Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The year indicated is most often the year of recording.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Symphonies The instrumental works of the symphonies include numbers 1, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10. The choir and soloists are used in symphonies 2, 3 and 8.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The Fourth Symphony has a soloist but no choir.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Symphony No.1 in D major was composed circa 1884—1888, revised 1893—1896.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The composer originally called the symphony a “symphonic work” and used the nickname Titan from it, but gave up this designation later on as well.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The work was originally a five-part, but Mahler later omitted the second volume of Blumine's work.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Symphony No.2 in C minor “Resurrection Symphony” was composed 1884—1894, revised 1903.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Symphony No.3 in D minor, was composed in 1893—1896, revised in 1906.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The Third Symphony is the composer's longest.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The work was composed for alto, women's choir, boys choir and orchestra.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Symphony No.4 in G major for soprano and orchestra, 1892 and 1899—1900, revised 1901—1910 Recordings: Leonard Bernstein, Concertgebouw Orchestra (DG, 1988) Sir Simon Rattle, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (EMI, 1998) Symphony No 5 in cis minor is among the composer's most famous works.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The symphony begins Mahler's trilogy of instrumental symphonies.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The original institution came into existence between 1901 and 1902, but the composer worked on the piece almost until his death.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Symphony No.6 in A minor 1903—1904, revised among others 1906.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Recordings: Herbert von Karajan, Berlin Philharmonic (DG, 1977) Leif Segerstam, Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra (Chandos, 2000) Symphony No 7 in E minor, 1904—1905, revised several times.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Recordings: Claudio Abbado, Berlin Philharmonic (DG, 2002) Symphony No 8 in ES major was composed for the most part in 1906 and final orchestration completed in 1907.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The additional name “Symphony of a Thousand” is used for the symphony because of the particularly large number of performers it requires.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

It was composed for three sopranos, two altos, tenor, baritone, bass, double mixed choir, boy choir, extended orchestra, and organ.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Symphony No.9 in D major, 1908—1909, is Mahler's last completed symphony.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Symphony No.10 in FIS major, 1910 (1st part), sketches until the final (5th part).


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Recordings: Performance version by Deryck Cooke (parts 1—5), Sir Simon Rattle, Berlin Philharmonic (EMI, 2000) Songs Songs for tenor and piano, three songs to composer's own texts; set originally conceived as five-part, 1880 Lieder und Gesänge, three sets of songs for singing voice and for piano; in part 1 five, part 2 four, and in part 3 five songs, 1880—1890 Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen, a series of songs for low singing voice and piano/orchestra, circa 1883—1885, revised 1891—1896.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Based on Mahler's own text.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

For example, the first song begins with the words Wenn mein Schatz fröhliche Hochzeit macht, Hab' ich meinen traurigen Tag!


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

(“When my beloved merrily marries, I have a sorrowful day”).


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Des Knaben Wunderhorn, Songs for Singing Voice and Piano or Orchestra, 1892—1898.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The text is German folk poetry.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

In addition to containing text from Des Knabe's collection of Wunderhorn poems, Mahler's symphonies 2—4, he additionally produced the work separately, based on poems, a 50-minute long series of songs.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The songs of said symphonies were actually initially part of this work, from which, prior to the publication of the work, they were removed for use by the symphonies.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

To compensate for the loss Mahler composed to this compilation added two new songs.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The melody of the song “Des Antonius von Padua Fischpredigt” is the same as that of the third part of the Second Symphony.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The work is performed either as interpreted by a male or female singer, or also by both.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

When there are two singers, there are some of the songs duets.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Mahler authored the original piano version, but most piano versions have been reworked to better match Mahler's more complex orchestral versions.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Sometimes songs taken from symphonies are included in performances of the Wunderhorn collection.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The songs in the song vary considerably in tone and orchestration.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

According to accommodate gloom and humor.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

A few songs are military-minded in nature with their drums.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Recordings: Georg Szell, Elizabeth Schwarzkopf, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Staatskapelle Dresden (EMI, 1968) Das himmlische Leben, vocals for singing voice and piano, 10 February 1892.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Mahler later used the song in the fourth part of Symphony No.4.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

O Mensch!


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Gib acht! , song for singing voice and piano, 1896.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

A single vocal version of the song of the fourth part of Symphony No 3 (night song).


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Sieben Lieder aus letzter Zeit, songs for singing voice and piano or orchestra, songs 1—2 for Des Knaben Wunderhorn, songs 3—7 so-called Rückert songs, 1899 Kindertotenlieder, song series for singing voice and piano, 1901—1904 Das Lied von der Erde, symphonic vocal work for alto, tenorous, for and for orchestra from 1908—1909.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Other works Quartet for piano and strings in A minor.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

One completed section and 24 strokes of the scherzo preserved, 1878.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Rübezahl, opera, music lost, 1883.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Das klagende Lied, cantata for soprano, alto, tenor, mixed choir and orchestra, circa 1878—1880, revised 1892—1893 and 1898—1899.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Der Trompeter von Säkkingen, stage music for orchestra, 1884.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Lost, but part of Ein Ständchen am Rhein Mahler used in the original version of Symphony No.1 as the Andante part (see Blumine).


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Blumine, the second volume of the original version of Symphony No 1 (Andante), 1884—1888.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Mahler omitted some of the final version of the symphony; it is sometimes performed as an independent orchestral piece.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Sonata for violin in D major, between 1888 and 1891.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Die drei pintos, opera, supplement to Carl Maria von Weber's opera.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Premiered in 1888.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Totenfeier (Todtenfeier), symphonic poem for orchestra, 1888.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

The original, independent version of the later work that ended up being the first part of Symphony No 2; differences between the versions are many, but they are quite minor.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Quintet for piano and strings in A minor, circa 1899.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haylock, Julian| title= Gustav Mahler: An essential guide to his life and works| location = London| publisher = Pavilion| year = 1996| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

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Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

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Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

How One Man and Ten Symphonies Changed Our World| location = New York| publisher = Pantheon Books| year = 2010| isbn = 978-0-375-42381-9}} References on the topic elsewhere Poroila, Heikki: (full composition production listed for Finnish information seekers).


Question: When was Gustav Mahler born?

Gustav Mahler

Category:Austrian composers Category:Austrian conductors Category:Born in 1860 Class:Those who died in 1911 Category:Composers of romance Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the highest governing body in the United Kingdom.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

It is formed by the British Monarch, now Elizabeth II, as well as the British House of Commons (House of Commons) and House of Lords (House of Lords).


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Currently, the governing party is the Conservative Party.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Conservative Party has a majority with the support of the Democratic Unionist Party.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The largest party in the opposition is the Labour Party.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

In practice, Britain has a two-party system.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The power relations of the three elements of Parliament, the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons are separate meaning that the same person cannot belong to as one of them.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The monarch still holds a lot of power in theory: his approval is required to pass through all laws and, moreover, he can among others.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

dissolve parliament, declare war and make peace.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

However, virtually all of these rights are exercised on behalf of the monarch by the Prime Minister and Government


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Prime Minister is appointed by the monarch, who normally is the chairman of the party that won the election.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The House of Lords consists mostly of appointed members (“Lords of Parliament”).


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

They include representatives of the Church of England (“Lords Spiritual”) and representatives of the Heads (“Lords Temporal”).


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

In principle, these acts are separate, but they come together and vote together.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The total number of members in the House of Lords in 2007 is 731, little more than the House of Commons (646).


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Since the enactment of the 1911 and 1949 Acts, the power of the House of Lords has been extremely small compared to the House of Commons.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Almost all bills, admittedly, pass through a vote in the House of Lords, but the House of Lords is only capable of delaying the passage of the bill for two parliamentary readings or one year.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

After that, the House of Commons can push through the law without the approval of the House of Lords.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

This has been the case seven times since the 1911 Act was enacted, most recently in 2004.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The “Lords Spiritual” used to comprise all senior churchmen, archbishops, bishops, abbots and priors of the Church of England, but after 1847 only 26 of the most senior bishops, including the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 posts -the oldest of the bishops of other dioceses.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Those belonging to the “Lords Temporal” are all pears.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Previously they were hereditary pears, but the upper house right of most hereditary pears was taken away by the Reform Act 1999.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

However, 92 of those with inheritance of the rank of pear were elected to the House of Lords, holders of the titles Earl Marshal and Lord Great Chamberlain, and 90 others, who were additionally granted a lifetime title.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Of these 75 majors elected from among them, 15 by the whole parliament.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The remaining members of the House of Lords are lifetime recipients of the rank of pear.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The House of Lords will probably be replaced entirely or almost entirely by an elected chamber in the future.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The House of Commons adopted a decision in principle on the issue on 7 March 2007.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

[1] The House of Commons The House of Commons has 650 representatives, of which 529 are from England, 59 from Scotland, 40 from Wales and 18 from Northern Ireland.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

One member of the House of Commons is elected from each constituency by majority election method.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

All British nationals aged 18 and over and citizens of Ireland and Commonwealth countries permanently residing in Britain are eligible to vote.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

All bills must be passed by the House of Commons and controlled by the House of Commons over taxation and the government's budget.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Government ministers must regularly respond to queries from the House of Commons.


Question: How many parliamentarians are in the House of Commons of the British Parliament?

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Sources on the topic elsewhere *


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

This is a list of kings and emperors of Persia.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

The Akemenid ruler family Achaimenes (6th century BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Teispes, son of Achaimenes, Cyrus I, son of Teispes (circa 600 BCE)


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Ariaramnes, son of Teispes, Cambyses I, son of Cyrus, Arsames, son of Ariaramnes, Cyrus II the Great, son of Cambyses (550—530 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Kambyses II, son of Cyrus (530—521 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Smerdis, son of Cyrus?


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

(521 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Dareios I, grandson of Arsames, (521—486 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Xerxes I, son of Dareios, (486—465 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Artaxerxes I, son of Xerus, (464—424 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Xerxes II, son of Artaxerus (424—423 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Sogdianus, son of Artaxerus (424—423 BCE)


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Dareios II, son of Artaxerus (424—404 BCE)


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Artaxerxes II, son of Dareios (404—358 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Artaxerxes III Ochos, son of Artaxers (358—338 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Artaxerxes IV Arses, son of Artaxerxes III, (338—336 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Dareios III Codomannus, great-grandson of Dareios II, (336—330 BCE.)


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Artaxerxes V or Bessos (330—329 BCE.)


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Macedonian ruler genus Alexander the Great, (330—323 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Filippos III (323—317 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Alexander IV (323—310 BCE)


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Seleucid ruler family Seleucus I Nikator (312 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

and 305—281 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Antiokhos I Soter (ruler companion since 291 BCE, reigned 281—261 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Antiochus II Theos (261—246 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Seleukos II Kallinikos (246—225 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Seleukos III Keraunos (225—223 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Antiochus III the Great (223—187 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Seleucus IV Filopator (187—175 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

), Antiochus IV Epifanes (175—164 BCE)


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

The Parthian ruler family Arsaces I circa 247—211 BCE.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Tiridates I circa 246—211 BCE.)


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Arsaces II (Artabanus) ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

211—191 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Friapatius ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

191—176 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Fraates I n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

176—171 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Mithridates I n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

171—138 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Fraates II ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

138—127 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Artabanus I ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

127—124 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Mithridates II c.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

123—88 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Gotarzes I n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

95—90 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Orodes I n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

90—80 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

The Unknown King ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

80 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

The Unknown King, ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

80—70 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Sanatrukes ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

77—70 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Fraates III ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

70—57 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Mithridates III (Parthia) ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

57—54 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Orodes II ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

57—38 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Pakoros I n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

39—38 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

(co-ruler) Fraates IV n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

38—2 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Tiridates II ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

30—26 BC.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Fraates V (Phraataces) ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

2 BC.—4 share.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Musa ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

2 BC.—4 share.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

(co-ruler) Orodes III c. AD 6 Vonones I n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

8—12 Artabanus II c.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

10—38 Tiridates III approx.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

35—36 Vardanes I n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

40—47 Gotarzes II approx.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

40—51 Sanabares ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

50—65 Vonones II 51 Vologases I n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

51—78 Vardanes II c.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

55—58 Vologases II approx.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

77—80 Pakoros II ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

78—105 Artabanus III ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

80—90 Vologases III n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

105—147 Osroes I n.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

109—129 Parthamaspates ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

116 Mithridates IV ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

129—140 The Unknown King c.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

140 Vologases IV approx.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

147—191 Osroes II c.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

190 Vologases V approx.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

191—208 Vologases VI ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

208—228 Artabanus IV ca.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

216—224 Sassanid ruler family Ardašir I, 224—241 Sapor I, 241—272 Hormizd I, 272—273 Bahram I, 273—276 Bahram II, 276—293 Bahram III 293 Narseh, 293—302 Hormizd II, 302—310 Sapor II, 310—379 Ardaš9 379—383 Sapor III, 383—388 Bahram IV, 388—399 Yazdegerd I, 399—420 Bahram V, 420—438 Yazdegerd II, 438—457 Hormizd III, 457—459 Peroz I, 457—484 Balash, 484—488 Kavadh I, 488—531 Djamasp, 496—498 Khosrau I, 531—579 Hormizd IV, 579—579 590 Khosrau II, 590—628 Bahram VI, 590—591 Bistam, 591—592 Hormizd V, 593 Kavadh II, 628 Ardašir III, 628—630 Peroz II, 629 Shahrbaraz, 630 Boran, 630—631 Hormizd VI, 631—632 Yazdegerd III, 632—651 Islamic Persia Umayyads (650—750) Abbasids (750—913) Buwayhids (13—1037) Seljuk Persia Mongol Kingdom Il-Khans (1218— 1335) Safavid ruler family Ismail I, 1502—1524 Tahmasp I, 1524—1576 Ismail II, 1576—1578 Mohammed Khodabanda, 1578—1587 Abbas I, 1587—1629 Safi, 1629—1642 Abbas II, 1642—1667 Sulaiman I, 1667—1694 Soltan Hoseyn I, 1694—1694 1722 Tahmasp II, 1722—1732 Abbas III, 1732—1736 Suleiman II, 1749—1750 Ismail III, 1750—1765 Qajar ruler family Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, 1794—1797 Fath Ali Shah, 1797—1834 Ali Mirza Qajar, 1834 Mohammad Shah Qajar, 1834—1848 Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848—1896 Mozz-1896 Ar-al-Din Shah, 1896—1907 Mohammad Ali Shah, 1907—1909 Ahmad Shah Qajar 1909—1925 Pahlavi ruler family Reza Pahlavi (1925—1941) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941—1979) Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi II (exiled in the United States) In 1979, the Iranian Revolution drove the Pahlavi House into exile.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Thus ended Iran's 2500 years of monarchy.


Question: Who was the first ruler of Persia?

List of kings of Persia

Kings of Persia Class:Kings of Persia


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Go [goː] is a Chinese one-on-one board game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The game is also known by the names wéiqí () in Chinese, igo () in Japanese, and baduk () in Korean.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The game's roots are set back more than 4000 years according to Chinese mythology, [1] historically at least 500 BCE.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

take precedence.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The rules in go are very simple, but playing offers plenty of challenges and requires a rich strategic eye in all its diversity, like chess more famous in the Western world.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The goal of Gossa is to capture an area larger than the opponent's area of the game board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The player earns points depending on the size of the captured area.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In Go, you can also capture the opponent's stones, for which you can also score points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Whoever garners the most points wins.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Go is particularly popular in Japan, China and South Korea, but players can be found in abundance around the world.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In Finland, gota sports more than a thousand people and more than half of them are club players.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[2] The game is usually known in Western countries by its Japanese name go (usually pronounced “goo” in Finnish, although “o” in Japanese is short).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In Japanese, the name can be written with kanji (igo) or (go).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In Chinese, the name wéiqí (with traditional characters, simplified characters) and in Korean baduk (Hangul:) is referred to as “wéiqí”.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

History Go was born in ancient China, but an exact timing for its genesis has not been able to give.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The first written reference to gohon preserved for posterity dates back to 548 BCE.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The oldest go board discovered by Chinese archaeologists is from the Western Han Dynasty period.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Go has remained virtually unchanged from its birth right up to this day.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Go is the oldest board game in the world to be played today in its original format.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[3] According to legend, Emperor Yao (2337—2258 BCE)


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

ordered the development of a challenging and strategic game for his son Danzhu to play because the emperor felt his son needed discipline, concentration and balance.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The lazy heir to the throne, however, was not enthusiastic about the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Another story explaining the origins of the game is that ancient Chinese warlords and generals used stones atop maps to outline the positions of the enemy and their own troops.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In this case, it was easier for them to negotiate tactical opportunities to defeat the enemy.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Prior to the industrialization of China, go was a popular game among the superior while Xiangqi (Chinese chess) was a game of the great masses, namely the common people.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In addition to calligraphy, painting, and playing Guqi, Gota was considered one of the basic skills of the Chinese scholar (Junzi), which were supposed to be practiced by its early scholars.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Go gradually spread from China to Japan in the 6th century and it achieved great popularity at the imperial court in the 7th century.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

By the beginning of the 17th century, gota was publicly played in Japan.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The most significant phase of Go's development in Japan began in the early 17th century, when four schools enjoying government support were established.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

These four schools raised the standard of gaming significantly.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The most prominent school was Hon'inbō, from which two of the most decorated players in Go history also emerged: Dōsaku (1645—1702) and Shūsaku (1829—1862).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Schools developed a system of player classification similar to goho budolaji.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Government support for the school municipalities was abolished with the Meiji Restoration and their activities waned.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In the early part of the 20th century, Japanese go players started their own professional organization (the Nihon Ki-in) and sponsorship of go tournaments became more common.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Towards the end of the 20th century, similar professional organizations were established in China and Korea as well, within which the head start of Japanese professionals caught up.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Go has been, before the 20th century, a virtually unknown game in western countries.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Over the course of the 20th century, however, go has spread widely and garnered thousands of enthusiasts around the world.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Organized clubbing in Finland began in the 1970s.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Go is still in constant global growth thanks to things like Internet gaming.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Around 2000, the Hikaru no Go manga released in Japan — and later an anime based on the comic strip aired on television — raised go to the surface among Japanese youth.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In January 2004, the anime series, which spread the popularity of go, was also aired in the United States.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Gameboard (goban) and white, as well as black pawns, stones (goishi) are used to play game equipment.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

There are usually 180 white stones and 181 black.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[4] Stones are traditionally made from slate (blacks) and seashells (white).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Since “clam stones” are valuable by the whole law, most often played with stones made of glass.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Plastic stones are even cheaper than glass stones, but they are rarely used because glass stones are of more appropriate weight as well as produce a polar comb sound when playing on the board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The stones are usually stored in purpose-made cups (goke), but any other dish is visited.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The Go board is traditionally wood and has been drawn on it a lattice formed by 19 vertical and horizontal lines (18 × 18 panes), with a total of 361 lines intersection points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[4] Beginners often practice gameplay mechanics on smaller boards with either 9×9 or 13×13 intersection points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Basically, gota can be played on any size board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, when playing on a smaller board, the rules change slightly (the number of handicap stones and their layout).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[5] Traditionally, the go-board is 1.5 shaku (45.45cm) long and 1.4 shaku (42.42cm) wide.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[6] Beginners are often amazed by the fact that the board is not square.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The length of the board is greater than its width in a ratio of 15:14.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The “strange” shape of the board has been suggested to be due to two reasons.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[7] First of all, with the players sitting by the board, they see it so that it looks shorter.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Because of this, the board is placed between players so that a length greater than its width creates the illusion in which the board looks like a square.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

According to another explanation, according to Japanese aesthetics, using a symmetrical form reflects “bad taste”.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The black stones of correctly prepared game stones are slightly larger than white.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The reason for this is optical illusion; white stones appear bigger on the board than black ones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The black stones are therefore made bigger to make them appear on the board the same size with the whites.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, the difference in the size of the stones is not very large, and for most players this detail goes unnoticed.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Traditionally, the stone is held between the ends of the front and middle fingers, and placed on a board so that a small but distinct “clik” sound is heard from it.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[8] Gota can be played with very simple and cheap playing equipment, such as plywood sheet and painted pebbles.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, many players appreciate quality gaming equipment and are also willing to pay for them.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The most expensive packages of go equipment (board, stones and cups) pain in the hundreds, even thousands of euros.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The game is also played on a number of computer programs that have been developed, in addition to home computers, including for several games consoles, handhelds, as well as mobile phones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Several programs also allow you to play on the Internet.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Rules There are a few widely used variations of the rules of Go that can be roughly divided into Japanese and Chinese-style rules.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, all variations strategically and tactically describe the same game — the differences are mostly in the details of the score count and the handling of rare exceptional cases.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

From a beginner's point of view, all the rules are practically similar


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The rules come from a long historical tradition in which they did not appear in precise formalized forms.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Nowadays, however, clear rules are needed and there are many different sets written from the rules of the go, which, however, contain the same basic principles.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The rules are simple and can be briefly set out with nine rules.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Here one simplified Japanese-style collection of rules is presented: 1.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The game is played by two players.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

One plays with blacks and the other with white stones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Black starts the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[9] 2.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Initially, the board is empty.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Players take turns placing one stone at a time on the board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The player can also choose not to put a stone, i.e. passata.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The game continues until neither wants to put stones on the board, i.e. both players pass in a row.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The stones are laid at the intersections of the lines drawn on the board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The player is allowed to place his stone at any empty intersection of lines on the board unless prohibited by Rules 7 or 8.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The laid stone is no longer moved unless it is removed from the board in accordance with Rule 6.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The player with more territory and prisoners (the opponent's captured stones) in total wins the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

White additionally gets extra points (komi) because Black, as a starter of the game, has an advantage on his side.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A group of stones is captured, that is, removed from the board, when it loses all its freedom, that is, its connection to the still empty intersection of lines.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A stone must not be placed in a place where it would not have any freedom if it does not capture any of the opponent's stones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

“Suicide” is therefore forbidden.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Playback ban — Stone must not be played in such a way that the whole board situation that had previously been on the board is repeated.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Handicap game — The stronger player plays with whites.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Black plays as the first move with the difference between the level of players with black stones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The places of these stones are marked on the board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Further clarification Area and Winner (Rule 5) Go's ultimate goal is the formation of the region.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The area is a group of free lines junction points surrounded only by their own stones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Even if you score points for capturing your opponent's stones, it is just another way of capturing territory and weakening your opponent's position.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Capturing stones is not the main purpose of go.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

At the end of the game, both players count the territories they have captured and the stones of the opponent they have captured.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[10] Each free area of intersection of lines is worth one point.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The prisoners, too, are worth one point to their captor.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Not only those already captured stones are counted as prisoners, but also those stones that, at the end of the game, are in a position from which they can no longer be rescued (For example, in the adjacent picture, a group of black in the lower left corner is “dead”).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If there is a disagreement between players as to which are dead stones, the dispute will be resolved by continuing the game until the disputed stones have been captured or found to be clearly alive.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Living and dead stones are more defined here.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In general, the goo is done in such a way that prisoners deduct the opponent's points, rather than increasing their own.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

This means putting prisoners back on the board into the opponent's territory, causing the opponent to lose the free line intersections they control, i.e., their points by the number of prisoners.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The captor of these stones no longer receives points from these reclaimed stones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

White almost always gets komi, i.e., extra handicap points to his final score as compensation for allowing Black to start the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In the adjacent image, the wildfire scores 32 points for its territories and 16 points for its prisoners, making a total of 48 points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Black only gets four points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

White can deprive Black of these four points by putting prisoners he receives on the board, causing both white and black to lose four points each.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

No matter how the result is calculated, white wins by 44 points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In Go, the winner is announced like this: white wins by 5 points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In Go, single empty intersections are often left on the board, surrounded by stones of both players.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

These intersections do not have an obvious owner, and you don't get a single point from them.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If playing to the point of intersection does not change the point situation, these intersection points are called dames</i>and are filled with game stones no later than the point counting step, making it easier to calculate points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The eventual end of stones must not affect the course of the game or its outcome in any way.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If a player runs out of playing stones, you have to get them more.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In case of emergency, missing game stones can be replaced with some other material, such as studs.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

More stones can also be acquired by exchanging prisoners.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

For example, if both players have ten or more prisoners, both players can deduct ten stone from their prisoner cup and give them back to the opponent.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Generally, rocks run out only when there have been significantly fewer than 180 stones in the first place.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Freedoms (Rule 6) A played stone has four freedoms, that is, an empty intersection of lines above and below it and on both sides.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

On a stone placed at the edge of the board, there are only three of them and on the stone in the corner of the board there are only two.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Stones played side by side form a coherent whole in terms of freedoms.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

For example, on a chain of two adjacent stones, there are six liberties.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

When all freedoms of a stone or a chain of stones have been filled with the opposing party's stones, the stone or chain of stones has been eaten and it must be removed from the board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

“Beneath” the captured stones, a new territory now under his control is revealed to the captor.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Captured stones retain the captor separate from other stones until the end of the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Usually this preservation takes place on top of upturned lids of cups made specifically for go stones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A stone or group of stones with only one freedom is in a situation called atari, where it threatens to be eaten on the next turn.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Prohibition of suicide (Rule 7) A stone shall not be placed in a place where it would not have any freedom unless one or more of the opponent's stones are captured by the laying of this stone, in which case they will be removed from the board and give away to the stone thus laid at least one of the necessary of freedom.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

So a suicide ban never prohibits a move that can be used to capture an opponent's stones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In the adjacent image, black can therefore capture a single white stone.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Prohibition of repetition (Rule 8) The repetition ban applies to the situation described above in which a black person is allowed to capture a white stone.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If a white attempted the same thing immediately after the black transfer, it would lead back to the situation described above and the black could in turn capture the white, and this capture could be continued indefinitely.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

To prevent this, the repetition ban now forbids a white person from imprisoning a black, as the whole situation previously on the board would be repeated.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

So white has to play to some other legitimate point, thus changing the whole board situation.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If Black responds to this by playing elsewhere as well, White can again capture the black stone in his next move, bringing the local situation back to what is shown in the picture.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If Black does not want to respond elsewhere, he can, of course, end the situation by playing a stone into the center of his own stones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Handicap Games (Rule 9) The upside of Go is that players of very different levels can play with each other thanks to the game's handicap system that is interesting and challenging to each other.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Leveling is done by Black (the weaker player) placing a number of handicap stones on the board before the start of the game on the board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

After that, the white starts the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Handicap stones significantly level players' power ratios while giving the weaker player a better strategic position.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Handicap stones are not set according to the player's choices, but must, depending on the number of stones, be put on the board at the locations specified in the rules.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The places of the leveling stones are marked on the board by small black dots.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The number of leveling stones affects their position on the board as follows [11] (see adjacent image): 2 stones, stones at points A and B 3 stones, stones at points A, B, C 4 stones, stones at points A, B, C, D 5 stones, stones at points A, B, C, D, E 6 stones, stones at points A, B, C, D, _, F, G 7 stones, stones to points A, B, C, D, E, F, G 8 stones, stones to points A, B, C, D, _, F, G, H, I 9 stones, stones to points A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I If in a handicap game the level difference between players (in the rating system) would justify weakening the higher player to get only one handicap stone, gets the weaker player only the privilege of playing with blacks (usually without komia).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Handicap stones can't usually be given more than nine.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, if the level difference between players would entitle the other player to have more than nine leveling stones, then the level difference between players is considered to be so great that the game is essentially an educational game where white teaches black.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Komi points are always added to the final score of Komi White to compensate for Black's starting advantage.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Today, the most commonly used komi is 6.5 points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A half point is usually attached to the Komi to avoid draws.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, the magnitude of Komi may vary depending on the nature of the game: In regular games, Black is allowed to play the first move.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In order to make the game even for both (equally strong) players, a white 6.5-point komi is given as compensation for black's starting right.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In handicap games, wildfire usually scores 0.5 points to avoid a komi draw.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[12] Draws are aimed at avoiding, especially in tournaments.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If draws do not hamper tournament arrangements, for example, 7-point comi can be used in equality initials and handicap games can be played without comi.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Efforts are made to select the value of Komi so that the advantage of the first move of black is credited to the full-fledged white.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

When in professional games, well over 50% of games are won with black stones, the value of komi has traditionally been increased.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

So far, the coma used in professional games has not had to be reduced.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Starter's Draw Players match with each other or scar whichever plays with blacks.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The lottery is done in such a way that one of the players takes a set of white stones in his closed grapple.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Another player places one or two black stones on the board and thus guesses whether white stones are even (two black stones) or an odd (one black stone) number.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If the guess is correct, he'll be allowed to play with black people.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Guessing wrong gets white stones held in their throes to play with blacks.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

This method of scarring is called nigiri.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[5] In tournaments, colours may have been prescribed in advance, in which case nigiri is not used.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Clock Especially in tournaments and when playing on the Internet, a game clock is usually used, which is either to prevent the game from prolonging or to raise the tempo of the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Particularly fast games (10 minutes per player, or less) are called instant games (engl., originally flash).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Players turn on the clock at the start of the game and press their own button on the clock after each move they make.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Virtual game clocks for computer go programs are automatic, that is, they do not need to be pressed separately after making the transfer.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

There are three different types of time in common use: absolute, traditional byoyomi, as well as Canadian byoyomi.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[13] In addition to these, combinations are used in which after absolute time continues with a byoyom.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Absolute Both players have their own maximum time that can be used in total to make transfers.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Both players can therefore have, for example, 45 minutes.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The player's time begins to run after the opponent's turn ends when the opponent presses the clock, and ceases to run for the duration of the opponent's turn after the player's turn ends when the player presses the clock himself.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If the player runs out of time, he loses.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Traditional byōyomi After the end of “Absolute” playing time, a player's gameplay is limited by a time limit (usually 60 or 30 seconds), within which he should make each individual move.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If a transfer is not made within this time constraint, the player is considered to have lost one of their byōyomi episodes. [14].


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The player has a certain number of byōyomi episodes.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If the player's byōyomi episodes end, he loses the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If the player manages to complete their move within the time limit, the player's turn ends and he will not miss a single byōyomi episode.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

After the player's byōyomi episode is completed, his next byōyomi period begins to wear off, provided he has any left.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Each byōyomi period that has passed through is counted as lost.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

An unfinished “missed” byōyomi episode starts over on the player's next turn.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The time limit is typically taken care of by a separate person who warns that time is running out by counting back seconds (jap.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

byō = seconds, yomi = reading).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A clock has also been developed for counting seconds aloud, which, with its beep length and later speech, has gained a legendary reputation as a troublemaker of tournaments.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[15] Canadian byōyomi As traditional byōyomi, but one episode is assigned not only the length of the period but also the number of stones to be played in that time.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

So the player must make fifteen moves in five minutes, for example.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If a player can play that number of stones within the set time, the sequence will begin again.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If time runs out while there are still stones left, the player loses the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Strategy and Tactics Go is simple in its rules, but its strategy and tactics are superior in nuance compared to other board games.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[16] Go's basic idea is to take over territory.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

There are many different approaches to taking territory and defending it.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Beginners often start the game by simply laying stones randomly along the board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, beginners will soon learn the basic strategies of go and a good way to start the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

This article section scratches the surface of go's strategy.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A deeper look at the subject is a generous number of books compiled by professional players.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Coupling and Cutting Stones on the board are easier to defend if they are connected together into groups.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The opponent must then fulfill all the freedoms of the group in order to capture it.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

This, of course, is much more difficult than capturing an individual rock.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The stones are connected together by placing them at adjacent points of intersection of lines, thus forming a group.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

It makes tactical sense to try to prevent an opponent from plugging two of their groups into one big group.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

This can be prevented by “cutting”.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Cutting involves the player playing one or more stones so that it prevents the opponent from linking their two groups together.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The clipper stones are thus played between two groups of opposing opponents that are approaching each other so that they can no longer unite.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Eyes: living and dead group If a group of rocks loses its last freedom, it is removed from the board (captured).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

It is very important to keep an eye on your own groups against the threat of capture, as captors gain points in the form of prisoner stones, new territories and especially influence over surrounding situations.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If your own group threatens to be under siege and the siege can no longer be prevented, two areas must be created for the threatened group to prevent capture where the opponent cannot play.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

These blanks are called eyes.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If the eyes are done correctly, the opponent cannot capture the group despite the besieging.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The opponent cannot fill these eyes, because it would be suicide for one stone.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

One group of eyes can be captured by besieging it and then filling the eye.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In this case, the group disappears the last freedom and is imprisoned.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Besieged groups without two eyes are called dead groups because of this.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[10] The group may initially appear to have two eyes (as in the accompanying image the group of black in the lower left corner).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

It can have one genuine eye and one or more fake eyes.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The fake eye looks real because you can't temporarily place a stone on it.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A deeper look shows the group to be captivable with the right set of moves.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Attack Most of the midgame is usually spent attacking the opponent's weak groups and defending their own groups.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, it is important to remember that the go is aimed at getting as big an area as possible from the board to your own control.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In this case, the main purpose of an attack in the middle game is not to capture the opponent's groups, but to achieve strategically advantageous positions for capturing territories (new or opponent's).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Attacks are also used to “distract” the opponent, thereby complicating his chances of capturing territories.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Stages of the game Go game always includes three episodes: the initial game (jap.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

fuseki), middle game (jap.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

chūban) as well as the endgame (jap.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

yose).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Initial play usually focuses first on playing stones into the corners of the board and then extending the play to establishments.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The middle game and endgame, on the other hand, take place across the board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Mistakes made in an early game can have fatal consequences for the outcome of the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

This is why knowing the starting game and its many opening theories, or joseks, is extremely important to the player of the go.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In the middle game, players aim to gain possession of as large areas of the board as possible, taking advantage of the positions they built in the early game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In the endgame, players have captured almost the entire board for themselves already.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Only small areas remain vacant.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

There are not very many profitable moves left in the endgame and experienced players are able to calculate the value of each remaining move.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In this case, they will be able to play the remaining moves for themselves in the most advantageous order, thus earning as many points as possible.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Calculating the values of transfers is challenging and easy to get wrong.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, mastering this skill is one of the most important skills a go player needs and is the basis of the entire endgame stage.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Rating System The most common rating system used by go players comes from Japan and is similar to budo species.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[4] Amateur players are divided into kyū-levels starting around 30kyūn (counter-starter) and rising to 1kyūu.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

After Kyū-levels come dan levels starting at 1dan and rising up to 8dan.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

1dan is considered to master and understand the basics of various aspects of the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

8dan ratings are awarded to those who have won the World Amateur Championship.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Most of the go regulars play at a level between about 10kyūn and 3dan.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In handicap games, the difference in ratings between players determines the number of handicap stones.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Thus, a player rated 4kyū would give the 11kyūs seven handicap stones (11—4 = 7) and would receive five stones from his 2dan level opponent.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Similarly, a player's rating is determined by how many stone handicaps he or she is able to play level games against other players.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Ratings of Japanese, Korean and Chinese professionals start with 1dan, aka shodan.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The top professional rating is 9dan.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The 1 dan of professionals is remarkably stronger than the equivalent amateur classification.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Professional ratings are not used directly to determine a player's strength or handicap stones, but rather inform a player's experience and past success.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

10dan (, jūdan) is not a classification, but a title held by the winner of the Japanese professional tournament of the same name.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The dominant 10dan is Shinji Takao [17].


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Good way of playing Behavior when playing gota can be “free” at informal home games, but often in clubs and tournaments it is even mandatory to follow certain courtesy rules.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A few polite ways to play are shown here: Total silence should prevail during the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Both players and prospective spectators should refrain from talking and other vocalizations (coughing et al) to preserve the playing gland.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[18] It is polite (in tournaments) to give up if a player has drifted into a position which is impossible to win.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

For example, the Japanese consider it very rude if an opponent continues an already “lost” game until its bitter end.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Generally, handing is expressed to the opponent by playing two stones side by side on the board at once.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[18] It is rude to jump rocks.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The stone should be taken from the cup only when the player has decided on which point on the board he wants it to be placed and after that the stone should also be immediately played.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[18] In East Asia — mainly Japan, China and Korea — players usually bow to each other at the beginning and end of the game, wishing good play and finally giving thanks for the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[19] It is usually customary for players to count each other's points rather than their own points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

It's very polite to make sure you agree with your opponent on the outcome of the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[18] Philosophy In general, go and chess are seen as embodiments of East and West strategic thinking.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In Go, the game starts on an empty board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

It focuses on building areas for themselves through many battles and at the end a points-based comparison determines the winner.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Chess, on the other hand, is an end-centric game as it seeks to kill the opposing team's individual pawn (king).


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Similar comparisons have also been made among Backgammon, chess and go, three of perhaps the oldest board games still to be played.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[20] Backgammon can be seen as a game in which a person's relationship with destiny manifests itself, because in Backgammon, also known as gambling, dice play a big role in the course of the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Chess on the other hand, with its hierarchical military phalanxes marching towards each other, describes the relationship of man to other people.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Go's leveling system allows players of varying levels to play with each other equally.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Thanks to the leveling system, each player also feels their own strength compared to other players.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Go can therefore be seen as a kind of measure of self-development, a person's relationship with himself.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Computers and go Chess playing computer Deep Blue won World Chess Champion in 1997.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Back then it wasn't even in sight how the equivalent would be implemented in go, so a guess was estimated that it might be somewhere a hundred years away.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[21] With AlphaGo, it lasted 19 years.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[21] Ordinary computers have traditionally not fared well for a moderately good club player or better.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[13] However, computer go programs give beginners and slightly more advanced players a moderate option for the rank of human gamers.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The development of artificial intelligence is also hampered by the fact that human players often cannot explain why, in particular, the first moves of the game are workable.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

This is due to the high abstractness of the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In Go and chess, the deciding factor is the computer's approach to problems.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In chess, the raw calculation of transfer by move works, as there are significantly fewer different sets of moves in chess than in go.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

For now, raw computing power is not enough in go to begin with, as in go, we need the ability to assess the situation of the board as a whole and use these assessments as a basis for transfers.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

For a computer that is not capable of the same, the game is unbalanced.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Playing go has been compared to making art: when computers learn to play go, they also learn how to make art.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Dutch national supercomputer Huygens won two go games against professionals at the tournament in 2009.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[22] Its activities were based on statistical estimates.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[22] AlphaGo 2015 it was announced that AlphaGo, software that mimics the logic of neural networks in the human brain from Google's DeepMind artificial intelligence company, defeated gon European champion Fan Hui in a five-game match 5—0.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[23] [24] Artificial intelligence learns from the matches of top players as well as how to play against themselves.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[23] AlphaGo played five games in March 2016 against Lee Sedol, considered the best go player in the world.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

AlphaGo won the first three and fifth games with Sedol winning the fourth meaning the series ended with a 4-1 AlphaGo victory.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[23] [25] [26] [27] Online Gaming The Internet has made it possible to play go around the world.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Dedicated servers can play as well as chat with multiple players of varying levels.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

These mostly free go servers usually find an opponent pretty quickly and effortlessly.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Concepts in Go and especially in books dealing with gota use a lot of Japanese terms, [28] that denote a particular situation or event in the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

There are a lot of concepts and it is not worth memorizing all of them, but the most important ones are nevertheless worth remembering.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Only a few key concepts have been put forward here: Atari () is a situation where a stone or group of stones has only one freedom left.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

In this case, it can be captured on the next turn.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A dame () is an empty intersection of lines from which neither player scores points.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Damet will be filled with playing stones no later than the point landing stage.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Filling them should not affect the game situation.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

If it does, however, it was not a dame.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

A gote () is a played stone that does not outright force the opponent to answer it.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Fuseki () is a designation for book transfers, used especially in the initial game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Hoshi () Jap.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

star) is the site of a handicap stone on the go board, marked by a small black dot.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Leveling stones are laid in a certain order for the hoshes, depending on their number.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

There are nine Hoshes in total on the normal 19*19 boards.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Joban () is the Japanese language designation for an initial game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[29] Jōseki () is an established transfer series that gives both players good positions on the game board.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Jōseki is thus akin to openings in chess.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Jōseks are a very important stage of play in go.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Kō () is a situation triggered when Player A captures player B's stone so that B could, in his own turn, accordingly capture the stone of A played first.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

However, in doing so, Player B would repeat the entire game situation already on the board, which is forbidden, so he must first play somewhere else to decide the kō situation.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Komi () is a compensation given to a white person for allowing Black to start the game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Komi is added to the total white score at the end of the game and is usually 6.5 points, thus avoiding the possibility of a draw as well.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Sente () is a played stone to which the opponent is practically forced to respond with his own move.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Ignoring Sente can degrade a player's position significantly.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Activities in Finland The first Finnish go-club (Helsinki go-kerho ry) started its activities in 1979.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

[1] Nowadays, gota can already be played in many different clubs around Finland: Espoo.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Espoo go-club Espoo.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

PoGo, Aalto University Helsinki.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Helsinki go-club Helsinki.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

YliGo, University of Helsinki Joensuu.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

JoseKi Jyväskylä and Kuopio.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Tengen Kuopio.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Kuopio Go Ballei Lappeenranta.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

SaiGo Oulu.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

The Goonpellers of Oulu Salo.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Tampere.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

TTGok.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Tampere University of Technology Tampere.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Kanpai Turku.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Turku Hayashi Vantaa.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Boshi See also the European go-federation Go in Finland Go rules — the article for a more in-depth look at the rules of Go.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Hon'inbō Shūsaku — Considered the greatest gon player of all time.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Godokoro — Head of Go Agency in Edo Period Japan.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Hikaru no Go — Japanese anime series.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Renju — Japanese board game.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Matti Siivola, Lauri Paatero| title = Go — Game of the Gods | publisher = Like cost| year = 1988| id = ISBN 951-96078-9-7| page = 9-43}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Richard Bozulich| title = The Go Player's Almanac 2001| publisher = KISEIDO Publishing Company| year = 2001| id=ISBN 4-906574-40-8| page=18—19, 98, 173—199}} Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

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Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

— Finnish go-wiki.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

— An interactive online guide to the beginnings of go in Finnish.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

— Go-wiki.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

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Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

— British Go Journal No.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

54 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

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Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paatero, Lauri| title=Go — What is it? | location = Helsinki| publisher = Books on Demand GmbH| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-952-498-126-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Yang, Yilun| title = Go: Skill Game Basics | others = Translated by Olli Markkanen| location = Ranua| publisher = Pine Cost | year = 2008| version = (Fundamental principles of go, 2004) | id = ISBN 978-952-5712-07-0}} Richard Bozulich, The Go Player's Almanac 2001, 2001, KISEIDO Publishing Company, ISBN 4-906574-40-8 Richard Bozulich, The Second Book of Go, 1998 Beginner and Elementary Go Books ISBN 4-906574-31-9 Kano Shinoroshinor , Graded Go Problems For Beginners, Volume 1—4, 1998 Kiseido Publishing Co ISBN 4-906574-46-7 Nihon Kien, Go: the World's Most Fascinating Game, Vol 1 — Introduction, 1973.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Nihon Kiin, Go: the World's Most Fascinating Game, Vol 2 — Basic Techniques, Iwamoto Kaoru, Ishi Press, Go for Beginners, Tokyo, 1972 ISBN 0-87040-166-1.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

On topic elsewhere — An interactive online guide to the beginnings of go in Finnish.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

— Finnish go-wiki.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

— Go-wiki.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go

— List of differences between the different rule variations of go.


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

Go


Question: What ancient country did Backgammon originate from?

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Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The SS Great Eastern was a steel-built, sail-assisted steamer.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

When it was lowered into the waters in 1857, it was the largest ship in the world (dimensions 211 m × 25 m, sunk 32160 tons).


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

It could accommodate 4000 passengers and had a speed of 13 knots (24 km/h).


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

[1] The ship was designed by the British company Isambard Kingdom Brunel.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

It was designed to transport emigrants from Britain to Australia and was six times larger than any ship at the time.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

It was thought that a ship of this size would be both fast and economical.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The ambition of the plan was also demonstrated by the fact that the ship could sail around the world without fuel replenishment.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The Great Eastern had five steam engines, four of which rotated the wing pirates and a fifth propeller.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The ship was built at a time that can be considered a shift in technology in the history of shipbuilding.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

As an example of this, it was the only ship in the world equipped with both a vane pirate and a propeller.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

It also had sails which, due to the risk of fire, could not be used at the same time as steam engines.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The iron hull was divided into bulkhead compartments and the sides had double iron discs.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The plates and their attachment were standardized.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Between the outer and inner wall of the side there was a space of 0.85 metres.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

A technically significant new solution was the enhanced steering gear, as the rudder was too heavy to be turned by hand forces.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The large ship was an economic disaster, as its engine power was insufficient to guarantee maneuverability and its draught was so great that there were few possible ports.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Although the ship was economically poorly successful, so in the development of shipbuilding it is a very significant vessel.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

[2] [1] Construction Isambard Kingdom Brunel met John Scott Russell, an experienced ship designer at the London World's Fair in 1851, and presented to him his idea of a large ship.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Russell got excited and calculated that the ship's sink should be about 20,000 tons and it would require at least an 850 horsepower (630 kW) machine to make it functional.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The design and construction of the ship was considered difficult, but nevertheless possible.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The men pitched their ideas to the Eastern Steam Navigation Company.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The management of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company had long sought a type of vessel capable of hitting the clippers that dominated the seas at the time.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Brunel and Russel's proposal sounded good, as a large ship would carry enough coal to sail around the world without stopping to replenish its reserves.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The company set up a committee to investigate the matter and the plan was approved in June 1852.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Brunel's cost estimate was £500,000 and he placed a condition in the contract that his actions were not to be challenged in the design of the ship and the management of the construction work.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

If this were done, he would resign.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Russell reduced the final amount of the tender to £258,000 and included a condition to build a sister ship.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Brunel sided with Russell in the plan, as it was made by an experienced ship designer.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

In 1854, the construction work itself was finally reached.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The first problem was finding the right shipyard to build a ship of this magnitude.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Scott Russell's shipyard at London's Millwall had proved too small.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Due to the length of the ship, the traditional waterlanding method was abandoned.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Brunel envisaged that the ship would be built parallel to the river and lowered into the waters using a specially constructed mechanical ramp.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

This solution proved so expensive that it was forced to be abandoned.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The David Napier shipyard was vacant and now work was being taken to build a railroad to connect the yards.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The railway was needed to divert construction needs.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The keel of the Great Eastern was completed on 1 May 1854.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

Its hull was built in its entirety of iron and was divided into 19 compartments.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The hull was made double, as the first ship in the world.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

For safety reasons, today the solution is mandatory, but the next double-hulled vessel had to wait a hundred years.


Question: Who designed the SS Great Eastern steamer?

SS Great Eastern

The ship eventually came with sails, wing pirates and a propeller.