Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The use of satellite radio signal for navigation arose at Johns Hopkins University when Sputnik 1's signal was measured as a satellite flew over the United States in October 1957.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Beginning in the latter 1950s and in the mid-1960s, the Transit navigation satellite system was developed to locate nuclear submarines equipped with Polaris missiles of the United States Navy until GPS replaced it in the 1990s.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The U.S. Air Force developed the Timation and Navy proprietary Transit replacement system beginning in the late 1960s.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The projects were consolidated in the early 1970s, when the development of GPS began.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The first NavStar satellite (Block I) for navigational use was launched in 1978.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The last first-generation Block I satellite was launched in October 1985.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The last Block I satellite was decommissioned in November 1995.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The satellites currently in use are of the second generation Block II, Block IIA and Block IIR types.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

On April 27, 1995, the positioning system was in full operational order (FOC, Full Operational Capability).


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The operational system comprises at least 24 satellites, of which 12 can be visible at once.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In 2010, GPS 2F satellites were supposed to be launched, but Boeing is 3.5 years late in their implementation and has doubled the implementation cost of 8 satellites.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Lockheed-Martin is developing a satellite version of the GPS III.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[2] Since the 1970s, the United States has invested $35 billion on GPS and has an annual cost of $1 billion.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[3] Principle of operation and positioning accuracy The Navstar GPS system consists of three segments, which are space, control network and user part.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The space segment is formed by satellites.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

There are 24 satellites at an altitude of about 20,200 km.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Each satellite orbits the Earth twice a day.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

A GPS receiver measures the time it takes a signal to pass from satellite to receiver.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

When the position of the satellites is known, the time difference between signals from different satellites is able to calculate the position of the receiver.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[4] The control network monitors the state, tracks and functions of satellites.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The main control center is in the United States, Colorado Springs.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In addition to the main control centre, there are four observation stations just off the equator.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Millions of GPS receivers make up the user part.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS positioning relies on satellites transmitting an atomic clock time and a navigation signal that is received by a GPS device.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The GPS device receives signal simultaneously from several satellites.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

There should be at least four satellites, as the terminal clock is not accurate like the atomic clocks of satellites.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The difference between the terminal clock and the actual time (clock error) must be set to unknown in the equations, in which case a group of at least four equations is required for the solution to be single-concept.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

This requires observation from at least four satellites.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[5] From the radio signals it receives, the terminal calculates either pseudo-distance—using pseudo-random codes (PRNs) modulated over the satellite signal—or the carrier phase.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The pseudo-distance solution is essentially based on the measurement of the time of passage of the signal.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The slot solution can be made from C/A code (coarse acquisition), i.e. unencrypted code.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The P code transmitted on the second radio frequency, or encrypted code, produces a more accurate spatial solution.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Both - code and carrier - can be used for positioning, though the latter only in complex geodetic GPS precision receivers, as when using a carrier, you can't do the calculation in real time.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Positioning is based on pseudo-distance measurement: p = (x − X) 2 + (y − Y) 2 + (z − Z) 2 + c (Δ t − Δ T), {\ displaystyle p= {\ sqrt {(X-x) ^ {2} + (Y-y) ^ {2} + (Z-z) ^ {2}}} +c (\ Delta t-\ Delta T),} where X, Y, Z {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle X, Y, Z} is the receiver position in three-dimensional space x, y, z {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle x, y, z} is the place of the satellite in space, calculated from the track data also transmitted by satellites, i.e. ephemerides c {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle c} is the speed of light Δ t {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle\ Delta t} is a satellite clock error; a small, known, satellite-emitted Δ T {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle\ Delta T} is a receiver clock error, unknown like its coordinates.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

X {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle X}, Y {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle Y}, Z {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle Z} and Δ T {\ displaystyle\ scriptstyle\ Delta T} are unknown variables that can be solved with the help of four satellites in appropriate locations.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The theorem is called pseudo-distance because it has unknown clock errors.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

A satellite clock is a very accurate atomic clock.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The receiver's watch is usually a cheap quartz watch that is only accurate in the short term and its time information cannot be used in a navigation solution.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The pseudo-distance and actual distance between the user and satellites, i.e., the error of the operator's place depends marginally on the clock error, but the atmosphere (both the unknown distribution of water vapor in the troposphere and the number of electrons in the ionosphere, which depends on, among other things, the activity of the Sun) is permanent source of inaccuracy.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

It produces a few meters of error to the place.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

There are efforts to correct this with Klobuchar's algorithm, among other things.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS positioning can be called hyperbolic positioning because it relies on the<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[7659,7669,2,2]}'>use of distance differences rather than distances.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Calculating from the original observations the separation amounts between two satellites or two measurement sites results in the clock unknowns eliminated.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Cf.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Decca system.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Although the minimum number of satellites is four, the more accurate the more accurate the more satellites use the calculations.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The more the satellites used for measurement are separated from each other, the more accurate the outcome will be obtained.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Positioning is also successful using three satellites when it is assumed that the receiver is at any given height from the reference ellipsoid.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In this case, the receiver height coordinate is not resolved, leaving only three unknown majors (two coordinates and a clock error).


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

This assumption is good at sea where there are no elevation differences, but in the mountains, for example, the assumption of constant altitude cannot be made if the receiver is moving.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Positioning accuracy The Navstar GPS has a few meters in civilian horizontal orientation.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In elevation, the accuracy is approx.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

2—3 times weaker.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Until May 1, 2000, the United States Department of Defense deliberately degraded track elements and clock running data (SA) sent by satellites to civilian users, prior to which civilian GPS devices had a horizontal accuracy of 100 meters and at an elevation of 156 meters.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Positioning error is brought by satellite track and clock error, atmosphere, multipath reflection, satellite geometry, locator errors, intentional jamming, and operator errors.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Differential GPS Differential GPS was developed to eliminate the inaccuracy caused by SA jamming, among other things, to meet the needs of seafarers.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

When SA jamming (discontinued in the early 2000s) was turned on, positioning accuracy was within 100 metres, which did not guarantee safe shipping.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The foggy weather and the narrow fairway could have been a devastating combination.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The new base station, the so-called reference station, whose location was accurately known, calculated the error caused by the SA jamming by listening to the data transmitted by satellites and comparing it with its own exact location.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

This was how to calculate the magnitude of the error.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

However, several stations had to be set up, as the magnitude of the error varies in different locations of the globe.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

For example, when moving around the Baltic Sea region, a few different reference stations must be used in different places.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

When two base stations are at range, the receiver may not know which transmission should be listened to.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In this case, the signal may be completely unreceived and the DGPS receiver will indicate that spatial coordinates are not available.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In the Baltic Sea, such a place can be found approximately at the northern tip of Gotland.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The good points of the system include the transmission of patches by radio locally, although often for a fee, since DGPS base stations are operated by third parties.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The RDS channel of national radio stations can listen to correction information from Digita Oy's FOKUS service, allowing the positioning to reach a couple of meters accuracy.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The Maritime Service is free of charge when moving in coastal waters.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Although SA jamming has been removed, the DGPS system helps to correct atmospheric disturbances.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Along with DGPS and GPS, there is one more, even more accurate way of locating: relative GPS.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

It is based on at least two instruments measuring simultaneously, by which coordinate differences between points are defined.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In surveying, relative GPS is a useful method.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Assisted GPS Assisted GPS (A-GPS), or assisted GPS, covers a wide range of different technologies.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

One known GPS assist reads the trajectory and almanac data of satellites exploiting the cellular network.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Trajectory and almanac data can be read up to several days in advance, which is why the receiver is assisted even if the connection to the cellular network is disconnected.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Advance knowledge speeds up the first place of the device and significantly ensures the operation of the GPS receiver in weak or rapidly changing reception conditions, such as indoors, between buildings or the positioning of a moving animal.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[6] [7] Reading trajectory and almanac data directly from satellites requires a benign and unbroken connection to the satellite for more than ten seconds.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Once there are trajectory and almanac data, the first start (Cold start) is greatly accelerated.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

For longer-term use, it should be noted that visible satellites sag behind the horizon every few hours.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The receiver must be able to read trajectory and almanac data from new satellites that have risen above the horizon.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Without the A-GPS capability, a receiver in awkward conditions or indoors may miss its place because it cannot read trajectory and almanac data from satellites, even if the satellite audibility is sufficient to calculate the position.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Another well-known form of A-GPS also uses a rough estimate from the network operator of the current location of the GPS receiver.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The A-GPS feature is also known, where the GPS receiver sends to the A-GPS server “continuously” information about its own satellite view, allowing the server to more accurately target A-GPS information or even assist in the calculation of the position.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Improved sensitivity and operating speed of receivers with the advent of A-GPS has led to the fact that even indoor GPS receivers have been able to be built into mobile phones, where compromises have been required in terms of GPS antenna, power consumption and size.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Likewise, A-GPS has significantly assisted the operation of various human and animal locators.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Real Time Kinematic Real-time kinematic measurement is the most used GPS measurement method in surveying.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

It is based on the measurement of the phase difference of the signal carrier, in addition to determining the pseudo-distance itself.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Since the transmission frequency of the carrier is more than 1,000 times that of the PRN signal itself, the technique provides highly accurate measurement results.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The difficulty of this method consists in the fact that since each turn of the signal is similar, it is impossible to determine how many whole wavelengths the signal throws, and this causes an error in the measurement accuracy of a wavelength or its multiple, which is L1- in the case of a signal, about 20 centimeters.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

For this reason, real-time kinematic measurement is used as an adjunct to pseudo-distance measurement, whereby the pseudo distance is estimated the number of entire wavelengths in Virtual Reference Station VRS measurement, the second receiver is no longer taken to the terrain as the base station, but the base station the virtual location is calculated on the basis of fixed base station measurements and the data is transmitted from the VRS computing centre to the receiver in support of the satellite data, making the corrections accurate.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[8] In Finland, the network of fixed base stations for determining virtual stations is provided by the National Land Survey and Geotrim Oy.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[4] EGNOS - European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service in the United States, Canada and Mexico uses the WAAS support system to improve the accuracy of GPS measurements.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The EU will develop a similar system with Eurocontrol for the EU.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

It is called EGNOS and entered operational use in 2009, but not yet e.g.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

for aviation use.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[8] Similar systems are under construction in 2009 in Japan and India (GAGAN).


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS signal GPS satellites transmit a so-called pseudo random signal (PRN, Pseudo Random Noise) on top of the carrier.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The signal does not penetrate solid structures, so the use of the locator requires a direct “line of sight” to the sky.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS operates on two main frequencies (L1 and L2): L1 (1575.42MHz) in civilian use L2 (1227.6MHz) in military use encrypted since 2003 L3 (1381.05MHz) military use global nuclear explosion alarm (NUDET — Nuclear Detonation) (L4 (1841.4MHz) experimental, not deployed) L5 (110) 176.45MHz) for civilian use (proposal, available 2005) (2227.5MHz) for spacecraft telemetry (no estimate of availability) Different frequencies carry the following modulations: a C/A (Coarse/Acquisition) code unique to each satellite.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The C/A code is transmitted on the L1 frequency.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

It is a stream of pseudo-random bits, one bit in a microsecond; total length 1024 bits, or millisecond.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

P (Y) code transmitted encrypted at both frequencies.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The P (Y) code is intended for military use, and the keys needed to deconstruct it are controlled by the U.S. Administration.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

This code has a bit frequency of 10 bits in a microsecond, and its repeat cycle is one week.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Information section containing satellite track and clock data (“ephemerides”) as well as satellite health status information.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Each satellite transmits the data of all other satellites.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The designations L3, L4 and L5 are also used in geodesic GPS theory, where they are so-called ionosphere-free, geometry free and wide lane frequency.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The second is used in ionosphere research, the first in geodesic positioning.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

All three are computational combinations of two signals formed in the processing of observations and not those actually transmitted by satellites.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

As of early 2011, there has been a debate in the United States over whether access points of the satellite cellphone-terrestrial cellphone (LTE) system envisaged by Light-Squared will provide interference with GPS positioning in the U.S. territory.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[9] GPS services GPS provides two levels of service: Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Precise Positioning Service (PPS).


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

SPS is available worldwide for everyone without direct payment.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

SPS uses the L1 frequency and provides approx.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

5 to 10 m positioning accuracy.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

PPS is globally in use for US-authorized users.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

PPS requires a military version of the locator capable of P (Y) code decryption.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

PPS uses both frequencies and is capable of better accuracies than SPS.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In 1984, Ronald Reagan released NAVSTAR GPS for civilian use after the system had been used only by the United States Department of Defense before this time.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The Clinton administration removed jamming from the civilian signal, which improved its positional accuracy, in the late 1990s.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Today, Russia maintains the GLONASS satellite positioning system.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The European Commission is building its global satellite positioning system, the Galileo GPS, which will be completed at the same time as China's Beidou/Compass system.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

India has expressed its intention to implement a global satellite positioning system.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Thus, satellite positioning is part of the capabilities of the great powers.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Regarding the military importance of GPS in the Gulf War of 1991, Navstar GPS devices were still rare.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

They played a significant part in winning the entire war in that they enabled hooking through the West, across a featureless, flat desert where, according to Iraqi experience, is unable to operate with large numbers.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Few GPS devices allowed large forces to be coordinated in a feature less and flat desert.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The GPS helped coordinate the armoured forces and the fuel supply column.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The GPS receiver as a cheaper navigational system than the radar of an expensive cruise missile simplified and substantially cheapened their goal determination.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The GPS receiver removes the adverse effect of weather from the navigation of a missile or other guided projectile.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Weather was a major limiting factor still in the Gulf War of 1991, but thereafter weapons based on GPS use began to play a role in the Kosovo War of 1999 and the war in Afghanistan 2001.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In the Iraq War of 2003, GPS gained tactical application in weapons.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The JDAM gliding bomb system enabled a GPS based and weather-independent tactical mass effect.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

JDAM costs less than $20,000, which is not much compared to previous solutions.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In 2010, it emerged that the redesigned GPS is incompatible with several dozen US weapons systems.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[10] Since the advantages of GPS positioning are obvious, pure military versions of GPS devices have been made, such as the Rockwell Collins DAGR.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[11] Harassment of GPS as the importance of GPS increases, its interference and diversion becomes part of warfare.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In the 2003 Iraq War, the US claimed Russian-made GPS jamming transmitters manufactured by Aviakonversija () were in use by the Iraqis.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The company's director, Oleg Antonov, disputed the issue in an interview given to AP.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The significance of the devices is illustrated by the fact that the devices of six jamming stations were destroyed by the US, including one using the newly interfering GPS.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

According to Alex Mendelsohn, an expert at chipcenter.com, Aviakconverter's devices cost $40,000 and are capable of jamming GPS for hundreds of miles.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Introduced by Aviakonversija in 1997, the GPS jammer has an output power of four watts and is capable of countering GPS signals for 200 km.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Various types of GPS jammers have been available worldwide for several years.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS jamming and diversion are dodgeable by technical counter-weapons, among other things, but they increase the prices of GPS-based weapons and complicate the use of these weapons.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Primarily in Iraq, the issue was about the ability of 225 and 450 pound JDAM-guided bombs to divert towards their targets.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

More expensive cruise missiles can retrieve their targets, too, using radar.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS-guided devices do not need radar, which is why their price is a fraction of the price of radar-equipped precision weapons.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

During the 2008 fighting in South Ossetia, the GPS signal had been weakened so that the accuracy of the GPS signal received by Russian troops was only 300m.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[12] On the civil designation of GPS, GPS is widely used in geodesy and geoinformatics.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In geodesic base network measurements, the so-called static GPS is currently the standard method, and the so-called kinematic GPS (RTK, Real Time Kinematic) is also used for mapping measurements.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In geodesic use, the phase angles of carriers are usually measured instead of (or in addition to) pseudo-coincidence codes (PRNs), with the precision to be achieved on the order of centimetres rather than meters.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In non-real-time use, track elements generated by post-calculation can also be used to increase accuracy further.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS is accompanied by the creation of the first truly global geocentric reference systems in geodesy to facilitate the exchange of spatial data internationally.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The global accuracy of the systems moves at the level of a few centimeters, allowing plate tectonics and postglasial ground rise to be monitored already.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Geotrim maintains a VRS correction signal in Finland, which allows the GPS device to have an accuracy of about 15 mm laterally and about 25 mm in height.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

On top of this, GPs are increasingly encroaching on daily life.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS tracking integrated into the mobile phone is already available, and many taxis and passenger cars use a GPS tracking system integrated into the GIS system.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

The growth of the civil market for Navstar and Galileo GPS will be substantially influenced by the following factors: Regional replenishment services such as Wide Area Augmentation Network (WAAS) and EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) and other support infrastructure created by Galileo certainty that global positioning systems can no longer be shut down alone.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In some cases, the widespread use of GPS and belief in GPS maps is criticized as no longer following the terrain and environment as closely as when navigating a map and compass.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

In Poland, for example, a driver drove a miniature bus into a lake after believing an apparently outdated map of a GPS locator.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[13] Disruptions in gps can cause a wide range of consequences.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

For example, in January 2016, a time jump in the GPS signal was detected at the Metsähov Radio Observatory.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[14] Later the cause was revealed to be the failure of the SVN23 satellite after decommissioning the incorrect parameters entered into part of the satellites.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[14] Due to a time error of 13 microseconds, the GPS positioning could throw more than one kilometre.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[15] In addition, among others, the BBC's DAB digital radio broadcasts were interrupted.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

[14] Satellites in the GPS satellite series include [16] Timation 1, test satellite, May 31, 1967 - U.S. Air Force Timation 2, test satellite, September 30, 1969 NTS 1, test satellite, July 14, 1974 - U.S. Navy NTS 2, test satellite, June 23, 1977 Navstar 1 (NDS 1) - manufacturing kit Block 1, ID Navstar SVN 1 GPS ID GPS 1-1, launch 22.2.1978 - 1.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS satellite Navstar 2 (NDS 2) - manufacturing kit Block 1, ID Navstar SVN 2, GPS ID GPS 1-2, launch 13 May 1978 Navstar 3 - manufacturing kit Block 1, ID Navstar SVN 3, GPS ID GPS 1-3, launch 6 October 1978 Navstar 4, Block 1, Navstar SVN, 4 GPS 1-4, December 10, 1978 Navstar 5, Block 1, Navstar SVN 5, GPS 1-5, 9 Feb 1980 Navstar 6, Block 1, Navstar SVN 6, GPS 1-6, 26 Apr 1980 Navstar 7 Block 1 Navstar SVN 7 GPS 1-7 Dec 19, 1981 Navstar 8 Block 1 Navstar SVN 8 GPS 1-8 14 July 1983 Navstar 9 (USA 1) Block 1 SVN 9 GPS 1-9 Jun 13, 1984 Navstar 10 (US 5) Block 1 Navstar SVN 10 GPS 1-10 September 8, 1984 - 10.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS Satellite Navstar 11 (US 10) Block II Navstar SVN 11 GPS 1-11 Oct 9, 1985 Navstar 2-01 (US 35) Block II Navstar SVN 14 GPS 2-1 14 Feb 1989 Navstar 2-02 (US 38) Block II Navstar SVN 13 GPS 2-2 10.6.1989 Navstar 2-03 (US 42) Block II Navstar SVN 16 GPS 2-3 August 18, 1989 Navstar 2-04 ( USA 47) Block II Navstar SVN 19 GPS 2-4 Oct 31, 1989 Navstar 2-05 (US 49) Block II Navstar SVN 17 GPS 2-5 Dec 11, 1989 Navstar 2-06 (US 50) Block II Navstar SVN 18 GPS 2-6 Jan 24, 1990 Navstar 2-07 (US 54) Block II Navstar SVN 20 GPS 2-7 March 1990 Navstar 2-08 (US 63) Block II Navstar SVN 21 GPS 2-8 August 2, 1990 Navstar 2-09 (US 64) Block II Navstar SVN 15 GPS 2-9 Oct 1, 1990 Navstar 2A-01 (US 66) Block IIA Navstar SVN 23 GPS 2-10 Nov 26, 1990 Navstar 2A-02 (US 71) Block IIA Navstar SVN 24 GPS 2-11 4.7.1991 - 24 satellites, constellations at least close to sufficiently precise Global positioning Navstar 2A-03 (US 79) Block IIA Navstar SVN 25 GPS 2-12 February 23, 1992 Navstar 2A-04 (US 80) Block IIA Navstar SVN 28 GPS 2-13 10.4.1992 Navstar 2A-05 (US 83) Block IIA Navstar SVN 26 GPS 2-14 7.7.1992 Navstar 2A-06 (USA 83) 84) Block IIA Navstar SVN 27 GPS 2-15 September 9, 1992 Navstar 2A-07 (US 85) Block IIA Navstar SVN 32 GPS 2-16 Nov 22, 1992 Navstar 2A-08 (US 87) Block IIA Navstar SVN 29 GPS 2-17 Dec 10, 1992 Navstar 2A-09 (US 88) Block IIA Navstar SVN 22 GPS 2-18 Feb 3, 1993 Navstar 2A-10 (US 88) Block IIA Navstar SVN 22 GPS 2-18 Feb 3, 1993 Navstar 2A-10 (US 90) IIA Navstar SVN 31 GPS 2-19 March 30, 1993 Navstar 2A-11 (US 91) Block IIA Navstar SVN 37 GPS 2-20 May 13, 1993 Navstar 2A-12 (US 93) Block IIA Navstar SVN 39 GPS 2-21 Jun 26, 1993 Navstar 2A-13 (US 94) Block IIA Navstar SVN 35 GPS 2-22 August 30, 1993 Navstar 2A-14 (USA 96) Block IIA Navstar SVN 35 GPS 2-22 30 Aug 1993 Navstar 2A-14 (USA 96) Block IIA Navstar SVN 35 GPS 2-22 30 Aug 1993 Navstar 2A-14 VN 34 GPS 2-23 Oct 28, 1993 Navstar 2A-15 (US 100) Block IIA Navstar SVN 36 GPS 2-24 Mar 10, 1994 Navstar 2A-16 (US 117) Block IIA Navstar SVN 33 GPS 2-25 Mar 28, 1996 Navstar 2A-17 (US 126) Block IIA Navstar SVN 40 GPS 2-26 Jul 16, 1996 Navstar 2A-18 (US 128) Block IIA Navstar SVN 30 GPS 2-27 12 Sep 1996 n/a Block IIR Navstar SVN 42 GPS 2R-1 Jan 17, 1997 Navstar 43 (US 132) Block IIR Navstar SVN 43 GPS 2R-2 Jul 23, 1997 Navstar 38 (US 135) Block IIA Navstar SVN 38 GPS 2A-28 Nov 6, 1997 Navstar 46 (US 145) Block IIR Navstar SVN 46 GPS 2R-3 Oct 7, 1999 Navstar 47 (US 150) Block IIR SVStar SVN 51 GPS 2R-4 May 11, 2000 Navstar 48 ( US 151) Block IIR Navstar SVN 44 GPS 2R-5 July 16, 2000 Navstar 49 (US 154) Block IIR Navstar SVN 41 GPS 2R-6 Nov 10, 2000 Navstar 50 (US 156) Block IIR Navstar SVN 54 GPS 2R-7 Jan 30, 2001 Navstar 51 (US 166) Block IIR Navstar SVN 56 GPS 2R-8 Jan 29, 2003 Navstar 52 (US 168) Block IIR Navstar SVN 45 GPS 2R-9 March 31, 2003 Navstar 53 (US 175) Block IIR Navstar SVN 47 GPS 2R-10 Dec 21, 2003 Navstar 54 (US 177) Block IIR Navstar SVN 59 GPS 2R-11 Mar 20, 2004 Navstar 55 (US 178) Block IIR Navstar SVN 60 GPS 2R-12 June 23, 2004 Navstar 56 (US 180) Block IIR Navstar SVN 61 GPS 2R-13 Nov 6, 2004 Navstar 57 (US 183) Block IIR-M1 Navstar SVN 57 GPS 2R-14 Sep 26, 2005 Navstar 58 (US 190) Block IIR-M2 Navstar SVN 52 GPS 2R-15 Sep 25, 2006 Navstar 59 (US 192) Block IIR-M3 Navstar SVN 58 GPS 2R-16 17.11.06 Navstar 60 (US 196) Block IIR (M) -17 Navstar SVN 55 GPS 2R-17 October 17, 2007 Navstar 61 (US 199) Block IIR-M5 Navstar SVN 57 GPS 2R-18 Dec 20, 2007 Navstar 62 (US 201) Block IIR-M6 Navstar SVN 48 GPS IIR-19 Mar 15, 2008 Navstar 63, Manufacturing Kit Block IIR-M, ID Navstar SVN 49, GPS ID GPS IR-20, launch March 24, 2009 - 59 a.m.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

GPS satellite Navstar 64, Block IIR-21M, SVN 50, launch 17 August 2009 Navstar-2F 1 (US 213), launch on 28 May 2010 See also Satellite positioning, overview GLONASS, Russian system; Russia also has a Transit-like PARUS system Galileo, EU 21st century Beidou, Satellite Positioning System under construction in the early 2000s in the People's Republic of China Positioning Device, User Locators Sources On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

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Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

Markku Poutanen (1998): GPS location determination.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

URSA, ISBN 951-9269-89-4.


Question: What year was the first satellite of the Transit satellite system launched into space?

GPS

* Category:Telecommunications Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

Parsek (symbol pc [1]), or parallax second, is a unit of measurement of distance used in astronomy.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

Parsek is the distance from which one astronomical unit appears at an angle of 1/3600 degrees, or one arc second.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

The parallax of a star one parsecs away from the object is one (arc) second; hence the abbreviation parsec.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

1 parsec has 206,265 Earth track radii (au) and 3,2616 light years.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

One light year is about 0.3066 parsecs.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

The nearest star to the sun, Proxima Centauri, is 1.29 parsecs away.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

Why parsecs are used Parsek is used because the distances of the nearest stars are measured trigonometric (by triangulation measurement).


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

When measuring the distance of the star, one side of the triangle is the radius of the Earth's track.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

The annual displacements of stars are very small as Earth makes its rounds around the Sun.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

As the Earth moves, the stars make a circle, ellipse or straight line, or if they are very far away, appear to stand still.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

When the maximum measure of the annual motion patterns of stars is measured, parallax of the star is obtained.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

No star is so close to us that its parallax would be one arc second.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

The parallax of the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, is 0.772 arcseconds, or 772 millarcseconds.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

Thus, its distance is 1.29 parsecs, or 4.22 light years.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

Accurate parallax measurements were carried out by the Hipparcos satellite.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

The parallaxes of very distant stars are known inaccurately.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

The exact definition of Parsek Parsek (pc) is defined as the distance at which one astronomical unit (au, or 149,597,870 700 metres), appears at an angle of one arc second (i.e., 1/3600 degree).


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

One parsec is therefore about 206,265 astronomical units, or about 3,086 · 1016 meters.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

In these formulas, the Earth's course is viewed from an imaginary object exactly one parsecs away.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

1 p c = 1 a u tan 1″ ≈ 206 265 au {\ displaystyle 1 {\ rm {\ pc}} = {{1 {\ rm {\ au}}}\ over {\ tan 1"}}\ approx 206\ ,265 {\ mbox {au}}} Because The average distance between Earth and the Sun in 1 au is 1,49598 · 108 km, so 1 pc ≈ 206 265 ⋅ 1,495 98 ⋅ 10 11 m ≈ 3,085 68 ⋅ 10 16 m {\ displaystyle 1 {\ mbox {pc}}\ approx 206\ ,265\ cdot 1 {,} 49598\ cdot 10^ {11} {\ mbox {m}}\ approx 3 {,} 08568\ cdot 10^ {16} {\ mbox {m}}} distances reported as parsecs The second nearest star Alpha Centauri distance from Earth is about 1.33 pc.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

The center of the Milky Way is about 8 kiloparsecs from Earth.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

The Andromeda galaxy's distance from Earth is 900 kiloparsecs (900 kpc), or 0.9 megaparsecs (0.9 Mpc).


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

The farthest known quasar is 5500 megaparsecs, or 5.5 gigaparsecs (5.5 Gpc), away from Earth.


Question: What does parsek mean?

Parsek

Sources Category:Units of Longitude Category:Astronomy Category:Key Articles in Screening


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Lev Borisovich Kamenev (, right. Rosenfeld (); 18 July (J: 6 July) 1883 Moscow, Russian Empire — 25 August 1936 Moscow, Soviet Union) [1] [2] was a revolutionary and Soviet politician representing the Bolsheviks.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Together with Grigory Zinovyev and Josif Stalin, he formed the so-called Troika, leading the Communist Party of the Soviet Union after the illness and death of Vladimir Lenin in 1922—1925.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In 1926—1927, Kamenev and Zinovyev were ousted from the party leadership by Stalin.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Following the start of Stalin's persecutions, in 1936, they were sentenced to death in a show trial and executed.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Kamenev was Russian-Jewish from an ethnic background.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Life Career Before the Revolution Kamenev, right named Rosenfeld, was the most born of a Jewish family and his father was a train driver on the Moscow—Kursk railway.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

His parents had been involved in student revolutionary activities in the 1870s.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Kamenev attended his high school in Tbilisi, Georgia, where he gained his first contact with the revolutionary socialist movement.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

The outlawed Russian Social Democratic Labour Party he joined in 1901.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

As Kamenev, during his high school days, had belonged to radical political debate clubs and participated in demonstrations, he was only accepted into Moscow University on a separate supplication.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In March 1902 he was imprisoned for a few months for his participation in a student demonstration against the Tsarist rule, after which he was refused permission to continue his studies.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

He fled to Western Europe, became acquainted in Paris with Vladimir Lenin and became a professional revolutionary.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

After the Russian Social Democrats split in two in 1903, Kamenev joined the Bolshevik wing led by Lenin.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[3] [4] [1] Kamenev was since 1902 married to Olga Bronstein, sister of Lev Trotsky.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[3] Kamenev, who returned to Russia, set about organising a strike on the Transcaucasian Railway, but was arrested in Tbilisi by the secret police Ohrana and was imprisoned for five months.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[3] In Tbilisi, Kamenev also first became acquainted with Josif Stalin in 1904.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[5] During the Revolution of 1905, Kamenev organized railway strikes in Saint Petersburg.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In December 1908 he took up residence in Geneva, Switzerland, where he worked together with Lenin and Grigory Zinovyev.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

From 1912 to 1914, the trio lived in Kraków, which belonged to Austria-Hungary, near the Russian border.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[3] At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Lenin sent Kamenev to Russia, where he instructed Bolshevik representatives in the Duma to oppose the war.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Kamenev was arrested and deported to Siberia in November 1914.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Released in 1917 after the February Revolution, he also travelled with Stalin, who had been freed from Siberian deportation, to Saint Petersburg, where at the end of March they formed the temporary leadership of the Bolsheviks.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[1] Kamenev also became editor-in-chief of Pravda, though he was replaced by Stalin in early May.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[6] Kamenev and Stalin urged the party to provide reserved support for the interim government, but Lenin, who returned to Russia, rescinded this instruction in his famous April Theses, which directly called for the next revolution.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[1] Kamenev feared the revolution initiated prematurely would fail and openly positioned himself in opposition to Lenin's new line.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

The cautious line was personified in 1917 precisely to Kamenev.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[3] Despite this, he was imprisoned for a short time in connection with the so-called July unrest.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[7] October Revolution In October 1917, Kamenev and Zinoviev were the only members of the Bolshevik Central Committee to oppose an immediate grab of power.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[3] In order to prevent a project they considered disastrous, they revealed the secret plans of the Bolsheviks in an article published by the Mensheviks in “Novaya Žizn”, which other Bolsheviks saw as almost a traitor.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Despite this, Kamenev was elected, days after the October Revolution, chairman of the Pan-Russian Executive Central Committee formally recognised by the Bolsheviks as the supreme state body.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[8] Kamenev called for the formation of a joint government of all socialist parties and in the weeks following the revolution in November 1917, in connection with the so-called Vikžel negotiations, conducted reconcessions in the name of the Bolsheviks, disregarding Lenin's open opposition.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

The broad-based government sought by Kamenev did not materialize, but the left-wing socialist revolutionaries joined the Council of People's Commissars a little later as Bolshevik government partners.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[9] After Lenin torpedoed the Vikžel negotiations, Kamenev and Zinoviev resigned in protest from the party's central committee, but returned after a few weeks repentant.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Prior to that, however, Kamenev was ousted on 21 November from the General Russian Executive Central Committee and was succeeded by Yakov Sverdlov.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[10] Captive in Finland Kamenev participated in the December 1917 Brest-Litovsk peace talks.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In the middle of negotiations, Lenin sent him to Great Britain as Soviet Russia's diplomatic representative, but he was expelled from Britain after a week already.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[2] [3] On the return voyage, he was captured in Finland in late March 1918.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

The Germans had promised him safe passage through Åland to the red southern Finland, but he was captured in Mariehamn by the newly arrived Finnish governor of Åland, Hjalmar von Bonsdorff, as a representative of the enemy country.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

He was imprisoned for one month at Vita Bjorn prison in Kastelholm and later for three months in Oulu County Prison until he was released in early August 1918 as part of a prisoner exchange between Finland and Soviet-Russia.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Zinoviev and Moisei Uritski oversaw the prisoner exchange ceremony at the Raja River Bridge.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[11] Career in Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union After returning to the homeland, Kamenev was readmitted to the party leadership.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

He had belonged to the First Bolshevik Politburo, founded in October 1917, and in January 1919 he became one of the founding members of the new Politburo.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In the same year, he was also elected chairman of the Moscow Council, that is, effectively, the head of the local party organization


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[1] Kamenev was additionally from 1924 to 1926 as President of the Council for Work and Defence, from January to August 1926 as People's Commissar in charge of foreign trade in the Soviet Union, and 1926—1927 Ambassador to Italy.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[2] [4] He was also appointed in 1923 as the first director of the new Lenin Institute and was allowed to deliver Lenin's compiled works.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[2] [12] When Lenin fell ill in 1922, Kamenev was vice-president of the Council of People's Commissars and after Lenin was sidelined in decision-making, Kamenev acted as his deputy.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

After the power struggle started in 1923, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin, elected as the party's secretary-general the previous year, formed an informal leadership team known as the Troika or Triumvirate, whose main objective was to prevent Lev Trotsky and the formed around this the left—opposition's entry into power.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[13] Trotsky and the left-wing opposition wanted to abandon the new economic policy incorporating elements of capitalism and market economics, or NEP, while the “centrist” of the party represented by the troika advocated its continuation.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[14] [15] With Lenin's death in January 1924, it was ultimately Kamenev who prevented the disclosure of Lenin's will, embarrassing to Stalin, in order to save his important ally.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

As Stalin pursued mainly his own cause, Zinoviev and Kamenev formed a cooperative duo that remained loyal to each other until the end.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Ambitious and trusted in his instincts, Zinovyev and cautious and methodical Kamenev have been said to have perfected each other's qualities.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[13] After Trotsky lost ground in early 1925, the Troika disintegrated as Stalin turned against his former allies Kamenev and Zinoviev.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Kamenev was dropped from full member of the Politburo in October 1925 to candidate membership and stripped of the post of Moscow-party leader.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In the summer of 1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev allied themselves with Trotsky, resulting in the so-called United Opposition.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

It was united by anti-Stalin sentiment and a demand for the restoration of the party's internal democratic operating culture.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In October 1926, Kamenev lost his candidate membership in the Politburo and, with Stalin taking a final blow, in November 1927 he was also expelled from the Central Committee.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

At the December 1927 party conference, Zinovyev and Kamenev decided to save their careers by resigning themselves from all their previous opinions.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

They were expelled from the party but were cleared to apply for their membership back after six months of probation.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[16] [3] [4] [1] Devastation Kamenev and Zinovyev regained their party membership in 1928.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Separation from the party and re-acceptance into membership was repeated 1932—1933, where in between Kamenev was exiled to Minusinsk.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In 1932—1934 he was the first director of the Gorky Institute of World Literature, founded in Moscow.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[2] When Sergei Kirov was assassinated in December 1934, Zinoviev and Kamenev were accused of “moral complicity” in what happened.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In a secret trial in January 1935, Kamenev was sentenced to five and ten years' imprisonment respectively.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[8] [3] [1] Kamenev, along with 38 other individuals, was also charged with conspiracy against Stalin in July 1935 and this time was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[17] A new, public trial was held for Zinoviev and Kamenev in August 1936, known as the first of the so-called Moscow trials.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

They were alleged to have formed a secret terrorist organisation led by Trotsky from abroad that assassinated Kirov and plotted the assassinations of Stalin as well as other party leaders.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Of the sixteen defendants in total, five were agents of the security service NKVD, whose false confessions went from evidence against others as well.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

In a secret meeting, Stalin promised Zinoviev and Kamenev that their lives, as well as their families and comrades, would be spared if they confessed in court.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Zinoviev and Kamenev acknowledged the trumped-up charges, but Stalin betrayed his promise.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

They were sentenced to death on August 24 and executed the next morning.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[3] [18] Kamenev's wife later died in a prison camp.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[1] Their two sons, as well as Kamenev's brother and his wife, were also executed.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[2] Kamenev was rehabilitated during the period of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1988.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

[1] Sources Literature Stephen Kotkin: Stalin — Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878—1928.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Penguin Books in 2014.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Christer Pursiainen: Trotsky.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Gummerus, Helsinki 2011.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Robert Service: A History of Modern Russia — From Nicholas II to Putin.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

Penguin Books, London 2003.


Question: Where was Lev Kamenev born?

Lev Kamenev

References Category:Bolsheviks Category:Heads of State Category:Soviet politicians Category:Soviets executed Class:Those who died in Stalin's persecutions Class:Born in 1883 Class:Those who died in 1936


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Pierre Schaeffer (14 August 1910, Nancy — 19 August 1995, Aix-en-Provence) was a French composer, engineer, music researcher and writer.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

He is best known as the founder of the School of Concrete Music, but his multidisciplinary life's work also includes extensive literary production, from fictional essays to treatises on acoustics.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Life and career Childhood and study Pierre Schaeffer was born on 14 August 1910 in the northern French city of Nancy.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

[1] His parents taught music at the Nancy Conservatory, but he himself ended up in engineering studies and graduated from the École supérieure d'électricité in Paris.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

In addition to his engineering studies, he studied mathematics, philosophy, and music, and implemented his artistic inclinations in Catholic Scout groups.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

[2] French Broadcasting In 1934, Schaeffer began working at the Strasbourg Telecommunications Center, from where he was transferred to the Paris Radio.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Schaeffer spent most of his career working for the French public broadcaster ORTF.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

He worked in his early stages as a sound designer for radio theatre broadcasts, but gradually his work rose to an increasingly independent role.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

In 1943 he published a treatise l'Esthétique et la technique des arts-relais, which deals with the new meanings produced by the repetition medium to the text.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

In his work, the voice no longer served as a mere front for the theatre, but “spoke for itself as well.”


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

He equated the development to cinema, which at the beginning was practically a recording of theatrical performance, but soon became independent as an art form of its own.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

In 1943, the trial studio Studio d'essai was established, where he further developed his experimental approach.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

However, the first performance of concrete music on radio, concert de bruits, was not broadcast until after the war on 5 October 1948.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Relating to the Vichy government and the French Resistance, Schaeffer worked on his Radio Jeunesse program funded by the Vichy government.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

However, in the early stages, the government did not show much interest in Schaeffer's activities and his working group gained autonomy to produce artistic content.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Schaeffer's close circle included members of the Resistance, and he himself was actively involved in the movement's activities no later than 1943, having recorded works by artists belonging to the movement.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

He helped his Jewish acquaintances by hiring them for his orchestra and helping them conceal their identities.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

After the true nature of Schaeffer's activities was revealed in 1944, he was fired from the Studio d'essai he founded himself.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

After the German occupation, he was also interrogated by supporters of General Charles de Gaulle because he had produced programs funded by the Vichy government.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

[3] Post-war activities After World War II, the Studio d'essai was reopened and Schaeffer was invited back to set up the Club d'Essai group.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

The group served as a kind of collective creative laboratory, where Schaeffer continued to seek new ways of vocal expression.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Later, Schaeffer founded the Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète, where continued his artistic activities in collaboration with e.g.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

with composer Pierre Henry.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

[4] Schaeffer died on 19 August 1995 in Aix-en-Provence, France.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

[5] Style, technique and reception Schaeffer himself did not think that he had founded a new school, as he was not the only composer interested in experimentation of the same type.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

However, he managed to develop a systematic method and theoretical frame of reference around his work and in practice he is considered the founder of the school of concrete music.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

The term is self-introduced by Schaeffer.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

It refers to two basic aspects of what he says, concrete and abstract.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

The somewhat provocative choice of term was in part a counterreaction to the prevailing trend of the era, which he felt placed too much emphasis on the subordination of music to the control of abstract conceptual processes.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

According to him, the process of creating concrete music travels in the opposite direction to traditional music composing.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

He started with concrete sound material in nature and sought to abstract musical features from it.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

The traditional composition process begins at the level of the idea, which manifests itself through the score into a tangible performance.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

However, Schaeffer recognized that both aspects are always present in any creative process and emphasized a change in traditional and prevailing views with his choice of terms.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Schaeffer saw his work as an extension of the development course, with timbre gradually rising from a decorative feature to a more independent status.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Among other things, he identified with Stravinsky's efforts to create new independent dimensions of musical expression based on other parameters of sound, other than pitch.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

He also considered Messiaen's bird compositions to be a kind of tangible experimentation.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

His greatest influence from the circle of traditional Western art music was Bach, whom he regarded as an unsurpassed representative of “pure music”.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Mozart's music, in turn, he considered even somewhat superficial.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Applying the serial method to music composed for traditional intruments was not appropriate in Schaeffer's view.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

For a complex sound material, its use, on the other hand, was appropriate, as long as it was not limited to unilaterally.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Concrete music may also contain tonal elements.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

According to him, it was only with concrete music that it was possible to compose truly atonal music, completely free of tonal associations.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Also, the absence of a toonika-dominant relationship determines instrument music, as it is heard in relation to centuries of tonal tradition, even if the work does not include this relationship.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

For much the same reasons, he also took reservations about the electronische music trend pursued by Stockhausen and the Cologne school.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

In his view, the trend was not capable of renewing musical thinking but instead made music based on old conventions with new types of instruments.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Stockhausen, in turn, accused Schaeffer of excessive empiricism and anarchism.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Overall, concrete music divided opinion.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Dodecaphonists were even hostile at first, but Schaeffer's works nevertheless received an enthusiastic reception at the Darmstadt summer camp.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

The question of whether his work should be called music drifted into an easily irrelevant debate, according to Schaeffer, about defining the term music instead of “the thing itself”.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

However, he answered the question with an analogy about ocean waves.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Sitting in a cave listening to the waves of the sea, he experienced a powerful aesthetic experience and heard each wave as a variation on the same unchanging theme.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

He realised that he was taking the first musical step by conscious choice, where you detach sound from its way of birth and context while listening to it for himself's sake.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Listening to sound detached from context and meaning content Schaeffer calls reduced listening, a central concept in his theoretical thinking.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Schaeffer's Works Compositions Cinq études de bruits Symphonie pour un homme seul (Together with Pierre Henry) Literary production À la recherche d'une musique concrète (1952) raité des objets musicaux (1966) Sources Fulcher, Jane F.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

in 2011.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

The Oxford Handbook of the new Cultural History of Music.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

Schaeffer, Pierre 2012 [1952].


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

In Search of a Concrete Music.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

London, University of California Press, Ltd.


Question: What did Pierre Schaeffer die of?

Pierre Schaeffer

References Category:French composers Category:French writers Category:Those born in 1910 Class:Those who died in 1995


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

The sound structure of the Finnish language comprises the Finnish sound system, namely phonemes, the rules governing their association, namely phonotaxis, syllable and word structure and prosody, i.e. weight and pitch description.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

Vocal system Vowels In Finland there are eight vowels: /i/, /y/, /u/, /e/, /ø/, /o/, /æ/ and /ɑ/.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

In spelling, they are denoted by the letters i, y, u, e, ö, o, ä and a.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

The fact that they are independent phonemes can be attested, for example, by minimum pairs of mickey, mug, mekin, cottage, moki, hill, and lemur.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

[2] Linguistic typologically, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, and /ɑ/ are common, meaning they occur in many of the world's languages, but /y/, /ø/ and /æ/ are less common.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

In particular, the round front vowels /y/ and /ø/ are unusual in that usually round vowels are back vowels.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

The world languages most commonly have five vowel phonemes, so in Finnish there are few more vowels than average, but on the other hand, for example in German, there are up to 14 vowels.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

[4] [2] However, Finnish has quite a few vowels relative to consonants.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

There are only 1.6 consonant phonemes per one vowel phoneme, compared to 3.6 for different languages.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

In running text, vowels occur even more, as in Finnish written text or transcribed speech, vowels account for 48% to 49% of all letter marks.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

[5] [6] The semi-supine vowels /e, ø, o/ are more specifically central, i.e., [e, ø, o].


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Structure of the Finnish language

[7] Finnish vowel phonemes have no other allophones, meaning they are always pronounced broadly the same way.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Although between nasal consonants, vowels are nasal, for example in the word mamma, but weight or speed of speaking have no effect on the pronunciation of vowels.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[8] Consonants in Finland have 13—17 consonants.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Thirteen consonant phonemes are known in original words: /p/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /s/, /h/, /r/, /l/,//and /j/.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

The velar nasal /ŋ/, or “äng-sound”, occurs in original words only as geminate /ŋŋ/, denoted by the letter combination ng in spelling.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

It can be proven as a phoneme by, for example, the minimum pair /kannas/ — /kaŋas/ (canvas).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[9] [10] Loanwords /ŋ/ may also appear in consonant groupings, such as magnet /maŋneːtːi/ or English /eŋlanti/, but not between vowels.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[11] In addition, four consonants have entered common parlance with loanwords: /b/, /g/, /f/, and//(“hat-” or “mouth ace”), denoted by the letter š.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Of those, /f/ already belongs clearly to the consonant system, but /b/ and /g/ are in its boundary range and//is apparently the most marginal.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

For example, some Finnish speakers may pronounce the words ballet and palette in the same way /palette/, or the word šokki can be pronounced /okki/ or /shokki/.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

The probability of pronunciation of foreign phonemes increases if the speaker is trained, speaks slowly, and the situation is formal.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[12] The Finnish consonant system can be considered quite simple in that the languages of the world have more than 20 consonants on average and many more in some languages.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Nor do consonants that are unusual in the world's languages occur in Finland.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[14] Unlike vowels, Finnish consonants have allophonic variation.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

For example, the consonant phoneme /h/ is pronounced as a chordless glottal fricative [h] at the beginning of a word, but above the palatal consonant as a palatal fricative, as in the word [viçko] booklet.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Between vowels, /h/ is voiced as sonorous, for example [vaa] wax.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[15] The pronunciation of the sibilant /s also varies, so that after round vowels it can pronounce postalveolar as [], but between vowels as sonorous as [z].


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[16] [17] Under the influence of nasal assimilation, nasal consonants adapt to the pronunciation position of the following consonant, so that, for example, the word ranka is pronounced [raŋka].


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[16] [18] Length of phonemes in Finnish language, the length of phonemes, or quantum, distinguishes meanings.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

There are two degrees of longitude, and in spelling, short phonemes are denoted by one and long ones by two letters.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

For example, the words burden, burden, fireplace, fireplace and rear have different meanings.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

For consonants, the names lone consonant and geminate are usually used, for vowels again short and long vowels.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[19] Finnish is a full quantification language in the sense that length is not tied to word weight and both short and long consonants can occur in the same word independently of each other.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

The length difference applies to all vowels and almost all consonants.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Of the original consonants v, j, h and d occur only short; though geminate hh is in the word hihhuli and dd in some foreign words, such as addict.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Colloquially, even these consonants may lengthen under the influence of general gemination, for example, money, ajja, but even then they cannot be considered long phonemes because gemination is automatic and length does not distinguish meanings.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[19] [20] Vowel length difference occurs in many languages of the world, but consonant length difference is a less common phenomenon.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[21] However, Finnish is a language typologically uncommon language in that the length and word weight of phonemes are not linked: weight is always on the first syllable of a word, but long and short phonemes can exist in all syllables.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[22] The phonotactic restriction called vowelization prevails in Finnish, according to which one word can only have back vowels (a, o, u) or front vowels (ä, ö, y).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Vowelization applies not only to word bodies, but also to related suffixes such as inflection endings (in naughty—stupid) and conductors (naughtiness—stupidity).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

However, vowelising does not apply to connecting words such as summer vacation and grandfather.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[23] [24] Although the vowels e and i are phonetically front vowels, they are neutral in terms of vowel chord, i.e., can also occur together with back vowels.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

This can be seen, for example, in pairs of words back — debt and dispute — denies.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

However, if there are only neutral vowels in the vocabulary, the suffix is a front vowel, e.g., in a word weeping.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[23] Vowelization is a relatively rare phenomenon in world languages.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[21] In Finland, vowelization does not apply to loanwords such as analysis, olympics, papyrus or föönata.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

In such words, the suffix can also vary, especially if the anterior covale is y: one can say, for example, analytical or analytical.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[25] Diphthongs and vowel groupings There are many diphthongs and vowel groups in Finland, and the long vowel strings and the wide variety of possibilities of unification of vowels distinguish Finnish from many of the world's languages.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[21] [24] There are 18 diphthongs in Finnish common language, which can be divided into three groups.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

In constricting diphthongs, the initial component is loose (ä, a) or semitimple (e, ö, o) and the postcomponent is concise (i, y, u).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

In concise diphthongs, both the initial and postcomponent are concise.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

In intermediate diphthongs, the initial compensator is concise and the postcomponent is semi-supine.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Of the diphthongs, the rarest are ey, iy, öi and yi, which occur mainly only in bending forms or wires, hence the boundary of the torso and suffix: wash, wrap, work, glaze.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[26] [27] In addition to diphthongs, Finnish has many vowel groupings, or vowel strings, with a syllable boundary between them.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

There are 20 groupings of two vowels, of which 16 occur on the boundary of the first and second syllables, for example a.e (tae), a.o (vaot), e.a (mixture), i.a (lian), i.ä (for age), o.a (loan), o.e (experiment), u.e (puen), y.e (able), a.e (I see) and a.ö (blurred).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

In principle, all vowels in Finnish can occur sequentially as either diphthongs or vowel groupings when voweling chords are taken into account.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

On the other hand, some vowel groupings are rare, such as i.ö (cylindrical, reservoir) or e.ö (lye).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[28] [29] The boundary between vowel group and diphthong is not always clear; instead, in some vowel strings, the syllable boundary may be pronounced or omitted: hi (.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

) I do not, you (.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

) in, dear (.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

) us, different (.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

), pi (.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

) ano, you (.) the ologist.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[30] There are no triphthongs in Finnish; there is always a syllable limit in the groupings of three vowels: one syllable has a short vowel, the other has a long vowel or diphthong.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Examples: au.a (long), iu.a (stove), ai.e (aie), aa.a (raw), aa.o (chaos), uu.i (in food), ii.e (liieä), i.öi (green), i.äi (Easter), u.ai (kidney), y.ä (nowadays), u.u. aa (jaguar), i.oo (idiot).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

In four-vowel conglomerates, there is a long vowel or diphthong ahead of the syllable boundary and a diphthong behind the syllable boundary: aa.oi (in raw), ii.ai (in niiai), eu.oi (in jaws), ai.oi (aioin).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[28] [31] Consonant groups in Finnish were not known before verbal consonant groups, which is manifested in loanwords ranta and gunpowder (< Swedish strand, krut).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Today, however, they are common not only in loanwords, but also in slang and descriptive vocabulary such as biker and plörö.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[32] The most common verbal consonant groupings consist of a clusil (k, p or t) and liquid (l or r): clinic, christian, planetary, percent and tractor.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Also common are groupings beginning in the s, as in the words scale, speculative and status.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[33] The confluence of three consonants at the beginning of a word is rare, but such is, for example, strategy and structure.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[34] At the end of the word, consonant groups also appear mainly in interjections (naks, auts) and loanwords such as praesens and jazz /jats/.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[26] [35] Within the word, the confluence of two consonants are ordinary.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Common ones include st, ht, lt, rt, ts, ks, ns, and sk, which can occur on both the first and later syllable boundaries of a word, and after both a short and long vowel or diphthong.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[36] There are several phonotactic limitations in the original vocabulary that loanwords can violate.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

For example, /d/ may only appear in the combination /hd/ and /ŋ/ in the combination /ŋk/, but in loanwords other combinations are possible, for example /nd/ in the word bachelor and /ŋn/ in the word cognition.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

In original words, there are also no clusile and nasal conglomerates and//cannot be at the beginning of a consonant grouping.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

However, loanwords may occur for example /pn/ (hypnosis), /km/ (regiment), and /n/ (clown).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[37] For groups of three consonants, it is common for the first consonant to be resonant (/l/, /r/, /m/, /n/ or /ŋ/) and the second and third consonant obstruent (/p/, /t/, /k/ or /s/).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

For example, there are associations of solitary consonant and geminate in words pay, precise, bouquet, container, with and duck, the confluence of three different consonants in the words palsta, pirske, raunchy, consti, urine and winch.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[38] In loanwords alone, other types of three-consonant consonants are known, such as /ntr/ (interest), /str/ (catastrophe), and /kst/ (text).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[39] There are groupings of four consonants mainly in loanwords, such as demonstrative and abstract.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[40] Syllable and word structure in Finland has 10 fundamental syllable types if syllables beginning with consonant groups are not counted.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

At the core of the syllable is a short vowel (V) or a long vowel or diphthong (VV).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

They may form a syllable alone, but may have one consonant (K) in front of them and one or two consonants behind them.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[41] [42] In addition, syllable types beginning with two consonants include KKV (pro.cent), KKVK (pris.ma), KKVV (kruu.nu), KKVK (staat.tinen), and KKVKK (prons.si).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Less common are KKKV (stra.tegia) starting with three consonants, KKKVK (stress.si) and KKKVKK (sprint.teri).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[41] [42] Within a word, consonant groupings are usually divided into syllables so that only one consonant remains at the beginning of the latter syllable, e.g., myrs.ky, hart.si.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

In foreign words, however, the phonological inflection varies and does not always follow the hyphenation according to the spelling: for example, maist.rate ~ mais.trate or de.script ~ des.script ~ desk.riptio.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[43] The bodies of basic Finnish words are typically two-syllable and vowel-lobed.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Common constructions in original, two-syllable basic words include KVK.KV (pen.tu), KVV.KV (jou.si), KV.KV (ka.la), KVVK.KV (juus.to), KVK.KV (lamp.pu), and VK.KV (ah.ma).


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

Consonant endings of them are only rich in 10%.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[44] There are few single-syllable words, and most of them are function words such as pronouns (we, you, he, it), conjunctions (and, when, if), the ban verb does not and the 3rd person singular of the copulaverb is.


Question: How many phonemes are there in the Finnish language?

Finnish language sound structure

[45] The shortest content words are swim (< swim) and night, and in addition there are some KVV types, such as tree and moon.