Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

On 9 September 2011, the centrist party government decided at a meeting in Riihimäki to present Väyry as the party's presidential candidate and not hold the intra-party primary, as no other candidates had registered by the deadline.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[24] [25] Väyrynen himself considered it essential that the presidency should “continue on the line of Kekkonen”.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[26] Väyrynen received 17.5% of the vote and finished third.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[27] Presidency elections 2012, European Parliament elections 2014 and parliamentary elections 2015 Shortly after the presidential election, Väyrynen announced that he would run for centrist chairman at the summer party conference.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[28] He finished third in the presidency when Juha Sipilä was elected chairman.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[29] In January 2013, Väyrynen announced that he would stand as a candidate in both the 2014 European Parliament elections [30] and the 2015 parliamentary elections.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

He was elected as a Member of the European Parliament with 69360 votes.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[31] In November 2014, Väyrynen said that he would seek a Foreign Minister's seat in the next government.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[32] Väyrynen was elected to Parliament with 6889 votes, [33] but on 22 April he announced that he would remain in the European Parliament.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[34] After the appointment of the Sipilä government, he stated on his blog that he was disappointed not to be elected as a member of the Council of State and said that he had stood for election in the parliamentary elections specifically to become Foreign Minister.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[35] In January 2016, Väyrynen announced that he would opt out of the work of the centrist party council, the party board and its bureau after deceiving the party's liberal line.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

However, he will not give up the centrist membership book and run on to the end of the term in the Euro Parliament


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[36] In connection with the announcement, Väyrynen published a new work on this, which deals with the formation of the government of Sipilä and the email correspondence between Väyrysen and Sipilä in the background.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[37] On 4 February 2016, the creation of the Civic Party, Väyrynen announced the creation of a new party, the Civic Party.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[38] [39] The Civic Party was entered on the Register of Associations in March 2016 [40] and on the Party Register in December 2016.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[41] The party pushes for Finland's separation from the euro area and the transition to its own floating currency and opposes centralising metropolis policy.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[42] Väyrysen's decision to create a new party attracted a lot of comments.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Matti Vanhanen, chairman of the Centre Parliament Group, said that he took Väyrysen's decision hard and assessed Väyrysen's move as the main reason for his demands to resign from the euro.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Member of Parliament Mikko Alatalo, meanwhile, estimated that Väyrysen's goal would be to participate in the 2018 presidential elections and compared his actions to Veikko Vennamo.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[43] Jarmo Korhonen, former party secretary of the Centre, characterised the party project as “the most serious threat to the centre in history” and anticipated it would lead to several internal conflicts ahead of the 2019 parliamentary elections.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[44] Presidential election 2018 Väyrynen ran for president in the 2018 presidential election through the Electors Association.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[45] To become an official candidate, he had to collect 20,000 supporter cards by December 12, 2017.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

On 25 November, Sami Kilpeläinen, chairman of the Civic Party, estimated that there would be just under 15000 cards in a pile.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[46] At the beginning of December, Väyryse also started collecting supporter cards by the Suomi First group.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[47] On 5 December 2017, Väyrynen announced that the required number of supporter cards had been collected.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[48] On 18 December, the Helsinki Constituency Board announced that there are almost 27000 pieces of supporter cards.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[4] Väyrysen's electoral themes included criticism of Finland's accession to the euro area without a referendum, criticism of Finland's NATO membership project, support for Finland's neutrality policy — and opposition to Finland becoming part of a federal state of the European Union in the near future.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrynen finished fourth with 6.2% support in the election.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[49] 2018: resignation from the centre and controversy in the Civic Party After the presidential election, on 1 February, Väyrynen announced that he would run for the position of President of the Centre and resign from the party if he is not elected.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[50] On February 8, 2018, the Centre Party Board decided at its meeting that Väyrynen could not be a candidate for President of the Centre Party because he is a member of the Civic Party.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Under centrist rules, a member of the centrist's basic organization must not belong to the rest of the party.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[51] On March 3, 2018, the Civic Party issued a bulletin announcing that Väyrynen has been expelled from the Civic Party due to account abuse and electoral money violations.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The fact that Väyrynen is running for president of the centre was also cited as the reason for the separation.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[52] Väyrynen and his supporters considered it illegal to hold a meeting at which he was dismissed.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[53] On March 7, the district court suspended the execution of the separation decision.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[54] On April 12, Väyrynen announced his resignation from the Civic Party.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

This is how he believes he will be a candidate for the centrist presidency.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[55] On April 20, Väyrynen announced that he would step down from the centrist candidacy for the presidency.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

According to Väyrysen, the competition would not have been so fair that he could have been successful.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

He missed the chance to resign from the Civic Party and plans to continue there.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[56] On April 25, Väyrynen announced his resignation from the center.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[57] .On 4 June, Väyrynen announced that he had returned to the leadership of the Civic Party.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Sami Kilpeläinen, who holds himself as chairman of the divided party, denies the election of Väyrysen and accuses Väyrys of illegally impersonating himself in the party's name.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[58] Return to MP and Seven Star Movement 2018 on 25 April 2018 Väyrynen said he would take up his MP seat in June 2018.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

This means the relegation of Mikko Kärä, who served as a deputy seat in Parliament.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Announcing his return, Mr Väyrynen said he “no longer had any reason to contribute to the adoption of sote- and provincial reform.”


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[59] Väyrynen returned to Parliament on 12 June 2018.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[60] On his return day, he told me he was in opposition against both the government and the opposition.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In addition, Väyrynen said he belonged to the “left-wing” side of parliament.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[61] On June 28, 2018, Väyrynen announced the creation of a new political movement called the Seven Star Movement [62].


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The reason Väyrynen stated that it was a response to a dispute between the Civic Party and him [62].


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The idea for the name of the movement Väyrynen received from the Italian Five Star Movement [62].


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrynen intends to participate in the 2019 parliamentary elections through his new movement and starts collecting supporter cards for it [62] Career Summary Vice-President of the Centre Party 1972—1980 Centre Party 1980—1988 and Chairman of the Centre Party of Finland 1988—1990 Turku Party Conference Until the party conference in Pori.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

MP: Lapland county constituency 1970—1991, Uusimaa constituency 1991—2003 (between 1995 and 2003 there was a deputy representative in Parliament, but Väyrysen's credentials were valid), Lapland constituency 2007—2011, 2015, 2018— Member of the European Parliament 1995—2007, 2014—2018 Minister of Education 1975—1976 Martti Miettunen II (State of Emergency) in government Minister of Labour 1976—1977 in Martti Miettunen III government Minister of Foreign Affairs 1977—1979 in Kalevi Sorsan II government, 1979—1982 in Mauno Koivisto II government, 1983—1987 in Kalevi Sorsan IV government and 1991—1993 in Esko Aho government.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

1993—1995 as Minister of Foreign Affairs until the end of Aho's reign, Heikki Haavisto, President of the MTK, and Paavo Rantanen, after Haavisto fell ill.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Minister of Foreign Trade and Development 2007—2011 in Matti Vanhanen II government and Mari Kiviniemi government.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Presidential Elector in 1978 and 1982.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

City Councillor in Helsinki 1989 and 2017— Local Councillor in Keminmaa 2005—2017 [63] With records of being a Minister and MP, Väyrynen is the first Finnish minister to have served as a minister in five different decades (1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s).


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

When the Kiviniemi government quit his job on 22 June 2011, he had served as minister for a total of 5997 days.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Only Johannes Estolainen has been a minister longer than Väyry.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[64] Väyrynen has been elected to Parliament 11 times: 1970, 1972, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2007 and 2015.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In 1995, 1996, 1999, 2004 and 2014, Väyrynen was elected to the EU Parliament.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrynen sat in Parliament or in the EU Parliament continuously from 1970 to 2011, i.e. 41 years in total.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Political views 2010 Väyrynen was ready to finance development cooperation through an international exchange tax.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Already a one-thousandth tax on stock transactions, he said, would have brought in tens of billions of euros in revenue and exchanges would be easy to tax.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[65] In 2018, when he returned to parliament, Väyrynen said he was a left-wing centrist.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[66] Written Career Väyrysen's earlier literary production deals with the Centre Party and the Embryonic cause and their future.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Subsequent production, alongside EU criticism and the euro issue, focuses on international affairs.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrynen, among other things, publicized the pan-European ideas of Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi in Finland in order to demonstrate that the idea of confederation would be better suited to the European Community than the federal state.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Scientific career Väyrynen received a doctorate in political science from Åbo Akademi 1988 with a dissertation on Finnish foreign policy doctrine Finlands utrikespolitik — den nationella doktrinen och framtidens mänsklighetspolitik (Finnish foreign policy — national doctrine and future humanity policy).


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In his thesis, Väyrynen, among other things, argued that the Soviet Union would remain a superpower [67] and that the European divide is permanent.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The occasion was a major media event, and one hundred incomplete points were found in the thesis, but eventually it was accepted.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[67] Contrary to Väyrysen's assessment, the dissolution of the Soviet Union and European integration began 1989 at a rapid pace.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[68] Väyrynen was appointed Docent of the University of Lapland in 1996.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

For the docenture, he published the scientific study “Finland's neutrality in the new Europe”.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In addition, his appointment was based on a wealth of other scientific material.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

As an entrepreneur MEP, Väyrynen organised a large number of European education for both young people and the adult population.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Among other things, he brainstormed a course called “School of Politics” and began publishing a magazine called the North Star.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

From this he got the idea that a folk college should be established in Finland specializing in international education and European education.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The Pohjanstar College was established in Keminmaa.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Vuokko and Paavo Väyrynen bought the farm of Niemi-Niemelä, a former retirement home in the city of Kemi and named it Pohjanranna.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The farm operates the Pohjanstar College.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

However, the Ministry of Education did not grant government aid to the People's College because there were “insufficient economic and cultural conditions” for the establishment of the college.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[69] However, in 1998 the college received a grant of half a million marks from the municipality of Keminmaa.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

When the university was not granted a maintenance licence, Paavo Väyrynen together with his wife Vuokko has developed a diverse business activity on the farm named Pohjanranta.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

It is home to the Keminmaa Youth Home, Lapland's largest dance stage built in the attic of a barn, a vineyard and a summer motel to accommodate tourists.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In spring 2010, a paanu church was completed in the area.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[70] After the work of the youth home got off to good speed, the North Star College applied for a maintenance licence to the People's College, which would provide teaching to young people in foster care.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In 2007, the Department of Education granted the college an initial temporary and finally permanent maintenance licence in 2010.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrynen serves as vice-president of the university's support association.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In August 2015, Paavo Väyrynen bought a hotel called Inge Villa in Pärnu, Estonia, with 11 rooms and 33 beds.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The hotel was scheduled to open in September 2015.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[71] Relations and Attitudes to the Soviet Union and Russia Relation with Soviet intelligence at the time of the Finnishness in the 1970s—1980s, Väyrysen is alleged to have had a close relationship with the Soviet intelligence service KGB.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In his book Blind Mirror Väyryn Kekkonen and Karelia, former KGB colonel Oleg Gordiyevsky calls “his own man”.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In his return, Väyrynen has acknowledged the contact, but has attributed it to “normal patriotic contact”.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[72] According to Docent Hannu Rautkallio, Väyrynen inherited KGB relations from Kekkonen.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[73] Allegations of Soviet trafficking Seven years in arrears arose from the proceedings of Kohu Väyrysen in the events leading up to the 1982 presidential election.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In autumn 1989, Suomen Kuvalehti published a story written by Jukka Tarka, a doctor of political science, in which Väyrysen allegedly committed treason after talking to Viktor Vladimirov, Minister-Counsellor, who worked at the Soviet Embassy in Helsinki about the possibility that The Soviet Union would increase the sale of so-called brokerage oil to Finland, allowing Finland's exports to increase accordingly.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

This would bring positive publicity to Ahti Karjalaise, who chaired the Economic Commission.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[74] Väyrynen first denied his involvement altogether and threatened Tarka with a lawsuit if evidence of Väyrysen's involvement in yupakka was made public.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

In a book published by Tarka about Ahti Karjalainen's career, a letter testifying to Väyrysen's involvement was published despite Väyrysen's threats.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[75] Five MPs under the leadership of the coalition Kimmo Sasi submitted a request to the Constitutional Committee of Parliament for an inquiry into Väyrysen's activities.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The Constitutional Committee of Parliament found Väyrysen acted imprudently but not in violation of the law and the parliament rejected a motion to bring a case against him.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[76] The 1991 Moscow coup d'état and recognition of Estonian independence, Väyrynen served as Finland's foreign minister during the August 1991 Moscow coup d'état attempt and participated on 20 August at a meeting of Nordic foreign ministers in Skagen, Denmark.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Danish Foreign Minister Uffe Ellemann-Jensen would have liked to use the word “coup” in the joint statement, but over Väyrysen's opposition, the word was removed from the statement.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The Danes scolded Finland and Väyry for excessive caution.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Although other Western countries' positions had still been similar to Finland's cautious position the previous day, Finland stuck to its cautious line for longer.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[77] Edgar Savisaar, then Prime Minister of Estonia, has accused several Finnish leaders of holding back Estonia's independence from the Soviet Union in the early 1990s and has also named Väyrysen as one of them.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[78] Estonia declared its independence restored during the coup on 20 August and Latvia the following day, but the Finnish leadership was initially skeptical about their recognition of independence.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs Lennart Meri, who visited Finland in the past, wished Finland's support for his country's independence.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrynen finally took the Mere on 22 August, but announced another two days later as the Finnish line that the Baltic states did not meet the hallmarks of sovereign states.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

However, following Russia's recognition of the independence of the Baltic states, several states followed suit, and Finland also announced a few days later that the 1920 confessions were still valid.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[79] [80] Professor Jarmo Virmavirta has strongly criticised Finland's then foreign policy line, which, according to him, leaned towards the premise of Väyrysen's thesis “where the Soviet Union is permanent and the European dichotomy is eternal”.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

However, according to Virmavirta, Finland's foreign policy line had time to turn to the position of independence for the Baltic states at the last minute.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[81] Georgia crisis 2008 In the report of the Georgian crisis 2008 Finnish Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb represented the European Union due to Finland's presidency of the EU.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

After the crisis, Stubb asked Finnish ambassadors for analyses of Russia and world events.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

An anonymous summary of the analyses was given to everyone in accordance with the principles of transparency to read through Helsingin Sanomat.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[82] Väyrynen, who sat as Minister of Foreign Trade and Development, openly berated Foreign Minister Stubb's line and considered Georgia to have started the war by attacking Russian forces.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrynen did not consider the crisis in Georgia to be relevant either for world politics or for European policy.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[83] Timo Soikkanen, professor of political history, considered Väyrysen's open criticism of Stubb lines rare.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[84] It is revealed from the ambassadors” analyses that they regarded the events in Georgia as an alarm clock and agreed that a strengthening Russia is not interested in European values like democracy and that Russia pursues its objectives through the latest means.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[82] Väyrynen has admitted that Stubb's media outreach annoys himself and he considers Stubb a better brand than himself.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrynen has claimed Stubb was politicking for publicity.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[85] Ukraine crisis 2014 Väyrynen stated in his blog on December 31, 2014 that Crimea would be an autonomous part of Russia as Puerto Rico is an autonomous part of the United States.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

He also questioned the right of the Ukrainian administration to decide the country's affairs, and wanted Ukraine to remain outside the EU and NATO.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[86] This was considered to be Russia's stomping.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The centre dismissed Väyrysen's comments.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[87] [88] [89] The editor-in-chief of New Finland haunted Väyrysen's writing as “understanding to some extent the desire of our eastern neighbour to expand”.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[90] Coalition MP Timo Heinonen haunted: “You can take over a country from another independent country and the world would have the solution to accept this?” [89] Jalasmökkikohu The biggest political conflict in 1982 was the so-called jalashut jupakka.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrynen lived, and had lived uninterrupted for twenty years and his family in Helsinki, but had nevertheless declared his permanent residence in Keminmaa Lapland.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

This entitled him to raise Parliament's per diem allowance.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

However, it turned out that the Keminmaan apartment was a movable jalascottage a few square meters in size and, accordingly, a Helsinki apartment of 173 square meters in Kruununhaa, Helsinki.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

At the time, MPs received their daily allowance for the distance between parliament and the constituency and the upkeep of two flats.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[91] By doing so, Väyrynen was able to raise additional tax-free revenue of about 4100 Marks per month.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[92] The previous Attorney-General Risto Leskinen, the parliamentary officials and the Permanent Committee considered the procedure lawful.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Similarly, the new Attorney General Kai Korte intervened and eventually the Supreme Administrative Court interpreted [93] Väyrysen as his permanent residence in Helsinki.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[94] The interpretation of the Population Book Act, adopted earlier after Kohu, was amended so that the residence of MPs began to be defined in terms of housing conditions, resulting in more MPs, along with Väyrysen, losing their daily allowances.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Subsequently, the per diem scheme was replaced by an expense compensation scheme.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[95] Private life Väyrynen has been married to Vuokko Kaarina Väyrysen since 1968 and they have three children: Tiina (1969), Taneli (1973) and Lotta (1977) [96] and six grandchildren (September 2016).


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[97] In July 2007, Väyryse underwent coronary angioplasty.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[98] Väyrysen's father, Eemeli Väyrynen, died at the age of 101 on 30 August 2011.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

After the 100th anniversary of Eemeli Väyrysen, Paavo Väyrynen wrote a book about his father called Eemeli Väyrysen's Century, published in spring 2010.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Eemeli Väyrynen, who worked as a garden entrepreneur, had received a patent for a potato planter he had developed when he was a hundred years old.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[99] [100] [101] In military value, Väyrynen is a captain of the reserve.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[1] Numerous different stories have been circulating about Väyrysen over the years, both in media and otherwise.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Most of the stories date back to the 1980s, when Väyrynen was at the centre of the political struggle.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Among other things, Väyrysen has allegedly pinched flight attendants, [102] compromised air traffic by talking on a cellphone and sitting in business class with an economy class ticket.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[103] [104] In journalist Johanna Korhonen's book, Väyrynen comments on urban stories and denies the allegations.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

According to Väyrysen, Hymy magazine retracted its claims of the pinch back afterwards.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[105] He also denies the MEP's stir for talking on a mobile phone on a plane.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

According to Väyrysen, the flight attendant pointed out the cellphone, causing him to hang up and hang up the cell phone.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Väyrysen said the Aviation Department investigated the matter and gave him a clean bill of health.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[106] According to the story, Väyrynen retorted that he had read Fyodor Dostoevsky's entire production in one weekend.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

According to Väyrysen, he borrowed all of Dostoevsky's books from the Keminmaa Library and read them in three days.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

However, he did not read the books word for word, but rather the main points accurately and, among other things, cursorily.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[106] Film and television appearances Väyrynen appeared as a poet laureate in the film Uuno Turhapuro moves to the country (1986).


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

On Sub's talk show in autumn 2007, Me Myself and I Väyrynen appeared as a commentator.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

[107] Works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Poor| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1971}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = It's time to change | location = Porvoo, Helsinki, Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1974| id = ISBN 978-| 951- 0-06259-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = National Issues | location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1981| id = ISBN 978-951-0-10940-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Nation.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Humanity| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1987| id=ISBN 978-951-2-03073-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finland utrikespolitik.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Den nationella doktrinen och framtidens mänsklighetspolitik| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| version = Dissertation | id = ISBN 978-951-5-21232-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish Foreign Policy: National Doctrine and Future Humanity Policy | location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1989| id = ISBN 978-951-0-15718-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Our Common Mission.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Strategy of popular change | location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1989| id = ISBN 978-951-0-15931-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = It's time for change 2.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Facts and ghosts about Finland| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1993| id = ISBN 978-951-0-19109-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = It's time for truth 1.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Facts and recollections of Urho Kekkonen from Finland| location = Porvoo, Helsinki, Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1993| id = ISBN 978-951-0-18839-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = It's time for truth 2.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Facts and recollections of Mauno Koivisto's Finland| location = Porvoo, Helsinki, Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1993| id = ISBN 978-951-0-18840-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = It's time for change 1.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Facts and ghosts about the future 1974 and 1994| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| id = ISBN 978-951-0-19536-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finland's neutrality in the new Europe: National doctrine in environmental change | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1996| id = ISBN 978-951-1-14459-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Paneurope and Neo-idealism — A Treatise on Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi's Philosophical and Societal Thoughts | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1997| id = ISBN 978- 951-1-15410-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = For Independent Finland| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 1999| id = ISBN 978-951-7-96160-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Ethics or far-wisdom?


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Paavo Väyrysen's speeches and writings 1999—2004| location = Rovaniemi| publisher = Eppe| year = 2004| id = ISBN 978-952-9-17309-9}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| title = Eemeli Väyrysen century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Country spirit | year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-5-87001-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Worse — Essays on life, politics and enterprise| location = Helsinki| publisher = Helsinki-books| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-5874-63-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish line| location = Helsinki| publisher = Paasilinna| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-299-042-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = This wasn't supposed to be the case | location = Espoo| publisher = Paasilinna| year = 2016| id = ISBN 978-952-299-109-109-109-109-109-109-109-109-109-109-109-109-109-109-109 6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = I wonder who will sort out these messes. | location = Helsinki| publisher = Paasilinna| year = 2016| id = ISBN 978-952-299-118-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish Line 2017| location = Helsinki| publisher = Paasilinna| year = 2017| id = ISBN 978-952-939-517-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Hail England| publisher = Bookwell| year = 2018| id = ISBN 978-952-94-1079-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Goldsmith, James| title = Ansa| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1995| version = Translated and edited by Paavo Väyrynen| id = ISIS| id = BN 978-951 -1-13833-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = International cooperation in North Kalotilla| publisher = University of Lapland| year = 1997| version = Edited by Timo Kivimäki and Paavo Väyrynen| id = ISBN 951-634-589-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Concentric Europe| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = for Finland| year = 2000| version = Edited by Paavo Väyrynen| id = ISBN 978-952-9-12287-5}} Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juhani Finland| title = Towards blue red, Mauno Koivisto's time 1986—1987| publisher = publisher = Otava| year = 2008| isbn = 978-951-1-21969-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korhonen, Johanna| title = Väyrynen, Väyrynen, Väyrynen| publisher = Helsinki Books| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-5874-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hannu Rautkallio| title = The cause of Soviet power.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

Influence of NKP in Finland in the 1960s| publisher = January| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-31-0257-2}} papaopresidentiksi.fi/ References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korhonen, Jarmo| title = Väyrysen kingdom| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| = 2014| id = ISBN 978-951-31-7745-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lehtinen, Lasse & Ukkola, Sanna| title = Resistance.


Question: How many times has Edgar Savisaar divorced?

Paavo Väyrynen

The Miraculous Life of Paavo Väyrysen| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-951-0-39490-8}} On the topic elsewhere in the European Parliament's database of members, published in Aamulehti 20.8.1998 Category:Current MPs Category:Finnish Ministers for Foreign Affairs Category:Finnish Ministers of Education Category:Finnish Ministers of Labour Category:Finnish Central Parliamentarians Category:Citizens' Party Category:Politicians of the Seven Star Movement Category:Lapland constituency Category:Uusimaa constituency Category:Presidents of the Centre Party of Finland Category:Living persons Category:Key articles of screening Category:Presidents of the Centre Party Category:Current City Councillors of Helsinki Category:Keminmaa Local councillors Category:Finnish EU critics


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

A mutual fund is a fund consisting of securities that are owned by investors who invested in a fund in proportion to their fund units.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The operations of the mutual fund are managed by a management company and a portfolio manager.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The portfolio manager acquires securities such as shares, interest rate instruments or derivatives.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The investor becomes the unit-owner of the fund by subscribing (buying) units of the fund at the time of subscription.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Wishing to sell his stake off the investor redeems them from the management company.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In this case, the management company pays for the shares their current value.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The value of the fund contribution is normally calculated and published daily, in some cases less frequently.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The value of the fund share rises and decreases depending on how the fund's securities have evolved.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Some of the mutual funds are listed on the stock exchange.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

These funds are referred to by the acronym ETFs.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

ETF units are bought and sold through the exchange.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The value of an ETF stake is determined by stock trading.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

History The first mutual fund was founded in 1924 in the United States.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The Mutual Funds Act was obtained in Sweden in 1974.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Ten years later, the funds became popular in Sweden.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

[1] There was no investment fund law in Finland until 1987.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In the 1980s, in the absence of a law, banks had time to set up several investment companies in Finland operating in the form of limited liability companies.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

[1] Finland's first investment funds started operations on 15 October 1987, after the new Mutual Funds Act had entered into force.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

However, the beginning of the operation was difficult e.g.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

because of the stock market crashes and the recession.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

It was not until 1993—94 that the public became more interested in mutual funds.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

[1] Mutual funds in Finland [1] Annual fund companiesFunds1988611199110151992111819941540 Types of mutual funds Traditional funds can be divided into three of the following types: equity fund Interest Rate Fund Combination Fund Equity Funds Equity Fund invests in shares as its name suggests.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Equity funds are often recommended for long-term saving.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Equity funds have the highest earnings expectation in the long run, but they contain the most risk.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The fund effectively diversifies company-specific risk, but the fund is still vulnerable to market risk.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In a fund, poor performance of one share does not spoil the return of the entire portfolio, as can happen in a poorly diversified portfolio of shares.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

However, with market risk, the moods of the securities market as a whole affect the development of the fund.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Fund rules generally limit equity investments to some geographic region, industry, or certain types of companies (growth/value companies or small/large companies).


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

On the other hand, the way the fund invests can be limited (e.g., actively managed funds vs.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

funds following the market index).


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The highest risk is in a fund investing in emerging markets.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Their expenses are higher than a fund investing in nearby areas, but on the other hand, returns can be better.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Some equity funds invest in a particular industry, such as pharmaceuticals.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The risk of an industry fund is higher than a broadly diversifying fund.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

There are also funds investing in dividend-paying shares.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Interest rate funds Interest rate funds are supposed to produce relatively stably because they follow the evolution of the interest rate market.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Short-interest funds, or money market funds, are the most low-risk of interest-rate funds.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Development is stable, but with little risk you only get the return that money markets offer, often not very high returns.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Short-term investments are often used as a “parking spot” for money, waiting for acquisitions or a better investment moment in the stock market.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Interest funds are naturally invested in bonds that may be issued by municipalities, states or corporations.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

There is credit risk associated with business loans.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

An interest rate fund with investments lasting less than 12 months is called a money market fund.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The composite fund invests its assets in both interest and equity markets.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Combination funds invest their money in both equity and interest markets under their rules.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Rising market rates will drive down the value of fixed income investments held in the fund.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

As interest rates rise, yields on interest-rate funds drop or go temporarily negative.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In a MMF, the duration of investments is so short that an increase in market rates does not decrease the value of the short-rate fund.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The financial crisis showed that money market funds are not always quite risk-free.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The fund's investments with a short interest period of 3 or 6 months but a long investment period, e.g. 5 years, brought a surprise to fund returns as attitudes towards credit risk quickly became more negative.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Combined Funds A composite fund is, as the name describes, in its investment activities, a combination of equity funds and interest rate funds.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The Fund invests with a distribution under its rules across both asset classes.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The risk is correspondingly higher than interest rate funds, but lower than the equity fund.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

However, the investing in a composite fund must be attentive to expenses, as usually a separately acquired interest and equity fund is more favourable than the finished combination fund.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

This is true if a composite fund does not actively invest more of its funds in shares, as their value rises, and vice versa.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Other types of funds Some of the funds do not fall naturally into the share-interest breakdown.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Funds exist for investing in most investments that interest investors.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Raw Material Funds are directly invested in various commodities (raw materials or precious metals, e.g. gold) or related derivatives.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In their investing, hedge funds tend to multiply the fluctuations in value of their investee (typically a market index or a particular raw material or currency).


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Thus, the fund allows the investor to take a higher level of risk without debt.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Hedge funds are actively managed funds that strive for positive absolute returns regardless of general market conditions.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

So they are also looking to produce in a falling market.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The investment activity of such a fund is based on the exploitation of a return opportunity different from general market trends.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Funds of funds Funds can also be so-called funds of funds.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

This means that the fund manager invests the fund's money in units of other mutual funds, but not those of the other funds mentioned above.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

So the fund does not make direct equity or interest-only investments.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Sub-funds (i.e. investee funds) are usually provided by the same management company.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Thus, a higher proportion of the Fund's investments ends up as administrative costs for management companies, even if the fund management costs mentioned in the prospectus are small.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

If the investor does not want or know how to take a view, funds in funds are an effortless but relatively expensive form of investment.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Types of units Funds may have different types of units, most typically income and growth rates.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Many funds also have cooperative classes aimed at certain types of investors, such as institutions of their own kind and consumer clients.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Cooperative species may have different minimum marking amount and fee structure.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In addition, a class of units may be exchange-traded, such as ETFs; the profit share is paid in cash on the unit-owners' bank accounts.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Payment is usually made annually in Finland, but it can also occur on a quarterly or monthly basis.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The size of the profit contribution usually depends on the value development of the fund.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The profit share can also correspond, for example, to dividend income entered into the fund, regardless of whether the value of the stake has risen or decreased.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The profit share is taxed in Finland as capital gains tax or corporate income tax in the year the profit has been paid.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

No profit share is paid for growth rates.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Profits received are reinvested.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Any gain on disposal is realised for tax purposes only when the owner gives up his interests at a profit.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

If you abandon the investment at a loss, no tax is payable in Finnish taxation at all; instead, a deductible loss on disposal is incurred for tax purposes.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Benefits of growth rates The benefit of growth payments is fiscal: Tax payment is deferred to the future and the tax saved so far is invested in the investment object.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The benefit can be significant, especially for a long-term investor, as long as taxation does not tighten.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

[2] The benefit of growth rates can also be attributed to the fact that the investment is only subject to tax if the investment is realised at a profit and a disposal gain is generated.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The owner of income interests is taxed on profits annually, regardless of whether the investment is profit-making or loss-making.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Thus, the owner of income shares may have to pay tax on the loss-making investment, whereas for the owner of growth shares this does not happen.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Benefits of Return Shares The advantage of Yield shares is that they have access to money without having to redeem shares.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

From the perspective of a Finnish retail investor, the advantage is limited because you can get the same money from growth rates simply by cashing out the amount of growth rates corresponding to the profit share.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

As an added benefit, the owner of returns shares saves in the fund's redemption fee.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Since the withdrawn profits are deducted from the value of the return portion, the redemption amount and the redemption fee decreases in the same proportion.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In the case of growth rates, the redemption fee will also be charged in due course on the amount corresponding to the profits accrued to the value of the stake.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Proceeds are acquired especially by community investors such as foundations that require regular income.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The return portion may suit a foundation requiring regular annual returns, for example, whose rules do not allow capital to be deducted by cashing in units.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

[2] [3] Costs The investing in an investment fund receives a comprehensive diversification for a small amount, but accordingly pays fees to the management company.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Almost all funds charge a management fee.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In addition, usually there is also a subscription and redemption fee.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The size of the fees varies widely from fund to fund.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

A more cost-effective form for the investor is an index fund, where fees are significantly lower.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Trading Mutual Fund units can be marked and redeemed usually once a day.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In some funds, entry or redemption is possible only less often, for example, once or twice a month.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

An investor can choose to redeem their money away at the value of the day.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The management company has an obligation to redeem the investor's fund shares.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

If the fund does not have the necessary funds, they must be acquired by selling securities.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

This must occur without undue delay, however within two weeks of the redemption order.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

A certain minimum investment must be made in the fund, the size of which varies considerably.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

You can usually save on a regular basis, for example, monthly.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Monthly saving reduces the investor's risk in the long run.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Particularly important for returns are regular investments when rates fall and are down.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

An investor should consult the fund's key information prospectus, fund rules and official fund prospectus before making an investment decision.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Taxation in Finland The profit share paid by the management company, as well as the profit from the disposal of the units, are taxable income in Finland.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

For personal tax purposes, they are taxed as capital income.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Income acquisition expenses (in practice, the purchase and sale commission) may be deducted from the disposal gain.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

When calculating profit, a presumption of cost may be used instead of the actual cost.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Supervision of mutual funds The Financial Supervisory Authority oversees investment funds and the management companies that manage them.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The Financial Supervisory Authority maintains a list of management companies operating in Finland and the investment funds managed by them.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

The register of the Financial Supervisory Authority also shows foreign management companies (legal term: UCITS) and investment funds managed by them that are notified in Finland.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

Fund selection and expenses According to a study by Morningstar company, the company's own stars help choose a more productive fund, but the best predictor of return is still the expense ratio, so an investor's main fund selection criterion should be the low cost.


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

In the study, low-expense funds beat high-expense funds across all time slots and across all fund categories, “at every data point tested.”


Question: Who runs a mutual fund?

Mutual fund

[4] See also Index fund Real estate fund Exchange-traded fund Income fund Sources References on topic elsewhere Category:Securities law * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The catchment area of the Leppähampaanjoki River (river basin number 35.75) is the catchment area of the second dividing stage in the catchment area of the Längelmävesi and Hauho routes, covering an area of 395.73 square kilometres.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The lakeness of the area is 5.74%.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The lower boundary of the watershed is Längelmävesi, where the waters of the route next enter the Längelmävesi area (35.72).


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

[1] [2] Subdivisions The third subdivision subdivisions within the catchment area are the following seven areas or catchment areas: [1] [2] Laasojärvi Region (35.751) Kokkilanselä Region (35.752) Juupajoki Lower Region (35.753) Huikonjoki basin (35.754) Rauhtianja catchment area (35.755) Sahajoki catchment area (35.756) Ulpukkaoja catchment area (35.757) Laasojärvi area descending from sub-divisions to Koljonselä is the lowest.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

That counts the Kokkilanselä district.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

This counts the area of the lower Juupajoki River from the west, which is an extension of the Huikonjoki catchment area.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The Kokkilanselä area includes the Rauhtian river basin from the northwest, the Sahaoja catchment from the north and the Ulpukkaoja catchment from the east.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

[1] Laasojärvi region (35.751) Aakkolanjoki, or Savonjoki, descending from Kokkilanselä (see below), starts the flow-through seafront of the chain of lakes in the river basin, which eventually descends to the northwestern shore of Koljonselä to Laurinselä.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The drop to Koljonselä will be 4.6 metres from Kokkilanselä and about 13 kilometres in length.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The Landing Swimming area is arable land and an area lined with hills.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

It includes 11 lakes or ponds over a hectare size.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The largest lakes are part of the declining lake chain.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

Starting from Kokkilanselä, the river falls first into Aakkojärvi, then the river continues expanding into Pasko and a small Gulf of Aries, then descending into Aurikkojärvi, and continues through a short Sulkustrait to Laasojärvi, and finally the route ends after the Kaivannanjoki river in Koljonselä.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

[3] Another eight lakes or ponds descend into the Landing Swamp or its lakes.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

A small pond and Herb Lake less than a hectare in size fall into Lake Alphako from the east.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The Karttiminjärvi lowshed also falls right at the landing site of Yrttiminjärvi.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

It also brings the waters of Vähä Karttiminjärvi, Pikku-Torkkeli and Iso Torkkelijärvi.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The Karttiminjärvi landing ditch coincides with the Kallajärvi lowshed from the south.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

In the southern part of the district are two lakes Laasolammi and Kaakkolammi, which fall together into Laasojärvi.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

[3] Kokkilanselä area (35.752) Kokkilanselä area falls downstream along the river Aakkolan to Lake Aakkojärvi.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

Kokkilanselkä is part of Mellinselkä and together with Lutu, Kattilalahti, Kylmälammi and Kopsamo form a more basin main lake into which other catchment areas bring the waters of the river basin.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The Ulpukkaoja catchment area brings its small catchment area to Kukkolahti, Juupajoki brings the lower Juupajoki area and the waters of the Huikonjoki and Rauhtianoja catchments that descend to it and it falls to Cold Lammi.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The waters of the northern Saha River basin receive Kopsamo and convey them to the Cold Ponds.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

[4] There are four small lakes in the Kokkilanselä area that descend directly into Mellinselkka.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

Located on the eastern side, Lammijärvi falls to Mellinselä and Vuorijärvi to Kokkilanselä.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

Kukkolahti counts Vää Sorvajärvi and Iso Sorvajärvi.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

[4] The area of the lower part of Juupajoki River (35.753) Juupajoki is the capital of its name region, which falls to Kattilalahti where the river basin ends.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

In the upper reaches, the river is called Huikonjoki, which apparently starts at Jokihaarankangas and ends at a dam in Korkeakoski in Tehtaanjärvi.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

It is 6.4 kilometres from Korkeakoski to Kattilalahti.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The tributary branches of the Juupajoki River are short and its catchment area is small.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

No lakes occur in the area.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

[5] Rauhtianoja catchment area (35.755) The wide catchment area of the ditch is comparatively flat and therefore a rung area.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The catchment area is rich in forest ditches and their lead ditches, which coincide with Rauhtianoja and which bring precipitation rapidly to Kopsamo.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

Only two small lakes are located in the upper part of the catchment area.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

They are Lake Lakuanjärvi and Musturinlammi.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

[6] Ulpukkaoja catchment area (35.757) Ulpukkaoja falls to Kukkolahti in Kokkilanselä.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The ditch is joined on the side by a short ditch from Iso Kukkojärvi.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

The catchment area of the lake is small and two small lakes Vää Kukkojärvi and Kalaton are located within it.


Question: What is the lakeness of the Leppätooth catchment area?

Aldytooth river catchment area

[7] Sources References *


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression refers to both the normal reaction of the mind to adversity and strenuous life situations and clinical depression belonging to psychiatric mood disorders (ICD-10 F3).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression may also refer to a depressive symptom caused by a number of physical or somatic diseases, known as physical depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depressed mood alone is not classified as clinical depression; the patient must present for most of the day and most days during the preceding two weeks either an abnormally depressed mood that is not explained by external factors or by interest or pleasure disappearance of things in which a person has habitually been interested or which have brought him pleasure.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In addition to the symptoms described above, there should also be at least five other symptoms, such as decreased self-confidence, unreasonable self-blame, repeated suicidal thoughts, suicidal behaviour, difficulty concentrating, eating problems and sleep disturbance.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[1] The first episode of clinical depression is diagnosed as a depressive condition (F32) and any subsequent episodes are diagnosed as a condition called recurrent depression (F33) [2].


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Seven per cent of Finnish women and four per cent of men have developed an episode of depressive disorder in the past year.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[3] Although there are almost twice the number of female depressive patients, and although women are more sensitive than men to seek treatment, women are granted only slightly more often than men a rehabilitation allowance or disability pension on the basis of depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[4] The overrepresentation of women among the depressed is due to women having lower incomes than men and more difficult living conditions, according to research.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[5] In 2016, scientists have discovered the physical location of depression in the brain.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In depression, the part of the brain that is activated when not receiving rewards is active.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

This is caused by the fact that a person has a feeling of loss and a feeling of disappointment.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The same part of the brain is connected to a person's self-esteem, and this causes low self-esteem and a sense of personal loss.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[6] General Depression is characterised by a perceived state of awness, melancholy, undertones and hopelessness.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression often disrupts social interactions and lowers quality of life.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression is also often accompanied by various somatic symptoms such as pain, physical powerlessness and insomnia.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression is also often accompanied by suicidal or suicidal thoughts.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

However, depression should not be confused with grief, that is, the non-pathological reaction that follows the tragic events of life.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression, or depression, to be classified as a disease is different from a random lowbrow or a natural depressive reaction caused by heavy life situations, since depression in a clinically depressed patient does not vary from day to day and usually does not depend on circumstances [7].


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression is a common and still underdiagnosed disease.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Almost everyone has transient feelings of mood drop or sadness associated with difficult life situations at some point, but for the vast majority the situation does not worsen into depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Even in the event that a depressive state breaks out, it often goes unstated.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[8] At its most severe depression can lead to suicide.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression also increases the risk of physical morbidity: for a person with clinical depression, the risk of developing coronary heart disease, for example, is up to 2 to 3 times higher than the rest of the population, [9] and current depression is considered to be a risk factor for high cholesterol, for example, myocardial infarctions.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression is most common in people over 75 years of age in Finland, although they receive a diagnosis of depression less often than other patients.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[10] Depression is the most common diagnosis leading to sick leave: it is the cause of one-third to half of prescribed sick leave.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Some of those diagnosed with depression, rather than depression, actually develop some other disease such as burn out or polychemical hypersensitivity due to mold exposure.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[11] This is because the National Institution does not accept exhaustion [12] or polychemical sensitivity [13] as a reason for sick leave.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

A person suffering from a relatively severe depressive condition does not always seem very depressed, especially with shorter appointments.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

It is important for both a depressive patient and his loved ones to understand that depressive states are not involuntary states that one could just decide to get rid of by “stopping gripping and going for a run” or by “catching yourself by the neck.”


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The more severe the depression, the less willpower has to do with the patient's condition.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[14] Depressive states are clearly associated with an elevated risk of suicide.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

It is estimated that approximately 5% of people with depressive conditions eventually end up committing suicide, in severe depressive states the risk of suicide is as high as 15% to 20%.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[15] Sometimes depression or depression is spoken of when referring to lower mood, but not clinical depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Some disorders of brain function, such as chronic insomnia, increase the risk of developing depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[16] Overconsumption of alcohol can cause depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[17] Alcoholics and binge drinkers experience more depressive symptoms than normal.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[18] Recently, there have been indications that people who are depressed have an inflammatory condition in the brain.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[19] Causes of depression Depression is, from a neurobiological point of view, a heterogeneous inflammatory condition of the brain and central nervous system due to stress on the body.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

No single cause has so far been found for its outbreak.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In the background of developing depression, one can often find some major unwanted unexpected change in life situation, such as divorce, personal or loved one's illness, significant loss or other long-term burden factor.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[20] [21] Depression can also be caused by infection, childbirth, substance use or loneliness [22].


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Hereditary or environmental factors, known as acquired biological predisposition, innate temperament and personality structure shaped by developmental experiences may increase the risk of depression and its prolongation.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[15] The pathophysiology of depression The changes in the brain caused by depression are still not known accurately enough and may be different in different patients [23].


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Stress activates the HPA, or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis, through a very complex chain.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The brain plays an important role in regulating the function of the HPA axis, and the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and almond nucleus are key structures here.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex brake the activity of the HPA axis, while the almond nucleus accelerates it.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In depression, the stress hormone cortisol's ability to brake the function of the HPA axis is impaired, creating, in a sense, a negative circumference where normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis suppression does not function.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[20] [24] [25] Depression has HPA axis overactivity is one of the most clear and repeated findings (Manji et al 2003).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In almost all cases, the first episode of depression erupts in connection with intense or prolonged stress.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The effect of stress, in turn, is mediated in the body mainly through two mechanisms.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the rapid acute phase stress response by secreting adrenaline and norepinephrine.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The effects of the HPA axis, on the other hand, are mediated primarily through cortisol and is involved in regulating longer-term stress responses.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Normally, a stress reaction helps acutely adapt to a new situation, eventually leading to the return of homeostasis.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[20] [24] [25] Depression-related increased cortisol secretion appears to lead to changes in the hippocampus, which has many corticosteroid receptors.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

A well-known fact is that both too small and too large amounts of corticoids cause disruptions in the functioning of the central nervous system.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Specifically, activation of glucocorticoid receptors type II increases neurotransmitter glutamate activity in the brain, which, through known mechanisms, can lead to neuronal withering in the hippocampus.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Structural changes caused by the disease have been described in the brains of patients with depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In these brain structure studies, a key depression-related change is localized in the hippocampus, which has been shown in several studies to be lower in people with depression than in healthy people (Videbech and Ravnkilde 2004).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In at least some of the studies, the size of the hippocampus is linked to the duration of depression: the longer the depression has lasted, the smaller the hippocampus has shrunk.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The hippocampus plays a key role in learning and remembering, and patients with depression have seen difficulties with these functions, therefore it is likely that structural and functional changes in the hippocampus due to increased cortisol secretion due to stress explain at least some of the neurocognitive associated with depression, i.e. abnormalities related to information functions and the content of consciousness.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[20] [24] [25] [26] In addition to the above-mentioned effects on central nervous system structures, cortisol hypersecretion also has other long-term effects.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

For example, it is known to cause endothelial damage (Serrano et al. 2011) and increase numbers, and patients with depression are at increased risk (Mann and Thakore 1999).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[20] Recent studies in patients with depression have shown increased levels of inflammatory markers in laboratory tests.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In patients with depression, there is an increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (Figueira and Ouakinin 2008, Howren et al. 2009).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Also, giving people pro-inflammatory cytokines causes depressive symptoms.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

A significant proportion of patients receiving treatment develop symptoms of depression (Capuron et al 2002).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Cytokine excess may also lead to insulin resistance and changes in glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity that may worsen metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders associated with depression (Weisler-Frank et al.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[27] This is one of the mechanisms that link depression to many other bodily diseases.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Inflammation-promoting cytokines also have central nervous system effects.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The blood-brain barrier lacks specific transporter proteins for large peptides and proteins.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

However, it is possible that depression is also accompanied by “leakage” of the blood-brain barrier.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

On the other hand, endothelial cells in the brain's blood vessels can produce cytokines in the brain itself.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

A third possibility is that inflammatory markers bind to receptors on the vagus nerve, causing inflammatory changes in the brain (Lothrich et al. 2011).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Cytokines impair the function of monoamines and reduce the influence of neurotrophic factors.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

This can in turn lead to apoptosis and glial damage to neurons.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In addition to depression-related brain hippocampus damage, depression has also been described as having other effects on central nervous system structures.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[20] [24] [25] One of the key early risk factors for depression is early trauma such as childhood abuse, other maltreatment or school bullying.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In this case, one of the mechanisms mediating its effects is the programming of the previously mentioned hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Childhood maltreatment or other early trauma affects not only the function of this HPA axis but also the increased concentration of sensitive CRP cytokine in adulthood (Danese et al. 2007).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Thus, even the previously mentioned inflammatory process may be programmed already in childhood under the influence of external factors.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Childhood stress could prove to be a more important factor in the etiopathogenesis of many diseases (Karlsson et al 2007) [20] [24] [25] On the other hand, it is undeniable that depression can be affected without difficult childhood experiences in a sufficiently severe stressful situation.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

It may even be the case that there are two different types of depression: in one the body has become depression-prone by past experiences, and in the other, an unreasonable amount of stress underlies depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[20] [25] Accordingly, depression may be affected by multiple factors at the same time, such as personal experiences, living environment and life situation.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Also, physical illnesses of a person can contribute to the onset of depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Brain studies have shown that there are structural changes in the brain of a person with depression and abnormalities in neurotransmitter levels in the nervous system related to the disease.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The therapeutic effect of antidepressants is believed to be based on their ability to stimulate the secretion of growth factors key to brain cell regeneration.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

This increases the plasticity of the brain, which in turn allows psychotherapy to influence how neural pathways are formed in the future.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[20] [25] These latest findings open up a new perspective on the mechanism of action of antidepressants in the nervous system, and in light of this information, it is probably clear that pharmacological and psychological therapies for depression are more tightly intertwined than previously assumed.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Studies that combining antidepressive drug therapy with psychotherapy gives the best treatment outcomes also support this neural network hypothesis.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

It would also explain why the therapeutic effect of antidepressants begins so slowly, only after several weeks, even though their effects on monoamine levels are significantly faster.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[25] The monoamine hypothesis, or brain chemistry disorders against the background of depression, according to Eero Castrén, the so-called monoamine hypothesis (Schildkraut 1965) has had a very strong impact, although there are surprisingly few research results directly supporting it — the amount of serotonin in the brain not healthy in humans correlates with mood, and neither serotonin nor norepinephrine levels have been shown to be reduced in people who are depressed (Booij et al. 2003).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Clinical effects of antidepressants are also clearly manifested only several weeks after the start of treatment, although the effects on monoamine levels are much faster (Wong and Licinio 2004, Berton and Nestler 2006).


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Even so, the idea of a direct relationship between serotonin and depression and an imbalance in brain chemistry as the cause of depression has sat firmly in the minds of experts and laypeople alike.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[25] According to the current understanding, recovery from depression is more about the effect of antidepressive drugs on brain plasticity, i.e. plasticity, by which a neural network that has been malformed during development or as a result of undue stress can be directed to deform again, when simultaneously with the help of psychotherapy and other rehabilitation, a model of normal functioning is provided to control formability.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

(mm.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Castrén 2009) [20] [25] Psychological perspective on the background of depression The emergence of depressive states is therefore influenced by many different factors, the proportion of which varies in different individuals and in different depressive states.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

At the psychological level, fragility of self-esteem, negative thought patterns internalized during development, and a predisposition to submission based on the need for intimacy, that is, excessive niceness, increase the susceptibility to depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression can also be a means of escaping the frightening emotional states that trigger or sustain it, such as one's own feelings of anger or another, long-suppressed intense sadness over loss of close, professional status or ability, or traumatic experience and associated painful memories.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[15] Depressive states are often triggered by current life events such as various disappointments and losses.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depressive conditions are often motivated by unsaddened grief associated with the death or loss of a loved one, a change in life threatening self-esteem and well-being, conflict in a relationship or work relationship, or social tenderness that perpetuates social isolation.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Recurrent depressive conditions often narrow the social support network of those affected by them, which is likely to increase the susceptibility to depression and prolonged depressive states.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[15] However, underlying all these psychological causes, according to the latest research, are neural networks erroneously formed during development or as a result of excessive stress, rather than feelings and thought patterns subordinate to will.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[20] [25] Depression can also be an illness episode of bipolar disorder.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[15] Physical diseases that cause depressive symptoms Celiac disease [28], hypothyroidism, adrenal cortical hyperfunction, chronic infections, diabetes mellitus, anemia or various neurological conditions can cause, or worsen depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[21] In some endocrine or metabolic diseases, such as diabetes or thyroid dysfunction, depression may be one symptom of the disease.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[8] Deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12 can also cause physical depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[29] Vitamin B12 deficiency may occur even if you receive enough food if patients have malabsorption of vitamin B-12.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Also, vitamin D deficiency can cause depressive symptoms.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[30] Other CNS and brain diseases commonly considered corporeal, such as cerebral infarction and brain injury [31], are also associated with a significantly increased risk of developing depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Environment Depression Explainer Jukka Tontti, Doctor of Political Science, has studied depression as a social phenomenon.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

According to him, depression manifests itself in different cultures in different forms.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In industrialized societies that value individual success, depression is considered a folk disease, whereas in communal cultures such as Africa, depression is often difficult to identify.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In societies that emphasize individuality, everyone is responsible for their own actions, including their failures.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

It is seen that there is a constant pressure to cope with the cross-pull of human relationships, work, own aspirations and needs, emotions, childhood and expectations set by fellow human beings so that one can manage, produce and develop — going forward all the time, said Plot in the Medical Journal 2009.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[32] When expectations do not come true, there will be a desire to withdraw, seek your own time and stop.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

When there is no chance of this, a person becomes depressed.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression is, according to Plot, a natural means of survival.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Not everyone has their own depression from knowledge, although unnoticeably treat the symptoms of their depression with their everyday routines.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The plot divides the effective self-treatment of depression into three “recipes” [33]: routines and toiling, getting out of everyday life and working, being together and opening up.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

If self-medication is unsuccessful, seek a professional help.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

A UN study has linked depression to economic inequality, that is, uneven distribution of income and wealth in society.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[34] In another study, economic inequality may exacerbate symptoms of depression, and this involves a comparison between people.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

This study suggests that people's mental survival resources for living in a society of high inequality vary.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[35] People with mild to moderate depression think more realistically than people impatient with depression and have a truer understanding of their own role, abilities and constraints.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Depression has been defined by the term depressive realism as the healthy suspicion that life is devoid of meaning and modern society is absurd and alienating.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[36] Happy people may be delusional.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Introverts, people with high IQ and men are particularly susceptible to depressive realism.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[37] Theodore Kaczynski considered modern industrial society to be the cause of the depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Kaczynski linked depression to disruption of the power process involved in achieving goals.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[38] Brandon Hidaka has studied the influence of the contemporary environment on the prevalence of depression and found a correlation between the prevalence of mood disorders and the country's gross domestic product [39].


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

According to psychology professor Stephen Ilard, depression has become increasingly common for about 100 years continuously and each newer generation suffers from depression more than the previous generation.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

According to Ilard, lifestyle in modern industrial societies causes depression, and depression is a lifestyle disease.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Ilardi has drawn on studies by Edward Schieffel, in which among the Kaluli indigenous tribe, depression occurs at one in two thousand.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[40] [41] Symptoms of many mental health problems vary from culture to culture.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

This is also the case with depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

For example, many African languages do not even have a counterpart for the word depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Of course, this doesn't mean that depression doesn't also occur in developing countries.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[42] Other Causes of Depression Some chemical substances such as alcohol, other intoxicants, drug abuse can cause, or worsen depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[21] Long-term sleep debt also causes depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The effect of sleep deprivation is two-way.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

It causes depression that increases sleep deprivation and other depressive symptoms such as mania, hyperactivity and challenging behavior.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[43] According to one study, diet would have a protective or worsening effect against depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

A diet rich in fruits, vegetables and fish would protect against depression and a diet rich in processed meat, chocolate, sweetened desserts, fried foods, cereals and high-fat dairy products would exacerbate depression.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[44] Symptoms of depression Symptoms of depression can take many forms and because of this, especially in young and elderly people, it can be difficult to detect.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

Symptoms that in others indicate mild degree depression may be normal behavior in others.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

However, depression can be identified by a few common symptoms.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

A key symptom of depression is a severe and prolonged decline in mood.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In addition to this, there is a lack of vigour and activity.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The depressed person's ability to enjoy things and feel interesting in them is impaired, and even the slightest effort leads to exhaustion.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

The ability to enjoy things and feel interesting in them is impaired.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[45] Depression may also be accompanied by suicidality and thoughts or talk of death or suicide.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In addition, the depressed person may have unfounded or unreasonable self-accusations, changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersleepiness, and impaired concentration and memory functions.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

In addition, there may be a feeling of worthlessness, irritability, tearfulness or difficulty crying, decreased sexual interest and activity, weight changes, headaches, abdominal discomfort and vague pains.


Question: Does electrotherapy affect sleep?

Depression

[45] Depression should not be confused with grief, that is, a long-term, non-pathological change in mood caused by a tragic event such as the loss of a close person.