Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During the Gupta family period, the kingdom ruled all of present-day northern India and the science and culture of the country flourished to such an extent that the time has been called the Golden Age or Classical Age of ancient India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, the Golden Age was limited only to the north and spread south only after the Gupta Empire had been defeated.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[4] [28] [29] The most notable achievements arose in religion, education, mathematics, art, and literature.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Religion later developed into modern Hinduism, education included grammar, medicine, astronomy and mathematics, among others.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Aryabhata, who invented the solar worldview and has also been regarded as the inventor of the figure zero, emerged as a prominent scientist.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[29] [30] Chandragupta I died in 335, and his son Samudragupta rose to power after him.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

At its greatest, the Gupta Empire was in the reign of Chandragupta II, who ruled between 375 and 415.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

This sought to expand the kingdom through war expeditions and marriage alliances.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Under Chandragupta II, the Gupta Empire defeated the Scythians and its power extended as far as the Arabian Sea, when important trade routes were under its authority.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[4] [28] [29] The Gupta Empire engaged in extensive trade to China and Southeast Asia, as well as to the West.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

From there, spices, herbs, sandalwood, peppers, pearls, precious stones and perfumes were exported.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In addition, many trade goods were transported through it between East and West.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Administratively, the Gupta Empire was very similar to the Maurya Empire 500 years earlier.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

A certain labor contribution and a large share of each crop were required of the peasants for the benefit of the kingdom, but the tax rate was not as high as it was during the Maurya period.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The standard of living of the inhabitants of the kingdom was quite high, especially the most prosperous townspeople.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The living standards and customs of the inhabitants are also told by philosopher Vatsuayana's famous book about the skills of love, Kamasutra, which came into being during the Gupta kingdom in the 3rd century.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[4] A long period of peace and prosperity was experienced under Chandragupta II's son, King Kumaragupta, in 415—454.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Towards the end of his term, Huns or Hephthalites arrived from the direction of Central Asia, inflicting heavy losses on the Gupta army.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, led by the king's son, Prince Skandagupta, the Huns were driven out of India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Skandagupta ruled the Gupta Empire itself from 454—467.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During his time there was a period of peace again in the country, but the kingdom had been weakened by constant wars.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Skandagupta was the last great Gupta, and upon his death the kingdom began to erode.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Hun forces returned to India at the end of the 4th century with an even larger force, and the forces of the Gupta king were no longer able to defeat the Huns invasion.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

By the end of the 5th century, the Gupta dynasty had nearly disappeared.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[4] [29] The Huns occupied the western part of present-day India and the Punjab, but even they were unable to hold the Indian Hunn kingdom under their king Mihirakula for about 30 years, from 500 until 530, until Yashodharman, who ruled Malwa, a former vassal of the Gupts, managed to drive Huns out of India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Yashodharman's kingdom did not last long either; it was lost at his death in 540.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[4] [31] [32] With the defeat of the Gupta Empire, the territory of northern India again broke up into several small kingdoms, and the situation thus returned to the same as it had been before Chandragupta came to power.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the more northern part, the kingdom led by King Harsha, who ruled most of the northern part of India in 606—647, emerged most powerful.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

After Harsha died, the kingdom was chopped into parts.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[4] The same happened to other North Indian kingdoms born in the coming centuries.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Although some of them were remarkably powerful, they disappeared after the death of their founding rulers.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

India's importance as an important trade route diminished as the country was divided into mutually warring small states.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] The arrival of Islam Islam emerged in the 6th century in the Middle East.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Adherents of the new religion rolled across Persia from Arabia, waging a holy war, jihad, against those who did not follow the will of god.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the late 6th century, Sindh belonging to Pakistan was the target of the first Arab invasion of the Indian subcontinent.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Arab expeditions of conquest did not reach further into India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The northern parts of the country were spared Muslim conquers for another 300 years, and the Arabs did not eventually spread Islam to India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, no time of peace was lived, as the country was the subject of constant bloody power struggles among the small kingdoms in the region.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [34] The territory of present-day northern and central India was ruled by the Rajputs, who are believed to have descended from the Huns who settled in the region.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Rajputs had adapted to Hinduism and formed several clans that rose to power in the 8th and 9th centuries.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The most prominent of these were the Chauhans, Chandelas, Chalukyas, Gurjara-Pratiharas and Paramaras, all of whom fought for most of the 10th and 13th century for supremacy of the region.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [35] The decisive Muslim conquerors were ultimately not the Arabs, but the Seljuks who belonged to the Turkic peoples.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Turkic peoples originated in Central Asia, and they conquered the land that later became present-day Turkey.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the 9th century, they established their dominance over the territory of present-day Afghanistan, with the emergence of the Ghaznavid Empire, whose centre was the city of Ghazni.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

From there, they continued their belting towards India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, also known as the sword of Islam, led brutal war expeditions to northern India beginning in 977.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Mahmud and his troops looted and disposed of several Indian Hindu temples and tens of thousands of people were killed.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Rajputs who held power were incapable of defending themselves against attackers equipped with fast horses and crossbows.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [34] In Mahmud's reign, the Punjab region became part of the Ghaznavid Empire, whose sphere of influence included the northwestern part of India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Muslim war expeditions failed to impress the rest of India, where much of the Indian rulers believed that Muslims would assimilate into Hindu culture, as had happened to the Huns and Scythians centuries earlier.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

This belief was reinforced by the fact that after Mahmud died, the threat of Islam was forgotten and the Indian kings continued their mutual struggle for power, leading the Hindu kings of India to be equally unprepared for the subsequent Muslim attacks.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, Muslims were among the first invaders unwilling and able to adopt local customs.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The development greatly influenced India's future.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] After Ghazni, dominance in the northwest of India was taken by the Ghurids.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Some 150 years after Mahmud's death, Sultan Muhammad of Ghur continued to invade India with the former slave warrior Qutb-ud-Din.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During the 1170th and 1180s, Mohammed established his power over the territory of present-day Pakistan and continued his war expeditions towards India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In 1191, Mohammed attacked the Rajput kingdoms that held power in northern parts of India, who briefly put aside their mutual power struggles and allied themselves behind Prithviraj III.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Muslims were repelled by the Rajputs, but Muhammad's forces returned the following year with a new army.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Internal strife among the Rajputs made the Indians vulnerable, and the Muslim army defeated and destroyed the Rajput army led by Prithviraj.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

They continued to attack other Rajput states, and by the early 13th century most of northern India had ended up under Muslim rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

With the conquests, Buddhist monasteries were eradicated by Muslims and all monks were slain.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Because of this, Buddhism completely disappeared from its birth regions.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [34] Delhi Sultanate Ghur ruler Muhammad was assassinated in 1206.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] He had no son, and divided his empire to his nephew and loyal Qutb al-Din Aibak.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[36] This established the Delhi Sultanate and declared himself its ruler.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] Aibak was not of exalted descent; he was technically a slave.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[37] In the early Islamic dynasties, there was a system in which young children were taken from their homes and brought into the Sultan's service as administration or soldiers.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Aibak was a slave soldier, or mameluk, who as an able soldier and leader rose to high status.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [36] According to him, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate has also been called the Slave Dynasty.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[37] [36] He built the tower of the Qutub Minar in Delhi, which served as a sign of victory over Hindus.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] Aibak died in 1210 and was succeeded as Sultan of Delhi by his son-in-law Iltutmiš.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He was tasked with assembling the territories defeated by Muslims into a unitary state.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He managed to consolidate Delhi's rule in the west as far as the Indus River, but in the east on the Ganges River plain, the Rajputs were fiercely opposed to Muslim rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Over the next hundred years, Delhi's power stabilized over much of northern India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, the country experienced external threats from its northwestern frontier and suffered from internal power struggles throughout its existence.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [34] Iltutmiš was succeeded on the throne in 1237 by his daughter Raziya, the only Muslim woman to rule in India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Raziya was assassinated in 1240 by his own palace guard.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Subsequently, the country was mired in internal power disputes.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

As the most prominent ruler after Raziya rose Balban.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [38] Balban was a slave from his background who had been abducted by the Mongols.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Through the brokerage of slavers, he ended up in Delhi, where he was bought by Iltutmishin.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Iltutmishin became convinced of Balban's abilities, and this emerged as one of his best slaves.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[38] Upon Iltutmishin's death, Balban emerged as the most prominent conspirator when Raziya was dethroned.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He first served under the Sultans who succeeded Raziya.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During Sultan Bahram's time as a great warrior, Balban and his troops managed to defeat the Mongol invasion.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Bahram was succeeded by Sultan Masud, in whose ousting Balban was also complicit.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He assisted in the enthronement of Sultan Nasir-ud-Din, who rewarded Balban by making this his vizier and marrying him his daughter.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[38] Nasir-ud-Din was not a powerful ruler, and real power increasingly passed into the hands of Balban.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Balban ruled under the Sultan over the country for nearly 20 years, until 1266, when Sultan Nasir-ud-Din died.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Nasir-ud-Din had made Balban his successor as Sultan of Delhi.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [38] Balban ruled his kingdom effectively, and a strong system of government was created in the country to maintain order.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He surrounded himself with bodyguards and reorganized his army, the leadership of which he gave to his entrusted men.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

With the help of a powerful army, the rebellions raised against Balban were relentlessly defeated.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Delhi Sultanate was threatened by the Mongols, who invaded the country frequently along the kingdom's western frontier.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [38] Balban lived to be over 80 years old, and he died in 1287.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

His former warlord Firuz Khalji seized power in 1290, thus ending the slave dynasty that ruled Delhi.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [34] [38] During the Khalji dynasty, Delhi's sphere of influence extended as far as middle India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The dynasty also carried out the first invasions into southern India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Also, the Khaljis were of Turkish origin.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In their time, Indian Muslims were also allowed into the highest posts, solidifying the country's foundations when previously only citizens of Central and West Asian origin had been trusted.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] The last ruler of the Khalji dynasty was overthrown and slain in 1320 when Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq, the first ruler and military commander of the Tughluq dynasty, seized power.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Tughluqs were of Turkish and Mongolian descent.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Ghiyas died in 1325, after which his son Muhammed-ibn-Tughluq rose to power.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [39] [40] Under Mohammed Tughluq, the Delhi Sultanate was at its greatest, and its sphere of influence extended as far as South India at the beginning of the reign.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, the kingdom began to implode as soon as it came to its greatest, as Mohammed Tughluq's governance caused discontent and eventually led to rebellion and the dissolution of the kingdom.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] The peasant population was heavily taxed, and there was a desire to forcibly relocate the population to the new capital, named Daulatabad, in the area of present-day Maharashtra.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Mohammed Tughluq thus wanted to protect himself from Mongol attacks as well.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The new capital proved unworkable, as northern India could not be so controlled from the south, and the capital and population were moved back to Delhi.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[39] [40] Economic decisions also drove the Delhi Sultanate into a cramped state.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Mohammed Tughluq adopted bronze coins that were already in use in the territory of present-day China and Iran.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Because of this, people began to cast in large quantities bronze forgeries.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The administration suffered financially, as more valuable gold and silver coins were received in exchange for counterfeits.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Eventually trade came to a halt and business was paralyzed and the decision was made to withdraw the new currency.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Administrative reforms also failed, as officials were not loyal to the Sultan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[40] Many parts of the kingdom were rebelled, and Vijayanagara and Madurai Sultanate emerged in southern India, the Bahmani Sultanate in central India and the Bengal Sultanate to the east.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

With the advent of Vijayanagara, Hindu power began to rise again in India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Muhammad Tughlaq died in 1351. At that time, Delhi's power no longer extended further south than the Vindhymountains.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [39] [40] He was succeeded in power by his cousin Firuz Shah Tughlaq, who relaxed practices and tried to improve the living conditions of the people.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[40] Firuz Shah Tughlaq died in 1388, after which the country was subjected to internal power struggles and a period of rapid decay followed.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [40] Delhi's chaos and land divisiveness were exploited by the terrible Central Asian conqueror Timur Lenk.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

His forces invaded Punjab and, in 1398, Delhi.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The city was brutally looted and disposed of.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The residents were slain and the survivors were taken as slaves.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The devastation was so complete that Delhi was abandoned for nearly 100 years.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [40] The power of the Delhi Sultanate was restored by the Lodi dynasty, which in 1450 deposed the Sayyid dynasty, which had held power in Delhi since the Tughlaqs at the beginning of the century.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Lodi were of Afghan background, and the first king of the dynasty was Bahlul Lodi.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He restored Delhi's rule over much of northern India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He was succeeded as ruler in 1489 by his son Sikander Lodi, who moved the country's capital to Agra.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During his term, many features of Hinduism and Islamic culture also began to coalesce.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] During the period of the Lodi dynasty, Sikhism emerged in northern India, strongly motivated by the interaction of Hinduism and Islam.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[41] [42] After Sikandar Lodi, Ibrahim Lodi came to power in 1517.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

His predecessors had relied on Afghan loyalty and the support of the Afghan noble, but Ibrahim tried to consolidate the absolute Sultan's rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] This caused discontent among the Afghan nobility, and the Punjab commandholders allied the territories of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan with Babur, who had overrun the territories of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Babur was a great-grandson of Timur Lenk and, on his mother's side, a descendant of Genghis Khan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[43] [44] [45] An army led by Babur invaded the Sultanate of Delhi controlled by the Lodi dynasty in 1526, and they faced each other at the Battle of Panipat.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Babur won the battle, and Ibrahim Lodi was slain.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

With Babur's victory, the era of the Delhi Sultanate in India came to an end and the era of grand moguls began.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] Southern Kingdoms in South India As the rule of the Tughluq dynasty declined, the rival Islamic Bahmani Sultanate and the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire emerged.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Vijayanagar was founded by brothers Harihara and Bukka, who had become prisoners of war in Delhi.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

They converted to Muslims and attained the trust of the Sultan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

As the Hindus in the south revolted, they were given the task of restoring order, but they decided to convert to Hinduism and declare Vijayanagar independent in 1336.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Bahmani Sultanate, on the other hand, was founded in 1347 by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, the former commandholder of the Tughluqs.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Its period lasted almost two centuries until it in the early 15th century broke up into five Deccan sultanates, which were Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda, Berar and Ahmednagar.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [46] Vijayanagar, for almost all of its existence, was forced to wage war against its Muslim neighbours, but the Hindu kingdom was nevertheless able to counter the threat posed by Muslim sultanates.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Vijayanagar was a major centre of Hinduism, from which trade was traded to Southeast Asia, China, Africa and Portugal.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

At its most prosperous, the kingdom was in the early 16th century, when the country was ruled by King Krishna Deva Raya.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He also remained the last great king of Vijayanagar.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the era of his followers, the divisive Muslim sultanates of the Deccan put aside their mutual power struggle and formed an alliance against the Hindu Vijayanagar.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In 1565, the Hindus suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Talikota and Vijayanagar was defeated.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[33] [46] Mogul Kingdom The genesis of the kingdom The Mogul Muslim dynasty ruled most of the territory of present-day India for nearly 200 years during the 16th and 17th centuries.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The era is one of the most glorious in Indian history, with a wealth of information available from various sources, unlike many other periods of the country's history.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[45] The Mogul kingdom was founded by Babur, who was a Central Asian by birth.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He initially tried to gain command over the Samarkand region in what is now Uzbekistan, without success.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] Babur lived with his small band, roaming and wandering in Central Asia.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

His force included, at its smallest, 200 men, most of them infantrymen.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[45] In 1504, he gained control of the present Afghan capital of Kabul, where he founded the new Kingdom.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] [47] In 1526, Babur's army defeated the army of the Lodi dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate at the Battle of Panipat.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Babur's army was 25,000 men, while the army of Lodies is said to have been 100,000 men.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, the armament and tactics of Babur's army brought his army a crushing victory.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] The victory at the Battle of Panipat defeated the Delhi Sultanate, but the Rajput rulers assembled an army of 80,000 men against Babur.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Rajputs were defeated by the Moguli army at the Battle of Khanua in 1527.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The territory of present-day Rajasthan still remained under Rajput rule, but after their defeat they were no longer able to defy the rising mogul power.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

With the victory, the Moguls' influence extended to much of northern India, but the Afghan chiefs did not accept Babur's rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He still faced a third major battle against an Afghan army led by Mahmud Lodi, Ibrahim's brother.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In 1529, in a battle near Patna, the Mogul army defeated Mahmud Lodi's forces, and the Moguls thus managed to consolidate their grip on the northern Indian territory.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[45] Babur, however, did not have time to consolidate his power, for he died in 1530.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

At his death, the Moguls' power extended from Afghanistan to Bengal.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] Babur was succeeded in power by his son Humayun.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Sher Khan, an Afghan, emerged as his biggest threat.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Sher Khan's Afghan forces took Delhi in 1540, and Humayun trekked into exile to Persia.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He spent nearly ten years there and had the Shah of Persia as his supporter.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Shar Khan crowned himself king in the meantime and took as his name Sher Shah Suri.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, Shar Khan died in 1545 while he was in central India besieging the Kalinjar stronghold of the Rajputs.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Without death, the mogul power might never have returned to India again.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the same year, Humayun, with the help of Persian troops, regained Kabul and Kandahar.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Ten years later, in 1555 Humayun and his troops recaptured Delhi and Agra under Mogul rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Humayun did not have time to rule for long after his victory, for he died accidentally in 1556.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] [48] The expansion of the kingdom after Humayun came to power by his 13-year-old son Akbar.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

This was advised by Bairam Khan, a loyal general of Humayun.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the same year, the forces of Bairam Khan and Akbar were confronted in the Second Battle of Panipat by the forces of the Hindu general Hemu, who were reaching out to Delhi and Agra under his rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] The Mogul army was beaten in battle by Hindu forces, and mogul power gradually stabilized in northern India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[45] [49] At the age of 17, in 1560 Akbar sacked Bairam Khan and continued to rule the kingdom on his own.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[45] Akbar felt that the Rajputs still controlling parts of northern India posed a threat to the Mogul kingdom, as Hindu states might have offered the rebels refuge.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The most prominent Rajput state was Mewar, led by Udai Singh.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He did not agree to any kind of deals with the moguls who ruled Delhi.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In 1567—1568, Akbar besieged the fort of Chitor, a large stronghold on a rock.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[45] [49] After a great battle, the fortifications were overrun by the Mogul army, which the Rajputs who defended did not surrender but fought furiously to the death.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

About 300 women and an unknown number of children died in the jauhar ritual, in which women and children threw themselves to be slain by flames as the men fought to the death.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The surviving approximately 30,000 lives were killed on Akbar's orders as a cautionary example to other Hindu strongholds.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The deterrent effect worked, as after the Chitor massacre, the bastions of Ranthambore and Kalinjar surrendered without resistance, and the Rajasthan region was left under mogul rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[45] [50] Akbar was a brilliant ruler, but the events of Chitor cast a dark shadow on his reign.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[49] Moguls continued their conquests in the northern parts of India, and by 1590, mogul power was well established in the region.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Subsequently, Akbar turned his attention to the Deccan sultanates in central India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Akbar was further defied by old enemy Udai Singh.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He built a new capital at Udaipur.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[45] [50] Akbar understood that mogul power would not last indefinitely if it did not gain the support of the Hindu population.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Akbar entered into marriage alliances with the Rajputs and made the rajput chiefs rulers of their respective territories operating under mogul rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Akbar also abolished the jizya tax, which was to be paid by all non-Muslims.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Pro-Hindu actions caused Akbar to change in the eyes of the people, and he was no longer perceived as a foreign king.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Akbar attempted to create a new religion by which Muslims and Hindus might serve god together.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Religion, however, died with Akbar.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] Akbar also reorganised the administration of the country.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The country was divided into provinces, which were further subdivided into smaller administrative regions.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Taxation was also made fairer, given the country's grain-producing capacity.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Thanks to Akbar, an effective administration was created in the country, tying the entire Mogul kingdom together.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] Akbar died in 1605.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

His mausoleum is located near Agra.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Among the most prominent of his legacies is present day Fatehpur Sikri, which he built as the royal capital.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] Akbar was succeeded by his son Jahangir, who inherited a more stable and larger kingdom from his father than had existed in India for nearly a thousand years.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He expanded the kingdom further through war expeditions and at last also Udaipur was forced to submit to mogul rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The kingdom's sphere of influence also extended southwards at the expense of the Deccan sultanates.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Most notable during Jahangir's reign was his wife, Queen Nur Jahan, who ruled the kingdom alongside her husband.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Nur Jahan's reign also caused internal power struggles between him and his stepson Shah Jahan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Jahangir died in 1627 and Shah Jahan succeeded him on the throne.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] Shah Jahan ruled the Mogul kingdom for nearly 30 years.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During his reign, the Sultanate of Ahmednagar merged into part of the Mogul Kingdom.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

On the other hand, the moguls lost territory to Persia from present-day Afghanistan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The most visible legacy of Shah Jahan's reign is the Taj Mahal built by him in Agra, which he built as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] The decay of the kingdom Shah Jahan fell seriously ill in 1657, sparking a power struggle among his sons.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Shah Jahan's favorite to take the throne was his eldest son Dara Shukoh.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Aurangzeb, who served as commander of the Mogul army, executed his brothers Dara Shukoh and Murad Bakhsh.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Shah Shuja, meanwhile, was driven from the country and Sultan Shah Jahan was imprisoned in his palace, where he lived the last eight years of his life.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] Aurangzeb was known for his rise to power as a relentless and distrustful king.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In truth, his procedures were not exceptional for their time.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Aurangzeb rose to power in 1658, and he ruled the Mogul Kingdom until 1707.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Aurangzeb took it upon himself to restore Islamic supremacy and pursued an anti-Hindu policy at the very beginning of his term.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He introduced the jizya tax abolished under Akbar, destroyed Hindu temples and turned them into mosques.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Aurangzeb's policies raised rebellions among Hindus and the Jats, or those belonging to the farmer caste, rose up in several rebellions which were bloody suppressed.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

War broke out again with the Rajputs as Aurangzeb attempted to annex the Rajput-controlled Marwar to his control.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Sikhs who remained calm in the past also rose up in opposition to Aurangzeb.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] Even the southernmost parts of the Indian subcontinent came under mogul rule during the Aurangzeb period when Bijapur surrendered after a year-and-a-half siege in 1686.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

After this, Golconda remained the last independent Sultanate of the Deccan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Mogul forces recaptured Hyderabad, which served as its capital, only a month and a half after Bijapur.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] However, the Mogul kingdom led by Aurangzeb had decayed from its innards.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The kingdom was held together by the integration of its religions and peoples.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

When Islam was raised above everything and rebellions were suppressed, the decadence of the kingdom only progressed.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In addition, the fighting of large military forces in southern India dragged attention away from the north, where the Rajputs still revolted.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, the Marathi people living in the mountains of the Western Ghats had emerged as the greatest enemy of Aurangzeb.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[44] [45] [51] Marathi was led by Shivaji, under whose leadership the Marathi conquered many plateau areas from the Moguls and created their new principality in the area of present-day Maharashtra in 1674.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Shivaji died in 1680, but he had, prior to this, created the beginning of a nation from the Maraths.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Today he is regarded in India as a national hero.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[45] [51] Aurangzeb died at the age of 88 in 1707.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[52] He ruled until the end of his life, but the foundations of the mogul kingdom had already begun to irrevocably crumble.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Aurangzeb was succeeded by his son Bahadur Shah I. Bahadur Shah was already 64 years old when he rose to power, and was in reality the last grand mogul.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[52] [53] His successors no longer held real power in India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Bahadur managed to make peace with the Rajputs and suppressed the Sikh revolt.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Marathis during his reign focused on their own civil war.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Bahadur Shah I died in 1712 and he did not have time in his lifetime to save the crumbling of mogul power.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

His death was followed by a series of infighting within the Mogul kingdom.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the 18th century, there were 14 different rulers in the kingdom, but none of them was the savior of the mogul power.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] The Mogul Kingdom's grip on provinces outside Delhi was weakening throughout, and new kingdoms emerged in India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

To the north developed the Kingdom of Oudh with Lucknow as its capital, [53] and around Hyderabad in southern India emerged the Nizam-ruled state of Hyderabad.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Nizams were Muslim nobles operating under mogul rule, but after the collapse of mogul rule, they began to operate independently.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] [54] [55] Northeast Indian Bengal emerged with its own administration, with Murshidabad as its capital.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Marathi Empire grew after the period of Bahadur Shah I in the 1720s and 1730s, and their conquest of central India split the Mogul kingdom in two, leaving the southern parts of the country no longer under Delhi's control.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

After Shivaji's death, the Marathi kingdom no longer developed into an integral kingdom, but was rather a loose union formed by peoples led by the peshwa.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] [51] By the 1730s, the Mogul Kingdom had weakened to such an extent that the Persian shah Nadir Šah invaded India with his armies.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Persians defeated the Mogul army at the Battle of Karnal with ease and marched to Delhi, where the city was pillaged and brutally destroyed.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Almost 30,000 people are presumed to have been killed in the massacre of townspeople.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] [56] Mogul power was further weakened when, following the death of Nadir Šah of Persia, an Afghan-dominated Dorrani Empire, led by Ahmad Šah Dorrani, emerged in 1747 on the territory of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[57] The Afghans invaded India knowing that the Mogul army was unable to prevent their raiding expeditions.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The moguls even allied themselves with their enemies the Marathi, but even they were unable to deter Ahmad Shah's forces.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] The weakness of the Mogul kingdom and alliance with the Marathi people caused the Marathi to dream of a new kingdom.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In 1761, the Marathis faced the Afghans at the Third Battle of Panipat.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Better equipped and more skilled as wargoers, Afghans slammed the Marathi army almost perfectly.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

75,000 men fell and 30,000 were captured.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

At the same time, the Marathi power also fell in northern India, as after the Panipat disaster they were no longer able to administer the region.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Afghan army retreated back to Afghanistan as the army revolted.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

A power vacuum arose in northern India, which was successfully filled by the Sikhs, whose power in the region had risen as mogul power had decayed.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

A Sikh state was born in the area.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] [51] [58] [59] Era of colonialism Arrival of Europeans The first Europeans in India were the Portuguese, who in 1510 acquired Goa as their trading base.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

From there they traded to other parts of Asia.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] [46] [60] Mutual competition among Europeans in the Asian spice trade was also brought to India in the 17th century by the Dutch and English.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Dutch East Indies Trade Company was formed in 1602 and the English East Indies Trade Company in 1600.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The English established three trading bases in India in the 17th century, in Madras, Bombay and Calcutta.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[60] The Netherlands acquired many small trading bases from local rulers throughout India and Ceylon.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[61] [62] [63] [64] [65] The trading power in India passed to the Britons in the 18th century.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

As their activity grew, trading bases grew rapidly and by the time of 1750, there were already 100,000 people living in Calcutta.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] [60] The French established their own trading company after the Dutch and the English, and Pondicherry as their headquarters.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the 18th century, the French proved to be a strong competitor to the Britons in the Indian trade.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] [60] As mogul power weakened, Indian affairs also became increasingly interfered with Europeans.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The French of Pondicherry and the British of Madras began to support their own favourites for the throne.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] Countries competed for control of their own interests, and the countries' conflicts of interest escalated into Carnatic wars from 1746 onwards.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[66] [67] In the wars, small French and British military forces, supported by Indian-trained military forces, or sepoys, fought each other for control of strategic locations.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] The Seven Years' War broke out in Europe in 1756, where Britain and France were on opposite sides.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The effects of the war were immediately felt in India as well.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Carnatic Wars culminated when British forces defeated the French at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and occupied Pondicherry in 1761.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Under the Paris Peace Treaty after the war, Pondicherry was returned to France, but the French were only allowed to use the city as their trading base and were not allowed to keep military forces in India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The treaty meant that nothing would stop the British Empire from expanding in India any more.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[66] [67] Expansion of British power The real impetus for the growth of British power was given by the 1757 conquest of Bengal.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Nawab who ruled Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, with his gangs, took over the British colony of Calcutta, looting and massacring the population.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

British troops were sent from Madras and recaptured Calcutta for the Britons.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, Robert Clive, who led the army, acted stubbornly and continued to fight to recapture all of Bengal, even though his task was only to retake Calcutta.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The 800 European soldiers and 2000 sepoys led by Clive faced Siraj-ud-Daulah's army of more than 50,000 men at the Battle of Plassey, where it became clear the superiority of Europeans equipped with muskets and canons against an Indian force larger in numbers.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British gained control of all of Bengal after the battle and Siraj-ud-Daulah was executed.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] [60] [68] [69] The first Governor-General of the Merchant Company was named in 1774 by Warren Hastings.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Thanks to his actions, British power in India continued to expand.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He made treaties with the Indians, but he also experienced resistance from local rulers.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

British rule was opposed by the Marathi Kingdom, the Nizam of Hyderabad, which was the sole relic of Mogul rule in South India, and the Kingdom of Mysore, which had increased its influence after the fall of mogul rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During his tenure, Hastings was forced to repel incursions by Indians opposed to British rule on an ongoing basis.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[53] During Richard Wellesley's term as governor from 1798 to 1805, Europeans succeeded in capturing Hyderabad and Mysore.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Once and for all, Mysore was defeated by the British in 1799, and half of the territory it controlled was annexed into British territories.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

With Hyderabad, the British reached a peaceful agreement, as the ruler of Hyderabad feared both Mysore and the Maraths.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Hyderabad agreed to assume the protection of the British, and it remained a separate protégé state until the independence of India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] It was only after three Marathi wars that the Marathi were finally defeated.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Marathi Wars initially became so expensive for the trading company that Wellesley was called home to England.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Marathis did not form a unified state; instead, the Marathis, made up of several chiefdoms, had to be defeated one by one.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In 1819, even the last Marathi chief was forced to accept being a protégé of the British.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Rajputs also surrendered to the Brits.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] The last strong opposition to British rule was formed by the Sikh state in Punjab of northwestern India led by Ranjit Singh.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

After Ranjit Singh died, the Sikhs were caught up in internal power struggles, something the British tried to exploit.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Sikhs were only defeated after the First in 1845—1846 and the Second Sikh War of 1848—1849.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British suffered significant male losses in the Sikh Wars.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

After the fall of the Sikhs, all of Punjab was taken over by the trading company, and the entire Indian subcontinent was under British rule by 1850.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] The British undertook extensive reforms in India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

According to their view, India came to be modernized according to the British model, as only this would make possible the development of the country.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During William Bentinck's gubernatorial term, 1828—1835, English was made the official language of India, supplanting Persian as the language of administration and education.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Customs considered barbaric, such as the widow burning ritual sati, were outlawed in 1829.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] [71] Artificial irrigation systems and infrastructure were developed in the country.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During James Dalhousie's gubernatorial term, 1848—1856, the first railway miles of India were built.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The education system was developed and universities were opened in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta in 1857.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] Not all the reforms made by the British were pleasing to the Indian population.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

According to the British model, the heir to the throne could only have been a descendant of the monarch, while the Indian custom was that the monarch had the right to choose his successor.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British administration did not accept the Indian custom, but recognised only this natural descendant as the successor of the monarch.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

If the ruler died without descendants, the British took for themselves the lands of this.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British considered the governance of the Indian rulers to be poor, giving reason to supplant local rulers by abolishing their posts and titles.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] [72] Sepoy Rebellion The Indian rule class looked with concern at the reforms undertaken by the British.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The spread of English-language education, social reforms, abolition of posts and transfer of power to the British, and increased Christian missionary work caused Indians to fear for their culture and religion.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The unease was also evident among the sepoys of Indian military forces trained by the British.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

They played a key role for the Brits in the victorious Marathi and Sikh Wars.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In 1857, the strength of the sepoy army was 200,000 men, compared to 10,000 British soldiers.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

When the Army introduced the Lee—Enfield rifle, whose cartridges had to be bitten off before reloading, rumors spread among sepoys that the cartridges had been greased with animal fat.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

This was sacrilege for both Hindus and Muslims, as the cow is a sacred animal for Hindus and the pig is unclean to Muslims.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Bengal sepoy army went into rebellion to defend its own religion, and in May 1857 the sepoys occupied Delhi, killing every oncoming European.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The last grand mogul Bahadur Shah II was declared ruler by the Sepoys against the will of his self.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

After the takeover of Delhi, the rebellions expanded elsewhere and fierce fighting took place in Lucknow and Kanpur [70] [73] The situation looked hopeless for the British, as its army was scattered along the Indian subcontinent.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Not all sepoys took up opposition to the British, the sepoys of Madras and Bombay remained loyal to the Britons.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The major principalities and Sikhs also supported the British.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The leaderless sepoy army was divisive, giving the Brits and its allies time to rally their forces.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In September 1858, the British and their allies took Delhi, and Lucknow and Kanpur were also recaptured after bloody battles.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] [73] British India After the Sepoy Rebellion, Indian administration was taken away from the trading company and the authority of command was placed under the Crown.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Indian Territory became British India,, which was ruled by the British government.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British understood the root causes of the sepoy rebellion to have been excessive interference with Indian customs.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The policy was changed so that the British no longer interfered in the country's internal affairs.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British made treaties with local rulers and thus sought to keep them happy.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The boundaries of the Indian kingdoms were guaranteed, and 542 principalities of various sizes remained in the country.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Principalities were run by maharajahs who were effectively vassal kings of the British.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] [72] The last grand mogul Bahadur Shah II was exiled to Burma, thus ending the Mogul dynasty once and for all.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[72] The army was reorganised so that the sepoys could no longer rise in rebellion.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the future, Indian soldiers could not be compared to Europeans than the ratio of two to one.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The most effective types of weapons were held in the hands of Europeans.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Indians were also not allowed to become officers.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The legal system was reformed and only the British legal system was introduced.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] After the Sepoy Rebellion, the British population of India had reservations about the Indians.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British built their residence under the shelter of military posts that sprang up along India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Indians considered inferior were subject to great racial prejudice and interactions with them were avoided.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the second half of the 19th century, the politics of racial segregation


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] [72] The era of British rule had a great influence on future India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The country's rail and road network developed at a pace to connect different parts of the country.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Telegraph lines were also built in the country to improve communication links.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

English was the only language of communication instead of numerous regional languages.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Industry developed at a breakneck pace, with large quantities of cotton, wheat, tea, coffee and jute being exported from India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 further spurred trade in the country, tying India to the international economy.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

At the same time, the country's banking sector developed, which further spurred the industrialization of the country and the construction of factories.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The merchant class of large cities quickly prospered.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] [72] However, the British self-interest was behind all economic development, and there was an indifference towards the development of Indian industry.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Industrial development was borne by Indian industrialists such as Jamsetji Tata.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] With the awakening of nationalism in the 19th century, Indians became increasingly aware of the history of the country, contributing to the elevation of national feeling.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Along with this, a new flourishing of Hinduism was experienced when religious reformer Ram Mohan Roy tackled the grievances of Hinduism such as widow-burning, child marriages, animal sacrifice and caste establishment.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He was followed by other Reformers such as Dayananda Saraswati and Ramakrishna, who emphasized the virtues of Hinduism and rejected old Hindu practices.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] The growing sense of nationality was accentuated with the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885, which later became the country's dominant political party.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The National Congress, made up of the elite, was initially very moderate and pro-British.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

They didn't want independence for India, they wanted reforms that would give them a bigger say.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British did not acquiesce to the demands, who felt that the sparse elite did not represent all of India, and they also maintained their own racial superiority.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British sense of superiority over the Indians gradually made these unhappy.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [74] Discontent was also provoked by the famine experienced in South India between 1876 and 1878.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The famine was not India's first, but it was largely bred by British activity.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Large quantities of food were exported to Europe from India that could have reduced hunger deaths.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Various estimates suggest that between 5 and 10 million people perished in the famine.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[75] [76] [77] One of the events that bred Indians' nationalism was the 1905 partition of Bengal.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

George Curzon, who served as viceroy, decided to divide the generously forcible province to intensify administration.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Muslims formed the majority in the east, with Hindus in the majority in the West.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The opinion of the local population on the matter was not asked, prompting large protests and a boycott of British products in Bengal.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The protests were suppressed by the British, but the rise of nationalism was not defeated.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

After the terrorist attacks and acts of violence that followed the events, the British attempted to de-escalate the situation through political reforms.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [74] The actions of the British also prompted the National Congress to demand self-government.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

At the same time, the Muslims of India organized themselves in order to preserve their own identity.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

About a fifth of the population were Muslims, but they lived well scattered across India and as a majority they were only in a few areas.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

They had little influence, as the Congress was mainly influenced by Hindu Brahmans.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Muslim League was formed in 1906 in the country to serve Muslim interests.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] In 1911, King George V of Britain visited India as the first British monarch.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] On his visit, he announced the cancellation of the partition of Bengal.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[74] At the same time, the decision was announced to move the capital of India from Calcutta to New Delhi, as Delhi was historically the main seat of many Indian kingdoms.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The new town was officially completed for use in 1931.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[70] The rise of nationalism in India was also boosted by the First World War, where Indian soldiers fought faithfully alongside the British.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In total, about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and workers served in Europe, Africa and the Middle East.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Indian government and local princes also sent lots of food, money and ammunition.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In India, it was expected that sacrifices would be rewarded with greater sovereignty.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[74] Of the British colonies, Canada and Australia, where the majority were Caucasian, already enjoyed considerable sovereignty.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

More than 60000 Indians died in the war, domestically again suffered from high taxation and disruption of trade due to war.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] The British did not live up to the expectations of the Indians.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In 1916, the Congress Party and the Muslim League agreed in Lucknow to work together to obtain greater self-government.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [74] With the end of the war, the economic downturn escalated the situation and the British dashed any hope of political change.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British policy of suppression culminated in the 1919 Amritsar massacre when, in Amritsar, Punjab, a British detachment of troops led by General Reginald Dyer opened fire on an unarmed crowd of people.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

There was no escape from the walled area and 400 people were killed and more than 1000 wounded in the massacre.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The knowledge of the massacre and the fact that Dyer never received punishment for his actions deeply shocked India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [74] [78] The national movement of events in Amritsar took as its goal the complete independence of the country.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[78] The British were no longer trusted thereafter and millions of Indians who had been loyal to the Britons ceased to support colonial hosts and began to support the independence movement.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [74] The national movement was revived after the events by Congress Party leader Motilal Nehru.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] Gandhi and the independence movement as the figurehead of the Indian independence movement emerged after the events in Amritsar as Mahatma Gandhi.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He was by birth from a Gujarati merchant family and had been educated in London and practised the profession of a lawyer in South Africa.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He returned to India in 1915, after which he devoted himself to improving conditions for the poor in India and criticised the injustice of British rule.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Gandhi opposed violence and did not approve of resorting to it under any circumstances.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He used his ideas to be referred to as satyagraha, which meant self-control and non-violence.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [79] According to Gandhi, the most effective way to resist unjust rule by the British was large-scale civil disobedience.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He favored boycotts, strikes and refusal to act together.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Gandhi got millions of Indians involved in the independence movement.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The movement was also joined by India's working-class population, and the struggle for independence no longer belonged solely to the elite contingent of the Congress Party.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

During the inter-world wars, Gandhi organized three civil disobedience campaigns, in 1920, 1930 and 1942.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The first campaign was forced to be suspended in 1922 following a series of acts of violence against British police officers.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In the same year, Gandhi was arrested, and he served time in prison until 1924.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [79] Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the son of former leader Motilal Nehru, was named to the leadership of the Congress Party in 1929.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

He was Gandhi's favourite to run the Congress.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Other Congress leaders in deciding positions were Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Subhas Chandra Bose and Jaya-prakash Narayan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Congress approved Gandhi's leadership in the national endeavors, but did not take a position to obtain concessions from the Britons.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [79] of Gandhi's campaigns, the most notable was the 1930 Salt March.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Gandhi, with his 78 supporters, walked the 400-mile journey from Ahmedabad to the seaside to make salt.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Gandhi wanted to show how the British trampled on the status of even India's poorest population by monopolising the manufacture of salt in India, which had inherently large quantities of salt.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Gandhi's salt march prompted many Indians to engage in demonstrations, boycotts and strikes.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British responded to the agitation by imprisoning 60,000 people.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

However, they were forced to make concessions, for they found that they would otherwise be incapable of holding India.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [79] India's partition and independence by the coming of the mid-1930s, British power in India was declining.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

In 1935, the Government of India Act was enacted, where substantial concessions were made.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The British held supreme command authority, but the administration of the eleven provinces of British India was given to the elected Indians.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Congress Party was successful in the elections, gaining a leading position in seven provinces.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

Its only real rival, the Muslim League, was less successful.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [79] The leader of the Muslim League was Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who had previously served in the Congress Party.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The success of the Hindu-majority Congress Party in elections began to reinforce the fear among the country's Muslims of falling under Hindu rule


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

The Muslim League began to gain more and more followers from Muslims in India with the success of the Congress Party.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] [80] Jinnah did not accept minority status for Muslims in Hindu-majority India; instead, he wanted to separate from India from Muslim-majority Pakistan.


Question: What region and province consists of the northern part of the Indus River Valley?

History of India

[10] World War II formed as a decisive event in India's struggle for independence.