Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

houses were enlarged and statues pertaining to a fertility cult have been found in the period.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Around 5000-4000 BCE.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

appeared temples as a sign of budding civilization.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[7] According to historians, the Indo-Iranian peoples spread out into Kurdistan and Iran from the north, among others.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Kurds colonized the Kurdistan region no later than about 600 BCE.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[8] Can't say where and when the Kurds have entered the region.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Among other things, lulus, guts, [8] kass, urartas, ali khadls, sobars (in nayr land) and meeds have been considered as Kurdish ancestors.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[9] The northern land of the Sumerians influenced by the 3rd millennium Subaru, Su was inhabited by a people called Qurtie.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The Sumerians also mention a people called karda, qarda.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The Assyrians used the Kurdish names guti, kuti, kurti and kardu.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[10] According to some scholars, the Kurds would be the original inhabitants of the Zagros Mountains and around 800 to 700 BCE.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

a mixture of incoming Indo-Europeans.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[10] In the old days, the region was ruled by many major kingdoms, including the Mongols and Turks.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

During the Middle Ages, there were several small states in the Kurdistan region, some of which continued until the 19th century.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[1] The Ottoman people ruled most of Kurdistan until World War I.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

According to the Peace Treaty of Sèvres of 1920, the Kurdistan Autonomous Region should have been established in Turkey, but this was not implemented.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[1] The treaty was superseded in 1923 by the Lausanne Peace Treaty.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The northern part of Kurdistan continued to remain with Turkey, but the southern part came to belong to Syria and Iraq, which were ceded as mandate territories by the League of Nations to French and British control, but which later became independent.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The easternmost part of Kurdistan continued to remain in Persia, that is, present-day Iran.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Over the course of the 20th century, Kurds have many times rebelled in Turkey, Iraq and Iran.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

During World War II, the Kurds too, like many other nations, tried to establish their own state.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

On 22 January 1946, the First Kurdistan Republic was declared born and Kurdistan Democratic Party leader Qazi Mohammed was elected its president.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

This republic lasted about a year.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The establishment of the republic resurrected the Kurdish hope that their long struggle might end up in victory after all.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Towards the end of the year, the republic fell victim


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Kurdish resistance was not enough to stop the Iranian army marching into Mahabad.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The leaders of the republic were hanged in the central square of Mahabad.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[11] Since then, the Kurds have not had a state of their own.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Today Kurdistan is divided between Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria, but the Kurdish dream of independence lives on.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Disputes between religious groups, peoples and tribes have become intermingled.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Fragmented rebellions have often been quashed, exploiting Kurdish mutual suspicion.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan is an autonomous region in the north of the country.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

It consists of three governorates Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Duhok.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[12] It's a mountainous area.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The mountains average 2400 metres high, but the highest peaks soar to more than three kilometres.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[13] During the Kurdish Republic, dreams of a Kurdish state had spread from Iran to the Iraqi Kurds as well, creating resistance movements in Iraq as well.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The Iraqi Kurds have had a very poor position.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Kurds have often rebelled, which in turn has caused massive persecution and extensive repression against the people.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

On the other hand, armed disputes within the Kurds have pushed them to sometimes ally with the Iraqi government.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The Kurdish revolt of 1974 resulted from the Iraqi government's exclusion of important oil areas, including the Kirkuk region, from the future Kurdish Autonomous Region.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The United States and the Shah's Iran supported the revolt of Mustafa Barzani's Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), which however soon ended.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

This led to widespread Kurdish persecutions in the 1970s, involving the eradications of villages, forced displacement of the population and the Arabization of the Kurdish region.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

During the eight-year Iraq—Iran War (22 September 1980 — 20 August 1988), both governments encouraged Kurdish hopes of independence in the opposing region.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

However, for example, Jalal Talabani's Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (engl.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

acronym PUK) agreed disputes in 1983 with the Iraqi government.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

But in 1987 the PUK sided with Iran.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Iraq's counter-bet to this was the relentless al Anfal cleansing campaign that drove Kurds into refugees and controlled refugee camps.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

In the gas attack on the town of Halabdjan, or Halabd [z] an, 5000 people were killed at once.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

In 2007, Ali Hasan al-Majidi, known as Kemicali-Ali, Sultan Hashim Ahmad, former Iraqi defence minister Sultan Hashim Ahmad and former army commander Hussein Rashid al-Tikrit were sentenced to hangings by an Iraqi court in connection with the al-Anfal campaign, where by 1988 the Iraqi army was destroyed 4000 Kurdish villages, estimates say 180,000 people killed and 1.5 million deported.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[14] [15] [16] The Kurds in northern Iraq, despite adversity, already managed to establish self-rule under Saddam Hussein.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Iraqi Kurdistan has its own parliament, police department and, in practice, also its own army in the form of peshmerga militias.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Multi-party elections have been held in the region and the human rights record is clearly better than the rest of Iraq.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The ruling parties in Iraqi Kurdistan include the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (engl.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

acronym PUK) and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) led by Masud Barzani.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Since the US toppled Saddam Hussein's regime, Iraqi Kurdistan's position has been further strengthened.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The region has mostly escaped the violence in the rest of Iraq, and Kurdish representation in the new Iraqi administration is strong, among them former President Jalal Talabani (born 12 November 1933, d. 3 October 2017) was a Kurd.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[17] The Kurds have called for the expansion of the autonomous region to annex the province of Kirkuk, which has significant oil resources.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Iranian Kurdistan Iran is home to the second highest number of Kurds after Turkey.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

At the 2011 census, Kordestān Province had nearly 1.5 million inhabitants.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[18] There were widespread protests in Iranian Kurdistan in the summer of 2005 for Kurdish rights.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[19] Piranshahr and Mahabad form the Mukriyan district.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[20] Kurdish Workers' Party (), a fighting Kurdish party in Turkish Kurdistan Turkey, was founded in 1978.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

It began armed activities in 1984.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[21] Following Turkey's defeat, the winning states of World War I planned to establish the Kurdistan Autonomous Region, but this was not implemented.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

During and after the World War, Turkish Armenians were persecuted and Turkish Greeks moved in large numbers to Greece.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The Kurds survived persecution and have been the largest national minority in Turkey since these events.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[22] Since 1984 until these days, the PKK has been waging guerrilla warfare in southeastern Turkey (northeastern Kurdistan), to which the country's army and government have responded with heavy counter-strikes.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Thousands of villages have been eradicated and millions of people have been forced to flee their homes.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

More than 37,000 people have died in this conflict.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[21] PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was captured and sentenced to death in 1999.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The sentence was commuted to life after Turkey dropped the death sentence, and Öcalan still lives on Imral prison island near the town of Mudanya.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Öcalan is currently a mythical figure for many Kurds.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[23] The PKK has been classified as a terrorist organisation by the European Union and the United States.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[24] Despite Turkey's many attempts, the United Nations, China, Russia, India and Switzerland have refused to classify the PKK as a terrorist organization.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[25] [26] [27] In recent years, the Turkish state has allowed the teaching of various dialects of the Kurdish language in private educational institutions, as well as Kurdish-language radio and television programs.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Despite developments in Turkey, education in Kurdish language is prohibited, the study of Kurdish language is only allowed as a minor in some educational institutions.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[28] In Turkey's EU accession negotiations, the Kurdish issue has emerged as part of Turkey's human rights situation.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[29] Although the PKK has declared an end to warfare, violent strikes, arrests and human rights violations by the Turkish military have continued.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[30] According to some, the war was an inevitable consequence of a repressive atmosphere, killings and torture of detainees, and attempts to assimilate Kurds into the ruling population.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Others felt that war was an inevitable consequence of economic and social disparities between the regions, as well as terrorism.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Kurds are still not recognized by Turkey; according to the 66th article of the Turkish Constitution, Turkish citizens are Turkish.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Syrian Kurdistan Syrian Kurds are a smaller population group than the equivalent in Turkey.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

The number of Syrian Kurds is around 2 to 3.5 million, perhaps more.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

They live in northern Syria, their preferred towns include Kobane, Afrin, Qamishlo, Derik, Tirbe Sibi and Hasake.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Many don't even have country citizenship.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

In 2010, the Kurds clashed with security police and were accused of fraternizing with the PKK, which is classified as a terrorist organisation.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[31] During the Syrian Civil War of 2012, Syrian Kurds began preparing to claim their own autonomous region.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Their efforts were supported by Turkish Kurdish organizations under Masoud Barzani.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[32] Kurds have participated in the Syrian Civil War (26 January 2011—) by fighting the extremist organization ISIS ((IS),, ad-daula al-Islāmiyya, “Islamic State”).


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

[33] Sources on the topic elsewhere Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ali Ahmed, Mohammed| title= The legal status of the Kurds in the Middle East: The twenty-first century policies of Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq towards the Kurds| publisher = University of Exeter| year = 2010| version = dissertation| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why does Iraq have Kurdistan's own autonomous region?

Kurdistan

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [online version]}} — Photo Gallery * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural capitalism is a mindset in which capitalism is extended to take account of a broader whole than mere economic rationality.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

It adds capital produced by humans to the capital produced by nature, yielding four types of capital essential to the economy: human capital (labour, intelligence, culture, organisations), economic capital (money, investments, capital markets), capital produced ( infrastructure, machinery, tools, factories), as well as natural capital (natural resources, living systems and eco-system services).


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural-capitalist thinking, combining consideration of habitat and productive economic activity, emerged during the 1990s.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Its main aspects were summed up by Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and Hunter Lovins in their programmatic book Natural Capitalism published in 1999.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

According to Hawken and Lovins, the transition to a new industrial era in which companies combine saving raw materials and other resources with company productivity is not only profitable or advisable but inevitable.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Over the past fifty years, the world's annual carbon emissions have quadrupled.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

But within the next fifty years, the whole climate problem may become as dim a memory as the energy crisis of the 70s, because climate change is not an inevitable result of normal economic activity, but an artificial consequence of the implementation of the action of the irrational in an inefficient way (...) [J] os we use energy in a way that saves money (...) climate change turns into a problem we can't afford, which we don't need and which we can avoid while achieving huge savings for society.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Hawken & al.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

'Natural Capitalism' The main message of natural capitalism includes the idea that humanity can choose how to take natural capital into account.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

According to the authors of the book Natural Capitalism, we can do it in an economically expensive way or lucratively.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Several economists have come to the same conclusion: in 1997, eight Nobel Prize-winning economists expressed that, in their view, energy savings through markets can elevate Americans” living conditions and even bring additional benefits to the economy.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Under natural capitalism, the United States alone could save $300 billion a year from its energy bill by adopting current technology that delivers the same services at a lower cost.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Considering economic viability also involves considering how economic well-being is measured.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural capitalism criticizes the use of gross domestic product alone as a measure of the economy, as GDP is merely a measure of the movement of money from one hand to another, not what the economy produces and whether society benefits from production.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

GDP includes, among other things, crime costs, medical costs, maintenance of prisons, waste payments, environmental cleanup costs, oil emissions, divorces, shelters, etc.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The unusability of GDP as a measure of well-being is well evident from economist Robert Repetto's statement: “Under the current calculation method, a state can deplete its mineral resources, cut down its forests, destroy its soil, pollute its water sources and trap wildlife and fish stocks through extinction to the brink, but when measuring income, none of the previous ones are evident.. The end result is imaginary gains in income, but irreversible losses in wealth.” What is natural capitalism?


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Traditional capitalism has hitherto left natural capital scarce, but its importance to economic life is gradually becoming obvious: the operating environment is polluted, fish stocks are dwindling, the amount of potable water is dwindling and natural forests are disappearing.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

At the same time as raw material sources are reduced, the services provided by the Earth's eco-system, such as clean air and water production, rainfall, renewal of fertile soil, absorption of various wastes into the natural cycle, extreme natural phenomena leveling and keeping the atmosphere viable.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

According to the authors of the book Natural Capitalism, over the course of the 20th century, we have already consumed a third of our total natural resource start-up capital (e.g.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

a quarter of the cultivable topsoil and one-third of the forest area).


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural capitalism simply means taking into account that one of our most important capital is rapidly declining and its importance to the economy and the society built on it is considerable.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural capitalism tends to be apolitical.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

It's a way of thinking about the economy more broadly and rationally.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

However, it does not call into question what is produced in the economy.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Instead, natural capitalism draws attention to how, among other things, raw materials and energy can be saved at different stages of the production process and avoid pollution and excess waste.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural capitalism, therefore, does not in itself seek to reduce the production of goods in a market economy, but to make the system more efficient and make the system better.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural capitalism strategies Natural capitalism is based on four key strategies at practical level: radical elevation of resource productivity impersonation of nature service economy Investment in natural capital Resource productivity Resource productivity () means simply that we continue to increase the productivity of all resources — human labor, raw materials, energy, etc. — in the production of services and goods.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

According to the authors of the book Natural Capitalism, we may find it difficult to see how productivity could be significantly elevated from what is today.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

However, for example, over the last 250 years, productivity has increased so that today the labour input of one person produces two hundred times more than in the 18th century.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Yet even today we have very uneconomical technologies, such as internal combustion engine cars, which use only about 1% of the fuel's energy to drive the passenger itself, and the remaining 99% for an uneconomical engine and a car weighing a thousand kilograms for moving.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Admittedly, we do not need to consider the extent to which future developments will raise productivity, because already existing knowledge and understanding can greatly increase resource productivity.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In their book, Hawken and the Lovins provide a breathless number of practical examples of making resource use more efficient.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Their thesis is that in developed countries, 90-95% materials and energy can be saved without lowering the quantity or quality of services and products people want — and, moreover, with better economic profit.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Such results are achieved, among other things, by taking into account the impact of individual choices on the whole in planning and decision-making, rather than simply measuring the effectiveness of the individual components.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

For example, about 3/5 of the world's electricity consumption is used to spin various electric motors.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Most of the motors run as a variety of pumps, using most of the energy in the struggle against friction.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The authors give an example of how, in a plastics factory, a system of 14 pumps achieved energy savings of 92% compared to a conventional system by the following simple actions: increasing the diameter of the pipes (lower friction) piping was designed and was carried out before the placement of pumps (avoiding bends, pumping uphill, too long pipes, etc.)


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

thanks to the previous ones, significantly lower power pumps could be obtained.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In general, the diameter of the pipes is not dared to be increased because the price of purchasing bigger pipes is higher than the cost of energy saved in pumping.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

However, looking at the whole, it is found that the purchase price is immediately compensated because larger pipes needed smaller and cheaper pumps.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Moreover, building the system was faster, simpler, and more space-saving than the traditional model would have been.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The authors stress that we imagine we live in a world where factories and services have been designed and implemented efficiently.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

However, they say, the reality is different: the world is misguided by poor planning and the repetition of bad “perceived” habits that produce results that serve poor people and deplete natural resources.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Imitation of Nature Imitation of nature () means adopting naturally occurring principles of action.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

This means avoiding satisfactory or semi-weary solutions, among other things.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Nature always seeks to optimize the “constituents” in relation to the whole.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

closed rotations and attention to feedback.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The globe is a closed system in terms of raw material resources (uses the outputs of one part as raw material for another part).


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Without heeding feedback, the system is foolish: it doesn't see the impact of its actions on the terms of its own existence.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

the study and exploitation of biological models in production processes.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

For example, a spider is able to produce cobweb — a stronger material than Kevlar used in bullet vests — without the very high temperature and toxic chemicals needed to make Kevlar.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural methods can be used not only in industry but also in farming, where industrial methods have proved to be partly ineffective and pernicious.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

According to the authors of the book Natural Capitalism, for example, 20% more of the crop is lost to insect pests in the United States today than half a century ago, even though insecticide use has increased nearly 20-fold over the same period.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Organic designs can avoid the use of both insecticides and artificial fertilizers and achieve better efficiency: intensive organic farming can, for example, produce one vegetarian's entire nutrition (as well as the necessary compost material) of a few hundred square meters in the area, with about 90% lower water consumption and 60-80% less land needs than industrial farming.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

There is also, for example, a completely biological method for the treatment of sewage, with various bacteria, microorganisms, algae, etc.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

use waste for nutrition and is economically competitive compared to conventional wastewater treatment.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The service economy (service and flow) aims at a market system in which instead of selling durable goods, a service provided by a commodity is sold instead of selling durable goods.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Fewer people want to own a laundry machine: people just want to get their clothes clean.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

According to the service principle, companies provide the service the customer wants by making their equipment available to the customer for remuneration.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In addition to washing machines, the idea can be applied to all consumables, including computers, cars, videos, refrigerators and heating.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The company that produces the service is responsible for its equipment as a whole, so it has high motivation to design the equipment to be durable, easy to maintain and recyclable.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The service economy differs a lot from just a leasing procedure, where the customer ultimately pays more for the product than by purchasing it and the used product gets dumped nonetheless.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

It would be more of a situation where we are constantly buying the same level of service.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The provider of the service is obliged to maintain and renew its equipment and ultimately take care of the recycling of the equipment.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In a traditional economy, industry benefits from having a fairly short lifecycle of products (for example, a car that would last 50 years in good condition would probably be a completely unprofitable idea for the manufacturer).


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In the service economy, in turn, it is the manufacturer's advantage that the product remains usable for as long as possible.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The idea is that when the services are traded, both the customer and the service provider benefit from resource productivity, rather than the seller benefiting depending on the more expensive product he gets sold — no matter what its use or decommissioning costs.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Although the services-based economy seems like a cataclysmic idea, it was originally developed by Walter Stahel, a Swiss industrial analyst, and Michael Braungart, a German chemist, back in the early 1980s.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Investment in natural capital As natural capital becomes decayed by the eco-system services: clean water, cultivable land, fish stocks, etc.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Changes in the climate cause extreme weather events with significant economic impact (according to the authors of the book Natural Capitalism, for example, in 1998 there was a worldwide devastation worth around 90 billion).


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

At the same time, the population of the planet is growing and, consequently, the need for the services that people need.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In addition, environmental destruction and dwindling resources threaten to cause large-scale international crises, including interstate conflicts and uncontrolled migration flows, with their own consequences for the international and national economy.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The conclusion of natural capitalism is that if we want to maintain or improve our ability to meet people's needs while stabilising the economy internationally, investing in natural capital is essential.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

It means actions that revitalize, maintain and increase natural resources, rather than the economic system simply making “withdrawals” from capital and returning withdrawals as waste to landfills, waterways or the atmosphere.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural Capitalism in Practice Whether natural capitalism can be adopted in practice as a guideline for economic life or as a model for society as a whole.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Next, we look at two examples in the book: first corporate life and then society.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Natural Capitalist Enterprise At the time of writing this, there is not a single industrial enterprise to be found on the whole planet whose operations are sustainable in the sense that it would achieve its current needs, without to some extent reducing the ability of future generations to fulfil their own needs.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

When the Earth runs out of limited non-renewable raw materials or the eco-system collapses, our descendants are left empty-handed.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

But perhaps we can just and precisely prevent this from happening.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

At Interface, we have embarked on a journey to become the world's first company on a sustainable basis and then we want to continue and become the first company to rebuild nature.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

We know very well what it takes of us.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

It's an unimaginable effort — like climbing a mountain higher than Everest.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

It means developing the technologies of the future — gentler, gentler methods that mimic nature.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

I think that's where we'll find a model.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Ray Anderson, president of Interface, in his message to customers and employees, Interface, a billionaire company, is the second-largest U.S. producer of flooring textiles — primarily petroleum-based vinyl flooring —.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

About two billion kilograms of vinyl flooring manufactured by the company are already lying in landfills, which will take about twenty thousand years to decompose.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The carpet industry is largely based on the use of non-renewable raw materials: the production of an oil-based carpet requires two kilograms of fossil fuels per kilogram of carpet and the same amount for transport to and from the user to landfill.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Ray Anderson, the president of the company, had been piloting the company for twenty years without thinking about the environmental impact of the company's operations.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In 1994, the company's research department set about clarifying the company's position on environmental protection and asked its President for an environmental vision.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Giving birth to the vision felt laborious: Andersson says he had no idea what sustainable development could mean in practice.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Then someone sent him, by chance, Paul Hawken's book The Ecology of Commerce and later Daniel Quinn's book Ishmael.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

According to Anderson, reading the two books was something of a wake-up call for him, which allowed him to set out to develop a line for his company that runs towards environmentally sustainable action.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Andersson continues the company's goal as follows: We look forward to the day when our factories do not have chimneys and no longer produce emissions.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

If we succeed, we will spend the rest of our lives collecting carpets from previous years, recycling old material and turning sunlight into electricity.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

There is no longer any waste to landfills and no more emissions into the eco-system.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

It literally becomes a company that grows by cleaning the world not polluting or damaging it.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In the four years since the introduction of the new strategy from 1994 to 1998, the company's revenues had doubled, the number of employees nearly doubled and profits tripled.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In practical measures, the company embarked on a shift from selling carpets to providing “floor covering services.”


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The company gives its rugs out for rent, takes care of their neatness and condition, and eventually swaps out worn carpets for new ones and recycles the old material.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

In addition, the company has developed a new flooring material that is, among other things, fully recyclable as its own raw material.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

New material (which requires 35% less raw material and is four times more durable than conventional ones), sensible maintenance measures (only worn parts are replaced), recycling and enhanced manufacturing methods (only the surface layer of the carpet is renewed in recycling) and the like measures have enabled Interface to increase the efficiency of 'office flooring plating' compared to the traditional vinyl flooring industry to 31-fold the material and energy used.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Curitiba's experiment in Curitiba, Brazil, has a population of about two million.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The city centre is enlivened into pedestrian streets and is surrounded by efficiently planned transport arrangements.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The most common means of transport are specially-designed long buses for public transport, carrying 20,000 passengers per hour on one bus line.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Buses consume 42% less fuel per seat kilometer than conventional buses.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The stops have been developed as special stations where the ride and exit of the car smoothly goes smoothly.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The system has been developed to be so efficient that it reduces the quantitative need for buses by 69% and is 100 times more affordable compared to the corresponding metro system.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

City dwellers have reduced the use of their cars thanks to well-functioning public transport so much that about 26 million litres of fuel is saved a year, the air in the city is cleaner than in other Brazilian cities and traffic jams do not become a problem.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Flooding caused by rivers in the city's territory has been brought under control by natural means: by building parks and natural “flood pools” in connection with the rivers, as well as restricting construction on the riverbank.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Townspeople get a tax exemption for their land, which is in green use.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

One sixth of the urban area is park, and two new ones must be planted in place of each tree felled under licence.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

For every resident, there is a total of more than 50 square metres of green space, four times more than the UN recommends.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The price of land near the parks has risen high, thus generating more tax revenue.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The economy is booming and is a strong factor in its market area.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The city's industry has been obliged to dispose of their solid waste on their own land, encouraging recycling and minimizing waste.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The city attracts international companies with the high quality of life it offers.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Health care, like other city services, is decentralized into small units that serve residents as close to their neighborhoods as possible — which is liable to save both travel costs and time.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Inclusive urban democracy is implemented pragmatically and cheaply through, among other things, votes in connection with the payment of property tax.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Within a few decades, the city has grown GDP per capita above the average Brazilian population by 65% and at the same time achieved an increase of up to two thirds in the income of the poorest — slum dwellers.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The city has evolved according to principles you might call constructive pragmatism.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Solutions are made according to what is simple, fast, fun and cheap.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Residents believe in their governance, for it acts quickly, transparently, honestly and credibly.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The administration is not afraid of risk-taking, and while it experiences backwards and failures, they will be received as good lessons.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

There are numerous programs going in the city to support and inspire residents for self-help, nature conservation, learning and more.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Statistics about Curitiba: 99% of residents would not like to live anywhere else, 95% of residents have literacy rate, 96% have primary vaccinations, 99.5% of households have water and electricity, 98% of waste collected, 83% or higher secondary school education 83% of residents, 3/4 of dwellings have residents' owned, life expectancy 72 years.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

The city has 20 theatres, 30 libraries, 74 museums and all that.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

See also Ecology Sustainable development Cradle to cradle Nature conservation Capitalism Natural value trade Green economy Ecosystem services Sources Hawken, Paul; Lovins, Amory; Lovins, L. Hunter (1999): Natural Capitalism.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Creating the Next Industrial Revolution.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

New York: Little, Brown and company.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

ISBN 978-0-316-35316-8.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Literature Soininvaara, Osmo: Green Market Economy (Get and Ice, 1990) On the topic elsewhere in the journal article on Natural Capitalism Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

- Natural Capitalism book website Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

- article in The Harvard Business Review Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

- Natural Capitalism Consultancy, Hunter Lovins' consulting company.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is natural capitalism?

Natural capitalism

Category:Economic Systems Class:Capitalism


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Operation Beowulf () was a German plan in World War II to conquer the islands of Saaremaa, Hiiumaa and Muhu in the West Estonian archipelago.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The operation was of the same type as Operation Albion carried out in World War I.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The operation was implemented on 8 September 1941 and successfully completed on 21 October 1941.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Background The sea-side flank of the German Northern Army Group was vulnerable to strikes.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The light and medium-heavy ships of the Soviet Navy were remarkably active, contrary to the assumptions made when planning Operation Barbarossa.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Thus, the islands of West Estonia, which they used as a support area, came to be overrun.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[1] On 10 September, troops of the German 217th Infantry Division captured Vorms after 24 hours of fighting against the two Red Army companies defending the island.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The divisional artillery was used to prevent traffic in the strait between Hiiumaa and Vormsi.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[2] On 27 August, Troops The German Navy moved the Baltic Training Division led by Rieve to Riga.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

In addition, the Navy Landing Force determined the necessary transport and support vessels to move the troops to the islands.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The land and naval joint plan for Operation Beowulf was completed on 13 September.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Under it, Pioneer General Walter Kuntze's XLII Army Corps would be in charge of the war effort and he assigned to the task Haenecke's 61st Infantry Division, which had been reinforced with artillery and pioneers.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Reinforcements included Infantry Regiment 389 of the 217th Infantry Division, Headquarters of Pioneer Regiment 680, Pioneer Battalions 660 and 217, Builder Battalion 100, 4th Company of Builder Battalion 683, Bridge Column B 658, and Plunge Boat Sections 904, 905 and 906.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

In addition to these, artillery detachment 114 and its Field Artillery Regiment 609 HQ, heavy motorised field artillery batteries 637 (210 mm bogeyers), 511 (150 mm cannons), 436 (100 mm cannons), 536 (SfH), IV battery/heavy horse-drawn field artillery regiment were assigned to the division's artillery support 217 (SfH), Block B 24 and I batteristo/111.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

anti-aircraft regiment.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The artillery corps was further reinforced by Ground Force shore batteries 509 (150 mm cannons), 512 (120 mm cannons), as well as one 100-millimeter Marine shore battery and its two Marine Corps companies.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[3] In support of the operation, the Air Force ordered Air Division B commanded by Major General von Wuenslisch, comprising Air Regiment 806 and () and I/Bombardment Air Regiment 77 (I./KG77) (Junkers Ju 88).


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

As of 21 September, reinforcements for the Flight Division included K. Gr 506 (Ju 88), II/Heavy Fighter Regiment 26 (II/ZG26, Messerschmitt Me 110), a squadron from a separate fighter aircraft regiment 54 (Erg JG 54, Messerschmitt Me 109E), three squadrons of Reconnaissance Air Regiment 125.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

In addition to flying parts, the air defences were strengthened by three divisions and three light batteries from the 10th Anti-Aircraft Regiment and 10.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

with an air surveillance regiment.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[1] [4] The naval division under Vice Admiral Schmundt included the light cruisers Leipzig, Emden and Cologne, in addition to the Baltic Training Division, and the 2nd Torpedo Boat, 1st Minesweeper, 11th Anti-Submarine, 2nd and 3rd Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The Finnish Navy attached another Ilmarinen and Väinämöinen, two icebreakers and the ships that protected them.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[1] As of the end of June, the Red Army had fortified islands on which trenches along the coast had been completed as well as new shore batteries.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The defenders commanded by Lieutenant General Yelisseyev included the 2nd Rifle Division, 3rd Rifle Brigade, and separate artillery and pioneer units.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The coastal batteries were armed with two 280 millimeter, eleven 180-millimeter, nineteen 130-millimeter, four 152-millimeter, ten 122-millimeter and four 105-millimeter guns.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[5] Operations Nordwind, Südwind, and Westwind as a diversion to the landings were organised by the fleet for three dummy landings — Nordwind, Südwind and Westwind, which led the Red Army troops who were on the island to believe the landings would take place on the sea-side coast.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

As the ships involved in the diversion returned to their home ports, the Finnish naval tank ship Ilmarinen sank after driving into mine 13.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

on Sept.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[6] Takeover of the islands Muhu Brandenburg Regiment Detachment Benesch made a glider landing near the Red Army's coastal stronghold in Kübas.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The naval detachment assigned to support the retaking of the fort returned to port due to strong shipping.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[2] Infantry Regiment 151 I Battalion went ashore on 14 September at four o'clock in a 180 crash boat to Muhu Kuivastuu.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The battalion was able to create a small bridgehead, but was subsequently forced to regroup in defence due to fierce resistance.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

At the same time came ashore Reconnaissance Battalion 161 in 90 crash-boats to Nommkula.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

During the day, the II Battalion of the regiment as well as the III Battalion of Infantry Regiment 162 came ashore, after which the bridgehead could be widened to six kilometres.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[6] Saaremaa More troops of the German 61st Infantry Division came ashore on 15 September, accompanied by an Estonian volunteer battalion.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The next morning, the troops crossed the strait between Muhu and Saaremaa, securing the bridgehead by 11 a.m.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

24 hours later, the main part of the island was held by the Germans and the Red Army retreated south to Sõrvenniemi where the troops regrouped in defence.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Kuressaare, the island's largest city, was recaptured by 20.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

on Sept.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[6] Infantry Regiment 162 began an attack on Sõrvenniemi on 22 September, advancing from each foothold, fighting the positions of those defending the promontory.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[6] The German Air Force and Navy supported the invasion.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

T2, T5, T7, T8 and T11 of the 2nd Torpedo Boat Squadron of the German Navy shelled Red Army positions on Saaremaa on 13 September-5.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

October together with the cruisers Emden and Leipzig [7].


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Abruku's coastal battery fired its last grenade as it repelled the ships' attack.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Two companies of Pioneer Battalion 660 destroyed the cannons with pile charges.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The Battle of Saaremaa ended on 5 October.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

4000 Soviet land and naval troops were captured from the cape.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[6] After the reorganization and rest of the Hiiumaa Corps, the attack was resumed a week later on Hiiumaa.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

At 05:30 on 12 October, troops from Infantry Regiment 176 and 161st Reconnaissance Battalion went ashore on Hiiumaa.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The Red Army troops on the island surrendered on 21 October.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

The Germans captured 3000 Red Army soldiers in Hiiumaa, collecting a generous spoils of war.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[8] Consequences As a result of the fighting, the Axis powers did not leave a powerful base occupied by the Red Army to interfere with supply transport.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

A total of 15338 Soviet soldiers were captured from the archipelago area.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

This allowed the German 18th Army to be moved to the front to continue the offensive towards Leningrad.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

[9] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haupt, Werner| title = Army Group North The Wehrmacht in Russia 1941-1945| location = Atglen, Pennsylvania, United States| publisher = Schiffer Military History| year = 1997| id = ISBN 0-7643-0182-9| language = Transclusion error: { En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kirchubel, Robert| title = Operation Barbarossa 1941 (2) Army Group North| location = Oxford| publisher = Osprey Publishing| year = 2005| id = ISBN 978-1-84176-857-1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for File namespace.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Whitley, M. J.| title = The “Type 35" Torpedoboats of the Kriegsmarine| location = Kendal| publisher = World Ship Society| year = | id = ISBN 0-905617-39-8| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hubatsch, Walther| title = Die 61.


Question: When did Operation Beowulf end?

Operation Beowulf

Infanterie-Division 1939-1945| publisher = Dörfler Zeitgeschichte| year = | id = ISBN 3-89555-195-3| language = Template:De}} References Category:Operation Barbarossa


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

The Röytta invasion (also Tornio invasion) was an invasion of Tornio in early October 1944 by the Finnish forces in the early part of the Lapland War in early October 1944 by German troops on the port of Tornio, on the island of Röyä.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

The invasion was successful and was followed by the battles of Tornionlaakso as the Finns began to expand the resulting beachhead.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

Background The armistice terms agreed to in the Continuation War on 4 September 1944 included the expulsion of German troops from Finland by 15 September 1944.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

The Lapland War ensued between Germany and Finland.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

In the early stages, the withdrawal of the Germans went peacefully and in cooperation with the Finns in accordance with the secret withdrawal agreement, but the Soviet Union pressured Finland into drastic action against the Germans.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

Following the will of the Soviet Union, the Finns entered into active warfare.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

Planned by Lieutenant General Hjalmar Siilasvuo, an invasion of the Germans was carried out from Oulu on 1 October 1944.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

[1] If successful, the invasion would make it possible to cut off one of the main German routes to the north, in the best case, tens of thousands of German soldiers could have been engaged.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

[2] The target of the invasion Initially, Siilasvuo was intended to attack Kemi with one regiment.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

The invasion had been prepared and the ships reserved.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

In Oulu, Infantry Regiment 11 marching through the city to the port of Toppila on 29 September had somehow been informed of the destination and the men shouted openly in the street that they were going to release Kemi: the matter was surely quickly reached to the attention of the Germans.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

There was a relatively strong grouping of German troops at Kemi, among them the Stuka battlecruiser squadron.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

When still the weather turned bad, the invasion had to be cancelled.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

[3] Kemi also received intelligence information about the German front section from Detachment Pennase, commanded to the industrial islands of Kemi.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

The information was alarming: according to them, in addition to the normal forces in Kemi, the Germans had an infantry regiment and 60 tanks on the passing march par'time.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

[3] The outer harbour of Ajos had been rendered unusable by the immersion of railway cars, barges and miscellaneous stock next to the pier.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

The inner harbour was equipped with armour and anti-tank cannons.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

The situation already seemed quite different than when we started, and Siilasvuo decided to change the outer port of Tornio, Röyä.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

[3] Mannerheim called in the evening of 30 September to report a letter from the Allied Control Commission which made stringent demands for combat action.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

Mannerheim asked some visible act early to convince the Russians.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

Silasvuo responded the next day to receive good news.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

[3] Attack from Oulu The troops were assembled in the Oulu region, where 25—29.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

On September 3rd Division troops were accommodated in Haukiputa and Koskelankylä area.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

Infantry Regiment 11, which served as the first attack head, was stationed at the Oulu National Schools and Hintta in tent accommodation.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

The regiment was commanded by 3rd Division Chief of Staff Lieutenant Colonel Wolf H. Halsti.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

The three unarmed merchant ships selected as landings — the steamers Norma, Hesperus and Fritz — waited in the port of Toppila.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röytja invasion

[4] The ships left the port of Toppila in Oulu on the evening of 30 September carrying 2900 men.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

In the mound, the local population was evacuated, and only the family of the customs guard Granström remained at the scene.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

The night was rainy and windy and German planes at Kemi Airport, who were under threat, could not reach the air.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

Militarily, the attack was a gamble, as the ships were completely unprotected in the open sea and there was no air or other fire support at all on the landings, only temporarily deck mounted light anti-aircraft guns.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

The ships arrived in the early hours of Sunday morning off the port of Röytta 1.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

on October.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

[5] When entering the port, the ships were required to transport ahead of a German heavy 88-mm anti-aircraft battery stationed at Laivaniemi.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

However, Patteristo did not detect the ships.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

The takeover of the mound and the waves of attacks The invasion was a complete surprise to the Germans.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

The port was not occupied.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

At the port, the landing force's demolition from the cargo ships' hold took place on narrow stray bridges as well as cranes and lasted for hours.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

JR 11's Jääkar company left immediately after organising themselves from the port of Röyä at eight o'clock on bicycles towards the railway bridge at Kirkkoputa.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

The II Battalion of the regiment boarded a train which had been secretly driven into the harbour by Finnish railwaymen from the Germans to aid the landing forces.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röyt?

Röylla invasion

[6] The ships returned to Oulu to the port of Toppila to pick up more troops, which they would load to Röyta for the next few days.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

Troops were brought to Röyta with a total of 12,500 men in five phases.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

In the first wave on 1 October came Infantry Regiment 11, with 2900 men.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

The following morning, Group Pajari came ashore: the 3rd Division command step, III Battalion of Infantry Regiment 53, a mortar company and a transport column of JR 11, totaling 2500 men.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

By mid-morning on Tuesday 3 October, the HQ and I of JR 53, along with II Battalion, Cannon Company, Company Pioneer Battalion 24, Tank Company and JR 11 supply units, totaling 2600 men, arrived.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

Next in the fourth wave came Separate Battalion 13, III Battalion of Infantry Regiment 50, and JR 8's Ignorer Platoon, Light Anti-Aircraft Division and JR 53's Transport Column, totaling 2500 men.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

In the fifth and final wave came the command step of the 11th Division, I and II Battalion of JR 50, totaling 2000 men.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[7] On Tuesday 3 October, with the fighting at Tornio already underway, the Germans struck the port of Röytta with Stuka crash bombers, killing three and wounding 20 people.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

The Finnish escort destroyers present during the day were already on their way back to Vaala; however, while sheltering the convoy at sea, they had expelled at least one Junkers Ju 88 bomber from its bouquet.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

On Wednesday 4 October, the Germans bombarded the port just as the fourth wave of landings was being unloaded ashore.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

Due to bad weather at the election, the Brewsters had not been able to reach the air at all.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

9 Stuka crash bomber squadron attacked the harbour [8], resulting in 60 downed and 400 wounded.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

Two of the landing ships sank, the steamer Bore IX and the motor ship Maininki, with 196 horses and 120 tons of ammunition and food supplies sank to the bottom of the sea, along with anti-aircraft equipment with vehicles.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

The German heavy anti-aircraft battery ten kilometres away in Laivaniemi had spent the previous day sowing fire grenades on Kuusiluoto Island, which was on the firing line, to destroy the sawmill and residential buildings that were disrupting the aim.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

When the buildings were burnt the next morning it was possible to fire on the port of Röyttä over the island, and managed to severely damage the docks.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[9] Bore had been supposed to bring artillery to Tornio, but due to late loading, the ship brought other cargo, which was a fortuitous accident for the Finnish troops.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[7] The wounded were collected in a field hospital at Röyä School.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[10] [5] Finnish air and naval support The next day, the steamer Canopus brought reinforcements from Oulu, and Fritz and Norma badly needed artillery.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[5] Five Brewsters flew from Vaala to protect the convoy.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[8] Due to damage to the harbour and sunken ships, the unloading of cargo was very inconvenient, and the delay of artillery jeopardized the success of the entire operation.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[7] Reinforcements were received through the mound for the battles of Tornio until Friday 6 November.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[10] It was only on the last day that naval support was received when the naval detachment arriving in Oulu on Thursday sailed to Tornio as a convoy of two transport ships.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

The department comprised Lieutenant Commander H.J.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

The gunboats Uusimaa and Hämeenmaa led by Jääsalo, as well as two guard motorboats.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

The detachment conducted anti-aircraft control of the harbour, and engaged in several firefights with the German gun battery at Laivaniemi as well.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[11] Attack on Tornio The troops easily advanced as far as the Tornio railway station, where after fierce fighting captured the station and the storehouses of the Germans, so-called Little Berlin.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

[10] From there the troops continued towards the centre, where fighting was already taking place between the Germans and the Finnish home front troops in the city.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

See also Tornio Capture Hostages of Tornio takeover Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Brantberg, Robert| title = Cold-Kalle.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

Biography of Kaarlo Alexander Heiskanen, Infantry General and Knight of the Mannerheim Cross.| publisher = Northern Lights | year = 2000| id = ISBN 952-5170-14-4}} (Chapter 1 published) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eskola Sanna, Sarkkinen Kaisu, Jalagin Seija & Tuomivaara Sirpa| title = History of Pirkkiö — Pirkkiö Village and Alatornio Parish Stages | publisher = Pirkkiö village committee| year = 1993| version = ed.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

Anne Ruuttula-Vasari| id = ISBN 952-90-5019-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hautala, Kusta| title = Oulu City History V 1918—1945| location = Oulu| publisher = Oulu city| year = 1982}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hyvönen, Osmonen | title = Tornio 1944| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1991| id = ISBN 951-749-144-1| accessdate = 13.3.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kankainen, Janne| title = Oulu and Oulu in wars 1918 and 1939—1945| chapter = Lapland War| location = Oulu publisher = City of Oulu | year = 2002| version = compilation work, ed.


Question: What was the outcome of the invasion of Röytja?

Röylla invasion

Kankainen, Rauhala, Vahtola| id = ISBN 951-9234-92-6| accessdate = 21.2.2008| page = 440—450}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kallioniemi, Jouni| title = Lapland War 1944—1945 The Final Show of the Great War in Northern| location = Raisio| publisher = Teospiste Oy| year = 1989| accessdate = 27.3.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kulju, Mika| title = Tornio invasion 1944: Lapland War| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought | year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7803-5}} References Category:Second Lapland War World War I Military Operations Class:Landings Category:Tornio History Class:1944


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia or Saudi Arabia () is a state in the Middle East.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

It comprises most of the Arabian Peninsula and lies between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

It is bordered by Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy ruled by a Saudi ruler family.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is, for the most part, an arid desert and there are no year-round rivers or lakes, and only about one per cent of its acreage is cultivable.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[1] On the other hand, the country is well known for its oil resources and has around 20% of the world's oil resources.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is one of OPEC's founding states.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

History Early History The Arabian Peninsula has been home to hunter-gatherer peoples as early as 15,000 to 20,000 years ago.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

As the Ice Age ended, the climate dried up, grasslands became deserts, and riverbeds dried up into vades.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Hunting and gathering no longer supported people, farming had to be started.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[2] Due to the climate of Ankara, settlement in the Arabian Peninsula has since been concentrated in a few oases and old towns.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

There was settlement along the Gulf coast at the same time as the ancient Egyptians and Sumerians.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[3] Islam was born when, according to tradition, around 610, Muhammad, who was in a cave in the mountains of Mecca, saw an angel and received the first divine revelation.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

More revelations came over the years.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Muhammad moved to Medina in the north.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Moving (Arab.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

هجرَة, hijra, in Finnish often hidžra) occurred in 622, and from that the Islamic period begins as well.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In Medina, the Prophet of the Poor became a statesman and warlord.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Within a hundred years, the Islamic Empire expanded so that it stretched from Spain to China and India.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Mecca was visited by numerous pilgrims who brought new influences to the area.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

At the same time, the Arabic language emerged as the central language of Islamic culture.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The Islamic Empire disintegrated into several minor states in the 17th century.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[2] The first and second Saudi states in the 18th century Mohammed ibn al-Wahhab subsequently established a Puritan faith sect known as Wahhabiism, to which the House of Saud that ruled Nejd joined as an adherent.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The Saudis were deported to Kuwait.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[3] [4] By 1824, the House of al-Saud had gained political power in the central parts of Arabia.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Turki bin Abdullah Al-Saud moved the capital to Riyadh.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[2] The Saudis conquered Mecca in 1924 and Medina in 1925.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[4] The two states ruled by the House of Saud, which preceded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, are designated as the first and second Saudi states.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[2] The present Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Beginning in 1902, the Saudis set about conquering the emirates one by one.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In 1921, the short-lived Nejd Sultanate was established in the central part of the Arabian Peninsula.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Between 1913 and 1926, the Saudis also gained control of the Kingdom of Hijaz on the Red Sea coast, and these were merged into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[3] [4] In the late 1930s, oil drilling began in the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In 1960, Saudi Arabia was one of the founding countries of OPEC.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In the 1970s, OPEC restricted oil production in Arab countries, leading to an oil crisis in Western countries.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The oil production company Aramco passed from the Americans to the Saudis in stages between 1972 and 1980.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[4] At the time of the Gulf War, Saudi Arabia sided with the US-led coalition, [4] causing relations with Tunisia, Libya and Algeria to deteriorate.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[3] The first king of Saudi Arabia had reigned from 1932 to 1953, Ibn Sa'ud.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

All the kings who ruled after him have been his sons.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[4] The first of the sons was in power Sa'ud ibn Abdilaziz, who ruled 1953—1964.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

He developed education and founded the first university in the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[2] In 1964, Crown Prince Faisal ibn Abdilaziz Al Sa'ud deposed his brother.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[4] He developed infrastructure and industry, and worked closely with other Islamic countries.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[2] In 1975, Faisal was slain by a nephew.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[4] Khalid ibn Abdilaziz, who ruled from 1975 to 1982, improved his country's infrastructure, and was in the process of setting up the GCC, the GCC, the GCC.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[2] During his time there was internal unrest.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In 1979, militants led by Juhayman al-Otaibi struck the Grand Mosque of Mecca (Masjid al-Haram).


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[4] King Khalid died of a heart attack in 1982.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[4] He was succeeded by King Fahd.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Fahd sought to reshape the Saudi economy to be more diversified.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In 1987, hundreds died in Mecca when Iranian pilgrims began demonstrating there.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[5] King Fahd carried out reforms to make the country better cope with the annual visits of millions of pilgrims to Mecca and Medina.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

He authorised the first municipal elections, which took place after his death.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[2] In 2005, after Fahd died, Abdullah came to power.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia supported some Syrian opposition groups.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In January 2015, he was succeeded by Salman.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[4] Under Salman, rivalry with Iran was increasingly evident.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In the summer of 2017, Salman unexpectedly chose Crown Prince Mohammed Mohammed bin Salman as his successor [6].


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Mohammed Salman began talking about reforming the economy, opening up to the West and diversifying, and increasing religious tolerance [7] [8] On the other hand, Mohammed Salman, with unseen arrests of opposition figures and elites, sought to carve out his political opponents before rise to power [9] [10].


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

According to the report, the reason for the arrests was corruption [11].


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Fifteen of those involved in the September 11 attacks were Saudi Arabs.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Since then, however, the country has become one of the United States' closest allies against terrorists.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

On the other hand, Al Qaeda has carried out a series of devastating attacks in the 21st century against Saudis and foreigners living in the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[3] Among other things, the US consulate in Jeddah was struck in 2004.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[12] and terrorists beheaded Paul Johnson Jr., a US resident of Saudi Arabia he kidnapped in Riyadh.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Abdel Aziz al-Muqrin, the terrorist leader responsible for the act, was killed shortly afterwards.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[13] In 2007, three Frenchmen living in Saudi Arabia were shot dead by terrorists.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The Grand Mufti publicly condemned the killings. [14].


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Politics and Society Saudi Arabia is a kingdom, and the Saudi ruler family acknowledges the Wahhabite tendency of Islam.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy: the king and his government run without the constraints of a parliament elected by the people.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The current king is Salman.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The line of Saudis includes thousands of members, some of whom maintain a flamboyant lifestyle.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[15] [16] The current Crown Prince of the country is Mohammed bin Salman.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[17] In 1992, King Fahd introduced a “basic law” that serves as some sort of constitution.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

On November 30, 2003, a 150-member consultative assembly, Majlis al-Šura, obtained the right to make draft laws and amend government motions.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Members are appointed by the king.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[18] Local elections were held for the first time in 2005.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Women did not have the right to vote.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[4] In the third local elections in 2015, women were finally entitled to vote and stand as candidates.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

However, the power of councils elected in them is very limited.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[19] There are no legitimate political parties operating in the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[3] [18] In February 2011, activists were planning a party and setting up a website for it, but they were arrested.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[20] Very strict Islamic legislation applicable to foreigners is also in place.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Due to the Wahhabi interpretation of Islamic law, the country's human rights record has been considered one of the worst in the world.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

A 2010 report by human rights organisation Human Rights Watch commended the king for the improvements promised over five years but hoped they would be written into legislation.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Systematic discrimination against women continues, although at least in 2005 they won the right to work in “appropriate occupations.”


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[21] In Saudi Arabia, compliance with the law is enforced by the religious police, the mutaween.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[22] From the perspective of Western man, the constraints imposed by society may seem severe; for example alcohol and the appearance of religions other than Islam in the public eye are strictly prohibited.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Dance and cinemas for non-women and children are also not allowed.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[23] [24] The first public cinemas opened after a 35-year ban in spring 2018.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[25] There is no conscription in Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[26] Despite Saudi Arabia's strong Islamism, religious disputes exist within the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

This is because there are differences between different trends in Islam.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The extravagant lifestyle of the King House angers such Islamic circles who also regard the luxurious life as anti-Islam.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[27] An important religious leader is the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The current Grand Mufti serves as Abd-al-Aziz Aal ash-Shaikh.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[28] Women's position The status of women is very weak in the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Their affairs are decided largely by a male “guardian” who typically is the father or husband.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[31] Saudi Arabia was also the last country where women were not allowed to drive, and since the 1990s women protesting the ban have been arrested.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Also in 2011, a women's affairs activist who was driving a car was arrested.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In September 2017, King Salman bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud imposed the right to drive for women, and it went into effect in June 2018.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[32] [33] In February 2009, King Abdullah appointed Norah al-Fayez as the first female minister in Saudi history.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[34] In 2011, women were granted the right to vote in local elections and may also be nominated or elected as members of the Consultative Shuria Council.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[35] This was applied in the 2015 election.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[19] Women and men in Saudi Arabia do not walk in public together and are not allowed to interact with each other even in signs of work unless they are spouses or close relatives.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[36] Marrying a girl child to an adult man is permitted in Saudi Arabia if the father or guardian of the child wishes to marry.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[37] In 2009, King Abdullah University was opened.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

It is the first university in the country where female and male students can attend the same lectures and attend the same cafeterias.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Western diplomats have hoped the university would contribute to the transformation of Islamic State.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[38] Use of the death penalty In 2015, 157 executions were carried out in Saudi Arabia, the highest number in 20 years.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[39] Death sentences are most commonly carried out by public beheading, but shooting has also been used.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Stoning is discussed in the media.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The beheaders are sedated, and their eyes are covered.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[40] [41] The condemned may additionally be 'crucified', that is, his body placed on public display after beheading.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[42] There are also more lenient corporal punishments, such as scraping or amputation.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

An eye or teeth may also be removed.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[43] Often, trials ending in a death sentence are secret, and the accused may not use a lawyer.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The basis of a conviction may be a confession obtained in connection with torture or other maltreatment.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Minors and mentally retarded have also been convicted.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The family of the condemned person is not always told the time of execution in advance.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[40] A death sentence may be incurred for a number of different crimes: adultery, robbery, rape, witchcraft, blasphemy or a drug offence may be a crime worthy of a death sentence.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Homicides can result in a death sentence, but ultimately the case is decided by the relatives of the victim, who, under Sharia laws, might impose the amount of “blood money” or amnesty they want instead of execution.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[40] [44] Homosexual intercourse is also prohibited under the threat of capital punishment.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

However, four witnesses are needed for a conviction.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[45] [46] Amnesty International has stated that a disproportionate proportion of those executed in Saudi Arabia are foreigners.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[47] [40] Territorial division in Saudi Arabia is 13 provinces or emirates (mintaqat, singular — mintaqah): Al Bahah (capital Al Bahah) Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah (capital Arar) Al Jawf (capital Al Jawf) Medina (capital of Medina) Al Qasim (capital city of Buraidah) Riyadh (capital city) capital Riyadh) Al-Šarqiyya (capital of Dammam) Asir (capital of Abha) Ha'il (capital of Ha'il) Jizan (capital of Jizan) Mecca (capital of Mecca) Najran (capital of Najran) Tabuk (capital of Tabuk) The state may be further divided into several governorates.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[48] Geography, nature and climate Saudi Arabia includes most of the Arabian Peninsula, especially the inland sandy deserts, of which the completely deserted Rub' al-Khali is the largest.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The country covers an area of more than two million square kilometers, but a population of only 26 million.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Only 1.7% of the land area is cultivable and the population is concentrated in coastal areas as well as oases.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

There are 2640 kilometers of coastline in Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[18] Kravu's turning circle runs across the country.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[49] The borders between Saudi Arabia and the UAE, Oman and Yemen run through an uninhabited desert and are undetermined, so the exact size of the land is unknown, estimates are in the range: 2149690 — 2240000km².


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The government estimate is 2217949km².


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[50] In arid Saudi Arabia consisting mostly of desert, rains are irregular and scarce.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Temperature differences occur depending on the season and region.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

The country also has grass steppes and mountain ranges; the highest point is Jabal Sawda at 3133 metres above sea level.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[18] Wades, part part-dried riverbeds, in Saudi Arabia are several.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Among them are Wadi al-Hamd and Wadi al-Rummah.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[51] There are several islands belonging to Saudi Arabia in both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

Camels are highly prized animals in Saudi Arabia.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

In 2007, strange deaths unexpectedly began to spread among them; harmful food eaten by animals turned out to be the likely cause of the phenomenon.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

More than 1,000 camels had time to die.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[52] [53] [54] In the same year, the country was also hit by avian influenza.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[55] Saudi Arabia's vegetation includes date palms and acacias.


Question: What is the most common religion among Arabs?

Saudi Arabia

[56] Mecca is Islam's holiest place and the most important place of pilgrimage.