Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

MacDonald started the 2011—12 season from the same setups as the previous season, as the number one sitter for the Red Wings farm club Griffins and as the all-organization's third sitter, after Ty Conklin replaced the previous second sitter, Chris Osgood, who ended his career.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

MacDonald played in the AHL for a good early season, and when first sitter Jimmy Howard was injured, was elevated MacDonald to the NHL lineup.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

When Conklin fumbled badly gave MacDonald an opportunity, played well and deprived the Red Wings' number one goaltender spot for himself from Conklin.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

However, when Howard returned from infirmary, he took the spot as first sitter back and MacDonald remained second sitter, and Conklin was sent to Farm, AHL.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

MacDonald played 14 NHL games in the season, with a good tackling percentage of 91.2%.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

Playoffs MacDonald served as backup goaltender, and did not play a single playoff match.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

Lockout The start of the 2012—13 NHL season and the final year of MacDonald's contract was cancelled due to the NHL lockout.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

During the lockout, MacDonald did not play anywhere and when the lockout in January 2013 finally ended, MacDonald still didn't get to play anywhere.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

The Red Wings placed MacDonald on the transfer list, from which he was picked up to succeed Calgary Flames general manager Jay Feaster.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

With the Calgary Flames, MacDonald arrived in Calgary in February 2013, and at the new club his role was clear.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

To be second sitter to club legend Miikka Kiprusoff.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

However, Kiprusoff played the 2012—13 season more volatile than usual and MacDonald was given more responsibility than had previously been thought.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

He fended off a Flames jersey in 21 NHL games, with a tackling percentage of 90.2% while Kiprusoff played 24 games.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

Kiprusoff played a superb game in the Flames' final home game of the season against the Nashville Predators, which missed his final game in the NHL.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

After the season, Kiprusoff ended his career.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

MacDonald began the 2013—14 season fighting for the Flames number one sitter spot with two new acquisitions Swiss Reto Berra and Finn Karri Rämö, during the Flames training camp in September- October 2013.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

Eventually, MacDonald as well as Rämö were selected to join the Flames NHL lineup.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

The preseason was that Rämö would be the number one sitter, and MacDonald would be runner-up.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

Rämö played on goal for the Flames in the opening game of the season, which Calgary lost.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

MacDonald got his chance in the next match, for which he countered the victory.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

MacDonald also played the next two games with a goal for the Flames, rejecting the victory, thus depriving the club of the number one goaltender spot for himself.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

Later in the season, MacDonald dropped to number three goaltenders, with Rämö and Berra stepping past the hierarchy, due to MacDonald's weaker playing performances.


Question: When did Joseph MacDonald start his professional career?

Joey MacDonald

Sources Category:Canadian hockey goalkeepers Category:Born in 1980 Class:Living persons


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Ant-Man and the Wasp is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics comic book characters Scott Lang/Ant Man and Hope van Dyne/The Wasp.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

It is the sequel to the 2015 film Ant-Man and the twentieth film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

The film is directed by Peyton Reed and scripted by Chris McKenna, Erik Sommers, Paul Rudd, Andrew Barrer and Gabriel Ferrari.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Rudd also appears in the film's starring role.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Appearing in other pivotal roles are Evangeline Lilly, Michael Peña, Walton Goggins, Bobby Cannavale, Judy Greer, Tip “T.I.” Harris, David Dastmalchian, Hannah John-Kamen, Abby Ryder Fortson, Randall Park, Michelle Pfeiffer, Laurence Fishburne and Michael Douglas.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

In the film, Scott Lang and Hope van Dyne aim to help Hank Pym bring Janet van Dyne out of the quantum world.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Negotiations for an Ant-Man sequel began immediately after the film's premiere and Ant-Man and the Wasp were officially announced in October 2015, with Rudd and Lilly returning to their roles.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Filming began at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in August 2017, in Fayette County, Georgia, and the film was also shot in the Atlanta metropolis area, San Fransisco, Savannah, Georgia, and Hawaii.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Filming ended in November 2017.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Ant-Man and the Wasp had its world premiere in Hollywood on June 25, 2018.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

In cinemas, it appeared in Finland on July 4, 2018 and in the United States on July 6, 2018.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

The film was favourably received, with critics praising the film's humour and charm and the role performances of Rudd and Lilly, but some critics pointed out the film focused too much on these details and containing too many side plots.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Plot In 1987, Janet van Dyne/The Wasp had disappeared into the quantum world after shrinking to microcopic size to dismantle a Soviet nuclear missile.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Hank Pym/Ant Man had been left alone to raise his daughter Hope, thinking his wife was dead.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Years later, Scott Lang had taken over as the new Ant Man, but managed to get out of the quantum world after being temporarily stranded there.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Pym and Hope had begun after this to look for a way to determine if Janet was still alive.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

But after siding with Steve Rogers in the Avengers' Civil War and thereby violating the Sokovia Treaty, Scott had been sentenced to house arrest, while Pym and Hope were wanted.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[lower-alpha 1] Two years later, Scott's house arrest is no longer two days away from ending.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Pym and Hope manage to momentarily start the quantum tunnel they have built to travel to the quantum world.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

During this time, Janet quantum interlaces with Scott through dreams to convey a message to him.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Scott tells Pym about a dream he had with a message.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

After using this to confirm that Janet is alive, Hope kidnaps Scott and transfers Scott's ankle collar to a giant size bred and trained ant left in the house so that Jimmy Woo, the FBI agent overseeing the house arrest, wouldn't suspect anything.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

In order to get the quantum tunnel working stably, Hope and Pym decide to purchase the part needed for the device from black market trader Sonny Burch.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Burch, however, knew who Hope was and wanted Pym's research records as well as a shrinkable laboratory for himself for monetary purposes.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Scott and Hope, who has become the new Wasp, fight Burch's men, but then a masked person disguised as quantum structure, the Ghost, steals the laboratory.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Pym is reluctantly forced to visit a former co-worker, Bill Foster, to obtain the hardware to track the lab's whereabouts.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

But when the lab is found, the Ghost captures Scott, Hope, and Pym and reveals to them that she is actually Ava Starr, whose father Elihas had been one of Pym and Foster's co-workers.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Elihas and his wife Catherine had died in an explosion caused by a quantum experiment, which had also caused Ava's body to destabilize.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Foster reveals himself to be Ava's foster father and Ava intended to use Janet's quantum energy to heal herself, but Pym fears it will cause Janet's death, causing her to escape with Scott and Hope, taking the lab as she goes.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Pym and Hope get the quantum tunnel to work stably and Janet informs Scott through her body by communicating her exact location.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

However, there is only two hours to save Janet, after which she would not be reconnected for at least a century.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Threatening Scott's friends Luis, Dave and Kurt, Burch discovers the lab's whereabouts and tells the FBI about this.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Luis warns Scott, who returns to his house just before Woo arrives.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Hope and Pym, Burch and his henchmen, are arrested by the FBI as they steal the lab.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Scott once again leaves house arrest to help Hope and Pym escape, as well as to stop, with Hope's help, Burch's men and Ava, Pym's date to the quantum world, where Janet finds him.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Luis, Dave, and Kurt help stop Burch, while Scott and Hope stop Ava before she can absorb Janet's quantum energy while she and Pym are on their way back.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

After the return journey is safely successful, Janet voluntarily uses some of her energy to temporarily stabilize Ava's body.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Ava and Foster are forced to go into exile, while Scott returns home in time and a sceptical Woo declares his house arrest ended.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

In a scene shown between the end credits, Scott leaves at the request of Hope, Janet and Pym to retrieve more quantum energy to help Ava.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

But bringing Scott back from the quantum world is interrupted when Hope, Janet and Pym suddenly turn to ashes.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[lower-alpha 2] In the scene shown after the end credits, an ant raised to a giant size plays drums at Scott's house.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Actors Dax Griffin and Hayley Lovitt play a young Hank Pym and a young Janet van Dyne, who were digitally edited to look like younger Michael Douglas and Michelle Pfeiffer.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[1] Production Development In June 2015, Peyton Reed, Ant-Man's director, stated, “If we were lucky enough to do a sequel or prequel, I'd take it all the time.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

I'm really in love with these characters... There are plenty of stories to tell about Hank Pym.” [2] In July Pym actor Michael Douglas expressed his desire to hish that his wife Catherine Zeta-Jones would play Janet van Dyne, [3] with Evangeline Lilly hoping to see Michelle Pfeiffer in the role.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[4] Douglas also revealed that he hadn't committed to more films, but “I'd look forward to more if they come”.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[5] Producer Kevin Feige revealed that the studio had “a super cool idea for the next Ant-Man film, and if viewers want, we'll find a place to implement it.” [6] Reed also mentioned that there had been negotiations for an individual adventure with Hank Pym as Ant Man, including possibly the opening scene of Ant-Man's original, which starred Jordi Mollà and had been removed from the final version of the film.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Cinema Blend's Eric Eisenberg felt Pym's single adventure and deleted scene would be a good alternative to continuing the Marvel One-Shots short film series.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[7] At the end of the month, David Dastmalchian expressed his desire to return in the sequel to play the role of Kurt.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[8] In October 2015, Marvel Studios confirmed the film Ant-Man and the Wasp would premiere on July 6, 2018.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[9] At the end of the month, Reed became involved in negotiations to direct a sequel, [10] confirming in November his return as director.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[11] Reed cited one of the things attracted to returning to director for the sequel as being “a chance to build it from the ground up this time,” since joining the production of the first film at a late stage in the process after original screenwriter and director Edgar Wright left, as well as paying away from elements set in Ant-Man.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

He said he planned to start sketching a sequel, [12] and pointed out that now “we know [the characters'] origins, we can go into some weird, unique and different territory.” [13] Commenting on the inclusion of Ampiase in the film's title (the first MCU film to appear in the name female hero), Reed called it “organic” for both characters, and remarked Wasp's last line in the film Ant-Man was “pretty much about his particular character and story in the film, but it's definitely about a bigger issue.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

It was about time: We are going to have a full and very complex hero in the next film, who happens to be a woman.” [13] Reed would also ensure that Wasp would receive equal publicity and its own product category for the film, although there is no Janet van Dyne cast yet Chosen, he had “absolute ideas” about who should play the role of him and research his background.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[14] During the same month Adam McKay, of Ant-Man screenwriters, expressed his desire to return as a screenwriter, [15] with Douglas in negotiations to return to his role.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[11] In early December 2015, Reed stated the film might “return” to the crime comedy style and Ant-Man style, but that Ant-Man and the Wasp would have a “completely different genre”.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Reed said he hopes to show additional flashback scenes to the film as well as explore Pym's several different elements from the comics and his psychology.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Reed also said he was “tense” to explore the relationship between the film versions of Ant Man and the Wasp, which was “romantic and heroic” even in the comics, as it is “a different dynamic than what we've seen elsewhere [at MCU], a true partnership.”


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Additionally, Reed cited pre-production as coming “probably” to begin in October 2016 and filming in early 2017.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[16] During the same month, Gabriel Ferrari and Andrew Barrer, the screenwriters of the first film, were engaged, along with Rudd, as screenwriters for the sequel.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[17] Reed stated screenwriting would begin during January, [16] and in February 2016 McKay confirmed he was involved in some way.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[18] In April 2016, the screenwriters and Reed had “remained hidden in the room... and went through brainstorming to develop the story”, with Reed promising it to have “things that have never been seen in films before.” [19] Feige added, remotely they wanted to “remain exclusive to what made [18] From Ant-Man] so unique and different,” and hinted at Lang's version of the Giant, who appeared in Captain America: Civil War, possibly appearing in the film.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[20] In June 2016, Reed commented on the comics used as potential inspiration for the film, saying that he looked at plot twists in early Avengers comics and right down to the works of Nick Spencer.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

I just kind of swallowed it all.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

And more than just in terms of the story, just looking at a tableau of what were iconic images for myself and how we can condense them into a film.” Also, there was an “absolute chance” for Michael Peña, Tip “T.I.”


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

For Harris and Dastmalchian, new roles of Luis, Dave and Kurt from the first film.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[21] At the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International, Feige said Reed and Rudd were still working on the script and that filming would presumably begin in July 2017.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[22] [23] Rudd explained, “We've just mutualized the story and turned it into a sketch, but it's so tentative.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

We'll see.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

We have an idea of what it would look like, but it could change a lot from what it is now.” [24] Over the next month, Peña confirmed that he would reprise the role of Luis [25] and filming was revealed to be set in Atlanta, Georgia.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[26] In early October 2016, Lilly revealed the preliminary script was complete and pending Marvel approval.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[27] Pre-production In early November 2016, Reed said the film's production would move from the writing phase to official pre-production during the same month, saying “we're starting to get it all together for visual development.”


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

He talked about sharing characters with other MCU films, expressing his disappointment that the Giant was introduced in Civil War, but re-expressed his excitement at introducing Wasp and “especially the way he looks, the way he moves and the power set design, figuring things out , as to who Hope van Dyne is as a hero”.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Reed added that he spent “a lot of time” talking to the screenwriters and directors of other MCU films, and that he and the screenwriters of this film wanted to preserve “our little Ant-Man corner of the universe.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Because its a whole different vibe”.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[28] In February 2017, Douglas confirmed that he would reprise the role of Hank Pym in the film, and that filming would begin in July 2017.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[29] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

During 2's Hollywood premiere in April, Dastmalchian confirmed his return to the role of Kurt.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[30] and during the following month T.I.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

confirmed his own return to the role of Dave.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[31] During May, Marvel met with several female actors to select someone for a “key role” among them and in early June, Hannah John-Kamen was selected.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[32] Over the next month, Randall Park joined the cast guard in the role of Jimmy Woo and Walton Goggins was cast for an unknown role.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[33] [34] At the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con International, Park was confirmed as the cast of Jimmy Woo.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

In addition, John-Kamen, Goggins, Pfeiffer and Laurence Fishburne were revealed to play The Ghost, Sonny Burch, Janet van Dyne and Bill Foster.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[35] Over the following week, Judy Greer was confirmed to reprise the role of Maggie Lang.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[36] Anthony and Joe Russo, directors of Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame, who were shooting their own films while filming for Ant-Man and the Wasp was in preparation, had an ongoing conversation with Reed to ensure that the story elements remained aligned with each other.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Joe Russo added that Ant-Man and the Wasp would have “some [plot elements] that would weave” more closely with Avengers: Infinity War than other films leading up to these Avengers films.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[37] Filming began on August 1, 2017, [23] at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, [26] [38] with Dante Spinotti serving as cinematographer.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[23] At the beginning of filming, Marvel revealed Bobby Cannavale and Abby Ryder Fortson would return to the roles of Paxton and Cassie Lang respectively.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

In addition, they revealed Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers were involved in screenwriting.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[23] Filming is also set in the Atlanta metropolitan area, including Atlanta International School, the Midtown and Buckhead areas, Samuel M. Inman Middle School in the Virginia-Highland neighborhood, and Emory University and Atlanta Motor Speedway in Hampton.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[39] Additionally, filming was set in September 2017 in San Francisco and during October in Savannah and Hawaii.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[40] [41] [42] Filming ended on November 19, 2017.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[43] Post-production At the end of November, Lilly described the characters as trying with all their powers to safely enter and return from the quantum world, and their eventual success would “open up a new multiverse to go and play in” at MCU.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[44] The visual effects of the film were created by Method Studios.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[45] Music In June 2017, Reed confirmed that Ant-Man's composer Christophe Beck will also compose the music of Ant-Man and the Wasp.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[46] The publication Ant-Man and the Wasp premiered at Hollywood's El Capitan Theatre on 25 June 2018.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[47] In Finland, the film premiered on July 4, 2018 and in the United States on July 6, 2018.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

[48] [9] Sources Considerations References On the topic elsewhere Please use a more specific IMDb template.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

See the documentation for available templates.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who plays Ant-Man?

Ant-Man and the Wasp

Category:American films of 2018 Category:Marvel Cinematic Universe films Category:Films directed by Peyton Reed Category:3D Films Category:IMAX Films


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Asia is the largest continent on the planet, both in terms of population and area.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

It has an area of approximately 44 million square kilometers, which translates to 29.4% of the Earth's land area and 8.6% of the total area.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Asia is home to just under four billion people, or more than 60% of the world's population.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The name of the continent comes from the ancient Greeks who used the name from the region of Anatolia.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The power religions are Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In Asia lies the world's highest mountain Himalayas.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Central Asia is an arid or semi-arid region, but there is a hot and humid climate in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In northern Siberia there is an extensive coniferous forest area.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Surface forms and geology Asia is a geologically very active continent and is widely populated by mountain ranges and volcanic areas.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The highest mountain in Asia and the whole world is the Himalayas.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

To its north is the Tibetan Highlands, the highest highland in the world.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Indonesia has a volcanic arc as well as volcanic queues in Japan and the Philippines.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Asia also has some of the oldest bedrock in the world, especially in the Indian and Arabian peninsulas as well as Siberia.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[1] Asia has 19 major streams of at least 2500 kilometers long.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The longest rivers include the Yangtze, Yellow River, Indus, Ganges and Mekong.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[1] Climate and vegetation Asia can be climatically divided into the humid monsoon zone of South, Southeast and East Asia and dry or semi-arid Central Asia.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

A hot and humid climate prevails in South and Southeast Asia.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In the Himalayas and the mountains of Central Asia, winters are cold and heavy snowy.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Central Asia is an arid or semi-arid region where summers are warm and winters are cold.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[1] Southeast and South Asia have tropical rainforests, which are admittedly for the most part hewn.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Subtropical East Asia is covered in part by evergreen deciduous forests.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Further north there are summer vegetable deciduous forests.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The Tibetan highlands are almost treeless tundra.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Low-rainfall areas are covered by grasslands, and tropical grassland is found in the highlands of India as well as Thailand.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The semi-arid regions of Central Asia are the grasses of the temperate zone.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[1] Siberia has an extensive coniferous forest area of taiga.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[2] Asian States Non-autonomous regions Area area (km²) population numberPopulation density (per inhabitant km²) Capital capital country British Indian Ocean Territory60350058,3Diego Garcia Guangxi23600047880000203Nanning Hong Kong109271225086688 secretion administrative region.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Christmas Island135140210,39Flying Fish Cove Cocos Islands1463045West Island Macao31,462400018568 Secretory Administrative Region.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Ningxia66400562000084,6Yinchuan Inner Mongolia11830002877000020,1Hohhot Tibet122000026300002,16Lhasa Sinkiang16650001876000011,7Ürümqi Economy The income levels of Asian countries vary widely.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

There are a few very rich countries in Asia, for example Japan and some regional financial centres such as Hong Kong and Bahrain.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Many Asian countries have industrialised recently in recent decades.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

On the other hand, Asia also has developing countries belonging to the least developed countries, for example Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Agriculture The majority of the Asian population lives in the monsoon zone and derives their livelihood from agriculture.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Wheat and rice farming is intensive in that zone.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The result of the rapid growth of the Asian population was a huge food demand.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Because of this, the cultivated area had to be increased by introducing desert periphery and other areas marginal for agriculture, as well as by felling forest.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The so-called “green revolution” was a successful attempt to increase agricultural production.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

By using fertilizers and pesticides, as well as improving seed quality, yields of up to three times were obtained.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

However, concerns in Asia have been caused by environmental concerns stemming from chemicals, among other things.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Grazing and wheat cultivation are the main forms of agriculture in Central Asia, due to the region's drought.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In addition, cotton is widely cultivated in the region thanks to irrigation.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[3] Industry in the 1980s many East Asian states achieved high levels of industrialization.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Because of this, they also became dependent on the importation of fuels, minerals, as well as other raw materials.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In the most developed countries, typical forms of industry are automotive, computer and electronics industries, for example, Japan is a good example of such a state.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea have also been rapidly industrializing.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Those countries are trailing, among others, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[4] Chinese and Indian exports have also shifted towards manufactured goods.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Both nations have significant scientific expertise in areas such as satellite programs and space technology.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[4] The former Central Asian Soviet republics are also slowly transitioning to a free market economy.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

However, industry in these countries is still scarce.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Azerbaijan has substantial oil reserves and Kazakhstan produces chemicals and metals.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[4] Culture Languages In Asia, languages belonging to many different language groups are spoken.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In the Middle East, the main language is Arabic belonging to the Semitic languages.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Among other things, Turkic languages are spoken in Central Asian states.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In the southern parts of Asia from Iran to Bangladesh, languages belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language are spoken, such as Persian, Urdu and Hindi, alongside which Dravida languages are also spoken in South India, of which Tamil is the most widely distributed.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Austronesian languages such as Malay and Indonesian are the main languages of Southeast Asia.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

There are also many speakers of Thai language and Burmese on the mainland side.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Of all the languages in the world, the largest number of native speakers is in Mandarin Chinese.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Along with it, the most widely spoken languages in East Asia are the close relatives Wu and Cantonese Chinese, as well as Korean and Japanese.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[5] In the former Soviet republics, the Russian language is commonly used.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[5] Religions All religions that are widely spread have arisen in Asia.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The Middle East has its origins in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the latter being the most widely distributed in Asia today.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The power religions of Central and East Asia include Buddhism and Hinduism.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Based on the old philosophical traditions of China and India, a number of religions or trends assimilated with religion have developed.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Sikhism, Jainism Taoism, Confucianism, Shinthism Zarathustranism History Early history Early Asian high cultures emerged in different parts of the continent along major rivers.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

There were links between Mesopotamia and the culture of the Indus River Valley, but the environment of the Yangtze River was almost isolated from them.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Still, certain shared cultural traits indicate that there were unknown links between cultures of early China and the Middle East.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[6] Only horse-ridden nomads were able to cross the great steppes, and the Himalayas, the Caucasus, and the marshes and forests of Siberia became transport barriers for them too.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

It wasn't until the Silk Road connected China to the Middle East and Europe.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

European Asia East India Companies, British India, Siberian Track, French Indochina, Portuguese Macau and Goa.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Some wars and border disputes from the 1940s to modern times Since World War II, armed clashes have continued on the continent.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Taiwan, or Republic of China, seceded from China after the country's communist revolution.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

China has not accepted the distinction.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

After the war, Vietnam and Korea also split into two different states; the capitalist South and the Communist North.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

South Vietnam and North Vietnam were united in 1975, after the end of the Vietnam War.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

South Korea and North Korea, on the other hand, are still in a state of war, though only formally.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

The issue of the state of Kashmir, which lies in the Himalayan mountains, is also still without resolution.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In 1971, war ensued between Pakistan and India.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

As a result of the war, the state of Bangladesh emerged


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Armed clashes China has had with Vietnam, the Soviet Union and India, due to disputes over China's border line.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Tensions exist today between the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan and China, due to ownership of the Spratly Islands.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

[7] Nature and natural resources The nature of the Asian region is very rich and there are many animals that you don't meet anywhere else.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In addition, the Asian region is rich in minerals and precious metals in the soil.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Around the Persian Gulf are the most abundant petroleum deposits in the world.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

China has more hydroelectric resources than any other country in the world, up to twice as many as Russia.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

In terms of coal reserves, Russia and China are among the largest in the world.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Martin, Penny & Olds, Margaret (ed.


Question: What is Asia's largest state?

Asia

) | title = Geographica - great world atlas: continents, countries, peoples| publisher = Könemann| year = 2000| id = ISBN 3-8290-2481-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Penny Martin, Margaret Olds and Fran Church| title = Geographica| others = Translated by Matti Eskola and Jorma Harju| publisher = Könemann| year = 2003| id = ISBN 3-89731-916-0}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonians () are a Baltic-Finnish people who historically inhabited the territory of present-day Latvia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonians once formed a significant part of the Baltic population, but today they are no longer a small fragment of folk.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The dwindling numbers of Livonians contributed to, among other things, Latvianisation, diseases raging in the Baltics and wars in the region.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

By the time of entering the 20th century, Livonians were no longer present on the secluded northern coast of Curonia, which was also called Livonranta.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

According to the 2011 census, there were a total of 250 Livonians living in Latvia [1].


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonians own language is displaced by Latvian and extremely endangered: the last person to speak Livonian, Grizelda Kristiņa, died in 2013, [2] but there are some people who later learned the language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Livonian culture and language have recently experienced a new boom due to Latvians' interest in them.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Livonians or their descendants also live outside Latvia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

According to some sources, the traditional residential areas of the Livonians would have extended as far as southern Estonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

During the World Wars, many Livonians migrated as refugees to Sweden, some of which went on, especially to Canada and the United States.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Research The 13th-century chronicle of Henry of Livonia is one of the most important historical sources reporting Livonian.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

After that, 350 years passed before significant literature was published on the Livonian.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Thomas Hiärne (1638—1678) dealt with the Livonians of Curonia and Livonia in his own Livonian chronicle.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Twenty years after Hiärne's death, P. Einhorn's Historia Lettica and A.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

L. Schlözer's study of Livonians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In his works, August Wilhelm Hupel (1737—1819) told about Livonian and the Livonian language and stressed the connection of the people and language with other Baltic Finnish peoples and languages.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Heinrich von Jannau (1753—1821) studied the connections between the Livonian dialect of the Salats region and the Estonian language, and considered Livonians to be early Estonians, which was later proven wrong by several scholars.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Anders Johan Sjögren made expeditions to Latvia in 1846 and 1852 at the urging of the Russian Geographical Society, and surveyed speakers of the Livonian East and West Dialect.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

After Sjögren died, the work was continued, based on material collected by him, by Ferdinand Johan Wiedemann.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Wiedemann published a major work on Joh in 1861.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Andreas Sjögren's Livische Grammatik nebst Sprachproben, who made Livonian famous as one of the Baltic Finnic languages.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

After Wiedemann, the Livonians were studied by Eemil Nestor Setälä, who compiled Livonian narratives, proverbs and folk songs.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[3] The most important Livonian scholars of the early 20th century were Lauri Kettunen and Oskar Loorits, who published several works on Livonian and the Livonian language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In addition to research, they wanted to elevate the national feeling of Livonians and supported local national projects.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

With the rise of the nationality, research began to be carried out by the Livonians themselves as, for example, Petõr Damberg, who studied the language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[4] During World War II, research was interrupted, but after the war, researchers from the University of Tartu continued to do so.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

At the time of Soviet rule, a special permit was required for access to Livonian beach and it was granted to the University of Tartu more easily than to others.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

During this period, studies were carried out notably by Paul Ariste and Eduard Väri.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[5] Eduard False, who died in 2005, has been considered Estonia's most important expert on the Livonian language and Livonian language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[6] History Livonian ancestors are believed to have come to their neighbourhoods along the Väinäjoki River.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[7] [8] During the Iron Age and the Middle Ages, the Livonians inhabited a vast area of central and northern Latvia along the Väina and Gauja rivers in the Vidzeme region.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Baltic Finnish population that lived at the northern tip of Curinmaa has also later been linked to the Livonians, although even in the Middle Ages this was not done.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonian population of Curinland was referred to as the Curens, which also refers to the Baltic tribe of the Curia; the name was commonly used for all the inhabitants of Curinland.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The importance of the Livonians is reflected by the fact that the whole of Livonia was named after them in the Middle Ages.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[7] The Stone Age in the Baltic region has been moving people reportedly as early as 13000 years ago.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

According to a highly disputed theory based on DNA research, Uralic language-speaking peoples were circulating in the area as early as 10,000 years ago.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[9] Some scholars consider that Uralic (Finno-Ugric) language was spoken in the Baltic Sea region no earlier than the Bronze Age.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[10] The first inhabitants of the area belonged to the so-called deer hunters culture.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

They hunted deer and migrated between south and north according to deer migration.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The deer disappeared from the Baltic region around 7500 BCE.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The years 4000—1500 BCE have been found in the area.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

of pottery typical of the Neolithic Stone Age.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Between 2000 and 1500 BCE.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

a tightrope culture, also known as hammeraxe culture, spread to the area.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

It got its name from hammer-shaped axes found in burials of that time.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Two different cultures were observed in Curonia, the tightrope ceramic in the south and the comb-ceramic culture in the north, which has often been considered Finno-Ugric.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[11] Bronze Age Year 1500 BCE


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Around this time bronze needs items and jewellery began arriving in the area.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In this case, Väinäjoki clearly separated the two cultural groupings from each other.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Bronze finds south of Väinäjoki are more abundant, as the southern parts easily obtained bronze by exchanging it for amber, which was obtained from the amber coast.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

During the period 1000—600 BCE.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

A new culture emerged north of Väinäjoki — according to one theory, it was a new wave of Finno-Ugric migration to the area.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

It is difficult to obtain accurate information about the settlements of the peoples of the time in Livonia, but one way has been used to study burial habits.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

During the Bronze Age in southern Estonia and north of Väinäjoki, burials were mainly done in a north-south direction, while south of Väinäjoki they were made in an east-west direction.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[12] In the Bronze Age, cremation of deceased people also became common.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, especially inland, the deceased were still buried in the ground for a long time.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[13] The Iron Age The Iron Age began in the region of 600—500 BCE.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The first mentions of the Fenni and Levone peoples appeared in the 10th century in the works of Tacitus and Ptolemy.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, they did not refer to the current Finnish or Livonian peoples.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[14] [15] Between the 500th and 6th centuries, Slavs began to push into the territory of the then Eastern Balts and the Balts began to migrate north: the Cuans migrated to the more northerly Curonia, the Selites migrated deeper into present-day Selonia, and the Latgall moved further into present-day Latgale.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[16] 500 BC.—700 share.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

stone coffin tombs were used in the area and the deceased were possibly burned.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[17] The river Väinäjoki was an important trade route and there are several Byzantine and German money finds along it.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[16] Vikings made expeditions to the Baltics and taxed its inhabitants between the 7th and 10th centuries.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, they never established their position despite having short-term bases in the area.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[14] By the 10th century at the latest, the Baltic tribes were organised into ancient provinces, and the Livonian settlements were well established by the beginning of the 12th century.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Livonian ancient provinces included Livones Veinalenses, Idumeja, Metsepole and Toreida in Livonia, and Venema and Ventava in Curonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[14] In the north, the territory of the Livonians is estimated to have been bounded by Salatsiek, in the east by the Lielvārden—Aizkraukle line and to the south by the Väinäjoki River.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

To the north their neighbours were Estonians, to the south the Semgalls and the Seels, and to the east the Latgall.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[17] In Curonia, Livonians lived on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Riga up to the northern tip of Curunland and from there until the middle of Ventspils and Liepāja at a depth of 40—50 km inland.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

They lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea all the way to the regions of Memel.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[18] In the 12th century, the Danish archbishop Absalon went to baptize the curs and built a church at the northern tip of Curunland, but the number of converts was probably very small.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Today there is the village of Kolka, whose Livonian name Kūolka is thought to mean the same as the Finnish word kolkka.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The 10th-century Adam Bremen chronicle mentions Estonia, the Curonian, the Vepsäites and the Meryans but no Livonians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In the 12th century, the chronicle of Nestor mentions a tribe of Finnish origin called libj, Henry Lättiinen again referred to the Livonians in the Livonian Chronicle as livones.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The same name is mentioned in a work of Livonian echoes from the 1290s.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[17] Middle Ages The advent of Christianity Once German merchants had established themselves on the northwestern German—Gotland line, they began to take over markets from the Baltics.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The merchants established a trading base in Ykskyle and were followed by missionaries.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Around 1180, an Augustinian shell-lord Meinhard of Lübeck arrived on the site.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Meinhard had to ask permission for his missionary work from the Prince of Polotsk, who formally ruled the Livonian territories of the Väinäjoki River, and received it.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

By 1184, there was a church and two stone castles built in Ykskyle with the help of Gotland masons.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[20] Meinhard was consecrated as the first Bishop of Livonia in 1187 by Hartvig II, Archbishop of Bremen.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The seat of the bishop became Ykskyle.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Meinhard's companion Teoderik, in turn, baptized the Livonians of the Toreida region, with whom in 1191 the Germans' future ally Kauppo was baptized.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[21] Upon Meinhard's death in 1196, the Livonians were reported to have “washed away their baptism in the Väinäjoki”, upon hearing of which the pope gave permission to send cross knights to the region.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

When Meinhard's successor Bertold arrived in Ykskyle in the summer of 1196, the Livonians rose in revolt, and he was forced to return back to Germany.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[22] Meinhard came back the following spring carrying the Knights of the Cross.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

He left his ships at the mouth of the Väinäjoki river and proceeded towards Ikskyle, stopping at the island fortress of Holme, which had been overrun by the Livonians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Bertold demanded the Livonians take baptism again, but his military forces aroused suspicion.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Bertold set out to retreat back, as he would not have been able to take the castle without his ships.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonians followed and ambushed the Germans near present-day Riga.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Germans managed to repel the attackers, but Bertold's horse paced and ran into the middle of the fleeing Livonians, causing a Livonian warrior named Ymaut to pierce his back with a spear.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

After that, all missionary workers were expelled by the Livonians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[23] Prostrating the Livonians, the Archbishop of Bremen decided to intensify the conversion work and in 1199 elected his kinsman Albert von Buxhövden as the new bishop.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Albert made contact with Pope Innocentius III, who called on his bulla the Christians of Saxony and Westphalia to protect the Church in Livonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The crusades to Livonia were placed on par with pilgrimages to Rome.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

German merchants made ships available to Albert, and in the spring of 1200 Albert arrived with the crusaders at the mouth of the Väinäjoki river.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

She advanced up the river to Ykskyle but lost some of her ships in the process in the Livonian attacks.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Albert negotiated peace with the local Livonians, some of whom were baptized.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

He later invited Livonians from the Väinäjoki and Toreida area to the pitas, but instead they were taken prisoners until they agreed to cede land to the Germans for the establishment of a trading base and port.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In addition, they were required to have 30 noble-born youngsters as hostages, who would be sent to Germany “to learn allegiance to the Germans”.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The demands were agreed and on the ceded land the city of Riga was established in 1201, where Albert transferred the episcopal seat.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In the winter of 1202—1203, the Kalpari Order was established as the permanent armed force of the colony.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[24] Kauppo, who converted to Christianity, made a trip to Rome to visit the Pope in 1202 and returned in 1204.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

During this time he had lost the support of the pagan Livonians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonians rebelled under Ako and conquered the island fortress of Holme in 1206, but Christian Livonians and Germans who supported Kaupo still attacked the castle that same year and massacred Ako.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[25] After the revolt, the war effort was concentrated against the Estonians, with whom Kauppo died in the Battle of Matinday.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The territories taken from the Livonians were divided between the bishop and the Kalpar Order in a 3:1 ratio.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[26] In the early 13th century, the Balts and Livonians of the Curonia also began attacks against the Germans.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The curs besieged Riga in 1210 and burned the monastery located at the mouth of the Väinäjoki river in 1228.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Calparian Order counterattacked in the winter of 1228-29, which also happened to be a bad year of hunger.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Curans agreed to a peace treaty under which they were to take in missionaries and hand over 80 kilograms of rye per auranala.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[27] In 1230, Lammekinus, king of the Curians, who was a Livonian according to some scholars, [28] offered to take up the Catholic faith, perhaps hoping thereby to gain relief from the famine.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Alnan of Baldui, who had temporarily succeeded Albert as Archbishop of Riga, agreed to the treaty, but his interference with the Kalpar Order led to the Order's invasion of the Curonia in the winter of 1231.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In 1234, Wilhelm Modenan was installed by the Pope in place of Balduin, who was out of favour.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Following the dissolution of the Calparian Order after the defeatist Battle of Saule, the Curians revolted and massacred the missionaries.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

After the event, the Teutonic Order, with which the Calparische was merged, built a castle in Kuldiga for the protection of the administrators.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Ditrich, Master of the Order, assembled a military force in 1242 and invaded the Curonian Country.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The conquest lasted three years until the Curians agreed to peace in 1245.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Later Curonian land was divided between knighthood and bishopric, but now 2/3 of the territories went to the Order and 1/3 to the Bishop.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The coastal area inhabited by the Livonians ended up predominantly to the bishop.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Curans still rebelled in 1260 but were forced to surrender in 1267.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[27] During the German regime, social classes of bourgeoisie and craftsmen arose among the Livonians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Most of the peasants initially retained their rights to their lands, and slaves and rings were mainly prisoners of war, criminals, and indebted.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Slavery was abolished in the Baltics in the 1450s, leading to fiefdoms beginning to commission more day jobs on peasants.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In the 15th century, a law was enacted binding peasants to their lands and forbidding them from changing their place of work or residence.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

This practice was not abolished until 1804.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Following the dissolution of the Teutonic Order, Poland-Lithuania took control of Livonia in 1559.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Poles tried to instill Catholicism lost in the Reformation back into the region.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

According to Archbishop Wilhelm, in 1586 local Livonians and Latvians only attended the church on holidays and continued to pray to their pagan gods.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[29] A new period of Swedish rule period Charles IX of Sweden started a war against Poland in 1600, and in the autumn of the same year the Swedes conquered southern Estonia and laid siege to the city of Riga.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In 1601, Charles IX issued a proclamation that Sweden wished to annex all of Estonia and Livonia in connection with Sweden.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

At the same time, he condemned serfdom and demanded that peasants be treated according to Swedish laws.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, the Swedes lost to the Poles at Koknese in 1601 and retreated back.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The following winter, plague and famine spread to Livonia, and in various parishes of Livonia, 25— 90% of the population died.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Charles IX still attempted to retake Riga in 1605, but failed.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

From their last base in Pärnu, the Swedes were driven out in 1609.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[30] In the 17th century, according to one estimate, there were about 13000 Livonians in Livonia and about 15000 in Curonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[31] Charles's successor Gustav II Adolf invaded Livonia in 1621 and conquered Riga in September of the same year.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

An intermediate peace was concluded the following year, but the war resumed again in 1625.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

When the Swedes carried out a tax payment check on the peasants of the territories they conquered, it turned out that about half the land had been left fallow.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In 1629, the Peace of Altmark was concluded, under which Sweden was allowed to keep the Livonia it had invaded.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Sweden began to improve local conditions and established a kymnase in Riga, which was also intended for burghers and peasants.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In 1632, Tartu kymnaise was converted into a university where Estonian and Latvian language instruction was provided.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Livonian speakers were already so few in Livonia that Livonian education was not organized.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[32] Thomas Hiärne's Livonian chronicle reports that few Livonians lived near Riga and Salats in the 17th century and they too are switching to the Latvian language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[33] Peace lasted until 1656, when the Tsar of Russia attacked Riga.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

With Russian troops, yet another plague epidemic spread to Livonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The plague caused the Russians to withdraw, but in the process they destroyed much of the area.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Lithuanians invaded in 1657, but they retreated as soon as the following year.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Sweden concluded peace with Poland and Russia in 1660—1661.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

As labor had declined in the Moisioi region, serfdom was legalized in Livonia in 1671.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In the Landtag of 1682—1683, King Charles XI pressured the Landtag to cancel the Livonian fiefdoms and most of the peasants in the area became subordinate to the Crown holdings.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The peasants also gained the right to bring lawsuits against vouts and moisiohlords.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[34] Russian power begins Many reform efforts were left unfinished due to the Great Northern War which began in 1700.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Russians invaded Livonia, but retreated after defeats.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

It happened particularly brutally, with troops killing or taking 10,000 persons to Russia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Russians invaded Livonia again in 1705 with the main part of the Swedish troops elsewhere.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

All of Livonia was held by the Russians by 1710, and Russian power was consolidated in the Peace of New Town in 1721.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[34] During the Great Northern War, plague had also raged in the region.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In the Livonian region of Curinmaa, for example, only 100 of the 1600 inhabitants of one parish survived.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[35] The Livonians of Curonia belonged to the Duchy of Curonia until 1795, when the Russian Empire took control of the region.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In 1859, a rebellion led by the Livonian Nika Schuberg arose when the Baron of Dundaga demanded employment duty and money rent even despite the abolition of serfdom in Russia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The rebellion was put down by the Russian military people, and those involved in it were beaten and evicted from their lands.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[36] Latvians were replaced, allowing the Latvian language to gain a foothold in the tip of the hitherto isolated Curonian country.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[37] From the 19th century until Latvia's independence, there is no exact record of the last Livonians in Livonia; possibly the last person to speak Livonian was Mahrz Sahrum who lived in Cēsis.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, rumours of the last Livonian Livonians circulated even after his death.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

E.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

N. Uncle received word from a Salatsian pastor that the last local Livonian had died in 1868.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, the search still continued, and Oskar Kallas estimated the last Livonian Livonian to have died in the 1880s.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Even later in the early 20th century, Uncle learned of a man living in Salats who spoke an unknown language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

It turned out, however, that the language spoken by the man was not a vest, but some sort of secret language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In the end, Setälä timed the loss of the Livonian people as did Kallas.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[38] In World War I, most of the Livonians on Livonia fled the path of the German advance at the urging of the Russian authorities.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Livonians fled especially to Estonia and the interior of Latvia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Many never returned to their old neighbourhoods of residence, and they assimilated into the local population.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[39] On their return, the Livonians found their houses broken up, as the Germans had used them to build dugouts.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

For example, there were only five buildings intact in the village of Miķeļtornis.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[40] National Awakening In the early twentieth century The national awakening of the Livonians occurred after World War I, when Latvia gained independence.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The awakening was heavily influenced by Finnish and Estonian backers of the tribal cause.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonian flag and national anthem were introduced, and teaching of the Livonian language began.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Individuals such as Kōrli Stalte set about publishing poetry and other literature in the Livonian language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[41] Many residents of Livonranta were offered education in Finland and Estonia in order to bring Livonian teachers and priests to the area.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In Estonia, Livonian students studied in Tartu and Finland in Thusula, Heinola and Helsinki.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonian language began to be taught as a voluntary subject at the expense of the Livonian Society, which again received its funding from Finland and Estonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Classes were held after formal school classes, and there were three teachers in total.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Worship services in Livonian were started in the 1930s and were initially held by Finnish Helle Erviö.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, the Livonians wanted a priest from their own ranks, so Edgar Vaalgamaa was sent to Finland to study.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, he did not have time to return to Livonia before World War II.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Publication of the Livonic-language magazine “Līvli” was started in 1931.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The magazine was funded from Finland and distributed free of charge to villages in Livinranta.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, the magazine soon came under censor by Latvian authorities.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[4] Estonian folklorist Oskar Loorits criticized the actions of the Latvian authorities, which led to his expulsion from Latvia and the cooling of Estonian-Latvian relations.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[42] The case was noted not only in the Estonian, but also in the Finnish press.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Another conflict between Livonians and Latvians occurred when Uldriķis Kāpbergs, who had self-proclaimed “King of the Livonians”, was arrested in 1939.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

He died the same year of a heart attack in prison.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[43] Finnish tribal activities played a role in the revival of the Livonian language in the 1930s.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

On the initiative of school counsellor Matti Pesonen, the New Testament was translated into a vest in 1937 and distributed the following year in Estonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[44] Attempts were made to make the coast inhabited by the Livonians into its own municipality in the 1920s.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The village of Mazirbe was planned as the centre of the municipality.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The purpose was to promote Livonian unity administratively and also to complicate the migration of Latvians to the region.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Latvian Ministry of the Interior accepted the matter on condition that it would be put to a referendum on the territory of the planned municipality.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The vote was taken and the majority of those who voted supported the project, but the municipality was never established, as the interior minister changed and the new interior minister rebuffed the idea.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[45] In 1935 there were 994 Livonians in Latvia, 507 of whom lived in the then Dundaga and 370 in the municipality of Ance, in the areas of the present Dundaga and Ventspils municipalities.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The remaining 49 lived elsewhere in Latvia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Livonians made up 32% of the population of traditional Livonian villages, and as a majority they were only in the village of Lielirbe.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[46] At the beginning of the 20th century, there were only a thousand persons proficient in the Livonian language alive.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[47] Definitively, the development of Livonian culture stopped by World War II, during which the population declined dramatically due to forced displacement.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonian people were left at the feet of the armies of two great powers in the war, which was a kind of final blow for the Livonians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Although there were still around 2,000 Livonians in 1939, after World War II in 1948 there were only 500 to 600, and in the 1959 census only 185 people declared Livonian as their nationality.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[8] During the war, the Livonian villages remained in the Curonian mot formed by the German Northern Army Group.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Some of the inhabitants were evacuated by the Germans, and some fled by boats to Sweden and from there on to elsewhere.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[48] During Soviet rule, fishing colhoses were established in Ventspils, Kolka and Staldzene.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In Kolkhos was run by Livonian Aleksandr Zvirgzdinš and additionally housed a fish processing plant where many Livonians went to work.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The kolkhoos of Kolka included all the fishing villages of Livonia east of Sīkrags.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

No fishing permits were issued on its western side because military bases were built nearby.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The inhabitants of these villages ended up mainly in Ventspils and elsewhere in Latvia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[49] From 1979 onwards, passports were no longer allowed to be marked “Livonian” as their nationality.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[37] Since the end of Soviet rule and Latvia's renewed independence, the cultivation of Livonian cultural heritage has intensified again.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Founded in 1923, the Livonian Federation resumed operations in the late 1980s and today has around 250 members.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In 1991, a protected area for Livonian culture called Līvõd Rānda (Livonian) was established in Latvia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In the same year, the Livonians were again recognized as their own nationality.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In addition to the 178 Livonians who lived in Latvia in 2009, 235 lived in Ukraine and 5 Livonians in Estonia (in 2000).


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Latvia had the highest number of Livonians in Kolka (53), Ventspils (43), Riga (41) and Ugale (10), according to 1995 data.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[50] In addition, Livonians or their descendants live at least in Finland, Sweden, Canada and the United States.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[51] In Latvia, Livonians have actually been thought to be more than they have been officially registered.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[52] The Livonian people have their own representative in the Latvian parliament, [53] and the Livonian language is taught in a few primary schools in Riga, Staicele, Dundaga, Ventspils and Kolka.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[54] Culture Many Latvians with Livonian lineages are interested in their Livonian background.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

For example, this is informed by the popularity of Livonian youth camps and the growing number of students in the Livonian language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Organizations such as the Livonian Friends Association and the Livonian Cultural Centre work to preserve Livonian culture.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[53] Language According to Eesti Päevalehti's news, the last Livonian to learn Livonian as a native language as part of an unbroken chain of generations of Livonians was Viktor Berthold.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

He had been born 1921 and was buried on 28 February 2009 in the Livonian village of Kolka in Curonia County.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[55] The last person to speak the vest in turn was Grizelda Kristiņa, who lived in Canada, who died at the age of 103 in 2013.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[56] [2] The last Livonian to live in Finland and one of the last Livonians was Edgar Vaalgamaa (1912—2003), the chaplain of Iiti.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Most Livonians have long been bilingual.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

They spoke Vest and Latvian, but many also knew Estonian because of their close contacts with the people of Saaremaa.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[57] The Latvian language arrived in Livonia as early as the 1860s when Latvian emigrants came to the area after the Livonian revolt.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

There were still a few monolingual children in the 1920s and 1930s, but after World War II, the Livonian language was no longer inherited from generation to generation.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Today, there are an estimated ten learners of the Livonian language from their grandparents.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In addition, there are still about ten language scholars and five who have studied the language independently.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Even more have attended Livonian summer camps or university courses, and they understand the language but are unable to use it in conversation.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Livonian education is provided in schools by a dozen children, most of whom are ethnic Livonians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[58] An estimated 50 to 60 people can read the Livonian text.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[59] Livonians who have switched to using the Latvian language have influenced the Livonian dialects of the Latvian language spoken in both Curonian and Livonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In these dialects, the method of pronunciation of the Livonian language is used.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[60] Fishing, as evidenced by the Livonian name (rāndalist, beachgoers and kalāmīed), has traditionally been fishing as the main source of livelihood for the Livonians on the tip of Curonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Major prey fish included herring, flounder, cod and sprat.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The traditional model fishing boat was referred to as lõja.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Congestion (lotja or lod'a) was used in shore waters.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The boats were made from pine commonly growing on the coast.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Fishing mainly used nets and rushes until the 1850s, when drift nets took their place.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Flounder was fished on a seine called vada.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Cod was caught on longline as well as cod hog (blèifis,), adopted from Germany.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Livonians working with fishing boats often went to work on ocean liners.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[61] Farming The Livonians of the tip of the Curonia were from 1721, from the beginning of Russian rule, until the independence of Latvia as tenants of the great holdings of Pope and Dundaga.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The sandy Curonian coast was not particularly well suited for farming, but it was still practised.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The main crop was potato, which was also sold elsewhere.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Of the cereal species, the most common were oats, barley and rye; wheat was cultivated extremely rarely.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Livonians used to fertilize their fields with brown algae, which drifted to the beaches especially with the autumn winds.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[62] Beekeeping Along with fishing and farming, beekeeping was practised, although it was more like looting wild hives until the late 19th century or breeding bees in deliberately hollowed tree burrows.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Already Henry the Lastite chronicle of Livonia recounts how the Livonians burned the house of Kaupo, which had moved to the Germans, and destroyed his maroon tree.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[23] From the 14th century there is a mention of a couple of Livonians who lived near Riga, who had over 300 honey trees.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The city of Riga received between 25% and 50% of their proceeds in taxes, which meant 2400 nails per year.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[63] In the 1850s, toilet care became more common, but the custom disappeared in the early part of the 20th century.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Honey was used in households for food and beeswax was once sold to other parts of Europe where it was used especially for candles.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[64] Moreover, it was so valuable that it was still used in the Middle Ages as a means of payment.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[63] Clothing Livonian men began to dress early on as did Latvians, but some distinctive features remained in women's outfits.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

From the 18th century there are records of a large mantle, which was some kind of grand scarf.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

This kind of outfit was used in the Baltics and Finland already in the prehistoric period.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The woman's costume also included a narrow-striped skirt with stripes of red and black.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Another type of skirt used was a short black skirt with three or four red stripes circling the mild.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Known in Finland as tanu, the front open cap was colm kabal mitš in the Livonian language.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

It was decorated from the back with brightly coloured fabric rosettes and glass beads.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Tanu was especially worn by married women.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Both men and women wore old-bodied pumppos and virus shoes made of leather.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Similar ones were used by Estonians and Estonian Swedes.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The willow bark jars that were also in use resembled those used by Latvians, Lithuanians and Belarusians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[65] Religion Almost nothing is known about the ancient religion of the Livonians, but probably has been based on the worship of spirits.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Different from other Baltic Finnic peoples, the deities did not have erisnames, but were deities of different fields.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The chronicle of Henry the Lastite reports that the Livonians held finches on the occasion of the funeral and wailing hymns were sung in them.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[66] The mythology of the Livonian people has taken its nowadays well-known form during Christianity and is largely based on it.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Thunder and other weather phenomena have played a large part in Livonian mythology.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Based on archaeological finds, it is known that the Livonians tended to sacrifice food and other commodities such as tobacco and clothing.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[23] Sacrifices were made on sacrificial stones and by sacred trees, and offerings were still given during Christianity, especially in midsummer.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[67] Livonians mostly belonged to the Lutheran Church, although there have been Baptists and Orthodoxies.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[68] Lutheranism had arisen in the Reformation in the Duchy of Curonia in the 16th century.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Baptists were originally part of the Herrnhutian movement, but after the movement faced persecution, the Herrnhutians took to calling themselves Baptists.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[69] There were a few Orthodox families in the village of Kolka and they also had their own church.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Orthodox faith had its origins in the days of Russian rule, Catherine II.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[68] Music In the 20th century few Livonian folk songs remained, and the majority of them were borrowed from Latvians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The rise of Livonian music dates back to the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[37] The most important figures in this scene were Margarete Stalte [70], who founded the first Livonian choir, and Hilda Cerbaha-Griva, who founded and led several vocal choruses as well as folk music ensembles.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Cerbaha-Griva's choirs included “Līvlist” (“Livonians”) in Riga and Kāndla (“Kantele”) in Ventspils.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Livonian music regressed during World War II and only revived at the end of the 1980s.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Music was of great importance at the time, as interest in Livonian folk music soon spread to Latvian folk music as well, thus laying the groundwork for the national awakening of Latvians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[37] Today, Kāndla and Līvlist are still in operation from Livonian choirs.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In addition to Livonian music, Kāndla also performs Estonian folk songs.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[71] Līvlist is the larger of the two choirs, with around 250 players and singers participating in its activities, and has also performed in Finland and Estonia.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[72] In 2000, the Estonian-Livonian folk rock band Tulli Lum released an album titled Tulli Lum containing 11 Livonian songs.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The band's vocalist, Julgi Stalte, is one of the few to speak the Livonian language fluently.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The language he learned from his grandfather Oskar Stalte.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[49] Literature The golden age of Livonian literature was in the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The Gospel of Matthew had been translated into East and West Vest between 1863 and 1880, [73] and a few Livonian chapbooks were published between 1921 and 1926 by Lauri Kettunen and Oskar Loorits.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[74] Among the most important Livonian literary influences was Kōrli Stalte, whose work included translating the New Testament (Ūž testament) into Livonian as well as the Livonian Songs (Livõd lõlõd) poetry collection.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Another influencer was the poet Petõr Damberg, who also made a textbook called Chapbook for school and home (Jemakiel lugdobrontoz skuol and kuod pierast).


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

It was the most used of a total of five Livonian textbooks published in the 1930s, but it came under censor by Latvian authorities because it was perceived as too nationalistic.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[37] In 1964, the well-known Esperantist Ints Čače and the Livonian Petõr Damberg and Hilda Grīva wrote a Livonian-Latvian-Esperanto dictionary containing, in addition to Livonian words, about 300 Livonian poems by 32 authors.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

The book was published in 1982.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

However, the work was criticized for the poor quality and language of the poems.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

In 1998, a major collection of poems in Livonian, Ma akūb sīnda vizzõ, a tūrska, which won poetry prizes in Latvia, was published.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

[75] Edgar Vaalgamaa published the book The People of the White Sand in 2001, one of the most extensive works on Livonians.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Tables Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vaalgamaa, Edgar| title = White Sand People: Livonian History and Culture| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2001| version = Afterwords Valda Šuvcāne| id = ISBN 951-796-235-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilho Niitemaa| title = Baltic history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Publisher = Publishing Company Tamm| year = 1991| version = complemented by Kalervo Hovi| id = ISBN 951-30-9112-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Marjo Mela and Lembit Valba| title = Latvian History and Culture| publisher = Rozentāls-follow| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-986-71-2| accessdate = 4.5.2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Toivo Vuorela| title = Finnish people| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish literature follow| year = 1960}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mauno Jokipii| title = Baltic Finns, History and Destinies of Tribal Peoples| publisher = Atena Kustannus Oy| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-9362-80-0| accessdate = 4.5.2010}} Taipale, Pentti.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Man of concealed power.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Life and activities of Matti Pesonen.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Vaasa 1980.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

ISBN 951-9013-92-X nid.


Question: What is the religion of the Livonians?

Livonians

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Livonians Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

Rieskaronmäki is Finland's most famous Scandinavian Bronze Age residence and an ensemble formed by several grave finds.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

The residence is located in Kivialho, Nakkila, Satakunta.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

Cattle husbandry was practiced at the residence and thus formed a farm, which is a unique discovery related to the Bronze Age in Finland.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

The site has been explored in the early 1960s by Unto Salo.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

The residence is considered to have been founded by an immigrant community of Scandinavia's Bronze Age population and is dated to the late Bronze Age period V of Montelius, or 800—600 BCE.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

[1] [2] [3] Overview The mapping of the residential area, which is only 200 metres long and 50 metres wide, has found 11 or 12 stone clusters and the bases of three buildings.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

The residence is located on a moraine hill that has existed as two islands since 1000 BCE.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

at sea level 25.6 meters above current sea level (mpy.).


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

When the hill area was inhabited and the sea level was 21.3 meters mpy., it was located on a headland protruding from the mainland to the ancient bay of Panelia.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

Then the sea bay extended to the shore of the residence in the Suolistonoja valley, which was located about a hundred metres southwest of the residence on the present opening of Tollukkaanperä.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

The ancient mouth of Kokemäenjoki dropped its water into Panelia Bay to the west of the residence.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

A little further up in the bottom of the bay was located a group of seven tomb finds, probably contemporaneous or earlier than the residence of Rieskaronmäki.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

At the end of the Bronze Age, 500 BCE.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

the seashore had already shifted one kilometre from Rieskaronmäki.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

The mounds of the residence are located on two hills, which is why Salo interprets it as “a village formed by a hut and a house”.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

Five grave blocks and one testicle will be attached to the eastern building, and six mounds and a wicker building will be joined to the western building.


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

[1] [2] [4] [5] [3] East House Rieskaronmäki Long house The eastern building, called here the house, had been about 16.8 metres long and 8.2 metres wide and was located on the slope in the direction of the south-east of the slope [4].


Question: Who has found Rieskaronmäki?

Rieskaronmäki

An additional 6-foot-long flat area continued at the southeastern end of the house, which Salo considered to be a courtyard.