Question: When was the HMS Brighton ship returned for scrapping in the British Isles?

HMS Brighton (I08)


Question: When was the HMS Brighton ship returned for scrapping in the British Isles?

HMS Brighton (I08)

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Question: When was the HMS Brighton ship returned for scrapping in the British Isles?

HMS Brighton (I08)

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Question: When was the HMS Brighton ship returned for scrapping in the British Isles?

HMS Brighton (I08)

References Category:Royal Navy Town-class destroyers Category:World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistics is a discipline based on probability computing that studies the collection, processing and reasoning of statistical data sets.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[1] Statistics can be used to measure observations and process the datasets that make up the measurements, and statistics thus brings empiry to various studies.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Reasoning based on the results of statistical science is inductive reasoning, that is, based on the data, one seeks to generalize things from individual to general.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Observational data can also be obtained at a given interval, i.e., to produce a time series.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistics can be divided into theoretical and applied statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistics is used to conduct statistical studies and these are divided into quantitative (quantitative) and qualitative (qualitative) studies.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The practitioner of statistics is called a statistician.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistics is applied in a wide range of research fields, including, for example, the natural, social and humanities.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistical reasoning plays an important part in scientific hypothesis testing.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistics is also used in industry.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistics is also utilized in official state and municipal statistics, as well as in ascertaining the state of the national economy, and historically public power was the first to exploit statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In 1749, Finland's first population statistics were compiled.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[2] In Finland Statistics Finland produces the vast majority of official Finnish statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[3] Other statistical authorities in Finland include the Institute for Health and Welfare, the Finnish National Resources Institute and Customs.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The Bank of Finland also produces a significant number of official statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[4] When statistical methods are used to represent observed data, descriptive statistics are concerned.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

When you move from a description to looking at or modeling the data so that the uncertainty of the data and the randomness of the observations are taken into account, one is talking about statistical inference.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Both of these cases involve applied statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Mathematical Statistics, in turn, focuses on examining the theoretical basis of statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Key issues in statistics are sampling methods, measuring scales, middle rates, and variation and dependency rates.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Conducting statistical surveys requires planning in the form of a research plan because it lays the groundwork for what can ultimately be extracted from the collected data.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Approach The application of statistics to the scientific, industrial or societal problem under consideration begins with population definition.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

It may be the population of a country or products manufactured by a factory.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

On the other hand, the process producing the data can be observed at different points in time when it is a time series.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

It is normally only possible to collect data from a subset of the population, in which case a sample is the subject of the study.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Data can be collected from the sample either through observations or in an experimental setting.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Once the data has been collected, the analysis of it can be divided into description and reasoning, which, although often are closely related.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Sampling: Sampling refers to the selection of research units from a base set of research units.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The goal of sampling is to obtain as representative a sample of the entire base set as possible, so that the reasoning could also be generalized to the base set.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[5] Choosing a sampling method can have a major impact on the success of the study.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

A simple and very commonly used sampling method is simple random sampling.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In simple random sampling, each unit of the base set has an equal probability of being selected in the sample.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Another simple sampling method is systematic sampling, in which, at certain intervals, a unit is selected from the listed data to be included in the study.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[6] However, many times the simplest methods do not produce the best possible outcome.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

For example, if the goal is to find out the native language skills of all third-graders in Finland through an interview study, it would be a really hard job for researchers to circumvent all the schools from which students were selected to participate in the study.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In such cases, cucumber soda is often used.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In ryväsotanta, the data are divided into groups and the actual sampling takes place between these groups.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In the case of an example, one could divide the basic set into groups based on the school class and draw a lot which classes are selected in their entirety according to the study.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[6] A base set can often be divided into mutually exclusive subsets.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

For example, when conducting research on whether university students are satisfied with their major, one might think that students from all fields are wanted to be included in the study.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

When using simple random sampling, students from fields with few students may not involve students at all in the study.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

To prevent this, one could decide in advance how many students would like to be included in each field and then conduct a simple random sampling among students in each field.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

This is called stratified sampling.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In stratified sampling, it is essential to note that the indicators calculated from the observed data may not be representative of the entire base set.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

This is often correctable with emphasis.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[6] Sampling can also be done so that the probability of each unit being selected depends on some property of this unit, such as size.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

For example, when conducting a study of unemployment in Finland based on the unemployment percentages of individual municipalities, it is very important that the largest municipalities should be selected.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Thus, it can be thought that bigger municipalities should have a higher probability of being elected.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

This is called sampling according to the size of the statistical unit.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[6] Description of data Descriptive statistical analysis is the representation of the observed data either numerically or graphically.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

From the observed data, key figures can be calculated to describe the properties of variables such as position, dispersion, skew, or peak.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Typical location indicators are mode, minimum, maximum, median, quantiles, and different averages.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Often used key figures for variation include standard deviation, variance, quartile spacing, and range.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

A common way of summarizing data is to represent the minimum, maximum, lower and upper quartiles, and median of each variable.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[5] A graph drawn from these five hallmarks is called a moustache box graph.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The distribution of a single variable can be graphically described by, for example, a histogram.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

A core estimator can also be used instead of a histogram, which can be seen as a generalization of the histogram.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

There is also often interest in dependency relationships between two or more variables.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Linear dependence can be measured by, for example, covariance or correlation.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Other key figures describing dependency include the Kendall ordinal correlation coefficient and Spearman ordinal correlation coefficient.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The dependence between two variables can be graphically illustrated by a scattering pattern.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistical inference Statistical inference seeks to generalize the results obtained on the basis of the data set as a whole set.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Observations often involve randomness and the objective of statistical inference is to determine that the phenomenon observed in the data can be explained by random variation alone.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Reasoning may include, for example, estimating the parameters of a model, as well as calculating key numbers and testing their statistical significance.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Credibility function A very large part of statistical reasoning theory relies on plausibility.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Credibility refers to the likelihood of detecting values similar to the observed from a set, fixed model.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Credibility is measured by the credibility function L (y; θ) = f (y; θ), {\ displaystyle L (y;\ theta) =f (y;\ theta),} which is interpreted as a function of the parameter θ {\ displaystyle\ theta}.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The basic idea behind credibility inference is that the value of the credibility function is large for those values of the parameter θ {\ displaystyle\ theta} from which the dataset is actually derived.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

It is often assumed that observations are independent and similarly distributed.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In this case, a credibility function based on observations (y 1..., y n) {\ displaystyle (y_ {1}\ ldots, y_ {n})} can be written L (y; θ) = i = 1 n f (y i; θ), {\ displaystyle L (y;\ theta) =\ prod _ {i=1} ^ {n} f (y_ {i};\ theta),} where f (y i; θ) {\ displaystyle f (y_ {i};\ theta)} is each the credibility function of the random variable Y i {\ displaystyle Y_ {i}}, that is, the density function on continuous variables and the point probability function for discrete variables.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[7] The credibility function is a very much used tool in both Frequentist and Bayesian statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[7] [8] Frequentist reasoning In Frequentist statistics, it is thought that the probability of an event is the relative contribution of an event when the number of repetitions approaches infinity.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Thus, probability is defined only in the sense of repeatable situations.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

For example, the parameters of the models are thought of as fixed numbers, which therefore do not have a probability distribution.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Instead, in frequentist reasoning, it is often calculated that how likely it is to detect perception-like values of key numbers in some particular situation.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Much of the statistical concepts in use today, such as bias, mean error of key number, p-value, and confidence interval, were originally defined in frequentist statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[7] Bayesian reasoning Bayesian statistics is based on the so-called Bayesian formula, which defines conditional probability: f (θ | y) = f (y | θ) f (θ) f (y) f (y ) {\ displaystyle f (\ theta |y) = {\ frac {f (y|\ theta) f (\ theta)} {f (y)}}} The Bayesian formula combines the credibility f (y | θ) {\ displaystyle f (y|\ theta)} and parameters θ {\ displaystyle\ theta} is priori f (θ) {\ displaystyle f (\ theta)} posterior.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The desired statistical inference is made based on this posteriori distribution.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In Bayesian statistics, therefore, it is thought that statistical key numbers and model parameters involve uncertainty, so they can be described using probability distributions.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Bayesian statistics essentially involves the determination of a priori distribution reflecting prior knowledge of the parameter of interest.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Bayesian statistics have often been criticized for this very reason.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

However, various methods have been developed to make the significance of the priori distribution small or even non-existent.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

However, many in favour of Bayesian statistics do not see Prior as a disadvantage, but rather as a useful tool to, for example, exploit previous research findings from the same field.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[9] Modelling A statistical model is a probability distribution that attempts to draw conclusions using the data observed for the benefit of the observed data.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[10] In modelling, there is often an interest in how the values of one or more variables change on average when the value of other variables changes.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

For example, statistical modelling can be used to examine whether monthly income increases on average as the duration of training becomes longer.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistical modelling can be done from both a Frequentist and Bayesian perspective.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[10] Frequently used modeling methods include Linear Regression Model Generalized Linear Model Time Series Models Testing Statistical tests test hypotheses set for key numbers or parameters.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The statistical test first calculates the observed test high value from the data and then calculates the p-value, i.e. the probability of detecting at least such anomalous test values when the null hypothesis is true.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

If the probability of detecting at least such abnormal test values while the null hypothesis is below the preset significance level, the null hypothesis may be rejected at the selected significance level.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

If the p-value is above the significance level, then it can be noted that there is no evidence that the null hypothesis is not valid.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Worth noting is that a p-value above the significance level cannot be interpreted as saying the null hypothesis is true.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The significance level describes the probability of the test to reject the null hypothesis incorrectly.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Typically, the significance levels used are 10%, 5%, 1%, and 0.1%.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[5] Test power is an essential concept in statistical testing.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The power of the test is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Thus, the closer to number 1 the power of the test is, the more sensitive the test will detect the divergence from the null hypothesis.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[5] Commonly used statistical tests include t-test Khii to another test Character test F test Many times the sampling distribution of the test large is difficult or even impossible to calculate.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In this case, computational methods such as simulation of a distribution according to the null hypothesis or a bootstrap method based on merely observed data can be used.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[5] Causality In statistics, it is important to distinguish between causality and correlation.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Causality, or causality, means in a statistical context that the value of one variable follows the value of another variable.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Correlation between two variables means that their values vary in the data together, but no position is taken in the direction of causality.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Research on income and lifetime, for example, may show that the rich live longer than the poor.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In this case, income and lifespan are correlated in the data.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

However, a causal relationship, according to which wealth would increase lifespan, cannot be derived from this.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The correlation may arise from the impact of a third unobserved variable, which might be, for example, access to health services.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Traditionally, it has been thought that causal inference is only possible if the values of the explanatory variable can be controlled.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[11] Recently, however, efforts have been made to develop methods for causal inference also in observational research.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Pearl's causal model is based on the idea that interactions between variables and their direction are known, and on this basis, in some cases, the rules of causal calculation can eliminate the need to control the values of the explanatory variable.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[12] Statistical applications in Lotto Lotto, the player chooses seven numbers from 39 options in one line.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In the draw, 7 numbers and 3 additional numbers are selected from 39 numbers.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The winning classes are 7 correct, 6 correct + additional number, 6 correct, 5 correct, and four correct.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Looking at how many different lottery lines exist, it is necessary to find out how many ways seven numbers can be selected from 39 sets.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

39*38*37*... *2*1 different combinations can be formed out of 39 numbers.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The reading series is called the multiplication of 39, 39!.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Similarly, 7 figures can be formed from 7!


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

different combination.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The 32 numbers that are not included in the line can be selected from 32!


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

in a different way.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The number of different lines with seven digits can be calculated as follows: 39! /(7! *32!)


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

= 15,380,937.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

So there are over 15 million different lottery lines.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The same calculation formula can also be used to determine how many different winning combinations there are.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Different four correctly combinations can be formed from seven correct numbers 7! /(4! *3!)


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

= 35 pieces.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The three numbers left without lottery can additionally be selected 32! /(3! *29!)


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

= 4,960 ways.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The number of different four correct lines is obtained as the input of these results, i.e. 35*4,960 = 173,600.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The same method based on combinations is used to obtain the number of different winning combinations: 7 correctly 1 6+1 correct 21 6 correctly 203 5 correctly 10 416 4 correctly 173 600 The probability of winning on one line in one spin something can be calculated by dividing the sum of all winning combinations by the number of different lines i.e. (1 + 21 + 230 + 10 416+ 173,600)/15 380 937 = 0.012, or just over 1%.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Since there will surely be either event on each line, either there will be a win or there will be no win, is their aggregate probability of one.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The probability of not winning anything can be calculated by subtracting the probability of winning from one.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The probability of one line not winning is therefore 1 - 0.012 = 0.988, or 98.8%.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[13] Computed tomography In medical studies, computed tomography (e.g. when looking for cancerous tumors) is used as an aid.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

With the help of the method, so-called slice or flat images are produced from human tissues or organs by a device called tomography.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The images are based on measuring electromagnetic or particle radiation as radiation travels through tissues or organs.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

When forming an image, an algorithm programmed in a tomograph solves a mathematical problem called the inversion problem, which can most naturally be interpreted in a frame formed by Bayesian statistical methods.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[14] Surveys In the design, implementation and analysis of the results of surveys are applied from statistical methods e.g.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

sampling, estimation and testing.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

For example, people's opinions on various questions about society can be found out through surveys.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Typically 1000 — 2000 Finns are selected as a target, and the goal is to draw conclusions on the distribution of opinions among all Finns based on the results of the survey.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The results of the survey can be generalized to all Finns if the group of Finns picked for the survey forms a representative thumbnail of Finns.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The thumbnail is representative if opinions are divided among those picked for the survey in the same way as in the base set of all Finns.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Selecting survey items by lottery is the only method (random sampling) that allows obtaining a representative thumbnail image.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

The use of a draw to pick items in a poll implies that the poll results are random: If a draw was played, the poll would produce different results (with high probability) every time, because different people would be picked (with high probability) in different draws.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

If random sampling has been used to extract survey items, a statistical model can be formed for the uncertainty and randomness inherent in the survey results, which allows both the generalization of the survey results and the reliability of the generalization to be assessed.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[14] Vehicle statistics in Finland Trafi and Statistics Finland, inter alia, compile vehicle and driving licence statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Vehicle data in the Vehicle Traffic Register are published in the terms of the number of vehicles in the register and in traffic use.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Based on statistics, different conclusions are drawn, for example, on the state of the national economy.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

In the event of a bad economic situation, vehicles are not acquired or renewed as much as in a better economic climate.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[13] Official statistics, demographic basics, indices and national accounts Official statistics produced by Statistics Finland and others describe economic and social conditions in the country, including income distribution and business activities.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Demographics such as birth rates, mortality and migration, as well as labour market situation are also described through various statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Methods of statistical science are also applied in the calculation of various indices such as price, cost and quantity indices.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

National accounts are a statistical system describing the functioning of the national economy, based on international treaties.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

It allows to describe the history and current state, as well as to make various international comparisons.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

[15] Research Areas Time Series Analysis Bayesian Statistics Biometry (applications in life sciences) Data analysis Econometrics (applications in economics) Epidemiology (research of factors affecting health) Samping theory Spatial statistics Software Free Statistics Software: R GNU Octave JAGS Commercial Statistics Software: GAUSS SAS Splus SPSS Stata Survo Mathematica MATLAB MS Excel WinBugs See also Probability distribution Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Grönroos, Matti| title = Introduction to Statistics: Description, Models and Reasoning| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finn Lectura| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-792-148-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkilä, Juha| title = ABC-Book of Statistics.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

1, Descriptive statistics| location = Helsinki| publisher = University Weight| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-570-184-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkilä, Tarja| title = Statistical research| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2008| version = 7th revised print| id = ISBN 978-951-37-4812-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Holopainen, Martti & Pulkkinen, Pekka| title = Statistical methods| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY Study Materials| year = 2008| version = Illustration: Krista Partti.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

5. revised edition| id = ISBN 978-951-0-33198-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Valli, Raine| title = Introduction to statistical research| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = PS cost| year = 2001| version = Teaching 2000| id = ISBN 952-451-032-4}}, replace with {{cite book| author = Vasama, Pyry-Matti; Vartia, Georgian | title = Introduction to Statistics, part I| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 1972| id = ISBN 951-662-015-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vasama, Pyry-Matti; Vartia, Vartia Georg| title = Introduction in statistics, part II| location = Helsinki| publisher = Cyrire| year = 1973| id = ISBN 951-662-040-X}} On the topic elsewhere.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

Statistics Finland.


Question: What is meant by the so-called scientific method?

Statistics

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Bavaria (,), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is the largest in terms of area and the second largest of the German states after North Rhine-Westphalia by population.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

It is located in southern Germany and its capital is Munich.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The majority of Bavarians are Catholics.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Bavaria is divided into seven administrative regions (Regierungsbezirke): Unterfranconia, Mittelfranconia, Oberfranconia, Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Swaben and Oberpfalz, these further into 71 districts and 25 district-free cities.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The official anthem of Bavaria is Bayernhymne.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

History In the Old Age the territory of present-day Bavaria was inhabited by Celts.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[1] It was annexed to the Roman Empire under Emperor Augustus [2], and annexed part of Raetia, part of the province of Noricum.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In the Early Middle Ages, Bavaria was inhabited by Bajuvaars, according to whom Bavaria received its present name.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[2] They spoke the Ancient High German language, but most likely descended only from Germans, such as Marcomanns, Lowers or Goths; mainly they may have been from the Celts who had already lived in the area and the Romans who migrated there. offspring.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The name Bajuvaari possibly refers to the Celtic tribe of Boijs and its original homeland of Bohemia.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The Bajuvaars are first mentioned in written sources around the time of 520.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In the early 7th century, Saint Bonifatius completed the conversion of the people to Christianity.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The House of Agilolfing ruled the Duchy of Bavaria from 554—788.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[3] The family's reign ended when Charles the Great conquered Bavaria and deposed the last ruler of the family, Tassilo III.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[4] The names of the three early dukes are known from Frankish sources.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Garibald I was granted ruler status by possibly merovingi rulers, and he married a Lombard princess Walderada when the church in 555 forbade Klotar I from taking Walderada as his consort.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Their daughter Theodelinde became queen of northern Italian Lombardy, and Garibaldi had to flee to her when she lost the war against the Franks.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Around 600, Garibaldi's successor Tassilo I attempted, with little success, to defend the eastern frontier of his kingdom against the spreading efforts of the Slavs and Avaars.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Tassilo's son Garibald II appears between the years 610 and 616 to have brought about a balance of powers.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[5] Little is known about the period after Garibald II in Bavarian history before Duke Theodo I's regency period, possibly beginning as early as 680.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Beginning in 696, he invited churchmen from the west to his kingdom to develop church organization and strengthen Christianity in his kingdom.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

His son Theodbert successfully led the Bavarians in 714 against the Lombards in a war for the succession to power.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

However, she married her daughter Guntrud to King Liutprand of Lombardy.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Upon Theodo's death, the duchy was divided among his sons, but was reunited by his grandson Hugbert.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In 735, upon Hugbert's death, his distant relative Odilo of neighbouring Alemannia, comprising present-day southwestern Germany and northern Switzerland, became duke.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Odilo drew up a unified collection of laws for Bavaria, brought in 739 together with St. Bonifatius to complete the organisation of ecclesiastical conditions, and attempted to interfere with the Frankish succession of power by fighting the Caroling family Grifo.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

He suffered defeat near Augsburg in 743, but ruled Bavaria until his death until 748.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The Duchy of Bavaria Tassilo III (741-796) ascended the throne after his father at the age of 8 after Grifo had unsuccessfully attempted to take over Bavaria.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

At first he ruled under Frankish supremacy, but from 763 onwards independent of them.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

He is particularly known for founding new monasteries, as well as extending the kingdom eastward.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

He fought against the Slavs in the eastern Alps and along the Danube and conquered these territories.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In 781, however, his cousin Charles the Great began to pressure Tassilo to surrender and deposed him once and for all from power in 788.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

This ousting from power, however, was not considered legitimate by everyone.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In 792, Tassilo's supporters rebelled against Charles the Great in his old capital, Regensburg, under the leadership of his son Pepin the Hunchback.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

At the Frankfurt meeting in 794, Charles had to release Tassilo from captivity and formally return him his rights and titles.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

However, this is the last time Tassilo is mentioned in historical sources, and most likely he died as a monk.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

When his entire family was forced to move to monasteries, the history of the Agolifing dynasty ended here.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

During the 400 years that followed Charles the Great, the duchy was ruled by several genera, few however longer than three generations.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Like other German principalities, it belonged since the 9th century to the Holy German-Roman Empire.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[3] When Duke Henry II in 976 rose in revolt, Bavaria lost extensive territories of the south and southeast.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The former eastern part of Bavaria, Ostarrichi was given the status of a separate duchy and given to the House of Babenberg.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

This originated Austria.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[5] The last and one of the most important dukes of Bavaria was Henry the Lion of the House of Welf, founder of Munich, who, as ruler of the two duchies, was effectively the second most powerful person in the Empire.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

When his cousin, Emperor Fredrik Barbarossa in 1180 stripped him of the position of Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, Bavaria was ceded as a fief to the House of Wittelsbach, whose members before that had been Palatinate Counts of Scheyern.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The Wittelsbachs ruled Bavaria for the next 738 years, from 1180—1918.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[2] From 1214 onwards, the Wittelsbachs also ruled the Elector of Kurpfalz along the Rhine.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In between, the Duchy of Bavaria was divided several times into smaller states.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[5], first performed in 1255.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

When the ruler family of Hohenstaufen in 1268 became extinct, the Dukes of Wittelsbach gained control of the Swaben region.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Emperor Louis the Bavarian gained control of Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Hainaut, but ceded control of the House of Oberpfalz to the Palatinate branch in 1329.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In 1506, in the War of the Landshut Succession, the other parts of Bavaria were merged, and Munich became the capital of Bavaria.. Elector of Bavaria During the early stages of the Thirty Years' War in 1623, the Duke of Bavaria deposed his kinsman, who belonged to the Palatinate branch of the family, from the position of Elector.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Henceforth, Bavaria was one of the most influential principalities of the Holy German-Roman Empire and was given special status on the basis of the laws of the Empire.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The country, under the leadership of the Jesuits, became one of the centres of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In the early and mid-18th century, the petitions for power of the Electors of Bavaria led several times to war against Austria, and in the War of the Austrian Succession Austria occupied Bavaria.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[5] Around the same time, however, the Wittelsbach-related Elector Charles Albrekt of Bavaria was elected emperor in 1742, although otherwise emperors were almost always Habsburg-related rulers.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

He also reached out to Austrian lands.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[2] [1] From 1777 onwards, when the last member of the junior branch of the Wittelsbach family, Elector Maksimilian III Joseph had died without heirs, Bavaria again found itself in personal union with Kurpfalz, now ruled by the Palatinate branch of the family.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The kingdom now also included the Principalities of Jülich and Berg, as these had already been in a personal union with the Kurpfalz.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Kingdom of Bavaria When Napoleon in 1806 abolished the Holy German-Roman Empire, Bavaria became a Kingdom.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[3] Its territory doubled after Jülich was annexed by France and the Electorate of Kurpfalz was divided between France and the Grand Duchy of Baden.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The Duchy of Berg was received by Jerome Bonaparte.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The Duchy of Tyrol and Salzburg were annexed for some time to Bavaria but later ceded to Austria.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In contrast, Rhine-Palatinate and Franken were annexed in 1815 by Bavaria, although the Rhine-Palatinate was located as an exclave far outside Bavaria proper.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Maximilian Joseph von Montgelas pursued a determined policy of modernisation: he established an administrative system that largely remained in force even after the monarchy ceased, partly even today.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In 1808, the first constitution was confirmed for Bavaria, which was reformed in 1818.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In connection with this reform, a bicameral parliament with an upper house () and a lower house () was brought into the country.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The constitution remained in effect until the monarchy at the end of World War I was overthrown.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Bavaria as part of the German Empire As the Kingdom of Prussia intensified, Bavaria maintained its independence by taking advantage of the competitive fixture between Prussia and the Austrian Empire.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

As an ally of Austria, it suffered defeat in the Prussin—Austrian War of 1866 [5] and was not part of the North German Union established in 1867, but the question of German reunification remained pending.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In the Prussian—French War of 1870, the southern German states of Baden, Württenberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria joined the Prussian side, and after the war they became involved in the alliance, from which in 1871 the German Empire () was formed.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

However, Bavaria continued to remain a kingdom with its own Wittelsbach lineage king and in some respects wider self-rule than the other states of the Empire [2] [1].


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Among other things, it had its own Post Office, its own railways and even its own army.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[5] However, Bavaria's accession to the new German Empire was opposed by Bavarian nationalists who would have preferred to keep the country fully independent.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

When the majority of Bavarians were Catholic, many of them did not accept the country coming under the predominantly Protestant Prussians and other North Germans.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The immediate consequence of German reunification was the creation of parties that wanted to dissolve the union and restore Bavarian independence.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[6] Bavarian separatism still had much support in the early 20th century, but today most Bavarians have accepted that Bavaria is part of Germany.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[7] Many notable artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee and Henrik Ibsen settled in Bavaria in the early 20th century, especially in the Schwabing district of Munich, which was a centre of international artistic activity.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The area was badly destroyed by bombing in World War II.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

From World War I to modern times, Louis III, the last King of Bavaria, signed the Anif Declaration on 12 November 1918, by which he relieved both civilian and military officials from his oath of allegiance.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[8] Kurt Eisner, the socialist prime minister of the newly formed government, interpreted this as giving up power.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

However neither Louis III nor his successor, Crown Prince Rupprecht, ever formally declared that he had abdicated the throne, [8] but on the other hand has made no claims to it.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Eisner was assassinated in February 1919.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[6] Power was seized by communists who on 7 April established the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

However, it was already defeated by German military forces in May of the same year.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[6] A new constitution, the Bamberg Constitution (), was enacted for Bavaria, which came into force on 15 September 1919.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

It established the Free State of Bavaria, which was part of the Weimar Republic.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

However, extremists still operate in the country, most noticeably evidenced by the beer-killing coup led, if immediately defeated, by the National Socialists in 1923.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Munich and Nuremberg became the main areas of support for the Nazis, which they remained even after Hitler rose to power in 1933.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In 1920, Koburg was annexed to Bavaria.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[1] Instead, part of the Rhine-Palatinate region, which was part of Bavaria, was part of the Saar Region, separated from Germany from 1919 onwards [1], which now forms the state of Saarland.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Munich as an industrial centre was badly damaged by bombing in World War II and was eventually conquered by US military forces.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

After the war, from 1945 to 1949, Bavaria was mainly part of the US occupation zone.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

After the war, Bavaria still included the part of the Rhine-Palatinate that had not been annexed to the Saar Region in 1919, but the rest of the Rhine-Palatinate was separated from Bavaria in 1946 and annexed into the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

From 1949, Bavaria was part of West Germany.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Initially, however, the Landtag of Bavaria refused to ratify the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, especially because it was not considered to guarantee the various Länder enough rights of self-government, but at the same time decided that the law would also come into force in Bavaria if at least two thirds from other states it would be ratified.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The law was ratified by all the other states, and it also came into force in Bavaria.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Politics The clearly largest party in Bavaria is the CDU's sister party CSU (Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern), which has traditionally received more than a third of the votes cast statewide, the 2018 election winners were the Greens as well as the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The biggest party in state centre Munich, though, is the SPD.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Economy Bavaria is a strong and prosperous state with a per capita national product exceeding the German average and low unemployment rate.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In 2015, Bavaria's gross domestic product was around €549 billion.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[9] Bavaria accounts for about a fifth of Germany's GDP.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The Bavarian economy has evolved over time from an agraar-oriented to a technology-oriented one.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Economically the strongest region is the Munich environment, with a rich automotive industry (BMW, MAN, Knorr-Bremse), strong IT sector (Siemens, Infineon, Microsoft), media industry, publishing houses (Premiere, Kabel Deutschland, Burda Verlag), arms industry (EADS, Krauss-Maffei) as well as tourist services (historical attractions, museums, beer gardens, namely “Biergarten”, Oktoberfest, congresses and fairs).


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Other economic engines in southern Bavaria include Augsburg, Ingolstadt (Audi, Media-Saturn-Holding) and the Bavarian “chemistry triangle” between Chiemsee, Inn and Salzach.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The economic centre of northern Bavaria is the metropolitan area Nuremberg—Fürth—Erlangen.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In addition, the Aschaffenburg and Würzburg/Schweinfurt regions have a strong economy.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Regensburg, too, has prospered financially.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

There are areas dependent on financial aid in the state's border areas.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

The Bayerische Wald, in particular, suffered from weak traction during the Cold War.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

After the fall of the Iron Curtain and the reunification of the Germans, the region lost subsidies for the border region and at the same time the Czech Republic across the border became a more attractive investment destination.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Strong tourist spots include the lake regions of Bavaria as well as the Alps and Regensburg, whose historic old town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

Bavaria has nuclear power plants in three locations (KKW Isar, KKW Grafenrheinfeld and KKW Gundremmingen), in addition, there is a research reactor (FRM II) in Garching bei Munich, just outside Munich.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

As of August 2016, Bavaria had an unemployment rate of 3.5%.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

In the 2010s, the state's unemployment rate has fluctuated seasonally between three and four percent, region by region, the unemployment rate ranges from a couple percent to six percent.


Question: How far is Munich from Berlin?

Bavaria

[10] Administrative division Largest cities CityPopulation 31.12.2000Population 30/06/2005München12102231254300Nürnberg488400497254Augsburg254982262140Würzburg127966133188Regensburg125676129175Ingolstadt115722120575Fürth110477113076Erlangen100778102745Bayreuth7415722120575Fürth110477113076Erlangen100778102745Bayreuth741537413BambergBamberg 6903669934Aschaffenburg6759268798Kempten6138961507Landshut5874660825Rosenheim5890860049Schweinfurt543255 4351Neu -Ulm5018851461Passau5053650506Hof5074148982 Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Which country composer was Gaetano Donizetti?

List of composers

List of notable Western art music composers by period in alphabetical order by surname; last a separate section from Finnish composers.


Question: Which country composer was Gaetano Donizetti?

List of composers

Middle Ages François Andrieu Guido Arezzoan Hildegard Bingenian Johannes Ciconia Martinus Fabri Francesco Landini Leoninus Guillaume de Machaut Perotinus Matteo da Perugia Philippe de Vitry Renaissance Alexander Agricola Martin Agricola Marco Dall'Aquila Filippo Azzaiolo Gilles Binchois Antoine Brumel William Byrd Thomas Campion John Cooper Giovanni Maria da Crema Josquin Des Prez John Dowland Guillaume Dufay Costanzo Festa Andrea Gabrieli Giovanni Gabrieli Carlo Gesualdo Orlando Gibbons Claude Goudimel Nicolas Gombert Tobias Hume Heinrich Isaac Orlando di Lasso Vicente Lusitano Luzzasco Luzzaschi Francesco Canova da Milan Claudio Monteverdi Hans Newsidler Jacob Obrecht Johannes Ockeghem Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina Michael Praetorius Vincenzo Ruffo Thomas Tallis John Taverner Philippe Verdelot Tomás Luis de Victoria Adrian Willaert Oswald von Wolkenstein Baroque Evaristo Abaco Tomaso Albinoni Domenico Alberti Gregorio Allegri Johann Sebastian Bach Heinrich Ignaz Biber Jean-Philippe Borbollono Dietrich Buxtehude Antonio Caldara Thomas Campion Marc Antoine Charpentier Jeremiah Clarke John Cooper Arcangelo Corelli François Couperin John Dowland Johann Friedrich Fasch Johann Caspar Fischer Girolamo Frescobaldi Baldassare Galuppi Francesco Geminiani Orlando Gibbons Maurice Greene Georg Friedrich Händel Tobias Hume Jean-Marie Leclair Richard Leveridge Pietro Locatelli Jean-Baptiste Lully Claudio Monteverdi Johann Pachelbel Giovanni Battista Pergolesi Michael Praetorius Henry Purcell Johann Joachim Quantz Jean-Philippe Rameau Alessandro Scarlatti Domenico Scarlatti Samuel Scheidt Heinrich Schütz Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck Jacopo Peri Giuseppe Tartini Georg Philipp Telemann Antonio Vivaldi Silvius Leopold Weiss Jan Zach Domenico Zipoli Classicism Karl Friedrich Abel Domenico Alberti Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach Johann Christian Bach Wilhelm Friedemann Bach Ludwig van Beethoven Maksym Berezovsky William Billings Luigi Boccherini Giuseppe Bonno Dmitri Bortnjanski William Boyce Carlo Antonio Campioni Ferdinando Carulli Luigi Cherubini Domenico Cimarosa Muzio Clementi Franz Danzi Carl Ditters of Dittersdorf Jacques Duphly John Field Baldassare Galuppi Christoph Willibald Gluck André Grétry Joseph Haydn Michael Haydn Pieter Hellendaal Johann Nepomuk Hummel Joseph Martin Kraus Andrea Luchesi Leopold Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Josef Mysliveček Giovanni Battista Pergolesi François-André Danican Philidor Antonio Rosetti Antonio Salieri Giovanni Battista Sammartini Johann Schobert Antonio Soler Fernando Sor Georg Christoph Wagenseil Early and Full Romance Ludwig van Beethoven Adolphe Adam Charles-Valentin Alkan Daniel Auber Francis Edward Bache Michael William Balfe Vincenzo Bellini Hector Berlioz Franz Berwald Georges Bizet Aleksandr Borodin John Brahms Anton Bruckner Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller Norbert Burgmüller Ferdinando Carulli Frédéric Chopin Carl Czerny Edouard Deldevez Léo Delibes Gaetano Donizetti Alexander Dreyschock Ferenc Erkel John Field Niels Wilhelm Gade Mikhail Glinka Louis Moreau Gottschalk Charles Gounod Adolf von Henselt Henri Herz Johann Nepomuk Hummel Friedrich Kiel Theodor Kullak Édouard Lalo Joseph Lanner Franz Liszt Carl Loewe Albert Lortzing Fanny Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn Giacomo Meyerbeer Ignaz Moscheles Moritz Moszkowski Modest Musorgski Carl Otto Nicolai Jacques Offenbach George Onslow Niccolò Paganini Amilcare Ponchielli Antonín Reicha Ferdinand Ries Gioacchino Rossini Franz Schubert Clara Schumann Robert Schumann Antonio Soler Louis Spohr Johann Strauss the Younger Johann Strauss the Elder Josef Strauss Franz von Suppé Pyotr Tchaikovsky Giuseppe Verdi Robert Volkmann Richard Wagner Carl Maria von Weber Henryk Wieniawski Late and National Romanticism Isaac Albéniz Hugo Alfvén Anton Arenski Mili Balakirev Amy Beach Arrigo Boito Max Bruch Ferruccio Busoni Cécile Chaminade Gustave Charpentier Ernest Chausson Francesco Cilea César Cui Eugen d'Albert Claude Debussy Frederick Delius Luigi Denza Vincent d'Indy Ernő Dohnányi Paul Dukas Antonín Dvořák Edward Elgar Gabriel Fauré Zdeněk Fibich Johann Fuchs Robert Fuchs César Franck Aleksandr Glazunov Karl Goldmark Enrique Granados Edvard Grieg Engelbert Humperdinck Vasily Kalinnikov Viktor Kosenko Ruggiero Leoncavallo Anatoly Ljadov Sergey Ljapunov Mykola Lysenko Edward MacDowell Albéric Magnard Gustav Mahler Giuseppe Martucci Jules Massenet Carl Nielsen Gabriel Pierné Giacomo Puccini Maurice Ravel Max Reger Ottorino Respighi Nikolai Rimski-Korsakov Anton Rubinstein Camille Saint-Saëns Pablo de Sarasate Erik Satie Franz Xaver Scharwenka Franz Schmidt Déodat de Séverac Jean Sibelius Christian Sinding Aleksandr Skrjabin Bedřich Smetana John Stainer Wilhelm Stenhammar Richard Strauss Josef Suk Arthur Sullivan Johan Svendsen Sergey Taneyev Francisco Tarrega Émile Waldteufel Felix Weingartner Charles-Marie Widor Ralph Vaughan Williams Hugo Wolf Early 20th Century Béla Bartók Sergei Bortkiewicz Joseph Canteloube Marcel Dupré Maurice Duruflé Manuel de Falla George Gershwin Reinhold Glière Alexander Goedicke Aleksandr Grechaninov Reynaldo Hahn Gustav Holst Arthur Honegger Leoš Janáček Joseph Jongen Erich Korngold Franz Lehár Joseph Marx Nikolai Karlovich Medtner Darius Milhaud Carl Orff Ignacy Paderewski Francis Poulenc Sergey Prokofiev Sergey Rachmaninov Othmar Schoeck Arnold Schönberg Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji Dmitry Shostakovich Eduard Strauss Igor Stravinski Ernst Toch José Vianna da Motta Louis Vierne Anton Webern Eugène Ysaÿe Late 20th Century Leonard Bernstein Pierre Boulez Benjamin Britten John Cage Aaron Copland Norman Dello Joio Naji Hakim Olivier Messiaen Joaquín Rodrigo Alfred Schnittke Karlheinz Stockhausen Bernd Alois Zimmermann Modernity Michel van der Aa John Adams George Benjamin Erik Bergman Pierre Boulez Unsuk Chin Henri Dutilleux Beat Furrer Philip Glass Gérard Grisey Heiner Goebbels H K Gruber Naji Hakim York Höller Oliver Knussen Olli Kortekangas György Kurtág György Ligeti Magnus Lindberg Harry Partch Astor Piazzolla Arvo Pärt Jukka Tiensuu Alexander von Zemlinsky Finnish composers Kalevi Aho Erik Bergman Bernhard Henrik Crusell Einar Englund Kimmo Hakola Paavo Heininen Mikko Heiniö Paavo Joensalo Armas Järnefelt Jouni Kaipainen Heino Kaski Uuno Klami Yrjö Kilpinen Joonas Kokkonen Olli Kortekangas Jukka Koskinen Toivo Kuula J-P Lehto Magnus Lindberg Armas Maasalo Leevi Madetoja Erkki Melart's Treasure Merikanto Oskar Merikanto Faith Meriläinen Selim Palmgren Veli-Matti Puumala Einojuhani Rautavaara Osmo Tapio Räihälä Kaija Saariaho Esa-Pekka Salonen Aulis Sallinen Jean Sibelius Jukka Tiensuu Harri Vuori Petri Walli Lotta Wennekoski Sauli Zinoviev See also List of composers *


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Emanuel Swedenborg (until 1719 Swedberg) (29 January 1688 Stockholm — 29 March 1772 London) was a Swedish scientist, philosopher, mystic and theologian.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg was a prolific writer whose production comprises more than four shelf meters of works from various fields.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Life Emanuel Swedenborg was born in Stockholm on 29 January 1688.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

He was the third eldest of children in a family of nine children.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

The name Emanuel comes from the Hebrew word immanuel, meaning “God with us”.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Emanuel's father was Jesper Swedberg, a Lutheran priest and court preacher, who in 1703 became Bishop of Skara.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In turn, Sara Behm, a mother from a wealthy family, died when Emanuel was eight years old.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

The family's wealth allowed Swedenborg a good education.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

As a child he was taught by a private tutor, and as a youth he studied for several years at Uppsala University.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

At the time, Swedenborg focused especially on literature and classical languages in his studies.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Studying in Uppsala led to a dissertation on classical literature completed in 1709.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In 1710 Swedenborg left for two years for London to find out more about mathematics and the natural sciences.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

He studied even more in the Netherlands, France and Germany.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

While travelling, Swedenborg lived in a variety of homes while adopting practical skills related to various professions.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

While travelling, he simultaneously acted as a sort of itinerant agent of the University of Uppsala, acquiring books and research equipment according to the instructions he received from his brother-in-law Erik Benzelius the Younger.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Benzelius worked at the university as a librarian.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

To Sweden Swedenborg returned in 1715.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg lived even in adulthood for years under the cover of his father's wealth.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In 1716, admittedly, he was appointed to the Royal Swedish Board of Mines as an additional assessor, but the post was unpaid.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

It was not until eight years later that he became a paid gunman on the board.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In 1719 Swedenborg and his siblings were noblemished, and Swedberg, which had been the family's name until then, was changed to Swedenborg.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In the same year he began to attend the sessions of the nobility of the Swedish Riksdag as a representative of his family, and continued to participate in political decision-making until 1761.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In the mid-1720s, Swedenborg set about studying metallurgy.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Some ten years later, in 1736, he left again for years abroad to study, this time to France, the Netherlands and Italy.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

By listening to lectures, attending demonstrations, and reading books in libraries, he perfected his knowledge of human anatomy and physiology.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In total, the journey took four years.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

At a later age Swedenborg began to take an increasing interest in spiritual matters, though religious he had been since he was a child.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg claimed himself to have supernatural abilities, which, among other things, allowed him to communicate with dead people.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In a letter written to Friedrich Oetinger in November 1766, Swedenborg claims to have had conversations hundreds of times with Martti Luther, for a year with Paul the Apostle and once with Moses.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

He believed that God expressed to him the truth about the various states of posthumous life and the Last Judgment.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg considered his religious doctrine to serve, along with the Bible, as the basis for a whole new church, but did not predict this church would gain popularity quickly.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg's teachings sharply divided the opinions of contemporaries.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Dealing with the spirit world and conjugal love, the work Deliciae sapientiae de amore conjugiali was even seized in 1769 when Swedenborg was accused of heresy by the Swedish Lutheran Church.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Although Swedenborg wrote somewhat about the marriage, he never married and had no children.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg died in London on 29 March 1772.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

On his deathbed, he is reported to have said that, in addition to the religious texts he had already published, he would have wanted to tell people many other secrets of the spirit world, but was not given permission to do so.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg was buried in the graveyard of the Swedish Congregation in London, but the body was moved to Uppsala in 1908. At that time, Swedenborg's skull, which had long been missing, was also buried in Uppsala.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Written production Swedenborg published over 30 books while living.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

If ephemera is counted, the number of publications exceeds 50.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

His books he printed as self-publishing, though it has been suggested that he might have had one or more contributors.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg often omitted his own name from his books.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

The works can be divided into three categories: mathematicial-natural, anatomical, and mystical-theological.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Mathematical-Natural History Stage While serving as an unpaid assessor on the mining board, Emanuel Swedenborg edited the first scientific periodical in Sweden called Daedalus Hyperboreus.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

It focused on mathematics and physics and appeared in 1716—1718.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

The first works of his own he published between 1721 and 1722.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

They dealt with mineralogy, geology and chemistry, and Swedenborg had obtained background information on them while acquainting himself with the mining industry in Germany and the Netherlands.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

The publications were well received in natural history circles.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg's next books, the three-volume Opera Philosophica et Mineralia as well as De Infinito, appeared in 1734, more than ten years after the first works.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In them, Swedenborg adopted numerous new terms, which was likely to make his books difficult.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In Opera Philosophica et Mineralia and De Infinito, Swedenborg approaches physical phenomena from philosophical perspectives, but also presents purely natural-science theories.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Of these, perhaps the most famous is the world ether hypothesis, which today is considered flawed.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Anatomical phase A study trip abroad carried out in 1736—1740 gave Swedenborg the capacity to write also on anatomy and physiology.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In 1740 he published the book Oeconomia Regni Animalis, whose central themes were circulation, blood composition and heart.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Admittedly, the work also speaks of the human soul.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In the 1740s Swedenborg also designed a larger, 17-part anatomical work to which he gave the title Regnum Animale.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

The writing of the book remained unfinished, but individual portions of it have been published.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Mystical-theological stage In the subjects of his books, Swedenborg proceeded fairly straightforwardly from natural scientific phenomena outside man to human physique and ultimately soul, as well as God.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Swedenborg's religious works emphasise as his view that blind faith is not nobler than understanding, but things relating to God, heaven and hell can be understood by enlightened human reason.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In 1745, while simultaneously writing anatomical texts as well, Swedenborg published the first two volumes of his work De Cultu et Amore Dei, which described the creation narrative.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

This was the beginning of Swedenborg's extensive theological production.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

The third volume of said work remained unpublished.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Four years later, Swedenborg began publishing parts of his next eight-volume work, Arcana Coelestia.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

The last volume appeared in 1756.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Probably it is Arcana Coelestia that contains Swedenborg's most radical religious claims.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In his book, he posits that all material things have their mental equivalents, and calls this the science of equivalents.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

According to Swedenborg, almost the entire Bible was written using equivalents, in which case it would contain a wealth of hidden information.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

In his later works, Swedenborg, among other things, explained the message of the Bible in accordance with his own methods, and shortly before his death he published a further book, Vera Christiana Religio, aimed mainly at explaining his own teachings to Lutheran Christians.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Vera Christiana in Religio Swedenborg also declares that God has given her the task of telling people about heavenly secrets.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Works in English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Clavis hieroglyphica.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Hieroglyphic key and other philosophical texts| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2000| version = Translated by Jyrki Siukonen| id = ISBN 951-662-800-1}} Heaven, its wonders and Hell New Jerusalem and its celestial doctrine Sources Book sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Swedenborg, Emanuel| title= Clavis hieroglyphica.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Hieroglyphic key and other philosophical texts| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2000| version = Translated by Jyrki Siukonen| id = ISBN 951-662-800-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niemi, Pertti| title = Introduction Emanuel Swedenborg philosophy| location = Turku| publisher = Tab-books| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-98483-1-2}} Online Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) date values in: |accessdate= (help) On the topic elsewhere in the Gutenberg project.


Question: Where did Emanuel Swedenborg die?

Emanuel Swedenborg

Category:Christian mystics Category:Swedish philosophers Category:Swedish theologians Category:Those born in 1688 Class:Those who died in 1772 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Japan (or Nippon, officially 山, Nihon koku or Nippon koku) is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean in East Asia.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

It is located east of China, the Korean Peninsula and Russia, extending from the Sea of Ohotan in the north to the East China Sea in the south.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The spelling signs that make up the name of the earth mean “root of the sun” or “source of the sun”, which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the “land of the rising sun”.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The capital and largest population center of Japan is Tokyo.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Japan consists of over 3000 islands, [1] the largest of which are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The vast majority of the islands are mountainous and many are also volcanic; for example, Japan's highest mountain peak, Fuji, is a volcano.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The country has the 10th largest population in the world, at more than 127 million people.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The Greater Tokyo Region, which includes the city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the world's largest metropolitan area with over 30 million inhabitants.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

According to archaeological research, the islands of Japan have been inhabited as early as the Late Paleolithic period.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The first recorded mentions of Japan occur in Chinese texts from the first century.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Since introducing its current constitution in 1947, Japan has been a constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Today, Japan is a superpower with the world's third-largest economy, as measured by gross domestic product adjusted for purchasing power parity.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The country is a member of the United Nations, the G8 and APEC.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

History The history of Japan is traditionally divided into periods, of which there are 13 or more, and their subsections.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The last four seasons, from the mid-19th century, have corresponded to the reigns of emperors.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The current ongoing season is the Heisei season.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Prehistory The first inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago in the Paeolithic period were hunter-gatherers who most likely arrived from Korea and Northeast Asia.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The Paleolithic settlement of Japan is most commonly dated to have begun more than 10000—30000 years ago.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[2] A wave of migration from Polynesia to the southern parts of the country has also been considered possible.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[3] The first signs of civilization appeared in the region around 10000 BCE.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

With the onset of the Jōmon culture.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Characteristic features of the culture included a Mesolithic Neolithic, partially stationary hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and rudimentary agriculture.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Earthware from this period, often decorated with patterns printed with braided or straight strings, are among the oldest surviving pottery in the world.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[4] The Yayoi period following the Jōmon period began around the 200th century BCE.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Kyūshūlla gradually spreading northwards.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The period is known, like the Jōmon period, for its pottery, which was more technologically advanced and less decorated than in the past.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Rice farming arrived in Japan from mainland Asia at the beginning of the period or late Jōmon period; in addition, bronze and iron making, cloth weaving, and a new method of burial arrived on the islands.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The Yayoi culture was the first culture based entirely on agriculture in Japan.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[2] [5] The Japanese first appeared in written history in the Chinese Book of the Later Han Dynasty in the first century, when the name “Wa” was used for the country.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, the islands in the 13th century share.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

of located Yamataikoku State, which is thought to have been located either in northern Kyūshūn or central Honshūn.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[2] In the Kofun period, which began in the 200th century, the Yamato clan emerged as a key political player in Japan and the unification of the previously fragmented country began.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

By the end of the 3rd century, Yamato had emerged as an established kingdom with links to Korea and China.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The Kofun period takes its name from the gigantic burial mounds that were paved with haniwa sculptures.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

With the decline of the Yamato state in the 5th century, Buddhism began to arrive in Japan through the Korean Kingdom of Baekje.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[2] [5] Classical Period The embrace of Buddhism brought about major, fundamental changes in Japanese society.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In the Asuka period 538—710, the culture adopted from China included a new writing system in addition to literature, art, philosophy and science.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In the early 6th century, Prince Shōtoku significantly modernized Japanese rule, strengthening the central government and the status of Buddhism: Hōryū-ji, founded around the year 607, is the oldest surviving Buddhist temple in Japan.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Shōtoku's reforms were followed in the mid-6th century by the Magic Reforms, in which the emperor's power was further increased at the expense of the nobility.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The reforms initiated the genesis of the ritsuryō law system.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[2] [5] In 710, with the change of emperor previously displaced by the change of emperor, the capital of Japan was moved to Nara, where it remained for 75 years.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The Nara period, which began, particularly marked the flourishing of Buddhist culture.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Emperor Shōmu and Empress Kōmyō played a pivotal role in this; Shōmu's most significant construction project was the huge Tōdai-ji Temple at Nara.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Literature that emerged in the Nara period includes the major early 7th-century chronicles Kojiki and Nihonshoki, and a collection of over 4000 poems by Man'yōshū.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The chronicles created a link between the imperial family and the sun goddess Amaterasu to legitimize the emperor's rule and prolonged Japan's history, elevating its importance in the eyes of the Chinese and Koreans.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[2] [5] In 784, Emperor Kanmu moved the capital first for ten years to Nagaoka-kyōho and then to Heian-kyōho, present-day Kyoto, in order to limit the power of Nara's strengthened Buddhist clergy.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The capital remained in Kyoto for more than a thousand years.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

During the Heian period, the culture and prosperity of the Japanese court reached its peak while its political and military power regressed.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

After Japan had severed its formal relations with China at the end of the 8th century, a new and original culture known for its art, poetry and literature began to develop in the country.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Among the most notable works of literature of the time is the story of Genji, written around the year 1000 by Murasaki Shikibu.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Three original Buddhist sects also emerged in the country, Tendai and Shingon founded by monks who studied Chinese, and later Jōdo-shū, the Japanese branch of Pure Earth Buddhism.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In Japanese politics, the Fujiwara clan achieved a strong position from the mid-8th century onwards.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Towards the end of the period, the intensifying samurai class began to gain power in the provinces, gradually moving to the capital.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

At the end of the 12th century, as Fujiwara rule waned, a power struggle between the Taira and Minamoto clans culminated in the Genpei War, which the Minamoto clan won.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[2] [5] Feudal Period In 1185, Minamoto no Yoritomo established his government in Kamakura, marking the beginning of a reign lasting until the 19th century by the samurai class and shōgunate.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

However, full military power in the Kamakura period was not achieved; instead, the shōgun and the emperor ruled Japan jointly.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

After Yoritomo's death, the Shōgunate passed to the control of the Hōjō clan.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Monk Eisai brought Zen Buddhism to Japan after his return from China in the late 12th century.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In 1274 and 1281, Japan managed to repel two major Mongol invasions; the shōgunate received aid both times from typhoons, which were designated as the “wind of the gods” (kamikaze).


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

However, events badly destabilized the Kamakura government, and finally in 1333 Emperor Go-Daigo toppled the shōgunate in the Kempu Restoration.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

However, his ally Ashikaga Takauji turned against the emperor and established the Ashikaga shōgunate in 1336.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[6] [5] Emperor Go-Daigo established a rival court south of Kyoto, and for 60 years political power was divided in Japan between the two entities.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The Ashikaga shōgunate, whose reign period is called the Muromachi period, was weaker than its predecessor and unable to control rival daimies.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In 1467, unrest erupted into the Ōnin War, which lasted for eleven years.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The Hundred Years' Warlike era that followed is called the Sengoku Period, in the middle of which, in the middle of the 16th century, the first Europeans arrived in Japan.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

During the Nanban trade period, European products became popular and Jesuit missionaries arrived in the country.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

New weapons technology brought by the Europeans quickly revolutionized Japanese warfare.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[5] [6] The unification of the country as unifiers of Japan are named three men who influenced the late 16th century: Oda Nobunaga, who received a mission from the emperor to unify Japan; Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who already ruled the entire country; and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who understood those who arrived from Europe the importance of firearms and established a shōgunate in Edo.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[7] Using European technology, Oda Nobunaga succeeded in defeating several other daimies and gaining control of their fiefdoms, either directly or indirectly.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Nobunaga's war expedition brought Japan close to unification, but he was assassinated in 1582.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who succeeded Nobunaga, succeeded in the task by 1590.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In the 1590s, Hideyoshi twice invaded Korea, however, having to withdraw at the first time.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The second invasion was cut off by Hideyoshi's death in 1598.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

He was succeeded by Tokugawa Ieyasu, who defeated his rival at the Battle of Sekigahara.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Ieyasu founded the Tokugawa shōgunate in Edo in 1603, marking the beginning of a long and peaceful Edo period.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[8] The administration of the Edo period in the Edo period, daimies were governed by the sankin kōtai system.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In the 1630s, the Shōgunate introduced an isolationist sakoku policy under which all Europeans except the Dutch were expelled from the country and the practice of Christianity was banned.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The reclusive Edo period formed a stark contrast to the expansionist Sengoku period and had a profound effect on Japan.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Despite conservative feudalism, the economy, culture and cities developed strongly.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Sakoku policy did not prevent Western science from being transmitted to Japan in the form of rangaku doctrines through the Dejima trade island; kokugaku, the study of Japan, also became popular.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In the early 19th century, the shōgunate began to weaken under the influence of decades of economic and social problems.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[8] In the modern period on March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States Navy succeeded in “blackening with his ships” in ending Japan's isolationist policy with the Treaty of Kanagawa.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

It was followed by similar agreements negotiated with other Western powers.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The Boshin War of 1868—1869 resulted in the abolition of the shōgunate and the return of power to the emperor: the Meiji Restoration marked a complete political and social revolution.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The abolition of feudalism and class society, the adoption of Western institutions and the legal system, and industrialization made Japan a modern superpower by the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The period of more radical reforms ended with the introduction of the Meiji Constitution in 1889 — although a Prussian-style constitution gave a considerable amount of power to the emperor, his counterweight was for the first time a parliament.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Itō Hirobumi rose to become the country's first prime minister a few years earlier.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[9] Modernized Japan began at the end of the 19th century to compete militarily against the aspirations of Western powers in Asia.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

At the same time as several other countries in East Asia also became colonies of European countries, Japan emerged as a great power and began to expand its sphere of power itself.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The reef teasers were annexed to Japan in 1879.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894—1895, Japan gained Taiwan from China, and in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904—1905, Japan defeated a European superpower as the first Asian country.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

As a result of the war, Japan gained from Russia the southern part of Sakhalin and virtually free rein to retake Korea five years later.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In World War I, Japan joined the side of the victorious Allies and was thus able to expand its sphere of influence.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The brief liberal-leaning period of Taishō democracy of the 1910s and 1920s did not form a significant counterweight to the growing militarism.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In 1923, the Great Kantō earthquake destroyed a significant partition of Tokyo, and by the late 1920s Japan was mired in economic depression.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Economic difficulties increased the popularity of expansionist militarism and in the 1930s led to a transfer of power to the military.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[9] In 1931, Japan occupied Manchuria and separated two years later from the League of Nations following its required Japanese withdrawal.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In 1936, Japan entered into the Anticomintern Treaty with Germany and later Italy, and joined the Axis powers in 1941.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In the summer of 1937, with the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese forces began to advance deeper and deeper into China.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The occupation of Indochina in 1940 opened the way for advancement further into Southeast Asia.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The United States responded to Japan's actions with an oil embargo.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States' Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii, drawing the United States into World War II.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Eventually, in 1945, the United States bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki with nuclear weapons, and the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, which surrendered to the Allies without conditions on September 2, 1945.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The war cost Japan millions of lives and left the country's infrastructure, as well as almost every major city, devastated.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The Allies established a war crimes tribunal to prosecute Japan's wartime leaders for war crimes, for example the Nanking Massacre.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[5] [9] After the war, the Allies — effectively the United States under Douglas MacArthur's leadership — occupied Japan until 1952.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The occupation period meant rapid and radical political and social changes for Japan.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The most significant reform was a new constitution, ratified in 1947, which denied Japan the establishment of an army, stripped the emperor of political power, gave women the right to vote, and established a bicameral parliament.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Economic reforms, such as the Great Land Reform, helped Japan's democratization.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The country was admitted to membership of the United Nations in 1956.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The unprecedented economic boom that began with the Korean War of the 1950s—1970s, dubbed Japan's economic miracle, led to rapid urbanization, industrialization, and the emergence of a modern consumer society.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

By the 1980s, Japan had become one of the world's largest economies.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In the early 1990s, the country's so-called “bubble economy” burst, and Japan was mired in a recession lasting several years; the economic situation did not begin to improve until the 2000s.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Rapid growth and urbanisation of living standards have been accompanied by a rapid slowdown in population growth and an ageing population, internationalisation and westernization.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In politics, since the 1950s, Japan was ruled almost continuously by the conservative LDP.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[10] Politics and Governance Domestic politics Japan is a constitutional monarchy.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Japan's constitution defines the Japanese Emperor, acting as a ceremonial figurehead, as a “symbol of state and popular unity” and has had almost no political power since World War II.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

In practice, the emperor acts like Japan's head of state on diplomatic occasions.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The current and 125th emperor is Akihito, who ascended the throne upon the death of his father Hirohito in 1989.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The real political power rests with the Japanese prime minister and the parliament elected by the people.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

[11] According to the Constitution of Japan, supreme power is vested in the people of Japan, who elect their elected representative to the parliament.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

The bicameral parliament () is the sole legislative body of Japan.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

It consists of a 480-seat Lower or House of Representatives () and a 242-seat upper house ().


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Elections to the House of Commons are held every four years or when the Prime Minister has dissolved the House of Commons.


Question: What is Japan's statesmanlike?

Japan

Of the representatives, 300 are elected from single-representative constituencies and 180 by proportional representation from 11 constituencies.