Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[6] The Baltic linguistic-cultural divide was formed in the Middle Iron Age between 450 and 800 shares.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

To the north were the Finno-Ugric peoples and to the south the Baltic peoples.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[7] Around the 10th century, settlement became more dense and whole new areas were introduced for cultivation [8].


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

At that time, permanently inhabited ancient castles began to be built as well.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

They were apparently built by the most prosperous part of the people, which speaks to the progress of social development.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Vikings did not establish colonies in Estonia, but they visited the area on raiding and trade expeditions.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[9] Towards the Middle Ages In 1030, Yaroslav the Wise, Prince of Kiev, made a war expedition to present-day Tartu and established a base called Yuryev on the site.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[10] The Slavs made war and taxation expeditions to Estonia still in the 12th century, and Estonians on the other hand to their territories.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Slavic princes failed to take the territories, and by the time of entering the 13th century Estonia was independent of them.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonians made war expeditions by sea to Sweden and Denmark, among others.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[11] By the time of the 13th century, some Estonian territories had developed to the provincial level, while others were still at the engagement level.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[12] The social structure took shape as early feudal until the reign of the Germans became feudal.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[13] The lowest group in society, apart from the elite and the peasants, were slaves who were partly imported from elsewhere but also locals dependent on the elite.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[14] Middle Ages and the beginning of a new age The reign of the Teutonic Order As Western Christendom and German settlements expanded in the early 13th century, the Germans conquered the Livonian and Lättic territories and established the city of Riga as their base (1201).


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In order to protect the Baltic German settlements, Bishop Albert von Buxhoevden founded the Kalpar Order in 1202, [15] which started a war of conquest against the pagan Estonians in 1208.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Danish king too assembled a crusading army and sought to take Saaremaa and northern Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

At the head of the Estonian resistance was Sakalan Lembitu, the elder of the United Provinces.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[16] The bloody war lasted almost 20 years, but eventually Estonia was subjugated and divided into the territories of the Kalparitariisto, the city of Riga and the Bishop of Riga.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The vacant Saaremaa was subjugated in 1227, and the territory of Tallinn, acquired by Denmark in 1219, also passed to the Order.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, the Order and the Bishop of Riga, a representative of the Church, soon drifted into a dispute over the administrative territories and into civil war.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Calparian Order won the war but, weakened, was absorbed into the Teutonic Order.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The northern territories of Estonia were returned in 1238 to Denmark.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[17] For several centuries, the territory of present-day Estonia was divided into Vironland and Livonia, the latter of which also comprised the northern part of present-day Latvia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

German Estonia was divided into dioceses, the basis of which was the earlier provincial institution.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Both the spiritual and secular head of the diocese was the bishop, with the exception of the territory left to Denmark.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

There were clear differences in society, and since the regulations were exclusively German-speaking (so that Germans who came to them from outside), German-speakers practically dominated the Estonian speaking population.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The subjugation relationship sharpened throughout German rule.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[18] The peasants gradually fell into serf status [19].


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The conflict between the Order and the Church over the exercise of supreme power in the Baltics was not reconciled; instead, the dispute erupted into a civil war of 1297—1330, at the conclusion of which the Order succeeded in subjugating the archbishop.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[18] Denmark sold its territories to the Teutonic Order in 1346, when the Germans controlled all of Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Until the beginning of the 15th century, Estonia had a fairly peaceful period, but the Teutonic Order's expansionist efforts took it into war with Polish-Lithuania in 1409.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Order suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg, after which its status and prestige began to deteriorate.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[20] In the 15th century, the number and importance of those obliged to equip vassals, or horsemen, by princes grew.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

They began to establish estates and gradually gained their peasant settlers completely in their power.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The vassals were generally German, the initiatives Estonians.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Inheritance was provided for the prerogatives of the manor, meaning the peasant owned his estate in principle, but neither he nor his heirs were allowed to sell or dispose of it without the permission of the manor.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Combined with the day-to-day labour obligation that became regular and the tax-collection rights of the estate owner, inheritance subordination effectively made the peasants serfs.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, this estate institution, which has a significant influence on Estonian and Latvian culture, did not immediately cover all of Estonia but grew little by little and only gained dominance in the 18th or 19th centuries.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[21] Trade through cities was dominated by the Hanseatic League, to which the main Baltic cities as equals belonged.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Tallinn and Tartu became the leading cities in trade with Novgorod.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

As Novgorod came under the rule of the Moscow Principality and its Hanseatic branch was closed, trade in the east was increasingly concentrated in the Baltic cities, thus prospering the region.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[22] The Reformation and the exhortation of the power of the Teutonic Order The centers of the Reformation were cities.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The bourgeoisie supported the Reformation because it reduced the power of the clergy, while the clergy and nobility opposed it.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

This led to contacts between the enactments, but the Reformation was put into effect in all Estonian cities by 1526, and in 1554 the Lutheran faith was declared legal in the Landtag alongside Catholicism.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

After the Reformation, Estonian religious literature began to be printed and teaching activities shifted from the church to the raids that ruled the cities.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[23] In the 16th century Russia and the Scandinavian states intensified, while a military vacuum formed in Estonia and Latvia following the loss of the Order's ability to effectively defend the region.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Order relied on Polish-Lithuania against Russia, which invaded Livonia in 1558, and as a result it was forced to cede Livonia to Poland-Lithuania.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In 1561, Tallinn and some other northern parts of Estonia resigned from the Order and joined Sweden, effectively ending the Order's rule in the Baltics.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Sweden and Russia fought a 25-year war over Estonia, at the end of which Russia recognised Sweden's right to the north of Estonia against Käkisalmi County.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

After a lengthy war, Sweden received Livonia from Poland-Lithuania in 1629.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In 1645, Saaremaa passed from Denmark to Swedish rule, leaving virtually all of the Baltics north of Lithuania in Swedish possession.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[24] The long war period of the 16th century and early 17th centuries weakened Estonia economically.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The flexing of the power of the Order led to an increase in the non-German population, for example, a lot of Finns migrated to large cities.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Still, Baltic Germans survived as an upper class for hundreds more years.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[25] During Swedish rule, the Baltic region of Sweden was divided into two provinces: the Duchy of Estonia and the Order of Livonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

They were administratively completely separate and developed in different directions.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonia did not have to hand over troops to Sweden for the Thirty Years' War, but it had to pay for the war effort.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

It increased the burden on the peasants together with the extra taxes already imposed upon the invasion of Livonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[26] The Duchy of Estonia was headed by a commandholder, beginning in 1673 a Governor-General.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

His powers were extensive, but he needed the consent of the knighthood for decrees concerning the nobility.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Estonian nobility retained their former rights during the period of Swedish rule.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

For example, the Quarter Reduction of 1655 did not take place in the Baltics due to opposition from the nobility.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The supreme jurisdiction was with the Governor-General, but the subordinate rights were held by the nobility.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Governor-General's civil service was mostly Swedish and Finnish.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[27] Sweden's initially weak power consolidated over time.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

At the end of the 17th century, the nobility's holdings were transferred to the Swedish crown in Estonia in a ratio of 2/5 and in Saaremaa in proportion 3/10.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Yet the power of the estates remained considerable and the feudal system did not have time before the Great Northern War broke out to renew itself.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Feudal features included that the estates also had jurisdictional and public authority, and that peasant estates not belonging to the estates were subordinate to them.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

At the beginning of the 17th century, though, the jurisdiction of the manor lords was transferred to the land courts, leaving the estates no longer with what is known as homestream law, which entitled them to punish their prerogatives for neglect of labour and tax obligations.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The estates, during Swedish rule, had the obligation to collect state taxes as well and to allocate to the fledgers tasks imposed by the Crown, such as accommodation for soldiers and maintenance of roads.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[28] The status of Estonian cities declined during Swedish rule.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Trade between Sweden, Finland and Estonia was mainly through Tallinn.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Tartu declined in importance due to its remoteness.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Sweden reformed the church establishment and Lutheranism established itself in the lowest strata of society during Swedish rule, among other things, the new church law required priests to know the language of their parishioners.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

There were many Finnish priests in Estonia due to the easy assimilation of the language.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Chimnases were established in Tartu and Tallinn between 1630 and 1631 for the purpose of educating spiritual and secular scholars.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The kimnaise of Tartu was converted into the University of Tartu in 1632.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonian literature developed considerably, with some of the most important works being Georg Müller's collection of sermons from 1600—1606 and the translation of the entire Bible in 1736, the genesis of which had been slowed by a linguistic dispute between the southern and northern dialects.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[29] In 1700, Sweden's allied neighbours began a 21 year war against Sweden and imploded its superpower status.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Russia conquered Estonia in 1710 and in the Peace of Uusikaupunki in 1721 Sweden officially ceded the area.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[30] [31] The period of Russian rule The noble power consolidated the Baltics initially gained strong autonomy.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The nobility was given a guarantee of the status of the German language and Lutheran religion, jurisdiction and police.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Acts made by Sweden limiting the power of nobles were repealed.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The power of the nobility peaked during Russian rule, and the peasants lost their old rights and sank into complete serfdom, which manifested itself, among other things, as a slave trade.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[32] Tallinn Governorate was established as the administrative territory of Estonia, which roughly corresponded to the Duchy of Estonia during Swedish rule.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Riga Governorate, which comprised Livonia, and Tallinn Governorate, were merged in 1775 to form Governor-General.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

After the first partition of Poland in 1795, Curinland was annexed to the whole, after which Estonia, Livonia and Curonia were, until 1876, part of the same administrative region with minor exceptions.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Lithuanian territories that were part of Russia, on the other hand, formed their separate Vilnius and Kaunas Governorates.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In 1876, the Governor-General was abolished, and the Baltic governorates were annexed under the Russian Minister of the Interior as part of a policy of Russification.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[33] Social reforms beginning in the 1760s, Enlightenment thinking created pressure to improve the status of peasants.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the early years of the 19th century, title to their movable estates and hereditary right of enjoyment were restored to the peasants.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Serfdom was officially repealed in 1816, giving peasants freedom of migration, the right to enter into treaties, and the right to participate in municipal administration.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In return, the manor lords received stronger property rights over peasant lands, with the result that peasants' rights, despite apparent new freedoms, were actually eroded.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The ensuing era has been called the period of labour slavery in Estonia, as the rent of the premises was paid by labour.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The manor lords additionally continued to have the right of house cuisine.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The status of the peasants did not improve significantly until 1861, when serfdom was abolished throughout Russia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The new Municipal Law of 1866 and the 1868 law banning labour slavery freed the peasants once and for all, and a self-styled peasant population began to emerge in Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The conversion of peasant tenancy lands into private lands continued until World War I and had a significant impact on culture.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[34] In the 19th century Estonia began to urbanize.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The countryside was unable to provide for everyone, and the abolition of serfdom prompted large numbers of the unsubscribed population to move to the cities.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Urban growth was also influenced by the liberalization of the economy and the growth of trade and industry.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The textile industry emerged in Estonia in the early part of the 19th century, and in the latter part of the century also significant companies in metal, electrical and chemical engineering.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

But the problem facing the industry was a foreign ownership base and weak pay and working conditions.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The construction of railways starting in the 1860s created trade routes to central Russia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Trade was also boosted by increased shipping.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[35] National Awakening The national awakening began in Estonia in the mid-19th century.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

It was only then that Estonians from their native tongues with secondary or higher education began to be mentioned.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Before the middle of the 19th century, Estonians did not have a nationality designation for themselves, but called themselves a country people (land gree).


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

J. V. Jannsen introduced the name “eesti rahvas” (people of Estonia) in 1857, based on the German name “Este/Estland” and the ancient aestii term.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[36] During the National Awakening efforts were made to elevate ethnicity as an important classification criterion alongside social group and religion.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The change in mindset was slow and did not reach wide popular forces until the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

National movements organized song parties starting in the 1860s and influenced through newspapers and clubs.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The moderate line of the national movement, prevailing until the 1870s, drove the elevation of the level of civility and status of the Estonian speaking population alongside the German upper class.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Later, efforts were made to abolish the special rights of the German elite altogether, and the elite were accused of oppressing Estonians.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

This led to difficult disputes, in which Estonian Germans sought, among other things, by legal action to prevent the dissemination of national propaganda and the organization of national movements.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[37] The Estonian speakers sought an ally from the emperor, who until the 1880s viewed the national movement rather favourably because he hoped to capitalise on the nationality struggle between Estonians and Latvians against the privileges of Baltic Germans.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The attitude of Russia changed with the rise of Alexander III to power in 1881, when not only the state unification of the empire but also the cultural approximation of border countries to Russia was seen as more important than previously thought.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Nationalist magazines were abolished, and the establishment of associations was restricted.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Activity of the nationality movement crippled in the latter part of the 1880s and early 1890s.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

At the end of the 1890s, nationality resurfaced, but the state's affiliation to Russia was hardly questioned before the end of the tsarist rule.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The 1905 revolution, which spread to the Baltics, eased censorship slightly, and, among other things, the Russification of elementary education was stopped.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Admittedly, Russia was supposed to tighten up the Russification efforts considerably, but due to World War I, the plans were not implemented.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[38] The position of Estonian Germans, both rejected by Estonian nationalists and by the Russian central power, was troublesome.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

On the one hand, the Baltic Germans were opposed by nationalists, on the other, by socialists who had grown strongly in popularity from the beginning of the 20th century, who did not accept the position of nobility and bourgeoisie.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the struggle against Estonian nationalists and socialists, the Baltic Germans were on the same side with the emperor, but on the other hand could not accept the demands of their own group on the part of the Russian central government.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Using their financial and intellectual resources, the Germans defended their special status quite successfully until the end of the tsarist rule.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, the difficult situation was reflected in extensive migration to Germany.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[39] Following the collapse of Russia in World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution, Estonia declared independence for the first time.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Bolsheviks sought to prevent secession, but Germany occupied Estonia as soon as it declared independence.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Autonomy and Independence Elections Organized by the Provisional Government of Russia The independence of Estonia began, like other independent parts of the Russian Empire, with Nicholas II's abdication from power.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

On March 30, 1917, the Russian Provisional Government for the first time merged Estonians into the same administrative unit when it annexed the northern parts of Livonia to Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Thus formed, the Estonian Autonomous Governorate gained self-government.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Autonomy began to be exercised by Estonian Landtag under the supervision of Governorate Commissioner Jaan Poska.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Poska was mayor of Tallinn at the time.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the June 1917 Landday elections, bourgeois parties gained an electoral victory.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, turnout fell short of 30% after the left demanded postponement of the elections for a longer election campaign period, something Mr Poska, who represented Russia's interim government and a former mayor of Tallinn, had not agreed to.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Left Councils demanded Poska's resignation and announced the transfer of civilian administration in the governorate to the Tallinn Council Executive Committee.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The intervals between the Landtag and the Executive Committees escalate The split and dual powers came to a head when on 12 November 1917 the Executive Committee of the Estonian Councils dissolved the Landdays after announcing an election on 12 February 1918 in which the elected representatives were to assembly three days after the election, on 15 February 1918.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In addition, the Executive Committee of the Tallinn Council notifies the transfer of civil affairs of the Estonian Governorate to the Executive Committee of the Tallinn Council.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The bourgeois Landday Representatives did not submit to the dissolution of the Landtag, but issued a proclamation of supreme power on 15 November 1917.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Workers gathered at Toompea prevented the resumption of the Landday Delegates” meeting 25 minutes from its start.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, even during the assembly of members, the Landtag was able to declare the transfer of state power to the Estonian Landtag.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In order to force the Russian Provisional Government to make peace and secure the interests of the German Empire in the Baltics, the Germans took Riga on 1 September 1917.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

German troops came ashore in Saaremaa on 11 October 1917.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Saaremaa, Hiiumaa and Muhu fell into the possession of the Germans by 21 October 1917.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In Russia, the Bolsheviks carried out the October Revolution on November 7, 1917.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Germany did not want independent Baltic republics in Brest-Litovsk after the breakdown of peace talks between Germany and the Bolsheviks, the Germans and Austrians decided to force Soviet-Russian peace.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

German troops came ashore on the Estonian mainland and set out to advance towards Tallinn on 19 February 1918.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Some Estonian officers serving the Russian Provisional Government in the Russian Army contacted Tallinn before Tallinn fell into the possession of the Germans to inform them that they would not fight the Germans as they progressed.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Thus, only the Red Guards were effectively resisted by the Germans anymore.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Germans had to wage their toughest battles since the occupation of Tallinn in Narva with the Red Guards on 28 February 1918.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Together with the Estonians, the German occupying force set up prison camps for the Reds in Naissaari, Sääskylä and other localities.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

There were about 5,000 prisoners.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the purges at the beginning of the German occupation, about 400 Reds died.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Germans had occupied the entire territory of Estonia on 5 March 1918 as far as Narva River.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

On 24 February 1918, just before the Germans entered Tallinn, the Estonian Provisional Government declared Estonia independent.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Konstantin Päts formed a provisional government, but German troops occupied Tallinn the next day.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Tallinn, Tartu and Narva were placed under direct German military administration.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Germany did not recognise the independence of Estonia, Lithuania or Latvia, but kept the Baltics under an occupying power, seeking to form them later into a single entity known as the Duchy of the Baltics, which would be anchored in the German Empire by a German-born head of state by means of.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonian independence men were forced into hiding for the duration of the German occupation, and some of them were imprisoned.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the Peace of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, the Bolsheviks were forced to cede Estonia to Germany.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Almost all newspapers that appeared in the country were abolished by the German military regime.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Only Rewaler Tagesblatt (Tallinn Päeväleht), sympathetic to the Germans, was allowed to continue appearing.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Under the cover of the Imperial German Army, the Baltic Germans began a heated political action to have Livonia and Estonia annexed to the German Empire.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

To this end, in April 1918, the Landtag of the Baltic Germans, (), convened in Riga, who elected from among them the representatives of the Land Council ().


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Land Council proposed the formation of a Baltic duchy for the entire Baltic region.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The proposal did not materialise, as Lithuania had already declared independence, a constitutional kingdom with Germany in a personal union and customs and military union.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Consequently, Livonia and Estonia remained under the direct authority of German military rule right up to Germany's defeat in World War I.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

German military officials tried to make it harder for pro-independence Estonians to operate.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Prime Minister of the Provisional Government Konstantin Päts were imprisoned in June 1918, Minister of Agriculture Jaan Raamot and President of the Constitutional Committee Konstantin Konik in August 1918.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Jüri Vilms, Minister of Justice and Interior, was also imprisoned in August 1918 in the Port of Helsinki.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

On 12 November 1918, anti-regime protesters in Tallinn were shot dead by the Germans.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Strike movements and protests escalated in Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

On November 15, 1918, the Reds who fled Estonia to Petrograd established the Estonian Provisional Revolutionary Committee, with the aim of restoring the power of the councils to Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the end, Germany had to indirectly recognize Estonian independence by handing over power in Estonia to the Estonian provisional government by a treaty signed in Riga on 19 November 1918.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

It allowed the Estonian Provisional Government to act in Estonia against Soviet Russia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

According to Article 12 of the Armistice Agreement between Germany and the Circum-Powers, Germany was not permitted to withdraw its troops from the front until the Circumference Powers judged the situation fit.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

This was aimed at preventing Soviet-Russian advances towards the west.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

On 19 November, Estonian Prime Minister Ants Piip asked Britain to send 6000 troops and warships to Estonia for a month to give Estonia time to organise its own army.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Finnish Minister of Foreign Affairs, Rudolf Holsti, had also previously asked the British Foreign Office to send troops to Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

With British support against Soviet Russia following the collapse of Germany, Russian forces conquer Narva, and on 29 November 1918 they proclaimed Narva at the Town Hall as the Socialist Republic of Estonia, the Estonian Workers' Commune, whose executive committee (board) was elected chairman of Jaan Anvelt.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Soviet-Russian offensive towards Tallinn was so successful that by 10 December 1918 half of Estonian territory was held by the Reds.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

As early as 11 November 1918, German Armistice Day, the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs had inquired of the Admiralty in charge of the fleet about the possibility of sending warships to the Baltic Sea.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Two days later, the ministries stated that war equipment could be sent to the Baltics, as long as the governments of the Baltic states were capable of receiving them.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Admiralty had doubts about sending ships to Estonia because of the abundance of mines in the Baltic Sea and the sea began to freeze off Tallinn.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The English stressed that no troops could be sent to the region, but sending war material would be possible.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, on 20 November 1918, the British government decided to send ships to the Baltic Sea as well, which was approved by First Sea Lord Rosslyn Wemyss.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Rear Admiral Edwyn Alexander-Sinclair was appointed at the head of the Naval Department, who was given the task of moving from the Danish straits via Copenhagen and Latvia to Liepāja to the port of Tallinn, as well as to protect with the help of mineships against the unloading of gun cargoes brought by Princess Margaret and Angora.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The intention of the British was not to take part in the fighting; the defence responsibility fell to the Estonians and Latvians, then when they would have received a shipment of arms.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

As a strategic reserve, Alexander-Sinclair had a British battleship squadron moving to Copenhagen, where support could be obtained.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In addition, the Naval Detachment received firestoring authority against a ship it considered an enemy ship, even if the enemy had not fired in the first place.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The invasion was followed by the more than year-long Estonian War of Independence, supported by the British fleet.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Red Army was beaten back.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In 1920, the Peace of Tartu was concluded, in which Estonia and Soviet Russia recognised each other.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Masses of Estonian communists fled to Soviet Russia, where most of them — including Jaan Anvelt, elevated to prominent positions at the head of the Comintern — were executed in Stalin's persecutions in the late years of the 1930s.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[40] Estonian Republic Democratic Estonia There was an effective Estonian language elementary education.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The University of Tartu was converted to Estonian language already in 1919.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In land reform, the lands of the estates were allocated to peasants.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In 1921, Estonia joined the League of Nations.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The communist uprising was suppressed in December 1924.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The 1920 constitution was among the most parliamentary of democracies in the world because of its almost extreme parliamentarian emphasis.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The parliament elected a head of state (riigivanem) who headed the government and also performed the duties of the president.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In economically good times, the system worked satisfactorily, but during the economic depression of 1929—1933, a domestic political crisis was mired.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Dissatisfaction with the lack of access to the democratic system was channelled into support for right-wing radicals, as in many other European countries.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In Estonia, the right-wing opposition rose up to be represented by the Union of Estonian Freedom Warriors, the so-called Vaps.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The authoritarian regime of Konstantin Päts in the Depression of the 1930s led to radicalization, and parliamentarianism seemed powerless to solve problems.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The movement of Estonian freedom warriors, or vaps, gained a major electoral victory in the autumn of 1933.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Under pressure from the Vaps, a new constitution was adopted in 1933, making riigivanism an independent holder of powers of action with extensive powers.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

At the instigation of the Vaps, the constitution was amended to greatly increase the power of the president.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

A new constitution went into effect in 1934.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, the prime minister of the transitional government, Konstantin Päts of the Right Peasant Party, became concerned about the ever-growing power of the trembles and, exploiting his new powers of head of state, declared with General Johan Laidoner and with the support of the army the country on 23 March 1934 martial law.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

He abolished the entire organization of vappers and imprisoned the movement's leadership.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Alongside the defence forces, a Kaitselite organisation similar to the Finnish Patronage Association was created under Laidoner's leadership.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[41] The People's Parliament was dissolved in the autumn of 1934, and all parties were dissolved in 1935.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Päts, who ruled solely, founded the Motherland League (Isamal), a party led from above.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In December 1935, the Vaps planned a coup d'état with the support of the Finnish organisation Blue Black, but the authorities got wind of it and the plotters were arrested.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Päts ruled Estonia quite singularly until 1938, when he was appointed president under the new so-called Päts Constitution, enacted in 1937.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

During his tenure as president, Päts returned towards a more parliamentary style of governance.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Economic and civilisational life of an independent Estonia Industrialisation, especially the slate industry, was intensively developed and the merchant fleet was created almost from scratch.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the 1930s, in the intensive agricultural production, Estonia began to converge to the level of Denmark.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In terms of civilisation, Estonia was also reaching an internationally recognised level.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The old university town of Tartu remained the most considerable cultural centre, although Tallinn as the capital was emerging alongside it.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Estonian Academy of Sciences was founded in Tartu in 1938, while Tallinn received a Technical College in 1936.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[41] Soviet threat Like the other Baltic states and Finland, Estonia entered into a 1932 non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Baltic states entered into a defence alliance on 12 September 1934.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In February 1936, a referendum advocated a return to democracy.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, the return to constitutionalism did little to bring changes in power hold, and Päts continued as president.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

As the Soviet Union and Britain negotiated the treaty in April 1939, Estonia and Latvia entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

World War II Estonia—Soviet Union After the start of World War II in September 1939, the Soviet Union, for its part, began implementing the secret Additional Protocol to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact by demanding military bases from Estonia and other Baltic states.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonia's head of state Konstantin Päts sent Prime Minister Jüri Uluots, Foreign Minister Karl Selter and former foreign minister Ants Piip, professor of international law at Tartu University, as negotiators.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[42] 25,000 troops entered Estonia in closed bases.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

During the Finnish Winter War, Estonia was an ally of the Soviet Union and sought to accurately fulfill the terms of the federation treaty.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

According to historian Martti Turtola, Estonia thoughtfully gave in to the Soviet demand, and likewise, according to Seppo Zetterberg, the Estonian leadership felt that if the demands were not persuaded, war would break out, and support would not come from anyone and the country would not stand up to long resistance on its own.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[43] [44] A similar interpretation was put forward in 1942 by the pseudonym Pekka Peitsi or Urho Kekkonen (Suomen Kuvalehti 35/1942) [45].


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonia's acquiescence to Soviet base demands was preceded by a provocation in the Narva Gulf in late September 1939.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov held Estonia responsible for an incident in which an unknown submarine had torpedoed a Soviet Metallist cargo ship.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In reality, two Red Fleet submarines had fired on the ship, which had only partially sunk and was subsequently raised back to the surface.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The provocation was organized on the orders of Andrei Ždanov, General Secretary of the Leningrad District of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Although Estonia asserted its innocence in what had happened, Foreign Minister Molotov, leaning on it, presented an ultimatum to Estonian Foreign Minister Karl Selter that the Soviet Union should execute its will with Estonia, if necessary, by force.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[42] From autumn 1939 onwards, the life of ordinary citizens in Estonia seemed to be running somewhat normally.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Soviet soldiers stayed at their bases under severe discipline without causing any say disturbances.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In a speech on the last day of October 1939, Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov assured that the agreements concluded with Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania “do not cause any kind of Soviet meddling in the internal affairs of these countries, like some foreigners on the matter those interested try to argue”.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

As recently as late March 1940, Molotov appeared very amicable, stating, among other things, that the commercial relations between the Soviet Union and the Baltic states had “greatly expanded”.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[46] Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union In June 1940, by which time German forces had captured Denmark and Norway and advanced faster than expected on the Western Front, Stalin became urgent to secure once and for all the advantages reserved for the Soviet Union in the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

As a prelude to the new activation of the Kremlin in the Baltic direction, Pravda, the main vocal supporter of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, accused Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania of intending to form a military alliance against the Soviet Union.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Stalin insisted that the Red Army should be allowed to fully occupy the Baltic states.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Faced with the threat of violence, Estonia bended after receiving the promise it demanded from Stalin that Estonia's state independence would be respected.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonia was forced to allow 90,000 Soviet soldiers into the country.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Red Army was immediately followed by a series of senior communist officials, all Russian in nationality, and Estonia's supreme commandholder — and at the same time supervisor of operations in all the Baltic states — became Stalin's creditman Colonel General Andrei Ždanov.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Of the prominent Estonian communists, most had been liquidated in Stalin's purges, and the still remaining remained in Soviet-Estonia without any missions.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

They received no other recognition for their work on the cause they adopted.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[47] The Estonian government was forced to resign, and Johannes Vares, a doctor of medicine, became the new Prime Minister.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The new government had no decision-making power whatsoever, but merely carried out orders issued by Ždanov.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In July 1940, parliamentary elections under Soviet pressure were held simultaneously in all Baltic states, from which all candidates declared “people's enemies” and “reactionaries” — practically all non-communist — were excluded.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

For Estonia, the Soviet Union reported electoral voter turnout of 81.6% and communist support at 92.9%.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The next step was the annexation of Estonia by the Soviet Union, and under Stalin's guidance, the new Estonian parliament “decided to petition” for Estonia to be converted into a Soviet republic and the country's annexation as part of the Soviet Union, to which the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union agreed to.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[48] The fate of Estonia and the other Baltic states caused great shock in Finland, and around this time J. K. Paasikivi, who served as Finland's envoy to Moscow, wrote in his memoirs that “we Finns were aware that in Estonia, whose conditions and the mood of the people we knew, to the Soviet Union it could not really be supported as a minority if the people had been free to express their opinions”.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[49] President Konstantin Päts was captured and transported to Russia, where he died in 1956.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

More than 10,000 Estonians were picked up between 13 and 14.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

June 1941 to imprisonment in Siberia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

With the Soviet withdrawal and the beginning of German occupation following the German invasion of the Soviet Union following the start of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941, Stalin ordered the retreating Red Army to implement scorched earth tactics.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Villages, and buildings burned.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonian partisan groups of Forest Brethren resisted the occupation by Soviet troops and assisted the Germans during this summer war.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The German 18th Army crossed the Estonian border on 7—9.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

July without much resistance.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

On July 10, the southern parts of Estonia were held by Germans and Estonians.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The front moved to central Estonia, where fighting was fought in Tartu, among other places.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The last Soviet troops left mainland Estonia on 21 October 1941.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Subsequently, the German Northern Army Group disarmed the Forest Brothers, occupied Estonia, and began the extermination of Estonian Jews.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Main Administrative District of Estonia During the German occupation of Estonia operated an Estonian-led puppet administration under the Germans.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

It was led by Hjalmar Mäe, one of the leading figures of the Freedom Warriors movement (vaps).


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The minutes of the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942 noted Estonia as “judenfrei” as the only country in Europe, as all Jews (approximately 950—1000 persons) who lived in Estonia had been exterminated or expelled altogether during 1941.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonians in the German army numbered about 70,000.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The German retreating Red Army finally broke the Leningrad cordon in January 1944, and the German 19th Army was forced to retreat roughly to the Panther Line which ran along the current eastern border of Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The defenders, composed mostly of international SS troops but also Estonian volunteers and lifting troops, managed to repel attacks against Narva in February—March.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, Narva was destroyed by the Soviet Air Force.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Tallinn in major bombings 9—10.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

On March, 53% of the city was destroyed and more than 1400 people were killed.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, the Red Army's summer offensive crushed the German Central Army Group further south.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

At the end of July, the Baltic Front reached Tugum at the bottom of the Gulf of Riga, severing contact between the northern and central army group.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Germans managed to break the encirclement with their offensive, which began on August 19.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

At the same time, however, the attack on 21 August by the Second Baltic Front was able to advance all the way to Tartu.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

When the Red Army renewed its attack on Riga in mid-September, the Germans' time in Estonia was over.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

On 15 September, Adolf Hitler ordered the Northern Army Group to retreat from Estonia and the northern parts of Latvia to the Curonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Red Army re-occupied Tallinn on 22 September 1944.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic The very Soviet system was consolidated after World War II in the late 1940s.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Tens of thousands of Estonians were deported to Siberia, and farms were converted into collectives.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the 1950s, Estonian cultural life began to get busy.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was fairly closed until the latter half of the 1960s.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Gradually, Estonians began to watch Finnish television in the northern parts of the country as well.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

To intensify the ideological struggle, in 1978 Karl Vaino was appointed Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Some events of the 1980 Moscow Olympics, such as sailing, were held in Tallinn.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[50] In the 1980s, the central government in Moscow sought to forcefully Russify the Soviet Republic.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

By the late 1980s, the share of Estonians in the country's population had plummeted from nearly 90% in the 1930s to about 60%.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In 1988, during Mikhail Gorbachev's secretary-general term, there was also a change of First Secretary of the Communist Party of Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The new Secretary-General was the nationalist Vaino Väljas.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Restored Independence of the Republic of Estonia In November 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Republic declared the country sovereign.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In May 1990, part of the 1938 Constitution was reinstated and the name of the country was changed to the Republic of Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the referendum, the majority of the people supported the restoration of independence.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonia declared its independence restored on 20 August 1991, following a failed coup attempt in the Soviet Union.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Finland did not need to recognise Estonia's new independence like many other states, since it had not de jure ever recognised Estonia's accession to the Soviet Union but could find that the previous recognition of independence was valid.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In 1992, an edited version of 1937 came into effect, defining the Republic of Estonia as citizens who had been Estonian citizens before the occupation and their descendants.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

A new citizenship law in 1995 confirmed and clarified this principle.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonian territory had been subjected to major colonization during Soviet times, so 475,000 Russian-speaking immigrants had entered the country.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

They were granted permanent residency by the Estonian government and, through the naturalization process, they were required to apply for the citizenship of Estonia, Russia or another country.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The last Russian troops withdrew by August 1994.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonia is one of the ten countries that joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonia concluded a new border agreement on 18 May 2005 and ratified it on 20 June.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The boundaries defined by the treaty followed those of the Soviet Republic, with the exception of Petserima and the eastern bank of the Narva River.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Opinion polls suggested that 80 per cent of Estonians opposed the deal.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, the Russian Duma did not ratify the treaty because Estonia had attached a mention of Soviet occupation in the preface to the law ratifying the treaty, as well as a reference to the Tartu Peace Treaty.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In Russia, the two references were believed to mean that Estonia could later submit that the territories annexed to Russia belong to Estonia under international law, and that the border treaty would not have unequivocally definitively defined the border between Estonia and Russia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

According to the definition of the Constitution of Estonia, the basis of Estonian state territory is the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920 between the Republic of Estonia and Soviet-Russia, and the territorial boundaries of the Estonian state may not be altered without the decision of the riigikogu.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Thus, the territorial donation by the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic to the Russian Soviet Republic at the end of World War II would not be valid under Estonian state rule.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

According to the Estonian interpretation, Estonia did not become independent in 1991; its independence, interrupted in August 1940, has continued since 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

See also Estonian military history Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alajoki, Jaana, Autio, Sari and Uusihaaro, Pirkko-Liisa| title = General features of Baltic history| location = Tampere| publisher = University of Tampere| year = 1990| version = Department of History tutorial handouts 8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kari Alenius| title = Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania history| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppo Zetterberg| title = New Estonian history| location = location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2007| isbn = 978-952-222-838-3}} References Literature General presentations Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kari Alenius| title = Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian history| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-796-216-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppo Zetterberg| title = Estonia: History, People, Culture| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1995| version = Finnish Literature Society 610| id = ISBN 951-717-806-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppo Zetterberg| title = Estonian History| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2007| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society 1118| id = ISBN 978-951-746-520-5}} Other works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Graf, Mati & Roiko-Jokela, Heikki| title = Dangerous Finland: Finland Through the eyes of the Communist Party of Estonia and the Soviet Estonian KGB| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Minerva| year = 2004| id = ISBN 952-5478-09-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Isohella, Anne-Riitta| title = Finnish-Boys: Estonian Jäkäritina| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2005| version=2. revised edition| id = ISBN 951-20-6789-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kriska, Aivar Tvauri, Andres| title = Estonian Prehistory| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2007| version = Editorials of the Society of Finnish Literature 1105| id = ISBN 978-951-746-879-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mattila, Jukka I.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

& Kemppi, Jarkko| title = Estonian War of Independence 1918—1920| location = Helsinki| publisher = Nimox| year = 2006| version = Military Tradition Society Publication Series No. 13| id = ISBN 952-5485-02-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paju, Imbi| title = Rejected Memories| location = Helsinki ki| publisher = Like| year = 2006| version = Estonian script translated by Kaisu Lahikainen| id = ISBN 952-471-768-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rinne, Harri| title = Singing Revolution: Estonian rock generation wonder| location = Helsinki| publisher = Johnny Kniga| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-0-33391-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Selirand, Juri| title = Estonian Iron Age: From the bottom of Estonian Younger Iron Age data| location = Rovaniemi| publisher = Historical Society of Northern Finland | year = 1989| version = Edited by Pentti Koivunen.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Studia archaeologica septentrionalia 1.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Published by the Historical Society of Northern Finland.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Based on a lecture series at the University of Oulu translated by Valter Tuhkanen| id = ISBN 951-96174-0-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turtola, Martti| title = General Johan Laidoner and the destruction of the Republic of Estonia 1939—1940| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-1-22737-3}} Erkki Tuomioja: Jaan Tõnisson and Estonian Independence, Jan 2010 ISBN 978-951-31-5731-9 * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

World War I (also the Great War or World War) was a global war fought between 1914 and 1918, the events of which, however, mostly centred on battles fought in Europe.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

From the beginning, the war was also fought in Asia and Africa, as well as all major oceans.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

No fighting took place on the American continents, but the United States participated in the war by fighting on European soil.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The parties to the war are divided into two groups: the Central Powers and the Circum-Powers.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The Central Powers included the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, while the main participants in the latter group were Britain, Russia, France and the United States.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The names of the groups come from their geographical location: Germany and Austria-Hungary are located in the middle (central powers) of Europe, where they are surrounded by Britain, France and Russia (circumference powers).


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Contrary to advance expectations, Italy was not involved in the Tri-League, but entered the war in 1915 on the side of the Circum-Powers.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The war, which has claimed millions of casualties, is one of the most destructive and historically highly significant wars in history: the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian houses of empires fell, new states emerged and the peace treaty of war is considered in historiography to be one element of another the genesis of World War I.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

World War I was the first war involving countries over half of the globe, although the biggest battles took place in Europe.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

It was also the first motorized war.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The great war was foreseen beforehand, as a huge arms race was underway between Britain and Germany, among others.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Many states went to war because they believed it would benefit them and last only a short period of time.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The war was triggered by a chain reaction based on ally relations.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Originally it was a local crisis between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Following the assassination of Frans Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian crown prince by the Serbian terrorist organisation Black Hand, Austria-Hungary imposed conditions on Serbia to which Serbia could not acquiesce.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, to which Serbia's ally Russia responded by declaring war on Austria-Hungary.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Eventually, mutual treaties between the European great powers came into effect and Germany, France and Britain declared wars on each other.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Diplomatic negotiations were not helpful in settling the widening conflict and, for example, when Germany presented peace talks in 1916, it was not agreed to.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[1] On the Western Front, the war between Germany and France was long a war of positions; after the rapid advance of the beginning, the war turned into a war of starvation, with huge, inconclusive battles with great military losses at Verdun and the Somme, among others.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

An estimated 8.5 million soldiers were poured in the war [2] and caused huge economic losses.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Germany was very successful on the Eastern Front against Russia, and Russia's poor war success contributed to the collapse of the Russian Empire and the emergence of Soviet Russia.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers and an armistice was concluded on 11 November 1918.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

In the Peace of Versailles, signed in 1919, Germany was declared alone to be the culprit of war.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Causes of War There were many reasons for the First World War.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

These included advances in war technology, competition for colonies, economic competition, and uncoordinated interests of states.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Probably the most important turn towards the war was the Franco-Prussian War of 1870—1871, in the context of which Germany was united and in which an unconciliated conflict arose between Germany and France, which suffered a humiliating defeat.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Between 1870 and 1890, the balance of power in Europe was maintained when Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the German Empire, succeeded with his diplomacy to keep France isolated.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[3] Shortly after Bismarck's resignation in 1890, a series of events began in which the gently constructed balance on the European continent was shaken.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

After Bismarck's resignation, Emperor William II led German foreign policy in a more aggressive direction.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Cooling relations between Germany and the Russian Empire and the rapprochement of Russia and France drove Germany to seek a closer relationship with Austria-Hungary.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The cornerstone of Bismarckian diplomacy, the isolation of France, was broken in 1892 when France entered into a military alliance with Russia under which they would aid each other in German exploits.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was splintering in the face of nationalist aspirations of the peoples of Southeast Europe.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The explosive situation in the Balkans developed in a more dangerous direction as Turkish influence waned, as Russia became interested in the region and declared protector of the South Slavs, and as relations between Serbia and Austria inflamed.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[3] British-German relations were initially quite good — not least because the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria of Britain had married Crown Prince Fredrik of Germany, who rose to become emperor in 1888.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Fredrik died of cancer after ruling for only three months.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

His impulsive son William II sought to make Germany a world power, leading to competition with Britain for colonies and overseas markets.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

However, the most significant factor in the deterioration of German-British relations was the German plan to challenge British naval superiority.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The plan was outlined by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz at the turn of the 20th century.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The Germans also supported the South African Boers who fought against Britain in the Boer War of 1899—1902.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[3] Britain decided to stop competing against the growing US naval power because the U.S. Navy was not its direct threat, and entered into a treaty with Japan, which allowed warships to be moved from the Far East to Europe.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

A short time later, Britain approached its old enemy France.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

In 1907, Britain also approached Russia as the Russian threat to India had disappeared into the disposed Russo-Japanese War.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Although there was no binding defence treaty with Russia and France, it seemed very possible that Britain would join the war on the continent, as it had no interest in allowing Germany to occupy English Channel ports.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[3] Great-power diplomacy, naval competition and opposing coalitions were not the only things that made the atmosphere in Europe explosive.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The improved educational attainment of the people and the increasing prevalence of literacy had enabled an influential newspaper press that dealt with foreign policy in an unashamedly partisan fashion.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

National fervor and aggressive imperialism were also fuelled by fashionable ideas of “national efficiency” and social Darwinism.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

They emphasized survival of the fittest and the belief that war was a necessity to keep the nation from decaying.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Most politicians and soldiers additionally mistakenly believed that the war would be short.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Statesmen were generally willing to resolve international disputes by war rather than diplomacy.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[3] However, the motives of several nations to seek conflict and the collective failure to prevent a major war do not, in themselves, remove Germany's significant responsibility for the war.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Although to this day it has been disputed the extent to which Germany knowingly planned the war in advance, few dispute that Germany was the originator of the war.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

For the Prussian aristocracy, officer class and industry, war was a means of limiting the growing influence of the Social Democratic Party.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

In great power politics, the war was a means for Germany to prevent the modernization of the Russian army, which was supposed to be completed in 1916/17, as well as to bring Germany's international influence into line with its rapid economic development.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[3] On the other hand, more recent research has also drawn attention to the fact that in the public consciousness persistently preserved until modern times, the way that Germany is unequivocally to blame for war is not confirmed by historical sources.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The way of viewing Germany alone as culpable is seen to have originated not only from the content of the Versailles peace treaty, but also from the attempts of a young generation of German historians in the 1960s to distance themselves from the Nazi era that immediately preceded them by expressly presenting German aggression was also the cause of the First World War and Germany's overall responsibility for the disasters of the 20th century in Europe.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

According to the newer view, Germany was indeed to blame for the outbreak of the First World War, but not necessarily more culpable than the other countries involved in the war, that is to say that we must avoid looking at the First World War as if deliberately organised by Germany as a pre-show for World War II.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[4] The beginning of the war World War I started as a chain reaction triggered by the assassination of Frans Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Austria, and his wife Sophie on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia annexed to Austria-Hungary.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The Bosnian ZealoSerbs wanted to join Serbia and carried out this endeavor through political assassination.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

A member of a nationalist Serb secret society threw a bomb towards the crown prince's convoy, which exploded but did not wound Ferdinand.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

A few hours later, a young man belonging to the Black Hand secret society named Gavrilo Princip killed the crown prince and his consort.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

They lived for some time after the shots were fired, but soon died.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Serbia was believed to have supported the Black Hand secret society.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The murder of the crown prince was a shocking tragedy.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

As Austria-Hungary wanted to restore its authority over the Balkans, it gave Serbia a list of demands that were deliberately worded so that Serbia would not be able to agree to them.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

If Serbia did not agree would declare Austria-Hungary war.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[5] Serbia conceded far in agreeing to nine of the ten demands, [6] but did not want Austria-Hungary to extend its police investigation into Serbian territory.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

This threatened, in Serbia's view, the country's sovereignty.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Eventually, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Russia sought to increase its influence in the Balkans and therefore supported Slavic Serbia against Austria-Hungary.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Germany, in turn, supported Austria-Hungary against Russia.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Russia carried out a mobilization on 30 July in support of Serbia.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Germany interpreted Russian mobilization as a threat and declared war on Russia 1.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

on Aug.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[7] But before Germany dared to send its troops to Russia, it should have been able to eliminate Russia's ally and Germany's arch-enemy France.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Germany feared being drawn into a two-front war.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

According to the plan made in advance, Germany had to beat France first in the West in six weeks.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The focus could then be on the war against Russia.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The plan was like this because Russia's mobilization was slow.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

For the invasion of France to be successful, the heavily fortified German-French border had to be circumvented and invaded through Belgium.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The violation of Belgian neutrality gave Great Britain a formal reason to join the war on the French side.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The real reason was a desire to halt Germany's strengthening in Europe, which had emerged as Britain's rival with its navy and economy.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Furthermore, keeping North Sea ports free for British foreign trade, hence Belgian independence, was important.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[8] At the outset, only the local Austro-Hungarian-Serbian war became more and more states involved.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Passage of war To eliminate the possibility of a two-front war, Germany declared war on 3 August 1914 [9] against France.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The following day German troops invaded northern France through Belgium and Luxembourg [9], with the objective of recapturing Paris.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Thus, according to Schlieffen's plan, the Germans circumvented the strong fortifications built by France on their eastern border.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The attack on Belgium provided a formal reason for Great Britain to declare war on 4 August [9] on Germany, being one of the states that guaranteed Belgian neutrality.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

All British colonies and dominions supported the mother country and declared war on Germany.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

On 6 August, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia [9].


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Great Britain sent volunteer enlisted troops to the Western Front in France.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

On the Eastern Front, Germany, under Erich Ludendorff, defeated the advancing poorly operating Russians on the territory of present-day Poland with skill in the great battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes, among others, 1914—1915, and Ludendorff and his superior Hindenburg became national heroes.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The “Russians' steamroller” also stopped in Austria.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Austro-Hungarian forces advancing into Galitsia were driven into the area in 1915, when, as the year progressed, the Germans occupied the entire area of Congress-Poland.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Japan joined alongside Great Britain and France in August 1914.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Japan had the ulterior motive of expanding its power in the Far East, and the Japanese war effort was limited to the capture of German colonies acquired in the Pacific Ocean.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined the German side in October 1914.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Bulgaria had lost territories to Serbia in the 1913 war between the two countries, and Germany was lured in by promising the territories back.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[10] On the Western Front, the French halted the German advance on the Marne River when a gap had arisen between the two German armies.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

In the winter of 1914, all parties were forced to state that the swift resolution sought had not been achieved.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The war turned into a war of exhaustion, aiming at consuming the forces of the opponent and limiting the intake of raw materials.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The Western Front between Germany and France became stuck in place for years, and huge, months-long fighting took place that claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of soldiers.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Famous include the battles of the Somme, Verdun and Passchendaele, among others.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

At Verdun, Germany wanted to “shed the blood of the French army dry”, but also suffered huge losses itself.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The offensive tactics of World War I were unable to match the advantage gained by the defender due to advanced weaponry.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

During the war, new offensive tactics were developed.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

On the Western Front in some places, the mud hampered the operations of the armies.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The sludge, for example, halted the advance of the British Grand Offensive on Passchendaele in 1917.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[11] Italy remained neutral at the top because joining alongside its allies Germany and Austro-Hungary did not serve its interests.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[12] After Britain and France promised Italy the Italian-speaking territories of Austria, it joined the war in May 1915.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The front remained in Italy for a long time approximately in place.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

In 1915, the British attempted to open new fronts in Anatolia, where the Battle of Gallipoli took place and in northern Greece, where forces of the Circum-Powers became stuck in the port of Saloniki.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[13] Portugal, Romania and Greece joined against Germany in 1916.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

For Romania, this led to disaster as most of the country's territory was quickly occupied.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[14] On occasion, the United States did not join the anti-German front until 6 April 1917, and so American troops began arriving in France, where they were boarded ashore on 26 June 1917, but American troops did not make a decisive contribution to the war until the summer of 1918.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

The US entry was contributed to by the unrestricted anti-submarine war initiated by Germany in February 1917, namely the sinking without warning of cargo and passenger ships aiming for the ports of the Circum-Powers.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

[15] The United States had also found out that Germany had acknowledged in advance Mexico's willingness to attack the United States (cts.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Zimmermann-Telegram), and promised Mexico for this good by the states of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

Many Latin American states followed the example of the United States and declared war on Germany, but did not participate in the actual war effort.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

In Russia, the war led to two revolutions in 1917, first the anti-Tsarist February Revolution and then the communist October Revolution.


Question: How long did the time pass between the world wars?

World War I

For 1917, the Russian army was in a state of disintegration with the Tsar having to relinquish his power in February.