Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

China was brought to the brink of war with the Soviet Union as countries argued over a border line in Siberia.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

The relationship with the United States was also hostile with China's support of North Vietnam in the Vietnam War.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

[238] Furthermore, China had entered a border conflict with India in 1962.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

[251] However, great power relations improved in the early 1970s, for which great merit belongs to Premier Zhou Enlai.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

He met with U.S. President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and, as a skilled diplomat, succeeded in establishing great power relations with the United States.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

It is largely thanks to Mr Zhou that the People's Republic of China received a seat previously belonging to Taiwan at the UN in 1971.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

[252] [253] Mao, however, was not willing to name Zhou as his own successor, as Zhou fell into Mao's disfavor in his final years.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

This would not even have been possible, as both Mao and Zhou began to be sickly.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

Zhou Enlai died in January 1976.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

The popular prime minister was genuinely mourned and millions of Peking people watched his funeral.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

Officially, Zhou's mourning was curtailed and leftists in the party accused him of being a capitalist.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

After Zhou's death, unrest first arose in his hometown of Nanjing, from where they also spread to Beijing.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

In Beijing, the situation escalated in April 1976 into the Tiananmen Square incident, where a gang of mourners from Zhou was dispersed by violence.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

The Communist Party blamed Deng Xiaoping, who was considered to be the same path traveller as the late Zhou Enlai, as the initiator of the incident.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

Mao was no longer in the months following the Tiananmen incident at the head of the country due to his health.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

Mao Zedong died in September 1976.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

[254] After Mao's death, the members of the four coples were imprisoned and Hua Guofeng, who was the successor appointed by Mao, rose to the leadership of the country.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

[255] After Mao, a few years of power struggle between conservative and reformist politicians followed.


Question: Has there ever been a dynasty ruled in Europe?

History of China

[238] The reformist Deng Xiaoping, who had fallen into Mao's unpopularity during the Cultural Revolution, soon emerged as the most influential politician.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[238] [255] Deng, however, was under Zhou Enlai's protection and may well have thanked him for preserving his life.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[252] Deng emerged in the late 1970s as the most prominent politician in the reformist wing of the party.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

The reforms he pushed, such as economic modernization and opening up to the outside world, started a period of reform in China.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[238] [249] Proponents of modernisation led by Deng gained increasing influence within the party and Deng was thus able to win over the party's more conservative politicians.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[249] [255] [256] The political views of Hua Guofeng and Deng, who emerged as figurehead of the party, diverged and in 1981 Hua was forced to resign his post.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[255] [257] [258] He was succeeded at the head of the party by Deng's protégé Hu Yaobang.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

Deng himself again continued as chairman of China's Central Military Commission.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[255] The first major reforms of Deng Xiaoping's reign were the dismantling of collectivization of agriculture and a return to private agriculture.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[256] [249] Private enterprise was also limited in the industrial and services sector and the restructuring of state enterprises in order to give greater influence to market forces.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[249] Special Economic Zones began to be established in the country in coastal areas in order to better open the market to foreign trade.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[256] The first Special Economic Area was Shenzhen, bordering Hong Kong, which quickly grew from a small peasant village into a major trading and industrial city.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[249] Despite economic development, Chinese policy did not significantly change.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[249] Economic reforms did not please the old wing of the Communist Party either.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[256] [259] The old wing of the party was also dissatisfied with Hu Yaobang's habit of allowing the country's critical intelligentsia to operate free.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[259] Hu also had an interference with Deng Xiaoping, for he was too liberal even for Deng's mind.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[259] [248] In late 1986, extensive intellectuals and student demonstrations broke out, which spread across the country.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

Protesters called for regime reform and Western-style democracy.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

The situation led to Hu's dismissal in 1987 and Zhao Ziyang was named as his successor.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[259] [256] The threat of harder grips caused protests to subside, [259] but this changed when Hu Yaobang died in the spring of 1989.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[256] Hu was very popular among the students and these organized mass rallies in his memory.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

These evolved into demonstrations that filled Celestial Peace Square in May 1989.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[249] Zhao Ziyang tried unsuccessfully to find a peaceful solution to the protracted demonstration.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

For Deng, Zhao's conciliatory actions did not take place and the situation led to Zhao's removal from office.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[260] Deng Xiaoping took command back into his own hands and ordered the army to stop the demonstrations by force.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

On 4 June, the army violently dispersed the demonstration, causing hundreds of casualties.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

The carnage caused a three-year suspension of economic reforms and deterioration of relations with Western countries.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[256] Economic reforms continued under the leadership of Jiang Zemin, who was appointed Secretary-General.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

In China, the command economy was abandoned in 1993 and talk of a socialist market economy began.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

In practice, this meant that the Communist Party renounced Marxism.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[256] [261] In Deng Xiaoping's final years, China began to prepare for the time after him and Jiang built himself a leader cult larger than Deng.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

He therefore faced a third Taiwan Strait crisis in the mid-1990s when relations with Taiwan became strained again, under which he sought to show nationalist leadership.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[262] Deng Xiaoping died at the age of 93 in February 1997.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

In July of the same year, Britain returned Hong Kong's leased territory to China, a major prestige gain for Jiang Zemin.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

As a result of the UK-China negotiations, Hong Kong will retain its internal autonomy for another 50 years after reunification and Hong Kong will be subject to the so-called One Country, Two Systems principle.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[263] The most significant reforms of Jiang's rule period were the economic reforms of the late 1990s, when state enterprises were reorganized and the country took a major step towards a market economy.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

As a result, China, thanks to economic growth, rose to the ranks of the world's economic superpowers.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

As a counterbalance to these, many societal problems and environmental disasters were exacerbated.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[264] China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001, integrating it more firmly into world trade.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[265] In the first decade of the 21st century, the country's economy grew at a pace and by the time of entering the 2010s it was already the second largest national economy in the world.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

The country is also urbanized at a pace, in 2015 was the first time the situation that the majority of Chinese people lived in cities.


Question: Has Europe ever been ruled by a dynasty?

History of China

[256] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haw, Stephen G.| title = Travel Guide to History - China| others = Translated by Top, Anne| location = English | publisher = Oy UniPress AB| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-519-110-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Malmqvist, Göran| title = The Great World History of Otava 5 - Great Powers of the Easter| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1983| id = ISBN 951-51-07161-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Malmqvist, Göran| title = Great World History of Otava 12 - Enlightenment| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing company Otava| year = 1985| id = ISBN 951-1-08415-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Malmqvist, Göran| title = The Great World History of Otava 15 - Age of Imperialism| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-1-09016-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bjøl, Erling| title = Otava Great World History 19 - New World Order| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-1-09631-1}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huotari, Tauno-Olavi & Seppälä, Pertti| title = Chinese culture| publisher = Otava| year = 2005 (5th edition) | id = ISBN 951-1-15943-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Shaugnessy, Edward L.| title = Fascinating China| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-20-7160-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Scarpari Maurizio| title = Historical cultures - China| others = Translated by Salminen, Raimo| publisher = Weilin+Göös Oy| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-32992-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paltemaa, Lauri| title = Brief Introduction to Chinese History| publisher = University of Turku East Asian Studies and Education Center| year = 2018| id = ISBN 978-951-29-7157-2| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paltemaa, Lauri; Vuori, Juha A.| title = History of the People's Republic of China| publisher = Gaudeamus Oy| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-495-258-3}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland was the law-making body of the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

They took the form of four-state enactment reichstags, with nobility, priestly, bourgeois and peasant ordinances represented.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Riksdag met regularly every few years from 1863—1906.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In addition, the 1809 Reichstag of Porvoo has generally been counted as part of the same institution.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

At the beginning of the 20th century, the four-chamber legislative Reichstag began to be obsolete as seen in European terms, and was replaced by the 1906 unicameral parliament.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The development of Sweden and Finland in the Kingdom of Sweden had shifted from the enactment Riksdag of 1865 to the bicameral Riksdag, which in Sweden became unicameral comparatively late.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In Finland, the unicameral Riksdag practice was switched to in connection with the Parliament and the first parliamentary elections in 1907.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In addition, the Parliament convened continuously every year at the Riksdag, and not just every three years as in Finland.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

No major changes were desired in Finland because the period of officialdom 1809—1863 was seen as protecting the autonomy of Finland, which from a Russian perspective was not intended as permanent autonomy by 1809, but as a consolidation of conditions in the manner of that time.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

From the Riksdag of Porvoo to the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Riksdag of Porvoo was organized during the Finnish War of 1809.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Thereafter, the Riksdag began to be organized regularly from 1863 onwards.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Gathering Places The four enactments all met separately.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In Porvoo, the noble and bourgeois ordinances met at the town hall, the priest-ordination in the house of Kymnaas and the peasant law Lamanni A.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

F. in the House of Orraeus.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In all the Riksdag held in Helsinki from 1863 to 1906, the nobility ordinance could meet in their own quarters at the Knights Room, which had been completed as early as 1861.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

For nobless enactments, the Läätytalo was completed in 1891 in Helsinki; before that they had to meet in mixed locations in the capital.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the Reichstag of 1863—1864 and 1867, all noble-less ordinances were allowed to use the premises of the Order; the bourgeois and priestly ordinances also met there in 1872, and the priestly ordinance still 1877—1878.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the 1870s, the Peasant Regulation met in Kruununhaa at Mariankatu 13 and 4, the bourgeoisie regulation 1877—1878 in the ballrooms of the Helsinki Parish Hall (now City Hall) and the Student Hall.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the Riksdag of 1882, all noble-less ordinances met in the Rikhardinkatu library (as well as the peasant ordinance also in the house of the Polytechnic College next to Hietalahdentori) and 1888 at the Ateneum.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the Riksdag of 1885, the bourgeois regulation used the matriculation house and the premises of the Nylands Nation in Kasarmikatu, as well as the ballroom of the private Finnish girls' school and the peasant regulation German girls' school.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

[1] Development of the Constitution from the Book of Association and Collateral The first Reichstag order under the autonomy of Finland was issued in 1869.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

[2] Other norms governing the Reichstag of the Grand Duchy of Finland were the Imperial Proclamations of 1879, 1886 and 1897.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Reichstag Order of the Grand Duchy of Finland 1869 was adopted as early as 1867 in the Riksdag and brought clarity to the Riksdag, since by then only the early association and collateral records of the Kingdom of Sweden and other norms had been interpreted.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Book of Association and Guarantee brought about by Gustav III had removed the right to Riksdag initiatives from the Riksdag, and therefore initiatives had to be taken as supplications to the monarch, effectively to the Senate of Finland, which corresponded to the government and to the President of the Senate, who was equivalent to the monarch and the highest ranking official in Finland.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The inauguration of the Riksdag by the Grand Duke of Finland or Governor-General of the Riksdag was one of the most important state actions of the Russian Emperor as Grand Duke of Finland.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Russian Emperor's constitutionally limited Grand Duchy of Finland was, in turn, based on the 1772 Constitution of Gustav III during Swedish rule and the Book of Association and Collateral of 1789.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The reasoning for this was the declaration of monarchs issued by Alexander I at Porvoo Cathedral, on the basis of which real autonomy was built from the nominal 16th-century inherited but state-insignificant Grand Duchy of Finland with a national army, its own money as well as its own customs service.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Divisional representativeness in the Riksdag The nobility of Finland was represented by the head of each family.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the last actual legislative Riksdag, 1904—1905, there were 201 representatives of the nobility.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

There were usually about 40 representatives of the priestly ordinance, from the bourgeoisie about 30 to 70, as the number increased with urbanization until the end of the Statute Riksdag.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

70 Reichstag members were elected by the peasant statute by jurisdiction.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Initially, the Statute Riksdag was held every five years, but starting in 1882 every three years.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

As representatives of the clergy, bishops were self-entitled and other representatives were elected by diocese.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In V.1869 the representativeness of the Reichstag enacted expanded so that the university received two representatives and the grammar school educators of each diocese a representative.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The bourgeoisie of each city was entitled to its own representative.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In addition, v.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The 1869 Reichstag order gave cities with over 6000 inhabitants the right to a representative for every incipient 6000 inhabitants.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

On the other hand, small towns with less than 1500 inhabitants could send a common representative to reduce expenses.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Those eligible to vote in the bourgeoisie delegate election were the town-taxed burghers, shipowners, factories, privileged traders, householders, and mayors and townsmen.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The number of votes each was based on the tax shells paid, although in many cities the maximum number of votes was limited.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The election was otherwise indirect in some places, i.e. based on a system of electors.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

[3] According to the Order of the Reichstag v.1869, the peasant law received one of its representatives from the judgment, regardless of its population.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In accordance with the number of judgments v.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In 1872 there were 56 representatives in the Riksdag and 64 representatives in the Riksdag from 1905 to 1906.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The election to the Riksdag was conducted by electors who were allowed to elect one from each municipality plus one for each of the 2000 capita inhabitants.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The election of the Elector in the Municipal Assembly was permitted to be attended by men who held manttal land in the municipality, or who leased or by standing right controlled the crown estate, etc. [3] Decision-making in the Riksdag in the Riksdag all four enactments met and processed presentations separately.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The motion was considered approved by the Riksdag if it was passed in three of the four acts.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

However, the approval of all four acts was required in constitutional matters as well as in matters of consent, namely the imposition of new taxes.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In addition, in matters concerning the privilegies of the legislated, the approval of the regulator whose privileges were concerned.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

To prepare matters, the Riksdag set up committees with representatives of all decencies.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The legislatures could also set private committees with representatives of only one of the enactments.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

At the beginning, voting separately by decency was also in use within committees, but the Reichstag Order of 1869 abolished this practice.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

After that, in committees, all delegates voted in one set.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Reichstag Order of 1869 also allowed for a joint session of all enactments, or plenum plenorum, in which a matter could be debated but not voted on.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

However, these joint sessions were held only twice during the operation of the Decree Riksdag.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

[4] If the legislative acts adopted the same proposal in a different form, a procedure called coordination was resorted to, in which the decisions of the different legislations sought to be reconciled afterwards in a special committee.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The first period of repression The Auxiliary Riksdag was organized in two sets.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The first auxiliary enactment Riksdag was 1899, which sought to organize the military personnel of the Grand Duchy of Finland in conjunction with the military personnel of the Russian Empire without national restrictions on conscription.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The only troop detachment obliged to external service in the Grand Duchy of Finland was the Finnish Guard based in Helsinki.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The other units were intended only for territorial defense of the Grand Duchy of Finland, without the obligation to participate in the maneuvers taking place in other territories of the Russian Empire.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

From the point of view of the Russians, mainly Russian War Minister Kuropatkin, the Riksdag was not successful because the Reichstag rebuffed the project.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Establishment of Parliament The Second Auxiliary Riksdag took place 1905—1906.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Their purpose was to abolish the Reichstag and the transition to a parliamentary system starting with the parliamentary elections of 1907.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The reform was carried out and the Reichstag of Decree ceased to exist.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

As an exception, the right to vote for women and those paying little tax or not paying tax remained municipal suffrage, which was decided to be amended in 1917 and materialized in the 1919 municipal elections for the first time.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Extraordinary Riksdag of 1905—1906 provided for parliamentary reform.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The first parliamentary elections were held in 1907.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

From then on, the parliament met every year, and its annual assembly periods continued to be referred to as the Riksdag.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Committees To deal with special matters, the Riksdag grouped themselves into committees, which increased in number by the end of the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

There were permanent and ad hoc committees, which could only be set up for one Riksdag to deal with a general issue or group of matters.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Such matters included the reform of church law, for which a Church Law Committee was set up, and the construction of railways, for which the Committee on Railways was set up.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Since the Riksdag did not initially have the right to initiatives due to the interpretation of the Charter of Association and Guarantee, and therefore the only initiatives could have come from the Grand Duke of Finland or the Senate of Finland, the Riksdag had both the General Appeal Committee on Regulations and for the preparation of cases peculiar appeals committees, which existed at least in peasant law.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Riksdag and Presidents of the Riksdag and Presidents of the Grand Duchy of Finland: Since 1907, the Parliament convened annually at the Riksdag.


Question: What was the purpose of the Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

See also Finnish Riksdag History of Finnish voting rights Sources on the topic elsewhere in Parliament Archives (pdf) (YouTube) *


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Mikael Agricola (ca.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

1510 Pernaya — 9 April 1557 Uuskirkko) was a bishop of Turku and a reformer who, with his Bible translation, laid the foundation of the Finnish literary language and wrote and translated the first printed books in Finnish.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

He is therefore considered the father of Finnish literary language and Finnish literature.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[3] Published nine books, totaling about 2400 pages, in just ten years, Agricola published his translation work largely himself.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[4] Agricola studied at the University of Wittenberg in the 1530s as a pupil of Philip Melanchthon and Martti Luther, both leading figures of the Reformation period.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

After graduating, he served in Finland as rector of Turku Cathedral School and Bishop of Turku.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Although Agricola is especially known as the father of the Finnish literary language, he also laid the foundations for religious science and folkloristics with a poetic catalogue of old Finnish gods.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

On the day of Agricola's death, 9 April, Finnish Day is celebrated.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Life Childhood and Adolescence Ancestry Mikael Agricola was the most born of Torsby of Pernaya.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

His date of birth is not known, but based on his later stages it is placed around the year 1510.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

His father's name was Olavi (in Swedish: Olof), mother's name is not known.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

There were three daughters in the family besides Michael, whose names are unknown.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

His father would appear to have died in the early 1540s and his mother around the year 1550.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[5] At the beginning of his studies Agricola was already evidently knowledgeable and particularly talented as a boy.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

His first teacher, the vicar of the parish of Pernaya, apparently persuaded the parents to send the boy in the late 1510s to Vyborg for a Latin school.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Study attendance was the privilege of only a few at that time.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

It always required wealthy parents, innate ability and recommendations from book-educated men.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

In Vyborg, Mikael Olavinpoika adopted Agricola (lat.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

“farmer”), which was popular specifically in German humanist circles, with whom Agricola was acquainted with during his studies in Vyborg.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[5] Different conceptions of Agricola's mother tongue and language skills have been presented.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The concepts have been based on the Finnish language used by Agricola on the one hand and on the settlement situation of the village of Pernaya, his birthplace.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Heikki Ojansuu has considered Agricola's native Finnish language.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

According to him, Agricola uses features of the Kanta-Häme dialect in his language, which allow to assume the language adopted already in childhood.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

He considers that Agricola's texts contain a language he could not have known or mastered had Finnish not been his first language.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[6] The same position is also represented by Osmo Ikola.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

According to him, the abundant southeastern indigenities of the Agricola language, which are found only in the dialects of Finnish spoken near Pernaya, as well as the general fluency, richness and abundance of Finnish in Agricola support the view.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[7] [8] Agricola uses about 6000 Finnish words in his texts, which approximates Kalevala's word count.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[6] On these grounds, Ikola considers it likely that young Michael would have been bilingual, but considers it more likely that the main home language in his childhood home was Finnish.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[7] Also the oldest settlement in Pernaja has been Finnish-speaking, as attested by the various Finnish village names of Pernaya and old Finnish house names.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

However, the old Finnish settlements became Swedish-speaking starting in the Middle Ages, so that the nomenclature of all villages by the 18th century was Swedish-speaking in their majority.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[9] [10] However, it has been concluded from the surviving nomenclature that there was also some Finnish-speaking settlement in the predominantly Swedish-speaking area during Agricola.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Similarly, Agricola's fellow Pernayan student Martti Teiti is known to have contributed to Finnish.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[10] On the other hand, it has been speculated that Agricola's mother tongue was Swedish, since the birthkeeper would have been predominantly a Swedish-speaking region at the time.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[11] [12] Agricola's Swedish is also supported by the fact that he wrote 45 Swedish speakers in the margins of the Martti Luther postilla he owned, and only one fringe note in Finnish, in explaining the meanings of Latin words to himself.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[13] Kari Tarkiainen, author of Agricola's personal history, states that if you take the Finnish language used by Agricola as a starting point, then the end result is that his native language was Finnish.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

If, on the other hand, the language conditions of Pernaya are based around the time of Agricola's birth, it is a cautious outcome that her mother tongue was Swedish.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Tarkiainen considers it possible that Agricola came from a fully Swedish-speaking family, but may have come into contact with the Finnish language through the Finnish-speaking service people who may have influenced the family.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[6] According to Kaisa Häkkinen, it is impossible to unambiguously solve the question of Agricola's home language or mother tongue, but his knowledge of Finnish can be considered equal to that of a native.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[14] Agricola's linguistic skills overall, however, were extensive.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

In addition to Finnish and Swedish, Agricola studied the languages of the Bible and announced in his commencement address to the New Testament that it was partly Finnish from Greek, Latin, German and Swedish language institutions.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[2] [15] Pappisura and postgraduate study in Germany After eight years of study in 1528, Agricola became secretary to Martti Skytte, Bishop of Turku as a youth.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Listening to the sermons of Peter Särkilahti, a former pupil of Martti Luther, on the Lutheran doctrine of faith, he was able to feel how Lutheran winds of reform were already blowing in ecclesiastical life.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The Reformation had been formally implemented in the Swedish Riksdag a year earlier in 1527, and Agricola became the executor of the most important religious reforms in Finland.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

In 1529 Agricola became chancellor, [16] and as a priest he was ordained in the 1530s.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[17] Agricola was sent in 1536 to study in Germany at the University of Wittenberg, where Martti Luther and Philip Melanchthon lived and influenced.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The young Agricola's travelling companion was Martti Teitti (Martinus Teit).


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

At the time, it was common for students and other journeymen to move around in small groups for safety reasons.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

In accordance with the practice of the time, the Turku Chapter gave Agricola as a student grant butter barrels, which he could sell to cover the expenses of living.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Mikael Agricola listened to theologians, but completed his thesis at the Philosophical Faculty.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Agricola graduated after three years of studies in the spring of 1539 with a master's degree.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

He was third best in a group of fifteen graduates.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[18] After graduation, he was elected rector of Turku Cathedral School.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Both Luther and Melanchthon had written letters of recommendation about him to Gustav Vasa.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Agricola held the post for nine years, writing assiduously at the same time.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The management of the school was not always easy, and he complained in a letter to one of his friends: “How difficult it is to lead boys, those domesticated animals to some good and certainly doctrinal upbringing result”.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Agricola feuded with King Gustav Vasa and was forced to leave his seat in 1548.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[16] Marriage and last years Agricola married in 1550 Birgitta Olavindaughter, and after a year a son Kristian Agricola was born to them.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Agricola was one of the first Finnish priests to be allowed to marry with the doctrines of the Reformation.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[16] After the 1550 death of Martti Skytte, Bishop of Turku, Agricola performed his duties.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

When Gustav Vasa divided the Church of Finland into two dioceses, Turku and Vyborg, he appointed Mikael Agricola Bishop of Turku in 1554.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Border disputes between Swedes and Russians were constant at that time, so Gustav Vasa tried to bring about peace through negotiations.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

He sent a peace negotiation delegation to Moscow in early 1557, of which Agricolak belonged.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

On the way back, on the horse ride, Agricola suffered a severe bout of illness, of which he died just after crossing the kingdom's border in the keeper of the Uusichurch, on the territory of the later municipality of Death Lake.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

According to the Finnish Episcopal Chronicle written by Paul Juusten in the 1560s, Agricola was buried in Vyborg in the presence of an archbishop.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Most likely the burial site was in the old cathedral of Vyborg, but the exact location is not known.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The memorial stone at the death site of Agricola, which was in the municipality of Suomajärvi, was taken away by the Russians after the wars, but at the initiative of the Finns it was brought back and restored in the early 2000s.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[19] [20] Literary works Religious works The most important reforms of the Reformation was the translation of the Bible and ecclesiastical texts from Latin into the vernacular.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The vernacular language of worship services required religious literature in Finnish, and according to Luther's principles, everyone had to be able to read the Bible in their own language.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Creating religious literature in Finnish became the life's work of Mikael Agricola.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[17] Agricola began the translation of the New Testament when he studied in Wittenberg.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

He used the initial work in Greek and Luther's German as his sources.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Agricola's translation was published in 1548 as Se Wsi Testamenti.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The first work Agricola appeared, however, was the apic Abckiria (1543) containing the foundations of reading and Christianity.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The author probably intended the work printed in Stockholm by Amund Laurentsson as a catechism first and foremost, and addressed it particularly to priests who, according to Agricola, were often “lazy and tommy”, and did not bother to study let alone teach diligently enough.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[21] The prayer book from the Biblias (1544) contained worship services and prayers for private devotional which Agricola had written on the basis of the Bible, Old Catholic Prayers, Reformers and Erasmus Rotterdamese texts.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[5] Agricola's great ambition was to translate the entire Bible, but the work fell short of funding.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

However, he translated parts of the Old Testament in Dauid's Psalttari, Weisut ia Ennustoxet Mosesen Lai ia Prophetista Wloshaetut and Ne Prophets.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Haggai.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Sacharja.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Maleachi.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

For the services of worship, Agricola prepared (1549) church manuals Handbook of Caste and other expenditures of Christus, Mass of the Lord Echtoline and Se of us Lord Jesus Christusen Pina, exaltation and magical stepping, niste Neliest Euangelisterist coghottu.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[22] The purpose of the books, in accordance with the Reformation, was to enable Finnish church spending in parishes and to teach the people to read.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[23] Agricola was not the first to write the Finnish language, as individual religious texts in Finnish had already appeared earlier.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

However, his output was both considerably more extensive and more linguistically artful than earlier attempts.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Agricola sought a model for the Finnish language spelling from Swedish, German and Latin, and features borrowed from these languages are noted in his texts, such as foreign sentence structures (e.g.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

use of the article: “It Wsi Testament”).


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Agricola used letters later lost from the Finnish language (b, c, w, x).


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[2] [24] [25] The most famous of Agricola's texts is the poem on the Abckirian front leaf, which gives a good view of his language.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Despite its old language, the text is still comprehensible to modern readers: Agricola invented or borrowed numerous new words into Finnish.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Some of Agricola's words remained dayflies: styyri, falskata, insigli, nude, edesseisoa and many other words were not rooted in Finnish.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[26] However, about 60% of the vocabulary he created is still in use.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[4] In the preface to Dauid's Psalttar, the recorder of folklore, Agricola wrote a poetic list of old Finnish gods and short accounts of the meaning of various gods to humans.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The point was to show how frenzied and sinful paganism was.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

However, he attributed only a part of the gods to his list.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The intention must have been to form a Finnish Pantheon according to the Greek model, the Olympic pantheon.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The list has been of interest to scholars, as the following broader descriptions of folk faith are only from later centuries.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Mikael Agricola has even been said to have unwittingly laid the foundations for both Finnish science of religion and folkloristics.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[27] Aftermath and significance The idealistic peasant image of nineteenth-century national romantics contributed to Agricola being portrayed as a modest person who hailed from poor conditions.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

In reality, his household was wealthy and he was aware of his own worth and importance.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[28] Posterity has respected Agricola's work as a creator of Finnish-language literature, but Agricola felt otherwise in his time.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

He felt his work was not appreciated, but criticized and dismissed.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

He wrote in the Prayer Book (1544): Do not trample the book like a pig, even if there is some fault in it.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[16] According to Agricola scholar Simo Heininen, Mikael Agricola and his work were forgotten quite soon.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

To a great man he was only raised hundreds of years later alongside Elias Lönnrot, J. L. Runeberg and J. V. Snellman, when Finnish nationalism was at its strongest.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[18] In Heininen's view, Agricola was a true European humanist scholar who, in addition to his theological and linguistic pursuits, had extensive knowledge in history and geography as his contemporaries.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[11] In connection with the celebration of Mikael Agricola's anniversary in 2007, Heininen listed things that Agricola should still be explored.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

A complete presentation should be made of his Bible translation and a comprehensive bibliography of all publications.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[29] Remembering the day of Mikael Agricola's death, 9 April, is today the day of the flag and also the day of the Finnish language.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The same day is also Elias Lönnrot's birth and name day.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[30] Agricolankatu is named after Mikael Agricola in Helsinki, Lohja and Turku and Agricolantie Pernaja in Torsby.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[31] According to him, the church of Mikael Agricola has also been named after him.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[32] The first statue of Mikael Agricola in public place was sculpted by Ville Vallgren and was unveiled in 1887 in Helsinki Cathedral.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

As early as 1877, there was a C.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

A statue of Agricola designed by E. Sjöstrand for the Turku Chapter Chamber.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[5] In 1908, a statue made by Emil Wikström was erected in front of the Vyborg Cathedral, which however disappeared during the final phase of the Winter War.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Already at the beginning of the 20th century, architect Alex Nyström had commissioned his own light for the parish of Turku, which was placed in the cathedral.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Other copies based on Wikström's statue were erected in 1953 in Erkonpark in Lahti and in 1954 near Pernaya Church.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

In 2009, a new cast of the lost statue was re-erected in Vyborg, in front of the St. Peter—Paul Church.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[33] In addition, there is a statue of Agricola by Oskari Jauhiainen, unveiled in 1952, on the wall of Turku Cathedral.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[5] In 2006, the Mikael Agricola Society in Turku was founded.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[34] In honour of Agricola, an Agricola cupcake was developed in 2014.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

The competition for the design of the cupcakes was organised by the Finnish Pipliasura.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[35] Tomb search for Agricola's tomb was attempted under the floor of Vyborg Old Cathedral during archaeological excavations under J. R. Aspelini in 1886 and under Juhani Rinne in 1913.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[36] On the ruins of a church destroyed in the Winter War, new excavations supported by the Mikael Agricola Society began in 2011, with one side objective also being the possible discovery of Agricola's tomb.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

So far, the grave has not been found.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[37] Even if Agricola was buried in an old cathedral, the tomb must have been destroyed no later than the 18th century, when the building was first used as an Orthodox church and later as a stockpile of supplies and equipment for the Russian army.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

In addition, almost 10,000 other deceased were buried in the church after Agricola by the end of the 18th century, so the search for an individual grave is somewhat hopeless.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[19] Agricola on stamps In 2007 it was the 450th anniversary of Agricola's death, in honour of which, among other things, a medal and a commemorative coin were issued.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

[38] 1948 was the 400-jubilee of the publication of Sen Wden Testament.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

from 1933 to 1948 from 1948 to 1982 See also Jöns Budde Mikael Agricola's Cross Ancient Gods of Finns History of the Finnish Language Society Great Finnish Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Agricola, Mikael| title = God's Aijnoan olcohon kijtos: Prayers from Agricola's Prayer Book| location = Helsinki| publisher = Church Government| year = 2007| version = Mikael Agricola's Prayers by Juhani Holma| id = ISBN 978-951-789-220-9} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heininen, Simo & Heikkilä, Markku| title = Church History of Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-37-1839-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Häkkinen, Kaisa & Vaittinen, Tanja (ed.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

) | title = Agricola time| location = Helsinki| publisher = BTJ-cost| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-692-682-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ikola, Osmo| title = Mikael Agricola language| number = Mikael Agricola native tongue| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finn literature| year = 1988| id = ISBN 951-717-533-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chest of drawers, Roope| title = ABCKIRIA: Agricola from a to ö| publisher = Lingsoft Oy| year = 2007| id = Booklet}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tarkiainen, Viljo & Tarkiainen, Kari| title = Mikael Agricola: Finnish Reformer| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1985}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heininen, Simo| title = Mikael Agricola and Erasmus Rotterdamilain| location = Helsinki| publisher = SKS| year = 2006| version = Publication of the Finnish Literature Society 192}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heininen, Simo| title = Mikael Agricola: Life and works| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-37-4869-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Son of Pernaya | publisher = WSOY| year = 1932| version = Children's and Young People's Story in a selection of Readings for Children, Finland V. Tarkiainen, Valter Juva and Ilmari Jämaa}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Agricola, Mikael| title = Mikael Agricola Psalttari: 1551| location = Turku| publisher = Turku university| year = 2010| version = Edited by Kaisa Häkkinen.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Wanhan Finnish Archives 3| id=ISBN 978-951-29-4243-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Agricola, Mikael| title = Manual by Mikael Agricola 1549| location = Turku| publisher = Turku University| year = 2011| version = Edited by Kaisa Häkkinen.


Question: Where did Michael I die?

Michael Agricola

Wanhan Finnish Archives 4| id = ISBN 978-951-29-4846-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Flimsy, Viia & Westermarck, Harri| title = Word might: Mikael Agricola 450 year| location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki Committee for Free Education | year = 2008| version = Studia generalia autumn 2007| id = ISBN 978-952-10-4507-3}} Sture Enberg: Mikael Agricola, Pernåpojken som blev reformator, Litorale Publishing House 2017 ISBN 978-952-5045-85-7 On the subject elsewhere University of Turku Forsius, Arno: Yle Learning Yle Areena Category:99.2 Representatives of religions and denominations * Category:Born in 1510 Class:Persons who died in 1557 Class:Key articles of screening Category:Bishops of Turku 1554—1817


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a superconcept or standard for certain kinds of markup languages by which the meaning of information is descriptive in a tangle of information.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

XML languages are used both as a format for communicating information between systems and as a format for storing documents.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

The XML language is a structural description language that helps parse large masses of data more clearly.


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XML

XML's developer is the World Wide Web Consortium.


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XML

These tools work the same way whether an XML document describes a Web page or other data.


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XML

XML is textual and resembles the HTML language in which Web pages are written, and they are both simplified subsets of the SGML language.


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XML

However, XML is not intended to be a page description language like HTML; it is a meta language to describe the structure of information without predetermined codes.


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XML

In XML, new codes can be used to create documents for very different and specific purposes.


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XML

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Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

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XML

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XML

A prologue XML document may start with a prologue containing an XML version, and possibly the encoding of the document and whether the DTD referenced below can be left unread.


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XML

The prologue must not precede any other content in the documentary.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

<? xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes”? > The DOCTYPE DOCTYPE specification can be assigned to a document (Document Type Definition), for example, the DOCTYPE specification for an XHTML document: <! DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//en” "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd “> Elements and Attributes The data of an XML document consists of the text it contains and the entries which are the elements that give structure and meaning to the content and attributes that specify elements.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Elements can be unlimited nested or sequentially, but at the top level all elements should be children of one root element.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

The element is described by the beginning and end markings, i.e. tags: <elementti attribuutti="arvo"> ... </elementti> Ablank element, can be marked with either an initial and end notation with no content in between or by a shortened notation: Uppercase and <elementti attribuutti="arvo"/> lowercase letters are considered different characters in the name of the elements.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

For example, <Esimerkki> and </Esimerkki> form a properly formatted pair, while <E</b>simer> and </esimerkki> do not thus do.


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XML

Attributes are key-value pairs, so an attribute with a given name can only appear in the same initial tag once and their order does not matter.


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XML

Namespace definitions Starting elements may also contain namespace definitions like attributes.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

They can separate elements (or attributes) of the same name into different namespaces, thus avoiding accidental name clashes when combining different XML documents.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

A namespace specification can create either a default namespace or a namespace attachment.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

To ensure uniformity, the value of the namespace takes the form URI.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Example of an SVG document defining the default namespace for SVG and an XLink namespace used by prefix: <svg xmlns=” http://www.w3.org/2000/svg "xmlns:xlink=” http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink “> <a xlink:href=” /svg/index.html “>... </a> </svg> Inthe example, the elements <svg> and <a> belong to the SVG namespace, while the attribute href belongs to the Xlink namespace, as the name has a prefix corresponding to the namespace with a colon: separated.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Comments An XML document may, outside of element entries, contain comments.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Each comment is separated from the rest of the text between the <!-- and --> entries: <!--yksi kommentti--> <elementti> <!--toinen kommentti--> ... </elementti> Thecomment, due to SGML compatibility, must not contain — string and it ends with the first —> entry.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

For this reason, comments cannot be nested.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

A comment cannot be placed inside the start or end tag, but must be between or outside the tags.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Processing instructions Processing instructions are requests to an XML handler to redirect execution to another program, a common example is referencing an XSLT document attached to a file: <elementti> <? xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl” href="style.xsl”? >... </elementti> TheXML prologue, despite its look-alike appearance, is not a processing instruction.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

The correctness of an XML document for XML correctness is two definitions of a well-formed (Well-formed) document satisfying all syntax rules valid, or valid, whereby the structure and content of an XML document conforms to the specifications of one of the document types.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

To be considered well formed, a document must meet at least the following requirements: The document contains only permitted and correctly coded Unicode characters Characters < and & are used only when they are part of the markup code.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

There's exactly one root element in the documentary.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Non-empty elements always have both an initial and an end character whose name matches each other exactly.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

For empty elements, a shortened notation method can be used.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Elements may be nested, but they don't cross with other elements.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

All names contain only characters allowed in names.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

This applies to the names of elements, attributes, namespace prefixes, items and entities in processing instructions.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

The value of each attribute is separated inside quotes' or apostrophes'.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Entities used in the document must be validly defined.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Meeting these requirements is crucial because if the document is not well-formed, it cannot be processed as XML and the parser is required to pause processing and reject the entire file according to the specifications.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

This procedure is also called draconic error handling.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

The grammar rules of a defined language XML often defines the structure of information used for some application.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

This structure is often referred to as language.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

If the language is defined in an XML description language, the language conformity of the XML document can be checked by an automated tool, i.e. a validator.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

For example, the XML description language defines elements, relationships between them, and value ranges of values.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

The simplest description language is DTD (Document Type Definition).


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

As an example of DTD specification, we can define a list of persons: <! ELEMENT of list persons (person*) > <! ELEMENT spirit (name, date of birth? , sex? , social security number?


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

) > <! ELEMENT name (#PCDATA) > <! ELEMENT birth time (#PCDATA) > <! ELEMENT sex (#PCDATA) > <! ELEMENT Social Security Number (#PCDATA) > More complex and newer definition languages include XML Schema and RELAX NG.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

They are XML documents in and of themselves.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

For example, these can be used to set restrictions on the value ranges of numbers.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Common XML tools XML languages describe the logical structure of a document, not how they are represented.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Thus, several different representations can be created from the same XML document.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

For example, both web pages describing the inventory situation and printable shipping notes can be produced from the same XML data.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

One solution for converting XML pages to various output formats is the CSS often used with HTML.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

However, CSS itself is not a language compliant with XML.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

If you want to form a new XML file with a different structure based on an XML document, an XSLT conversion language can be used for the purpose.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

With the XSLT language, an XPath pointer language is defined to easily define subsets of an XML document.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

The FO page description language is a generic XML format to which documents can be converted for easier printing.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

So it corresponds to some extent with the layout features of an HTML document.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

Benefits of using XML documents are aimed at, inter alia, a more consistent format for storing content, avoiding content errors facilitating the retrieval of information to improve the multifunctionality of content and multichannel publishing automation of processing steps Independence from a particular software vendor Improving the long-term preservation of information facilitating integrations of SEPA and XML messages in general for business-to-business data transfer XML-based standards and specifications Knowledge presentation RDF XLink OWL XForms Presentation of Documents ODF OXML DocBook XML Documents etc.


Question: Where is the XML language used?

XML

special parts MathML — Mathematical entries SVG — Images vCard XML — Contacts VoiceXML — Sounds SMIL — Contents where, for example, video and audio are synchronized Dublin Core — Metadata Transfer XML-RPC — operation over the network SOAP — function execution over network AJAX — operation over network WSDL — description of services provided to the network WML — WAP pages XSQL — combination of XML and SQL for data retrieval by Application Area FIXML EBXML configuration family Geography Markup Language (GML) — spatial data description language JDF — graphical industry workloads TM-XML — trademark information See also DITA EDI SEPA XMLMoSaic On the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

Salla Simukka (born 16 June 1981 in Tampere) [1] is a Finnish youth writer, Finnish writer and literary critic.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

Life and career Simukka has studied Nordic philology, Finnish language and literature, women's studies and creative writing at the University of Turku.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[2] His first work When Angels Look Away (2002) was the result of a WSOY writing competition.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[3] The book is a youth novel about the love of two teenage girls.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[4] The Minute Waltz, which came out in 2004, is a continuation of the firstborn who received abundant attention.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

The Last (2005) tells the story of three girls' project to get rid of virginity.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

With his book Kikki (2006), Simukka started a five-part Tapio and Moona youth book series on the topic of friendship between a girl and a boy.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

The opening part is set in the Prometheus camp.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

Published in 2012, Remaining and Else is a young dystopia about a world set in the near future, where the protagonist wakes up and finds himself alone in the whole world.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

Simukka received the City of Tampere Literature Prize in 2012 and the Topelius Prize in 2013.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

The totality of the books was described as integrity and were seen to raise important themes and take a stand in the values world of modern society.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[5] In 2013 Simukka received the Finland Prize, presented by the Ministry of Education and Culture.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[4] Simukka made an international breakthrough with a trilogy about Snow White Andersson, the first part of which Red as Blood appeared in Finland in spring 2013 and the second part of White as snow in autumn of the same year.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[4] The third volume of Black as Ebony was released in February 2014.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[6] Translation rights to the trilogy have been sold to 52 countries.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[7] The names refer to the Grimm brothers fairy tale Snow White.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

According to Suvi Ahola, literary critic at Helsingin Sanomat, the books' popularity is based on Simuka's knowledge of story tradition and popular culture.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[8] There's also a film going on about the trilogy.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[9] In April 2017, the work Red as Blood was already translated into 35 languages according to statistics from the Finnish Literature Society and Literary Export Centre Fil (in addition, two translations were in progress).


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

The work was the third most translated Finnish novel of all time.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

It had overtaken Mika Waltari's Sinuhe Egyptian in number of translations; at this point only Kalevala (59 languages) and Sofi Oksanen Purification (37 languages) had been translated more profusely.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

At this stage, the second part of the series had also been translated into 25 languages and the third part into 30 languages, which means that these books have already reached the top 20 in Finnish translation literature.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[10] [11] Simukka has written book reviews for Helsingin Sanomat, Hämeen Sanomat and Suomen Kuvalehte [12] and worked as editorial secretary for the youth literary magazine Lukufiiliksen.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

He has also been involved in scripting TV2's New Day series.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

Simuka's translations include Michael Druker's play Paavo 1,5 and Jan Guillou's crime novel Dormant Menace.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

Salla Simuka's spouse has been writer Karo Hämäläinen.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[13] They have published books together as well.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

They are divorced in 2014.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

Simukka lives in Tampere.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[3] He was the programme manager of the Turku Book Fair 2017 together with author Tommi Kinnunen.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

[14] Works Youth Novels Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = When angels look else| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| isbn = 951-0-27222-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Minute Walt| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| isbn = 951-0-28878-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Latest | publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| isbn = 951-0-30625-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Remain| publisher = January| year = 2012| isbn = 978-951-3-16575-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Second Way| publisher = January| year = 2012| isbn = 978-951-3-16815-5}} Tapio and Moona series Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Spark | publisher = WSOY| year = 2006| isbn = 951-0-32075-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Margin| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| isbn = 978-951-0-32794-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Backwinter| publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| isbn = 978-951-0-33944-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Round return | publisher = WSOY| year = 20099| | isbn = 978-951-0-35523-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Overexposure| publisher = WSOY| year = 2011| isbn = 978-951-0-37276-0}} Snow White trilogy Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Red as blood| publisher = January| year = 2013| isbn = 978-951-31-123-0} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= White as snow| publisher = oak| year = 2013| isbn = 978-951-31-7124-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Black as ebony | publisher = Oak | year= 2014| isbn = 978-951-31-7629-7}} Other works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hämäläinen, Karo & Simukka, Salla| title = Grandma in Berry: Worst Jokes of the Third Millennium| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| version = Illustration: Maria Heikkilä| isbn = 978-951-0-33159-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Simukka, Salla & Hämäläinen, Karo| title = From grannies to grannies | publisher = WSOY| year = 2008| version = Illustration: Maria Heikkilä| isbn = 978-951-0-34345-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hämäläinen, Karo & Simukka, Salla| title = Category| publisher = January| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-31-5011-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Sisterla: adventure in another world| publisher = Tambi| year = 2016| version = Illustration: Saku Heinänen| isbn = 978-951-31-9065-1}} Salla Simukka (ed.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

), Marika Riikonen (ed.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

): Marilyn, Marilyn - Stories of an icon and man.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

Jan., 2017.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

ISBN 978-951-31-9377-5 Michael Druker: Patrik 1,5, play, Linnateatteri 2005, Tampere Theatre 2006, Helsinki City Theatre 2008 Marianne Peltomaa: Under the Skin (Färgen under huden), novel, Schildts 2007 Martin Olczak: Megajatkä (Megakillen), children's novel, Gummerus 2007 Live, You Die Either - Wisdoms of Grannies and Priests (Lev livet - det går inte i repris), Thought Books 2007 Martin Olczak: The Megajacke and the Riddle of the Doppelganger (Megakillen i dubbeltrubbel), children's novel, Gummerus 2008 Jan Guillou: A dormant menace (Fienden inom oss), novel, Like 2008 Marianne Peltomaa: The Dark Staircase (Flickan i trappan), novel, Schildts 2009 Bo Lönnqvist: Mansions and Rustholls in the Helsinki Region (Herrgårdar och rusthåll i Helsingforstrakten), non-fiction book, Schildts 2009 Pär Stenbäck: Crises and Disasters.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

My Political and Humanitarian Work (Kriser och catastrofer), memoir, Schildts 2009 Pia Ingström: I miss a mother (Inte utan min mamma), autobiographical novel, Schildts 2010 Marianne Peltomaa: And I will remove all the slag from you (Och jag skall avlägsna din slagg), novel, Schildts 2011 Prizes and Recognitions of the City of Tampere Literature Prize 2008 (Takawinter), 2012 (Remaining & Toisaalla) Topelius Prize 2013 (Remaining & Toisaalla) Finland Prize 2013 Pirkanmaa Art Prize 2014 [15] Kalle Kaihari Cultural Foundation Prize 2015 Kaarina Helakisa Prize 2017 [16] Children's Reading Varkaus Award 2017 [17] Sources on the topic elsewhere Yle Areena.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

On July 24, 2013.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

April 23, 2013.


Question: How many children did Kalle Kaihari have?

Salla Simukka

Category:Finnish writers for children and young people Category:Finns Category:Persons born in 1981 Class:Living persons


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The Battle of Kelja was fought in the village of Kelja, the keeper of Sakkola, on the Karelian Isthmus,


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

on December 1939 as part of the Winter War.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Private Viljam Pylkäs, known as Antti Roka's paragon, fought in Kelja.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Soviet offensive The aim of the attack was to cross Suvanto and engage the Taipalee Front that had fought hard for 3 weeks by the Finns.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The attack was carried out by the Soviet 4th Division, which belonged to the right group of the 7th Army (from 26 December, 13th Army).


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The commander of the army was Finnish-born Vladimir Grendahl.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The divisional commander was, in turn, N.F.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Kljushnikov.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The division had been formed in the Belarusian Military District.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

It departed Belarus on 6—8 a.m.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

December and arrived in Suvannon around 17 December.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The intention of the enemy was clear: Taipale had to be breached, the front punctured north of Suvanno, and then from there manually strapped Taipalee's right flank, thus forcing the Finns to leave their main defensive line at Taipalee.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The defence of Suvanno at the village of Kelja was responsible for the 8th and 9th Companies of the III Battalion of the Finnish Army's 10th Division Infantry Regiment 29.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Captain Eino Muller served as the battalion's commander.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The weakest defensive grouping in the battalion's area was at the Kelja openings.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The fairytale forest contained only one express rifle group, and the interval from the 8th Company's fringe machine gun to the 9th Company's left-hand machine gun was as much as 300 yards.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

According to those present, the start of the attack on 25 December was not quite a surprise to the Finns, since between two and three on the same night a message from the beginning of the Soviets attack was intercepted and delivered immediately to III Battalion HQ (Muller).


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

It caused no action in a Christmas-weary primary.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The first sightings of the attack were received by Finnish ice guardsmen on the Suvanno ice at 5:50 a.m., when a snow-clad force of about battalion strength several hundred yards wide continued towards the north without firing under the cover of a cloudy mist.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The attack mainly hit the 8th Company's perimeter and the Ikaalis and their companions were completely taken by surprise.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

After a few hours, the situation had become such that the 8th Company had withdrawn towards the north, remaining in positions by the side of a nearby country road.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The Soviets had gained a bridgehead on the shore of Suvanno from Satumetsikö and began to bring more men and equipment across Suvanno.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

However, they could not bring tanks, as the ice was still too weak to do so.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Initial fighting The first counter-strike against the enemy beachhead was still made that evening at 23:30.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

It was conducted with the force of two rifle platoons supported by a few machine guns.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

However, the attack had no chance of success due to the great superiority and heavy fire of the enemy.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The next attack on Soviet forces took place still in the dark on the morning of Stephen's Day at 7:30 a.m. under the command of Lieutenant Koppinen of Infantry Regiment 30.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Company by force.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The attack took place west of Runteenmäki, but stumped fairly quickly and the men pulled back.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Seven men were knocked down in the attack and 30 men wounded, meaning a quarter of the company was out of the game.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Simultaneously as Koppinen's company was preparing for the attack, the III Battalion of Infantry Regiment 28 was ordered to carry out a counter-attack at Kelja with a force of two companies.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The battalion commander Captain Karl Johan Lagerlöf assigned the 7th and 9th Companies to the task and in support of the 3rd Machine Gun Company.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The attack got under way at 16:15 on 26 December.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Fierce battles were fought but failed to defeat the enemy.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

After dusk descended, Lagerlöf gave the companies permission to withdraw due to male losses, fatigue and lack of cartridges.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The companies took positions on the northern and northeastern outskirts of the Kelja open.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The contribution of artillery throughout the battle was very important.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The enemy continually sought to bring more troops across Suvanno, but the barrier fort at Kekinniemi, along with the rest of the artillery, managed to make raising the bridgehead really tricky.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Settlement Battle of Er.P 6 After failed attempts at settlement, Colonel Aarne Blick, deputy commander of the 10th Division, personally intervened in the events at Kelja.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

He ordered Lieutenant Colonel Nurmi to resolve the situation using Erin Battalion 6 (Er.P 6), which had been at rest, assembled from men from Sakkola, Kaukola, Räisälä and Käkisalmi.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Consequently, these men came to fight literally in their own fields.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The men of Er.P 6 were assembled for the attack on Saapru.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

At about 00:45 in the night, they left skiing towards Kelja, which was reached after 6am in the morning.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

However, the attack could not immediately be launched as preparations were in progress.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The first attack took place at 9:30 a.m.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The weather was clear and frost was around 15 degrees.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The direction of attack was from the southwest.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The attack immediately chopped in the bud to heavy machine-gun fire from the Soviets and the severe losses that ensued.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The attackers were forced to partially return to starting positions.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The second attack attempt began at 10:45 under Lieutenant Elovaara under the cover of additional machine guns and one mortar fire.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

This time we allowed enemy positions to be belted.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

After the Battle of Ankara, the Soviets' ripples fled to the ice of Suvanno, where artillery had fired big holes.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

All their own and enemy machine guns were directed at those fleeing and the destruction of the Soviet troops was total.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Someone who was there had calculated that 11 enemies got away.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

In all, 52 men of Er.P 6 fell and about 100 were wounded.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The course of the battle The most challenging phase of the battle consisted of crossing the field opening following a steep embankment.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The battalion had to plunge over this approximately 300 metre-wide beach clause towards the shore of Suvanno and the battlegraves of Muller's Company now held by the Russians there.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Er.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

P. 6's thrower detachment could only provide fire support for the opening crossing with one mortar, while the other was unfit, and the Finnish artillery was not at all tied up to prevent the arrival of Russian reinforcements over Suvanno along the ice.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The battle was fought in the final stages in the trenches as hand-to-hand combat with bayonets, submachine guns and hand grenades, and continued until 18:00 on 27 December, when the assault into the Fairytale Forest was completed.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Er.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The battle narrative of P. 6 contains mention of many who, by their personal contribution, contributed to the victorious outcome for the Finns of the Battle of Kelja.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Urho Kähönen mentions the following names in his work: Lindberg, Elovaara, Lähteenkorva, Puusnieka brothers, Ohvo brothers and Marila brothers.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Fresh Marila, another of the latter, had 3.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Team VP of K.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

He had received, like many others of the aforementioned, comprehensive military training in the patronage of his homekeeper Räisälä.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Marila was a perennial Vyborg Patron District military match champion, a very good skier and shooter, and a promising start as a lighter heavyweight wrestler.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

In Kähönen's piece, he describes the counterattack on the Fairytale Forest thus: “I was among the first to plunge across a field hole towards the former shooting graves of JR 29 taken over by the Russians.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The enemy's kk-fire was fierce, and its artillery concentrated from behind Suvanno.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Dozens of enemy fighters swarmed in the clear air above us.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

In good shape when I was, I had the pleasure and honour of being the first to plunge into a battlegrave full of knuckles, at the other end of it.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

I counted straight into a row from it and saw five vanas fall over.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

After I had so gotten off to a good start and shot the magazine blank, there was no more time to recharge, but I was given the opportunity to use the bayonet fighting skill I had learned in SK time and brushed in competition.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

I got beat with both the butt of the rifle and the bayonet to get forward in the grave.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The most important thing was to stick to the opponent so they wouldn't have been able to get a shot.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

I knew I was more skilled than neighbours in this kind of hand-slinging.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The situation began to ease when I rear alik.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Jalmari Torikka twinkled a submachine gun in my hand.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

When I was able to surf along the grave with it, the road began to open.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

The people who came after me finished the job.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

When the gunshot graves were belted in this style elsewhere and the enemy began to retreat to the ice, I got a Russian hole sight rifle somewhere.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

It was a precise weapon, and the trace on the ice got into view.


Question: What was the goal of the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Kelja

Battle of Kelja

Torikka testified beside me as he followed my shooting: 'laki and dead. '