Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

The essential point is that the total space cannot be represented as a single (external) input of individual spaces.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Consequences Assume that the pair of particles is in the total state mentioned above.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

In this case, the measurement of the first particle gives the result “↑ {\ displaystyle\ uparrow}” with probability | c 1 | 2 {\ displaystyle |c_ {1} |^ {2}} and the result” ↓ {\ displaystyle\ downarrow}” with probability | c 2 | 2 {\ displaystyle |c_ {2} |^ {2}}.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

This thus corresponds to the properties of the general quantum superposition state.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

The idea of interlacing can be found by looking at the measurement of the second particle — its result depends entirely on the measurement result of the first particle.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

If the first measurement gave “↑ {\ displaystyle\ uparrow} “, the second measurement must also give “↑ {\ displaystyle\ uparrow}” — and, accordingly, for the measurement result “↓ {\ displaystyle\ downarrow}”.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

The measurement of the first particle therefore completely determines what can be obtained from the measurement of the second particle — regardless of the distance between the particles, for example.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

At the time of measurement, the first particle may be in Otaniemi, Espoo, and the second in Hervana, Tampere.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Contrary to what was initially thought, however, this does not contradict relativity, as no information is transmitted from measurements.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Quantum interlacing can be studied by measuring Bell's inequations.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

They can be used to show that quantum interlace breaks the local realness.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Creating an interlaced space An interlaced space can be created, for example, in certain decomposition processes where two or more particles are formed in the same coherent process.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Usage Quantum interlacing is used in quantum computing as well as somewhat also in quantum encryption.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

The mystery of time, the Wheeler—Dewitt equation developed in the 1960s, which combines relativity and quantum mechanics — the so-called quantify relativity — omits time from the equation overall.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

As a result, the equation was long a thorn in the flesh of scientists until, in 1983, Don Page and William Wootters suggested that interlacing might yield a solution to the problem of time.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

This is an exotic property in which two quantum particles share the same existence, even though they are physically separated.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Interlacing is a profound and powerful link and Page and Wootters showed how it can be used to measure time.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

According to Page and Wootters' conclusions, time is an emergent phenomenon due to the nature of interlacing and occurring only to observers within the universe.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Any God-like observer outside the universe sees in turn a static, immutable universe just as predicted by the Wheeler—Dewitt equation.


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

In 2013, a group of scientists from Turin, Italy, conducted the first test of Page and Wootters' idea, confirming the fact that time is indeed an emergent phenomenon for “internal” observers, but an absentee for external observers of the universe [1] [2] [3].


Question: Who has developed quantum encryption?

Interlacing

Sources Category:Quantum Mechanics


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

The Capitolium or mons Capitolinus () is the most famous and highest of Rome's original seven hills.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

The Capitolium housed the most important temple of the Roman Empire — the temple of Juppiter Optimus Maximus consecrated to Juppiter, Juno and Minerva [1].


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

In the vicinity of the spiritual centre, the scene of political life — the Forum Romanum — was located.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

The hill has two peaks: the fortified northern part was called Arx in antiquity, in the southern part, in turn, was the steep Tarpeian cliff, which was used in executions.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

Between the peaks was located a shallower valley that served as a refuge.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

On the edge of the hill Forum was located in the 1st century BCE.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

built the Tabularium, which housed the Roman State Archives.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

In the Middle Ages, the Capitolium was the center of Roman civil administration.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

In the 16th century, the hill underwent a profound transformation when Michelangelo designed the Piazza del Campidoglio and its surrounding palaces Palazzo dei Conservatori, Palazzo Senatorio and Palazzo Nuovo.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

Today these together form the museums of the Capitolium.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

In the center of the piazza is a replica of an antique equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

The original has been placed in an adjacent museum.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

In the ancient Arx area, the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli and the monument to Viktor Emanuel II are located today.


Question: Where is Capitolium Hill located?

Capitolium

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Roman hills Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Toe is an old gear originating in Scandinavia for salmon and whitefish.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

In Finland, tokes were built especially in Kokemäenjoki since the 14th century.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Toe differs substantially in appearance and structure from the salmon dams used in rivers and Kymijoki in northern Finland.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

The Toe was a large structure resembling a wooden pier or dam, extending from the shore towards the middle of the river.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Using gates in the toke, the fish were ushered into a closed space, from which they were then lifted up by flaps or wounds.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

The first written mentions in Finland date back to 1347, when Bishop Hemming built a toke in Lammaistenkoski, Kokemäenjoki.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Once and for all, they supplanted the old more primitive shore dams used for fishing in the mid-16th century, when the king's vouds effectively spread toe fishing among the peasants.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

The reason was for tax purposes, a large toet owned by several different houses was easier to tax than small beach dams in individual houses.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Tokeita was at its best in Kokemäenjoki with nearly 50 songs.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

From the second half of the 16th century, their numbers stabilized at just over twenty.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

The single toe was owned by several houses even from different villages.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

They were marked on maps and each toke had its own name given after the village.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Also, the monarch and bishop may have had their own tokes in the river (King's Toe and Bispantoe).


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

The loot was distributed to the shareholders in respect of where they had contributed to its construction and maintenance.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Owners of tokes often did not allow new ones to be built near existing ones.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

When new dams came up, they often went to the districts and they were usually ordered to be dismantled.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Construction and fishing with toke for the construction of Tokeite began to be prepared already in winter, when the largest necessary logs were cut down.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

The actual construction work was carried out in early summer, so that the tokes were ready by early July when salmon rose into the river.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Toe was demolished in the autumn after the end of the fishing season and its material was put to good use in the construction of a new one


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Lumber was brought to the site of construction with plenty of excess.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

As soon as the flood went unfinished, it was immediately possible to start building a new one.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Construction was done by skilled carpenters, who received as a reward part of the summer catch or the right to fish with a toke for a certain period of time.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Toe consisted of a couple dozen different parts, all of which had their own name.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Fishing with toke was carried out in shifts that were drawn between the partners.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Each shift lasted around the clock and in the evening as the shift changed, the day's catch was distributed to the partners.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

For the fisherman's or fiskar's rest breaks, as well as the accountant, a so-called fish pig was built on shore.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

They may, in some places, even have been heated dwellings consisting of more than one room.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Unlike the salmon dams in northern Finland, tokes were not allowed to be built to extend across the entire river.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

A third of the river's width had to be left free at its deepest point.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

The purpose of this so-called King's Way was to keep the river navigable, and to ensure that there was enough fish for those living on the uppermost river.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Often, however, the peasants broke regulations and left the kingway too narrow.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

In addition, such cases were covered in the courts, checkers went around the river measuring the width of the waterway and ripping tokes to legal dimensions.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Special feasts, so-called bales of fish, were often celebrated on fish circles.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

People flocked to the shore to eat the day's prey.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Usually there was whitefish soup or crucified whitefish and an integral part was also a hearty drink serving.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

The party was also attended by people who weren't in the toks as co-owners.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

They paid the going rate for their eating and drinking.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Fish bales took place until the first decades of the 20th century, as long as toefishing was practiced.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

See also Toejoki Sources Maunu Jokipi's article on Toe fishing in Kokemäenjoki in Old Harjavalta, Harjula guild ry 1953.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Tapio Salminen: The river and its people — History of Kokemäki and Harjavalta, 2007.


Question: What were the tokets?

Toe

Category:Fishing Class:Kokemäenjoki


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

Biosphere (kr.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

βίος, bios, life and σφαίρα, sfaira, perimeter), meaning the circle of life is the part of the Earth's surface on which life is possible.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

The size of the entire Biosphere is difficult to accurately define.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

Some migratory birds fly at altitudes of up to 10 kilometres, and fish can be found in even the deepest ocean depths.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

Bacteria and other microorganisms may be found in an even larger field.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

A conservative estimate of the size of the biosphere is 3,400 meters below sea level to 5,400 meters above sea level.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

The designation Biosphere is the first in this sense launched by Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadskij in 1926.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

[1] There are artificial experiments that also use the biosphere designation.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

Artificial experiments Biosphere 2 = Biosphere 2, an experiment near Tucson, Arizona.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

The number 2 is given because the number 1 is reserved for planet Earth.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

Biosphere 3, Russian experiment The latter two are artificial closed ecosystems.


Question: How is the biosphere defined?

Biosphere

See also Biome Viable zone Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Ecosystem Category:Superorganism


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The first period of repression is a designation used in Finland from the period 1899—1905, when the Russian Empire sought to consolidate and unify the Russian Empire by implementing a policy of Russification towards minority nationalities towards the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The most famous event of the repressive period was the 1899 February Manifesto, which in Finland was considered a state hijacking by which the Finnish constitutions were to be superseded.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

As a result, a well-organised passive resistance arose and the Great Address was collected, accumulating more than half a million names in a matter of weeks.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Similarly, the Cultural Address was born, whose signatories included well-known foreign scientists and lawyers, among others.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Through the Conscription Manifesto and the new Conscription Act, the Finnish national military force was abolished.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Finns were called into the Russian army, as a result of which the Kagal organized call strikes.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The governor-general of Finland, Nikolai Bobrikov, was given the powers of a dictator, after which measures began against people who had engaged in passive resistance, such as detention, expulsions, removal from office and abolition of newspapers.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The first period of repression ended with the assassination of Bobrikov and the Great Strike.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

With Finland's annexation of Russia in 1809 Finland was formally annexed to Russia on September 17, 1809, under the terms of the Peace Treaty of Hamina, when Sweden renounced Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Emperor Alexander I of Russia had given an assurance that Finnish religion, laws and special rights would be maintained.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[1] [2] [3] [4] The Grand Duchy of Finland was incorporated into Russia as an organically independent country whose statesmanship secured the freedom of the people.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Thus, in particular, the Swedish form of government of 1772 remained in force as the Constitution of Finland, although it was already repealed in Sweden that year.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In the Riksdag of 1816, Alexander I extended his sovereign guarantee in the Riksdag of Porvoo to apply to his descendants as well.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[11] Finland's position before the repressive years Finland faced a period of repression later than many other territories annexed to Russia through wars.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Russification measures had already been under way in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and the Baltic provinces before they began to be implemented in Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[12] [13] [14] The special status of the Baltic states was attacked through the press and books.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

A series of works written by Yuri Samarin, the border countries of Russia, the first part of which dealt with the Baltic provinces, appeared in Berlin v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

in 1867.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The author strongly attacked the special status of the Baltic provinces.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Samarin accused the Balts of deliberate translation errors in the texts of the main documents, the same accusation heard later after Finland was subjected to unification measures.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Carl Schirren, a historiographer from Riga, wrote a book The Livonian Answer to Lord Yuri Samarin, in which he defended the special status of the provinces through historical documents.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[15] Russian language was imposed on v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

1870 Baltic as the official language and Russian conscription went into effect.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Carl Schirren had predicted in 1869 that next after the nationalisation of the Baltics would come Finland's turn.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[16] The Baltic states had lost their special status within the 1870s and had been made ordinary Russian provinces.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[17] In order to strengthen the activities of the rightist Orthodox Church, several Lutheran priests were dismissed from their posts in the Baltic provinces and many of them were exiled to Russia.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[18] After the defeat of the Polish rebellion, N.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Under the leadership of A. Miljutin, Prince Vladimir Cherkassky, and Yuri Samarin, a peasant reform with which was intended to arouse in the lower strata of the Polish people sympathy for Russia.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In Poland the Russian language was introduced as the official language and as well as Russian administration.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In this way, Poland's special rights were abolished and the country was made an ordinary Russian province.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[19] [20] Nicholas I's reign upon the death of Alexander I as ruler of Russia came on 24 December 1825 by his younger brother Nicholas I, who confirmed in his declaration of monarch the special constitutional status of Finland as an independent, albeit annexed state to Russia.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[21] Russia had long been content with allowing nations annexed to the kingdom, having formally resigned themselves, to manage their own affairs in peace.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

This explains the fact that the conquered territories, the Baltic provinces and Poland, and especially Finland, were allowed to maintain comparatively wide autonomy for a long time.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[22] Lainop Professor J. J. Nordström was v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

1842 taught in his lectures at the University of Helsinki that Finland is a state that is in real union with Russia.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[23] Under Alexander I and Nicholas I, national fervor in Russia was so low that it did not affect conditions in Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Under the succeeding Emperor Alexander II, national-zealous Russians sought to eradicate Finland's special status as an internally independent state.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[24] Alexander II's reign upon Nicholas's death in 1855, he was succeeded as monarch by Alexander II, a ruler sympathetic to Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

During his time, Finland's special status and autonomy were respected.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Polish Rebellion, which began on 22 and 23 February 1863, brought about an end to major social reforms in Russia.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

However, reforms initiated in Finland between 1856 and 1863 were allowed to continue on condition that all separatism would be abandoned.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The first assassination attempt against the emperor was made in 1866.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[25] The assassination of Alexander II saw a slow but clear cooling of relations between Finland and Russia starting in the 1880s.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The backdrop was the intensification of the old and nationalist tendency in Russian politics.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[26] The most visible reason for this was the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, [27] [28] but it was also linked to increased pan-European imperialism, which saw that minority nationalities needed to be assimilated into the ruling population to secure the unity of the kingdom.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[29] Russian nationalists were given a preview of German policy in the Polish territories.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[30] Emperor Alexander III was at the head of the old nationalists and accepted their activities outline.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[31] [32] [33] [34] Among the patriotic Russian pan-Slavists there were already clear plans for the nationalisation of Finland during the Serbian War of 1876-1877.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Finnish colonel Evert Gustav Waldemar Becker, who fought in Turkey and the Balkans, had become acquainted with the Russian pan-Slavists and their plans for Finland, who were simply waiting for an opportune moment to be implemented.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[35] Becker wrote in the French periodical Le contemporain in 1880 an inscription on Independent and neutral Finland, in which he defined Finland's position in the Russian Empire, stating Finland's importance to Russia to be mainly strategic, the capital city of St. Petersburg in order to secure invasion in case.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Becker also wrote about future repressive measures 20 years before they began, describing in detail the nationalization measures that were later enacted.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Becker also wrote about armed resistance, Finland's secession from Russia, and the country's independence.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The writing provoked an outcry in Finland and Russia and was feared to jeopardize Finland's good relations with Russia.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[36] Alexander III was a signatory to the sovereign declaration guaranteeing the autonomous status of Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[37] The first repressive measures preceding the repressive period occurred during the reign of Alexander III, when the Finnish Post Office was assigned to the Russian Post Office.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

During his regency, reactionary forces gained dominance in Russia and liberals were sidelined.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[38] The special status of Finland is being attacked since the 1880s Since 1883, many Russian magazines began to criticise Finland's special status.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Conflict developed between Russia and Britain in Afghanistan in 1885, raising fears in Finland that the coast and merchant navy would be subject to military action, as had been the case during the Crimean War.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[39] [40] [41] [42] During the Crimean War, Russian troops sent to defend Finland had been well received by the Finns.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The soldiers had been offered sandwiches, pies and booze types.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Finnish doctors offered to treat Russian wounded and sick for free.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[43] Before the 1880s, Finland's special status was hardly discussed in the Russian press, but during the Polish revolt of 1863 the Russian magazine Moskovskiye vedomosti turned its attention to the writings of Finnish “separatists” in Helsingfors Dagbladet to their dreams of the neutrality of Finland in Helsingfors Dagbladet as a result of the writing.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[44] [45] [46] [47] The editor-in-chief of Helsingfors Dagblad, the ardent liberal Anders Herman Chydenius, introduced the idea of declaring Finland neutral in his newspaper on 15 April 1863.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[44] [48] Behind the idea was a concern that the Finnish-Swedes would be forced to wage war against the Finns, thus preventing Finnish neutrality from a “fraternal war.”


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[45] [46] [49] Apparently based on Dagbladet's material, the British newspaper Daily News published a story claiming that Finnish politicians suggested that Finland and Russia were two different states and hoped that Finland would declare itself neutral when war broke out.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[45] [46] [50] [51] Fennoman Snellman took a position on the neutrality debate at Litteraturbladet in early July v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In his 1863 War or Peace writing.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

His starting point was the loyalty to the emperor stressed by phennomans.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

He denounced the speculation in Finland and the unrealistic hopes of changing Finland's position as a result of the situation.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The writing was a clear response to the liberals' neutrality thesis.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[52] Russian panslavist, biologist Nikolai Danilevsky argued in a book published in 1869 on Russia and Europe that Finns belong to an unproductive race whose historical function is to merge with the Russian race that creates civilization.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[53] The bigoted Russians tried through their newspapers to instill in the Russian population the notion that Finland was not a state but a Russian province, and that Alexander I's statement in the Reichstag of Porvoo was merely a jewellery phrase adapted according to the circumstances.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[54] [55] After the writing, the Russian newspapers were fiercely attacking Finland, and the outrage of the old people was further enhanced by the unveiling of the monument to the Battle of Koljonvirta in 1885.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[31] Leo Mechel and K. F. Ord and Russian nationalists squabble over Finland's position In this situation Senator Leo Mechel published in 1885 the main features of the state law of the Grand Duchy of Finland in Finnish and Swedish and in 1886 in French Précis du droit public du Grand Duché de Finlande (“Main Features of State Law in the Grand Duchy of Finland”).


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Russian imperial butler, history and state law enthusiast Kesar Filippovich Ordin translated the work into Russian, equipping the translation with harsh criticism.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The work was translated in 1889 into German and English languages as well.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In 1889, Ordin's two-volume work Pokorenije Finljandij (The Conquest of Finland) appeared, comprising about 950 pages, including 310 pages of mostly political letters that were annexed.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In it, he made his accusations against the special status of Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[56] [57] [58] [59] Ordin's conclusions were shown to be false in the Finnish press.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Leo Mechelin published an article in a Russian periodical in which he refuted Ordin's conclusions.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Also, Ordin's views were not digested by many Russian pundits and the magazines representing them; one periodical noted that it was a vicious book, hostile to all free expression of mind, to every new idea.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[60] J. R. Danielson took Ordin's book very seriously and thoroughly researched it and wrote in consequence v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The 1890 book on the association of Finland with the Russian Empire in the pages of which he refuted most of Ordin's claims and showed his knowledge of history to be quite weak.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Danielson's book received a very positive response, including some Russians, such as the international law scholar F.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Von Martens, commended for an excellent treatise on the history of Finland in relation to Russia.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The circulation of the book in Russia was banned at the insistence of the censorship committee, based on a statement from the Minister of Internal Affairs, who stated that the book was waging war on Russia's current domestic policy.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[60] [61] [62] Russian Professor Nolde, in his research on state law, had shown that Ordin, when translating Alexander I's statements from French into Russian, had falsified the text by always substituting the constitutions of words and constitutions in place of something else.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[63] In 1889, Mechelin published an inscription in German that Emperor Alexander I had given assurances in the Reichstag of Porvoo that Finland was separate from Russia, with it a state in the realunion.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[64] Ordin replied that the Emperor's assurance was nothing more than a phrase with no statesmanly binding meaning, and that the Russian ruler was free to change Finland's position according to his own will.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Finnish scholars such as J. R. Danielson sought to prove Ordin's claims false, but a few scholars of the later period who have used Russian historical sources in their investigations, such as the aforementioned Ordin work, have shown Ordin to have been correct insofar as not constitutions and autonomy in 1809 had been defined binding.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[31] Instead of Alexander I's assurance, the Finns could have relied on Alexander II, who had established the Finnish constitutions and thus staunched the state-doctrinal basis of autonomy.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

However, Russian conservatives regarded Alexander II's policies as a whole as wrong and vehemently opposed the assertion of autonomy by the situation prevailing under Alexander II.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[31] M.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

N. Katkov wrote v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

1883 March Moskovskiye vedomosti magazine editorial called the slogan Russia for Russians - in it the emblem of success and demanded the abolition of the Finnish customs border.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[65] It was very difficult for Finns to have their own opinion raised in Russian journals.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In order to defend Finland's autonomous position against verbal attacks by Russian authors, and therefore that reliable information about Finland could be given to Russian readers, was born v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

1889 plan for the delivery of the magazine Finljandski Vestnik names.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Robert Runeberg, an engineer, was chosen as the publisher of the magazine, and Wladimir Golovin as the corresponding editor.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

A committee was named to promote the newspaper project, whose members included O. Donner, Lennart Gripenberg, Agathon Meurman, Johannes Gripenberg, Etholên and Golovin.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

However, the publication licence requested for the establishment of the magazine was never obtained, due to opposition from Russia's printing overboard.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[66] On 9 February 1816, Alexander I, in the Russian-language manifesto, changed the name of the Finnish government elder to the Senate of Finland, had used four times the title of constitutional law (constituent) in the form of a unit, and he had finally reaffirmed this of constitutional law.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

This was proved by Danielsson in his book The Restoration of the County of Vyborg to the rest of Finland v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

in 1894.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[67] The debate showed that the Finnish and Russian nationalists' perceptions of Finland's status were based on completely different starting points and differed completely from each other.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

However, the position of the emperor and the Russian Foreign Ministry on autonomy was more positive than that of the most ardent old papers, and Governor-General Heiden also did not want to join the positions of the most strident nationalists.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[68] According to J. F. Danielson's account, Alexander III in the early 1890s had accepted the Finns' criticism of Ordin's work on the events of 1808-09 and he had harshly resented the misrepresentations of Finland from the Russian side.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[69] [70] [71] The Russian Gendarmerie was brought to Finland in 1889 by a Russian gendarmerie whose duties and modes of operation included espionage and a whistleblowing system.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[72] [73] The Gendarmerie officially belonged to the Russian military and was not subject to the laws of Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

It had only been during Bobrikov's time that it started a more wide-ranging action infringing on Finnish rights, of which was v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

1900 A damning statement in the Riksdag.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In 1903, the gendarmes received a new statute, after which they took part in many illegal acts, breach of home peace, inspection of passports, etc.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

After the Reichstag of 1904-1905, Åland Reichstag men were harassed by Russian gendarmes in the port of Turku when they did not have the passports required by them.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

This incident caused great excitement across the country.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The bourgeoisie law concerned by this infringement argued that measures should be taken so that such action should not happen in the future.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

As a result, the Statutes petitioned the monarch to annul v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Statute of the Gendarmerie and other acts established in 1903, “that gendarmes should no longer be used in actions concerning Finnish citizens or otherwise belonging to the functions of the ordinal authority in this country.”


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[74] Postal Manifesto (1890) One of the first repressive measures took place under the direction of the Governor-General of Finland Heiden, a project of harmonization of Finnish customs, monetary and postal service with the corresponding Russian institutions by three Russian-Finnish commissions.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[75] [76] [77] [78] Three Finnish-Russian committees had been set up in 1890 to deal with postal, customs and monetary issues.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Governor-General Heiden received the right to elect the Finnish members of the committees.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The joint chairman of the committees was Governor-General Heiden.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Joint Commission included as members the Assistant to the Secretary of State for Ministers, Lieutenant General W. v. Daehn, Senator Tudeer, Chief of the General Government of the Russian Posts and Telegraph Service, Lieutenant General Bezack, and his deputy, chamberlain, real state counselor Skalkovski.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[79] The emperor confirmed a postal manifesto based on Heiden's proposal, ordering e.g.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

the fact that the Finnish Postal Service had to comply with Russian statutes and taxa and the instructions of the Russian authorities, the Russian authorities obtained the right to submit inspections and participate in the appointment of senior postal officers and the establishment of the Postal Service's expenditure rule.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Finnish members of the committees had opposed the manifesto, deeming it unconstitutional in Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[80] On 12 June 1890, the Postal Manifesto, or Imperial Majesty's Merciful Declaration Book, was published on postal service in the Grand Duchy of Finland (ASK 16/1890), which subordinated the Finnish Postal Service to the Russian Post Office and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[81] The intention was to subjugate customs and MFIs to Russian installations as well, but the plan was thwarted by some Russians opposed to the idea.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Money Minister Vyšnegradski opposed imposing Russian money as Finnish money.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The merging of the customs service was prevented because Russian industry feared dangerous competition from Finnish industry.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[32] [75] [82] [83] The Russian-Finnish committee headed by Governor-General Heiden proposed that the currency to be used in Finland had to be converted into a gold ruble, which would be worth four marks.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The silver and copper change would become kopecks equivalent to four pence in Finnish money.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Finnish money should be equipped with a different inscription to differentiate from Russian money.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Russian Monetary Minister Vyšnegradski and Finnish Minister-Secretary of State Ehrnrooth opposed the proposed amendment and presented the matter to the monarch on 1 August 1890.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The proposal by the majority of the committee to use Russian banknotes and change in Finland was approved up to 3 silver rolls in the same performance.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[84] The Postal Manifesto and some other measures showing disregard for the law of those in power in Russia had caused public unrest in the country, which was also manifested in the Reichstag of 1891.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

At the opening of the Riksdag, the Land Marshal and the Presidents of the Ordinaries brought up this violation of justice in their speeches.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Because of this, on 12 March 1891, the Emperor issued a rescript intended to appease the Finns.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[85] A manifesto for the repeal of the new penal code had been confirmed by the Senate of Finland, which was to go into effect in early 1891, but the Russians felt that there were passages in it that infringed on interests and value.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In December 1890, the Emperor's Manifesto postponed the passage of a law already confirmed by the Senate.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[86] It was an infringement of justice because the enactments had not been listened to.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

It followed that sentences were handed down under both the old and new law.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[87] The new Penal Code came into force only in 1894, with the confirmation of the Emperor, [88] after the adoption of various amendments by the Finnish Reichstag, which harmonised the provisions, in particular concerning national and public property offences in force in Russia with those who have been.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[89] The Committee on Finnish Affairs is abolished The Committee on Finnish Affairs, which was tasked with acting between the Senate and the Secretary of State for Ministers and representing knowledge of Finland and its conditions in Saint Petersburg, was dissolved on 13 May 1891.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[90] It had been proposed to the Senate that Russians or Finns who perfectly mastered the Russian language should be appointed as officials to the Office of the Secretary of State and the Governor General's Office.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

A decree was issued on increasing the teaching of the Russian language in grammar schools and a requirement for officials to promote proficiency in the Russian language.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[91] Alexander III died on 1 November 1894 in the Crimean Livadi at his summer palace.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[92] [93] The reign of Nicholas II during the reign of Nicholas II, Finland's special status and autonomy became subject to many repressive measures.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In Russia, reactionary circles, inspired by the procurator fiscal of the Holy Synod, Konstantin Pobjedonostsev, doctor of law, and General Alexei Kuropatkin, Minister of War, raised national fervor, also directed against Finland's special status.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Kuropatkin, who was one of the most determined and enthusiastic opponents of Finland's special status and autonomy, stated in his speech “After conquering Finland, we in the 19th century too little turned attention to the internal affairs of this Russian province and our results got next to the capital for us a hostile locality full of secessionist aspirations, populated by an admittedly small but stubborn people.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

To the 20th century, the task of annexing Finland to Russian nationality will take place.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

“[94] On 6 November 1894, Nicholas II confirmed the constitutions of Finland in a manifesto.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[95] [96] During the change of governor-general among patriotic Russians, a newspaperman Messarosch wrote a book on Finland's relationship with Russia, Finljandija - Gosudarstva ili Ruskaya Okraina (Finland - State or Russian border country), which described them sharpened attitudes that General Bobrikov and other nationalists had towards Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[97] Bobrikov's entry into Finland and first speech General Nikolai Bobrikov had been appointed Governor-General of Finland on 29 August 1898.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

On 12 October 1898, at the Governor-General's Palace, he delivered a speech to the Senate of Finland and some of the most senior officials.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The speech was published in the papers the following day and provoked great astonishment as well as outrage.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[98] [99] [100] [101] He had called Finland a borderland in his speech and had not recognised Finland's special status as a state.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

That insult contained a serious threat and made people realise that Bobrikov was tasked with eradicating Finland's special status and Russifying the Finns.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[102] [103] [104] The first period of repression of Nikolai Bobrikov and Kuropatkin's promeria on 29 August 1898 Emperor Nicholas II of Russia had approved the promeria of Minister of War Alexei Kuropatkin on the Finnish question.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

It was a complete Russification program.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

On 29 August 1898, he appointed General Nikolai Bobrikov as Governor-General of Finland and ordered him to gradually instil in the consciousness of the local population all the importance which was to the success of Finland through its most integral unification with the common common to all true subjects to the motherland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[105] [106] [107] Auxiliary Riksdag 1899 On 19 July 1898, a vocation to the Auxiliary Riksdag was issued early in the following year to deal with the question of the formation of the Finnish War Institution in line with the Russian War Institution.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[108] [109] [110] [111] [112] The purpose was to end the separate Finnish military force and transfer Finnish soldiers to the Russian military.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[113] [114] [115] The February Manifesto The period of repression began with the February manifesto issued by Emperor Nicholas II on 15 February 1899, which was considered a state grab to depose the Finnish constitutions.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] [125] [126] The new law passed by Emperor Nicholas II was intended to supplement existing legislation which did not mention anything about dealing with matters which concerned not only Finland but also the rest of Russia.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The intention was, as stated in the manifesto, that laws concerning Finland alone should be enacted as before.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

But if the laws had any effect on the rest of the kingdom, the emperor had to seek advice from both the Reichstag of Finland and the Russian governing bodies, including the Imperial government, before making any decision.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Such a lack of legislation had plagued Nicholas II for some time, although, for example, under Nicholas I, the emperor enacted laws of general national significance without convening the Reichstag throughout the reign.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Russian Professor Behrendtsin stated in his book the February manifesto was a “coup d' Etat” state capture.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[127] The Senate petitioned Nicholas II for the manifesto, expressing that it was contrary to the Finnish constitutions.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Acts also sent their own petition, but Nicholas II did not receive them.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[128] In August 1899, Vyatšeslav von Plehwe, the State Secretary who was drafting the February Manifesto, was appointed as Minister Secretary of State for Finland v. t. The following year the post was regularised.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[129] With the manifesto, Governor-General Nikolai Bobrikov initiated unification measures.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The manifesto and the laws enacted under it caused great turmoil.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[130] [131] [132] [133] Nikolai Bobrikov wrote a letter to Alexei Kuropatkin after the Senate vote in which he mentioned e.g.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The opinion of the minority is partly correct in that, under the new law, the Grand Duchy can indeed be gradually and unnoticed transformed into a governorship, which, to appease the Senators, I did not entirely agree with.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[134] The infringement of justice in Finland attracted attention throughout the civilised world.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The newspaper press of various countries published details of the February manifesto and the civic delegation, which sought the emperor's speeches, but which he did not take up.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[135] The Great Adress The Great Adress was collected in Finland in 1899 to oppose the February Manifesto signed by Emperor Nicholas II, Grand Duke of Finland on 15 February 1899.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The then matriculates skied from village to village, amassing more than half a million names in a matter of weeks.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[136] [137] [138] Address was delivered to the Emperor on 14 March 1899.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

General Bobrikov had told the foreign press that all sensible people in Finland were happy with the Tsar's manifesto.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

However, the great adress had informed the Finns' attitude towards the issue.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[139] Cultural Address Next was initiated by Konni Zilliacus to compile a Pro Finlandia cultural adress signed by 1063 cultural personalities from all over Europe, from twelve countries.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

On Monday, 26 June 1899, members of the legation from various quarters arrived in St. Petersburg.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[140] The emperor did not accept this adress either, but the legation got the people around him when he returned through Finland to their countries.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[137] [141] [142] Postal Manifesto (1900) On 15 June 1900 an order was issued that Finnish postage stamps remain out of use and Russian-style stamps take their place in domestic postal traffic since 14 January 1901.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Mail going abroad must be equipped with Russian characters.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[143] [144] The two-headed eagle of Russia was replaced on the postage stamps.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Stray traders from Russia, Viena Karelia, had circulated baseless rumours circulated by Russian officials, including the allocation of land for crofters.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Travelers had initially imported their goods for sale from Russia, but since the end of the century they bought their goods mainly from wholesale shops founded by former stray merchants who had migrated to Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Until the repressive years, the people viewed stray merchants favourably, but as they became henchmen of the oppressive power, they fell out of favour.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Efforts had therefore been made to curtail the activities of stray traders, authorities published warnings against “agitation and dangerous rumours” spread by stray traders.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

It wasn't to Bobrikov's liking.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Therefore, Russian subjects were granted the right to carry out trades in Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

This regulation, too, was contrary to the Constitution of Finland and, as it concerned the law of industry, should have been subject to a Riksdag decision.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[145] [146] [147] [148] The Riksdag of 1900 In August 1900, Russian State Secretary Vyacheslav von Plehwe was assigned to hold the post of Minister Secretary of State for Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

This was an affront to the Finnish constitution, which stated that all Finnish officials were supposed to be Finnish citizens.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

He also became Acting of the University.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

chancellor.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[73] In his Throne Speech, read by the Governor-General on behalf of the Emperor-Grand Duke in Russian, prohibited the enactments from making statements that diverge into substances of general national significance.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Such statements in the last provisional Riksdag have created pressure and unnecessary fear in the minds of the population.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The renewal of them will raise doubts about the equivalence of legislative legislation to current conditions.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

To this speech perceived as offensive, the land marshal and the presidents of the noble enactments responded boldly, stressing the importance of justice in peoples lives.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Although the emperor had forbidden the enactments from interfering in matters of general national significance, nevertheless the Acts dealt with such matters that occurred in the state sphere.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[149] The Law Committee drew up an extensive report on the basis of requests submitted by the legislators.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The report dealt with Russian gendarmes, unfounded whistleblowing, newspaper abolitions, making it difficult to establish new associations, preventing general assembly, and the attempt to make Russian the official language of Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The legislative acts stated that the aim of the measures against the Finnish administration was the requirement that Finland's right to keep gave way to the common interests of the entire Russian Empire.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[150] The regulations referred to what was already the case in the previous v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

1899 raised in the Riksdag: the State Regulations consider the higher world order based on their duty to uphold the law and right which, in 1809, was solemnly assured to the Finnish people to be unwaveringly preserved.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

And this conviction remains unwavering for the state and the people of the country of Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[150] Language Manifesto On June 20, 1900, the Emperor-Grand Duke signed a language manifesto ordering that the Russian language must gradually be introduced in Finland as the main language when dealing with matters concerning the administration of the country.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

It was stipulated that the Finnish State Secretary Office in Saint Petersburg, as well as the associated passport office and the Governor-General's Office in Helsinki, would use Russian as their only official language.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Finance Department of the Senate, county governments and overgovernments also received the same provision.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Similarly, the teaching of the Russian language was ordered to be greatly increased in educational institutions.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[151] Just as had previously been done in the Baltic provinces, also happened in Finland, efforts were made to Russify the official apparatus of the country, thus believing that it would be easy to dispose of the country's special status.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Debate had taken place in the Senate over the publication of the manifesto, with the final vote supporting publication by 12 senators and 6 opposed.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Senators who voted for were insulted and those who voted against were shown respect and praise on the part of the people.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[152] In 1902, the language manifesto was supplemented by a decree confirming the status of Finnish language.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Only then did the Finnish language reach a full position in the administration and courts [153] The Finnish Party, as its leader, Yrjö Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen, became a supporter of the acquiescence trend.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

On 10 December 1900, on the occasion of his 70th birthday, he published an Open Letter to my friends urging that resistance be avoided in relation to repression.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

“We have insisted that the country and the people should always be treated with the same loyalty,” Yrjö-Koskinen writes.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

“Now the position has changed.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Now no help other than to look reality directly in the eye, and to what extent it is necessary, to bend”.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The open letter provoked bitter anger but also sparked infatuation in low-numbers circles among the civilised Old Finnish youth and in much of the Finnish-speaking nationally awakened house ordinance.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

He called for an end to all cooperation with the Swedish party, thus imagining better relations with the Russians.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

This brought about discord in the past with a people who had opposed repression more uniformly.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] In his open letter, Yrjö-Koskinen also stated his position that legal scholars such as Leo Mechel were trying, citing the Constitution, to resist repression.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

“But let's say: Now it is not a question of language and nationality alone, but about constitutions.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Documentaries are good to exist, but the old truth is that a peace instrument is only valid if it is reinforced by a good instrument of war.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

And even if there are both, there is a powerful, vibrant national spirit more important than both.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

All the more there is this spirit, where warlike defence is impossible "[161] During the Language Manifesto, the Old Finns had opposed the publication of the manifesto and severely criticised those senators who had allowed intimidation to influence their solution.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[162] Yrjö Koskinen's open letter to my friends was Th. According to Rhine's memoirs, a torch of discord thrown at the centre of a nation struggling for its existence.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[163] J. K. Paasikivi, who was beginning his political career at the time, interprets in his memoirs that “in his open letter Yrjö-Koskinen showed doubts about the possibility of preserving Finland's then state institutions.”


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Paasikivi's view was that “had the melskits of the First World War not unexpectedly reversed the course of our history, the fate of Yrjö-Koskinen would probably have awaited us.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

“[164] The actions of the men of acquiescence made passive resistance difficult, because after the Russians dismissed a law-abiding official or his resignation in protest, a representative of the acquiescence party was immediately ready to take his place.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[165] On 12 July 1901, Nicholas II confirmed the new Conscription Act for Finns [166] and a particularly gracious declaration book, the so-called Manifesto of Conscription [167], which stated that Finland's status obliged the Finns. to participate in the defense of the throne and the fatherland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Some detachments of Finnish military personnel were abolished under it.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

All sniper battalions were disbanded, with the exception of the Finnish Guards.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[168] Hundreds of officers and their families were driven from their apartments in the middle of winter to the street.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The assets, weapons, barracks and movables of the Finnish army were handed over without compensation to the Russian Army.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[169] The invitation under the new law was ordered to be delivered in 1902.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The decree effectively meant the abolition of the Finnish national military force: there were no more purely Finnish troop detachments where the officers and crew would be Finnish citizens.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[170] Since 1887 there had been a conscription law in Finland, according to which the purpose of the Finnish army was the defence of Finland, but it was not allowed to be exported outside the country.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[171] [172] By law, the army was permitted to include only Finnish citizens, [171] with the exception of its two supreme chiefs, the Governor-General and the Russian Minister of War.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Finns alone financed the maintenance of the army.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[173] The Manifesto was considered illegal, as it repealed the Conscription Act of 1878 and placed provisions in its place that had not been adopted by the Finnish Riksdag.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[174] In the final vote on 1 August 1901, the publication of the Conscription Act was opposed by four senators: Heikel, Homén, Nummelin and Ramsay.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

As a result of their vote, they were allowed to resign from the Senate.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Senate published an illegal conscription law and, on the same occasion, a letter from a subject to the monarch, mentioning: “A law which had arisen in a different way than the laws of the land required, had to raise concern with Finland and bring it to the understanding that the country's form of government was not secured.”


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

But then the Senate added to the letter that among it - it when it was in the earlier decisions of the Sovereign “and even now published in the manifesto” noticed “many unfrozen testimonies of Your Imperial Majesty's benevolence and leniency towards this country” nevertheless “cannot” to arise any doubt that the Finnish form of government is constantly considered sacred”.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Senate pleading became widely known and was considered to be the most worthless document ever published by the Senate of Finland.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Former Senator Lennart Gripenberg said in his article about it that it is a criminal document because of a heavy affront to the country's form of government through the conscription manifesto.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[175] The priestly ordinance was held by the Old Finns, but when the priests, according to custom, made vocations in churches, in some localities the people covered their voices with a smirk.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[176] An adress containing 92889 names was collected in 1901 against the promulgation of the Conscription Act from the countryside by Mauno Rosendal and judiciously W. Wallin and the peasants.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

At the invitation of Mauno Rosendal, citizens opposed to the illegal conscription law gathered in Tampere on 23 February 1901.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Among them it was believed that a Russian conscription decree would result in an abundance of young men emigrating and many hiding in the heartlands.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Mauno Rosendal was chosen as a staff member who took care of collecting names from Oulu County.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

They wanted with adress from the air that the people would not accept illegal regulations.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

On the night of February 26 and 27, there were 25 women who wrote the adress.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The adress project was met with opposition from the leaders of the Finnish Party.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

On 11 March 1901, the legation arrived in Helsinki, where Linder, Vice-President of the Senate, refused to accept the adress.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The adress was handed over to the Senators, but it ended up in the archives of the House of Independence.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Members of the embassy went to meet with senators and told them about the adress and its genesis.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Later the Great Conscription Address was collected due to the initiative leaving Helsinki, which yielded 473,468 names.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[177] [178] Establishment of Kagaal Kagaali was founded in the law firm of Arne Cederholm on 15 September 1901 as an organization of passive resistance.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In 1902, Kagaal's upper management body, the Council, was formed, with Mechelin as its head.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Kagaali circulated illegal books and newspapers, opposed conscription calls, and organised non-profit popular education activities.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Later, the Kagal also engaged in active resisting by acquiring weapons and organizing shooting exercises.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[179] Kagaali did not cooperate with activists or Russian revolutionaries, but sought cooperation with Russian libertarians.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[180] Vocation strikes of 1902 In 1902, the calling strikes began, organized by passive resistance supporters founded by Kagaali.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[181] Sixty-five priests refused to read the Conscription Act in their churches, and in half of all keepers, citizens objected to reading.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[182] There were 870 conscripts in Helsinki, and only 57 of them enrolled in the Russian army.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In several Ostrobothnia municipalities, no one arrived.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[183] Only 41.8% of conscripts participated in the 1902 invitations.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[184] [185] Old Finnish acquiescence men opposed the call strike, Archbishop Gustaf Johansson sent his famous shepherd letter to priests, which allowed most priests to read the illegal decree in churches.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[186] In June 1902 a new decree was issued on the use of Finnish and Swedish in courts and offices.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[187] The decree brought the Finnish language equal alongside the Swedish language.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[188] The invitation riot in April 1902 in Helsinki arose from 17 to 18 April 1902 a street riot, curious people had gathered in abundance at the Senate Square in front of the police chamber, when Russian governor Mikhail Kaigorodov commanded a large number of people in motion Gendarmes, which led to the accumulation of more people.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

People whistled at gendarmes and others taunted them.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[189] Mounted police officers tried to scare the crowd into silence, but were unsuccessful.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The governor then commanded a hundred Cossacks into the square, and as they approached the multitudes, the market emptied.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[190] [191] Only a few individual walkers passed through the market, but nevertheless Kaigorodow commanded the Cossacks attacked.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Russian Cossacks pursued with their sabres, striking and nagaikos, or knot whips, whipping people passing near the market, leaving several women and children injured.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

They rode people down, letting their steeds trample the people to their feet.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

This prompted general anger among citizens who witnessed the events, causing people to start throwing stones at the Cossacks, and some wearing steel guns.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[190] [192] [193] [194] A message was delivered to the Governor that thousands of people would soon be on the streets from the closing factories, and what would happen then was unnecessary to predict, whereby he understood that it was better to command the Cossacks off the citizens.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[190] The Finns were not inducted into the Russian army; the call-up strikes caused the end of conscription of Finns.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Instead, Finland had to make monetary reparations, so-called military millions.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[195] The labour movement strongly criticized in its flyers the giving of 20 million marks to the Reich Fund.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[196] The dictatorial decree granting dictator powers to Bobrikov had been discussed at a secret Russian conference in February 1902, when it was stated that he must be able to defeat opposition through temporary measures and decrees.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[197] Bobrikov, at his own request, was granted the powers of dictator on 2 April 1903, when the Merciful Decree was issued on measures to preserve state order and general peace in Finland (AsK 36/1903), [198] and a letter of command or rescript a week later.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[199] With the dictator's powers, he was able to expel and arrest whomever he pleased and also gained the legal right to interfere in most of the affairs of the country.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

He obtained the right to close commercial and industrial establishments, ban general and private gatherings, abolish associations.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[200] Deportations 1903 The status of Finnish and Swedish languages as well as the autonomous status of Finland came under various attacks.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Among other things, pro-Finnish politicians were expelled abroad and newspapers were abolished.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[201] [202] Defunct newspapers were v.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

1899 by 4, yrs.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

1900 chassis calculated from approx.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

20 and fixed-term abolished ca.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[148] [203] In 1903, supposedly to preserve Finnish security, Governor General Bobrikov expelled Senator Leo Mechelin, who was one of the first to be expelled.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[202] [204] Other known exiles included Freeman V.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

M. von Born, Count Carl Mannerheim, Consul Eugen Wolff, Reguel Wolff, Jonas Castren, and Wentzel Hagelstam and Mauno Rosendal.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The deportations attracted attention in other countries and Bobrikov's actions were condemned.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[205] [206] [207] [208] [209] 68% of invitees arrived at the 1903 call-outs, so the call-out strike was not very successful.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[185] [210] [211] Dismissal from Estonia In January 1903, governors who did not agree to blindly obey the orders of the Governor-General of Finland Bobrikov were dismissed from their posts.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[212] In February, 16 members and officials of the Turku and 3 Vaasa Court of Appeal were dismissed because of the position they had taken in relation to the decree of 14 August 1902.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

That decree provided, contrary to existing law, that no prosecution may be brought against an officer without the permission of his superior.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[213] [214] [215] [216] [217] [218] Russification of drivers and Russian-language street signs Helsinki police officers were ordered to wear Russian-style uniform.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

From the beginning of 1904, the express drivers in Helsinki were ordered to wear Russian-style driver suits.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Russian texts were required for street nameplates, with the street name in Finnish and Swedish below.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[219] [220] Labour demonstration A large group of people gathered on 5 June 1904 at Mäntymäki Zoo.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The main purpose was to oppose unnatural voting rights conditions.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Dr. S. Ingman gave a speech on the voting rights issue, teacher W. Reima on Prohibition, Matti Hälleberg on the eight-hour workday.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Then a group of men arrived on the speaking platform, one of whom stepped on stage and began shouting “Away from the oppressive violence, down Plehve, Bobrikov and our grovelling Senate.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Long live freedom!”.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

After giving the speech, the man exited the stage and disappeared into the crowd.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Several cheer screams and claps were heard as a result of the speech.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Police arrested several individuals, but the speaker could not be found out.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

It has later been discovered that the speech was crafted by P. E. Svinhufvud, W. Zilliacus, and Th.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Homé.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[221] [222] Assassination of Bobrikov The first period of repression culminated with the shooting of Bobrikov by Eugen Schauman on June 16, 1904.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In the process, Schauman shot himself.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[201] [223] [224] [225] [226] [227] Schauman acted alone, though with the knowledge and deadline of activists.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Lennart Hohenthal, too, had been preparing to assassinate Bobrikov.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[228] The daily newspaper published an editorial entitled “Midsummer" [229] and described in it how at midsummer the light always overcomes darkness after all.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The magazine was then forced to be permanently disbanded.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

According to Tekla Hultin's view, Bobrikov's death broke the myth of Finns' satisfaction with Bobrikov's regime.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The celebration of Bobrikov's death was quite visible in Helsinki according to contemporaries, but especially among Finns staying abroad, the act was seen as Finland's liberation from oppression.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The new Finnish magazine labelled Schauman's act an outrageous and disgusting crime.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[230] According to Russian papers, Bobrikov's death had shocked the Finnish population because “the Governor-General was popular as a benevolent and very easy-to-speak man.”


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[231] The Acknowledgement Senate released its statement of what happened on 22 June 1904: “In its deepest disgust at the appalling devious crime unheard of in the documents of our country to which Governor-General Bobrikov has fallen victim and which all rightfully think in this country the deeper disapprove...


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The Senate has wished the inhabitants of the earth to point out the greatly deplorable consequences of the incitement to disobedience against the predominance which, in recent years, has already been conducted, by the malevolent, partly ill-fated persons in our country, and of the dangers of unbridled sedition in the future might for our country produce... “[232] Bobrikov's death was widely written in the pages of foreign journals, describing the Russification policy pursued by Bobrikov, and also often bringing understanding of Schauman's act.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The period of repression eased slightly after the death of the active Bobrikov.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[233] Due to the murder of Bobrikov, a search of the house was carried out at the home of Schauman's father, general and senator, secret counselor Fredrik Waldemar Schauman, he was captured and transported to St. Petersburg and confined to the Peter Paul Fortress, where he was held for several months until the liberator as the winds began to blow, he was released and left for investigation by the Turku Court of Appeal.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[234] In accordance with the report of Oerstroem, assistant to the Secretary of State for Ministers, the assassination of Bobrikov had raised public Russian opinion to demand revenge and casualties as a result of what had happened, but Nicholas II, to appease the public mood, had sent a special Russian police magistrate on the matter to find out.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

However, the unstable conditions in Russia caused by the Russo-Japanese war drew attention from the issue that had happened.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[235] [236] [237] Nicholas II appointed Prince Ivan Obolenski as Governor-General of Finland on 30 June 1904 to continue the Russification that was interrupted by the assassination of Bobrikov.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[238] [239] [240] When Governor-General Prince Ivan Obolenski and Minister of State E. Öerström took office, it seemed that the worst times were over.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The repressive measures did continue, but in a more restrained way.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Magazines were allowed to write more freely than before.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

It followed that now people knew more about the activities of the Russian regime, including about the nasty things that, under Bobrikov, were kept out of the public eye by strong censorship.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[241] [242] [243] In July 1904, Vyacheslav von Plehwe, the Minister of the Interior of Russia, was assassinated in Saint Petersburg.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[244] [245] [246] A few weeks after Bobrikov's murder was deported to Russia Emil Schybergson, R.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

A. Wrede and Viktor Theodor Homén and Ernst Estlander.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[247] [248] The exiles were held in Sweden by exile Riksdag under Mechelin.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

Mechelin opposed violence and lawlessness, so the writer Konni Zilliacus, who remained in the minority, founded the Finnish Active Resistance Party on 11 October 1904.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The founding meeting of the Finnish Active Opposition Party was held in Helsinki on 17 November.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[249] [250] The Riksdag on 6 December 1904 and the Great Supplication The result of the Riksdag elections was a disappointment for the Acquisition Party, with 167 constitutionalists and 30 acquiescent men in the knighthood and nobility.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In Priestly Acts 24 and 24.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

In bourgeoisie, 3 socialists, 3 acquiescence men and 67 constitutionalists.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

The peasant statute had constitutional 62 and acquiescence men 25.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

[251] It was suggested to those who were illegally deported from the country that they would beg the Governor-General for the right to return, but no one pleaded.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

They were then informed that even that is enough for them to inform the relevant governor that they want to return, but no one indicated.


Question: When did Johan Gripenberg start his political career?

First period of repression

It was then suggested that deportees may request a passport from the Governor-General, but no one asked.