Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Halonen resigned from the church in the 1970s in protest at the church's failure to allow female priesthood at the time and was guilty of discrimination against sexual minorities.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Later Halonen considered joining the church, but did not want to implement the accession during his term as president, so as not to draw political conclusions based on a private decision.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[91] The leadership of the Lutheran Church did not publicly address the President's non-affiliation with the church or raise the issue publicly.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

After the election of Halonen in 2000, Archbishop Jukka Paarma stated that the question of belonging to the church is Halonen's private matter, although the Church certainly has its own teaching.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Instead, in 2000, the Bishop of Lapua Jorma Singer offered his congratulations to the presidential couple on their marrying, and had previously stated that he wished as a citizen that the president would be married, since Singer said the president's marital status is not a private matter.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[92] Halonen has stated that ecclesiastical matters are part of independent decision-making by religious communities, and that he therefore does not take, for example, a position on the separation of state and church.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

However, he has seen freedom of religion as an important issue.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[93] [89] After the end of his second term as president in 2012, Halonen rejoined the Lutheran Church.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

In an interview given to the Monthly Appendix, he stated: “I recognise that leaving the church was not a sustainable solution.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

You can only go away once, impressing is more lasting.”


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[94] Halonen has not wanted to tighten the access of asylum seekers to Finland.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

He has stated that the system should be more efficient and legally sound, but the line should not be tightened and Finland must comply with international refugee agreements already signed.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[89] Security policy Halonen opposes Finland's membership in NATO.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

He has stated that he is in the opinion of the majority of the people that Finland has no need for a military alliance, but that the best basis for a credible defence of the country is good neighbourly relations.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Halonen has not considered Russia a threat to Finland's security, as long as the country's democratic progress continues to be positive.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Halonen has supported the retention of the conscription army as Finland's basic defence solution, but wanted to develop a civilian service system alongside it.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[95] Halonen has approved the plans of the Finnish Defence Forces to abolish garrisons and other austerity measures.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

He has stated that Finland would pay the wrong people a wage if it did not believe the message of the armed forces leadership about what was needed to implement political and security policy guidelines.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Halonen has also said that the economic structure of any locality cannot be based solely on the presence of the garrison.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[96] Tarja Halonen strongly supported the removal of land mines from the armament of the Finnish Army party.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

It was decided to ban landmines in Finland as a result of Halonen's decisive action in 2011 [97] in accordance with the Ottawa Agreement.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[98] Foreign Policy Halonen has been active in foreign policy, especially as a defender of human rights.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

During his presidential terms, he has paid special international attention to equality and women's rights, as well as the adverse effects of globalization.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

He held a number of UN subordinate positions during his presidential terms.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

He has stated that the promotion of human rights is also important for Finland, as an internationally fair situation is important, especially for small countries such as Finland.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

As another important task in foreign policy, he has considered promoting exports of Finnish trade and industry.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[89] Pasi Patokallio, a former ambassador to Finland, wrote in his essay published in the Finnish magazine Kuvale and Channel magazine that Finland's security policy line changed when Tarja Halonen became foreign minister in 1995.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

According to Patokallio, the core content of security has traditionally been protecting the kingdom from external threats, the worst of which are military.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

During the Halonen era, Finland's security threats were no longer considered military; instead, global phenomena such as climate change were named security threats.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

According to Patokallio, armoury security became a barking word and disarmament an intrinsic value.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Concern was mostly borne over the actions of U.S. President George W. Bush, but Halonen's foreign policy thinking “at no time was there any place for critical evaluation of Russian activities, let alone public criticism.”


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

In addition, the abandonment of anti-personnel mines significantly weakened the Finnish defences.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[99] Private life Halonen's family includes daughter Anna Halonen and spouse, professor and doctor of law Pentti Arajärvi.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Halonen had been dating Anna Halonen's father, Kari Pekkonen, secretary of the SDP parliamentary group since the summer of 1977 and daughter Anna Halonen was born in autumn 1978.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

During her pregnancy, Halonen found herself in a situation that she herself has later referred to as the turning point in her life.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

In the autumn of 1978, Halonen was scheduled to attend the National Defence Course in Parliament as a course hostess.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

She was supposed to fly for the course to Rissala in Kuopio, but the doctor denied flying due to a long pregnancy.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

The doctor's order saved the lives of Halonen and her daughter, as the aircraft crashed on its return flight to Helsinki.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

All the passengers on the plane died and the Rissala plane crash is the worst air force accident in peacetime.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Among the dead were MPs Arto Merisaari and Kirsti Hollming, as well as Governor Antti Pohjonen.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[100] Anna Halonen was born only a short time after the accident in Helsinki.


Question: What party was Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Halonen had long been waiting for family life to begin, but Kari Pekkonen had to spend a lot of time away from home because of her work.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Halonen later stated that her husband actually left her life in the same way as her father did, and Halonen did not speak ill of her later, but no good.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

In 1979 Halonen was elected MP from the Helsinki constituency.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

The mother of a young child took her baby along to parliament.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

In the 1980s, Pentti Arajärvi Halonen, her current husband, met in Parliament when Halonen was chairman of the parliamentary social committee and Arajärvi was secretary of the same committee.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Halonen and Arajärvi lived in the same house for a long time, but in different apartments at Wallininkatu 10 in Kallio.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

They were married only in Mäntyniemi on 26 August 2000, a few months after Halonen had been elected president.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Initially, Halonen and Lake Arajärvi invited friends and relatives to the harvest festival, but surprised the guests by getting married.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

During the 2000 presidential election struggle, Halonen's cohabitation with Arajärvi was much on display when the opposing candidate, centrist Esko Aho, particularly in the early stages of his campaign, raised his family.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Before the marriage, Pentti Arajärvi's title became a topic of debate, among other things, before a state visit to Sweden in spring 2000, when it was considered whether, according to the practice of the President's Office, a cohabiting spouse could be referred to as make in Swedish.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

In this case, at the request of the Presidential couple, it was decided to use only the title of committee counselor.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[92] [101] During her free time, Halonen has stated that she is engaged in oriental dance, gymnastics, swimming, visual arts, especially iconic collecting and theatre.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

In addition, he has held several positions of trust in the field of theatre.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

As pets, Halonen has had Rontti cat (d. 2012) and Miska cat (d. 2011) and two red-eared turtles [102] [103] [104].


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

On January 17, 2013, Halonen received a Neva Masquerade breed cat named Meggi from Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[105] Halonen can also speak Estonian and has attended numerous language courses in Estonia.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Halonen owns a 20-square allotment garden cottage in Marjaniemi, Helsinki, and is engaged in gardening there.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

He had two cats during his presidency, Miska and Rontti, of which Miska died in 2011 and Rontti in 2012.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Russian Prime Minister Dimitry Medvedev gifted Halonen a cat named Meggi in 2013.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

On the occasion of her first state visit to Sweden, Halo was referred to in the Swedish papers as Moominmamma because of the large handbag she carried with her.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

The designation stayed to live on.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Timeline of political career Member of Social Democratic Party 1971—2000, 2012— Secretary of Parliament of the Prime Minister 1974—1975 Member of Helsinki City Council 1977—1996 Member of Parliament 1979—2000 Member of the Committee on Social Affairs, 1984—1986 Minister of Social Affairs and Social Affairs Minister of Health 1987—1990 Minister of Nordic Cooperation 1989—1991 Minister of Justice 1990—1991 Vice-President of the Law Committee, 1991—1994 Chairman of the Grand Committee, 1995—1995 Minister of Foreign Affairs 1995—2000 President of the Republic of Finland 2000—2012 NGO and positions of trust International Solidarity Foundation Children's Theatre Small Finland Cooperative Movement Elanto Representative Council Cooperative Movement Elanto Governing Board Peace Education Institute Romanian Affairs Advisory Board Sexual Policy Association — Sexpo Sexual equality SETA Finnish Refugee Assistance Finnish Setlementtifederation Suomi—Chile Society Suomi—Nicaragua Society of Workers' Stages Association of Old People and Near People's Services [106] Awards and Recognitions 1999: Stadin Slang ry selected Halonen as Stadin Friidu [107] 2002: Amnesty International The 2002 Candle Prize of the Finnish Department for the Defence of Human Rights.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[108] 2002: Halonen was named the 2002 Friend of Contemporary Art by Kiasma Friends of the Year in recognition of her firsthand and active display of interest in contemporary art.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[109] 2002: The Ruususeura of Finland gave the rose variety previously known as 'Schalin 10' to be called 'Tarja Halonen'.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[110] 2003: Development Cooperation in Physical Education Liika Association of the Year award for outstanding work in promoting development cooperation in physical activity.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[111] 2004: Halonen came fifth in the Great Finns vote organised by Yleisradio before Independence Day 2004.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[112] 2004: The 2004 Grameen Foundation USA — Deutsche Bank Humanitarian Award for work on behalf of social equality, human rights, poverty eradication and equality.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[113] 2006: Paarchiba Award from the Romanian Advisory Board for the promotion of education, language and culture of the Roma.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[114] 2008: World Nature Foundation WWF's Baltic Sea Award, for leadership and initiative in protecting the Baltic Sea.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[115] 2008: Baltic Sea Prize of the Baltic Development Forum, for long-term work in the Baltic Sea region.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[116] 2008: The Tammisaari 1918 Medal of the People's Civilization Fund in recognition of human rights and solidarity work.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[117] 2010: Global Women's Leadership Award for Women Leadership, Work to Promote Women's Status and Equality.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[118] 2010: Halonen was chosen as Jazzdiggar of the Year by the Jazz Musicians Association.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[119] 2010: The Golden Rule of the Finnish Religion Dialogue Network for increasing dialogue between religions.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[120] [121] 2010: Young Suomi Association's Pro Young Suomi recognition for promoting volunteerism and active participation in sports club activities.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[122] 2010: Finnish Ice Hockey Federation award for women's hockey act of the year, promoting positive image and publicity of women's and girls hockey.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[123] 2010: Halonen was selected by US magazine Time magazine for its list of the ten most influential female directors.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[124] 2010: US magazine Foreign Policy selected Halonen for its list of 100 global thinkers.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[125] 2011: Kellokas of the Year recognition by Women Journalists, for public contributions on behalf of women, minorities, sustainable development and peace processes.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[126] 2011: Golden Medal of Honor of the Confederation of Social and Health Security (STKL) in recognition of outstanding expert work for a fairer world.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[127] 2012: In Eeva magazine's reader vote, Halonen was voted Eve of the Year.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[128] 2012: Pro Sculptura Medal of the Sculptors Union.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[129] 2013: The Meteorological Institute's 2013 Weather, Climate and Marine Influencer Recognition.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[130] 2013: The Peace Prize of the Centurium Committee.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[131] 2013: International Global Fairness Recognition by the Global Fairness Initiative for its work on incorporating the trade union movement and employer unions into policymaking and advocating for the rights of sexual minorities.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[132] [133] 2013: Halonen was awarded by the People's Enlightenment Society in recognition of her work on behalf of civil society, human rights and democracy.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[134] 2013: Recognition Award of the Society for Ethnic Relations and International Migration Studies (ETMU) for outstanding work on issues of ethnic relations and international migration.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[135] 2013: The city of Helsinki named the park in front of Helsinki City Theatre Tarja Halonen Park.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

[136] Badges of honour and merit Finnish decorations Order of the White Rose, Grand Cross with chains, 2000 Order of the Cross of Liberty, Grand Cross, 2000 Order of the Lion of Finland, Grand Cross, 1998 [137] Foreign decorations Order of the Marianmaa Cross, Class I Order of Honour with Chain, 2000 Order of the White Star, Class I Order of Honour with Chain, 2007 Order of the White Star, Class I Order of Honour, 1995 Order of the Falcon, Grand Cross with Chains, 2000 Order of the Falcon, Grand Cross, 1997 Order of St. Olav, Grand Cross, 2000 Order of the Seraphim, Knight with Chain, 2000 Order of the Elephant, Knight, 2001 Order of the White Eagle, 2001 Order of the Three Stars, Grand Cross with Chains, 2001 Bundesverdienstkreuz, Grand Cross, 2001 Order of Vytautas the Great, Grand Cross, 2002 Leopold Order, Grand Cross with Chains, 2004 French Legion of Honour Grand Cross, 2005 Order of the White Double Cross, First Class Order of Merit, 2005 Order of the Star of Romania, Grand Cross with Chains, 2006 Austrian Order of Merit, Grand Cross, 2006 Italian Republic Order of Merit, Grand Cross with Chains, 2008 Family Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau, Grand Cross, 2008 Order of King Tomislav, 2009 Honorary Doctorate Titles University of Helsinki Faculty of Law, 2000 Helsinki School of Economics, 2001 Chinese Forestry Academy, Beijing, 2002 University of Budapest, Hungary, 2002 University of Kent, UK, 2002 Ewha University, South Korea, 2002 University of Turku Faculty of Law, 2003 Finlandia University, USA, 2003 University of Tartu, Estonia, 2004 Bluefields University, Nicaragua, 2004 Yerevan State University, Armenia, 2005 University of Minnesota Duluth, USA, 2008 University of Technology, 2008 Theatre Academy, 2009 Umeå University, 2009 Kazan University, Tatarstan, Russia, 2010 University of Helsinki Philosophical Faculty, 2010 [138] Honorary Memberships Women's Lawyers Association (2002) [139] Eteläsuomen osakunta of the University of Helsinki (2003) [140] Finnish Forestry Society (2009) [141] Alumni Association of Theatre Academy (2011) [142] Suomi-Beni Friendship Society (2012) [143] Autists and Rett- Persons Tuki AURE ry (2012) [144] Helsinki Art Society [145] AY-Officers ry [146] Finnish Association of Caregivers and Close People [147] Documentary Madam President (2012) [148] Sources Irma Sulkanen, Maria Lähteenmäki, Aura Korppi-Tommola: Women Parliament, Parliament of Finland 100 years 4, Parliament of Finland — Edita Helsinki, 2006 ISBN 978-951-37-4544-8.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Hannu Lehtilä: Tarja Halonen — For a Better World, Jan 2012 ISBN 978-951-31-6962-6.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

References On topic elsewhere (archived).


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Yle Living Archive.


Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

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Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

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Question: Where did the party have Finland's first female president?

Tarja Halonen

Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Category:Born in 1943 Category:Living Persons Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Michael Benjamin Bay (born February 17, 1965 in Los Angeles, California) is an American film director and producer.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

His films are known for their big-budget, fast action scenes and kinetic cinematography.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Although his films have not been much of a review success, they have still been financially highly successful.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Early years Bay began working in the film business at the age of 15 initially as an intern on the storyboards for George Lucas' film Hunters of the Lost Treasure.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Bay believed the film was going to look horrible, but after seeing it in the theatre he was convinced and wanted to become a film director himself.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[1] Later Bay graduated from Wesleyan University in 1986, majoring in English and film.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[2] During his final work, he also studied film at Art Center College of Design and subsequently worked as a director on commercials and music videos for Propaganda Films.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[3] Bay's first national advertisement for the Red Cross won a CLIO Award in 1992.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[4] A year later in 1993, a commercial for Got Milk directed by Bay and developed by Goodby, Silverstein & Partners?


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

also received recognition at the 2009 CLIO Awards Gala.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[5] As a film director, Bay's success with music videos piqued the interest of film producers Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

They hired him to direct the first full-length film Bad Boys, starring Will Smith and Martin Lawrence.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Filming took place in Miami in 1994.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film finally premiered in the United States on April 7, 1995.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

It became a success against its $19 million budget.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film grossed $65.8 million in the United States and a worldwide total of over $141 million.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[6] The film was also awarded for music with the BMI Film Music Award and it received an MTV Movie Awards nomination for Best Action Score.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

With the film, Bay and Bruckheimer's collaborative partnership and buddy relationship took off.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[7] Bay next directed the action film The Rock — Return to Hell — set in Alcatraz.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Starring appearances were Sean Connery, Nicolas Cage, and Ed Harris.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film's producers included Jerry Bruckheimer and Don Simpson.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Simpson passed away five months before the film's release, with which the film was dedicated to him.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[8] The film premiered in the United States and Canada on June 7, 1996.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film had a budget of $75 million.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

It was very successful at the box office, grossing just over $134 million in the United States and a worldwide total of over $335 million.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[9] The Rock was also noted with an Oscar nomination for the recording.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film also achieved success in terms of awards after winning, among others, the BMI Film Music Award at the BMI Film & TV Gala for music composed by Hans Zimmer.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

At the MTV Movie Awards, Connery and Cage were honored for best film duo.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The Rock was also nominated for Best Film and Best Action Spot.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Bay and Bruckheimer's third film, Armageddon, premiered in the summer of 1998.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film featured Bruce Willis, Ben Affleck and Liv Tyler in the lead roles.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Bay's previous two films were more action film-oriented shifted to he more of a disaster movie in Armageddon.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film had a budget of $140 million, clearly higher than Bay's earlier films.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Armageddon performed well at the box office, grossing just over $201 million in the United States being the second most lucrative film in the United States in 1998.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Worldwide, it grossed over $553 million in total being the most lucrative film of 1998.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[10] Armageddon also received four Oscar nominations in the categories, best recording, special effects, sound effects and vocals.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[11] The film was also honored at slightly smaller awards galas.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Armageddon was awarded as Best Film by the Saturn Award, among others.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Bay, too, was honored at the same gala as best director.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

At the MTV Movie Awards, it won the Best Song award for Aerosmith with the song “I Don't Want To Miss A Thing”, as well as Best Action Point.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Bay also continued to collaborate with Bruckheimer on his next film, Pearl Harbor, which premiered a week before Memorial Day in 2001.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Similar to Bay's previous film, Ben Affleck played the lead alongside Josh Hartnett and Kate Beckinsale.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

This time, Bay directed a drama-oriented war film loosely based on the events at Pearl Harbor.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Like Bay's previous production, Armageddon, the film's budget was $140 million.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

It was very successful at the box office, grossing over $198 million in the United States and a worldwide total of over $449 million.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[12] Pearl Harbor was noted like Armageddon with four Oscar nominations for Best Recording, Special Effects, Sound Effects and Vocals, for which it was awarded with an Oscar for sound effects.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[13] It was at the same time the first Oscar win for a film directed by Bay.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Pearl Harbor was also noted with two Golden Globe nominations for Hans Zimmer's compositions and Diane Warren's song “There You'll Be”.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

At the MTV Movie Awards, meanwhile, the film received three nominations, for Best Action Spot, for Best Male and Female Performer.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Victory it received for the best point of action set in the attack on Pearl Harbor.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film also achieved smaller awards such as the Taurus Award for Best Stunt Design, the Teen Choice Award it won as Best Drama/Action Adventure Film, and Ben Affleck as Best Actor.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

2003 Bay announced the Bad Boys action film sequel Bad Boys 2, which premiered on July 9.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Starring in the first part saw Will Smith and Martin Lawrence, as well as Joe Pantoliano and Theresa Randle in a minor role.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The cast also included Jordi Mollà, Gabrielle Union, Peter Stormare and Michael Shannon.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The duration of the film was slightly extended by about half an hour and had a significantly higher budget relative to the number one.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

It grossed around $130 million and grossed just over $138 million at the box office in the United States.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Worldwide, the proceeds were about $134 million.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[14] The film's composer Trevor Rabin was awarded with the BMI Film Music Award for Best Composition.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

NRJ Ciné, by contrast, awarded Will Smith and Martin Lawrence as the best Buddy film duo.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

It also won the Taurus Award for Best Vehicle Hour, in which a Ferrari is driven from behind a truck on a busy country road.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

During the chase, the truck's load unloads en route, setting up barriers in front of the Ferrari.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

It manages to dodge the surprising obstacles coming in front and later the truck collides with other vehicles, causing a major pileup.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The trio of Andy Gill, Steve Picerni and Spiro Razatos were also awarded for coordinating the best stunt.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film's most notable nomination came for Gabrielle Union at the Saturn Gala as the face of the future.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

After five films, Bay and Bruckheimer's collaboration ceased and Bay's production of The Island film involved DreamWorks, as well as his own production company Platinum Dunes.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[15] The science fiction thriller film starred Ewan McGregor and Scarlett Johansson.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The side roles included Djimon Hounsou, Sean Bean, and Michael Clarke Duncan and Steve Buscemi, who previously performed for Armageddon in the late 1990s.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Steve Jablonsky, who had previously been involved in his films in a smaller role in making music, was responsible for the film's composition.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The premiere was on July 11 in New York City and the official premiere was in the United States.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

July 22.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Relative to the previous three films, The Island had a lower budget, with the $126 million film grossing just over $35.8 million in the United States.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Worldwide, by contrast, it grossed $127.1 million.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[16] The film did not reach any awards and the only mention came from Hollywood Film, which awarded Greg Nicotero for make-up quotes of the year for films Stories of Narnia: The Wizard and the Lion, Sin City and Kingdom of the Dead in addition to The Island.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

At the Saturn Gala, the film was noted as the best science fiction film of the year, while at the Golden Schmoes gala, The Island was noted in three different categories; most underrated film of the year, best science fiction film of the year and best action point of the year.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

However, the film's story received legal charges of copying when the producers of the Spare Parts film, released in 1979, accused their film of illegally copying the story.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[17] DreamWorks paid a seven-figure sum at the end of the court.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[18] Transformers (2007—) In July 2005, Steven Spielberg asked Bay to direct a Transformers film that would be based on the Hasbro toy series Transformers.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Bay initially didn't want to be involved with the film after considering it a dumb idea, but changed his mind after visiting Hasbro and getting to know the series more closely.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

He wanted to create a more military-minded foundation in the film so it wouldn't feel too childish.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Bay saved the film's budget by reducing his salary by 30%, but maintained his planned 83-day shooting schedule and installed more cameras per day of what he normally has done.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

He wanted to shoot the film in the United States, rather than Australia or Canada, for example, so he could work with a task force familiar to him that would understand the way he worked.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film was produced by DreamWorks and Paramount Pictures and starring Shia LaBeouf, Megan Fox, Tyrese Gibson and Josh Duhamel.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Other roles were played by Anthony Anderson, Rachael Taylor, John Turturro and Jon Voight.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

The film premiered on June 12, 2007 with a budget of $150 million, which was Bay's biggest film since Armageddon and Pearl Harbor.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

It grossed $319.2 million in the United States and a worldwide total of $709.7 million, making the film the most lucrative film of Bay's career.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

It also became the third most lucrative film of 2007 in the United States and the fifth most lucrative film worldwide.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

[19] Transformers was noted with three Oscar nominations for Best Recording, Sound Effects and Special Effects.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

It was awarded several times, notably for special effects at, among others, Saturn, Hollywood Film, the Sierra Award of the Las Vegas Film Critics Society, and the Visual Effects Society gala.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Steve Jablonsky was also honored for compositions for the film with the BMI Film & TV Award.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Among the actors, LaBeouf was noted in the categories of several different galas and won one Teen Choice Award with Breakthrough of the Year.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Transformers was also honored as Film of the Year at the MTV Movie Awards.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Filmography Directed by Bad Boys (1995) The Rock — Return to Hell (1996) Armageddon (1998) Pearl Harbor (2001) Bad Boys 2 (2003) The Island (2005) Transformers (2007) Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) Transformers: Dark Side of the Moon (2011) Pain & Gain (2013) Transformers — Age of Destruction (2014) 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi (2016) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) Produced by Movies Armageddon (1998) Pearl Harbor (2001) Texas Chainsaw Murders (2003) The Amityville Horror (2005) Texas Chainsaw Murderer — The Beginning of Evil (2006) Hitchhiker (2007) The Unborn (2009) Friday the 13th (2009) Horsemen of the Apocalypse (2009) A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010) I Am Number Four (2011) Pain & Gain (2013) Night of Purge (2013) Night of Purge: Anarchy (2014) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014) Ouija (2014) Project Almanac (2015) Friday 13th (2016) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016) Night of Purge: Election Year (2016) Ouija: Origin of Evil (2016) Bumblebee (2018) Television Black Sails (2014—2017) The Last Ship ( 2014—) Sources on the topic elsewhere where also and Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

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Question: When was Michael Bay born?

Michael Bay

Category:American film directors Category:American film producers Category:People born in 1965 Category:Living persons Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kami () means a sacred or revered phenomenon in Shinthism.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kami is misleadingly often translated as “spirit” or “god”.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The word can be used both to mean kami character, certain kinds of sacred qualities (compare Latin numen), or certain beings, living, inanimate, or divine, with kami character.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[1] There are a remarkably large number of different and different types of kami: tradition describes the huge number of kams in the words yaoyorozu no kami (), “an uncountable number of kami”, literally “eight million kami”.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kameja are everywhere in Shinthism; they include not only natural elements such as the sun, moon, water, mountains and so on, but also independent creatures that protect human activity and inhabit objects made by humans.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kams can also be, for example, deceased ancestors, great persons of the past, or emperor in the past.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[2] Each kami has an inner strength, a tama, which can often be divided into a rough and violent side (aramitama) and a refined and calm side (nigitama).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Tama is the object of ritual activity in Shinthism and also exists in people (tamashii).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In Šinthian ceremonies, a kami called to the place is settled into a temporary vessel (shintai), which may be a natural element such as a stone or a man-made object, often a mirror or sword.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kami can be divided into parts countless times without being weakened, and consecrated to new places (kanjō) as fragments of an earlier kami (bunshin).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[2] The definition and nature of Kami The concept of Kami has been attempted to define numerous times.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Early attempts include the work Man'yōshū chūshaku from the 13th century by Sengaku, a priest of the Buddhist Tendai sect, and the 14th-century inscription Jindai no maki kuketsu by Inbe no Masamichi.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Inbe associated the word kami with another, similarly pronounced spelling character (ue, kami) meaning “at the top”, and thus regarded kams as living beings “higher up”.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

This conception became popular in the Edo period and later became almost common knowledge, but more recent linguistic research suggests that homonyms are not related to each other.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

This view was already shared by Motoori Norinaga, who gave the concept the following definition: [3] It also includes the fact that even if they are invisible, they can become visible in different manifestations and settle in natural forms such as stones, trees and fire, or human objects manufactured, such as mirrors.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Such objects (yorishiro) attract cams.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kami are also manifested in natural forces such as thunder and can take over humans as well.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kams are thus experienced through palpable forms and phenomena and are not concepts or abstract beings.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kami's power is only revealed when it settles into a fixed form or being.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[3] Kamei cannot be described in terms of “good” or “evil”, but they may have a “calm side” (nigitama) and a “rough side” (aramitama).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Although kami were considered from an early age to be human-like beings to be approached as well as other humans, they were not depicted in art as human beings.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Such images (shinzō) only became common with the advent of Buddhist influence.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kamie was thought to enjoy music, dance and poetry, like humans, and to hate dirty (kegare) things like death and blood.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Because of this, worship of kamie took place in ritually purified places.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kamie were thought to get angry or behave violently if they were not well worshipped, while satisfied kami protected the people.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kams were worshipped, for example, by sacrificing rice, sake or other food to them, entertaining them, and so on.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[3] The different types of Kami can be broadly divided into two different categories: “nature cams” and “cultural camels”.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Nature cams represent different features from the ordinary that have been thought to exist in various forms and forces of nature.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

These kami can be further divided into “celestial” kams and “terrestrial” cams; the previous ones include planets, sun and moon, as well as meteorological phenomena such as thunder (thunder kami Raijin) and wind (kaze no kami).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The latter include, for example, the cams of mountains, land, forests, sea, rivers, islands and swamps, and also animals and plants.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Animals considered cameos include snakes, wolves, bears, monkeys, hares, birds and other naturally occurring animals in Japan.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Animal cams are often associated with other nature cameos: birds to the sun's kami, bears to mountain kami, hares to moon cams and so on.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Animals may also be considered ambassadors of someone else's kami, as foxes (kitsune) are considered messengers of Inari.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Certain tree species, such as pines and latch bush, are often revered as kamies (shinboku), and the cami nature can even be seen in peculiar, deformed vegetables, such as branched radishes, whose shape resembles a human.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[3] Cultural kami can, in turn, be divided into three groups: community cams, which are worshipped by certain groups of people, functional cams associated with a particular profession, for example, and “human cams”, that is, essentially historical figures who are considered cams.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The first group includes the kami of genera and clans, kami (yashikigami) of dwellings, and dōsojin kami, who protect the borderlands of villages from invaders.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Again, kami associated with activities can protect things such as birth (ubugami), death, finding a partner, illness, agriculture, fishing, trade, sailing, war (gunshin) or science.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Also, small cams living in homes that protect the hearth, well, lavatory and so on can be classified into functional cams.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The last, group of persons comprises both living and dead persons.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Persons performing religious functions (for example, the micot of the shrines), famous and distinguished persons, and the emperor may have been considered living cameos.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kami may also settle on a person during a religious celebration, when that person is considered a kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The kami of deceased persons may be ancestors or vengeful spirits, for example, who have died disaffected.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[3] However, such classifications are not unambiguous, and different kami may take on different roles.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Among other things, the categories of nature and persons may often encounter each other.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

As an example of this, the spirits of Sugawara no Michizane and Taira no Masakado were believed to have taken the form of a thunder kami and then struck against their enemies.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[3] Worship of Kamie The manner of worship of Kamie varies.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Some kamas such as Inari can practically be worshipped by everyone, some kamas are worshipped primarily for personal reasons, such as Tenjin in preparation for experiments.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Some kami, for example Atago, are subject to worship because of the public benefit protection they confer, some are worshipped at home every morning at the family altar (kamidana).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Generally speaking, kami worship is a communal phenomenon, and religious festivals (matsuri) and rites are encouraging participation in nature.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[4] A Shinthian shrine is a building intended for the worship of kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Shrines evolved from the Japanese folk faith, but folk faith has never been fully absorbed into formal worship in shrines but continues to live strong and targets such as mere natural forms such as stones and trees, or small roadside shrines (hokora).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Much of the shrines represent a few popular architectural stylistic directions, nagare-zukur and kazuga-zukur, but many especially important shrines are individual.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[5] In the sanctuary, the main hall (honden) is dedicated solely to the use of the kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The main hall usually has a shintai, a “kami's body”, in which the kami can settle.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Common shintas include mirrors, swords, and precious stones; with Buddhist influence, images and mandalas showing kamas began to be used as shintas as well.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Other objects in the grounds of the sanctuary that are considered Yorishiras may also be sacred.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Other important buildings of the shrine include, for example, a prayer hall (haiden), a sacrificial hall (heiden), and a hall for ritual dancing (kaguraden).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Shrines can also be portable (mikoshi): such shrines are used during festivals when kami are carried in procession.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

There may be no main hall at all if the shrine is located, for example, on a mountain, which is itself a shintai.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[5] [6] There are about 100,000 Shinthian shrines in Japan.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Worship of Kami in the sanctuary includes purification by washing hands and rinsing the mouth, throwing coins, ringing a bell to summon the kami's place, and clapping and bowing hands to greet the kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Shrine visits are often made in conjunction with celebrations related to the season cycle, such as the New Year, during tanabata and obon festivals, and so on, for example, the birth or wedding of a child.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

There is almost no theology involved in the worship of Kamie.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In the right way, the worshipped kami is expected to bring the devotee a blessing that is always associated with events in this world: success in an experiment, healing from illness, happy marriage, longevity.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The shrines, too, are still in an integral connection with nature — mountains, trees and stones, which are considered the dwelling places of the kamie.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[7] Offerings given to Kami in shrines are called heihaku.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In ancient times they were typically clothes, nowadays especially money or, for example, ema-picture tiles.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In return for offerings, the devotee may be given an object symbolizing the power of the kami in return.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[6] There are a huge number of notable cams Kamei, but some cams occupy a particularly important position in Japanese mythology or their worship is widespread.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The following list contains some particularly notable kamas: Amaterasu is the kami of the sun and one of the children of Izanam and Izanagi.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

She is generally considered female.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[8] Originally, Amaterasu was a local sun kami worshipped in Ise, who in the 6th century was raised to the ancestor of the Emperor of Japan.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[9] Daikokuten is one of the “seven gods of good fortune” (shichifukujin).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

He usually carries a “wealth-hitting” mace, a treasure sack and stands on bales of rice.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

He probably originated from the Indian god Mahākalā and with syncretism he has been associated with the Japanese Ōkuninushi.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[10] Dōsojin is a generic term for patron cams living at village boundaries and road junctions.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Often kami are presented in the form of a male and female character.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[11] Ebisu is one of the “seven gods of good fortune” (shichifukujin).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

He is especially worshipped in coastal villages as a bringer of good fish catch and is presented with onge.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

He is also a patron of commerce and farming.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[12] Fūjin or kaze no kami is the kami of the wind.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Cults dedicated to wind were common due to Japan's geographical position.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[13] Hachiman was originally a kami worshipped in Usa on Kyūshū, who participated in the construction of the large Buddha statue of Tōdai-ji in Nara and was thus an early target of syncretism of kami and buddhs.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

For Hachiman, syncretism was particularly strong and kami was attached to the Amida Buddha.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In the Middle Ages, Hachiman rose to become the patron chamber of the warrior class.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[14] Hi no kami is the kami of fire, according to chronicles originally called Homusubi or Kagutsuchi.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Due to the destructive power of fire, the worship of kami was common, but it was also associated with the preparation of food and thus it began to be considered the protector of the whole home.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[15] Inari is extremely widespread, especially for rice cultivation but also other activities, a kami that is often associated with foxes (kitsune).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Over 30000 shrines are dedicated to Inari and kami have undergone the process of division and reconsecration (kanjō) more often than any other kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[16] Izanami and Izanaki, according to the classics, the two kami responsible for the birth of the world.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Of them, three children were born: Amaterasu, Tsukuyomi and Susanoo.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[17] Raijin, or thunder kami, is on the one hand the protector of farming because of the rain attached to the thunder, on the other hand a violent and disaster-causing kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[18] Suijin is a kami of water important to agriculture, usually living next to rice fields or irrigation canals, or in wells, springs and streams.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[19] Susanoo, a kami born from Izanag's nose or jointly produced by Izanam and Izanag, usually associated with rain and storm.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[20] Tenjin is the kami form of a historical person, namely Sugawara no Michizane.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The minister, academician and poet sent into exile by the Fujiwaras died in 903, after which he was believed to have returned to take revenge on his enemies as an evil spirit (goryō).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The spirit was given posthumous titles and was eventually elevated to kami; by the 12th century he began to be considered an incarnation of Kannon.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Under the influence of Zen, he became a patron of poetry and culture and today several thousand shrines are dedicated to him.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[21] [22] Tsukuyomi is a moon kami in Japanese classics, the son of Izanami and Izanagi and the male counterpart of Amaterasu.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[23] History of the concept of kami Early religiosity Not much is known about the very early prehistoric Jōmon period religiosity.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The culture of the Yayoi period that followed, marking the generalization of farming, was, according to a hypothesis put forward by Masao Oka, a diverse mix of religious traditions.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

It was formed by a Melanesian element that included horizontal cosmology and veneration of ancestral spirits, an Austro-Asian element that included shamans and the myth of the sun goddess guiding agriculture, a Tunguusian element that held within itself Siberian shamanism form and vertical cosmology, an Austronesian element with which arrived in Japan included rice cultivation, and further the Altaic element, which included a patriarchal clan-based social system and a way of worshiping celestial deities that were believed to be descending to trees or mountain peaks.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[24] Stone horse and ship sculptures have been found outside the Munakata Shrine: probably the kamies were thought to have arrived at the site on horseback or from the sea, which is related to the arrival of the Altaic group in Japan in the 200th century.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[25] The original cosmological perspective was horizontal, and there are still traces of it in some religious festivals where kami come to the scene from beyond the horizon rather than from heaven.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[26] Already early cams combined different features, and some of them were combinations of several different cams.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The early Amaterasu, for example, must have been a consortium of the chief god of Altaite and the Austroasian god of food production.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[27] The Uji clan system of Altaic culture gradually rose to prevail.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The Uji clan had its own kami (uji-gami), which was considered the founder of the clan and whose shrine was run by the head of the clan.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In addition to the clan kami, the lives of the Japanese were regulated by numerous other creatures with kami character.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

These creatures can be divided into different groups.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

For example, the Oka has divided them into five different types according to how people viewed them: the first includes spirits in humans or natural elements, especially animals, [28] (mono), the second group includes the “souls” of kami or humans [28], tamas.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The third category includes marebito spirits, ancestral spirits or ghosts, which were the output of horizontal Melanesian cosmology.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In the fourth group are the “actual” kami, creatures brought with them by vertical cosmology that descended from heaven into trees, for example.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The fifth includes celestial bodies, such as the sun and moon, and weather phenomena.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The term “kami” later began to mean all spirits of kami nature.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[29] The chiefs of the clans were unable to act with all these beings besides their own camis.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The Šamanistic soothsayers, acting as intermediate between kami and people, did play a significant part in the religiosity of the early Japanese.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[30] The religion of the early Japanese was not “nature worship”.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Although kams were considered separate beings or objects, religion saw the whole world (the universe) as sacred.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The natural, existing world was self-evidently considered the original world, and second systems were not sought outside the natural world until the arrival of Chinese-Korean culture.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The myths had three dimensions, the heavenly world, the visible world, and the underworld, but the boundaries of these worlds were fading and the kami and knowledge circulated freely between them.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[31] The worldview of the early Japanese was monistic, and the symbols were understood concretely through direct participation: mountains were themselves kamas and not symbols of another, separate reality.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[32] This world filled with cakes was itself good (yoshi) and beautiful (uruwashi) and was not thought to be another, separate or better world.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[33] It is seen in early narratives and myths that people were also considered cams, but later, with the increasing power of the House of Emperors, the kami class was more often reserved for the overlords.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The policy pursued by the ruler of the Yamato state was guided by the capricious will of the kami, which was transmitted through oracles, dreams, and prophecies.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The limit between religious and prophan or religious rituals (matsuri) and politics (matsuri-goto) was almost not.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The monarch's duty was to be in close contact with his own ancestor the sun kami (Amaterasu).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[34] Buddhism arrives in Japan Throughout the pre-modern period after the arrival of Buddhism, kami, and especially those relevant to the elite, were worshipped almost solely in the Buddhist context.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

At the same time, the local kami correspondingly formed a central part of Japanese Buddhism.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[35] Modern “Shinthism” did not form a tradition distinct from Buddhism at this time, [36] and religiosity consisted of a mixture of different ideas and beliefs.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

This syncretism of local Japanese beliefs and Buddhism, which arrived from mainland Asia, is referred to by the term shinbutsu shūgō.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[37] With the arrival of Buddhism in Japan and the country's court no later than the 5th century, local traditions and the new religion had to be reconciled.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Among the first, this was attempted by Prince Shōtoku at the turn of the 6th century, with the goal apparently of increasing the power of the central government.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The constitution comprising 17 articles drafted by the Court selected features from Confucian and Buddhist traditions.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Later, the court continued to develop a Chinese-type system of government.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In a departure from the Chinese model, in which the emperor acted as a vessel between heaven and earth, the ruler was now elevated to the status of a living kami, and his will was conveyed through imperial decrees.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The purpose of this ritsuryō ideal was practically to make Japan a “divine” country, with its ruler simultaneously being a high priest, monarch, and living kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

With the ideal, the administration commanded the compilation of two mythological-historical chronicles, Kojiki and Nihonshok.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The Ritsuryō model was gradually plastered beginning in the 8th century.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[38] The local kami were annexed over a long period of time around 700—1100 into the Buddhist pantheon.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

This happened at several different stages.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In the first phase, Buddhist deities began to be worshipped as “foreign cams”, differing from the local cameos only in terms of origin and rituals but not in character.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Gradually, the pressure exerted by Buddhists on local religiosity grew and was especially evident in disputes over sacred sites and materials for cams, for example in cutting down trees for the construction of temples.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The first signs of joining kami and buddhs together were “shrine temples”, which were set up near the shrines so that Buddhist teachings could be offered to the cams.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[39] Kamie were thought to be sentient beings who needed salvation and whose powers and character could be controlled and improved through Buddhist dharma.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[40] [41] In general, the establishment of a shrine temple originated in an oracle given by the kami, such as the following communique issued by Tado kami, recorded up in 788: [42] Even further this joint was taken in the cult of Hachiman, whose early centre was in Usa on Kyūshūlla.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In the 740s, Emperor Shōmu commissioned a large statue of the Vairocana Buddha, for which copper was needed from the area.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The project encountered difficulties until Hachiman promised through the oracle to help make the statue.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In 749, Hachiman and his wife Himegami were escorted from Usa to the capital to follow the eye-opening ceremony of the statue, and later in 781 Hachiman was given the title of bodhisattva.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In this case, the kami was no longer a needy man in need, but a powerful protector of dharma, often presented in the attire of a Buddhist monk.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Now Hachiman shrines also began to be built on the grounds of Buddhist temples, and not just the other way around.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[43] Honji suijaku The final stage in the union process was the development of the honji suijaku paradigm.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

According to it, kami were traces or local manifestations (suijaku) of Buddhist deities (honji, “original land”).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

By the middle of the 10th century this conception began to be very entrenched, but the Buddhist primaries given to cams still varied; a documentary written in 1046 considers the character of Hachiman: [44] The origins of the main kamas gradually became established over the course of the 12th century.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The presentation of kams using their Buddhist origins became common in the Kamakura period and remained popular until the Edo period.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

With the stabilization of the paradigm, it was discussed and considered in theological literature.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In these texts, the Buddhs and bodhisattvas were thought to have “dimmed their radiance and become similar to the tomu of the [world of prophan]” (wakō dōjin).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In other words, the Buddhas were too complex and difficult to be understood by the Japanese living far away from India, so they had to diminish their splendor in order to spread the dharma among the Japanese.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[45] Since the union process practically always took place at the local level, the syncretism practiced in the various shrines and temples was different.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[46] However, this does not mean that the Buddhas were, ontologically or otherwise, more important than the kamas.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The Kams were very tangible creatures working to save Japan.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The joining process is complicated by two stages of development.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Another is shinbutsu kakuri, the “separation of kami from Buddhism”, because of which many kami were kept in several different ways systematically separate from Buddhist rituals.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The second was caused by the adoption of other Chinese-derived causes and practices, namely Taoism and jin—jang thinking.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

These practices both aided and complicated the union process, but particularly served as a bridge between the Kamir rituals and Buddhism.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The image was similarly diversified by numerous other worshiping creatures that were not actual kami or Buddhism, such as “angry ghosts” (goryō) and several deities from various sources.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[47] Later developments in the Edo period honji suijaku thought became more established and the practices associated with it permeated the whole society.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

It was also harnessed for political purposes.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

After Tokugawa Ieyasu had been elevated to the rank of kami (Tōshō Daigongen, see gongen), many daimians made themselves and their ancestors compound cams; they were incarnations of kami, who in turn were manifestations of the Buddhas.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The rituals of these new deities were adopted as part of the ceremonial calendar.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The amalgamation of Kamie, Buddhas and humans into deities continued even further until the Meiji period.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

An 1871 supplication from Higashi Hongan-ji Temple to the Meiji regime states: [48] On the other hand, there were also strong attempts in the Edo period to keep kamis separate from Buddhist practices.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Many tried to elevate “Šinthism” to its distinct, independent tradition, continuing for the most part the thinking started by Yoshida Kanetomo (1435—1511).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Kanetomo had considered his own Shinthism to be entirely non-Buddhist.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Several forms of Confucian Shinthism developed in particular.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In the Meiji period, after the opening of Japan, the honji suijaku paradigm was systematically destroyed.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The first acts of the new Meiji regime included separating “šinthism” from “Buddhism” (for which a new term, bukkyō) was coined.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The prohibition of syncretism is referred to as shinbutsu bunri.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In practice, this meant the creation of two entirely new religions and led to the destruction of previous religious traditions and also Buddhist temples.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

However, some traces of compound cams still remain in present-day Japanese religiosity: a clear boundary between kami and buddhas is not necessarily seen, and buddhias are usually referred to by the word “kami” (admittedly as a translation of Western concepts of “god” or “deity”).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[49] Kamit mythology A variety of kami occur in Japanese mythology.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The main sources for early myths are the chronicles Kojiki and Nihonshoki compiled in the 7th century.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[50] These myths do not constitute a coherent picture of the genesis of the universe or the early history of Japan, but they have preserved the early Japanese image of the world, life, and nature of the kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The events mentioned in mythology were thought to have occurred in a mythical period and provided a “heavenly” model for earthly life.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[51] Myths can be divided into different categories: There are three different myths about the genesis of the universe.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The first two are likely to be of Southeast Asian origin, while the third is a Central Asian myth later brought to the country by the Imperial family.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In the first myth, kami Umashikabihikoji grew out of cane before the birth of all, and other kami followed him.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In another but similar type version, the first kami was Kuninotokotachi (“kami founded by the nation”).


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The third version tells the story of three kami that appeared in the Takamanohara (“heavenly world”) at the beginning of the universe, Amenominakanushi, Takamimusubi, and Kamimusubi, the latter two being practically the male and female manifestation of the former.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[52] Another category of myths tells of the genesis of the Japanese islands and various kamas, with Izanami (“summoners”) and Izanaki (“invited”) in its central part.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The birth of the fire kami causes Izanam's death, and he descends into the underworld.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Izanaki follows him there, but is startled by his spouse's changed figure and returns to heaven.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Sun's kami Amaterasu emerges from his left eye, Moon's kami Tsukuyomi from his right eye and storm's kami Susanoo from his nose.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[53] The third category includes the “Izumo Myths”, which tell of Susano's excursion to Izumo.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Susanoo saves the maiden from an eight-headed snake and marries her.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

However, the actual protagonist of the myths is Susanoo's descendant Ōkuninushi (“master of the great country”), ruler of the Izumo region.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

These myths may have originally had a political purpose; Yamato, who worshipped the sun kami, may have created them to gain control of the Izumo region, which worshipped water and storm kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[54] In the fourth narrative, Amaterasu sends his grandson Ninigi to rule Japan.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

This myth combines two narratives, one of which the main character was Takamimusubi instead of Amaterasu.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

The myth of Amaterasus was probably originally of Austroasian origin, an Altaite telling of Takamimusubi.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[55] In the last, so-called “Hiuga myth”, Ninigi descends, escorted by five other kami, to a mountain, marries Konosakuya and has two sons.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

His great-grandson leads the people from Kyūshū to Yamato and rises to the first emperor under the name Jinmu.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[56] Kamit in modern Japan According to the official Shinthian system, there are about 110 million Shinthians in Japan.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

However, official Shinthism is not the same thing as worship of kami in local shrines, and “šinthism” has no practical significance for the vast majority of Japanese people.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In particular, ideological, political Shintolism, centred on the emperor institution, cams and shrines attached to the emperor, must be distinguished from everyday religiosity.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[7] According to a 2003 survey, 35.6% of Japanese people believe in the existence of kami or gods (), 36.3% in the existence of buddhas (), and 36.3% in the existence of ancestral spirits.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

About a quarter think “kami” and “buddha” are the same thing, a quarter think a completely different thing and a quarter think different, but both act similarly.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Only 29.1 percent are “believers” () and of them 22.0 percent are “Shinthians”.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

91.2% do not belong to any religious group.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[57] Kamei has been depicted in Japanese popular culture.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

For example, Pokémon characters have been considered cameos.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

According to Roger Clarke, many of them strongly resemble natural camos: several pokémon are, for example, talking plants or trees, a pokémon lives in a volcano, some pokémon live on a mountain and worship the moon and a Shinthian ceremony has also been shown in the series.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[58] The animated films of Hayao Miyazaki, among others, have plenty of Shinthian features.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

In the movie My Neighbor Totoro, the Totoro character lives inside a large tree surrounded by a shimenawa rope; in Princess Mononoke, various kami play a central part.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

However, in the movie My Neighbor Totoro, the actual religious elements are decorative, man-made, and have nothing to do with nature, which is starring.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[59] Kamichu! in a manga and anime series called in turn, a middle school-aged girl suddenly discovers she is kami.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

[60] Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grapard, Allan G. et al.| title = Shintō| publisher = Kodansha| year = 1983| version = Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, part 7| id = ISBN 0-870| 627 -4| page = 130}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kitagawa, Joseph M. etc.| title = On Understanding Japanese Religion| location = Princeton, New Jersey| publisher = Princeton University Press| year = 1987| id = ISBN 0-691-07313-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Teeuwen, Mark & Rambelli, Fabio (ed.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

) | title = Buddhas and Kami in Japan: Honji Suijaku as a Combinatory Paradigm| location = New York| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| year = 2003| id = ISBN 0-415-29747-8| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami


Question: What do kami mean?

Kami

References on the topic elsewhere Category:Shinthism


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

A compass is an instrument used for navigation and navigation that, depending on the type of compass, tells the approximate or exact locations of the Earth's air directions relative to its user.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The magnetic compass has a sensitively moving magnetic needle held by Earth's magnetic field in an approximate south—north direction.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The magnetic compass reading is the compass direction.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

When a stray is added, that is, an angle due to external magnetic fields other than the Earth's magnetic field, results in a magnetic direction.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The true direction is obtained when a difference is added to the magnetic direction, i.e. an angle due to the fact that the magnetic field of the earth does not really direct the compass needle directly towards the poles of the earth shown in the maps.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The variation of the angle of the magnetic field relative to the ground level when moving from the South Pole to the North Pole causes magnetic compasses to be produced with different levels of latitude.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

[1] Therefore, when navigating with a magnetic compass, it is necessary to take into account that the compass does not point to the actual North Pole.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The look of the compass is influenced by both the location of the magnetic north pole and the local shape of the magnetic field.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

So the compass does not point to the magnetic North Pole either, contrary to what is usually thought.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

In Finland, the magnetic north pole would be visible slightly from the real north to the west, but the compass deviation, or divergence, is slightly from north to east.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The divergence is different depending on the orienteer's position on Earth.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

To obtain the exact direction, it is necessary to know the difference in the location and correct the direction shown by the compass.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Magnetic Compass Operating Principle The operation of a magnetic compass is based on the fact that the S-pole of a needle magnetized in the compass and freely turning around its axis repels the Earth's magnetic north pole and points towards the magnetic south pole.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Inside the Earth can be thought of as having a huge magnet, along which, but opposite, the compass needle settles.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

[2] Compass Types A type of compass commonly used in orienteering is the plate compass.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The disc compass plate is significantly larger than the box and usually has a wrist strap made of string.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The plate might have triangular and circular notches to help draw the track on the map and measuring scales made at different scales on the sides.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Also popular among race orientators are thumb compasses.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

In them, the plate is somewhat larger than the box and shaped so that the compass fits well in the hand.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The thumb compass derives its name from being attached to the thumb with a strap, thus keeping the compass firmly in the hand.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

With a thumb compass, it is sometimes difficult to take direction at long intervals.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The military-used marching compass does not have a plate for ease of carrying, but instead a compass consists of a frame to which the base plate can be attached with screws if necessary, a needle box, a directional circumference and a compass belt.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The marching compass is attached with a belt to clothing (belt, pocket cap, etc.) or wrist.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The marching compass has been used since its old age, but a couple of years ago the Defence Forces switched it to a scale division, justifying the change with NATO compatibility.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Suunto Oy has been producing marching compass since 1936.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Plate Compass Parts A plate compass consists of a body, a needle box, a directional circumference and a compass needle.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The plate is the part under the compass, usually marked with at least a north direction arrow and a measuring scale (typically with a centimeter of 1:20000 scale base map, now.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

for a terrain map on which 1 cm corresponds to 200 metres).


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The box contains a liquid that slows down the movements of the needle, making reading the compass easier.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Various scales are also often marked on the plastic chassis of the compile to facilitate the measurement of distances.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Use The disk compass is placed on the map so that the edge of the compass points where it is to where you want to end up and ensure that the fixed arrow on the compass plate is pointed in the direction.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Then we turn the compass fork on the needle box to point to the map north, usually the maps are made so that the north is at the top.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Finally hold the compass in hand horizontally and turn until the compass needle hits the compass fork.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Now the arrow on the compass plate indicates the direction of progress.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

[3] Compass scales Compasses typically have some kind of dimensional scale that is in degrees, circles, or goons.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The directional circumference of the degree compass is divided into 360 degrees, this is the most typical way to indicate the direction (0° = north, 90° = east, 180° = south and 270° = west).


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The circuit scale divides the circle circle into 6,000 parts.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The drawing direction is typically indicated in bifurcation: e.g., 30-00 points south.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The drawing scale is best perceived by thinking about the minutes on the clock face.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

In the goon scale, the circle is divided into 400 parts, compasses using this scale are rare.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

History of the Compass The precursors of Chinese compasses are already known from at least the Fighting County States period (475—221 BCE).


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

These developed into a renegade that was still in use.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The first European inscription of the compass is from the 1190s by Alexander Neckam in De naturis rerum.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

In Arab countries, the compass is first mentioned in the middle of the 13th century.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

It is not known whether the compass was invented in Europe independently, or whether it migrated to Europe from China.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The main difference between the Chinese and European compass is that in China the marked tip of the needle indicates the direction of the south, while in Europe the tip always indicates the north.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The Chinese divided the wind rose into 24 parts, the Europeans in turn into 16 parts, and further into 360 degrees.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

According to Chinese notes, the compass was used at least as early as 2634 BCE.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The number of years may be inaccurate, but the Chinese were the first to discover that magnetism can be used for orienteering.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

Compasses were commonly used in the Far East as early as the 13th century


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

[4] The Chinese were not seafarers, and therefore Europeans were the first to develop the accuracy and stability of the compass so that it was useful on long sea voyages.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The compass was used by Vikings in the 10th century, and the first real account of the compass in Europe dates to 1190.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

In Arab countries, the compass is first mentioned in the 13th century.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

It was not until much later that the magnetic needle was noticed to hang freely from its center of gravity, causing the needle to turn to indicate the true direction of Earth's magnetic field.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The angle (divergence) between the magnetic north and the map north was noted at an early stage.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

For the first time, the compass scale was divided into 16 winds instead of 360 degrees in the 15th century.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

This marked a revolution in shipping, as it was now possible to accurately determine directions, and this led to the emergence of portolan maps.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

German Gerhard Krämer (Gerardus Mercator) developed the first usable map projection in the 16th century, the Mercator projection, which still remains the basic projection of nautical maps.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

This allowed the entry bill to be used as an aid to navigation.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

In wooden ships, the straying of the compass made little difference, but as shipping developed, the metal parts of ships such as hull, machinery, and armament caused interference with the operation of the compass.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

In the late 19th century, the compass began to be placed in a separate weather-protected compass cabinet and compensate for the stray with two adjustable iron balls attached to the sides of the compass.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

In this form, the magnetic compass has been preserved in shipping until our days.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

1911 Elmer Sperry invented a humming compass based on the operation of a gyroscope.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

A humming compass is much more accurate than a magnetic compass and does not have strays, but it is much more complex in operation than a magnetic compass.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

The liquid-filled compass was invented in 1936 by Tuomas Vohlonen.


Question: Who invented the compass?

compass

See also Loss Map Projection Antikythera machine Sources Category:Pre-industrial inventions Category:Magnetism Category:Measuring Devices Category:Navigation Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Donald Duck is a weekly comic book magazine published in Finland by Sanoma Media Finland featuring Disney comics.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

The magazine's mascot and protagonist is Donald Duck, but there are also a lot of stories in which he does not appear.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

History The magazine's sample number (collectible value 10000€) [1] appeared on 5 December 1951 and sold 34017 copies.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[2] Until 1956, the magazine appeared once a month and from 1956 to November 1960 twice a month.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Initially, the magazine appeared under the name Donald Duck and Partners, but the name was shortened from early 1955 to Donald Duck.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Today, it appears every Wednesday.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

By February 2005, over 2500 issues of the magazine had appeared.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Most often Donald Duck has 36 pages, but 52-page journals are also published about three times a year (although in 1997, for example, there were five 52-page issues).


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

In addition, for example, 40-page issues were occasionally published in 2008.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

The thousandth issue of Donald Duck appeared in 1976, the two-thousandth in 1995, and the third-thousandth in 2013.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Donald Duck reached a circulation of 317570 in Finland in 1975, which was among the largest of all magazines in Finland and comics magazines in their own caste.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[2] The 1975 circulation record went broke in 2007, and the magazine had a circulation of 320514 in March.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[3] Donald Duck is the largest weekly publication in Finland, read weekly by over 1 million people.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[4] In 2017, the number of readers was 574000, more than any other general magazine.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[5] Relative to population, nowhere in the world does Disney comics read as much as in Finland.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[6] In particular, the rich Finnish language used in the magazine has received praise and in 2001 it received the Kielihelmi Prize awarded annually by the Department of Finnish Language at the University of Helsinki.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[7] Comic book translations have introduced sayings into the common language of Finnish.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[8] In the early days, the magazine body was formed by Carl Barks' serials, but already in the 1960s Barks' stories remained in the minority.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Today, the most popular artists drawing and screenwriting for Donald Duck is American Don Rosa, who was active until 2005.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

The comics to be published in Donald Anka are selected by Donald Duck's editorial staff located in Munkkivuori, Helsinki.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

The editorial selects the stories from the extensive Disney production of the Danish publishing house Egmont.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

In addition to editorial work, the magazine employs a team of freelancer editors who, among other things, do much of Donald Duck's translation work.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Dutch and American series can also be found in the magazine.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

The magazine also publishes newspaper series produced by the Comic Strip Department of Disney studios, which are often one-page.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

In addition to comics, Donald Duck also often features the editorial's My Corner column, which publishes, among other things, cartoonist introductions and small comic book reviews, as well as answers to questions submitted by readers.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Sometimes My Corner is replaced by the Social Corner column, which publishes information on issues related to the magazine's internet.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Posters, stickers, etc are posted attached to the magazine.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Between 1977 and 1979, the paper caused a minor domestic political storm.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

It was reported abroad that Donald Duck would have been banned in Finland because its protagonist did not wear trousers.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

It was about austerity measures in the cities of Helsinki and Kemi, which, if misunderstood, brought about the city story in question.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[9] In the autumn of 1977, the Youth Board of the City of Helsinki unanimously decided that Donald Duck magazine would not be commissioned into youth facilities under the city's control for 1978.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Donald Duck's removal from the newspaper selection had been brought forward by Matti Holopainen, a member of the Liberal People's Party, a youth board member who had drawn attention to the fact that “Aku socialises with Iines for years and they don't marry”.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

The board's then chairman, the Coalition's Ben Zyskowicz characterized the decision afterwards as an “occupational accident.”


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

The incident sparked widespread hilarity as far afield as foreign countries.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[10] Name translations Disney comic book adaptations are used firmly now and then as an additional spice to stories, including humorous twists and word variations made from the names of well-known personalities and places.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[11] This custom originated in the editorial work of Donald Duck magazine in the 1950s.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

The first name translation to appear in the magazine was “Satupekka” mentioned in the December 1952 issue, but this was not an invention of editorial: Satupekka became established in Finland as the nickname of runner Emil Zátopek as early as the Helsinki Olympics in summer 1952.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

The first name translations of the editorial staff were the “Penu Kili” and “Pata Revski” mentioned in the June 1955 issue — from musicians Beniamino Gigli and Ignacy Paderewski.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

[12] Most of the name translations are throwaway jokes relating to the venue, minor character, or fictional fame of the duck world mentioned in passing.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

However, a few torments are mentioned in numerous stories and have become established as part of the Ducks' World.


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

These include: “Ankkapulco” (National Museum), “Ankallispankki” (National Bank), beach resort “Ankkapulco” (Acapulco) and department store “Tukkimies” (Stockmann).


Question: When did Donald Duck start selling in Finland?

Donald Duck (journal)

Exactly all name translations are not the invention of the Finns.