Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Under the Mortgage Act, loans could be made for housing development activities aimed at building cheap and socially appropriate housing in population centres.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

No targets were set for production in terms of architectural quality.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Although high level production was restricted to the outside, the scheme was not proposed to build as many tenements for the needy as had been expected.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[38] The construction of Arava apartment buildings was concentrated on four major construction companies.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In Helsinki in 1950, for example, the four largest built about 40% of the apartment area, in 1968 the number had already risen to 80%.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

1970 Helsinki and Turku had a concentration rate of 70% and 60% in Tampere.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In apartment building, the concentration rate was higher than other housing construction.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The largest arava builder in the Helsinki region was Rakenkunta Haka with 17% market share for the period 1950—1970.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Trailing came Polar with 11% share.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[39] The start of regional planning and the first suburbs Regional planning started in Finland in the 1940s.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The first sub-regional formula was drawn up in Kokemäenjoenlaakso on the initiative of the Pori Chamber of Commerce in 1940.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The Chamber of Commerce sent a letter to municipalities in the neighbouring region speaking in favour of a regional formula, citing Gothenburg and Stockholm as examples.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

At the meeting of municipal representatives convened by the Chamber of Commerce, Alvar Aalto spoke in favour of the regional plan, from whom the committee established by the municipalities eventually commissioned the Kokemäenjoki Regional Plan.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The design model for housing estates became a circle-based zone model, in which residential areas were separated by green spaces wedged towards the centre.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Aalto wanted the city to break up settlement into neighbouring municipalities into “serial housing zone zones”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The Aalto sub-region formula was completed in 1942, with the Tennessee Valley subdivision plans and the suburban principle through Lewis Mumford as its background influences.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[40] After Kokemäenjoki, Kymenlaakso was zoned, with a regional plan completed in 1946.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Subsequently, zoning began in several other areas as well.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[41] Kajaani's general formula was completed in 1950 by Otto-I.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Meurman, Olli Kivinen and Keijo Petäjä.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The principles of the design were the cellular settlement and Eliel Saarinen's diffuse centering principle.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The general formula for Oulu, developed by Meurman and Aarne Ervi, followed the same hierarchical suburban principle.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The general formulas of Kouvola and Joensuu completed in 1954 and Iisalmi's 1956 general formula also followed the same formula.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Meurman was not the only urban planner who complied with the cellular principle — for example, Olavi Laisaari, who drew up the Turku General Formula 1951, made use of this division (residential municipality, housing cell, residential cell).


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Laisaari considered Turku's urban structure to be old-fashioned because it had only one centre.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[42] In 1946, the Regional Plan Office for Helsinki and its surroundings was established, whose representatives went to find lessons from, among other things, England.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The travellers, among whom was the architect Otto Flodin, presented to the delegation the English neighbourhood, or housing estate, as an example Hemel Hempstead: “The English have a very clear idea that they must have not only a home, 'my castle', but also a suitable environment, a small an isolated part of the colony, the kind of area dominated by children of play-age”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Comparing this kind of habitation to domestic single-family homes, they said Finns were wasting acreage.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[41] The City of Helsinki established a Housing Production Committee in 1948 to prepare for the advent of the arava laws.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The housing development sites started in 1949 were located in Käpylä, Maunula and Ruskesuo.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In the following years, targets also came from Herttoniemi.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In the 1946—1950 season, even more were built in the central city than in the suburban areas acquired in 1946.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In the 1950s, the focus shifted to these areas, mainly to Lauttasaari, North Haaga, Maunula, Munkkiniemi and Herttoniemi.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Of these, the first suburb plans were made for North Haaga, Herttoniemi and Maunula.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[43] The Helsinki General Formula began to be drawn up in 1953 and was completed seven years later.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The proposal, which was drawn up as a basis for the town zoning, laid out principles for planning suburban housing estates: the commentary began by introducing the postwar development and suburban principle in England.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

“The main purpose was to divide the city into parts whose size creates the best possible conditions — for the development of a sense of togetherness.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

These units were referred to as 'neighbourhood units' - dwelling hives”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The intention was to design the areas so that residents could satisfy their basic needs in their neighbourhood.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Attention was also paid to the social structure of the population to create a sense of local cohesion, as well as the flexibility of transport links.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Approximately 5,000 to 10,000 inhabitants were considered a suitable size.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

When grouping was carried out, the importance of rail transport and the level of service was assessed as higher than the realised.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Suburbs were grouped into four groups separated by green spaces in accordance with air directions.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Their own major centres were planned for Malmi, Munkkivuori and Vartiokylä.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[44] The suburban principle was therefore adopted as the general planning principle of the regional plans.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

This is evident in a presentation given by Flodin in 1956, in which he explored the state of regional planning in Helsinki.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

He said that “the sub-region plan is concerned — generally speaking — with the issue of grouping housing, as the main effort of the union's planning activities is to have settlement centralized in neighbourhood groups, housing estates, daughters of the capital.”


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Objectives included developing neighborhoods independent from their activities, segregating them from each other, and keeping the land between them free of settlement and preservation in natural use.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The suburbs had to place a mall at the entry point to satisfy the suburb's (or more suburbs) own purchase need.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The mall also said its placement controls the structure of the suburb.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[45] By the early 1960s, regional planning organizations established covered much of the country.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The Construction Act, which included sub-area zoning ordinances, went into effect in July 1959.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[45] Municipalities often lacked the capacity to acquire and zoning land quickly enough to meet the need for housing, so territorial construction contracts were concluded with construction companies.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The construction company took care of all stages of the implementation of the residential area, from zoning to construction and marketing of finished housing.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[7] The construction of Tapiola in Espoo began to be planned in 1951 on land purchased by the Population Union in Hagalund.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The new colony's “Programme Declaration” was the pamphlet Koti vaiko barracks for our children, written by the Executive Director of the Population Association Heikki von Hertzen, and the writings on the topic of the journal Housing Policy published by the Population Association.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Contrary to the general trend, Tapiola's construction was motivated by the Housing Foundation formed from private organisations, which was formed among others by the Finnish Union of Population, the Mannerheim Child Welfare Union and the Finnish Trade Union Confederation SAK.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Otherwise, the construction of cities was becoming more and more forcefully the task of society.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[30] A city plan committee was set up to guide Tapiola's design, with Otto-I elected as its head.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Meurman.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[46] Otto-I.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Meurman had already prepared a building plan to replace Hagalund in 1945 on the commission of Arne Grahn, the owner of the farm.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Meurman's plan was to create an organ colony with all functions.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The plan combined cell division into a garden city.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The area was divided into three sections and was designed for about 12,600 people.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

A complete settlement it was not, however, as the plans lacked an industrial area.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The height of apartment buildings was generally defined as no more than three storeys, in some cases four; the intention was for buildings to adapt in scale to the surrounding nature.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[47] The Sunila factory housing estate, designed by Alvar Aalto in 1936, resembled the Hagalund plan in its consideration of the terrain.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The formulas of both were free-form in the placement of buildings and streets.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

However, Meurman emphasised small houses when Aalto's plan was a high-rise triumph.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

It turned out to be more functionalist and central European in influences, with Meurman's plan leaning on the Anglo-Saxon garden city principle.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[48] The position of the Tapiola City Plans Commission was that the zoning had to be reviewed at the time of implementation of each area — this meant that Tapiola was designed both in the office and the terrain on site.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[46] Initially the building plan for Hagalund, made by Meurman, was the basis, but with the changes made throughout the 1950s, the station plan was simplified into a free-form, terrain-adapted formula, from which all excess had been cut out.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The number of storeys was increased by a number of formula changes, [49] and the soon dominant building type was an apartment building rather than a small house.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[50] Hagalund had been a villa town designed for his own land by a private individual, but the zoning of Tapiola was influenced by efforts towards the economic and technical development of the construction, as well as a large housing shortage.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Otto-I.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

For Meurman, the step-by-step development towards high-rise dominance was ultimately too much.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

He opposed the 9-storey apartment buildings designed by Viljo Revell, and their number of floors was lowered as a compromise to seven.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Meurman did not accept this either, and tendered his resignation from the position in 1954.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[51] Efforts were made to make Tapiola as self-sufficient as possible, and there were also aspirations for administrative independence in the region.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The inner workings of the community were quickly launched, including with the establishment of local associations and the magazine.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

However, self-sufficiency did not fully materialize.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Designers' attitudes towards Tapiola became critical in the 1960s, as the area was seen as representing outdated values and ambitions.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In the areas built after Tapiola, landscape design did not have as much importance.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

According to Hurme, this had to do with cost savings, but also to the weak position of landscape design.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[52] Towards full element construction: Pihlajamäki in Helsinki, built in the early 1960s, is a key example of suburban construction, as full element construction was applied in a regional construction site; according to Riitta Hurme, Pihlajamäki represents the 1960s” standardization, rationalization, element construction, and scale growth”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

According to Hurme, one can observe the influence of Le Corbusier in the architecture of the south-west of the area, and momentarily “the landscape resembles Corbusier's well-known landscape images”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In Pihlajamäki, the suburban principle was implemented in a clear hierarchical structure and implemented according to the cellular principle.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In common with Tapiola was the street grid taking into account the forms of the terrain and the free-form layout of buildings.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

However, Pihlajamäki had no longer been implemented according to the suburban principle, in the sense that it was not a functional community but a residential area operating on a shopping centre.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The structural change further pruned jobs and services in the region.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[10] The development course towards prefabricated construction had accelerated in the late 1950s and 1960s.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Handling heavy wall and intermediate base elements at the site required lifting and moving equipment.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The number of tower cranes began to grow drastically from 1959.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Large machinery increased the amount of advance planning: when a crane running on rails or wheels was used at the site, it was most economical to place the buildings so that the machines needed to move as little as possible.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Before switching to a full element system, construction was semi-element work, with some of the elements cast on site.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[53] Builders took initiative in the development of element technology for many reasons.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Due to labor peace problems in the 1950s, companies were willing to move production to be more capital-intensive.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

On the other hand, prefabricated construction shifted the design focus to production, leaving the construction movement with more opportunities to influence construction costs.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

With the advent of prefabricated construction, the construction company became an industrial operator, when previously it had only been the executor of the architect's plan.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[54] Paragons for prefabricated construction were obtained from abroad, especially French systems developed after World War II.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

According to Johanna Hankonen's interpretation, architects opted out of developing prefabricated technology because of a Construction Board General Controversy in the mid-1950s.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In the experiments with elements of construction companies, their own architects were “trained” and a technical team of designers specialized in production.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The importance of the production process grew, creating a need for a new position of production technician, or so-called systems designer.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Although there was no talk of the housing industry at the time, according to Hankonen, that was the goal of this development — and ultimately an achievement.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[55] In the late 1960s, the Finnish prefabricated industry initiated the BES study (an abbreviation of the word precast concrete standard), which sought to develop an open element system for use by construction companies.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The need was justified by the fact that no company had carried out research and development in prefabricated construction, but merely went to seek lessons abroad.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The BES study therefore aimed at coordinating the construction industry “to promote product development, standardisation and industry nationalisation in housing”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[56] The research report included the objective of “transmission flexibility”: “A building implemented with BES should be demolished, moved to a new location and completely re-erected”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The systems thinking evident in BES research matched the neo-box formula adopted by architects.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[57] BES's importance arose from its industry-building influence, not so much from the development of actual systems.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Significant, in particular, was the sympathetic involvement of the architectural community in research; even in the mid-1960s, attitudes were more precarious.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[58] Industrial construction suddenly became worth pursuing within the architectural profession.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

According to Hankonen, what may have been important was the mindset: Industrial construction was about business management and building on the market, which was traditionally condemned in the architects' code of honour.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In the planning system, on the other hand, society was the supreme regulator of construction.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[59] From loose-forested suburbs to compact cities The new ideals in the 1960s became a tightly built “compact city” and a neo-screen formula that expresses urbanity.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[60] The breakthrough of ideals was quick and the competition of Kortepohja in Jyväskylä played a big role in it.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[61] Two different proposals were selected for the continuation of the Kortepohja competition.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The proposal of Bengt Lundsten's working group for “Beach Town” was based on a grid formed by square blocks.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Erkki Luoma's “Vesijärveläinen” was a more traditional formula proposal in which the houses were positioned fan-like on the hillside.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[61] “Beach Town” was developed in a follow-up competition based on jury feedback and ultimately won the competition.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Bengt Lundsen drew up a plan for Kortepohja on its basis in 1965.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Numerous formula provisions were removed during the execution, resulting in the initial overall milieu remaining unimplemented.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Formula changes often increased the right to build: for example, the four-storey houses in the South Student Village were converted into eight-storeys.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[62] Due to the difficulty of the terrain, square blocks were abandoned on the western side, but the slope land still caused numerous problems for privacy and access to the grounds.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

However, the checkered formula was seen as so meritorious that it was sought to implement despite its grievances.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

According to Riitta Hurme, this shows how the mental thought world of community planning was “completely separated from cellular thinking seeking parallels in biology” and was oriented towards a “technical and mathematical structural system”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

As a whole, Kortepohja was quite a traditional suburb: it was a residential area of about 7,500 inhabitants in wooded terrain three kilometres from downtown, and its services were located in the centre of the area in a shopping mall.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[63] After the horsebase, the neo-screen formula quickly struck itself through and Lundsten's station plan gained “imitative followers”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[64] The new type of housing construction took place at its fiercest pace from 1968 to the culmination of 1973—1974, when a record 70,000 dwellings were built per year.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In 1975, Espoo Olar designers Simo Järvinen and Eero Valjakka won the State Prize for Building Arts and Community Planning.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The new design principle had had time to establish itself, but at the same time its starting points began to be criticised.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Numerous civic-critical pamphlets were published in the early 1970s, and the proposal that took first place in the Katajanoka architecture competition, among others, relied on a more traditional box block.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[65] The quality of the suburbs soon became an issue.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In the 1970 Urban Survey, attention focused on the fact that social, cultural and leisure services, which were part of suburban theory, were delayed or lacking in built-up areas altogether.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

For example, only a quarter of parents were satisfied with daycare.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[66] Activities began to differentiate into their own regions: the center was for administration and economy, production took place in their own separate areas.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Missed between the different regions were traffic lanes, where both private and public transport grew at a dizzying rate.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In 1964 there were 376,000 passenger cars in Finland, in 1985 the number was already 1,546,000.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Where suburbanism had initially emphasised the importance of neighbourhood, now the colony disintegrated into nuclear families.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The “central tri-link” was a workplace, a grocery store, and suburban housing.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[67] After the Golden Age of Suburban Ideology, according to Anneli Junto, the “second golden age” of suburban ideology ended in the mid-1970s, and a “re-translation back to nature, quality as well as small-scale construction” was made.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The share of single-family homes and townhouses in the building stock began to grow.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Instead of areas, houses began to be planned again, and further construction and renovations were carried out.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[68] In the 1990s, development projects such as the Ministry of Environment Renovation Program (1992—1996) began to map the shortcomings of the suburban environment.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

It also included the Stakes Suburbs Development Project.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[1] Suburb study Historia Irene Roivainen has classified Finnish suburban research in waves.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The first wave was launched in the late 1970s by the Lifestyle research project and was represented by sociological and ethnographic research.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Roivainen calls its research grip “an anthropological curiosity towards suburbia.”


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The lifestyle study highlighted the impact on everyday life of Finns from the 1960s.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[69] [70] One of the most famous studies of this period is Matti Kortteinen Suburö (1982), in which he sought to find out how the lifestyles of people who have moved to the suburbs have changed.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Kortteinen used his research method to conduct an in-depth interview based on the idea that interviewees tell happier narratives first, and only later tedier — crossing this “happiness barrier” was thought to be able to dig up real experiences.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

According to Ronkaisen, the study is “descriptive of its time” both in substance and methodically.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[70] The second wave of suburban research began in the late 1980s.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

It was then that the critical appetite for information in the first wave was replaced by technical, and the “prying gaze” was replaced by the “administrative gaze”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Roivainen defines two studies as the intermediate surface of these waves: Social problems, segregation and local society (1987) by Juha Kääriainen, and Timo Piirainen's dissertation on Rental housing and social problems (1993), which is, however, clearly the previous more fact-oriented.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The second wave also includes major suburban narratives, Riitta Hurme's Finnish suburb from Tapiola to Pihlajamäki (1991) and Johanna Hankonen Suburbs and Efficiency Society (1994).


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

These are set in a middle ground between art and science research and aim to portray the “great line” of suburban construction.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Hankonen describes the emergence of neighborhoods through historical chains of events and social structures.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[71] According to Roivainen, the factual nature of the second wave is highlighted in studies produced for the needs of urban planning.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

These suburban clearances were marked by “authorities' preoccupation with neighborhoods as rapacious neighborhoods and an effort to prevent large-scale problems.” In the mid-1990s, research was oriented towards developing and improving neighborhoods.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[72] In studies, suburbia has often been understood as “the spatial surface and structural edge condition in which social life and culture take place”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Another common, and later challenged, feature has been the perception of neighborhoods as a problematic residential area.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

This feature has been reflected in the question layouts of studies.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Scholars of the 1980s were more disconnected from this approach to problematicism, evident, among other things, in depictions of the emergence of local communities as lollipops in pubs and sandbox communities for housewives; it was precisely a lack of community that had been seen as problematic in the then suburban debate .


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

On the other hand, when they came across positive suburban narratives, researchers might have interpreted them as defensive products of the happiness wall.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[73] Today's Academy of Finland granted funding in 2011 for the 5-year joint project “New urban poverty and renovation of neighborhoods” by Professor Matti Kortteinen and Professor Mari Vattovaara.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[74] The project consisted of three separate doctoral thesis studies.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

One of the studies, among other things, seeks to examine how “suburbs have evolved in their population base and socioeconomic profile over the past two decades relative to their wider urban area.”


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[13] Development projects Various suburb development projects have been carried out in Finland since the 1970s.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In 1994, it was estimated that a total of about 100 projects had been implemented by then.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In the 1970s, the Urban Survey 70 project emphasized compacting, expanding and supplementing neighborhoods to ensure an adequate level of service.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The first actual regional renovation project of the apartment block was the Mayorinluoto development project of Pori, which took place between 1984 and 1989.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

However, much of the building stock in the Finnish suburbs was not yet in need of renovation in the 1980s, and improvement measures until the 1990s were mostly directed at the environment.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[76] In 1992, the Miniseries for the Environment and TEKES launched a nationwide Renovation Programme to fund and coordinate research on renovation construction.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The program operated a separate suburban block focused on developing operating models for repairing neighborhoods.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In 1994, the State Housing Fund established a suburb task force to consider ways to support funding for suburban repairs.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

It was decided to create a separate suburb project, with more lending powers granted for renovations of the sites.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[77] The City of Helsinki established its own suburban project in 1996 [78], and during its last term 2012-2015 the main focus has been on supplementary construction.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[79] Social aspects Segregation Socio-economic disparities in different regions have grown since the 1990s.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In public discourse, neighborhoods are often treated as a single entity in a spiral of segregation, although there are several different types and developing neighborhoods in Finland.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

However, many of the suburbs of the 1960s—1970s have developed unfavourably: their unemployment and low incomes have increased and the educational attainment of residents has lowered.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Ethnic and socioeconomic segregation is also often concentrated in the same neighborhoods.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[31] Tranquility Compared to other urban areas, the suburbs are not particularly restless.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Still, more disarray is observed in the suburbs than other areas.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In metropolitan areas especially trackside suburbs, more social disruption has been observed on average.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In all, the Finnish suburbs are very safe, peaceful and close to nature neighborhoods where residents enjoy themselves.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[80] According to Teemu Kemppainen, who is conducting a doctoral thesis on urban sociology, some of the suburbs of the 1960s and 1970s may fall further behind the economic development of the rest of the region in the future.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The situation in the suburbs is disadvantageous in the market, as they cannot provide the peace and space of small houses or the services and urban lifestyle of the city.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The “urban tranquility” characteristic of the city is also present in the suburbs, but the suburb remains an underdog in terms of service provision and urbanism.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[80] Neighbourhood criticism Suburbs have received criticism for their lack of scale, hierarchy, and the unstructuring that comes as a combined effect of these.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Criticism has also come in for the “unplanning” of the buildings and poor quality building materials.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

One of the reasons for the problems in the suburbs was the emphasis on business-style construction production.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Suburbs often lack an urban structural hierarchy between public and private spaces: you may not notice the difference between a general enclosed courtyard area and a private enclosed courtyard area.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The lack of hierarchy may be increased by parking areas, as well as facades of houses that do not distinguish between street and courtyard facades.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The Finnish Apartment Building 1960—1975 book says that “the 'semi-urban semi-towns' of the 60s contained “everything as a little unstructured whole”: “half-forest, semi-parks, half-streets”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[81] According to Riitta Hurme, the suburban principle was tapered in Finland to “the lack of content, functional inadequacy of the examples implemented and, as such, the outdated and false ideals of successful implementations”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Healing and replenishing neighborhoods afterwards makes them, according to him, suburbs in the truest sense of the word.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[82] According to Kirsi Saarikanka, the design of the suburbs was characterised by the ideal of “average housing suitable for everyone and everywhere”, which has faded differences between and within the suburbs: the suburbs have been thought to be similar to each other despite their location.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[9] In the writing of Helsingin Sanomat from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, the suburb was seen as modern and its novelty was emphasised, but after that the writing became more commonplace and subdued.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

From the 1960s to the early 1990s, suburbs were seen as predominantly problem-centric.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

According to research by Irene Roivainen, beginning in the late 1960s, an image of the suburb was produced as an “ugly-built, socially poor and functionally unstimulating neighbourhood”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[83] The concept of problem vision is partly generated and sustained by the media itself.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

According to Loïc Wacquant, who has studied the French suburban debate, information producers raise a characteristic of some area and label it as abnormal, thereby justifying their handling of the subject in the media.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In France, a culture of suburban news has developed, with the characteristics of so-called suburban journalists and over-news.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

According to Linda Haapajärvi and Lotta Junnalainen, also in Finland, suburban news and the reality of the suburbs are distancing themselves from each other: the media's portrayal of problem people does not correspond to their own experience of their neighbourhood.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The stigmatisation of suburbia also has negative consequences, as residents can attribute negative traits to their own self-image.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The stigma can undermine the social life of a region and make cohesion impossible, thus making the negative perception of suburbia true and increasing inequality.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[84] Suburbia in culture Despite its central role in the history of Finnish urban construction, the suburb has been, according to Kirsi Saarikanka, “strangely invisible in the narratives of modernity and the depictions of cities.” According to him, urban photo shoots have focused on urban space, and neighborhoods have been seen as untraditional.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Between 1969 and 1976, a television series about the lives of two families was aired, set in the fictional suburb of Katajamäki.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

One of the families lived in a frontman's house and the other had moved to an apartment building from the main town.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The series has been hailed as a timeframe of great change for the metropolitan area.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[85] In 1997, a three-part Return to Neighbourhood Hair was produced, which was a continuation of the earlier series.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[86] In films, suburbia is often portrayed as a place to want out of.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Among the films of the 2010s, the suburb is covered by Korso (2014) and Korsoteoria (2011), set in Korso in Vantaa, and the Flowers of Paha (2016) set in East Helsinki.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The 1968 Green Widow discusses the sexual frustration of suburban women.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[87] The Fool Young Heart (2018) describes the suburban milieu “without rubbing or embellishing it in any way”.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[88] In the 1980s, Mikko Alatalo and Raimo Grönberg conducted a Suburban Rhapsodia show in which they interpreted the ironic songs they wrote with Harri Rintee about 1980s suburban life.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The songs of the show, which included “Hervantaan”, were also recorded for Alatalon Born in Suburbia in 1986.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[89] In Finnish rap music, suburbia is presented from at least three different perspectives.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

The rap taking stock aims to act as a mouthpiece for the suburb (Asa, Fintelligens), while “mall rap” emphasizes substance use and a celebrating lifestyle (MC Taakibörsta).


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Different from these two perspectives is the suburban pastiche of Notkean Rota, which aims to honor East Helsinki life in all its forms through black humour.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

[90] See also List of Finnish suburbs ABC city, Swedish subsidiary principle MillionaireSources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hankonen, Johanna| title = Suburbs and Effectiveness Socie| location = Tampere| publisher = Otatieto Oy, Gaudeamus| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-672-187-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hurme, Riitta| title = Finnish suburb from Tapiola to Pihlajamäkeen| location = Tammisaari| publisher = Finnish Science Society | year = 1991| id = ISBN 951-653-228-4}}, replace with {{cite book| author = Juntto, Anneli| title = Housing issue in Finland from Topelius to income policy| location = Helsinki| publisher = State Printing Center| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-9228-16-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkiö, Erkki et al.| title = Flats 1960-1975| publisher = Publisher = Rakentieto Oy, Construction Data Foundation| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-682-279-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roivainen, Irene| title = Sugar Piece in the middle of the forest.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Suburb newspaper constructiona| location = Helsinki| publisher = City of Helsinki Knowledge| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-718-201-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saarikangas, Kirsi| title = Elevated spaces and sex| location = Vaasa| publisher = Finnish Literary Society| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-746-831-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Schulman, Harry; Ristimäki, Mika & Söderström, Panu| title = Northern metropolitan cities.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Development of community structure in the Helsinki and Stockholm| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Environment Fact| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-11-4308-3}} Schulman, Harry “2.2 Development Image of Helsinki”, p. 39—62 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tommila, Päiviö (pt.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

) | title = History of Finnish Urban Institution 3: Time of Independence | location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Urban Union| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-759-272-8}} Salokorpi, Asko: “Urban construction”, p. 269-330 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Multifunctional suburban reform.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Final report of the Suburbs Working Group and proposals for action| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ministry of the Environment| year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-37-2044-6| page = 9-10}} References Literature General Works- and Research Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Astikainen, Riitta; Heiskanen, Riitta & Kaikkonen, Raija| title = Life in the suburban| location = Sulkava| publisher = Sanoma Oy| year = 1997| id = ISBN 951-97555-4-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kortteinen, Matti| title = Suburbia.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Research on lifestyle change | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-1-06906-3}} Nikula, Riitta (ed.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

): Heroism and everyday life.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Finland's 1950s milieu.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

1994 Saarikangas, Kirsi: Genderisation of suburban farm.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saarikangas, Kirsi| title = Dwelling changes: Aesthetics of purity and gender in modern architecture| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-746-309-X| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppälä, Maija-Liisa, Hilkka Lehtonen & Tiina Tihlman| title = Suburbs of Finland.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

Survey of suburbs built in the 1950s-1980| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ministry of the Environment| year = 1990| version = Ministry of Environment, Department of Zoning and Construction, research report 2/1990}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuuri, Antti| title = For birds hive, foxes in their colon| publisher = Suomen Rakenlehti Oy| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-664-020-6}} Suomen Rakenlehti works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hulkko, Johanna (ed.


Question: Who developed the idea of suburbs in Finland?

Suburbs in Finland

) | title = Koivukylä — Urban legend| location = Vantaa | publisher = Vantaa City| year = 2001| id = ISBN 952-443-031-2| accessdate = 13.11.2015}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kokkonen, Jous| title = Kontula — Life in the suburb| publisher = Finnish Literature Follow| year = 2002| id= ISBN 951-746-402-9}} On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Category:Urban Planning *


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

Livre (French: “Livre”) is an Old French monetary unit descended from the money-printing libra gallica of the Carolingic period.


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

One livre was 20 rows.


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

The livre of Tours, or livre tournois, existed as a monetary unit in France until 1796, when it was replaced by the franc.


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

81 livre tournois was equivalent to 80 francs.


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

The livre parisis minted in Paris until 1667 and in use in northern France was equivalent to 1 1/4 livre tournas.


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

Livre tournois contained 60 grams of silver in the early 14th century and about 5 grams in the early 18th century.


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

In French, the word livre also denotes sterling.


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

Sources The Big Encyclopedia, Otava 1931—1939.


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

New encyclopedia, Encyclopedia oy 1960—1966.


Question: What was the livre?

Livre (currency unit)

Category:European monetary units Category:Historical monetary units


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Daphne Caruana Galizia (26 August 1964 in Sliema, Malta — 16 October 2017, Bidnija, Malta) was a Maltese free journalist [1].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Caruana Galizia wrote in which she criticized the Maltese leadership for corruption.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

In 2016, he exposed a data leak in connection with the Panama Papers that survived Maltese management's suspected links to tax haven companies.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

He was assassinated on October 16, 2017.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[2] Life Caruana Galizia studied at St Dorothy's Nun School in Mdina and St Aloysius' School in Birkirkara.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

He studied archaeology at the University of Malta, graduating with a BA in 1997.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[1] Caruana Galizia was married and had three children [1].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Blog Caruana Galizia wrote a blog in which she addressed corruption in Malta and criticized politicians in a sharp style [3].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

He declared himself politically unengaged.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

At best, Caruana Galizia's blog has been reported to have read more than all the newspapers in Malta combined.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[4] Most often his cases were the subject of Labour MPs who came to government in 2013, but he also criticised the opposition Nationalist Party and its chairman Adrian Delia.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[3] He wrote about the links between criminals and Malta's European-wide online gambling and the role of Maltese banks in money laundering [4].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

As of 2016, Caruana Galizia participated in the passage of the Panama Papers.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

The information leak revealed that Prime Minister Joseph Muscat's chief of staff, Keith Schembri, and Energy Minister Konrad Mizzi have secret desk-box, or pseudo-business operations in Panama.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[3] According to Caruana Galizia, both received illegal money from Azerbaijan [5].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Both denied any wrongdoing and claimed that their companies had never been used [6].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Police left suspicions inadmissible.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Malta's judicial system is not independent, with the Prime Minister appointing the senior head of the police and judges.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[3] Then, Maltese corruption investigator Jonathan Ferris investigated the case at the Financial Intelligence Analysis Unit (FIAU) against money laundering in Malta.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

He was fired in June 2017, which he believes is because his job threatened to reveal sensitive secrets.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[6] In early 2017, Caruana Galizia claimed that Michelle Muscat, the wife of the Prime Minister, has also been the true owner of a Panamanian desk drawer business [3].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Caruana Galizia suspected that Michelle Muscat's desk box company had received $1,000,000 from Leyla Aliyev, daughter of President İlham Aliyev of Azerbaijan [6] [5].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Prime Minister Muscat denied the allegations, calling them the biggest lie in Malta's political history.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[3] Caruana Galizia suspected that Malta's Finance Minister Chris Cardona visited a brothel on a conference trip in Germany in January 2017.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Cardona denied any suspicion of wrongdoing.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[6] Both Prime Minister Muscat, and Delia, leader of the Nationalist Party, brought charges of defamation against Caruana Galizia.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

However, Delia withdrew the charges a week before Caruana Galizia's murder.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[7] Caruana Galizia had also made articles on fuel smuggling and named several suspects under investigation in them.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

The network is suspected of smuggling tens of thousands of euros worth of fuel from Libya into European markets.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

The group is suspected of having links to organised crime in Italian Sicily and Libyan militia leaders.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[8] Caruana Galizia said that Darren Debono, a former Maltese footballer suspected of smuggling fuel, had threatened her via email [5].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Murder Caruana Galizia died on 16 October 2017 when a bomb placed in a car she was renting exploded while she was driving.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Half an hour earlier, he had posted a blog post titled: 'That villain Schembri was in court today and denied he was a villain'.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

According to him, “Villains are now everywhere you look.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

It's a desperate situation.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

“[3] The same night Muscat called the murder of Caruana Galizia a barbaric attack on freedom of expression.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

According to him: “Everyone knows that Caruana Galizia was one of my harshest critics, both politically and personally, as she was for others” and “What happened is unacceptable”.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[3] In his view, accusations of political motives for the murder amounted to “total insanity" [5].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Caruana Galizia's son called the prime minister and other government politicians accused of corruption complicit and responsible in his mother's death because the government has allowed a culture of impunity to flourish.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

According to him: “It is little consolation that the Prime Minister says he will not rest until the perpetrators are discovered while he leads a government that has encouraged this same impunity”.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

According to the boy, his mother was murdered because she placed herself between the law and people seeking to break the law.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[3] There have been a number of car bomb murders in Malta in previous years.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

The perpetrators have not been caught, but they have been believed to be linked to criminal fights over the territories [4].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Fabio di Masi, a German member of the left-wing group GUE-NGL's money-laundering experts in the EU parliament, said the murder highlighted the need for effective laws to be established in the EU against money laundering, tax evasion, corruption and the financing of “terrorism.”


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[4] On October 21, the government offered a €1,000,000 reward for information that would lead to the identification of those responsible for the murder.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

According to the government, “justice must be served at all costs.”


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[9] Caruana Galizia's family does not accept the idea of the government [7].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

One Italian prosecutor investigating a fuel smuggling network operating in Italy, Malta and Libya estimated that the murder might be related to writing about the network.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Italian authorities had been investigating the smuggling rink for months before the killing.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Italian police made numerous arrests over fuel smuggling suspects after the murder of Caruana Galizia.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[8] Debono was arrested by Italian police four days after the murder on Lampedusa on suspicion of smuggling fuel and put him under house arrest [5] [10].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

On 22 October in Valletta, thousands of people took part in a demonstration in front of the Maltese police headquarters demanding the resignation of the police chief.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

An expression of interest was organized in memory of Caruana Galizia.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Protesters were concerned about the threat to journalists.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[11] Police removed a sheet from the demonstration calling Malta a mafia state.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Seven newspapers published a black front page in memory of Caruana Galizia.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[7] In November, eight major media houses (among which the BBC, El Pais, Financial Times, The Guardian, La Repubblica, Le Monde, New York Times, Süddeutsche Zeitung) called in a letter to European Commission Vice-President Frans Timmermans for the Commission to investigate the murder as well as investigate Maltese media independence.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

At the headquarters of the commission, a flag was lowered into a semi-salko “in honor of Caruana Galizia and all those who have given their lives for freedom of expression, without which freedom is an empty shell.”


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[7] As of November, former corruption investigator Ferris sought police protection amid fears that he could be in danger after investigating Caruana Galizia's claims [6].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

The government says he can't get protection as an information leaker until he's revealed everything he's found out.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[12] Murder investigation The murder investigation involved the European Police Agency, the Maltese Police, the Finnish Central Criminal Police and the United States Central Criminal Police [13].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

On December 4, 2017, Prime Minister Muscat reported that the police have arrested ten Maltese nationals on suspicion of murder, and that the majority of them have criminal records.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[2] On December 6, police reported that the bomb was set off apparently by a text message sent from a boat at sea.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Charges were brought against three individuals; Vince Muscat and Alfred and George Degiorgio.


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

[14] Caruana Galizia's guys do not believe that the defendants are guilty because Caruana Galizia has never mentioned them in her articles [6].


Question: What did Daphne Caruana Galizia die from?

Daphne Caruana Galizia

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Reporters Category:Maltese homicide victims Category:People born in 1964 Class:Persons who died in 2017


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine (;, half +, skull [1]) is a neurological disease characterized by moderate to severe headache attacks.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Headaches are typically lopsided.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In addition, a migraine attack may be accompanied by a variety of neural symptoms such as yawning, irritability, changes in appetite, pain, nausea, vomiting, or sleep disturbance.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Confusion and other symptoms similar to mental disorder or epilepsy-like are also present.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Nervous symptoms can also occur without headaches.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

During a migraine state, a person is habitually sensory sensitive to light, sounds and smells, and movement during a seizure aggravates pain.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

A migraine attack can vary in terms of triggering factors, the stages it contains, the symptoms contained in the stages, and the duration of the symptoms during the seizure to a very diverse range.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The exact cause of migraine is not known, but there are indications that migraine is caused by malfunctions in the smooth muscles that regulate blood flow.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine should be diagnosed by a specialist to exclude other diseases.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

General Migraine is one of the functional (without a clear organ cause; primary headache) forms of sudden headache [2] [3] and the oldest diseases known to mankind.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Based on archaeological finds, it has been speculated that it may have been treated with skull drilling in places such as South America and ancient Egypt.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The first known description of migraine was made by Hippocrates in 400 BCE.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Approximately in 200 share.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Alexandrian doctor Aretaios described a migraine-type headache, naming it hemicrania.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In the 18th century, John Forhergill, a London physician, described some of the visual impairments, calling them a “fortress-like book” and suspected that the cause of his own migraines would be chocolate.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In the treatment of migraine, ergotamine was introduced in the late 19th century.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Modern migraine research began around the mid-20th century.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Triptans have come into use in the treatment of migraines in the 1990s.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[4] [5] Migraine condition is a multisymptom and stage disease process in which the intensity of the headache does not necessarily indicate the harm caused by the disease, but its other symptoms may outweigh the adverse effects.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

There are several migraine conditions that differ from each other in the range of migraine diseases, and the quality of migraine in two different individuals may differ considerably.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[6] Of migraine patients, 50% report that migraine has impeded their professional career progression.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Workplaces commonly experience migraine triggers such as stress, chemicals, strong odors, noise, bright lights, movement, computer monitor and monitoring work requiring vigilance.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

A migraine attack can be dangerous when occurring in the working environment, as errors and miscalculations, as well as incidents may occur when the observation of the environment is impaired due to impaired visual function or decreases due to impaired movement control or when the patient is unable to due to disturbances in his speech to give clear instructions or make complex decisions.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

During a migraine attack, the working environment usually does not allow recovery from migraine, but because of prolonged migraine, the person is incapacitated even the next day.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

About 30 per cent of workers have told their doctor they have migraines.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[7] Migraine misconceptions include: that a person with a migraine tendency is incapacitated between seizures, mild compulsive migraine prevents work and, on the other hand, also that the strong-compulsive migraine does not deprive the ability to work, but that migraine is used as an excuse. avoid working.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[8] In the majority of migraine patients, migraine condition is provoked no more than once a month and 15% at least twice a month.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

A small number of people with migraine predisposition have a migraine attack more than 8 times a month.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In order to achieve a balance of treatment for migraine, which means the best possible quality of life for a person with the least possible harm from treatment, it is important to clarify its difficulty, namely the degree of harm.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The degree of disadvantage of migraine can be clarified by the so-called. Midas (migraine disability assessment, “migraine harm assessment”) interview to score a person's disadvantage from migraine during three months at work, at home and at leisure.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[9] The MIDAS survey adds up days with total or greater than 50% loss of function due to migraine, headache days and pain intensity on a pain scale of 1 to 10 in the last three months.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The need for treatment is assessed according to the total score as follows: 0-5 points: treatment need low or no treatment required, 6-10 points: drug therapy situational, 11-20 points: reduction in functional capacity is large, and prompt doctor-conducted treatment mapping and score is required more than 20: the reduction in functional capacity is very large and a doctor's treatment survey and prompt start of treatment is required.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The MIDAS survey was developed by Professor of Neurology Richard B. Lipton of Albert Einstein Medical University in New York (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY) and Walter F. Stewart, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[10] The MIDAS interview is, in its reliability as a diagnostic aid, equivalent to a seizure diary, or a so-called migraine diary.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[9] A migraine attack is the sum of the interactions of many factors [1].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The impact of migraine on the quality of life of a person is of the same magnitude as that of myocardial infarction, that is, greater than that of depression, rheumatism and diabetes.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[11] The degree of disadvantage of a migraine attack varies greatly: at its least, migraine may be symptomatic as instantaneous blurring of vision and, more severely, almost complete loss of work and function, provided treatment as a bedridden patient.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[12] Frequent migraine, in which seizures follow each other, can significantly lower a person's social survival.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[13] Migraine usually breaks out during adolescence, although it can also begin in early childhood [1].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine is often a long-term disease lasting throughout life that the person with it should be well known to prevent and treat seizures as effectively as possible.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[14] In a philosophical sense, the treatment balance of migraine is a question of what personal matters a person must take care of in order to develop as a human being, to remain moderately happy and asymptomatic, to care for their loved ones, and to be a credit to their employer; “sometimes this too is important”.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[15] Prevalence Migraine is a very common disease [11], the second most common form of recurrent headache after tension headache [1], and is characterized by prevalence in close relatives [2].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The inheritance of migraine susceptibility is predisposed to by a large number of genes located on different chromosomes, [16] 75 percent have a relative with migraine and 75 percent of migraine patients are female [1].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

There is no specific headache or migraine personality, and the tendency is independent of employment, race, social class, education level, or cigarette smoking.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[17] IQ and migraine tendency are not dependent on each other, as do neurotic diseases and migraines, although usually individuals with severe migraine may become depressed or anxious due to their illness.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[18] Migraines often have an association with motion sickness.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[19] Individuals prone to migraine are more sensitive than others to getting ice cream when eating due to intense seconds-long pain caused by colding of the palate, ice cream headache.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[20] According to an extensive American population survey, 14.6% of women and 4.8% of men developed migraines [16].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

On average, about 10% of the population suffers from migraine, and it occurs in people of all ages, including children [3].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine occurs mainly in people between 25 and 50 years of age; it is most common in up to 20% of people aged 30—40 years. [11] [2]).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

According to the aural, or old term, classical migraine accounts for about 10 per cent of migraines and about 80 per cent of unplowed migraines.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Pediatric migraine prevalence was estimated at around 4% in both 1990 and early 2000s [2] [3].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

However, migraines in children have doubled in the last 20 years [21].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The prevalence of childhood migraine is higher than girls in boys, ophthalmoplegic, or ocular nerve function, migraine is most common in young boys and basilar, or brainstem migraine in young girls.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[22] Menstrual migraine is quite common, estimates range from 20 to 70 percent of female migraine patients.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Menstrual migraine can be menstrual, that is, during menstruation or premenstrual, that is, occurring before menstruation, starting 2-7 days before menstruation.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[23] In women, migraine may be mitigated in menopause.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Also, as a rule, no migraine occurs in the last three months of pregnancy [1].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Pregnancy facilitates menstrual migraine in 80% of cases, but it can also worsen symptoms.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Lowering the estrogen level usually causes a migraine attack 4-6 days after childbirth.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Menopause can cause some women to have migraine onset or symptoms of an existing migraine to become more difficult.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[24] Taking birth control pills can exacerbate migraine symptoms or trigger a life-threatening migraine attack, though extremely rarely.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[25] Classification Migraine is classified according to the International Headache Society (IHS) system as unplowed and aural migraine.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Other types of migraine that are extremely rare in prevalence include hemiplegic, ophthalmoplegic, and retinary migraines, and basilar migraine.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The classification of migraine according to the IHS system is as follows: Migraine without aura Auraic migraine Migraine with typical aura Typical aura accompanied by non-migraine pain Typical aura without headache Familial hemiplegic migraine Random hemiplegic migraine Basilar type migraine Ophthalmoplegic migraine Retinal migraine Childhood periodic symptoms Periodic vomiting Abdonal migraine Childhood benign dizziness Migraine Complications Chronic migraine Status migrenosus Continuous aura without infarction Migraine infarction Migraine triggered cramping Other unclassified migraine.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[26] Types of migraines Migraine without aura and a description of unplowed migraine are presented under the heading Migraine Examination in this article.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Ophthalmoglegic migraine is accompanied by weakness of the muscles that move the eye, and associated symptoms may also include double vision and dilation of pupils.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In ophthalmoglegic migraine, the duration of the headache can be a week or more, and its classification into migraines is considered partially wrong.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[27] [28] Retinarian migraine (retinal migraine) is a migraine condition in which there is extensive or complete visual field deficiency (blindness) for one eye.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Normally, visual disturbances occur in both eyes at the same time.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

There may be other causes of visual field deficiency in the eyes (e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

clots in the eye), and the eyes should be examined to rule out other causes.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[28] Migraine Subtypes Abdonal migraine (abdominal migraine) is a type of migraine belonging to periodic childhood symptoms that are never accompanied by aura symptoms.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Symptoms may include pain in the abdomen, vomiting, dizziness with vomiting and light sensitivity.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Mood swings are habitual, there may be a decrease in strength and lack of vigour, as well as irritability.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Often, childhood abdominal migraine disappears around the age of 12.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[29] Basilar (brainstem, symptoms holistic) migraine is a type of menstrual migraine usually found in young girls in aural migraines with prodromal symptoms (visual aura may be a visual area of the entire visual field aura, impairment of movement control (mm.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

difficulty walking), temporary deafness, speech clumsiness, double figures, mutual weakness of the body, decreased consciousness).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Basilar migraine can manifest itself along with the usual seizures.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[30] Basilar migraine is usually diagnostizable based on the patient's narrative, but since the symptoms are brainstem level, the causes of the symptoms need to be determined through a sufficiently extensive examination.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[31] Familiar hemiplegic migraine (paraplegic migraine) is a rare type of migraine belonging to aural migraines that may be symptomatic of weakness in one side of the body for several weeks.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

This type of migraine is considered the only fully hereditary type of migraine, and the predisposition to the disease is clearer than in other types of migraine.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[32] Continuous aura without migraine headache (infarction) is a type of migraine complications in which the duration of the aura is more than one hour or about a week at its longest.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Identification of the disease is complicated by the fact that symptoms of the headache phase do not occur during the condition.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The classification of this type of migraine into migraines is considered partially incorrect.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[33] Migraine infarction (migraine-related stroke) is a type of migraine complications in which the cessation of blood supply to a small area of brain tissue due to migraine causes gangrene to the brain tissue and is associated with aural migraine.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The condition is rare, but strong-symptomatic migraines and taking birth control pills increase the risk.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[34] Despite migraines, stroke can also be caused by other causes, and according to the Finnish medical view, migraine patients do not have a higher susceptibility than usual to cerebral infarctions [27].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Individuals with severe migraine may have local atrophies (local atrophies) in brain tissue due to previous migraine attacks [31].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Status migrenosus (uninterrupted migraine condition) is a type of migraine that is part of complications of migraine that lasts more than 72 hours without treatment or during treatment.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Subgroups of the condition are the condition that occurs during the course of drug therapy performed according to the recommendation and the condition that occurs during drug abuse.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[35] In general, the cause of prolonged migraine is interpersonal difficulties, feeling of helplessness and low efficacy of drug therapy, and the condition may also be caused by the abuse of painkillers, previously caused by overuse of ergotamine [31].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

A typical aura without headache (migraine equivalent) is a type of migraine belonging to aural migraines, in which migraine is not accompanied by symptoms of the headache phase.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The condition may occur in older patients who have had a typical seizure at a younger age, or in patients who have started migraine at an older age.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[36] Aura Auraoire is a disease attack (e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

some migraines, epilepsy [37]) the prognosis preceding the next stage.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Auratic migraine differs from unplowed migraine only in that it includes aura symptoms.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Aura symptoms are transient neural symptoms belonging to aural migraine and have an inverse association with their severity and prevalence.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The prevalence of aura symptoms is most common, starting with visual, tactile, speech disorders, changes in the level of consciousness and weakness and paralysis.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The former two are common, the latter three are much less common.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Aurasymptom occurs in about 10-20% of individuals with migraine predisposition before the onset of a headache (and sometimes partially simultaneously with its initial stage), and its occurrence is not related to the side of the body with which the headache begins.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[38] Symptoms of aura are usually different in different individuals.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[39] Aura symptoms may impair function, and not during aura symptoms e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

should use machines or drive a car, and also not perform tasks in which failure can cause damage.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[40] Visual aura symptom may begin as blurred vision, or its blurring caused by a small “blind spot” in both eyes near the center of the field of vision.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Visual field deficiency begins to expand after a few minutes, and often a blind semicircle (right or left) is formed.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The edge of the semicircle is jagged (zigzag pattern), and as the size of the semicircle increases, the fractious line resembling a saw blade becomes more angular and irregular.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Finally, the entire area of visual deficiency moves to the other side of the visual field and disappears before the headache begins.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In mild form, visual impairment may be, for example, flashes of light before the eyes, flashing lights at the sides of the visual field, or blind spots or areas in the field of vision.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[41] Generally, visual impairment is an area of impaired visual acuity (scotoma) in the visual field, or a multi-coloured pattern in the shape of a saw blade, but the visual impairment may be of other kinds.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[42] Other aura symptoms associated with the sense of vision may include e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

difficulty in aligning gaze, flickering lines [38].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

When reading the text, the disturbance associated with the sense of sight appears initially as “jumping” or “disappearing” of lines, or a part of the page cannot be seen properly.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[43] Sometimes the aura symptom of the visual sensation leaves an afterimage resembling a shattered windshield.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[44] The migraine career of serrated patterns was first noted by London physician John Forhergill in the 18th century, calling it a “fortress-like book” because the colourful breaking line resembles the crankhorns of a fortress when viewed from above.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[45] The aurasymptom of the tactile sensation may be numbness or tingling of the fingers, lips, or tongue, speech changes slurred, or a feeling of weakness on one side of the body.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Transient unilateral paralysis (duration of two hours) is possible (hemiparesis).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[46] Speech disorder manifests itself as a temporary impaired ability to form proper sentences out of individual words [39].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Other aurasymptom associated with tactile sensation can be e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

pain in the scalp [38].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

An aura symptom may include the feeling of one's own size becoming very small or growing above one's own size, [47] delusions, hallucinations, mood swings, hunger, thirst or craving for food [38].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In basilar migraine, aura symptoms can be pronounced, e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

double figures, vision deficiency in the entire field of vision, ringing in the ears, weakness on both sides of the body, temporary deafness, impaired control of body movements (difficulty walking), dizziness, decreased consciousness and speech clumsiness.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Symptoms, despite their intensity and magnitude of loss of function, are transient.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[30] The bodily and chemical causes of symptoms (pathophysiology) According to the previously prevailing conception, the primary cause of migraine would be a change in neuronal function and a change in vascular function is a secondary change during migraine status.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

However, according to a study published in 2016, migraine patients have disturbances in the functioning of the smooth muscles that regulate the diameter of the blood vessels, which would suggest that circulatory disorders are the primary cause of the disease after all [48].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

This theory is further supported by the observation that the efficacy of effective seizure drugs (triptans, ergotamines) is based specifically on correcting vascular function.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

In new migraine drugs, the action of serotonin receptons is applied.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Factors irritating the centers of the brain stem that trigger migraine status may include cortical (cortical) stimuli (e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

change in stress state), afferentation (overreaction) of the thalamus (a node of neural pathways) (e.g. light, noise, or odors), or hypothalamic changes (changes in the hypothalamus, e.g. hormone changes or changes in sleep-valve rhythm).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

During migraine, norepinephrine, serotonin and neuropeptides that increase vascular pain sensitivity are released in the brain.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[12] Migraine patient's cerebral vessels are very sensitive to react e.g.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

the effects of neurotransmitters due to stress, and the cause of the syndrome is neurochemical (chemical agents affecting nerve function) factors [2].


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Migraine appears to be often associated with tension neck (tension neck) symptoms (and occipital injury), whereby the correct diagnosis of the disease is migraine instead of muscular neck pain [49] The migraine attack begins with the raphe nuclei of the brain stem from which efferent neutral strands (nervous system) are projected Activity-altering factors) to the oxypital cortex (outermost cortex), in which case cortical neural attenuation (impairment of the neural function of the cortex) appears to be triggered by cortical neural suppression (known as spreading depression), accompanied by neuronal onset at the occipital progressive attenuation of activity towards the anterior part of the cortex and a corresponding decrease in cortical blood supply as blood vessels contract.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Attenuation of blood flow in the visual area produces vision related aura symptoms and attenuation of the tactile cortex due to motor auras or dysphasia (linguistic disorder).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The headache in the migraine state is considered to be caused by the expansion of large blood vessels that follow into the constrictive state, as well as a migraine inflammatory condition in the blood vessels.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[50] After the stage of pain, migraine has a post-phase, during which the most common symptoms are lower and fatigue (some are more perky than usual), as well as instantaneous worsening associated with moving the head.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[51] The cause of aura is the electrical paralysis progressing towards the front of the brain in the cortical layer of the brain from its posterior part as a wave-like front, which travels towards the central area of the brain (cortical depression).


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Computer imaging methods (PET, positron emission tomography, and SPECT, single-photon emission tomography) have demonstrated the relationship of this action depression to the development of aura symptoms, with paralysis progressing in the cortex at 2-3 millimeters per minute.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Depression of brain areas is accompanied by concomitant impairment of blood circulation, which is not associated with vascular changes in the headache stage.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

Vascular changes do not cause aura symptoms, but are a consequence of a depression in nerve function.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[52] The regulation of cerebral circulation is impaired during the aura phase.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

[53] A headache phase may begin at the end or at the end of the aura phase.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

According to current understanding, cranial nerves leading to the surface arteries of the brain of Nervus trigeminus (the fifth cranial nerve ganglion, or nucleus), as well as the vascular junctions of nerves leading to the central hypothalamus near the thalamus and the upper part of the spinal cord play a significant part in migraine in terms of.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

The main chemical factor for the development of headache is the protein CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide), which causes the widening of the arteries and the fact that albumin (extravasation [54]) seeps outside the arteries along with blood fluid.


Question: Is there an additive in medicines?

Migraine

This inflammation of the nerves provokes the emergence of a pain sensation.