Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The church had 138 registered members in 2014.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

[2] It has activities in Helsinki Cathedral and Agricola Church.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Church conflicts The consecration of female priests in the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church of the United States, as well as the change made by the Americans to the Book of Common Prayer caused the Anglican community to disperse and in 1977 the U.S. St. Louis took place conference in which the St. Louis Confirmation was approved, where attendees affirmed that they would uphold the traditions of the church.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

This Continuing Anglican movement or Anglican Continuum is distinct from the Anglican Communion community.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

[3] In 2003, the first openly homosexual Bishop Gene Robinson was consecrated in New Hampshire in the United States.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Subsequently, the worldwide Anglican Church cracked and four US dioceses (Fort Worth, Texas; Pittsburgh; Quincy, Illinois and San Joaquin, California, as well as about 60 parishes) are seceding and in alliance with African churches opposed to homosexuality.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

In Nigeria, Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda, bishops have been ordained to the United States.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

[4] Efforts were made to mediate the problem at the June 2008 Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

These conferences are held every ten years.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

About a third of the church's bishops boycotted the meeting due to the participation of liberal American bishops and held a “Global Anglican Future Conference” (Gafcon) meeting in Jerusalem before that.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The boycotts represented churches in Nigeria, Kenya and Uganda, but also from the Church of England the then Bishop of Rochester, Michael Nazir-Ali, and Wallace Benn, Bishop of Lewes, and Peter Jensen, the then Archbishop of Sydney, were among those.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

[5] [6] [7] Another point of contention concerns the consecration of women as bishops.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

In November 2010, five bishops resigned from the Church of England and joined the Catholic Church over the issue.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

The Vatican has arranged a special custom for converts (Anglicanorum Coetibus [8]) to preserve some Anglican traditions.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

[9] On 26 January 2015, Libby Lane was consecrated as the first woman Bishop of the Church of England.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

[10] Sources.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Religions in Finland.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heino, Harri| title = What does Finland believe today| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1997| id = ISBN 951-0-27265-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Metso, Pekka & Ryökä, Esko (ed.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

) | title = Book of Church Knowledge.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Ecumenical introduction to church doctrine and life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookworks| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-607-212-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Percy, Martin| title = Anglicanism.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Confidence, Commitment and Communion| location = Farnham| publisher = Ashgate| year = 2013| isbn=978-1-4094-7035-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

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Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Räntilä, Kari M. et al.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

(ed.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

) | title = Good Ports.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Study conceptions of Christian churches and communities| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ecumenical Council of Finland| year = 1995| version = 2nd corrected edition| id = ISBN 952-9529-18-X}} On the topic elsewhere.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is Canterbury Cathedral the tallest church building in England?

Anglican Church

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Oceania is a group of archipelagos in the Pacific Ocean that includes Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, and as the largest islands, New Guinea and the main islands of New Zealand.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

This article uses a broader interpretation of Oceania as a continent that also includes Australia.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Oceania covers an area of 9,008,458 square kilometers and a population estimate of 36.4 million inhabitants (2014).


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Oceania is considered to include more than 10,000 islands.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The designation “Oceania” (from the Latin word oceanus, 'ocean' [1] [2]) describes a vast area of sea between the American and Asian continents as opposed to other continents consisting mostly of land mass.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Oceania is one of the eight ecologically important regions in the world.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

These regions have their own ecosystems, both in terms of plants, animals and climate.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

They are, moreover, important for the natural balance of the Earth.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Oceania belongs to the zone of subtropical climate, with the exception of central and western parts of Australia.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Etymology The term “Océanie” (Oceania) was coined by the Danish-French geographer Conrad Malte-Brun in the early 19th century.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[3] The denomination is derived via Latin from the Greek word κεανός (Ōkeanós) which means the great stream surrounding the earth and its god.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[4] History Early History Due to lack of writing skills and the use of various decaying materials, few traces of their ancient history and art have been left from early Pacific cultures.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The Pacific Islands were originally inhabited from Southeast Asia during two different periods.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The first inhabitants, ancestors of present-day Melanesians and Australian Aborigines, arrived in New Guinea and Australia around 40000—60000 years ago.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Around 38,000 years BCE.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

by the Melanesians had spread eastwards as far as the Solomon Islands.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The oldest art specimens in Oceania are rock paintings and carvings made by Australian Aborigines.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The earliest of these may be more than 40000 years old.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[5] Spread of settlement Around the 16th century BCE.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The Lapita culture, formed from the descendants of the second human wave from Southeast Asia, began to spread eastward to increasingly remote Pacific regions.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The inhabitants of present-day Polynesia and Micronesia, as well as some areas of Melanesia, are believed to be descendants of the Lapitans.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

At the same time as the Lapita culture was expanding eastward, the earliest known Oceanian sculptures were completed in New Guinea.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[6] Period from 1000 BC.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

until 1. share.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

marked the consolidation and development of culture over the years 1300-1000 BCE.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

between to the Lapitans who arrived in the islands of Western Polynesia.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Around the 5th century BCE.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

since the descendants of the first inhabitants scrambled to develop the earliest Polynesian cultures in Samoa, Tonga and Fiji.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Centuries later, Polynesians spread out to increasingly remote areas in the western Pacific.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The Marquesas Islands and the northern Cook Islands were inhabited over the years 200 BCE.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

and 1 share.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

between.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[7] In the Western Pacific Ocean over the years 1000 BCE.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

and 1st share.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

the intermediate period was marked by an increase in trade and the interaction between the cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Asian continent and the archipelago.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

6th century BCE


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

since Vietnam intensified the Dong Son culture known for bronze artifacts.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

In the following centuries, drums and other bronze objects were widely traded in the Southeast Asian archipelago and became an important part of the art traditions of indigenous cultures of the regions.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[7] In remote Pacific islands, years 1—500 divide.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

the period between was continuous expansion and settling.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

In the east, Polynesians continued to colonize the archipelagos of eastern Polynesia, and at the same time the first inhabitants arrived in the Carolinas in Micronesia.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

In western Oceania, trade networks between the mainland and the archipelago developed and expanded towards the east.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Around the beginning of the period, merchants from the eastern Indonesian archipelago began to establish relations with western New Guinea.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[8] Polynesians continued their eastward settler settlement, colonizing, among others, Hawaii, Tahiti, and the Easter Islands estimated at about 800 share.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[9] In the New Zealand Islands they arrived around 900 shares.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

and colonized them.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

They called the islands as Ao-Tea Roo (land of the long white cloud).


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[10] Arrival of Europeans The first European explorers arrived in Oceania in the early 16th century.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[11] Europeans were attracted to the region by the exploration of riches such as gold and spices, as well as the “unknown southern continent”, Terra Australis.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[12] In 1521, the area was visited by the Spanish explorer Fernão de Magalhães, and later in the 1520s Dutch and Portuguese traders became involved in the spice trade in the area and interacted with the cultures of the region.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Towards the end of the 16th century, Spanish ships sailing between the colonies of South America and the Philippines engaged many peoples of the Pacific archipelago.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[11] The Spanish explorer Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira searched the southern continent on his two voyages in 1567 and 1595, bloodily clashing with the indigenous population on his travels.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Famous Dutch explorers who explored Oceania included Jacques le Maire and Wilhelm Schouten, who discovered Tonga and Futuna; Jacob Roggeveen, who discovered Bora Bora, Tutuila and Upolu; and Abel Tasman, who discovered Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga Islands.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Explorers who explored Oceania in the 18th century included Britons Samuel Wallis and James Cook and the Frenchman Louis Antoine de Bougainville.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[12] Modern times World War I had no major effects in the Pacific region except for German colonial losses in Micronesia, Samoa and Nauru.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Instead, the area served as a major war stage during World War II.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

At the beginning of the war, Japan expanded its territories south and southeast from Micronesia until 1942.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Beginning in 1944, the Allies were slowly reclaiming lost territories island by island.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

US bombers bombed Japanese towns from the Northern Mariana Islands by hand, and on 6 August 1945, Enola Gay took to the air off Tinian Island and dropped an atomic bomb called Little Boy on Hiroshima.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[12] Geography Cultural geography Oceania comprises a group of archipelagos located on an area of approximately 8500000 square kilometres.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The islands of Oceania can be divided into four groups based on cultural origins.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The first group is Micronesia (“small islands”) to the east of the Philippines, the second is Melanesia (the “black islands”) to the east of Indonesia and Australia, and the third, Polynesia (“lots of islands”) in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The last group consists of Australia and New Zealand, whose populations mostly originate in Europe.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[13] Physical geography The bottom of the Pacific is mainly formed by a huge Pacific slab bordering the Nazcalatta in the southeast.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The slabs slowly pull apart as the Nazcalaata moves southeast and the Pacific slab moves northwestward.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

In the northwest, it collides with other slabs and sags beneath them, forming deep-sea graves and volcano queues.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

These include the deepest known deep-sea tomb in the world, the Marianas Tomb, and the Mariana Islands located off it.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[14] There are also hot spots in the region that form volcanic chains as the Pacific slab moves over them to the northwest.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

When a volcano moves away from the hot spot, it quenches, often sinking below sea level as a result of erosion.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Because of this, the youngest and most active volcanoes in the Pacific are always located in the southeast, while the oldest and extinguished volcanoes and atolls left below sea level in the northwest.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The Austral Islands, for example, are born at the hot spot.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[14] Climate Oceania is located in both tropical and temperate zones.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Most of Australia, as well as New Zealand, belong to the temperate zone, while the vast majority of Pacific islands are located in the tropics.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Oceania's climate is influenced by constant cooling pasate winds.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The vast majority of Australia is dry or semi-arid zones.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Humid zones exist along the east coast of Australia, from Tasmania as well as some areas along the north coast during the summer.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The vast majority of New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, as well as most of the Pacific islands are covered by the humid belt.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

damage in the Oceania region is caused by the El Niño phenomenon, as well as tropical cyclones.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[13] Nature Pacific Islands The nature of the Pacific islands is relatively of the same type.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The volcanic islands have a richer species of plants and animals, while smaller coral atolls can be nearly deserted.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Over the millennia, most species have spread across the sea from west to east, and so the western islands, such as the Solomon Islands, are considerably more diverse in species than the more eastern ones.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The dispersal of plant species has occurred partly through natural processes, such as, for example, the passage of seeds into the wind, along with bird droppings and ocean currents.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Some varieties, such as, for example, kava, coconut palm, breadwood, and taro, were deliberately brought with them by early settlers.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[14] With the exception of the Solomon Islands possums, fruit bats are the only land mammal species to have entered the area without human assistance.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Among other things, the Polynesian rat and gecko species, which exist in huge numbers in the region today, have migrated to the islands.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Along with geckos, the reptile variety is mainly a few snake and vican species in western Melanesia and Micronesia.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Although there are also freshwater and saltwater crocodiles in Palau and the Solomon Islands.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The bird species consists mainly of migratory birds.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Settlers who traversed the Pacific region brought with them dogs, chickens and pigs.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Europeans later brought cattle, horses, sheep and goats to the area.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[14] The marine life in the area is very rich.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

For example, coral reefs live in a large variety of fish, as well as other aquatic species, and their biodiversity is among the highest in the world.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Several dolphin species, as well as endangered tortoise species such as the caret turtle, broth turtle, and sea-skin turtle, also live in the waters of the area.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Whales were also abundant in the area before the arrival of whale catch fleets in the 18th century.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Although the whale population is recovering, the recovery is still being slowed by continued whaling.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[14] States and territories Independent States Non-autonomous regions Population Oceania's population was approximately 33.4 million in 2005.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

The vast majority, or 24.4 million people, lived in Australia and New Zealand.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

About 6.1 million people lived in Papua New Guinea, with the remaining 2.9 million people living on small islands over a large area.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[13] The region, especially Polynesia, has problems with overpopulation.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Especially from the Cook Islands, Samoa, Tonga and Fiji, there is considerable migration to New Zealand and North America.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Many educated Australian youngsters are attracted by moving overseas.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Because birth rates are low, both Australia and New Zealand are threatened by problems associated with declining population and its ageing.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[16] Economy Australia and New Zealand each have a modern economic system as well as developed infrastructure.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Australia also has rich mineral deposits as well as energy sources.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Industrial production is an important part of the economy of both Australia and New Zealand.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[13] Pacific islands, on the other hand, lack developed industrial production.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Papua New Guinea has substantial mineral deposits, for example gold and copper, and natural gas deposits have recently been discovered in the country.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Large reserves of nickel are found in New Caledonia, belonging to France, and gold in Fiji.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

But countries export the raw material abroad, not exploiting it in their own industries.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

However, many Pacific islands have few natural resources, and a shortage of natural resources, coupled with undeveloped infrastructure, has hindered industrial development.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

In most countries, industry has been limited mainly to food processing.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[13] Tourism is an important source of income in much of Oceania.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Australia and New Zealand are able to offer tourists modern amenities and services, while tourists to tropical islands in the Pacific, for example, Fiji, Tahiti, Vanuatu and the Northern Mariana Islands, are attracted by beautiful landscapes, among other things.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

[13] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Geographica| publisher = Tandem Verlag GmbH| year = 2008| version=World atlas.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Continents, Countries, Nations| id = ISBN 978-3-8331-4130-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Joseph J. Hobbs, Andrew Dolan| title = World Regional Geography| publisher = Cengage Learning| year = 2008| id = ISBN 0495389501, 978049538950| language = error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate = 10/9/2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= South Pacific & Micronesia| publisher = Lonely Planet| year= 2006| id = ISBN 1741043042| language = Transclusion error: {{en} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: How many islands does Hawaii comprise?

Oceania

References On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Kyoto () is the capital of Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, the main island in the western region of Honshu.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

It is part of the Kansai Region metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kōbe.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Kyoto was the capital of Japan from 794 until 1868, when, in connection with the Meiji Restoration, the capital officially moved to Tokyo, which, admittedly, since 1600, had already been the de facto capital of Japan.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Geography Kyoto is an inland city.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Its range extends in the north to the Tanba Massif.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The urban area is located in the basin valley of Kyoto (Yamashiro).


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The valley is surrounded by mountains with three air directions: east, north and west.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Even the highest mountains in the north-east remain below 1000 meters.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The valley opens southeast towards Osaka.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Three significant rivers flow in the Kyoto region.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

In the eastern part of the valley Kamogawa, in the western part Katsuragawa, and in the southern part Ujigawa.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The rivers merge on the southeast side of the city to become Yodogawa, which descends into Osaka Bay.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Climate History For most of its history Kyoto has been the imperial capital of Japan.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The history of Kyoto can be traced back to beginning as early as the 5th century, when the Aoi matsuri were organized there for the first time for praying for good harvest and weather.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Japan's first capital was Nara, from where it was moved in 741 to a place located between Nara and Kyoto called Kuni-kyō.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

In 784, the capital was moved to Nagaoka-kyōho and in 794 finally to Heian-kyōho, or present-day Kyoto.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The appearance of the city has remained the same since that time; temples, shops and shrines are located in the same places.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

In 1192, as a result of the establishment of the Kamakura šogunate, real power passed to Kamakura.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

However, Kyoto served as the capital, although neither the ruler or his administration there had any more power.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Imperial power was briefly restored in 1333, but was quickly lost after the establishment of the Ashikaga šogunate.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

In 1467, as a result of the Ōnin War, most of Kyoto burned to the ground.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

A new šogunate was established in Edo, present-day Tokyo, in 1603.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Due to the revolutionary situation, imperial power was again restored in 1868.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Emperor Mutsuhito, now in full power, relocated to Tokyo the following year, and the imperial administration never returned to Kyoto again.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Although in World War II, major cities came under bombardment, spared Kyoto the most devastating bombing.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The headquarters of the U.S. Sixth Army was located during the occupation in Kyoto.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Regional division Kyoto is divided into eleven sub-regions.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The largest in terms of population is Fushimi-ku, with an area of, in turn, Ukyō-ku.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The core area of the city is formed by Shimogyō-ku, Nakagyō-ku and Kamigyō-ku.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Culture and attractions The city, famous for its Buddhist and Shinthian temples, is perhaps Japan's most popular tourist attraction.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The most famous Buddhist temples are Kiyomizu-dera (Temple of Pure Water), Kinkaku-ji (Golden Pavilion) and Ginkaku-ji (Silver Pavilion).


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Among the Šinthian temples, the most notable are the Heian-jingū, which was built in 1895 in honour of the imperial family, and Yasaka-jinja.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The city is otherwise a cultural hub.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

It has its own block areas for nurturing geisha culture (especially Gion and Pontochō) and also for shooting samurai films.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

There is a desire to protect blocks built in the traditional style.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

There is also an urban unity of conservation, so no skyscrapers are allowed to be built in Kyoto.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

The UNESCO World Heritage Sites Kyoto is home to 17 historical monuments that are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Shrines of Kamigamo and Shimogamo Tō-ji Kiyomizu-dera Enryaku-ji Daigo-ji Ninna-ji Byōdō-in Ujigami-jinja Kōzan-ji Saihō-ji Tenryū-ji Kinkaku-ji (Rokuon-ji) Ginkaku-ji (Jishō-ji) Ryōan-ji Hongan-ji Ō-jō Sister cities of Kyoto is cooperation agreement with a total of ten cities in Asia, the Americas and Europe.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

Seven of these cities are sister cities: [2] [3] Boston, United States (sister city) Jinju, South Korea (partner) Florence, Italy (sister city) Guadalajara, Mexico (sister city) Kiev, Ukraine (sister city) Cologne, Germany (sister city) Paris, France (“friendship pledge city”) Prague, Czech Republic (sister city) Xi'an, People's Republic of China (twinning city) Zagreb, Croatia (sister city) See also Kyoto Protocol Sources On the subject elsewhere (in Japan) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

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Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

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Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

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Question: How long did Kyoto remain the capital of Imperial Japan?

Kyoto

* Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Japan Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Anders Björkqvist (30 October 1741, Nousiainen — 7 September 1809 in Vehmaa) was a chaplain to Vehmaa, best known for the postilla Exercise of Faith in Bliss (1801).


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Seven Finnish and three Swedish editions have been taken from it, and is thus the most widespread Finnish preaching books.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Postilla's rise to one of Finland's 19th century success works began in 1841, after more than 30 years had passed since Björkqvist's death.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The work was published by Wulff's print in Vaasa.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The young pastor published two hymns as archknives in 1772.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Life Björkqvist was born in Nousiaisi in the house of Härjäneye.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

His father was Antti Kreunpoika Härjänsilmä, a sixer, who published four hymns in 1768.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Antti boy was sent to Turku Cathedral School in 1751.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

On leaving the school road, Antti Härjänsilmä took Anders Björkqvist as his name, which apparently was the name of the local vallesmann.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Björkqvist matriculated in 1760 and received priestly consecration in 1765.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

He first worked as a mercy year preacher in Sauvo and Loimaa.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

In 1768 he was appointed keeper assistant of Sauvo.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

In 1780 he was called to Vehmaa as chaplain, which post he held until his death.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

From 1800—1805, he held the office of vicar general of the Keeper as acting.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

He received the title of vice-pastor in 1797.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

At his post, he spent eight years preparing.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Eventually, Exercise of Faith in Bliss was printed in 1801.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

It is especially appreciated in the circle of prayerfulness and awakening.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[1] Björkqvist's post at the Annunciation year 1801, Björkqvist's post was the only work published in Finnish by a Finnish author.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Tarja-Liisa Luukkanen has pointed out that Björkqvist's work was not only a religious guide, but, with its several editions, one of the works that contributed to the spread of modern literacy among a Finnish-speaking man interested in the issues of faith.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The work circulated not only in several editions but also apparently through lending libraries.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Björkqvist's post had a work that crossed revival lines: it was read by both prayerful, awakened and evangelicals.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[2] When Björkqvist applied for a printing permit for his post office, the Faculty of Theology of the Turku Academy, acting as a censor, criticized the work's old-fashioned and stylistic shortcomings.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Permission was granted because there were no doctrinal indiscretions in the content, and because the book, due to its practicality, was suitable for use by the public.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The Exercise of Faith in Bliss appeared in an edition of 2000 copies published by the author in 1801.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Its appearance did not attract attention and there are no mentions of it in the letters of contemporaries.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Of the postilla, another appeared in 1841.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Since then, new editions have been taken in 1843, 1849, 1858, 1876 and 1896—97 (linguistically corrected institution).


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

In Swedish (Trons öfning till saligheten), the mail was published in Umeå in 1843, in Vaasa in 1846 and in Helsinki in 1877.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The Swedish was drafted by Lars Josef Ahrén, a priest who turned to awakenessness.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Osmo Tiililä estimates that no other Finnish preaching book has taken as many editions.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[3] The text of the postal is also available online as part of the Old Book Pole of the Centre for Finnish Languages.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[4] The Postilla contains 69 sermons explaining the gospel texts of the first vintage of the church year.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Each sermon has a preface, 29 of which are the text of the Old Testament.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The presentation of the main subject of a sermon is usually two- or three-part.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Among religious writers, Björkqvist mentions Luther, Nohrborg, Fresenius and Arndt, among others.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Erik Pontoppidan's work Collegium pastorale was also occupied by Björkqvist.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The sermons do not deal with general issues such as church-doctrine, pre-eminence, and upbringing, but mainly practical questions of faith life, such as the reconciliation of word and human experiences.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

In the postal name, the exercise of faith refers to just this.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[5] Sincere steps on the path of bliss, as Björkqvist described them, required “the living devotion and exercise of faith”, constant quipping, nurturing a clean conscience, self-denial, humility and not “forbidding weariness, futility and - - - kelottawottamain speeches” as a spacer.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[6] Defining Björkqvist's religious position seems to have been tricky.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

He is shown to have belonged to the so-called Early Revival, being its last representative or intermediary between the old and the new awakening.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Björkqvist has been commented on as a representative of stable ecclesiasticism as opposed to the deluded separatists and the charming movements of his time.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

It has been considered whether he had experienced a religious revival during his time as a student, and whether he had adopted Herrnhutian influences.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Revival Christianity has been said to have been found in the preacher book, as well as indications of earlier pure-doctrine and later evangelism.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[7] Instead, it has not been considered whether Björkqvist's conceptions were influenced by studying at the Academy of Turku or, possibly through her parents, the religious transition produced by big-hatred.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

As noted by Seppo J. Salminen, the Enlightenment period of the 18th century gave living space in Finland for Pietism and Pietist interpretations.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Salminen has shown how in the 18th century theologians with naturalist backgrounds represented a detachment from Lutheran purity and the influence of the Age of Enlightenment in Finland: a new kind of tolerance, rationalism and freedom of thought and research, which so applied to natural sciences like bible study.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

These views also provided living space for Pietist interpretations of faith represented in the faculty of theology, for example, by Lars Lefrén.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[8] Osmo Tiilä has described Björkqvist's postilla as a country chaplain's output due to the lack of doctrinal reflections on it.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Björkqvist's work has also been judged by Mauno Rosendal as weaker than Wegelius's postilla because Björkqvist did not pay attention to a thorough elucidation of the concepts of the doctrine of the faith.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[9] These reviewers who longed for the study of the doctrine of faith in the 20th century failed to see that doctrinal reflections and elucidation of the concepts of the doctrine of faith were of no interest to Enlightenment theology, nor to Björkqvist, who lived in the age of Enlightenment theology.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The tradition of Enlightenment theology has been set aside in the evaluation of Björkqvist and his sermon books, as “Enlightenment” and rationalism became the enemy image of later Finnish revivalist movements and theology turning to religious conservatism from the mid-19th century onwards.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

In the spirit of neology, Björkqvist ignored theological-dogmatic reflections, taught practical Christianity, criticized exterior and externally defined practice of religion, and an irrational charm-spirituality based on emotional arousal.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Neology was rational, criticising various doctrines of the faith, emphasising the general intelligibility of the sermon and pragmatic Christianity.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Enlightenment theology was not interested in traditional dogmatic reflection.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

It was a rational trend that criticised various doctrines of faith, stressed Christian love and its implementation.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Neology shifted the focus of faith life from phrases and doctrines of faith to practical life.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

This attitudes meant an emphasis on both personal faith life and its practical implementation.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Faith was wanted to be realised in life; virtue ethics were taught, fiddling with faith and doing good.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

All this is also represented by the post of Björkqvist, an 18th-century Finnish pietist.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[10] Those who read the Björkqvist sermon were taught in general human love.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

“Everything you want people to do to you, do it to them,” according to Björkqvist, was not an abstract principle, but a substantially defined life guideline for Christians.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The implementation of the principle was not about people's own arbitrary desires and desires, about what each person happened to want from other people.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The person who implemented the principle was first to be a Christian himself, God-loving, and a person who wants the “true good” of all men.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

When a person had this right quality of mind, he wanted the right things from other people and wanted to do the same for other people.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

If someone calling himself a Christian was not a “dear of man,” he could not be a follower of Jesus, Björkqvist posited.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

In interactions with other people, the Christian had to be guided by the love of his fellow man.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Christian's neighbours were all people, both friends and enemies.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Right, love for all people never tires, it never says much it has done, while the love of the outer golden man quickly tires and lists his good works, Björkqvist opined.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

If man was a disciple of Jesus, he had a human beloved, quiet, kind, chaste and love-filled mind like Christ.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

If there was no human love, man's affirmations of his own Christianity were “Wahingoese bones and pointless sleep-sightings”, as stated in the 1876 edition of the postal bridge.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

It is not heavy for a Christian to love all people, because Christ's quality of mind prevails in him, Björkqvist opined.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

[11] Virret Björkqvist published two hymns as archknife in 1772.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The hymns can be found in the collections of the National Library.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Veisu Reminder To one unturned Soul of his life so called and blisstans, cuinga he taidais souls save from that ijäncaickish waiwa and cadotuxe this grace ajas contains 27 stanzas.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The initials of the stanzas (not quite the beginning) form an acrosticon, that is, the name anders andinpoic björkqvist.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The hymn Reminder to one Divine Soul the staymises alinomiasest rucouxis contains 30 stanzas.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

From a contemporary point of view, Björkqvist's hymns seem formally clumsy, as for example: loan o Jesu mul suffering that this life condition, Woitis caikki mun wihollish nij cuin yx waking sangar, Et coscan here fought Wijnamies, Sit weisata saimin To Kariza, Jesuxel my joy at the Lord's wedding.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Written production Reminder to One Unturned Soul of his life so called and blisstans, cuinga he taidais souluns save instead of ijacaicic trouble and cadotuxe this time of grace.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Archhymn Ach blissful se aica, 1772 Reminder to one Divine Soul of the staymises alinomiasest rucouxis.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Arch tune, 1772.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Exercise of faith in Bliss, Sowited in their Wuotiste Jubilee and Sundai-Päiwäinen Evangelium Degree Jonga is Anders Björkqvist, Vice Pastor (1801) Sources Beutel, Albrecht Kirchengeschichte im Zeitalter der Aufklärung.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Ein Compendium.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2009 Björkqvist, Anders, I believe in an exercise in bliss.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Turku, Frenckell 1801 & Turku, Wilén 1876.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Luukkanen, Tarja-Liisa, posthumously became king of editions.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Antti Härjäneye's Exercise of faith in bliss.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Historical Aikaikakirja 4/2014, p. 429-438.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Perälä, Väinö| title = Antti Björkqvist and his sermon book| location = Helsinki| publisher = SKHS| year = 1936| version = Yearbook of the Finnish Church Historical Society}} Rosendal, Mauno History of Finnish awakening in the XIX century.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

The first part.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Oulu in 1902.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Salminen, Seppo J.: Den finländska theologian under frihetstiden.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

SKHS ed.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

SKHS IN 1994.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Subs: Sparn, Walter, Vernünftiges Christentum.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Über die geschichtliche Aufgabe der theologischen Wissenschaften im 18.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Jahrhundert in Deutschland.In Wissenschaften im Zeitalter der Aufklärung.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

in 1985.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tiililä, Osmo| title = Prayervainen Books| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1961| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society 270}} Virrankoski, Pentti: Björkqvist, Anders.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = National Biography of Finland.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

1: Aaku-Browallius| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-746-441-X}} References on the topic elsewhere.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Corpus of Old Bookpots.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Center for the Study of Domestic Languages.


Question: When was Anders Björkqvist born?

Anders Björkqvist

Category:Priests of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland Class:Born in 1741 Class:Persons who died in 1809 Class:99.2 Representatives of religions and denominations


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

The Moors are an ethnic group, the main part of which live in Mauritania, where they make up about 70% of the population.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Historically, the same designation has also been used, for example, for people of Morocco.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

The present Moors are divided into two main groups, the Bidans, or White and Sudanese, or Black Moors.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

The Moorish majority speak native Arabic and a small proportion also speak Berber languages.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

The majority of Moors are Muslims.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Moors also live outside Mauritania in countries such as Mali and Western Sahara.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

History The ancestors of the present Moors are believed to have come to their present territories in the 10th century with the expansion of the Almoravids of Berber background.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

They also came to the area later in several waves.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

[1] Another subgroup of the White Moors, the so-called Hassans, were originally descendants of Arabs who came to the area in the 15th century.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

The other main group of zawiyaos are believed to have arisen during the wars between Arabs and Berbers in the 17th century.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Moors took an active part in the gum arabic trade that was thriving at the time.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

In the early 20th century, the Moors came under French colonial rule.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Since Mauritania gained independence, relations between the Moors and the country's other predominantly black inhabitants have been strained.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Problems have been produced by, among other things, the campaign of Arabization driven by the Moors among other nations.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

[2] Culture Livelihoods Most Moors live in rural areas where they practice nomadic and farming.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Recently, many have also settled in cities.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Those practising traditional pastoralism walk with their livestock between various water points and grazing areas.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Farming is carried out in areas suitable for it and the main cereal crops are, for example, corn, millet and watermelons.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Actual farming tends to be men's work, while women do fabrics, for example.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Both nomadic and farming have been affected by droughts in the Sahel, which have led to famine in many areas.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

[2] Community Moors are divided into several different clans, which can be further divided into different subgroups.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

The custom culture and rules followed vary from subgroup to subgroup, and subgroups also have their own civil and religious leaders.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Marabout is a designation for holy men and some lineages are considered particularly sacred.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

These lineages usually claim to be descended variously from the Prophet Mohammed.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

Men may marry many women at a time, but usually a man divorces his previous wife before taking a new one.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

White Moors have traditionally been more senior than blacks, but the high-ranking black Moor has still been in a better position than the regular white Moor.


Question: Who were the Moors?

Moors (people)

[2] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = West, Barbara A.| title= Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East| location = New York| publisher = Facts on File| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6}} References Category:Ethnic groups in Mauritania Category:Ethnic groups in Mali


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Per Abrahamsson (Peter Abrahaminpoika) Brahe the Younger (18 February 1602, Rydboholm, Sweden — 12 September 1680, Bogesund, Sweden) was a Swedish statesman, soldier, count and Governor-General of Finland who in the 17th century developed and modernized Finland significantly [1].


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe's conscientious and skillful activities were characterised by materiality and open-mindedness towards his subordinates [2].


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In Finland, Brahe is particularly remembered for his activities as Governor-General of Finland in 1637—1640 and 1648—1654.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Although he stayed in Finland only intermittently, he made several long inspection trips to the country, developed the Finnish administration and established ten new cities in Finland as well as the Academy of Turku.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe was born into a county line, whose members held several prominent positions in the Swedish administration and the military force.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe studied widely at European universities at a young age, where he acquired an extensive civilisation.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

After studies, he served in the service of Gustav II Adolf, but his health could not withstand the consuming war service, and he transferred, forced by it, to a civilian at the age of thirty.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe served at the heart of the politics of the Swedish Empire for more than fifty years.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

As a power counsellor, Brahe served from 1630 and as a drots of the Swedish Empire from 1640.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He was also, in his time, one of the largest landowners in Sweden, with major fiefdoms in Sweden and Finland.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Statues have been erected for Brahe in several Finnish cities.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Biography Youth and family Brahe was born on the island of Rydboholm (now part of Österåker Municipality) near Stockholm.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[3] He was the eldest son of Abraham Peter Brahe (25 March 1569 — 16 March 1630) [4] and Elsa Gyllenstierna [5].


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[6] The family of Brahe belonged to the High Noble of Sweden.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

His grandfather was Gustav Vasa's personal adviser Per Brahe the Elder (1520—1590), [7] who was the first to receive the rank of Count in 1561 in the Swedish Empire.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Father Abraham Brahe had received from King Charles IX the rank of counsel of power.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Uncle Magnus Brahe and maternal grandfather Nils Gyllenstierna had both been Drots of the Empire [8], the highest law officers of the Swedish Empire.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In addition, Peter Brahe, through marriages and other pedigrees, had contacts with several other prominent noble families.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

When Uncle Magnus died without heirs and the two older uncles, after supporting the Sigismund king, were forced to flee to Poland, losing their inheritance rights in the process, Brahe single-handedly inherited the county, Visingsborg, which lay around Lake Vättern.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe received an aristocratic upbringing.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In 1618—1621 and 1623—1625, Brahe made study trips to Holland, France and Germany.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He studied from 1618 at the University of Giessen and 1623 at the University of Strasbourg, as well as local knightly academies.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[1] Brahe particularly focused on non-theological studies, which was a departure from the customs of the time.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He travelled another 1624 to Italy to the University of Padua and Bologna to complete his civilization.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] During his studies, Brahe acquired extensive language skills and European civilisation.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Marriages and children Brahe first married in 1628 to Kristina Katarina Stenbock (1608—1650), whose great-aunt was the Dowager Queen Catherine Stenbock of Sweden.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Kristina's parents were Freeman Gustaf Stenbock and Countess Beata Margareta Brahe.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Peter Brahe had four children from his first marriage, three of whom died young.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Daughter Elsa Beata Persdotter Brahe (1629—1653) [10] married Johan Adolf, brother of future King Charles Gustaf, but soon died, as did their only child.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] On the death of his first wife, Brahe handed over to the church at Naantali this memory-cherishing tablet bearing the coats of arms of the Brahe and Stenbock families.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe's words of remembrance about his wife were: [11] [11] Brahe married a second time in 1653 to Free-Lordess Beata De la Gardie (1612—1680), who was the widow of Marshal Lennart Torstenssonn.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

This marriage was childless.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

After being thus left without descendants, Brahe adopted as his heir his nephew Nils, whose father had died at the Battle of Lützen.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] The death of Brahe retained a prominent position in Swedish politics until the 1670s side.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

After coming of age King Charles XI began to favour Brahe's younger generation as advisers, and the aged Count was increasingly left to manage his estate [8].


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe lived the rest of his life on his farms located across Sweden.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He died on 12 September 1680 in Bogesund near Stockholm.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] Statewide career Military career 1626—1631 After his studies, Brahe planned to enter Dutch service, but returned to Sweden at his father's request in 1626 and settled in the king's service.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] In the closing stages of the Polish War, on 21 May 1626, he became chamberlain to Gustav II Adolf.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe was involved with the king, among other things, in the siege of the city of Danzig, where he took part in preventing the sinking of a boat shot as the king's sieve.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[13] Brahe was promoted to colonel of the Småland Cavalry Regiment on 27 July 1628, and received the duties of regimental commander in May of the following year.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

After contracting a severe fever disease, he gave up his 1631 military career, after which moved into politics.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] Civil career from 1628 and power counsellor from 1630 to 1637 Brahe served as a llaman from 1628 to 1630 [12] and, despite his young age, was a land marshal in the Reichstag of 1629 and 1630.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe's main post was that of the asessor of the Court of Appeal in Svea.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In addition, he served as a member of the Council of Power, or Counsellor of Power from 1630 to 1637 [12], and from 1633 in diplomatic positions in Germany under Reich Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[1] [8] Initially Brahe's career progressed well, but then he quarreled with Oxenstierna.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe led the Stuhmsdorf intermediate peace negotiations with Poland in 1635, but the peace treaty which resulted in the negotiations was considered to have been unfavourable to Sweden and Brahe was given the blame for the failure.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

It has been suggested that Brahe pulled out of Oxenstierna's way when he was appointed Governor-General of Finland, [9] or that Oxenstierna wanted rid of him when he arranged for him to go to Finland.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe as Governor-General of Finland from 1637 to 1640, Brahe himself hoped to enter Queen Kristiina's guardian government, but instead he was sent to Finland for the years 1637—1640.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] The initiative for the transfer came from the guardian government.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe's first term as Governor-General in Finland fell short, as he wanted to participate in Swedish Reich politics.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In addition, private financial considerations dragged him back to Sweden.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] Brahe, however, reportedly enjoyed independent duties where he was allowed to be the top decider without having to take orders from anyone.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe first served as Governor-General of Finland from 1637 to 1640.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He was appointed to the position because of grievances in taxation.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe remarked after the appointment that he did not know Finnish and had no experience in holding a similar post.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] Brahe arrived in Finland and his family in November 1637.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[2] He took up residence in Turku Castle, where he also placed the office of Governor-General.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The office was divided into the Office, the Accounts Chamber, which was responsible for accounting, and the Fiscal Chamber, which was responsible for the administration of tax resources.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Laboratory Secretary Jöns Schmidt served as the head of the office.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The premises of the chancellor were renovated in 1638 by refurbishing and adding fireplaces.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Locked closets were laid on the Governor-General's documents and tax and other ledgers.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe repaired the castle and increased the amenity of the residential part with tapestries and whiteboards.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[2] Brahe undertook an extensive inspection trip at first during his tenure.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

It was directed first to Upper Satakunta and thence through Häme to Savo and on to Vyborg, Käkisalmi, Nutälinna and Nevanlinna.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Then he returned to Turku via Helsinki.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Ostrobothnia was not part of the Governor-General of Brahe.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] In 1639 he made two more voyages, the latter of which he visited Viena Karelia and northern Finland.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In the spring of 1640, he made a fourth voyage to Inger and Savo.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe spent half of his first term in office traveling.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Finland, as a country, was prosperous and natural conditions favourable, but he received an image of the Finns that the people lacked civilisation and often also diligence.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] During his travels, he listened to the complaints of the rabble and resolved disputes.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe's goal in the first season was initially to address person issues.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Individuals of his liking were raised to land lords and also officials under them.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe felt that the counties of Finland were too vast, and on his presentation the counties were divided into smaller entities.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

As counties became smaller, it became easier to organize and enforce taxation.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

As a rule, Brahe supported the activities of the Turku Court of Appeal.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] In the first period of Brahe, a postal service was also created in Finland according to the Danish model.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] Mail transport was organized through the creation of a system of postal house boys.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

At the beginning, there were only three post lines in Finland and post offices in cities along the lines.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe also tried to develop urban governance and established mayoral posts.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] In addition to counties, Brahe also divided parishes.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

With his reforms, he sought to streamline, unify and centralise governance.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe sought to improve tax collection and local government, as well as adhering to a mercantile economic system.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He tried to discourage the tax-evading land trade, and consequently established new marketplaces, trading centres and towns.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Uniform screen station formulas were drawn up for new cities because of security and unity perspectives.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] In his first term, Brahe founded the cities of Hämeenlinna (1638) [14] and Savonlinna (1639).


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[15] After his tenure, he may also have influenced the establishment of Sortavala.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Helsinki was moved from the mouth of Vantaankoski to Vironniemi during this period.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] Brahe found that school conditions in Finland were poor.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He felt that the inhabitants of Finland were uncivilized, and he found the lack of competent officials in particular to be a problem.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] In order to obtain a qualified civil service, Brahe developed training and science practice.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe established trivial schools in Turku, Helsinki, Uteenkaarlepy and Pori.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In addition, he founded pedagogies in Savonlinna, Hämeenlinna and Käkisalme.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He moved high school from Turku to Vyborg and established a children's school in Saltvik.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe proposed four tax items — cereals, fish, butter and tar [14] — but the proposal was not implemented.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[16] He also developed a surveying institute.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Conditions in the countryside were balanced when the war taking was tied to land assets.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe pursued what is known as purity by favouring a unification of the Church's system of doctrine.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He still favored the arts, too.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] Furthermore, he proposed the construction of the Saimaa Canal [8], which was not realised until 200 years later.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The establishment and operation of the Academy of Turku as its chancellor, Queen Kristiina, founded the Royal Turku Academy with the support of Brahe and Bishop Isaacus Rothovius of Turku.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

During the Great Reign, more attention began to be paid to education and civilisation in Sweden than before.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Driving the establishment of the powerful Turku Academy was also part of Brahe's political activities.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe opposed centralization, with which Uppsala was thought to be the only central university in Sweden.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He had an able supporter in Sweden, Johannes Rudbeckius, Bishop of the Diocese of Västerås.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[1] Brahe and Rudbeckius' actions were facilitated by the fact that Gustav II Adolf elevated the Kymnase of Tartu into a university in 1632.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[1] Brahe opened the Turku Academy he founded on 15 July 1640 and served as its first chancellor from 1646 until his death.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[17] Turku Academy was Sweden's third university.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The others were located in Uppsala and Tartu.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe encouraged Principal Simon Kexlerus, as Chancellor of the Academy of Turku, to supply textbooks to the academy.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[18] Kexlerus published almost 40 doctoral theses in Turku.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Most were textbooks on arithmetics, geometry, trigonometry and astronomy [19] Brahe asked and inspired Kexlerus to compile an astronomical work and even more exceptionally in the Swedish language.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Work remained unfinished from Kexlerus upon his death in 1669, but Chancellor Brahe passed the completion of the work to Kexlerus' successor Johannes Flachsenius.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[18] Brahe expressed in a letter to the consistory in July 1669 that the illustration in the Astronomy manuscript should be improved, and urged the consistory to entrust the illustration work of the works to a Turku engraver.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe wrote in 1678 to the consistory of the Academy of Turku that 400 silver taallers would be granted for the printing costs of Astronomy and the engraving of the woodcut tiles needed to illustrate the work.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

After Brahe died, the piece lost its most important and influential backer.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

From 1694 there is a mention in the minutes of the consistory that the woodcut tiles commissioned by Flachsenius for the Academy's bill, most likely intended for illustration by Astronomy, were deposited in the library of the Academy of Turku.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Seventy pages of the manuscript of Kexlerus have survived, but there is no record of the illustration.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[18] Appointment as drots in 1641 Brahe became in 1640 again a power counsellor, a position he held until his death.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] Drotsi Gabriel Gustavinpoika Oxenstierna died in autumn 1640, there were two candidates for the new Drots, Gabriel Bengtinpoika Oxenstierna and Peter Brahe the Younger.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe claimed King Gustav II Adolf had promised the post to him.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The Swedish Power Council conducted a closed ticket vote, with votes going evenly among the candidates.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The Council of Power gave the final solution to a lot that 14-year-old Queen Kristiina pulled Brahe as a victory.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe was appointed drots in 1641.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The post was accompanied from 1641 to 1660 by the post of President of the Court of Appeal of Svea, and from 1660 to 1680 the post of Superintendent of the Judiciary as a whole.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] Brahe led the anti-Danish war effort in 1643—1644.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

After another term as Governor-General of Finland, Brahe was re-appointed Governor-General of Finland in 1648.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

This time, for the first time, the appointment was more explicitly an expulsion from the capital, as Brahe had been mired in conflict on several issues with Queen Kristiina, who wanted him out of Stockholm.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] Brahe was re-appointed Governor-General of Finland in 1648.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

On the second occasion, the whole of Finland was responsible, except Käkisalmi County.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] Before coming to Finland, he stated that he needed three years to get Finland's affairs in order.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Even in his second term, Brahe began holding his post on long inspection trips; he made at least three long voyages in Finland between 1648 and 1650.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe continued to streamline the administration of the counties, but this time the previously divided counties were reunited to reduce wage expenses.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The functioning of the judicial system was improved by stipulating that taxes earmarked for the hiring of betrothal magistrates should no longer be fiefed.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In addition, judicial clerks of the Court of Appeal began to be appointed to magistrates' posts.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe attempted to develop commerce in accordance with the doctrines of mercantilism.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

It was stipulated that all burghers of cities had to compete equally for the products that peasants brought to the cities.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] During his second term in office, Brahe founded 1649 Salo (now Raahe) [20], Lappeenranta [20] and Koppö, Kristiinankaupunki [20], 1650 Kajaani [21], 1652 Pietarsaari [22] and 1653 Vehkalahti (now Hamina) [23], Kuopio and Brahea (now Lieksa).


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

A boarding house was established to supplement the Post Office.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Postal Service operations only improved after this.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

A new school order came into effect in 1649.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] After Brahe's tenure in Finland had lasted three years, he began planning to return to Sweden.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe was given the final push to return to Sweden when Kristiina began considering giving up the crown.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] During his second term as Governor-General, Brahe was disappointed that since his previous visit to Finland had not taken place the developments he expected.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He moved back to Sweden in the autumn of 1651 without returning to Finland again.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe continued as Governor-General until 1654, but assumed the county government he had carefully built would function properly, leaving the Governor-General's presence, and perhaps the office himself, soon no longer required.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

For “austerity reasons”, the post of Governor-General was abolished in 1669.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[24] Northern War In the Northern War in 1657, the Swedes repelled a looming Danish invasion, [8] and in the concluded Peace of Roskilde Sweden annexed the previously Danish-held Skåne, Halland, Blekinge, Bornholm, Bohuslän and Trondheim.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Sweden invaded Denmark again in the summer of 1658, but war luck was worse for Sweden.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The Swedish army made an unsuccessful assault against besieged Copenhagen in February 1659.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Soon Sweden was in a difficult position because the Dutch fleet had come to the aid of Denmark and the Northern War was still going on against Austria, Poland and Brandenburg.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The Swedish army was beaten at the Battle of Nyborg in November 1659.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Sweden had been forced into the Peace of Copenhagen of 1660.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Charles XI's guardian government King Charles X Gustaf died unexpectedly on 13 February 1660 in the middle of the Reichstag.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Under Brahe's leadership, the king's will was repealed, which would have concentrated power on the king's brother — who was therefore Brahe's son-in-law — and Brahe elevated to the head of a new caretaker government.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] He held the position until 1672.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The new ruler Charles XI was only four years old.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe opposed an alliance with Catholic France, and Sweden concluded with Denmark the Peace of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In peace brokered by the Netherlands, Sweden ceded the province of Trondheim [25] and the island of Bornholm back to Denmark.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[26] In the 1660s, Brahe was the most visible actor of the guardianship government and at the height of his power.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Under Brahe's supervision, Sweden negotiated peace treaties separately with Denmark, Poland and Russia on reasonable terms.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe's ambitions as a statesman supporter of the Aristocracy, grand landowner and opponent of reductions, Brahe was a staunch supporter of noble rule and opposed the goals of the lower enactments.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] On issues of separation of powers, he advocated the preservation of the rights of the nobility and was thus an opponent of Oxenstierna.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In the Council of Power and as a drotsina, Brahe put in place detailed reforms, but on issues of general policy he expressed his position cautiously.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] Queen Kristiina's lavish division of fiefdoms to nobles and elevation to nobility threatened the Swedish state economy with a cash crisis.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Rail facilities were duty-free if they fulfilled their military equipment obligations.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Since nobles had the right to order the day jobs of peasants as lampoons on their farms on their fiefdoms, the burden on these peasants increased depending on the host.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Furthermore, the rails tried to persuade peasants with the right of inheritance to forfeit their rights, thus these too would become the lampoodes of the farm.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

On the other hand, the peasants of the Crown assembled the same burden of taxation and warfare as they had previously shared with the raised farms.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[27] In the Riksdag of 1650, the clergy, burghers and peasants cooperated loudly and demanded reductions, that is, the return of divided fiefdoms to the Crown.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In the Council of Power, drotsi Brahe naturally opposed the common demands of the three Acts; he was among the largest landowners in the Swedish Empire.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[27] With the donations of Queen Kristiina, the county of Visingsborg that belonged to her encompassed 900 manttas and was thus larger than the counties of Axel Oxenstierna or Magnus De la Gardie.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe engaged in significant construction and business in the area of his fiefdoms, establishing a paper mill and a printer, among other things.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He also had his own orchestra.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] In the Reichstag of 1655, Land Marshal Erik Henrikinson Fleming made a motion for partial reductions of fiefdoms to the Crown.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

This was being prepared by King Charles X Gustaf in the Council of Power and therefore among the nobles.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Other acts were kept outside the preparations.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The nobility sought to secure his interests by “quarter-withdrawing” part of his fiefdoms. [27].


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

King Charles XI, who had already come of age after Brahe died, carried out a big reduction in the 1680s, when Brahe's heirs lost the Free Lordship of Visingsborg and Kajaani.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In addition, the guardianship government led by Brahe was afterwards found guilty of squandering state resources, and Brahe's estate was forced to pay compensation, leaving most of the rest of the property to be sold as well.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] Brahe and the Finnish language Brahe sought to promote the written and oral use of Finnish in administration.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] For example, he commissioned Professor Petraeus of Theology to write a Finnish language textbook for Swedes, Germans and Scots.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In 1649, Petraeus published the grammar Linguae Finnicae brevis institutio of the Finnish language.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[28] Brahe also promoted the translation of the Bible of 1642, and he later recommended to the young Charles XI to acquire knowledge of the Finnish language.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[29] When Johannes Gezelius the Elder proposed to Brahe that his daughter's betrothed, Master Jacob Lindeman, to become professor of German at the Academy of Turku, Brahe informed Gezelius that teaching German at the newly formed academy was not very necessary and that it would be more useful to teach for Germans and Swedes Finnish.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[30] Even in the 1660s, Brahe announced his support for all Finnish language teaching projects at the Academy of Turku.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[28] Brahe, the moderator of witch hunts, still intervened in Finnish affairs as a power adviser, mainly in cases he considered “excesses” by the regime.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

They were often associated with witch hunts of the 1660s—1670s.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Such a case was the death sentence of the student Henry Thomson Eolenius, accused of practicing magic and connection with the devil.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In 1661, Johannes Terserus, Bishop of Turku, considered this “too easy” learning of Syriac and Arabic apisto as a sign of agreement with the soul enemy.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe contributed, and the Court of Appeal changed the death penalty to a church penalty.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe felt it was merely a bragging act of a teenager, and remand imprisonment was a sufficient punishment for a matriculation, with the death penalty being a serious exaggeration.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[31] In the 17th century, Finland lacked a powerful enough ecclesiastical authority to quash popular beliefs into a witch-spattered culture.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Although Johannes Gezelius the Elder, who served as Bishop of Turku 1664—1690, was versed in doctrinal witchcraft, it was Count Brahe who was very sceptical about the witch hunt.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

After his denial of support from Gezelius to expose witches, witch hunts in Finland compared to Sweden were left lame.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[32] Same Brahe roughed up Bishop Gezelius in 1667 for setting a “bad example” when he accused the widow of natural science professor Georg Alanus of witchcraft and of passing a potion to Gezelius' wife.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Gezelius, for his claim, was forced to perform 400 peactonic redress to Alanius' widow.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[33] Brahe tried to delay executions in Sweden, too, with varying degrees of success.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[34] In his opinion, no death sentence should be carried out until the case had been investigated by purpose-appointed priests and laymen, which meant that once the death sentence had been reached in the witch trial, the investigation should be carried out again.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In practice, however, the confirmation of the counsel of power was enough to enforce the death sentence of the once condemned person.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[35] Importance of Brahe's reign to Finland All Brahe reforms were carried out hierarchically from top to bottom.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The implementation of his reforms did not take into account the peasants.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Reforms intervened in almost all walks of life.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Their main purpose was the implementation of a policy of unification.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

It was based on the perception in Sweden that the conditions of Finland and the provinces taken from Denmark, for example, were considerably different from Sweden.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The goal of unification policy was to reduce this difference so that the whole kingdom would have the same religion, the same law, the same ruler, and gladly also the same customs.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] Brahe's fiefdoms and holdings in Finland Brahe was in his own day the largest land owner in Sweden.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[9] In 1650, Queen Kristiina ceded to her as a fief the Free Lordship of Kajaani, which included the keepers of Kajaani or Paltamo, Kuopio and Iisalmi.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The county comprised a total of 48000 km² of land and yielded over 10,000 peactales.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[36] [3] In 1652 Brahe bought a further 30399 peaclashes from the Swedish krona in order to hold a large part of the Salon, the Saloiste Keeper, the present-day Raahe area.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

He also purchased from Commissioner Henrik Cronstjerna the Pielinen pogosta in Käkisalmi County.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

By the mid-1650s, Brahe held a considerable part of all eastern Finland [3].


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

In addition to the free lordship of Kajaani, Brahe's holdings included the fief of the Brahelinna region and the tilus in the west in the keepers of Marttila and Parainen.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[3] Brahelinna was a castle mansion built by him in Ristiina in Southern Savo.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe had Brahelinna built when Ristiina was part of his fiefdom.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The castle mansion was built during the years 1646—1669 [37].


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The plans included a two-storey residential mansion surrounded by a ring wall, which would have had two round towers as its defence.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[38] The mansion was burned during the Great Hatred.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Today there are ruins and a tourist centre on the site of Brahelinna.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

During the years 1661—1666, Brahe also commissioned major transformational works at the Kajaani Free Lordship's tilus at Kajaani Castle.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

After them, the castle is surrounded by, among other things, seven cannon batteries.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[38] Remembering Brahe's person and deeds The academic portrait tradition of the University of Turku Academy and subsequently the University of Helsinki has its origins in his portrait donated by Chancellor Brahe in 1652 to the Turku Academy Library.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The portraits of the chancellors and rectors and rulers of the university are now in the possession of an unbroken series.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[39] The monuments to Brahe and the sites named after him have been erected in Finland in Turku (1887), Raahe (1888), Lieksa (1953) and Kajaani (1954).


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] On the pedestal of Brahe's statue in Turku are recorded his famous words, which he wrote in his diary at the end of his first term as Governor-General: [9] Roads and streets are named after Brahe, among others in Helsinki, Hämeenlinna, Kajaani, Kuopio, Lappeenranta, In Lieksa, Mikkeli, Raahe, Ristiina, Savonlinna and Turku.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Several streets named St. Petersburg in Finland have also been named after him.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The town of Raahe, hotels, restaurants, organisations, as well as the asteroid 1680 Per Brahe discovered by Liisi Oterma in 1942, has also been named after Brahe.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Brahe is depicted on stamps issued between 1949 and 1982.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[8] [40] “In the time of the Count” Even today, the phrase “in the time of the Count” is used, which today usually means that something is happening just right.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Originally, the phrase meant Brahe's reign period.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[41] The phrase has entered the Finnish language apparently in the 19th century.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[12] A descriptive one is that at the beginning of the 17th century Sweden had a general view of Finland as a “country” where there was no social peace at the time.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden wanted to develop the situation by establishing, on 15 June 1623, by royal proxy, the Turku Court of Appeal.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Nils Tuurenpoika Bielke (1623—1628), the first president of the Court of Appeal and Land Lord of Finland, regarded the Finns as an “evil and barbaric people”, and Rothovius, Bishop of Turku (1627—1652), stated that he lived in Turku “amidst scorpions and barbarians”.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

[42] As their contemporaries, Brahe was active in developing Finland and believed in the possibilities of Finland, which was considered an “oriental country”, to develop.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

The “Count's Time” was a real time of development and internal calm in Finland.


Question: When did Peter Brahe die?

Peter Brahe

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aalto, Pentti| title = Album amicorum| chapter = Neophilology at Turku Academy| location = Helsinki| publisher = Painomies Oy| year = 1986| version = Book and Cultural Historical Theseses| id = ISBN 951-45-3980-X| page = 13—23}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardberg, C. J.| title = Stone and wood.