later crusades.


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Second Crusade In 1144, Zeng leading a Muslim army managed to persuade Edessa to surrender.


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Crusades

The Crusader kingdoms in the Middle East were in a state of weakness, and the Europeans did not have proper military leadership in Edessa, and troops from Jerusalem were unable to come to their aid before the surrender of the city.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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After the loss of Edessa, Pope Eugenius III initiated arrangements for a new crusade.


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Among other things, he sent a bulla urging the crusade to Louis VII, King of France.


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Crusades

[25] The king himself supported the idea, but in order to bring his reluctant superiors to the same position, he sought help from the monk Bernhard Clairvauxlais, who began to preach for the New Crusade and received a number of supporters.


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[25] The idea of organizing a new crusade began to spread beyond France, and Bernhard managed to persuade the German Emperor to join the war as well.


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[25] In Germany, the idea also aroused opposition, because some of the supremacists preferred a holy war against the Slavic pagan tribes.


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[25] This is why Pope Eugenius III also blessed this war as a crusade.


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The crusade began in strained moods, as upon the arrival of the German emperor in the Byzantine border regions, this Emperor Manuel I Komnenos waged war against Roger II, King of Sicily.


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At the same time, the Byzantine emperor had concluded peace with the most powerful Muslim power in Asia Minor.


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[26] Furthermore, the Emperor's attitude towards the Crusade was cool, for he did not consider the Crusades to benefit Byzantium.


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[26] Moreover, in France, public opinion was against him, which is why he feared the defection of the German army to Roger II's side.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[26] The situation was further exacerbated by the fact that the German and French crusader armies were unruly in places and wreaked havoc as they passed through Byzantium, and Pope Eugenius III had not even attempted to persuade the Byzantine emperor to take on the two crusader troops.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[27] In Byzantium, the Germans were instructed to cross into Asia Minor quickly.


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They did not stay and wait for the French, but marched towards Edessa.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Konrad divided the army into two divisions, the first being destroyed by the Seljuks on 25 October 1147 at the Battle of Dorylaeum.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Another was destroyed in similar fashion early in 1148.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Manuel's relations with France were somewhat better, but he refused to assist with his own troops and vowed to return the conquered territories to Byzantium.


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The French met the remnants of Konrad's forces at Nicaea, but Louis experienced a similar defeat to what the Germans had experienced.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The remnants of the armies eventually reached Syria by sea.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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In Jerusalem, Konrad convinced King Balduin III to attack Damascus, even though the kingdoms had a truce.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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The other crusaders wanted to attack weaker Aleppo, which would have been the gateway to Edessa and curbed the growth of Nur al-Din's power.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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The siege of Damascus began in July 1148, but the crusaders were in the waterless desert and retreated after less than a week.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Konrad and Louis returned home.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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As a result of the crusade, Damascus no longer trusted the Crusaders and the city was ceded to Nur al-Din in 1154.


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Baldwin III conquered Askelon in 1153 and brought his misfortune into the Egyptian sphere of war.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Bernhard Clairvauxian also experienced humiliation [27] and tried to disassociate himself from the crusade.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Fighting in Egypt Before the start of the Third Crusade, there was an internal struggle for power in Egypt.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Already without the Crusades and the crusader kingdoms they brought with them, the internal political situation in Egypt was confusing, because although power was in principle held by the caliphs, commandment was practically vested in the prime ministers, or vizier.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[28] Because of its domestic political problems, Egypt bought peace with its taxes from King Balduin III, who led the Kingdom of Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[28] With the change of vizier in Egypt as a result of the coup d'état, the payment of taxes to Jerusalem was also stopped.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[28] As a result, the then King Amalrik I started a war against Egypt.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[28] However, the war failed because the king's army was unable to advance due to the flooding of the Nile.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[28] At the same time, the deposed vizier Shawar requested support from the influential warlord Nur al-Din, who sent his army to assist the vizier.


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[28] In addition to the warlord Shirkuh, Salah ad Din, or Saladin, served as commanders of this army.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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This army managed to take Cairo, allowing Shawar to regain his power.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[28] In order to gain himself independence from Nur al-Din, Shawar requested military assistance from Amalrik I, who had opposed Shawar's predecessor.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

As a result of the fighting that ensued, the crusaders voluntarily withdrew from Egypt, at which point Amalrik I began to pay even greater taxes in return.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Similarly, Amalrik I was free to establish a cross knighthood garrison in the city of Cairo.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[28] Gilbert d'Assailly, who led the Order of Johanites, succeeded in 1168 in persuading Amalrik I to break his truce with Egypt.


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After facing the military threat again, the vizier Shawar again requested assistance from Nur al-Din, and received it.


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[28] The crusaders suffered such heavy losses against Egypt that King Amalrik I decided to retreat.


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The Crusades

[28] In the year that followed this victory, Shirkuh, who served as commander in the army of Nur al-Din, killed the vizier Shawar and took this place.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[28] However, Shirkuh did not live much longer, but perished a few weeks after the coup.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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Then the power of the vizier was taken over by Saladin.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[28] Saladin prepared to repel the threat brought by both Byzantium and Crusaders, and he managed to emerge victorious from the siege of Damietta, at the end of which mutual suspicion broke the Byzantine-Crusader alliance.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Saladin's position was not secure, however, as soon Byzantium renewed its alliance with Amalrik, and Nur al-Din was not satisfied with the current situation either.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[29] However, Saladin got out of this cripple as Nur al-Din died in 1174, and in the same year Amalrik died of dysentery.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[29] With the intensification of Saladin and the defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the death of Nur al-Din, Saladin began to act to inherit his position.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[30] Saladin did appear in Egypt as a defender of Islam and an opponent of European crusaders, although he simultaneously warred against Nur al-Din's relatives and other Muslims.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[30] Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, who was part of Saladin's entourage, wrote in his book Saladin's Life of Saladin and the significance of the jihad in Islam, the Holy War, to his life: [31] When the family of Nur al-Din wished to raise this son as-Salih Ismail to succeed his father, decided Saladin recognizes this right to his father's position, namely the unofficial rulership of Aleppo and Damascus.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[30] At the same time, however, Saladin said that he was regent of the minor Ismail, which is why the caliph nominally ruling the region appointed Saladin as ruler of the Nur al-Din regions.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

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[29] However, Aleppo was still under the control of the House of Nur al-Din, so Saladin had to wage several battles to consolidate his power.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[18] As Saladin gained strength, Balduin IV emerged as head of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1177, Saladin began his attack on the Kingdom, whereupon King Balduin IV set out to march with his troops against him.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Deterred by the troop strength of Saladin's army, however, the king decided to retreat, at which point Saladin allowed his army to disperse to carry out looting.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Seizing the situation, King Balduin IV launched his attack on Saladin and managed to defeat the latter's forces.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Saladin continued his attacks, and already in the following year he managed to achieve victory and massacred the entire garrison.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1187, Saladin achieved his greatest victory up to that point over crusader forces.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

With his army of about thirty thousand men, he succeeded in blockading the forces of Guy de Lusigna, who had seized power in Jerusalem, leaving them short of food and drink.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Saladin, however, did not go to the attack, but waited until the next day.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

As the hottest time of the day dawned, the infantry of the Crusader Corps apparently escaped, leaving the cavalry alone at Saladin's mercy.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The victory left the Crusader states unsafe and opened the way for Saladin to overthrow the Kingdom of Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

By January 1189, the Kingdom of Jerusalem had been defeated, the County of Tripoli defeated, and Antioch was at its weakest.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

For the Crusaders, the most powerful place in the Middle East was Tyros, where reinforcements were sent en masse.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Third Crusade After Pope Gregory VIII invoked several European princes, these began the Third Crusade at the end of the 1180s.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The armies of three kings headed to the Holy Land: the forces of the Holy German-Roman Empire under Frederick I Barbarossa, the French army led by Philip II Augusti, and English troops under the orders of their king Richard I the Lion Mind.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[32] However, Emperor Fredrik Barbarossa drowned after achieving victory over the Seljuks.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Despite this, his forces continued to travel as far as the town of Akko, where Richard I and Philip II had already reached.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

After recapturing Akko from Saladin, Richard decided to take Jaffa, which was needed for an attack on Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

On the march Saladin attacked, but Richard defeated this force clearly.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

In January 1192, Richard was ready for an attack on Jerusalem, but Saladin strengthened his army and fortified the city.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

He twice reached visual distance of the city, but was beaten back by Saladin's forces.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Next, Saladin attempted to recapture Jaffa, but was defeated by Richard's smaller army on 31 July.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

On 2 September 1192, Richard and Saladin agreed on a three-year truce in which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim rule, but unarmed pilgrims would be allowed to visit the city.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[32] Richard returned to England at the end of September, however, Leopold V had him prisoner en route and demanded a high ransom of 150,000 marks and submission to become a vassal of the emperor.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Fourth Crusade Due to the failed Third Crusade, Pope Innocentius III urged European princes to go on a crusade to Egypt.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

When the Crusader forces arrived in Venice, it became clear that since the Crusaders did not have the money to acquire ships, the Venetians, as well as the Byzantine crown aspirant, had to be helped in order to obtain their ships.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[32] Because of this, the crusaders helped the prince who sought the post of Byzantine ruler to ascend the throne.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[32] However, the Constantinopolians began to revolt, leading to the inability to pay the wages promised to the crusaders.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

After the information became clear, the Crusaders reoccupied Constantinople, but this time the soldiers were allowed to start raiding the city.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

[33] Furthermore, the Byzantine Empire was dissolved, and the Latin Empire was established.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

At the same time, almost all Greek islands were ceded to Venice.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Fourth Crusade was not pursued any more than that; treasures looted from Constantinople began to be transported to Europe.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Fifth Crusade The Fifth Crusade left Hungary, Austria and Bavaria, blessed by the Fourth Ecclesiastical Assembly (1215).


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Pope Innocentius III equipped the expedition for the voyage to attack the emerging powerful Muslim state Egypt.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

As the Second Crusade had been a disappointment, he wanted to avoid the kings getting involved in travel arrangements.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Frederick II would have been keen, but the pope rebuffed his involvement.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Crusaders managed to conquer the city of Damietta in Egypt in 1219.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

In their frenzy of victory, they tried to attack Cairo as well, but the Nile flooded in front of them, blockading the crusaders, who became badly beaten.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Sixth Crusade The Sixth Crusade of 1228 was the first not organized by direct papal decree.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Its leader, Emperor Frederick II, left Brindisi towards Syria.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

By diplomatic means, he achieved great success, conquering Jerusalem, Nazareth and Bethlehem, but only for ten years.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Frederick II had wanted to participate as early as the Fifth Crusade, but the pope did not accept him for fear of questioning his authority.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1225, Fredrik married Isabella of Jerusalem, who was the daughter of the nominal ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Subsequently, Fredrik had a legitimate reason to be interested in restoring the Kingdom to power.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Fredrik left Brindisi for Syria in 1227.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Because of the epidemic, Fredrik's fleet had to return to Italy.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Breaking the Crusader Oath gave the Pope reason to declare Fredrik to be put.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Despite this, Fredrik set out again towards Syria, and arrived at Akko in September 1228.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Akko, which was the nominal capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, had differing opinions about Fredrik.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

He was supported by his own army and a large portion of the superiority, but he was not supported by the Patriarch, the Knights Templar and many ordinary citizens.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

This was linked to a pan-European split between the adherents of the Pope and the Holy German-Roman Empire.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

However, Fredrik made the city unify.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Fredrik then moved all the troops he had received from Akko to Jaffa, expressing so clearly that his intention was to attack unfortified Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt quickly offered a treaty, which Fredrik could not refuse.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

By the 1229 Treaty of Jaffa, Frederick received Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth and a few other localities, as well as the pilgrims' road to Jaffa.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Jerusalem was not fortified because Muslims gained the right to control the Temple Mount and its mosques.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

A ten-year truce was also agreed.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

This allowed Fredrik to ride to Jerusalem as king (in effect, regent, as his minor son had inherited the crown of Jerusalem from his maternal father.)


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Pope did not accept the treaty because, according to him, Muslims had to be fought and not to do business with them.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Seventh Crusade The Seventh Crusade of 1248—1254 was a crusade into Egypt organized by Louis IX, King of France.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

He left there with a force of 15,000 men, but the expedition failed badly: the Egyptians beat the French at Al Mansurah, and Louis himself ended up captive by the Egyptians at Damietta, whence he was released against a large ransom.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

After that, Louis went into hiding in his crusader court in the town of Akko.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Eighth Crusade The Eighth Crusade in 1270 was a crusade organised by Louis IX whose original goal was to assist the remnants of the crusader states in Syria.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

However, the excursion ended up in Tunisia, where Louis spent two months before dying of a stomach disease.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Around this time, the Mameluks expanded their power in the eastern Mediterranean.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The king of Jerusalem had retreated to Akko, and Louis wanted to go to his aid.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Louis's brother Charles I of Anjou persuaded his brother to launch an expedition with the conquest of Tunisia on the pretext that it would be easier to invade Syria and Egypt from Tunisia.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Sultan of Tunisia had contacts with Spain, so you could imagine that he could be converted to Christianity.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

This served, above all, Charles's own power aspirations, as the Mameluks also sought Sicily.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The hikers arrived in Africa in July and became ill from contaminated drinking water.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Louis died on the same day as Charlemagne arrived on the scene.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Charles proclaimed Louis's son Philip III the Brave as the new king, but because of this underage took the leadership of the crusade himself into his hands.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Due to the constant sickness of the siege forces, the siege of Tunis was lifted on 30 October.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The treaty with the Sultan guaranteed the monks of the city the freedom to practice their religion, and some kind of free trade rights, so the crusade can, with good will, be said to be a success.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Charlemagne allied himself with Edward Longfoot of England.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

As Charlemagne continued his siege of Tunisia, Edward struck Syria.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Syrian Expedition, the Ninth Crusade, is sometimes counted as part of the Eighth.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Ninth Crusade The Ninth Crusade is sometimes combined with the Eighth Crusade preceding it.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

It is considered the last of the medieval crusades that were oriented to the Holy Land.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The reason for the expedition was the continued growth of the Mameluch kingdom in Egypt and the soon to take place abandonment of the last Crusader strongholds.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Eighth Crusade to North Africa and the Ninth to the Holy Land were part of a wider plan, including activities by Spanish kings, the movement of the army against the pagans in Eastern Europe, and an alliance with the Mongols against the Mameluks and against the Turks.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Therefore, the nationality of the Crusaders ranged from European princes (Prince Edward of England and Louis IX of France) to religious leaders (Byzantine Emperor) and Mongol leaders like the Möngke and Hülegü khans.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The primary reason for the expedition was the loss of the Mongols to the Mameluks in 1260.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

After the enemies were defeated, the Mameluk Baibars murdered the victorious Qutuz, thus gaining the title of Sultan for himself.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Immediately after coming to power, he organised attacks against Christian expeditions at Arsuf, Athlith, Haifa, Safed, Jaffa, Askelon and Caesarea.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

When the Crusade cities with their fortifications fell one by one, their inhabitants were either slain or sold as slaves.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Christians appealed to European rulers for help, but help came slowly.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

In 1268, Baibars defeated Antioch, with which he secured the northern border of the Mameluch kingdom and shifted the threat to the Crusader city of Tripoli.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

It was planned that Edward and Louis's brother Charles of Anjou would take their armies to Akko, the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, where Baibars' war expedition would eventually head.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Just as they reached the city, Baibars was all over Tripoli, the last remaining territory of Tripoli province and filled with Christian refugees.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

From their headquarters in Cyprus and Akko, Edward and Charlemagne attacked the interior lines of Baibars.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

For the rest of the year, the prince waited for the crusaders of the late Louis IX, as well as repairing and strengthening the city's defences.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Baibars began to suspect that an attack on Egypt was coming from the sea, and since he considered the situation dangerous, he built up a fleet to respond to the attack he had hunted.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

When the fleet was complete, Baibars did not attack the crusaders directly but, in 1271, attempted to beached first on Cyprus, hoping to lure out the nominal king of Jerusalem, Hugo III of Cyprus, and his fleet of Akko.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Sultan wanted to conquer the island in order to thus leave Edward and the other crusaders in blockades in the Holy Land.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

However, the attack was not successful, and Baibars' fleet was wiped out.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

After the victory, Edward realised that in order to guarantee a longer stay in the Christian congregation, disagreements would have to be suppressed, and acted as a mediator with Hugo and his reluctant knights.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

After mediation of intervals, Edvard began negotiations with Baibars for an eleven-year truce.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Negotiations, however, were little to end after the Sultan sent assassins to the prince.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Edward and his knights were killed by the assassins and immediately set about planning an attack on Jerusalem.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Before the revenge expedition began, the prince received word that his father Henry III had died and would become the next king of England.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

A treaty was made with Baibars, and Edward was able to return to England, where he was crowned king in 1272.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

The Sultan returned to Cairo.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

See also Crusades to Finland Kingdom of Jerusalem Latin Empire Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Thomas F. Madden| title = Crusades| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-20-6800-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Herbert Michaelis| title = Great World History 2| publisher = Book| year = 1968}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppo Zetterberg| title = Little Giant of World History | publisher = WSOY| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-0-30602-9}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pernoud, Régine| title = Crusades: Eyewitness and other contemporaries| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1965| version = (Les croisades, 1960.)


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

Finnish translation: Reino Hakamies.


Question: Who participated in the Fourth Crusade?

The Crusades

History Library}} * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Red Guard is a generic term used to refer to the early 20th century paramilitary forces of the Finnish labour movement.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Red Guards were established in two phases, initially as a result of the Grand Strike in 1905—1906, and after their abolition again in 1917—1918.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The most famous force known as the Red Guard is the Finnish Red Guard, which fought as an army of the Finnish People's Delegation in the Civil War of 1918.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The first Red Guards were mainly unarmed groups formed from members of the trade union movement, emerging from the National Guard formed during the 1905 Grand Strike.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In December 1905, the Red Guards gained official status within the Social Democratic Party, but were disbanded as a result of the violence of the Viapori Rebellion in August 1906.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

After the February Revolution of 1917, at first temporary picket and workers' guards were established, which were subsequently established in the autumn by the Finnish Professional Association as a counterforce to bourgeois patrons under the name of the Finnish Workers' Order Guard.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In turn, the Finnish Red Guard, which served as the army of the Finnish People's Delegation in the Civil War, was formed in January 1918.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

After the Civil War, there were still attempts to organise the Red Guards in northern Finland, but their activities ceased by 1921.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Red Guards of 1905—1906 Suurstrike National Guard The first organizational crews were already born after a call-out riot at the Helsinki Senate Square in April 1902.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Their purpose was to maintain order in order to prevent Russian troops from using call-out strikes against protesters in the future.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[1] Proper, however, the Guards originated during the grand strike of autumn 1905, when the police force was also on strike, and the Grand Duchy of Finland without any ordinal power.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On the first day of the strike, on 30 March, the Central Strike Committee, dominated by the working population, decided to take over order in Helsinki in exchange for the workers not being able to join the negotiations between the bourgeoisie and the Governor-General.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[2] On the initiative of Kaarlo Luoto, editor of the “Workmen” magazine, [3] [4], the National Guard was established, whose name referred to the French Revolution of 1789.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[5] [6] It was also joined initially by matriculators representing the bourgeoisie.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

A former old people captain, Johan Kock, supported by the workers, was elected chief of the National Guard, under whom the matriculates eventually agreed to serve as their own department.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On the second day of the strike, the National Guard occupied the main police station located on the edge of Senate Square and sent ordinance cartridges to various parts of the city.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[2] The grand strike began as a joint protest between the working people and the bourgeoisie against the Russification measures, but already after a few days disagreements arose between the two sides, which eventually led to the dissolution of the National Guard.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Following the separation of the students, they formed their own patron guard, with Captain Gösta Theslöf as their chief.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On 6 November, the last day of the strike, the situation escalated to an already close to violent confrontation when the National Guard tried to close shops opened before the official end of the strike in central Helsinki.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Theslöf had commanded the armed matriculators to open fire on the unarmed National Guardsmen until the situation finally lapsed after Kock ordered his own men to withdraw.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[2] The National Guard was practically unarmed.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

It possessed only a small number of small arms, which would have been no match for the Russian military people or the matriculates who received rifles from the Helsinki-based arms dealers.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[7] The designation “red guard” arose as early as the beginning of the Grand Strike, but originally it meant only two regiments commanded by Kaarlo Luoto wearing red armbands.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[8] The colour in Finland was not yet associated with its later political significance at the time; for example, some of the workers who were part of the National Guard wore white ribbons.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[9] However, the designation quickly spread, and already at the end of the strike, the national guard was commonly referred to as the “Red Guard” by the bourgeoisie.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[2] The “Red Guard” assembled by Luo was organised according to the military model.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

It trained in Kaisaniemi Park or in the workers' neighborhoods of Kallio and Punavuori, while some of the crew patrolled various parts of the city.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[10] On Friday 3 November, the Red Guard evicted student students deemed disloyal from the police department, described by Luoto as “athletes dressed in tight leotards”.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[7] According to him, they were now replaced by “men”.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[11] Ordinary Guards were also established in numerous other cities during the strike, as well as some country keepers.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

On Thursday 2 November, telegrams were sent across the country urging the establishment of militarily organised Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[12] Outside Helsinki, however, the Guards were mostly made up of the working population, so similar disintegration was hardly seen elsewhere.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Russian military personnel intervened in the activities of the National Guard, at least in Vyborg, where it was disbanded by force and 175 members were captured.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[13] K. V. Wallin, who wrote the history of the National Guard (late.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

According to Voionmaa), during the final phase of the strike, the Helsinki Red Guard consisted of about 2,900 men, compared to 6,450 men for the strength of the entire National Guard in the capital without matriculations.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[10] Red Guard gains official status After the end of the Grand Strike, the National Guard handed over the ordinal power back to the former police corps.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[14] However, at the last Helsinki People's Assembly held on Senate Square, it was decided to keep the National Guard intact.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

At the same time, the operation was expanded to cover the entire country and Johan Kock was elected Commander-in-Chief of all National Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The old designations quickly fell into disuse and the Labour Guards came to be commonly referred to as the “Red Guards”.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[15] The Red Guards' position within the labour movement was formalized from 20 to 22.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

At an extraordinary party conference of the SDP held in Tampere on November.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The new party administration adopted the Guards Rules, which defined the task of protecting the lives and property of citizens during a possible new grand strike, and safeguarding freedom of assembly and expression for the working people.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Red Guard was required to operate according to the party program and follow the instructions of the party administration.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

All members were also hoped to belong to labour associations.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Kaarlo Luoto was chosen to replace Kock, who had left office, as the new Commander-in-Chief.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The Red Guards were intended to be temporary only, as they were to cease operations when the Emperor would confirm the decision of a unicameral parliament to be elected by universal and equal suffrage.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[16] At the same time, the bourgeoisie also began to assemble their own patronage in Helsinki.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[15] In an atmosphere intensified after the Grand Strike, the Red Guards line gradually steepened, and the Guard for organizational duties became a revolutionary army of an offensive nature.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Already during the Great Strike, the idea of armed revolution was on display.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Its roots lay in the Marxist doctrine of class struggle, but the social unrest of the years of repression also reinforced admiration and acceptance of violent action.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[17] When the Senate confirmed the police force, it was felt by the labor movement that the measure was directed against just that.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[18] The Radical Red Guard formed a whole new kind of organisation within the pacifist labour movement which had emphasised non-violence in the earlier pacifist labour movement, which was viewed with suspicion by its veterans and the SDP party administration, and often also openly negative.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

The members of the Red Guards were generally young people who had only joined labour organizations during the Great Strike.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Their leadership, too, was for the most part in the hands of new labour movement members.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[19] Red Guards generally emerged in localities where labour organisations were already active, but they were also established in rural areas where there were no workers' associations prior to the Great Strike.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Such localities included Mouhijärvi and Suodenniemi, the typical crofter keepers of Satakunta, as well as rural industrial settlements such as Mänttä and Enso.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

In some localities, the Guards were established with the order of the new Grand Strike in mind, but in other places, such as Lake Mouhijärvi, for example, it was directly reported to be a counterweight to the patron guard of the bourgeoisie.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[19] Immediately after the grand strike, underground combat organisations were operating in Vyborg.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Particularly on the Karelian Isthmus and other parts of Eastern Finland, there were also several incidents of violence, including the robbery murder of engineer Oscar Geffert involving members of local labour associations and Red Guards.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

Bourgeois activists, as well as labour activists who collaborated with them, also committed similar acts.


Question: Does the village of Syrjänta still exist?

Red Guard

[20] The party administration initially tried to control the Red Guards so that the meetings of the chiefdoms always included two of its representatives.