Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[13] Phytoplankton production is influenced by many physical factors, the most significant of which are the availability of sunlight and nutrients and the density stratification of water.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Pico- and nanoplanktons are more common in stratified water of the open ocean than in mixed water of the riparian zone, with larger plankton algae increasing with ulapa only during short flowering periods.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[14] Certain plankton algae and cyanobacteria produce toxins that cause fish deaths and can be dangerous to humans.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[15] Algae also cause other phenomena in the North Sea: for example, colonial algae belonging to the genus Phaeocystis give rise to foam in the early summer which drifts into the seashore as thick ramparts, and grasping algae belonging to the genus Chrysochromulina produce a characteristic scent to the sea.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[16] Macroalgae and marine jockeys are the most significant groups of plants in the North Sea after plankton algae.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

They are found in coastal waters and shallow seas, where sunlight still reaches the bottom.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[17] Maritime racing meadows were previously common on the shores of the Vatti Sea but became less common in the 20th century due to plant diseases and excessive collection.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[18] The most extensive large-algal crops are located on rocky beaches and solid seabed and extend from the low tide zone to a depth of 15—30 m.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

In the intertidal zone, annual green algae and perennial kelp-like brown algae compete for living space, for example knot algae, sawwort and kelp.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Below the intertidal zone, tar-like brown algae predominate, forming dense growths on the seabed.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[19] Fish in the North Sea inhabits about 230 species of fish [19], whose distribution allows it to be roughly divided into three biogeographical regions: the northern and central zones, the southern and eastern zones, and the edge of the continental shelf and the Norwegian grave.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Due to differences in water depth and temperature, fish species are very different in the shallow southern regions than in the deeper central and northern regions.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[20] The number of species is also at its lowest in the south but increases towards the north and west and when approaching the coasts.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[19] In the northern and central regions, the most common demersal fish are whiting, haddock and cod, and mackerel, horse mackerel and sprat, the most common pelagic fish species.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[19] [20] In deeper waters (100—200 m), grey cod dominates, while in shallower waters (50—100 m) the more common are haddock, whiting, herring, sand and plaice.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

A few cold water fish species also occur in the northern parts, which are completely absent from southern parts.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

For example, the whitetail and big-tailed horsetail are included in rock anilies.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[20] The species typical of the southern and eastern parts are the various fish in coastal waters, among which whiting, sole, plaice and sole are economically important.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Other common but economically insignificant fish species include the nodule curnish musk, the pinch, as well as the poisonous little fish.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Also common are sandeels belonging to the genus Ammodytes, as well as gobies belonging to the genus “Pomatoschisto”, which are important food for demersal fish.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[20] On the edge of the continental shelf, in the Norwegian grave and in the deep fjords of Norway, by far the most common species of fish is the cobweb.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

In addition to that, haddock, grey cod, whiting, horse mackerel and blue whiting occur in this zone.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[20] Benthic animals Also on the basis of benthic organisms, the North Sea can be divided into three biogeographical regions, the boundaries between which run at depths of fifty, one hundred and two hundred metres.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[21] The richest organisms communities are found in the northwestern parts of the region and the poorest in the south-east.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[22] The species composition and abundance of benthic organisms is influenced not only by water depth, but also by the temperature and salinity of groundwater and seafloor sediments.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[21] The most common animals belonging to the main arthropod period are various bark crustaceans, mainly shrimp, hermit crabs, crabs and lobsters.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[23] [24] Among the shrimp species are the most commercially significant northern shrimp and sand shrimp and the most abundant Pandalus montagui and Crangon allmanni.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[25] [23] [24] Large crustaceans are fished in particular for large crab and spider crab, as well as European lobster and Norway lobster.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[24] Also common are the Bernhard hermit crab dwelling in the conch shell and the tiny blue crab Liocarcinus holsatus.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[23] [24] The predominant mollusc species in biomass include the large gastropod Neptunea antiqua and the king conch found below the intertidal zone.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[23] King gastropods are fished for edible as are smaller shore gastropods.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Economically significant bivalve species include the blue mussel and heart mussel living in the riparian zone, and the oblique tooth mussels Spisula solida and Spisula subtruncata.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[24] The most common animals belonging to the main echinoderms are sea stars, snake stars and sea urchins.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

The most abundant of the starfish are red starfish and comb starfish living close to shore and Luidia sarsi, which live in the open sea, which has a very unusual life cycle.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

The most common snake stars, meanwhile, are the sand snake star nestled in the bottom sand and its small close relative the red snake star.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

The most abundant sea urchin species in terms of quantity are Echinus elegans and Echinus acutus of the deep waters of the northern parts, and the greenish Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, which is found in the intertidal zone throughout the North Sea.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[23] Other common invertebrates include the multi-nematode Hyalinoecia tubicola, which lives in a transparent tube, and the moss animal Flustra foliacea, which mistakenly resembles seaweed.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

The most notable coral animals are the sea gourd belonging to feather corals and Bolocera tuediae, the largest species of sea anemone in the North Sea.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[23] Around the turn of the millennium, scientists unexpectedly discovered deep-sea coral species, mainly eye coral, in old oil rigs.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Normally they are only found in deeper parts of the Atlantic, where the seabed is firmer than in the North Sea.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[26] Birds in the North Sea are found year-round by around 10 million seabirds.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

28 different species of birds and over 4 million birds nest on its shores during the summer, and the Vattimeri in particular is an important resting area for migratory birds.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Many of the birds migrate further south in autumn but are replaced by other species from the north and west.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Bird populations are quite large in size and have grown steadily throughout the 20th century: for example, more than half of the world's larks and fish tires live in the North Sea.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[27] Seabirds can be roughly divided into ulapa and shorebirds.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Ulapbirds nest on the shores of the North Sea or the English Channel but source their sustenance from the open sea.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

For example, storm gliders, gutters, mouths, most feeders as well as some gulls.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Shorebirds include ducks, divers, cormorants, terns, certain gulls, as well as risk.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[27] Mammals The most common fin-footed in the North Sea are the bulky grey seal and the smaller aphrodisiac seal.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

The grey seal population is estimated to consist of approximately 60000 individuals and the aphrodisiac seal population 30,000 individuals.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

The stocks have remained broadly the same size since the 1980s.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Grey seals are mostly found off the east coast of England, aphrodisiac seals in turn on the Orkney and Shetland Islands, the Vattti Sea and the Kattegat and Skagerrak region.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[28] The most abundant species of whale in the North Sea is the porpoise, with a population size estimated at up to 300,000 individuals.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

In addition to porpoises, between 7000—20,000 bay whales live in the area and nearly 11000 white nose and white snout dolphins in total.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Other toothed whales regularly encountered include long-fin ball head, dolphin, risson dolphin and killer whale.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Conservation of whales has led to an increase in populations and, with it, an increase in mass breeding.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Every winter, migratory caskelot dogs drift to the shallow southern shores of the North Sea.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Based on fossil findings, this phenomenon has been going on for thousands of years.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[28] Economic Importance Oil and Natural Gas Oil and natural gas drilling began in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[29] Oil production is concentrated in the Shetland Basin in the north and natural gas production in the Southern Bight in the south.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[30] In 2013, crude oil and liquid fuels were produced in the North Sea at an average rate of 2.86 million barrels per day, representing 3.2% of total world production.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Of this, Norway accounted for 63% and Great Britain 29%.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[31] However, oil production has reversed after peaking in Great Britain in 1999 [32] and Norway in 2001 [33].


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

A new large oil deposit was found in the summer of 2012 next to a deposit found near Stavanger in 2011.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

The magnitude of the 2011 discovery is estimated at 500—1200 million barrels and the more recent one at 140 to 270 million barrels.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[34] Sand and gravel from the North Sea are excavated for sand and gravel more than from any other sea.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

The soil types are well sorted and uniform and require little further processing.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

The gravel excavated from the English coast contains much flint and quartzite derived from the Cretaceous cliffs.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Dredging equipment usually moves in shallow coastal waters and cause beach erosion.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[30] In 1996, a total of nearly 40 million cubes of land were raised from the seabed, of which the Netherlands accounted for 59% and 24% respectively.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[35] Renewable energy has been built in the North Sea, including Thanet, the world's largest offshore wind power park on the east coast of England.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[36] [37] At the end of 2010, total offshore wind power capacity in the region was approximately 1700 MW, of which Great Britain accounted for 48%, Denmark 22%, Netherlands 13% and Belgian 11%.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[36] In addition to wind power, the North Sea coastal states are exploring the exploitation of wave and tidal power, but so far their economic importance has been negligible.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[38] In order to offset weather-dependent energy supply, coastal states agreed in early 2010 to build a common electricity grid by connecting renewable energy generating power plants with sea cables to each other.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[39] Largest wind farm parks in the North Sea [36] Park location commissioning capacity (MW) Thanet (Margate) 2010300Horns Rev 2 (Blåvands Huk) 2009209Gunfleet Sands (Clacton-on-Sea) 2010173Belwind (Zeebrugge) 2010165Horns Rev 1 (Esbjerg) 2002160Prinses (IJmuiden) 2008120Egmond aan Zee (Egmond aan Zee) 2007108Inner Dowsing (Skegness) 200897Lynn (Skegness) 200897Kentish Flats (Whitstable) 200590Alpha Ventus (Borkum) 201060Scroby Sands (Great Yarmouth) 200460Thornton Bank (Zeebrugge) 200830 Fishing and fish farming in the nutrient-rich water of the North Sea live rich in plankton, so it is a great breeding ground for many commercially important fish species.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[30] In 2004 the total catch of fishery products amounted to 2.2 million tonnes and the largest fishing countries were Denmark (41%), Norway (25%), Great Britain (13%) and the Netherlands (8%).


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[40] Grey cod, sprat and sandeel are mainly made of fishmeal and oil, while other fishery products end up being used by the food industry.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[19] Fish farming is carried out in all coastal states except Belgium and Sweden.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Salmon and rainbow trout are mainly grown in Norway and Scotland, mussels in the Netherlands, Denmark, France and Germany, and oysters in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Great Britain.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[41] Fishing has been practiced in the North Sea since the early Middle Ages, when herring was caught at night by drift nets.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

As Western Europe began to urbanize after the Napoleonic Wars, the fishing industry grew strongly.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

In 1881, the first steam-powered trawler was laid into the waters.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Catches of fish increased considerably as the use of purse seines and pelagic trawls in fisheries became more common.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

This eventually led to overfishing, which resulted in herring stocks collapsing and herring fishing having to be banned altogether in 1977.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Although attempts have been made to limit catches of various fish species through international agreements, overfishing remains a serious problem in the North Sea.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[30] Catches of fishery products in tonnes in the North Sea between 1950 and 2004 [42] Fishery product195019601970198019902004Silli114929694703584788489560545391464555Sandeels00207732371720670379972Grey cod 01542128820754218024812817929Turska1443242637393362942794931193311933119331193336362994931193311933119331317831273Mackerel 53627104444313045100858153806275700Sprat22801366839876947340288881231408Hatch53780681346607559 47614194942688Plaice 687569781214187611309416231166936Seiti218173570118996612506289377105169Whiting 4734371989191675124533408579357Blue40798717726820313728587797797794597794571772682031372858779779459779459779459717726820313728587797797794597726820313728Other Species232899451173599526269556478116448179Total: 183544221639023736404308215427766622151110 Transport The North Sea is one of the world's busiest sea areas and has several of Europe's largest ports on its shores.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

In 1996, a total of about 270000 ships visited the fifty most significant ports in the region.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[43] By far the busiest port is Europoort Rotterdam [43], through which more than 350 million tonnes of cargo were transported in 2006.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[44] More than half of North Sea shipping is made up of passenger ferries and ro-ro vessels operating on fixed routes.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

More than four hundred ships pass through the Calais Strait a day and an average of six hundred ships across — including two hundred passenger ferries.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[43] Approximately 2.6 million people per year (2007) travel by sea from Great Britain to Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Norway.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

[45] Shipping by sea through major ports in the North Sea in millions of tonnes in 2006 [44] PortsAizationShort voyage sea transportOther sea transportsContactRotterdam184,4168,4352,8antwerpen67,983,6151,5hamburs50,265,4115,6LE Havre45,923,969,8Immingham44,319,864,1Bremen30,125,655,7Amsterdam26,628,855,4Tees and Hartlepool39,014,453,4Londono43,08,951,9Dunkerque26,923,350,2Wilhelmshaven36,46,743,1Göteborg33,08,951,9Dunkerque26,923,350,2Wilhelmshaven36,46,743,1Göteborg336,46,743,1Göteborg336,62,639,2Zeebrugge25,67,132,7Forth27,83,731,5 Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakulinen, Kerkko| title = World Place Names.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Spelling Guide| location = Helsinki| publisher = Publishing company Otava| year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-1-13602-X}} (Finnish place names) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Luhr, James| title = Globe| location = Helsinki| publisher = Map Centre| year = 2007| = ISBN 978-951-593-040-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pernetta, John| title = Philip's Atlas of the Oceans| location = London| publisher = Reed International Books Limited| year = 1994| id = ISBN 978-0540060887}} Citation error, replace with {citation book| author = Pernetta, John| title = Guide to the Oceans| publisher = Firefly Books| year = 2004| id=ISBN 978-1-55297-942-6}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace error, replace error with {{cite book| title = Atlas| location = Helsinki| publisher = Genimap Oy| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-593-005-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Shadow, Markku & Koli, Lauri & Dahlström, Harri| title = World Fish Names | location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Society of Biology Vanamo ry| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-9108-13-0}} (Finnish names of fish species) References on the topic elsewhere — Multimedia work on animals of the North Sea Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

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Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

— North Sea in the European Commission Sea Atlas Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How big is the North Sea?

North Sea

* Category:41 Europe Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa, or South Africa, is a republic in southern Africa, right at the southernmost tip of the African continent.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

It is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The state of Lesotho lies as an enclave within South Africa.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The climate of the country varies from region to region.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The western Cape Country has a Mediterranean climate, and the hinterland is steppe, where it rains in summer.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

There is a subtropical zone in KwaZulu-Natal.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

South Africa can be considered a superpower on the African continent and has the second largest economy in Africa after Nigeria [1].


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The country is among the world's leading exporters of minerals.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[2] Black African nationalists in particular refer to South Africa as Azania.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[3] Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela, among others, have described post-1994 democratic multicultural South Africa as a Rainbow State ().


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[4] Geography South Africa lies at the southern tip of the African continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Its shoreline is over 2500km long and stretches from the Namibian Desert to the subtropical region of Mozambique.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The shallow coastal strip is narrow for the most part, with a mountainous area towering behind it separating the coast from the inland highlands.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

By place, especially in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, the coastal lowland is wider.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[5] The soil in South Africa is exceptionally old and rich in mineral.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The foundation of the Earth was already part of the Gondwana continent, which 100—300 million years ago broke up into numerous parts, forming new continents like Africa.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Over the years that followed, geological, tectonic and volcanic processes, as well as erosion, shaped South Africa to the likeness of what is now.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[6] The most significant of South African mineral formations are the gold-containing Witwatersrand quartzite, the platinum-bearing Bushveld igneous rock complex, and carbon resources formed from Karoo sediments.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[7] There is a cold Antarctic Benguela stream in Earth's Atlantic-side marine area, whose plankton sustains rich fishing grounds.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

On the east coast, in turn, pass the warm sea currents of Mozambique and Agulhas.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Ocean currents significantly affect the climate of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[6] The country's main rivers are the Limpopo River on the border with Zimbabwe and the Oranje River and its tributary the Vaal, which flows from west to east and descends into the Atlantic at the border with Namibia.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The importance of the Oranje River, among other things, for farming in the dry central part of the country is great.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[6] The climate of South Africa varies a lot from region to region.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The inland Great Karoo Plateau is arid steppe and turns northwestward as it slowly goes into the Kalahari Desert.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The southwestern parts of the country have a Mediterranean climate with rainy winters and hot, dry summers.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[6] Average Heat (°C) Urban SummerWinterCape Town20,012,6Durban23,617,0Johannesburg19,411,1Pretoria22,412,9Source:Lew Leppan: The South African Book of Records.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Cape Town, Don Nelson, 1999.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Nature South Africa has five different vegetation zones: fynbos, forest, karoo, grassy and savannah.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Fynbos vegetation zone is located in the southwestern parts of the country, and its species range consists mainly of heather, proteas and herbaceous plants belonging to the family Restionaceae.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[8] Although over a thousand native tree species grow in South Africa, large trees are quite rare in many parts of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

However, the country has extensive forests in the Knysna-Tsitsikamma region and the northeastern parts of the provinces of Mpumalanga and Limpopo, where the tree is composed of pine palms.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In the northern parts of the country, monkey bread trees also grow.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[8] The best known of South Africa's native animals are the so-called 'big five': elephant, lion, rhinoceros, leopard and kaffer buffalo, which live in bushveld and savanna areas.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Of the large felines, the lion's range is almost exclusively restricted to the country's national parks, but leopards are also found in a larger area in the southern Cape Country and northern parts of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The cheetah population is quite small and restricted to the northernmost parts of the country and nature parks.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

About 850 species of birds occur in South Africa, of which about 50 are endemic.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The best-known bird species are the ostrich, which is found almost all over the country, hornbells, cucumbers, and several species of eagle and vulture.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[9] Eight different species of whale occur in coastal waters of South Africa.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The most commonly observed of them is the black whale, which calves in coastal bay coves.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The species was once hunted to near extinction, but with conservation, its population has strengthened.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

There are more than 2000 species of fish in the territorial waters of the country, which is 16% of all fish species in the world.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The most commercially significant fish are sardines and hake.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[9] History Plenty of 10,000 years ago large areas of southern Africa prevailed the ancestral culture of the present ferns.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The life form of the ferns was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering, and they had formed strolling hunter groups of about 50—500 people.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[10] Around 2200 years ago, some Pan groups in the northern parts of present-day Botswana domesticated the first domesticated animals and began moving towards the south.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The new socioeconomic system they created has, in the circle of anthropologists, been called the Khoikhoi hunter nomadic.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[11] Bantu-speaking populations began arriving from East Africa in the area of present-day Transvaal as early as the 3rd century.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In the 16th century, the Nguni-tsongas already inhabited much of present-day South Africa, such as the coastal areas of Natal, and the northern half of the confluence of the Oranje and Vaalal rivers by the Sotho-tsongas.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

However, in the southernmost part of the country they were not spread out; only the Khoikhoi and San peoples were still inhabited there, and the area was very sparsely populated.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

By the time of the 18th century, the Nguni tsongas had split into numerous smaller ethnic groups such as the Zulus, Xhos and Swazis.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[12] Colonial era The first Boers settled on the Cape of Good Hope in the area of present-day Kapma in 1652.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The colony's population grew to 15,000 by the end of the century, and its area expanded even faster.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Many colonizers also migrated to the hinterland inhabited by the Sans and Khos.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The colonists skirmished constantly with the surrounding African tribes.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Between 1785 and 1795, 2000 men and women belonging to the San tribe died in these skirmishes and an additional 700 were put into slavery.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[13] In 1795, the British conquered Kapma as a strategic base against the French to control the sea road to the east.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[14] Between 1835 and 1843, about 12000 Boers embarked on the Great Hike towards the North.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The reasons for the migration included economic problems, armed conflict between the Xhos and the Boers, and especially dissatisfaction with British rule.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Voortrekkers felt that the British administration had not provided refuge against the Xhos, but had promoted equality between blacks and Caucasians and banned the slave trade in Kapma.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[15] [16] [17] In the late 18th century, political unrest arose among the northern Ngunis as a result of excessive population growth and commercial competition.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Ethnic clashes between the Nguns led to the emergence of a new kind of military and administrative system.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Under the leadership of Shaka Zulu called the Black Napoleon, a strong Zulu state emerged.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[18] By the middle of the 1820s, Shaka already controlled a kingdom of over 100,000 people, with 40000 men in his army.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[19] The Shaka conquests escaped a large number of populations that formed the so-called Mfecan movement () and whose effects were felt in Central and East Africa.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The state development of the various Bantu groups accelerated, and several new kingdoms such as Ndebele and Gaza emerged in Africa and the still existing Besotho (present-day Lesotho) and Swazi (present-day Swaziland).


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[18] Mfecane's period mayhem also allowed the Boers to spread further north, starting in the 1830s, laying the groundwork for the myth put forward during apartheid about moving the Boers into “empty land”.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[14] The Boer Wars The British forcibly annexed the Transvaal to their colony in 1877.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Boers protested forced annexation by rising up in rebellion of 1880 in December.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

At the Battle of Majuba Hill, the Boer forces divided into several small groups were beaten by the British forces, who suffered heavy losses.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The British government led by William Gladstone deemed the war forfeit and signed an armistice on 6 March.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The final peace treaty was signed on March 23, 1881.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Boers were granted self-government in the Transvaal under British control.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In 1887, gold prospectors discovered the world's largest gold deposit on the Witwatersrand (“Randi”) ridge.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

After the discovery of gold, thousands of British colonists began rolling across the border from Kapma.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Afrikaaners became nervous about the uitlanders' presence and denied them the right to vote.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Transvaal issued an ultimatum in 1899, leading to war.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Oranje joined the Transvaal at that time.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Despite a well-started guerrilla war, in 1902 the Boers were forced to surrender to British forces.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Despite the defeat they suffered, they managed to retain their own language and culture and were able to gain political influence.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Union of South Africa came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the merger of four British colonies (Kapmaan, Natal, Transvaal and the Free State of Oranje) into a new independent British dominion.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Among the first key political issues facing the country were the transition of South West Africa (now Namibia) with a League of Nations mandate to control South Africa and the organization of status between blacks and whites in the country's cities.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[20] The government sought to address these issues with the Mines and Works Act 1911, which denied Africans most of the high-skilled mining works reserved for whites.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[21] In 1931, South Africa gained definitively independent state status by the Act of Westminster, but continued to remain a member of the Commonwealth.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In 1961, the country seceded from the Commonwealth, but rejoined it in 1994.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

During the 1930s, the ethno-nationalist ideology known as Afrikaaner nationalism intensified, and the Pure-Doctrinal National Party (), founded by Daniel François Malan, who resigned from the National Party, emerged as its central implementer.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[22] Under the Second World War, the Afrikaaners were mired in a dispute over South Africa's participation in the war.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

However, Jan Smuts, who rose to become Prime Minister in 1939, took the country to war alongside Great Britain.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[22] Apartheid After World War II, the National Party, reunited for the 1948 elections, set out to campaign for a new policy it called apartheid.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The National Party also pledged to safeguard “the interests and job opportunities of white workers in white areas”, and its election campaign used slogans such as Swart gewar (black peril) and Die kaffer op sy plek (Kafferi where he belongs).


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The party won a parliamentary majority in the election, despite receiving less than half of the votes cast, and formed a government under Daniel François Malan.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[23] The apartheid system was developed during the 1950s through the enactment of numerous different laws.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

These laws were usually associated with some acute situation that threatened white supremacy, and their combined effects had not been considered.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Because of this, the laws caused numerous unwanted effects and conflicts that increasingly began to manifest as the 1960s wore on.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

For example, the purpose of Bantu teaching was to produce obedient African laborers who had been taught to believe that they were less deserving in society than the role of servant.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Instead, it produced young activists who realised they had nothing to lose by violently opposing the government.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[24] A key feature of the apartheid system was the so-called “grand partheid”.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In it, various racial groups sought to create their own independent homelands, where they were to “develop independently”.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Ten homelands for blacks, or Bantustans, were established in South Africa.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Residential areas, buildings, services and public spaces were also classified by race.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Elsewhere in South Africa, the places of residence and jobs of blacks were accurately determined and they were to have passports.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Bantustans were unlivable, and more than half of South Africa's blacks lived outside them despite racial encroachment.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Yet from the 1970s onwards there were attempts to make them independent.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

As the first of these, Transkei declared independence in 1976, followed by Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In practice, their independence did not materialize, and the independence of any of them was not recognised by any state other than South Africa.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[25] [26] South Africa was separated from the United Nations due to racial ortho policy in 1974.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

It was admitted to membership again in 1994.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[27] The end of apartheid The resistance of the ANC and other organizations to apartheid policies grew over the decades, and eventually the country drifted into a stalemate where the black opposition was unable by force to topple the white government, but the government also failed to succeed to eradicate the opposition.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Frederik de Klerk, who became president of the country in 1989, felt that the foreign and domestic political situation required the opening of negotiations with organisations that opposed apartheid.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

He believed that by negotiation it would be possible to achieve a better outcome for the white population of the country if they were conducted while the government was still relatively strong militarily.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[28] After nearly three years of negotiations, the various parties managed to establish a conciliatory solution on the separation of powers and the date of the elections.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

During the negotiations, political violence in the country increased due to the activities of white, predominantly Afrikaaner nationalist far-right movements and the Inkatha Freedom Party.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In 1993, elections were held in the country, in which all ethnic groups were allowed to participate for the first time.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The election saw an ANC-led coalition rise to the leadership of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The ANC received 62.7% of the votes cast in the election, falling slightly short of the 2/3 majority required to amend the constitution.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The National Party became the second largest party in the country with 20.4% support.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

On May 9, South Africa's new parliament unanimously elected Nelson Mandela as the country's new president.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[29] Frene Ginwala was elected Speaker of the National Assembly of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[30] In 1995, the Government of National Unity appointed the Truth Commission () to investigate crimes during apartheid.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Commission heard testimony from victims of crime, and those who committed crimes for political reasons could apply to the Commission for clemency against a full honest confession.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[31] The Truth Commission is widely regarded as a successful attempt to unravel the country's traumatic political history.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[32] The Truth Commission was chaired by Desmond Tutu, Archbishop Emeritus of the Anglican Church of South Africa, who was awarded the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[33] Even after the abolition of apartheid, the difference in the standard of living of blacks and whites has not disappeared.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The standard of living of whites corresponds to the peak in industrialized countries but hardly the African average for blacks.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[34] Governance and Politics South Africa is a constitutional democracy with a three-tier model of government and an independent judiciary.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The administration is divided into national, provincial and local levels.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Consultative bodies of traditional African leaders also operate at both the country-wide and provincial level.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The country's bicameral parliament is based in Cape Town.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The National Assembly () consists of 350—400 elected representatives elected for five-year terms.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In the National Assembly, the number of seats for different political parties is proportional to the number of votes received by a party in elections.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[35] The largest group in the parliament elected in 2009 is the ANC, which gained 264 seats.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

There were 67 representatives of the Democratic Party (DA), 30 for the People's Congress (COPE) and 18 for the Inkatha Freedom Party.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[36] In 2014, the ANC's majority was reduced, but it is still the largest party.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Similarly, DA's number of votes increased.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The People's Congress lost considerably seats.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[37] The second chamber of Parliament is the Council of Provinces (), consisting of 54 permanent members and 34 special delegates.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Each province in the country sends 10 representatives to the council, 6 of whom are permanent members and 4 are special delegates, headed by the head of the province or a member of the provincial Legislative Council appointed by the head.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Local government representatives are also permitted to participate in the work of the council.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

However, they are not allowed to vote.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[35] The head of state of South Africa is a president elected from among himself by the National Assembly for a period of five years, no more than two consecutive terms.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Previously, the president was essentially a representative and ceremonial person, but in 1984, when the office of prime minister was abolished, the president was made the head of the government and thus has significant power, but unlike presidents in general, he is answerable to parliament.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

This makes South Africa's statesmanship exceptional.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The government consists of a president, a vice president and 25 ministers.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The vice president and ministers are appointed by the president and may also dismiss them.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Only two ministers can be elected from outside the National Assembly.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[35] Bills to the National Assembly may be proposed by ministers and deputy ministers or members of the National Assembly committee.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Any bill can be considered by the National Assembly.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In the Council of Provinces, draft laws may be made by its members or committees, and laws may only relate to certain matters defined by the Constitution.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Bills approved by the National Assembly are sent to the Council of Provinces, which can reject the Act or propose amendments to it.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In these cases, the National Assembly must reconsider the law and may choose to override the Council of Provinces by a 2/3 majority.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[35] Constitutional amendments required a 2/3 majority in the National Assembly and the support of six provinces in the Council of Provinces.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Amending the first chapter of the Constitution, which defines the fundamental values of the state, requires a 75% majority.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[35] Politics South Africa has been governed since the first free elections in 1994 by an ANC-led coalition with a majority in the National Assembly and controls eight of the country's nine provinces.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The ANC has managed to increase its popularity, with 62.7% support in the 1994 elections, 66.35% in the 1999 election and 69.69% in the 2004 election.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[38] However, 13 different parties are represented in the country's parliament.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[39] After Nelson Mandela left politics before the 1999 election, Thabo Mbeki, who was re-elected in 2004, became president of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Mbeki was at odds with his former vice president Jacob Zuma, who was elected to the ANC leadership in December 2007.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

On September 20, 2008, at the insistence of the ANC party leadership, Mbeki agreed to resign from the office of president before the end of his term [40], after charges driven by Mbeki against Zuma had been dismissed in court.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The country's acting president until elections in April 2009 was Kgalema Motlanthe [41], after which Mr Zuma ascended to the leadership of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Jacob Zuma is accused of corruption, and the National Congress decided in February 2018 to dismiss him, but he demands a lengthy resignation, to which again the National Congress would not agree to.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[42] The ANC's main allies have been the trade union movement COSATU and the Communist Party of South Africa (SACP), which has participated in the country's parliamentary elections from ANC candidate lists.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Tensions developed in relations between the allies in the early 2000s as COSATU and SACP demanded greater influence in deciding the country's economic policies.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[43] Disagreements led to the creation of a new party, Congress of the People (COPE), in the autumn of 2008, when supporters of former President Thabo Mbeki resigned from the ANC.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[44] The party challenged the ANC in the 2009 election with a programme that relies on strong economic growth and support for business.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[44] The party declares itself to be social democratic and that it belongs to the left.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[45] The Democratic Alliance (DA), founded in June 2000, has emerged as the main opposition party in the country, which arose from the alliance of the Democratic Party and the New Nationalist Party.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The DA was chaired until the spring of 2007 by Tony Leon, former chairman of the Democratic Party.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The DA has sought to increase its popularity among the country's black population, but has so far been unsuccessful.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Its adherence comes predominantly from the white middle class.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[43] Since 1994, South African politics have been moderate.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

White right-wing parties such as the Conservative Party and the openly racist Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) have become marginalised.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Afrikaaner nationalist Freedom Front plus pushing for the establishment of the Boer Volkstate has also failed to garner significant support.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The Pan-African PAC has also performed poorly in elections.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[43] The country has been experiencing increasing protests since 2004, mostly against local government.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Some of them have been violent [46].


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The unrest stems from, among other things, lack of basic services such as water and housing and the growing income disparity between rich and poor [47] Foreign policy During the apartheid regime The most central objective of South Africa's foreign policy was to defend and protect white supremacy perpetuating the political system.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

As a result of this policy, the country was sidelined from international politics and eventually ended up in what is known as “isolation diplomacy.”


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

South Africa was separated from the United Nations (UN) by racial ortho policy in 1974.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

After the 1994 elections, the situation changed, the country was accepted as a member of the UN and it took a central role in African politics.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Mandela said creating a new foreign policy was key to building a new and prosperous country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[27] [48] South Africa's new foreign policy highlights the importance of the African continent and the centrality of South Africa in the political and economic future of the continent.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Thabo Mbeki's administration has implemented this policy, including through SADC ().


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The country also joined the Organisation of African Unity in 1994.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

It has also been actively seeking to participate in the mediation of crises on the continent, including in Burundi and Zaire.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

While South Africa has made international efforts to promote human rights and democracy, it has nevertheless found itself haggling over its idealism for realpolitik reasons.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

For example, it has not wanted to get involved in the Zaire and Nigerian crises to secure good relations with these countries and has recognised Communist China over Taiwan for economic reasons.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[48] Recently, South Africa has been criticized for its reluctance to address Zimbabwe's worsening crisis and President Robert Mugabe's regime.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[49] Provinces Prior to 1994, South Africa had four provinces under the Union of South Africa: the Transvaal Province and the Free State Province of Oranje from the former Boer Republics, and the Province of Natal and Kapmaan from the old British settlements province.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

On the basis of suurapartheid policy, an additional ten “homelands” of blacks, or Bantustans, were established in the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[50] After apartheid, the Bantustans were annexed back to South Africa and the country was divided into nine new provinces: Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, Northwest Province and Western Cape.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The provinces are very diverse in size: The smallest but densely populated Gauteng is only about 17000km² in area and the largest, arid as well as sparsely populated in the Northern Cape at about 362000km².


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The third smallest province in terms of area, KwaZulu-Natal has the highest number of people and Gauteng with the second highest number of people.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Provinces also differ linguistically.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

About 80% of the population in the Eastern Cape speak Xhosa and in KwaZulu an equal proportion speak Zulu.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Afrikaans is the most spoken language in and around Cape Town.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[50] Each province has its own regional administration, where legislative power is exercised by parliament and executive power rests with the executive council and the head of the province.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The size of provincial parliaments ranges from 30 to 50 people, with members elected for five-year terms.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The terms of office of the head of the province are limited to two.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The members of the Executive Council, who act as the provincial government, are appointed by the head.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[50] Defence Forces The South African National Defence Force () consists of four types of weapons: the Land Force, the Air Force, the Navy, and the Medical Services.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The headquarters of the Defence Force is located in Pretoria.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The commander of the Armed Forces is appointed by the President from one of the four types of weapons, and the Secretary of Defense acts as his superior.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[51] In the mid-1990s, the country's army consisted of 95,000 soldiers from the former South African Defence Force () and Bantustan Defence Forces and 27000 fighters from former resistance movements.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

From the integration of these forces, the country's new national defence forces emerged.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[51] By 2001, the reorganisation of the Defence Force had been completed, leaving 87000 posts in the Defence Force.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[52] South Africa's defence expenditure almost tenfold between 1975 and 1989 from about 1 billion rand to 9.4 billion rand.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

However, in terms of dollars, they remained almost constant.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In the 1980s, defense spending averaged 16.4% of government spending.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

By the time of the mid-1990s, defence spending had already fallen to less than 3% of GDP and less than 10% of government spending.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[53] Nuclear Weapon Based on intelligence, it is known that the apartheid regime engaged in nuclear cooperation with Israel in the 1970s.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

US officials say its central intelligence agency, the CIA, has evidence of extensive cooperation between Israel and South Africa on missile and rocket technology.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

According to CIA records, in June 1980, Israel and South Africa also conducted a joint nuclear test.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Prior to the experiment, South Africa had been visited by a large group of Israeli nuclear physicists, engineers and military officers.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Both Israel and South Africa denied the claims.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[54] In 1975, P. W. Botha signed a secret military cooperation agreement with Shimon Peres, the Israeli Minister of Defense.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Israel exported weapons to South Africa between 1974 and 1993 worth $600 million annually, making South Africa Israel's second or third largest trading partner.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

According to Sasha Polakow-Suransky, the total value of arms sales during the period was more than $10 billion.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

South Africa supplied Israel with 500 tons of uranium for its nuclear weapons program and in reciprocation Israel sold 30 grams of tritium to South Africa to build a neutron bomb.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In September 1979, the two countries collaboratively conducted a nuclear test in the South Atlantic.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[55] South Africa subsequently abandoned its nuclear weapons program and joined its small nuclear arsenal after destroying the NPT in 1991.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Education In 2012, South Africa had about 12.4 million students, 425000 teachers and 25800 schools.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Four percent of the students attended a private school.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In state-funded schools, the teacher-pupil ratio is around 30.4 pupils per teacher.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[56] The South African school system () consists of three school levels: Primary Education and Training, Postgraduate and Training, and Highest Teaching and Training.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

School education lasts for 13 years from 0 to 13th grade, of which primary education includes grades 0 through 9.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

All people between the ages of 7 and 15 are compulsory.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Postgraduate education and training takes place in grades 10—12 and also includes training instructing professions, provided by technical colleges and private schools, among others.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The highest level of teaching includes university studies and postgraduate courses up to the doctorate.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

There are 23 government-funded colleges in South Africa with around 900,000 students enrolled in 2010.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

South African universities receive funding from the state but are autonomous.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[56] Education accounts for close to 20% of government expenditure; substantial funding has been aimed at repairing the damage caused by 40 years of apartheid regime.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

During apartheid, South Africa's school system was blatantly unfair.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Schools in White South Africa were Western level, and education in them was free and compulsory.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

30% of black schools had no electricity, 25% lacked water mains and only half had sewerage.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

One-third of teachers in black schools were incompetent.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

For blacks, Indians and people of color, education also paid and was not compulsory.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In the 1970s, the government spent funds per capita on education for blacks only 10% of the money spent on white schoolchildren.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[57] According to Hendrik Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs, Africans had to be taught their own cultural tradition, and the school system “must coach and teach people according to the possibilities of their lives.”


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The government regulated the content of Bantu education, and school books commonly contained such phrases as “Kafferi has stolen a knife, this kafferi is lazy”.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[58] The most difficult problems in terms of education are concentrated in poor rural areas, especially in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Schools in the more prosperous Gauteng and Western Cape tend to be better equipped.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The illiterate population over the age of 15 is approximately 18% (about 9 million people).


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

58.5% of whites and 51% of Indians progress to college, compared to 14.3% of people of color and 12% of the black population.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[56] Population 79.2% of South Africans are black, divided into several different peoples and tribes.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Whites, of which there are 8.9% (approx.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

4.6 million), are mainly descendants of Dutch, French, German and British colonists.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Of whites speaking native Afrikaans, more than 2.7 million (approx.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

61% of whites).


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Mixed races include 8.9% Coloured, descendants of slaves brought to the country between the 17th and 19th centuries, native Xhos, and Dutch settlers.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Asians are mainly descendants of Indian laborers brought to sugar plantations, with 2.5% mostly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal and now even more so in the Pretoria-Johannesburg region of Gauteng Province.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The number of people who fail to report their racial category is 0.5%.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[59] The largest black peoples are the Zulus (21%), Xhosas (17%) and Sothos (15%).


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[60] Although the period of racial segregation in the country ended in the early 1990s, it has left a strong mark on the population of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Work and income, as well as the ethnic structure of the population and neighbourhoods, still largely follow apartheid boundaries.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[61] Population of South Africa in the provinces 2011 Country- and immigration Although South Africa limits the number of migrants to be admitted to the country to secure employment for its own, especially less-skilled citizens, there has been a steady increase in migration to the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In 2003, 10,500 people moved to the country, representing a 39% increase from the previous year.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The largest migrant groups were Nigerians and Britons.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[62] In addition to official migration, South Africa is estimated to have between 2 and 8 million illegal migrants.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The main cause of illegal migration is economic growth faster than the surrounding areas of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Illegal migrants arrive in South Africa, particularly from Mozambique, Lesotho, Angola and Zimbabwe.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The phenomenon has also been intensified by civil wars in Mozambique and Angola, which have resulted in millions of people becoming refugees.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Illegal migration has hampered the country's government's efforts to improve the living conditions of its citizens.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The emigrants have also made the country's AIDS situation more difficult and increased crime.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[63] Many South Africans have also ended up moving abroad.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

There are no reliable statistics on immigration from South Africa, but according to about one calculation, 800,000 whites out of 4 million have moved out of South Africa since 1995.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

It has been speculated that a greater proportion of those leaving would be Britons, many of whom have dual UK-South African citizenship than Afrikaaners.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[64] Blacks, people of color and Indian are also willing to leave.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In 12 years, the number of black university graduates has increased from 361000 to 1.4 million a year and at the same time the number of people willing to move out of the country has doubled.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The main driver of emigration, particularly in the white population, which still owns the vast majority of the country's wealth, is crime.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[65] A key factor of emigration is also the higher level of income offered to the educated workforce in Europe and North America.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[62] Large waves of emigration also occurred in 1977 and 1986.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The largest number of people have moved to Great Britain.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

This trend, called the brain drain, has been perceived as a problem because, for example, nearly 17,000 highly skilled people have moved out of the country, which is about 1% of the country's entire tech workforce.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[62] Religions The vast majority of South Africans are Christians.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The largest Christian church is the Christians of Zion (), which comprises 11.1% of the population.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Christendom of Zion is a South African, particularly Zulus and Swazi favoured Protestant Christian church, with its roots in missionary work and which drew much influence from the American Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in the early stages.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Characteristic features of the church are miracle healing and the charismatic gift of speaking in tongues.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[59] [67] Pentecostal congregations comprise 8.2%, the Catholic Church 7.1%, and Methodists 6.8%.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The main religion of Afrikaaners is the Reformed Church.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

So-called Afrikaaner churches include the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk, Nederduitse Hervormde Kerk and Gereformeerde Kerk.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[68] The Anglican Church comprises 3.8% and the other Christian communities comprise 36% of the population.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

There are 1.5% Muslims and 15.1% not belonging to any organised religion.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[59] Most of these practice traditional African religions, for which a common trait is ancestral veneration.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Many people also associate Christian and traditions of traditional religions.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[69] An important theological movement that emerged from South African Christianity is black theology similar to the theology of liberation in the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

It originated in the mid-1970s as a response to apartheid and dialogue with its Hispanic paragon.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Contextual theology emphasizes biblical thematics of justice and its main representatives are the churches of blacks and people of color in the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The movement was particularly powerful during the apartheid regime, but has also had an impact since 1994.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[70] The South African Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, and the right is also generally carried out in practice.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

There is no official state religion in the country, although Christians are the largest religious group in the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

People in key positions in the administration belong to several different religions such as Christianity, Islam or Judaism.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Interfaith relations in the country are also generally good, with official and informal ecumenical links between different denominations in the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The largest ecumenical organisation is the Council of Churches in South Africa (), which includes Methodists, Anglicans and various Lutheran and Presbyterian churches, among others.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[69] Languages English is the main language of commerce, science, technology and higher education in the country and also the main language of communication that crosses different language groups, as it is generally considered to be a “colourless” and neutral lingua franca.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[71] It is estimated that 45% of the country's population can speak English.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[72] The country's constitution guarantees equal status for 11 official languages.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The official languages are Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Xhosa, Zulu, North Sotho, sesotho, tswana, swati, venda and tsonga.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The country's constitution also mentions the Khoi and Nama languages spoken in the country by the indigenous Khoisans, sign language, Arabic, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In addition to these, a few pidgin and creole languages are spoken in the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[72] The official languages of the country have influenced each other significantly and English spoken in South Africa, for example, contains a lot of words and sayings from Afrikaans, Zulu, Nama and other African languages.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

People who speak African languages also use numerous English and Afrikaans words in their speech, as evidenced by the following sample of Zulu recorded from Soweto (Afrikaans words in bold, English in italics): [72] Afrikaans is a language developed from Dutch that sometimes also referred to as die Taal ().


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[73] Afrikaans was originally called Kapmaan Dutch, but with the advent of Afrikaaner nationalism, it was declared in 1925 alongside English as the official language of the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

During the apartheid regime, the government actively sought to increase its use in the country and its introduction as the second language of instruction in schools led to the 1976 Soweto riots.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Afrikaans are spoken, as a rule, by Afrikaaners, people of colour and part of the black population.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The vast majority of native speakers of the language are no longer of European background.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[72] The Parliament of the country is allowed to use any of the 11 official languages and have an interpreter service; although some of the official languages are at least partly mutually intelligible.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In several contexts, the state adheres to the so-called six-language policy, combining Xhosa, Zulu, swati and ndebele with the nguni group, tswana and sestotho and northern sotho again into the sotho group.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In accordance with this, official government documents are required to be translated into English, Afrikaans, Tsonga, Venda, as well as one Sotho group and one language belonging to the Nguni group.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[74] Health South Africa's health care system consists of a large public and smaller but rapidly growing private sector.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Primary health care is provided free of charge by the state, which, however, is underresourced and manpower.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Private companies producing health services, as a rule, serve the middle and upper classes of the country, a large proportion of which have private health insurance (18% of the population), as well as foreigners seeking top-notch services at reasonable rates.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The majority of health professionals in the country (73%) work in the private sector.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The state accounted for 49% of total health expenditure in 2011, which provided services for about 85% of the population.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[75] Prior to 1994, racial segregation existed in the country's health system, with different racial groups having their own hospitals.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Most of the hospitals were located in areas of white people, and the government did not actually seek to provide health care services to the majority of the population.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Over the past few decades, the health care system has been reformed to make it more equal and serve those in need.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[75] As a result of policy decisions following 1994, South Africa's infant mortality rate has halved.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Vaccination programmes and health care have increased to 45% of the state budget and, for example, already 85% of children are vaccinated against polio and measles.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[61] Basic services have been improved over the past decade by building a water supply network and bringing electricity to more and more homes.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Clean water and sewerage are in short supply, especially in poor neighbourhoods, but efforts are being seen to improve the situation.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Hardworking civil engineering has brought clean water to more than 10 million people in less than ten years.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Toilets are also being used by a growing number of households.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[76] AIDS AIDS and other poverty-related diseases, such as tuberculosis and cholera, strain the country's health system and make it difficult to improve the overall health status of the country's population.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

By far the biggest problem in the country's health is AIDS, from which six million South Africans are estimated to die in the next ten years.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Some 5.4 million South Africans were HIV positive in 2011, according to a study by the Department of Health.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

This equates to more than 10% of the population and about one-fifth of women of childbearing age.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The government and numerous organizations have worked to improve the situation by informing and providing health and social services and financial assistance to AIDS victims.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The AIDS epidemic has also exacerbated the country's TB situation because HIV-positive people are more sensitive to TB infections than the rest of the population.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[75] The HIV treatment programme in South Africa has received a lot of criticism as it has the highest HIV infection rate in the world.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The government of the country was initially negative about giving antiretroviral medication to HIV-positive people, and there resorted to belief medicine such as herbal treatments.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Drug treatment was only started in 2004 under pressure from NGOs.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Even after 2004, medication adoption has been slow, with only 33% of carriers of the virus receiving medication in 2006.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The country's former president Thabo Mbeki, who has been seen as citing poverty rather than HIV as the cause of AIDS, has come under particular criticism, and who has held talks with several dissidents denying the link between HIV and AIDS.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[77] [78] South Africa has the largest ARV program in the world.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In 2011, 1.7 million South Africans received ARV medication.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[75] Traffic in South Africa is left-hand traffic.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The country's transport infrastructure is of a high standard and many southern African countries use it to their advantage in their foreign trade.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Transnet Limited, a public transport company, plays a key role in the country's transportation market.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

It handles 180 million tonnes of train and 2.1 million tonnes of road cargo annually.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[79] Minibus taxis are an important form of public transport.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The country's more than 127000 minibus taxis carry out 65% of intra-urban passenger traffic and a significant proportion of rural and inter-urban journeys as well.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[79] The country has a total of 20638km of railways, of which 20324 of broad gauge (1,067 m gauge) and 341km of narrow-gauge (0.61 m).


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Of the railways, much of it is electrified.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[80] Johannesburg Airport is a hub for air traffic throughout southern Africa.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

South African Airways is the largest airline in all of Africa.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

It has 503 different flight destinations.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[81] Crime Crime began to increase in South Africa in the mid-1980s, with growth intensifying in the early 1990s.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Especially much in the country there is an increase in violent crime.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Crime does not touch all South Africans in the same way.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

The highest risk of becoming a victim of violent crime lies with young and poor townships residents.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

According to official statistics, there are about 50 murders a day occurring in the country.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In 2008, 18,000 homicides were reported.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[82] On the other hand, a larger proportion of victims of property crimes are middle-aged, affluent suburban residents.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[83] Based on a comparison made by the UN, South Africa has the highest rate of rape and murder by firearm, relative to population.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[84] Farm attacks A common form of violent crime in rural areas is farm attacks, which increased between 1991 and 2001 but has since levelled or declined.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Attacks on white ranchers have been suggested to have, at least in part, racist motives.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[85] However, according to a study by a committee set by the South African Ministry of Justice in 2003, the majority of cases had no political influence whatsoever and no organised crime could be found in the background, some land takeover cases apart from.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[86] An estimated 2500-3000 persons have died in attacks to date [82] [87] Sexual offences of any country in the world South Africa has the highest number of rapes per capita [88].


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

One in four South African men confesses to being a rapist


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In a survey conducted among schoolchildren, a quarter of boys cited gang rape as being nice.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[89] In a survey conducted by CIET Africa in 1999, one third of respondents said they had been raped in the past year.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[89] There is a belief in South Africa that rape is a manly act.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

[90] Many different explanations have been put forward for the causes of crime for the widespread violent crime in South Africa.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Widespread political change has been seen in many countries to increase crime.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

During the democratization process, the instruments of social control in the country changed, and at the same time new opportunities for criminal activity opened up.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

In South Africa, the reorganisation of the judiciary also temporarily undermined its ability to operate.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

Explanations for violent crime have also been sought in the country's violent political history.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

South African families were exposed for decades to “institutional violence” due to forced displacement and migrant worker policies by the apartheid regime, which led to the deterioration of family ties.


Question: How much control does the host country have over the colony?

South Africa

A study by the South African group The Nedcor Project on Crime, Violence and Investment considers that years of political violence and the exposure of people to violence in their homes and neighbourhoods has created a “culture of violence” in the country where South Africans easily resort to violence conflict situations.