Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Scholars stressing change and continuity again highlight the flourishing of (Christian) culture, the preservation of ancient heritage, and especially the heyday of Eastern Rome in the late 4th century and under Emperor Justinian.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The most notable feature of Late Antiquity is the spread of Christianity and the consolidation of its status.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

At the same time, a monastic institution was also born.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Many emperors were hostile to Christianity and launched persecutions, but during the reign of Constantine I the Great in 313 share.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

given the Edict of Milan allowed the practice of Christianity and at the same time elevated it to one of the official religions of Rome.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Constantine also moved the capital to Constantinople, “New Rome”, although even old Rome retained its great symbolic importance.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Constantine also continued the economic and social reforms initiated by Emperor Diocletian.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[23] In Late Antiquity, a conception of the connection between church and state arose.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Under the reign of Emperor Theodosius (379—395), Christianity became the only official religion in Rome.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The emperor was seen as God's replacement on earth and efforts were made to identify him with Jesus in many ways.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

On the other hand, the Christian view of Jesus took influence from the emperor institution.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The church began to resemble a “state in a state”.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Particularly in the western part of the empire, as imperial administration ravaged, the Roman bishopric, or pope, also increased in importance in terms of secular exercise of power.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Upon Theodosius's death in 395, Rome was definitively divided into Eastern and Western Empires, whose fates began to take different paths.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The split didn't seem definitive to contemporaries, but that's what it turned out to be.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In the western parts of the kingdom, the central government began to become paralyzed in the early 4th century.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In 410, Rome was ravaged by the Christian Visigoths under Alarik.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Although the disposal was not total, the significance of this event was great in the eyes of contemporaries.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In general, in this context, there has been talk of a period of internationals.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

However, the numbers of people displaced must have been small, at most some tens of thousands of people at a time.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Germanic tribes established several kingdoms in Roman territory with populations almost entirely Roman.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The Germans themselves possessed many of the customs of the Romans and took advantage of, for example, the Roman apparatus of local government.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[24] The Empire succumbed in the western part of the empire in 476 as the Ostrogoths conquered the city of Rome and deposed the last emperor Romulus Augustulus.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The Roman Senate continued assemblies apparently well into the 5th century.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

East Rome, for which today the name Byzantium is used, retained its grandiose status for many centuries.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

It lost its independence for good only in 1453, though over the course of time it had been reduced almost to a city-state comprising Constantinople alone.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The reasons for the breakup of Rome The reasons for the breakup of the Roman Empire has been ample debate.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Edward Gibbon presented thirty explanations, including the pacifist worldview of Christians, which allegedly led to the decline of the Roman army, and the size of the empire.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[25] Already in antiquity, the Eastern Roman non-Christian Zosimos blamed Constantine and Christians, among others.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[26] On the other hand, the destruction of Rome in the 4th century caused by a huge blow to Rome, especially in the eyes of contemporaries, took place by the Christian Visigoths.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

According to General Vegetius, the Roman army was weakened by corruption and foolishness of discipline.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[27] On the other hand, mental poverty, racial mixing, decreased birth rates, international migrations, economic decay, deterioration of state structures and state desentralisation, lead in aqueducts and degeneration of aristocracy, climate change have been suspected as the cause, robbery farming and erosion, corruption and inefficient governance, plundering provinces, uneven income distribution, imbalances between rural and city, slavery, stagnation of technological progress, and many other things.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Current interpretations place the greatest emphasis on the economic difficulties of the empire, internal social changes, and pressure from external threats.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[25] Society Politics The Romans called their state a republic (libera res publica), but at no point in its history was democratic in the modern sense of the word.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The Roman political system was conservative in nature, and there was generally quite reluctance to reform.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Throughout Roman history, the central political issue was land ownership and distribution of land.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In its earlier stages, Rome was king-dominated.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

From this moved to an oligarchy republic governed by a complex system of senate, civil servants and skew-grained people's assemblies.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Gradually, certain individuals possessed more and more power.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

From this emerged a practically monarchist, initially externally retaining the old republican forms under Augustus and his successors.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Administrative division As Rome expanded, the conquered territories were governed as provinces.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The first of these was Sicily, which was taken by Rome during the First Punic War.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The province was ruled in peacetime by a Roman official.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Over time, the number of provinces increased as Rome took over more territories, but also because bigger provinces were divided into smaller ones.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

When Augustus became the first emperor of Rome, he reorganized the provinces.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Provinces with Roman troops Augustus ruled himself, other provinces he left the Senate to govern in the old way.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

For his own provinces, Augustus appointed legates who ruled them in the name of Augustus.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[28] The administration of the provinces remained almost the same from the time of the Principath until the crisis of the 200th century.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

It was not until the time of Diocletian that the administration of the provinces was significantly reformed.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

At first he divided the kingdom into a hundred smaller provinces, whose governors, who had previously been able to command troops in their territories, were henceforth only allowed to conduct civil administration.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The kingdom was divided into twelve dioceses (Greek.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

dioikesis), whose leader became vicarius.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[29] Roman law Roman law received its first written form in 450 BCE.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

in the laws of the twelve tables (leges duodecim tabularum).


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The idea of judging all citizens under the same law limited the power of the superior.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

On this basis developed Roman law, which continued to evolve as the centuries passed.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

It was eventually codified at the instigation of Emperor Justinian in the Corpus iuris civilis law collection published in 529—534.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[30] [31] Economic Escalation Roman economic policy can be said to have been based on a lack of plans.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

At a time when monetary matters were seen as inappropriate tinkering for the finer crowd, too much attention was often not paid to the adequacy of money.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Many necessary reforms were blocked by the conservatism of society, and the economy repeatedly reached a crisis.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The foundation stone of the Roman economic system was agriculture.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The productivity of the country was low, and there was little technical progress.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

As Rome expanded, the spoils of war became a major source of income.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Conquered peoples also began to be taxed.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

As it grew up, Rome began to absorb commodities from an increasingly expansive region.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Views on the importance of slaves to the economy vary.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In the Imperial era, excess money was still preferably invested in the country.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Small-scale industries emerged, but it did not account for a significant part of production.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Trading was reasonably brisk, if not empowering.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The crisis of the 2000s was also accompanied by serious economic problems, including inflation and dwindling government revenues.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In Late Antiquity, many features of the coming Middle Ages began to appear in the economy, for example, the shift from monetary economy towards a natural economy as well as serfdom.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Architecture Roman architecture was the most developed of its time and played an important part in creating and maintaining the power of the Empire.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

It was also very durable, and many Roman buildings or structures over 2000 years old are still standing.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Roman architecture is known for such things as a huge and high-quality road network, plumbing, large gladiatorial arenas such as the Colosseum, dome roofs and underfloor steam baths.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The Romans also built temples such as the Pantheon, the Arches of Triumph, bridges leading over major rivers, tunnels quarried into rocks, mines and racetracks.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[32] Population According to contemporary estimates, the population of the Roman Empire was at the beginning of the Imperial period (14 share.)


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

just over 45 million, 20 million of whom lived in the eastern parts of the empire and 25 million in the west.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The population density would thus have been 13.6 inhabitants per square kilometre, which is low compared to modern times.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In the east, the population density was almost double that of the west.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Slaves accounted for about 15% of the population, or about 7 million people.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

About as much as one-sixth of the kingdom's population lived from the city, an unusually high figure for pre-modern times.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

About 750,000 people lived in the city of Rome, which was about a tenth of the total Italian population.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Most of the towns were much smaller (about 10—15000 inhabitants).


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The GDP per person was about 380 sestertius.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[33] In 164, the population of the kingdom was at its highest.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

At that time, 60 million persons lived in the Roman Empire.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The same population in the Mediterranean area was not reached again until the 16th century.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The largest increase in population occurred in the western provinces, which reached the same population density when more frequently populated Italy.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In the east, the population remained virtually unchanged.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[34] Population growth folded in the 200th century, when many disease epidemics afflicted the population.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

By entering the 3rd century, the population was perhaps around 30 million.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[35] Culture Roman culture took rich influences from Greek culture (practically Hellenistic) as well as from the early cultures of Italy, especially from the Etruscans.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The original language of the Roman city-state was Latin, and as Rome expanded, Latin gradually supplanted the local languages in the western parts of the empire.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In eastern parts and Africa, local languages better held their ground.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Latin was also the principal administrative language, but the position of Greek was steadily strengthened.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In Byzantium, Greek eventually supplanted Latin almost completely.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Roman mythology was Greek-influenced.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The Romans' power religion changed over the course of history from animist natural religion to polytheistic Greek-influenced state religion and further through various oriental mystery cult influences on Christianity.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In the field of philosophy, the Epicurean, Stoic and Neo-Platonist schools were the most important.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The Greek influences were most evident in art.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The art of painting and sculpting imitated the mournful Greek style.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In literature, the paragons managed to break away to some extent.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Rome produced many writers formed as classics, including Vergilius, Cicero, Ovidius, Horatius and Juvenalis.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Roman natural science never reached the level of its Greek paragons.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Natural sciences developed mainly into practical fields such as medicine, engineering and architecture.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The family was the foundation of Roman society.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The upbringing of children emphasized a sense of duty and respect for customs inherited from ancestors.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The society was patriarchal.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Slavery was common, but the status of slaves varied widely.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The army of Roman rule the most visible sign in the provinces was often its army.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

It was the implementer of Roman policy, but also the creator of politics and empress-maker.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

It served as an important pathway of social ascent and a tool of romanization.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Rome was by its very nature a very military state.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The army gradually evolved into the most powerful military power in the Mediterranean, with the transition from assembled troops to a professional army under the reforms of Gaius Marius around 100 BCE.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Eventually the Legion emerged, a well-organized unit of about 5,000 men.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[36] Initially only citizens served in the army, but in the Imperial era, so-called barbarians began to be admitted to the army.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The Roman army also used many warplanes, for example catapults and siege towers.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The navy which later developed into prominence in Rome came into being in the context of the Punic Wars, when the previously almost sailing-less Romans discovered a shipwrecked Carthaginian ship and copied it millintarily.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[37] Roman heritage Roman culture left a deep mark on history, and the Roman heritage still marks the world in many ways.


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Roman Empire

[38] Roman culture descended into oblivion for centuries after the destruction of Western Rome until it became interested again in 15th-century Italy, where the Renaissance was born.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[39] Modern times have been influenced by the political philosophies and literature of Rome, Roman engineering and architecture with its columns, domes, baths and sewers, as well as Roman inventions such as ice cream and the codex that preceded the book.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[40] The Roman Empire had a great and lasting influence on the linguistic conditions of Europe.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The Latin language spread across the Roman Empire, with Romance languages such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Also, many other languages like English have borrowed plenty of vocabulary from Latin.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Latin remains a world language in some fields such as law and medicine.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[41] Latin was also the language of the Church until the 20th century.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

In 800, three hundred years after the so-called barbarians had brought Western Rome to its knees, the Pope crowned Charles the Great emperor.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Charlemagne thus established his secular rule on Roman heritage.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Since Charles, countless pundits, both statesmen and others, have directed their eyes towards antiquity and imitated Rome in the most diverse ways.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Both the German and Russian emperors considered themselves successors to the Roman emperors, and until 1806 the official name of Germany was the Holy German-Roman Empire.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Well-known admirers of Rome have been such as Napoleon I, Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler [42].


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The importance of ancient Rome to European culture and the afterworld in general has been assessed at different times in different ways.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The rise of art, erudition and classical ideas has most often been seen as a positive asset.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

[43] On the other hand, through Rome, contemporary culture has been inherited, as S. Humpreys has put it, Greek intellectual imperialism, Roman territorial imperialism and Jewish monotheistic intolerance.


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Roman Empire

[44] Countless films, television series, books and computer games show that legacy is also making a difference now and will continue to do so.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

How, it depends on those under the influence.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Edwin Linkomies wrote in the 1940s: Sources from Rome The modern world's knowledge of Rome is based on numerous different sources.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

For a long time in the study of history, the literature preserved through the medieval reproduction tradition was used as a source.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Naturally, historiography was considered the main source.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Letter collections, for example, were also considered valuable, “authentic” sources.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

On the other hand, most literature was written by elites and depicted things from their point of view.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The interpretation of literary sources is not without problems, whether it is so-called narrative sources (historiography) or fiction.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The very fact that only a fraction of the literature of the time has survived into our times raises the question of the evidential power of preserved literature.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The preservation of the works has been influenced not only by coincidence, but also by views (grudge) of the aesthetic or moral value of literature that prevailed in different eras.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The source material used by modern research is considerably more extensive.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

This is partly due to the enlargement of the issue layouts.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Interest in the history of lower social groups, women, children, social groups, etc., has made, for example, drawing writings a key source material.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

For example, epitaph inscriptions on gravestones can tell not only about age structure, but also, for example, family relationships and emotional life.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Archaeological excavations are constantly bringing new plotwriting material to light.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

We also get a wealth of information from papyri, money and legal texts preserved in our time.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Of extreme importance is also the non-textual archaeological finds, for which the city of Pompeii is famous, but not the only example.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

On many things, human and animal remains, pottery and other remnants of everyday consumer goods, etc., provide information much more than written sources.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

The nascent image of Rome should therefore be treated with healthy criticality.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

For its part, archaeological research is able to balance the situation and bring benchmarks for tendencies contained in written sources.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Building a meaningful overall picture requires equitable and source-critical use of both literary and archaeological sources.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

What matters, though — as with all historical studies — is what kinds of questions are placed on the preserved, albeit fragmentary, source material.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, SpongeBob & Pietti-Castrén, Leena| title = Ancient Handbook | location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-1-12387-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Christensen, Else & Else L, Jakob & Mosbech, Hakon| title = Rome — ancient superpower| publisher = Bonnier| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-82-535-3200-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


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Roman Empire

) | title = Little Giant of World History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| version = 8th edition| id = ISBN 951-0-15101-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Carcopino, Jérôme| title = Such was the life of emperors in Rome| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1995| version = (La vie quotidienne à Rome à l'apogée de l'empire, 1939.)


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Translated by Marja Itkonen-Kaila| id = ISBN 951-0-19874-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, Paavo & Pietilä-Castrén, Leena| title = Ancient Handbook | location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-12387-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Goldsworthy, Adrian| title = Destruction of the Roman Empire| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2009| version=( The fall of the west: The death of the Roman superpower, 2006.)


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Roman Empire

Translated by Simo Liikanen| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7968-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Harris, Nathaniel| title = Ancient Rome| location = Jyväskylä Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2001| version = (History of ancient Rome, 2000.)


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

English translation: Veikko Ahola| id = ISBN 951-20-6709-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henrikson, Alf| title = Ancient stories| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1993 (12th edition 2004) | version = (Antikens historier, 1959.)


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Finnish translation: Maija Westerlund.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

3rd augmented edition (1st edition 1963) | id = ISBN 951-0-18515-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Holland, Tom| title = Rubikon: The splendor and decadence of the Roman Republic| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2006| version = (Rubicon: The triumph and tragedy of the Roman republic, 2003.)


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Translated by Pekka Tuomisto| id = ISBN 951-23-4792-X}} Maija-Leena Kallela, Juhani Sarsila, Erkki Palmén: They made Rome/Makers of Rome/Auctores Romae Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kivimäki, Arto & Tuomisto, Pekka| title = Roman Emperors | location = Hämäki Castle Meen| publisher = Karisto| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-23-4094-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lilius, Henrik et al.


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Roman Empire

(ed.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

) | title = Ancient cultural history| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1981| id = ISBN 951-0-08638-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Blackcliff, Catherine | title = Religion and community in ancient Rome| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamusher | year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-952-495-061-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Matyszak, Philip| title = Emperors Rome on five denarii a day | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version = (Ancient Rome on five denarii a day, 2007).


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Translated by Pekka Tuomisto| id = ISBN 978-951-122-447-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Matyszak, Philip & Berry, Joanne| title = Roman life stories | location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2009| version = (Lives of the Romans, 2008).


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Translated by Pekka Tuomisto| id = ISBN 978-951-23-5119-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saastamoinen, Ari| title = Africa's Brilliant Cities: Life in Roman North Africa| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-495-124-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tiihonen, Tapio| title = Chaos and Destruction of Rome| location = Espoo| publisher = Fenix| year = 2006-2009| version = Parts 1-4| id = ISBN 978-951-862-180-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Testimonial, Pekkaisto | title = Roman Consuls| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-23-4363-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuomisto, Pekka| title = Roman| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-23-4212-X}}, replace with {{ cite book| author = Tuomisto, Pekka| title = Roman dictators| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-23-4442-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


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Roman Empire

) | title = Little Giant of World History | publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| version = 8 p| id = ISBN 951-0-15101-7}} Ancient literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Livius, Titus| title = Roman birth| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994 (3rd edition 1999) | version = (Ab urbe condita.)


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Marja Itkonen-Kaila| id = ISBN 951-0-19615-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pliny Caecilius Secundus, Gaius, young| title = Pliny the Younger's letters from Trajanus| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Literature Society | year = 2005| version = Translated and edited by Tuulikki Elo and Heikki Laakkonen.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

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Photos: Olavi Rantala.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

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Maps: Venla Laakkonen, Salla Jokela.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society 1023| id = ISBN 951-746-656-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Suetonius Tranquillus, Gaius| title = Biographies of Roman emperors | location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| version = (De vita caesarum.)


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Translated by J. A. Hollo.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Introduction by Edwin Linkomman.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

2nd edition (1st edition 1960 Ancient Classics series) | id = ISBN 951-0-23522-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tacitus, Publius Cornelius| title = History of Imperial Rome | location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1990 (5th edition 2004) | version = ( Annales.)


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Iiro Kajanto, translated by Iiro Kajanto, with an introduction and an exploratory directory.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

Quality Books (1st edition in 1969 Ancient Classics series) | id = ISBN 951-0-16172-1}} On the topic elsewhere — TV channel's question column from Rome — YLE Radio 1 radio programme series, which also covers many Rome related topics Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

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Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

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Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

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Question: When did East Rome succumb?

Roman Empire

— a large number of source texts and literature * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The history of Croatia begins in the prehistoric period, and the first inhabitants came to Croatian territory during the late stages of the last ice age.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The first known people to colonize Croatia were the Illyrians.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

These became romanized after inviting Rome to aid against Greek influences.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Many Roman monuments can be found in Croatia, such as Diocletian's Palace.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Slavs arrived in the region between the 500th and 6th centuries and had two strong duchies under Frankish rule by the 8th century.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The first ruler of the Croatian Kingdom formed from these was Tomislav in the 9th century.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Due to succession problems, King Ladislaus I of Hungary annexed much of Croatia into his kingdom.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Until the 13th century, Croatia maintained its unity, but Béla IV established a new administrative region of Slavonia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

At the same time, the Republic of Venice conquered many territories from the Dalmatian coast.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Ottoman Empire, meanwhile, began to threaten Croatia in the mid-15th century.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Habsburg Monarchy, which received the Crown of Croatia in 1527, succeeded in driving the Ottoman people out of Croatia once and for all during the Great Turkish War of 1683—1699.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

At that time the borders of the Republic of Ragusa, which flourished in Dubrovnik, were also created in the southern parts of Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Illyrism rose in Croatia in the 1830s and 1840s, whose adherents wanted to unite all South Slavs.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

It was followed in the 1860s by Yugoslavism supported by Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 had divided Croatia into two parts, one belonging within the dual monarchy to Austria and the other to Hungary.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

A unified Kingdom of Yugoslavia finally emerged after World War I.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, King Alexander I wanted to overthrow the ethnic states and divided the people into new provinces.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Ustaša faction founded by Ante Pavelić rose to power during World War II when the Italians and Germans established a puppet state called the Independent State of Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Ustaša ruled violently, with between 350000-450000 people killed in the massacres it orchestrated and in the Jasenovac concentration camp.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Partisans led by Croatian Josip Broz Tito fought against the Ustaša during the war.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Tito himself rose to the head of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which had been established after the war.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Although the state was under Communist Party rule, the country was divided according to ethnic groups.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Although purges were organised by the communist regime against dissidents, the Croatian Spring was experienced during which, among other things, Croatian culture flourished.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The central government crumbled in the late 1980s and it was decided to hold free elections in Slovenia and Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

It was followed by the bloody Croatian War.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Since the war, Croatia has become a tourist nation and a member state of NATO and the European Union.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Early history First inhabitants In the late stages of the most recent ice age around 18000 years ago, remains of people living in Croatia have been found, among others, in the Vela Spila cave on the island of Korčula.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[1] In the Neolithic period (6000—3000 BCE)


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

began to form the first population centers.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The main cultures of the Adriatic coast were the heart clam pottery culture and the Danilo and Hvar cultures.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Remains of the Sopot and Korenovo cultures, among others, have been found inland.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[2] As the Stone Age turned into the Bronze Age, the so-called Chalcolithic period saw the development of the Vučedol culture (3000—2200 BCE).


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Iron Age saw the emergence of the first ethnic communities in Croatia, about which the Greeks and Romans wrote.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

They were called Illyrians.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[2] They settled in the Balkans around the year 1000 BCE, building hill forts and producing jewellery made of amber and bronze.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Illyrians encountered the Greeks over the next few centuries who established trading colonies on the Adriatic coast in the 500—3rd centuries.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

At the same time, the Celts invaded the area from the north.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[1] Rise and destruction of the Romans Queen Teuta of the Ardiaei tribe requested in the 200th century BCE.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

military aid from the Romans to defeat the Greeks.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Romans invaded Illyria and toppled in 168 BCE.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

of the last illyric ruler Gentius.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

From the southern part of Illyria, the Roman province of Illyricum was later formed.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Romans expanded the area and divided it in 9 share.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

two provinces, Pannonia, which included, among others, the northern part of present-day Croatia, and Dalmatia, which included other parts of present-day Croatia among others.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[1] The administrative centre of the Romans was the city of Salona.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Romans brought prosperity to the area and built temples, baths and amphitheatres.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Romans also built a road network that stretched from the Aegean Sea, the Black Sea and the Danube.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The most prominent figure in the Croatian provinces was Emperor Diocletian, born near Salona around the year 244.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

He retreated in 305 to his palace he had built near his birthplace.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Today, Diocletian's Palace is located in the heart of the historic centre of Split.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[3] Christianity spread to Croatian territory in the early s.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Already Paul refers to Illyricum in his letters.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Early Christian catacombs can be found in Krka National Park, among others.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[3] The Roman Empire disintegrated in 395, and Croatia remained in Western Roman territory.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, Western Rome fell in 476 after attacks by several barbarian tribes.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Goths would rule Dalmatia until 535, when Justinian I of Byzantium took over the region.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[3] Slavs and First Croat Empire Slavs arrived in the western parts of the Balkans between the 5th—6th centuries and settled in Byzantine territory along the Adriatic coast and inland.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] One of the tribes was Hrvat, whose name also comes from the Croatian name (Croatian: Hrvatska).


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The word hrvat itself has been considered to possibly be of Persian origin, suggesting either contact with the Persians or even that the tribe was Persian and adopted the Slavic language later.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[5] The Franks occupied the area in the late 7th and early 8th century.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Croats were organized under two duchies led by a local duke (knez).


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Duchy of Croatia was located in mountainous southern Croatia, and its central seat was Knin.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Duchy of Pannonia controlled the lowland regions of northern Croatia, and its central seat was Sisak.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[6] The former included Dalmatia, parts of Montenegro and the western part of Bosnia and the latter Slavonia and the environs of Zagorje and Zagreb.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Several coastal cities were still under Byzantine control at the same time, including Zadar, Split and Dubrovnik, as well as the islands of Hvar and Krk.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[7] The Franks converted the Croats to Christianity, but after Charles the Great died in 814, the Pannonian Croats revolted unsuccessfully against the Franks and received no help from the Dalmatian Croats, whose territories still belonged to Byzantium.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Duke Branimir, in turn, rebelled against Byzantium and received recognition from Pope John VIII of his kingdom's independence.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

This brought him closer to the Vatican and to the national identity of Catholicism.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[7] The Duchy of Pannonia drifted in the late 8th century to Hungary, and at the same time, the Trpimirović dynasty rose to power in the Duchy of Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[6] The first Croatian king (kralj) was Tomislav, who united in 925 Pannonia and Dalmatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

His kingdom encompassed virtually all of present-day Croatia and parts of Bosnia and Montenegro.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

In the 10th century, the Kingdom was threatened by Serbs, Byzantines and Venetians, as well as Hungarians advancing into Pannonia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Petar Krešimir IV regained control of Dalmatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[7] Under him and his successor Dmitar Zvonimir, the power of the Trpimirovićs was at its greatest when Byzantine Dalmatia and the Principality of Neretva were annexed to Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

During their time, Croatian culture flourished as well.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[6] However, Dmitar Zvonimir and his successor Stjepan II did not receive heirs, prompting Ladislaus I, King of Hungary.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

He took over the Croatian crown because Zvonimir's widow was his sister.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Ladislaus annexed much of the northern parts of Croatia into his kingdom, but he died before regaining control of southern Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[7] Croatia under Hungary Ladislaus's successor Kálmán continued his predecessor's efforts to annex Croatia to Hungary.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

He defeated his 1097 rival Petar Svačić and took power from the last Croat king.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Kálmán decreed the 1102 pacta conventa treaty, under which Hungary and Croatia were separate entities under a joint Hungarian crown.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Although the Croatian leadership was assigned its own viceroy (ban) and received its own parliament, the Hungarians left the Croatian noble in a minor role.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[7] Kálmán convinced the Dalmatian nobles in 1107 to annex the coastal territories from Venice to Hungary.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

After Kálmán's death in 1116, Venice invaded Biograd and the islands of Lošinj, Pag, Rabi and Krk.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Zadar had become the most prominent city in Dalmatia and was still able in the 1190s to resist Venetian takeover attempts.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Doge of Venice paid in 1202 to the soldiers of the Fourth Crusade, who, despite opposition from Pope Innocentius III, besieged Zadar and occupied it.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[8] Croatia maintained its territorial unity within Hungary until the time of Béla IV (1235—1279).


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

He established Slavonia as a new administrative region, with Zagreb as its capital.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Around the same time, the Republic of Venice conquered a large part of Dalmatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

With the extinction of the Árpádic dynasty, Venice was able to take over the rest of the Dalmatian cities and Bosnia managed to capture territories from central Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[9] Croatia passed in 1309 under the rule of Charles Robert of the Neapolitan of Anjou, who had risen to become ruler of Hungary.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

His son Louis I the Great again united Croatia and Slavonia, and reclaimed the territories taken by Bosnia and Venice.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

During Louis's successor, a war of succession broke out, which Bosnia and Venice took advantage of.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

During that time, Dubrovinik developed into the centre of southern Croatia, building the foundation for a rich culture and the development of maritime power.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[9] Venice tightened its grip on Dalmatia in the 15th century and was able to hold Napeoleon until the 1797 takeover.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[8] The Dalmatian coast received considerable Venetian influences during that time, but the Venetians also exploited the region economically.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Venetian merchants bought cheap raw materials there, but the republic during that time did not invest in road work, schools or local industry.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[7] The Ottoman people began in the mid-15th century to approach Croatia, the Kingdom of Bosnia had fallen in 1463.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Matias Corvinus halted the Ottoman advance thanks to a system of fortifications built on the eastern border of Croatia and Slavonia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, the defences were greatly weakened at the 1493 Battle of the Krbava Field, in which the Croatian nobility was dispossessed.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[9] While the remaining nobles united to fight the Ottomans, the Ottoman took over the city after another.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The important through-town of Knin fell to the Ottomans in 1521.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[10] The reign of the Habsburgs and the struggle against the Ottomans, the Crown of Croatia passed in 1527 to the Habsburg Monarchy, after Louis II of Hungary had died at the Battle of Mohács.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] The Ottoman forces also defeated the Hungarians in battle and began to threaten already the Adriatic coast.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Ottoman invasions caused destruction in the Balkans, and they destroyed several towns.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[10] The Habsburgs had only a small area from Croatia around Zagreb, Karlovac and Varaždin.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Habsburgs established a so-called military frontier, the Vonja krajina, on the Ottoman border.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[11] The military border was its own administrative region, which was not annexed to Croatia until 1881.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[9] It was controlled directly by the Habsburgs War Ministry.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] The Ottoman war luck was reversed at the Battle of Sisak in 1593, when the Habsburgs, assisted by Croat soldiers, defeated the Turks.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[11] However, the position of Croatian nobles, viceroy and parliament deteriorated further.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Due to the Ottoman threat and the demands of the landowners, the Croatian peasant population revolted several times.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] The Croatian nobility's disillusionment with the rule of the Habsburgs escalated into a 1671 conspiracy led by Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Habsburgs took advantage of the rebellion and thereafter assumed absolute power over both Croatia and Hungary.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[12] Croatia and Slavonia were obtained in their entirety from the Ottoman in the Great Turkish War of 1683—1699, when the borders of the Republic of Ragusa were also created.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[12] Bosnia was left to the Ottoman people and the city of Neum on the Adriatic coast.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

It also separated the territories of Venice from the Republic of Ragusa.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[11] The Habsburgs annexed to themselves from the Ottoman and the Republic of Venice the rest of Croatian Crown lands; many territories were annexed either by military border or separate provinces.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Much of the land was given to German or Hungarian superiors or military notables.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] The Croat nobility was unable to resist the Germanization initiated by Maria Teresia in the 18th century, which was also continued by her son Joseph II.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Croats turned to the Hungarians so that they could collectively defend their rights.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, cooperation suffered due to the rising nationalism of Hungary.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] After the Habsburgs supported the restoration of the Kingdom of France, Napoleon I invaded Italy in 1796.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Napoleon took Venice in 1797 and then agreed, in the peace of Campo Formio, to annex Dalmatia to Austria.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Croatians hoped that Dalmatia and Slavonia would be merged, but the Habsburgs kept them as separate administrative regions.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Austrian reign in Dalmatia lasted only until 1805, when Napoleon defeated Austrian-Prussian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Dalmatia was then ceded to France, whose forces also Ragusa soon surrendered.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Napoleon named the conquered territories the Province of Illyria.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

French rule was unpopular, although the area was heavily developed during that time.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[11] Following the fall of the Napoleonic Empire after the failed Russian war expedition, the Congress of Vienna recognised Dalmatia's status as part of Austria.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The remainder of Croatia was transferred to Hungary, which was part of the Austrian Empire.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[11] When Hungarian was made the official language of both Hungarian and Croatian, the Illyrism of the 1830s and 1840s was formed out of Croatian opposition.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Illyrists wanted to unite all South Slavs under a common literary language.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, they failed to turn the other South Slavs to their side, but they unified the Croats linguistically and administratively into the same national movement.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Threatened by the mad year of Europe and the nationalism of the Hungarians on the other, and wished for national autonomy on the other, under the leadership of the viceroy and illyrist Josip Jelačić, the Croats allied with the Austrians against the Hungarians.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, the Croats did not gain autonomy within the Austrian Empire, but had to experience the same Germanization as the Hungarians.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Part of Austria-Hungary, the compromise of 1867 between Austria and Hungary annexed Istria and Dalmatia to Austria and the rest of Croatia to Hungary within the new Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Croatia and Hungary then forged their own compromise which guaranteed autonomy for Croatia, but the Croatian countries were left in a dual monarchy within a different state.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[12] This encouraged the establishment of the Stranka prava party led by Ante Starčević.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

It advocated Croatian state rights and dreamed of an independent Greater Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The idea of Illyrism lived at the same time in the 1860s as Yugoslavism, supported by Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Strossmayer supported Serbia's struggle for independence, but advocated an independent state rather than a unified Yugoslavia as part of Austria-Hungary.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Starčević, in turn, was anti-Serb and dreamed of an independent Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

At the same time, Serbs were encouraged by the Orthodox Church to form a national identity around their religion.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Croatian Orthodox had identified themselves in the past with many different groups, but thanks to Starčević's attacks inside Croatia, the Serb Orthodox identity also began to intensify.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[13] With the outbreak of World War I, the Croatians feared becoming a pawn of larger states again.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

A Croatian delegate called the Yugoslavia Committee persuaded the Serb administration to establish a monarchy that would lead both states.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[13] The war itself did not directly touch Croatia in the form of fighting, but large numbers of Croatian soldiers participated in the war in the Austro-Hungarian ranks.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

An estimated 137000 Croatians were killed in the battles in the Balkans, on the Eastern Front and on the Italian front.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[12] Yugoslav era From the interwar period to World War II After World War I, Italy soon annexed Pula, Rijeka and Zadar.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Yugoslavia Committee became the National Assembly of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which soon negotiated the establishment of a new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The previously independent Kingdom of Montenegro was also annexed to the new Kingdom.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[13] It was founded in 1918, although Croat politicians supported the federal model.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[12] Yugoslavia was immediately mired in internal crises, as Croats felt left in a subjugated position.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Currency reforms took particular advantage of the Serbs, Istria, Zadar and many islands were ceded to Italy and power was concentrated in Belgrade, in whose parliament Croatians were underrepresented.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The opposition against the new government was led by Stjepan Radić, who was in favour of a federal state.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[14] He was assassinated in 1928 in the Parliament building.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[12] King Alexander I sought in 1929 to overthrow ethnic divisions and create a supranational fatherland from the state designated as Yugoslavia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The administrative regions of Yugoslavia were reformed, and historical Croatia, for example, was divided into several new provinces, called after rivers and other natural forms.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Just a day after Alexander had declared a royal dictatorship, Ante Pavelić, a Bosnian Croat, founded a separitist group called the Ustaša.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

It was inspired by Benito Mussolini and aimed at the establishment of an independent state.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

In Italy, Pavelić set up training camps with the assistance of Mussolini.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Ustaša, with the aid of Macedonians, assassinated King Alexander in Marseille in 1934.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Italy responded to this by ending the training camp and imprisoning Pavelić as well as many of his followers.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[14] Paul, who rose to become regent, made some concessions in domestic politics.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] On his initiative, an agreement was reached between Dragiša Cvetković, president of the Yugoslav government, and Vladko Maček, the Croatian political leader, through which the 1939 autonomous Banovina of Croatia was established within the Kingdom.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, it did not exist as until the beginning of World War II.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[15] The Axis powers overran Yugoslavia in 1941.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[15] The Germans took advantage of the Croatian discontent in the takeover and posed as liberators.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Under the auspices of the Germans and Italians, the Ustaša led by Pavelić declared an Independent State of Croatia, which also included Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[15] The Ustaša ruled Croatia cruelly and persecuted Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croats.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The faction plotted to destroy Croatia's Serb minority by converting them from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, expelling and killing them.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

In all, around 350000-450000 people were killed in the Ustaša massacres and the Jasenovac concentration camp.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] The Ustaša also sent the vast majority of the country's Jews to concentration camps during 1941—1945.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[14] Action against the Croatian Serb Ustaša began almost immediately, but the communist partisans led by Croatian Josip Broz Tito managed a decent resistance.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Croatian Serbs soon joined the Partisans.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

By 1944, the Partisans had liberated most of Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

At the end of the war, many of those near the Ustaša sought to flee with the Allies to the north.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, the British officers did not accept the surrender and returned them to the Partisans, who took harsh reprisals.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Tens of thousands of people died in forced marches and extermination camps.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Communist regime After the war, Croatia became part of the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which Tito sought to create as a state in which no ethnic group would dominate the entire politics.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Yugoslavia was formed out of six republics governed as a tightly held federation.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

After the war it had been annexed by Dalmatia and most of Istria, although Tito had not received the city of Trieste he wanted from the Italians.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[16] Yugoslavia was in the central administration of the Communist Party, and in Croatia, for example, in 1948, many politicians who had pursued Croatian national interests were purged from the party.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Power was concentrated in Belgrade, and during the 1960s the situation began to become even more complicated as the wealthiest parts of the federal government, Slovenia and Croatia, were dissatisfied with their funds shifting to poorer Kosovo and Bosnia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Croatia was particularly disappointed by the runaway from tourism revenue from the Adriatic coast.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The disillusionment was also heightened by the over-representation of Croatian Serbs in the government, armed forces and police.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[16] In the early 1960s, the Yugoslav government began political liberalization and desentralization.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

In Croatia, reforms led to the so-called Croatian Spring of 1969—1971, during which the country saw cultural and national reform.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

It was particularly promoted by the actions of the Matica hrvatska organisation.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Croatians pushed for broader economic autonomy and constitutional reform.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[16] However, Tito intervened and warned of the threat of civil war.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

In the purges and trial that followed, Croatian politicians and intellectuals lost positions.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Serbs viewed the reform movement as the new ustaša, and the imprisoned blamed Serbs for Croatia's problems.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[16] After Tito's death in May 1980, Yugoslavia was left in a state of disorientation.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The economy was at very weak ranges and there was no balancing grip on Tito between the republics.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

At the same time, distrust between ethnic Yugoslav factions and national feeling of the Serbs led by Slobodan Milošević grew.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[17] Independent Croatia Increased and war Slovenian and Croatian communists agreed in 1989 on multi-party elections.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Franjo Tuđman's right-wing National Croatian Democratic Union won the 1990 Croatian elections.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Croatia's new constitution was adopted on 22 December 1990, but failed to guarantee minority rights.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Subsequently, many Serbs were defecated from Croatian public administration positions.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[17] Serb fears were raised by accusations from Belgrade of Croatia's return to World War II fascism and anti-Serb violence.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991, when the Serb-populated Krajina Republika Srpska also declared independence.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[17] It was quickly followed by armed clashes in Serb areas.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

It coincided with the hastily withdrawal of the Yugoslav People's Army from Slovenia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] The army turned to oppose Croatian independence and support paramilitary Serb forces.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

After Croatia had closed all federal institutions, the Yugoslav armed forces blockaded the Adriatic coast, launching the Siege of Vukovar.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

About a quarter of Croatia had remained under the control of the Yugoslav army and paramilitary forces during the summer of 1991.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Federal Army and Montenegrin soldiers invaded Dubrovnik in late 1991.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The city of Vukovar fell shortly after this in one of the bloodiest events of the war.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[17] A UN-brokered truce began on January 3, 1992, when the federal army withdrew to its own bases.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Croatia's independence was recognized by the European Union and the United States in the early part of the year.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The goal of the UN peace plan was to disarm Serb militias.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, the situation froze until, in January 1993, the Croatian Army unexpectedly launched an offensive in the southern parts of Krajina.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Serbs in Krajina announced in June 1993 that they would never join Croatia and soon after this began evicting Croats.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Only about 900 Croats remained in Krajina out of the original approximately 440,000.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[17] Croatia also joined the Bosnian War, where the Yugoslav army and Serb militants used the same tactics as in Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Bosnian Croats and Muslims were initially allied under a common enemy, but they soon began to wage war against each other as well.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Bosnian Croats received support from Zagreb and were responsible for many war violations.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[17] On 1 May 1995, the Croatian army and police penetrated the western parts of Slavonia and took control of it within days.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The Serbs in Krajina responded with the bombing of Zagreb.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

As the Croatian army took more firmly control of Slavonia, some 15000 Serbs fled the country, despite assurances from the Croatian government that they were safe.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

There was no response to events from Belgrade, so it was assumed in Croatia that the Serbs in Krajina had lost support.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

On 4 August, the Croatians launched an attack on the region's capital, Knin.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

As a result, the Serb army and about 150000 civilians fled to the northern parts of Bosnia and the region fell into several months of turmoil during which many Serb villages were burned and looted.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[18] The Dayton Peace Agreement was concluded in December 1995, but did not provide a clear agreement on the withdrawal of the rest of the Serbs from Croatia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević agreed in 1996 to drop claims in eastern Slavonia.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Croatia gained full control over eastern Slavonia in 1998 and all of its territory in 2002 when even the last UN troops left the Prelavka Peninsula.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] As a NATO and EU country, Tuđman died in December 1999, and Stjepan Mesić, who had promised to rapidly export his country to NATO and the European Union, was elected as his successor.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, Croatia continued to suffer economic and political dividing lines, strained by cooperation with the Yugoslavia Tribunal (ICTY).


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Many Croatian generals who were considered war heroes in the country were prosecuted in the tribunal.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Croatia became a 2004 EU candidate country, but its membership negotiations were postponed to 2005 when the ICTY raised concerns about the country's reluctance to try its war criminals.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

EU officials also doubted the effectiveness of Croatia's fight against corruption.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, several war crimes suspects were arrested in Croatia during 2006 and a strong anti-corruption program was initiated.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

At the same time, the country's economy grew strongly thanks to the development of the tourism industry.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Croatia officially became a NATO country on April 1, 2009.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

However, neighbouring Slovenia, which was already part of the EU, said it would block Croatia from joining the EU.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Slovenia announced that border ambiguities between the two countries must be resolved first.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

The dispute concerned the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Piran.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

At the same time, Croatia was hit hard by the global economic crisis, whose gross domestic product fell by six per cent during 2009.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] EU membership discussions were concluded in June 2011.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

In a popular vote in January 2012, two-thirds of voters approved joining the EU, but the turnout was only 43.6.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

Croatia officially became an EU member country on 1 July 2013.


Question: When is Croatia founded?

History of Croatia

[4] Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mutić, Anja & Dragicevich, Peter| title = Lonely Planet Croatia publisher = Lonely Planet| year = 2015| format = [Scribd.com] | accessdate = 29.7.2015}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:92 European history *


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Siouxit [ˈsiouks], or Sioux't [suːt], is a co-designation for Native American peoples who spoke Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota languages.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The original residential areas of the Sioux were located within the territory of the present-day states of Minnesota and Wisconsin in the United States.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

During the 18th century, the Lakotas separated themselves from other Sioux and crossed the Missouri River, west of which they adopted the Great Plains nomadic equestrian culture.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The Dakotas are best remembered for the 1862 Minnesota Uprising.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The Lakotas, on the other hand, have gone down in history, particularly from the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876 and the Wounded Knee massacre of 1890.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The Sioux were not a very cohesive group linguistically or culturally, but they were all registered as Sioux by the United States administration in the 19th and 20th centuries.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Today, half of the registered Sioux live on reservations in South and North Dakota.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

History Early years The first documented record of the Sioux dates back to 1660, when French fur trader Pierre-Esprit Radisson and his entourage visited their village.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The French referred to the Indians they met as the Gens de boeuf (bison people).


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The name came from the Sioux custom of wearing clothing and outfits made of bison skin.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The meeting went on friendly signs and the French managed to make peace between the Sioux and their northern enemies the Creide.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[1] Some years later, French Jesuits Claude-Jean Allouez and Jacques Marquette, who spread Christianity, visited Sioux villages.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

According to Allouez, the Sioux were of a very belligerent reputation and widely feared in the Great Lakes region.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[1] In the early 1670s, the easternmost Sioux were driven out of Wisconsin by Huron refugees who had fled Iroquois invasions as far away as Ontario.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In the same era, the Ojibwas living on the western shores of Upper Lake clashed with the Sioux over hunting grounds in northern Minnesota.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

A decades-long peace between the Sioux and the Ojibwas was concluded, mediated by French merchants living on the site of present-day Duluth, during 1679.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[2] In 1680 Daniel Greysolon, Sier du Luth (founder of Duluth), and missionary Louis Hennepin visited a village called Izatys of the Dakotas in Minnesota (sometimes using the name Kathio).


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[3] Greysolon erected a French flag in the village as a military monument to be launched.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Father Hennepin wrote an extensive account of his experiences with the Sioux, which revealed that he was imprisoned for three months by the Dakotas in another village before visiting Kathio.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[4] [5] In 1701, a Sioux legation travelled to Montreal, where the French had invited representatives of dozens of Native American peoples to strengthen peace and friendship.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[6] Nearly 1300 Indians celebrated New France with great mid-summer feast, agreeing on many terms of trade and warfare.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

As a result of the negotiations, the French concluded a peace treaty with 38 different nations.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[7] The Sioux did not draw their wooden markers on the peace treaty because none of the Native American peoples involved wanted anything to do with them.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[8] In the 1730s, the Sioux and the Ojibwas became feuded after the peace of 1679.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In the wars that followed, the Sioux were forced to retreat from under the Ojibwas armed with firearms.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Many villages of the Dakotas fell into the possession of the Ojibwas.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[4] The Lakotas and Nakotas left their own villages around the same time and occupied living space in South Dakota and Nebraska, where the Arikaras who lived were forced to leave their dozen large villages as they were occupied by various tribes of the Sioux.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[9] Moving to the Plains, the Lakotas extended their catching land in the mid-18th century to the west of the Missouri River.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

After getting their first horses {'spirit dogs') with the help of the Cheyennies, a new way of hunting bison and moving effortlessly across the plains opened up.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The prairie uplands ill-suited for habitation provided a paradise for hunters.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Preying on large migrating bison herds off their horses was effortless.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The bison provided everything the lakotas needed.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The Nakotas and Dakotas living further east later adopted part of this lifestyle after learning to ride in the 1770s.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[6] However, they did not give up farming altogether.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The Sioux developed into the Lords of the Northern Plains.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

They were feared in large areas from the Great Lakes all the way to the Rocky Mountains.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[10] With the spread of settlements in the fold of the 18th and 19th centuries, the number of all Sioux tribes is thought to have been at least 25000 people.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The plagues that came with the white population, such as various pestilities, thinned the Sioux phalanxes, among other Indians.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The Lakotas moved to live entirely on the west side of Missouri.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

They continued to wage war against other tribes of the Plains and got into some clashes with American fur trappers as well.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In 1830, the Lakotas made peace with the Arapahos and Cheyenns, who previously had belonged to the enemies.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The rapidly advancing spread of settler settlement across the plains fractured the permanent Native American borders.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In the 1840s, representatives of the United States government began their repeated negotiations for transit rights in Sioux villages.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

At this point at the latest, more and more Plains tribes began to seek allies for themselves.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[11] In the fall summer of 1851, a legation of about 10,000 Indians gathered at Horse Creek near Fort Laramie to negotiate with the American government regarding transit treaties and their compliance. [11].


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In addition to the Sioux, representatives of Arapahos, Cheyenns, Arikaras and Hidazos were present.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The boundaries of each Native American tribe were carefully marked and the Victorious Bear (Conquering Bear) was chosen as the joint chief of all Sioux.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

However, the United States Senate never approved the full terms of the treaty and the Indians felt betrayed.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The victorious Bear tried by peaceful means to carry out his own responsibilities, but the conflicts led to an inevitable state of war.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The triumphant bear's life ended in the Grattan Massacre of 1854 with a joint shot by American cannons.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

One eyewitness to the battle was a young oglala lakota named Crazy Horse (Crazy Horse).


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[12] In the same decade, the Dakotas also ran into trouble in Minnesota, where they had been placed on a reservation bent by the government.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

A group of settlers had been killed and the blame was rolled on the Dakotas.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In a form of retaliation, the government stripped part of the already small dakota reservation.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The Indians tried to remain calm, but the situation drifted inexorably towards a major catastrophe.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The settlers began to treat the dakotas offensively.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

When Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 as the new President of the United States, reservation agents also changed.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

What turned out to be a problem for the new Indian agents was inexperience, which was evident in many mistakes.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[13] Government appropriations were not delivered to the reservation in accordance with the contract.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

This made the Indians hungry and angry.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

When they asked for their food rations, they were told to eat grass and their own faeces.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[14] The Dakotas, considered peaceful, started a rebellion and massacred nearly 500 Minnesota settlers.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Troops sent to aid from the east ended the state of war and some of the rebels ended up on the nog stage, but the first steps of the great Indian wars had been beaten.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

From this point forward, strife between the Sioux and the Americans spread far into the plains.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[12] The Red Cloud War In the first half of the 1860s, the entire Missouri Territory and its tributaries began to be filled with the equipment of the United States Army Corps.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Although for some time the various tribes of the Sioux in the northern plains remained mainly a transit zone for settlers, it was not possible to avoid such problems.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Due to gold discoveries, the arapahs and cheyennes of the northern plains were forced to give up some of their land holdings.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The same was also threatened to happen to the Lakota tribes of the Sioux when the U.S. government decided to open the so-called Bozeman Route through the Sioux regions of Wyoming and Montana.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[15] The reason was gold discoveries made in western Montana.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Three forts were rehabilitated in the northeastern part of Wyoming.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The purpose of the forts was to protect settler families travelling to the goldfields from possible attacks by Native Americans.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The Bozeman route ran directly through the best hunting grounds of the northern arapahos and cheyenns.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[16] In 1866, several Indian chiefs visited Fort Laramie to negotiate a U.S. project to open the Bozeman Route.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Red Cloud, the chief of the oglala Sioux had the brule chief Spottail and other authoritative leaders as his supporters.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Negotiations at Fort Laramie led nowhere.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The United States had already made up its mind and wanted to open the Bozeman route though coercive.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

On Red Cloud's orders, dozens of chiefs rounded up their warriors and cut off traffic on the Bozeman road.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In addition, the Indians blockaded all three restored forts between the Powder and Big Horn rivers.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The United States' own forces were badly outnumbered.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Late summer in 1866 was a difficult time for the white defenders of the Bozeman road.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In November 1866, the United States sent reinforcements to the battlefield and Captain William J. Fetterman and his troops were accommodated at Fort Phil Kearny, one of the three forts on the Bozeman route.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In late December, Fetterman and his 80 soldiers walked out of sight of the fort.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Afterwards, it was discovered that they were likely following the “decoy birds” led by the young Sioux warrior Mad Horse, who drew the soldiers into a siege organised by more than a thousand Sioux and Cheyenne.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[12] Later, one frosty morning, the frozen bodies of Fetterman's crew were carried to Fort Phil Kearny.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[17] In the spring and summer of 1867, Red Cloud and his allies continued their almost relentlessly intensified attacks.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Mad Horse developed into a skilled leader of guerrilla warfare.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The American government held emergency sessions and many weary U.S. soldiers were ready to stop fighting.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

On 29 April 1868 an agreement was concluded at Fort Laramie with a few brule and ogla chiefs.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

More Indian leaders were on hand to negotiate peace, should their demands be agreed.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The US government agreed to follow the opposing party's proposals, one of which was the burning of the three bastions along the Bozeman route.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

To confirm the decision, a group of Sioux and Cheyennes visited to set fire to the forts.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[18] Under the new Treaty of Fort Laramie, the Lakota Sioux gained themselves a large tract of land from the northern plains, in which enough game moved.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Writing the treaty, Red Cloud stated that the cause of the war had been solely that the United States had opened the Bozeman route without the permission of the Indians.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

This war, led by Red Cloud, remained unique in history insofar as being one of the few that the United States lost against the Indians.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[17] Deal breakers the United States government came up with new means to bring the Indians to discipline.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

They proposed to Congress the idea of mass slaughter of bison.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[20] Congress passed the motion and as a result Buffalo Bill and hunters like him were shooting hundreds of bison every day.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

In addition, the government, in violation of the Treaty of Fort Laramie, allowed the Northern Pacific Railroad to pass through the Great Lakota Sioux Reservation.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The project took place in 1867.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The issue caused negative feelings in the Indians of the area.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[21] In 1873, gold discoveries from the sacred lands of the Lakotas in the Black Hills heralded a bad future for the Sioux.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Information about the gold spread to the press immediately after Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer had visited to verify the veracity of the discovery.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

This caused a rapidly growing gold rush.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The United States Army was deployed around the Black Hills in the Dakota to guard lest settlers invade Native American lands.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The soldiers, however, did not mind interfering in the actions of gold diggers.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

One consequence of the gold rush was that population numbers in small villages like Deadwood were increasing rapidly.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The completed railway also added to the problems of the Sioux, Cheyenns and Arapahos, as the bison shooting was the greatest amusement of those travelling on trains.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Thousands of shot animals were left rotting on the plains.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

[20] Ulysses S. Grant, who had risen to become President of the United States, appointed a commission to negotiate with the strikers to purchase the Black Mountains.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Negotiations fell to no avail, however, as the Sioux makers did not agree to the sale.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Rising to become the great leader of the Lakotas in the early 1870s, the Holy Man Sitting Bull of the Hunkpapa Sioux had long since realised the fact that the white man ate his words as soon as he got the chance.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Following the example given by the Americans, the Indians also began to violate the Treaty of Fort Laramie and moved to hunt outside their own territories.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

The government tried by mob force to persuade sniffing strikers to return to their reservation.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Chief Red Cloud, who became old, was willing to comply with U.S. demands, but the younger chiefs disagreed.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

Sitting Bull, who later became almost a legend, did not accept the orders of the Americans.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

He also won over leaders of other tribes.


Question: What is the most significant act of the American Indian Movement?

Sioux

As Red Cloud settled for reservation life, Sitting Bull and Mad Horse were led by Sitting Bull and Mad Horse as supreme chiefs of the United Tribes of the Plains.