Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The development of the modern computer began with electronic computing devices and development has run from relay and tube machines through transistor computers to microcontrollers and microprocessors.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The first computers in the 1940s had been made for military purposes, including breaking German and Japanese cipher systems.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The computer was initially used primarily for computing (cf.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

engl.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

computer).


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Today, a computer often controls extensive systems, for example, computer-controlled production, weapons, intelligence or management system, traffic lights, call centers, Internet routers, cars, washing machines, almost all technical systems.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The technological base of modern society is, in essence, computer technology.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The development of calculus and mathematical language The first step in the development of computer technology can be considered the grammar of the spoken language, which expanded the expressiveness of the language.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[1] With the emergence of civilizations, numbers and calculus more important to governance and commerce often evolved before writing skills.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[2] The first calculation machine can be considered a beadboard.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The next step in the direction of automation was the introduction of a punch card in Joseph Marie Jacquard's weaving machines.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Herman Hollerith was commissioned by the Director of the 1890 U.S. Census to mechanize information processing.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Hollerith knew Jacguard's weaving machine.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Hollerith developed a method whereby a stick going through holes in cards engaged electrical impulses, which were then lowered.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The results of the population census of 1880 had been calculated for 7 years and now reached two and a half years, although 200 questions were collected per person instead of the earlier five questions.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Hollerith founded a company called “Tabulating Machine corporation” TMC.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The 1910 census was given for price reasons to other companies and the TMC ran into financial difficulties.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

TMC merged with three other companies in the industry, making Thomas J. Watson as President and Principal Owner.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

He later changed the name of the company to “International Business Machines” to IBM.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[3] The development of computers Generations of computers Especially in older literature, the history of computer technology is often described by dividing computers into four generations: relay and tube machines transistor machines microcircuit machines Microprocessor machines Mechanical and electromechanical computers in the 1820s Charles Babbage (1791—1871) was able to present the principle of computer operation.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Babbage drew up a plan for a mechanical calculating machine to calculate logarithm tables and succeeded in securing funding for it from the English state.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Babbage never completed a differential machine as he focused on the development of a programmable machine known as an analytical machine.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

It had the main components of a modern computer such as data entry, program, memory and printer.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

In correspondence with Ada Lovelace (1815—1852), they discussed such concepts of computer science as operation and variable.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[4] With the help of punch cards, Babbage invented two principles of a programmable computer, the order of execution determined by the content of punch cards, namely the forced jump and the conditional jump.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Babbage's invention opened up a world of limitless operational possibilities for automation.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Babbage's son Henry Babbage built a computer mainframe subsystem that worked as had been designed.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

This device was donated to Harvard University in 1886.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

More than half a century later, it was discovered by Howard Aiken.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Aiken took note of Babbage's publications and realised that with new electronic solutions, Babbage's ideas can be realized.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Aiken went to discuss his ideas with IBM chief executive Thomas Watson.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

IBM became a leading manufacturer of computers in the 1950s.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[5] In 1936, Alan Turing (1912—1954) introduced a theoretical computer principle, the Turing machine, in which he studied the limits of the solution of an algorithmic problem.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

In the 1940s, John von Neumann (1903—1957) proposed moving a program into memory to speed up the operation of a computer, and defined a modern computer architecture.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The concept of bit was put forward by Claude Shannon (1916—2001) in 1948.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[6] Konrad Zuse built the first programmable calculating machine in Germany in 1941.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Aiken in 1943, with IBM's help, built the first computer for the Harvard Mark I.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The first electronic computer based on vacuum tubes and relays, ENIAC, was completed in 1945.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

ENIAC performed 385 multiplications per second.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The current microprocessor is about 3000000 times faster than ENIAC.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Serial production of transistors and computers began in 1951.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

By the time the 50's ended, there were 3000 computers in the world.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[7] The first computers were programmed in machine languages, which then evolved into easier to understand programming languages.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Early computers in the 1940s usually used either electron tubes or electromechanical relays as basic components.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Moving parts limited the speed of electromechanical machines to no more than a few dozen calculations per second, while fully electronic tube implementations performed several thousand operations in the same time frame.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

However, in any case, the components were large in size, unreliable and consumed a lot of energy.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The earliest memory technology was memory based on delay lines used as early as the 1940s.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Memory was based on a wave travelling in circular tubes in a water-methanol mixture or mercury that could be read as it passed through the tube.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[8] At the University of Manchester, Freddie Williams developed a memory technique based on a cathode ray tube in the late 1940s for the Manchester Mark I machine.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Drum memory developed in the 1930s based on a rotating drum and information magnetically stored on its surface remained in use into the 1960s.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

As a precursor to drum memory, one can consider the spiked cylinders of musical boxes on which a melody is recorded.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

In the late 1940s, ferrite ring memory was developed, which remained in use for two decades.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Mechanical computing machines such as the IBM 407 are sometimes referred to as “zero-generation computers”.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

First Generation Computers The first generation of computers used electron tubes, relays and mechanical components for their functions, among other things.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Charles Babbage's Analytical Machine (1837) — the first technical description of a general-purpose computer [9].


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Implementation fell badly unfinished, but the machine language designed for the machine was found more than a century later to be Turing-complete.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Konrad Zusen Z1 (1937) — the first computing machine to use programmable binary arithmetics, German.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The Z1 was completely mechanical in design and very unreliable in use.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The device had a small scattered memory (64 words), but the commands were read from a hole tape rather than memory, and no jump commands were included in the instruction base.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Konrad Zusen Z3 (1941) — the first reliable programmable binary landing machine [10].


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Equivalent to Z1 in its logical characteristics, but was implemented with relays and was reliable enough for the work of engineers.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Zuse's early machines were destroyed in the war, so their status was not recognized until relatively late.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1942) — the first fully electronic binary landing machine, American.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Did not include actual programmability but was intended solely for automatic solving of groups of equations.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Harvard Mark I (1944) — American relay based landing machine.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Approximately equivalent to Z3 in programming characteristics, but used a decimal system instead of a binary system.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Colossus (1944) — the first fully electronic computer, British.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

ENIAC (1945) [11] — the first fully electronic general-purpose computer, American.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

ENIAC was Turing-complete, but its programming required physical wire redrawing.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) (1948) and the Manchester Mark I (1949) — prototypes of the computer implementing the von Neumann architecture that led to the implementation of the Ferranti Mark 1.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

EDVAC (1949) - successor to ENIAC, which used a binary system instead of decimal EDSAC (1949) — the first usable computer to implement the von Neumann architecture.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

It's British.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

BINAC (1949) - among the first electronic computers Konrad Zusen Z4 (1950) - the first commercial computer.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The computer was still electro-mechanical.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Ferranti Mark 1 and UNIVAC I (1951) - the first commercial general-purpose electronic computers.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Second-generation computers Second-generation computers moved from previous technologies to discrete transistors.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[12] Second generation computers: [12] Harwell CADET (1956) Metrovick 950 (1956) ETL Mark III (1956) IBM 608 (1957) RCA 501 (1958) NEAC 2203 (1959) CDC 1604 (1959) PDP-1 (1959) IBM 7030 (1961) LINC (1962) Atlas (1962) UNIVAC 1107 (1962) 1401 CDC 3000 In the second half of the 1950s, transistors based on semiconductors were introduced, with computer components and energy demands substantially reduced and reliability improved.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Germanium transistors were in use until silicon-based ones were learned to manufacture.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Third Generation Computers Third generation computers were based on microcircuits.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[13] Third-generation computers: [13] IBM S/360 RCA Spectra 70 UNIVAC 1108 HP 2116A Data General Nova General Electric GE-600 Honeywell 6000 In the 1960s switched to microcircuits, again reducing the size of components.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

A development known as Moore's Law began, in which double the amount of components was obtained for the same microcircuit in one and a half years.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The next upheaval was the invention of the microprocessor, which enabled the birth of the personal computer, or PC.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The 1980s and 1990s saw a shift to high-density microcircuits (VLSIC) and further to high-speed microcircuits (VHSIC).


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The most significant developments of the 21st century are probably the integration of multi-processors on the same microcircuit that has enabled the development of multi-core processors, made possible by Moore's Law, and the shift in the focus of processor development from the position of speed for optimization of power consumption.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The development of microcircuits in the early 1960s brought computers to military aircraft, missiles, and some of the spacecraft by the early 1970s.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Microcircuits are made on silicon wafer by various thin-film growing methods.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The belt of cheap microcircuits was started by CMOS technology in the 1970s.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[14] Fourth generation computers Fourth generation computers were based on a microprocessor.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[15] Microcomputers and personal computers are typical fourth-generation computers.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[15] The 1970s brought commercial microcomputers such as the Micral N.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The revolution in microcomputers is said to be the generalization of computers based on microprocessors.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[16] The “1977 Triad” for the Apple II, Commodore PET and TRS-80 was released in 1977.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[17] Microcomputers became more common as a hobby and also arrived in business use when programs such as VisiCalc (1979) were released for them.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[18] The Commodore PET is said to have been the first commercially successful personal computer.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[19] In the 1980s, Atari and Commodore engaged in a price war, leading Texas Instruments to leave the home computer market.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[20] In the 1980s, large numbers of microcomputers such as MSX-compatible and ZX Spectrum arrived on the market.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The IBM PC was released in 1981.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[21] The device gained popularity mainly in professional use due to its high price.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

With the manufacture of cheaper clone machines, IBM PC compatible devices became more common.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

As the capacity of computers has increased, the size and usability of software has also increased.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

In office work, PC produced major changes as typists and secretaries were replaced by computer recorders and managers had to write their own letters and reports themselves.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[22] In the 1990s, Microsoft Windows and IBM's OS/2 competed for market shares in operating systems.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

At the end of the 1990s, electronic typing and archiving expanded via the Internet into a vast infrastructure of electronic databases and telecommunications.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[23] Digitization is a phenomenon in which microcircuits are connected to all machines.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

The purity of exhaust gases and engine efficiency of automotive internal combustion engines can be improved through microcircuit control systems.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[24] Mobile phones have become multifunctional computers and computer network terminals combined with a camera, player and GPS tracking system.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Moore's Law's prediction of a doubling of the number of transistors on a microcircuit every 18 months has held astonishingly true.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

On the other hand, there has been little change in the CMOS structure for decades other than increased packing density.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[25] Fifth generation computers?


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Some sources mention fifth-generation computers, which would count handhelds, tablets and smartphones, among others.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Quantum computers can change vision decisively.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Minimising errors will be the most significant development objective yet in 2017.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[26] Finland's oldest computers Finnish Telmac was a microcomputer building series published in 1977.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

In June 2017, the History of Technology magazine found out where the oldest computer in real use in Finland is located.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

According to the newspaper, one company — which does not want its name made public — still has IBM's AS/400 server installed in 1988.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

[27] History of memory and data storage media punch cards, hole tape Central memories (working memories): drum memory ferrite ring memory solid-state memory Mass storage (long-lasting memories): magnetic tape hard drives floppy disks optical disk (Laserdisc, CD, DVD ) Flash memory See also History of Technology Computer technology Computer hardware Data storage media Peripheral Literature Suominen, Jaakko: Machine experience.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

Tampere: Vastapaino 2003.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

ISBN 951-768-139-9 Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chaline, Eric| title = 50 Machines that Changed the Course of History) | publisher = Quid Publishing, (English version Moraine 2013) | year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-254-160-4| language = English | accessdate = 10.11.2013}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gleick, James| title = Information| location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2013 (eng version 2011) | version = Finland. Veli-Pekka Ketola| id = ISBN 978-951-884-498-6| accessdate = 15.3.2014}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kero, Reino and Kujanen, Hannu (ed.


Question: When was the relay invented?

History of Computer Engineering

) | title = From Kivaxe to Information Technology, Social History of Technology from Stone Age to Today | publisher = Turku: Department of History at the University of Turku | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-880-296-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mahajan, Shobhit| title = Inventions before and now| others = Translated by Eetu Hiltunen| publisher = Tandem Verlag Gmbh| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-3-8331-4819-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wiio, Antti| title = When Information Technology Changed the World, Revolutionary IT Inventions from the Stone Age to the Today| location = Espoo| publisher = Tecnologos Oy/Delta Books| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-96141-2-0| accessdate = 3.3.2012}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Computer Engineering Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The Toronto Maple Leafs are a Canadian ice hockey club that plays in the NHL and is one of its so-called Original Six clubs.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The club's official name is the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The Maple Leafs have won the Stanley Cup 13 times and been to the finals on top of this ten times.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The history of the Arenas and St. Patricks NHL was founded in 1917 for one reason — to smoke out Toronto Blueshirts owner Eddie Livingstone, who played in the NHL's predecessor, the NHA.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

He was accused of dishonestly playing into his own as well as his team's bag.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

As a new league without a Toronto-based representative could hardly be imagined, a new club, Toronto Arenas, was founded in the city.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Teams in the NHL's first season were the Toronto Arenas, Montreal Canadiens, Ottawa Senators and Montreal Wanderers.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Arenas won the Stanley Cup in his first season of the new league [1].


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

In the midst of a losing streak in the 1919—1920 season, the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The St. Patricks won the Stanley Cup again in the 1921—1922 season, with Babe Dye as their hero.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The following season, the team narrowly missed out on the playoffs.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Maple Leafs In 1926, one of the team's icons, Conn Smythe, bought the St. Patricks and renamed it the Toronto Maple Leafs.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The following season, the team appeared in their now-familiar blue and white colours for the first time.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Four bad seasons followed, after which, in November 1931 the Maple Leafs moved to their new home arena, Maple Leaf Gardens.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

That same season, the Maple Leafs also won the Stanley Cup under their so-called Kid Line (Busher Jackson — Charlie Conacher — Joe Primeau).


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Maple Leafs star striker Ace Bailey came close to dying in 1933 when Boston Bruins defenseman Eddie Shore tackled him from behind to the edge.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Defender Red Horner subsequently knocked Shore out with his fists, but Bailey's career ended with that tackle.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The Maple Leafs advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals five times over the next seven years, but were unable to win a trophy — finals losses it suffered against the Montreal Maroons (1935), Detroit Red Wings (1936), Chicago Black Hawks (1938), Boston Bruins (1939) and New York Rangers (1940) .


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

By supporters and enemies, the Maple Leafs supporter community is called Leafs Nation.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Tickets for Maple Leafs home games have long been difficult to get.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Matches at Maple Leaf Gardens were full all the way from 1946 until 1999, when the team relocated to the Air Canada Centre.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Michael Farber, in an article for Sports Illustrated, wrote the Maple Leafs were one of hockey's most hated teams.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Among the reasons he listed were players such as Tie Domi, Shayne Corson and Darcy Tucker and the fact that Toronto is one of hockey's main centres.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

[2] Since the beginning of the NHL, there has been a strong animosity towards each other between the Maple Leafs and the Canadiens.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

This goes back to Toronto being the capital of Ontario, while Montreal is the capital of French-speaking Québec.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

[3] Teams are considered “eternal enemies”.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Players Team for the 2018—2019 season Situation on January 29, 2019 [4] [5] GoalkeepersnumberplayerghandsContractbirthplace30Michael HutchinsonR2019Barrie, Ontario, Canada31Frederik AndersenL2021Herning, Denmark40Garret SparkSL2019Elmhurst, Illinois, United States DefendersNumberPlayerHanceContractbirthplace2Ron hainseyl2019Bolton, Connecticut, United States22Nikita Zaitsevr2024Moscow, Russian SFNT, Soviet23Travis Dermottl2020NewMarket, Ontario, Canada44Morgan Rielly (A) L2022West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada51Jake Gardinerl2019DeepHaven, Minnesota, USA52Martin Marinčinl2019Kosice, Slovakia, Czechoslovak54Justin Hollr2020Tonka Bay, Minnesota, USA92Igor Ožiganovr2019Krasnogorsk, RussiaJake Muzzinl2020Brantford, Ontario, Canada Attackers NumberPlayerHandeContractbirthplace11Zach HymanRh2021Toronto, Ontario, Canada12Patrick Marleau (A) LVLH2020aneroid, Saskatchewan, Canada16Mitchell MarnerRolh2019ThornHill, Ontario, Canada18Andreas JohnsOnLLH2019Gävle, Sweden24Kasperi KapanenRLH2019Kuopio, Finland26Pär Lindholmlkh2019Kusmark, Sweden28Connor BrownRolh2020etoBicoke, Ontario, Canada29William NylanderRKH/OLH2024Calgary, Alberta, Canada33Frédérik GauthierLKH202020Laval, Québec, Canada34Auston MatthewSLKH2019scottsdale, Arizona, United States43Nazem Kadrilkh2022London, Ontario, Canada63Tyler Ennisllh2019EdMonton, Alberta, Canada91John Tavares (A) LKH2025Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Team Management Head Coach: Mike Babcock Assistant Coach: Andrew Brewer Assistant Coach: Jim Hiller Assistant Coach: D.J.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Smith Goalkeeper Coach: Steve Briere Physics Coach: Matthew J. Herring Assistant Physics Coach: Louis Rojas Video Coach: Jordan Bean Video Coach: Adam Jancelewicz Maintenance Manager: Brian Papineau President: Brendan Shanahan Managing Director: Kyle Dubas Assistant Managing Director: Laurence Gilman Assistant Managing Director: Brandon Pridham Director of Hockey Operations: Reid Mitchell Director of Player Development: Scott Pellerin Director of Player Development: Stéphane Robidas Assistant Director of Player Development: Hayley Wickenheiser Player Evaluation Director: Jim Paliafito Director of Human Resources: Dave Morrison Assistant Director of Personnel: Wes Clark Physics Coaching Director: Jeremy Bettle Talent Search Director: Tim Speltz Director of Professional Talent Search: Troy Bodie Head of Amateur Talent Search: John Lilley European talent search leader: Ari Mountain Frozen numbers Toronto has said he will freeze player number if he made a significant contribution to the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and experienced a career-ending accident when he was a member of the Maple Leafs team.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Barilko perished in 1951 in a small-plane crash, and Bailey's career was ended by a tackle on Eddie Shore in 1933.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

5 Bill Barilko (at Maple Leafs 1947—1951) 6 Ace Bailey (at Maple Leafs, 1926—1933) 99 Wayne Gretzky (frozen throughout the NHL) Honor numbers 1993 The Leafs began honoring their greatest players by declaring the game numbers worn by them to be “honor numbers” instead of freezing them.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The following players have been named in this category (listed player number, name, Maple Leafs seasons and date of award of honor number): 1 Turk Broda, 1937—1952; March 11, 1995 1 Johnny Bower, 1959—1970; March 11, 1995 4 Clarence “Hap” Day 1927—1937 (head coach 1940—1950, General Manager 1957—1958); October 4, 2006 4 Leonard “Red” Kelly, 1961—1967 (head coach, 1973—1977); October 4, 2006 7 King Clancy, 1931—1937 (head coach, 1953—1956); November 21, 1995 7 Tim Horton, 1950—1970; November 21, 1995 9 Charlie Conacher, 1930—1938; February 28 1998 9 Ted Kennedy, 1943—1957; October 3, 1993 10 Syl Apps, 1937—1948; October 3, 1993 10 George Armstrong, 1950—1971 (head coach, 1988—1989); February 28, 1998 13 Mats Sundin, 1994—2008; February 11, 2012 17 Wendel Clark, 1985—94, 1996—98, 1999—2000; November 22, 2012 2008 21 Börje Salming, 1973—1989; October 4, 2006 27 Frank Mahovlich, 1957—1968; October 3, 2001 27 Darryl Sittler, 1970—1982; October 8, 2003 93 Doug Gilmour, 1991—1997, 2002—03; January 31, 2009 Players Elected to Hockey Hall of Fame Jack Adams Syl Apps Max Bentley Johnny Bower Turk Broda King Clancy Charlie Conacher Clarence “Hap” Day Babe Dye Reginald “Red” Horner Tim Horton Punch Imlach Red Kelly Dave Keon Frank Mahovlich Lanny McDonald Babe Pratt Börje Salming Terry Sawchuk Darryl Sittler Mats Sund's Norm Ullman Captains Hap Day 1927—1937 Charlie Conacher 1937—1938 Red Horner 1938—1940 Syl Apps 1940—1943 Bob Davidson 1943—1945 Syl Apps 1945—1948 Ted Kennedy 1948—1955 Sid Smith 1955—1956 Jim Thomson and Ted Kennedy 1956—1957 George Armstrong 1957—1969 Dave Keon 1969—1975 Darryl Sittler 1975—1981 Rick Vaive 1981—1986 did not captain 1986—1989 Rob Ramage 1989—1991 Wendel Clark 1991—1994 Doug Gilmour 1994—1997 Mats Sundin 1997—2008 Dion Phaneuf 2010—2016 Records [6] Most goals in a season: Rick Vaive, 54 (1981—1982) Most assists per season: Doug Gilmour, 95 (1992—93) Most points in a season: Doug Gilmour, 127 (1992—93) Most seasons: George Armstrong, 21 Most ice minutes per season: Tie Domi, 365 (1997—98) Most zero games per season: Harry Lumley, 13 (1953— 1954) Most points in a season as a rookie: Peter Ihnačák, 66 (1982—1983) Most points in a season as a defenceman: Ian Turnbull, 79 (1976—1977) The main farming club of the Maple Leafs serves as the Toronto Marlies (before St. John's Maple Leafs).


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

The other affiliate team is the ECHL's Florida-based Orlando Solar Bears.


Question: Who is the head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs?

Toronto Maple Leafs

Sources On the topic elsewhere Finnish players, nhlfinns.com * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Otto Kalvitsa (, 21 November 1888 Kontiolahti — 7 March 1930 Sangar [1] [2]) was a Finnish-born Soviet aviator.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

After the 1918 civil war, Kalvitsa, who fled to Soviet Russia, was a pioneer of aviation in the Soviet Arctic regions, making several long air trips in the Russian Far East and Siberia.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

During his travels, he mapped, among other things, the coastal areas of the East Siberian sea for air and shipping.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa died in a plane crash in 1930.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa's memoirs, edited by Ragnar Rusko and Santeri Mäkelä, appeared posthumously in the year of his death.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

The work was also published in the United States by the American-Finnish Socialists.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[3] The sea bay on the east coast of Novaya Zemlja South Island is named after him Zaliv Kalvitsa, the village of Kalvitsa, the district of Kobjai of the Sakha Republic, and a rock on the land of Queen Maud of Antarctica.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Early years Otto Kalvitsa was born in 1888 into a sawmill worker's family in Kontiolahti, North Karelia.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

After being published by his father, he was admitted to the Helsinki Industrial School and also studied at the drawing school of the Finnish Art Association for two years.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

In 1903 Kalvitsa went to work at Hietalahti shipyard to get money for his graduate studies.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

After four years he started working as a warmer on board the Suomen Steamship Oy Pollux and was later a machinist on Victor Ek's ship Sicilia.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa stayed ashore in 1912 and graduated a year later from industrial school as a machine operator.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

He then sailed on inland ships to Päijänne and still had time under the Civil War to work in the Bay metal workshop.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[1] Kalvitsa was already involved in the activities of the labour movement during the grand strike of 1905 as well as the general strike declared in connection with the 1906 Viapori Rebellion.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

In the same year he also joined the professional department of the Helsinki Machinery Works (now.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Helsinki Metal Workers Vocational Division), 1910 to the Finnish Association of Machine Users and 1917 to the Finnish Association of Iron and Metal Workers in Lahti Vocational Division.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[1] The Finnish Civil War and imprisonment After the Civil War broke out in January 1918, Kavitsa joined the Red Guards in Lahti for less than a month and served for less than a month in the technical section of the Heinola Front at Kymi Oy, where his duties included rifle maintenance and repair.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa was then appointed naval commissioner at Heinola, tasked with keeping the ships that were in port operational.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

After the evacuation of Heinola, which began on 19 April, Kalvitsa fled via Vuolenkoski and Kouvola to Kotka, from where on 4 May she moved on board Halla XVII, via Kronstadt, to Saint Petersburg.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[1] The Heinola frontman Hannes Järvimäki and Albin Sutinen, a tailor from Ruskeala (d. 1867), with whom Kalvitsa travelled after a week and a half to the Bui refugee camp north-east of Moscow.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa spent just over a month at the camp, acting as a train driver among other things.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

In Bui, the force was joined by Karl Heideman (born 1895), a Loviese turner, with whom the men returned to Saint Petersburg at the end of July.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa tried to return to Finland to be with his family, but was captured by the Bolsheviks in the village of Vaskela as a spy for the Whites.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

After a week, Kalvitsa was released with the help of Eino Rahja.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[1] In St. Petersburg, the foursome received a commission from Rahja and Evert Eloranna to go as spies in Finland.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Their task was to clarify the situation in view of the continuation of revolutionary activities.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

The armed men moved across the border but were caught as early as Antrea on 2 August.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Sutinen was killed when he was arrested after firing his pistol at the patrons who had apprehended him before that.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

In October 1918 Kalvitka was handed a 10-year discipline room sentence for treason.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[1] In January 1919, on a trip to the city, he managed to escape from the forced labour camp in Vyborg and fled across the border to Soviet Russia.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[4] Russian Civil War in Russia Kalvitsa began an officer course at the Saint Petersburg International Red Officer School, but soon he was seconded to the Naval Air War School operating in Samara, from which he graduated as a military pilot in 1920.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[2] Kalvitsa became one of nine Finns who, during the Russian Civil War, served in the Air Force of the Baltic Fleet.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[5] In 1921 he participated in the suppression of the Kronstadt revolt and also fought against Finnish tribal warriors in East Karelia.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa was decorated for his merits with the Red Flag Commendation Badge.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[2] As a pilot in the Soviet Union In May 1923, Kalvitsa was seriously injured in a plane crash, but returned to duty after a long recovery period.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[6] In August 1925, he made his first flight to the Arctic when Kalvitsa, together with Boris Chudnovsky, flew from Leningrad via Arkhangelsk to the Novaya Zemlja Islands.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Their main task was to search for suitable shipping routes for the Northeast Passage.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa and Tshudnovski specifically explored the Matochech Shari Strait separating the Novaya Zemlja Islands.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

In June 1926, he travelled with his aircraft on a cargo ship to Vladivostok, where Kalvitsa took part in the Wrangel Island expedition led by Georgi Ushakov.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

The intention was to survey the island as well as search for a location for the first permanent Soviet settlement.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

The strategically important island had also been interested in the United States and Canada.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[2] In 1927 Kalvitsa entered the service of the Dobrolet organisation, which developed Soviet civil aviation.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

He flew the route between Ulan-Ude and the Mongolian capital Ulan Bator, the Soviet Union's first international flight route.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

The following summer Kalvitsa was sent to Irkutsk.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

The region was known for its varied and challenging weather conditions for flying, so only pilots considered exceptionally skilled were sent to Irkutsk.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

In Irkutsk, he also received the nickname “Wolf of the North”.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

In the summer of 1929, Kalvitsa made a long air trip, during which he explored the coasts of the Chukchi Peninsula and Yakutia.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa's co-pilot was Hungarian revolutionary Franz Leonhardt and their aircraft was the new Junkers F 13, which arrived from Germany.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa also visited Wrangel Island again and the journey of more than three weeks was finally ended on 19 August when the badly damaged plane reached the town of Bulun.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

The purpose was to study the flight conditions in the area as well as the fleet requirements.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa also trained new pilots for the Arctic.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[2] Death The flight that claimed Kalvitsa's life originated on 5 March 1930 when he was ordered to take medical needs to Bulun.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Some kind of mutiny had broken out in the city and numerous Czech police officers had been injured.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa embarked on a voyage from Yakutsk two days later, with the intention of flying via Žigansk to Bulun.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

His co-pilot was again F.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

F. Leonhardt and additionally included the radist S. S. Karchevsky.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Near the village of Sangar, Kalvitsa attempted to land in a sanka in a snowtail, but lost control of his Junkers W 33 plane and it was crushed by the ice of the Lena River.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

All three crew members died.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsa and Leonhardt were later buried in the mass grave of revolutionary heroes near the main gate of the Jerusalem cemetery in Irkutsk.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

A monument was erected to the men, with an aircraft propeller attached to the top of the stone paade.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Another memorial is on the banks of the Lena River at the site of the plane crashing.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[2] Family Otto Kalvitsa's spouse was Maria Lindroos, whom he married in 1915.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

[7] He had 3 children, Arvo Kalevi 1915-1922.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

In addition, 2 daughters, Hilkka Marjatta (also Hirvonen) 1917-2000 and Eila Maire Kaarina (also Loimuneva) 1918-1999, both lived with their families until her death in Tampere.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Kalvitsos's grave is in Kalevankangas Cemetery.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = From Arctic Ocean Pilot| location = Leningrad| publisher = Publishing Book| year = 1930| version = ed.


Question: Where was Otto Kalvitsa born?

Otto Kalvitsa

Santeri Mäkelä and Ragnar Rusko}} Sources on the topic elsewhere {{country data {{{1}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size = | name = | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} Jukka Kulomaa; Heinola 1918 - Time of revolt, 2017 Category:Finland Civil War Red Class:Finnish pilots Category:Soviet pilots Category:Finnish explorers Category:Russian explorers Category:People killed in plane crashes Class:Born in 1888 Class:Dead in 1930


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Virginia is a state of the United States and one of the first thirteen states.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Its official name is the Commonwealth of Virginia.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Virginia's capital is Richmond.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

At the time of the founding of the United States, Kentucky and West Virginia were part of Virginia.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Kentucky seceded from it in 1792 and West Virginia after the American Civil War.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

The geography of Virginia has an area of 110 784,67km2 of which the water surface area amounts to 8236,5km2.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Virginia is therefore ranked number 35 of the United States in terms of area magnitude [1].


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Virginia is bordered by Maryland to the northeast, West Virginia to the north, Kentucky to the west, Tennessee to the southwest, and North Carolina to the south.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Virginia's highest point is Mount Rogers, at its lowest point in the state reaching sea level along the Atlantic coast.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[2] Major cities are Virginia Beach, Norfolk, Chesapeake, Arlington and Richmond.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

These five have more than 200,000 residents in 2008.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[3] The warmest month of the year is July, when the average highest temperature in Norfolk is around 32 degrees.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

The average lowest is in the coldest January at +0.5 degrees.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[4] History The first humans arrived in Virginia about 5000 years ago.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I gave Sir Walter Raleigh permission to establish a colony north of Florida.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Named after James I, the first permanent settlement in America by the English at Jamestown was founded in May 1607.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

In 1699, the capital of the colony was moved to Williamsburg, where the College of William & Mary had been established in 1693.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

In the American Civil War, Virginia joined the American Confederacy, namely the Confederate States.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

However, West Virginia did not accept this, so it seceded from Virginia and later joined the Northern States.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

The division thus created into two Virginian states remained permanent.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Administration As at the federal level, Virginia's administration is divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Founded in 1619, the Virginia Congress (General Assembly) is the oldest legislative body still operating in the United States.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[5] The House of Representatives has 100 and 40 members in the Senate.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[6] Since 1976, Virginia has executed 111 inmates, the third most in the entire United States.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[7] The economy of Virginia's gross domestic product in 2010 was $424 billion.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

It was ranked 10th of the US states.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Per capita GDP was $47570.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[8] One third of its jobs are in the services sector, particularly in business and healthcare.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Coal and tobacco are important export products.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[9] Northern Virginia is home to the CIA and Department of Defense administration buildings.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Traffic in Virginia is a total of 24 airports.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[10] Virginia has ten ports.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[11] Freight volumes handled at the Port of Hampton Roads were the seventh highest in the United States in 2011.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[12] Population In 2010, Virginia's population was reported as 8001024, which is 922509 inhabitants more than in 2000.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

English became the state's official language in 1981 and is spoken as a native tongue by 6,245,517 people (88.9%) of the population, in addition to 570,638 (7.9%) people speak the language well.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

The second most spoken language is Spanish, spoken by 424,381 people (5.9%).


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

3.2% of the population speaks Austronesian languages such as Vietnamese and Filipino.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[13] Among ethnic groups, African-Americans (19.6%), Germans (11.7%), English (11.1%), and Irish (9.8%) are the largest.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Recently, many Latinos from Central and South American states have started migrating to the state, they make up 6.6% of the population.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[13] Latinos have, on average, better income per family in Virginia than in other states.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Most of them live in the northern parts of Virginia.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Culture Virginia's vibrant cultural life has its roots in colonial times, with over a hundred historical societies and museums operating in the state.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

In Williamsburg an entire district has been restored a living museum showing the time before the independence of the United States.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

The architecture of that time can also be explored in the households of Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

[14] Sports Virginia is the largest state by population without a major-league professional team.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

One reason is the proximity of Washington DC, which has several major league level teams.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

However, several lower league professional teams in the state can be found, especially in baseball and football.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Virginia Tech and the University of Virginia have several successful teams in college series.


Question: What is the capital of Virginia?

Virginia

Virginia has a number of golf courses and motorsport tracks, with the largest at Martinsville Speedway and Richmond International Raceway Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

The President of the United States is head of state and government of the United States


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

The president heads the federal executive body and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term in office by popular vote through the Assembly of Electors.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Beginning in 1951, the maximum number of presidential terms in office was limited to two terms.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

[1] Included in this list are those who took the oath of President of the United States following the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1789.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

For U.S. leaders prior to ratification see President of the Congress of Settlements.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

No interim presidents who held the post under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution are included.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

The last numbers show periods during which the president was in power.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

George Washington, for example, was in office for two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not first and second).


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Gerald Ford rose to the presidency after Richard Nixon had resigned, and served as president for the remainder of Nixon's second term.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Grover Cleveland, on the other hand, was in office for two terms that were not consecutive, making him count as both the 22nd and 24th president.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Therefore, there are 45 “presidencies” but only 44 people on the list.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Presidents See also List of presidents of the United States by lifetime Sources CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References on the topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

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Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many was the President of the United States Ronald Reagan?

List of United States presidents

Presidents * Presidents of the United States Category:Key Articles of Screening Category:99.3 Societies


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The raven, or Corvus corax, is a large-sized bird of the black crow family.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

When fully grown, the ravens are 55—70 centimeters in size; when spread out, the wings can be twice as long as this.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[1] Ravens are exceptionally intelligent animals and their mental abilities are partly at a level that can only be surpassed by human apes.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Size and appearance Raven is the largest species belonging to the family of crows in Finland and at the same time the largest sparrowbird living in Finland, about the size of a buzzard.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Its length from tail to beak tip can be up to more than 70cm.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

A raven weighs from 700 grams to 1600 grams, [1] an average of 1,200 grams.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The sexes are about the same size and appearance, though on average the male is slightly larger than the female.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The raven's plumage is completely black.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

In flight, the raven is distinguished from other crows by its long wedge-shaped tail.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[1] The range of voices is wide.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

One usually hears a flying sound “korp-korp” or a funny gulp of “klong”.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

At its nest, the raven warns with a frantic, gruff crunch.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Old ravens have a perfect moulting crop in summer.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

You can recognise the young raven by its unpolished, worn and brownish feathers while the old bird's costume is shimmering black.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The oldest Finnish ringed raven has been 20 years 4 months 21 days old.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Europe's oldest raven has been a 21-year-old 11-month-old Norwegian bird.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The distribution of raven is found in Europe, Asia and North America, as well as in North Africa, that is, almost everywhere in the Northern Hemisphere.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

In Finland, it nests throughout the country, most abundant in Lapland.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[2] Our nesting population has increased, and is about 8000 pairs in size.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The world population size is estimated at 16 million individuals.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[3] Old ravens are placebirds.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[4] Young specimens can walk long distances in autumn, many hundreds of kilometres.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

In winter, hundred-headed flocks can accumulate on scavengers and landfills.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Habitat Ravens thrive best in forested areas or on coasts and mountains.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The raven is a wilderness bird, and Finland has the highest number in Lapland.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

With the end of persecution and the growing breeding population, ravens have moved closer and closer to settlement, and nests are already present in the extensive park-like forests of suburban areas.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

In Estonia and Russia, among others, ravens often nest in towns and villages.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Reproduction Ravens form a lifelong relationship.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[4] In February—April, the ravens take a sonic flight high in the air, and perform the most spectacular spring festival moves, with varying sounds playing.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The spouses build a nest together in a tree or cliff cliff from any material that is made available.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

A wooden nest is often located on the top of a pine tree, preferably in the windbreak.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The trunk of wooden nests is always built of dry branches and is a solid act.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The interior of the nest is lined with mm.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

with thin roots, hairs and feathers.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The nest may be occupied for several years in a row.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The female lays three to seven, usually five, pale blue-green eggs with brown blotches.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Laying begins in southern Finland as early as March, after a mild winter at the beginning of the month.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Both parents incubate eggs, however the female for a maximum period of time, about three weeks, and feed on hatched chicks.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Chicks climb on the branches of the nest tree from about four weeks onwards, flight-capable they are at 5—6 weeks old.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The litter stays near the nest for a couple of weeks, after which they gradually begin to expand their life circle.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Foraging ravens are omnivorous, but mainly they eat scavengers.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[1] They also eat berries.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Intelligence Ravens are exceptionally intelligent as birds, and according to modern knowledge, only man, some big apes and raven are able to plan for the future.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[5] In addition, the raven knows how to restrain himself even to the next day if there is something good about waiting.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[5] From a person, this can't be done until the age of four.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[5] Their self-control is therefore at a very high level in the animal kingdom.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[5] Apart from humans, the raven is the only animal species found to understand that other individuals have their own consciousness, feelings and intentions.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[5] Special Ravens learn to imitate almost any sounds.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

They know how to use various objects as tools.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[5] In experiments conducted on ravens, it has been shown that in bartering with humans, ravens proved to be distinctly more adept than apes.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[5] In the experiment, ravens were taught to give man an object, and received a treat in return.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[5] The ravens quickly learned that the cap was the currency used to buy the coveted delicacy.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

In Finland, the raven has been sedated in a reindeer herding area from 10 April to 31 July.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

and the rest of the country year-round [6].


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

In raven folklore in Altaite tribal beliefs, the first shaman has been sired by a bird, and one of these progenitors has been a raven.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Thus, in some tribes the raven had an honorary status as the progenitor of the genus, the totem animal.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

The raven has served as the shaman's assistant spirit in demanding tasks; it has sought the spirits of the deceased to the shaman, or the shaman himself has flown in the character of the raven to deliver his affairs (the gods lived in the high and the deceased).


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

For example, a shaman may have to seek advice from the gods or to remove the soul of a sick person in order to cure this, and these actions often required the help of a raven.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

In shamanistic cultures, the raven has therefore acted as a spirit bird who has possessed supernatural abilities and has therefore also been greatly appreciated.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[7] [8] In many cultures, the raven has been associated, in a positive sense, specifically with wisdom, creation, and fertility.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

For example, among North American Indians, both the raven and the crow have always been revered.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

According to the old beliefs of Native Americans, the raven is the bringer of light and understanding, and without the raven, humanity would live in eternal darkness.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[9] The raven was also valued in ancient Greece and Rome, and it appears in many ancient myths and fables.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Today there is also scientific evidence of raven intelligence and wisdom.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

[9] The raven also appears in the Finnish proverb No raven's eye soot.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Iceland is, according to lore, an island discovered by the domesticated raven of the Vikings.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mika Honkalinna| title = Raven Raves| publisher = Country spirit| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-301-045-1}} Eero Murtomäki 2015 Nature Book: Kaarne - Tietobird, Karstula, Snowchange Cooperative, 2012.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

ISBN 978-952-5944-02-0 Eero Murtomäki: Black bird.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Gummerus, 1978.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Jyväskylä.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Pertti Saurola: “Rven Finds”.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Birdman 4, 1977 p. 118—123.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

LYL On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is the measured wing span of a raven?

Raven

Category:Crows Category:Swedish Provincial Animals Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The mysteries of Eleusii () were the designation of initiation or initiation rites of the ancient Greek cult of Demeter and Persephone (known in the mysteries as Korā).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The rites were conducted in the city of Eleus, which fell under the rule of Athens for a long time.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The mysteries of Eleusii were the most famous religious celebration of the entire ancient Greek world and were considered the most significant of all mystery cults of the ancient period.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

They were celebrated for almost a thousand years, and in the end they collected a lot of participants from the entire ancient world.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[1] [2] Participants in the Mysteries had been forbidden from revealing the events of the dedication with a word, and therefore quite a bit is still known about the ceremonies.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[3] In Greek literature, there are only insinuations about the details of mysteries.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

However, the cult was associated with fertility and farming, and at the same time portrayed the myth of Demeter and his daughter Persephone in three stages: Demeter had lost his daughter to Hadee, that is, the underworld, mourned and searched for this for a long time, and finally regained this right in Eleusi.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Thus the cult was associated with the triumph of life over death, and included the promise of a better part after death.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Persephone's stay part of the year in the underworld and part of the year with Demeter explained the cycle of the year.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The main event of the mysteries was celebrated once a year in early autumn.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[4] [5] [6] [7] History The cult of Demeter in Eleusi dated back to the Mycenaean period, possibly from the 15th century BCE.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[5] It was a farming cult in origin.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[8] According to Greek mythology, Demeter himself founded a cult while visiting Eleusi.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The narrative is known above all for the Homeeric anthem to Demeter.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

It says a grieving Demeter arrived in Eleusi in the character of an old woman after Hades had abducted his daughter Persephone.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

In the mysteries of Eleusii, Persephone was referred to as Korē (“Daughter”).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The daughters of King Keleos of Eleus offered Demeter shelter.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

As a thank you, Demeter offered the king's son Demophon (in some versions Triptolemos) ambrosia and held this at night secretly over the fire to make this immortal.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The Queen saw this once, misunderstood the event and drove Demeter out of the palace.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[5] [6] Demeter then ordered Keleo to build a temple for himself and moved to live there.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

In his grief, he caused nature to wither and famine until other gods revealed Persephone's whereabouts and allowed him to come to Demeter every year for part of the year.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Persefone just returned to Demeter in Eleusi.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Demeter then blessed the earth, as well as giving Triptolemos as the first man grains of cereal and teaching him to sow them.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

He also taught the inhabitants of Eleus the sacred rites that brought both spiritual and material flourishing to the people, and ordered to celebrate mysteries: [5] [6] In addition to Triptolemos, another heeros, Eubuleus, was also associated with the myth and cult.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

He was a hog shepherd whose pigs had been swallowed by the earth while it had swallowed Persephone.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[8] In myths, Eumolpos and Keryks appear as the first organisers and priests of the cult of Demeter, alongside the daughters of Keleos.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Even in reality, the cult of Eleusii reverting back to the Mycenaean period was possibly originally the family cult of the very place royal family, which included those whom the family wanted.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

This may explain the fact that mysteries were always celebrated at the very site of the old palace megaron; as well as the fact that not only citizens but also slaves and aliens were later included in the mysteries.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[8] The first historically known Demeter shrine, or Telesterion, was built on the site in the Geometric Period around the year 750 BCE.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Around the year 600 BC.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

the mysteries developed into a panhellenic, or pan-Greek cult.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

At the same time, in Solon's time, the mysteries became one of the most central celebrations in the Athenian jubilee calendar after Athens annexed Eleus to itself.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

No later than the 4th century BCE.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The mysteries of Eleusii began to gain fame outside Greece as well.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[4] [5] [9] [10] [11] During the war, for the duration of the mysteries, efforts were made to arrange an armistice.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[12] The festivities were only rarely left uncelebrated during their long history.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

At the time of the Persian Wars in 480 BC.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

celebrating the mysteries occurred in Salam in the days leading up to the naval battle, when the Persians had just destroyed Athens and the entire population of Attica had retreated to Salami Island and other islands.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Because of this, mysteries could not be spent.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Herodotus, however, tells of the miracle that occurred at the time, in which the mysteries themselves celebrated themselves: it seemed as if 30,000 people had walked in Eleusis and dabbled with the Iakkhos cries of mysteries.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

This was considered a divine action and a bad omen for the Persian army.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[13] However, before the defeat of Persia, its army also destroyed Eleus.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Later in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The celebratory procession of mysteries, which had already begun, was interrupted after the Athenians heard that Alexander the Great's army had destroyed Thebes.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[14] At the time of the Peloponnesian War, the mysteries were celebrated with disorder, as they were revered by both sides.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[9] During the war in 420/419 BC.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The cult of Asklepios was brought to Athens from Epidauros largely for political reasons as a result of wartime alliances.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

This happened just in the middle of the mysteries of Eleus, as a result of which the two cults became part connected together.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Henceforth, Asklepios was remembered as one day of mysteries.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[15] Mysteries involving large numbers of people every year for hundreds of years were frequently discredited and revealed over the course of their history.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[3] In the most famous case in 415 BC.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

a parody version of the feint of the mysteries was made, which was specifically blamed on Alkibiade, who appeared as the High Priest.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

However, there were others involved, and it wasn't just one time, which suggests that similar banter was common at symposions.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Although the presentation was intended to be private, a major scandal eventually arose in Athens, around the same time as another similar religious-political scandal, the case of hermetic depravity.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[16] [17] Although the mysteries were uncovered from time to time, at least in the preserved literature, it has nevertheless followed the custom that the content of the mysteries may only be referred to.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[3] In the Roman period, mysteries gained popularity around the kingdom.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Of the emperors, at least Hadrian (125 share.)


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

and Marcus Aurelius was consecrated to the mysteries.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[2] The Spending of Mysteries came to an end with the decree of Theodosius I in the 390s, when pagan cults were put down throughout the kingdom.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[9] Spending Mysteries The mysteries were based on the fact that they presented the myth of Demeter and Persephone in a very concrete form.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

In the spring, after the harvest period for Greek farming, Persephone was seen falling underground, or the underworld, to Hade.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Therefore, the hot four months of summer followed, when the earth was dry, sunburned and dead.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Throughout that time, the crop harvested in spring was grain in silos and lairs, that is, in the same way underground.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

In September-October, at the time of sowing, the silos were opened and seed grain was taken from them.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

It was sown in the fields: Persefone returned to his mother.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The eight months of autumn, winter and spring followed, when plants grew and greened just apart from the short rest period of nuclear winter.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

In the spring, the crop was harvested again, and this is how everything was repeated every year again.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[8] Because of this, the mysteries were celebrated just in the autumn sowing period.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Later, the mysteries were accompanied by the so-called minor mysteries celebrated in the spring, which included the inauguration of the first level.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The more significant so-called Great Mysteries, which included the actual dedication, still took place in the fall.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[1] [4] [5] [7] The early stages of the mystery rituals depicted Demeter, grieving and searching for his daughter, with fasting and wanderings.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The actual mysteries preempted, above all, the joyous reunion of Demeter and Persephone.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[8] The mysteries did not include any specific dogmas, but mainly a particular idea of life and death symbolized by the growing of new grain from the old.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[8] By the repeated harvest years and the cycle of nature, the consecrator to mysteries also gained hope for continuity of his life in the afterlife.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[12] Above all, mysteries promised those involved in them a happier part after death.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

According to Isocrate, those ordained had more aspirations for the end of their lives and eternity.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

According to one play by Sophocles, those married to mysteries are three times happier when they die, and only they are allowed to truly live in the afterlife, while for others death is nothing but evil.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[3] Those ordained in Aristophane's Frogs rejoice in the underworld.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

According to the descriptions, the feud of mysteries continued for the wedded even after death.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[8] According to Nancy Evans, on the other hand, it is possible to see that the mysteries depict man's wanderings and his separation from the gods and reunification with these in Hades and death; in this case the attainment of bliss would be more about accepting mortality than the hope of eternal life.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[15] Among other things, Pindaros wrote that those who saw the mysteries were happy because they knew the end of life and the beginning given by Zeus.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

According to one epitaph in antiquity, the mysteries showed that death was not anything bad, but something good.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[3] For the mysteries of dedication, the word myēsis was used, which as well as the Greek word mystērion derives from the verb myein, 'to close', especially in the sense of closing the mouth and eyes.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

This is how it referred to keeping matters related to the dedication secret.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[12] Based on the information preserved, the mysteries included that something was said, something was done and something was seen.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The essence seems to have been that the participants were shown something secret.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[8] However, only conjecture can be made on these issues based on the limited data that has been preserved.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The most significant information about the core of the mysteries themselves comes from early Christian writers of late antiquity, who were no longer bound by the vow of secrecy, but their knowledge may not be first-hand information.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[8] However, according to Aristotle, the purpose was not to gain any new knowledge in the mysteries, but above all to experience and even suffer (pathein) and come through this way to the right state of mind through delivery.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[3] Based on descriptions from antiquity, people returned from Eleusis joyful and happy, and their fear of death had vanished.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[15] Clergy and participants in the cult of Eleus were the responsibility of certain lineages.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The priestess of Demeter generally belonged to the Filleidai lineage.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

He lived permanently in the sanctuary grounds.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

In addition to him, the organization of mysteries and a festive procession was the responsibility of two genera: Eumolpidai, or descendants of Eumolpos, organized a hierophant (hierofantēs), or high priest, and the descendants of Kerykes, or Keryks, arranged the torchbearer (dadūkhos) as well as the sacred airue (hierokēryks).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[3] [18] A large number of people attended the party every year.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Herodotus mentions a figure of 30000, but his figures are often not reliable.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The designation for those involved in the mysteries for the first time was mystēs, “inaugurated”, plural mystai.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[15] [2] The mysteries were open to all, men and women alike, free and slaves, and also foreigners who could speak Greek.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Participation was forbidden only to murderers and barbarians.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

It has been speculated that most Athenians, but not all, were wedded to mysteries.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[2] [3] Participants were required to make a vow of secrecy, the breach of which was punishable by death, and pay for the delivery.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[12] In the 4th century BCE.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

participation cost 15 drakhmas.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[15] Participants were escorted during the Eleusis journey and all rituals by a more experienced guide, mystagōgos, who had officiated earlier.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

In addition to these, the mysteries involved other previously inaugurated ones, the epoptai, who followed the events as spectators.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

However, according to custom, in order to receive Demeter's blessing, it was enough for man to participate in mysteries once in his life.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[15] Small Mysteries Little Mysteries Celebrated in Spring on the Anthesterion Moon 20—26.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

the day, that is, around the current February/March.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Sometimes, if there were many participants, small mysteries were arranged more often during the year.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Minor mysteries usually took place in Athens, where a central place was located on the Agora, a shrine called Eleusinion, which corresponded to the shrine of Eleus.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Mysteries included ritual purification in the Ilissos River, as well as the sacrifice of piglets.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[3] [19] After completing the Little Mysteries, the inaugurated received the designation mystai, and were worthy to participate in the Great Mysteries of Autumn.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

According to myth, minor mysteries were originally set up so that Heracles could be consecrated to mysteries by a kind of exemption arrangement.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[19] The death of the piglet merged with the myth of Persephone falling into Hades as her consort, [3] and therefore the minor mysteries were also called the “Mysteries of Persephone”.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

On the other hand, the events were also linked to Dionysus and the latter's holy marriage (hieros gamos) with the consort (basilinna) of the king archont of Athens.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The cult thus identified with Hade and Dionysus at least on some level.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[18] After a series of minor mysteries, the envoys of the Eumolpidai and Kerykes lineages travelled to different city-states to invite people to participate in the Great Mysteries, as well as proclaimed for this purpose a two-month truce for the duration of the mysteries, which guaranteed the opportunity to travel to the festivities and return from them in peace.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[15] Great Mysteries Great Mysteries were celebrated once a year in the autumn sowing time of the Boedromion moon 15—23.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

day, that is, around the current September-October period.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The mysteries began halfway through the month and lasted nine days, and were part of Athens's festive calendar.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Every four years, great mysteries were celebrated especially big.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[18] About a month later, the Women's Thesmophoria Feast was held, which was also associated with the cult of Demeter.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Each of the nine days of the feast was dedicated to some particular cause, such as the transport of sacred objects from Eleusis to Athens and back; purification by bathing; animal sacrifice; veneration of Iakkhos-Dionysus and Asklepios; fasting; prayer; and ritual play and banter.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

[18] The events of the mysteries ranked the Boedromion lunar days in the following way: [12] [3] [20] [21] Boedromion 13.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The Ephebs marched from Athens to Eleusi.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Boedromion 14.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The Ephebs marched from Eleusis to Athens carrying to Eleus the clergy and the sacred objects of the mysteries.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Boedromion 15.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Agyrmos (“The Gathering”).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Athens.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The priests of Demeter declared the mysteries to have begun (Day 1 of the Mysteries).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Boedromion 16.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Elasis aka Halade mystai!


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

(“Into the sea, consecrate!”).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Faleron.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Participants cleaned in the sea and sacrificed a piglet (2nd day of mysteries).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Boedromion 17.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Victims Day.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Athens, e.g.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Great Sacrifice Ceremony (Day 3 of Mysteries).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Boedromion 18.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Asclepia, or Epidauria.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Athens, in honor of Asklepios.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Preparing for mysteries, e.g.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

fasting began (the 4th day of mysteries).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Boedromion 19.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Pompē, or Iakkhos.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Great procession from Athens to Eleusi along the Holy Way (5th day of mysteries).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Boedromion 20.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Teletē.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

The mysteries of the Eleusii, the fasting ended, the celebration, as well as the nightly main event of the mysteries (the 6th day of the mysteries).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Boedromion 21.


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Mysteries of Eleusii (7th day of mysteries).


Question: How long did the mysteries of Eleus last?

The mysteries of Eleusii

Boedromion 22.