Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

During the Winter War, the dog population was almost completely destroyed, but in the years of the Continuation War, more dogs were obtained from the conquered territories.


Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

In Finland, Karelian bear dogs are usually registered in Finland less than a thousand each year.


Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

The Karelian Bear Dog resembles the Russian-European Lighty in appearance, which is also descended from, among other things, the dogs of the indiscriminate.


Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

Health The Karelian Bear Dog is a generally healthy breed.


Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

It belongs to the Pevisa programme of the Finnish Kennel Club, which aims to prevent hereditary diseases.


Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

Dogs are examined for their eyes and hips before using them for breeding.


Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

[1] Health is set first among the objectives of breeding activities, so that only healthy dogs of good use and interchangeably foreign origin are used for breeding [2].


Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

Hip defects and eye diseases occur somewhat but are rare due to careful breeding [3].


Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

The Karelian Bear Dog is a moderately long-lived breed: Several individuals have reached the age of 15 to 18 years.


Question: What is the ideal height of a Karelian bear dog?

Karelian Bear Dog

See also Tahltan Bear Dog Sources (Finnish Kennel Club, pdf) References elsewhere in category:FCI 5 Spitears and primitive dogs Category:Spitears Category:Hunting dogs Category:Finnish dog breeds Category:SKL 5 Spitears and primitive dogs Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The Football Bundesliga () is the main league of football in Germany.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The series is organized by the German football league DFL (Deutsche Fußball Liga), which also organizes the 2.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

Bundesliga.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The Bundesliga has been played since the 1963—1964 season, before that a final tournament was played for the championship between the best teams of the regional series.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The first unofficial German championship was organized by the Federation of German Footballers (Bund Deutscher Fussballspieler, BDF) as early as 1890—1891.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The current German Football Association (DFB) organized the first German championship in 1903.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

Regions in Berlin have been played continuously since 1891 at some league level.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The German championship trophy was, in its beginning, the “Victoria trophy”, lost in the February 1945 bombings of Dresden.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The Victoria trophy was found after the fall of the Berlin Wall in Berlin, where it had been kept by a resident during the Cold War years.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The trophy is currently housed in the German Football Association office in Frankfurt.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The current rotation trophy, engraved by all German champions, was introduced in the 1947—1948 season.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The crowd average for Bundesliga matches in recent years has moved around 400,000, making it the most-watched ballpark in Europe on the ground.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

Since the 1990s, the Bundesliga has scored the most goals from the five major European league (Premier League, Ligue 1, Primera División, Serie A and Bundesliga).


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

[1] The most successful teams in the Bundesliga are Bayern Munich (26 championships), Borussia Dortmund (8), Hamburger SV (6) The league system in the Bundesliga with 18 teams playing a double set.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

Since the 1995—96 season, three points have been awarded for a win instead of the earlier two.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

At the end of the season, the team that accumulated the most points wins the championship.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The three best placed teams qualify directly for the Champions League group stage and the fourth-placed third qualifying round.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The last two teams are relegated directly to the 2.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

To the Bundesliga and the third-last team will play a relegation qualifier against the third-placed side of the Bundesliga Two.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

A maximum of five non-EU players may be present in the match line-ups.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

Most spectators — the most productive but not the richest series The Bundesliga has the highest viewership averages in Europe (38602, followed by the Premier League 34455) [2], but ticket prices are nowhere near the level of the English Premier League (standing grandstands are also allowed in the Bundesliga, but not in the Premier League).


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

[3] Other revenues, such as TV contracts, will also be clearly lower.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

[4] Bundesliga teams spent a record €200 million on player purchases in the summer of 2007 [5], while at the same time Premier League teams and Spanish La Liga teams both spent around EUR 500 million.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

[6] [7] The combined turnover of the series was the third highest in the 2005—06 season.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

Like Spain's La Liga, the Bundesliga raised revenues of £800m as the English Premier League hailed £1.4bn, Italy's Serie A £1bn and France's Ligue £1,600m.


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

[8] In the 2006-07 season, the Bundesliga's operating profit (EUR 250 million) exceeded the equivalent of the English Premier League (EUR 141 million) [9].


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

The profitability of the Premier League is eaten by almost double the Bundesliga's player fees [9].


Question: How many teams are in the German Bundesliga?

Bundesliga

Teams in the 2018—2019 season See also List of football German champions Sources References On topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Groupe Renault (pronounced after IPA


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Groupe Renault produces cars and vans but has also produced trucks, buses, railbuses and tractors in the past.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Groupe Renault owns almost half of Japanese Nissan, almost entirely owned by Russian company AvtoVAZ, [1] a quarter of Japanese Mitsubishi Motors [2] and wholly French Alpine, Romanian Dacia and Korean Renault Samsung Motors.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

With the Mitsubishi deal, Groupe Renault grew by early 2018 to become the world's largest automaker, passing Volkswagen.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[3] Groupe Renault is headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt in the western suburbs of Paris.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Renault sold its truck production in 2001 to Volvo and its agricultural machinery production to German company Claas in 2008.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Renault has also been a well-known brand in the motorsport sector.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

History The brothers Louis, Marcel and Fernand Renault founded the company Société Renault Frères on February 25, 1899.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Manufacturing of cars had already started a year earlier.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

After winning an automobile race on 24 November 1898, the brothers received their first 12 orders.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

The company grew as they won inter-city racing titles such as Paris—Berlin and Paris—Vienna.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

One technical achievement for Renault was the gearbox, which needed neither chains nor belts to function.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

In 1905 Renault received its first major order: 250 taxis.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

This is when Renault began its mass production.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

At the outbreak of World War I, Renault began manufacturing Renault FT-17 tanks.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Renault tanks were also acquired by the Finnish Land Forces in 1920.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Some of the carriages were equipped with cannons and some with machine guns.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Renault tanks were used by the Finnish Defence Forces until the Continuation War until 1942, when most of them were installed as fixed firebases in the Karelian Isthmus defensive line.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

A few individuals served in educational use even after this.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[4] During World War II, the company served as a subcontractor for the German arms industry.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

After the Liberation of France in 1944, Louis Renault was arrested on charges of joint activity with the occupiers.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

He died in prison under unclear circumstances; he was possibly murdered.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

After World War II, the French car tax was based on engine power, i.e., tax horsepower (French.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

chevaux fiscaux, lih.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

CV).


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Renault introduced its 4CV model and rival Citroën its famous “Rättisitika”, or 2CV model.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Later, the “Tipparellus”, or Renault 4 (not the same car as the 4CV), introduced in the early 1960s, became the best-selling French car model of all time.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Renault introduced a new type of multi-purpose bodywork in its Model 16, which was chosen as Car of the Year in Europe in 1966.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[5] The US company Chrysler Corporation sold all of its European operations in 1978 to the PSA Group, from which the trucking business passed to Renault in 1981.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Subsequently, Dodge commercial vehicles manufactured in the city of Luton in Britain were made as Renault-Dodge until 1989.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Subsequently, Renault Midliner trucks were assembled in Britain until Renault sold the factory to China in 1993.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[6] Renault attempted a merger with Volvo in 1993, but the merger did not materialise.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[7] The country organisations had already been changed and Autorex had been merged with Volvo into Bilia Ltd.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Volvo's small shareholders toppled the merger.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

However, Volvo's trucking division went to Renault.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Bilia served as an importer for Volvo and Renault until the Renault parent company transferred the Scandinavian imports to itself; the Finnish imports were handled by Renault Finland.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

As EU law changed, exclusive rights to import car brands were eliminated.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

After the merger fell through, the Volvo group did not last long as an independent Swedish company; the passenger car group was sold in 2000 to Ford for $6.45 billion.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Volvo were placed in Ford's Premier Division as the club of Jaguar and Aston-Martin.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

In 2007, Ford sold its Jaguar and Aston Martin groups, and Volvo passenger cars were on duty in 2008.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

The buyer was Chinese Geely for $1.8 billion.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Renault remains the largest shareholder in the Volvo group with an 18.7 per cent voting stake.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

In 2017, Libération magazine published the news that Renault has used a device that distorts emissions measurement results similar to that of Volkswagen in its cars.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

According to the newspaper, Renault management is aware of the matter, and so do the authorities.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Renault has denied the allegations.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[8] Renault in Finland The first Renault representative in Finland between 1924 and 1926 was Autola Oy.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[9] In the 1930s, Renault was imported by Oy Ren-Auto Ab, who participated in the motor shows held in Helsinki with a wide range of models in several years.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Despite this, Renault did not become a common car brand in Finland until World War II, and only a few Renault cars of this period have survived.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

One of these is the top Renault model Nervasport, imported by the French Ambassador to Helsinki for his own use in 1935, now exhibited at the Vehoniemi Automobile Museum.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

After moving to another position in 1938, the Ambassador sold the car to Raul Hellberg, a trade advisor in Porvoo, from whom it was purchased in the 1960s by Olavi Sallisinen, founder of the Vehoniemi Automobile Museum.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[4] In 1949, CEO Ragnar Paulsson founded Oy Autorex AB, which received Renault representation in the same year.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

In the first year, 75 Renault cars were imported into the country.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Initially, the company's premises were for a few years in the Kaarti manees and then on the Eteläesplanade in the centre of Helsinki.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Since 1968, the company's headquarters were located in South Hague, where the company's maintenance workshop was completed in 1957.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Throughout its history, Autorex operated as a family company, and with a generational change in 1960, Ragnar Paulsson's son, Master of Science Harry Paulsson, became CEO.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

In 1981, Oy Autorex AB employed 102 people and had a turnover of 101.3 million marks.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Oy Autorex Ab maintained a Finnish racing stable Renault from 1967 to 1973, driving with others such as Jorma Lusenius and Pentti Airikkala.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[10] [11] In 1989, Autorex's entire stock was transferred to Oy Volvo-Auto AB (now Bilia Oy), which brought Volvo.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[12] At the end of 1954, Renault was the seventh most common passenger car brand in Finland with 2405 cars.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[13] The introduction of the Renault 4 and 8 coincided conveniently in Finland with the dismantling of imports of passenger cars in 1962.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

During the 1960s, a couple thousand Renault passenger cars were sold each year in Finland.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[14] The Renault 12, introduced in 1969, was also imported into Finland from Dacia factories in Romania.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Within the 1970s, almost 25000 Renaults were registered in Finland.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[11] At the end of 1988, Finland had 20863 Renault passenger cars registered and it was 18 in the statistics by brand.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

ranked.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

[15] Partnering with Nissan on March 27, 1999, Renault acquired a 36.8% stake in Japanese automaker Nissan.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

The stake was increased to 44% in 2002, when Nissan also bought a 15% stake in Renault.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Cars Passenger cars Renault 12 (1968—1980) Renault 14 (1976—1983) Renault 15/17 (1971—1980) Renault 16 (1965-1979) Renault 18 (1978-1993) Renault 19 (1988—1996) Renault 20/30 (1975—1984) Renault 21 (1986—1994) Renault 25 (1983—1992) Renault 3 (1961—1962) Renault 4 (1961—1993) Renault 4CV (1946-1961) Renault 5 (1972—1996) Renault 6 (1968—1980) Renault 7 (1974-1982) Renault 8/10 (1962—1976) Renault 9/11 (1981—1989) Renault Alliance (1982—1987) Renault Avantime (2001—2003) Renault Captur (2013—) Renault Carave (1958—) 1968) Renault Clio (1990—) Renault Dauphine (1956—1967) Renault Espace (1984—) Renault Frégate (1951—1960) Renault Fuego (1980—1992) Renault Juvaquatre (1937—1955) Renault Kadjar (2015—) Renault Koleos (2006—) Renault Laguna (1994—2015) Renault Mégane (1995 )—) Renault Modus (2004—2012) Renault Primaquatre (1931—1941) Renault Reinastella (1929—1933) Renault Rodeo (1970-1987) Renault Safrane (1992—2000) Renault Scénic (1996—) Renault Sport Spider (1994—1997) Renault Talisman (2015—) Renault Torino (1966—1981) Renault Twingo (1993—) ) Renault Zoe (2012—) Vans Renault Estafette (1959—1980) Renault Kangoo (1997—) Renault Mascott (1999—2010) Renault Master (1980—) Renault Messenger (1982—1999) Renault Trafic (1981—) Pickup trucks Renault Alaskan (2016—) Renault models from different decades Marcel Renault in his car in 1903 Renault DM Tourer from 1914 Renault KJ-1 Touret of 1923 Renault Celtaquatre Berline from 1935 The 1956 Renault 4CV The 1963 Renault 8 Year 1975 Renault 30 Year 1985 Renault 9 The 1986 Renault Traffic T1000 1998 Renault Laguna The 2006 Renault Clio of the Year 2015 Renault Talisman See also Renault F1 Team Sources On the topic elsewhere The history of Finnish Renault imports in the late 1940s is shed light on Henrik Tikkanen's novel “Renault, my love”.


Question: What year was Renault founded?

Renault

Category:CAC 40 index Category:Euronext 100 index * Category:French listed companies Category:Key articles on screening


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

79 moons are known from Jupiter [1].


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

The most famous of them are the four largest Galileian moons Io, Europa, Ganymedes and Kallisto.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

There are smaller irregularly shaped moons circulating inside these moons, the most famous of which is Amalthea.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Very far away orbits a series of rather small moons thought to be asteroids or comets intercepted by Jupiter.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Of these, the outermost orbit retroactively, that is, in the other direction from Jupiter's other moons.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

The lunar system schematically, Jupiter's moons can be divided into different groups according to their distance, track oval, track slope, size, and so on.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

The large moons of Jupiter and the inner moons are presumed to have arisen in the gas disc surrounding the forming Jupiter.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Moons orbiting near Jupiter on regular tracks form a kind of miniature solar system.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

The reason the innermost of the large moons, Io, might be so dense because Jupiter, when it was formed, evaporated all the light easily volatile substances from Io.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Jupiter's large moons and the largest of the small moons, Amalthea, are interchangeably in a span resonance of 1:2:4.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Jupiter radius 71492 km Jupiter rings 100000—214200 km, main ring 122800—129200 km.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Jupiter's regular moons Four small moons, distance less than 200000km from Jupiter's midpoint, diameter less than 200 km, track slope less than half a degree.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Four large Galileian moons with a distance of 400,000 to 2000000km.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Jupiter's irregular moons Themisto orbits Jupiter between the Galileians and the moons of the next group.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Himalia Group: The distance of this tight grouping from Jupiter is between 11 and 12 million km.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Carpo: In the inner parts of the Ananke group.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Ananke group: distance 21276000km from Jupiter with an inclination of 149 degrees.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Carme Group: Distance from Jupiter 23404000km, tilt 165 degrees.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Pasiphaë group: A fragmentary group encompassing all the outermost Jupiter moons.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

List of moons of Jupiter The moons are listed since the shortest orbit.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Jupiter's four largest moons, Galilei's moons are marked in blue.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Their mass is large enough to form them spherical.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Other moons are irregularly shaped.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Dark grey is marked by moons whose orbit is retrograde, retroactive.


Question: How many moons does Jupiter have?

Jupiter's moons

Sources * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is a bomb that derives explosive power from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

One nuclear weapon can destroy or severely render incapacitated an entire city.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Most of the destructive power of a nuclear weapon comes from pressure and heat effect.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

In addition to these, nuclear weapons have a significant, although generally less destructive power than those mentioned above.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Radiation can cause diseases in the exposed population, such as radiation sickness or cancer, or radioactive deposition can make the use and passage of an area impossible for a fixed period of time.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Today, nuclear weapons are known to be deployed by the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France, China, India, North Korea and Pakistan.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

These countries have declared nuclear weapons states.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

In addition, some countries may own nuclear weapons but have not publicly acknowledged them or the claims have not been able to verify.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Israel, for example, is estimated to have a significant number of nuclear weapons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

South Africa has voluntarily given up its nuclear weapons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

North Korea conducted a successful nuclear test in 2013, which was condemned by the rest of the world.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Nuclear weapons have been detonated more than two thousand times.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Of these, two detonations occurred in World War II, the rest having been carried out in nuclear tests.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

[1] The United States bombed the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The largest nuclear weapon ever detonated is the Tsar-Bomba detonated by the Soviet Union in 1961 on Novaya Zemlja.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The danger of nuclear weapons is the risk of a nuclear weapons accident related to manufacturing, storage and transportation.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

In addition to military use, nuclear explosives have also been or shown for use in various peaceful applications.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

[2] History of Nuclear Weapons The principle of the atomic bomb was put forward in 1934 by physicist Leó Szilárd.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Nuclear weapons were developed in practice during World War II.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The United States began the Manhattan Project in 1939, resulting in the detonation of atomic bombs in Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Fission bombs Atomic bombs derive their explosive power from fission, in which heavy nuclei (uranium or plutonium) decay into lighter atomic nuclei when bombarded with neutrons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

As neutrons created in the fissure of the nuclei split yet another new nuclei, an explosive chain reaction is created, with immense amounts of energy being released.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Sometimes an atomic bomb means precisely a fission bomb, other times any nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This somewhat messes up the concepts.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Physical Basics of Fission Bomb An atomic bomb is based on a nuclear reaction.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Changes occur in atomic nuclei if they are bombarded by particles with appropriate energy, usually neutrons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

In some cases this free neutron is absorbed by the atom and becomes unstable itself.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

That's when the atom splits and emits radiation and new free neutrons, which in turn break more nuclei.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The heaviest atomic nuclei crack most easily because they are inherently unstable.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The actual explosion is because mostly due to a huge pulse of X-ray beams, the surrounding air heats up rapidly, so it expands exponentially and emits a shock wave.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The explosion of an atomic bomb is detected as a flash, followed by the sight of a fireball and eventually the genesis of a mushroom cloud.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The fireball temperature of the atomic bomb is more than ten million degrees.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Not all substances are fissioned, that is, when bombarded with neutrons, but only the heaviest substances.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

As lighter substances intercept neutrons, among other things, new elements emerge.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

There are a few fission-bombable substances: uranium (U) occurs in nature, and plutonium (Pu) can be produced in a nuclear reactor.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

There are other similar substances, but they are not known to have been used in nuclear weapons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Isotopes Isotopes are subspecies of different masses of elements that differ from each other based on the number of neutrons in the nucleus.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Uranium has several isotopes, only certain of which are suitable as nuclear fuel or bomb material.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

From natural uranium, you have to enrich the uranium that is suitable for a nuclear bomb.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The uranium atom has 92 protons and the plutonium has 94.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Natural uranium contains mainly two isotopes, uranium-238 and uranium-235.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Fissile uranium-235 (235U) is rare in natural uranium: it only contains about 0.7%.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Also, 238U cracks, but only with fast neutrons that cannot be produced than, say, in a fusion reaction, and it again requires an atomic bomb to ignite.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Neutrons in nature are low-energy, as are neutrons released by uranium fission.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

For uranium to be fit for an atomic bomb, it must be enriched to contain fissile 235U at least about 93.5%.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Uranium enriched above 80 percent is said to be strongly enriched uranium.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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For a chain reaction to be possible in some piece of uranium, it must contain a sufficient amount of fissile uranium-235.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This quantity is called a critical mass.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This because the neutrons resulting from the first crack did not harden from the uranium chunk without continuing the chain reaction.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

However, if all the neutrons created in the first fissure coincidentally escape out of the uranium, some neutron will sometimes come along to trigger a chain reaction.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Critical mass For a pure 235U, the critical mass is about 52kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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This is equivalent to a 17cm diameter ball.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

For 93.5 percent weapons-grade uranium, the critical mass is 56kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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If uranium is shrunk by explosives to dense, the critical mass is reduced to 8kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The equivalent mass with plutonium is about 4kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The Hiroshima bomb used 80 per cent enriched uranium with a critical mass of 60kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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With plutonium-239, the critical mass is only about 11kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Plutonium-239 (239Pu) with a purity of more than 90% is recommended for weapons-grade plutonium.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

13—35kg of plutonium oxide can make a rudimentary nuclear weapon with low explosive power and difficult to predict, up to 0.1 to 1.0kt.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The critical mass of plutonium varies depending on its isotopic composition.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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With so-called reactor-grade plutonium, it is probably between 13 and 18kg, and with pure 239PU it is between 10 and 11kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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If the plutonium body is surrounded by a 15cm thick layer of natural uranium, the critical mass is reduced to just over 4kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Using modern compression techniques, a bomb requires only 2—4kg of weapons-grade plutonium and only about 5kg of reactor-class plutonium.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Critical mass is increased by random pollutants and “false” isotopes in fissile material, as well as neutron-absorbing substances.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

If the 235U piece is surrounded by a sufficiently thick neutron reflector composed of beryllium, the critical mass is reduced to 15kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The fissionable substance is usually driven by a conventional explosion in an atomic bomb.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Regarding the size of a nuclear bomb and its limitations, you can't build a fission bomb to be unlimited because large bombs require more fissionable matter than “normal” atomic bombs.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

As the amount of fissionable matter increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to prevent premature fission bomb detonation.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

If the fission reaction starts too soon, the explosive power of the bomb is left low.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

On the other hand, it is harder to consider a large amount of uranium in a small volume as subcritical.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The practical upper limit of fission bomb force is probably 500 KB.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Nor can the bomb be unlimited, because then the critical mass remains unreached.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The smallest nuclear weapon produced was the US-made fission bomb “Davy Crockett”, with a power output of less than 0.1 kiloton.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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In 1951, the US detonated the first nuclear explosive of less than 0.1 kiloton (100 TNT tonnes) and in 1958 a nuclear explosive equivalent to only 200 trotyl silos.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Both major powers also had nuclear-tipped torpedoes and sea mines.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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They generally had an explosive power of about 0.3 kilotons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Such weapons are suspected to have been on a Russian submarine that ran aground at Karlskrona in 1981, though the Soviet Union disputed the issue, saying the radiation observations had come from watch faces containing tritium from surveyors.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The 0.1—200 kiloton explosive is said to be a kiloton class weapon, and guns above 0.5 megaton are clearly megaton-class weapons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Thus, atomic bombs are always quite “small”, kiloton-class weapons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Even in modern intercontinental missiles, nuclear warheads tend to have an explosive power of less than 500 kilotons, for example, 340 kilotons in “Peacekeeper”.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Though Peacekeeper was a MIRV missile that carried ten nuclear warheads.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The combined power thus was 3.4 megatons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The tip of the Russian Topol missile has an explosive power of 750 kilotons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

During World War II, Germany was bombed with a force of 1.6 megaton using conventional explosives.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Fission bomb operation Cannon type uranium bomb The construction of a uranium bomb is simple.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The body of the bomb is a tube.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

At one end of the tube is a heavy piece of uranium, and at the other a lighter one that is fired with an explosive charge onto a bigger piece attached.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The bigger piece has a notch the size of a smaller piece.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Critical mass is achieved when a smaller piece is struck into place and a chain reaction begins.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Sometimes both pieces are iced in a suitable way with neutron-reflecting matter (beryllium, tungsten, natural uranium, among others).


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

A polonium separate neutron source may also be involved, but it is not necessary.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The Hiroshima bomb was based on this cannon type structure, which is easy to build and does not require large numbers of complex tests when developed.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The implosion principle plutonium bomb The plutonium bomb is significantly harder to manufacture than a cannon-type uranium bomb because in a cannon-type plutonium bomb, the chain reaction tends to start too early and produce only a small explosion.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The beginning of the chain reaction is due to self-occurring fission of Pu-240 in the mix between fission-worthy Pu-239 and other isotopes of plutonium.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Pu-240 is therefore so unstable that it is capable of fission without neutron bombardment.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This neutron production is a problem for the designer of an effective plutonium bomb.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

A cannon-type structure in a plutonium bomb is theoretically possible, but then the bomb grows too large and heavy to be suitable as a practical weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

In a plutonium bomb, you shrink a hollow plutonium ball by blowing up so small and dense that a chain reaction begins.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

With this method, critical mass is achieved for 1/10 of the time required for a cannon-type bomb.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The plutonium bomb will initially detonate “in”, that is, there will be a so-called implosion (i.e. the opposite of an explosion, or an explosion).


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The practical problem with the implosion method is that the shock wave that shrinks the plutonium body must be strictly spherical, so the bomb must be assembled to a precision of less than a millimetre.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The explosive device must be ignited at several points completely simultaneously.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Because the bomb has multiple detonators, many separate shock waves cross with each other are generated.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Shock waves emanating from different ignition sites must therefore be combined.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This is done using two explosives.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

In one, the shock wave is progressing rapidly, in the other slowly.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The slow explosive is inside, and the high-speed explosive, where the ignition occurs, is on the outer.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Of these two, a part of the ball, the “lens”, is assembled.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Slow matter is a soft cone pointing roughly outward.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The interface of these folds the shock wave against the interface in the direction perpendicular to the normal.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

When the interface is properly shaped, the shock wave can be centered like light rays on the lens to go towards the center of the bomb.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Different implosion structures have varying numbers of lenses.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Inside the lenses there is still a thin layer of high-speed explosive, an amplifier.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

After the lenses, there must usually be a spherical layer of rapid explosive reinforcing the shock wave or a second lens layer.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Theoretically, implosion is simple, but it is difficult to implement it in practice.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Between 1944—1945, the United States spent thousands of person-years developing the implosion method.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Nowadays, the task is easier, implosion can be simulated on supercomputers.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The explosive material must be ignited on many sides carefully at the same time.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The plutonium core is surrounded by an explosive (shock wave) equaliser and has a neutron source at its centre.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Of course, the implosion method can also be used to make a uranium bomb.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Usually a country developing an atomic bomb is forced to test for implosion in a lab.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The test charge detonated at Alamogordo and Nagasaki's bomb “Fat Man” were based on implosion.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Implosion is usually carried out using different “explosive lenses” with two explosives.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The implosion bomb, when done correctly, is stronger than a cannon-type bomb because the density of the fissionable substance in it increases higher than in the cannon type.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

A poorly made implosion bomb is low power, its power can be from a few tons to one kiloton.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The base material of a plutonium bomb is toxic and chemically reactive and therefore difficult to process.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Gallium is usually added to plutonium to preserve it in the appropriate allotropic form of the metal, the delta phase, and it is iced with a suitable substance, for example gold, to prevent gallium from reacting with the environment.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Self-occurring, or spontaneous decay, of plutonium-240 heats up plutonium.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Warming can be a problem for someone building a bomb if the heat isn't piped away.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Implosion bombs have two layers between the hollow plutonium sphere: an aluminium, beryllium or aluminium beryllium alloy layer inside, and a natural uranium layer.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The inner layer is low-density, the outer is high-density.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The inner reflects the shock wave back and reduces the subsequent drop in pressure, the outer holding the bomb together as the chain reaction begins.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This is how the power of the bomb grows.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The explosive layer consists of explosive lenses joined together in a football-like fashion: for example, 20 hexagons, 12 pentagons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The lens has a slow explosive cone pointing outward, and an inward-pointing high-speed explosive conical burrow that fits the slow explosive seamlessly.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

There may be two layers of lenses on top of each other.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Ignition occurs, for example, with a strong current on an explosive wire.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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As lighters, crytrons are used, which are able to engage a 4000 volt strong-current pulse in a few billionths of a second.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The high strength aluminium alloy duralumin (dural) has been identified as the best bomb shell material.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The structure of a spherical plutonium bomb (Fat Man as an example) is as follows: neutron source, for example beryllium/polonium 1 cm, 7 g hollow plutonium sphere 4.5 cm, 6.2 kg neutron reflector: aluminum and boron 11.5 cm, 120 kg booster: natural uranium 23 cm, 120 g thick layer of explosives with lighters 65 cm, 2500 kg.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The atomic bomb has also been implemented by changing the shape of an oval plutonium body with an explosive to a spherical one.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Plutonium is here inside a cylindrical explosive body.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This solution is comparatively rare.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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When an atomic bomb explodes, only a small fraction of the amount equivalent to critical mass releases energy when it splits.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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For Fat Man, this was only 1.4% and 20% for the best bombs.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Since it is difficult to keep a large amount of fissionable matter in a small volume, the practical limit for an atomic bomb to explosive power is a few hundred kilotons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Other types of explosives Fusion bombs Fusion bombs gain their explosive energy from the fusion of topping substances (hydrogen or helium) into heavier substances, releasing a large amount of energy.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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These bombs are usually referred to as hydrogen bombs or thermonuclear bombs.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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In practice, in the context of a fusion bomb, a fission bomb is also always needed, which generates the high temperature required for fusion.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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A fusion bomb is significantly more efficient than a fission bomb in terms of explosive power.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The action of the fusion bomb on the left side is the fission phase, on the right the fusion phase.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The hollow fissionable material rod at the center of the fusion phase is a so-called spark plug.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The idea is that the explosion caused by a fission bomb creates a sufficiently high pressure and heat, that is, suitable conditions for an undisturbed fusion reaction.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Accelerated Fission Bomb Accelerated fission bombs rely on placing a small amount of fusing matter in the center of the fission bomb, from which the emitting neutron radiation causes additional fission in the bomb's core, increasing the explosive capacity by about twice.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The fusion itself only produces an increase in explosive power by a negligible small amount.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Cobalt Bomb The shells of cobalt bombs are made of cobalt, which when detonated becomes radioactive.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The purpose is to make bomb fallout more toxic, and to pollute the environment for longer.


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Let's talk about “salted bombs”.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

To get the effect for runs of different lengths, zinc has also been used in the shell, among other things.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

If a cobalt bomb were to be detonated high in the atmosphere, the cobalt would become small particles and contaminate the Earth very widely as the particles spread along with the winds.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The radioactive isotope cobalt-60 of cobalt has a half-life of 5.27 years.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Neutron bomb The neutron bomb allows neutrons released in fission to escape from the bomb, greatly increasing the radiation effect.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This directs the bomb's destructive effect even more clearly towards living creatures, with structures surviving with lesser destruction.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

“Dirty bombs” Dirty bombs, or radiological weapons, are weapons in which a conventional explosion spreads radioactive material into the environment.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The effect is the same as that of radioactive fallout from a nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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So it's not an actual nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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A dirty bomb is well suited as a terrorist's weapon, as radiation even in small quantities increases the terror effect of the bomb.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Basically, a dirty bomb can contaminate some area uninhabitable for tens of years and increase the risk of cancer over a wider area.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Meaning of a nuclear weapon A nuclear weapon has been the only weapon to date that has not been used after being held by at least two countries.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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At one time, explosives more powerful than infantry bow, machine gun and gunpowder were considered weapons that would either contribute to the end of warfare or whose use between “civilized” countries would be reprehensible.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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In Japan, owning guns based on gunpowder was banned in the 17th century under the threat of capital punishment.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The rationale behind the US desire to limit weapons of mass destruction has been suggested that it limits US access to action in the world.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Further, Mao Zedong is reported to have said that with 10 nuclear weapons, China would achieve immunity.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The phenomenon is also evident in U.S.-North Korea relations.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Different Countries' Nuclear Weapons Programs Nuclear weapons have at least the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan and North Korea.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Furthermore, Israel pretty certainly has a nuke.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Due to military alliances, including NATO, nuclear weapons have also been deployed in other countries.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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As a result of the Manhattan Project, Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuked in the summer of 1945.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The Soviet Union obtained its first nuclear weapon likely by spying on the US weapons program.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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[5] Great Britain was involved in the Manhattan program along with Canada.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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France probably started its nuclear weapons program in 1956.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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As recently as the 1930s, Germany had been a pioneer in nuclear research, but during World War II it was overtaken by the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Even in China, nuclear weapons research began as early as 1953, and the decision to acquire nuclear armament was made in 1955 or 1956.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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In the 1950s, socialist China and the Soviet Union began close cooperation on nuclear technology, among other things, as a result of secret agreements.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The Soviet Union even promised to supply China with a model piece of a nuclear weapon, as well as assistance in building a nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

As spacing between the countries cooled, China was not supplied with a nuclear weapon and in 1960 the Soviet Union withdrew its advisers.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

China first experimented with a nuclear weapon on October 16, 1964.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Since the 1960s, Israel has very likely owned a nuclear weapon, but its authorities have made only vague statements about this.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Israel has been holding back and hindering Iraq's likely nuclear weapons program since the 1981 destruction of Al-Tuwaitha's Osirak nuclear reactor by the Israeli Air Force.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Iraq's nuclear weapons program began in 1971, despite the country's accession to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1969.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Iraq was presumed to have been a few years or months away from completing a nuclear weapon in the Gulf War of 1991.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

India's nuclear weapon speaks to developing countries' ability to build their own nuclear weapon based on public records, but also the great difficulties of designing and building nuclear weapons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Estimates of the size of India's nuclear arsenal vary considerably.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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India probably has some real capacity to strike China and Pakistan with nuclear weapons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Estimates of bomb numbers range from ten to a few dozen.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Pakistan is known to have long sought a nuclear weapon and had been on a long programme as far back as the 1980s.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1965.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Pakistan began developing a nuclear weapon in 1972 as a counter-appeal to the Indian threat.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The country is estimated to have at least two dozen if not several dozen nuclear bombs.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Even now, somewhat unexpectedly in a departure from earlier strict policy, the United States has recognised India as a responsible nuclear weapons state.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

North Korea has announced its nuclear weapons program and claimed to have a nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Previous innuendos have been claimed to have been pure rhetoric.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

North Korea has a small Yongbyon reactor that produces plutonium.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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A second reactor is under construction at Yongbyon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The country is suspected of sourcing uranium enrichment technology from Pakistan.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Iran has rebuilt the Bushehr nuclear power plant with Russian help since 1995.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Iran has built facilities that it can use to enrich uranium.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The country also has several nuclear research facilities.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The United States claims Iran is developing a nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

South Africa developed a fairly primitive cannon type uranium-based nuclear bomb.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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South Africa has large reserves of uranium, which has been known for a long time.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The bomb production programme lasted for twenty years and the country had a few bombs that have now been defused.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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Nuclear proliferation The NPT officially prevents nuclear proliferation.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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The agreement is monitored by the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

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A lot of countries that don't sign the treaty have gotten themselves a nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

There are countries that have sought a nuclear weapon despite the NPT.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

It's easier to build a less high-end nuclear weapon than what the US people developed in the Manhattan Project.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

It takes an industrialized country ten to fifteen years to make a nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Time may be shorter if the nuclear fuel cycle is suitable for bomb-making.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Japan is considered a country that could easily manufacture a nuclear weapon if they wanted to.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

A developing country needs technology to make a nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Attempts to buy nuclear technology suitable for uranium enrichment or plutonium reprocessing can tell about the search for a nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Certain types of reactors are better suited to bomb production than others.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

A working research reactor might tell you about the development of a nuclear weapon.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

A civilian utility reactor can be used to produce material capable of nuclear weapons, and at least Pakistan, India, Iran and North Korea are suspected to have already done so.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Fission bombs can also be destroyed by diluting them to fit nuclear fuel and “burn” them in a nuclear power plant.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Major powers and international organisations often monitor the actions of countries suspected of developing nuclear weapons, for example Iran.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Nuclear tests conducted by someone on Earth's surface or in the atmosphere can be detected, for example, by US Vela satellites, which detect flashes of light and gamma rays.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

A surprising earthquake in an area where they don't normally occur could be linked to an underground nuclear test.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Also, radiation can sometimes leak out from an underground nuclear test, which can be measured by spies on the ground.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Earthquakes caused by underground nuclear tests can be dampened or eliminated by conducting a nuclear test in a hollow space etched with oil in a salt dome.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Clean salt deposits suitable for the purpose are rare.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Use of Nuclear Weapons Nuclear weapons have only been used in combat on two occasions, in Nagasaki and Hiroshima, but they have often also been intended to be used in other crises and wars.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

During the Korean War, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, the US commander of UN forces, suggested in a letter to Congressman Martin that nuclear weapons be used against North Korean and Chinese volunteers.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

[6] The explosive forces of nuclear bombs are measured in terms of the corresponding trotyl quantity.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Trotyl (TNT, Trinitrotoluene) is a common explosive in military use.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

An explosion of twenty kilotons (kt) therefore releases as much energy as detonating twenty thousand trotyl tons.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The force of special large conventional bombs is only about 0.044 kt, or 44 t. The force of large hydrogen bombs is measured in millions of trotyl tons, or megatons (Mt).


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Strategic nuclear weapons are used in a complementary system, or “triad”.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Nuclear warheads can be placed on bomber, intercontinental and SLBM missiles.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

[7] The bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki were both dropped from B-29 Superfortress bombers.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The first bomb was dropped from a plane called Enola Gay on 6 August 1945, piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The bomb was dropped from an altitude of 31,000 ft (9450 m) and the bomb exploded at 8:15am (JST) after falling freely to an altitude of 1800 ft (550 m).


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The bomb's power was equivalent to about 13 kilotons of TNT, quite modestly by modern yardsticks, but it immediately killed about 75,000 people.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This Little Boy bomb had a weight of 4000 kg and used the uranium-235 isotope.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

A similar bomb had never been tested before.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The Fat Man bomb detonated over Nagasaki on 9 August 1945 was completely different, it used plutonium as the fissioning agent.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

This type of bomb had already been detonated once on July 16 at the Trinity test site in New Mexico.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The bomb weighed 4545 kg and was dropped from a B-29 aircraft called Bockscar, piloted by Major Charles Sweeney.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

The bomb had a power of about 20 kt and the blast height the same as Little Boy's, or 550 m. Due to Nagasaki's hilly terrain, the impact of destruction was reduced, but the bomb still killed 73900 people.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Backers of the use of bombs believe lives were saved rather, as more people would likely have been killed in conventional bombings and the US invasion.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

[8] [9] Japan was determined to fight to the end, but after the emperor's stated search for a diplomatic solution and the Allies relaxed the demand for unconditional surrender to the form that the Emperor could remain on his throne, decided the Japanese not to respond to the Potsdam Declaration and waiting for the results of discussions conducted through the Soviets.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Japan's lack of response was interpreted by the Allied leadership as saying Japan had rejected the terms of the declaration.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

[10] The effects of bombs are still visible People around the world remember the victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki each year.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

After the US dropped atomic bombs in 1945, 200,000 civilians were killed on Japan.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

It is still believed that even decades after the bombings, thousands of people contracted cancer or were born with disabilities.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

[11] In a long-term follow-up study, radiation from bombs was calculated to have been the cause of approximately 1,000 cases of cancer.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

No difference was observed in morbidity between the offspring of parents exposed to radiation and spared from it.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

[12] See also Weapon of Mass Destruction Balance of Horror Luigi Romersa Effects of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons accident Nuclear terrorism Nuclear disarmament Nuclear weapons programs in different countries Peaceful use of nuclear explosive Nuclear war Sources Gerard J. DeGroot: “The Bomb — A Life” Eddy Bauer: World War II, Part 6.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

WSOY 1977 Scott C. Zeman & Michael A. Amundson (eds.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

): “Atomic Culture” Richard Rhodes: “The Making of the Atomic Bomb” Spencer R. Weart: “Nuclear Fear” Joyce A. Evans: “Celluloid Mushroom” Gordon Thomas: Enola Gay — Bomber Over Hiroshima The Manhattan Project: Book of Selected Pieces, “Moments of Solution — One Hundred events that changed the world” Toby Archer: "Nuclear weapons and terrorism threaten US hegemony” Helsingin Sanomat 27.7.2005 p. A 4 Kari Salminen: “In the shadow of the mushroom cloud” Ilta-Sanomat Plu 30.7.2005 p. 6 Tauno Kuosa: World Events of Our Own Time 1:1945-1953, WSOY 1962 References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Green, Robert| title = Towards a nuclear-free world| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like: Finnish peacedefenders | year = 1999| version = (Fast track to zero nuclear weapons, 1998.)


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Translated by Lassi Salvi| id=ISBN 951-578-689-4}} On topic elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the first nuclear bomb built?

Nuclear weapon

Nuclear Weapons Area of Effect Calculators * Category:Explosions Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjag Guard or Varangi Guard () was a personal bodyguard of Byzantine emperors consisting of varjags, or Vikings.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Guard had its origins under Emperor Basileios II (reigned 976—1025) when Vladimir the Great, Prince of Kiev, sent 6000 men to Basileios for assistance in his battle against the rebellion leader Bardas Foka.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags had fought in Byzantine forces before, but in 988 they were first formed into an elite unit, going with the emperor.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags participated in all of Basileios's war expeditions against the rebels, Arabs and Bulgars.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Men of the Guard soon gained a reputation as brave and relentlessly loyal soldiers.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Guard initially consisted solely of ruses, or varjags, but soon other Scandinavians such as Norwegians, Swedes and Icelanders joined the unit.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

After the Normans overran England in 1066, many Anglo-Saxons travelled to Constantinople and joined the Shadow Guard.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[1] The Guards were known for their heavy consumption of alcohol [2] and long-stemmed war axes [3] and were referred to in Byzantine chronicles as “axe-carrying warriors”.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[1] The Guard participated in several wars during its existence.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags are still mentioned in the early 15th century, but they no longer played an important role in Byzantine warfare.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

It is possible that the remains of the Guard took part in the Siege of Constantinople in 1453, when the Ottoman took over the city.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[4] History Background Norse, Danish and Swedish Vikings founded their own state, Kievan Rusj, on the territory of present-day Western Russia and Ukraine at the end of the 8th century.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

There were also many Hämäläs, Karelians and Estonians.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Viewed from the direction of the East, they all represented the same Scandinavian culture.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Many Vikings travelled to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, at that time the largest city in Europe and the terminus or junction of many trade routes.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

These men were called bows according to their state, but Slavic and Byzantine sources called them varjags.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The etymology of the word has been the subject of debate, but according to the generally accepted theory, it comes from the word vàr (plural vàrar), meaning an oath of trust or allegiance: the varjags were therefore a group of men who had taken an oath of fellowship and loyalty.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[5] The Russ did trade with Byzantium, but also made many unsuccessful attacks against the Byzantines in 860—1043.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[5] Since the time of Byzantine Emperor Michael III, Scandinavians and bows served in the emperor's entourage and from the beginning of the 9th century also as mercenaries.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Since the 960s, many Scandinavians, Karelians, Balts and bows served in the Byzantine army.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[6] A decisive change occurred in 988, when Vladimir the Great, Prince of Rusj of Kievan, sent 6000 Varjags to Byzantine Emperor Basileios for assistance in his battle against the rebellion leader Bardas Foka.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The troops arrived in the winter of 987—988 and were then formed, probably for the first time, into a permanent mercenary unit to succeed the emperor.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Vladimir had wanted to get rid of these men because they had been unhappy over unpaid wages.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In Khrysopolis, the Varjags surprised the rebels who were celebrating, killed many of them and drove the rest to escape.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In April 989, the Varjags helped Basileio defeat Fokas's subordinate Delphinas at Skutar, and on 13 April 989 Fokas was beaten at the Battle of Abydos and killed.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Vladimir converted to Christianity and took the Byzantine princess Anna as his wife.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[6] The Rusis took part in Basileios's war expedition in Syria in 994 and took part in a decisive battle near Antioch.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In 999, Basileios took over the city of Emesa.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Historian Yahya ibn Said reports that the inhabitants fled to one monastery, whereupon the Rusis set it ablaze and forced them to surrender.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In the early 10th century, about 6000 Rusis accompanied Basileio on a war expedition to Georgia and Armenia.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[6] The 10th century Vladimir's assistance to Basileios led to a significant change in the Imperial Guard.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

From the surviving roses, the Imperial Bodyguard Guard was formed, the Shadow Guard, which accompanied the Emperor into battle and whose appearance on the battlefield informed the Emperor's presence.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Basileos needed reliable and loyal soldiers who were not only disciplined and skilled but also absent from the intrigues of the court.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags accompanied Basileio to all his war expeditions and formed the core force of the army.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[6] In 1001—1018, Basileios occupied territories controlled by the Bulgarian tsar Samuil in Greece and Macedonia.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Written sources and archaeological evidence indicate that the Guard had accompanied Basileios.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The war expedition culminated in 1014 with the Battle of Kleidion, in which Basileios defeated the Bulgarian army.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

After Basileios had captured Ohrid, the Bulgarian capital, in 1018, one third of the prisoners were given to the Varjags, indicating their importance.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

A detachment of the bows participated in 1018 in the Battle of Cannae against the rebellious noble Melo, who opposed Byzantine domination.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In 1021, the Rusis fought with Basileios in Georgia, where they became renowned for their cruelty in destroying the countryside.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[6] After Basileios died, his followers continued to maintain the shadow guard, and in 1032 some of the Varjags fought with the warlord Georgios Maniakes against Edessa.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In 1040, a detachment of the Shadow Guard, consisting of Ruses and Scandinavians, fought under Maniakes in Sicily.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The division commander was Harald Sigurdsson, who later became King Harald Ankara of Norway.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

His troops did well on the battlefield, and in 1041 Emperor Michael IV sent him against the rebellion leader Deliano to Bulgaria.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In 1054, the Varjags defeated the Seljuk army in Armenia, killed their commander and freed many prisoners.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[7] The Varjags participated in the war expeditions of Isaak I Komnenos and Romanos IV Diogene.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

They also fought at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, when the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan defeated a Byzantine army.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In the civil war following his defeat, many embittered Varjags served in the forces of the usurpator Nikeforos Bryennios, but was defeated by the warlord Alexios Komnenos sent by Emperor Nikeforos III Botaniates.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Under emperors Michael VII (reigned 1071—1078) and Nikeforos III (reigned 1078—1081), the Varjags served as elite forces in the small Byzantine army.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Varjageja also participated in the revolt of Basilakios in 1079.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[7] In 1081, Alexios I Komnenos, who rose to become emperor, halted the decline of the Byzantine Empire.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Byzantine army was revived and the Varjag Guard became its core.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Under Alexios, the Shadow Guard was also joined by Anglo-Saxons, and they took part in the Battle of Dyrrhakhion against the Normans in 1081.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags suffered a stinging defeat in battle.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Most of the Guard, led by their commander Nambites, participated in the war expedition against the Petsenegs of Alexios in 1087.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

However, the army suffered a defeat at Drastar (present-day Silistra in Bulgaria).


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjag Guard may also have suffered major losses in battle, as the Varjags are no longer mentioned in Anna Komnena's Alexia and the Guard probably had to be re-formed in the years following the defeat.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

However, the Varjags participated in war expeditions against the Serbs and Turks.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[7] In 1097, Alexios and the Shadow Guard were present in Nicaea when the Crusaders recaptured the city from the Sultanate of Rûm.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[8] 12th century In 1118—1122, English soldiers of the Shadow Guard accompanied Emperor John II of Komneno on a war expedition against the Turks and Petsenegs.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In 1122, John defeated an army of Petsenegs at Eski Zagra in the Balkans.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

When John's army was unable to breach the defensive circle formed from the Petsenegs' wagons, he sent the Varjags against them.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Although the Varjags were said to have been clearly underpowered, they broke through the wagons and defeated the Petsenegs.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags probably also fought at the Siege of Antioch in 1137.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[8] Under Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos in 1149, varjags were sent to defend Thebes against the army of King Roger II of Sicily.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags were also involved in recapturing the city.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In 1155—1156, the Varjags defended Cyprus against Raynald de Chatillon, ruler of the Principality of Antioch.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

After initial success, Raynald was defeated and the Varjags brought him before the emperor.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Shortly after this, the Varjags followed Manuel to Antioch.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In 1176, the Varjags were present when the Byzantine army suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Myriokefalon, in which most of Manuel's Varjags were killed.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Some Englishmen who served in the Shadow Guard returned home after the battle.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[8] 13th century During the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders and Venetians occupied and plundered Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

There were 6000 Varjags defending the city, who surrendered when Emperor Alexios V had fled.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Crusaders pillaged the city for three days and formed the Latin Empire, which ruled Constantinople for nearly 60 years.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Byzantine Empire continued its existence as the Empire of Nicaea, the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Trapezunt.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Some evidence suggests that the Varjags served in the kingdoms of Nicaea and Epirus.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The reputation of the Varjags was so great that even the ruler of the Latin Empire had his own personal Varjag Guard.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[8] Michael VIII Palaiologos recaptured Constantinople in 1261 and revived the Byzantine Empire.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags again served as the main Palace Guard unit, but they no longer enjoyed the same esteem as they had previously.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags are mentioned as having participated in the Battle of Makgryplag in 1264.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[8] The following year, the Tsar of the Bulgars laid siege to the city of Ainos in the Balkans by a Byzantine army


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Bulgars offered the Byzantines freedom in exchange for the imprisoned former ruler of the Sultanate of Rûm.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags of the Byzantine army accepted the offer, but reinforcements from the Byzantines arrived the next day to relieve the besieged army.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Emperor Michael VIII was furious and issued a pie to the Varjags, after which he dressed them in women's clothes and made them ride on donkeys in the streets of Constantinople.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Despite this, Michael used varjags frequently during his war expeditions in Asia Minor and the Balkans.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[9] 13th and 15th centuries The Varjag Guard was used in the 14th century mainly for ceremonial and guard duties, and are mentioned on several occasions as bodyguards as well.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The Varjags served as the Palace Guard and no longer performed important military duties.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

However, there is evidence that English mercenaries and descendants of the Varjags, the Varangopoulos, fought in the last years of the Byzantine Empire as before alongside the emperors.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The last mentions of the Varjag Guard are from the beginning of the 15th century.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[10] Byzantine Emperor John VII Palaiologos explains in a letter he sent in 1402 to King Henry IV of England that some English soldiers fought in the service of the Byzantines against the Ottoman forces.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

“English axe-carrying soldiers” is still mentioned in 1404, when the Byzantines sent envoys to Rome.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[9] The Varjags are not mentioned during battles against the Ottoman in the 15th century, [1] but it is possible that the Guard survived until the end of the Byzantine Empire until 1453.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

It has also been suggested that the duties of the Guard passed in the 15th century to the Cretan Guard, which is mentioned in 1422.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[4] The ethnic composition of the Varjag Guards was originally only the bows, but soon other Scandinavians, such as Norwegians, Icelanders and Swedes, joined the force.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

They were followed in the second half of the 10th century by the Danes and the English.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Most of the 6000 men sent by Vladimir to Basileios probably spoke Ancient Norwegian, as they had been recruited from Norway and Sweden to help raise Vladimir to the throne.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[9] Serving in the Shadow Guard became a lineage for Scandinavians, [9] and princes and sons of chiefs joined the Guard.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Many men wanted to serve in the Guard attracted by enrichment.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

The most famous member of the Shadow Guard was probably Harald Ankara, who became King of Norway.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

He arrived in Constantinople in 1035 and served until 1044.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

He commanded a detachment of the Guard in Sicily under the warlord Georgios Maniakes, and later in Asia Minor.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[9] After 1070, Anglo-Saxons also joined the Shadow Guard.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

There is no consensus on the time and extent of English entry into service, but Anglo-Saxons are known to have been in the Guard at the end of the 10th century.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

After William the Conqueror conquered England in 1066, many Anglo-Saxons travelled to Constantinople to join the Shadow Guard.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

In the 12th century, many Englishmen were recruited into the Guard, but that did not stop Scandinavians from joining as well.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[9] However, most of the Guards men in the 12th and 13th centuries were English and Scots.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

[11] See also Praetorian Guard Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raffaele D'Amato| title= The Varangian Guard 988-1453| publisher = Osprey Publishing| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-1-84908-179-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En} only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does the shadow guard mean?

The Shadow Guard

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| accessdate = 14.4.2011}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Military history of the Byzantine Empire


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Pea (Pisum sativum) is an ancient crop plant belonging to the pea plant family.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

It is cultivated for both human consumption and forage.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Seeds are usually used for food, but the pods of some varieties are edible.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Pea groats are made from peeled, dried peas.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[1] Pea groats contain 21 per cent protein.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

It can be added in a really diverse way after just half an hour of soaking in various dishes.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[2] A variety of peas There are many variants of peas, which are firmly divided into two main groups, orchard peas (P. sativum var.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

sativum) and field peas (P. sativum var.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

arvense) [3].


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

The flowers of the field pea are red-mottled and small, the seeds are brownish or grey when inflamed.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

The flowers of the orchard pea are white, the seeds green or yellow.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Today, however, these old appellations no longer fully correspond to the form of use, as, for example, Finland is grown almost exclusively as a horticultural and arable crop. [4].


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

There are still many types of orchard peas, including mud pea, cilia kernel pea, folding pea, and sugar pea.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[5] Pea soup is made from mud pea, among other things, while cilia kernel peas are mostly used non-fire and are cultivated in abundance for frozen peas.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Folding pea and sugar pea differ from other peas in that there is no chewy membrane on the inner surface of their fire, which is why their pods are edible too.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[4] Many pea varieties differ markedly even in terms of their leaves.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

The most original is a leaf with two stipules at the base, then pairs of leaflets and tips at the tip, which allow the plant to take support from somewhere.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

However, many cultivars, which are said to be semi-leafless, have their foliage turned into proboscis, and on some, leafless varieties, the stipules have atrophied as well.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

The flies have leafy green, so they are able to communicate.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[4] Although pea flowers are quite spectacular, few insects can pollinate them, and the pea is an almost entirely self-pollinating plant.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

For this reason, its distinctly divergent types are quite persistent.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Many visible properties of peas are due to only one gene, thanks to which Gregor Mendelin managed to find out the basics of heredity already in the 19th century through his experiments with peas.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[4] Main Production Areas Pea is predominantly cultivated in the subtropical and temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

The main producing countries of dry peas are France, Ukraine, Russia, China and Canada, green peas are grown especially in the United States and widely in Europe.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

In Finland, pea is grown mainly on the southwestern side of the line Pori-Tampere-Kotka.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[4] Cultivation history Pea belongs to legumes along with beans.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

The plant originated in the Middle East, where pea has been eaten since reportedly 7500 BCE.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

However, it is difficult to deduce from the oldest finds whether it is a cultivated or wild pea.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[4] According to platinum, pea is less harmful than bull bean.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

The claim apparently stems from the fact that the pea contains fewer disruptors defending it from herbivores than the bull bean and thus its pre-treatment when prepared for food is shorter than that of a bull bean.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Archaeologists in excavations have found signs that the pea had been grown as early as the prehistoric period in Finland.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

In Finland, the brown-variegated pea was previously cultivated and eaten, which has since been called fodder pea (Pisum sativum var.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

arvense).


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Its flavour, compared to existing food peas, is quite acrid.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Pests and their control In pea cultivation, pests are of great harm and in Finnish conditions the larvae of the pea snake (Cydia nigricana) destroy a large part of the crop unless pesticides are used.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Other pea pests include pea cucumber (Kakothrips pisivorus), pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), and pea flies (Sitona).


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

In organic farming, ravages can be reduced by, for example, mixture farming and regional crop rotation.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[6] Nutritional values Peas are high in protein as well as vitamin B and C.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

In inflamed peas, most often there is more than 20% protein and 48-62% carbohydrate.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Green peas, which are used in non-fire form, usually have about 6-10% protein and carbohydrate often less than 10%.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

In addition, peas have a couple of percent fat.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[4] The following table compares the nutritional values of carrots, [7] peas, [8] orange, [9] bread [10] and strawberry.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

[11] Nutritional values per 100 gcarrot pea orange rye strawberry proteins0.6 g5.1 g0.6 g6.7 g0.5 grasVa0.2 g1 g0.3 g1.4 g0.2 gcarbohydrates5.6 g9.4 g40.7 g43.4 g8.4 Gb1 vitamin 0.07 mg0.35 mg?


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

? Vitamin B2-0.07 mg0.18 mg??


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

? vitamin C6.5 mg20 mg51 mg0 mg60 mg60 mg0.2 mg3,7 mg0,5 mg0,5 mg2.0 mg Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nieminen, Jere| title = Pea rocks: Pea Book| location = Helsinki| id publisher = Multicost| year = 2008| = ISBN 978-952-468- 164-3}} On topic elsewhere (in Swedish) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

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Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

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Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Do insects contain a lot of protein?

Pea