Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Apart from the death of the victims, the most central and long-lasting impact of the executions was the mental trauma they caused in generations of contemporaries and posterity alike.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In this respect, posterity has long prevailed mainly from the victimhood aspect of the side of the war with which it is identified.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

There is also a more honest look at the contribution of one's own reference group and of their own ancestors as agents of terror.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[162] It was because of terrorist acts that the wounds of the civil war slowly expired and the war continued on a mental level at least until the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Finns of 1918 certainly did not leave a light intellectual legacy behind for those to come.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[163] War Decision Under the pressure of a successful Finnish-German invasion, the People's Delegation moved from Helsinki on 8 April to Vyborg, with the exception of some members of the delegation (Edvard Gylling, for example) from there on to Saint Petersburg on 25 April 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The exodus of the leaders provoked intense bitterness among the Reds.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Long caravans of red refugees who wandered from Satakunta and Häme towards Saint Petersburg surrendered Lahti and Koski (Hl.)


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

in the area between 1 and 2.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

May.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The last Resistance colonies of the Reds, located in Kymenlaakso, gave up the battle on 5 May 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war ended after Russian soldiers withdrew on 14 May from the fortress of Ino on the Karelian Isthmus and the occupation of its destroyed cannon positions by Finnish whites on 15 May.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Initially embracing anti-war thinking, the Finnish labour movement had suffered defeat in the Civil War.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

White people confined Red Guards to prison camps.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate of Vaasa returned from Ostrobothnia to Helsinki on 2 May 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the capital, however, it was not received by detachments of the Finnish White Army, but by the honorary company of the Imperial German Baltic Division with their ringers, and Major-General Rüdiger von der Goltz, dubbed the “true state administrator” of Finland.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

White General Mannerheim held a major victory parade in honour of his army in Helsinki on 16 May 1918, despite German troops.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Missing peace treaty No formal armistice and peace negotiations typical of many wars took place and no formal treaties to end the Finnish Civil War were ever signed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[164] Postwar events Consequences of war The Finnish civil war ended on 15 May 1918, but its acute effects continued in Finland until at least the end of 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The war severely shattered and damaged Finnish society.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

It was not just the gap between the parties to the war, but also the internal problems of the power groups.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

White Finland was divided into two camps: one in favour of monarchy and narrowed democracy, the other was in favour of republicanism, broad democracy and social reforms.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ultra-conservatives had been permanently opposed to parliamentarianism.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

More moderate conservatives supported parliamentarianism at first, but the events of 1917—1918 turned them against widespread democracy, and led them to seek counter-force in parliament from a long tradition of monarchy.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The statesmanship dispute was the most significant internal watershed for the victors: due to the protracted internal war and in the precarious situation that followed, the majority of conservatives and non-socialists supported Germany's strong position in Finland.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, activists hoped for support from the Germans for the project to recapture East Karelia.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[165] [166] The war of 1918 also fragmented the Finnish labour movement, partly on the basis of the internal division established in January 1918 into moderate social democrats seeking to cooperate with non-socialists and left-wing socialists in Finland as well as revolutionaries to communists operating in Russia backed by the Bolsheviks.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[167] Power in Finland was held by P.E.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Svinhufvud, J. K. Paasikivi's bourgeois senate, the so-called stub parliament mainly without SDP MPs and Imperial Germany.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

After the end of the war, Finland's economy was on the ground.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Both exports and imports had plummeted and the industry was suffering from shortages of raw materials and labour.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the trade agreement with Germany limited the country's freedom to raise its exports.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The economic situation did not return to pre-war levels until the mid-1920s.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In terms of the economy, however, the war did not treat different segments of the population the same.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Counted as changes in real incomes, the losers were industrial working people and civil service crews, as well as the winners agricultural producers, who had been benefited by strong rising food prices.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The main problem in 1918 was food shortages.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

It was already suffering in 1917, but actual hunger was seen mainly in Kainulu and North Karelia, which were not regions torn apart by political strife.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war, which was supposed to solve all the problems, eventually brought hunger to southern Finland as well.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The situation only improved in 1919 when food imports and the country's own agriculture were brought in order through, among other things, the Crofters Act enacted on 17 July 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[168] The treaties signed by the representatives of the Senate Edvard Hjelt and Rafael Erich on 7 March 1918 with representatives of the German Empire, the peace treaty and the accompanying trade and shipping treaty and the secret exchange of notes on military matters without the knowledge of the Senate were bound by Finland To Germany, curtailing the country's independence.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, in June 1918, the Germans proposed a military alliance between the two countries.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Disputes associated with the German trend led to the resignation of White General Mannerheim on 27 May 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Parliament (111 delegates out of 200) chose the blue cross flag instead of the red lion flag.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The colour of the old flag was considered too much to suggest socialism.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

On the motion of Paasikivi's monarchist-majority Senate, and also due to German pressure, the stub parliament finally elected Prince Friedrich Karl of Hesse as King of Finland on 9 October 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, the king did not have time to formally step on his throne and the Kingdom of Finland did not materialize in practice.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The October royal election took advantage of the form of government from the period of Swedish rule of 1772, which had been in force in the Grand Duchy of Finland, and whose validity after the March 1917 Revolution was disputed during the struggle for statesmanship in 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

According to the view of the republicans, Finland was made a republic by the Declaration of Independence on December 6, 1917, and it became only “technically” to confirm an independent Finland in the new state form.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the view of monarchists, only the “principle of republic” had been accepted in the Declaration of Independence, and the 1918 war changed both the dominance within the country and the attitude towards republicanism to a more negative one.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

They wanted to replace the Gustavian constitution of 1772 with a more modern monarchist state form.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[169] The place of Finland Historians have described Finland's foreign policy position in the summer of 1918 with different but parallel expressions: it was a German underland, protectorate and military beachhead.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

But in that situation, Finland was simply shown its place and the limits of its possibilities for action in the throes of World War I.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1914, the Finns were caught between German and Russian interests, but contrary to expectations, the Great Powers were weakened in a long-stretched World War.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In December 1917, the “Finnish moment” came; Russia and Germany negotiated peace (from 6 December 1917), Germany did not advance in the east, and Soviet Russia was in a state of turmoil.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The secession of Finland from Russia and the attainment of genuine independence was thus little time caught only by the Finns own will.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Independence was the very thing on which the vast majority of the people agreed, and it was time to exploit this 'free Finland'.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[170] However, the internal dispersion of the Finnish people led to an internal struggle, during which the situation between Germany and Russia turned into a war again (18 February 1918).


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

As a result, the same men, both burghers and socialists, who had acquired independence for Finland, without fighting in December 1917, “called” Germany by their mutual war, and thus Finland's future status was no longer dependent on the Finns but World War I on the outcome.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[171] Settlement in Germany The general picture of World War I included that at its beginning emperors, tsars and kings moved their own citizens as pawns across Europe, deciding their lives and deaths.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of the war, the situation was reversed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

This was also the case in Germany, and finally the ordinary Germans solved the fate of Finland with their Autumn Revolution of 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The German Empire collapsed and World War I ended on 11 November 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The German army left Helsinki on 16 December, and Prince Friedrich Karl abdicated his kingship on 20 December.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

And so the independence gained by the Finns on 6 December 1917 came into full effect [172] On the left, the internal divisions caused by the civil war remained longer into the future, but on the right the upheaval of November 1918 in Germany once more caused the internal redistribution of power.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The defeat of Germany broke Finnish monarchism, and Finland became a state form, with the help of the Circum-Powers, a republican democracy with extensive civil rights, on 17 July 1919.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Finland's independence was recognized by the United States and Britain on 6th—7.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

May 1919, after the end of the German trend in the country.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Relations between Soviet-Russia and Finland were established by the Peace Treaty of Tartu on 14 October 1920.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

On 25 July 1919, K. J. Ståhlberg, elected as the country's first president-elect, became the symbol of the Finns' parliamentary line.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

He received support from the Agrarian League led by Santeri Alkio.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Social Democratic Party made a return to parliament in the parliamentary elections of 3 March 1919 under the leadership of moderate Väinö Tanner.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, moderate conservatives like Lauri Ingman also positioned themselves in favor of national politics.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The year of Opposites 1918 ended with the first municipal elections based on universal and equal suffrage in Finnish history, which took place 17—28.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

on December 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[173] [174] Fate of the Lost In the final stages of the war, about 10,000 Red Guards and their family members fled to Soviet Russia.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[175] By the end of the war on 5 May 1918, 76,000 Red prisoners were incarcerated.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

As the peak phase of the White Terror passed, the question of the solution to the prisoner problem arose in May 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of May and early June 1918, released either immediately or after interrogations (so-called. Aminoff's investigative system) a few thousand prisoners, but they were also still executed in June.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually the prison camps housed about 74,000 to 76,000 red prisoners.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

There was a long dispute between the White Army and the Senate over modus operandi regarding the Red Prisoners.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, a policy was reached that each prisoner's case had to be investigated separately, and above all that they would be kept in custody until sentencing.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The decision, along with severe food shortages caused by the 1918 war, led to a high prison camp mortality rate.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[176] [177] Prison camps The largest prison camps were (in brackets the largest prison population during summer 1918): Suomenlinna (13300 prisoners), Hämeenlinna (11500 prisoners), Lahti (10900 prisoners), Vyborg (10350 prisoners), Tammisaari (8700 prisoners), Riihimäki (8500 prisoners), and Tammisaari (8500 prisoners) and Tamimäki (8500 prisoners) and Pere (7700 prisoners).


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

On 29 May 1918, Parliament enacted an Act on State Criminal Rights, entrusted with the investigation and sentencing of Red Prisoners.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The system did not meet in all respects the requirements of impartial jurisdiction, but was part of the “repression system” of the winner of the war.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, on June 20, 1918, a law was enacted on the possibility of a suspended prison sentence in relation to Red Prisoners.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Almost the entire Finnish judging panel was harnessed to the work.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The investigation process was slow and burdensome and, moreover, the rights were not able to begin operations until 18 June.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

At that point, the Finnish Senate already had a full-scale catastrophe in prison camps on its hands.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[178] [179] A wave of destruction In May 1918, about 600 to 700 prisoners died in prison camps.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In June, the death repaired 2900 prisoners and those who perished in July numbered between 4800 and 5250.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In August the numbers were decreasing, but still high, at 2200 people and in September 1918 about 1000 casualties.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The reasons for the decline must have been both the government's awakening to the disaster and the progress of the investigation so that so-called harmless prisoners could be released with parole sentences.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In total, 110,00—13500 Finns are estimated to have perished in prison camps during the summer of 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Of them, about 5000, or nearly 40%, were aged between 15 and 24.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

It is known that several starved prisoners, some 600—700, perished even after getting out of the prison camp to a strong meal consumed too early in the 'heat of freedom'.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The highest prison camp mortality rate was in Tammisaari prison camp: almost 34% of inmates.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In Hämeenlinna and the smaller Lappeenranta prison camp, the mortality rate was around 20 per cent.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In other camps, mortality rates were predominantly between 5% and 15%.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Diseases, especially Spanish disease, as well as various diseases of the pox, fever and intestines, caused havoc in prisoners weakened by camp conditions.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The number of red prisoners shot in the camps for various reasons was high; more than 500 prisoners were shot in Lahti, over 400 in Lappeenranta, 330 in Tampere and 250 in Vyborg.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[180] The Red Prison Camps and their conditions also attracted international attention.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The issue was covered, among others, in the Swedish and English press.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[181] [182] [177] Judgments In total, some 70000 Finns were convicted by the law law.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority were punished for aiding and abetting treachery.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

While 555 people were sentenced to death, only 113 convictions were enforced.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Various custodial sentences and fixed-term loss of civil trust were imposed on 60000 citizens, of whom 10200 persons were pardoned on 30 October 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In court papers, some of the individuals confined to prison camps were eventually found to have been unduly imprisoned.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of custodial sentences handed out were lenient and were eventually converted to parole sentences to free 40,000 prisoners.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of 1918, the number of Red prisoners in prisons was 6100 and 100 in 1921. Civil trust for 40000 former Reds was also restored at that time.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1927, the last 50 red prisoners were pardoned by the government of Väinö Tanner.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1973, the Finnish government paid compensation to 11,600 former Red prisoners.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[183] [179] The violence of the post-war years After the Civil War, the violence associated with its events continued for several more years.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Researcher Marko Tikka calculated that between the summer of 1918 and the end of 1921 there were around 300 acts of violence characterised as political in Finland, in which 226 people were killed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Of the casualties, the vast majority, or 183, were readable to the Red Party of the War.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, most cannot be considered methodical; events were usually accompanied by alcohol and originated at dances or evenings, for example.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Outright terrorism can be classified as a few murders or attempted murders committed by former Red Guards, who were usually targeted by members of patronage societies.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

They were mainly organised by private individuals and cannot be linked, for example, to the Communist Party of Finland, founded in 1919.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The most famous of the failures is the April 1920 assassination attempt on Mannerheim in Tampere.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[184] War casualties The war in Finland in 1918 was one of the most significant disasters in the history of the 1690s and 1860s and World War II (1939—1945).


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Some 37000 people died as casualties of the war, [185] of which 5800 to 6200 persons, or about 16% were minors, aged 14—20.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The youngest victims were under one year old.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Twenty were executed between the ages of 0—15, otherwise slain and variously dead in excess of 300, among them one baby strangled to death.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Two thirds of the children were red, the rest both white and not belonging to any group.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Children were still killed even after the war ended with their families.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[186] [187] The total loss, calculated from late January to late December 1918, averaged about 3300 deaths per month.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of the victims died either as victims of terror or perished in prison camps, while those killed in the fighting of the war took just under 10,000 lives.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, as a result of the war, about 20,000 children were orphaned, that is, lost either one or both of their guardians.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[188] Famous figures who died in the civil war or its aftermath include composer Toivo Kuula, poet Juhani Siljo and writer Algoth Untola (Maiju Lassila).


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The war deepened the popular divide that had already arisen in Finland and caused bitterness, anger and a spirit of revenge.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Until the 1960s, public debate focused on the so-called white truth of the winners, and the so-called red truth of those who lost was left behind.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

It took 40 to 85 years from the events of 1917—1918 to outline the overall historical picture and the diversification of interpretations that characterised historical research.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[189] On the other hand, the defeat of the red Finland and the only partial realisation of the goals of white Finland, after Germany lost World War I, led to a national compromise.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

When the “foreign bayonets” of foreign powers left Finland alone, moderate burghers and socialists eventually took charge of their country.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The compromise ensured Finland's internal stability and order and democratic development and made slow but secure national defragmentation possible [190] In 1919—1991, Finns' democracy and independence withstood the pressure of the far-right and far-left and the other the heavy tribulations of World War I and Soviet pressure during the Cold War.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Veterans of the Civil War, the last of Finland's veterans of the 1918 war, Aarne Armunen (born 1897), died on 1 January 2009.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

He fought in the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The last of the veterans of the Finnish White Army to die was Lennart Rönnback (1905—2007).


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The last surviving member to serve in support positions on the White side was Lauri Nurminen (1906—2009).


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

One of the last people to tell the events of the Hämeenlinna prison camp as an eyewitness is Anna Mäkinen o.s. Joutsen (born 1909), who was imprisoned together with her mother and sister.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Mäkinen told writer Tuulikki Pekalainen about her experiences.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[191] Decorations for those who fought on the Svinhufvud Senate side were distributed with the 1918 Revolutionary War commemorative medals [192] and medals of the Cross of Liberty.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Order of the Cross of Liberty was established on 4 March 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Its Grand Master is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[193] Other medals associated with the time include Asikkala Front Men's Cross, Front Badge of Southern Savo Regiment, Hattulans Memorial Medal, Janakkalans Memorial Medal, Heinola Municipality Memorial Medal, Helsinki Conquest Memorial Medal, Karelian Front Mark, Lammi Municipal Front Medal , Länkipohja Memorial Cross, Padasjoki Cross of Honour, Patterinmäkeläinen Cross, Headquarters Badge, Rauma Soyeluskunta Memorial Medal, Raudu Cross, Sipoo Municipal Memorial Medal, Svidja Medal, Tampere Conquest Memorial Medal, Russian Island Memorial Medal, Vilppula Cross, Vimpel War School Badge and Sign of the Vöyr Guard.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[194] Civil War in fiction Literature The first universally acclaimed fiction work on the Finnish Civil War was Frans Emil Sillanpää's novel Pious Misery completed already in 1919.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the 1920s—1950s, fiction on the events of 1918 was written mostly from the point of view of the winner of the war.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Although in 1931, Jarl Hemmer's work En man och hans samvete (The Man and His Conscience), which dealt with war from a broader, humanistic perspective, appeared in 1931.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, the most famous and debated books about the war and the reasons that led to it were Väinö Linna's novel trilogy Here under the North Star, parts 1 and 2.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The castle texts are considered to have provided significant impetus to the way that has become common since the 1960s, of looking at the conflict from the perspective of the losing party as well.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[195] In poetry, Viljo Kajava's highly acclaimed work Tampere Poems appeared in the 1960s.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The book Boy on the Shoulders of the World (1973), written by Uuno Pekka Kekäläinen, who was in the Hennala prison camp in Kuopio and Lahti, contains a detailed diary from Hennala prison camp.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 2003, Leena Lander's book about the 1918 war appeared Commandment.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

It received a Finlandia nomination and, based on the screenplay, was also completed by radio listen Susiyahhti (Yle, Radioteatteri 2004), which was selected as the best premiere performance of 2004 in the Blind Lunar Maraade.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The book has also been edited for theatrical productions, including the Finnish National Theatre in 2006.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the 21st century, author Antti Tuuri's works The Great Arms Train from Saint Petersburg in 2006, the Battle of Tampere in 1918, and Surmanpelto, a story about Russian soldiers captured in Ostrobothnia in 1918, have also appeared.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Also Kjell Westö's work Where We Travelled once deals with the Finnish Civil War, published in 2006, as well as the author's book Mirage 38, published in 2013.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Harri Raitti's novel “April Fourth 1918” appeared in 1987 and is a reality-based account of an incident in Rymättylä.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 2008, writer Anneli Kanto published the documentary novel “Blood Russes”, which deals with the stages of the Valkeakoski Female Guard.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[196] The following year, Pekka Saaristo dramatised a play about the book, which has been performed in places such as Pori, Tampere and Valkeakoski.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[197] In Finnish films, the 1918 war initially came out mainly as side plots, for example in the film Silja — who slept at a young age (directed by Jack Witikka, 1956).


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Among the first films focused on the Civil War was a 1918 film directed by T. J. Särkka, completed in 1957 and based on a novel by Jarl Hemmer — The Man and His Conscience.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[198] In the 1960s and 1970s, film director Edvin Laine film Väinö Linna's Pohjantä-trilogy.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The first film in the series Here Under the North Star deals broadly and realistically with the events of 1918 in Linna's books, the focus of the description is on the point of view of the party who lost the war.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[199] [200] Documentary-seeking or biographical descriptions of civil war or independence include the Finnish-Soviet Confidence (1976), Mommila's blood works about Alfred Kordelin's fate (1973), and Tulipää, a story about the life of Maiju Lassila (1980).


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[198] Since the 1990s, the Finnish Civil War has been covered in several films.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Tero Jartti directed the film in 1994 based on a short story by Aapo Runar Schildt.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The film was about the fate of an individual Red Guards.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1997, Redemption, directed by Olli Saarela, was completed, which depicted the priest's mental contradictions in the midst of civil war.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 2007, the film Raja 1918 directed by Lauri Törhönen, directed by Lauri Törhönen, was completed


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Aku Louhimies directed the film Commandment (2008) based on Leena Lander's book.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[201] [202] In 2012, Claes Olsson's film Battle of Näsilinna 1918, about the battle of Melin's company in Tampere, came to cinemas.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[201] In 2000, two comic books made from different points of view were published in the High Tension series Civil War White High Tension — Freedom Baptism of Fire and Citizen War Red High Tension — To fight for the working people!


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The authors' familiarity with the subject (Asko Alanen, Jouko Ruokosenmäki and Samson) received praise from experts and brought an honourable mention in the Valopilkku of the Year.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[203] Civil war comics based on the stages of real persons include self-publishing Red Horseman from 2007 and Peace and War from 2008.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Horseman of Ilkka Markkula, Jukka Koivusaari and Kimmo Lehtimäki tells about the war through the story of Red Chief Verner Lehtimäki.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Satu Lusa Peace and War, the 2009 Comic Book Finlandia nominee, is based on a true story in the Russian village of Humppila.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

[204] [205] [206] See also List of monuments to white people in Finland List of reds monuments in Finland Finnish civil war in southern Ostrobothnia Finnish civil war in central and northern Ostrobothnia Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alapuro, Risto| title=State and revolution in Finland | location = Berkeley:Los Angeles:London| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1988| id = ISBN 0-520-05813-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Alapuro, Risto (1993): Revolution.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Magazine 2/1993, online Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alapuro Risto| title = Photo of Civil War Violence | publisher = Publications of the Finnish Museum of Photography 24| year = 2008| version = In the book: Kukkonen, J. & Heikka, E.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Red-black white — 1918 pictures| id = ISBN 978-951-9086-74-3| page = 11—21}} Apunen Osmo (1987): From a border country to a republic.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In: Blomstedt, Y.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

History of Finland 6, Periods of repression and independence, p. 47—404.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-35-2495-7.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reino Arimo| title = Military activity of Germans in Finland 1918| location = Rovaniemi| publisher = Historical Association| year = 1991| id = ISBN 951-96174-4-2}}} Aunesluoma Juhana & Häikiö Martti ed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1995): Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

An atlas and research guide.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-20174-X.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Eerola Jari & Eerola Jouni (1998): Personal losses in the Finnish Civil War 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-91-0001-9.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Enckell Carl (1956): My political memoirs I. WSOY, 1956 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haapala Pertti| title = The Light of the Factory.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Industrialisation and formation of working population in Tampere 1820—1920| location = Tampere, Helsinki| publisher = Cooperative Vastapaino, Historical Society of Finland| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-9254-75-7}} Goltz, Rüdiger von der: My activities in Finland and the Baltic States, Wsoy, 1920 Hakalehto, Ilkka: Independence at risk.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Struggle from Finland's 1917 revolution to the eurohuma of the 1990s, Karprint ky, Huhmari, 1993, ISBN 952-9748-08-6 Haapala Pertti (1992): The Birth of the Working Class.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In: Haapala, P.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Economy, power and state.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Studies on 19th-century Finland, p. 227—249.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Equipoise, 1992 ISBN 951-9066-53-5.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala Pertti (1993): Class War.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Aikakirja 2/1993, online Haapala Pertti (1995): When society broke up, Finland 1914—1920.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Printing Center 1995 ISBN 951-37-1532-9.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala Pertti (2008): Many truths.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the book: Hoppu, T. et al.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere 1918, Vapriikki 2008 p. 255—261.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-609-369-0.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Haataja, Lauri,: History of the Finnish Labour Movement, Workers' Civilization Federation, 1977, ISBN 951-9118-12-8 Hannula, J. O: History of the Finnish War of Independence, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1938 Holodkovsky Viktor (1978): Finnish Workers' Revolution 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Publishing business Progress, Moscow.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu Tuomas (2007): Losses in the Battle of Tampere 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

War Historical Periodical Book 26, p. 8—32.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu Tuomas (2008): From the Reds gun train to front fighting.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the book: Hoppu, T. et al.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere 1918, Vapriikki 2008, p. 56—61.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-609-369-0.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu, Tuomas, Haapala Pertti: Tampere 1918, Tampere Museums, Tampere, 2008, ISBN 978-951-609-369-0 Jussila Osmo (2004): Grand Duchy of Finland 1809—1917.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-29500-0.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Jussila, Osmo, Seppo Hentilä & Jukka Nevakivi (2006): Finnish Political History 1809—2006.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

WSOY Educational Materials, 2006 ISBN 951-0-31572-9.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Jussila Osmo (2007): The great myths of Finnish history.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-33103-3.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Juva, Einar W.: Chronicles of the Finnish People.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Part 9, Otava, 1937 Kauvalta K. V.: History of insurgency in the Tampere region, Otava, 1921 Kekkonen Jukka (1991): Shipwreck of legality, criminal justice in Finland in 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-640-547-9.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Keränen Jorma ed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1992): Chronicle of Finland's independence.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-20-3800-5.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ketola Eino (1987): National People's Power.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Independence of Finland, the Social Democrats and the Russian Revolution of 1917.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-6728-9.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Klinge Matti (1997): The Emperor's Finland.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-50-0682-1.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Six-O.W.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1918, 1928) Finnish Labour Revolution 1918: reviews and self-criticism.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The work is digitised in the digital archive of the Workers' Movement Library: Kolbe Laura & Samu Nyström (2008): Helsinki 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Capital and war.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-952-492-138-1.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Kävaara, Keijo: Year seventeen.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Reportage on the year of the birth of independent Finland, Helsingin Sanomat, 1967 Lackman Matti (2000): For Finland or Germany?


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Unknown history of ice keepers.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-16158-X.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen Jussi T. (1981): Red Guards War, parts I to II.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-859-071-0, ISBN 951-859-072-9.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen, Jussi T., Juhani Piilonen, Osmo Rinta-Tassi and Marja-Leena Salkola (1989): One card.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-861-638-8.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Linnanmäki Eila (2005): Spanish disease in Finland.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Influenza epidemic of 1918—1920.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-716-8.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto ed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1992—93): Years of independence 1917—1920, parts I to III.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-37-0730-X.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto (1993): Revolutionary War.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Magazine 2/1993, online Manninen Ohto (1995): War of Independence — as part of the Great War and the disintegration of the Russian Empire.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Aunesluoma, J. & Häikiö, M.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Atlas and Research Guide, p. 21—32.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-20174-x.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Turo (1982): Freedom struggle, civil war and rebellion.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The nature of the battle in the war propaganda of the Whites in 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-678-709-6.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Marjomaa Risto (2004): Beyond the World Revolution.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office 4/2004.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-46-6.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Mattila Jukka I.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

& Jarkko Kemppi (2007): Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-952-5485-03-5.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (1999): On the road to the Republic.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ties break, p. 11—52.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-50-1055-1.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (2006): History of Finland.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lines, structures, turning points.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-30809-9.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Meri, Veijo: Freedom will not be effortless: Finland 1870—1920, Otava, Helsinki, 1995, ISBN 951-1-13785-9 Millar James ed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Red Guards.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Encyclopedia of Russian History, p. 1274.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 0-02-865907-4.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Numminen Jaakko ed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1989): Lenin and Finland, Part II.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-860-402-9.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Paasivirta, Juhani: Finland in 1918, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1957 Paavolainen Jaakko (1966): Political violence in Finland 1918, 1 Red Terror.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1967): Political violence in Finland 1918, 2 White terror.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1971): Prison camps in Finland 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-1015-5.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1974): Finnish national tragedy.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-2329-X.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Peltonen Ulla-Maija (2003): Places of Memory.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

For remembering and forgetting the 1918 Civil War.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-468-1.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Piilonen Juhani (1997): History of Sastamala 3, years 1860—1920.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-97691-0-2.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Polvinen, Tuomo: Russian Revolution and Finland.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

1—2, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1967-1971 Rasila Viljo (1968): The Social Background of Civil War.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Oak.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Rautkallio Hannu (1977): Trading with Finnish independence.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-08492-1.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Roselius Aapo (2006): The War of Amateurs — Personal losses in front fighting in the Finnish Civil War 1918, publication series 1/2006 of the Prime Minister's Office.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-92-X Crawl Hannes (1918) The events of the Revolutionary Year.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Author, Helsinki 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

The work digitised in the digital archive of the Labor Movement Library.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Räikkönen, Erkki: Svinhufvud and Independence Senate: features of the activities and stages of P. E. Svinhufvud and the Senate led by him in autumn 1917 and spring 1918, Otava, 1935 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salkola, Marja-Leena| title = Birth and Development of the Workers' Guards Red Guards 1917—1918 before the Civil War (dissertation) | publisher = Ministry of Education| year = 1985| version = Parts 1 and 2| id = ISBN 951-859-739-1, ISBN 951-859-740-5}}.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Salokangas Raimo (2003): What kind of independent Finland?


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Zetterberg, S.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Petty Giant of Finnish History, p. 597—613.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-27365-1.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Salomaa, Erkki: Yrjö Sirola, People's Culture, Kuopio, 1966 Suodenjoki Sami and Peltola Jarmo: The poor Finnish people break their chains.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Class, business and society from 1880 to 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Left-wing labour movement in Pirkanmaa part 1., Tampere University Press, Tampere, 2007, ISBN 978-951-44-6832-2 Tanskanen Aatos (1978): Russians during the Finnish Civil War in 1918, Acta Universitatis Tamperensis SerA, vol 91, University of Tampere.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-44-0668-0.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Field Rights: Immediate Punitive Action in the Finnish Civil War 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2004| version = Dissertation, University of Tampere.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Bibliotheca historica 90| id = ISBN 951-746-651-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Time of Terror: The Restless Years in Finland 1917—1921| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-20-7051-0}} Citation replace error with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Executions of Female Rebels in Lahti 1918| publisher = self-publisher| year = 2007| id = ISBN 9789529988907}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Red fighting losses fallen 1918| location = Karjalohj| publisher = self-publish| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-99889-7-6}} Turunen Mirja (2005): Blood fields.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War killing works in North Kymenlaakso 1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-796-525-5.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Uola Mikko (1998): Against the wall only; motives for political violence in Finland 1917—1918.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-15440-0.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 1| publisher = Book| year = 1980| id = ISBN 9789512618286| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 543 p.}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 2| publisher = Book| year = 1981| id = ISBN 9789512620227| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 503 p.}} Vares Vesa (1993): How has it turned out the “white myth”?


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Helsingin Sanomat on 17 October 1993.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vares Vesa| title = Kingmakers.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish monarchy 1917—1919, myth and reality| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-0-23228-9| accessdate = 8.11.2015}} Vares Vesa (2009), From the King's Project to the Birth of a Republic.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

In: The Little Giant of the Civil War, ed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T., WSOY, 2009 p. 376—394.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-35452-0.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Westerlund Lars ed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Those killed in war conditions between 1914 and 1922.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office publication series 10/2004.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-52-0.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1986): Turning points in Finnish history.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-13745-6.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993a): Road to Tampere.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

WSOY ISBN 951-0-18897-2.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki ed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1993b): The Hard Truth, the Year 1918 and National Science.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish Literature Society.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-717-768-2.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993c): Civil War.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Aikakirja 2/1993, online Ylikangas Heikki (2007): The hubs of Finnish history.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-32864-4.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huhta, Ilkka (ed.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

) | title = Civil War 1918 and church| location = Helsinki| publisher = Church Historical Society of Finland| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-5031-55-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Muilu, Heikki| title = Russian soldiers in white Finland| location = Jyväsky| publisher = Atena| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-796-624-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Wolffemales and little sucks.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War women prisoners in Hämeenlinna prison camp room no. 7| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6041-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Children at war 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6939-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siironen, Miika| title = White.


Question: Where did the Viapori revolt come from?

Finnish Civil War

Revolutionary War legacy| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-768-398-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siltala, Juha| title = Psychohistory| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-978-51-1-23795-2}} On the topic elsewhere (Archivistolaitos) — Online publication of the Department of Historical Science at the University of Tampere (Archivistolaitos) — Site of the Invalidien Remembrance Foundation of the Revolutionary War — Yle, 2018, National Library, National Library * Category:Relations between Finland and Russia Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

Georg von Alfthan (until 1866 Alfthan; 26 October 1828 Vyborg — 4 February 1896 Helsinki) [1] was a Finnish lieutenant general who served in the Army of the Russian Empire as a Staff Officer, serving from 1862 to 1873 as Governor of Oulu County and 1873—1888 Uusimaa County and 1888—1896 as a senator.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

Von Alfthan distinguished himself as an author of topographic measurements and influenced the design of the Finnish railway network.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

He was also the first chief of the Senate Access Plant Editorial Board, established in 1892, namely Finland's “first Minister of Transport”.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

He was noble in 1866 and is descended from the noble family of von Alfthan.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

The family and family Georg von Alfthan belonged to the Alfthan civilisation family that influenced the Vyborg region.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[2] His parents were Anton Alfthan, a wholesaler and secretary of the governorship of Vyborg, and Helena Schroeder.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] His father was, among other things, the founder of the Havi candle factory.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

The writer Johannes Alfthan was the brother of Georg von Alfthan.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

Mountain counsellor Anton Alfthan and Governor Max Theodor Alfthan were his nephews.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

General Alexis Alfthan, who served in the Russian Army, was his cousin.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[2] Von Alfthan's spouse since 1853 was Ebba Mathilda Geschwendt (1832—1893).


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

They had six sons and four daughters.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

The sons included Anton von Alfthan, a factory worker, and Kristian von Alfthan, a doctor and politician from the Swedish People's Party.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] [3] Biographer Alfthan attended Hamina Cadet School 1841—1846 and after graduating with excellent honors he was assigned as an ensign to St. Petersburg in the Paul Regiment of the Life Guard.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

From the General Staff Academy in Nikolai, he graduated in 1850 as valedictorian of his course and was awarded the academy's silver medal.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

From 1852 he served for three years as an office officer in the Staff of the Life Guard.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

After the Crimean War broke out, Alfthan was summoned to the staff of troops stationed in Finland in 1854 and he participated as Staff Adjutant in the defence of Viapori.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

He was promoted from this thanks to 1855 to captain and served for the next two years on the staff of the Finnish forces as temporary principal accommodation master.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

After the Crimean War, Alfthan was assigned 1856—1858 to explore Finnish defensive possibilities.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

He conducted military topographic surveys for this purpose, resulting in him drafting a topographic-statistical Russian-language account for the Russian General Staff in 1859, which was also published in Saint Petersburg as Materialer till Finlands statistik.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

In addition, he published a wall map of Finland made in 1862 scale 1:1260000, which became very popular.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] [3] From 1857 to 1859, Alfthan served as principal accommodation master of the 1st Infantry Division of the Life Guards in Saint Petersburg, after which he was promoted to colonel and transferred as adjutant to the Guard Staff.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

From 1860 to 1862, he was chief of staff of the 3rd Infantry Division of the Guard.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

After that, however, Alfthan returned to Finland when, in May 1862, he was appointed acting governor of Oulu County.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

He was also promoted to major general.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

In July 1863, he was made a permanent governor.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] [3] Alfthan, as governor, was an active developer of conditions in his county and a skilled organiser of government.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

During his time farming in northern Finland was intensified and access was improved.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

After the beginning of the Great Hunger Years of 1867, he convened a county assembly to consider ways to alleviate distress.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

Although Oulu County suffered worse than the rest of Finland from hunger, it also recovered relatively quickly, partly as a result of Alfthan's vigorous actions.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[3] Following the start of the Ivalojoki gold rush at the end of the 1860s, von Alfthan ordered the construction of a forest pad in the area and improved access connections, and the establishment of a state access point, which became the Kultala of the Ivalojoki.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[4] During his tenure as governor, he also produced studies on the livelihoods of the County of Oulu and later the Uusimaa County, which are today valuable sources of historical research.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] Alfthan was nobled in 1866 under the name von Alfthan and his lineage was entered in the Order of the Order the following year as noble genus number 240.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] He thereafter attended all the Statute Riksdag as a representative of his family until 1891.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

He was one of the most influential representatives of the noble—despite the fact that, due to his weak hearing, he was only able to follow the Reichstag debates with great difficulty with the help of a rudimentary hearing aid.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

Especially in his decision-making regarding the construction of railways and canals, he was considered an authority because of the topographical accounts he had made.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

In the Reichstag of 1877—1878, von Alfthan chaired the Committee on Railways.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

He took the 1872 Reichstag initiative to build a train track in Oulu.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

When the Oulu circuit was built in the 1880s, he was allowed to chair the board responsible for construction.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

He also headed committees set by regulators to consider the organization of clergy hiring and rural policing.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[3] In addition, he was a founding member of the Helsinki Animal Welfare Society, founded in 1874.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[5] In 1873 von Alfthan was transferred to the position of Governor of Uusimaa County.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

While still enrolled in the Life Guard officer lists as well, he was promoted in 1879 to lieutenant-general.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] [3] In 1882 von Alfthan was additionally made chief of the military personnel stationed in Helsinki and attendant of the Imperial Palace in Helsinki.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

He was elevated to the rank of free-lordship in 1886 and in 1888 his lineage was entered into the Order of the Order as free-lordship genus number 57.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] In August 1888, von Alfthan was appointed Chief of the Military Editorial Board in the Finance Department of the Senate, from where he was transferred in early December of the same year to Chief of the Agriculture Editorial Board.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

In 1892 he became chief of the editorial board of the new access plant, in which position he held until his death.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] [3] He was invited in 1891 to be a member of the Russian-Finnish Conference held in Saint Petersburg on Finland-Russian relations based on a memorandum from Finnish Governor-General Fyodor Heiden.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

Von Alfthan defended a constitutional position on Finland's position.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[3] However, in accordance with Heiden's proposals, the Conference ended up abolishing the Finnish Affairs Committee and giving the Governor-General of Finland wider powers to intervene in publishing.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[1] Von Alfthan participated in the 1892 conference that planned the construction of the Russian Arctic Ocean Track.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

His last official work remained an extensive statement on the Finnish railway network, which he completed shortly before his death in 1896.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[3] Change In the film, completed in 1999, Lapland's gold glitter Governor von Alfthan was played by Johan Simberg.


Question: Where was Georg von Alfthan born?

Georg von Alfthan

[6] Sources Category:Land Lords of Oulu County Category:Land Lords of Uusimaa County Class:Finnish cartographers Class:Finnish generals Category:Finnish senators Category:Reichstags of the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Finland Category:Born in 1828 Category:Those who died in 1896


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The Dansgaard-Oeschger events (DO event) refers to changes in climate during and at the end of the last ice age that resulted from the sudden start of the Golf Stream following blockade caused by earlier glacier meltwater.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Temperatures could rise between 9 and 16°C in a few dozen years.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The most familiar DO event was 14700 years ago at the beginning of the warm Bölling period of the late glacial period.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

After the DO event, the temperature generally decreased rather slowly over hundreds of years, but could fall rapidly towards normal glacial conditions.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

These changes occurred only in the mid-cold phase of the Ice Age.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

They caused a cold ice age in the midst of temperate “shelter weather,” interstadials whose impact was most felt in the Atlantic regions.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The golf stream remains running because in the North Atlantic its cooled, salty water sinks heavier to the depths.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

In the warm season, unsalted water melted from glaciers prevented the initially salty Golf Stream from sinking down and thus the water cycle in the North Atlantic.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Once the unsalted water had with time evaporated away, the circulation could again begin and rapid warming occurred.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

This again melted ice, producing unsalted water that stopped the Golf Stream.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

[1] Thus the warm salty ocean current flowing from the tropics and the cold unsalted meltwaters of the glacier produced a vibrator whose oscillation period depended on the rate of evaporation of the water, which was slow in the northern cold ice age.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Typical DO event temperature changes caused by DO events appear as spike-like in temperature curves drawn according to ice drilling samples.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Strong corresponding oscillations also exist in methane curves, as well as in loess deposits.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

DO events also caused small release of icebergs from glaciers, which can be seen in North Atlantic deposits as sand, though not as large as the sand volumes of cold Heinrich events.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Icebergs carry with them sand that have been cut off the bedrock by the glacier that has been chipped into icebergs.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

In a typical DO event, the temperature rose to its maximum very quickly and cooled first slowly, and then faster.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The rise lasted only a few years to ten years, cooling towards glacial temperatures usually took hundreds of years.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

DO events occurred during the last Ice Age 24, [2] and have occurred in earlier ice ages according to deep sea drifts.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

These rapid temperature rises recurred approximately every 1200—1500 years.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Warming of about 9—16 °C occurred in 1—50 years, that is, rapidly relative to the recurrence interval of events.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Temperature returned to normal after about 100—1500 years, meaning the warming effect may have been short or rather long.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Recovery from the event took about 2000 years.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The cooling was not as regular as the temperature increase, the temperature could drop sharply or slightly.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Temperature ranged from 5 to 6 °C during the cooling phase over periods of about 100 to 200 years, meaning the cooling was a very unstable event.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Cooling and warming was most pronounced in the North Atlantic, weaker in the South and other parts of the world.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

They tended to have localized warmings and coolings of the North Atlantic region.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

DO events do not show up as drastic changes in the Antarctic temperature curve.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

During DO events, lower latitudes are wetter than normal.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Some claim the episode of Do events to be regular, 1470 years.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

It is generally felt that the period has varied.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

[3] The DO event tended to be short, but it may have been long.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The length varied between about 300 and 2000 years.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Many times DO events were in bundles of three to four so that the duration and recovery time of events were reduced towards the end.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Do events produced interstadials, warm seasons in the ice age.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

DO events were long and warm in mid-cold in the so-called Middle Vistula phase of MIS3.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The MIS2 and MIS4 DO events of the cold glaciation phases were weaker and shorter.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

When the Ice Age was just beginning, DO events didn't happen at all.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

[3] These episodes connect to the longer-period Bond cycle and Heinrich events so that each Bond rotation is matched by a few DO events.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

DO events are numbered in age order so that the youngest receives the lowest number.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Causes of a DO event The golf stream is known as the ocean current, which carries heat north.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

It is part of a wider thermohaline cycle in which heavy saltwater subsidence to the bottom occurs and the flow of deep water thus generated.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The Golfflow effect of glacial meltwaters is based on the fact that not only the water temperature but also its salinity is affected by the depressions of the ocean current.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The thermohaline cycle relies on heavy, cold salty water that came with the Golf Stream from the south to press down in the North Atlantic.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

This heavy water becomes what is known as deep water.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

For water to sink down, salinity must be high.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The salinity of seawater is lowered, for example, by unsalted water and by melting water from ice (continental ice, ferry-like sea ice, icebergs and ice floes).


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

In both very warm and cold climates, the North Atlantic ocean current is stable, weak in cold, strong in warm.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

In the moderately cold North Atlantic environment, the ocean current brought to the environment is unstable, it oscillates between strong and weak flow.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

This variation produced cold and warm periods during the mid-glacial period.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Solar radiation fluctuations in cycles of about 1470 years are thought to have triggered DO events.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

[4] [5] In the Ice Age, the salinity of the waters was generally higher than it is today.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

During the glacial period, conditions prevailed during the mid-cold phase, where a fairly small reduction in the salinity of North Atlantic surface water affected about one-fifth of the thermohaline cycle, retarding the thermohaline cycle.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Warm Phase In the warm phase, the Gulf Stream passed far north past the Norwegian coast.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The seawater in the North Atlantic was quite warm and salty, producing abundant deep water when it subsided.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The boundary between warm subtropical and cold Arctic water was to the north, as was the sea ice boundary and the climatic polar front.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Cold Phase In the cold phase, the golf stream sank down in the Icelandic or Spanish regions.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Further north in the Atlantic, the water was cold and unsalted due to glacier meltwaters.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Thus, prior to the warm DO event, the Gulf Stream carrying heat north had been blocked by glacial meltwaters, and it was cold in Greenland and Western Europe because water was not circulating in the “North Atlantic radiator”.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Back then was the Atlantic north of 40 degrees latitude was considerably, more than 10 degrees colder than the current one in summer and winter.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

[6] The whole globe cooled at least slightly.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

According to one view, during the cold phase, the thermohaline cycle associated with the Golf Stream was at a standstill in the regions of the Greenland Sea, Iceland and the Norwegian Sea and only the Labrador Sea thermohaline cycle was active.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Beginning of Warm Phase The warm phase began when the low-saline water in the North Atlantic had experienced the evaporation away of unsalted water.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

On the other hand, the increase in the amount of unsalted water had eroded in cold climates.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Thus the water in the north became heavy, salty again.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The golf stream started running north again and the thermohaline cycle started at full power.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Beginning of the Cold Phase In the warm season, a large amount of unsalted meltwater was released into the North Atlantic as the ice melted at a rate that lowered the salinity of the North Atlantic waters.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Water melting from the ice mixed with the ocean current coming from the south.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The salinity of the ocean stream decreased so that the cold water no longer bottomed out in the North Atlantic and the thermohaline circulation deteriorated considerably, almost stopped.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

This cooled the North Atlantic, where and around which e.g.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

In Europe, sea and continental ice grew.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

When glacial meltwater was created as a result of warming as the glaciers melted, the thermohaline cycle slowly stopped.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

As the temperature dropped, the amount of ice increased, which lowered the temperature because the ice reflected light and heat away.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The Sun's Guiding Effect It has been hypothesized that periodic changes would occur in the Sun's radiation that would control DO events.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

For a more detailed description of the DO event Computer calculated phases of thermohaline cycle: increase: a sharp increase in temperature from -12.3 → 8, in less than 100 years a warm phase, a slight decrease in temperature from -8 to -9.5 500 per year.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

decrease: a sharp decrease in temperature from -9.5 to -14.25 slow temperature drop towards the minimum -14.5 C about 100 yr. A slight increase in temperature from about 300 v to about 0.5 °C a slight increase in temperature of about 0.3 °C to about 500 yrs.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

When the temperature is up, the salinity of the water is high.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

As the temperature drops slowly in step 2) The golf flow weakens by about half and as the temperature drops rapidly in stage 3) The golf flow weakens by half of this.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Between 45 and 60 north latitude glacial meltwater flowed in warm 2) stage about 0.3 Sv but in the cold phase 0.2 Sv.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Between 60 and 75 latitudes flowed at 0 in the cold and 0.1 Sv in the warm phase.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

This blocked the Golf Stream from up to 40 SV to 12 SV.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Temperature changes were most evident in winter temperatures at latitudes 60 to 65 with abruptions in both directions.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Sudden means a few dozen years.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

At the same time, as the temperature in Greenland rose rapidly, temperatures slowly decreased in Antarctica and sea levels decreased.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The amount of deep water rose and the amount of unsalted water decreased.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Antarctica is thought to have received additional moisture from the warming of the northern Atlantic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the evaporation of ice in the north.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The moisture boosted the Southern Hemisphere ice field and cooled Antarctica and its environs.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

As temperatures slowly decreased in Greenland, the temperature in Antarctica rose and when the temperature in Greenland was on the cold plateau of the Ice Age, the temperature began to drop slowly in Antarctica.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The amount of deep water in the Atlantic followed Greenland's temperature curve.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

When a lot of deep water was generated, the thermohaline circuit carrying heat worked well and in the north, Greenland as well, it was warm.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The ocean surface was perhaps following the temperature curve of Antarctica with a delay.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Meltwaters from the glaciers varied approximately at the pace of the Antarctic temperature curve.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The expansion of the ice field in the Atlantic prevented low pressures from reaching northern Europe.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The flow of Arctic air over the ice field over the sea directed low pressures and jet flow to the south of Europe, where rain fell in the northern Saharan regions.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

The sea ice boundary was during a warm period somewhere near Spain.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Periodicity Due to the imprecision of timings it is not known whether DO events are periodic.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

In many areas, the timing imprecision is 1000 years+/- [7] and in this case the actual length of cycles of about 1500 years is not visible.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

DO events might be regular in 1500 year cycles, period length might be quite accurately 1470 years.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Others think DO events are fake periodic.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Temperature fluctuations are considered by some to be random “red noise”, with long wide increases in temperature and ever shorter temperature rises superimposed on top of each other.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Glacial geologist Richard Alleyn considers stochastic resonance, which is partly random, partly periodic.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

[8] and occur in about 1000-2000 years.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

DO events continued in the Holocene with impairment.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

There was a lot of ice drifting in the North Atlantic from 1400, 2800, 4300, 5900, 8100 and 9500 years ago, another timing series going to 1400, 2900, 4100, 5800 and 79900 years ago [9].


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

These “millennial swings” decreased approximately 8100 years ago [10].


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

Mountain glaciers show variations of varying lengths, mm.


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

1500 and 2500 year periods [11].


Question: What does water blockage mean?

Dansgaard—Oeschger event

See also Thermohaline Cycle Golf Stream Bond Rotation Heinrich Event Interstadium Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fagan, Brian| title = Long summer| others = Translated by Osmo Saarinen| publisher = Thought | year = 2008| id = ISBN 9789512075959}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Glaciology


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

Ana Ivanović (; born 6 November 1987 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian tennis player.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[1] For a total of 12 weeks in the summer of 2008, Ivanović was the number one placed player on the WTA World List.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

She won 15 WTA tournaments in singles, including one Grand Slam tournament victory over the French Open in 2008.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

He finished his career until the 2016 season [2].


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

Beginning of career Ana Ivanović started playing tennis at the age of five after watching the sport on television.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In particular, he was interested in Monica Seles's excerpts.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

So he asked his parents to be allowed to enroll in the local tennis school.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

Shortly after this, his father gave him a bat as a gift, and a burning enthusiasm for the sport was sparked.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[3] During his junior years, the ITF financed touring tours of Ivanović, who came from a war-torn country.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

NATO's bombing of Belgrade during the 1999 Kosovo War brought young Ana's fear to power.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

However, in his own words, he gradually got used to the situation and realized that only certain buildings would be bombed.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

So, after a month's break, training was allowed to continue.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[4] Player Career Rise to the top of tennis (2005—06) Ivanović's breakthrough came in 2005, when she took her first WTA tournament win in Canberra.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

He qualified for the race at the time through three qualifying rounds.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In the finals of the tournament, she defeated Melinda Czink.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In the same year, he finished in the top twenty on the world list for the first time.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

Already in the previous year he had risen to as many as 608 places on that list.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

At the 2005 Australian Open, she lost in the third round to Amélie Mauresmo.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In February, he lost in the Doha Tournament to Mauresmo and in March in the quarterfinals of the Miami tournament.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[1] At the French Open 2005, she made it all the way to the quarterfinals after defeating Amélie Mauresmo in the third round and Francesca Schiavone in the fourth round.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In the quarterfinals, she lost to Nadja Petrova.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[3] [5] The 2006 season Ivanović started at the Hopman Cup, where he played alongside Novak Đoković.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

They failed to make it all the way to the final.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[6] At the Australian Open, she lost in the second round to Samantha Stosur.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

At the French Open, Ivanović made it all the way to the third round, but lost it to Anastasija Myskina.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

At Wimbledon, she lost in the fourth round to Amélie Mauresmo.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

Ivanović took her second tournament win in August 2006 when she defeated former world number one player, Martina Hingis, in the final of the Canada Masters.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

At the U.S. Open, however, she lost in the third round to Serena Williams.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[1] Finished number one in the world list and French Open win (2007—08) At the 2007 Australian Open, Ivanović lost in the third round to Vera Zvonarjova.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In her next tournament, Tokyo, she made it all the way to the final after defeating her fourth-placed countrywoman, Jelena Janković, in the quarterfinals, and first-placed Marija Šarapova in the semi-finals.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In the final, she lost to second-placed Martina Hingis.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

After nearly two years of being continuously in the Top20 of the world list, Ivanović finally managed to break into the top ten after winning the German tournament played in Berlin on 13 May 2007.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In the final, she defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova by figures of 3—6, 6—4, 7—6 (4).


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[7] On 7 June 2007, Ivanović advanced to the final at the French Open after defeating Marija Šarapova in the semi-final.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In doing so, he became the first Serbian player to have made it to the final of a Grand Slam tournament.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In the final, she lost to Justine Henin, who had won two previous titles, outright in two sets, reading 6—1, 6—2.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[8] [9] At Wimbledon, Ivanović made it all the way to the semi-finals, where she lost to Venus Williams.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

In her next tournament, in Los Angeles she took her fourth tournament win of her career by defeating Nadja Petrova in the final.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

At the U.S. Open, she lost in the fourth round to Venus Williams.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

For her fifth tournament win, Ivanović took in Luxembourg, in the final of which she defeated Daniela Hantuchová.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[1] In January 2008, Ivanović reached the final of a Grand Slam tournament for the second time in her career by defeating Daniela Hantuchová in the semi-finals of the Australian Open 0—6, 6—3, 6—4.


Question: When did Ana Ivanović end her career?

Ana Ivanović

[10] However, she lost in the final to Marija Šarapova by a reading of 7—5, 6—3.