Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Among other things, George Berkeley provided arguments against the existence of universal and abstract entities using nominalist arguments.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

He used the term “idea” to refer to sensations of an atomic nature.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

They could be grouped based on similarities, or one could take a single instance, such as the shade of green of a particular frog in sight, as a paradigmatic example case or prototype, and then read everything resembling it as belonging to the same type or category.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Nominalists often base their views on the claim that the problems of realism are insurmountable.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

One advantage of the nominalist solution is that if the solution works, it solves the problem presented by Plato in Parmenide, since the need for a universal Green idea disappears.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Another argument used by nominalists in favour of nominalism is that nominalism is capable of explaining all relevant phenomena, so under Occam's razor or frugality principle, it is an ontological theory preferable to realism because it commits to a lesser number of entities into existence.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Conceptualism Conceptualism, or hand ominalism, refers to the notion that universals exist but only in the mind, and have no external or noun existence.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

In the Universal Controversy of the Middle Ages, conceptualism was singled out as a third alternative, along with nominalism and hand theorealism, but as it denies the existence of general concepts outside the mind, it is now most often read as nominalist strain.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

History Ancient Philosophy Plato held, at least in his earlier philosophy, that there was a stark difference between the world of sensing beings and the world of universals (to him: ideas).


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

On things that can be sensed, people can only have opinions, while information can be gained from ideas.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

In Plato's view, knowledge could not be obtained from anything that was capable of changing or was particular, because knowledge was to be general and forever permanent.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

[5] Because of this, the world of ideas was the only real world, like sunlight; whereas the sensory world is only imperfectly or partially real, like a shadow.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Plato's position on universals was therefore realistic.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

However, this Platonic realism, which denied realness to the material world, differs greatly from what is conceived by realism today: modern realism generally assumes the existence of external, physical reality, and often denies the existence of ideas.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

One of the earliest nominalist critics of Plato's doctrine of ideas was Diogenes Sinopean.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

When Plato spoke of ideas with words such as “table” and “cuppius”, Diogenes replied, “I see only the table and the cup, not the table and the cuppiness”.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

[10] Aristotle Aristotle, Plato's pupil, disagreed with his teacher.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Aristotle converted Plato's ideas into formal causes, plans or essences of individual beings.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Where Plato idolised geometry, Aristotle placed emphasis on biology and related disciplines, and therefore many things in his thinking are based on living beings and their properties.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

The nature of universals in Aristotle's thinking is thus intertwined with what he thought of natural categories.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

For example, let's think about an individual oak.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

It is a member of its species and has much in common with other oaks, both past, present and future.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Its universal, “oakness”, is part of it.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

A biologist can study oak trees and learn about oakness and, more generally, order in the sensory world.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Similarly, Aristotle trusted Plato more that knowledge could also be obtained regarding the sensory world; thus he was a pioneer of empiricism.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

His realism about universals was novel: the view could be called moderate realism.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Medieval philosophy The universal controversy was a dispute over the problem of universals, particularly in the early Scholastics of the 10th and 11th centuries.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

The controversy was based on various interpretations of ancient philosophy.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

The work Categories, which was part of Aristotle's logical works, had introduced ten categories.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

The most central of the categories was the substance category.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

In the universal dispute, attention was largely focused on the category of substance and, above all, on the status of species and genera.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

At the heart of the problem was the question whether general concepts such as species and genera (i.e., universals) exist independent, similar to Plato's eternal ideas, or solely in individual entities (i.e., particulars), such as Aristotle's second substances being subordinate to the first for substances?


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

In other words, does the general side of reality (universals) include individual entities, or do universals exist independent of them?


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

[11] [12] To medieval philosophy, the problem was introduced by Boethius, who translated Porphyrios' work on categories by Isagoge into Latin.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Porphyrios wrote: Based on this, five different solution options began to be distinguished to the problem of universals: Genera and species, that is, universals, are intangible entities distinct from the sensing individual entities in which they manifest themselves.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Universals are intangible entities that exist only in sensing individual entities.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Universals are material entities.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Universals are mere concepts of mind.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Universal controversy was central to early medieval philosophy, first and foremost, for two reasons: on the one hand, universals were of great importance to the theory of knowledge in general; on the other hand, certain interpretations of universals also had significant theological followings, among others in terms of trinity doctrine and communion transubstantiation doctrine.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

[13] New Age Philosophy Berkeley George Berkeley, known for his empiricism, was also a proponent of extreme nominalism.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

He didn't believe in even general thinking — he said it was impossible to imagine, for example, a human without imagining a person in quite detail, either tall or short, European or Asian, blue-eyed or brown-eyed, and so on.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Likewise, if someone thinks of a triangle, it is always either blunt-pointed, rectangular, or pointy.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

There is no mental picture of a triangle in general.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Thus, general concepts do not correspond to objects outside the mind any more than to thoughts.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Berkeley's nominalism was related to his subjective idealism and views on the possibility of the existence of matter.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Around this time, following Isaac Newton's achievements in the field of physics, there was much debate about the difference between primary and secondary properties.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Primary properties were considered to be the proprietary properties of material bodies, such as size, position, and momentum moment, while secondary properties were conceived as more subjective, such as color and sound.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

However, according to Berkeley, it was impossible to talk about mass in motion without knowing the color of the piece, just as it is impossible to talk about triproperty in general without having some particular triangle in mind.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

If the color is in the eye of the beholder, so is the mass.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Mill John Stuart Mill addressed the problem of universals in a work directed against the philosophy of William Hamilton.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

He agreed with Berkeley that forming a general concept is not about separating in the mind the properties that make up a concept from other properties of an object.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

However, he felt that the human mind is making exactly the move that Berkeley considered impossible: we might momentarily be ignorant of whether the image is white, black or yellow, and turn our attention instead to the image portraying a human being.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

In this case, we draw our attention solely to those qualities necessary to form the concept of man, but not to form the idea of any particular human individual.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

This is when it comes to the general concept of man.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Peirce Charles S. Peirce developed his own view on the problem of universals while researching Berkeley's works.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

According to Peirce, Berkeley doctrines, such as the denial of forming general concepts, were paradoxical.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Peirce responded to Berkeley in a way well suited to the father of pragmatism.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

He wrote that if there are mental facts that work practically in the same way as universals would work, then those facts are universal.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

In ontology, Peirce thought that what he called “thirdness” (thirdness), the more general facts concerning reality, referred to a reality outside the mind.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

James William James gave pragmatism a new meaning.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Although James agreed with Peirce and disagreed with Berkeley that general concepts exist as psychological facts, he was nonetheless a nominalist in his ontology.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

He said he doesn't understand the fact that philosophers have often disdained the particular and admired the general because all things worth something are tangible and singular.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

According to him, the only value of universals was that they help us achieve new truths about individual creatures through reasoning.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Contemporary Philosophy Contemporary Realism In contemporary philosophy, the realist position has been defended on, among other things, mathematical-scientific and anti-paradoxical grounds.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Roger Penrose has held that the foundations of mathematics cannot be understood without the Platonian view that mathematical truths are absolute, external and eternal, and are not based on human-determined criteria.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

According to Penrose, mathematical entities have a timeless existence in themselves.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Nino Cocchiarella [14] has held that hand stereoalism is the best response to certain logical paradoxes to which nominalism leads.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

See also Mickiness and quidditas (quidditas and haecceitas) Particle Universal Sources Literature Loux, Michael J.: “The Problem of Universals”, in Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Loux, Michael J.


Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

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Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

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Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

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Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

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Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

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Question: What is the so-called. Penrose Triangle?

The problem of universals

Category:Medieval Philosophy Category:Ontology


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Jopo is a bicycle brand developed by the Finnish company Helkama in the 1960s and was originally in production between 1965 and 1974.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The name comes from JOkaisen POlkupyörä.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The innovative frame structure consisted of two shape-cut and pressed steel sheets joined together.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The base model had 22-inch wheels.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The saddle and handlebar height had large adjustment reserves and no tools needed to adjust, so the bike was well suited for riders of many sizes.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

In 2000, the Helkama company launched a new Jopo, [1] welded from traditional pipes and thus no longer has a structural connection to the original Jopo.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Models Jopoja have been many types: Jopo Jopomobil (folding frame) Jopomatic (folding frame, 2-speed gear hub, drum brake on front wheel, lamps, steering lock) Jopotango (folding frame) Jopo Tour (7-speed) Double Jopo (tandem) Kuntojopo (exercise bike) Isojopo 26" Postijopo Jopotour Jopochopper Rahtijopo Jopocross Joporodeo (Rodeo type controller, long seat, headrest, 3-speed, drum brake on front wheel) Jopojunior 14" (for 3-7 years old, training wheels) Joponen (3-7 years old, training wheels) Jopo Cruiser 26" Jopo Jumbo Today, in addition to the regular Jopo, the range includes the 3rd-generation Jopo³ 3-speed and 16- and 12-inch children's models.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

In spring 2010, the two-tone Jopo Duudsons special model and the electrically assisted Jopo Electro came on the market.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

For the 2012 season, Helkama Velox launched isojopo, after a 38-year hiatus.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The company said there was a clear demand for the isojopo with 26" tyres.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Isojopo is equipped with SRAM's 2-speed automatic rear channel.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Tunturi produced a competing design under the name “Poni”, which resembled Jopo in its essence, but its body was nevertheless welded together from steel tubes unlike the original Jopo.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Tunturi has also introduced a new version of the Pony to market in 2010.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Colors Initially Jopoja received only bluish-gray and light antile red, but quite soon four new colors came: white, yellow, green and gold.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Later, other colours came into the range, including light green, dark green, light yellow, purple and dark blue.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

In this sense, Jopo represented the Finnish design/character goods thinking of the 1960s, such as the Hai rubber boots or the different coloured interchangeable cell phone shells of the 21st century.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The new Jopo Helkama Velox started producing a new, retro-inspired Jopo in 2000.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

However, the new Jopo is not similar in body to the original Jopo, but its driving geometry is exactly the same as the original one.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The Jopo range also includes the 16-inch children's Jopo and the spring launch 12-inch children's Jopo with removable training wheels.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Jopo is Finland's most popular single bicycle model, which has grown in popularity throughout the 2000s.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Jopo has its own fan groups on sites such as IRC gallery and Facebook (Jopo Bicycle).


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Jopo³ In 2009, a new third-generation three-speed Jopo entered the market.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Jopo³ is produced in black, white, brown, and turquoise colors.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The Jopo³s have the same ergonomic driving position as the normal Jopo, but there are also three gears for the more demanding user.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Jopo Electro Electro-assisted Jopo Electro entered bike shops in spring 2010.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The Jopo Electro is offered in turquoise and red coloured versions.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The Jopo Electro is not an actual folding bike, but it has a few solutions that facilitate transport and storage, such as folding pedals, fast-adjustable and reversible controller, and a large seat adjustment spare.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

This makes it easy to transport Jopo Electro on public transport in congested Central European cities, as well as in a motorhome or boat.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

The Jopo Electro was presented at the Eurobike trade show in September 2009 and was quite well received.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Helkama, Iris (ed.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

) | title = Jopo.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

How Jopo became jopo — every bicycle| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-796-458-6}} On the topic elsewhere.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Manufacturer Product Pages.


Question: Who invented the Shark Rubber Boots?

Helkama Jopo

Category:Bicycle Brands Category:Helkama


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In astronomy, precession refers to a continuous, slow change in the direction of the axis of rotation of a celestial body due to gravitation, specifically the change in the direction of Earth's axis of rotation.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Like a wobbling humr, the direction of Earth's axis twists in such a way that its positions at different times form two cone faces that meet each other at their tips.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The full cycle lasts about 26000 years, [1] which time period is also called the Great Year, or Platonic Year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[2] Often the term “precession” refers only to this largest component of motion; other factors that change the direction of Earth's axis such as nutation and polar motion are much less pronounced.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Earth precession has historically been referred to as equalization point precession because under its influence the equalization points shift with respect to the fixed stars along the west-facing ecliptic, in the opposite direction to the way the Sun annually appears to move along the ecliptic.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Historically [3] the discoverer of the precession of equalization points has normally been considered by the Hellenistic period astronomer Hipparkho in the 10th century BCE, but less certain data suggest it would have been known even earlier.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In the early part of the 19th century, when it was possible to calculate interplanetary gravitational forces more accurately, in 1863 it was discovered that the ecliptic also slightly changes its position.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This phenomenon is referred to as planetary precession, while the principal component of the direction variation in Earth's axis is called lunisolar precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[4] The combined effect of these, which had previously been referred to as the precession of equalization points, began to be referred to as general precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The lunisolar precession is caused by the influence of gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun on Earth's equatorial bulge, causing Earth's axis to move with respect to inertial space.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Planetary precession is caused by the fact that the gravitational forces of the other planets are not parallel to the ecliptic, or the Earth, but there is a small angle between them, which causes the plane of the ecliptic to slightly turn relative to inertial space.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Lunisolar precession is about 500 times greater than planetary precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[5] Not only the Moon and the Sun, but also other planets make the Earth's axis move slightly, which is why the terms lunisolar and planetary precession are somewhat misleading.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Therefore, in 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) recommended that the larger component be referred to as equatorial precession and the smaller ecliptic precession, but their combination is still referred to as general precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[6] Terms used before the recommendation are common in older literature.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Origin of terms The term precession is derived from Latin.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Etymologically, procession () signifies movement forward, precession () again implies movement backward.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

When viewed from Earth, stars, due to Earth's rotational motion, appear to move from east to west within a day, and the Sun also appears to be orbiting around the starry sky from east to west within a year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

At the same time, however, a slight retrograde motion in the opposite direction can also be observed in stars, roughly 50 arcseconds per year, in what came to be termed the “precession of equalization points”.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In describing this phenomenon, astronomers have commonly spoken shorter of “precession.”


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In explaining the cause of the phenomenon, physicists also began to use the term “precession”.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

However, this may cause confusion when the same term is used for both the observable phenomenon and its cause and in astronomy some motions called precession are real, others apparent.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Adding to the confusion is the fact that many astronomers are at the same time physicists or astrophysicists.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

It should be noted that in astronomy, precession most commonly refers to specifically observed precession of equalization points, that is, the apparent retrograde motion of stars across the sky, whereas in physics precession refers to a mechanical phenomenon.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The term was once borrowed into the Finnish language as presessioni [7], later presessio [8], before the current form became established.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Effects The precession of the Earth's axis has a number of observable effects.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

First, the southern and northern celestial poles appear to move along a circular path with respect to the background formed by the constellations and make a full rotation in about 26,000 years.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Thus, although the North Star (Polaris) today is very close to the northern celestial pole, this has not always been and will not always be the case, but several other stars will receive polar star status in due course.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[3] After about 3200 years, Gamma Cephei in the constellation of Kefeuse will be in this position instead of the present North Star.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

At the southern celestial pole, there is currently no bright star indicating its position, but over time, many bright stars take turns to receive the status of the southern polar star.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

As the celestial pole shifts, at the same time gradually changes the entire starry sky as it appears from a certain place on Earth.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Secondly, the point of Earth's orbit around the Sun where Earth is at a certain time of the year, for example on solstices or equinoxes, is not always the same but changes slowly.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[3] It is assumed that one could mark the position of the Earth on its course, for example, on the summer solstice, when the tilt of the axis points directly towards the Sun.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

A full turn later, when the Sun is in the same apparent position relative to the underlying stars, the tilt of the Earth's axis does not point directly towards the Sun, but as a result of precession it is slightly ahead of it.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In other words, the equinox hurts a little before Earth is again at the same point on its course.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Thus, a tropical year measuring the period of seasons, for example, the time from the summer solstice to the next summer solstice, or from the vernal equinox to the next vernal equinox, is about 20 minutes shorter than the Sideric year, i.e., the Earth's actual rotation time of the Sun around, after which the Sun is again at the same point relative to the star.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This 20-year difference per year is roughly equivalent to a difference of one year per 25772 years, so after a full 25772 year cycle, the seasons are again with Earth at the same point in their course.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Although the shape and direction of the Earth's course are slowly changed by some other factors which, together with precession, cause different periodic phenomena; these are also based on the Milanković episodes considered to be the cause of climate changes.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[9] In addition to the direction of the tilt of the Earth's axis, its angle of inclination also changes, which, however, is not directly related to precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

For the same reason, the apparent position of the Sun relative to the underlying stars at a given time of the year shifts backwards by about 50.3 arcseconds per year and, within 25772 years, orbits a full 360 degrees, that is, around all Zodiac constellations.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The zodiac constellation before which the Sun is on the vernal equinox changes over time, and accordingly the names for periods of just over 2000 years are given according to the constellation where the spring equinox is, for example, the time of Aquarius.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Since the old days, many astrological, mythological and religious beliefs have been associated with these so-called astrological eras and their change.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[10] On the other hand, the traditional signs of the Zodiac, named after the same constellations, are permanently defined so that the Sun always comes to the sign of Aries on the vernal equinox, which is why these signs no longer exist today, unlike in antiquity, coincide with the constellations of the same name ( see, however, also Sideric Astrology).


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[11] Due to precession, the tabulated values of the astronomical coordinates of celestial bodies, namely rectascension and declination, are valid only at the time, that is, the epoch assigned.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[12] Current star maps usually use coordinates according to epoch J2000.0, i.e. 1 January 2000.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

However, the boundaries of constellations are now fixed so that they permanently follow the rectascension and declination circles according to epoch 1875.0, whereby each star, despite precession, remains in the same constellation as long as its characteristic motion does not move it to the constellation boundary over.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[13] Polar stars at different times One of the consequences of precession is that different stars are near the celestial pole at different times.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Today, the North Star is a very good sign of the northern celestial pole as it is quite a bright star with a magnitude of 2.1 (variable) and is located only a degree away from the celestial pole.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[14] The previous polar star was Beta Ursae Minoris or Kochab (ß UMi, ß Ursae Minoris), the second brightest star in Small Otava, which is 16 degrees from the North Star.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

It was a polar star around 1500 BCE — 500, [15] but was not as accurate as the North Star today.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[15] Today, Kochab and its neighbour Pherkad are sometimes referred to as “keepers of the navel.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

“[15] The Dragon constellation of Thuba was a polar star around the year 2500 BCE.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[16] It is considerably less striking, having a magnitude of 3.67, meaning it is only one-fifth of the North Star in brightness.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Nowadays, because of artificial light, it can hardly be seen in urban areas.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Bright Vega in the constellation of Lyre is often considered the best northern polar star ever.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

It was in this position around the year 12000 BCE and again around the year 14000, but never closer than five degrees from the pole.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

When the current North Star is once again a polar star around the year 27800, it will remain further from the pole than it is today due to its characteristic motion.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Instead, in 23600 BC.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

it was even closer to the celestial pole.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Today, the southern celestial pole is elusive in the sky, as there is not a single bright star in its vicinity.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The southern polar star is considered Sigma Octant with a magnitude of 5.5, so that it is only just visible to the naked eye even under the best conditions.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

However, the situation changes between the years 8000 and 9000, when the southern celestial pole passes through the False Cross.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The situation can also be seen on the star map.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The South Pole is moving towards the constellation of the Southern Cross.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

For roughly the past 2000 years, the Southern Cross has pointed towards the South Pole.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Therefore, this constellation is no longer visible from the northern subtropical latitudes, but during the ancient Greeks it was visible.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Transition of equalization points The accompanying images show the precession of the Earth's axis and the resulting displacement of equalization points.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The images show the position of Earth's axis on the celestial sphere, an imaginary sphere on which all the stars are placed in the right direction when viewed from Earth, but where their actual distances have not been taken into account.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The first image shows the celestial sphere when viewed from the outside, making the constellations visible as their mirror images.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The second image shows it as it would appear when viewed from close to Earth with a very wide-angle lens (causing apparent distortion).


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

An imagined extension of the Earth's axis of rotation draws a circle in about 25700 years for the celestial sphere here marked in blue, centered at the ecliptic north pole (blue E) and a radius of about 23.4°, which angle is known as the inclination of the ecliptic.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The direction of the precession is the opposite of Earth's diurnal rotational motion around its axis.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The orange axis is Earth's axis of rotation from 5000 years ago, when it pointed to the Thuban star.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The yellow axis pointing to the North Star is the current axis.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Equinoxes occur when the equator of the sky intersects the ecliptic (red line), that is, when the Earth's axis is perpendicular to the thirds connecting the midpoints of the Earth and the Sun.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

These intersection points are called equalization points.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

As the axis precedes from position to position, Earth's equatorial plane, which here is marked by a grid, shifts.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The equator of the sky is the projection of the Earth's equator on the celestial sphere, so it too shifts while the equatorial plane of the Earth, and the intersection between it and the ecliptic also moves along with it.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This does not mean that the poles and the equator are also shifted with respect to the Earth's surface, only the position of the Earth with respect to the fixed star changes.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

As the orange grid shows, 5000 years ago the spring equalization point was near Aldebaran in the constellation of Bull.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Today, as can be seen from the yellow grid, it has moved as indicated by the red arrow to the constellation of Pisces.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Such images are only the first approximations, as they have not taken into account changes in precession momentum, changes in the inclination of the ecliptic, nor the planetary precession, which causes the plane of the ecliptic itself to slowly rotate rather than characteristic motions of stars.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The periods in which the spring equalization point has been in different constellations are often referred to as “large months” and are approximately: [17] Changes in astronomical coordinates Due to precession the astronomical coordinates of celestial bodies i.e., rectascension α and declination δ change continuously.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

For a short enough time, for example, within one year, these changes can be expressed differentially: d δ = d λ sin cos α {\ displaystyle d\ delta =d\ lambda\ sin {\ epsilon}\ cos {\ alpha}} d α = d λ (sin sin α tan δ + cos) {\ displaystyle d\ alpha =d\ lambda (\ sin {\ epsilon}\ sin {\ alpha}\ tan {\ delta} +\ cos {\ epsilon})} where ε is the slope of the earth's axis and δ the change in length measured along the epliktic, about 50 arcseconds per year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[12] These formulas are often written as: d δ = n cos α {\ displaystyle d\ delta =n\ cos {\ alpha}} d α = m + n sin α tan δ {\ displaystyle d\ alpha = m+n\ sin {\ alpha}\ tan {\ delta}} where m and n are the so-called precession constants: m = d λ cos {\ displaystyle m=d\ lambda\ cos {\ epsilon}} and n = d λ sin {\\ displaystyle n=d\ lambda\ sin {\ epsilon}}.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[12] Since the slope of the Earth's axis is not constant either, these precision constants also change somewhat over time.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Since rectassension is usually reported in units of time, precession constants are often reported in seconds per year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In 2000 m was 3.07419 seconds per year and n 1.33703 (time) seconds or 20.0554 corner seconds per year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[12] History of Science Possible observations in ancient cultures Babylonians Many assumptions have been put forward that precession would be known in several cultures long before Hipparkhus.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

For example, according to Al-Battani, Babylonian astronomers would date as early as the year 330 BCE.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

around the time made a distinction between a tropical and a side-like year and thus they would have known precession in principle, even if they were not more clear about its nature.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

However, it is very doubtful whether the Chaldeans really felt the difference.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[18] Ancient Egyptians The ancient Egyptians have also been claimed to have known precession long before Hipparkhus, but such claims are still controversial.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

It has been argued that some buildings, for example the Karnak temple complex, would be oriented towards the point on the horizon where certain stars rose at important times of the year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

However, they had an exact calendar, and if they noted when the temples had been rebuilt, they could easily have determined approximations for the rate of precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

It has been argued that the zodiac of Dendera known star map found at the Temple of Hathor Denderata, which although only dates back to the Ptolemy period, would have mentions of the precession of equalization points.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

(Tompkins 1971) However, it is not sure if the ancient Egyptians knew the precession, as there are no mentions of it in any astronomical work preserved from them.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Michael Rice, however, wrote in his book Egypt's Legacy: “It is uncertain whether the ancient peoples knew the mechanics of precession before Hipparchus the Bitynian defined it in the second century BCE, but the nightly heaven was observed to such an extent with devotion that the effects of the phenomenon could not go unnoticed by them.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[19] According to Rice, “precession has fundamental significance for understanding what sustained Egypt's development, [20] even to the extreme that “in a sense Egypt as a nation state and the position of the Egyptian king as a living god were the consequences of how the Egyptians found out they the astronomical changes brought about by the immense motion of celestial bodies brought about by precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[21] According to Rice, also how closely the pyramids of Giza are oriented according to the main air directions is clear testimony to how accurate astronomical observations were made in Egypt as early as the third millennium BCE.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

or possibly even before that, as such precise directions could only have been determined by the orientations of the stars.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[22] According to Rice, during the New Empire, the Egyptians several times also changed the direction of their temples when the stars in accordance with which they were originally built had changed their position due to precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[23] Mayan calendar It has been argued that the Mayans would have known precession early on and that the longbill of the Mayan calendar would have been calibrated accordingly, but most scholars of Mayan culture do not consider this likely.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

However, Susan Milbrath has argued that the calendar's long 30000 year period associated with the Plejades would have been an attempt to calculate the length of the period of precession of equalization points.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[24] Hellenistic world Hipparchus Some disputed records suggest that as early as Aristarkhos Samoslaine would be around the year 280 BCE.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

knew the Sideric and Tropical Year differ slightly.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[25] Normally, however, the Greek astronomer Hipparkho (190—120 BC) has been regarded as the discoverer of precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

According to Ptolemy's work Almagest, Hipparchus measured the longitude, or rectascension, of Spica and several other bright stars.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

When he compared the results he obtained with those of his predecessors such as Timokhar (320—260 BCE) and Aristillus (around 280 BCE), he concluded that Spica had shifted two degrees relative to the autumn equalization point.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

He also compared the length of a tropical and a sideric year (the time after which the Sun returns to the point of equalization, and the time after which it is again for the same star of affection) and observed a slight difference.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Hipparchus concluded that the equalization points shift (“precess”) along the Zodiac and that the precession rate is at least 1° in a hundred years, so that a full cycle lasts no more than 36000 years, according to him.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Somewhat all of Hipparchus's works have been lost, including his treatise on precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

However, they are mentioned by Ptolemy, who explained the precession by the rotation of the celestial sphere around the immobile Earth.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

It is likely that, like Ptolemy, Hipparchus also regarded precession in accordance with the terrestrial worldview as a motion phenomenon of heaven rather than Earth.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Ptolemy The first astronomer known to have continued studies of the precession of Hipparchus was Ptolemy in the second century of our time.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Ptolemy measured the longitudes of Regulus, Spica and other bright stars using a method based on the position of the Moon and resembling that used by Hipparchus, but did not require lunar eclipses.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Before sunset, he measured the longitude-directional angle between the Sun and the Moon.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

After the sun set, he measured the angle between the Moon and that star.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

He used Hipparchus's model to calculate the longitude of the Sun and made corrections for the Moon's motion and its parallax.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[26] Ptolemy compared his observations to those made by Hipparchus, Menelaus of Alexandria, Timokhar, and Agrippa.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

He noted that in the approximately 265 years between Hipparchus and his own time, the stars had shifted by 2°40', that is, degree 100 per year (36 arcseconds per year; the current accepted value is 50" per year, or degree 72 per year).


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

He also confirmed that precession affects all attachment stars, not only those located near the ecliptic, and he obtained the same duration for the precession period, 36000 years, as Hipparchhosk.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The observations of Hipparchus and Ptolemy Hipparchus recounted his observations in the work on the displacement of the solstice and equalization points, which Ptolemy later referenced in his book Almagest, chapters III.1 and VII.2.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Hipparchus measured the ecliptic longitude of the star Spica during lunar eclipses and found it to be located 6° west of the autumn equalization point.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Comparing his own measurements with the results of Timokhar of Alexandria from the early 200th century BCE.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

he noted that Spica's longitude had meanwhile decreased by 2°.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In the same chapter, VII.2 explains more precise measurements of Spica and another star and states that each had shifted 2°:40' between the years 128 BCE and 139 and thus by about 1° per century, when it could be calculated that a full cycle lasted 36000 years, a value already Hipparchus, according to Ptolemy, had received.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[27] Ptolemy mentioned other stars as having moved similarly.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

He contemplated all the more the possibility that only stars close to the Zodiac would migrate over time.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This he referred to as the “first hypothesis” (Almagest VII.1), but did not elaborate on any subsequent hypothesis that Hipparchus possibly had put forward.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Hipparchus apparently did not consider this further, as there were only scarce older observations available to him and they were not very reliable either.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Why did Hipparchus need a lunar eclipse to measure the star's position?


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The equalization points are not visible in the sky, and for that he needed the Moon as a reference point.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Hipparchus had already developed a means of calculating the longitude of the Sun at any given moment.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

A lunar eclipse occurs during the full moon, when the Moon is in opposition.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Midway through the eclipse, the Moon will be exactly 180° away from the Sun.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Hipparchus is thought to have measured the arc parallel to the meridian between Spica and the Moon.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

To its value, he added the longitude of the Sun he calculated, and further the difference between the positions of the Sun and the Moon, which was 180°.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Similarly he dealt with the measurement results reported by Timokhar. [26].


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

These eclipses are, at the same time, the most central source from which to conclude when Hipparchus did his research, as not much biographical information has survived about him.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The lunar eclipses he observed occurred on April 21, 146 BCE.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

and 21 March 135 BC.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[28] Hipparchus also dealt with precession in his work on the length of the Year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Two concepts of the year are needed to understand his research.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

A tropical year is the time after which the Sun, when viewed from Earth, returns to the same spot on the ecliptic relative to the equinox or solstice points.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The Sideric Year is the time after which the Sun returns to the same point relative to the underlying stars.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Due to precession, the positions of the stars relative to the equinox and solstice points change slightly every year, which is why the sideric year is longer than the tropical one.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Using observations of equinoxes and solstices, Hipparchus stated that the tropical year is 365+1/4-1/300 days, or 365,24667 days.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[29] Comparing this to the length of the Sideric Year, he calculated that the precession rate was at least 1° per century.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Afterwards, from this it can be calculated that his value for the siderical year was 365+1/4+1/144 days.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[30] By presenting only a minimum estimate, he possibly acknowledged that the findings had been inaccurate.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In order to present approximations for the tropical year, Hipparchus, in his now-lost work on Leap Months and Days, drew up his own lunisolar calendar by making the necessary changes to the calendars drawn up by Meton and Kallippos.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This calendar was addressed by Ptolemy in Permits III.1 of his work Almagest.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[31] The Babylonian calendar had as of 499 BCE.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

since been in a 19-year period of 235 months (from which only three exceptions had been made before 380 BCE), but did not specify the number of days.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In 432 BC.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

a period of Meton was introduced whereby there were 6940 days in this 19-year period, with an average year length of 365+1/4+1/76, or 365,26316 days.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The Kallippos period, introduced in 330 BCE, was otherwise the same as the Meton period, but within four periods, or 76 years, one day was omitted, giving the average length of the year 365+1/4, or 365.25 days.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Hipparchus omitted one more day after four periods of Kallippos, or within 304 years, and thus formed the Hipparchus period, in which the length of the year averaged 365+1/4-1/304, or 365.24671 days, which is close to the value he determined for the tropical year of 365,24667 days.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Conclusions can be drawn from studies of Hipparchus based on the Antikythera machine, an astronomical calculating machine built in the 10th century BCE.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Its mechanism is based on the solar year, the Meton period (a 19-year period after which the Moon is again at the same point in the sky in its same phase), the Kallippos period (which is four periods of Meton and more accurate, the Saros period, as well as the Exeligmos period (which is three Saros episodes and allows eclipses can be quite accurately predicted).


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Studies of the Antikhyran machine testify that in antiquity quite accurate calendars were used, based on all features of the movements of the Sun and Moon.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In fact, the moon mechanism of the Antikythera machine presents the motion of the Moon and its phase at a given moment in time by means of a device formed by four cogs and a pin and slit in a way that shows that even at that time it was known that the Moon was moving faster when it was closest to Earth (in perigeum) than while being farthest from Earth (at the apogeum).


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This discovery shows that Hipparchus's mathematics was much more advanced than that which Ptolemy presented it in his books, and that he had developed a good approximation to Kepler's second law.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Other authors Most authors of antiquity do not mention precession and perhaps did not know anything about it.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

For example, Proklus rejected the precession, while Theon the Alexandrian, who in the 3rd century wrote commentaries on the works of Ptolemy, accepted his explanation.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

However Theon also put forward an alternative theory: According to some concepts, astrologers of the former age believed that from some time the signs associated with the solstices move 8° in the direction of the signs, after which they return the same amount. [32] Rather than the same amount. the equalization points would rotate right up to time around the entire Zodiac, they were assumed to move back and forth along an 8-degree arc.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This trepidation theory was put forward by Theon as an alternative to precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Indian astrologers in India were aware of precession even before the beginning of our time.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Although many astronomical texts preserved in Taxila were burned when the Muslims conquered India, the classical work Suryasiddhanta survived and contains information about ayana movements.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In a later commentary on Suryasiddhanta from the 12th century, Bhāskara II [33] wrote: “According to Suryasiddhanta, the sampat orbits in a negative direction 30000 times over a Kalpa period lasting 4320 million years, while Munjāla and others say that ayana orbits forward 199669 times in Kalpa- time period, and these both should be combined before we can verify declension, the difference in stellar rise times, and so on.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

“[34] According to current Indian interpreters, the meaning here is that the period of precession is obtained by subtracting from ayanan 199669 rounds of samvatin 30000 rounds, yielding 169669 revolutions per Kalpaa, that is, one round in 25461 years, which is close to the current conception value according to 25771 years.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Furthermore, Munjala estimates that the period of ayana</i>'s movement is 21636 years, which is close to the current value when anomalistic precession is taken into account.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The period of the latter is 136000 years according to current records, but according to Bhāskara II it was 144000 years, and to it he gave the name sampat.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

According to him, the kalpa encompassed 30,000 such episodes.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Bhāskara II did not give any name to the final episode, which was obtained by combining negative sampat and positive ayana.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

From his stated value, however, it can be inferred that ayana meant precession as having taken into account the combined effect of track and anomalistic presession, and sampat meant anomalistic period, but he defined it as an equinox.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

His terminology is somewhat confusing, but he himself clarified it in his Vasanabhashya commentary on Siddhanta Shiromani [35] saying that Suryasiddhanta was unavailable and that he wrote based on hearsay.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Bhāskara II did not express his own opinions but merely quoted Suryasiddhanta, Mujala and other authors unmentioned by name.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Suryasiddhanta also discusses the concept of trepidation, which possibly would have been up to 27° wide, with an annual displacement of 54" according to old commentaries, but according to Burgess, this too would have initially meant cyclical movement.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[36] Yu Xi Yu Xi in the 3rd century was the first Chinese astronomer to mention precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

He estimated the rate of precession to be about one degree in 50 years.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[37] In the Middle Ages and Renaissance Persian work at the Maragheh Observatory in the 13th century, Zij-i Ilkhani mentions the precession of equalization points as having a magnitude of 51 arcseconds per year, which is quite close to the current value of 50.2 arcseconds.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[38] In the Middle Ages, both Islamic and Latin Christian astronomers treated “trepidation” as the movement of the stars of interest, which had to be taken into account in addition to precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This theory has been considered by Arabic astronomer Thabit ibn Qurra, but current scholars do not consider it to have been invented by him.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In his work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), Nikolaus Copernicus presented a different explanation for trepidation.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

At the same time, the work is the first in which precession is explicitly explained as the motion of the Earth's axis.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Copernicus referred to precession as Earth's third motion; the other two were its diurnal rotation and annual rotation motion.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

From Newton to modern times, Isaac Newton explained in his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) the precession was caused by the gravitational effect of the Moon and the Sun.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[39] However, Newton's original equations for precession did not work and have been considerably modified by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and later scientists.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Jens Olsen's World Clock The Jens Olsen World Clock in Copenhagen Town Hall has a pointer timed to make one turn in as long a time as the Earth's axis due to precession returns to its former position, i.e. in one platonic year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This is the slowest man-made object moving at a regulated speed.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Causes of Precession is brought about by the gravitational effect of the Sun, Moon and, to a lesser extent, other celestial bodies on Earth.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

It was first explained by Isaac Newton.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[40] The precession of the Earth's axis is a phenomenon similar to that of a rotating hyrus.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In either case, the acting forces are due to gravitation.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In the case of a rotating hur, this force is almost parallel to its axis of rotation.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Instead, in the case of Earth, the forces generated by the Sun and Moon are approximately perpendicular to the axis of rotation.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The Earth is not a perfect sphere but a spin cellipsoid with an equatorial diameter about 43 kilometres larger than the diameter measured through the poles.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Due to the inclination of the Earth's axis, the half of this bulge that is closer to the Sun is sidelined for most of the year from the midpoint, either north or south, and the side farther away from the Sun in the opposite direction from the midpoint.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Gravity affects the side closer to the Sun more strongly because it weakens as the distance increases, and this difference causes a small torque as the Sun draws one side of the Earth more strongly than the other.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The axis of this torque is approximately perpendicular to Earth's axis of rotation, and therefore the axis of rotation precedes.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

If Earth were a perfect sphere, there would be no precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This mean torque is perpendicular to the direction to which Earth's axis of rotation is tilted away from the ecliptic pole, and therefore does not change the angle of inclination of the axis itself.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The magnitude of the torque varies depending on the direction in which these lie relative to the Earth's axis, and is approximate to zero when the direction of the Sun is perpendicular to the Earth's axis.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Similar to the Sun, Earth is influenced by other celestial bodies close to the plane of the ecliptic, especially the Moon.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The combined effect of the Sun and the Moon is said to be lunisolar precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In addition to the continuously progressing precession, which makes a full rotation in about 25000 years, the Sun and Moon also achieve smaller periodic variations due to their shifting position.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

These variations, affecting both the speed of precession and the inclination of the axis, are referred to as nutation.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The period of the main component of nutation is 18.6 years with an amplitude of 9.2 angular minutes.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[41] In addition to lunisolar precession, Earth is also affected by other planets in the Solar System, which cause the plane of the ecliptic to slowly rotate around an axis with an ecliptic length of approximately 174° measured on the respective ecliptic.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This so-called planetary precession causes the plane of the ecliptic to rotate at 0.47 arcseconds per year, which is less than one-hundredth of the lunisolar precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The sum of these two precesses is called the general precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The equations of the tidal force with which the Sun, Moon or planet acts on Earth are expressed by Newton's law of gravitation, which states that the gravitational force on the side of Earth farther away from the celestial body causing that disturbance is slightly smaller than on the side turned towards it.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This separation is proportional to the cube of the diameter of the Earth.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Tidal force is obtained by subtracting from the gravitational force induced by a celestial body at the center of the Earth the corresponding force at a given point on Earth's surface.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In terms of precession, this tidal force can be treated as if it were two forces acting at opposite points at Earth's equatorial bulge.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

They form a force pair that can be divided into two pairs of components, the forces of one of which are parallel to Earth's equatorial plane, are directed towards and away from the body causing the force, and canceling out each other's influence, while the forces of the other power pair are Earth parallel to the axis of rotation and acting in its direction towards the plane of the ecliptic.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[42] The latter pair of forces causes Earth's equator to bulge with a torque of magnitude: [5] T → = 3 G m r 3 (C − A) sin δ cos δ ( sin α − cos α 0) {\ displaystyle {\ overrightarrow {T}} = {\ frac {3Gm} {r^ {3}}} (C-A)\ sin\ delta\ cos\ delta {\ begin {pmatrix}\ sin\ alpha\\ -\ cos\ alpha\\ 0\ end {pmatrix}}} where Gm = standard gravitational parameter, i.e. the input of the mass of the body causing the disturbance and the general gravitational constant r = distance of the interfering celestial body from Earth C = Earth's moment of inertia with respect to its axis of rotation A = moment of inertia with respect to any equatorial diameter C - A = Earth The moment of inertia of the equatorial bulge (C > A) δ = declination of the body causing the disturbance (north or south of the equator) α = rectascension of the body causing the disturbance (east of the spring equation point) The three unit vectors of torque at the center of the Earth are x, which points in the plane of the ecliptic towards the vernal equator point, i.e., the intersection of the Earth's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic, y pointing towards the summer solstice point (90° east of x), and z pointing towards the north ecliptic pole.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The sum of the three sinusoidal terms parallel to the x-axis (sinδ cosδ sinα) for the Sun is a square-shaped wave-like function of the sine function, ranging from zero at equinox points (0°, 180°) to 0.36495 at solstice points (90°, 270°).


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The value in the direction of the y-axis (sinδ cosδ (-cosα)) for the Sun is a sinusoidal function ranging from zero at the equinox and solstice points to ±0.19364 (slightly more than half the previous one) at points close to but slightly closer to the half-points of the equinox and solstice points equalization points (43.37° (-), 136.63° (+), 223.37° (-), 316.63° (+)).


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Both wave-like functions have roughly the same amplitude and the same period, half the rotation period, that is, half a year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The value in the direction of the z-axis is zero.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Consistent with the sine wave, the average torque of the variable force along the y-axis direction is zero in the case of both the Sun and the Moon, so this component of torque does not affect precession.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In contrast, the mean torque of a force varying wavely-like along the x-axis in the case of the Sun or Moon is: T x = 3 2 G m a 3 (1 − e 2 ) 3/2 (C − A) sin cos {\ displaystyle T_ {x} = {\ frac {3} {2}} {\ frac {Gm} {a^ {3} (1-e^ {2}) ^ {3/2}}} (C-A)\ sin\ epsilon\ cos\ epsilon} where a {\ displaystyle a} = is the influence of the Sun when calculating the Earth—Moon effect when calculating the isoaxis half of the Moon's track and ε is, respectively, the eccentricity of the Earth or Moon's track.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Factor 1/2 comes from the mean value of the sine square function, a 3 (1 − e 2) 3/2 {\ displaystyle a^ {3} (1-e^ {2}) ^ {3/2}} is the mean distance of the Sun or Moon cube [43] and ε is, in the case of the Sun, the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis and at the same time the maximum value of δ—in the case of the Moon, the mean angle between its orbital and Earth orbital planes over the entire 18.6 year period.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The precession is: d ψ d t = T x C ω sin {\ displaystyle {\ frac {d\ psi} {dt}} = {\ frac {T_ {x}} {C\ omega\ sin\ epsilon}}} where ω is the angular velocity of Earth and 'Cω its impulse moment.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Thus, the first-order component of the Sun-induced precession is: [5] d ψ S d t = 3 2 [G m a 3 (1 − e 2 ) 3/2] S [(C − A) C cos ω] E {\ displaystyle {\ frac {d\ psi _ {S}} {dt}} = {\ frac {3} {2}}\ left [{\ frac {Gm} {a^ {3} (1-e^ {2}) ^ {3/2}}}\ right] _ {S}\ left [{\ frac {(C-A)} {C}} {\ frac {\ cos\ epsilon} {\ omega}}\ right] _ {E}} while for the precession caused by the Moon it is: d ψ L d t = 3 [2 G m (1 − 1.5 sin 2 i) a 3 (1 − e 2) 3/2] L [(C − A) C cos ω] E {\ displaystyle {\ frac {d\ psi _ {L}} {dt}} = {\ frac {3} {2}}\ left [{\ frac {Gm (1-1.5\ sin ^ {2} i)} {a^ {3} (1-e^ {2}) ^ {3/2}}}\ right] _ {L}\ frac {(C-A)} {C}} {\ frac {\ cos\ epsilon} {\ omega}}\ right] _ {E}} where i is the lunar course plane and the angle between the plane of the ecliptic.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In these equations, the lagging subindices of expressions in square brackets indicate whether these are the values of the Sun (S), Moon (L) or Earth (E).


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The term (1 − 1.5 sin 2 i) {\ displaystyle (1-1.5\ sin ^ {2} i)} indicates the inclination of the Moon's track with respect to the ecliptic.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The term (C-A) /C is Earth's dynamic napalitisation ellipticity determined by observed precision because the structure of Earth's innards is not known with sufficient precision.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

If the Earth were homogeneous, the term would be equal to the square of its third eccentricity, [44] e″ 2 = a 2 − c 2 a 2 + c 2 {\ displaystyle e"^ {2} = {\ frac {\ mathrm {a} ^ {2} -\ mathrm {c} ^ {2}} {\ mathrm {a} ^ {2} +\ mathrm {c} ^ {2}}}} where a is the equatorial radius (6378137m) and c the pole radius (6378137m) and c the pole radius (6378137m) 356752m), whereby e2 = 0.003358481.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The values of these parameters in epoch J2000.0 to seven decimal places are [45] [46] of which we obtain ds/dt = 2.450183×10−12 /s dL/dt = 5.334529×10−12 /s both of which must be converted to arcseconds per year by multiplying them by the number of arcseconds at full angle (2π radian (= 1.296×106"/2π) and further by the number of seconds per year 3.15576×107s/a): ds/dt = 15.948788"/a vs 15.948870"/a [5] dL/dt = 34.723638"/a vs 34.457698"/a [5].


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

This equation for the Sun well describes the precession caused by the Sun because Earth's course is close to the ellipse and the perturbations caused by other planets are minimal.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The lunar equation is not as good because the Sun causes considerable disruption to the Moon's motion.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Numeral values Simon Newcomb calculated a longitudinal value of 5025.64 arcseconds per tropical century for general precession (p) at the end of the 19th century, and this was the generally accepted value until more accurate observations were obtained by artificial moons and made possible by electronic computers calculate it using more laborious models.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

J. H. Lieske presented a calculation in 1976 that p is 5029.0966 arcseconds per Julian century.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[47] Modern techniques such as VLBI and LLR have made even more accurate measurements possible, and in 2000 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) introduced a new standard value and new calculation methods and polynomial expressions in 2003 and 2006.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

According to these, the cumulative precession is: [48] pA = 5,028,796195·T + 1,1054348×T2 + higher-order terms in arc seconds when T is the time in Julian centuries (which is 36525 days), read from epoch J2000.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The rate of precession is the derivative of this: p = 5,028,796195 + 2,2108696·T + higher-order terms.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The standard term of the equation (5028,796195 arcseconds per century) corresponds to the length of one full precession period of 25771,57534 years (one full 360-degree rotation divided by 5028.791695 arcseconds per century) [48], although some other sources report it to be 25771.4 years, which leaves to the point of small uncertainty.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The precession rate is not constant, but is currently slightly decelerating, as evidenced by the linear and higher-order terms in T's expression.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In any case, it should be noted that the above formula applies only for a limited time.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Obviously, if T becomes large enough, in the distant past or future, the term T2 will begin to dominate and p will acquire very large values.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In fact, more advanced calculations of the numerical model of the solar system show that the precession"constant” varies over a period of 41000 years, as does the inclination of the Earth's axis.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The above “constants” are linear of the formula above and all higher-order terms, not precession itself.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In other words, p = A + BT + CT2 +... is an approximation for the expression p = a + b sin (2πt/p), where P is the 410 century period.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Theoretical models may be able to compute coefficients corresponding to even higher potencies of T, but since no polynomial of finite length coincides with the periodic function on all number values, the error of all such approximations increases unbounded as T increases.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In that respect, the International Astronomical Union chose the best-developed obtainable theory.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

In the next few centuries, in the past or in the future, the error will not be very big.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Even thousands of years away in the past or future, most formulas apply with satisfactory accuracy.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

At even more distant points in time, the deviations grow too large — the precise velocity and period time of precession cannot be calculated for even one full precession period with these polynomials.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

The precession of the Earth's axis is a very slow phenomenon, but with the precision with which astronomers operate, it must be taken into account in daily calculations.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

It should be noted that although precession and variation in the slope of the Earth axis are calculated using the same theory and are thus related, they act independently of each other and their directions are perpendicular to each other.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Very long-term fluctuations Over a very long period of time, precession gradually slows down due to friction associated with tidal forces.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

About 500 million years ago it was 59 arcseconds per year, after 500 million years no more 45 arcseconds per year.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

When the more short-term round-trip fluctuations lasting at most thousands of years are excluded, this long-term trajectory can be approximated by the following polynomials, which report the precession momentum in arc seconds per year, where T is the time from present to forward- ( as positive) or backward (negative) calculated in billions of Julian years Ga): [49] p- = 50.475838 - 26.368583<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[59758,59763,2,2]}'>T + 21.890862<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[59775,59780,2,2]}'>T2 p+ = 50.475838 - 27.000654 <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[59829,59834,2,2]}'>T + 15.603265<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[59846,59851,2,2]}'>T2 After about 30 million years, precession becomes slightly faster than current for 100 million years, but the difference to the present is only 0.135052 arcseconds per century.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Its momentum will begin to accelerate in about 20 million years due to the prolonged deterioration of precession approaching the resonance of the Earth's track created by other planets.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Due to tidal forces, the Moon is constantly distancing itself from Earth.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Today it is 60.3, but in 1500 million years, 66.5 Earth radii away.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

According to Ward, it follows that planet-induced resonances extend the precession period first to 49,000 years and later when the Moon in 2000 million years is 68 Earth radii away, up to 69,000 years.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

[50] In this regard, the slope of the ecliptic will also vary more than it is today.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

Ward, however, applied potentially too great a value for the frictional effects of tides.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

If a 620 million year average is used for their periodicity, which is about half the current value, these resonances will not be reached until 3000 and 4000 million years later.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

However, as the Sun's luminosity gradually increases, Earth's oceans will vaporize long before then, in about 2100 million years.


Question: Where does the term precession come from?

Precession (astronomy)

See also Axis inclination Milanković episodes Nutation Perihel movement Sideeric year Aquarius time Sources Literature Explanatory supplement to the Astronomical ephemeris and the American ephemeris and nautical almanac Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = J. L. Hilton et al.| title= | year = 2006| format = [online version] | pages = 351—367}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Richard A. Parker| title = Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 15th part| number = Egyptian Astronomy, Astrology, and Calendrical Reckoning| publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons| year = 1978| pages = 706—727}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peter Tomkins| title = Secrets of the Great Pyramid| location = New York| publisher = Harper Colophon Books| year = 1971| version= by Livio Catullo Stecchini appendix}} On topic elsewhere Category:Heavenly Mechanics Category:Ball Astronomy Category:Astrology Category:Earth


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise Hawking is a fictional character in the television series Lost.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

She is played by Fionnula Flanagan.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Her younger versions have been played by Alice Evans and Alexandra Krosney.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

The character appears in one episode in season 3 and four in season 5.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Background 1954 Eloise Hawking is a former member of the Tribe of Others and Faraday's mother.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

In 1954, when Eloise is 17, she commands a small group that captures Faraday, Charlotte, and Miles, who arrived from the future.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise suspects they are soldiers of the United States Army, even though they claim to be scientists.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise leads them to her camp, leaving them in Richard's custody.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

After Richard becomes convinced of Faraday's rhetoric, he orders Eloise to lead Faraday to the hydrogen bomb to defuse it.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise still doubts Faraday's intentions, but lets him go to the bomb anyway.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Faraday tells Eloise to tell Richard that the bomb must be buried underground.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

At the same time, Sawyer and Juliet ambush Eloise and disarm her.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Faraday tells Eloise he is from the future but before any longer discussion a time jump occurs, causing Faraday and the others to disappear.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

1977 In 1977, after Sawyer and Kate bring a severely wounded Ben to Richard, one of the Others tells Richard that he shouldn't save Ben without first asking Eloise.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Richard tells him he will never answer Ellie and Widmore about this again.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

After several days, Faraday arrives at the Others' camp and demands to speak to Eloise.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Richard lies that Eloise isn't around, but Faraday doesn't believe him.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Faraday threatens to shoot Richard, but Eloise, arriving at the scene, shoots Faraday in the back.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Faraday says Eloise knew about this all along and yet had sent Faraday to the island.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

When asked by Eloise who he is, Faraday moments before his death says he is his son.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise takes over Faraday's diary and the page on which he has written in the future.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise is shocked after realising the text was in her handwriting.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Widmore arrives at the camp and captures Jack as well as Kate and takes these to Eloise's tent.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise tells Jack that the man she shot asked her to bury a hydrogen bomb in the ground 23 years earlier.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Jack tells Eloise that by detonating the hydrogen bomb in question, he can change the future and reverse Faraday's death.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise promises to help Jack with his intentions and leaves with Richard, as well as Erik, to retrieve the bomb.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

On the way, Sayid shoots Erik, and Kate refuses to help Jack.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise and Sayid dive into underwater tunnels and arrive in a room where the bomb is hidden.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Using instructions from Faraday's diary, Sayid manages to dislodge the core of the bomb.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

They arrive at a location under the barracks, and Richard breaks down the wall thus revealing a route to the basement of Horace's house.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise insists on being allowed to lead them through the barracks, but Richard stuns Eloise, saying he is protecting his leader and Jack and Sayid are on their own.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

After the island Later, for unknown reasons, Eloise leaves the island and moves to Essex, Massachusetts, where she gives birth to her son Daniel Faraday and raises him alone, being aware of his fate.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

The reason Widmore was not allowed to raise Daniel is unknown.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

As Daniel grows up, Eloise notices him playing the piano beautifully.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise advises Daniel not to waste his time on other things like music.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise says Daniel has a scientific mind, which he must dedicate entirely to science and says his job is to keep him on that path with no time for distractions.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Daniel claims he can arrange time, but Eloise shut down the piano.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Several years later, Eloise is present after Faraday graduates from Oxford University.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Faraday introduces Eloise to his girlfriend Theresa.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise asks Faraday to dinner without Theresa.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Despite Faraday's protests, Theresa lets him go with Eloise into the restaurant.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

At the restaurant, Faraday expresses his displeasure at Eloise's behaviour towards Theresa.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise says Faraday doesn't have time for women and that he needs to focus entirely on his job.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Faraday mentions that she received a grant from Widmore, for which Eloise relents apologizing, saying she did not come to argue with Faraday.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Before he left, he gave Faraday a gift, which is revealed to be a diary.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise works at a jewelry store, where Desmond arrives to buy an engagement ring for Penny.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

After Eloise shows him the ring, Desmond says he will take it, which saddens Eloise, who says she shouldn't take it.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

After Desmond refuses to return the ring, Eloise tells her that she knows Desmond's name, and that Desmond will break Penny's heart and that she will not marry Penny.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise says Desmond will travel to the island to press the key for three years before he turns the emergency key and unless he does so, everyone will die.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Desmond still fails to return the ring, which is why Eloise goes for a walk with him.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

At the same time, a loud noise is heard from the site, and Desmond notices the man who Eloise previously claimed had been involved in an accident and died.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Desmondin asks why Eloise didn't warn the man sooner.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise says that in this case, the man would have been hit by a car or broken his neck in the shower.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Eloise tells us that the universe has the ability to correct its course, and that death cannot be avoided.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Before she leaves, Eloise tells Desmond pushing a button is the only big act in her life.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

In 2004, Eloise visits Faraday in Essex.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Faraday plays piano as Eloise arrives.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

He asks if Faraday had been offered a job, to which Daniel answers in the affirmative but says he is unable to work because of his amnesia.


Question: How old did Daniel Boone get?

Eloise Hawking

Later, Widmore offered Faraday the job, which Eloise urged to accept.