Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

At the start of the fighting, the Finns held positions on the Isthmus from Ladoga including the 19th Brigade, 15th Division, 2nd Division and 10th Division.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The reserve was the 3rd Division and 18th Division, as well as the Cavalry Brigade at the Vammelsuu—Taipale position and the Armoured Division near Vyborg.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

However, Stalin surprised the Western Allies, and especially Finland with his settlement.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The major attack had been long and carefully prepared.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

For the purpose, the Soviet High Command (Stavka) had assigned 450,000 men, 10000 guns and mortars and 800 tanks and infantry guns to the Leningrad Front.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Troops were plentiful and had been interned in areas such as future combat terrain beforehand.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

For the Soviet Union, the liberation of Leningrad had great psychological significance.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

By crushing the Finnish army, the Russians would gain contact with the north, the Gulf of Finland to use their fleet and their backs in East Karelia.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

To the headquarters, the attack came as a surprise, having on 3 June demobilized some age groups and allowed the holidays to continue.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Artillery traction tractors and horses had been positioned afield at fortification and agricultural works when the attack began.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

After it began, the retreating troops remained with the enemy, among other things, 50 new anti-tank guns.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Assault Breaking of the main position on 10 June 1944 The 6.7 km long Valkeasaari Block of the Red Army offensive had been allocated a three-divisional Guard Corps with three regiments of tanks and assault cannons in support among others.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In addition to divisional artillery, six artillery regiments and a mortar and rocket launcher regiment were concentrated in the area.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Battle of the Breach Range had been prepared to support 1208 guns or mortars over 75mm.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Per front mile, this therefore made more than 200 guns of gun-caliber.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Valkeasaari block was defended by the Finns' three-battalion Infantry Regiment 1 (JR 1).


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The block thus had 36 infantry battalions and 12 tank battalions of the Red Army against the three battalions of the Finns.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In terms of artillery, the Red Army forces were also completely superior.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

On 9 June 1944, the Red Army began destroying Finnish positions with artillery and air force, which came as a shock to the Finnish 10th Division stationed in the area and it was forced to tie up the reserve sack immediately into battle.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Headquarters still did not assume a major attack had begun.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The next day, on 10 June, began at 5:00am in the morning, a preparation of fire lasting 135 minutes, involving 3,000 cannons and mortars.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Finns' positions grinded to almost nothing.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

According to the War Archive's database of the fallen, between 9 and 14 fell in Valkeasaari.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

on June 163 Finnish soldiers.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

[2] Breaking of the VT Line on 14 June 1944 It soon became clear to Headquarters that this was a major attack.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

There was no hope of reclaiming lost positions.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Finnish troops had no choice but to withdraw to the Vammelsu—Taipale line.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The main Finnish forces were in the direction of Kivennava, so the enemy directed the attack elsewhere, the weaker occupied Kuuterselkka.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

There, Finland only had at its disposal the 3rd Division in an area 30 kilometres wide.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The VT line was broken at Kuuterselä on the first attempt on 14 June.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Artillery preparation was of the same class as five days earlier when breaching the main station [3].


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The counterattack of the Jääkär Brigade on the evening of 14 June was initially successful, but it eventually stumped to lack of forces and as the Russians broke through the VT line west of Kuuterselen to the Sahakylän-Mustanmäki area and Vammeljärvi.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Battle of Siiranmäki The Soviet Union knew Siiranmäki was, along with Kuuterselä, a weak point in the Finns' line.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Red Army made breakthrough attempts at Siiranmäki for four days with three divisions.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Lieutenant Colonel Ehrnrooth's Infantry Regiment 7 pressed them back with their counterattacks time and again.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

[3] On the VKT line, Mannerheim ordered Lieutenant General Lennart Oesch on 15 June to command the defences of the Isthmus and at the same time ordered the troops, delaying withdrawal to the Vyborg—Copper Island—Taipale Line.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The majority of the troops were successfully drawn to this line and the Russians' intentions to completely destroy the Finnish forces on the Isthmus failed despite the initial success.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

By retreating to the VKT line, the Finns won time to gain auxiliary forces.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Mannerheim ordered four divisions and one brigade to be transferred from East Karelia to the Isthmus.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

At the same time, this meant abandoning East Karelia without battle.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Finnish troops in Aunus received orders to withdraw on 16 June when the Red Army began its offensive in East Karelia.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Approaching the VKT line, the Russian attack slowed down, the terrain did not allow for the use of tanks as effective as at the beginning of the attack.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Although the corps had been regrouped by 20 June to the VKT line, the start was not promising.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In the Battle of Vyborg, the city was lost immediately on the first attempt of the Red Army, when the nerves of the men of the brigade defending Vyborg betrayed and the stampede took control of the troops.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Militarily, Vyborg was not significant, but symbolically losing it was a heavy blow.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

On the other hand, for the Soviet Union it was a significant victory, due to this, shots of honor were fired in Moscow.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

On 21 June, the fighting victory The Red Army received orders from the high command to resume the offensive, aiming for the Lappeenrannan—Imatra tally.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

After that, the Kotkan—Kouvola tally should be reached.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The next day, four corps began an offensive from the eastern side of Vyborg, where the Talin—Ihantala battles formed as a fighting victory for the Finns took place as the so-called Ihantala Miracle.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The front commanders of the Red Army requested reinforcements, but the high command deemed the troops sufficient, citing initial success.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

At the same time, reinforcements flowed to the Finns from East Karelia.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In three days of fighting, the Finns were able to hold their positions with 11 Finnish and one German division, four brigades and an assault gun brigade.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The firepower of a total of 57 radiators was also used, which is untried in our circumstances.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Finnish artillery fired a total of 56,000 rounds in the Ihantala area during the week; on the other hand, the Red Army artillery fired an estimated 87,000 rounds.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

A breakthrough attempt by the Red Army failed.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Unable to achieve the main objective of the Russian invasion due to the fierce resistance of Finnish troops, its action became fumbling.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

It would have taken plenty of power-ups and time to continue the attack.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Russians no longer had a chance of doing this, having launched a major offensive on 22 June in Belarus.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

According to recent research, it has also become clear that even before the start of the Battle of Talin—Ihantala, the Isthmus units of the Red Army had already lost about half of their offensive strength.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Soviets began their offensive on the Estonian front on 24 July.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In July 1944, the Russians began moving their forces to the Eastern Front and the offensive on the Isthmus was suspended.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

On the other hand, for example, for the Guards Committee Corps, there was almost no longer what to transfer


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

These Valo detachments had virtually lost their fighting capability by the second week of July.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

According to research by Tapio Tiihone, the strengths of as many as eight Soviet divisions had fallen below 2000 men (the Soviet divisions ranged between 5500 and 10,000 men).


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In these divisions, infantry battalions had melted to virtually non-existent.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Male casualties Tapio Tiihonen estimated in his thesis on the major battles of the Karelian Isthmus in the summer of 1944 (University of Helsinki 1999) that the losses of the Red Army operation ended with the takeover of Vyborg amounted to 52000 men and over 60000 men with the replenishment.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

According to Tiihonen, losses were at least 30 and no more than 40 percent of the strength of the forces available to the front, depending on the method of calculation.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

“Divisions in both armies were exhausted by the fierce battles fought and greatly under-strength,” wrote Soviet historian Morozov of the fighting in the Vyborg operation.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Although recorded loss figures are contradictory between the various leadership steps of the Leningrad Front forces, Red Army losses were heavy.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Already in the first days of the major offensive, 9—10 a.m.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The losses of the troops that started the battle on June were 21 and 23.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

According to the army's day-to-day reports, close to 3000 men in the directions of Valkeasaari and Vaskisavota, 700 of them fallen.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Before Vyborg took over 11—16.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

On June, losses amounted to an average daily of 2600 men, according to the declarations of the Soviet armies, equivalent to about three infantry battalions (800 in each).


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Tiihonen says the loss rates are incomplete and smoothed.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

He ended up with daily losses of 5000—6000 men in his surveys, or the strong losses of nearly two infantry regiments per day (3200 men each).


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Based on Soviet loss reports, the harshest day of fighting before Tali—Ihantala and Vuosalme was 14 June, when the losses of Red Army troops increased to nearly 4000, 800 soldiers of them fallen.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Two-battalion 456 captured Sahakylä in the direction of Kuuterselä.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In the Battle of the 14th, the infantry regiment lost nearly half of its strength, 500 men.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

98 fought against Finnish JR 7 in Siiranmäki.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Infantry Army Corps reported 13—16.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In his battle report on June, 3784 men were killed, 887 of them fallen.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

After the recapture of Vyborg on 21 June orders were issued to resume the offensive, aiming at Lappeenranta—Imatra tasa.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

After that, Kotka—Kouvola should be reached.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The attack began the next day with a force of four army corps from east of Vyborg.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

However, the striking capability of the invading forces waned.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The last replenishments came on June 25.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

By the start of the settlement battles at the turn of June/July, Soviet forces previously superior to the Finns had suffered a tremendous loss of men.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The Soviet forces were exhausted in the Finnish delay of the Karelian Isthmus and the fighting of Tali-Ihantalan—Äyräpään—Vuosalmi.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

After Vyborg, with counterattacks, with elaborately organized artillery fire, bombardment of Air Regiment 4 and with the support of German arms aid, infantry and armoured troops and the Airborne Division Kuhlmey, the Finns inflicted on the Soviet troops, based on the reports they reported 2500—3000 male losses on a daily basis.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

For example, the 30 who attacked Ihantala.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

From 25 June to 4 July, the Guard Army Corps was recorded as losses.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

fallen and missing in 1800 and wounded in 7200.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In total, losses of 9000 were about half the male strength of the Army Corps.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

The harshest day of fighting on the Isthmus was 28 June, according to Soviet loss reports, when the losses of the Leningrad Front forces reached over 5000, of them 1800 soldiers fallen.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

In the daily reports of the invading armies, the daily loss average for the last week of June was 3800 men.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

According to Soviet indications, the loss average in the first two weeks of July was 2095 men, rapidly decreasing thereafter to a few hundred men a day.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Soviet archives put the losses at 105,000, of which 22,000 men fell.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Tiihonen shows in his research that Soviet forces suffered losses far higher than the above figures on the Karelian Isthmus in the summer of 1944.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

He ends up with 2703—3863 men per day in his calculations.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmus Grand Offensive of 1944

Tiihonen estimated the total loss at 189,000 men.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Based on his studies, 1000—1400 Leningrad Front soldiers per kilometer were wounded or killed on the Isthmus.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Producing losses can also be expressed as an elaborately successful strategic delay by the Finns — one of the most successful in World War II — in which, in a timely and geographical deep area, the enemy is weakened before settlement battles.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

A third of the losses were produced in the delaying battles on the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

At the moment of settlement at the turn of June/July, the Soviet forces previously superior to the Finns had suffered a tremendous loss of men and the striking capability of the invading forces at the end, there were no more reserves.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

According to the database of those killed in the Finnish wars 1939—45, the losses of Finns from 9 to 15 July 1944 were both on the Karelian Isthmus and other frontal lobes (Ladoga Karelia, Rukajärvi): 8173 fallen, 2135 perished from their wounds, 2595 missing and later declared dead, 30 Perished in prisoner of war.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

A total of 12932 Finnish soldiers who perished in the war effort.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

An estimated 72% of them in the Karelian Isthmus and 27% in Ladoga Karelia during that period.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Approximately 9300 Finns perished in the battles of the Isthmus.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The total losses of the Finns (fallen, wounded, lost) on the fronts (Karelian Kannas and others) was approx.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

A total of Finnish soldiers perished during the war effort between 1 June and 5 September 1944 (when the armistice took effect) 16568.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

In the first year of the Continuation War, 1941, there were clearly more people who perished in the war effort: 25518.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

None of the above readings of Finnish soldiers killed include those killed by non-enemy action.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The participation of anti-aircraft forces in interceptor fighting on the Karelian Isthmus had a smaller number of anti-aircraft forces concentrated at the start of the major offensive than in East Karelia.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Seventeen light anti-aircraft batteries were concentrated in the actual combat zone at the start of the attack.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

In addition, at the beginning of June 1944, Vyborg and Vuoksenlaakso were protected by three heavy IT radiators, nine light IT batteries and ten light IT divisions.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

In late June, seven more light anti-aircraft batteries arrived from East Karelia were concentrated at the focal point of the fighting.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

In the early stages of the major offensive, the main problems of anti-aircraft combat were the repeated running out of ammunition and the almost panicked flight of infantry.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

For the latter reason, four and a half division lost their fixtures in the early stages of a major attack.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Despite the difficulties caused by constant changes in command relations and the constant withdrawal of ground forces, the anti-aircraft forces were able to drop at least 150 enemy aircraft during June 1944 and, through its operations, most obviously, change the tactics of the Red Army Air Forces thereby, that, among other things, ground combat aircraft attacked from significantly higher flying altitudes than before, which reduced the losses of Finnish ground forces.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Soviet archives, which have opened up since the 1990s, point to significantly smaller numbers of planes down-fired by both fighter jets and anti-aircraft aircraft.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

In June 1944, the Leningrad Front lost 89 aircraft shot down by fighters, 35 fired by anti-aircraft aircraft and 36 aircraft marked as “missing”.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

In addition, the Soviet Baltic Fleet lost a total of 48 aircraft, but losses apply to both June and July and also include those lost in the direction of Estonia.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

[4] Between the beginning of June and the conclusion of the armistice, the anti-aircraft force was capable of destroying at least 198 aircraft of the adversary and, in addition, to damage 256 aircraft, at least some of which were destroyed before returning to their base.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The calculation of the number of aircraft downed by anti-aircraft from June 1944 until the conclusion of the armistice speaks to the effectiveness of anti-aircraft combat in the early stages of the offensive and the change in adversary tactics caused by it.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Finnish anti-aircraft aircraft shot down a total of 598 enemy aircraft in 1944, according to its own declaration.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Of these, about 80 percent were dropped in summer combat.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Äyräpää Vuosalmi in July there was another major battle on the Karelian Isthmus in the summer of 1944.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The fighting took place in the Äyräpää district of Vuosalmi between 4 and 18.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

July 1944, in which the Red Army offensive was repelled in battles fought by the 2.D, PS.D., as well as various reinforcements that arrived in the area.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The question of desertion, especially during the early stages of the “Isthmian Transit”, became essential the question of enduring combat morale, as its fracturing could lead to frontal desertion.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

There was also talk of Forest Guards.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

In June 1944, it was thought about 30,000 soldiers were separated from their forces, some lost but some deliberately deserted.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

[5] When the Battle of Ihantala was at its fiercest on 4 July, Parliament, at the request of the armed forces, enacted a law on the hardened penal code for the military.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The law created at a rapid pace allowed for a death sentence for “cowardice in battle” if a soldier ran away alone or by agreeing this with others.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The first-time offender could not be prosecuted.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The question for thousands of fugitives was asked in the summer of 1944: field court or front?


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The majority chose the front.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

According to Jukka Lintedt, a doctor of law, 46 deserters and 3 refusals were executed during the summer of 1944.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Fourteen soldiers were shot under a supervisor's gun-use privilege.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

[5] Films The actions of the headquarters in the days of the major attack are depicted in Matti Kassila's film Headquarters from 1970.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

It is based on the play by Ilmari Turja in Headquarters from 1966.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

It is not a documentary entirely in line with history, but Kassila himself characterised it as a film that sought to portray the spirit then prevailing at Headquarters.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The film Tali-Ihantala 1944, directed by Åke Lindman, which premiered in 2007, deals with the fighting battles against the Isthmus, also in front of the same director's Front Line.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

The television film Restless Peace (screenplay by Mikko Viljanen, directed by Juha Rosma) comprises the executions of soldiers accused of desertion in the final stages of the war.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

Sources On the topic elsewhere Department of Sotamuseo (ed.)


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

1994: History of Continuation War/ISBN 951-0-15326-5 Ari Raunio & Yuri Kilin/W+G 2005: Battles of War 2 - Continuation War/ISBN 951-593-927-5 Tapio Tiihonen: Surprise on the Isthmus 1944 (2002), ISBN 9789518621532 Tapio Tiihonen: Major battles in the Karelian Isthmus 1944 (summer 1944) University of Helsinki 1999) Koskimaa, Matti (1993): On the edge of a knife, retreat from the Western Isthmus and the Battle of Talin-Ihantala in summer 1944.


Question: What percentage of Finnish troops were wounded in the major attack on the Isthmus?

Isthmian Grand Offensive of 1944

ISBN 951-0-18811-5 Category:Continuation War Battles Class:1944 Class:Key articles of screening Category:History of ceded territories


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Tammisaari prison camp, later Tammisaari forced labour facility was a prison in Tammisaari in Dragsvik barracks area between 1918 and 1940.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The camp was established for captured Red Guards in the closing moments of the Civil War in May 1918.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Later common criminals were also housed in the facility, but in 1920—1939 the prisoners were mainly leftists convicted of political activities and those taken into protective custody as untrustworthy in 1939—1940.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Prison Camp Tammisaari Prison Camp was originally a temporary placement where Red Guards who fought on the side of the Finnish People's Delegation in the Civil War or persons belonging to the local administration of the Social Democratic Party of Finland were gathered.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

At most the Tammisaari prison camp was 20—24.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

As of June 1918, a total of 8597 prisoners, or 11% of the total number of Red prisoners.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The number dropped in the early 1920s due to amnesties.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

State Criminal Courts began operating on July 8 of 1918 and in August more than 200 prisoners were sentenced daily.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The inmates had no defense and sentences were 4 years or more than 6 years of discipline room, more than a thousand received more than 6 years, one in ten was under 18.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

More than 6000 prisoners were sentenced in Tammisaari as a whole, because of which the total number decreased.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Conditions in the prison camp were exceptionally miserable and the death rate high: prisoners died of starvation and disease between June and December in 1918 totaling 2873 lives, or about one in three.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

[1] The youngest prisoner had been a 15-year-old boy and the oldest 73-year-old man, both died in the camp.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The 1918 total number of dead was 3023 prisoners, of whom 31 prisoners had been executed and some had been shot from an escape attempt to the fence without question (no information on the number).


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Among those executed in May 1918 were active leaders of the labour movement.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

[2] Forced Labor Facility From the autumn of 1923, “ordinary” prisoners convicted under the Penal Code were also sent to the facility.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Around the same time, communists convicted of treasonous activity began to be sent to prison as well, of whom the first larger batch, 200 prisoners, had been arrested in the summer of 1923 as a result of the “Cliff Cutting”.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

In 1928, practically the entire SKP leadership, the Finnish buro, was arrested.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Political prisoners “University of Tammisaari” Civil War red prisoners began to be concentrated in Tammisaari in 1921.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Political prisoners were given separate “state prisoner” status at the time, entitling, among other things, lesser work requirements and subscription to newspapers.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

State prisoners were separated from other prisoners.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Political prisoners formed a secret organization in the facility, led by the Main Council of Tammisaari.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Barracks and workplace councils operate under the General Council.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The Chief Council required severe discipline from comrades, and exerted influence in party affairs even outside the prison.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

[3] Political prisoners tend to devote as much time as possible to study.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The prison was known as the University of Tammisaari.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Studying became more difficult as right-wing radicalism in Finland rose.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

In the early 1920s, prisoners gained access to Marxist literature as well as the legal way.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

This ceased at the end of the decade: the range of the institutional library was narrowed, study under the Comintern's “third term” program was banned, leading prisoners were relocated, and work duty increased.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

[3] Political literature was smuggled into the prison, which was used as a basis for study and discussions.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The most trained prisoners serve as teachers.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Prisoners also prepared learning materials themselves based on expert prisoner dictation by hand writing.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Texts written by hand on lavatory paper were also smuggled out of the prison.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

In addition, the prisoners published their own magazine, called Life in the Night, published once a month.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Prisoner hunger strikes of 1929 and 1933 In November 1929, political prisoners of the establishment staged a hunger strike aimed at improving the diminished status of prisoners.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Of the 115 political prisoners at the facility, nearly a hundred participated in the strike, a few of whom gave up before the strike ended.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The hunger strike lasted eight days and during it some prisoners were force-fed.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Communists who were outside the prison sought to organize a general strike in support of the hunger strike, but the attempt failed.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

After the hunger strike, the situation continued to get tense.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The following year, with the advent of communist laws, left-wingers became more difficult to function in society and, as a result of the tightened grips, prisoners did not dare to put themselves in visible resistance.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Outside, with the arrests of communists, their activities became paralyzed.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

In the summer of 1930, the forced labour facility housed 160 prisoners.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

During the early 1930s, the right wing organized around the Lapua Movement and the IKL received considerable downgrades to the conditions of political prisoners.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

In Tammisaari prison, prisoners' rights were also further narrowed: among other things, the reading of books and magazines was restricted, military discipline was required during outdoor activities, and communication between prisoners was restricted.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

More intense corporal punishment, such as caning and darkstall penalties, were also introduced.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

In 1931, the unit value (hourly wage) of forced labour was also lowered, so prisoners had to work more to publish their expenditure on food and clothing while in prison.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

[4] In July 1933, communist prisoners began another hunger strike.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

A total of about 600 prisoners were housed at the facility at the time, 374 of whom participated in the strike.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Force-feeding of prisoners was started after eleven days and caused the deaths of five prisoners.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Most of those who died were suffocated by a hose on milk drained into their lungs.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

As the next round of force-feeding began, the prisoners ended their strikes.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

[5] Safe custody period 1939-1940 The prisoner count rose again in early December 1939 for the duration of the Winter War.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Persons deemed politically unreliable were arrested and confined in protective custody in various prisons, and some of them were placed in Tammisaari.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

The security detainees were released in April 1940.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Later in 1940, the forced labour facility was abolished and the area was taken up for garrison use by the Defence Forces.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Krekola, Joni| title = Short Course in Stalinism: Finns at Moscow Lenin School 1926-1938| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature SKS| year = 2006| version = Dissertation | id = ISBN 9789517468640| accessdate = 25.12.2009}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kähkönen Sirpa| title = Flames of Hatred and Love - Destined in 1930s Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-1-24275-8| accessdate = 24.8.2014}} Citation error, replace with {citation ite book| author = Parkkari Nestori| title = Years of Violence: Memoirs in Tammisaari Prison | location = Tampere| publisher = Folk Culture| year = 1961| page = 256}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rislakki Jukka| title = Underground | location = Helsinki| publisher = Love Book| year = 1985| id = ISBN 951-835-099-X| accessdate = 5.7.208}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Railo Pekka (Ed.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Pekka Tuomikoski) | title = Vankina| location = Helsinki| publisher = Minerva Cost| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-492-4597| format = [Publisher introduction]}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) References Literature Eerola Jouni: Tammisaari 1918, History Committee of the Central Committee of Tammisaari's 70th anniversary commemoration event.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

1988, Lomaketyö Ltd., ISBN 951-99958-1-1.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Women in protective custody: As a political female prisoner in Finland 1930-1944.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Edited by Ulla-Maija Peltonen.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Art House in 1989.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

224s Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Importing Value| title = Underground and on Earth: Recollections from 1921−1933| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 1958}} On the topic elsewhere (Archivistinstitute).


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Turun Sanomat 20.5.2007.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Saarimäki, Pasi: Book review of Railo, Pekka; Tuomikoski, Pekka (ed.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

): Captive by whites.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Diary from the red prison camps in Kokkola and Tammisaari.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

Minerva Kustannus Oy, 2011.


Question: Is Dragsvik Barracks in use?

Tammisaari Prison Camp

(Agricola book reviews 5.1.2012) Category:History of Raasepori Category:Finnish political history Category:Finnish prisons Category:Tammisaari Class:Prison camps in Finland 1918


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The first period of repression is a designation used in Finland from the period 1899—1905, when the Russian Empire sought to consolidate and unify the Russian Empire by implementing a policy of Russification towards minority nationalities towards the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The most famous event of the repressive period was the 1899 February Manifesto, which in Finland was considered a state hijacking by which the Finnish constitutions were to be superseded.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

As a result, a well-organised passive resistance arose and the Great Address was collected, accumulating more than half a million names in a matter of weeks.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Similarly, the Cultural Address was born, whose signatories included well-known foreign scientists and lawyers, among others.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Through the Conscription Manifesto and the new Conscription Act, the Finnish national military force was abolished.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The Finns were called into the Russian army, as a result of which the Kagal organized call strikes.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The governor-general of Finland, Nikolai Bobrikov, was given the powers of a dictator, after which measures began against people who had engaged in passive resistance, such as detention, expulsions, removal from office and abolition of newspapers.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The first period of repression ended with the assassination of Bobrikov and the Great Strike.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

With Finland's annexation of Russia in 1809 Finland was formally annexed to Russia on September 17, 1809, under the terms of the Peace Treaty of Hamina, when Sweden renounced Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Emperor Alexander I of Russia had given an assurance that Finnish religion, laws and special rights would be maintained.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[1] [2] [3] [4] The Grand Duchy of Finland was incorporated into Russia as an organically independent country whose statesmanship secured the freedom of the people.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Thus, in particular, the Swedish form of government of 1772 remained in force as the Constitution of Finland, although it was already repealed in Sweden that year.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

In the Riksdag of 1816, Alexander I extended his sovereign guarantee in the Riksdag of Porvoo to apply to his descendants as well.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[11] Finland's position before the repressive years Finland faced a period of repression later than many other territories annexed to Russia through wars.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Russification measures had already been under way in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and the Baltic provinces before they began to be implemented in Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[12] [13] [14] The special status of the Baltic states was attacked through the press and books.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

A series of works written by Yuri Samarin, the border countries of Russia, the first part of which dealt with the Baltic provinces, appeared in Berlin v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

in 1867.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The author strongly attacked the special status of the Baltic provinces.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Samarin accused the Balts of deliberate translation errors in the texts of the main documents, the same accusation heard later after Finland was subjected to unification measures.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Carl Schirren, a historiographer from Riga, wrote a book The Livonian Answer to Lord Yuri Samarin, in which he defended the special status of the provinces through historical documents.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[15] Russian language was imposed on v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

1870 Baltic as the official language and Russian conscription went into effect.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Carl Schirren had predicted in 1869 that next after the nationalisation of the Baltics would come Finland's turn.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[16] The Baltic states had lost their special status within the 1870s and had been made ordinary Russian provinces.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[17] In order to strengthen the activities of the rightist Orthodox Church, several Lutheran priests were dismissed from their posts in the Baltic provinces and many of them were exiled to Russia.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[18] After the defeat of the Polish rebellion, N.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Under the leadership of A. Miljutin, Prince Vladimir Cherkassky, and Yuri Samarin, a peasant reform with which was intended to arouse in the lower strata of the Polish people sympathy for Russia.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

In Poland the Russian language was introduced as the official language and as well as Russian administration.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

In this way, Poland's special rights were abolished and the country was made an ordinary Russian province.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[19] [20] Nicholas I's reign upon the death of Alexander I as ruler of Russia came on 24 December 1825 by his younger brother Nicholas I, who affirmed the special constitutional status of Finland as an independent, albeit annexed to Russia, in his declaration of rulership.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[21] Russia had long been content with allowing nations annexed to the kingdom, having formally resigned themselves, to manage their own affairs in peace.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

This explains the fact that the conquered territories, the Baltic provinces and Poland, and especially Finland, were allowed to maintain comparatively wide autonomy for a long time.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[22] Lainop Professor J. J. Nordström was v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

1842 taught in his lectures at the University of Helsinki that Finland is a state that is in real union with Russia.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[23] Under Alexander I and Nicholas I, national fervor in Russia was so low that it did not affect conditions in Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Under the succeeding Emperor Alexander II, national-zealous Russians sought to eradicate Finland's special status as an internally independent state.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[24] Alexander II's reign upon Nicholas's death in 1855, he was succeeded as monarch by Alexander II, a ruler sympathetic to Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

During his time, Finland's special status and autonomy were respected.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The Polish Rebellion, which began on 22 and 23 February 1863, brought about an end to major social reforms in Russia.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

However, reforms initiated in Finland between 1856 and 1863 were allowed to continue on condition that all separatism would be abandoned.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The first assassination attempt against the emperor was made in 1866.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[25] The assassination of Alexander II saw a slow but clear cooling of relations between Finland and Russia starting in the 1880s.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The backdrop was the intensification of the old and nationalist tendency in Russian politics.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[26] The most visible reason for this was the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, [27] [28] but it was also linked to increased pan-European imperialism, which saw that minority nationalities needed to be assimilated into the ruling population to secure the unity of the kingdom.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[29] Russian nationalists were given a preview of German policy in the Polish territories.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[30] Emperor Alexander III was at the head of the old nationalists and accepted their activities outline.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[31] [32] [33] [34] Among the patriotic Russian pan-Slavists there were already clear plans for the nationalisation of Finland during the Serbian War of 1876-1877.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The Finnish colonel Evert Gustav Waldemar Becker, who fought in Turkey and the Balkans, had become acquainted with the Russian pan-Slavists and their plans for Finland, who were simply waiting for an opportune moment to be implemented.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[35] Becker wrote in the French periodical Le contemporain in 1880 an inscription on Independent and neutral Finland, in which he defined Finland's position in the Russian Empire, stating Finland's importance to Russia to be mainly strategic, the capital city of St. Petersburg in order to secure invasion in case.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Becker also wrote about future repressive measures 20 years before they began, describing in detail the nationalization measures that were later enacted.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Becker also wrote about armed resistance, Finland's secession from Russia, and the country's independence.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The writing provoked an outcry in Finland and Russia and was feared to jeopardize Finland's good relations with Russia.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[36] Alexander III was a signatory to the sovereign declaration guaranteeing the autonomous status of Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[37] The first repressive measures preceding the repressive period occurred during the reign of Alexander III, when the Finnish Post Office was assigned to the Russian Post Office.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

During his regency, reactionary forces gained dominance in Russia and liberals were sidelined.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[38] The special status of Finland is being attacked since the 1880s Since 1883, many Russian magazines began to criticise Finland's special status.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Conflict developed between Russia and Britain in Afghanistan in 1885, raising fears in Finland that the coast and merchant navy would be subject to military action, as had been the case during the Crimean War.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[39] [40] [41] [42] During the Crimean War, Russian troops sent to defend Finland had been well received by the Finns.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The soldiers had been offered sandwiches, pies and booze types.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Finnish doctors offered to treat Russian wounded and sick for free.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[43] Before the 1880s, Finland's special status was hardly discussed in the Russian press, but during the Polish revolt of 1863 the Russian magazine Moskovskiye vedomosti turned its attention to the writings of Finnish “separatists” in Helsingfors Dagbladet to their dreams of the neutrality of Finland in Helsingfors Dagbladet as a result of the writing.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[44] [45] [46] [47] The editor-in-chief of Helsingfors Dagblad, the ardent liberal Anders Herman Chydenius, introduced the idea of declaring Finland neutral in his newspaper on 15 April 1863.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[44] [48] Behind the idea was a concern that the Finnish-Swedes would be forced to wage war against the Finns, thus preventing Finnish neutrality from a “fraternal war.”


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[45] [46] [49] Apparently based on Dagbladet's material, the British newspaper Daily News published a story claiming that Finnish politicians suggested that Finland and Russia were two different states and hoped that Finland would declare itself neutral when war broke out.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[45] [46] [50] [51] Fennoman Snellman took a position on the neutrality debate at Litteraturbladet in early July v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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In his 1863 War or Peace writing.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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His starting point was the loyalty to the emperor stressed by phennomans.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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He denounced the speculation in Finland and the unrealistic hopes of changing Finland's position as a result of the situation.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The writing was a clear response to the liberals' neutrality thesis.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[52] Russian panslavist, biologist Nikolai Danilevsky argued in a book published in 1869 on Russia and Europe that Finns belong to an unproductive race whose historical function is to merge with the Russian race that creates civilization.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[53] The bigoted Russians tried through their newspapers to instill in the Russian population the notion that Finland was not a state but a Russian province, and that Alexander I's statement in the Reichstag of Porvoo was merely a jewellery phrase adapted according to the circumstances.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[54] [55] After the writing, the Russian newspapers were fiercely attacking Finland, and the outrage of the old people was further enhanced by the unveiling of the monument to the Battle of Koljonvirta in 1885.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[31] Leo Mechel and K. F. Ord and Russian nationalists squabble over Finland's position In this situation Senator Leo Mechel published in 1885 the main features of the state law of the Grand Duchy of Finland in Finnish and Swedish and in 1886 in French Précis du droit public du Grand Duché de Finlande (“Main Features of State Law in the Grand Duchy of Finland”).


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Russian imperial butler, history and state law enthusiast Kesar Filippovich Ordin translated the work into Russian, equipping the translation with harsh criticism.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The work was translated in 1889 into German and English languages as well.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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In 1889, Ordin's two-volume work Pokorenije Finljandij (The Conquest of Finland) appeared, comprising about 950 pages, including 310 pages of mostly political letters that were annexed.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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In it, he made his accusations against the special status of Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[56] [57] [58] [59] Ordin's conclusions were shown to be false in the Finnish press.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Leo Mechelin published an article in a Russian periodical in which he refuted Ordin's conclusions.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Also, Ordin's views were not digested by many Russian pundits and the magazines representing them; one periodical noted that it was a vicious book, hostile to all free expression of mind, to every new idea.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[60] J. R. Danielson took Ordin's book very seriously and thoroughly researched it and wrote in consequence v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The 1890 book on the association of Finland with the Russian Empire in the pages of which he refuted most of Ordin's claims and showed his knowledge of history to be quite weak.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Danielson's book received a very positive response, including some Russians, such as the international law scholar F.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Von Martens, commended for an excellent treatise on the history of Finland in relation to Russia.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The circulation of the book in Russia was banned at the insistence of the censorship committee, based on a statement from the Minister of Internal Affairs, who stated that the book was waging war on Russia's current domestic policy.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[60] [61] [62] Russian Professor Nolde, in his research on state law, had shown that Ordin, when translating Alexander I's statements from French into Russian, had falsified the text by always substituting the constitutions and constitutions of words.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[63] In 1889, Mechelin published an inscription in German that Emperor Alexander I had given assurances in the Reichstag of Porvoo that Finland was separate from Russia, with it a state in the realunion.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[64] Ordin replied that the Emperor's assurance was nothing more than a phrase with no statesmanly binding meaning, and that the Russian ruler was free to change Finland's position according to his own will.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Finnish scholars such as J. R. Danielson sought to prove Ordin's claims false, but a few scholars of the later period who have used Russian historical sources in their investigations, such as the aforementioned Ordin work, have shown Ordin to have been correct insofar as not constitutions and autonomy in 1809 had been defined binding.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[31] Instead of Alexander I's assurance, the Finns could have relied on Alexander II, who had established the Finnish constitutions and thus staunched the state-doctrinal basis of autonomy.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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However, Russian conservatives regarded Alexander II's policies as a whole as wrong and vehemently opposed the assertion of autonomy by the situation prevailing under Alexander II.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[31] M.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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N. Katkov wrote v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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1883 March Moskovskiye vedomosti magazine editorial called the slogan Russia for Russians - in it the emblem of success and demanded the abolition of the Finnish customs border.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[65] It was very difficult for Finns to have their own opinion raised in Russian journals.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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In order to defend Finland's autonomous position against verbal attacks by Russian authors, and therefore that reliable information about Finland could be given to Russian readers, was born v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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1889 plan for the delivery of a magazine of Finljandski Vestnik names.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Robert Runeberg, an engineer, was chosen as the publisher of the magazine and Wladimir Golovin as the corresponding editor.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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A committee was named to promote the newspaper project, whose members included O. Donner, Lennart Gripenberg, Agathon Meurman, Johannes Gripenberg, Etholên and Golovin.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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However, the publication licence requested for the establishment of the magazine was never obtained, due to opposition from Russia's printing overboard.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[66] On 9 February 1816, Alexander I, in the Russian-language manifesto, changed the name of the Finnish government elder to the Senate of Finland, had used four times the title of constitutional law (constituent) in the form of a unit, and he had finally reaffirmed this of constitutional law.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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This was proved by Danielsson in his book The Restoration of the County of Vyborg to the rest of Finland v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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in 1894.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[67] The debate showed that the Finnish and Russian nationalists' perceptions of Finland's status were based on completely different starting points and differed completely from each other.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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However, the position of the emperor and the Russian Foreign Ministry on autonomy was more positive than that of the most ardent old papers, and Governor-General Heiden also did not want to join the positions of the most strident nationalists.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[68] According to J. F. Danielson's account, Alexander III in the early 1890s had accepted the Finns' criticism of Ordin's work on the events of 1808-09 and he had harshly resented the misrepresentations of Finland from the Russian side.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[69] [70] [71] The Russian Gendarmerie was brought to Finland in 1889 by a Russian gendarmerie whose duties and modes of operation included espionage and a whistleblowing system.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[72] [73] The Gendarmerie officially belonged to the Russian military and was not subject to the laws of Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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It had only been during Bobrikov's time that it started a more wide-ranging action infringing on Finnish rights, of which there was v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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1900 A damning statement issued in the Riksdag.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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In 1903, the gendarmes received a new statute, after which they took part in many illegal acts, breach of home peace, inspection of passports, etc.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

After the Reichstag of 1904-1905, Åland Reichstag men were harassed by Russian gendarmes in the port of Turku when they did not have the passports required by them.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

This incident caused great excitement across the country.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The bourgeoisie law concerned by this infringement argued that measures should be taken so that such action should not happen in the future.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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As a result, the Statutes petitioned the monarch to annul v.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The Statute of the Gendarmerie and other acts established in 1903, “that gendarmes should no longer be used in actions concerning Finnish citizens or otherwise belonging to the functions of the ordinal authority in this country.”


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[74] Postal Manifesto (1890) One of the first repressive measures took place under the direction of the Governor-General of Finland Heiden, a project of harmonization of Finnish customs, monetary and postal service with the corresponding Russian institutions by three Russian-Finnish commissions.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[75] [76] [77] [78] Three Finnish-Russian committees had been set up in 1890 to deal with postal, customs and monetary issues.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Governor-General Heiden received the right to elect the Finnish members of the committees.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The joint chairman of the committees was Governor-General Heiden.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The Joint Commission included as members the Assistant to the Secretary of State for Ministers, Lieutenant General W. v. Daehn, Senator Tudeer, Chief of the General Government of the Russian Posts and Telegraph Service, Lieutenant General Bezack, and his deputy, chamberlain, real state counselor Skalkovski.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[79] The emperor confirmed a postal manifesto based on Heiden's proposal, ordering e.g.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

the fact that the Finnish Postal Service had to comply with Russian statutes and taxa and the instructions of the Russian authorities, the Russian authorities obtained the right to submit inspections and participate in the appointment of senior postal officers and the establishment of the Postal Service's expenditure rule.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Finnish members of the committees had opposed the manifesto, deeming it unconstitutional in Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[80] On 12 June 1890, the Postal Manifesto, or Imperial Majesty's Merciful Declaration Book, was published on postal service in the Grand Duchy of Finland (ASK 16/1890), which subordinated the Finnish Postal Service to the Russian Post Office and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[81] The intention was to subjugate customs and MFIs to Russian installations as well, but the plan was thwarted by some Russians opposed to the idea.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Money Minister Vyšnegradski opposed imposing Russian money as Finnish money.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The merging of the customs service was prevented because Russian industry feared dangerous competition from Finnish industry.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[32] [75] [82] [83] The Russian-Finnish committee headed by Governor-General Heiden proposed that the currency to be used in Finland had to be converted into a gold ruble, which would be worth four marks.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The silver and copper change would become kopecks equivalent to four pence in Finnish money.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Finnish money should be equipped with a different inscription to differentiate from Russian money.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Russian Monetary Minister Vyšnegradski and Finnish Minister-Secretary of State Ehrnrooth opposed the proposed amendment and presented the matter to the monarch on 1 August 1890.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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The proposal by the majority of the committee to use Russian banknotes and change in Finland was approved up to 3 silver rolls in the same performance.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[84] The Postal Manifesto and some other measures showing disregard for the law of those in power in Russia had caused public unrest in the country, which was also manifested in the Reichstag of 1891.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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At the opening of the Riksdag, the Land Marshal and the Presidents of the Ordinaries brought up this violation of justice in their speeches.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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Because of this, on 12 March 1891, the Emperor issued a rescript intended to appease the Finns.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[85] A manifesto for the repeal of the new penal code had been confirmed by the Senate of Finland, which was to go into effect in early 1891, but the Russians felt that there were passages in it that infringed on interests and value.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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In December 1890, the Emperor's Manifesto postponed the passage of a law already confirmed by the Senate.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[86] It was an infringement of justice because the enactments had not been listened to.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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It followed that sentences were handed down under both the old and new law.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[87] The new Penal Code came into force only in 1894, with the confirmation of the Emperor, [88] after the adoption of various amendments by the Finnish Reichstag, which harmonised the provisions, in particular concerning national and public property offences in force in Russia with those who have been.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[89] The Committee on Finnish Affairs is abolished The Committee on Finnish Affairs, which was tasked with acting between the Senate and the Secretary of State for Ministers and representing knowledge of Finland and its conditions in Saint Petersburg, was dissolved on 13 May 1891.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[90] It had been proposed to the Senate that Russians or Finns who perfectly mastered the Russian language should be appointed as officials to the Office of the Secretary of State and the Governor General's Office.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

A decree was issued on increasing the teaching of the Russian language in grammar schools and a requirement for officials to promote proficiency in the Russian language.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[91] Alexander III died on 1 November 1894 in the Crimean Livadi at his summer palace.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[92] [93] The reign of Nicholas II during the reign of Nicholas II, Finland's special status and autonomy became subject to many repressive measures.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

In Russia, reactionary circles, inspired by the procurator fiscal of the Holy Synod, Konstantin Pobjedonostsev, doctor of law, and General Alexei Kuropatkin, Minister of War, raised national fervor, also directed against Finland's special status.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Kuropatkin, who was one of the most determined and enthusiastic opponents of Finland's special status and autonomy, stated in his speech “After conquering Finland, we in the 19th century too little turned attention to the internal affairs of this Russian province and our results got next to the capital for us a hostile locality full of secessionist aspirations, populated by an admittedly small but stubborn people.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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To the 20th century, the task of annexing Finland to Russian nationality will pass.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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“[94] On 6 November 1894, Nicholas II confirmed the constitutions of Finland in a manifesto.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[95] [96] During the change of Governor-General, Messarosch, an influential newspaperman among patriotic Russians, wrote a book on Finland's relationship with Russia, Finljandija - Gosudarstva ili Ruskaya Okraina (Finland - state or border country of Russia), which described them sharpened attitudes that General Bobrikov and other nationalists had towards Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[97] Bobrikov's entry into Finland and first speech General Nikolai Bobrikov had been appointed Governor-General of Finland on 29 August 1898.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

On 12 October 1898, at the Governor-General's Palace, he delivered a speech to the Senate of Finland and some of the most senior officials.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The speech was published in the papers the following day and provoked great astonishment as well as outrage.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[98] [99] [100] [101] He had called Finland a borderland in his speech and had not recognised Finland's special status as a state.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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That insult contained a serious threat and made people realise that Bobrikov was tasked with eradicating Finland's special status and Russifying the Finns.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[102] [103] [104] The first period of repression of Nikolai Bobrikov and Kuropatkin's promeria on 29 August 1898 Emperor Nicholas II of Russia had approved the promeria of Minister of War Alexei Kuropatkin on the Finnish question.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

It was a complete Russification program.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

On 29 August 1898, he appointed General Nikolai Bobrikov as Governor-General of Finland and ordered him to gradually instil in the consciousness of the local population all the importance which was to the success of Finland through its most integral unification with the common common to all true subjects to the motherland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[105] [106] [107] Auxiliary Riksdag 1899 On 19 July 1898, a vocation to the Auxiliary Riksdag was issued early the following year to address the issue of the formation of the Finnish War Institution to align with the Russian War Department.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[108] [109] [110] [111] [112] The purpose was to end the separate Finnish military force and transfer Finnish soldiers to the Russian military.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[113] [114] [115] The February Manifesto The period of repression began with the February manifesto issued by Emperor Nicholas II on 15 February 1899, which was considered a state grab to depose the Finnish constitutions.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] The new law passed by Emperor Nicholas II was intended to supplement existing legislation which did not mention anything about dealing with matters which concerned not only Finland but also the rest of Russia.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The intention was, as stated in the manifesto, that laws concerning Finland alone should be enacted as before.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

But if the laws had any effect on the rest of the kingdom, the emperor had to seek advice from both the Reichstag of Finland and the Russian governing bodies, including the Imperial government, before making any decision.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Such a lack of legislation had plagued Nicholas II for some time, although, for example, under Nicholas I, the emperor enacted laws of general national significance without convening the Reichstag throughout the reign.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Russian Professor Behrendtsin stated in his book the February manifesto was a “coup d' Etat” state capture.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[127] The Senate petitioned Nicholas II for the manifesto, expressing that it was contrary to the Finnish constitutions.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The Acts also sent their own petition, but Nicholas II did not receive them.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[128] In August 1899, Vyatšeslav von Plehwe, the State Secretary who was drafting the February Manifesto, was appointed as Minister Secretary of State for Finland v. t. The following year the post was regularised.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[129] With the manifesto, Governor-General Nikolai Bobrikov initiated unification measures.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The manifesto and the laws enacted under it caused great turmoil.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[130] [131] [132] [133] Nikolai Bobrikov wrote a letter to Alexei Kuropatkin after the Senate vote in which he mentioned e.g.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The opinion of the minority is partly correct in that, under the new law, the Grand Duchy can indeed be gradually and unnoticed transformed into a governorship, which, to appease the Senators, I did not entirely agree with.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[134] The infringement of justice in Finland attracted attention throughout the civilised world.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The newspaper press of various countries published details of the February manifesto and the civic delegation, which sought the emperor's speeches, but which he did not take up.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[135] Great adress The Great Address was collected in Finland in 1899 to oppose the February Manifesto signed by Emperor Nicholas II, Grand Duke of Finland on 15 February 1899.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The then matriculated students skied from village to village, amassing more than half a million names in a matter of weeks.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

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[136] [137] [138] Address was delivered to the Emperor on 14 March 1899.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

General Bobrikov had told the foreign press that all sensible people in Finland were happy with the Tsar's manifesto.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

However, the great adress had informed the Finns' attitude towards the issue.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[139] Cultural Address Next was initiated by Konni Zilliacus to compile a Pro Finlandia cultural adress signed by 1063 cultural personalities from all over Europe, from twelve countries.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

On Monday, 26 June 1899, members of the legation from various quarters arrived in St. Petersburg.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[140] The emperor did not accept this adress either, but the legation got the people around him when he returned through Finland to their countries.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[137] [141] [142] Postal Manifesto (1900) On 15 June 1900 an order was issued that Finnish postage stamps remain out of use and Russian-style stamps take their place in domestic postal traffic since 14 January 1901.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Mail going abroad must be equipped with Russian characters.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[143] [144] The two-headed eagle of Russia was replaced on the postage stamps.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Stray traders from Russia, Viena Karelia, had circulated baseless rumours circulated by Russian authorities about, among other things, the allocation of land for crofters.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Travelers had initially imported their goods for sale from Russia, but since the end of the century they bought their goods mainly from wholesale shops founded by former stray merchants who had migrated to Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Until the repressive years, the people viewed stray merchants favourably, but as they became henchmen of the oppressive power, they fell out of favour.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Efforts had therefore been made to curtail the activities of stray traders, authorities published warnings against “agitation and dangerous rumours” spread by stray traders.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

It wasn't to Bobrikov's liking.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Therefore, Russian subjects were granted the right to carry out trades in Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

This regulation, too, was contrary to the Constitution of Finland and, as it concerned the law of industry, should have been subject to a Riksdag decision.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[145] [146] [147] [148] The Riksdag of 1900 In August 1900, Russian State Secretary Vyacheslav von Plehwe was assigned to hold the post of Minister Secretary of State for Finland.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

This was an affront to the Finnish constitution, which stated that all Finnish officials were supposed to be Finnish citizens.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

He also became Acting of the University.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

chancellor.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[73] In his Throne Speech, read by the Governor-General on behalf of the Emperor-Grand Duke in Russian, prohibited the enactments from making statements that diverge into substances of general national significance.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Such statements in the last provisional Riksdag have created pressure and unnecessary fear in the minds of the population.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The renewal of them will raise doubts about the equivalence of legislative legislation to current conditions.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

To this speech perceived as offensive, the land marshal and the presidents of the noble enactments responded boldly, stressing the importance of justice in peoples lives.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

Although the emperor had forbidden the enactments from interfering in matters of general national significance, nevertheless the Acts dealt with such matters that occurred in the state sphere.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

[149] The Law Committee drew up an extensive report on the basis of requests submitted by the legislators.


Question: In what year is the first organized Riksdag?

First period of repression

The report dealt with Russian gendarmes, unfounded whistleblowing, newspaper abolitions, making it difficult to establish new associations, preventing general assembly, and the attempt to make Russian the official language of Finland.