Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

After this, Rommel decided to call off the offensive because Montgomery's army was approaching from the east the Germans' defensive line, the Mareth Line.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Germans began trailing towards the east.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On February 23, the Americans bombarded the retreating Germans and on February 24, the Americans captured the Kasserine Pass.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Although forced to retreat, the Germans had done untold damage to the Americans, including destroying or capturing two-thirds of the American tanks.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 6 March, most of Rommel's forces made an attack in the east against the British at Medenine.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

However, the attack failed due to crushing artillery fire from the British and the Germans lost 150 out of 55 of their tanks.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

After Adolf Hitler forbidden Rommel from retreating to better defensible positions around Tunis, Rommel went on sick leave, meaning virtually relinquished his duties on 8 March.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

British forces began a major offensive, Operation Pugilist against the Mareth line on the night of 19 and 20 March.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The following night a number of British troops were able to penetrate through the Germans' defensive line and form a beachhead there, but on 22 March the Germans counterattack destroyed the bridgehead and the front was restored to what it was before.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 26 March, British forces recaptured the town of El Hamma at the northern end of the line and thus rendered the line virtually inoperable.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The next day, the Axis Powers' forces managed to intercept the British and gain time for their strategic retreat.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In two days, the defenders of the line marched 60 kilometres to the northwest and created a new defensive line at Wadi Akarit near Gabès.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

At the same time, the Americans had begun the advance.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On March 17, they captured Gafsa and the next day the oasis town of El Guetar.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Its Italian defenders left the city with almost no resistance, but settled on a pass of the same name leading to the inland plains.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On March 20, the Americans recaptured one of the Italians' positions and took 700 prisoners.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Americans were in excellent positions for a possible offensive operation.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

That's when German commanders, informed of the American takeovers, sent an armored division to defeat the Americans.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

At 6 a.m. on 23 March, 50 panzers, followed by other troops, came out of the pass and attacked the Americans, advancing down the valley.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Germans quickly defeated the American front-line infantry and artillery.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

After a short time, they drove into a minefield and had to stop to clear it.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

It was then that the Americans began very strongly shelling the Germans clearing the minefield and awaiting clearance and in an hour 30 of the Germans' 50 tanks were destroyed.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

At nine o'clock, the Germans withdrew from the valley back to the pass.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

At 4:45 in the morning, the Germans attacked again while their infantry had regrouped.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

But again US artillery halted the attack and inflicted heavy losses on the Germans.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

After that, the Germans realized that attempts to attack were hopeless and therefore part of the division barricaded themselves in the hills east of El Guettar and some fled back to Gabès.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Over the next week, the American forces advanced slowly, capturing the rest of the inland plains.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Playfair, I.S.O.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

(ed.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

) | title = The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I:The Early Successes against Italy (to May 1941) | publisher = The Naval & Military Press| year = 2004| isbn = 1-845740-65-3| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Irving, David| title = Rommel| publisher = Bookgroup| year = 1977| isbn = 951-26-1717-X}} On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Category:Mediterranean, Middle East and African War Domain in World War II Category:History of Africa


Question: What is meant by the term 'free market'?

Markets (economics)

In economics, a market refers to an arrangement that allows buyers and sellers to meet in order to exchange commodities.


Question: What is meant by the term 'free market'?

Markets (economics)

In the market, market participants (i.e., sellers and buyers) can evaluate the commodities on sale, which allows the formation of the price of the commodity.


Question: What is meant by the term 'free market'?

Markets (economics)

[1] In particular, microeconomics focuses on the study of various market mechanisms and structures.


Question: What is meant by the term 'free market'?

Markets (economics)

Buying and selling do not produce the “right” price level, buying and selling produce the right price level when the structure of the market is in order.


Question: What is meant by the term 'free market'?

Markets (economics)

In other words, in order to avoid distortions of various cartels in price formation, the structure of the market should be close enough to the conditions of perfect competition: [2] [3] the market has a lot of buyers and sellers commodities are the same all buyers and sellers know prices set by other buyers and sellers, all companies operating in the market have an equal opportunity to acquire production technology and factors of production any undertaking is free to enter and exit the market, i.e. barriers to entry (engl.


Question: What is meant by the term 'free market'?

Markets (economics)

barriers of entry) is not See also Monopoly Monopson Duopoly Oligopoly Perfect competition Imperfect competition Market economy Free market Virtual market Interaction Fixed exchange rate Floating exchange rate Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekkarinen, Jukka & Sutela, Pekka| title = Economics| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| version = 9-11.


Question: What is meant by the term 'free market'?

Markets (economics)

edition| isbn = 951-0-27436-4}} References Category:Microeconomics Category:Economics Concepts Category:Key articles in screening


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The first phase of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE, OSCE [1]) was the meeting of foreign ministers in Helsinki in 1973, the second Geneva talks 1973—1975, and the third Helsinki Summit in 1975.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The first Secretary-General of the OSCE was the German diplomat Wilhelm Höynck.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

He was appointed to the post on April 28, 1993.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The Office of the Secretary-General was placed in Vienna.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[2] Background The Soviet Union had come under the occupation of Czechoslovakia politically at odds with its allies.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

In addition, it had lost its grip on the Communist Parties of the West (Eurocommunism) and its ideological differences with China had escalated into military clashes in the border region between the countries during the winter and spring of 1969.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The Soviet leadership realized that none of these problems were solvable by explaining or placating; rather, the Soviet Union could only improve its position by opening a new diplomatic front.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

So it proposed in April 1969 to hold the European Security Assembly in the same way it had done in 1954.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[3] In Finland, it was known that a positive response to the Soviet conference initiative would, in the eyes of the Western world, increasingly tightly align Finland with the Soviet sphere of influence.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

On the other hand, President Urho Kekkonen knew from the autumn 1961 note crisis that militarily tinged political tension in Central Europe was not good for Finland.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The security meeting could help Europe recover from the shock of the occupation of Czechoslovakia if it were a genuine forum for negotiations rather than a mere propaganda front like previous attempts.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Thus, Finland decided to make the conference its own motion, different from the Soviet initiative, that recognition of the two Germans would not be a threshold issue for holding a meeting, the United States would also be invited and Canada and Finland would offer to host the conference.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[3] Finland's starting positions in the conference project were more favourable than other countries due to the fact that Finland had not recognised either Germany, but managed its relations equally with both Germany, albeit with a low profile through commercial missions.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[4] The Finnish initiative received a lackluster reception in the Western world and was initially not believed to achieve a more specific resonance in Finland.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The military alliance within NATO was crystallised by the idea that the conference would have no chance of success before the settlement of the German question.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

By the end of August 1969, 20 of the countries receiving the invitation had responded in the affirmative.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The only one who flatly refused was China's ally and its European speechhorn Albania.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

However, light began to appear at the end of the tunnel after Willy Brandt became Chancellor of West Germany in October 1969.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

In February 1970, Urho Kekkonen appointed Ralph Enckell, Finland's ambassador to Stockholm, as a rotating ambassador, tasked with maintaining contacts with the governments of the countries that received the invitation, gathering information and preparing the meeting.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The negotiating arrangements became clearer during the spring of 1970.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The Warsaw Pact emphasized the permanence of borders created as a result of World War II, refraining from the use of violence and improving commercial-technical links, while NATO's main focus was on mutual troop downsizing.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

There were differences in weightings, but neither side thought the other's proposals were unreasonable.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

In November 1970, Finland proposed ambassador-level negotiations on the agenda and procedures of the conference.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Thinking was intense in the mid-1970s.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

According to Minister Max Jakobson, Finland's offer to hold the Soviet-proposed summit in Helsinki was intended mainly as an evasive move that would allow Finland to maintain a neutral position in the event of a dispute between East and West.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

President Urho Kekkonen did not believe that the conference presented by the Soviet Union would even take place.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

They still proposed Helsinki as a holding place, and surprisingly things moved in the direction that the meeting took place [5].


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The first phase of the Security Conference was held at the Foreign Minister level in Helsinki's Finlandia House from 3 to 7.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

July 1973.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The host of the meeting was Foreign Minister Ahti Karjalainen.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[6] Summit Preparations included large-scale cleaning of wide-side walkers from Helsinki from under the State Guests.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

One week before the meeting began, Ilta-Sanomat headlined the news of the issue “OSCE cleansing up and running today” and reported that “the last men who are unneatly dressed, begging for money, smelling of liquor, loitering in parks and in Asematunnel are disappearing from the street picture of Helsinki.”


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Among police officers, the operation was barraged as a “rubella rally.”


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Some of the targets of the operation knew what was coming and decided with favor to get off the feet.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[7] The OSCE Summit was held in Helsinki's Finlandia Hall at the turn of July and August in 1975.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The final phase of the OSCE was opened by Agostino Casaroli, Cardinal Secretary of State of the Holy See, who chaired the final phase.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Heads of state of 35 countries were included: with the exception of Albania and Andorra, all European states plus the United States and Canada.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Among others attending the meeting were Soviet leader Leonid Brežnev, US President Gerald Ford, Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, German Democratic Republic party leader Erich Honecker and Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

It was historic that West and East German heads of state sat at the same table in Helsinki for the first time.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[8] The Heads of State who arrived in Helsinki had a number of bilateral and multilateral meetings at the end of the official programme.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[9] President Kekkonen hosted the meeting and personally received all the guests at Helsinki Airport.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Unlike others, Soviet party leader Leonid Brezhnev arrived by train and was picked up by Kekkonen at Helsinki railway station.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[10] This was one of the biggest events ever held in Finland, alongside the Olympic Games in Helsinki.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Security measures in Helsinki during the meeting used to be inexperienced and the city dwellers did not see high levels of foreign guests.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[11] On 1 August, the final act of the meeting, the so-called Helsinki Final Act, was signed.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The writing was initiated by Chancellor Schmidt and was decided by Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The Final Act was divided into four main points, known as the “basket”.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The first dealt with European security issues; the second decided on cooperation in areas such as the economy, science and environmental protection; the third was for joint action in humanitarian fields; and the fourth was for monitoring the conference and future meetings.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

All OSCE Participating States undertook to publish the final document of the conference in their own media.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[11] Effects The Soviet Union recorded as its greatest victory the “first basket” of the OSCE Final Act, which guaranteed the inviolability of the state borders created as a result of World War II and the 1947 Paris Peace Treaty.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Soviet leaders also expected much from the “second basket” of East-West economic cooperation, but in practice it remained a formality due to irreconcilable divergence between the western market economy and the eastern planned economy.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[12] It was widely expected that the Helsinki Conference would be the closing ceremony of the Cold War.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

However, East-West confrontation was already intensifying soon after the OSCE.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

In the second half of the 1970s, the Cold War scene expanded from Europe to Third World countries, and in the early 1980s Europe was mired in a cycle of missile equipment between NATO and the Warsaw Pact.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[13] Western critics recently speculated that the agreement had sealed Europe's divide.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

On the other hand, in retrospect, it has been thought that increased cultural exchanges and, in particular, the raising of human rights issues contributed to the movement of dissidents in Eastern Europe and contributed to the transition of power in the socialist countries of autumn 1989 and the subsequent abolition of the Soviet Union as a state.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Inspired by the agreement, so-called Helsinki groups emerged in several Warsaw Pact countries to drive the human rights cause and promote freedom of thought and expression.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

In 1980, Lech Wałęsa, who emerged as a figurehead of the Solidarity movement in Poland, who was later elected president of his country, told the New Finland correspondent that he had received a mandate to take up the fight for workers' rights after reading the OSCE Final Act.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[14] After the meeting, the international press began to talk generally about the spirit of Helsinki, and the term “annexation” is usually attached to the OSCE summit.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

In any case, Finland's international position strengthened.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The OSCE's foreign participants recognized Helsinki as neutral ground, and Finland could thereafter emphasize its neutrality in many contexts even when they did not cross the news threshold.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[15] President-elect of the United States after Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter elevated the defence of human rights throughout the world as a central goal of American foreign policy.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

This led to clashes with the Soviet Union at OSCE follow-up meetings, the first of which were held in Belgrade in 1977 and Madrid in 1979.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

When Ronald Reagan ousted Carter in 1981, the OSCE seemed to be slipping into oblivion.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

From the outset, Reagan said he disconnected himself from the OSCE, because he felt it as if it legitimised the membership of Eastern European countries in the Soviet sphere of power.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

Thus, Sakari Virkkunen, a columnist for Kuvalehti in Finland, wrote in 1986 that Etyk, who was part of the “few world-political idyls of the 1970s”, “there is no longer a pale memory left”.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[16] However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it became increasingly widely thought that the “third basket” of the OSCE had, in all its silence, been digging the earth from beneath the totalitarian system.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[17] The first OSCE follow-up meeting took place in October 1977 in Belgrade.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[18] Later, the OSCE Monitoring Meeting was held in Helsinki in 1992.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe, or OSCE, was established as the successor to the OSCE in 1994.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The OSCE's 10th anniversary meeting was held at the Finlandia House at Foreign Minister level in July and August 1985.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The meeting was hosted by Finland's then Foreign Minister Paavo Väyrynen, who met personally with all his foreign counterparts.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

The tense international atmosphere was illustrated by Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Ševardnadze criticizing the United States for its reluctance to negotiate to contain the missile equipment cycle, while U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz listed by name, mentioning instances in which he considered The Soviet Union violated human rights.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

President Mauno Koivisto met privately with Shultz and Ševardnadze, as well as some other foreign ministers.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

No document was signed at the end of the meeting, although the host country Finland had envisaged such a thing.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[19] The OSCE Final Act was signed by President Ramiz Alia of Albania, who had been excluded from the 1975 Summit, in Helsinki on 16 September 1991.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[20] A month later, on 15 October, the signatories included the presidents of the Baltic states that became independent during 1991, Arnold Rüütel of Estonia, Anatolis Gorbunovs of Latvia and Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[21] In February 1992, the Final Act was signed by the heads of state of the former Soviet republics of Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[22] At the 1992 follow-up meeting, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan joined the signatory states.


Question: In which country has the first summit been held?

[23] Secretary-General The post of Secretary-General was created in 1992 and holders of the post have included: Wilhelm Höynck (1993—1996) [2] Giancarlo Aragona (1996—1999) Ján Kubiš (1999—2005) Marc Perrin de Brichambaut (2005-2011) Lamberto Zannier (2011—2017) Thomas Greminger (2017—) See also Human rights OSCE Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakala, Riikka| title= OSCE to OSCE: From the Conference on Enlargement to a Soft Collective Security Organization| publisher = University of Helsinki | year = 2000| version = Pro gradu| format = [Abstract] (PDF) | accessdate = 4.11.2010}} On topic elsewhere Category:1975 Category:Politics in Europe Category:History of Helsinki Category:Cold War en:Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe #History


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Australia, or Community of Australia [1] (), is a state in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Australia is the only state to cover an entire continent.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The Australian name comes from the Latin word australis, 'southern'.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Nearby states to Australia include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu in the northeast, and New Zealand in the southeast.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Australia's current population is approximately 25 million, [2] and is mostly concentrated in major coastal cities: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Indigenous people, or Aboriginal people, make up 2.2% of the total population.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Geography Australia is the only inhabited continent located entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

It lies between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The marine areas between Australia and Asia are called the Arafuran and Timor Seas.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[3] Australia is also the smallest, driest and widest of the continents.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In eastern Australia, the Australian Kordillieers are towering, with slopes reaching above the snow limit, making skiing possible as well.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The cordilliers descend in their western part as a lowland where the continent's main rivers such as the Darling and Murray flow.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

There are several billless salt lakes in the central areas of the Alango.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

To the west of the Netherlands, the topods rise to an average of about 300—500 m high highland, mainly dry shrubland and desert.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[4] [5] Australia's largest cities are Sydney (4.4 million.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

as.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

), Melbourne ($3.9 million), Brisbane ($1.9 million), Perth (1.6 million) and Adelaide ($1.2 million).


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The capital, Canberra, has a population of 345,000.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[6] Climate The northern parts of Australia fall into the hot, the central parts to the warm and the southern parts to the temperate climate zone.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The midlands are at latitudes of persistent high pressure, and resemble the Sahara and the Kalahari.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Rainier areas flank the continent's dry core.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In the tropical north, the rainy season is timed between November and April as the pasate wind meeting zone moves into the area.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

At the same time, the Australian monsoon is emerging, and the prevailing wind direction is from the northeast.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[7] In eastern and south-eastern parts of Australia, rainfall is received throughout the year.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The central desert extends to the west coast in the area between the 18th and 30th south latitudes, and to the south coast in the area between the 125th and 135th East meridian.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[7] Tropical cyclones hit Australia a couple of times a year, usually in the north and northwest of the country.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[7] Nature Since Australia has been isolated from other continents for a long time, its nature has been allowed to develop into its own kind.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The fauna of the continent in particular has long evolved apart from others.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Australia is home to many endemic animal and plant species that are not met anywhere else on Earth.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The most famous of Australian plants are eucalyptus.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Australia is, for the most part, desert or savannah.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Only the east coast has tropical and subtropical rainforests and the southwest has leather-leafed vegetation.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[8] There are estimated to be 300,000 species of animals living in Australia, of which only a third are known.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

There are 280 species known of mammals, birds over 700 species, reptiles 380 species, amphibians 120 species, and freshwater fish about 200 species.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The remaining species are invertebrates.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[8] The continent is particularly characterised by a rich marsupial species, including more than 50 species of kangaroos, koala and vompats.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The Australian fauna also includes the aquatic pigtail which, along with four species of beaked hedgehogs, is one of the world's five egg-laying mammal species.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

There are crocodiles lurking in the rainforest regions of the northern parts of Australia, which sometimes catch humans.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[8] History Early settlement Australia was inhabited approximately 40000—50,000 years before the beginning of the period by Stone Age people who migrated from Asia and are the ancestors of the present Aborigines.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

They arrived in Australia probably from the north by boats or canoes.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[9] With the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century, Aborigines were hunters and gatherers and used spears, maces and boomerangs as their weapons.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Grain cultivation, farm animals, earthenware and metals were unknown to them.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Due to their isolation due to the wandering lifestyle, a total of about 500 tribes were formed from them, each with its own language or dialect and its own social and cultural form.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[10] Explorers and settlers Dutch explorers visited Australia in the 17th century.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The first European to see the Australian continent was Dutchman Willem Janszoon, whose ship sailed from near Cape York Peninsula in 1606.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

During the 17th century, the Dutch explored the coastline of the western parts of Australia and began to name the region New Netherland, but they did not establish settlements there.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[10] A competing theory holds that Australia was discovered by the Portuguese as early as the early 16th century.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[11] The Englishman William Dampier visited Australia between 1688 and 1699.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Captain James Cook declared the area a British property in 1770.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Subsequently, in 1788, the British established a penal colony on the site of present-day Sydney.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

About 160,000 prisoners were displaced in the area before convict transports from Britain were stopped in the 19th century.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Many emigrants of their own accord also arrived in the area.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In the 1850s, the gold rush was still attracting new movers.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[9] Gaining independence after the export of wool and wheat secured an economic basis the settlers began to demand greater independence from Britain.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In 1850, the settlements of East Australia were granted partial self-government.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

New South Wales had received the same privilege as early as 1842.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[10] As colonists began to colonise the land and graze sheep, the Aborigines were expelled inland, which, combined with disease and a decreased birth rate, caused a marked decline in Aboriginal numbers.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[10] The six states formed a federation in 1901, the Commonwealth of Australia (Commonwealth of Australia).


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Even after, it belonged to the British Empire as an autonomous dominion, but an Act of Westminster enacted in 1931 confirmed its status as an independent state.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The 1986 decree broke even the last regulations by which Australia had been subordinate to Britain.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[9] Wars In World War I hundreds of thousands of Australians fought in British forces.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Many were killed in the fighting at Gallipoli in 1915.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[12] In World War II, Australia followed Britain's lead and declared war on Germany in 1939.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

After Japan conquered Singapore, Australia sought refuge from the United States and allowed it to use its territory as a base for fighting in the Pacific.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[12] In 1965, Australia participated in the Vietnam War on the side of the United States.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[12] Modern Labour Party reign lasted from 1983 to 1996.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Prime Minister Paul Keating sought to bring the country closer to Asia and make it a republic.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

However, support for the republic in a referendum in 1999 remained at 45%.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The republic would have been led by a president appointed by parliament.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[13] The Liberal Party, led by John Howard, held government power in partnership with the National Party from 1996 to 2007.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Howard drew a hard line: Australia supported the Iraq war, opposed the Kyoto climate protocol, bluntly treated asylum seekers and refused to apologise to Aborigines for the deprivation and discrimination they experienced.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The 2007 election was won by the Labor Party under Kevin Rudd, and Rudd served as Prime Minister until June 2010, when Rudd's Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard, Australia's first female prime minister, rose to become prime minister.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[12] [14] In 2002, a nightclub bomb killed 88 Australians in Bali.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In 2004, a bomb in front of the Australian embassy in Jakarta killed at least nine and injured dozens.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[12] The politics of the Australian statesmanship is a constitutional monarchy.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Its head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also Queen of the United Kingdom and therefore lives in London.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In Australia, his power is represented at the federal level by the governor-general and at state level by governors.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In practice, the country is run by a prime minister with broad executive powers.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[9] Australia has a bicameral federal parliament.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

76 senators are elected to the Senate, or upper house, for six-year terms, 12 from each state and two from each mainland territory.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Elections held every three years usually elect half of the senators at a time.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The way the Senate election is proportional.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

150 representatives are elected to the Chamber of Deputies, or lower house, from single-representative constituencies divided by population.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The party, which has a majority in the lower house, forms the government.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The parliamentary term for the House of Commons is also three years.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[15] Australian politics is dominated by three parties: Australian National Party (Conservative, Farmers) Liberal Party of Australia (Bourgeois) Australian Labor Party (Social Democratic) Following the 2013 general election, the National Party and the Liberals the coalition has 90 seats, the Labor Party has 55 seats, the Greens one seat and the others have four seats.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[15] There is a voting barrier in Australia and women gained the right to vote in 1902.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[16] There are also a few smaller parties represented in Parliament, mainly in the House of Lords.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The Greens hold nine seats in the Federal Senate.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[15] States and Territories Australia consists of six states as well as several territories, two of which are located on the mainland.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The states are New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Territories in mainland Australia include the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[15] Territories, for the most part, operate in the same way as the states, but the Australian Federal Parliament has the right to interfere with their legislation.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In states' legislation, on the other hand, the federal government can only interfere with Section 51st of the Australian Constitution so permitting.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

All states have their own bicameral parliament, with the exception of the unicameral parliaments of the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The lower house of parliament is called the Legislative Assembly, the Legislative Assembly, though in South Australia and Tasmania it is known as the House of Assembly.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The upper house of parliament, on the other hand, is the Legislative Council, the Legislative Council.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[17] It is up to the states to organize local government.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The states and Northern Territory are divided into local government areas corresponding to municipalities, Local Government Areas, with only limited power.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[18] Australia also has a number of smaller, inhabited territories, including a military base off the coast of New South Wales, Jervis Bay, and Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands, also known as the Keeling Islands.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Uninhabited territories include the Ashmore and Cartier Islands, the Coral Sea Islands, the Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the Australian Antarctic Territory.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[19] Economy Australia has a rich, western market economy with a gross domestic product per capita roughly the same as Germany and slightly higher than the United Kingdom, France or Finland (2017).


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[20] The country ranks second in terms of the United Nations' 2014 Human Development Index [21] and sixth in The Economist magazine's Global Quality of Life Index in 2005.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[22] In 2011, the Economic Freedom Report published by the conservative Heritage Foundation identified Australia as the third most free market economy country in the world, immediately after Hong Kong and Singapore.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Liberal financial markets, minimal labour market regulation, high business freedom, strong private property protections and redemption of trading barriers are the main reasons for Australia's high ranking, according to the report.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[23] Australia has the largest known reserves of uranium in the world and is a major producer of uranium.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Australia's three uranium mines produce a combined average of 9600 tonnes of uranium oxide per year.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[24] In 2017, Australia's gross domestic product was USD 50400 per capita, the 28th highest in the world.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The service sector produced about 71per cent of it, industry 25% and agriculture just under four per cent.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The unemployment rate was 5.6%.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[15] Australia's most significant natural resources include coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, uranium, silver, tin, precious stones and gold.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The most significant export products are wool, coal, wheat, machinery and gold.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[15] Wheat farming is practiced in Australia, particularly in the south-west corner of Australia around Perth.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Transport Australia's rail network has a length of 33343 kilometers, of road is 873573 km.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[15] There is a regular train service across the continent from Adelaide via Alice Springs to Darwin.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[25] Notable passenger seaports include Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Fremantle, Geelong, Gladstone, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Adelaide, Port Kembla, Sydney.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Of these, Melbourne and Sydney are container ports.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Liquefied gas is exported from four ports: Darwin, Karratha, Burrup and Curtis Island.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Major cargo ports include Dampier, Dalrymple Bay (coal port), Hay Point (coal port), Port Hedland (iron ore), Port Walcott (iron ore).


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[15] There are 25 airlines operating in Australia with a total of 583 registered aircraft.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

They use 480 aerodromes, 11 of which have a runway of more than three miles needed for long flights.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[15] The Australian airline Qantas, which maintains its headquarters in Sydney, was named the safest airline in the world by the German magazine Aero International.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[26] [27] Population Distribution The majority of Australians are descendants of Europeans who came to Australia during colonialism, who make up about 90per cent of the population.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The majority of Europeans came from the British Isles.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In the 2006 census, the majority declared themselves to be “Australian” by background, they were 37.13per cent of the population.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Other groups included English (31.65%), Irish (9.08%), Scots (7.56%), Italians (4.29%) Germans (4.02%), Chinese (3.37%) and Greeks (1.87%).


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[31] In 2007 there were about 460,000 Aboriginal people.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The people of the Torres Strait Islanders are not Australian Aborigines; they are ethnically Melanesians.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[32] Today, many of the original inhabitants live on reservations in the more remote areas of Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Some of them have moved to cities.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Sections discriminating against Aborigines were removed from the country's constitution following the May 1967 referendum when more than 90 per cent of Australians supported the amendment.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[33] In 2008, the Australian government under Prime Minister Kevin Rudd issued its apology to Aborigines in Parliament.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The apology was televised throughout the country, it was cheered on, but Aboriginal representatives said that as well as regret, they should receive compensation.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[33] Australia does not have a state religion, but Christianity is the country's power religion.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The proportion of Christians in the population has long been declining.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

According to a 2016 statistic, 52.1% of the country's population are Christians, of which Catholics make up 22.6% and Anglicans are 13.3%.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

According to the same statistic, 30.1% of the population are non-religious and their share is growing fastest.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Islam (2.6%) is the second largest religion in the country, followed by Buddhism (2.4%) and Hinduism (1.9%).


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

A total of 8.2% of the country's population belongs to non-Christian religions.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

9.6 percent of respondents declined to specify their religious affiliation.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[30] Only 7.5% of Australians attended church weekly in, [34] and religion plays no central role for much of the country's population.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[35] The age distribution begins in Australia with an emphasis on the elderly population.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In 2018, one in seven Australians was over 65.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

In 2057, the elderly will be 22 per cent of the country's population, according to projections.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[36] Culture At first Australian culture was stigmatistically British culture, slowly adapting to a new kind of climate.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Beginning in the 1960s, the culture has been more influenced by the cultures of both Asian and Central European immigrants and, at first, discriminated against Aboriginal people.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[37] From the early years, Australia has been home to visual artists and writers such as Nobel laureate Patrick White.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The Sydney Opera House is known for its architecture and the biennial Adelaide Festivals bring international stars including the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Kirov Ballet to the country.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[37] Film director Peter Weir has been frequently nominated for both Oscar and Golden Globe.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[38] [39] Weir's breakthrough film The Joy Trip to the Hanging Site was one of the first internationally successful Australian films.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Weir's later Australian films included Gallipoli (1981) and Love on a Knife-Edge (1982), each starring the then still somewhat unknown Australian actor Mel Gibson.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[40] The Didgeridoo is a specialised Australian Aboriginal wind instrument made from a tree trunk carved hollow by termites.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[41] Australians have excelled around the world in various aspects of light music.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Australian bands and artists include AC/DC, Kylie Minogue, Nick Cave, Air Supply, Sia, Iggy Azalea [42] and Mirusia Louwerse.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Before the advent of Europeans, the Aborigines ate local plants and animals in a diverse way.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The first Europeans ate mainly potatoes and meat, initially game, later cattle and lamb.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Eating fish and seafood has increased from the 1930s, with vegetable consumption starting in the 1950s.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Today, top Australian chefs are known for fusion cuisine, that is, combining traditions from different countries.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Ordinary people consume fast food more than anywhere else in the world.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[43] The UNESCO World Heritage List lists 17 sites from Australia.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Three of them are cultural sites (Australian Penal Colonies, Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens, and Sydney Opera House), four mixed sites (Kakadu National Park, Tasmanian Wilderness, Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park and Willandra Lake District) and the rest are natural sites: Australian east-central rainforest protected areas, Australian mammal fossil finds (Riversleigh/Naracoorte), Fraser Island, Greater Blue Mountains Range, Heard and McDonald Islands, Great Barrier Reef, Lord Howe Island Group, Macquarie Island, Purnulu National Park, Queensland Tropics and Shark Bay.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[44] Sports Australia has participated in the Olympic Games since 1896.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The first time it had a representative at the Winter Olympics in 1936.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Australia has hosted the Olympics twice: In 1956 in Melbourne and in 2000 in Sydney.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The country has been most successful in traditional British team sports: cricket, rugby, ground hockey and netball.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Of the individual sports, swimmers, cyclists, athletics, rowers and yachtsmen have received multiple Olympic medals; the most gold medals (five) have been won by swimmer Ian Thorpe.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[45] There are a number of football codes in use in Australia.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The most popular are the various sports of rugby namely Australian football, rugby league and rugby union.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

European football is secondary in popularity to the aforementioned football codes.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[46] The Australia national football team was ranked 41 in the Fifa rankings as of January 2019.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[47] The national football team has won the OFC Nations Cup four times, and finished second at the 2011 Asian Championships.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

At the World Championships Australia has been runner-up three times, the best placing being a quarter-semi-final place reached in Germany 2006.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Golf is popular in Australia across all social classes.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[46] The Australian Open tennis tournament is one of four prestigious Grand Slam tournaments.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

The Australian ice hockey national team has been actively participating in international games since 1986, with the team ranked 36th in the 2015 world rankings.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Australia is the most medal-winning country at the Commonwealth Games.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Well-known Australian car athletes in motorsport include Jack Brabham, Alan Jones and Daniel Ricciardo (all Formula One) and Mark Webber (Formula 1/WEC endurance drives).


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[48] [49] [50] [51] Known drivers on two-wheelers include Casey Stoner (track motorcycles) and Stefan Merriman (enduro).


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[52] [53] The V8 Supercars series of standard cars is run in Australia.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[54] The Australian section of Formula One has been held at the Adelaide street circuit between 1985 and 1995 and the Melbourne street circuit since 1996.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

[55] [56] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindqvist, Sven| title = Terra nullius: Traveling in no-man's land| location = Vantaa| publisher = Pequod| year = 2006| version = (Terra nullius: En resa genom ingens land, 2006.)


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Translated by Heikki Salojärvi| id = ISBN 952-99259-3-X}} On the topic elsewhere — Online Magazine of the Australian Community — Google Maps — Terra Gallery — Virtual Australia — Official Australian website Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is characteristic of the Presbyterian Church?

Australia

Category:46 Australia, Oceania, Polar Countries * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen (until 1882 Georg Zacharias Forsman, author name Yrjö Koskinen, 10 December 1830, Vaasa — 13 November 1903 Helsinki) was a freeman, senator, professor, historian, politician and Old Finnish Finnishman, chairman of the Finnish Party J. V. After Snellman.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Georg Zacharias Forsman Tau G. Z. Forsman was born into the Swedish-speaking family of Georg Jakob Forsman and Anna Loviisa Ebeling, a colleague at the Vaasa Trivial School and later vicar of Hämeenkyrö.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Jaakko Forsman was his brother.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The father's family was descended from Sweden and its members had been priests in Ångermanland and Uplann since the time of Gustav Vasa.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In Finland, too, the family had for generations chosen a priestly career, although in married shops it had also gained plenty of bourgeois vigour.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

G. Z. Forsman was the eldest of eight children in the family, as the family's firstborn had had time to die before he was born.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Kaarlo Österbladh describes the young Forsman as follows: “... something of this morbidity (the father's) must have been inherited to his son too: he was weak, imagination greatly developed; intellect was precocious, character stubborn and plucky.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The instinct of the master was in him and awakened when he was little, but alongside it there was some oversensitive longing for compassion...” G.Z. Forsman, his first scholars, received his hometown Vaasa at the Bell-Lancaster school, but at the age of just under nine, in August 1840 he entered the trivial school, whose uncle Charles Juhana Ebeling was the principal at that time, and his uncle, Juhana Ebeling, as principal, and his own of his father.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

At school Forsman was diligent and he excelled brilliantly.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Some called him a school genius.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

To the high school Forsman transferred to in August 1845, this can already be considered quite a bit of early maturity.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In high school, he was particularly interested in teaching history.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Adolf Ivar Arwidsson's textbook, used as a textbook, dealt much with the ancient religions of the Finns as well as folk poetry.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The book was a true patriotic information pack.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In addition to other subjects, the Finnish language Kalevala and other works were taught in the school.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

During the closing stages of high school, Forsman had to go head-to-head with the school's principal because, as valedictorian, he had driven the students' common affairs.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

As a result, in the high school pass degree on 12 June 1847, he received a satisfactory grade for conduct, but in all reading subjects, including Finnish, the grade was commendable.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

On Midsummer's Eve he became a matriculation and received the best number of votes in the whole country that year.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

But before enrolling at university, he left for two autumn semesters to Hämeenkyrö, where his father had moved to become vicar.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The intention was to study the Finnish language in the northern Häme countryside.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

With Rahva, learning Finnish was not easy.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Only Renvall's grammar, Helenius' dictionary, proverbs of the Finnish people, and an obscure set of other small booklets were in use.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

A diligent conversation with an ordinary keeper was the main mode of learning, it made up for theoretical shortcomings.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

With a thoroughness characteristic of the future scientist, Forsman made long distances on foot both in his own keeper's territory and also to neighboring keepers.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

He thus became acquainted with the people and its life, language and customs.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In the summer of 1848 Forsman received an excellent teacher in Hämeenkyröö when Antero Warelius came there to be a teacher at the Sasslin School (Jumesniemi church-school).


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

He gave Forsman numerous useful advice and instructed him in good use of language.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

During his travels on different corners of the keeper, Forsman also got to know his future spouse, Sofia Fransiska Friberg, the daughter of the previous vicar.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The young people decided at that time that their common home language should be Finnish.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

After a long life together, Sofia died in 1895.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The following year, by then already a well-respected social influence, Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen married Sofia Theodolinda Limón.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

This was the widow of colleague Johan Adrian Hansson.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Yrjö Koskinen was admitted as a member of the Ostrobothnian sub-municipality Yrjö Koskinen on 14 February 1848, in that European mad year.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

A week later, the so-called February Revolution broke out in France, and it electrified moods even in distant Helsinki, as it did throughout Europe.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In Osakunta, Koskinen's activities began with enthusiastic, intense political activity.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In particular, the northern Ostrobothians of the municipality represented very radical views.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Koskinen, on the other hand, belonged to the moderate wing, which generally supported and supported Fredrik Cygnaeus, the curator of the Osakunta.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Fierce attacks in the Osakunta with its long transcripts resulted in e.g.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Topelius and then also Cygnaeus got rid of Osaka and its activities.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Simply politicizing society was not enough, but diligently debated the Finnish language and its status.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

This was one thing that unites the whole of the municipality and the hobby of Finnishness was common.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Yrjö Koskinen was looking forward to taking part in these hobbies.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

M.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

A. Castrén had 1849 returned from his expedition in Siberia and started his lectures on Kalevala and Finnish mythology.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

A more devout and enthusiastic listener than George Koski could hardly have hoped for.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Koskinen agreed to keep Minutes in Finnish during Osakunta meetings and was subsequently elected as the Osakunta's permanent protocol.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In this role, he drafted the last protocol of the constituent municipality on 14 December 1852, when the sub-municipal institution in the universities of Finland was abolished.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

When the municipalities were allowed again in 1868 after the liberation of Finnish conditions, Yrjö Koskinen became Inspect of his former Ostrobothnian sub-municipality.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Within the framework of the Ostrobothnian sub-municipality, Yrjö Koskinen also started his literary career, which saw him adopt the name Yrjö Koskinen.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

While writing to Hämeenkyrö's teacher, Warelius about Finnish language exercises, Koskinen had the idea of producing a Finnish presentation about his homekeeper.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In the autumn of 1849, he left a race letter to Ostrobothnia about the keeper of Hämeenkyrö.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

For that he received the award E.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The Compiled Works of G. Geijer.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Koskinen's book was offered for publication by the Finnish Literature Society, but the censorship decree of 8 April 1850 strangling the use of the Finnish language seemed to put invincible obstacles to the publication of the book.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In Swedish, the book could have been published, but Koskinen steadfastly refused to translate his book into Swedish, and he subsequently wrote all the works of his extensive production in Finnish.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

However, the work was printed in 1852 and therefore appeared in the Finnish Book of 1851.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[1] University studies In addition to lively organizational activities and social diligence, Koskinen's studies also progressed perfectly, because on 11 March 1853 he received a Bachelor of Philosophy degree majoring in history.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

This, after completing an academic undergraduate degree, Koskinen decided to apply for employment.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

He received a teaching position as a colleague of the Turku Upper Primary School 1853—1854.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Subsequently, in May 1854, he was appointed to the post of assistant to the high school of Vaasa in Pietarsaari (due to a fire in the city had been transferred), where he remained until 1863.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

At the same time she became a high school library attendant.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The school library had fairly extensive collections, so Koskinen could devote his idle time to research.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

On 16 November 1858, Yrjö Koskinen received his licentiate degree and was promoted to his doctorate on 31 May 1860.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Early stage of literary career In addition to teaching, Yrjö Koskinen was looking forward to scientific research.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

A collection of late 16th-century documents published by Edvard Grönblad greatly influenced the orientation of Koskinen's studies.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In the summer of 1856 he carried out research work in Stockholm and Upsala.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

This period of intensive research resulted in 1857 and 1859 a two-volume work on the causes and beginnings of the Mace War in Ostrobothnia.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[2] [3] [4] Later, after receiving additional material on the subject he discussed, Koskinen published a revised and greatly augmented edition in 1877.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[5] In this seminal work of historiography in Finnish, Koskinen demonstrates good overall mastery of the subject matter he has studied and creates a kind of complete picture in the history of the Finnish region of that era.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

It conveniently incorporates all national and pro-Finnish elements.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

This first critical work, based on modern archival research, was a milestone at its appearance and it has been throughout the later period, although there have been clear changes in interpretations.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Promoted for his doctorate, Koskinen headed his expeditions to Sweden, Germany, France and England.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In the Swedish archives, he became familiar with the sources of great anger with the intention of writing a detailed presentation on the subject.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

However, this was prevented due to other tasks and eventually in 1865 he published his book Sources for the History of Great Hatred I. From the source material compiled from the Paris archives, the work of Olavi Maunpoika in Paris and the study of Finns abroad in the Middle Ages emerged.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Subsequently, the subject has been written in abundance and is a subject of ever-renewing research in the history of the Middle Ages.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

From the archives in London and Paris, Koskinen also collected material for his professorial dissertation.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In 1862, he published a book on the antiquity of the Finnish family for this purpose.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

This work is nowhere near the standard of Koskinen's other scientific works.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

There are clearly shortcomings, among others.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

in exploiting results and studies in other sciences, for example linguistics and archaeology.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Although almost all key influencers asked Koski to write this book in Swedish, so keeping his own head, he wrote it in Finnish.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Academic teacher Professor of General History at Alexander Imperial University Yrjö Koskinen was appointed on 21 March 1863.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[6] However, the appointment in the faculty did not go easily or without getting through, just at the same time a strong period of rise and formalisation of the Finnish language.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The author of the opinion, Professor Gabriel Rein, found it easy to give preference to Koskinen in his recommendation, since his rival, docent J. G. Frosterus' doctoral work was of a very low quality.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The majority of the faculty agreed with the expert opinion.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

However, a great debate arose about the language of the thesis.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Professors Lagus, af Brunér and Gyldén declared that they did not understand the language in which it was written.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In the consistory, Archatrist Bonsdorff called for the dissertation to be rejected for the sake of its language.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

However, the majority of the authors of the denomination considered the scientific evidence sufficient and Finnish as a suitable language for the dissertation.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Of course, the general history chair was not of its own for Yrjö Koskinen, but at the university the post of Professor of History was divided in two, into the General History Lesson Chair, to which Koskinen was appointed and the post of Professor of Finnish, Russian and Nordic History, to which without application was appointed Professor of Finnish History S. Topelius.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Thus, the only chance to attach Koskine to a university post was to make him professor of general history at the university.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

However, he became the holder of the Finnish history lesson chair when Topelius 1876 was appointed rector of the university.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In this case Koskinen and Topelius agreed on the exchange of posts and thus on 2 January 1876 Koskinen became professor of Finnish history.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[7] In connection with the tenure of Professor of General History, Koskinen took particular focus on the history of the Middle Ages.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

These studies gave rise to the book Leading Ideas in Human History, which, though, did not enter the public domain until 1879.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

This work can well be said to have been a kind of milestone in all Finnish history studies, including the Swedish side.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The work seeks to explore how the idea of universal humanity and nationality relate to each other.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The theoretical historical account of this kind was a pre-eminent scientific work.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

However, the general history professor's interest was focused heavily on the history of Finland.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

As a result of his research work, in 1870 he published a treatise on Yrjö Maunu Sprengtporten and the independence of Finland that year.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[8] [9] In this work we can already see a clear political trend towards changing Finland's autonomous status and, in particular, the search for its foundations and historical roots.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Yrjö Koskinen compiled his extensive work Textbook on the history of the Finnish people 1869—1873 (new institution 1881—1882), in which he looked at the stages of Finland from a Finnish point of view, and in which he considered the development of the Finnish people to an ever-higher state and national level. to consciousness.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The historian's point of view led Koskinen to work to improve the research conditions of the so-called national sciences.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

He was a supervisor of the Finnish Literature Society from 1874 to 1892 and in 1875 was the first to establish the Finnish Historical Society.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In his view of history, Koskinen was a Hegelian-Snellmanian and conservative in his philosophical views of history.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Although his influence was significant in his own time and even though it extended well into later times, he was a typical representative of his own time and clearly represents the final stage of national romanticism.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In the historical mission of the nation, he saw the basis for its existence and he set the nationality as a legal basis and stressed the importance of language and national spirit as national hallmarks.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The thoughts of both Hegel and Snellman are well reflected in him.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Newspaper Man While working as a teacher in Turku, Yrjö Koskinen had started writing in the newspaper press between 1853 and 1854 by making articles for Åbo Tidningar.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

This started a career spanning decades and with many phases.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Among his first national forums was the Finnish magazine, which, however, Koskinen and his comrades became too liberal and led this jungfennomanic group to establish a magazine called Helsingin News in 1863.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

However, this magazine was not long-lived, but rather soon merged with Suomettare.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Koskinen, however, was never content with a single forum to express his views.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

These other magazines included e.g.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Literary monthly magazine founded by Koskinen himself since 1866, Uusi Suometar founded in place of Suomettare starting in 1869, and Morgonbladet from 1872 to 1884.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In addition to this, among others, Koskinen's articles appeared in Bees.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Especially in its columns, he got into a dispute with folk men, for example the Turenkian Gustav Paturi.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In all of his journal writings, which, when published, form four large volumes, Koskinen highlighted his strong viewpoint based on nationality.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

He was deeply acquainted with various aspects of both state and social life with the accuracy of a scientist and this also comes into play in his writings.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

A good example of all this is the call for the establishment of a Finnish-language upper elementary school in Jyväskylä, which was expressed in 1857.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

If this did not happen, the school should not be established in a more modest form.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[10] The position of the Finnish language in society was perhaps the most important thing to defend for Yrjö Koskinen.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

He therefore published an article in the Helsinki News in February 1863, entitled “Suomikiihko as a state party”.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In this article, he insisted that in the teaching office, the courts and in all areas of state and municipal government, the Finnish language had to attain legal status as the language of the majority of the people.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[11] [12] In his article in Suomettare the following year, he reproached the Senate for the fact that, when planning the new language regulation required by the language script published on 1 August 1863, he wished by its own retarding actions to make the ideas and objectives of the Imperial empty.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[13] The article had led to a state-crime case against the author.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

During the process, the Turku Court of Appeal denied Koskinen the right to give an explanation of the matter in Finnish.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The reason was that Professor Koskinen could not be considered to belong to the “actual Finnish-speaking population of which the language regulation spoke”.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[14] [15] [16] [17] Yrjö-Koskinen's knowledge of Finnish language grew so much as he put several dozen new words into the common language in his work as a newspaperman.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

These include armistice, conscription, anomaly, heresy, self-government, vehicle, program, date, swedish, colony, inspect, purpose, industry and damage.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[18] Admittedly, Yrjö Koskinen was the author who dealt with Finnish society most strongly after J. V. Snellman.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

He was constantly subjected to attacks from the Swedish-speaking and liberal group for his writings.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Fennomania in the social politics of Autonomous Finland from J. V. Snellman began to emphasize the importance of language and German idealistic philosophy.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

mainly based on Hegel, socio-political fennomania.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

According to Snellman, education was the tool to create that kind of Finnish-speaking civilisation.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

This principle was adopted for himself by the young Yrjö Koskinen, who in the 1860s politicized Fennomania into a socio-political party.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

During Koskinen's time, prosperous peasants from southern and western Finland became involved in the Finnishness movement.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Old Fennomania had been advocated by students, some high officials and some clergy.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Businessmen and industry were clearly flagging in favour of Swedishness.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Fennomania thus contributed to the emergence of the independent peasant ideal, and representatives of the traditional intelligentsia opposed to the new urban and industrial groupings also found their ideological home in Fennomania.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

It can be said that fennomania was a culturally radical but socially and politically conservative movement.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The most ardent of its opponents, or the Swedishness movement, or svekomania, was, on the other hand, built on a largely liberal-minded foundation.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Thus fennomania marked a cultural response to the challenge of modernization.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

When the Finnish language was spread across large parts of the world, it was presented with the aim of achieving national unity while protecting the traditional agraric and social order.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The idea of a peasant living by his own work remained influenced by the background of the modernization development.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The leading figure of the Finnish Party, its ideological primus motor was Yrjö Koskinen, whose worldview combined Christian thinking, a vision of God as a caring father for the future of a small people, and advocacy of rational state thinking.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In particular, this last meant maintaining very relations with Russia and its ruler.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

For Koskinen, Scandinavian liberalism was equal to suppressing Finnish popular spirit and endangering relations between Finland and Russia by freedom and other demands.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

When the Finnish Party broke up at the end of the century and became the Old Finnish and Young Finnish Party, Yrjö-Koskinen represented the so-called line of acquiescence as Old Finnish and the opposing party was strictly the so-called Constitutional Party.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The reason was especially the attitude towards Russification efforts in Finland.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

He explained the principles of the line of acquiescence in his open letter published in New Suomettare.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[19] Later this Yrjö-Koskinen concessibility line has been considered a paragon of the Paasikiven—Kekkonen line.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen Reichstag Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen's actual career as a state influence took off from membership in the Reichstag of the Priests Act 1872, 1877—1878 and 1882.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The regulation was quite phenomenal in composition and Yrjö-Koskinen achieved a significant position there.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

He was, in a way, the most leading figure in the entire regulation.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

However, he was forced in 1885 to leave the priestly ordinance and moved on as a representative to the Noble Ordinance, of which he attended the Reichstag of 1888, 1891, 1894 and 1900.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

There he did not attain a leadership position similar to that of the priestly ordinance, as the nobility was considerably less phennomanic and less enthusiastic about Yrjö-Koskinen's strong Finnish-national causes.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Senator Kun Count F.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

L. Heiden became Governor-General of Finland, so he showed a desire to find out about the circumstances and status of the linguistic majority in Finland.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Thus a confidential relationship developed between him and the linguistic majority, which in turn annoyed the Swedish-speaking upper class.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Perhaps the most significant consequence of Heiden's attitude was when, on 11 May 1882, he invited Yrjö-Koskinen to be a member of the Senate and its chamber commission.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

[20] In general, Yrjö-Koskinen was found in the Senate to represent the Finnish Party and its way of view, even though the Senate was not exactly a party politically organised organisation.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In 1885 Yrjö-Koskinen took over as head of an ecclesiastical commission that was much better suited to him and thus the teaching post of the country came under him.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

For this new position he had the best conditions.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

After all, he had experience working as a teacher in both the school institution and the university.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In addition, he had good relations with the clergy of Finland, having been a representative of the decree in the Riksdag and one of its most influential figures.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In addition, a large proportion of the clergy is very phennomanic in nature.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

When Yrjö-Koskinen became head of the ecclesiastical editorial board, there were 11 complete state lyceums in the country, 8 of them were Swedish-speaking and 3 were Finnish-speaking.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

His efforts to remedy this disproportion are illustrated by the fact that when he seceded so Finland had 23 state lyceums, of which there were 15 Finnish-speakers, almost double the number of Swedish-speakers.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Thus the development worked for boys schools, and for girls' schools it was in parallel.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

In 1882, there were 7 Swedish-speaking state girls' schools in the country, and not a single Finnish-speaking one.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

However, in 1899 there were 12 schools, of which 7 were Finnish-speaking and 5 were Swedish-speaking.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The status of Finnish-language schools had changed from almost non-existent to better reflect the language conditions of the country, although true equality had not yet been achieved.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

Although the Finnish language of grammar schools was important, the main and most important school issue of the late 19th century concerned national school and making it a real school for the people as a whole.


Question: What did Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen die?

Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen

The actual entry of folk schools into Finnish society began with the National Schools Act of 1866, although it had already been possible to establish a few private and even municipal national schools in the country before that.