Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

William William (April 12, 1947, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States — October 1, 2013, Baltimore County, Maryland [1]) was an American success writer known for his tense books aimed at realistic portrayal, focusing on espionage, military engineering, and international relations.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

He is widely regarded as having started the so-called “techno-thriller” literature, with other well-known authors including Larry Bond, Michael Crichton and Ralph Peters.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Clancy is one of the best-known and most read writers of the present, with a total of about 80 million copies printed in the books he authored.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

[2] Biography Childhood and Adolescence Thomas Leo Clancy Jr.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

was born on April 12, 1947, in the city of Baltimore County, Maryland, United States.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Clancy was educated at Loyola Blakefield Jesuit School Catholic School.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Initially, he studied physics, but in his own words he lost interest in the sciences and began studying English.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

He graduated from college in 1969 and became an insurance clerk.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

However, as the profession did not prove particularly lucrative, Clancy decided to make the most of his English language studies and became a suspense writer.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Career Clancy's first work from 1984 was the suspense book The Hunt for Red October, which proved worldwide to be a major sales success and made Clancy famous.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

He continued his career as a writer with other suspense books that were partial to sales successes, such as The Invisible Enemy, Blow on Colombia, Fears of the Worst and Debt of Honor.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Since the works written by Clancy achieved great popularity during the latter part of the Cold War, his name has been made into a brand, under the cover of which several more unknown suspense writers have published their own works.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Clancy's works have also been the subject of film adaptations (e.g.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Red October Hunting, Blow on Colombia) and computer games (e.g.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Red Storm Rising, Rainbow Six, Splinter Cell, Ghost Recon, Endwar.)


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Most of the works written by Clancy feature Jack Ryan, a CIA officer, as the protagonist, who in Debt of Honor becomes President of the United States.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Another noted protagonist is CIA field agent John Clark, who in the books befriends Ryan.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

The books track their activities from the closing years of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union through to modern times and the war on terror.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

The works are set in a fictional contemporary world created by Clancy, shaped by the actions of the protagonists in a slightly different direction from where actual development has led; this includes, among other things, fictional wars between superpowers.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Private life Tom Clancy was married twice.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

In 1969 he married Wanda Thomas and had four children from the marriage with her, but they ended up in divorce in 1998.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

As of 1999, Clancy was married to Alexandra Marie Llewellyn.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Clancy was a supporter of the Republican Party of the United States for his political affiliation and he e.g.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

supported George W. Bush as president.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Still, he opposed the Iraq war, along with U.S. Marine General Anthony Zinn.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

[3] Works The Hunt for Red October (WSOY 1985) (The Hunt for Red October, 1984) The Invisible Enemy (WSOY 1988) (Patriot Games, 1987) The Cardinal of the Kremlin (WSOY 1989) (The Cardinal of the Kremlin, 1988) Strike to Colombia ( WSOY 1990) (Clear and Present Danger, 1989) The Worst of Fears (WSOY 1991) (The Sum of All Fears, 1991) Without Feeling Mercy (WSOY 1994) (Without Remorse, 1993) Debt of Honour (WSOY 1995) (Debt of Honor, 1994) Lion and Hyenas 1—2 (WSOY 2001) (Executive Orders, 1996) Strike Team Rainbow (WSOY 1999) (Rainbow Six, 1998) Bear and the Dragon (WSOY 2004) (The Bear and the Dragon, 2000) Tiger's Teeth (WSOY 2007) Starring Jack Ryan Jr.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

(Teeth of the tiger, 2004) Alive or Dead (WSOY 2011) Starring Jack Ryan Jr.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

(Dead or Alive, 2010) Written with Grant Blackwood.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Operational Center Books Operational Center (WSOY 1996; with Steve Pieczenik) (Op-Center, 1995) Days of Chaos (WSOY 1997; with Steve Pieczenik) (Games of State, 1996) Balance of Fear (WSOY 2000; with Steve Pieczenik) (Balance of Power, 1998) Divide and Rule (WSOY 2001; Based on the idea of Tom Clancy and Steve Pieczenik, written by Jeff Rovin) (Divide and Conquer, 2000) Mission in the Mountains (WSOY, 2005; based on the idea of Tom Clancy and Steve Pieczenik, written by Jeff Rovin, 2001) Other books The Storm Rises (WSOY 1987) (Red Storm Rising, 1986, Larry With Bond) Power Plays by Tom Clancy (WSOY 1998; with Martin Greenberg) (Tom Clancy's Power Plays, 1997) Untranslated works Jack Ryan and John Clark books Red Rabbit (Penguin Putnam Inc., 2002) Locked On (2011) Threat Vector (2012) Maxwell Moore books Against All Enemies (2011) Search and Destroy (2012, book release cancelled) Video games Rainbow Six series Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six (1998) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Eagle Watch (1999) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Rogue Spear (1999) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Urban Operations (2000) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Covert Operations Essentials (2000) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Take-Down — Missions in Korea (2001) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Black Thorn (2001) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Lone Wolf (2002) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: Raven Shield (2003) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: Black Arrow (2004) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: Athena Sword (2004) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: Iron Wrath (2005) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Lockdown (2005) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Critical Hour (2006) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas (2006) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas (2006) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas (2006) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas (2006) 2008) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Shadow Vanguard (2011) Tom Clancy's Rainbow 6: The Patriots (2013) Tom Clancy's Rainbow 6: The Siege (2015) The Ghost Recon series Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon (2001) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Desert Siege (2003) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon (2003) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon (2003) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Shadow Vanguard (2011) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Shadow Vanguard (2011) ) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Jungle Storm (2004) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon 2 (2004) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon 2: Summit Strike (2005) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter (2006) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter 2 (2007) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Predator (2010) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wii (2010) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars (2011) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Future Soldier (2012) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: The Phantoms (2014) Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Wildlands (2017) Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow (2004) Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory (2005) Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: The Essentials (2006) Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Double Agent (2006) Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Conviction (2010) Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Blacklist (2013) Other games Tom Clancy's EndWar (2008) Tom Clancy's EndWar 2 (TBA) Tom Clancy's H.A.W.X (2009) Tom Clancy's H.A.W.X 2 (2010) Tom Clancy's The Division (2016) See also Splinter Cell (series) Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{I}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was Tom Clancy born?

Tom Clancy

Category:American suspense writers Category:People born in 1947 Category:Those who died in 2013 Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The Miami Heat is an American professional basketball club that plays in the NBA League.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The club plays its home matches at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The club is a member of the Southeast Division of the NBA's Eastern Conference along with the Atlanta Hawks, Charlotte Hornets, Orlando Magic and Washington Wizards.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[1] History of the club Early years The Miami Heat joined the NBA in 1988 as an expansion team along with the Charlotte Hornets.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

It played its first NBA game on November 5, when it faced the Los Angeles Clippers.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The Heat lost the match by figures of 111—91.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The club's success was initially typically modest for expansion teams.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

In its first season, it won only 15 matches and lost 67, including its first 17 matches, a record weak start to the season at the time.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[2] [3] [4] The Heat was at the tail end of the league in the next two seasons as well, but in the 1991—92 season it managed to advance to the playoffs for the first time.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The playoff experience ended short, however, as the Michael Jordan-led Chicago Bulls dropped the Heat from the extension outright in three games.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[5] [6] [7] From 1995 to 2004, the direction of Heat's success reversed in the mid-1990s.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

In 1995, the club acquired into its ranks Alonzo Mourning from the Charlotte Hornets and the following year Tim Hardaway from the Golden State Warriors.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

These two star players, along with Jamal Mashburn, Voshon Lenard and P. J. Brown, led the club to the Eastern Conference finals in the spring of 1997.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[8] [9] On the way, the club brought down the Orlando Magic by winning 3—2 and the New York Knicks by 4—3.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

However, the Heat lost in the Conference Finals to the Chicago Bulls by winning 4—1.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[10] In the late 1990s, the club had a fierce competitive fixture with the New York Knicks, whose leading star at the time was Patrick Ewing.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

With the exception of 1997, when the club managed to beat the Knicks, the Heat's road to the playoffs was broken at the time all the way against the Knicks, in 1998 and 1999 in the first round of the playoffs and in 2000 in the second round.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[11] [12] [13] In 2001, the Heat fell in the first round of the playoffs against the Charlotte Hornets.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[14] Prior to the start of the 2001—02 season, the club traded its longtime playmaker (point guard) Tim Hardaway to the Dallas Mavericks.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The Heat missed out on the playoffs that season for the first time since 1995, and a playoff berth also went unreached in the 2002—03 season, in which the club played without centre-forward Alonzo Mourning, who was sidelined due to health issues.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[15] [16] However, the club's fortunes turned again in the 2003—04 season.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The Heat booked Dwyane Wade as their first reserve in the NBA draft in 2003 and acquired Lamar Odom and Rafer Alston as free players that summer.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

Thanks to their new reinforcements, the Heat again qualified for the playoffs, advancing all the way to the second round, where it lost to the Indiana Pacers by winning 4—2.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[17] From 2004 to 2010 — championship in 2006 In the summer of 2004, the Heat acquired Shaquille O'Neal from the Los Angeles Lakers in a trade for Odom, Brian Grant, Caron Butler, and a first-round draft pick.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

In the spring of 2005, the Heat advanced to the Eastern Conference finals for the second time in their history, where it lost to the Detroit Pistons with a scant win of 4—3.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[18] In 2006, the Heat won the first NBA championship in their history after beating the Dallas Mavericks in the final games, winning 4—2 after already being in the series at a loss of 0—2.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The last time out of a situation that matched the championship was the Portland Trail Blazers in 1977.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The Heat's championship guarantee man served as throwing backman Dwyane Wade, who was named the most valuable player of the final game series.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[19] [20] Wade was the top point man in the finals matches in all of the games the Heat won, scoring a best of 43 points in one game (fifth grand final).


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[21] [22] [23] [24] The head coach of the Heat's championship team was the experienced Pat Riley, who came to coaching responsibilities in late 2005, replacing Stan Van Gundy.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

Riley had also coached the club previously from 1995 until 2003.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[25] [26] In the 2006—07 season following the championship year, the Heat fell straight in the first round of the playoffs in four games against the Chicago Bulls.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[27] Prior to the start of the new season, the 2007—08 season, the Heat strongly renewed their player roster as the club left most of the players who were part of the 2006 championship squad.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

Eddie Jones, Jason Kopono, Gary Payton and James Posey left the club after remaining free players and Michael Doleac, Wayne Simien, and Antoine Walker moved on via player trade to the Minnesota Timberwolves in an exchange for Ricky Davis and Mark Blount.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

In the middle of the season, Shaquille O'Neal transferred to the Phoenix Suns in a trade for Shawn Marion and Marcus Banks.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

In that season, in which the team was plagued by many injuries, the Heat missed the playoffs with the lowest winning percentage in the league.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

After the end of the season, Pat Riley left the head coaching position of the club and was replaced as the new head coach by Erik Spoelstra.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[28] [29] [30] The Heat returned to the playoffs in the 2008—09 season, but fell out of the postseason as early as their first round against the Atlanta Hawks.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

During the season, in March 2009, Dwyane Wade became the most points scored by the club through the club and later that month Alonzo Mourning, whose record had been overtaken by Wade, became the first player to have his game number (number 33) frozen by the Heat.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

Mourning, who was also a member of the 2006 championship team, played his last NBA game in 2007.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[31] [32] [33] The next number freeze occurred in October 2009, when the club froze Tim Hardaway's playing number (number 10).


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[34] The Heat made the playoffs in 2010 as well, but fell like the previous season in the first round of the playoffs, that time against the Boston Celtics.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[35] From 2010 onwards — championship in 2012 and 2013 The biggest changes in the Heat's playmaking prior to the start of the 2010—11 season were the acquisition of LeBron James, who plays as a small wide receiver, from the Cleveland Cavaliers and the acquisition of Chris Bosh, who plays as a big wide receiver from Toronto Raptors.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

Both moves were sign-and-trade type, with the Cavaliers and Raptors receiving front-end reserve shifts in the exchange.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[36] [37] Other changes included trading big wide receiver Michael Beasley, the club's first-round draft pick from 2008, to the Minnesota Timberwolves in a trade for two second-round draft innings, with the intention of making room for the salary cap.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[38] The Heat managed to advance to the NBA Finals immediately in their first season following the acquisition of James and Bosh.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

The club defeated the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round of the playoffs, the Boston Celtics in the second round, and the Chicago Bulls in the conference finals.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

All three match series ended with wins 4—1.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

In the NBA finals, the Heat were matched in 2006 by the Dallas Mavericks.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[39] The Mavericks took the championship with match-winning 4—2.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[40] In 2012, the Heat played in the NBA Finals for the second year in a row.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

It defeated the New York Knicks in the first round of the playoffs by a 4—1 win, the Indiana Pacers in the second round by a 4—2 win, and in the conference finals, the Boston Celtics by 4—3.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

In the final games, the Heat faced the Oklahoma City Thunder, who went down with victories 4—1.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

Consequently, the Heat managed to win the second championship in their history, and the first since the acquisition of James and Bosh.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[41] LeBron James was awarded to the Most Valuable Player of the Final Series, who advanced to a triple-double in the fifth game (26 points, 13 assists and 11 rebounds) in the final round.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[42] In the 2012—13 season, the Heat achieved the best success in the regular season in their history after winning 66 games out of 82 (winning percentage of 80.5).


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[43] It had a 27-game winning streak from February to March 2013, the second longest in NBA history.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[44] In the playoffs, the club promoted to the NBA Finals for the third time in a row after defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in the first round with a 4—0 win, the Chicago Bulls by 4—1 in the second round and the Indiana Pacers by 4—3 in the Conference Finals.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[45] The Heat reached their second consecutive and third NBA championship overall by winning 4—3 against the San Antonio Spurs.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

Rewarded as the most valuable player in the final match series was LeBron James.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[46] In the 2013—14 season, the Heat promoted to the NBA Finals for the fourth time in a row, but lost the championship to their previous year's finals opponent, the San Antonio Spurs, by winning 1—4.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

[47] Former players Chris Bosh P. J. Brown Tim Hardaway LeBron James Eddie Jones Jamal Mashburn Alonzo Mourning Jermaine O'Neal Shaquille O'Neal Glen Rice Rony Seikaly NBA Championships Sources On the topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{I en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When are the Miami Heat founded?

Miami Heat

Category:NBA clubs Category:Miami Sports Category:Key articles on screening


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

William Ewart Gladstone (born 29 December 1809, Liverpool — 19 May 1898, Hawarden) was a British Liberal statesman whose career included a four-time Prime Ministership of the United Kingdom in 1868—1874, 1880—1885, 1886 and 1892—1894, 27 years as a member of governments and over 60 years as a parliamentarian.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He was a noted social reformer and, along with his political opponent Benjamin Disraeli, the most prominent British statesman of the 19th century.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He sought to resolve the Irish issue, promote free trade and improve social security.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[1] Gladstone's nicknames included “the mighty old man” (Grand Old Man) and “William of the people” (People's William).


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Childhood and Adolescence William Ewart Gladstone was born in 29 December 1809 in Liverpool as the fourth son of John Gladstone and Ann Gladstone (o.s. Robertson).


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[2] His cross name he received after his father's business partner William Ewart.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Both his parents were of Scottish ancestry, and although Gladstone lived all his life in England, he retained the Scotch accent he had learned in his speech at home.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

John Gladstone (1763—1851), until 1835 John Gladstones and after his nobility from 1845 Sir John Gladstone, was one of Liverpool's wealthiest businessmen, having begun his career as a merchant assistant and elevated to a major merchant and shipowner.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Alongside his business career, he was active in the Tory Party (Conservative Party), sitting for a dozen years as a member of the House of Commons.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

John Gladstone was a keen political supporter and friend of George Canning, the most influential Tory politician and minister of his time, and William also first met Canning at the age of three.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[3] The Gladstone family was evangelical, like many upper-middle-class families of that time, and its daily life was marked by regular devotions as well as strict Awakening Christian convictions.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

William Gladstone inherited both political conservatism and evangelical Christianity from his home.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Anne Gladstone saw her youngest son “turned faithfully to God” as early as the age of ten, and John Gladstone, in turn, was planning a career as a politician for his son.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

In 1821, William was sent to the upper-class Eton College to receive a classical education, where he studied until 1827.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[4] In 1829 he transferred to Christ Church, University of Oxford, to study history and humanities and, at his father's urging, also mathematics.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He finished in the best class in his final exams in history and mathematics in 1831.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He was also president of the Oxford Science Society.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[5] After graduating from college, the religious Gladstone dreamed of a priestly career, but John Gladstone wanted to make his son a statesman.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

William was sent, according to the custom of the time 1831—1832, on a circular trip to Europe, including Italy, for about six months to expand his civilisation, and in the autumn of 1832 he took part in his first general election.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[6] Early moments of political career William Gladstone ascended to the House of Commons in 1832 at the age of just 23.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He was elected as a Tory MP for the Newark constituency.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The choice was largely through relationships: the father of one of Gladstone's Oxford-era fellow students was the Duke of Newcastle, a Newark region grandee and grand landowner.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

When Gladstone was recommended to the Duke as a “promising young Conservative”, his elevation to Parliament as MP for Newark was essentially a matter of arrangement.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[7] In his first parliamentary speech on 17 May 1833, Gladstone opposed the immediate abolition of slavery in the British colonies.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[8] In his later speeches he defended, among other things, the position of the Anglican State Church in Ireland and protectionist economic policies.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The young Gladstone attracted attention, and from 1834 to 1835 he served in the government of Robert Peel as junior Minister for Money as well as Under-Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[9] After his first ministerial term, Gladstone published the works The State in its Relations with the Church (1838) and Church Principles considered in their Results (1840), in which he laid out his religious principles.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[10] [11] In the works, Gladstone saw the close union of state and church as a fundamental pillar of society and defended the powerful position of the Anglican state church in Ireland as a bond between England and Ireland.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The works received plenty of attention, but also criticism.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[12] The most prominent critic was the liberal historian Thomas Macaulay, who ironically referred to Gladstone as “the rising hope of the stern and unyielding Torys”.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

As Minister to Sir Robert Peel In 1841 Sir Robert Peel returned as Prime Minister and made Gladstone the second Secretary of Commerce in his government, while Gladstone was also made a member of the Privy Council.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[13] Peel's government moved vigorously to dismantle the protectionist protective customs policy, despite the fact that the Prime Minister's own party, namely the Tories, were strong supporters of it.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The main ricochet to this was given by the late 1830s canopy period, during which Britain proved incapable of self-sufficient food production.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone, who previously had belonged to the Protectionists, soon tipped Peel's side.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone was instrumental in preparing the government's fiscal reforms, which included reducing tariffs as well as the enactment of a regular income tax.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone resigned from the Peel government in 1845 when it proposed granting governmental support to the Irish Catholic Priestly School of Maynooth.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone had already tempered his previous opinions on the relationship between church and state and did not oppose the proposal, but he did not want to give the impression that he would abandon his opinions to keep his ministerial seat.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

After resigning from government, he voted in favour of the motion in Parliament.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

However, Gladstone returned to Peel's government as Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs still in the same year.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He was required to renew his representative seat, but the old Duke of Newcastle was no longer willing to support him, so he took over as MP for Oxford University at the 1847 election after being without a representative seat for 18 months.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[14] In the wake of a potato pest epidemic in Ireland, the Peel government issued an 1846 motion for the complete abolition of grain duties.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The motion passed the House of Commons, where it was supported by the opposition party Whigs and moderate Torys.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

However, the government quickly fell when old Tory backbenchers angered by the grain customs issue voted against it in the next bill.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

As a result of this internal intermediate break within the party, Peel and the moderate Torys who supported him, among them Gladstone, broke away from the Tory Party and formed a so-called Peelite group in Parliament.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The Peelites supported Lord John Russel's Whig government.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[15] Upon Peel's death in 1850, Gladstone became the leader of this faction.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

In the 1840s, Gladstone also began his work for London prostitutes.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He would tour the streets of London at night, conversing with prostitutes he met and encouraging them to change their lifestyles.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone also financially supported a Christian “rescue home” located in Clewer and helped organise work for former prostitutes.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He continued this activity even during his prime ministerial years.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

In 1927, thirty years after Gladstone's death, the Gladstone heiress sued a writer who claimed he exploited favors from prostitutes.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The jury then found unanimously that all evidence supports “the high morals of the late Mr. W. E. Gladstone.”


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Mrs Catherine Gladstone supported her husband's rescue work and also occasionally participated in his nightly outings.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone visited Naples in 1850 for about four months and was shocked by the tyrannical rule of the King of the Kingdom of Both Sicily, Ferdinand II.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He published an 1851 work Letters to Lord Aberdeen in which he recounted his visits to Neapolitan dungeons and the persecution carried out by Ferdinand II.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The piece caused a great stir in both Britain and Europe.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Giuseppe Garibaldi, hero of the Italian Unification War, later thanked Gladstone for his writings that turned European opinion against the arbitrary regime in Naples.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[16] As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Russel's Whig government fell in 1852, and Lord Derby formed a Tory government.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone was asked to be Chancellor of the Exchequer, but declined because his political views had distanced themselves too far from the Tory line.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Benjamin Disraeli, who unveiled his first budget in December, rose to become finance minister.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone strongly attacked the budget, and it has been held largely to his merit that Disraeli's budget, and with it, the entire government, fell.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

This was Gladstone and Disraeli's first significant political struggle.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[17] Gladstone became Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord Aberdeen's government, which was assembled at a base of Whigs and Peelites.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He tried to repeal the income tax, but eventually ended up raising it because the Crimean War was swallowing state resources.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The government fell in 1855 following its refusal to commission a survey of the state of the army during the Crimean War.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Lord Derby returned as Prime Minister in 1858, and Gladstone again refused the ministry, partly for political reasons and partly because he did not want to work in the same government as Disraeli.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

After the fall of the Derby government in 1859, Henry Palmerston formed a government of Whigs and Peelites, with Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer again.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The formation of this government is seen as a turning point in British political history: a modern liberal party was formed from old Whigs, Peelites and radicals.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

At the same time, Gladstone definitively left the Conservatives [1] after being with other Peelites for ten years, sandwiched between the Tories and the Whigs.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone's politics became, step by step, more radical.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

During the American Civil War, Secretary of the Treasury Gladstone made powerful speeches in favour of the independence of the Confederate States.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

This provoked indignation as British official policy was neutral, and Gladstone also stated himself later that he had made a miscalculation.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

In 1864, he began pushing for the expansion of statewide suffrage, angering both Prime Minister Palmerston and Queen Victoria.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

For much the same reason, he lost his representative seat in Oxford, but got elected in south Lancashire.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

In 1866, the government of John Russell (who had succeeded Palmerston when he died in 1865) submitted a proposal to Parliament for a new Voting Rights Act.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The project was mainly behind Gladstone and proposed lowering the economic conditions required for voting rights and thus creating 400,000 new middle and working-class voters.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The proposal was opposed by both Tory and radical liberals, who felt it was inadequate, and the government fell.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Lord Derby rose again to become a Tory cabinet minister and Disraeli as Chancellor of the Exchequer.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

In 1867, Derby and Disraeli introduced their own suffrage reform that went even further: this meant an increase of 1.5 million new suffragettes in English society.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The new electoral law gave voting rights to urban laborers who owned a dwelling or were tenant-in-chief, and to a portion of rural residents.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[18] [19] Derby, and especially Disraeli's actions in electoral reform, have often been seen as the culmination of political opportunism and a deliberate humiliation towards Gladstone.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

During his first term as Prime Minister, 1868—1874, following the death of Lord Palmerston in 1865 and the retirement of Lord John Russell from politics in 1867, Gladstone became Liberal leader.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

At the 1868 general election he lost his seat in Lancashire, but was elected in Greenwich.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The Liberals won the election and 58-year-old Gladstone became Prime Minister for the next six years.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[20] His prime ministership was marked by libertarian social reforms aimed at cutting government expenditure as well as — in line with the ideology of liberalism — the greatest possible freedom of action for people and the economy.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone paid particular attention to Ireland's position.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He pushed through 1869 a reform of Irish ecclesiastical law, after which Catholic Irish no longer had to pay tax to the Anglican Church of Ireland [21] — the same whose position he had fiercely defended as a young Conservative.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

In 1870, the Irish Land Act was passed which improved the status of Irish sharecroppers.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Also a major reform was the Schools Act 1870, which guaranteed (at least in theory) free primary education for all 5—15 year olds.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

During the Gladstone government, general election secrecy was also enacted and prohibited the sale of army and government posts, as well as the use of bodily discipline in the army in peacetime.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone was, stigmatically, a domestic politician who felt an aversion to imperialism.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

In foreign policy, his goal was to secure free commerce by maintaining peace and eliminating tariffs.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The so-called Alabama issue, in which the United States demanded compensation from Britain for having allowed the Confederate States to build battleships in British shipyards during the Civil War, was resolved thanks to Gladstone's acquiescence in favor of the United States in 1872.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

This, and some other ill-fated foreign policy issues, lowered the government's popularity.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The road for Gladstone's government came to an end in 1873 when its proposal to reform the Irish university institution fell through in the House of Commons.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

To settle the political stalemate that had arisen, Gladstone dissolved Parliament in 1874 and ordered a new election in which the Conservatives won.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Benjamin Disraeli formed a new government, and Gladstone relinquished the Liberal leadership, as well as withdrawing for a time as a row parliamentarian.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Second premiership 1880—1885 In the 1880 election, the Liberals won re-election, and Disraeli ducked.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

New Liberal leader Lord Hartington gave up his seat in favour of the popular Gladstone.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Conservative Queen Viktoria, who had strong antipathies to Gladstone, tried in vain to persuade Hartington to form a government.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Eventually the Queen was forced to appoint “that awful old man” (as she called Gladstone) for her second term as Prime Minister.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

In foreign policy, Gladstone sought to shun wars and conflicts.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He brought an end to the First Boer War, which broke out during Disraeli in 1881, in which the Boer republics of South Africa were waging war against British domination aspirations.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The independence of the Boer State was recognised by the Gladstone government, with the restriction that it was not allowed to enter into foreign policy alliances without British consent.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone also ended the Second Anglo-Afghan War by withdrawing British troops from the country.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone changed another Irish country law.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

His government also implemented the Electoral Act of 1884, which gave voting rights to rural residents, some two million men.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Irish self-government (home rule) became the most important issue in Great Britain.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

General Gordon's death in Khartoum, Sudan, in 1885 was the end of Gladstone's popularity.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

[22] Critics translated his nickname into the form M.O.G Gordon's murderer.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone resigned the post of Prime Minister in 1885.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Third Prime Minister term 1886 In 1886, his party had allied with Irish nationalists to overrule Lord Salisbury's government.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone was re-elected Prime Minister.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

On 6 April 1886, Gladstone introduced a bill to the House of Commons on Irish self-government.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

However, the House of Commons rejected the motion and Gladstone was forced to resign from the post of Prime Minister.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Fourth premiership 1892—1894 In 1892 Gladstone was elected Prime Minister for the fourth time.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He re-introduced Irish self-government as a matter in the House of Commons.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The House of Commons approved the motion but rejected by the House of Lords.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone resigned the office of Prime Minister on 3 March 1894.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He retained his seat in the House of Commons until 1895.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Last years In 1895 he founded the St. Deiniols Library, to which he donated most of his own books and £40,000.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

At the age of more than 80, he transported 23,000 books by wheelbarrow a quarter-mile journey from his home to the library.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone died of cancer at Hawarde Castle at the age of 88 on 19 May 1898.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

He is buried in Westminster Abbey.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Literature about William Gladstone has been written in abundance biographical works.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The image given of him in historiography was long ambivalent: liberal historians presented him as a great reformer and enlightened statesman, conservative historians again as a narrow-minded and hypocritical figure.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Normally this was accompanied by a confrontation between Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli, in which the Liberals sought to make Gladstone the hero of the play and Disraeli the villain, conservatives naturally the other way round.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The best example of the former is the “official” biography of Gladstone, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (1903) written by John Morley.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The latter image is represented by, among others, W.F.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Monypenny's and G.E.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Buckle's Disraeli biography The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, the Earl of Beaconsfield (1929), which is, in its large parts, an attack on Gladstone.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

More modern Gladstone biographies take a more equitable look at their target.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone wrote a draft autobiography himself, which, however, was not published during his lifetime.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

The manuscript did not appear until 1971 as part of the Prime Minister's Papers series of publications.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone's diaries have been published in full as The Gladstone Diaries, a series comprising twelve thick volumes.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nenonen, Kaisu-Maija; Teerijoki, Ilkka| title = Major Dictionary of History| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| isbn = 951-0-22044-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jerrold, Walter| title = W. E. Gladstone: England's Great Commoner| location = London| publisher = S. W. Pattridge & Co.| year = 1898| version=New edition, revised, and brought up to date| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Harding, Ewing (ed.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

) | title = From Palmerston to Disraeli (1856—1876) | location = London| publisher = G. Bell and Sons, Ltd.| year = 1913| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

References Literature D. W. Bebbington: William Ewart Gladstone Eric Brand: William Gladstone Osbert Burdett: W.E.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

Gladstone (1928) Erich Eyck: Gladstone (1938) Philip Magnus: Gladstone.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

A Biography (1954) Richard Shannon: Gladstone I—II (1982) H. C.


Question: When was William Ewart Gladstone the first time he was Prime Minister?

William Ewart Gladstone

G. Matthew: Gladstone 1809—98 (1986) Roy Jenkins: Gladstone (1995) (ISBN 9780333602164) Class:Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Category:Those born in 1809 Class:Deaths in 1898


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The history of voting rights in Finland begins in the period of the legal society.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Especially during the 20th century, voting rights have been significantly expanded in Finland.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

During the period of Swedish rule and autonomy, the four-state legislative parliament served as the People's Representative of Finland.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In bourgeoisie law, suffrage was determined by ability to pay taxes, land ownership in peasant law, and clerical status.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Representatives of the nobility were not elected at all.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Universal and equal suffrage was implemented in Finland at the national level in 1906 in the same context when the Parliament was replaced by the Parliament.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

At that time, women and also the majority of the male population gained the right to vote for the first time and the number of people eligible to vote increased tenfold.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the municipal level, a similar reform was carried out in 1917.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Subsequently, some restrictions on the right to vote have been lifted, as well as the voting age lowered.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Before universal and equal suffrage began of electoral activity In 1362, Haakon VI Maununpoika, who was elected King of Sweden, decreed that Finns had the right to take part in the Swedish royal election.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

As representatives of Finland, laamanni, priests and 12 peasants were sent to the stones of Mora.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[1] The right to vote in elections to the Riksdag of Sweden in the bourgeoisie legislature was represented by borough-holders of bourgeoisie rights, by peasant law by party by inheritance and crown ranchers, but not by row-houseboys or landless.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The status of the peasants as the fourth enactment was a Swedish specialty unknown to the rest of Europe.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[2] In the bourgeoisie election, the number of votes was determined by the tax share without a cap.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[3] The priests and chaplains in office were permitted to elect their representatives by rovastic order, and the bishops were self-entitled.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The noble ordinance had the right to send a single representative, usually the oldest male member of the elder lineage, or a person authorized by him.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1750, the nobility comprised about 0.5 of the total population of the kingdom, 0.9, the clergy 0.9 and the bourgeoisie 2 percent.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In the Riksdag, a decision required the approval of at least three statutes; however, in constitutional matters, the unanimity of all four acts.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[2] In the Riksdag of Porvoo from 1809 and the Finnish Parliament of Decree from 1863 onwards, the Swedish legislation was initially followed, on the basis of which the Reichstag Order of 1869 was also formulated.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

It also formally incorporated the principle of popular representation, as the first section stipulated that the acts assembled at the Riksdag represented the people of Finland.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[4] The age of voting rights was 21 years, which was also the age of majority.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[5] In the nobility statute, the reform of 1869 abolished class order between different noble values, marking a shift to decision-making by a simple majority.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

From 1869 onwards the priests of the Evangelical Lutheran Church were allowed to elect their representatives, along with the priests of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, as well as university teachers and permanent male teachers of grammar schools.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

All groups were individually quotted with delegate counts.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The priestly ordinance rebuffed the extension of the right of representation to national school educators or other rural higher-education populations.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[6] Traditionally, the peasant rule was only intended for actual peasants, but from 1869 onwards, all male inhabitants of rural municipalities were entitled to vote in its election, who owned inheritance or ramble land laid in manttal, or ruled by permanent right crown space, and were not part of the other enactments.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

This also allowed land-owning practitioners of other livelihoods to the Riksdag — at worst in the Riksdag of 1885, only a meager majority of the representatives of the decree were actual peasants and others belonged to the upper social classes.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The 1869 reform also abolished the right to vote for female widows owning land, as well as the right of electors to issue binding instructions to their representatives.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The peasant Reichstag was elected by a two-tier election: the landowners were first able to elect the representatives of their municipality in an election in which the number of votes received by a person at their disposal was determined by the number of manttas he owned.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

These “electors” elected to the final Riksdag one man from each judgment in an election in which each representative had one vote.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1900, 102,184 suffragettes were counted in the Peasant Ordinance election, which corresponded to 4.3% of the population figure of rural municipalities and a clear minority of men also of legal age.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[7] Until 1879, the bourgeoisie legislature represented burghers and other privileged practitioners paying the urban tax.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

After the abolition of the old system of occupations, all male tax-paying residents, other than groups designated separately by law, were allowed to participate in the elections of the legislated.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Efforts were made to demarcate lower social groups outside the Electoral College because, for example, wage laborers were not in an “independent position”.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

However, loose legislation allowed electoral practices to become sharply divergent in different cities, especially for occupational groups that remain borderline cases.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In many cities, even part of the working population could get to vote based on things like owning a house.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1881, the proportion of persons eligible to vote in the spirit-written male population varied between 15 and 48 per cent in different cities.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The number of votes was determined by tax captures, but beginning in 1869, cities had the right to set a maximum number of votes, or a ceiling of votes, often something between 10 and 25 votes.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In Vyborg before the voting ceiling was set, a single elector had 1830 votes.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In practice, most of the votes piled up on the highest-earners.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

There was usually also a sensus, the minimum income allowance for voting rights.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

According to the 1883 Municipal Ordinance, the lower limit was the income of at least two tax badgers, or between 400 and 800 marks.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[8] Municipal suffrage until 1917 The 1865 decree on the self-government of rural municipalities ordered a municipal assembly as the deciding body of municipalities, in which all residents paying municipal tax were allowed to attend, who were not subject to another host power.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In municipal elections, too, one vote per tax cap was available, but one person was allowed to have no more than 1/6 of the total votes.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Although the wealthiest continued to have the greatest influence, the suffrage of rural municipal government was clearly wider than that of peasant rule until 1906 and the opportunity opened up for peasants to occupy more central positions of trust at local level.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[9] [10] Similarly, before the 1875 decree, only the holders of bourgeoisie rights were permitted to participate in municipal government in cities, thereafter by all reputable municipal taxpayers — men, women, and corporations.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Unmarried, tax-paying women therefore had municipal voting rights, but were eligible to stand for election only to boards, not councils.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The voting ceiling was at 25 votes and one voter was allowed to have no more than 1/50 of the total vote.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In cities, too, the electors' district was then markedly wider in municipal elections than in bourgeoisie elections, although among others married women and a large proportion of the working population were still excluded, either because of another's subordination or poverty — in 1900 urban of the spirit-written population, about a fifth were eligible to vote.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

However, the new municipal government formed as a paragon of early suffrage reform efforts.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[11] [12] [13] Calls for extending suffrage to move to a bicameral parliament had been initiatives in the Riksdag beginning as early as the 1860s, but had never led anywhere.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[14] Throughout the second half of the 19th century, the representativeness of the Reichstag declined, as the proportional share of industrial labourers and especially the rural farm population increased considerably.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the beginning of the 20th century, land-owning peasants were no longer about two-fifths of the agricultural population.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[15] Beginning in the 1880s, phennomans began to insist on an overall 10-vote vote ceiling for bourgeoisie elections, while Swedish-speaking liberals were quite reticent on suffrage reforms and the most conservative swecomans supported unlimited voting scales as a rule.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The main objective of the phennomans was to seize the majority in the bourgeoisie, because by controlling the three enactments thereafter, they would have gained sovereign power in the Reichstag.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Similarly, the overall 25-vote cap matched the income level of average Liberal supporters, so they had no reason to call for radical changes.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[16] In the Riksdag of 1885, leaders of the young phennomans already raised the idea of equal suffrage, but for the next two decades the struggle was mainly fought over the sound scales of the bourgeoisie.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[17] Several Finnish-speaking cities moved one by one to lower sound ceilings in the late years of the 19th century.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the very last legislative election in 1905, a few cities used a vote ceiling of as much as two votes.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[18] In the Riksdag, however, the proposals to extend the right to vote were not successful due to the braking of the regulations and partly because of the old nature of Russia.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[19] In the 1890s, the goal of the Young Finns became the replacement of the sound scales with equal suffrage in bourgeois and peasant legislation, though not yet universal suffrage.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

It was not until the second half of the 1890s that women's suffrage emerged in the Reichstag debate and the first initiative to do so was taken in 1897.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[20] The author of the initiative was Ivar Alexander Kyander, representing the bourgeoisie.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[21] The Finnish Women's Association, founded in 1884, had already previously called for women to be eligible for municipal election and state suffrage.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[22] General, equal and immediate right to vote and electoral rights for both men and women was the first to call for the Finnish Labour Party at its founding meeting in Turku 1899.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the Forssa meeting of 1903, a further unicamerality of Parliament was added to the list.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[23] Of the bourgeois parties, universal and equal suffrage was the first to include the Finnish Party in October 1904.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[24] A bill was introduced to the Riksdag of 1904—1905 to abolish the voting scales, which would have brought equal suffrage to noble-less enactments.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In addition, the Constitutional Committee report would also have given wages the right to vote and women the right to vote, but not to stand for election.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The report was adopted in the Peasant and Priest Act with some changes, but the nobility and bourgeoisie laws did not take it up, as the Swedish-speaking constitutionalists in particular wanted a “Riksdag strike” until legal conditions had been restored.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

As a result, the labour movement took the leadership of the suffrage struggle into its hands during 1905, prompting the mobilization of popular forces in large demonstrations to demand universal and equal suffrage.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[25] Universal and equal suffrage Preparation of parliamentary reform The Empire's poor success in the war against Japan triggered a revolution in Russia during 1905 and at the end of October, Tsar Nicholas II agreed to issue the October Manifesto promising the establishment of a broad the legislating parliament, or the State Duma, elected by the right to vote.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

A major strike broke out in Finland as well, during which the labour movement was able to push through its demands for voting rights reform.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In accordance with the wishes of the Labour Party, the matter was not allowed to be resolved by the National Assembly; its adoption remained in the hands of the old system.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The Tsar's November manifesto for Finland on 4 November included a mandate for the new Senate to prepare a Reichstag order based on universal and equal suffrage, which was a concession of constitutionalists and Russian predominance to the labour movement and popular forces.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The extraordinary subversive situation allowed only slightly the reforms previously considered impossible to be implemented and, on the other hand, conservative pundits felt it necessary to bend to the demands of the radicals.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[26] [27] On 4 December 1905, the new Mechelin Senate appointed a 14-person committee to prepare parliamentary reform, whose chairman became Professor Robert Hermanson and members from Swedes Emil Schybergson, Felix Heikel and T. J. Boisman, Young Finns P. E. Svinhufvud, Th. Rhine, E.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

N. Setälä and Santeri Alkio, of the Old Finns J. R. Danielson-Kalmari, J. K. Paasikivi and Juho Torppa, and the Social Democrats Edvard Valpas, Heikki Lindroos and Yrjö Sirola.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[28] The right to vote for women was approved by the Committee almost without debate, but the vote on women's eligibility for election was mainly due to Swedes opposing it.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Only Chairman Hermanson objected to both, leaving alone in the committee session his objections to women's suffrage.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

As regards men, general election rights and eligibility were already clear in advance as a result of the Committee's mandate.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

As the minimum age for election, the Committee put forward the old 21 years, but 24 years for eligibility.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[29] After much wrangling, the Committee also decided that Parliament should be unicameral and proportional in the manner of election.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

It filed its report on 28 February 1906.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[30] In the final Act, the right to vote took the form presented by the Committee, although on a Senate motion, the age limit for the right to vote was also increased to 24 years — the suffrage must have reached 24 years before the election year.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The last decree Riksdag finally adopted the new Reichstag and Electoral Law on 1 June 1906 unchanged in essence and confirmed by the Emperor 20.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

on July.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[31] Russia accepted the radical reform, which, however, did not narrow the ruler's prerogatives in Finland.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[32] The first parliamentary elections were held 15—16.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

on March 1907.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Until then, Finland, which lagged behind other European countries in terms of democracy, moved ahead of them.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In Finland, women were the first in Europe to gain both electoral rights and eligibility, and the 19 female representatives elected to the new parliament were the first female MPs in the world.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

At the end of the enactment Riksdag, there were about 126000 eligible to vote in Finland, but in the first parliamentary elections 1272873, i.e. the parliamentary reform increased the electorate tenfold.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The modern party establishment also emerged in Finland with the advent of universal suffrage during 1906.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[33] Implementation of universal suffrage in municipal elections Where local elections had been more democratic than state elections during the legislative Riksdag, the situation was reversed by the 1906 reform.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Still, by revenue, tiered municipal suffrage was considered the most archaic in Europe.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[34] However, the implementation of universal and equal suffrage at the municipal level was postponed for another decade.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The relevant law was passed by Parliament as early as 1908, mainly by a vote of 146—41 of Old Finns and Social Democrats, but the Admiral Senate delayed its presentation for confirmation by the Emperor until 1914.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In an opinion in the end, the Senate found universal and equal suffrage “unfair” and the monarch left the law unconfirmed.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In July 1917, the left-majority parliament passed new municipal laws based on universal and equal suffrage, with an additional 20 years as a voting age and the possibility of municipal referendums.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[13] The Russian Provisional Government did not enforce these laws either, but dissolved the parliament due to the power law.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Along with the Eight-Hour Working Time Act, the implementation of municipal laws was one of the main demands in the Social Democrats' “We Insist” programme, for which another general strike was held in November.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

After declaring itself holder of supreme power in Finland on 15 November, the new parliament immediately confirmed these laws.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[35] [36] The first local elections based on universal and equal suffrage could not be held until December 1918, but in accordance with the practice at that time, only a third of the councillors were elected.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

As a whole, councillors elected by universal suffrage were therefore not obtained until the 1920 local elections.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Furthermore, during 1919, the bourgeois majority parliament removed their most radical features from the municipal election laws: the voting age was first raised to 24 and then equalised to 21, with the addition of the possibility of referendums removed.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

It has been speculated that the lack of municipal democracy had a significant impact on the development leading up to the civil war, since especially in the autumn of 1917 the intervals between oligarchy councils and the organised working population became very sharp in many localities.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[13] Restrictions on universal suffrage The Reichstag Order of 1906 still restricted a few groups from the right to vote.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Permanent military service, under patronage, who had not survived in the previous three years, non-payment of crown taxes during the previous two years (for reasons other than proven poverty), permanent assistance in patronage those who enjoyed their property to creditors (“until he has confirmed his estate by oath”), those convicted of vagrancy in the previous three years, those without civil trust by judgment, and for electoral offences such as selling or buying votes in the previous six years the condemned.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[37] Most of the restrictions were based on the fact that some degree of economic independence was still considered a necessary condition for participation in joint decision-making.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Many of them were picked directly from the Reichstag Order of 1869.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The Social Democrats were particularly critical of the restrictions on the poor.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The spirit writing condition was considered necessary, as there were no other general population records in Finland, but especially those without permanent residence and those who travelled in abundance were easily excluded from the spirit books.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Other people found themselves at the mercy of spiritwriters' mistakes and arbitrariness because of the law — for example, MP Matti Helenius-Seppälä was unable to stand again in the 1909 elections, as his name was accidentally missing from the spirit book.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The increase in the voting age limit also drastically pruned the pool of those eligible to vote.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

It is impossible to calculate the exact proportion of those affected by the restrictions, but by comparison of spirit books and church books it has been speculated to have been around 11—15% of voting age in the early 20th century.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Unpayment of taxes and assistance for hassle-care cared out about 140,000 voters, the rest of the restrictions touched a smaller number.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[38] Prisoners were also practically disenfranchised for a long time, as prisons did not have access to voting.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Social grounds for disenfranchisement, namely non-payment of taxes and hassle care, were absent from municipal laws enacted in 1917, but were added to them as early as 1919 accordingly to state elections.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

However, bankruptcy status and vagrancy judgment were not added to the restriction terms of municipal voting rights.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[39] In addition, the so-called Communist laws were in force between 1930 and 1944, which denied eligibility for election to those who belonged to an “association dangerous to social order”.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[40] Subsequent extensions to suffrage The grounds for loss of voting rights were later removed from the Riksdag one by one: bankruptcy status and unpaid crown taxes in 1928 (under the new Reichstag order), permanent war service, and poorkeeping 1944, absence of civil trust in 1969 and patronage, vagrancy conviction, and non-writing in 1972.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[41] [42] As grounds for loss of municipal suffrage, unpayment of taxes and assistance to poor care remained until 1948, although the first condition was already disabled by the emergency act in the 1945 and 1947 municipal elections.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[39] Loss of the right to be convicted of electoral offences also dropped out of municipal law in 1976 and finally 1995 also from state elections as the last reason for restricting voting rights — except age limit and citizenship condition.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[42] Impairment remains of obstacles to eligibility (ex.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

patronage), as well as holding military office in the case of parliamentary elections.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[43] The voting age for municipal elections had already been 21 years since 1919, but for state elections it was not lowered back to 21 until 1944.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

During the 1960s and 1970s, the voting age was lowered four more times: the voting age for municipal elections was lowered to 20 in 1968 and for state elections to 1969; the age limit for election was lowered for all elections to 18 in 1972, and also for eligibility for election in 1976.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1995, the date of determination of voting rights was still moved from the last day of the year preceding the election year to the election day itself, which on average lowered the age limit by about half a year.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Rather, due to a change in the age structure rather than the lowering of the voting age, the relative share of the population eligible to vote has increased greatly: in 1907 they were 45.0%, in 2003 already 80.9%.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[44] A change in the law made it possible to vote in hospitals, Finnish missions abroad and Finnish ships at sea.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The grip ballot was replaced in 1969 by advance voting, which 1972 was also ordered to be held in closed institutions such as mental hospitals, prisons, and labor facilities.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

This also allowed residents of closed institutions to gain de facto voting rights.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[45] The replacement of spirit books with a new population register enabled another 1972 amendment to the law, which gave the right to vote in state elections also to Finnish citizens living abroad.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

This was first used in the 1975 parliamentary election.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[46] The right to vote in municipal elections was extended in 1976 to nationals from other Nordic countries who lived in Finland for at least two years and in 1991 to all foreigners living in the country for at least four years.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In 1995, citizens residing in Finland from all countries of the European Union and Iceland and Norway were granted municipal voting rights on the same terms as Finnish citizens.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[47] In 2010, Justice Minister Tuija Brax set up a task force for public debate to explore a possible reduction in the voting age to 16 in municipal elections.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

In its report, the working group did not take a position on whether the change should be implemented.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[48] [49] [50] [51] Criteria for prohibition of voting rights and their validity Suffrage in other elections Parish elections in the parish elections of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland, the right to vote in accordance with the Church Act of 1869 was determined by family and the head of the family voted in favour of the whole family.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The number of votes was tied to the proportion by which the family contributed to the priest's pay, but no one was allowed to have more than 1/6 of the parish vote.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Universal suffrage entered the Congregational elections by decision of the Ecclesiastical Assembly in 1913.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The right to vote was otherwise equal, except that people over 40 received one additional vote and those who were married for more than 10 years another.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Women were accepted as eligible for election to other positions of trust in the church except as ecclesiastical representatives in 1923.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

The system was replaced by fully equal suffrage in 1953.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[55] A law enacted in 2008 reduced the age for voting rights in ecclesiastical elections, except for vicar election, to 16 years.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

[56] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juhani Mylly| title = Breakthrough of Representative Democracy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Parliament of Finland (Edita) | year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-37-4541-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aki Rasilainen | title = Legal Argumentation in Politics: Political History of Finnish Legalism| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Lawyers' Association| year = 2004| version = Publications of the Finnish Lawyers' Association, A series No 257| id = ISBN 951-855-232-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauri Tarasti| title = Finnish electoral law| location = Helsinki| publisher = State Printing Center| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-37-0099-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lauri Tarasti| = Electoral and party law| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-37-4513-9}} Vesa Vares: Challenges of democracy 1907—1919, in Vares, Uola & Majander.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

Parliament of Finland (Edita), Helsinki 2006.


Question: Was the Women's March a political statement?

History of Finnish suffrage

ISBN 951-37-4541-4 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Little Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-0-14253-04}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish History 6: From Romance to Modernism; Borderland republic| location = Welin+Göös| publisher = WSOY| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-35-2495-7}} References on the topic Elsewhere website Category:Voting rights


Question: What methods do neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

Neuropsychology is a specialty in psychology that studies the influence of the brain on human behavior [1], the state of viability, and cognitive performance.


Question: What methods do neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

Neuropsychology studies, for example, the association of neuropsychiatric syndromes such as brain damage, ADHD and Asperger's syndrome, and neurological diseases such as MS and chronic fatigue syndrome to an individual's cognitive function and behaviour.


Question: What methods do neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: What methods do neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: What methods do neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

It can be broken down into experimental neuropsychology and clinical (practical) neuropsychology, among others.


Question: What methods do neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

In Finland, a legalized psychologist can be trained as a neuropsychologist by completing specialized studies including courses in neuropsychology, neurology, other neurosciences, psychiatry and rehabilitation.


Question: What methods do neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

Suspicions have been raised that paralysis and loss of tactile sensation had been inflicted on death row inmates by irritating the meninges.


Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

A researcher belonging to this era, Avicenna was interested in neural and psychological disorders and sought to associate certain psychic events with specific parts of the brain.


Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

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Question: By what methods does neuropsychology study the brain?

Neuropsychology

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