Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[81] Railways 2546 kilometers.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Of that, more than 60% is electrified and nearly 96% is broad gauge rail.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[81] Portugal's railway infrastructure is operated by Rede Ferroviária Nacional, established in 1997.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] In the 1990s and 2000s, the Lisbon Metro has been extended beyond the city limits.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The Porto Metro, on the other hand, is a partially underground express tramway system.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] In 2016, the Portuguese mainland region had four airports.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

In total, there were 15 airports in the country, as the Azores and Madeira each island has its own airport.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[82] Lisbon Portela Airport by far the largest of the airports, with 49,6% of air passengers and 47,0% of aircraft landings and takeoffs.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The next largest airports were Porto and Faro airports.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[83] With very limited passenger traffic in mainland Portuguese seaports, the Azores and Madeira ports were responsible for virtually all passenger traffic.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

19.4 million passengers passed by river traffic, 82.9% of them on the Tajoki River.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[84] The volume of maritime freight is increasing, and the port of Sines was the main port, with 52.6% of the shipping goods through it.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[85] Population Demography and demographic trends In 2016, the population of Portugal was estimated to be 10309573.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[86] Most of the inhabitants of Portugal are ethnically Portuguese.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

At the end of 2016, there were 392969 foreigners living in the country, or about 3.8% of the population.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[87] Portugal is home to foreigners, especially from the country's former colonies.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] Brazilians are the largest group of foreigners (79569 inhabitants) and Capverdians the second largest (36193 inhabitants).


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[87] An estimated 500 to 700 Finns live permanently in Portugal and during the winter seasons the number of Finns increases considerably.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[88] Portugal's population is ageing because the fertility rate is falling and people are living longer.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

In 2016, 87126 children were born, or 8.4 births per 1,000 inhabitants (a 1.9% increase over the previous year).


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Even if the total fertility rate did increase slightly, it is still clearly too small for the population to grow naturally.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[89] The first official census was taken in 1864, yielding a population of about 4.3 million.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Thereafter, the population grew at an annual rate of less than 1% above this only in the 1930s and 1940s.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[90] The population declined in the 1960s as many moved out of the country to pursue work or to escape military service due to wars in the colonies.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] In 1974, the population showed signs of growth for the first time and in 1981 the population was estimated at 9.8 million, 1.2 million more than ten years earlier.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Most of the population growth was due to the colonization of an estimated 500,000 to 800,000 refugees from African colonies.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

In the early 1980s, the population grew at an estimated 0.8% annual rate, then reversed to decline.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[90] The population peaked in 2009, after which the population has declined, with population growth of −0.31% in 2016.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[91] Language The majority of the Portuguese population speaks Portuguese belonging to the Romance languages, which is the official language of the country.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Only Miranda do Douro is spoken Mirandesa (Lhéngua Mirandesa), spoken by about 5000 inhabitants.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Mirandeesi received regionally recognized status in 1999.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[92] Religion Christianity has played a central role in Portuguese history and continues to be of great importance.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[93] According to the 2011 census, the largest religious community in Portugal is the Catholic Church, comprising 81.0% of Portuguese.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[94] However, the number of Catholics is steadily declining.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[93] Other Christians make up about 3.3% and other religions 0.6% of the population.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Non-denominations comprise 6.8% and unstated affiliation 8.3% of the population.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[94] Health Portugal's health care system was renewed in 2002 in order to reduce costs and improve efficiency.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

It was blamed before that for a long timedoctor shortage and inefficiency.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Portugal has both public and private hospitals.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The charitable hospitals of Santa Casa da Misericórdia are important, especially for the elderly.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] The expected lifespan of the Portuguese has increased by some years during the 21st century.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The expected lifespan for men has increased between 2000 and 2016 from 73.1 years to 77.6 years and for women from 79.8 years to 83.4 years.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[95] Education in Portugal is compulsory education for ages 6 to 18.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Compulsory school lasting 12 years is two years longer than the average for OECD countries.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[96] In the late 1980s, the Portuguese government began to put more effort into schooling than previously thought, when surveys found that a fifth of people over the age of 15 could not read.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] Since then, there has been a marked increase in the proportion of literate people, since UNESCO reported that 94.5 of those aged over 15 years were able to read in 2011.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[97] The first university in Portugal was the University of Coimbra, founded in Lisbon in 1290 and relocated to Coimbra in 1537.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

In 1559 Évora was founded and in 1911 the University of Lisbon.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] The largest university by number of students is the University of Porto with 290000 students.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[98] In 2013, an annual estimate by Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked the University of Lisbon between 301 and 400 and the Technical University of Lisbon between 401 and 500.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[99] Culture Portuguese culture dates back to ancient Roman culture, but it has also left its mark on it by many peoples who lived in the territory of present-day Portugal.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The European Capital of Culture has been held three times by Portugal: in 1994 it was Lisbon, in 2001 it was Porto and in 2012 Guimarães.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[100] Literature and poetry Portuguese literature has been characterized by diverse poetry.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[101] The country's national writer is the poet Luís de Camões, who wrote Os Lusíadas, the national epic of the country in the 16th century.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[102] Poetry was for a long time more common in Portugal than prose.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The Portuguese national epic is considered Os Lusíadas, a work written by Luís de Camões in the 16th century.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[103] The Knight Story of Amadís de Gaula's first version dates to the end of the 13th century.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[104] Portuguese literature took top influences, particularly from Castile, but Francisco de Sá de Miranda brought 1526 Renaissance influences from Italy.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Some of the most famous writers of the Renaissance period included, among others, Gil Vicente and the chronicler Fernão Lopes.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

French style influenced from the 18th to the 19th century until the influences of Romanticism arrived in the country.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[101] The most famous of the realists is the novelist José Maria Eça de Queiroz.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[102] Fernando Pessoa was a well-known poet of the early 20th century.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

During the dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar, literature became scarce until it began to flourish again after the Carnation Revolution of 1974.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] Among contemporary writers, José Saramago was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[101] The National Library of Portugal (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal) was founded 1796.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[105] Music Church music dominated Portuguese music for a long time, but troubadours became popular in the Middle Ages.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Polyphonic music developed in the 15th century, and many compositions emerged during Renaissance music.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Art music gained new popularity in the modern period, especially thanks to Luís de Freitas Branco, who made neoclassical compositions, and Joly Braga Santos who followed.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Well-known orchestras include the Portuguese Symphony Orchestra and the Gulbenkian Orchestra.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] The most common genre of Portuguese folk music is fado (Finnish: “fate”), which has developed into two main stylistic trends: the Lisbon and Coimbra fado.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The most famous fado musician is Amália Rodrigues.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[106] After his death in 1999, a three-day mourning period was held in the country.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Among the younger fadistas in the 21st century, Mariza, Katia Guerreiro and Cristina Branco have gained popularity.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] Fado's lyrics and tune are generally melancholic, and is accompanied by guitars.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Its origins are unknown, but its roots have been speculated to be in songs such as troubadours [107] or Moorish music.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[108] Political music was popular during the Portuguese dictatorship.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The most famous of the genre's musicians was Zeca Afonso.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Popular music diversified after the revolution in the 1970s, and by the end of the decade Portuguese rock music was very popular in the country.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[109] The most popular performers include pop band Madredeus, singer Dulce Pontes and guitarist Carlos Paredes.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] Architecture An example of old architecture is the Citânia de Briteiros fort in Guimarães.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The houses were circular, and were often built of granite.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

A protective wall was built around important buildings.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

After the Romans reached the area in the 200th century BCE.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

architecture began to develop significantly and became influenced by the cultures of other Mediterranean countries.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The Romans built aqueducts, bridges, roads, theatres, temples, arenas and other public structures in Portugal.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Dating back to the Roman period include the ruins of Centum Cellas located on the territory of the municipality of Belmonte, for which there is no full certainty of their original use.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The Moors built castles, temples and whitewashed houses in Portugal.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The leading Portuguese style of architecture in the first decades of the 16th century is called manuelism, or emanuel style (estilo manuelino), according to King Emanuel I.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

In addition to traditional ingredients, it had influences from the cultures of the countries explored by discoverers such as Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvares Cabral at the time.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Preserved buildings representing Manuelism include the Mosteiro dos Jerónimos in Belém of Lisbon and the Monastery of Christ in Tomar.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[110] The 1755 Lisbon earthquake and subsequent tsunamis and fires destroyed many architecturally significant buildings.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

They were partially rebuilt by architects and engineers hired by Joseph I of Portugal and his Prime Minister Sebastião de Melo.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Contemporary Portuguese architects include Álvaro Siza Vieira, Eduardo Souto de Moura and Fernando Távora.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Siza Vieira in 1992 and Souto de Moura in 2011 won the Pritzker Prize.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[111] Figurative and decorative arts Sculpture flourished in Portugal as early as the 11th to 13th centuries on tomb monuments of famous figures.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[112] Among the earliest notable painters was Nuno Gonçalves, influenced by the 15th century.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] During the same century, works by Flemish artists were commissioned for Portuguese palaces and monasteries, which also influenced Portuguese fine art.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[113] Flemish art left its mark especially on religious art, among whose most notable representatives was Josefa de Óbidos.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] In the early 16th century, an Emanuel style influenced by architecture also developed in Portugal, represented by Vasco Fernandes, among others.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[113] Fine art experienced decadence in the 17th century and began to flourish again only in the 19th century.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[114] Well-known artists of the late 18th century included painter Domingos Sequeira and sculptor Joaquim Machado de Castron.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] [113] In the following century, Portuguese art was influenced especially by Paris.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[113] Naturalistic and Romantic art appeared, for example, in the works of António Silva Porto and João Marques de Oliveira.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[114] The most famous name of abstract art was Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, who worked mainly in France.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] Under Salazar, many artists left Portugal, such as Paula Rego, the country's most famous contemporary artist.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[114] Portuguese decorative art is known especially for its azulejo style glazed wall tiles, especially found in many buildings of the 16th and 17th centuries.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] Theatre and cinema Movies began to be shown in Porto in 1896.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The country hosts twenty film festivals, including Fantasporto in Porto, IndielIsboa in Lisbon and Caminhos do Cinema Português in Coimbra.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[115] Portuguese cinema is not very well known in the world, and the only internationally known film director is Manoel de Oliveira.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[116] Actor Joaquim de Almeida has been pursuing an international career in Hollywood since.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] Portuguese cinematography seeks to develop and nurture the ICAM organization founded in 1975 by the government of the country (Instituto de Cinema, Audiovisual de Multimédia, “Department of Film, Audiovisual Media and Multimedia”), with the successor being ICA (the word multimedia was dropped from the name in 2007).


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[117] Theatre art has slowly survived Salazar's time, and many smaller theatres have sprung up alongside the National Theatre thanks to the support of the Ministry of Culture.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[118] The theatres have also been supported by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] Food culture Portuguese dishes vary from region to region.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Fish such as sardines are commonly used.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Arab and Moorish cuisine has also left some influences on Portuguese cuisine, especially in the south of the country.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Chili and garlic are widely used.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The most common vegetables are tomatoes, cabbage and onions.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Cheese is not part of typical Portuguese dishes, but is often eaten before or after a meal.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Portuguese cheeses include Castelo Branco made with goat's milk and cottage cheese Saloio.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[119] Portugal is known abroad for port wines and madeira wines.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The country also produces rosé wine from Mateu.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

A lesser known type of wine in Finland is the green wine (vinho verde) produced in the northern part of Portugal.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

In Portugal, beer and wine are allowed by law to be consumed by sixteen year olds.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[120] Among the country's major restaurant chains is Burger Ranch, which has 22 restaurants across Portugal.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Portugal's first McDonald's chain restaurant opened in 1991.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[121] Around the world, restaurant chains specialising in Portuguese cuisine include Oporto, founded in Australia, and Nando's, founded in South Africa.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[122] World Heritage Sites in Portugal has 13 World Heritage Sites, 12 of which are cultural sites and one natural site.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Of the destinations, 10 are located in mainland Portugal, two in the Azores and one in Madeira.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

List of World Heritage Sites of Portugal: [123] Alto Douro Wine Region (2001) Angra do Heroísmo Central (1983) Convent of Christ Nuns, Tomar (1983) Cultural Landscape of Sintra (1995) Historical Centre of Évora (1986) Historical Centre of Guimarães (2001) Porto historical centre (1996) vineyard cultural landscape of Pico Island (2004) Alcobaça Monastery (1989) Batalha Monastery (1983) Hieronymite Monastery and Belém Tower, Lisbon (1983) Prehistoric stone art sites of the Côa Valley (1998) Madeira's original laurel wood forests ( 1999) Media The most widely circulated newspaper in Portugal is Jornal de Notícias, whose circulation in 2008 was 120737.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The second largest is Correio da Manhã, whose circulation in the same year was 110552.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[124] Portugal's Internet domain is .pt.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

In the 2000s, the number of Internet users has been growing strongly, the proportion is above the EU average and ranges from 48% to 78% in various studies.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[125] Portugal's main telephone operator is Portugal Telecom (PT), which until 1994 was also the only telephone operator in the country.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Other operators include Vodafone and Optimus.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

In Portugal, mobile phone density is among the highest in the world, and landline phone subscriptions are less common than mobile phone subscriptions.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[75] Portugal's national television and radio service provider is the Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (Portuguese Radio and Television), founded 1955.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The largest cable television company in the country is Portugal Telecom's TV Cabo.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Through the cable network, television was viewed in 73.6% of economies in June 2004.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Major television channels include RTP 1, RTP 2, SIC and TVI, which accounted for a total of 92.9% of viewership in 2000.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[126] Holidays Each municipality has its own feast days.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The June festivities celebrated in honour of Antony Padua, John the Baptist and Saint Peter are popular.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The feast of Antony of Padua is celebrated on 13 June mostly in Lisbon, John the Baptist on 24 June especially in Porto and Braga, and St. Peter on 28—29.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

June, especially in Póvoa de Varzim and Barcelos.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

National holidays are: DateFinnish nameLocal nameNotes1.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

JanuaryNew Year's Day Novotiistai, the date varies fromCalculatorCarnavalFriday, the date varies withGood Fridaysexta-Feira Santasunday, date varyEasterPáscoa25.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

AprilFreedom DayDia da LiberdadeneCelebration to mark the Yesterday Revolution (1974) .1.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

MayTappudia do TrabalhadorThursday, date varyCorpus ChristicOrpo de Deus10.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

JunePortugal-datedia de PortugueseDate derived from the date of death of Luís de Camões.15.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

AugustMaiden Ascension of MariaAssunçÃo5.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

OctoberRepublic DayImplantação da RepúblicApplies in honour of the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic (1910) 1.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

NovemberdayTodos os Santos1.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Decemberrestoration of independenceRestauração da Independênciis celebrated in honor of the independence of Portugal in 1640 under Spanish rule.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

DecemberSin-free fetusMatulada Conceição25.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

DecemberChristmas DayAtal Sport The most popular sport in Portugal is football.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The national team is considered to be among the best in the world, and in February 2014 the team was ranked 4th in the FIFA rankings.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[127] The biggest sporting event held in Portugal was the 2004 European Football Championships, where the country reached the final, which however lost to Greece.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[128] Among the most successful Portuguese footballers is Mozambique-born Eusébio, who was one of the top scorers in the 1960s, and the Madeira-born Cristiano Ronaldo, who was considered the best in the Real Madrid ranks in the 2000s.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] The Portuguese league has been dominated by SL Benfica, FC Porto and Sporting CP, winning all but two of the championships.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[128] Among individual sports, Portugal has enjoyed success, particularly in long-distance running.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Rosa Mota has won Olympic gold in the marathon, as well as world and European titles.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Carlos Lopes also has a marathon Olympic victory.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] The country has participated in the Summer Olympics since 1912, including seven times in the Winter Olympics (1952, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2006 and 2010).


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[129] In addition to Mota and Lopes, endurance runner Fernanda Ribeiro and rider Luís Mena e Silva have been promoted to two Olympic medals.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[130] [131] Cycling is also highly regarded in Portugal: in 2012 and 2013, Rui Costa, the world road cycling champion, was chosen ahead of football star Cristiano Ronaldo.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[132] The Estoril circuit hosted Formula One races between 1984 and 1996 and continues to be a major international racecourse in other classes.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[133] Other sports practiced include basketball, futsal, handball, volleyball, roller skating hockey, athletics and cycling.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

With around 70 golf courses, Portugal is one of the most popular golf travel destinations in Europe.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[134] The Portugal Masters tournament is part of the European Tour.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[135] The traditional Portuguese martial art is jogo do pau, played on sticks, which developed in the northern regions of the country.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

The species developed in rural areas was modified with urbanization.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Its survival is promoted by the jogo de pau federation (Federação Portuguesa de Jogo do Pau).


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[136] Bullfighting is popular in Portugal, but differs from the format organised in Spain.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

In Portuguese bullfighting, there is no effort to kill the bull and usually rides a fighter dressed in 18th-century costume.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

[14] See also List of cities in Portugal, their coats of arms and city date Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = St Louis, Regis| title = Portugal| location = Footscray| publisher = Lonely Planet Publications| year = 2009| id=ISBN 9781741790153| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate = 16.12.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Portugal| publisher = Lonely Planet| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-1-74059-918-4| accessdate = 12/12/2011}} Citation with error, replace {{cite book| author = Solsten E.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

(ed.


Question: Where is Portugal located?

Portugal

) | title = Portugal: A Country Study| publisher = Library of Congress| year = 1993| format = [online version] | accessdate = 1.3.2014}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Statistical Yearbook of Portugal 2016| location = Lisboa| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Estatística| year = | isbn = 978-989-25-0412-4| format = [online version] (pdf) | accessdate = 29.1.2018}} References on the topic elsewhere (in Portuguese) * Category:Key articles in screening Category:41.5 Southern Europe


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

China's history goes back thousands of years and has fundamentally influenced the development of the culture of humanity as a whole.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[1] Chinese culture is mostly self-born and the Chinese give great importance to the history of their country.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[2] An unequivocal answer to what is China's beginning is difficult to give.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Significantly earlier than the Chinese state is the Chinese cultural circle.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Its early days can be traced back thousands of years, when a unified dynastic empire began to form from tribal states.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Before the beginning of the Imperial period, the history of Chinese culture is largely the history of these several tribes.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The concept of a unified China arose after the Qin dynasty unified roughly the entire present territory of China under its rule in the 200th century BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[3] Earth's history is often divided into different time periods.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In terms of socio-economic formations, China's history can be divided into three main periods, for example.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Early period until the formation of a unified empire 221 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

until, the early emperor period until the end of the Tang Dynasty, and the later emperor period from the Song Dynasty onwards.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The latest period includes the remainder of the emperor's rule and the times of the Republic and the People's Republic.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[2] There are several modes of division, but it is often clearest to divide a country's history chronologically by dynasty eras, as well as those of the New Age Republic of China and the still-continuous People's Republic of China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[3] Early Period Prehistory Early humans inhabited some evidence suggests that during the Pleistocene period older than the area of present-day China, about two million years ago, but evidence for this is incomplete.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[4] Certain information has been obtained from the Middle Pleistocene period, approximately half a million years ago.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

From this period, a fossil of a Peking human belonging to the Homo erectus group has been found in a cave near Beijing.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Peking man knew how to use fire and was capable of making simple stone tools.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[4] [5] [6] Modern humans spread to China no later than the younger Pleistocene period, about 80,000 years ago, but modern humans may have lived in the region even before this.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[4] The Neolithic period began in China probably around 9000 years ago, when humans were no longer merely hunter-gatherers.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Humans began to cultivate plants and domesticate animals gradually over a long period of time.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Farming and cattle husbandry, according to the conception of the moment, have developed independently on the territory of China, regardless of the development of West Asia.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Already in the Neolithic period, a Chinese cultural entity began to develop.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[7] At least three distinct cultural regions were affected in the Neolithic period, with centers located in northern China in the middle stages of the Yellow River and the Wei River Valley, the lower reaches of the Yangtze Valley and its surrounding coasts, and the coast of southeast China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[7] The most notable cultures of the Neolithic period were the Longshan culture located along the Yangtze and the northern Yangshao culture.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[7] [5] [6] The earliest evidence of rice cultivation is from the northern part of the country, the region of the Longshan culture on the coast of East China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

People kept pigs and dogs as their domestic animals, and water buffalo was also likely domesticated.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[7] In the area of the Yangshao culture, which was located in the central part of northern China, notable crops were cob millet and grain millet, which were well suited to the climate of the region before the time of artificial irrigation.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[7] During the Yangshao culture, crop farming was also practiced.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Silk butterfly larvae and hemp were also grown.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

A notable archaeological site of the Yangshao culture is the Stone Age village of Banpo near the present-day city of Xi'an.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[5] To the beginning of the Bronze Age, around the year 2000 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

upon entering the social structure, class differences had appeared.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The settlements were enlarged and the villages were surrounded by walls.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In addition to stone, bone, and clay pots, metal manufacturing was already known.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

There are literary sources from that era onwards, but many of them are clearly fable.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[8] Mythological characters include divine ruler Yellow Emperor and farming developer Shen Nong.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[8] [6] First Dynasties According to lore, the first dynasty of China was around 2100 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

started Xia Dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

However, no verifiable written sources have been found for its time.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[9] No written documents from Xia or the subsequent Shang dynasty have survived.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The earliest texts about these dynasties were not written until the first century BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

in the beginning, that is, many hundreds of years after the Xia and Shang periods.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[8] In the absence of evidence, there was long doubt as to whether dynasties had even existed in reality.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[10] In traditional Chinese histories, the existence of the Xia dynasty has never been suspected, but one of the possible capitals of the Xia period was discovered in the 1950s during archaeological excavations in Henan Province, a Bronze Age residential area of Erlitou.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[11] Subsequent findings have revealed remnants of the Xia civilization in places mentioned in ancient Chinese texts.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[12] Remains of the Shang dynasty that followed the Xia dynasty were found in Henan Province, near Anyang city in 1899, when fragments of bone were revealed beneath layers of soil taken by the flood when the Yuan River flooded.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[10] [13] The characters were interpreted in the 1920s as writings from the time of the Shang Dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In later excavations, more bones with plotwriting have been found.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[10] [13] Radiocarbon dating has allowed to date the earliest inscriptions to around 1500 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[14] According to tradition, the first king of the Shang dynasty overthrew the Xia dynasty around 1750 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Based on sketch inscriptions and other archaeological discoveries, some understanding of China during the Shang Dynasty has been reached.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The rulers of the dynasty had a region covering roughly the Yellow River plain and the eastern Wei River plain.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The territory ruled by the dynasty is likely to have fluctuated over time, but its sphere of influence has certainly extended further.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[10] A notable feature of the Shang period has been the development of bronze casting skills.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[10] [13] [15] Kings of the Shang period were god-kings with connections to higher powers.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[10] [16] [17] Drawing marks on bone inscriptions from the Shang Dynasty era are the first Chinese writing characters.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[18] Zhou Dynasty Western Zhou Shang Dynasty dominance rose to be threatened by the Zhou tribe located in the western borderlands of the kingdom.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[19] The central seat of Zhou power was located in the valley of the Wei River, in the area of present-day Shaanxi, near Xi'an.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[20] [19] [21] The Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties partially overlapped, but their centers of power were located in different parts of the Yellow River valley.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

They were theocratic Bronze Age states where the king gained his power from his religious significance.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[9] In the early days of the rule of the Zhou dynasty, a feudal system began to develop in which lands were fiefed between members of one's own clan and allied clans.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The area under their own direct control of the Zhou princes encompassed parts of the territories of present-day Shaanxi and Henan.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[19] [22] Thus, the Zhou king's power effectively consisted of a capital under his direct control, as well as several vassal states paying tax to the Zhou king.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The power of the Zhou king was based on the fact that he was in a divine position recognized by the fiefdoms as supreme lord.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[19] [22] The purpose of the system was to strengthen the power of the Zhou ruler, but later kings were no longer able to distribute new fiefdoms to their vassals, resulting in vassals beginning to identify with their own territory and no longer loyal to the Zhou regime.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[18] A number of independent small states emerged from the fiefdoms over time, fighting for power among themselves.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[23] [24] The vassals of the Zhou dynasty became increasingly dissatisfied and the king found it increasingly difficult to maintain his power.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The kingdom was also threatened by bow-equipped horse nomads roaming the steppes of Central Asia, who formed a fast-movement fighting force and caused considerable unrest in Central Asia in the 8th century BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[24] During the reign of King Youu in 781—771 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

the king's prestige was already so weak that no vassals came to their aid when barbarian tribes attacked Zhou's power center from the west and massacred King Youu.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[24] [22] Eastern Zhou King You's successor King Ping moved the nation's capital to the eastern center of power, near present-day Luoyang.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[22] [25] The latter period of the Zhou Dynasty period is therefore referred to as Eastern Zhou.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[26] [25] During the Eastern Zhou dynasty, the Zhou king no longer had much power, but the dynasty survived for another five hundred years.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[26] [25] The religious position of the Zhou king was so strong that their symbolic status remained.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[19] A characteristic feature of the Eastern Zhou era was the infighting of fiefdom rulers fighting with each other.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[25] The Eastern Zhou era is normally divided into two parts, the first of which is called the Spring-Autumn period (770—464 BCE.)


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

and for the period of states fighting the latter (463—222 BCE).


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[26] [21] [27] At the beginning of the Eastern Zhou era, the present territory of China had been divided into about 100 states of varying sizes, which only nominally recognized the overdomination of the Zhou dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[25] [27] Among the fiefdom states of the Zhou dynasty, there were about a dozen larger states that competed with each other and gradually merged the smaller states into themselves.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[26] The most powerful of these were Qi, located in the Shandong region to the east, and Jin and Qin, inland, as well as Chu in the Yangtze Valley and Yan to the north.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[25] [26] The entire Eastern Zhou era was very troubled as the states waged war with each other.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

However, for long periods of time there was no major change in power relations as the states entered into different alliances among themselves.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[28] [29] Change did not occur until 453 BCE, when the Jin state disintegrated and the three new kingdoms of Zhao, Wei and Han emerged.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[27] In the closing stages of the Struggling State period, the Seven Kingdoms of Qin, Qi, Yan, Chu, Zhao, Wei, and Han, sought to elevate themselves to the dominions of China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[27] As the era progressed, even the formal veneration of the Zhou kings had already disappeared.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[30] The era of the fighting states was characterized by ruthless infighting, but the era saw great developments in agricultural productivity and iron making skills.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Part of the reason for the development was the arms race between states as increasingly powerful weapons were being made from iron and steel.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Agricultural production increased as irrigation systems were developed and canals were dug, as well as the construction of large dams to move river beds.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

States also protected themselves against each other by heavy defensive walls.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[30] [27] Despite constant wars, the era was the birth time of Chinese culture and has also been called the Hundred Schools Period.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Chinese classical literature and literary language and the endemic major doctrinal directions of Confucianism and Taoism originated.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[31] Notable philosophers included Confucius and Laozi, a developer of Taoism.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[32] [33] [34] Early Emperor Qin Dynasty Relative to other Chinese states, the Qin State benefited from its western position, as it was not surrounded by other Chinese states, allowing it to expand westward at the expense of barbarian tribes.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The most significant factor in the strengthening of the Qin state was the country's more efficient system of government based on a legalistic ideology, a major developer of which was Shang Yang, an adviser to Xiao, ruler of Qin state.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The administration of the Qin state was based on draconian laws and increasing agricultural productivity.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Agricultural development was also aided by sparsely populated land and fertile soil.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Labor was also lured from other Chinese states by promising farmers land, tax exemption and exemption from war service.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

However, the standard of living of the peasants was not allowed to rise higher than what it took to stay alive.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[35] [29] Shang Yang's reforms were intended to break the power of the country's superiors and create opportunities for the continuation of the policy of conquest.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[35] [29] When Xiao died in 338 BC.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Shang Yang was executed by his successor, but future rulers continued to rule according to the model of government created by Shang Yang.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[35] Qin expanded westward at the expense of the barbarian states in 316 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

and a decade.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

at the end of the Qin state defeated the Chu State army, after which it was by far the most powerful Chinese state.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[29] [35] The Qin state gained ultimate supremacy over the other Chinese states of the Struggling States era following King Zheng's ascension to the country's throne.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

During his time, conquests were resumed and over the years 230-221 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

during the course of the rest of the states subservient to Qin rule.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

King Zheng changed his name to Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

For the first time, most of present-day China had been united under a single ruler.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[36] [27] [37] The Qin dynasty faced challenges from unification, as different parts of the country were not unified.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The regions had linguistic differences and the lettering marks were different.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Administrative modes, units of measurement and monetary units also varied.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The departments had to be unified and linguistic differences eliminated to facilitate tax collection and administration.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[38] The road network of a country of enormous magnitude also needed to be improved in order to hold the kingdom together and make the movement of military forces more effortless.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Qin dynasty began a major road construction project from the northern Liaodong Gulf to southern China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The road network connected various parts of the country to the capital Xianyang.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[37] [39] Administratively, the country was divided into provinces, with a military governor and a landlord responsible for civil affairs appointed at the head.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

A third official was appointed to oversee their administrative activities.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This system of government created by the Qin dynasty survived as the model of governance of Imperial China for over 2000 years.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[39] [40] The name of the Qin dynasty also derives from the Western language word Chinese.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[40] The regime of the Qin dynasty was based on legalistic doctrines and the voices of Confucian scholars were silenced and many who opposed the ideology of legalism were executed.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In 213 BC.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Emperor Shi Huangdi burned all books of the kingdom, except for the imperial collection and those that dealt with practical doctrines such as agriculture.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[41] [42] By burning the books, civilization could be confined to only a small number of scholars in government, so that legalistic doctrines would not be challenged by the ordinary people.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[43] [44] The external threat to the Qin dynasty was formed by the nomadic peoples of the north, the most powerful of which were the Xiongnus.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[45] [40] The Great Wall of China began to be built on the northern borders of the kingdom, the first parts of which had been built by the northernmost Chinese states in the era of already fighting states.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The walls were combined during the Qin dynasty into a single entity, extending from Gansu, the northwestern corner of the country east, all the way to the seashore.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[39] The huge battering project required the labour input of hundreds of thousands of people and it consumed a huge amount of resources and put a strain on the country's economy.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[37] [39] [43] The dynasty founded by Qin Shi Huangdi did not last much longer after him after the Emperor died in 210 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

A terracotta army comprising thousands of statues was placed to guard his mausoleum.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[43] [39] Shortly after the emperor's death, the Qin dynasty was mired in internal power struggles.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The peasant population also began to revolt and the former feudal superiority began to claim back their prerogatives.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The revolts spread kingdom-wide and in 206 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Liu Bang of low descent took over the last Qin emperor and declared himself the first emperor of the Han dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[43] [39] Han Dynasty Western Han Dynasty founder Liu Bang of the Han dynasty assumed his ruler name Gao Zu and he moved the capital of the kingdom to Chang'an.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[46] [47] The Han dynasty had to reform the legalistic model of government inherited from the Qin dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The ideology of legalism remained, but their power was restored to the feudal supremacy.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This soon led to the emergence of smaller Han dynasty internal fiefdom states that competed with each other and also sought independence.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[48] [49] The Han dynasty, in its early days, had to fight feudal princes for half a century before successfully overthrowing the princes in 154 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[46] [49] During the Han period, Confucianism became firmly established as a state ideology and many Confucian scholars gained significant status as officials.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[49] [50] The ban on book-keeping imposed in the Qin period was lifted by the Han dynasty and many historical works emerged during the Han period.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[51] The development of literature was also influenced by the invention of new material, paper.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[52] Han culture also left its mark on the name of China's current main population, the Han Chinese.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[40] The Xiongnus who threatened from the direction of the North posed a threat to the Han dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Xiongnut also posed a threat to other nomadic peoples and was sent by Emperor Wu, considered the most prominent of the Han dynasty, during his reign in 140-87 BCE.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Expeditions to Central Asia in search of allies in the wars against the Xiongnu.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

As a more far-reaching consequence, Chinese expeditions succeeded in spreading the influence of the Han dynasty deeper into Central Asia.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[53] [54] Due to the relations established by Chinese expeditions in Central Asia, a trade route known as the Silk Road began to form in the Han period between China and the Roman Empire.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[49] In the Han period silk began to be exported from the country to the west and the trade route threatened by the Xiongnu had to be secured, allowing the Great Wall of China further and deeper to the west.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[40] [53] Direct contact with Rome did not arise in the Han period; the Silk Road consisted of successive commercial routes.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Along the way, the Parthians cut off the route to keep the trade monopoly for themselves.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[54] [44] Taxes collected from the people rather than commerce were the most significant source of income for the state.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In 2, the Han dynasty conducted a census, according to which the kingdom had 57 million inhabitants.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The most significant taxes collected from the people were the land tax and the life coinage.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[55] [44] Following the death of the longtime Emperor Wu in 87 BC.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The court of the Han dynasty was mired in internal strife and court intrigues and the time of several weak emperors.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Wang clan emerged most powerful, whose member Wang Mang served as regent of the minor emperor and overthrew him from power in 9 share.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the new Xin dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[56] [57] [58] [46] Xin Dynasty After coming to power, Wang Mang sought to restore the economy of the country, which had been brought to a chaotic state by major construction projects and wars.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Tax collection was intensified, gold reserves were confiscated, and many sectors of production were monopolized under state control.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Wang Mang set about pruning the rights of the high lordship, depriving the fiefdom princes of their positions and the lands were redistributed to poor peasants.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[56] [59] [58] Wang Mang's actions raised widespread opposition among the upper class.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

discontent was further compounded by natural disasters during the Xin dynasty, when floods afflicting the kingdom caused famines and massive migrations.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The situation led to unrest which was further fanned by members of the deposed Han dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

At the end of the unrest, Wang Mang was slain and Liu Xiu, who led the rebellion, declared himself emperor in 25, restoring the Han dynasty to power.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[59] [60] [57] Eastern Han Dynasty After the Han Dynasty returned to power, the capital of the country was moved from Chang'an to Luoyang, which is why the second half of the dynasty is called the Eastern Han Dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[56] [59] In the Eastern Han period, the dynasty's power declined relative to the Western Han period.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The dynasty returned to power with the support of the feudal superiority and they exerted great influence over the Han regime.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Eastern Han ended general conscription, as a large infantry army was expensive to maintain and was useless in wars against the fast-moving Xiongnu.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Abandoning conscription only strengthened feudalization.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[56] During the Eastern Han dynasty, the threat of the Xiongnu to the Chinese was eliminated, facilitated by the internal dispersion of the Xiongnu.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

However, it was replaced by the threat posed by other nomadic tribes, especially the Qiang tribe, along the northern borders of the country.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

As the wars dragged on, the feudal superiority began forming their own wage armies to protect their possessions.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[56] The feudal superiority began to form their own administrative units and they began to function with disregard for the central administration of the dynasty and the kingdom began to disperse.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[56] [40] [61] The ineffective central government was further weakened by intrigues within the court.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The dynasty did not have a strong emperor, as between the years 88-220 all of the last nine emperors of the dynasty rose to power already underage.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In the absence of a strong emperor, dowager empresses and court puppets raced from power.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[59] After the confusion, the eunuch general Cao Cao emerged as a strong military leader, who gained control of the northern parts of the kingdom and proclaimed himself protector of the child emperor.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[56] [62] He also attempted to seize the southern parts of the country under his rule, but failed in his attempt after two other military leaders allied against him.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The period of the Han dynasty was finally over when the last emperor of the dynasty abdicated the crown in favor of Cao Cao's heir Cao Pei.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This declared the new Wei dynasty established and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Wei state in 221.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Soon the other two warlords were doing the same.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

To the northwest, Shu Han State emerged and to the southeast Wu State.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[56] [62] [59] Age of Divide Three Kingdoms The most characteristic feature of the era was the division between north and south.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The North was ruled by non-Chinese dynasties whose reigns often fell short.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In the south, power was held by Han Chinese.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[63] After the collapse of the Han dynasty, Chinese territory was divided into three independently operating political centers.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

To the north would lie Wei, to the southwest Shu Han and to the northwest Wu.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[64] [65] The period of these three kingdoms fell short and filled with bloody clashes and political conspiracies.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[65] After the fall of the Han dynasty, the imperial institutions and political, economic and cultural unity it left as a legacy declined.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] The most powerful of the three kingdoms was the Wei state, which even it did not actually hold real political power.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

With the collapse of the central government of the Han dynasty, large landowners and aristocratic clans survived decades of unrest under the cover of their own private armies.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[65] The great landowners only grew stronger as the peasant population was hit hardest by incessantly ongoing wars, leaving them forced to offer their services to the great landowners.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[64] The most powerful of the Three Kingdoms, Wei defeated Shu Han under his rule in 263.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Shortly after this, the Cao lineage that ruled the Wei state also fell.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The ruler family was not overthrown by external enemies, but power at the court of the country had been increased by the influential Sima lineage, whose member Sima Zhao seized power into his own hands.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

He proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Jin dynasty in 265.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[65] [67] [66] Western Jin Dynasty The early days of the history of the Jin dynasty founded by Sima Zhao have been called the Western Jin Dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Luoyang served as its capital.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[67] [63] The Sima clan temporarily managed to unify the country again by conquering the Wu Kingdom in 280.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] [67] King Sima Yan briefly managed to establish a relatively stable administration, and contacts were established with the Southeast Asian states of Funan and Chenla, as well as the kingdoms of Central Asia.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

However, the period of unity fell short.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[68] [67] Following the death of King Sima Yan in 289, the princes of the Sima clan began a ruthless power struggle among themselves.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Large numbers of members of barbarian tribes living in the north were recruited into the country's army, among whom influential military leaders rose.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Infighting and the absence of a functioning central government paralyzed the Jin Empire, something the barbarian tribes of the north took advantage of and invaded the country.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] [67] Barbarian tribes conquered the northern and western regions of the kingdom and the capital Chang'an, and the remnants of the Jin dynasty went into exile south across the Yangtze River.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Around a million subjects and many notable genera moved along with them.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Jin dynasty established its new capital at Jiankang, at which point the dynasty began to be known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[63] [69] Many leading warlords of the barbarian peoples established their own kingdoms on the ripples of territories ruled by the Western Jin dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] The Sixteen Kingdoms The most characteristic feature of the post-Han Dynasty period is that the northern parts of China were left in the possession of non-Chinese peoples and the south held power by the Han Chinese.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] [63] The era between 304 and 439 is referred to as the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, when the country disintegrated into several short-lived kingdoms.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[70] [66] Often they were led by a military leader and the states were devoid of genuine social order.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] The conquistador peoples had no literary language, which is why their rule was dependent from the beginning on the writing skills of the Chinese elite.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Barbarian peoples also lacked the farming technical skills and irrigation equipment that the Chinese had.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The conquistador peoples were entirely dependent on the achievements of the higher culture of the defeated people, and Chinese culture did not disappear, but was embraced by the conquistadors.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[71] After the Eastern Jin dynasty fled south, the north was ruled by the Xiongnus, but their rule was threatened by the Xianbi people, who had split into Eastern and Western branches.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

For decades, the Xiangnut suffered internal disintegration and power struggles, which eventually led to the destruction of the kingdom.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Eastern members of the Xianbi people, or Murong tribe, invaded the region from the east and Tibetan tanguts from the west.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Tanguts were then able to expand their territory significantly and by 381 its control included almost all of northern China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Tangut Empire was not long-lived either; in its attempt to further expand its kingdom towards the south, it experienced a crushing defeat after which it was no longer able to quash the internal rebellions of the fragmented tribes of its kingdom.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[72] The region broke up again into numerous short-lived states and after this period of turmoil became the Tuoba people, who founded the Northern Wei dynasty in 386.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[72] [66] Northern and Southern dynasties Tuoba rulers established the Northern Wei state in northern China in 386.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[73] [66] [74] Northern Wei was the first of the so-called northern and southern dynasties.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] The rulers of the Tuoba state understood that the kingdom would only hold together with the help of Chinese officials.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

From Buddhism that arrived in China at the end of the Han period, efforts were made to establish a state religion and a factor uniting peoples.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Initially, efforts were made to preserve the traditional tribal system and religious traditions of the Tuoba people.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[73] [66] Chinese culture supplanted the Tuoba culture over time.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In 494, the capital was moved from Pingcheng to Luoyang and all officials were required to dress in Chinese style and use the Chinese language alone.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This caused rebellion among the Tuobaylyss and the country eventually disintegrated into a military rebellion.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Northern Wei split in two into the more pro-Chinese Eastern Wei and the more Tuobaian Western Wei, in 534.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[73] [66] [74] Neither remained a long-lived state.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In the west, a crowded supremacy seized power and established Northern Zhou in 557.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In the east, the Chinese supremacy ejected the Wei Emperor from power and established Northern Qi in 550.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The northern Zhou succeeded in 577 to conquer Northern Qi and unify the northern parts of China under their rule.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[73] [66] In the south, the Eastern Jin dynasty ruled its kingdom from Jiankang for about a hundred years, from 317 to 420.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] The Jin Dynasty, which fled from the north, had been followed by about a million people who came empty-handed to their new homeland.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

For landowners, this knew cheap labor and the intensification of private armies.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Eastern Jin was also marked by conflicts between the more old Southerners and the overlords who fled the North, as immigrants brought neo-Taoist ideas along which did not coincide with traditional perceptions of the South.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[75] The Eastern Jin dynasty eventually fell into its own internal power struggles.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] In 420, military leader Liu Yu deposed the last Jin emperor and declared the Liu Song dynasty established, but that too quickly degenerated.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This was followed by the Southern Qi dynasty in 479 to 501, the Liang dynasty in 501-556, and the Chen dynasty in 557-589.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The successors of the Eastern Jin dynasty are collectively referred to as Southern Dynasties.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[66] [76] The whole era of dispersal brought a period in China when new ideas and doctrines could spread freely.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The status of traditional Confucianism declined after the fall of the Han dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

A new foothold was given by Buddhism, a new religion spread to China, as well as endemic neo-Taoism.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

With Buddhism firmly established as China's power religion from the 3rd century onwards, it gained support among both northern barbarians and civilisation.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[77] [78] [79] Thousands of Buddhist temples rose especially in the northern parts of the country.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Technical progress also progressed in the period of dispersal.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The glazing technology involved in the manufacture of porcelain developed, with the development of agricultural implements and the introduction of fertilizers, yields from the fields increased.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

One of the products of the era is tea, the cultivation of which began in the period of dispersal.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[77] Sui Dynasty China's 400-year period of disintegration ended with the Sui dynasty united the fragmented states under the control of yet another emperor.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The founder of the Sui dynasty was Yang Jian, a high-ranking official of the Northern Zhou dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Due to court intrigues, he was enthroned as a child emperor and soon afterwards proclaimed himself emperor of the new Sui dynasty in 581.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[80] [81] After rising to power, he assumed his ruler name of Wendi and began construction work on the new capital Daxing, near present-day Xi'an.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[81] [82] The main external threats of the Sui dynasty came from the Turkic peoples from the north.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Turkic power had been dispersed into the Western Turkic, which held power in Central Asia, and the Eastern Turkic Khanate, which ruled territories north of the Sui dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Emperor Wendi took advantage of the dispersal and allied himself with the western Turkic state.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[80] [81] Defenses in the north also had to be strengthened and the Sui dynasty began repair work on the Great Wall of China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[81] In the late 580s, the Sui dynasty was strong enough to attack the southern dynasties.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In 589, the Sui dynasty, as the last southern Chinese dynasty, overthrew the Chen Dynasty and disposed of its capital Jiankang.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[81] [82] [83] China, after the overthrow of the Chen dynasty, was once again united under the rule of a single ruler.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In southern China, Sui rule aroused the greatest opposition, but the rebelling southern noble families were bloody defeated.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[82] [83] Behind the success of the Sui dynasty was the administrative, military and economic order developed during the Northern Wei Dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[84] As his most significant project during the Sui dynasty, the Emperor's Canal was built.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Its main function was to enable the transport of grain from the south to important centers in the north.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The vicinity of the capital could not produce everything needed, so commodities had to be imported from a long distance.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[82] [85] When completed, the channel network was over 2000 kilometres long.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[83] The existing channel between the Huai River and the Yangtze was improved and a major canal connected the Yangtze and the Yellow River.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Canal networks connected Luoyang in the south and present-day Hangzhou and Beijing in the north.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[85] [83] Canal construction was carried out by forced labour and involved 5,5 million people.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The work was obliged to participate in the work of all men aged 15-50 years.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[85] According to a source work from the era, 2 million people died at work.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[80] The canal was completed during the second Sui emperor, Yang Di, in the early 6th century.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[80] The importance of the canal to China's economic development and unity has been considerable.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[82] Major urban construction projects, expansion works of the Great Wall of China, and construction work on the Emperor's Canal were carried out with the forced labor required of the people, which did not make the Sui emperors popular.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[85] Emperor Yang Di expanded the vkingdom in the south as far as the southern parts of present-day Vietnam and also in Central Asia significant trade routes were restored under the influence of the dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

From 611 to 614, Yang Di organized several war expeditions in the direction of Korea.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[80] Wars also required forced labour, which further burdened the population.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

All war expeditions against the Korean Koguryo state failed and produced great losses.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[82] [83] In order to finance wars, a forced tax on nobles was also enacted, which decreased the popularity of the Sui Emperor in the eyes of the exalted.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[82] Uprisings and the machinations of the exalted lordship of the land led to Li Yuan, a military leader of the exalted family who was related to both the Sui dynasty and the Eastern Turks, in 617, taking over Chang'an, the country's western capital.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The following year, he took over the rest of the Sui dynasty territories and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Tang dynasty.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[83] [80] The rule of the Sui dynasty eventually lasted only 37 years, but sei the base for the Tang dynasty, one of the great dynasties in Chinese history.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[82] [85] The Tang dynasty after the rise to power of the Tang dynasty lasted several more years before the kingdom was pacified and the power of the Tang dynasty established itself.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[86] [87] Gao Zu, the first Tang emperor, was deposed from power by his own son Li Shim in 626.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[88] [89] Li Shimin took Taizong as his emperor name.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

He is considered one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[88] [90] The first Tang emperors largely left the Sui period administrative system in effect and further developed it.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The emperor was the monospace and he oversaw the central government, which was formed of bodies performing various functions.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The county-level administration was overseen by the central government of the kingdom, which oversaw the filling of the highest county-level posts.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[87] During the Taizong period, the central government was consolidated and the feudal nobility were allowed to collect tax from the territories they controlled, but they had neither administrative nor jurisdiction.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[90] Administration thus became more bureaucratic during the Tang period, with the most qualified being elected to administrative posts on the basis of governmental degrees, rather than the office being inherited among members of the ruling feudal nobility.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[90] [91] The obtaining of governmental degrees was in principle possible for all, but in reality most of the recipients belonged to a higher or lower class of civil service.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[90] The system of land distribution developed in the early Tang period during the Gao Zu period, such that every man of the age of majority in the kingdom was given control of cultivable land for life, most of which had to be returned to the state upon death.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In return, farmers were required to pay their taxes in grain or cloth and perform war service and other prescribed day jobs, normally 20 days a year.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The taxation system was the same in principles for rich and poor, but day jobs could be exchanged for taxes or vice versa.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Merchants and residents of cities were also exempt from taxes.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Taxes collected from the peasant population were the main source of income for the state, so the State had to ensure that the people fulfilled their tax obligations by regular censuses.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[87] Under Gao Zu, religious freedom was curtailed, but under Tai Zong the restrictions were lifted.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[88] Tai Zong advocated Confucianism, as this was the paradigm of learned officials in particular.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[91] However, he was also a supporter of Buddhism, as he understood the threat posed by the Buddhist community, which may have undermined social order.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[90] An important ceremonial role was also granted to Taoist monks.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

These three orientations played an important role in the state ideology of the Tang period.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[88] At the beginning of the Tang period, the main external threat was formed by the Eastern Turks who invaded from the northwestern frontier.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Chinese benefited from the dispersal of the Eastern Turks, whereby the Uyghurs and TölöTurks subjugated by these broke away from the influence of the Eastern Turks.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[91] [92] The Chinese defeated the threat posed by the Eastern Turks during the Taizong period by 630, partly with the assistance of the Uyghurs.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[92] [82] The Uyghurs became a major ally for the Chinese over the following centuries.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[92] On the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Highlands, the Tuyuhun people who lived in the area of modern Qinghai were also forced to recognize Chinese rule during Taizong's reign.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In the mid-6th century, the Tang dynasty's power extended all the way to the rear of the Pamir Mountains.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[91] The Korean Koguryo was also successfully subjugated under Chinese rule after several war expeditions, by 668.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[91] [92] In Central Asia, the Tang dynasty competed for influence with Tibetans and Arabs.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

For good, the Tang dynasty lost its power over the far west after the Battle of Talas in 751.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[93] [91] [89] At the same time, a new Nanzhao kingdom of the Thai people formed in the southern parts of the kingdom in what is now Yunnan, defeating the Chinese army.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[94] [91] [89] Emperor Taizong died in 649 and was succeeded in power by his son Gaozong, who ruled until 683.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Subsequently, Wu Zetian, the only female empress in Chinese history, rose to power.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This had been in Emperor Taizong's harem as a concubine in low rank.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

After Taizong died, Gaozong took Wu Zetian as his wife and he soon rose to become empress, deposing the legitimate empress.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Wu Zetian was, alongside Gaozong, a real power user and upon the emperor's death, he ascended the throne himself after various court intrigues.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[95] [96] [89] Empress Wu is portrayed as a ruthless ruler, but she was also an able politician.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

He was out of favour with the upper civil service class, but was won over by the lower civil service class.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In his term, officials were elected on the basis of degrees, rather than by inherited status.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[95] [96] In religions, he favored Buddhism in particular.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

During his time, the Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an and the huge Buddha images of the Longmen Caves were built, as well as several Buddhist temples throughout the kingdom were built.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[95] The preference for Buddhism turned Confucian officials against Empress Wu.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[97] He was ousted from power in 705, when he was 80 years old.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

His grandson Li Longji played a significant role in the coup.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

After mixed years, this ascended the throne himself in 712 as emperor title Xuanzong.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[97] [98] Xuanzong ruled the country for more than 40 years and in his period Tang culture flourished and a period of prosperity and prosperity lived in the kingdom.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[89] During his time, the canal system was improved, the taxation system was reformed, which enabled tax revenues to increase and the Buddhist monks to be forced back into productive activities.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[98] [97] [89] In the latter part of his reign, Xuanzong's rule was interfered with his concubine Yang Guifei.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This was a great crush of the emperor and he was able to pursue the interests of his own family.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In 752, Guifei's cousin Yang Guozhong was appointed prime minister of the kingdom.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[98] [97] An Lushan, a prominent warlord, had been in the circle of the previous prime minister and he was also in favour of the emperor and Yang Guifei.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[94] [99] He felt his own position threatened after Yang Guozhong's appointment.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

An Lushan had about 200,000 soldiers under his command, which was almost half of the entire Tang army.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[99] An Lushan rose in open revolt in and within a few months his forces took over all of eastern China, including the capital Chang'an, in 756.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Emperor Xuanzong was forced to flee to Sichuan with the court with him.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

On the run, forces previously loyal to the emperor saw Yang Guifei and Yang Guozhong guilty of the situation and demanded their execution, to which the emperor had to agree.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Xuanzong himself relinquished power in favor of his son Su Zong.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[99] [94] Su Zong allied with the Uyghurs and rulers of other western countries against An Lushan.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Far from allying with the Chinese to save the Tang dynasty, the Uyghurs were also allying themselves to the weakness of the Chinese.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[99] [94] With the help of the Uyghurs, An Lushan rebellion was defeated in 763 and the capital was recaptured, at the same time the Uyghurs looting the reconquered territories, but the Tang regime was powerless in the face of this.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[100] An Lushan himself was no longer to see the end of the rebellion, for he was murdered by his son in 757.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[99] [94] An Lushan Rebellion was the turning point of the Tang dynasty's reign.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The dynasty was not defeated, but it weakened so significantly that it no longer returned to its former glory, although it remained in power for about 150 years.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[101] [102] [82] In the west, the Chinese were threatened by Tibetans and in the northwest by the Uyghurs.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Uighurs in particular benefited from the weakness of the Chinese, who were able to charge large tariffs for passing through their territory.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[100] [101] The northern parts of the Tang Dynasty empire had been the most central area for tax collection in the country before the rebellion, but as a result of the revolt millions of peasants had fled their displaced areas or died.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[101] [103] The administration became increasingly dependent on revenue from southern China.