Question: Can you live on a mountain?

convent

) | title = Waiting for Eternity: Religion in Medieval Culture| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-662-788-9}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Morphine is an alkaloid made from raw opium derived from milk fluid derived from the seed coccus of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Morphine takes its name from the Greek god of sleep Morpheus (kr.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Μορφέας).


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Since the chemical structure of morphine has been determined, it has been subjected to more than 200 different conductors with intensities ranging from 0.025 to 10000 × morphine.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

[1] History of Morphine isolated opium poppy from milk fluid first in 1804 by pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner in Germany.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

He thus became the first person to isolate from a medicinal plant its active ingredient.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Morphine was first sold commercially in 1827, but it was not until the invention of the spray needle in 1857 that caused its use to expand.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

It is the first alkaloid isolated from opium and usually from any plant.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

It was used from the beginning in pain management and as an aid in surgeries.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

During the 1920s—1930s, Finland used morphine above average compared to other European countries.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Morphine was legally available at pharmacies at the time without a prescription.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Synthesizing Morphine was first synthesized by American Marshall D. Gates, Jr.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

From the University of Rochester thus confirming the structure of morphine as exactly why Robert Robinson described it 27 years earlier.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

The synthesis is based on the construction of cyanode ketone from dihydroxynaphthalene.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

An important step is the high-pressure Diels—Alder reaction with butadiene, which induces a solid ring structure.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Since its publication, the synthesis has been improved.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

[2] [3] Preparation Morphine is poorly soluble in cold water (1/24) but well in boiling water (1/1), alcohol (1/50), glycerin (1/8); it is insoluble in ether or chloroform.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

When morphine is heated, it crystallizes at 100°C as water leaves, at 250°C it becomes brown and carbonizes but does not melt.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

[4] Morphine is produced directly from the milk liquid or codeine of the opium poppy.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

The milk liquid is converted into raw opium by boiling it in boiling water to dissolve the alkaloids and filter the resulting liquid through the filter.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

The resulting liquid is boiled over quiet heat until all the water evaporates and only raw opium remains.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

It's ready-to-burn opium.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Raw opium is dissolved in boiling water to which calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is mixed with a fifth of the amount of raw opium.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

This turns morphine, which is not very soluble in cold water, into calcium morphenate, which is soluble in it.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

When the mixture is cooled, the morphine compound remains in the water, while most of the other alkaloids precipitate on the bottom.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Some of the codeine is also water-soluble, so it also remains in the liquid.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

The liquid containing calcium morphenate is filtered and reheated, and ammonium chloride is mixed with a quarter of the raw opium to be processed.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

The pH of the mixture then increases to 8—9.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

As the mixture cools, morphine and any codeine precipitate on the bottom.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

The raw morphine obtained is a brown coffee-looking substance.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

This is freebase morphine.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Raw morphine is purified by mixing hydrochloric acid (or sulfuric acid) into it and then filtering it many times through different filters.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

As a result, white morphine hydrochloride C17H19NO3· HCl is obtained.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

[5] It can still be further processed into heroin, which is about twice as potent.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Metabolism All opiates are eventually converted into morphine in the body, which is metabolised mainly in the liver, but also in the brain and kidneys, mainly by glucuronic acid to morphine-3-glucuron (M3G, 60%) and morphine-6-glucuron (M6G, 6-10%) [6] [7].


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Morphine has a half-life of about 120 minutes.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

M3G and M6G are only poorly capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

They exit the body along with bile and urine.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

[8] [9] Structure A rigid pentacyclic structure comprising a benzene ring (A), two partially unsaturated cyclohexane rings (B and C), a piperidine ring (D) and a tetrahydrofuran ring (E).


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Rings A, B, and C are a phenanthrene ring system.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Ring system has little conformational maneuver Two hydroxyl groups, A3 phenol OH (pKa 9.9) and C6-allylic OH Happbridge between C4 and C5 Double bond between C7 and C8 3o-amine at site 17 Five chiral centres (C5, C6, C9, C13 and C14) [10] A benzyl-isoquinoline structure is also found in the structure of morphine.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Modes of use Morphine is used medically in the treatment of severe pain.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Effects Morphine, like other opioids, has a paralyzing effect on the central nervous system.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

After the administration of the agent, a feeling of good feeling and a decrease in pain, hunger, as well as sexual desire is observed.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Disadvantages of use Regular use leads to an increase in tolerance.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Morphine causes constipation, as it paralyzes the functioning of the digestive system.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Inappropriate dosing may lead to an overdose, which, in the worst case, may result in death due to paralytic breathing.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Symptoms of morphine overdose can be reversed by naloxone (C19H21NO4).


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Addiction Potential Morphine quickly causes intense physical and psychological addiction.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Withdrawal symptoms following discontinuation of regular use are manifested by agitation but can develop into physical, even convulsive and painful states.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

The appetite of a person addicted to morphine will disappear unless they get their normal daily dose.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Legislation Morphine is on the UN Drug List as well as the Medicines List.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Medical use of morphine is permitted, albeit strictly controlled.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = School, M & Tuomisto, J.| title = Pharmacology and Toxicology| publisher = Kustannus Oy Medicina| year = 2007, 7.p| id = ISBN 978-951-97316-2-9| accessdate = 18.9.2008}} References elsewhere (pdf) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

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Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

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Question: What is morphine made of?

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Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine


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Morphine

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Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine


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Morphine

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Question: What is morphine made of?

Morphine

Category:Veterinary drugs Category:PKV drugs Category:Opioids Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals (Mammalia) are flat-tempered, vertebrate animals that usually give birth to live chicks.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The mothers feed the chicks with milk secreted by the mammary glands through structures called the mammary glands.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

A characteristic feature of mammals, namely lactating from the old name, is also that during the gestation period oxygen and nutrients are transferred to the fetus through the placenta from the mother's body.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Other typical features include sweat glands, a coat of hair covering the skin, three middle ear bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup), four legs, an isocortex region in the brain [1], and a lower jaw consisting of one bone.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In mammals, the muscular diaphragm separates the heart, lungs and other organs from the abdominal cavity, while in other vertebrates the diaphragm is either membranous or absent at all.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Most mammals have teeth specialized in different food types.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals also have a four-compartment heart, double and complete blood supply, as well as unlike other vertebrates their (fully developed) red blood cells lack a nucleus.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[2] [3] [4] Furthermore, mammals have only a left curving aortic arch, while birds have right-curving and fish, reptiles and amphibians have aortic arches curving in both directions.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[5] Mammals differ from all other vertebrates in particular in that they give birth to live chicks, i.e., are viviparous, while birds and (most) reptiles lay eggs.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

This is often seen as a mammal-binding trait; however, it is not entirely absolute, as five species in the order of beaked animals belonging to mammals lay eggs.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In addition, the category of mammals includes a number of other groups that can be divided into two parts based on the mode of reproduction.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

For marsupials (Metatheria), the initial development of the fetus occurs inside the mother, after which the fetus enters a special pouch, where it develops for the rest of the time.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Marsupials, like beaked animals, are typical of the Australian fauna.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In placental mammals (Eutheria), development occurs longer in the womb.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals evolved from Therapsida class synapsids that lived about 200 million years ago.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Carl von Linné coined the name for the class of mammals in 1798 after first classifying plants based on their reproductive organs, and continued along the same line to classify animals, drawing attention to the nipples, or nipples (lat.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

mammae).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Diversity Although there are few mammals in terms of species compared to other animal groups, mammals include a highly variegated array of animals adapted to different conditions and habitats.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

According to the third edition of the book Mammal Species of the World (2005), which relies on the foundational works of mammalian research, 5416 mammal species live in the world.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[6] In the earlier, second edition (1993), there were only 4629 species.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[6] Species are divided among 29 orders, the largest of which in species terms is the rodent sect with 2277 species.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[6] About 4000 prehistoric and extinct mammal species are known.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[7] Mammals have adapted to both aquatic and terrestrial life, or both simultaneously — seals, otters and hippos as examples of these.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The majority of mammals live on four legs on the ground surface, but nearly one-fifth of them have flight ability (bats) or slightly more limited splicing ability (kaguans, gliding squirrels).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Some species, such as contians, again live underground and only come to the ground surface intermittently.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Among squirrels and monkeys, you can find species that live mostly in trees.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The world's largest mammal is the blue whale, which can weigh 220 tonnes and be more than 30 metres in length.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[8] Of the terrestrial mammals, the largest is the African elephant, measuring about 3.5 metres in height and 6.6 tonnes in weight.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Already extinct on land, Indricotherium weighed three times as much on the African elephant.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The smallest mammals include the Etruscan-headed and pork snout bat, which weigh between two and three grams.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The lifespan of mammals ranges from less than a year (headwaters) to nearly 200 years (Greenland whale).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals include animals active both during the day and at night, which use meat, plants or insects as food.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Some mammals, such as humans and rats, are omnivores, that is, do not specialize in any particular food type.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Evolution and taxonomy Evolution Origin and evolution to the end of the Jurassic period The evolution of mammals began about 200 million years ago with Cynodontia synapsidas of the order Therapsida that lived in the Triassic.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In reptiles, the lower jaw consists of several bones, but with Therapsida synapsids, the number of bones gradually decreased together and the bones transitioned into middle ear bones.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Cynodontia synapses had specialised teeth like mammals: anterior, angular, intermediate and molars.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Typically, reptiles do not have teeth specialized for different tasks, but all teeth are similar to each other.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In addition, Cynodontia synapsids were flat-thermal and travelled like current mammals, i.e., the bones of the limbs had settled parallel to the body.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Thrinaxodon synapsids from the Triassic, belonging to the subfamily Cynodontia, had tactile moustaches and possibly fur on the basis of their skull bones.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Its teeth only regenerated twice during life (multiple times in reptiles) and it may have had a diaphragmatic muscle that facilitates breathing, which were well matched with mammalian traits.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Fossils of the earliest mammals have been found in North America and Africa, but there is reason to assume the animals were more widely distributed.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The first mammals apparently evolved in the area of present-day Africa.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The reasons for the development of mammals are largely based on the climate of the Permian period.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The climate was dry and cool in the inner parts of the Pangea continent (Africa), as evidenced by a huge glacier in the southern hemisphere.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

This was an unfavourable climate for exchange temperature reptiles, but the flat-tempered, fur-coated and flat-tempered Cynodontia synapsids that lived in the late Permian period were able to remain active even during colder periods.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

With the warm seasons, other reptiles also awoke from hibernation, thus maintaining the development of lizards.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[9] At the end of the Permian period about 251 million years ago, mass extinction occurred, killing 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species, but Cynodontia synapsids were spared in many respects.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The end of the Permian period and its mass extinction ushered in a new period in Earth's history called the Mesozoic World Age.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

It consists of three seasons, which are in chronological order Trias, Jura and Cretaceous.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Some of the most famous animals of the Mesozoic World Period are lizards called dinosaurs.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The mammals of the Mesozoic World Period were left small in size, the largest being the size of the present beaver or slightly larger.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals ate either plants, insects, or small vertebrates.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[10] Diet can easily be deduced from, among other things, the shape of the teeth.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Based on preserved fossil finds, it has been estimated that a large proportion of mammals from the Mesozoic World Period lived in trees.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[10] Of the earliest animals to be classified as mammals, the Hadrocodium animal had a middle ear similar to modern mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Among the first early mammals are species of Morganucodon, Megazostrodon, Adelobasileus, all of which belong to the subclass Prototheria (order Triconodonta).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Their fossils play an important role in evolutionary research as they represent a transition from reptiles to mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In appearance, they resembled current heads and their sizes do not differ much from each other.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The earliest Morganucodon fossil finds are 205 million years old.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

They ate insects and moved around in the dark, leaving no threat from shift-heated carnivores.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

They still had, as reptilian features, the composition of the lower jaw, and apparently also laid eggs in the manner of other early mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[11] They also developed mammary glands.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[12] The Prototheria subclass also includes the order Multituberculata, which evolved at the end of the Jurassic period and was the largest in species count of its time.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

They were the first mammals to eat plants, although their diet also included meat.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Their size varied between present-day mice and beavers, and they greatly resembled current rodents, although they were not closely related to each other.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Some of the species had adapted, in part, to climbing in trees.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

They may have evolved from reptiles separate from other mammals and survived for nearly 130 million years, but became extinct 35 million years ago.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The developmental branches of present-day vivar (marsupials and placental mammals) mammals and beaked animals diverged from each other in the Jura period about 166 million years ago.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[13] [14] In the Jura period, the break-up of the Pangea continent into the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia began.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The decay knew for animal and plant species that evolutionary development would increase clearly in the future.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In the Late Jurassic, called Crusafontia, a much squirrel-like insect-eaten tree prey with an infectious tail.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

It has been inferred from the lumbar bone that it gave birth to its young while they were still at an early stage of development, in which case it would represent the developmental branch that led to marsupials.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Based on fossil discoveries, marsupials began to evolve in Europe, from where they migrated to present-day South America.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The developmental branches of placental mammals and marsupials diverged about 130—148 million years ago at the beginning of the Cretaceous.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The separation of the continents into what is now the continents of Eurasia, Africa, South and North America prompted the development of new types of mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The divergence of the African and South American continents took place around 100—120 million years ago, which fits with the results of molecular studies that saw the evolution of placental mammals detached African mammals (Afrotheria) into their own branch, which are only found today in Africa.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The South American impaired teeth (Xenarthra) and the Boreoeutheria clade formed the rest of the placental mammals of the time.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Inflatable teeth living in areas of present-day South America of Gondwana branched off from Boreoeutheria mammals about 88—100 million years ago.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Boreoeutheria dispersed 79—88 million years ago further into pre-primates Euarchontoglires and Lauraasian mammals (Laurasiatheria).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[15] [16] Marsupials migrated from South America via Antarctica to Australia at the end of the Cretaceous.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The land bridge between Australia and Antarctica was not broken until the Eocene period.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

This explains why even today marsupials can be found in South America and Australia.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

After the dinosaurs, Dinosaurs prevented mammals from evolving into plant and carnivores, as well as day-active, as they dominated precisely these ecological compartments.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The situation changed rapidly, however, with dinosaurs becoming extinct rapidly from the entire Earth.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The cause was the impact of a meteorite on Earth at the end of the Cretaceous about 65 million years ago, which altered living conditions on Earth so dramatically that life chances for dinosaurs became impossible.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The change in conditions did not have such a great impact on low-nutrition and smaller-sized mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The emptying of ecological compartments provided the mammals with the opportunity to refill these.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The mammals thus grew larger, became accustomed to new nutrition, and began to move around during the day.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

This also meant rapid sorting.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Even after mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period, mammals have dominated terrestrial life.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Some mammals also began adapting to non-land life, such as early bats that lived in the air and whales adapted to marine life.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The rapid development of mammals is well illustrated by the fact that some 21 different mammal thighs have been identified from the Cretaceous period, but already in the Paleocene period the number of tribes increased to 37 and 86 at the end of the Paleocene.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The evolution of the existing mammalian sects began in the Eocene period, the post-Paleocene epoch between 55.8 million and 33.8 million years ago, from which a total of 111 tribes are known from the period.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[17] [18] Based on the similarity between Paleocene fossil finds in North America and Europe, it has been speculated that the sites were connected by a land bridge that ran through Greenland and Iceland, [19] but which has since broken off.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The mammals did not take over the released ecological compartments immediately; it took an apparently long time for this to happen.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The reason is thought to be that plants took their own time to recover from the impact of the meteorite.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The climate of the Cenozoic World Period was humid and warm in its early stages, favouring the development of tropical mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Extensive forests began to take over the sector, affecting the evolution of mammals living in wood.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The earliest primates were such woodanimals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Primates evolved about 65 million years ago in North America or Europe, which were then still connected by a land bridge, or possibly as early as 20 million years earlier.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

However, the earliest, approximately 55 million years old, primate fossil has been found in North America.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The closest relatives of primates (of those currently living) are tree-headed and kaguans.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

All three tribes share a common ancestor with rodents and their close relatives lagomorphs (Euarchontoglires).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Evolution of whales began equally about 55 million years ago from the same progenitor with hoofed animals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The evolution of the whales began with the Pakicetidae carnivores that lived in Asia, which resembled hoofed dogs.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

These cetacean predecessors lived on the shores of the then Tethys Sea and the structure of the inner ear certifies them as relatives of whales, as no similar structure is found as in whales.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The development of the Pakicetidae prewhales, on the other hand, had begun with a branch, the second part of which eventually developed into a hippo belonging to ungulates.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The evolution of bedbugs differed from ungulates in the very early Paleocene.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Horses and tapires evolved in North Africa, while the ancestors of rhinos originated in Asia.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Vegetation was initially more favourable to bedbugs compared to ungulates, and consequently bedbugs lived quite abundant at the expense of ungulates.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

However, this is believed to have enabled ungulates to have a digestive system different from other mammals, better handling plant food.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The situation for ungulates called ruminants became more favorable as the climate became more favourable to grasses.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Grasses are inconveniently exploitable food, so the number of species of bedbugs began to amuse and ruminants accordingly increase about 20 million years ago.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Predators (evolved about 40 million years ago) and ant cones evolved from the same progenitor with bedbugs.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Bats appeared in the late Paleocene period along with rodents and primates, but are extremely distant related to each other.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Taxonomy Phylogenetically, Mammalia is defined as descendants of the closest common stock form of beaked animals, marsupials, and placental mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

This means that some extinct “mammal groups” do not belong to the Mammalia class itself, although many of them have traits defined as characteristic of mammals that would otherwise classify them as mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

These “mammals” are usually classified in the class Mammaliaformes.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Previously, mammals were classified into three subclasses, which were marsupials, beaked animals and placental mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

This kind of classification proved incorrect, and today mammalian scientists divide the mammal into two subclasses, which are Prototheria (“egg-laying mammals”) and Theria (“giving birth mammals”) [20] [21].


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The only sect in the preceding subclass is the beaked animals, [22] and the latter is divided into subclasses of marsupials and placental mammals, which include all other existing mammalian sects.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[20] The reason for this solution is that the previous classification gave the impression that marsupials would have no placenta at all.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[23] Below the classification of mammals corresponding to the current conception.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[20] [6] Thoria — Giving Birth Mammals Appearance Skin Characteristic features of mammals are a thick skin with a coat of hair except for the ant cone, which has developed into scaly plates, as well as whales and dolphins, a few species of which have yes hair cover during the fetal period, but eventually disappears.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[24] Thanks to thicker skin than other vertebrates, mammals manage to reduce energy loss and evaporation of water from the body.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals are the only animals with sweat glands; however, sweat glands are not present in all mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[25] Like other vertebrates, the skin of a mammal consists of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis below it.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

New cells are created in the so-called basal cell layer between the epidermis and the dermis and the new skin cells push older cells upwards towards the skin surface.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

When passing towards the surface, sulfurous keratin accumulates in them and they die.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

These keratin-filled, plate-like and dead cells form the outermost part of the skin, the stratum corneum, or stratum, which is a type of skin tread.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Dead skin is constantly peeled off, for example, by flaking.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The skin also protects the internal structures of the animal, for example, from mechanical abrasion, and is also water resistant.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[4] In the skin there are a lot of pressure and heat-sensing nerve endings, which cause tactile sensation, but also various glands.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Of these, the most common is the sweat gland, of which there are two different types.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The large, or so-called apocrine sweat gland, usually connects to the skin's hair bulb and produces an odorant characteristic of sweat.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In humans and chimpanzees, sweat glands of this type are comparatively low, in humans they havemainly in the armpits and in the genital area.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Small, or eccrine, sweat glands are more dominant in the case of chimpanzee and humans and are located all over the skin.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In other mammals, small sweat glands are less common.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Their function is to produce sweat on the surface of the skin, which, when evaporated, cools the skin.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals cool themselves by other means as well, such as pounding or twisting in the mud.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Small mammals such as rodents do not have sweat glands.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[25] The function of the sebaceous glands is to produce an oily substance called sebaceous, which is responsible for keeping hairs pliable and forming a waterproof layer on the skin surface.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

A similar function is with earwax glands, which produce groans to prevent the eardrum from drying out and keep it elastic.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The olfactory glands the animal uses either for turf marking or for other communication between individuals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The location of the olfactory glands varies from the head and neck area to the wrists and tail end


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[25] Mammalian mammary glands have evolved from apocrine sweat glands or sebaceous glands.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The function of the mammary glands is to secrete milk during the female's breastfeeding so that the newborn chicks receive nourishment.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Chicks suck milk through the neck on the skin surface, namely the nipple.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammary glands exist in both males and females, but more often than not they have evolved further precisely in females.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Hair cover The function of the coat of hair, often considered a characteristic feature of mammals, is to protect the animal from danger and serve as a layer of insulation.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The hairs grow in a hair follicle located between the dermis and the subcutaneous layer, where the cells copy each other.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

As the hair grows, its cells die under the influence of keratin.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammalian hair dates back to the days of their early development, when they were active at night, when a heat-insulating layer was beneficial.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The coloring and patterns of the hair, on the other hand, help them protect themselves from beasts and blend in with the environment.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In mammals, the abdominal side hair is often paler than the rest of the body, with which, under conventional lighting, the animal fools predators because the coloration impairs depth-oriented perception.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

It is also common for patterns to be found on body hair by which the animal either tends to appear similar to a predator or to distract the attention of the predator.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Coloration also tongues about sex or belonging to another species, whereby different species do not mate with each other.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[25] The coloration of mammalian fur may vary depending on the season.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The tactile hairs of mammals signal from bodies in their vicinity in murky conditions.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

For some mammals, more specialised spines have formed as in spiny spines.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Many other animals have seen a marked reduction in the amount of hair, such as, say, hippos, armadillos and elephants or humans.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Nails, hooves and hooves The limbs of most mammals end in hard claws, hooves, or hooves made up of keratin.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Ungulates differ from bedbugs in that they have an even number (two or four) of toes on one limb, while bedbugs have an odd (one or three) number.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Other mammals have claws except whales and siren animals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

However, whales have evolved from hoofed animals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The hooves and hooves are broad and blunt in appearance, but the claws are often curved, thin and pointed, resembling the claws of other vertebrates.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[26] Mammals have been classified on the basis of their limbs into heel steppers (e.g., man and bear), toe steppers (dogs, cats), and tip-steppers (horses, moose).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The classification, therefore, is based on the ways in which the mammal walks.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[26] Horns in all ruminants grow from bony horns.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

From the outside of ruminants (in mammals), only rhinos and giraffes have a structure similar to horns.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Rhino horn is formed from nasal bones, so rhino horns are not classified as true horns, requiring growth from the forehead bone and a branchless structure.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The giraffe's tiny stubby horns grow out of the parietal bones, so those aren't true horns either.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Only hollow horns have horns classified as true horns, as deer horns are branched.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Horns are used not only for defense from predators, but also in in-species struggles, for example during estrus, when males compete for the female by buffing their horns together.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

After the estrus period, deer drop their antlers and grow new ones.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Anatomy Skeletal Mammals, like all vertebrates, have an exoskeleton built of bones and cartilaginous tissue that supports the whole body, which, together with muscles and nerves, gives the ability to move.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

However, bone formation (ossification) in mammals differs from other vertebrates.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

What is common is that in (indirect) ossification, mesenchyme cells first differentiate into cells of cartilaginous tissue that prepare a cartilage mold similar to the model of future bone.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

After the completion of the mold, the cartilage calcifies and ossification nuclei emerge from which ossification progresses as the cartilage pattern corrodes the bone.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[27] In mammals, this process occurs both from the centers of the ends of the bone (epiphyses) and from the center in the center of the bone (diaphysis).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The advantage of ossification found in mammals is that the articular surfaces are more durable than in other vertebrates.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[5] The mammalian skeleton is typically divided into limb and axial skeleton.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The latter of these, along with the spine, also includes the ribs and skull.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The limbs (arms and feet in primates) form with their attachment points the skeleton of the limbs.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In mammals, the axial skeleton also includes the bones of the middle ear (hammer, anvil and stirrup) and hyoid bone.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The middle ear bones have evolved as an evolutionary result from the lower jaw of reptiles and allow other vertebrates to have better auditory senses.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The mandible of mammals is uniform, but in reptiles it consists of many parts.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The lower jaw is attached via a joint to the rest of the skull, intended to protect the brain.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The mammalian spine is supported by a bone called the spine, which also protects one of the most important parts of the central nervous system, namely the spinal cord.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The vertebral column consists of vertebrae, the number of which varies slightly among mammals, although great similarities exist, suggesting that the axial skeleton of mammals apart from the skull has not changed much.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[5] All mammals, for example, have seven neck vertebrae (six in siren animals and six or nine in sloths).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The number of thoracic vertebrae varies widely.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The ribs protecting the internal organs are attached precisely to the thoracic vertebrae and on one side of the body they are attached to the sternum.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The endings vertebrae are called lumbar, cruciate and coccyx vertebrae.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The number of lumbar vertebrae is usually around 4—7, but the number varies very much by species (2—21).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals lack “ribs” attached to these vertebrae, as in lizards.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The lower lumbar vertebra is attached to the sacrum formed by the sacral vertebrae.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The number of coccyx, on the other hand, depends on whether the mammal has a tail and how long it is (5—50).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

For example, even if a person does not have a tail, it has a vestigial coccyx reminding of its tail ancestors.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[5] Mammalian limbs share much of the same traits.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Most species have five toes (or fingers) on each limb.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Clear similarities are observed in the number of toe bones between, for example, primates, fin-footed, elephants, hoofed animals, and bats.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In five-toed primates, the number of toe bones follows a pattern (thumb to pinky toe) of 2—3—3—3—3, which is also found in bat and fin-footed species.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

All five toes of an elephant have three bones, as do bedbugs with an even number of toes (one toe on a horse).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In three-toed ungulates, the formula is 3—4—4.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[28] There is also a great deal of correspondence found in the wrist or ankle bones, for example the number of wrist bones differs very little within mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In primitive mammals, toe bones followed the formula 2—3—3—3—3 and, accordingly, in primitive lizards, the toe bones were organized according to formula 2—3—4—5—3.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[5] Breathing and Circulation Mammals have complete double circulation.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

This means that the mammalian heart is four-compartment (right ventricle and atrium; left ventricle and atrium) and the heart has a septum that prevents the mixing of oxygen-free and oxygenous blood.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Duplicity means that there are two links in the mammalian circulation, one of which, or pulmonary circulation, begins in the right ventricle of the heart from where the heart pumps it into the alveoli.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In the alveoli, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide into the lungs by diffusion.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

From the lungs, blood enters the aorta and other arterial blood vessels.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In mammals, the aorta always arches to the left.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In birds, the aorta curves to the right, while in amphibians and reptiles, the aorta arches in both directions.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The arteries carry oxygenated blood to the tissues and the veins re-transfer carbon dioxide to the heart and small blood stream.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Along with mammals, only birds and crocodile animals have a four-compartment heart.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Reptiles, with the exception of crocodile animals, have a three-compartment heart, which is why they have an incomplete double blood supply (oxygenated and oxygenated blood mix).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In addition, mammalian oxygen-carrying red blood cells lack a nucleus, whereas other vertebrates do.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Due to the absence of a nucleus and the concave shape of the cell, the red blood cells of mammals contain more hemoglobin, which allows red blood cells to transfer oxygen more efficiently.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[29] The muscular diaphragm of mammals separates the internal organs into the abdominal and thoracic cavity.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The diaphragm is a muscle involved in inhalation.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In other vertebrates, the diaphragm is membranous or absent at all.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[5] Digestion Because mammals are among the only animals with flat temperature, along with birds, they require more nutrition than other vertebrates for the same tissue mass.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Because of this, the mammalian digestive system has evolved to be more efficient and beyond other vertebrates.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In omnivorous animals, the digestive system is comparatively simple compared to herbivores.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Food, after mechanical fining of the teeth, passes along the esophagus into the stomach, where chemical or biochemical degradation occurs.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Herbivores have symbiotic bacteria in their stomachs that turn plant carbohydrates, such as cellulose, into volatile fatty acids (VFA), which are easier for the animal to exploit as an energy source.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The development of the stomach has progressed the most advanced in ungulates and especially in ruminants with a four-part stomach, the parts of which are the rumen, the rapastomach, the reticulated belly, the royal helmet, the hundredberry and the treadmill.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In animals that use bacteria for digestion, the pH of the stomach is slightly acidic (just under seven) because the bacteria would not survive in highly acidic conditions.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

From the rumen, food slips into a mesh stomach with net-shaped folds on its inner wall.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

From here, food protrudes again into the mouth to be bitten, ruminated, and spills past a crevice leading to the rumen into a saucer with leaf-like folds in its mucous membrane.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Here water is squeezed out of it, after which it gets into the treadmill stomach, where gastric juice is mixed with it.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In other mammals, the structure of the stomach is considerably simpler.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[30] [5] From the stomach, food enters the intestine, which consists mainly of two parts: the small and large intestine.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The glands between the lint supplements of the small intestine produce enzymes that separate carbohydrates and proteins from nutrition.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Through lint supplements, nutrients are transferred to the bloodstream.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The length of the small intestine has been found to be proportional to the animal's diet, with herbivores having the longest and fruit-eating the shortest small intestine.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

From the small intestine, the nutrient enters the large intestine, where salts and liquids are stored from it.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The waste left over from the large intestine enters the rectum and from there eventually through the anus away from the body.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[30] [5] Nervous system and senses The mammalian brain is large compared to those of other vertebrates.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

There are clear differences in the structure of the brain.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In mammals we find the so-called isocortex, which is a structure on the surface of big brains and is responsible for such functions as conscious thinking, reasoning and estimating distances.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Isocortex is found in all mammals, but not other vertebrates.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

However, as a homologous structure to this, researchers consider the dorsal horsetail of reptiles, from which some researchers conjecture the isocortex was formed.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[31] In primates, the range of isocortex activity is particularly wide.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The surface area of the neocortex is increased by intense warping of the brain, although in the smallest mammals there is little or no warp.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Some researchers claim the warp structure is caused by the need to obtain more surface area for the isocortex, but other researchers say the idea behind the warp structure is to increase the surface area, making it more efficient to evaporate the abundant thermal energy produced by the brain.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[32] The senses of smell and hearing in mammals are effective, and the color vision of many mammals that eat fruit and vegetables is particularly accurate.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Reproduction Mammals have a species-specific time, or so-called estrus period, when they mate.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In mating, the male's sperm fertilize an egg in the female's egg glands.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

After fertilization, the zygote moves along the egg conductors to the uterus, where it develops into an embryo and fetus.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Placental mammals give birth to juveniles living like marsupials, but in marsupials the embryo moves to a pouch on the mother's abdominal side.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Beaked animals, of which there are only five species, do not breed viviparously but lay eggs, which they incubate until hatching.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

All mammals feed their born chicks with milk secreted through nisies.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The cub is not left to its own devices after giving birth; the mother, and possibly also the herd, will take care of the genre for a period of time until the cub is sufficiently grown up to operate on its own.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Many times weaning begins after months, but in humans and, for example, a chimpanzee, the duration is several years.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Land mammals normally give birth to their young headfirst while whales and dolphins give birth to their chicks tail end first.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In the past, they too gave birth on land and based on preserved fossils, whale preforms gave birth to chicks headfirst.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The reason for the whales' exceptional emergence position is to prevent the chicks from drowning before childbirth is over.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[33] Carrying time is broadly proportional to the size and weight of the mammal.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In the donkey elephant, the carrier period is about 645 days and in the domestic mouse about 19 days.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

With complete precision, the carrying time does not follow size, as, for example, a caskelot several times heavier than a donkey elephant has a carrying time of only 500 days, and a possum larger than a house mouse has a carrying time of only 12—13 days.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[34] Carrying time also depends on the climate and the amount of food available.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Generally, gestation proceeds in a straight line from mating to giving birth, but in some mammals, such as the fly, gestation may be intermittent.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The fly copulates in summer and the zygote enters the uterus, where gestation stops during autumn, which allows the fly to prolong the gestation period so that it does not give birth until spring, when the days are longer and warmer and food is better available than, for example, in winter would.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals produce comparatively few chicks.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

A stem species that lived in mammals 185 million years ago produced 38 chicks at once.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Subsequently, mammalian litters have evolved to be considerably smaller.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[35] Nutrition and Distribution Nutrition Mammals specialize in eating remarkably different food and four different types of teeth (heterodonticity) can be distinguished, with the exception of whales having only one type of teeth (homodonticity).


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Some mammals are beasts, meaning they eat meat, some eat plant food alone and some are insects.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Some species, such as human or bear, are omnivorous meaning they eat all the previous ones.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Specialization in different food sources can be seen in the teeth of mammals.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The first mammals, as well as current predators, had sharp and choreous teeth that were well suited to crushing the hard chitin shell of arthropods or tearing flesh.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Herbivores have shallow and flat-topped molars that allow the plant material to be finely grinded.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

They use their incisors only to cut off leaves and branches.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Omnivores have round molars and sharp-angled canines.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Rodents have sharp incisors and small molars.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Ant bears with depleted teeth have almost no teeth, since their main food consists of ants and termites.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Insects are pre-small, in which case they do not need chopping.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Instead, ant bears have a very long tongue, which they use to catch ants even deep in the tunnel.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In other animals with impaired teeth, teeth have begun to atrophy.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Nor do the now-surviving beaked animals have teeth.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals specialising in plant nutrition have the advantage that there is usually no shortage of food and easy acquisition.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In the northern regions, though, snow complicates foraging.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Plants tend to have low nutritional value, leaving them forced to spend much of the time solely eating.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Meat and insects, on the other hand, satisfy the animal's nutritional needs, but food sourcing, on the other hand, is more cumbersome and energy-consuming.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

For example, hyenas have solved this problem by eating scavengers, that is, remnants of animal carcasses left behind from other predators.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Distribution On Earth, mammals are spread across every continent, including Antarctica, where only species adapted to marine life live.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

They are spread out over several islands as well.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Biogeographically, the Earth is divided into four zone types, which are Holarctic, Insular, South American, and Afro-Tehtyan.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The Holarctic region comprises North America, Europe, Russia, as well as China.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mexico, southern Europe and China's northeastern parts remain outside the region.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

All of Africa, Southern Europe and South Asia constitute an Afro-made animal zone with the Middle East.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mexico and all of South America, on the other hand, belong to the South American Animal Zone.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The West Indies Archipelago, Madagascar and Australia are insular zones of the animal zone.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Behaviour Social Behavior Mammals are viviparous, that is, with a few exceptions, give birth to live chicks.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The advantage of this is that the chicks have time to develop in safety for a long time, leaving them not very susceptible to being preyed by beasts.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

However, mammals do not abandon offspring after birth, but nurture them until they survive independently.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Such parential behavior is common in mammals, but not exclusively a feature of them.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

For example, in birds, fish and reptiles, similar traits are found.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In parental care, the mammal learns such things and abilities that do not transmit genetically to it.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In the herds, the offspring play with other young individuals and learn to act in the herd.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Mammals have good memory and ability to learn.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[5] Mammals either live alone or form colonies.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

There is a definite hierarchy within the colony, with the oldest female or male at the head, for example.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The structure of colonies varies from species to species, as sometimes there may be both females and males in the same colony, but in certain cases only one male and the other females.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

The oldest male in the herd usually has the privilege of mating with the females of his harem.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

In the hierarchy, others are tasked with obtaining food, nurturing offspring, or warning others of impending danger.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[5] The Commission on Mammal Nomenclature submitted amendments to the Finnish names of many mammals in 2008.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[36] A list of the most common current names and proposed changes can be found on the website of the National Museum of Natural History, where you can give feedback on them.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[37] The Finnish Language Board was rejective to the Commission's proposal for nomenclature.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

[38] See also List of mammals List of mammals in Finland Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Benton, Michael J. & Sibbick, John| title = Vertebrate Palaeontology| publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2000| isbn = 978-063-205-614-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olendorf, Donna (ed.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

) | title= Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I (Volume 12) | publisher = Thomson| year = 2004| isbn = 0-7876-5788-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kemp, Thomas Stainforth| title = The Origin and Evolution of Mammals| publisher = Oxford University Press| year 5| isbn = 978-019-850-761-1}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Katajisto, Jonna (editor-in-chief) | title = In nature: Mammals (parts 1-3) | publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 2008-2010| id = ISBN 978-951-0-34258-9}} On the topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

(3rd edition, 2005) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many industry classes do mammals fall into?

Mammals

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President of the Republic of Finland () is the head of state elected by the Finnish people.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

He leads Finland's foreign policy in cooperation with the State Council and is the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[1] He also appoints some senior officials and Supreme Court justices.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In the absence of the President, his duties are exercised by the Prime Minister and, even when he is prevented, by a minister who deputises the Prime Minister.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[2] Election procedure Since 1994, the President of the Republic of Finland has been elected by direct popular election every six years.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Candidates for presidential elections are permitted to be placed both by registered parties with at least one MP elected in the previous parliamentary elections and by the associations of electors who collected a list of names of more than 20,000 supporters.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

If one of the candidates receives more than half of the votes in the first round, he or she shall be directly elected President of the Republic.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Otherwise, the two with the most votes will be head-to-head in the second round, with more votes winning.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Prior to the 2018 elections, a second round had been required in every direct presidential election in Finland.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Prior to 1994, the President of the Republic was elected by an elective election.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Voters chose 300 electors using proportional representation, followed by electors to elect the president.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

There were 301 electors in the 1982 and 1988 presidential elections.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President has also been elected several times by exceptional procedure (see Presidents of the Republic of Finland).


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The terms of office of the President of the Republic were limited to two consecutive 1991, meaning the same person may hold office for a maximum of twelve years in a row [3].


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The change was motivated by Urho Kekkonen's more than 25-year rule, when the position of President of the Republic was overemphasized by many.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Privileges Provided in the Constitution The President's rights in forming a government and dissolving parliament were restricted from the 1990s onwards and further in the Comprehensive Reform of the Constitution that came into effect on 1 March 2000.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Today, the Prime Minister is elected by Parliament, who is formally appointed by the President.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Under the proposals of the Prime Minister, other ministers are appointed by the President of the Republic


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In 2011, various amendments were made to the Constitution of Finland, which further limited the powers of the President.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

They came into effect on March 1, 2012.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Foreign Policy According to the Constitution, “the President leads foreign policy in cooperation with the State Council” [4].


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In a situation where the Council of State and the President disagree on a foreign policy decision, the matter is taken to a vote in parliament, whose position determines the course of action.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

He decides on Finland's foreign policy policy policy and, for example, appoints diplomats and meets heads of state of foreign countries during their official visits to Finland.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Legislative power The President of the Republic establishes the laws and has at his disposal a deferential veto.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Under the constitution, the law goes back to parliament unless the president confirms it in three months.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

If the same law is passed again by parliament without amendment, it will take effect without presidential confirmation.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President may seek an opinion on a bill from the Supreme Court or the Supreme Administrative Court.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[5] Tarja Halonen exercised this power once during his first term.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The parliament bent to the will of the president, and a couple of sections changed during the new round of parliament.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The president can issue specifications in law, regulations, only on international affairs.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Previously, the president gave government motions to parliament, but they were passed to the State Council under the new 2012 constitutional reform.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Defence Policy The President of the Republic is the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Under exceptional circumstances, he can assign this role to another Finnish citizen, but at present only on a proposal from the Government.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[6] The President decides the most important Finnish defence policy decisions and lines.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

For example, he decides on the key fundamentals of military defense, significant changes in military defense readiness, and principles for the implementation of military defense.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President appoints the Commander of Defence Force and decides on other military appointment matters.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

He also appoints all officers.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[6] Office appointments In the past, many key officials were appointed by the president.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Under the 1919 form of government, he appointed bishops, professors, heads of central offices and land lords, among others.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[7] As a rule, civil servants are appointed by the Council of State unless otherwise provided for in respect of a post.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

However, certain officials are still appointed by the president.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[8] The President of the Republic appoints the Permanent Secretary and Rapporteurs of the Office of the President of the Republic, the Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General, the Prosecutor General and the Deputy Prosecutor General, the Heads of Missions, the Director General and Directors of the National Insurance Institute, Officers of the Armed Forces and Border Guard, Presidents and Members of the Supreme Court and the Council of State, Presidents of the Courts of Appeal and other members of the Court of Appeal and other members of the Court of Appeal, and other permanent judges as specifically provided for by law.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Office appointments are prepared and presented in the relevant ministries, not the office of the President of the Republic.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[9] Relation with the Lutheran Church For a long time, the President of the Republic appointed the bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland to their posts by confirming the results of the episcopal election.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

This was enacted in the 1919 form of government [7].


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The new constitution, which came into force in 2000, no longer existed, and in accordance with that the Church Act was also amended so that the result of the election was no longer subjected to the confirmation of the President, but the Chapter gives the elected power of attorney to the office of bishop [10].


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The change took effect at the beginning of March, the beginning of President Halonen, who is not affiliated with denominations.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

But the president has continued a tradition begun as early as the 1950s by opening an annual church solidarity collection.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Symbolic status and emblems When taking office, the President of the Republic of Finland gives a solemn affirmation: “I — who has been elected President of the Republic of Finland by the people of Finland, affirm that I, in my presidential office, will sincerely and faithfully observe the constitutional law of the Republic and laws and with all my strength I contribute to the success of the Finnish people.” A person receives the lifetime rank of President upon entering the office of the President of the Republic.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The president of the republic is expected to act as an authoritative mediator between the parties.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

This is why the president has had a habit of handing over his party's membership book once he gets elected.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The Presidential Residence of the President of the Republic is the Presidential Palace in central Helsinki and the official residence of Mäntyniemi in Meilahti, Helsinki.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President's summer residence is Kultaranta in Naantali.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President of the Republic has his own tongued state flag, with a 3rd class Liberty Cross for civic merit in the tango-side upper field.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Designed by Eero Snellman, Bruno Tuukkanen and Olof Eriksson, the flag will be hoisted in the salko when the president boards a naval vessel, a fortress or when he arrives at his mission residence.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The March of Honour of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces, the President of the Republic, is the March of the Porites and is played in connection with state visits and at celebrations organised by the Armed Forces, where the President of the Republic is present.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The march is usually played upon the arrival of the president at the banquet hall itself.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The current official car of the President of the Republic is a black armored Mercedes-Benz S 600 L Guard.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The Office of the President of the Republic also operates Audi A8L Security from 2012.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President uses his official car quite rarely, mainly during state visits and on other festive occasions, for example when going to the opening of the Riksdag.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The coat of arms of Finland has been the registration code of the president's official car since 1925.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[11] The President also has at his disposal the representative boat Kultaranta VIII, designed for 18 people and two crew members.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

When travelling by train, the President had his own salon carriage at his disposal, the last of which (A1) was used by Presidents Mauno Koivisto, Martti Ahtisaari and Tarja Halonen.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Today, the President of the Republic uses the Government Wagon (A2) for train travel.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In domestic air transport, the President of the Republic may use helicopters of the Armed Forces.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

At the National Theatre, the president has his own stand on the left side of the stage of the big stage.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

At Helsinki Central Station, the President has his own entrance, the kind once used by the Grand Dukes of Finland.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The Jääkär Regiment of the Guard places an honorary company at the disposal of the President of the Republic, for example in connection with state visits and in front of the main entrance to the Presidential Palace of Honour.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The main responsibility for representative duties is 2.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The Jääkärikikomppania in the summer and the Military Police Company during the winter.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

These companies are referred to as Honorary Company.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The designation “kaarti” refers to the Imperial Finnish Guard and the White Guard, but also to the role of the Guard's Jaeger Regiment to act as the head of state's military force.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[12] Presidential remuneration and other benefits The remuneration and operating assets The annual remuneration received by the President of the Republic for his office shall be EUR 126000 as of 1 April 2013.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The reward is tax free.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[13] In the 2012 budget, an appropriation amounting to EUR 353000 has been allocated to the President's remuneration and operating resources.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

According to the draft budget, this appropriation may be used to pay expenditure under the Law on the President of the Republic's Remuneration.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Those expenditures include the actual premium, as well as housing benefits.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In addition, this appropriation may be used — other than Article Operational expenditure of the Office of the President of the Republic or to Article Expenditure on visits and meetings trips budgeted — to pay for expenditure arising from representation of the President or other activities.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[14] Delegation appropriation A special delegation appropriation was made to the President until 1 March 2012, but then the representation relating to the role and institution of the President of the Republic shall be paid for by the operating expenditure of the Office of the President [15] for which in the draft budget 2012 the Office an appropriation of EUR 125000 has been transferred to the appropriations.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[14] The delegation appropriation was EUR 171000 in 2011.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Working resources The State budget previously had a separately allocated point of expenditure of the President of the Republic, which was permitted to be used to pay the expenditure of the President of the Republic.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The appropriation amounted to EUR 65000 in the 2011 budget.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

This was not the president's personal coming.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[16] In 2012, this article was deleted, transferring EUR 30000 to the President's remuneration and operating assets and EUR 35000 to the operating expenditure of the Office of the President.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[14] The Housing Benefit is occupied by the President of the Republic of the Republic of three properties, all of which have housing, work and representation rooms: The Presidential Palace is the President's main working and representative premises, Mäntyniemi is the President's actual office residence, and the summer residence is Kultaranta.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Maintenance of real estate and necessary staff is funded from state funds.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[13] The right of the President of the Republic to annual leave or to leave is not specifically provided for.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The President of the Republic is available at all times for the performance of the President's duties.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

He has no work or office hours and no actual annual leave.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[17] Tax exemption The President's remuneration, pension, survivor pension and housing or other benefits received from the State in addition to these are not taxable income.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[13] [18] Travel Right Although the matter is not specifically provided for by law, presidential domestic and foreign travel related to the performance of the presidential office are financed from state funds within the framework of the annual budget.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

In the draft budget for 2012, an appropriation of EUR 2850000 is allocated for this purpose.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[14] Pension Right The retired president is entitled to a pension equal to 60% of the premium.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The president may be offered retirement housing for a reasonable rent and workspaces for writing and archival work, as well as providing security or office services or other similar services.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

The president's widow and children under the age of 18 are entitled to a survivor's pension equal to half the pension.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[19] EUR 35000000 was allocated in the 2011 budget to finance services to be used by retired presidents.


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

[16] Impeachment by the President of the Constitution of Finland provides that the President of the Republic of Finland shall not be prosecuted unless it is a crime of treason, a crime of state fraud or a crime against humanity [20].


Question: Who was Finland's second president?

President of the Republic of Finland

Presidents of the Republic See also About Presidents of the Republic of Finland Presidents Forum of the President of the Republic New Year's address Independence Day reception Adjutant Finnish Presidents Tomb monuments Sources On topic elsewhere * Category:Government Category:Trust Actions Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Intersex is a concept that can refer both to the fact that it is not possible to determine the sex of a child by the appearance of his or her genitals, but also to other kinds of abnormality of sex characteristics.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

[1] An intersex person has also been referred to as a hermaphrodite since its old age, but that word is no longer used and is often perceived as offensive, as it would suggest that the person had both male and female typical genitals.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

An intersex person never has cacksy genitals.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

The concept of intersex encompasses a number of disorders of sex development and genital anomalies, namely malformations, whereby the genitals conflict with sex determined by the gonads or sex chromosomes [2].


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

From the beginning of 2019, Germany became the first European country to recognize the third gender identity of intersex people.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Intersex persons may, in official documentation, choose female or male as their gender instead of multiple.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

They need a medical certificate for registration.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

The change in law resulted from a decision by the country's Constitutional Court.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

[3] Prevalence Intersex defined by the appearance of the genitals is a rather rare phenomenon.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Approximately 20 intersex children are born in Finland each year.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

[4] If people with Turner and Klinefelter syndrome are counted as intersex, the proportion of intersex people increases by half to their prom [5].


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Development of intersex All fetuses initially have female type external genitalia, which normally transform into male types in puppy fetuses under the influence of dihydrotestosterone [6].


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Sometimes the development of the genitals differs from normal, in which case, for example, changes in the endocrine system during pregnancy, mutations or exposure to contaminants may be the cause.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

The most common reason for reproductive organs to have both masculine and feminine features is that a foetus with a female type XX chromosome develops adrenal hyperplasia, causing the adrenal gland to produce too many androgens.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

This leads, among other things, to the development of male features in the external reproductive system [7].


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Some intersex people have female external genitalia but neither uterus nor ovaries, in which case intersex may not be detected until puberty [8].


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Many intersex people start hormone therapy during adolescence.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Equality Intersex is considered a “third gender” in some cultures.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

In Western culture, intersex people might be persecuted and demonized.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

In ancient Rome, intersex children were customary to be put to death immediately after giving birth.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Later attitudes changed and intersex children might be given, just in case, the name of both the girl and the boy, as well as the right to marry a representative of either sex.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

[9] Intersex people can be registered as third sex representatives in India, Germany and Australia, but in Finland the child must be registered by law as male or female no later than one week after birth.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

[10] Since the 1960s, it has been common for intersex children to undergo surgery in the Western world where the appearance of the external genitalia is modified to resemble as much as possible the organs of either sex.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Contributing to the generalisation of the method was the publication of fake science articles by John Money, a genital surgeon for intersex children, suggesting that a boy child develops a female identity, if he is removed the male genitalia, a woman's external genitalia are molded in their place resembling tissue and the child is then treated consistently as a girl.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

[11] Nine out of 10 intersex babies have undergone surgery to become girls because it is easier to remove the testicles and reduce the pubic tongue than enlarging the pubic tongue.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

The child's intersex may even have been concealed from the children's parents.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

[12] Parents may also have been pressured into agreeing to surgeries, for example by falsely citing a significant increase in cancer risk or by raising doubts about the child's adaptation to the community because of their sexual characteristics that differ from norms.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

The Council of Europe has urged its member countries to ensure that the appearance of the genitals of intersex children is not surgically altered.


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

Reducing the pubic tongue is associated with the risk of nerve damage [13].


Question: How do you define intersex?

Intersex

In addition, surgery performed at too young age and without regard to the child's opinion has often resulted in severe gender identity conflict, and individuals have ended up in the gender correction process like transgender.