Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

His last defeat he experienced against Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher at the Battle of Waterloo in present-day Belgium on 18 June 1815.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon could have defeated the British, even if the Imperial Guard had to retreat after it lost a really large number of men.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Only the coming of Prussia prevented Napoleon from winning the battle.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's defeat also contributed to the fact that Marshal Michel Ney's failed cavalry attack had deprived France of his cavalry.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's army numbered about 80,000 men, the British forces comprised approximately 70,000 soldiers, and the Prussians numbered 50,000.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[22] Napoleon signed the formal surrender treaty on the deck of HMS Bellerophon outside Rochefort Harbour on 15 July 1815.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Deportation to Saint Helena and death by Napoleon's captors took him into exile to the island of Saint Helena, 2800 miles off the coast of the Gulf of Guinea since 15 September 1815, where he was guarded by 2000 men and two warships circling the island around the clock.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

On the island, he was a mere prisoner, unlike Elba, where he had been emperor.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

There he wrote his memoirs and testaments criticizing his captors.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon died on 5 May 1821.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

The diaries of Napoleon's chambermaid Louis Marchand were published in 1955.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

From them, it was concluded that Napoleon would have been poisoned with arsenic.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

In 2001, a sample taken from Napoleon's hair measured 73 times higher than normal levels of arsenic.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

However, arsenic was commonly used in wallpaper, paints and even medicines at the time before antibiotics were invented.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

In light of contemporary research, Napoleon did not perish, at least from arsenic poisoning.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[23] He probably died of stomach cancer, as noted by scientists at the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

The matter was reported to the media on 12 February 2008 in Finland.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Investigators said there were no signs of elevated arsenic levels.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[23] Research now implicitly supports the hypothesis that the Emperor died of stomach cancer because of his poor diet.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon ate a lot of foods preserved in salt and few fruits, as well as vegetables, which contributed to the deterioration of his health.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon was initially buried at Saint Helena, but his body was exhumed in 1840 and reburied, as per his wish, in the Invalid Church of Paris on the banks of the Seine.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

He is buried in a sarcophagus, inside which are five overlapping coffins made of wood and metal.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Contrary to frequently presented information, the sarcophagus is not porphyry or granite, nor from Finland.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon's influence on world history Napoleon's influence on world history is immense.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

His wars, decisions and fights still affect different parts of Europe, America and Asia.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

The collection of laws established by him (Code Civil, also known as Code Napoléon) is an important part of the legislation of many countries, up to and including Japan.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[24] He reorganized the French school system, developed several disciplines, built Europe's first telegraph system, [24] was the first to introduce mass vaccination against smallpox, [24] built several towns and hospitals, and founded the Bank of France.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[24] In his conquest of Egypt, he at the same time created modern Egyptology, in addition to which the Rosetta stone was also discovered and the Suez Canal was planned.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[24] His conquests in Italy sparked a sense of nationality, leading to the later unification of the states located in the region.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[24] Due to Napoleon, Sweden became involved in wars, leading to the dissolution of the state and, among other things, the annexation of Finnish territory by Russia.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

At the same time, King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden was ejected from power and today the Bernadotte family, which dominates Sweden, came to power.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

In addition to this, Napoleon's conquest of Spain led to the independence of several South American states.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[24] In addition to all this, he also sold to the United States French Louisiana, realizing that defence of that land would be impossible, thus doubling the then acreage of the United States and allowing the United States to develop into a viable factor in world politics.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[24] Marriages Napoleon was married twice.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

First with Joséphine de Beauharnais, whom she later crowned empress.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Before her marriage, Joséphine had been a popular socialite woman, and Napoleon was not her only loved one.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[25] Josephine's decision to marry then-General Napoleon was not due to love, [25] but due to careful consideration.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Joséphine was no longer quite young and had to think about her future.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

She therefore married Napoleon, hoping he could take care of her family.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon also benefited from the union, as by marrying a popular socialite he was at once able to reach the high society and closer to the directive government.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[25] However, no necessary heir to the throne emerged from the union of Napoleon and Joséphine, and therefore it ultimately ended in divorce.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon had already made several plans to divorce his wife due to her ousters among other things, [25] but had nevertheless remained in the union.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Joséphine knew how to lead Napoleon in a way favourable to himself.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

However, the kingdom longed for an heir to the throne and eventually Napoleon decided to divorce his wife.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

His second wife was Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, who became the second Empress.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Marie-Louise bore one child: Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles Bonaparte (1812—1833), who received the title of King of Rome.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon also had illegitimate children: Charlemagne, Count of Léon (1806—1881), Catherine Eléonore with Denuelle de la Plaigne (1787—1868), and Alexandre Joseph Colonna, later Count of Walewski (1810—1868), with Mary, Countess of Walewski.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Émilie Louise Marie Françoise Joséphine Pellapra (mother Françoise-Marie LeRoy), Karl Eugin von Mühlfeld (mother Victoria Kraus) and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (mother Countess of Montholon) have also been claimed to be Napoleon's illegitimate children.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon lost his litter not to either of his wives, but to a street girl in Paris.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[26] This happened when Napoleon was 18 years old, that is, in 1787.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon himself writes about the incident in one of his many short stories thus: It did not remain a mere conversation, however.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[26] Napoleon took the girl to his hotel room, where she was staying at that time.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

This is when Napoleon first slept with a woman.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[26] He soon became a streetmate [26] and returned to the case several times in his life.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Mental Health Before becoming emperor, Napoleon signed all his papers under the name Bonaparte.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

After becoming emperor, his signatures were usually either Nap.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

or Np.. [27] This was probably because the name Napoleon had been on Napoleon's brother, who had died young before Napoleon was born.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

The death of a child targets parental love especially for the next child, which was good for this but bad for the third child.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[27] Napoleon was just the third child in his family and the second to survive to adulthood.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Another issue related to Napoleon's mental health was his maternal relationship.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Napoleon admired his mother throughout his lifetime, and did not seek to diminish the importance of this in his life.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Even at her coronation, she painted a huge picture of her mother, even though she didn't even attend the occasion.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[28] Although, according to Sigmund Freud, Napoleon's mother's infidelity when her son was young led Napoleon, at his later age, to view each woman with suspicion and believe that they would come somewhere in between to betray her.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[29] Napoleon also incubated at least literary suicidal thoughts, [30] as one of his short stories written while serving as an artillery officer reveals: Other Napoleon suffered from ailurophobia i.e. was afraid of cats.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[31] Napoleon's length Napoleon's opponents used Napoleon as an example of a man who suffered from his short height and compensated for this with megalomaniacal plans for world conquest.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[32] [33] At his death, Napoleon was 5 feet and 2 inches, or 157 cm.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

He was thus a Frenchman of medium height but short for an officer.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Some historians have begged the feet to be from the French system of measurements abolished in 1793, giving a length of 168 cm, but Napoleon had sought to wean it out of the way of the metric system.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

Partly due to brevity, he ended up in the artillery.


Question: When did Napoleon 1 rise to power?

Napoleon I

[34] Marshal Napoleon had several famous marshals: Jean Lannes Michel Ney Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, later King of Sweden Charles XIV John Joachim Murat Jean-de-Dieu Soult Guillaume Marie Anne Brune Emmanuel de Grouchy Louis-Nicolas Davout Jacques MacDonald Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon Pierre Augereau Louis Alexandre Berthier Jean-Baptiste Bessières Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr Jean-Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe Kellermann François Joseph Lefebvre Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph Mortier Nicolas Oudinot Józef Antoni Poniatowski Jean Mathieu Philibert Sérurier Louis Gabriel Suchet Claude Victor-Perrin Jean Rapp Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindqvist, Herman| title = Napoleon| others = Translated by Kinnunen, Matti| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-0-30810-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Svanström, Ragnar| title = History of Peoples, part 18| publisher = WSOY| year = 1983| id = ISIS| BN 951-0-09746-2}} References On the topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Born in 1769 Category:Dead in 1821 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The Battles of Narvik took place from 9 April to 8 June 1940 in Norway for control of the port of Narvik and its surroundings during the Norwegian takeover in World War II between Germany and the Allies.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

They can be divided into the two naval battles fought in Ofotfjord and land-based battles in the mountains surrounding the city.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The reason for the fighting over the area was the train track and port coming to Narvik from Kiruna in Sweden, which always in melt allowed the year-round iron ore to be transported further.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The naval battles in the fjord on 10 and 13 April were fought between naval divisions of the British Royal Navy and the Kriegsmarine, while ground fighting involved Norwegian, French, British and Polish forces from the Allies.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The German mountain force was supplemented by crews of ships destroyed in naval battles, as well as paratroops.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Although Germany suffered significant losses at sea and its forces were pushed close to the Swedish border, it eventually gained control of all of Narvik.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The reason for this was the defeat suffered by the Allies in the fighting in France and the subsequent French surrender in June 1940.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

German attack The First Group left Bremerhaven, Germany on 6 April and included ten fleet destroyers led by Friedrich Bonte.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Each ship contained a couple of hundred soldiers, or a total of about 1900 soldiers of the 139th Mountain Iciger Regiment, part of Eduard Dietl's 3rd Mountain Division.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The destroyer division was protected for most of the voyage by Scharnhorst and Gneisenau.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The section passed through fog and thickest snowfall early in the morning of 9 April, entering the West Fjord, entering Ofot Fjord, leading to Narvik.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The detachment captured three Norwegian Navy patrol boats KNM Senja, KNM Michael Sars and KNM Kelt in the fjord.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

However, the latter begged before the takeover to send a radio message to the coastal tank ship KNM Norge.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

[1] Z9 Wolfgang Zenker, Z13 Erich Koellner and Z19 Hermann Künne landed the I Battalion of the 139th Regiment on board the ships ashore at Herjangsfjord in Bjerkvik.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The corps was tasked with capturing the warehouses of the 6th Brigade of the Norwegian Land Forces at Elvegårdsmoen, which happened almost without resistance.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Z18 Hans Lüdemann and Hermann Künne lowered two companies of mountain glaciers (1st and 6th Companies) to Ramnes and Hamnes to take over the coastal forts protecting the Norwegian fjord, which proved to be non-existent.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Z17 Diether von Roeder remained in Ofotsfjord to oversee the area.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The arrival of the Z12 Erich Giese was delayed due to engine failure and did not participate in the main force operations.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

[2] The defence of Narvik was borne by the coastal tank ships KNM Eidsvold and Norge, which had received a warning sent by Kelt.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Both ships prepared for battle by loading their cannon and distributing life jackets to the crew.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

At fifteen past four in the morning, Eidsvold was spotted by the Germans, who began with a flashlight signal to incoming ships.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The Germans were unable to respond to the message, at which point Eidsvold fired a warning shot.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Wilhelm Heidkamp paused, announcing he would send an officer to discuss options.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Gerlach was transported by boat to Eidsvold, where a German officer was taken to the bridge for talks with Odd Isaachsen Willoch.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Gerlach tried to convince Willoch of the friendly nature of the German contingent and demanded the Norwegians give way.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Willoch requested time to discuss with Per Askim, chief of KNM Norge, but Gerloch refused the delay.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

At the same time, however, the signal officer was briefed on the events by Askimia, who refused the demands of the Germans, demanding that fire be opened.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

As Gerlach disembarked, he announced the failure of negotiations with a red light projectile.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Willoch immediately issued orders for the cannons to be manned, turning the ship towards the German ships onwards moving towards the nearest destroyer.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

At a distance of 300 yards, the ship's artillery officer ordered fire to be opened.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Wilhelm Heidkamp launched four torpedoes, two of which hit Eidsvold before opening fire.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The explosion in the ammunition depot cut the armoured ship in half and the bow section sank within seconds and the stern within minutes.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Eight of 175 of the ship's crew were saved in the process of getting killed including the ship's master, Willoch.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

A blast was heard on the Norge, which was deeper in the fjord, but there was no word of events until two German destroyers emerged from the darkness.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Per Askim ordered fire to be opened, but the opening of fire fell short and the next one went over with optical aiming equipment unusable due to weather.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Bernd von Arnim opened an inconclusive cannon fire.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Of the three sets of two torpedoes it launched, the first two went past and the third hit.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

As a result of the hits, Norge sank in under a minute.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Ninety men were saved, but 101 were killed.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The destruction of the ship ended the battle for the port of Narvik.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

As the morning wore on, the Germans overran four Norwegian freighters in port: SS Cate B, SS Eldrid, SS Haalegg and SS Saphir.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

In addition to Norwegian ships, the Dutch SS Bernisse and the Swedes SS Boden, SS Oxelosund and SS Strassa, were in the port.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Five British freighters were still in the harbour, SS Blythmoor, SS Mersington Court, SS North Cornwall, SS Riverton and SS Romanby.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Altogether, there were eleven German ships in port, the most notable of which the supply tanker SS Jan Wellem.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The ship was a former whalers factory ship tasked with supplementing and servicing incoming warships.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Operations at the port were handled by Swedish tugs Diana and Styrbjörn.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The German ships were running low on fuel and of the three ships assigned to refuel them, only Jan Wellem had reached Narvik.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Kattegat had been destroyed in Glomfjord on 9 April.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

After the Norwegian Navy's KNM Nordkapp intercepted the ship and it was sunk en route to Bodöho.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Its sister ship, the Skagerrak, had been intercepted by the British Royal Navy cruiser HMS Suffolk on 14 April, when the ship's crew sank their ship.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The destroyers, as planned, were to begin the journey home as early as 9 April, but this was impossible before refuelling.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Jan Wellem was only capable of refueling two ships at a time with temporary equipment and by 10 April it had refueled three destroyers, commencing the refueling of the other two.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

[3] First Naval Battle of Narvik The British Admiralty sent Bernard Warburton-Lee's lead man with five ships of the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla to Narvik on 10 April.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

In the ensuing battle, two destroyers were destroyed on each side, plus one British and four German destroyers were also damaged.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

One ammunition ship and six cargo ships were destroyed in the harbour.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Second Naval Battle of Narvik Vice Admiral William Whitworth sent nine destroyers to Narvik protected by the battleship HMS Warspite as well as off the coast with five destroyers protected by the aircraft carrier HMS Furious.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

On 13 April, the detachment arrived at Ofotfjord due to the poor situation of the Hawaiian Germans due to fuel scarcity.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Launched from Warspite, the Fairey Swordfish sank U-64, the U-64 it had detected at Herjangsfjord.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Three German destroyers were destroyed in the battle as they were sunk after exhausting fuel and ammunition.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Three British destroyers were damaged in the attack, resulting in 28 killed and wounded 55 crew members.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

The Germans lost a total of 128 men fallen and 67 wounded.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

A Marine Infantry Division was formed out of the ships' crews and took part in ground fighting.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Ground fighting German troops received in supplements about 1000 paratroopers.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dildy, Douglas C.| title= Denmark and Norway 1940: Hitler's boldest operation| publisher = Osprey Publishing Ltd.| year = 2007| id=ISBN 978-1-84603-117-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for File namespace.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ziemke, Earl F.| title = German military action in the North 1939—1945| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1963}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Brown, David (ed.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

) | title = Naval Operations of the Campaign in Norway April - June 1940| location = Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK| publisher = Frank Cass| year = 2004| id = ISBN 0-7146-5119-2| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter| title = German Destroyers of World War II| location = Annapolis, Marylanad, USA| publisher = Naval Institute Press| year = 2003| id = ISBN 1-85367-540-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for in File namespace.


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik


Question: When was the Battle of Narvik?

Battle of Narvik

References Category:Battle for Norway Category:UK Battles


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

The Colossus of Rhodes (< <, colossos, 'great statue') was a huge statue of the sun god Helio on the island of Rhodes.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

Little is known about the description of the Colossus of Rhodes.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

Even as to its exact location, there is no definite information.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

The statue was probably about 30 feet high and made for the most part of bronze.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[1] It is believed to have had a flame-like halo, angelic facial features and a semi-open mouth.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

The sheer size of the colossus certainly provoked astonishment and awe.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

It was reported to have sparkled in the sun.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[2] The colossus is generally claimed to have stood astride the entrance of the harbour.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

However, it would have required more than 120 metres of span from the statue.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

The claim is probably the imagination of some pilgrim who lived in the 15th century.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[2] More likely, the statue stood further away on flat ground on a marble platform.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

Other sources say the statue stood on the harbour breakwater.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

The Roman writer Pliny the Elder reported that the Colossus of Rhodes was so large that “the arms of the few reach around its thumbs and its fingers are bigger than most other statues”.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[2] History The Colossus of Rhodes was an expression of gratitude to Rhodes's patron god, the sun god Helios.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

The Rhodossians believed Helios had saved them from a siege by the Syrian ruler Demetrios Poliorkete dating back to 305 BCE.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

They wanted to build a monument to their god and obtained the money for the colossus by selling the siege machines that Demetrios had left on his retreat.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[2] According to the ancient writer Philo Byzantine, the architect Khares Lindosaine was cast in 294 BCE.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

from the colossus spot, but in parts.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

First, the feet were cast, and they were placed in place on a white marble plinth.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

Next, the lower limbs were cast, which were placed in place using molds.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

Next, the torso and finally the head was made.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

The colossus was hollow inside, but was supported from the inside by an iron rack with stones used as its weight.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[2] The construction of the colossus took much bronze and the required metal resources on the island would have been depleted, but Rhodes was a major trading post and Rhodes bought bronze from foreigners.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

However, so little bronze was obtained that the colossus could be extended to a maximum of 2.5 metres each year.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[2] The colossus was completed either in 290, 282 or 280 BCE.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[1] [3] [4] The colossus was destroyed by an earthquake as early as either year 227 BCE, 226 BC.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

or 224 BC.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[5] [3] [4] The colossus's knees failed and it collapsed into pieces.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

The Egyptian ruler Ptolemy III promised to build a statue again, but the oracle of Delphi warned the Rhodolans [1] and forbade rebuilding the statue.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

The Colossus of Rhodes rested for nearly 900 years in ruins [1] and became a popular destination for travel.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

Even when it collapsed, it was an impressive sight.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

In 654 share.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

Arabs took Rhodes and sold the remains of the statue to a Syrian Jewish merchant.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

[1] The merchant carried the statue on the back of 900 camels to his home [1] and sold them on.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

Because of this, the remains of the Colossus of Rhodes have not been found.


Question: What was the Colossus of Rhodes?

Colossus of Rhodes

Sources Category:Ancient Greek buildings and structures Category:Ancient Greek sculptures Category:Lost works of art Category:Seven Wonders of the World Category:Rhodes Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages is a period of European history between the so-called “old time” and “new age”, roughly from the early 5th century to the 15th century.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The image of the Middle Ages as the “dark” period created the beginning of a new age by scholars who thus wanted to emphasize the importance of their own era known as the Renaissance.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages in Historiography Definition of the destruction of Western Rome in 476 was seen for a long time as a historical point of refraction, when antiquity was seen to have ended and the Middle Ages began.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The problem with this perception is Western-centricity and the emphasis on the importance of events of an exclusively political nature.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Sometimes the emergence of Islam is also counted as a major fraction in terms of division.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Socio-historically-oriented scholars emphasize economic-social dialects and linguistic or literature-historically-oriented scholars emphasize the distancing of vernacular languages from Latin.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The end of the Middle Ages is justified by, among other things, the genesis of the nation-state, great voyages of discovery and inventions (for example, the development of printing skills), and especially in the historiography of Protestant regions by Reformation.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages is a stigmatically European concept to describe the period between antiquity and the new age.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Sometimes the term is used to describe a partially overlapping period in the rest of the world as well, such as in the term Chinese Middle Ages, but these have no connection to the European Middle Ages proper.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The characteristic social system of this period was feudalism, and especially in Central and Northern Europe, the Middle Ages are generally considered to have begun only after Christianity gained power.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Thus, the Nordic Viking Age is usually counted as part of prehistory preceding the Middle Ages in Northern Europe.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Medieval breakdown The Middle Ages are often divided into Early Middle Ages (around 400—800), Heart Middle Ages (around 800—1200), and Late Middle Ages (around 1200—1500).


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages came to Finland only after the Iron Age with the Crusades, and the Finnish Middle Ages are divided into Early Middle Ages (around 1150—1323), Heart Middle Ages (1323—1397), and Late Middle Ages (1397—1520).


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

This breakdown is based solely on turning points in state history.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

However, the precise timing of the Middle Ages and its various subsections can be misleading, since the social, cultural and political series of events that define the Middle Ages cannot usually be very precisely determined by the beginning or ending date.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Precise timings for historical periods are of interest mainly from the point of view of doctrinal history; above all, they inform their perceptions of historically significant events and structures.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Most contemporary scholars even use the phrase medieval only as a practical shorthand for a period that began sometime between the 4th—6th centuries and ended sometime between the 13th and 16th centuries.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Old World Cultural Circles and Great Powers in 820.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Europe in 998.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Europe in 1092.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Europe in 1328.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Timings Some examples of timings given to the Middle Ages in different countries and different scientific traditions: Cristopher Cellarius: 308—1453 General: 476—1492/1517 Denmark: 1047—1533 Sweden: 1060—1517 Finland: about 1155—1520—1527 Estonia and Latvia: 1227—1558 Lithuania: 1387—1505 Poland: 996—1505 Russia: 880/1054—1533 However, this kind of strict division into eras is not in use today.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

History Early Middle Ages The early Middle Ages are illustrated by a partial shift from monetary economy to barter, economic and trade decline and the decline of population centers.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Germans did not adopt a Roman state structure; simpler administrative and power structures were in place.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[1] Agricultural productivity, especially north of the Alps, was poor, as farming technology was undeveloped and the climate grew colder until the 7th century.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The population had a low lifespan, as in the pre-modern world in general.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[2] The feudal system arose.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

From the 7th century, literary culture began to revive.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[3] The amount of available source material from the Early Middle Ages is limited when compared to antiquity.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[4] The skills of reading and writing almost disappeared from several former Roman provinces.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Roman Empire had begun to decline as early as Late Antiquity.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[5] Population numbers decreased.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

People's mobility decreased and serfdom became more common.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

From the north, Germans arrived in the area, escorting Rome to the defensive positions.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The arrival of the Huns increased population pressure and the arrival of Goths in Roman territories.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The economic downturn made it difficult to defend the territories of the Roman Empire.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In 410, the Visigoths and in 455 the Vandals ravaged the city of Rome.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[6] Eventually Eastern Rome managed to hold its ground, but several Germanic kingdoms emerged to replace Western Rome.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In most cases in these kingdoms, a thin Germanic class dominated the Latin-spoken population.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The societal substructure decayed and the economy regressed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Land productivity and cultivated area declined.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

East Rome was still trying to recapture the lost territories of the West in this, however, permanently unsuccessful.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Islam was born, strengthened and spread to the Mediterranean environment.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Islamic forces took over the Iberian Peninsula, among other places, which they referred to as al-Andalus.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[7] From the 7th century, Western Europe began to recover.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The cooling climate stopped and agricultural production increased.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

A feudal social system with various variations came into use.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[3] Charlemagne restored the Empire to the West when the Pope crowned him emperor in 800.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[8] Cultural life revived during the Charles period.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[9] After Charles's death, however, instability increased again as the Frankish Empire disintegrated into smaller parts, [10] and the territories controlled by Charles's descendants drifted one by one into a state of ungovernment-free status.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[11] Although the ensuing century was tumultuous, new social structures based on vassal relations still developed, leading to the development of feudalism.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[11] Vikings, Madyars and Saracens [11] emerged as a threat after the season of Charles the Great.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[12] Vikings invaded the northern coastal areas as well as the rivers inland, and Cologne and Bordeaux, among others, had been overrun by 888.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

This led to the West Frankish king Charles the Simple in 911 giving them fiefdoms from Normandy, after which the Viking chief Rollo was baptized as a Christian and his descendants ruled Normandy as dukes.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[11] Muslims pillaged southwestern Europe in the hope of slaves and only left Sicily in 1066 after being driven out by the Normans, former Vikings.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[11] The Madjaars advanced with their raiding expeditions all the way to southern France until they were forced in 924 to retreat to Hungary.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[11] In the West, the Pope emerged increasingly clearly as the leader of the Church.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[13] The organization of the Catholic Church survived the implosion of Rome.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

It served as an important arbiter and cultural unifying agent of ancient cultural heritage in Europe.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Written culture was limited in the Early Middle Ages for a long time only to the church sphere.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Since Christianity was a literary religion, it was natural and necessary for it to train literate clergy.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In the Early Middle Ages, a monastic institution came into existence.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[14] Education gradually shifted from the earlier schools to the connection with the monasteries and cathedral schools.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The organisation of the church and its episcopal seats were an effective administrative apparatus in the time.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Church of the West spread further and further north.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[15] So did the Church of the East.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

At the end of the Early Middle Ages, despite the recovery that took place, Europe still lagged behind in terms of economic and literary culture compared to the real cultural centres of the world in the East.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In China, development was rapid and Islamic culture flourished.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Western European cities were small compared to cities in the rest of the world.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The largest city in Christendom was Constantinople, which in many respects had been spared the melches of western Europe.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Heart Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, population growth accelerated and the political situation in Europe stabilised.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Economic growth accelerated, agricultural technology advanced, and cultural development accelerated.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Numerous social and political changes followed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

More productive farming made professional specialization and a shift away from basic agricultural production possible for more and more.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The use of money became more common again.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[16] The situation also provided the basis for a new rise in erudition and the development of scholastics.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The increase in the level of teaching was also facilitated by the internal demands of the Church for an increase in the level of clergy.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

This led to the emergence of universities.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[17] Cities grew both in population and importance.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[18] Christian heresies such as Catharism also became common.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[19] In connection with these changes, there has been talk of a 12th-century Renaissance.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The monastic institution changed significantly as new monastic organizations were established.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[20] The Great Schism led in the 10th century to the final separation of the Church of East and West.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[21] The Crusaders arose at the instigation of the Pope at the end of the 10th century.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[20] [22] Population growth eventually folded due to factors such as the Black Death and declining food production.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[23] At the end of the early Middle Ages, Christianity spread to the Nordic region and three Christian kingdoms emerged: Denmark, Norway and Sweden.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Denmark was the most advanced of these.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[24] Sweden headed its gaze to the east.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[25] The Normans conquered England in 1066.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[26] In the 12th century, the first parliament was formed in England, [27] whose relations with the monarch were determined in Magna Carta of 1215.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[28] On the ruins of the Frankish Empire, the predecessors of present-day Germany and France were formed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Duke Otto I the Great of Saxony was crowned emperor in 962 and the Holy German-Roman Empire was conceived.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[29] The two centres of power in the medieval world, the secular empire and the spiritual papacy, finally clashed in an investment dispute.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[30] Essentially the same issues continued to be disputed during the Hofenstaufen dynasty period.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[31] Italian political power was also at stake.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Increasingly independent city-states began to form in Italy.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In France, under the leadership of the captings, the power of the king was significantly


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[32] In the Iberian Peninsula, the reconquest, or reconquista, continued.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[33] In the east, the Slavic state of Kievan Rus was a major influence for a long time.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Mongol invasion caused instability in Eastern Europe in the 13th century.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[34] The Byzantine Empire continued to exist in the east, albeit weakened from the former.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Among other things, the Seljuks inflicted losses on Byzantium.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[35] In their crusades, Europeans briefly succeeded in conquering the Holy Land from the Arabs, for example the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established in the surroundings of Jerusalem.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[36] It was eradicated by the Fourth Crusade, which strayed into Christian Constantinople, and a Latin Empire was established in the region.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[37] Late Middle Ages The late Middle Ages are considered to have begun, when in the early Late Middle Ages the Black Death, constant wars, the agricultural crisis and numerous other problems led to stagnation in economic development and population growth in Europe.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[38] From the phenomena of the late Middle Ages, the Renaissance changed cultural life in particular.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[39] The beginning voyages of discovery, the printing press, the Reformation and the scientific revolution influenced the worldview.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Europe was slowly beginning to enter a new age.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The problems of the time included political instability, illustrated, among other things, in the Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople and the final crushing of the Byzantine Empire.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In 1437, the Habsburgs gained control of the Crown of the Holy German-Roman Empire from the weak House of Luxembourg.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[40] By the time of the Middle Ages, the Empire had been significantly weakened.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[41] The Baltic Sea was influenced by the Hanseatic League and powerful merchant genera.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[42] In the Nordic region, the Kalmar Union was formed in 1397, which united Sweden, Norway and Denmark in a joint union.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Denmark was the dominant party in the union and Sweden, unhappy with the situation, broke away from it in 1523.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[43] The union of Norway and Denmark continued well into the new period.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Hundred Years' War was fought between France and England.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[44] The English initially made significant victories, for example at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[45] The awakening French national feeling was epitomised, for example, in the action of Jeanne d'Arc.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The war eventually turned victorious for France with the help of its effective regular army.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[46] From 1453 onward, there was a fierce struggle for the English crown with rival lineages.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The War of the Roses broke out, as a result of which the Tudors rose to power.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[47] Spain came into existence when Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married and united their kingdoms.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Spanish reconquista was brought to a final conclusion in 1492 when the Christians took over Granada.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[48] In the same year Christopher Columbus while searching for India discovered America.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

1498 Vasco da Gama, garrisoned by Portugal, discovered a sea road to India.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In Italy, the papacy returned to Rome from the so-called Avignon captivity of 1397.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[49] During the Great Schism of the Catholic Church, which began with the relocation to Avignon, there were several Popes at once.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[37] The end of the dispute, however, solidified Rome's importance.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Florence emerged as a leading city-state thanks to its strong economy.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[50] The Medici family supported the development of culture and emerged as a phenomenon known as the Renaissance.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[51] In the east, the Ottoman conquered Constantinople in 1453.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[52] The Byzantine Empire was destroyed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In Russia, the Golden Orda withdrew.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Ivan III laid the groundwork for the genesis of modern Russia.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

With the overthrow of Byzantium, Moscow began to see itself as the third Rome.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[53] Medieval demographics There are no definite statistical data on the population of the Middle Ages.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

It is estimated that the population of Europe as a whole in 650 was about 18 million, in 1000 about 38.5 million, and in 1350 about 75.5 million.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The population thus doubled in 350-year cycles.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

After 1000, most of the growth occurred in Northern Europe, whose population increased from about 12 million in year 1000 to around 35.5 million in the year 1350.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[54] However, there was a sharp turnaround around 1350, when the Black Death took about a third of the European population.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

There were regional and social class differences in mortality rates, so in places the percentage of deaths was even higher.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Depopulation also remained permanent, as new epidemics of the same disease killed young age groups several times in the latter part of the 14th century.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[55] Sciences, commerce and technology Development of science and technology Although the Renaissance restored much of the artistic and scientific concepts of antiquity to use, the change to the Middle Ages was not nearly as drastic as Renaissance scholars suggested.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

One of these notions is the idea that the Middle Ages did not exactly see advances in sciences and technology, because the Catholic Church often held back any kind of development, for example in natural sciences, for fear of development and new ideas threatening its dominance.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

On the other hand, the church monasteries of the Middle Ages and their schools were really the only place where it was possible to receive instruction besides universities, which were also in close contact with the church.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The study of logic, for example, progressed strongly in the universities of the Middle Ages.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In medieval Europe, several inventions such as the compass, silk and paper were also adopted from elsewhere, but proprietary devices such as the Catalan perfume and further blast furnace were also developed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Information was obtained from Arabic inscriptions, among other things, on lenses.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In cultivation, wheel ploughing, horse harness and three-mountain farming were introduced, wind and water mills in grain grinding and other work.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In the 13th century, clockwork was also invented.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Arabic numerals were introduced by Fibonacci in 1202.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Paper began to be made from rags as early as the 12th century.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Warfare and mining saw the introduction of gunpowder invented in China, with the first known written method of manufacturing from Europe originating from Roger Bacon in the 1260s.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[56] Beginning in the 13th century, many inventions of antiquity were rediscovered, and especially the Cistercian monks became known as skilled architects, builders, engineers and metallurgists.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The growth of the bourgeoisie and economic thinking The strong growth of commerce and cities became possible as private warfare between the overlords in the Heart Middle Ages declined and as monarchies became stronger.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

It allowed the bourgeoisie to emerge as a major social factor.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

However, the church sought to dictate the limits of business and it was negative about obtaining monetary profit.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The thinking was that each regulation had to receive the standard of living to which the enactment justifies, but not more.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Thus, for example, a merchant was not allowed to become richer than a nobleman.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[57] In the economy, perceptions of the infertility of money, the fair price rule and the ban on interest rates prevailed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

According to Franciscan theologian Bonaventura, money did not bear fruit in itself.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

It was just an instrument of exchange.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

This was based on Aristotle's belief that commerce was an unnatural and unjust activity based on exploitation by the other party.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

It was not until the late Middle Ages that the perception of money changed, as money was assimilated with other goods and the change in its value was accepted.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Discarded the notion of an infertile coin.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

A fair price meant that the product had to receive a price equal to its usefulness and necessity, but no more.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The prohibition on taking interest was enshrined in several statutes from 750 onwards and was in force until the new period, albeit with a lackluster period in the late Middle Ages.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

At the same time, there was a ban on borrowing money and prospering at the expense of other people.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

An operating loan, that is, chargeable renting of undivided goods was permitted (for example, renting a horse or a house).


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[57] University Institution With the rise of cities, a university institution was created in Western Europe alongside the monastic and cathedral schools that previously served as centres of study practice.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

They gave not only spiritual, but also humanistic, legal and natural science.Universities arose when masters of various fields joined a common corporation called studium generale [58] Dozens of universities were founded since the 12th century around Europe.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In particular, members of the Franciscan and Dominican organisations served as university teachers.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[59] The community had three criteria: it had to be international, it had to provide instruction in all “general subjects” (theology, medicine and law), and the community had to have more than one teacher.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The community meeting the criteria received for its activities a privilegion approved by the pope or prince to protect academic life from outsiders.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Latin universitas word was only associated with university from the 13th century onwards.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[58] Medieval law was based on two traditions.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The first of these was formed by commentary on Roman law beginning in the Heart Middle Ages, the second tradition emerged from the study of canonical law beginning in the 12th century.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Many modern issues arose at the time, for example, questions of human rights, tyranny, and, say, testimony practices in litigation.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Philosophy In the Middle Ages relied on the aristotle conception of science.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Knowledge was perceived as owning knowledge.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

According to this, truth was written in sources of information, which were the Bible, the collection of Roman law Corpus iuris civilis and medical textbooks.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Truth was attainable solely on their basis through the practice of philosophy and logic.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Man may have come to know everything that could be known.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In theology, supernatural Christianity had to be combined with the aristotle model.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The Dominican Thomas Aquinese supplemented Aristotle's theory by defining that man's ultimate goal was bliss.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[60] Arts Fine arts Early Middle Ages Europe saw a stylistic direction in early Christian art that focused mostly on church art and religious artefacts.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Examples of this are the mosaics of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo from the early 5th century and the church of San Vitale in Ravenna.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[61] At the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingic Renaissance changed art in a more classical direction and sought to restore beauty conceptions of ancient times to art.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In Heart-Middle Ages Germany, Ottoan art sought to revive the Carolingic style, and this continued in the reign of the Romanesque style, which spread from Italy to northern Europe.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

With the late Middle Ages, the style became more Gothic and this particularly affected architecture, with which many large Gothic cathedrals were built in Europe.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[62] Music Many features of Western art music, among them sheet music and polyphony, developed in the Middle Ages for ecclesiastical needs.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Most of the music schools and composers operated within the church circuit, and only a few laymen could read sheet music.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Because of this, no more than some hundreds of monophonic songs have survived from early secular music of the Middle Ages.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Among the musical styles of the early medieval period, later Western art music has been most influenced by Gregorian church music.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Towards the end of the Middle Ages, the polyphony of music became more complicated and sounds became more independent relative to each other.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Among the types of compositions developed in the Late Middle Ages, the most central is the motet.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[63] Food culture Europe's dining tables included, especially in the late Middle Ages, on the one hand, the diverse meat, bird and fish delicacies of the top and bourgeoisie and exotic spices, and on the other hand the vegetarian and cereal-based diet of poor people.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Food was important to people in the Middle Ages in many ways: both in terms of enjoyment, survival, religion, health and emphasis on social status.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[64] By the end of the Middle Ages, the same basic cooking methods and quite the same food as today were already in use, except for example potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, turkey and cocoa, which were not yet known in Europe.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The use of spices was more diverse and abundant in the Middle Ages than it is today.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[65] Religion had a great influence on the food culture of the Middle Ages: the numerous fasting periods prescribed by the church had to be observed, and meat and products of animal origin were not allowed to be consumed during Lent.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[66] The importance of food for health was often defined by the conception of sickness based on the Galenosian doctrine of humorality.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[67] Society Medieval society was characterised by division of regulation, hierarchicism, various forms of freedom and unfreedom, domination and subordination.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

These, as well as the fiefdom, formed a society that has been described as saying it feudal.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[68] With the dissolution of the Roman Unitary Empire in 395 to Eastern and Western Rome and the implosion of Western Rome in 476, Western Europe was formed into petty kingdoms combining both Germanic and Roman legal and social traditions.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In Eastern Rome, on the other hand, the ancient culture was preserved.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Although unequal and unfair according to modern perception, in it every human being had his own place, duty and rights.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

From around the 9th century onwards, medieval enactment thought was characterised by the idea of three acts: those who warred (nobility), those who pray (spiritual ordination), and those who work (third enactment, peasants and craftsmen).


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Each had its own place and function in the world.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[69] Medieval society was also characterised as universal by powers, the papacy and the emperor.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The memory of the Roman Unitary Empire still lived in the minds of Europeans, and although the Empire, reborn in 800, was merely a shadow of the Western Roman Empire, contemporaries nevertheless linked it to Rome, and Charles the Great and Frederick I Barbarossa were just as much to them Roman emperors like Augustus or Trajan.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The pope, on the other hand, was the head of the Catholic Church, and his power was spiritual, legal and economic in nature.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The church was a major social influence, and the Church performed functions in society within the current field of social work, caring for the poor, disabled and elderly.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[70] Alongside the nobility and clergy emerged as the third important influence, beginning in the 12th century, the bourgeoisie, positioned between the clergy and the peasants.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

The development of capitalism meant an overall economic boom, and the development of the economy in turn catalyzed the development of architecture and engineering.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Middle Ages In Finland, the Finnish Middle Ages were much shorter than that of most other European countries.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In Finland, the Middle Ages are often said to have begun around the year 1155, when, according to uncertain records, the so-called First Crusade was made to the region of Southwest Finland.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[71] In any case, the first sources of documents related to Finland date back to the second half of the 12th century, and thus it can be attributed to the beginning of the historical era in Finland directly from the Middle Ages.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In Finland and Sweden, the new age in general is said to have begun with the rise of Gustav Vasa to power in 1523.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

In this case, the emergence and reformation of nation states is seen as a key transformation, which are considered to be at the bottom of the periodic division.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

On the other hand, socio-historically oriented research emphasizes that the basic structures of society remained very stable in Finland for a long time into the 16th century.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Thus, the border between the Middle Ages and the New Age may also have been considered, for example, the 1570s.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

[72] See also Medieval Research 12th Century Renaissance Medieval University Chinese Middle Ages Medieval Thermal Age Little Ice Age Cathedral School Dark Ages Invented Middle Ages Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkilä, Thomas & Niskanen, Samu| title = European Genesis: Medieval History| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-37-4182-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Honour, Hugh & Fleming, John| title = History of World Art| number = European Medieval | location = in Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1992| version = (A world history of Art.)


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Translated by Marja Itkonen-Kaila and others | id = ISBN 951-1-11486-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Klemettilä, Hannele| title = Medieval Kitchen| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-796-493-7} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sarajas-Korte, Salme (major ed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

) | title = Ars: Finnish Art 1| location = Espoo| publisher = Weilin + Göös| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-35-4202-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

) | title = Little Giant of World History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1988| id = ISBN 951-0-15101-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alnæs, Karsten| title = European History.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Awakening: 1300—1600| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2004| version = (Historien om Europa: Oppvåkning, 2003.)


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Translated by Heikki Eskelinen| isbn = 951-1-19405-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Brunner, Otto| title = European Medieval Social History | location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise | year = 1992| version = (Sozialgeschichte Europas im Mittelalter, 1978).


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Translated and edited by Tapani Hietaniemi| isbn=951-9066-51-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkilä, Tuomas & Niskanen, Samu| title = European Birth.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Medieval history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| isbn=951-37-4182-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Colorful Stages of Humanity 2.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

East Middle Ages.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Knighthood.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

New-age shoo| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1971| version = (Connaissance de l'histoire.)


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Editor-in-chief: Jacques-Francis Rolland.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Translation: Kai Kaila.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Delivery by Finnish institution: Riitta Suomalainen.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Finnish expert reviewer: Veikko Litzen}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Katajala-Peltomaa, Sari & Toivo, Raisa Maria| title = Witch Wife and Virgin Mother.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Women's everyday life from the Middle Ages to the new age| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-796-594-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Klemettilä, Hannele| title = Middle Ages cruelty | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2008| isis| bn = 978-951-796-517- 0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lamberg, Marko & Niiranen, Susanna (ed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

) | title = Middle Age| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2002| isbn = 951-796-270-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lamberg, Marko & Lahtinen, Anu & Niiranen, Susanna (ed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

) | title = Middle Ages key| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-746-953-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lehtonen, Tuomas M. S.| title = Middle Ages Spring.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Writings about the roots of European culture| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1997| isbn = 951-0-21907-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Litzen, Veikko| title = Medieval cultural history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1974| isbn = 951- 662-073-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkinen, Virpi| title = Middle Ages History.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Perspectives on the development of science, economic and social theories in the 12th to 13th centuries| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2003| isbn = 951-796-310-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niiranen, Susanna & Lamberg, Marko (ed.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

) | title = Mirror of Wonders.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Medieval human worldview| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 1998| isbn = 951-796-122-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = The Great World History of Otava 8.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Middle Age| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1984| version = Editor-in-chief Erling Bjøl.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Translated by Heikki Eskelinen| isbn=951-1-07825-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Erik Kjersgaard & Toels Dahlerup| title = The Great World History of Otava 9.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Late Middle Ages and Renaissance| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1984| version = Editor-in-chief Erling Bjøl.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Translated by Heikki Eskelinen| isbn = 951-1-08056-3| page = 211—216}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Setälä, Daily| title = Middle Ages woman| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1996| isbn = 951-1-13305-5}} Citation, error replace with {{cite book| author = Utrio , Arch| title = Family Book.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

History of the European family| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1998| isbn = 951-31-1151-2}} On topic elsewhere (Archives Institute).


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Jussi Katajala site.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Primary sources of the Middle Ages.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What does the concept of 'reconquista' mean?

Middle Ages

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

The Rwandan Civil War took place between 1990 and 1994 in Rwanda.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

The civil war had contrasted Rwanda's two largest ethnic groups, the Tutsis and the Hutus.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

The roots of the conflict lay in the Belgian colonial period, when Belgians favored Tutsis, who were richer and better educated than the Hutu.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

However, the Hutus were the majority in Rwanda and took power for themselves in a civil war fought between 1959 and 1961.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

Rwanda gained independence after a civil war on 1 July 1962.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

Due to the civil war, many Tutsis fled to Uganda, where they lived for the next thirty years.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

[1] In 1990, the rebel group the Rwandan Patriotic Front penetrated from Uganda into Rwanda.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

The group's goal was to gain control of Rwanda.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

Rwanda's Hutu-led government had other problems too: the country was badly indebted and the government had trouble feeding the people.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

Due to these problems and the invasion of the Patriotic Front, the Hutu government ceded some of its power to the Tutsis with the Arusha Peace Treaty in August 1993.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

[1] However, Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana slowed the implementation of the Arusha Peace Agreement.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

Due to the slowdown, tensions rose again and because of this some seats of government were handed over to the Tutsis.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

In April 1994, Habyarimana attended a conference in Tanzania to address the Hutu—Tutsi problem of Rwanda.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

On the way back from the conference, Habyarimana's aircraft exploded and Habyarimana and Burundi's Hutu president Cyprien Ntaryamira died.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

The suspicious explosion was immediately blamed on the Tutsi Patriotic Front, although in reality the hard-line Hutus were behind the blast.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

As a result of the explosion of the plane, a 14-week Rwandan genocide was triggered, during which some 800,000 people were killed by Rwanda's Hutu led army and Hutu death squads.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

The dead were mostly Tutsis, but moderate Hutus were also killed in the genocide.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

Because of the genocide, more than three million Hutus fled Rwanda, fearing Tutsi reprisals.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

[1] Despite the genocide, the Tutsi Patriotic Front defeated the Hutu led Rwandan army and the Arusha Peace Agreement was implemented in July 1994.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

Rebel leader Major Paul Kagame rose to become Rwanda's new vice president and defense minister.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

Moderate Hutus were placed in the positions of prime minister and president.


Question: When did Rwanda become independent?

Rwandan Civil War (1990—94)

[1] See also Burundian Civil War Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Childs Kohn, George| title = Dictionary of Wars| publisher = Facts on File| year = 1999| id = ISBN 0-8160-4157-1| page= 423}} References Category:Wars of the 20th century Category:Civil Wars of African States Civil War Category:1990s


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khanate of the Casars (650—969) was an early medieval state founded by the nomadic people of the Kasars.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khanate of Casaars came into existence by separation from the West Turkish Khanate.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

At its greatest extent, the Khanate of Kasars controlled the Caucasus, the lower and middle reaches of the Volga River, the northwestern parts of present-day Kazakhstan, the shores of the Sea of Azov, the eastern parts of Crimea, and the steppe and forest steppe regions of Eastern Europe up to the Dnieper River.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The center of the Khanate was initially located in the coastal region of present-day Dagestan, later on the lower reaches of the Volga.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of the ruling elite converted to the Jewish faith.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of the East Slavic tribes were allies of the Cassaars and paid taxes to the cassaars.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khanate of Kasars was destroyed as a result of the wars with Kievan Russia in the late 9th century.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

History Early History: 5th Century Originally the Cassaars were one of numerous nomadic tribes that migrated from Asia to Europe in the melches of the Great International Migration.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

They spoke one of the many Early Turkic languages [1] They were apparently one of the groups of ogurs who first appeared in Europe in 463. [2].


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The first reliable mention of the cassaars is Zacharias Scholasticus' list of peoples from 555. [3].


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Bersilia is mentioned as their first European territory, which is localized in the plateau region of present-day Dagestan [4].


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

In the early part of the 5th century, the cassacks were under an alliance of clayers.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Together they conducted successful war expeditions to the Caucasus region.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Persia of the Sassanid ruler family that ruled the region could barely prevent them.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

During the time of Shaahi Khosrau I (531—579), the Persians built the famous Derbent Wall, which closed a narrow passage route between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains, but even that did not prevent attacks by nomadic tribes.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

According to legend, Khosrau I built two cities in Dagestan: Belendzer and Semender, which later became casar towns.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Both towns were originally towns of tribes of the same name.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Semender have also been associated with the tribe of the Zabenders, who were kindred tribes of the Avaars.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

They moved after earthen moorings and crossed the Caucasus in the 550s.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

In 562, Persia eradicated almost all of the clayey, and those who remained moved, together with the cassacks, to the north of the Caucasus.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of the claymen remained in Dagestan, where they became known as the Huns of the North Caucasus.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The rise of the cassaars was thanks to the Turkic Khanate, as the cassar rulers were apparently their relatives (the House of Ašin), who in 551 established a vast kingdom which quite quickly split into Eastern and Western Empire.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

By the end of the 5th century, the Western Turkish Khanate had already reached the isthmus between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

All the local peoples were subservient under their rule.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Conquests of the Caucasian and Black Sea coasts in the 6th century The military forces of the Kasars are first mentioned in the Persian-Byzantine War of 602—628, in which Dzebukagan, the head of the cassairs, was the main leader in the Turkish-Byzantine alliance fighting Persia.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

In 627, Caucasian Albania was destroyed by the military forces of the Barsairs and together with the Byzantines conquered Tbilisi by storming.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

From 630 onwards, internal disputes within the kingdom dissolved the West Turk Khanate.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

As a result, two new kingdoms emerged on its periphery in the steppes of Eastern Europe: Greater Bolgaria north of the Black Sea, founded by Khan Kubrat in 632, as well as Casaar in the Caspian region.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

In the early stages, the cassaars were almost nowhere to be seen, because the Bolgarian state became so mighty.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

It was short lived, though, because after the death of Khan Kubrat, his sons divided the kingdom between them.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars took advantage of the Bolgar dispersal and so in the 660s much of the Bolgars moved under Khan Asparuh to the territory of present-day Bulgaria south of the Danube.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The remaining Bolgars were subservient to the rule of the Cassairs. [5].


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

After these events, the leader of Casaar became the supreme leader of the nomadic peoples and took the title Khan.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

By the end of the 6th century, the Cassaars controlled most of the Crimean steppe region, the shores of the Sea of Azov, as well as the regions of the North Caucasus.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

It is not known how far into the steppes east of the Volga their power extended.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

No written records of that area and time have remained.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

However, the migration of nomadic peoples from Asia to Europe contributed significantly to the development of East Slavic tribes and peoples in Eastern and Central Europe.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

In those days, Kasaarian interest had been primarily focused on the Caucasian regions, as they were prosperous agricultural societies and had considerable wealth.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Two routes were accessed to those areas: via Derbent to Caucasian Albania, Armenia and on to Persia, and through the less frequently traveled Darjali Pass, which was located in the Alans territory and thereby reached Georgia.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The influence of the Cassaars in this area was so great that some of the eastern languages of the Caspian Sea knew the sea as the Sea of Casaars [6].


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The expansion of the Khanate of the Casaars came to a halt when the Sassanid Persia was weakened by its wars with Byzantium, so much so that Arabs from the south conquered it and established the Arab Caliphate.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Its armies occupied Armenia, Georgia and Caucasian Albania in 653, after which they also reached the north of Derbent and attacked the town of Balanjar of the Kasars.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The battle ended in the defeat of the Arab troops, in which their leader Salman ibn Rabiah was also killed [7].


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Arab Caliphate had internal power struggles, causing it to lose control of those territories.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassaars collected taxes in Caucasian Albania and conducted several war expeditions, the largest of which was in 685.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Albanian rulers of Armenia, Georgia and Caucasian Albania died in the fighting.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

[8] One Arab emir whose forces were defeated at Mosul was also killed in the fighting. [9].


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

During the wars against the Arabs in the 7th century Arab Caliphate, power was taken by the Umaijad dynasty, which began to reconquer different territories in different directions: the Western Goths in the west, the Turks in the east, and the Cassaars in the north.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

At this time, the Arabs conquered the Caucasian region and at the beginning of the 7th century the constant Arab-Casar Wars began.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

After the turn, they beat runner-up.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Occasionally, one side conducted very long war expeditions to their enemy's lands.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Casars warred together with Byzantium, which fought against the Arabs in Asia Minor as well.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

When the Arabs attacked Byzantium in 717—718 and besieged Constantinople in 717, so the Casars aided the Byzantines by tying up part of the Arab military forces against them in the war expedition they carried out against Caucasian Albania and Azerbaijan.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

At the end of 730, the Cassaars conducted their greatest war expedition ever against the Arabs.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

At its head was Khan's son Bardzil.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

They attacked the Persian city of Ardabīl.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars struck down an Arab army of 25.000 soldiers, in which one of the Caliphate's highest-ranking warlords, Dzarrah ibn Abdullah al-Hakami, was also killed.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of the military forces in the Casaars were able to advance as far as Mosul. [10].


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

But already in early 731, fresh Arab military forces under commander Said ibn Amr al-Haras (later Maslam) drove the casars from the territories they had conquered.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

Thereafter, the fighting shifted to the territory of the Khanate of Kasars.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The war continued until 732/733, when the Khan of the Cossacks was wounded in battles at the nearby Darvag fortress of Derbent.


Question: How long did the Khanate of Cassaars exist?

Khanate of Casaars

The Arabs gained control of these important fortifications.