Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In boys, puberty usually begins at the age of 11—13, initially as slow growth of the genitals.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Clear signs such as rapid height growth or voice breaking appear only in boys aged 13—15 years.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Boys usually reach sexual maturity slightly before acceleration of height growth and voice breaking, usually around 13 to 14 years of age.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

During puberty, girls are left shorter and develop breasts and wide hips.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The body fat percentage in girls increases, and the voice retains the features of the child's high voice.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The mental development of girls is faster in adolescence and are more ready for adulthood and having children.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

During puberty, boys grow longer and become more muscular, and the voice decreases and the child's high voice features are not maintained.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The physical performance of boys exceeds the physical performance of girls.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In the mental maturation of boys, it takes longer.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Adulthood and aging After puberty is the time when a person is physically in peak condition.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Human physical development reaches its peak around the age of 21—22.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

At this age, female fertility also tends to be at its highest.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Male testosterone levels don't reach their peak until around 24 to 25 years of age.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

From the age of about 25 years, collagen production in the skin begins to wane, the body's recovery from stress conditions slows down, and the woman's fertility actually begins to decline.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

This process leads to the fact that after thirty years of age, small lines and wrinkles begin to appear on the skin of the face at a slow pace, and the chance of a woman becoming pregnant decreases.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Later, from the age of forty onwards, as human metabolism slows down, the middle-aged gains weight more easily, than under thirty years old.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In women, a significant phenomenon associated with aging is menopause.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Human mental development and maturation, on the other hand, continue well into adulthood.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Perceptual ability begins to decline in middle age, but most cognitive, or thinking related functions, remain good until around 60 to 70 years of age.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Linguistic functions usually begin to deteriorate only after 80 years of age.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Often, a significant deterioration in mental functions in old age is associated with some dementing disease, while cognitive functions in healthy elderly people are only marginally impaired.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[17] All people get older, but with a healthy lifestyle, plenty of exercise and a positive attitude to life, it can be partially slowed down.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The average human lifespan varies widely from country to country.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Women live several years longer than men on average.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Death Death is the endpoint of a person's life and can be caused suddenly by an accident or being a victim of a crime in which some or some organs are damaged or destroyed.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

A person can also die from various diseases, such as cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases or brain diseases.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

You can also die of old age, when, say, heart failure becomes so great that the heart can no longer pump.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In unclear cases, the cause and time of death can be established by an autopsy performed by a pathologist.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The moment of death can be defined as the cessation of blood supply and respiration (cardiac death, clinical death) or the cessation of brain function (brain death) and is defined by death signs such as herds and mortis (rigor mortis), as well as cooling and decay of the body.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Usually after a person dies, his loved ones bury the deceased body of the deceased and erect a monument.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Most human communities are also characterized by a desire to believe in the afterlife or the immortality of the soul.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Race and Ethnicity Different geographical regions are home to human populations whose appearance, language and culture differ.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Different populations are different mainly because they have experienced different phases during their history.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The groups have had to survive in different parts of the globe under very different conditions.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Cultural, linguistic and genetic development has taken different paths and developed variation and local specialties.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Usually people define themselves as a group based on race and ethnicity, though in science terms there is no consensus at all on the concept of race.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Classification generally is based on ancestry and visible characteristics such as skin color and face contours.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Ethnically, people classify themselves according to language, culture, tradition, religion or place of birth to some group, thus increasing cohesion.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Ethnicity may also be called nationality, but the terms do not coincide in all cases.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Ethnicity or nationality is an important object of identification for many, as if extended family; through it many feel they belong to a broader group than family and lineage, with significant unifying and distinguishing factors from other groups.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The ideological self-awareness and cognisant identification with ethnicity or nationality is a nationalism developed in the fold of the 18th and 19th centuries.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Under the influence of nationalism, or nationalism, many want their ethnic group to be allowed to govern a certain region by self-governing or autonomous.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Conflicting territorial claims by ethnic groups have led to many wars.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Almost all people live on the territory of a state or society and most often are official members of some state or society, that is, citizens.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Citizenship is different than nationality or ethnicity, as citizens of the same state may have multiple ethnicities.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Also, the state or society can be an object of strong identification.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Such identification is called patriotism.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Nutrition People need to live with regular food and drink.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Lack of food in humans already leads to hunger death in a short time, but water deficiency is all the more serious: it leads to dehydration and death already in a few days.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Water or other liquids a person drinks an average of 1.5 liters per day.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Humans can eat for a living the products of both the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

So man, as a species, is omnivorous.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Humans have used both meat and vegetable food since the hunter-gatherer period.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

However, humans can also get along with vegetarian food alone, which some people now use for ethical or health reasons.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

10,000 years ago, humans adopted a farming culture that led to rapid population growth with food sufficient for more and more.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Today, freight traffic has improved and more people have access to a variety of food items from around the world, and the range is no longer limited to just local offerings.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Hunger and malnutrition is also one of the biggest problems facing humanity.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Malnourished and hungry people live on Earth at nearly a billion, mostly in developing countries in Africa and South Asia.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Every year, nearly 10 million people die of starvation and malnutrition.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[18] Many developed countries help poor developing countries through food aid fight hunger.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Brain, mind and consciousness The human brain is the most important part of the central nervous system.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Brain weight is only about 2% of total body weight, but they use 25% of the oxygen in human inhaled air.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The corpus callosum, which connects the right and left halves of the human brain, contains about 100 million nerve fibers.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

An adult male brain weighs an average of 1,424grams, but the weight decreases with age to 1,395 grams.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

A woman's brain weighs about 1,265grams.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Man is one of seven species to pass the mirror test, though usually human children under the age of two do not pass it.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The test person needs to recognize themselves in the mirror.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Other species that pass the test are chimpanzee, elephant, bonobo, orangutan, dolphin and pigeon.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In general, representatives of other animal species react to their own mirror image in the same way as to their species companion.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[19] Society StatisticsWorld Population7 550,262 [20] (2017) Population density12,7 as. /km² (size of globe) 43.6 as. /km² (land area) Largest concentrations of populationKio, New York, Mexico City, Seoul, São Paulo, Moscow Most spoken languages (2000, estimate) Mandarin Chinese 14.37% Hindi 6.02% English 5.61% Spanish 5.59% Arabic 4.59% Major religions (2002, estimate) Christianity 32.71% Islam 19.67% (No religion 14.84%) Hinduism 13.28% Buddhism 5.84% Most used currencyUSD, euro, yen, poundBusiness structure [21] (billion, 2016) 1.9 G children under 15 years of age 1.7 G in service sector, 1.4 G in agriculture 0.800 G in industry 0.577 G retired or too Elderly work 0.430 G unemployed 0.400 G entrepreneurs Society consists of people and their constituent communities that interact closely with each other in a particular geographical area.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

All societies together make up all of humanity.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Culture refers to the behavior, customs and history inherent in a particular group of people.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

People have many values, norms and traditions, and they unite groups.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Similar social interactions and societies also exist, for example, in ants and birds.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

However, humans differ from other species due to diverse social interactions and culture and strong cultural evolution.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In evolution, human means of surviving other species better have been central to intelligence, the human brain.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Other similar means, partly based on the brain, have included communication technology, language other technology knowledge and understanding organizational skills, the power of the set and the specialization it enables.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

highly developed hands enabling tool use and fine motor skills People consider themselves good at evaluating situations, forming a general understanding, realizing context, identifying patterns and using instincts.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

On the other hand, to man produce difficulties in dealing with things in parallel, remembering details, performing routine tasks, abandoning false conclusions and managing stress.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

However, with respect to all these characteristics, the individual variation is quite large: for some people, for example, the routine work performed is well suited, and the pressure tolerance of many people has developed very strong.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Language People differ from other species by their linguistic abilities, which allow them to share ideas with each other, plan for the future and transfer acquired knowledge to posterity.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Language is a system in which a person expresses his thoughts with linguistic signs, abstractions.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

These signs are referred to as linguistic expressions.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Signs belonging to spoken languages are produced by speech organs.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In written language, linguistic expressions are made to be seen through the eyes, that is, to be read.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In signposted languages, linguistic expressions are visual, not audible.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Languages are studied by linguistics.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

People currently have around 6000 languages in use, and countless languages have disappeared over time.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

However, the linguistic diversity of humanity is declining and languages are dying at an ever-increasing rate, largely due to globalization.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The vast majority of languages are feared to die out during this century.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The writing skills people developed about 5000 years ago.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

It was an effective way of preserving information in memory for posterity, and played a considerable role in human cultural evolution.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Arts Fine art has been present in mankind ever since the prehistoric period.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

It is a peculiar form of expression, communication, statement and pleasure production, and the like does not occur in other species.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Music is a voice-based form of art and communication inherent in human culture.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Its genesis is thought to have been related to the development of speech, and may have been influenced by the mimicry of nature's sounds — such as birds —, the rhythm of labour movements, and the basic playful and gregarious essence of man.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Today, music is one of the most widespread forms of entertainment among humanity.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The literary tradition is preceded by a long tradition of oral narrative, tales, anecdotes, and fables of mankind.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Literary art is represented by poems, drama and prose.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Motivation and Emotions The concept of motivation has been used to describe it 1) what activates an organism (activation) 2) what causes the organism to choose precisely the specific response or behavior (selection/selection/directing) and 3) why the organism responds to the same stimulus in different ways between (readiness to the response).


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Simply, motivation theory should answer the question “why do we behave the way we behave”.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

A so-called push-pull dichotomy has been proposed as a division of motivational theories: some 'pushing', an internal motivational force of the organism (traditionally tension/internal voltage reduction, tension reduction), in others some 'pulling', outside the organism motivational power (traditionally rewards/penalties).


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Hedonistic motivation theories are united by an emphasis on the organism's pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of anxiety/pain.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Important motivational concepts include spent, need, goal, attribution, and flow.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[22] Emotion is an entity for the coordination of a complex system, such as a human, to a particular basic situation.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

For example, the feeling of fear sensitizes the senses, concentrates attention, decreases surface circulation (smaller damage in a fight situation), raises heart rate, secretes adrenaline into the blood, and so on.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Even though people know a lot about emotions these days, they are still a scientific mystery.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

These issues are studied especially by psychology.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Love and Sexuality Love is one of the strongest emotions in a person.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

It can be directed at another human being, cause, religion, art, nature, or some other thing.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Central to relationships between adults is sexuality, which is an important means of expressing love.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

However, not all love relationships contain any sexual dimension at all, and not all sexual relationships are love affairs.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Parents' love for their offspring (often including other people's children) is a key factor in the biological instinct of custody, namely the message of nurture.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Sexuality is not central to love, although it is one of those significant emotional domains (such as the sense of nurture) that overlap in part with love.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Sexuality is central only to those love relationships that are sexual relations.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Furthermore, sexuality plays a significant - though not usually central - part in some other human relationships as well.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Sexuality is a phenomenon occurring in humans.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In animals, sexual behaviour occurs mainly only when conception is possible, and the courting and mating functions of animals are instinctive and firmly species-specific.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Human sexuality is the most complex of all animals, and sexual intercourse between humans is most often not directly related to reproduction.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Religion Religion refers to man's belief in gods or other superhuman might, his recourse to it, and the associated experience of holiness.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

These have often taken shape in religion as a system of learning and manifest themselves as various communal customs and worship expenditures.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[23] Generally religions also contain moral values and/or rules by which people are supposed to live.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

There are numerous definitions of religion and there is no consensus on them.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

It has been thought, among other things, that man has developed different forms of religion for fear of ignorance.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[24] According to one view, the central importance of religion to man is to answer existential, existential questions, for example, “what happens after death”, “what meaning does life have”, and so on.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[25] Philosophy Philosophy dates to around 600—400BC.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

a tradition of thought and doctrine born in ancient Greece that seeks to explore the ultimate essence of reality, the general conditions of knowledge, the existence of beauty and values, the conditions of a good society, the nature of being human and the general themes connected to them.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Science and Engineering Science refers to a systematic information acquisition system by which people seek to understand reality more and more accurately.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Science is based on theories based on which predictions are created and then tested by experiments.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Modern science was born in Europe in a new age.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Predictions made by science often benefit society or the individuals who use them.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Science, and especially the development of technology, has been one of the key drivers of human culture.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The earliest early signs of the technique are very old, up to 3.4 million years [26].


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

With technology this old, it is apparent that technology has not only influenced human culture but also human evolution, with the result that man without technology is quite helpless animal in nature.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Simultaneously with the emergence of modern man 200000 years ago, based on discoveries from the Early Stone Age, has moved to the Middle Stone Age, characterized by more refined stone tools and arrow tips.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[27] The use of clothing has also been so widespread in those days that the human parasite, lice, evolved into only a subspecies living in human clothing, the clothed lice.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

State and politics The state is today a key form of social organisation.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

It was preceded, for example, by a clan, tribe or chiefdom.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

According to an amicable conception, politics means the decision-making and other related activities of the human community.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

By the broadest definition, politics is acting for one thing against another issue.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Violence Humans like other primates and mammals are characterized by intergroup aggression, mostly limited to threats.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Violence exists in abundance between human individuals and communities alike.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Violence against a group of people is called persecution for example.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

War is a violent clash between two communities of people.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Even if a community is not involved in any war or persecution, its individuals may nevertheless face violence from each other.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Societies tend to limit violence or monopolize it only to certain quarters.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In many cultures violence is both idolised and frowned upon.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Violence can also be mental.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Violence is most often the exercise of power for people, as it seeks to subjugate another or achieve a goal.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

War Based on archaeological finds and cultural anthropological comparison, it has been concluded that humans have been waging inter-tribal or clan-related wars for about 10000—12000 years.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

This makes war quite a juvenile phenomenon in human biological and cultural evolution.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[28] Over the past millennia, however, warring has been common among many cultures.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The most devastating war in human history has been World War II, which resulted in the deaths of more than 50 million people.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Trading In humans, trading refers to the exchange of a good or service where the transaction of the exchange does not involve entering into a close personal relationship.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Initially, people traded goods for other goods, but this was often more about the exchange of gifts that strengthened social relations rather than trading.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The invention of money made trading more efficient.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

When money is used in exchange, one can distinguish between buying and selling as separate transactions.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Other animals are not known to engage in very significant trade.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Relationship with the environment Many hunter-gatherer peoples and early farmers too lived pretty much within the carrying capacity of their environment.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

There are exceptions.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In ecosystems particularly sensitive to human activity, for example, many large game animals became extinct.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Locally, quite early-progenitor societies even eradicated entire ecosystems, as in the Easter Islands.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[29] Especially with the Industrial Revolution, the situation changed decisively.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Over the last few centuries, man has spread ever more and more and more natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

More and more land has been taken for active human use and thus taken away from other nature.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The land has been both built up and modified for farming use.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Many renewable resources have begun to be exploited beyond their renewable capacity, resulting in a decrease in their rate and ability to regenerate.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Some renewable resources, such as many species of organisms, have been completely exhausted in such a way that they have been completely destroyed.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

A key component of the Industrial Revolution has been the introduction of non-renewable non-recyclable natural resources.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

These primarily include fossil fuels and fission-worthy uranium, the most essential energy sources so far.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

The use of non-recyclable natural resources has also increased considerably.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

As virgin funds become depleted and their exploitation becomes more difficult, recycling has begun.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Mm.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

with advances in medical care and nutrition, human population growth clearly accelerated in the 20th century, when it also began to be considered a serious problem.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Mortality decreased but the decline in the birth rate followed only with a delay in the stern.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Population growth has already slowed first in industrialised countries and this is expected to happen even in newly industrialised countries.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

In the early 21st century, the vast majority of people live in pre-industrial squalor and poverty, and several also in hunger or lack of decent food and water.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

For example, according to WWF's Ecological Footprint gauge, humanity's consumption of natural resources exceeded Earth's biocapacity by 25% in 2003.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

[30] Sciences that study humans Biology studies life and therefore human beings, yet it does not take into account all human characteristics.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Different disciplines study human and human activity differently and from different starting points.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

They include: Anthropology is a generic term for the study of humans.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

A lot of science that studies humans can be considered to belong to anthropology.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Demography or demography Heredity science or genetics Ethnology Social sciences Medicine Economics Psychology Psychometrics (e.g. polls) Linguistics Sociology History Archaeology See also Human activity Population growth Sources Literature Jared Diamond: The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Terra Cognita.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

ISBN 978-952-5202-92-2.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Leakey, Richard E.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

& Lewin, Roger| title = Human Genesis: What the latest studies reveal about the early stages and future development| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book Consortium | year = 1978| version = (Origins, 1977.)


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Translated by Virve Kajaste and Antero Manninen| id = ISBN 951-26-1524-X| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: How many members are counted in the chief?

human

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bjålie, Jan et al.| title = Human — Physiology and Anatomy| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| version=4th edition| id = ISBN 978-951-0-23087-9| accessdate = 26.3.2012}} On topic elsewhere * Category:Key aspects of screening Articles


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

Bading is a Finnish film directed by Markku Pölösen about Rauli Bading Somerjoki.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

The film had its premiere in 2000.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

The film tells the story of Raul's escape to the countryside into the landscapes of his childhood.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

Pölönen has said of the film that it is not a biography film but a fairy tale.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

He also describes the importance of music to film: “Bading put so much of his own thinking and emotional life into the music that really this film would have been able to make from music alone” and “- - the greatest truth of the film is music”.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

Events “that could have happened” are shown in the film along the journey, with Badding's childhood friend being a combination of four five people.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

[1] Awards The film received four Jussi Awards.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

Janne Reinikainen, who played Badding, was awarded with the male lead role.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

Jussit was also given to cinematographer Kari Sohlberg, set designer Minna Santakar and costume artist Tiina Kaukasen.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

[1] Reviews Critics' attitude was freshly reserved: “Pölönen's best film”, “Pölönen's flick has a lot of good and conquering, but it's not a full hit”.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

Reinikainen's role performance receives praise from Helena Yläse as a sincere and fine work.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

According to him, Reinikainen has reached out to Somerriver's gestures “eerily well.”


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

[2] Some critics would have longed for a more traditional biographical take on the film, a reflection on Somer's music and the backgrounds of his performance.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

In the absence of historical background, the film fails to answer its central question: what, in the charisma of the River Somer, set him apart from the dozen-pop makers.


Question: Who played the lead in the Seekers movie?

Badding (film)

[2] Actors Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Films of the year 2000 Category:Films directed by Markku Pölönen Category:Finnish musical films Category:Jussi award-winning films Category:Rauli Bading Somerjoki


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

James Bradley (March 1693 — 13 July 1762) was an English astronomer and, from 1742, succeeded Edmund Halley as Astronomer Royal.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

[1] He is best known for two foundationally important observations, the aberration of light (1725—1728) and the nutation of the Earth's axis (1728—1748).


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

These observations Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, historian of astronomy, mathematical astronomer and director of the Paris Observatory, said in his work published in 1821 as “the most brilliant and useful of the century” because “for these two Bradley observations we are to thank. on the exacticity of current astronomy.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

This double service ensures their observer a very special position, after Hipparchose and Kepler, above the greatest astronomers of all time and of all countries.” [2] Biography Bradley was born in March 1693 at Sherborne near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

His parents were William Bradley and Jane Pound.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

[3] He began his studies at Balliol College, University of Oxford on 15 March 1711 and received in 1714 a Bachelor of Arts and in 1717 a Master of Arts degree.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

His earliest observations he made at Wanstead, Essex under the guidance of his uncle James Pound, who was an accomplished astronomer.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

Bradley was elected a member of the Royal Society on 6 November 1718.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

From 1719 onwards Bradley also served as vicar in Bridstow, and his friend Samuel Molyneux also arranged for him a post in Wales.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

He gave up his priestly career in 1721, when he was reaped professor of astronomy at the University of Oxford.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

From 1729 to 1760, he also gave 79 philosophy lecture courses at the Ashmolean Museum.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

In 1722, Bradley measured the diameter of Venus with a large aerial telescope with a lens focal length of 212 feet (65 meters).


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

[4] Bradley observed the aberration of light in an attempt to measure stellar parallax.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

[5] Bradley worked with Samuel Molyneux until his death, until 1728, trying to measure the parallax of the Gamma Draconis star in particular.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

If parallax existed at all, it should have manifested itself as a small annual circle motion of the star's apparent position.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

However, Bradley and Molyneyx failed to detect parallax, but instead they found a different and inexplicable annual circle motion.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

Soon after Molyneux's death, Bradley realised that this was caused by a phenomenon now known as the aberration of light.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

[5] Bradley recounted his new observation first in a letter to Edmond Halley.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

The aberration observed by Bradley was distinguishable from the expected annual motion induced by parallax in that it appeared differently at different times of the year than parallax should have.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

The dips indicated that if there had been any observable parallax-induced motion, the star should have been at its southernmost apparent position in December and northernmost in June.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

Bradley, on the other hand, found that the star was at its southernmost position in March and at its northernmost position in September, and this could not be explained as being due to parallax.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

The reason for this kind of movement was initially obscure.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

It has often been reported that Bradley realised the solution to the problem while on a sailing ship on the River Thames.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

He found that when the ship turned in the other direction, a small flag in the direction of the mast pointed in a different direction, although the direction of the wind did not change; only the direction and speed of the ship changed.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

Bradley carefully wondered whether Earth's speed and direction of travel at different points in its course, coupled with the speed of light coming from the star, could induce the changes he observed in the apparent position of stars.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

The result of his conclusions matched well with his observations, and at the same time he also obtained an estimate for the speed of light, and he showed that stellar parallax, if there was one at all, was far too small to be measured in his time within the limits of possible accuracy (about 2 arcseconds) [6].


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

The smallness of the parallax at the same time showed that the stars were much farther from Earth than anyone had previously believed.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

The phenomenon observed by Bradley, later called aberration, could also in practice be regarded as definitive conclusive evidence that the Earth actually moves, as Aristarkhos, Copernicus and Kepler had deduced.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

It was informed to the Royal Society in January 1729 (Phil.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

It's trans.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

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Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

Ole Rømer had already proven the speed of light to be finite, but the theory of aberration rings Bradley a way to determine it even more accurately.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

[5] The earliest observations on which the discovery of aberration was based had been made at Molyneux's house in Kew Green, and continued at the house of Bradley's uncle James Pound in Wanstead, Essex.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

After the results of his research on aberration had been published, Bradley set about observing, developing and revising his second major discovery, the nutation of the Earth's axis, but the results on it were not published in print until 14 February 1748 (Phil.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

It's trans.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

xlv.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

I), after he had verified the reality of the phenomenon by making very accurate observations over an entire period of lunar nodes (18.6 years).


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

In 1742 Bradley was appointed to succeed Edmund Halley as Astronomer Royal; his fame made it possible for him to obtain the necessary appropriations to acquire equipment costing a total of £1,000.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

Using a quadrant completed by John Bird in 1750, he collected observational results of immeasurable value at Greenwich for ten years.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

From 1752 onwards, he was awarded an annual grant of £250.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

Bradley ended his scientific career nine years later when his health had deteriorated, and he moved to the Cotswold village of Chalford, Gloucestershire, where he died at Skiveralls House on 13 July 1762.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

[7] Publication of his observations was delayed due to a dispute over their ownership, but they were eventually published by Clarendon Press in Oxford in two volumes, in 1798 and 1806.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

However, it was not until Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel made it comprehensible their fundamental importance.


Question: When was James Bradley elected a member of the Royal Society?

James Bradley

Sources on the subject elsewhere Category:British astronomers Category:Copley Medal recipients Category:Those born in 1693 Class:Those who died in 1762


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (originally Napoleone di Buonaparte, 15 August 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica — 5 May 1821 [1] Longwood, Saint Helena) was First Consul of France beginning in 1799 and Emperor Napoleon I of France from 1804 to 1814 and 1815.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

At the height of his career, he conquered and controlled large parts of Western and Central Europe.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

In this case, his empire was the largest in Europe in size, army and population since the Roman Empire.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[2] He was captured after the losing Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and exiled to Saint Helena Island.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Youth and the beginning of a military career Napoleon was born in the city of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica a year after the Republic of Genoa had sold Corsica to France as a debt payment.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

His original name was Napoleone (Nabullione) Buonaparte, but he changed it to the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte in 1796.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

The name Nabullione had also been held by his uncle as well as his brother, who died in 1765.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[3] Napoleon's parents belonged to the low noble lineage.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

His father, Carlo Buonaparte, an Italian-born lawyer, was named 1778 to the court of Louis XVI, where he spent several years.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Napoleon's mother, Letizia Ramolino, bathed her eight children every other day (normally the upper class didn't bathe either than maybe about once a month).


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

In Napoleon's family there was tough discipline and young Napoleon often got his back.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[3] At the age of five, Napoleon began to be taught at a girls' school run by nuns, which was also open to boys.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[3] A few years later, the boy's upbringing was entrusted to Abbé Recco, who taught Napoleon to read and write Italian.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Napoleon's mother bore a total of thirteen children, [3] five of whom died at a young age.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Eight survived to adulthood and became nobles of high rank all.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Napoleon became Emperor of France and King of Italy, from his brother Joseph King of Naples and later King of Spain, from his sister Élisa, Duchess of Tuscany, from his brother Louis King of Holland, from his sister Caroline Queen of Naples, from his brother Jérôme in northwestern German Westphalia King, from his sister Pauline to the princess and duchess of Guastalla, and from his brother Lucien to the Prince of Canino and Musignano.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[3] The father arranged for his son's education in France, and the young Napoleon was put into the military school at Brienne-le-Château in 1779.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Napoleon was regarded as a countryman and a mob; he learned French only at the age of ten and spoke it in Italian terms.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

His first military studies he completed at the boarding school in Brienne, which at that time was newly established and did not achieve great prestige.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Several other children of the most underprivileged nobles studied at the school.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

However, Napoleon was the only Corsican student, [4] which is why other pupils considered him an uncivilized barbarian.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[4] Although Napoleon had no good friend in Brienne, he was still very successful in his studies.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Especially in mathematics, he was really proficient and was among the few pupils the school introduced to outside guests.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

In this case, Napoleon had a brilliant career as a marine officer, but access to artillery was not excluded either.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Although the school had still been a monastic institution some years earlier, there was not much investment in religious education and the priests' sermons could only last a few minutes.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[4] Napoleon himself says that he lost his Christian faith when a teacher at the school said that Julius Caesar, the warlord admired by Napoleon, was still burning in hell because he wasn't a Christian.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[4] In September 1784, Napoleon was selected on the basis of Brienne's final exams among the five pupils sent to the elite school of the École Militaire, France's most prestigious military academy.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

The school differed considerably from Brienne, where Napoleon's room had resembled mainly a cell.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[5] At the École Militaire, his room was heated by a tiled oven, his mug and washing platter were made of tin, he was given an elegant blue uniform, and in addition to everything, five different dishes were served at the school and in between students were allowed to choose from three different desserts to their liking.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

However, Napoleon still felt that he was an outsider, as even the École Militaire could still find the enactment society in force.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

Many of the school's pupils graduated solely because they happened to be of exalted descent.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

[6] Napoleon graduated from this military academy on October 28, 1785.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon

He was allowed to choose for himself which artillery regiment he was placed in, which is why he chose the La Fère Regiment.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was now 16 years old and promoted to enlisted artillery.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

From Vänrik to general at the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1789, Napoléon returned to Corsica, where the Nationalists revolted to break away from France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The Buonaparte family fled civil war to France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon supported the revolutionaries and quickly rose up the rank scale.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The National Assembly, which gained power, decided that Corsicans, those exiled for their opinions, were allowed to peacefully return to their home island.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Among them was the Corsican freedom fighter Pasquale Paoli, whom Napoleon considered his paragon.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon took leave from his regiment and travelled to Corsica to meet Paoli.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Paoli planned to transform Corsica into an independent absolute monarchy, which he would lead and Napoleon hoped to become commander of the troops on the island.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[7] However, the meeting with Paoli was a disaster and Napoleon managed to anger Paoli by pointing out that he had misdeployed his troops during the Corsican War of Independence.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Paoli became enraged and from then on he did everything he could to put the brakes on Napoleon's career.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon, however, was not discouraged, and instead established a Jacobin club on the island.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Through the club, his brother Joseph was elected to the city council of Ajacco, the hometown of the Bonaparte family.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon himself had to return to France as his holiday was at an end, but due to dire weather no ship was able to leave Corsica.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon did not return to his regiment until January 1791, three months late.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He might have been sacked, but documents written to him by the Ajaccio city council proved there was no way to leave Corsica sooner.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was soon promoted to lieutenant and received a hundred livres more to his monthly salary.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

At the same time he was transferred back to the city of Valence.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Around the same time, King Louis XVI and his family tried to flee France but were caught.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

As a result of this incident, all officers were forced to swear a new oath of allegiance, from which the king's share had been removed.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Thirty-five of Napoleon's clerical brothers refused, but the 22-year-old Napoleon obeyed.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon returned in September 1791 back to Corsica, as the decision had been made to form a National Guard on the island whose leaders would be elected by election.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon signed up and his worst counter-candidate was Pozzo di Borgo, the inheritor enemy of the House of Bonaparte.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon and his brother Joseph bribed soldiers, organised pro-Napoleon occasions, and even hijacked an electoral official who supported de Borgo.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[8] The election was held in a Corsican church where de Borgo arrived to give a speech against Napoleon's family.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

This set off a riot in the church and de Borgo was to get killed.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon won the election, however, but at the same time a vendetta, or blood vendetta, began between the Bonaparte and de Borgo lineages, which continued all the way to the end of the 19th century.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

At the same time, the National Assembly of Paris decided to close all the monasteries in Corsica.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The monks refused to obey and most of the Corsicans turned out to be on their side.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon and his National Guard had to intervene.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The leader of the fortress in the city of Ajaccio refused to obey, at which point Napoleon was forced to attack French troops.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was court-martialed.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In addition, he had to leave Corsica because his leave time from the regiment was exhausted and he had been wiped from the list of wage earners.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In Paris, however, he was no longer wanted to be tried in court martial.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

There was a sorely shortage of officers who knew artillery in France because most of them had been nobles and had fled abroad with the revolution.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Of Napoleon's more than fifty coursemates, only six were in France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Other states had declared war on France and skilled officers were dug in.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was appointed captain.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

At the same time, he began to be paid again and his financial situation improved.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Soon, however, unrest broke out and the Tuileries Palace was overrun and the royals imprisoned.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon fled with his sisters in France again to Corsica because he believed his future was there.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He again became lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Battalion of the Corsican National Guard.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He proposed to Paolini, the leader of the island, a takeover of Sardinia and eventually he was forced to agree.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon carried out the invasion, but in the same the corps retreated and Napoleon remained in Sardinia with only his own battalion.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He believed Paolini had betrayed himself and returned to Corsica.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Information of the troops' escape made its way to France, which began to investigate Paolini's actions.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon felt he could attempt a coup but was unsuccessful and had to flee Corsica and his family.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

At the same time, British troops occupied Corsica and Napoleon's dream of an independent Corsica was gone.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In France, Napoleon wrote a novel supporting the Republic, in which the brother of the dictator Robespierre took great interest and wanted to meet Napoleon.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The meeting materialised and Napoleon was soon transferred to the forces besieging Toulon.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In 1793, he liberated Toulon from royalists and the British troops who supported these.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The then artillery officer had played a significant part in the liberation of Toulon, as a result his promotion in the rank scale had continued more rapidly and he had risen all the way up to the rank of general.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's life could have ended in the guillotine, for he was arrested after the fall of Robespierre's government on 9 August 1794.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

His Lucien brother was also among those arrested.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

This was nothing short of praying for mercy, but Napoleon remained calm.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He wrote letters to the new government to assure loyalty.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Furthermore, many individuals at the head of the army became convinced that Brigadier Napoleon was necessary to maintain French military might.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Eventually, Napoleon was released on 20 August 1794.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

It was decided to transfer Napoleon to the Army of Western France, where he would be made general of infantry.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

This depreciation was due to Napoleon being the youngest of the generals.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

However, he wanted to overturn the ordinance and gambled for time.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He pretended to be sick in Paris, waiting for the order to be rescinded.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

However, it never came and Napoleon lost the leadership of his army.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He was now a general without an army inactive in Paris.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

To top it off, her first love had just written a letter telling her she was leaving him.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In 1795, as the Royalists marched against the National Assembly in Paris, Director Paul de Barras — who remembered Napoleon as an officer who rehabilitated at Toulon — summoned him to put down the uprising.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Barras handed over command to Napoleon, who was the first to command to put the cannons of the Tuileries Palace in their positions and orient them facing the rebels.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's tactic was to allow the Royalists to come very close before the soldiers started shelling with their muskets.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The rebels responded with gunfire and continued to advance.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

It was then that Napoleon ordered the soldiers to move aside and the cannons loaded with leadballs were revealed.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Never before had cannons been used to quell the riots in Paris.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[9] The rebels rushed to escape, whereupon mounted and infantry engaged in pursuit.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

After a few hours, bodies of rebels were lying in the streets and the rebellion had been defeated.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Two months later, Napoleon was appointed commander-in-chief of the French army in Italy.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Europe in Napoleonic times as Napoleon trained as an officer and nobility, encompassed Europe approximately three hundred independent states.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[10] In terms of area, Russia was the largest country on the continent, with Sweden in the next place.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[10] There were 28 million people living in France, only ten million in Britain.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[10] Paris had a population closer to half a million while Napoleon studied there.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

With Napoleon's rise to command the French army in Italy, Europe was divided into two camps, one formed by France with its allies and the other comprising its adversaries.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The Great French Revolution had initially provoked positive emotions in neighboring countries such as Britain, but during the reign of terror its opposition had increased and many initially favourable countries had turned against France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The British Empire was basically led by King George III, but in practice power lay with Parliament and through it Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

With the reign of terror, France became more drastic in its foreign policy and it began to spread the doctrines of revolution through expeditions of conquest.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

At this point, William Pitt the Younger assembled an alliance in Europe opposed to France, including Prussia, Russia, Austria, as well as some German principalities.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

France had no allies because the European courts feared the spread of the ideas of the revolution and at the same time its own position.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The United States, led by the president, seemed favourable to France at first, but opinions there too grew tighter.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The United States saw itself as an outsider in internal disputes in Europe, leaving France without support.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

As commander-in-chief in Italy, Napoleon was given command of an ill-equipped army with a shortage of cannons and horses alike.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

However, he decided to settle for this.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He wanted to gain firm control of the troops and later while on Saint Helena, reported that he gave them the following speech: the French army was advancing disastrous across Europe.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In January 1795 they were occupied by Holland and in April of the same year Prussia had been forced to acquiesce to the Basel peacemaking, resulting in King Frederick William II of Prussia being forced to resign from the alliance against France formed by William Pitt the Younger, and in practice to cede to France all its territories west of the Rhine.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's army was also victorious.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

His victories are believed to have been the result of skillful strategy and excellent exploitation of artillery.Napoleon became France's most admired warlord and at the same time the most feared man in Europe.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon proceeded from victory to victory and in four weeks he had occupied the Piedmont region.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

A few weeks after this, Napoleon had captured Lombardy and marched his troops to Milan.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoléon gained the nickname Little Corporal after defeating Austrian forces at the Battle of Lodi in 1796.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In November of the same year, he beat the Austrians again, now at Arcol's.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In January 1797, he gained yet another victory, coming at Rivoli.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The army continued its advance and soon penetrated Austrian heritage lands, already threatening Vienna.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In April 1797, he concluded a truce with the Austrian Emperor.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Shortly after this, he occupied Venice with no regard for the city's neutrality.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In October of the same year, Austria was forced to write a final peace treaty at Campo Formio.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The treaty forced Austria to cede Belgium and Milan to France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In creating a French vassal state in Italy called the Cisalpine Republic, Napoleon also ensured the stay of power by directing Paris.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He sent some troops to Paris to support Director Barras.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

With the help of these troops, Barras conducted a military coup and French administration passed to the army.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon quickly brought into force a social and legislative system in Italy, which France too had used since the revolution.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

During Napoleon's stay at Mombello Castle, the Cisalpine Republic was formally governed by a parliament elected by the inhabitants, but in reality the country was under a precipitous military dictatorship led by Napoleon.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

At the castle, Napoleon stayed, enjoying his first great triumphs, surrounded by his family members and sub-officers.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Several persons living in this castle then with him came later to receive the titles of generals and dukes and form the core force of the leadership of Napoleon's great army.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon stated in the autumn of 1797 that there was no further chance of advancing higher in Italy.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Because of this, Napoleon returned in December of the same year to Paris, where he was received enthusiastically by the people.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

War Excursion to Egypt In 1798, the French Directorial Government began to fear Napoléon's popular popularity and ordered him to invade Egypt in order to complicate British contacts with India.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The British government received word from its secret agent about French plans to invade Egypt, but the government did not take them seriously.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Preparations for the Egyptian war expedition were completely drowned out by preparations for the French fleet's invasion of Britain.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon, however, stated himself that an invasion would be impossible.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Britain concentrated all its vigour on preventing French plans, leading it to assemble a large fleet in the English Channel and completely ignoring the preparations for the French expedition to Egypt.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The whole expedition in Egypt was to be sold at the very beginning, when the Napoleon-led fleet avoided a confrontation with the British Navy's committee forces at the last point.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[11] It came close to not having Napoleon confronted the troops led by Horatio Nelson seventeen years before the Battle of Waterloo.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Given the power relations and combat skills of the fleets, it is almost unanimous among historians that the clash would almost compulsively have destroyed Napoleon and his troops.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[11] However, a confrontation was avoided, because even though the fleets' routes were crossed, the French ships had time to disappear behind the skyline moments before the British ships could have seen them.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

According to the ideals of the Enlightenment, Napoleon took with him a team of scientists who conducted studies in Egypt.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The most famous result of the work was the discovery of the Rosetta Stone.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

While the scientists were conducting their research, Napoleon defeated the warrior people who ruled Egypt, an army assembled by the Mamelucks, and marched with his troops to Cairo.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Soon, however, thirst, heat and pestilence began to torment his troops.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The English fleet had blocked the return road to France, and Napoleon could not retreat with his troops from Egypt.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's situation was not improved by the fact that Horatio Nelson had destroyed Napoleon's fleet at the Battle of Abukir, in which 1700 men of the French died and 3000 were captured.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Of the Britons, only 218 were killed.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The only realistic route of return to France had been cut off from the forty thousand men in Egypt, as advancing by land would have been virtually impossible.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon, however, did not stand idly by, choosing to continue his war expedition.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He and his troops marched east, facing Syria.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

There he encountered an Ottoman force supported by Britain.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's advance slowed, albeit with his success in occupying the city of Jaffa.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

While besieging the town of Akko, Napoleon lost over 5000 men and was forced to retreat.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He never made it to advance further east.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Eventually he decided to abandon the Egyptian war expedition and return to his homeland, and that's when he left with five hundred soldiers back to France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

After his return to France, Napoleon feared that the people would blame him for the failure of the Egyptian war expedition.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

However, he was received in jubilation by the people as the saviour of the kingdom, for during the Egyptian war expedition France had been in a more threatened position than at any time since the Great Revolution.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In November, Napoleon staged a coup.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The date was 18, according to the French Revolutionary calendar.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Brumaire (9 November 1799).


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The coup was carried out with the support of the military.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The National Assembly was dissolved, causing delegates to call Napoleon a dictator, bringing this into a nerve scene.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon collapsed, [12] whereupon his bodyguard took him into his ministry and his Lucien brother continued his capture.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Direktor Barras was forced to relinquish power, which was transferred to the consulate of three equal consuls, Napoléon Bonaparte, Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès and Charles-François Lebrun.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The consuls were to be re-elected every ten years, but were nevertheless declared lifelong in 1802 and Bonaparte the first consul.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In practice, Napoleon had become the mono-ruler of France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

An attempt was made to assassinate Napoleon on 24 December 1800, when a bomb was detonated in Paris while he was going to the opera.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The attempt at attentate did not remain unique, and the kingship had not disappeared from France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Louis XVIII, the brother of King Louis XVI, executed in the revolution, lived as an exile in Germany, waiting only for a suitable time to return to France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon, for his own security, was forced to tighten security measures and during his consular period France developed into a police state.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The police were led by Joseph Fouché, who was superior in his work to others.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He protected Napoleon decisively, but he himself harboured himself to the position of French monopoly.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[13] Napoleon knew this, but he needed Fouché to keep his kingdom in check.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[13] 1802 he sent the Minister of Police Fouché into retirement, but two years later he was forced to send his emissary to reclaim him to his former post.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

First Consul After becoming First Consul, Napoleon was determined to once again engage in battle against the Austrians.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He left St. Pierre in May 1800 with 40,000 men to cross the Alps.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[14] The crossing of the Alps lasted seven days and during this time Napoleon's soldiers had to carry not only their heavy range but also the army's cannons.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The cannons were detached from their levees and placed inside hollow tree trunks.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

One cannon was pulled by a hundred men.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

After crossing the Alps, he engaged in the Battle of Marengo against Austrian forces.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

However, the battle did not become as Napoleon had hoped; rather, defeat was very close indeed.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The French withdrew from the plain, on which more and more Austrians were sliding in.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In a mortar rain, the retreat of the retreating French was already beginning to resemble escaping.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon is told two decades from now, while on St. Helena and lying on his deathbed, that he was still repeating Marengo's name in despair, muttered vague words.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[15] The battle certainly seemed completely lost, but in an instant the course of the battle was reversed.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

General Desaux of Napoleon's forces brought his own division to the battlefield, turning the French retreat into a counterattack.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Within hours, the Austrians had lost and Napoleon was the undisputed winner.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

General Desaux fell at the Battle of Marengo himself, and he thus could not become a rival to Napoleon.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[15] The victory at the Battle of Marengo further consolidated Napoleon's power and, in making peace with Austria, France gained the entire west bank of the Rhine as far as Holland.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

At the same time, the Austrian Emperor had to recognize the Batavian Republic, the Helvetian Republic, the Cisalpine Republic and the Ligurian Republic.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

During his tenure as consul, Napoleon established his power as the undisputed ruler of France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He made reforms of education, legislation, economics and administration consistent with the ideas of the French Revolution.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The Code Napoléon, which was chiefly a collection of laws drawn up by Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the second consul replaced the local laws of the feudalism period with a single uniform collection of laws.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Several European countries later adopted the model for their own legislation.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon made peace with Britain on 26 March 1802.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He also sold a large tract of land from 1802 North America to the United States because he would not have been able to defend it.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

With this land transaction, the area of the then United States was doubled.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In this so-called Louisiana land deal, more than 2000,000 km² of land changed hands for only $15 million.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Thirteen states were later formed out of French Louisiana.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon extended his influence to Switzerland and Germany, but the dispute over Malta again led to Britain's declaration of war in 1803 and support for royalists opposed to Napoleon.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Emperor Napoleon I The French voted almost unanimously in favour of the establishment of the Empire in a referendum held in November 1804.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Pope Pius VII crowned Napoleon emperor on 2 December 1804.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

On 26 May 1805, he was crowned in Milan Cathedral with the Iron Crown of Lombardy also King of Italy.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The coronation performed by the pope had symbolic significance because more than a thousand years earlier, that is, in 800, the Pope had crowned Charles the Great as emperor.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

To emphasise that he was superior to everyone else, Napoleon took his crown from the hands of the Pope and himself crowned himself Emperor of France.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

It was left to the pope only to perform sacred anointing.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Cannon shots paid tribute to Napoleon and among the people they were said to have belonged as far as the coast of the British Isles.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[16] The next day, Napoleon inspected his troops in the Mars field.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

His regiments were now given golden imperial eagles as their insignia, much like the soldiers of the Roman Empire thousands of years ago.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon prepared for yet another war.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleonic Wars After becoming Emperor, Napoleon again set about waging wars against other European countries.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

These wars fought between 1803—1815 are referred to by the generic term Napoleonic Wars.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon now had an army of 120,000 men under his command, [17] La Grande Armée.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon began building new ports in the northern parts of France and new ships for his fleets, as he wanted to occupy Britain.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He was still surrounded by enemies, especially Britain and the Russian Empire still posing great threats.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The years 1803—1805 were a “time of great fear” for the Britons and at that time a Napoleonic invasion was expected day after day.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon built large flat-bottomed ships that were to carry his mighty army across the English Channel to occupy Britain.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Around the same time, power in Russia changed and Alexander I. Napoleon gained from this not an ally but an enemy.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Europeans' attitude towards Napoleon was increasingly cool and King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden even considered him a beast of the Book of Revelation.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In Europe, a Third Federation opposed to Napoleon was formed, which Austria too joined a few months after its formation.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

However, Napoleon's new flat-bottomed ships proved unseaworthy, and Napoleon was no longer going to waste his time in the arms race of the English Channel fleets and decided to set off with his armies.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon and his troops marched east to take together with the main Austrian army.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

As Napoleon travelled towards battle, Horatio Nelson and his troops set sail towards Trafalgar.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

On 20 October 1805, Mack, commander-in-chief of the Austrian army, surrendered with his troops at the town of Ulm


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The following day, however, the Franco-Spanish plan to destroy the British Royal Navy experienced a setback at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805, and although Admiral Nelson was killed in it, Britain gained a lasting upper hand at sea for the next hundred years.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Nelson imagined in the moments of his death that he had defeated Napoleon once and for all, and Napoleon either had no idea of Trafalgar's defeat after he defeated Mack's army.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In the battle against the Third Alliance of 1805, Napoleon again achieved a major victory against Austria and Russia at Austerlitz on 2 December 1805, the anniversary of his crowning as emperor.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

This battle has been called the highlight of Napoleon's life and there he defeated an army larger than himself through his ingenious strategy.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had chosen the battleground himself and was left waiting for the enemy.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

His army pretended to be tired and weak.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon himself asked for a ceasefire as a snow eye, and starred Lope to an exhausted peace envoy.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Of course, the leadership of the Austrian-Russian army was able to hear a report from their sender that Napoleon's army was weak and he himself exhausted.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The enemy armies believed they had had a great opportunity to destroy Napoleon's forces.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

An Allied victory looked certain.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The Allied forces began their march towards the “weak” right flank of the French, but at the same moment the main force of the French attacked from the flanks into the Allied centre and beat the army apart.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In a nine-hour battle, the enemy army was thoroughly defeated.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Even the elite Russian forces were lightly beaten to the ground.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The last Russians fled to the ice of the lake, but Napoleon's cannons dispersed it and thousands drowned.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's forces were only half the enemy forces, but still his had managed to halve the entire Allied army.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The battle has been considered one of Napoleon's most brilliant and Napoleon himself described it as “my most beautiful battle”.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The following year he also batted for Prussia at Jena and Auerstedt (14 September 1806).


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Thus Napoleon also became the de facto ruler of Germany.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

After marching through Poland and defeating the Russian army at Friedland, he concluded with Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, peace and an alliance by which those two great powers divided Europe between them.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Russia invaded Sweden with the idea of forcing Sweden into the British embargo, as after hard diplomatic persuasion proved fruitless, Alexander came under pressure from Napoleon to declare a war on Sweden in 1808, known as the Finnish War.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

As a result, Finland was annexed as part of Russia.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Finland then became subject to Russian rule and in 1809 the Grand Duchy of Finland was established.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The French part of Poland was made Grand Duchy of Warsaw, with a Saxon king placed at its head.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Still in 1809, Napoleon annexed the Church State into the French Empire.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

With his brother he installed as King of Spain.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

However, the Spanish began to revolt, and the British came ashore in Portugal.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Austria invaded Germany, but suffered defeat at Wagram on 6 July 1809.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Invasion of Russia Russian Tsar Alexander I said he broke free of the British blockade.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

In 1812, Napoleon invaded from Poland against Russia.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The Poles suggested to Napoleon that this would take over the part of Poland belonging to Russia alone.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon abandoned the caution and marched his troops towards Moscow.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

He first set foot on Russian soil at five o'clock on Wednesday, 24 June 1812.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

On the morning of entering Russia, Napoleon shouted to his soldiers: Napoleon marched across the Niemen river in all around 450,000 troops.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Among them was the dreaded Imperial Guard, “50,000 Immortals.”


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

They had been chosen with special care: each Guardsman had to be at least 176 centimeters tall.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The Guard ran on brown horses.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The Guard was the pride of Napoleon's army.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The course of the Russian war expedition still seemed very promising and Napoleon was confident of his victory.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon decided to march his troops first to Vilnius, but the march became surprisingly heavy.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The wind crossed, it began to rain, and at night there was already frost.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

[18] The cheerful mood of the army switched to depression and many died on the way to Vilnius.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon assumed he would find a lot of provisions there in order to replenish his food supply.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

However, Vilnius had been evacuated and fields burned.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

There were few residents and monastery monks left in the town.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had envisioned the entire Russian takeover of Russia for approximately two months when he went on the offensive, [19] but the retreat of the Russian army and the scorched earth tactics it employed prolonged the war and confused Napoleon's plan.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon should at this point have found the Russian expedition to be an overwhelming challenge for France: thousands of French people died a day.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had already lost 20,000 horses before a single confrontation with the Russians.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon decided to continue, however, as he had, in spite of everything, a much larger army than Alexander I and Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, who was leading the troops.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon quickly organized a vassal government in Vilnius and hastened to resume the war expedition.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The Russians withdrew and did not agree to battle, but Napoleon still managed to separate the two Russian armies from each other.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon could have tried to strike, but he decided to wait for his army's retroop for another 24 hours.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

During that time, the Russian army had already retreated.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had to keep going.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The two Russian armies were united again.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

A month had passed, but there was still not a single battle and Napoleon's army was still losing its men daily.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon declared to the troops that the expedition would be over and the troops would be accommodated in Russia for the winter.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The next day, however, he regretted his declaration and soon gave the order to leave towards Moscow.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

Napoleon knew that Russian troops were forced to defend the city of Smolensk, as it was among the most important and holy cities in Russia.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The first major battle was fought on 7 September in Borodino off Moscow.


Question: Has France ever been ruled by a king?

Napoleon I

The battle was extremely bloody and the losses of both sides were heavy.