Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Surgeries that change the appearance of the genitals can be performed at any stage of life, which is why some opinions suggest that it would be worthwhile to wait until the child grows up to the age that he is able to know and express to others what he perceives as his gender.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Few intersex people who have not undergone surgery as a child want to have genital-altering surgery as an adult.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

[14] Surgeries for intersex children were concentrated in Finland at the Helsinki Children's Castle and Oulu University Central Hospital, but today they are no longer performed in Helsinki [15].


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Legislation Surgical procedures altering the appearance of the genitals of infants born intersex are illegal from European countries in Malta [10] and Portugal (as of 2018 [16]).


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Famous intersex Sarah Gronert, German tennis player [17] [18] Erik Schinegger, Austrian alpine skier Caster Semenya, South African middle distance runner [19] Santhi Soundarajan, Indian middle distance runner Stanisława Walasiewiczówna, American named Stella Walsh Olson, sprinter Symbols A symbol of intersex.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Another symbol of intersex pride Intersex pride See also Androgynous androgen insensitivity syndrome Anorkia (absence of testicles) Difallia (two penile) Hypospadia Chimeric Cryptorchidism Sex correction process SRD5A2 Sources On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Category:Gender minorities Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War was fought between 1936—1939 between the freely elected government of the Second Spanish Republic (Republicanos) and nationalist (nacionalistas) rebels led by General Francisco Franco.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

It can be seen as a kind of pre-show of World War II.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Partly the same ideologies were contrasted, and the future counterparts of World War I Germany and the Soviet Union participated in the war, while testing their own armament.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[1] On the republican side fought liberals, socialists, communists, anarchists, separatists from some provinces, as well as a small minority of Spanish conservatives.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

International brigades assembled from foreign volunteers also fought alongside them.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Among the foreign powers, the republican backers included the Soviet Union and Mexico.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Nationalists, in turn, were assisted by Germany, Italy and Portugal.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The victory of nationalists who were pro-Spanish unity and monarchy led to the dictatorship of General Franco.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

After his death in 1975, Juan Carlos I, crowned king, restored parliamentarian democracy to the country.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Various estimates of the number of casualties in the Spanish Civil War have been given.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The results of the latest research have been compiled in Paul Preston's book The Spanish Holocaust (2012).


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The number of victims of republican terror is estimated at 52,000 to 58,000.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The number of nationalist terror, on the other hand, is estimated at well over 100,000, perhaps as many as 150,000 dead (or even more).


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The number of victims of violent repression (suppression, repression) after the war is estimated to reach at least 35,000.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Around 140,000 are estimated to have been killed in the fighting; at least 20,000 civilians killed in the bombings still need to be added to the number.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In addition, more than 150,000 lives were killed in prisoner and labour camps set up by the Nationalists, and much more if the time frame of the review is extended to the post-war period.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Final or even very accurate readings may never be ascertained.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[2] Of the soldiers of the international brigades that fought on the republican side, about 4,900 fell, the losses of foreigners on the Nationalist side amounted to about 5,300 soldiers.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[3] Beginning of Civil War Background The Spanish Civil War began on 18 July 1936 following an unsuccessful coup attempt by right-wing officers of the Spanish Republican Army.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Planning for a military coup had already begun after parliamentary elections in February of the same year, which ended with a meager victory for the Popular Front, formed by left-wing parties.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

During the spring that followed the elections, a cycle of political violence emerged in Spain, where the bloodworks of radical leftists and right-wing Falangists actually followed.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

By the beginning of July, nearly 300 people had lost their lives.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[4] The radicalisation of leftists was driven by decades of pressure and violence from state powers, employers and the Church, particularly targeting the trade union movement.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

For example, the so-called “dirty war” waged by Eduardo Dato, the later assassinated prime minister, in the 1910s, claimed the lives of numerous Ay-actives.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

They died either as victims of assassins or detained under obscure circumstances.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[5] Violence continued to persist in the 1920s during the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Industrial struggles crushed by force were also seen after his overthrow, such as the 1934 Asturian miners' strike, which claimed the lives of more than 3000 miners.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[6] Due to the escalating violence following the February 1936 parliamentary election, in mid-March, the government took action against the Phalangists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

But President Manuel Azaña did not more interfere with the action of the left, which too escalated more violence.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[7] The government was aware of the coup plans of right-wing officers and tried to thwart them by deploying them in new positions.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

For example, General Franco was transferred to the Canary Islands, Manuel Goded Llopis to the Balearic Islands, and Emilio Mola, the commander of the Army of Africa, was made brigadier to the northern city of Pamplona.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[8] Coup attempt On 12 July 1936, the Falangists assassinated José Castillo, a lieutenant of the government police force, who belonged to the Socialist Workers' Party.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

He was already the second left-wing Guardia de Asalto officer to be slain in a few weeks.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

24 hours later, police officers avenged Castillo's murder by kidnapping and shooting the monarchist conservative politician José Calvo Sotelo.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Nationalist officers used Sotelo's murder as a pretext for rebellion, even though it had been planned as early as the spring.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[9] The military revolt led by Francisco Franco and Emilio Mola finally began on 17 July in Spanish Morocco, where most of the soldiers who served were foreign mercenaries, or legionaries.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In addition, the African Army operating in Morocco included Regulares troops recruited from the local population, later called the Moors by the republicans.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In Spanish Morocco, the rebels met little resistance; however, they massacred nearly 200 supporters of the republicans and officers loyal to them.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[10] On the next day, as planned, the rebellion also spread to the motherland side; however, the Nationalists failed to gain control of Seville, which was considered to be their place of invasion, except for any major city.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

They initially succeeded in capturing only the conservative regions of Old Castile, León and Navarre, sympathetic to the Nationalists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[11] General José Sanjurjo, who was in exile in Portugal, was supposed to fly to Burgos, Spain, to take command of the rebel forces, but he died after his aircraft crashed into trees during a takeoff dispute at Estoril, Portugal, on 20 July.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The leadership of the rebellion then remained in the hands of Mola and Franco.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[12] Power relations at the start of the fighting at the start of the war, the nationalist-held territories numbered about 11 million of Spain's total 25 million inhabitants.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

About half of the country's army of 120,000 soldiers sided with the rebels, with up to 90 per cent shifting from officers to the ranks of the Nationalists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In addition, their forces included the 35,000 soldier-strong African Army.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Most of the ships of the Spanish Navy remained in the possession of the republicans, but the problem became a shortage of officers.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Most of the Air Force was also left to the republicans.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, its fleet of aircraft was severely outdated.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[13] War Parties The main part of the republican, or Loyalist forces, was formed by the Spanish Republican Army established in 1931, which during the civil war was known as the People's Republican Army (Ejército Popular de la República).


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Its strength was up to 750,000 men, 60000 of whom had belonged to the republican army even before the July 1936 coup attempt.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In October of the same year, invitations were started to cover all men between the ages of 20 and 45.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

On the republican side there were also parts of the Spanish Navy and Air Force, as well as part of the paramilitary Guardia Civil and Guardia de Asalto police forces.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[14] [15] In addition, the years 1936—1937 were fought alongside the republicans by an army under the Basque government Euzko Gudarostea and the Basque Navy.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[16] Along with the Army proper, the war involved numerous troops formed from members of various political factions, independence movements and trade unions.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In the early stages of the war they functioned mainly as militia units and the Order Guards, in the form of an army, the groups were organized only later.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The fighting involved all parties involved in the Spanish Popular Front, groups pushing for independence in the Basque Country and Catalonia, as well as the socialist UGT trade union, the anarcho-syndicalist CNT trade union and the anarchist FAI.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In total, these groups included several tens of thousands of fighters, some of whom were also women.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

They were especially in the ranks of anarchists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[17] The problem for the republicans was political disunity.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Together, they were still able to prevent an attempted military coup by the fascists, but soon after this the ranks began to disintegrate.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The republicans were often divided among themselves into divisive liberal, anarchist, socialist, and communist groups that lacked a proper internal central command.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The main uniting factor between the various republican factions was the struggle against fascism, but otherwise the ends and means were very different.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In addition, minority nationalities were involved who hoped to gain independence from the Republic.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[18] His own addition also brought Stalin's Soviet-backed Spanish Communist Party PCE's own aspirations for power.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

For example, it accused another communist party, the Trotskyist POUM, of collaborating with fascists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The claims, however, were nothing more than false propaganda.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[19] Moderate socialists and communists wanted to preserve the republic and private ownership, but the anarchists in turn were prepared to exploit the war to collectivize industry, services and agriculture into the possession of the laborers.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The POUM positioned itself in support of the so-called Spanish Revolution initiated by anarchists in Catalonia, additionally demanding the dictatorship of the proletariat.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, the leadership of the Socialists, and especially the communist PCE, saw it more important to maintain a Popular Front with the Liberals and positioned itself to put the brakes on revolutionary demands.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[20] The PCE's attitude was mainly driven by the fact that the anarchists and the POUM were opposed to Stalin and, moreover, the anarchists had a negative attitude towards the Soviet Union as a whole.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Conflicts between the various groups escalated into an open street fight in May 1937, called the Barcelona May.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The government and communists were up against various anarchist factions and the POUM.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Six days of fighting ended in a truce and mediation.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

As a result, the influence of anarchists decreased in Catalonia and the communists in turn grew.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[21] The PCE, at Stalin's insistence, under the leadership of the Soviet security service NKVD, initiated purges which led to the assassinations of several POUM members, as well as eventually the banning of the party as a whole.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[19] After Barcelona May, the Popular Front government also partially dismantled collectivization enforced by anarchists and efforts were made to take the companies under state control.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Masinating the republican front of communists supported by the Soviet Union contributed to the defeat of the republicans.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

When the Soviet Union deemed the war lost, it told the party to stop fighting.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, some communists continued alongside other factions without party support.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Stalin blamed the defeat on Trotskites and the “fifth column”, although in the final stages of the war, the Soviets controlled much of the army as well as part of the government as well.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[22] According to Professor Stanley G. Payne, Stalin's main goal was to keep the war going until he could have France and Britain at his side against Germany.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

At the same time, Stalin was laying the groundwork for the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact he concluded with Hitler.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[23] The Nationalist Forces of Nationalist Rebels originally consisted of four political factions including the Fascist Phalangist Party, the alliance CEDA, formed from several right-wing parties, and pro-monarchy Carlists and Alfonsists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, General Franco did not accept rival right-wing factions, but merged everyone into his own Phalangist party in April 1937.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[24] “Nationalists” was a designation used only by the faction's own members and supporters.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Opponents usually called them fascists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Nationalists' backers mainly included businessmen, large landowners, the Catholic Church and the country's middle class.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[25] Also fighting on the nationalist side was the Spanish Army of Africa, part of the country's air force and navy, and part of the paramilitary Guardia Civil and Guardia de Asalto police forces.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The African Army consisted of North Africans in addition to recruited Regulares troops from the Spanish Foreign Legion.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In total, the strength of the nationalists was about 600,000 men.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Of the 120,000 soldiers of the Spanish Republican Army, about half moved into their ranks when the coup attempt was attempted, but for officers the proportion was as high as 90%.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Among the groups belonging to the nationalists, the Phalangists was a fascist party founded in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the son of Spain's deposed dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In 1934, it was joined by the pro-Nazi Jons faction.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Falangists began political violence against their opponents even before the start of the civil war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Their purpose of provocation was to create a climate of fear and turmoil in the country that would have justified, in order to restore order, the ouster of a Popular Front government and the establishment of a fascist regime.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In the early stages of the Civil War, the Phalangist ranks numbered about 35,000 volunteers.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[26] CEDA was an alliance of just under twenty right-wing, monarchist and Catholic parties, with Acción Popular, founded in 1931 as its main faction.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

It declared its defence of Spain and Christianity against Marxism.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

CEDA took influences from both Nazism and Fascism as its activities.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Its president, José María Gil-Robles, visited the Nazi party convention in Nuremberg and CEDA also organised similar smaller-scale gatherings itself.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

After losing the 1936 parliamentary elections, the faction abandoned its moderate line and began supporting Phalangist violence, as well as funding an attempted military coup later in the summer.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[27] The Carlists and Alfonsists wanted to restore a monarchy in Spain.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The aim of the Carlists was to have a lineage inherited from Don Carlos of the House of Bourbon as ruler, the Alfonsists in turn wanted King Alfonso XIII, deposed in 1931, to regain the throne in 1931; the Carlists were both anti-democracy and anti-socialist.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Their anti-socialism even went so far that the Carlists opposed Hitler and Mussolini because of the National Socialism embodied in these policies.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[28] [29] Foreign Powers' Involvement in the War Treaty of Non-Interference and the League of Nations Soon after war broke out in August 1936, a total of 27 countries signed the so-called Non-Interference Treaty, committing them not to get involved in the Civil War.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

At the foremost, the treaty that France and Great Britain were up to was intended to prevent the war from escalating into a pan-European major war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Of the countries that joined it, however, Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union violated the treaty, sending their own soldiers and weapons material to various parties.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

France, too, was accused of violating it due to the passage of men and arms to the republicans through the country.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In September, countries that signed the agreement set up a committee aimed at preventing weapons and foreign fighters from entering Spain.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The maritime territories surrounding the country were allocated to British, French, German and Italian control, however the latter two states quickly withdrew from action.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[18] [30] [31] Great Britain and France, in particular, found themselves in a difficult situation in their approach to the Spanish Civil War.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

They did not want a victory for the Nationalists, as it would have known the country would fall into the hands of the fascists led by Franco, which would have resulted in the growth of influence of Nazi Germany and Italy under the new partner.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

On the other hand, countries, in their fear of communism, also did not want the victory of the republicans, particularly after the Soviet Union had emerged as their main backer and sent their own advisers to the country.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[30] In September, the republican government requested arms assistance from the League of Nations to defend its sovereignty, but the organisation was not willing to provide any assistance.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Apart from the escalation of the war, its fear was the spread of communism, which caused the League of Nations to ban the sending of foreign volunteers made up mostly of leftists to Spain in February 1937.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, the ban had virtually no effect.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[32] Foreign aid of republicans International brigades International brigades International brigades were troop detachments assembled from volunteers who fought on the side of the republicans.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The idea of creating them was put forward in September 1936 by Maurice Thorez, General Secretary of the French Communist Party and the assembly of the brigades was later in charge of the Comintern.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In Britain, a volunteer force had already begun to be assembled at the same time, at the instigation of local communist leader Harry Pollitt.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[33] For the Comintern, the deployment of volunteers was organised by Josip Broz Tito, among others, who operated from Paris.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In Spain, the town of Albacete was chosen as the brigades base, where the first volunteers arrived in October.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In addition to the Communists and Social Democrats, the ranks of the International Brigades also fought liberals who opposed Italian Fascism and German National Socialism, wanting to halt their advance.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[34] In total, the brigades comprised 53,380 volunteers from 55 different countries, of whom about 10,000 participated in non-combat missions.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[33] Of the fighters of the International Brigades, an estimated 4,900 fell.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[3] The international brigades comprised a total of seven brigades.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The best-known units were the Abraham Lincoln Brigade of US volunteers, the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion of Canadians, the British Battalion assembled from the Britons and Irish, the Garibaldi Battalion of Italians, and the Thälmann Battalion assembled from German-speaking countries and Scandinavians .


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The largest number of volunteers came from France, where nearly 9000 of them arrived.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

There were about 3,000 Poles and Italians.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The war attracted a great deal of interest around the world, which led to a large number of well-known political activists enlisting as volunteers as well as left-wing artists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In addition to the actual fighters, there were also plenty of newspapermen and photographers who served as war correspondents.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Among the best-known volunteers to arrive from abroad were Canadian doctor Norman Bethune, future Chancellor of West Germany Willy Brandt, photographer Robert Capa, writer Ernest Hemingway and composer Conlon Nancarrow.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[33] Finnish volunteers in the ranks of the republicans fought at least 72, in addition to 78 American Finns, 73 Canadian-Finns and at least two from the Soviet Union.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

About 70 of them fell.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[35] Well-known figures included American Finns William Aalto and Matti Mattson, Canadian-Finns Niilo Mäkelä and Jules Päiviö, and journalist Tuure Lehén, who influenced SKP.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Aaro Amnell published a memoir piece about the war across the Pyrenees in 1973.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Anarchists and Trotskyists Along with the International Brigades, some 2000—3000 foreign anarchists fought on the republican side, belonging to the forces of the CNT trade union and FAI.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

They became the largest number from Italy, from where more than 500 anarchists arrived under the leadership of Camillo Berner.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[36] During the war, Spain was also visited on two occasions by the famous anarchist philosopher Emma Goldman.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[37] The ranks of the Trotsky-based POUM party, meanwhile, numbered about 700 foreign communists or other leftists from 28 different countries, some of whom did not want to join the brigades assembled by the Soviet-led Comintern.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The most famous to have fought in the POUM forces was the English writer George Orwell, who later published a book about his experiences in Catalonia, Catalonia.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[38] The Soviet Union, after Britain and France refused support, the republican government was forced to turn to the Soviet Union.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[39] Although the country had signed a non-interference treaty in August 1936, committing it not to supply military aid to Spain, the Soviet Union thus became the only external source of weapons material for the republicans.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Different from Hitler and Mussolini, however, Stalin attempted to deliver his arms aid in secret.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Depending on source, the republicans received an estimated 650—1000 aircraft, 350—900 tanks, 1000—1500 guns, plus an additional twenty thousand machine guns and hundreds of thousands of rifles.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

As a rule, infantry guns and cannons were old and quite unfit, but the T-26 and BT-5 tanks were modern and effective respectively.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Aircraft, on the other hand, were considerably weaker than those supplied to the Nationalists by Nazi Germany.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[40] [41] The republicans paid for arms aid with the gold reserves of the Spanish state, which at that time were the fourth largest in the world.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Through the decisions of Prime Minister Francisco Largo Caballero and Finance Minister Juan Negrín, 510 tonnes of gold — more than 70% of the country's entire gold reserve — were transferred to Moscow through France.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The remaining 193 tons were converted into cash in France.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[42] A total of 2000—3000 military advisers were sent to Spain by the Soviet Union.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, there were only about 500 soldiers involved in combat missions, who were mainly pilots and tank drivers.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[43] Agents of the NKVD, the security police of the Soviet Ministry of the Interior, were involved in a wide range of machinations during the war against republicans who opposed the Stalin-backed communists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Among them, the most prominent were Iosif Grigulevitš and Aleksandr Orlov, who were implicated in the assassinations of Andrés Nin, the leader of the Trotsky POUM party, as well as the independent left-wing activist José Robles, among others.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[44] [45] The Red Army forces also included Finnish officers, such as Colonel Vilho Pentikäinen who served as intelligence officer, [46] Major General Toivo Tommola and General Eemeli Toikka.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Mexico After the Mexican Revolution, the left-liberal PRI party had come to power, whose policies led the country to openly support republicans in contrast to other Latin American states.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Mexico did not join the non-interference treaty, but helped the republicans to the tune of about $2 million.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Mexican aid encompassed, among other things, 20,000 rifles and 20 million patrunas.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[47] Mexico also helped the republicans through diplomatic support and by receiving some 50,000 refugees from Spain, including orphaned children.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[48] During World War II, the Spanish Second Republic's refugee government operated in México until it returned to Paris liberated from Nazi occupation.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[49] France, like Spain, also had a left-wing Popular Front government in the late 1930s.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, it did not openly support the republicans because the government feared aid would cause internal unrest in France and even civil war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Right-wing parties in the country were also vehemently opposed to helping the republicans.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In September 1936, a demonstration of over 20,000 people was held in Paris demanding that arms aid be provided.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Eventually, the government led by Prime Minister Léon Blum decided to send aircraft, pilots and mechanics to Spain.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, their delivery ended by the end of 1936.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[50] Foreign Aid of the Nationalists Volunteers on the side of the Nationalists led by General Franco fought a total of about 8000 volunteer Portuguese in their own troop contingent organized by the government and army of the country.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[51] In addition, there were 3000 other foreign volunteers who were a motley group of extreme Catholics, anti-communists, fascists and upper-class adventurers.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[52] Unlike the International Brigades, these volunteers did not form a unified troop contingent, nor were they recruited in an organized manner.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Franco was also never enthusiastic about taking them on in the first place.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[53] After the Portuguese, the largest number of volunteers arrived from Ireland, from where a 600-strong far-right group commanded by General Eoin O'Duffy had been assembled.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

O'Duffy was a former IRA member who subsequently led the fascist National Corporate Party he founded.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Irish participated as part of the Spanish Foreign Legion in the Battle of Jarama in February 1937, but a force that proved incompetent were soon sent back to their homeland on the orders of Juan Yagüe, the commander of the Foreign Legion.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[52] Other notable groups included fascists from neighbouring France, who saw the Popular Front Government in Spain as a continuation of the French Popular Front they hated, and former Russian White Army soldiers who wanted to fight the Bolsheviks.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[53] From Romania, fascists belonging to the Iron Guard Party led by Ion Moța were briefly involved in the war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[54] Finnish volunteers on Franco's side warred reportedly 14.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[55] The most famous of them was Lieutenant Colonel Carl von Haartman, who published his war memoir En nordisk Caballero i Francos Armé in 1939.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[56] In addition to individual volunteers, some 50,000 volunteer Italian black shirts warred on the nationalist side.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, as they were part of the Italian Army, the Black Shirts are not really considered a volunteer force.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[57] Germany The nationalists asked Germany for help immediately after the civil war began.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath refused, fearing it would cause the war to spread across Europe.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Hitler disagreed to Neurath and started supporting the rebels as early as a week after war broke out.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The provision of aid continued even though Germany in September signed a non-interference agreement.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Gun and crew transports were then made via Portugal.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The war was beneficial to the country because it was allowed to experiment with its new weapons as well as tactics such as the Luftwaffe, which was founded in 1935.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Germans were also developing their tank warfare in Spain.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Hitler, however, feared that large-scale meddling might lead to a new World War, for which Germany was not yet ready.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

He therefore limited the military assistance provided by Germany mainly to the war training of the Nationalists, as well as aircraft and armour.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In lieu of his own soldiers, Hitler persuaded Mussolini to send Italian troops to Spain.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[58] In addition, Germany participated in the war with its naval forces, whose submarines and ships patrolled the nearby waters of Spain, trying to protect against troop transfers made by Italy and also by disrupting Republican shipping.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[59] In total, around 16000—19000 German soldiers participated in the war, compared with 100,000 Italians, for example.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Some $215 million worth of aid was supplied by Germany to the republicans.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Aircraft the Nationalists received 600 and tanks 200.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[58] In August 1936, Germany sent to Spain the Legion Condor, a Luftwaffe unit set up for the Civil War.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

As recently as November, it included more than a hundred aircraft and 5000 men led by Major General Hugo Sperrle.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[60] Legion Condor, composed of volunteer pilots, conducted several bombing missions during the war, the most famous being the bombing of Guernica in April 1937, in connection with which at least 200—300 civilians were killed.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

It was one of the world's first bombings against civilian targets and was widely condemned internationally.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[61] In the Civil War, the Luftwaffe tested Stuka plunge bombers, whose howls later became a hallmark of lightning war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Germany also introduced a Messerschmitt Bf 109 aircraft for the first time into combat use, as the Soviet Polikarpov I-16 offered too hard resistance for the old biplane aircraft.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Italy Under Benito Mussolini, Italy joined the Spanish Civil War after Hitler's persuasions.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The country, like Germany, was a signatory to the Non-Interference Treaty, but nevertheless supplied arms to the Nationalists at all times.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

By the end of 1936 Mussolini had sent to Spain, among other things, 130 aircraft, 2500 tons of bombs, 500 cannons and 12000 machine guns.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Italian troops into the country began moving in December 1936.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The wars in Spain included the Corpo Truppe Volontarie formed by some 50,000 volunteer fascists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In addition, the Italian army sent almost the same number of men, so that a total of about 80000—100,000 Italians participated in the war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Royal Italian Navy Regia Marina, as well as the Aviazione Legionaria unit of the Air Force established for the war, also played a major role.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Air Force crews in Spain numbered more than 6000.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[57] According to scholars, Italy's involvement in the war was an essential factor in the victory of the Nationalists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[62] Portugal The Estado Novo government, led by Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, positioned itself immediately upon the outbreak of war to support Franco's nationalists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The backdrop was not only on ideological grounds, but also that Salazar feared a republican victory would jeopardize the position of his own totalitarian regime.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The country was involved in the non-interference treaty, but allowed Germany to transport through Portugal arms and men to the Nationalists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Salazar also arrested Spanish republicans who lived in the country, as well as setting up his own secret police during the war to capture Portuguese dissidents.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[63] Portuguese forces did not officially participate in the war, but the country left the country for Spain, supported by the government and army, a Viriatos contingent of 8000—12000 soldiers, made up of volunteer fascists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[51] Not only infantry were involved, but also pilots.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[64] The course of the war 1936 After a failed military coup in July/August 1936, the Nationalists began shipping troops from Spanish Morocco to southwestern Spain and at the same time the rebels in northern Spain began advancing towards the south.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The troops advanced rapidly in many areas, encountering only weak resistance at the beginning.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

On 14 August, rebels from southern and northern Spain faced off in Badajoz, a town just off the Portuguese border.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The country was thus split in two into areas controlled by republican and nationalist rebels.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The northern regions on the coast of the Bay of Biscay were the Basque Country, Asturias and Cantabria and the western part of the country Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia, Castile-La Mancha and parts of Andalusia, Aragon and Extremadura.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The areas of support for the rebels included religious and conservative Castile-León, Galicia, Navarre, La Rioja, most of Extremadura, and parts of Andalusia and Aragon.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Of the large islands of the Baleraria, the republicans held Menorca and they managed to keep for themselves also the capital Madrid.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In September, the republicans lost Toledo, the capital of Castile—La Mancha.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The event had great symbolic significance for the Nationalists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[65] In October, the Nationalists launched a major offensive towards Madrid, from where the government moved for safety outside the war domain to Valencia on 6 November.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, the fighting around Madrid ended with a republican combat victory at the end of November, followed by the start of the siege of Madrid, which lasted until the end of the war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[66] On 4 September, the rapid advance of the Nationalists caused the resignation of Prime Minister José Giral.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In his place was appointed Francisco Largo Caballero, whose new government came not only parties involved in the Popular Front, but also anarchists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[67] At the same time, the Nationalists elected General Franco as their leader, who was named generalissimo at the turn of September/October.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Soon he still adopted the appellation caudillo.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

During the autumn, Germany and Italy, which supported the Nationalists, and the Soviet Union, which had sided with the republicans, also joined the war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The first international volunteers also arrived in support of both sides.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[68] The first months of the war also saw most of the so-called Red Terror perpetrated by republicans.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Capturing and executing political opponents was a tactic of both sides from the early stages of the war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

However, the republicans already abandoned it after a few months when they gained control of the armed factions that operated independently.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Nationalists, on the other hand, continued their own white terror until the end of the war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Of the approximately 38,000 people killed outside the republican fighting, the vast majority were killed in the last six months of 1936.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[69] [70] 1937 In January—February 1937, the Nationalists again attempted to seize Madrid with little success.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In early February, the Battle of Málaga began, which ended after heavy losses for the republicans as the city fell into the possession of Franco's forces on 8 February.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The republicans lost over 3,000 men in the fall in Málaga.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In addition, some 3600 surrendered republicans were executed by the Nationalists, along with them thousands of refugees who left the city, with all male members killed.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[71] During February, the Battle of Jarama also took place, with both sides suffering heavy losses.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Nationalists intended to cut off the route from Valencia to Madrid, but they failed to do so.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[72] During the first three weeks of March, the Battle of Guadalajara in Castile-La Mancha became the only significant victory of the republicans during the entire war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Despite the lightning war tactics he used, Franco's forces lost over 3,000 soldiers when they fell.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[72] From mid-March, the Nationalists turned their attention to the north, where they defeated resistance initially in the Basque Country in mid-June and later in Asturias by the end of October.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

On 26 April 1937, German bombers attacked the city of Guernica with disastrous consequences.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The bombing of Guernica was then the largest aerial bombardment of a civilian target in recent military history.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

It prompted plenty of international objections.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Pablo Picasso painted a work depicting the bombing in Guernica, one of his most famous works.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[61] In May, a power struggle between the republicans took place in Barcelona.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The May street battles in Barcelona involved government and communist forces confronting anarchists and Trotskyists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The series of events that ended in the decline of the influence of the anarchists led to the end of the social reforms underway since the beginning of the civil war, namely the so-called Spanish Revolution.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[21] In July, during the Battle of Brunete north of Madrid, the republicans managed to capture an area of about 50 square kilometres, but lost up to 20000—25000 men.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Nationalists' losses during the same period amounted to about 17000 soldiers.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[72] Another similar incident was the Battle of Belchite in August—September, in which the republicans managed to advance only a distance of about ten kilometers while suffering large fleet losses.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[72] In August Franco's forces took Aragon as well as Gijón, the largest city in the province of Asturias in October, after which all of northern Spain was held by the Nationalists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[73] [74] 1938 By the beginning of 1938, the war had already turned in the Nationalists' favour.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

From December 1937 to February 1938, a significant Battle of Teruel took place, after which the town of Teruel in Aragon ended up in the hands of Franco's forces.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In April, the Nationalists achieved another major victory in Aragon when they made a breakthrough and reached the Mediterranean coast in the east.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

This led to the division of territory held by the republicans in two.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[75] The republicans, under Prime Minister Juan Negrín, tried to bring about peace in May, but Franco made the peace treaty conditional on the unconditional surrender of the republicans, to which they did not agree.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[76] From Teruel, the Nationalist forces advanced south along the coast, towards Valencia, which was considered by the republicans as their capital.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Their advance was successfully halted to the defensive line known as the XYZ Line.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In July, the republicans began a major counterattack aimed at reclaiming the territories occupied by the Nationalists in the east of the country and again linking the republican forces with each other.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The attack is known as the Battle of the Ebro and was the largest and longest continuous battle of the entire Civil War.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The republicans initially achieved success, but at the end of November they were forced to withdraw back from their territories they had taken and the Battle of the Ebro, which lasted four months, came to its conclusion 26.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

on Nov.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[77] A decisive blow to the battle morale of the republicans was the Munich Agreement signed in the last days of September, in which Nazi Germany, Britain, France and Italy agreed to cede the Sudeten territories of Czechoslovakia to Germany.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

This acquiescence by the Western powers showed the republicans that no anti-fascist alliance was emerging in Western Europe and they would remain in the war solely on Soviet aid against the forces of Franco, Nazi Germany and Italy.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[78] The Prime Minister of the Second Republic Juan Negrín had already ordered the withdrawal of all the troops of the International Brigades.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

His purpose was thus to bring international pressure on Germany and Italy to withdraw their own war forces away from Spain; however, the plan was not successful.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[79] The Battle of the Ebro settled the victory of the war once and for all for Franco's fascists, who in December 1938 began a massive offensive towards Republican-held Catalonia.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[77] 1939 The Nationalist offensive towards Barcelona had started on 23 December 1938.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

After three weeks, Franco's forces recaptured the town of Tarragona, some 80 km away, and advanced on Barcelona on 26 January.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In the first week of February, Girona in the north-east of Catalonia fell into control of the Nationalists and finally on 10 February the republican resistance in the province was virtually over.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Britain and France recognized Franco's government on February 27.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

on the day.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[79] On 5 March against the government of the Second Spanish Republic led by Prime Minister Negrin rose up against a military junta that wanted peace talks with the Nationalists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The junta led by Colonel Segismundo Casado succeeded in ousting the government, which fled a day later to France.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In the peace negotiations that began, Franco still did not accept but unconditional surrender and so no peace agreement was reached.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[80] After the loss of Catalonia, the only major areas of support for the republicans were Madrid and Valencia, of which the former surrendered on 28 March and Valencia a day later.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The last towns to be held by the republicans were Alicante, Almería, Murcia and Cartagena, which fell into the possession of the Nationalists during the last two days of March.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The rest of the republican forces surrendered on 1 April, when Franco declared himself the winner of the war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

On the same day, the new Spanish nationalist government was also recognized by the United States.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[79] Terror during and after the war in the republican territory, terror was most often a sudden reaction to fear, which included a desire for revenge for old events.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The most publicity abroad was received by violence against clergy.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The Catholic Church was closely linked to conservatives in Spain.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Some 6000 bishops, priests, monks or nuns were killed during the war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The republican violence was concentrated in the days after the attempted rebellion, targeting first insurgents and then at class enemies such as clergy and industrialists.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In total, some 38,000 were victims of republican terror, almost half of whom were killed in Madrid and Catalonia in the summer of 1936.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[70] The terror of the Nationalists was based on the idea of purification (limpieza), which was an essential part of the idea of rebellion.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The intention was to eliminate leftist and democratic-liberal ingredients from the Spanish people.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

From July 1936 to early 1937, the Nationalists allowed “discretionary” killing under the guise of war, but soon elimination became systematic.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

First, all prisoners of war and those who fought among the republicans were shot; next, trade union leaders and representatives of the republican regime, left-wing politicians, and all known or suspected liberals and masons.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Executions were led by local committees, which usually included large landowners, the chief of the local National Guard, and quite often a priest.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Terror continued long after the war.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

The number of documented victims killed by the nationalist side is around 80,000, but taking into account unregistered and yet undocumented killings, the total casualty rate may be as high as 200,000.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[81] Franco's influence The defenders of General Franco claim he saved Spain from even worse turmoil.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

In the end, some war-weary republican Spaniards wanted the war just to end, though then Franco's victory.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Franco did not go along with Hitler's support for World War II.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

[22] Spanish Civil War in Art In literature, the Spanish Civil War has been dealt with by, for example, Ernest Hemingway in his novel Whom the bells ring and George Orwell in his reportage book Catalonia, Catalonia.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Pablo Picasso's Guernica of 1937 is the most famous painting associated with the Spanish Civil War.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Among Spanish films, artists such as Spirit of the Beehive, Devil's Backbone and Pan's Labyrinth have dealt with the trauma of the Civil War through the means of horror or fantasy.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Director Álex de la Iglesia's Last Circus, on the other hand, deals with the subject in a downright and tarantine-like irreverent manner [82].


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Roland Joffé also plays the Spanish Civil War in his film There Be Dragons.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

See also No pasarán Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos Spanish Resistance Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Beevor, Antony| title = Battle for Spain.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Spanish Civil War 1936—1939| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2006| version = (The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936—1939, 2006.)


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Translated by Matti Kinnunen| id = ISBN 951-0-31934-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eby, Cecil D.| title = Alcázar siege | location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1968| version = (The Siege of the Alcázar, 1965).


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Translated by Kimmo Cleve}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hemingway, Ernest| title = For Whom the Bell Tolls | location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2014| version = (For Who the Bell Tolls, 1940.)


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Translated by Hilkka Pekkanen| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6475-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juusela, Jyrki| title = Finns in the Spanish Civil War 1936—1939| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-796-324-6}} error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Kekkonen, Jukka| title = When guns speak.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Political violence in the Spanish and Finnish civil wars| location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2016| id = ISBN 978-951-884-586-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Koivisto, Hanne & Parikka, Raimo (ed.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

) | title = ¡No pasarán!


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Spanish Civil War Cultural History| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Labour History and Tradition| year = 2015| id = ISBN 978-952-5976-34-2| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Orwell, George| title = Catalonia, Catalonia | location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1974 (2nd edition 1991) | version = (Homage to Catalonia, 1938.)


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Translated by Taisto Nieminen| id = ISBN 951-0-06531-5}} On the topic elsewhere Karvinen, Timo: Book review of Koivisto, Hanne & Parikka, Raimo (ed.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

): ¡NO PASARÁN!


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Cultural history of the Spanish Civil War.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

Society for the Study of Labour History and Tradition, 2015.


Question: Why was there a civil war in Spain?

Spanish Civil War

(Agricola book reviews, July 6, 2015) Category:Spanish Civil War Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Powerlifting is a competition sport consisting of three different lifting modes, in which the maximum performance of each lifting form is calculated together.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

The contestant who achieved the best combined result wins.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

The three forms of lifting of powerlifting are the foot squat, bench press, and deadlift (deadlift).


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

[1] There are three withdrawal attempts in each lifting form and the competitor must receive at least one approved withdrawal for each form of withdrawal.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Lifts are performed in the order given above, with the foot squat being the first and deadlift the last form of lifting.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

If two contestants achieve the same combined result, the rank will be resolved in favour of the lighter competitor.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Competitors are divided into series according to weight classes, in addition to which there are their own series for young people and veterans.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Along with the three lifting formats co-result competitions, there are also separate single-lift format competitions in bench press and cross-country lift competitions (Push-Pull).


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Powerlifting, in which equipment that provides support is prohibited, is called raw or classic powerlifting.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Powerlifting differs from weightlifting, in which the competitor aims with two hands tempting and pushing to lift the maximum weight possible.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Powerlifting evolved from weightlifting strength exercises into its own sport in the early 1970s.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Originally a deadlift farm, the powerlift featured a biceps swing.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

There are two species unions in Finland: Suomen Powerlifting Association (SVNL) and Finland Powerlifting Organisation (FPO).


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

SVNL operates under the auspices of the International Powerlifting Federation (IPF).


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Called the Professional Union, the FPO collaborates with the International Powerlifting Association (IPA), the World Association of Benchers and Deadlifters (WABDL), the Global Powerlifting Alliance (GPA), and the Global Powerlifting Committee (GPC).


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

The rules of species' unions differ, among other things, on the part of fittings and weighings.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

SVNL lifters fall under the testing of the Finnish Anti-Doping Commission (ADT) because they receive government support.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

FPO lifters are being tested, but testing is not subject to ADT.


Question: What were the original species of weight lifting?

Powerlifting

Sources On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters — Finlands översättar- och tolkförbund rf (SKTL, Swedish: FÖTF) is a non-profit organisation for translators and interpreters.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Founded in 1955, the Federation oversees the professional interests of translators and interpreters, promotes domestic and international cooperation in the field, and works for the training of translators and interpreters and to raise the level of translation and interpretation.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

SKTL also “promotes compliance and implementation of international recommendations in the field in Finland”.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

[1] SKTL cooperates with many foreign sister organizations and actively participates in international cooperation projects.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The federation is a member of CEATL, a cooperation body for pan-European literary translators, and Nordiska Författar- och Översättarrådet, and is actively involved in the activities of the international translators' organisation FIT.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

In the union's office in Helsinki, you can get help and information, whether a member of the union or not.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Currently, the office has two full-time employees.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Also on SKTL's website [2] you can find a comprehensive information package on all the activities of the union.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The priorities of SKTL's activities include information, copyright enforcement, training and cooperation.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

It also distributes awards and grants to translators, as well as publishes Translator magazine.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

One of the main priorities in SKTL's activities is information.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The union raises issues on matters of translation and interpretation and participates in public debate.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Information is also transmitted e.g.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

International Translators' Day on 30 September each year, when translators and interpreters can meet each other and the general public at the event.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The Translator-Översättaren magazine also serves as a communication channel between translators and interpreters.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

SKTL annually awards the Mikael Agricola Prize, which is awarded for a Finnish translation of a remarkable work of fiction that appeared in the previous year.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The J. A. Hollon Prize, which is presented for a particularly high level of non-fiction writing, is presented annually.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

SKTL also distributes the Uljas Attila Award: it is given to a person or community who promotes interpretation or the position of interpreters in society.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The union also shares the so-called. Copy-buying grants twice a year, as well as granting grants from a scholarship fund set up to mark the 40th anniversary of the union, for activities related to and promote the field of translation and interpretation.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Copyright enforcement is also part of SKTL's job description.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Copyright issues are considered for the profession as a whole — not just members of SKTL.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Through SKTL, for example, copyright compensation for rightholders by Yleisradio.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Training and cooperation are an important part of SKTL's activities, as the future of the sector depends on the kind of professionals trained in this field.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

SKTL plans and implements training in the translation sector either alone or in conjunction with training institutes in the field.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Training sessions usually have a theme; they have been e.g.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

translator as entrepreneur, taxation, and copyright.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

An example of continuous activity is the Finnish-Swedish translator seminar held every autumn.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

SKTL also cooperates with various literary organisations and KAJ, a trade organisation for translators.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Membership SKTL has members approx.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

1900, and the members are divided into five different divisions, each with different terms of membership.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

To become a member, either training in the field or a certain amount of work experience is usually required.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The final decision on admission to membership is made by the union's board.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

In addition to full members, SKTL also includes student, audition, expatriate and support members.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The activities of the SKTL are grouped into five sections by profession, which, inter alia, manage specific issues in their field, organise regular meetings and trainings for their members, and monitor events and developments in their field.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Section I — Literary Translators The membership of the Section consists of fiction and non-fiction translators.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

One of the main tasks of the Section is to act as a communication channel for its members on current affairs in the field.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The Section's activities also include annual monitoring of literary translators and the organisation of trainings for members of the section.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Section II — Translators The Translators' Section is the largest division of SKTL.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

All texts that are relevant in content, such as instructions for use, reports, certificates, etc. Because of the scope of the work field, most context translators specialize in one aspect of it.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The division's tasks include the advocacy of its members, sharing knowledge related to the field and work, and the organisation of information and continuing training.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The Section is also actively involved in defining the work rules in the sector.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Section III — AV Translators The field of work for audiovisual translation professionals includes translations for television channels, video distributors, film importers, multimedia companies and publishing companies.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The functions of the AV Translators Section include advocacy and training of its members.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The division also monitors developments in the sector and maintains contacts with its Nordic sister organisations.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Section IV — Interpreters IV Chamber was established in 1975.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

In the present day it includes approx.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

300 freelance interpreters working in the fields of public affairs, law, consecutive and simultaneous interpretation.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Most of the interpreters also work as compilers.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

There are approximately 50 simultane interpreters as members of the division.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

There are a good 20 interpretive languages.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Recently, the focus of action has been on capacities due to large immigrant groups.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The division has very much international activities, interpreters participate in conferences and training sessions held abroad.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Section V — Teachers and Researchers V Chamber is the youngest of SKTL's divisions and was established in 1988.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The division's responsibilities include monitoring research and teaching in the field and liaising with teachers, researchers and communities outside the union.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The division's activities also increase the valuation of the sector.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

All university institutions providing translator and interpreter training are involved in cooperation.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

For effective operation, liaison officers have been selected from university institutions for information flow, exchange of ideas and ideas and practical activities between Section V and translator training.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters publishes the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters as its member publication.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The magazine has been published non-stop since 1970, and today it appears 10 times a year.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The position of editor-in-chief is the Chairman of the Association of Finnish Translators and Interpreters, and the editorial board also includes spokesmen from the Board of Directors, sections and local departments, a folder and an editorial secretary.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The magazine is delivered on a voluntary basis.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

In addition to the editorial, the journal regularly displays information from sections and local departments, conference invitations, information on upcoming events, the Theory and Practice column, the Language palsta (the Finnish spelling is considered), the Opinion palsta and the Public Administration section.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

In addition to regular columns, the publication includes submitted and commissioned articles related to the profession of translator and interpreter, meetings and conference reports and personal interviews.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Other topical topics are also written as needed.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

The magazine can also be ordered by non-members of the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

In addition, the journal is distributed to the main commissioners and partners of translators and interpreters, foreign translator and interpreter associations, and university translator training units.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Journals sent abroad have been accompanied by an English summary of the main articles of the journal since 1996.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

In 1990, Translator-Översättaren magazine received 1st prize at the XII World Congress of FIT in the competition for professional journals.


Question: Where is the Finnish Association of Translators and Interpreters founded?

Sources References Category:Finnish cultural organizations Category:Finnish trade unions


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Jenő Farkas (in English contexts often Eugene Farkas; 28 October 1881, Káld, Austria-Hungary - 24 February 1963, Laguna Beach, California, United States) was a Hungarian car designer who made the most significant part of his working career at Ford.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Adolescence and studies Farkas was born as the second child of a family of ten children.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

His parents were Károly and Anna Farkas.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

When Jenőn was five years old, the family moved to Jánoshalma and thence to Szarvas, where his father worked as a wagon manufacturer.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

After attending a six-year primary school, Jenő was sent to a four-year military training course.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

He then completed a degree equivalent to a high school in Budapest.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

In 1904, Farkas graduated as a mechanical engineer from the Budapest Technical University.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The studies were funded by Farkas's uncle.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

After undergoing a year-long military service, Farkas served for a year as an unpaid intern at a motorcycle factory.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

To work in the United States due to the poor work situation in Hungary, Farkas decided to leave for the United States


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Almost language-free, Farkas managed, by scrolling through newspaper advertisements, to find a vacancy at Maxwell-Briscoe in Tarrytown, New York, to which he applied and was admitted.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Farkas worked for the company for six months while also studying English.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

In 1907, Farkas filed job applications for Packard and Ford in Detroit.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

In September, he started working at Ford.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The work involved drawing up production images for R and S models, which Farkas was not interested in.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

He wanted to draft new ideas on clean paper rather than improve and modify existing structures.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Thus, already after a couple of months he transferred to Cadillac, but almost at the same time faced redundancy as a result of the banking crisis of 1907.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

This was followed by a position at Morgan Engineering Company in Alliance, Ohio.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

This pest, too, was short-lived because of the crisis.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Farkas returned to Detroit in early 1908 when his good friend and compatriot József Galamb hired him back to Ford.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Farkas was tasked with designing tools and fasteners for the soon-to-begin production of T-Ford.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

However, he was forced to be dismissed after falling into a handhand crunch with a man named Haltenberger.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

This was followed by a series of short-term nests as a toolmaker and method designer at several different automobile manufacturers, including Packard, Olds, Oakland, Rapid Motor Vehicle Company, Carter Car Company, and Hudson.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Following the purchase by General Motors, Carter's Farkas became Carter's chief designer.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

After working at Carter for three years, Farkas moved on to become a truck designer for a manufacturer called Cass Motor Vehicle Company.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

As a designer at Ford, thanks to the Edison-Ford electric car Galambi, Farkas was given yet another opportunity to work at Ford.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

He began working as a designer in the pre-design department in early October 1913.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

One of the first tasks was the design of the Edison-Ford electric car.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The car utilized a lot of T-Ford components and the batteries as well as the electric motor were derived from submarine application.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

However, the car did not prosper due to the weakness of the Edison batteries.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

With lead-acid batteries, the car, on the other hand, became far too heavy.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Fordson tractor In 1915, Henry Ford decided to invest in tractor manufacturing and appointed Charles Sorensen to drive tractor manufacturing in Dearborn.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Sorensen chose Farkas as the designer.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The tractor came with a Hercules engine and a three-speed gearbox designed by Farkas.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The tractor was substantially superior to the prototypes Ford had previously manufactured, which had been based on T-Ford's excessively weak components.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Serial production of Fordson tractors got off the ground in 1917, and the business was promoted by World War I; Great Britain placed an order for 5000 tractors, the first of which were delivered in October of the same year.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

World War I In 1918, Farkas designed a two-cylinder engine to power an aerial bomb, as well as an anti-tank with two tractor engines, with room for a crew of three.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The US military placed a 1,000-piece order but cancelled it after the armistice took effect in November.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

X-engine In 1920, tractor production was moved from Dearborn to the Rouge plant.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Farkas was appointed to replace Allan Horton in charge of designing the new X engine.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The engine was air-cooled and had two rows of cylinders each with four cylinders.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The angle between the lines was 90 degrees.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The original idea had arisen inspired by aircraft engines.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Henry Ford had thought the flywheel could be used as a supercharger, which practically did not work for the sake of the engine's quiet running speed.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Air cooling was not made to work satisfactorily.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Dirt and oil accumulated in the spark plugs, causing running failures.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The project, which stretched back many years, began to frustrate Farkas.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

In 1926 Henry Ford agreed that a four-cylinder successor model would be created for the T-Ford, as the development of the X engine would still require a lot of time.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The X engine eventually never materialized and its design had only delayed the presentation of its successor, the A-model.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

During development of the Ford Model A, Farkas was responsible for designing clutch, transmission, axles, suspension, shock absorption and brakes.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The engine was based on the T model, and Harold Hicks, in charge of Ford engine development work, increased its power from 25 to 40 horsepower and top speed from 43 miles per hour to 65.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The 1930s, after designing Model A, Farkas became involved in several different projects.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

As his assistant Raymond Laird he developed methods of manufacturing surface rims and in 1936 a small, 60-horsepower V8 engine.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

The following year, this was followed by an 85-horsepower variation.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

In the same year, Farkas built a prototype of a rear-engined car with four-wheel steering.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Farkas had been about to leave Ford in 1932, but when Henry Ford heard of this, he offered Farkas the chance to choose his work partner, a big raise, a bonus, as well as Rickenbacker as his company car.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

World War II During World War II, Farkas drafted improvements to the B-24 bomber, for which he also designed a 12-cylinder star engine, which, however, did not enter production.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

In addition to this, he designed a 600-horsepower engine for the tank manufactured by Ford, as well as a five-speed automatic transmission.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

A variant of the same gearbox was used in Ford's civilian applications after the war.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Prior to his full retirement, Farkas worked part-time and assisted with powertrain related development work.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Private life In 1911 Farkas married Helen Louise Parshall.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

A total of four sons were born to them: Raymond Zoltán 1912, Louis Eugene 1914, Don Earl 1917 and Robert Lawrence 1919.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Farkas dabbled in music and dancing.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

At Ford staff engagements, he played flute and piccolo and danced Hungarian folk dance recitals, which Henry Ford particularly liked.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Farkas had learned to speak fluent English, but he was not particularly talkative by nature, preferably presenting his case using drawings.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

After retiring completely in 1947, the Farkas moved to Laguna Beach, California, where Jenő was able to devote his mind hobby to fishing.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

Jenő Farkas died in 1963 and Helen Farkas in 1974.


Question: When did Jenő Farkas start his job at Ford?

Jenő Farkas

[1] Sources Category:Ford Category:Car Designers Category:Hungarian Persons Category:Those born in 1881 Class:Those who died in 1963


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

The Kingdom of Sweden (), or Sweden (), is a constitutional monarchy in Scandinavia in Northern Europe.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

It shares a land border with Finland and Norway.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

[1] Sweden is a Nordic industrialized country and a member of the European Union, but has its own currency, the krona.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

The country is the third largest country in western Europe and the largest Nordic country by area (450295 square kilometres) (unless Greenland is included in Denmark).


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

Sweden has around 10 million inhabitants, so it is also by far the largest of the Nordic countries in terms of population.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

Nearly one in four (24.1%) Swedish citizens had an immigrant background in 2017 and nearly one in three (31.6%) parents had at least another been born abroad.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

[2] The capital and largest city of the country is Stockholm.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

The Swedish state was formed in the Middle Ages and it rose to great power status in Europe in the 17th century.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

However, the country lost the territories it conquered from outside the Scandinavian peninsula gradually during the 18th and 19th centuries, eventually becoming Finland in 1809.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

Since the early 19th century, Sweden has been neutral and has not participated in the wars fought in Europe.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

Sweden's population density is below the European Union average, and more than half of the country is forest.


Question: How many seats did the Social Democrats win in Sweden's Riksdag elections in 2018?

Sweden

Timber, hydropower and iron ore are the foundations of the Swedish economy, and Swedes have founded many large companies such as Scania, Volvo, Vattenfall, Ericsson, Ikea, H&M and Skanska.