Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Measurements can conclude that the amount of carbon-12 considered to be organic has varied considerably during the Ediacaraperiod and preceding precambrian period, indicating drastic variations in ground temperature.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Ediacara fauna did not begin to occur until 575 million years ago and have been found in strata in the Drook Formation.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

But already 585 million years ago there were marine feather organisms.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

565 million years ago there were fern leaves and nematode-like forms that probably moved.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

560 million years ago, small 2-symmetrical worm-like organisms appeared in the Ediacara fauna.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

555 million years ago, an oval Kimberella appeared, perhaps a soft-shelled mollusk that may have been a predator and microbial mat-eating.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

About 550 million years ago, the first conical small-shell organisms called Cloudina appeared in Ediacara strata.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

It is not known what kind of organism wore Cloudina's shell.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Cloudina was many times associated with stromatolites, bacterial fossils, and fairly cool waters.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Cloudina either migrated with the waves to stromatolite beaches or lived on them.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

In some Cloudina fossils, there are signs of drilling carried out by prey animals in which the animal either died or survived.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

This suggests that the animal was able to change its position in the tube.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Fossils of similar species “Namacalathus” and “Namapoikia” are associated with Cloudina.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

About 545 years ago, small shells in the shape of a bowl appeared in Ediacara deposits.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

The conical (chalet-like) shells were asconoids.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

The tubular forms must have been the protective shells of worms that reside at the bottom.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

At the very end of the period, branching forms appeared, which bring to mind the Cambrian period Tribrachidiumin and Anabaritesin the Ediacara fauna was still in the Middle Cambrian period about 506 million years ago.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Rangeomorphs Rangeomorphs were the hallmark fauna of the Ediacara fauna that appeared perhaps 575 million years ago in the Ediacaran Avalon fauna.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Charnia, for example, resembled a sea feather and lived 575 to 545 million years ago, and was up to 2 meters long, being the longest Ediacara fossil.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

The exoskeleton of these semi-rigid animals was a branching tube structure that was like a fractal and therefore primitive.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

They were associated with feather-like structures and may be ancestors of fungi and animals.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

The rangeomorphs disappeared 542 million years ago with the onset of the Cambrian explosion.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

The predecessors of the trilobites in the Ediacara period appeared many symmetrical, fractional or fractionless species capable of movement.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Species uncannily resembling the trilobite include Spriggina, Bomakellia kelleri and Parvancorina.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Spriggina is like a long, worm-like trilobite, but its other interpretation is a sea feather.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Bomakellia kelleri was like a soft, fractious trilobite whose body divided longitudinally into three parts like a trilobite, and whose head resembled that of a trilobite.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Other researchers think this, too, is a sea feather.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Parvancorina is like a soft, fractionless trilobite, as is Vendia.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Spriggina and Parvancorina did not appear in the fossil record until late in the Ediacara period about 560 million years ago in White Sea strata.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

[4] Dickinsonia was flat, oval, bifurcate and fractional that appeared in the fossil record a few million years earlier than Parvancorina and Sprggina.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

[4] Yorgia waggoneri was ambivalent laterally and fractional, looking egg-shaped on top, and resembled Dickinson and Spriggina species.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

The first multicellular “Most primitive” multicellular species living today are the focal animals (sea anemones, coral animals and jellyfish) belonging to the main Cnidaria period, fungal animals, and the slightly more complex articulated worms.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

The first probably vase-like forms somewhat reminiscent of fungal animals appeared in the fossil record as early as 610-600 million years ago in a stratum called the Twitya Formation.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

There are only 11 cell types in fungal animals and corals, but 55 in worms.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Speculation has also been raised that multicellular would have existed as early as 1200-1000 million years ago, and that multicellular would have diverged from the fungal developmental lineage 650 million years ago.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Possible traces of worms have been found in China dating back to 700 million years ago and also in Australia from 1000 million years ago.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

The Ediacaracaust was precambrian too.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Deposits resembling worm traces have been found from the Precambrian period, but these are disputed.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Stromatolites, the deposits caused by bacterial mats, were greatly reduced about 800 million years ago, indicating the emergence of animals eating these or, according to some, the Great Ice Age.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

The Cambrian period explosion, rapid speciation, probably started as early as the Ediacara period perhaps 570 to 550 million years ago.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Ediacaran Division Sinian Period Division.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Sinian comprises cryogen and ediacaran.


Question: How is precambre defined?

Ediacara period

Sturtian (ice age) Varangi (Marinoan) ice age 650 - 630 million years ago Smalfjord 650 - 640 million years ago Mortensnes 640 - 630 million years ago Ediacara 630-542 million years ago Wonokan 630 - 570 million years ago Poundian 570 - 542 million years ago the Ediacara is almost the same as the Vendian 650-542 million years ago See also Geological periods Proterozoic Neoproterozoic Cryogenic Age Cambrian Period Sources On topic elsewhere Category:Proterozoic Aion


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

Said Qutb (; 9.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

October 1906 — 29 August 1966 [1]) was an Egyptian writer, poet and philosopher.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

He was a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and 1960s and the most famous Islamist thinker of the 20th century [2].


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

A secularized nationalist, Qutb received teacher training.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

However, with the end of colonial rule, he turned to seeking answers on religion when political parties failed to solve Egypt's problems.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

During the couple of years he spent in the United States in the 1950s, he vindicated his perception of the depravity of the West and, upon his return, joined the Muslim Brotherhood, of which he soon became the chief thinker.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

Relationships with Nasser were good to begin with, but after Nasser abandoned Islam and resorted to hard grips with the Brotherhood, relations broke off and Qutb began to become radicalised.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

Qutb, who went to prison, was tortured.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

At the same time, the religious nationalism of his thinking was strengthened.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

He also saw as an enemy what he saw as a depraved Islamic elite.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

[2] Qutb was hanged in 1966, thus becoming a martyr of the movement.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

Ayman al-Zawahri and Osama bin Laden, the leadership duo of terrorist organization Al-Qaeda, became familiar with his late production and, like other Islamist extremists, embraced its content.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

This phase of his life's work is considered the backdrop and roots of the attacks in New York City in September 2001.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

While the current Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood has condemned the use of violence and terrorist organizations, it has not distanced itself from Qutb's late-thinking but is indifferent to it.


Question: Who was Said Qutb?

Said Qutb

[2] Sources on the subject elsewhere Category:Egyptian writers Category:African philosophers Category:Members of the Muslim Brotherhood Class:Those born in 1906 Class:Those who died in 1966 Class:Islamic philosophers Class:Executed


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Afghanistan (,), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (,) is an Islamic landlocked state in Asia.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The area of the country is about 650000 square kilometers.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The capital is Kabul.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Afghanistan is a mountainous landlocked country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Of its roughly 31 million residents, 80 percent are Sunni Muslims.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

More than 30 languages are spoken in the country, the largest being Dari and Pashtu, with the largest ethnic groups being Patans and Tajiks.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Afghanistan lies along strategic routes of passage and its history is coloured by numerous wars.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

On the trail of constant warring, the country's infrastructure and the level of education of the population are in a squalid state.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Afghanistan produces drugs, especially opium.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Abundant and diverse mineral resources have been found in Afghanistan, exploiting which would bring prosperity to the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Geography Earth covers an area of about 650000 square kilometers.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The capital is Kabul.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

It is bordered by Turkmenistan (744 kilometres of common border), Uzbekistan (137 kilometres), Tajikistan (1206 kilometres), China (76 kilometres), Pakistan (2430 kilometres) and Iran (936 km).


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] Afghanistan is a landlocked country predominantly in the highlands region, and about three-quarters of the country is mountainous.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The widest area of the country is the sparsely populated central highlands, which belongs to the Hindu Kush Mountains that divide the country in east-west direction.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Located on Hindu Kushilla, Afghanistan's highest peak is Noshaq, with an elevation of 7485metres.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[2] There is seismic activity in the northeastern parts.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In terms of vegetation, Afghanistan is mainly desert and semi-desert, with the exception of a few fertile valleys such as the Herat Valley.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The main rivers are the Amudarja, Helmand and Kabul.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[2] Only Kabul descends through the Indus River into the sea, many others just lead into the desert and dry up there.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Three major dams have been made on the rivers: Arghandab Dam near Kandahar, Kakakai Dam on Helmand River and Naglu Dam on Kabul River west of Jalalabad.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[3] The Khaibarpass on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border has been an important route of passage for hundreds of years.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In the 1950s, a road was built at Kotal-e Lataband Pass, a gorge on the Kabul River jylh, cutting the travel time between Kabul and Pakistan border from two days to a few hours.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[4] Afghanistan has a fertile continental climate.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The winter chill is biting due to the high location in much of the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In summer, almost everywhere it is hot, in the Netherlands, such as the Sistan Valley near the Iranian border, downright stiff.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In winter and spring, the weather is most varied, with most of the rain being obtained during them.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Most low pressures that cause winter rains develop in the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Monsoon rains in southern neighboring countries do not extend to the Afghan side sheltered by high mountains.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The weather conditions in Kabul more broadly represent the mountainous east and central part of the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[5] There, the average day's lowest temperature is on the frost side from November to February.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The maximum temperature of the day exceeds 30 degrees in June, July and August.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Rain is obtained from November to May.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[6] Nature Due to drought, the most common vegetation type in Afghanistan is low and sparse scrub.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

If it rains more abundantly in spring, annual flowers rise on the plains.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The mountains in the eastern parts of the country have once been covered with forests but have been chopped down for firewood.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Today, only 2% of the land area is forest, mostly in the north-east of Afghanistan.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Previously, the country was also rich in animal species.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In the Amu Darja valley in the north of the country roamed Siberian tigers, in the desert, that is, antelopes and gazelles.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

380 species of birds were found in the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

There is no information on the current state of the fauna after the war and dry years.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[7] In 2009, Afghanistan published the first list of tranquilized species in the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

They included 20 mammals, seven birds, four plants, one amphibian and one insect.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Only now was the snow leopard pursued by hunters protected.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[8] History of the territory of Afghanistan was located by the Kingdom of Bactria until the 5th century BCE.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

until, when it was annexed to the Persian Empire and Bactria became a province of Persia.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Afghanistan was part of Persia until it was conquered by Alexander the Great in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The kingdom of Alexander the Great was succeeded by the Seleucid Empire, from whose rule the new Greco-Bactrian Kingdom became independent in the 250s BCE.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[9] Bactria was the easternmost corner of the Hellenistic world.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[10] New Baktria was lost in the 10th century to make way for the Kušana kingdom of Buddhist-nomads from the borderlands of China.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The Sassanid dynasty of Persia took control of the Afghan region again in the 3rd century and the region was Islamized in the 6th century.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Afghanistan was the centre of the Mahmud Ghazni kingdom in the 10th century, but was eradicated by the Mongols 200 years later.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[9] The Timurid dynasty founded by Tatar Timur Lenk brought economic and cultural flourishing to Afghanistan, which ended with the Persians once again taking over Afghanistan in the 16th century, and the region became a zone of contention between Persia and the Moguls.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The Afghans rebelled against the Persian Safavids in the early 18th century and they established the Hutak dynasty that encompassed parts of Persia, which was however eventually defeated by Nadir Šah.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[11] In 1747, Afghanistan became independent under Ahmad Šah Dorran.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[9] He was king of Afghanistan from 1745 to 1773 [12].


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In the 19th century, two Afghan wars were fought as Great Britain tried to conquer Afghanistan to prevent Russia from getting it.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Afghanistan was forced to cede control of foreign policy to Great Britain, but retained its independence in its domestic affairs.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The Third Afghan War was fought immediately after World War I against British India and the British recognised the foreign policy independence of Afghanistan in 1919.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[13] The signing day of the Treaty of Rawalpindi, concluded after the war, 19 August is now celebrated as Afghanistan's Independence Day.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[14] The civil war of 1928 was followed by a long period of stability mainly under King Muhammad Zahir Šah until he was ejected from power in 1973 by his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In 1978, the communist PDPA came to power in the saur revolution.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The communist regime soon plunged into chaos, threatened by military revolts and Islamist guerrillas, which in turn threatened the Soviet Union.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[15] Vonna 1979 Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and in the ensuing Afghan war, Soviet forces and the new Afghan government it brought to power were met by mujahideen guerrillas supported by China, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United States.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Soviet troops withdrew from the country in 1989.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Mohammad Najibullah, who has served as president since 1986, lost his main supporter after the Soviet Union imploded in 1991.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan fell in April 1992 when the Mujahideen forces overran Kabul.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Burhanuddin Rabbani, the guerrilla chief, became the new president.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The war continued as a civil war between the various factions, in which foreign powers Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran became embroiled.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[13] [16] In 1994, the Taliban movement began to intensify, whose guerrillas took over Kabul in 1996 and almost publicly executed former President Najibullah.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Sharia law was introduced in the country under a very harsh interpretation.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

By late 1998, the Taliban controlled 90percent of the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Among other things, they destroyed one of the country's most important export articles, the poppy fields, as under the laws of Islam the use of intoxicants (alcohol, drugs, etc.) is prohibited.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In 2001, the United States and Britain invaded Afghanistan, accusing the Taliban of supporting the Al Qaeda terror organization, which was behind the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, and the Northern Alliance, which opposes the Taliban, ejected the Taliban from power.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In addition to the United States and Great Britain, several other Western countries deployed their own soldiers to the country as part of the United Nations-mandated ISAF force.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Afghan groups opposed to the Taliban met in December 2001 in Bonn and brokered an agreement to stabilize the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Hamid Karzai was appointed Speaker of the Interim Administration (Afghan Interim Authority) in 2001, and was elected president in 2004 and for a second term in November 2009.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[13] [16] As of 17 July 2011, security responsibility is gradually shifting from ISAF forces to Afghanistan's own forces.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[17] Politics Afghanistan is a presidential republic with the post of prime minister as well.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The President is both head of state and head of the government, and he appoints ministers.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] In practice, however, local and regional grandees wield significant power.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[18] According to the Constitution, Afghanistan is an Islamic republic whose laws cannot conflict with the provisions of Islam (Articles 1 and 3).


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[19] According to Article 149th of the Constitution, “Those provisions of the [Constitution] concerning adherence to the foundations of the sacred faith of Islam and to the Islamic Republic cannot be amended.” [20] The bicameral parliament consists of an upper house of 102 members and a lower house of up to 250 members.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] Parliamentary elections were mainly held without party credentials and the party establishment is relatively weak.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

However, there are a number of major party factions in Parliament.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

These include Hezbe-Afghanistan-Naween led by Yunus Qanoon, Hezbe-Junbesh-e-Milli Afghanistan (Junbesh), which represents the mostly Uzbek population, and Hezb-i-Islami, which represents the Shiite population, and Hezb-i-Islami, which is mainly representative of Patans.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[21] The presidential election in August 2009 was tinged with widespread fraudulence.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

After a lengthy counting and vetting process, Hamid Karzai was reported to have received 49.7% of the votes in the first round.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

However, the second round went unheld and Karzai was declared the outright winner after opposing candidate Abdullah Abdullah accused the Electoral Commission of bias and withdrawing from the race.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[22] [23] Provinces Afghanistan consists of 34 provinces or velayat: [24] Badakhshan Badghis Baghlan Balkh Bamiyan Daikond Farah Faryab Ghazn Ghowr Helmand Herat Jowzjan Kabul Kandahar Kapisa Khost Konar Kondoz Laghman Lowgar Nangarhar Nimruz Nurestan Paktia Paktika Panjshir Parvan Samangan Sar-e Pol Takhar Uruzgan Vardak Zabol Population In July 2013 the estimated population of Afghanistan was 31108077.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

That is well below the earlier estimate of 33.6 million, which was based on the 1979 census that fell short.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] Afghanistan is a multilingual and -cultural country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Afghans, or Pathans, make up 40— 45% of the population; the next largest population groups are Tajiks (about 27 percent), Hazaras (hetsars, 9 percent), as well as Uzbeks (about 10 percent).


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Smaller populations include the Aimaqs, Turkmen and Belutches.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] Major languages include Afghan Persian (Dari) with 50%, Pashtu (Afghan) with 35% and Turkish-related languages (especially Uzbek and Turkmen) with 11%.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In addition to these, 30 smaller languages (notably Belutchi and Pashai) are spoken in Afghanistan, a total of 4%.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

There is a lot of bilingualism in the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] Afghans are predominantly Sunni Muslims (80% of the population), but the country also has a significant Shiite minority (about 19% of the population).


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] The Hazaras in particular are predominantly Shiite Muslims.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Shiite Ismailites comprise around 1—2% of the population, mostly in Baghlan and Badakshan provinces.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The country also has a small Hindu and Sikh minority.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[25] [26] There used to be a large Jewish minority in the country, but today there is reportedly only one Jew living in the country [27].


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Of those over the age of fifteen, only about 28 per cent can read and write.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

A large proportion of women are illiterate (a 2000 estimate of 88 per cent) and according to a 2010 estimate, 460 mothers died from pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] Six contraceptive clinics operate in the country, operated by Marie Stopes International.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Clinics provide information about the methods of family planning, as well as the interruption of pregnancy.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

They cooperate with religious leaders.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

According to the organisation, its activities prevented 250,000 unwanted pregnancies in 2009 and helped different ministries to change their activities in a direction more mindful of women.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The only financing country outside the clinics is Finland.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[28] Given the proportional definition of the UN Millennium Development Goals (reducing the number of people affected by problems to half or one third of the comparative year level), Afghanistan, despite the above problems, has progressed quite well with the objectives.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

According to a 2007 estimate, the infant mortality target is likely to be met, with four others possible.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

However, reducing extreme poverty and promoting equality for women fall behind targets.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

As security is a major problem in Afghanistan, the country has added an extraordinary target for it to its millennium list.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[29] Health situation 2011 According to a report published by the Afghan Ministry of Health in November 2011, the situation has improved significantly with the country's main health problem, obstetric and infant mortality, decreased.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

According to the study, 1/50 birthers die in childbirth.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Infant mortality is half that of 2008, which means 97 children per 1,000 die before the first birthday.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[30] The life expectancy of Afghans has extended by more than ten years.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The 2009 published expectation was 47—50 years, now 62—64 years.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Of children under five years old, 20 per cent were previously killed, now no more than 10 per cent.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The reason for the improvement of the situation is, among other things, intensifying the treatment of diarrhea and pneumonia.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[30] The number of hospitals in 2003 was only 450, according to a 2011 survey of 1800.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The number of midwives was 400; in 2011 there were 2000 midwives.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[30] Not all areas could be accounted for, since in the countryside of Kandahar, Helmanid and Zabul provinces, the rebels still hold power.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The research was funded by UNICEF, WHO and the United States government.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[30] Transport and media Afghanistan has a total of 52 airports, 23 of which runways are paved.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

There are 1200 kilometers of waterways, mostly on the Amudarja River.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] Kabul Airport is one of the busiest single-runway airports in the world because it is used by foreign military forces.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In addition to them, three Afghan airlines fly from the field with 10 to 15 flights a day.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[31] [1] The country's first railway line opened in the summer of 2011.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The 75-kilometer-long section of line carries freight between the Uzbek city of Hairatan and Mazar-i-Sharif [32].


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[33] Five new routes are planned.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Funding for them has come from abroad, as the country has rich natural resources that many countries are interested in exploiting.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The railways are also hoped to stabilize life in the violent country by developing its economy.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[34] Rahman Khan, the ruler of Afghanistan, banned the construction of railways in the fold of the 20th century.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The British and Russians warred in the region and built railways, and Rahman Khan hoped by prohibition to keep power in the country for himself.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[34] Since the defeat of the Taliban, private television and radio stations have become more widespread at a rate.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

During the Taliban, television was banned because it is considered damaging to morale.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The law regulating the media still prohibits the presentation of anti-Islam material.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[18] There are less than half a million landline subscriptions, but cell phone use is becoming more common.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In 2008, the country had 8.45 million cellphones and in 2012 already 18 million.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

There were about one million Internet users in 2009.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The most common way to access the internet is the internet cafes and kiosks in Kabul.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] Economy The wars have ruined the economic life of a poor country, and the country's standard of living is one of the worst in the world.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Agriculture produces cereals (among other things wheat) and especially cotton.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Opium cultivation is common.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Animal husbandry is the main livelihood of nomadic tribes.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Carpets are made for export.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[35] Agriculture is concentrated in the northern plains near the borders of the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Food production is highly dependent on wheat farming and raising sheep and goats.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[2] [36] In June 2010, the United States military was reported to have discovered a mineral deposit of over $1 trillion in Afghanistan.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The minerals found were iron, copper, cobalt, gold, and lithium.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

A report by the United States Defence Mini-Office dubbed the country the “Saudi Arabia of lithium.”


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Lithium reserves discovered in Afghanistan would make the country the world's largest producer of lithium in the utility.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[37] Lithium is particularly needed for hybrid and electric car batteries, computers and mobile phones.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[38] Although representatives of the United States government said they were surprised by Afghanistan's natural resources, in fact mineral reserves were known to the government as early as the 1970s.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Representatives of the Soviet Union, the United States, the World Bank and the UN were already discussing exploiting Afghanistan's natural resources at the time.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[39] Military clashes have prevented poor Afghanistan from exploiting its country's mineral reserves.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Michael T. Klare, a professor at Hampshire College's Institute for Peace and International Security Studies, has characterized Afghanistan as being a victim of a “resource curse.”


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Different factions are fighting to benefit economically from Afghanistan's mineral riches.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Natural resources may even have undermined the everyday lives of ordinary people because of the willingness of various factions to defend their economic interests militarily.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[40] The most significant natural resources and their value According to a 2010 estimate, the combined value of these mainly metals exceeds US$908 billion: [41] iron (420.09 billion billion.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) copper (274.0 billion billion.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) cobalt (50.8 billion billion.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) niobium (81.2 billion billion.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) gold (25.0 billion billion


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) molybdenum (23.9 billion.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) asbestos (6.3 billion.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) silver (5.3 billion.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) potash (5.1 billion billion.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) aluminum (4.4 billion.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

$) [41] Second estimates of mineral reserves are even higher and estimate the size of natural resources as high as over 3 trillion US dollars.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The importance of Afghanistan's mineral reserves is enhanced by the high proportion of strategic metals.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

As a whole, Afghanistan's natural resources are highly significant, possibly the largest in the world of an individual country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[42] [43] According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), Afghanistan is estimated to have significant reserves of oil and natural gas.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Oil is estimated at 1.6 billion barrels, natural gas at 440 billion cubic feet and gas-driven liquids (NGL) at 562 million barrels.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[44] The most significant export products are dried fruit and nuts, carpets, wool, cotton, leather products, opium and semi-precious stones.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Exports go to Pakistan, India, the United States, Tajikistan and Germany.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Imports are most from the United States, Pakistan, India, Russia and Germany.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[1] Culture Before 1978, the national sense of Afghans was weak.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Local communities were relatively autonomous, with people identifying primarily with their own tribal group, second to the entire international Islamic community.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In the civil war, ethnic strife escalated, especially between the Patans and other ethnic groups belonging to the Northern Alliance.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[45] Well-known Afghan rugs are made by Turkmen and Belutches, nomads in the north and west of the country.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[46] The nomads spend summers in the highlands and land in the valleys for the winter.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

They run two types of tents: Central Asian yurts and tents made of black goat hair typical of the Middle East.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Shepherds may also stay temporarily in reed huts or caves.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Farmers typically live in fortified multi-storey houses built of clay and straw.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[45] Afghan staple food is flat wheat loaves baked either in an iron pan or on the inner surface of a clay oven.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Bread is often dipped in meat broth.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Yogurt and other dairy products are also common.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[45] Afghan greyhounds had been used in Afghanistan as hunting and herding dogs for thousands of years before Western dog enthusiasts became interested in them in the 19th century.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[47] Traditional Afghan music includes the country's own heritage instruments rubab and dombur.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

In the 21st century, rock has also become popular among youth.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[48] Sports Afghanistan has participated in the Olympic Games 13 times intermittently since 1936.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Its only medals, two bronzes, have been brought by Rohullah Nikpai of taekwondo.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[49] Afghanistan's national sport is buzkashi, where athletes on horseback try to get transferred to the end zone of a goat or calf carcass.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Other popular sports include football and cricket.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

The Afghanistan national football team has not had success in value tournaments.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

It was ranked 174 in the FIFA rankings in April 2011.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Cricket, on the other hand, was brought with him by Afghan refugees after returning back to their native Pakistan.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

[50] [51] [52] See also List of Afghan Heads of State Civilian casualties of Afghan war Human rights in Afghanistan Iranian date Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nordberg, Jenny| title= Kabul girls secret| publisher = WSOY| year = 2015| id = ISBN 9789510395707}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hosseini, Khaled| title = Kite Boy| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| id = ISBN 9789511226222}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hosseini Seini, Khaled| title = A Thousand Shining Suns| publisher = otava| year = 2009| id = ISBN 9789511236009}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Laitiainen, Tarja| title = Taxi Kabulin| publisher = Otava| year = 2006| id = ISBN 9789511207825}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rasanayagam, Angelo| title = Afghanistan: a modern history| publisher = I.B.Tauris| year = 2005| id = ISBN 9781850438571}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seierstad, Åsne| title = Kabul bookseller| publisher = Brilliance| year = 2004| id = ISBN 9789524594417}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Shah, Sick| title = The Storyteller's Daughter| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| id = ISBN 9789510294055}} Sources, BBC, 3 October 2007, 13:49 GMT 14:49 UK, U.S.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Department of State, Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, Bureau of Public Affairs, May 2007, Tiscali Peter R. Blood (ed.).


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 2001.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Andrei Sergejeff| title = History of Afghanistan - Silk Road to Cultural Cross| publisher = Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press| year = 2011| isbn = 978-952-495-219-4}} References Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What is Afghanistan's GDP?

Afghanistan

* Category:Key articles of screening Category:42 Asia


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Valentina Anatolievna Shevchenko (; born 7 March 1988 in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan) is a Kyrgyzstan-Peruvian Thai boxer and MMA fighter.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Among other things, he has won nine times the IFMA World Thai Boxing Amateur Championship [1], as well as once the World Muaythai Council Upper Lightweight Professional Championship in 2012.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Early years Shevchenko was born in Kyrgyzstan and is a Kazakh by lineage.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[2] He started playing sports at the age of 5 with taekwondo.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko's mother Elena has been with Thai boxing for more than twenty years and also owns a 3rd dan black belt in taekwondo.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He is also the president of the Kyrgyz Thai Boxing Federation.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Also Valentina's sister Antonina is a former World Muaythai Council champion.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[3] Valentina initially practiced taekwondo, inspired by her mother, and later began training in other sports such as Thai boxing, kickboxing and Vale Tudo.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

2007 Shevchenko moved to Peru with his sister Antonina and coach Pavel Fedotov, after local matchmaker Fran Paredes initially asked them to hold seminars and training camps in Peru.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko was fond of the new country and wanted to stay and live.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He later applied for the country's citizenship and has since represented Peru in international competitions.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[2] Thai boxing Shevchenko has competed in Thai boxing since 2000 and won the IFMA Youth Championship 2003 in under 57 pounds.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[4] At the adult level, Shevchenko first competed for the 2006 IFMA World Championship in the 57-pound series.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She defeated Joanna Jędrzejczyk in the opening round by judging votes, after which Shevchenko faced Heather O'Donnell.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He won the struggle with a judging vote and advanced to the final.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko won the championship against Misty Sutherland by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] Shevchenko also fought for the IFMA championship in 2007 in Bangkok, where, like the previous year, she faced Joanna Jędrzejczyk in the first round.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko won the struggle with judging votes and advanced to the semi-finals, where he also defeated Liisi Airo with judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In the final, Shevchenko faced Motherland Vipavat Lasuwa, whom he defeated by judging votes, winning the second IFMA World Championship of his career.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] 2008 Shevchenko was a participant in the IFMA World Championship held in South Korea.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She defeated Mikaela Melante in the first round by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Similarly, in the second round against Alla Ivashkevich, Shevchenko won by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

With the win, he advanced to the semi-finals, where Shevchenko defeated Gozde Bayergi by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In the final she faced Joanna Jędrzejczyk, against whom Shevchenko had fought twice before in previous tournaments victorious.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She won the duo's third encounter with judging votes and took her third IFMA championship of her career at adult level.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] At the 2009 IFMA Championships, in Thailand Shevchenko moved up to fight a heavier weight class in the 60-pounder series.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

This time the tournament was smaller than before that after defeating Emma Thyn in the first round by judging votes, she advanced to the final.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko faced Alena Muratova, whom she defeated by judging votes and her first title in the new weight class.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] 2010 Shevchenko participated for the fifth time in the tournament of IFMA, which were held in Thailand.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She competed in the 63.5-pound series, beating Maria Belushi, among others, by technical knockout after kicking her opponent in the body.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In the final, she faced Swede Lina Länsberg, whom Shevchenko defeated by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] In August 2010, Shevchenko participated in the Thai boxing tournament of the World Combat Games.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She defeated German Ania Fucz in the semi-finals and faced Caley Reece in the final.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko won the championship by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] In June 2011, Shevchenko took the title at the 20 South American Thai Boxing Championships in history, where both professionals and amateurs competed.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko competed in the series of professionals in the under-63.5-pound category.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He won his first professional championship against Argentinian Andrea Salazar by refereeing votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[6] In September 2011, IFMA's tournament was held in Uzbekistan, where Shevchenko competed in the under-60 kg series.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

The last time he competed in that weight class was 2009, when he won the world title.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko progressed all the way to the semi-finals, where she defeated Alfia Ishirgakova by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In the final, she lost to Moroccan Aicha el-Majydy by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[7] WMC Upper Lightweight Championship Shevchenko competed in a tournament organised by the WMC for the upper lightweight championship.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

The Muaythai Premier League tournament started for Shevchenko against Angelique Pittot, whom he defeated in the first round by split votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[8] The tournament resumed in the Netherlands on November 6, when Shevchenko faced Ilona Wijmans.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He won the struggle by judging vote and advanced to the championship struggle.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[9] On April 28, 2012, Shevchenko fought for the WMC Upper Lightweight Championship against Frenchman Ielö Siapo Page.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

The five-set match in France ended with an umpire vote for Shevchenko.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[10] IFMA and South American championships Shevchenko later won her sixth IFMA title in September against Belarusian Katsiaryna Viaryha.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[7] In December, he fought again for the championship.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

At the South American Championships held in Brazil, Shevchenko faced Patricia Silva in the under-60kg series, whom she defeated by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[11] It was at the same time his second South American championship after winning the 2011 under-63.5-pound championship.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Second World Combat and 8th IFMA Championship Shevchenko competed for the second time at the World Combat Games, which were held for the second time in event history.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She won her first races in the women's heaviest weight class at under 60 pounds.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

At the Games in Russia in October 2013, Shevchenko was outright defeated in the quarter-semi-finals by a technical knockout of Zuunast Altansukh in the third set.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] In the semi-finals, she in turn defeated Thai Pimnipa Tanawatpipati by judging votes and advanced to the final.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[12] Shevchenko won the championship by refereeing vote against Ukrainian Anastasia Sharmonova.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] In May 2014, Shevchenko again defended last year's IFMA Championship in the under-60-pound series.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She defeated Siobhan Foley in the opening round and Gia Winberg in the quarter-semi-finals by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] In the semi-finals, Shevchenko also defeated Janice MacAulay by judging votes and advanced to the final.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She won the title against Mariya Valenti by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] With Shevchenko's focus more on kickboxing and especially MMA, he competed less in Thai boxing.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

On August 20, 2015, Shevchenko won the eighth IFMA championship of his career and ninth overall including the 2003 Youth Championship.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He defeated Kaoutar Houkman in the opening round of the tournament with judging votes and Nili Block in the next round also by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In the semi-finals, Shevchenko defeated Anke Van Gestel by technical knockout in the first round.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

With the win, she advanced to the final, where Shevchenko defeated Mariya Valenti by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

The duo had faced each other in the previous year's tournament, when Shevchenko also won by umpire votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] Kickboxing Shevchenko first tried kickboxing at the age of 12 alongside Thai boxing, but mostly competed in Thai boxing.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In kickboxing, she has fought mainly individual professional matches at K-1 level after defeating Oksana Chernikova in 2004 in Russia.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] A year later Shevchenko fought one bout by savate rules against Ingrid Grazian, whom she defeated by knockout in the first round.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] 2013 Shevchenko twice fought for the WKC K-1 championship, the first title match of which took place on January 6 in Mexico.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She won the championship with a judging vote against Tania Gonzales.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

For his second championship, Shevchenko immediately won the trailing Peru against Malena Muñoz by first-round knockout.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] On August 31, 2014, Shevchenko fought Kunlun Fight in an eight-fighter tournament in the under-60 pounder.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

She defeated Elisa Qualizza in the opening round with judging votes and likewise in the second round, Yang Yang.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In the final, Shevchenko faced Irina Mazepa, whom she defeated via first-round knockout, after kicking her opponent in the head.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] After winning the championship, he first defended his title in October 2014 against Chali Bassinah.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko won the struggle with judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shortly in late October, Shevchenko had signed a multi-match contract with MMA organisation Legacy FC, in addition to which he would fight not only in MMA but also kickboxing.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In January 2016, Shevchenko faced Lindsay Haycraft in Houston, whom he defeated by judging votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] The second match Shevchenko went against Belgian Anke Van Gestel in July and won the battle by refereeing votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] On October 31, Shevchenko defended his Kunlun Fight title for the second time.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

This time, he lost his championship to Wang Cong by judging vote.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] MMA Shevchenko started MMA while still competing in Thai boxing.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Her first bout was against Eliza Aidaralieva in her home country, whom Shevchenko won by technical knockout in the second set.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] Shevchenko qualified to fight in his second MMA fight for the WXF midgeweight championship.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

A scuffle in December 2003 ended with Shevchenko winning by a rear choke early in the first set.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] After a championship struggle, Shevchenko fought variously in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan until on July 9, 2005, he first defended his WXF title against Kyung Aeh Kim.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko won the bout with an arm lock in the first set.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[5] On September 30, 2010, after a four-year break, Shevchenko returned to MMA and experienced the first defeat of her career against Liz Carmouche.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In the second set, the bout had to be interrupted by a doctor when Carmouche's illegal overhead kick caused a bad veg to Shevchenko's face.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

The next three matches Shevchenko went to South Korea and Peru.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He won all three, two of which ended by technical knockout.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Legacy FC Shevchenko returned to fight back to the United States then 2010 after a match against Carmouche.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He signed a 2014 contract with Legacy FC, with which he would also fight in kickboxing.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

[13] Shevchenko first fought in January 2015 in one-match kickboxing and in trailing February he faced Jan Finney in MMA, which Shevchenko won by umpire votes.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He would still fight in July for a second time in kickboxing at Legacy FC until signing a contract with the UFC.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

After UFC Shevchenko signed a multi-fight contract with the UFC, she first fought in December 2015 after replacing at short notice Germaine de Randamie, who was due to fight Sarah Kaufman.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko defeated Kaufman by split votes (28-29, 29-28, 29-28).


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

In March 2016, Shevchenko faced Amanda Nunes at UFC 196.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He lost the fight by judging vote (28-29, 27-29, 27-29).


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Shevchenko next fought in July against Holly Holm, who had just lost the midget championship.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

UFC on Fox: Holm vs.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

The Shevchenko event, meanwhile, was the first time Shevchenko had been the main fight of the event in the UFC.


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

He won the struggle by umpire votes (49-46, 49-46, 49-46).


Question: When did Valentina Shevchenko win her first match?

Valentina Shevchenko (kickboxer)

Grappling statistics Thai boxing Kickboxing Sources Category:Thai boxers Category:Kickboxers Category:MMA fighters Category:People born in 1988 Class:Living persons


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland was the law-making body of the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

They took the form of four-state enactment reichstags, with nobility, priestly, bourgeois and peasant ordinances represented.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Riksdag met regularly every few years from 1863—1906.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In addition, the 1809 Reichstag of Porvoo has generally been counted as part of the same institution.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

At the beginning of the 20th century, the four-chamber legislative Reichstag began to be obsolete as seen in European terms, and was replaced by the 1906 unicameral parliament.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The development of Sweden and Finland in the Kingdom of Sweden had shifted from the enactment Riksdag of 1865 to the bicameral Riksdag, which in Sweden became unicameral comparatively late.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In Finland, the unicameral Riksdag practice was switched to in connection with the Parliament and the first parliamentary elections in 1907.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In addition, the Parliament convened continuously every year at the Riksdag, and not just every three years as in Finland.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

No major changes were desired in Finland because the period of officialdom 1809—1863 was seen as protecting the autonomy of Finland, which from a Russian perspective was not intended as permanent autonomy by 1809, but as a consolidation of conditions in the manner of that time.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

From the Riksdag of Porvoo to the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Riksdag of Porvoo was organized during the Finnish War of 1809.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Thereafter, the Riksdag began to be organized on a regular basis from 1863 onwards.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Gathering Places The four enactments all met separately.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In Porvoo, the noble and bourgeois ordinances met at the town hall, the priest-ordination in the house of Kymnaas and the peasant law Lamanni A.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

F. in the House of Orraeus.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In all the Riksdag held in Helsinki from 1863 to 1906, the nobility ordinance could meet in their own quarters at the Knights Room, which had been completed as early as 1861.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

For nobless enactments, the Läätytalo was completed in 1891 in Helsinki; before that they had to meet in mixed locations in the capital.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the Reichstag of 1863—1864 and 1867, all noble-less ordinances were allowed to use the premises of the Order; the bourgeois and priestly ordinances also met there in 1872, and the priestly ordinance still 1877—1878.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the 1870s, the Peasant Regulation met at Mariankatu 13 and 4 in Kruununhaaa, the bourgeoisie regulation 1877—1878 in the ballrooms of the Helsinki Parish Hall (now City Hall) and the Student Hall.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the Riksdag of 1882, all noble-less ordinances met in the Rikhardinkatu library (as well as the peasant ordinance also in the house of the Polytechnic College next to Hietalahdentori) and 1888 at the Ateneum.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the Riksdag of 1885, the bourgeois regulation used the matriculation house and the premises of the Nylands Nation in Kasarmikatu, as well as the ballroom of the private Finnish girls' school and the peasant regulation German girls' school.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

[1] Development of the State Rule from the Book of Association and Collateral The first Reichstag order under Finnish autonomy was issued in 1869.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

[2] Other norms governing the Reichstag of the Grand Duchy of Finland were the Imperial Proclamations of 1879, 1886 and 1897.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Reichstag Order of the Grand Duchy of Finland 1869 was adopted as early as 1867 in the Riksdag and brought clarity to the Riksdag, since by then only the early association and collateral records of the Kingdom of Sweden and other norms had been interpreted.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Book of Association and Guarantee brought about by Gustav III had removed the right to Riksdag initiatives from the Riksdag, and therefore initiatives had to be taken as supplications to the monarch, effectively to the Senate of Finland, which corresponded to the government and to the President of the Senate, who was equivalent to the monarch and the highest ranking official in Finland.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The inauguration of the Riksdag by the Grand Duke of Finland or Governor-General of the Riksdag was one of the most important state actions of the Russian Emperor as Grand Duke of Finland.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Russian Emperor's constitutionally limited Grand Duchy of Finland was, in turn, based on the 1772 Constitution of Gustav III during Swedish rule and the Book of Association and Collateral of 1789.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The reasoning for this was the declaration of monarchs issued by Alexander I at Porvoo Cathedral, on the basis of which real autonomy was built from the nominal 16th century inherited but stately insignificant Grand Duchy of Finland with a national army, its own money as well as its own customs service.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Divisional representativeness in the Riksdag The nobility of Finland was represented by the head of each family.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In the last actual legislative Riksdag, 1904—1905, there were 201 representatives of the nobility.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

There were usually about 40 representatives of the priestly ordinance, from the bourgeoisie about 30 to 70, as the number increased with urbanization until the end of the Statute Riksdag.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

70 Reichstag members were elected by the peasant rule by judgment.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Initially, the Statute Riksdag was held every five years, but starting in 1882 every three years.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

As representatives of the clergy, bishops were self-entitled and other representatives were elected diocese by diocese.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In V.1869 the representativeness of the Reichstag enacted expanded so that the university received two representatives and each diocesan grammar school teachers a representative.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The bourgeoisie of each city was entitled to its own representative.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In addition, v.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The 1869 Reichstag order gave cities with over 6000 inhabitants the right to a representative for every starting 6000 inhabitants.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

On the other hand, small towns with less than 1500 inhabitants could send a common representative to reduce expenses.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Those eligible to vote in the bourgeoisie delegate election were the town-taxed burghers, shipowners, factories, privileged traders, householders, and mayors and townsmen.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The number of votes each was based on the tax shells paid, although in many cities the maximum number of votes was limited.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The election was otherwise indirect in some places, i.e. based on a system of electors.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

[3] According to the Order of the Reichstag v.1869, the peasant law received one of its representatives from the judgment, regardless of its population.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In accordance with the number of judgments v.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In 1872, there were 56 representatives in the Riksdag and 64 representatives in the Riksdag from 1905 to 1906.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The election to the Riksdag was conducted by electors who were allowed to elect one from each municipality plus one for each of the 2000 capita inhabitants.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The election of the Elector in the Municipal Assembly was permitted to be attended by men who held manttal land in the municipality, or who leased or by standing right controlled the crown estate, etc. [3] Decision-making in the Riksdag in the Riksdag all four enactments met and processed presentations separately.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The motion was considered approved by the Riksdag if it was passed in three of the four acts.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

However, the approval of all four acts was required in constitutional matters as well as in matters of consent, namely the imposition of new taxes.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

In addition, in matters concerning the privilegies of the legislated, the approval of the regulator whose privileges were concerned.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

To prepare matters, the Riksdag set up committees with representatives of all decencies.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The legislatures could also set private committees with representatives of only one of the enactments.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

At the beginning, voting separately by decency was also in use within committees, but the Reichstag Order of 1869 abolished this practice.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

After that, in committees, all delegates voted in one set.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Reichstag Order of 1869 also allowed for a joint session of all enactments, or plenum plenorum, in which a matter could be debated but not voted on.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

However, these joint sessions were held only twice during the operation of the Decree Riksdag.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

[4] If the same proposal was adopted by the legislators in a different form, a procedure called coordination was resorted to, in which the decisions of the different legislations sought to be reconciled afterwards in a special committee.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The first period of repression The Auxiliary Riksdag was organized in two sets.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The first auxiliary enactment Riksdag was 1899, which sought to organize the military personnel of the Grand Duchy of Finland in conjunction with the military personnel of the Russian Empire without national restrictions on conscription.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The only troop detachment obliged to external service in the Grand Duchy of Finland was the Finnish Guard based in Helsinki.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The other units were intended only for territorial defense of the Grand Duchy of Finland, without the obligation to participate in the maneuvers taking place in other territories of the Russian Empire.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

From the point of view of the Russians, mainly Russian War Minister Kuropatkin, the Riksdag was not successful because the Reichstag rebuffed the project.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Establishment of Parliament The Second Auxiliary Riksdag took place 1905—1906.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Their purpose was to abolish the Statute Riksdag and the transition to a parliamentary system starting with the parliamentary elections of 1907.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The reform was carried out and the Reichstag of Decree ceased to exist.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

As an exception, the right to vote for women and those paying little tax or not paying tax remained municipal suffrage, which was decided to be amended in 1917 and materialized in the 1919 municipal elections for the first time.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The Extraordinary Riksdag of 1905—1906 provided for parliamentary reform.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

The first parliamentary elections were held in 1907.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

From then on, the parliament met every year, and its annual assembly periods continued to be referred to as the Riksdag.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Committees To deal with special matters, the Riksdag grouped themselves into committees, which increased in number by the end of the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

There were permanent and ad hoc committees which could only be set up for one of the Riksdag to deal with a general issue or group of matters.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Such matters included the reform of church law, for which a Church Law Committee was set up, and the construction of railways, for which the Committee on Railways was set up.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Since the Riksdag did not initially have the right to initiatives due to the interpretation of the Charter of Association and Guarantee, and therefore the only initiatives could have come from the Grand Duke of Finland or the Senate of Finland, the Riksdag had both the General Complaints Committee on Regulations and for the preparation of cases peculiar appeals committees, which existed at least in peasant law.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

Riksdag and Presidents of the Riksdag and Presidents of the Grand Duchy of Finland: Since 1907, the Parliament convened annually at the Riksdag.


Question: What was the task of the January committee?

Riksdag of the Grand Duchy of Finland

See also Finnish Riksdag History of Finnish voting rights Sources on the topic elsewhere in Parliament Archives (pdf) (YouTube) *


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The history of the city of New York began in 1524 when Giovanni da Verrazzano anchored his French ship at the mouth of the Hudson River in the Lenape Indians' residential area where the city of New York would later be founded.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman who was searching for a sea road to India, explored the Hudson River and noted its mouth as an excellent port point.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The Dutch established a colony on the southern tip of Manhattan Island, which they named New Amsterdam.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The British took control of the town in 1664 and renamed it New York.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1783, the British withdrew from New York, and the city became the capital of the independent United States from 1789 to 1790.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

New York grew strongly in the 19th century, especially with the influx of emigrants from Europe.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

By 1898, all existing administrative areas of the city had been united into New York City, and in the 20th century the city became one of the largest and leading metropolises in the world.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

New York suffered severe economic hardship in the 1970s, but experienced a new boom in the 1990s.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Prehistory The New York area was inhabited by several Native American tribes before the advent of Europeans.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The lower reaches of the Hudson were inhabited by Delaware Indians whose self-language name was Lenape.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

They belonged to the Algonkin peoples.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Manhattan was populated by manatees and Brooklyn by canarses.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The Lenapes were hunter-gatherers and also cultivated maize.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Their settlement is reminiscent of Pearl Street ('Pearl Street') in modern day southern Manhattan, named by the Dutch after large heaps of seashells left by Native Americans.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[1] At the time of arrival of Europeans, Lenapes are estimated to have lived in the area of the present city around 5000 [2].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Arrival of Europeans The first European in the New York area was Giovanni da Verrazzano, who anchored his French ship at the mouth of the Hudson in 1524 [3].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman who was searching for a sea road to India, noted the mouth of the Hudson River as an excellent port location and observed abundant beavers along the river, whose furs were in high demand in Europe.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Hudson's discovery attracted interest among European fur sellers.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

He also encountered Lenape Indians, whom he reported were belligerent in the lower reaches of the river but friendly in the upper reaches.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[4] New Amsterdam, 1625—1664 In 1623, the Dutch ship Nieuw Nederlandt brought 30 Protestant families, 110 people, to the New York area and inland.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The Dutch West Indies Trade Company established a colony in the New Netherlands that was only intended to be temporary.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1625, more Dutch colonists came to the area, settling on the southern tip of Manhattan, which the colony's leader, Peter Minuit, had purchased from the Indians.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The village was renamed New Amsterdam () in 1626 [2].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The Fort Amsterdam fort was erected there by slave labour, with residential houses, schools, a church, a hospital and a market built within its walls.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The Dutch engaged in peaceful trade with the Indians, but intermittently also interfered in mutual wars among the Indian tribes.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

As relations with the Indians deteriorated, Fort Oranje, which was located inland, was moved to a safer location in Manhattan.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1635, a wooden protective wall was built across the island at what is now Wall Street.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1642—1643, at the instigation of their leader Willem Kieft, the Dutch waged a threatening war against the Algonkin tribes, with the result that the colony was almost destroyed.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[5] In 1643, the Manhattan Colony had between 400 and 500 inhabitants and 18 languages were spoken there [6].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Three villages located on Long Island merged in 1642 to form the town of Breukelen, which was later renamed Brooklyn.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The Dutch purchased land from the Indians in Queens in 1635 and the Bronx in 1639, and Staten Island was also colonized.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The Harlem settlement became permanent in 1658.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[7] In 1647 Peter Stuyvesant became the leader of New Amsterdam.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Under his harsh rule, order was restored to the decaying colony, its defences were strengthened, and commerce, especially with the English, was developed.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

However, the colony did not prosper, which has been blamed on issues such as mismanagement, low population growth, constant warfare, and high tariffs and taxes that hampered commerce and the economy.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

On 8 September 1664, the colony was peacefully occupied by the English, and was renamed New York City after the Duke of York.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[8] The colony had a population of 1500 [9] at the time.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

British New York, 1664—1783 Richard Nicholls, the first British governor of New York, initially continued the Dutch model of government in the city, whose wealthiest residents were still Dutch.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1665, New York's trade links with Amsterdam were severed as a result of the Anglo-Dutch War, and the city's English-ness intensified.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1673, the Netherlands temporarily reclaimed the city for itself, but exchanged it in 1674 for South American Suriname.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[10] In 1682, the Province of New York was divided into four counties, New York (Manhattan), Kings (named after King Charles II, now Brooklyn), Richmond (after the Duke of Richmond, now Staten Island), and Queens (after Queen Catherine).


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1685, the Duke of York became King James II of England, making New York the property of the Crown and strengthening the governor's power.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[11] [2] At the end of the 17th century, the Dutch population still represented 60%, but the proportion of English and French Huguenots increased, especially in the social class of merchants [12].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Jews had also migrated to the city from Brazil.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

During British rule, New York Jews enjoyed full civil rights, which was rare in the world of that time.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[13] Africans had been brought to the city as slaves from an early age, and in the 18th century the city experienced some violent slave revolts [14].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The number of Lenape Indians in the region had dropped to 200 [2].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

New York developed economically in the late 17th century and 18th century, as evidenced by the former little street Wall Street becoming the center of the city's economic life.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

New churches and a town hall were also built in the town.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1764, the British attempted to extort taxation on the colony, but as a result of protests, the company was abandoned.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

A protest similar to the Boston Tea Party was organized in 1774, and in 1776, the city established a republican administration.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[15] American Revolutionary War and British occupation, 1776—1783 Several battles related to the American Revolutionary War took place in New York City in 1776, and Britain held New York under its control from 1776 to 1783.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The town suffered from fighting and fires during the occupation, the worst of which, the fire of 1776 destroyed a quarter of the town.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The occupation ended on November 25, 1783, when the last British left the United States.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

That same day, George Washington returned victorious to the city.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

After the occupation, about 10,000 Loyalists and Britons, a third of the inhabitants, moved out of the city.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[16] Loyalists who remained in the city lost their right to vote for two years, and some of them lost their property [17].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

American city, 1783— The town was in poor condition from the British occupation, with some of the population living in tent villages.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Flooded streets and lack of sewers caused yellow fever epidemics.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Reconstruction and paving of streets was begun and the city expanded rapidly.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In particular, the north—south trading street Broadway and economic central street Wall Street were renovated.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

A new town hall was built between 1803—1812.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[19] New York City became the capital of the new state of New York in 1788, and served as the capital of the United States from 1789 to 1790 [20].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

New York City, after the withdrawal of the British, had a population of 12000.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The number of Dutch people in the city was steadily decreasing, and a lot of people from New England moved to replace them.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1790, the town had already had a population of 33131:5000 of them were Irish in background, 2000—2500 were German and 3470 African-American, 2/3 of whom were slaves.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Slavery was abandoned in New York in stages during the early decades of the 19th century.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[21] The city is growing and regenerating in the 19th century New York exports were in 1803 worth $3.1 million, and in 1807 already $16.4 million.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The growth of the trade was due in large part to the fur trade carried on by German-born John Jacob Astor.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Astor was also the city's most prominent real estate investor in the first three decades of the 19th century, building the famous Astor House Hotel in the city, among other things.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[22] In 1811, a plan was published to transform the confusing city plan of the growing city into a checkered station plan, as it was believed to benefit the city's economy.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

However, the Broadway route was left irregular.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[23] In 1828, Broadway extended to 10th Street, and in 1860 streets were already being built north of 155th Street.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The town's population rose between 1820 and 1860 from 124 thousand to 814 thousand, a quarter of whom were Irish.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[24] By the 1830s, a huge contrast had formed in the city between the glorious palaces and the poor migrant quarters.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

Broadway was a sophisticated shopping mall by day, but by night an area for criminals and prostitutes.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[25] In the 19th century, the cultural life of New York City had been divided by social classes.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

The upper class enjoyed opera, and ordinary folk went to Broadway theaters.


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

[26] Central Park in Manhattan was built between 1857 and 1860 as a peaceful amalgamation of all social classes [27].


Question: When was Manhattan bought from the Indians?

History of New York

In 1825, the Erie Canal to Lake Erie opened, connecting New York to the Great Lakes.