Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

They were meant to be an example of the richness of French culture.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

That's why works from across France arrived at the library that are still in its collections.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Various collections came from abroad during the conquests of the Revolutionary period.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

French troops amassed collections of books they judged valuable and useful from various countries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Some of these collections were returned to their original owners in 1814; however, a significant portion of them remained in the library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

With the change of political systems in France, the library became the Imperial Library, then the Royal Library, and in 1848 the name changed to the National Library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

After remaining a short time in the Imperial Library it was renamed the National Library for good in 1871.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Joseph Van Praet's role in the early 19th century is central to the library's activities, as he was greatly interested in book conservation.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Thanks to him, a collection of rare books was established, to which special treatments and preservations of volumes were transferred.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In 1828, Edmé François Jomard received permission to create a department of maps and floor plans, which was placed in Tubeuf Palace.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The administration of the library changed several times during the first half of the 19th century due to hesitation about a governance model with only one single director or a management team formed by conservators.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The government tilted to the position of one clear leader model.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

However, this solution did not answer all organizational problems, leading Napoleon III to appoint a reform committee and assign Prosper Mérimée as its chairman.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The work of the Committee strengthened the functionality of the single director model.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

To counterbalance the director, a consultation group formed of conservators was set up.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The new model of governance was introduced on 14 July 1858.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Architect Luigi Visconti, who was on the library's payroll in the early 19th century, had to settle for minor alterations, although he had ambitious plans.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library was visited throughout by more scholars and other users in buildings built on Richelieukatu, designed by architect Henri Labrouste in 1868.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The experiment at this stage of dividing the library into separate scholar and audience halls foreshadowed the current situation in the new François Mitterrand Library, with a clear division into ground floor and upper floor spaces.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Towards the end of the century, a significant event was experienced when the library began publishing a catalogue of works for printed matter.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The originator of the idea was Léopold Delisle, but the work required almost a century, as it was not completed until 1981.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Several major changes occurred during the inter-world war period: the opening of the Oval Hall as a reading room for the latest magazine, the construction of side buildings in Versailles to ease overcrowding, and the holding of temporary exhibitions.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In 1926, the April 29 Funding Act made the National Library a public institution, which came to be headed by a Board of Governors.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The period of World War II was harsh for the National Library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Some of the library's collections were temporarily transferred to the territory of the Vichy regime to the side of so-called Free France.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition, temporary staff, consisting mainly of unemployed intellectuals, had to be relied upon.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Paper shortages also caused a large shortfall in accruing conventional collections.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

However, the awkward situation did not prevent the emergence of two new departments in 1942: the music department was created as a collaborative tool with other music libraries, and the future department was created to handle works obtained under legal deposit rights.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In the same year, the Geographical Society (Société de Géographie) deposited most of its collections in the library, which particularly stimulated the library's map collection.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Since World War II, the National Library's most central work has been cooperation with other French libraries (joint cataloguing of magazines and newspapers) and conservation, where microphoning has been assisted.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The constant lack of space forced the construction of a second book warehouse in Versailles, as well as, in 1964, a music library in Louvoiskatu, where sound recordings were also placed.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In 1976, new departments were formed: the Department of Performing Arts, the Department of Official Publications and the National Record Archive.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The first experiments with automation were carried out as early as the late 1960s, first in terms of periodicals and legal deposit registration.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

These experiments led to the development of databases BN Opale as well as the existing BN Opale Plus in the late 1980s.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In 1981, control of the library was transferred from the French Ministry of Education to the country's Ministry of Culture.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

National Library François Mitterrand announced on the French National Day on 14 July 1988: “... the construction and decoration of one of the largest and most modern libraries in the world... (it) must cover all areas of knowledge, be accessible to all, use the most modern technology to transmit information, be accessible even remotely and connected with other European libraries.” The President of the French Republic then commissioned a report on the matter from Patrice Cahart and Michel Melot.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This Cahart-Melot report proposed the construction of various sites, in the provinces of Nancy, Lyon and Marseille, and in the suburbs of Paris: Saint-Denis and Saint-Quentin-en-Yveline.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

However, the places of investment in Paris became a priority.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Initially, the library was planned to be built near the Dupleix Metro station in the 5th arrondissement.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

However, Tolbiac's new quarter in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, on the left bank of the River Seine, was chosen as the final location for the library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This area was new and at the time centrally located in the capital, and was an area of urban development.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The report authors still recommended splitting the stock of printed matter into two parts, with the dividing line on policymaking.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

It was proposed that only the printed matter of the period following the dividing line would be admitted to the new library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This section of the report prompted an intermittently lively debate.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Three parties emerged, one in favour of drawing the line until 1960 and the other, also supported by the report's authors, being pro-1954.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The third group was formed by opponents of all kinds of border years.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In keeping with the French president's line, the report highlighted the introduction of information technology in all activities, whether it be drawing up catalogs or bringing documents into digital format.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition, the report highlighted better management of legal deposit, reorganization of collections remaining in former premises, and collaboration with other French libraries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In early 1989, the French Library Association (Association pour la Bibliothèque de France) was founded, with journalist Dominique Jamet becoming president.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

[1] In October of the same year, the association was transformed into a public entity under the name Établissement public de la Bibliothèque de France (EPBF).


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition to building activities, EPBF was tasked with creating a collection for use by the general public for the future library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The action was not left to the concern and views of library professionals.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The organisation involved other experts, especially teachers, and invited advisers, especially researchers.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

At the same time, in July 1989, a plan by architect Dominique Perrault was approved.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The architecture project reflects four open-ended books that form the tall towers at the corners of the building.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Each of these towers has a name: Tower of the Times (Tour des temps) Tower of Laws (Tour des lois) Tower of Figures (Tour des nombres) Tower of Letters (Tour des lettres) Construction work began in 1991 and lasted all the way until 1996.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The working conditions were very tricky and difficult.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In early 1994, with the progress of the works, the BN (National Library) and EPBF merged and became the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France).


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In 1995, the new library was inaugurated by President François Mitterrand, although it was not yet opened to the public.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The next President of the Republic, Jacques Chirac, presided over the opening of the library to the general public on 20 December 1996.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

On the same occasion, he gave the new building the name of his predecessor, François Mitterrand.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

However, the lower floor, which was intended for researchers, was not opened until 25 October 1998, after all the material from the old main building in Richelieukatu had been transferred.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The status and function of the National Library of France is a public institution operated and overseen by the French Ministry of Culture.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

[2] As with national libraries in general, the BNF also has the task of accumulating collections and is guaranteed through legal deposit rights.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library's functions also include supervising collections, conservation, and informing the public.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library maintains a reference list and collaborates with domestic and foreign libraries and participates in various research projects.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The upper garden floor of the Tolbiac building is open to all users, although an admission fee is specified for them, which is either related to the individual task or annual.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The lower garden floor and reading rooms of Tolbiac and also all the facilities of the other buildings are occupied only by scholars.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

For their use, a certificate of conducting research work is required, as well as obtaining either two weeks or a year of paid access.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Reduced user fees are available for some special groups, such as students.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The legal deposit sheets are assembled by BnF and has regional legal deposit offices, the National Audiovisual Institute and the National Film Institute as an aid.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

BnF compiles most of all documents, and the main part comes with legal deposit rights.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

BnF compiles the books and all other printed matter, but the legal deposit rights for comics have been given to the National Institute of Comics and Pictures (Centre national de la bande dessinée et de l'image (CNBDI)), located in the town of Angoulême.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Cultural activities BNF has a long tradition of presenting its own collections through exhibitions, but often they are supplemented by external institutions as well.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Since the creation of a new public community, the library will have even greater access to scholarly events such as consultations and conferences or sometimes even film screenings and concerts.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library is also a cost house.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

It publishes catalogues of its collections, exhibition brochures, as well as previously unpublished documentaries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Some of the publications are carried out in cooperation with private cost houses.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The French National Library also publishes two periodically appearing journals.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The Chronicle of the National Library of France (Chroniques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France) also appears as an online publication, [3] where it informs the public about events inside the library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The journal was preceded by the Revue de la Bibliothèque nationale, with articles on the history of the library and its collections, and generally the history of media and libraries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Cooperation with other French libraries The National Library also has a mission in France to cooperate with other French libraries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In this way, the library has privileged established a working collaboration with libraries that are regional central libraries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

There are two types of them: regional centres, which receive legal deposit copies directly from publishers in their area and book printers.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

They exist in every province and also in the so-called French overseas territories.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

centers that distribute the documentaries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

There are 47 in total, of which 25 are in the Île-de-France region and 22 in the provinces.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

They have a cooperative agreement with the National Library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

They are contractually committed to supplementing and preserving, with the support and assistance of the National Library, collections that complement the BNF's collections in one particular area.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Libraries in the same city can collaboratively form such a center, and then locally distribute the documents among different libraries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This is the case with the municipal library in Brest, the University of Brittany and the library of IFREMER [4], which together form the Oceanographic Library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This network in addition to the BnF guarantees access to bibliographic information for libraries in France.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library also handles the cataloguing of French publications centrally, as well as maintaining some old and special municipal libraries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The National Library of France is also responsible for vocational training.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In connection with this, the library has interns, organizes professional days and creates bibliographic norms.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

International Cooperation The National Library of France (BnF) also maintains relations with foreign libraries and institutions.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The most famous relationship in this area is participation in the “European Library”, a virtual library co-organised by several European libraries, especially national libraries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This consortium has given the initial impetus to the 'European Digital Library'.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Most libraries in continental Europe have been committed to the project, but the UK, for example, has not been interested in the project.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library has also assisted and assists libraries in other countries, for example those in French-speaking Africa and South America.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition, the French National Library participates in the activities of IFLA [5].


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Within the framework of the organisation, BnF participates in various working groups that draw up cataloging standards and its collaborative programme PACI (Preservation and Conservation), which focuses on the conservation and salvage of old and underperforming documents.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Internal organisation The administration of the French National Library is governed as the top authority by a management board consisting of representatives of the ministries of education and culture, representatives of academia, staff representatives and two representatives of users, one of whom is general users representative and another representative of scientific users.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The Management Board shall be assisted in the task by the Scientific Council, which has only an advisory role.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The Director General of the Library is assigned by decree for three years at a time, and the same person may be appointed to the position for only two terms in office.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The Director General manages the operations of the Department and has the assistance of the Director of Library and Assistant Directors in this role.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The current Director General of the Library is Jean-Noël Jeanneney.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Library services are divided into three branches and four offices: The Division of Collections (DOC) handles library collections and is responsible for service to the public.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The industry is divided according to the types and locations of the documents.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The services and networks industry (DSR) is responsible for working in different industries and everything related to documents and other library functions.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This branch comprises seven different departments.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The branch of administration and human management (DAP) brings together the areas essential to the daily functioning of the library, namely human resources, the economy and the means of production.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Offices directly subordinate to the Director-General include: Office of Strategic Planning, Office of International Relations, Bureau of Cultural Affairs, which takes care of all cultural events: exhibitions, presentation events, seminars and so on.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Office of Public Relations.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Locations Richelieu/Louvois Architecture and Buildings The National Library of France occupies a square block bounded by the streets Petits-Champs (south), Vivienne (east), Louvois (north) and Richelieu (west).


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The oldest part of the building complex is the one built by Cardinal Mazarin.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Pierre Le Muet and François Mansart are the architects, and their time can be seen in two more gallery corridors where exhibitions are currently held.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

[6] Major alterations have been carried out to the buildings since 1729.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Modification work was considerably less pronounced in the second half of the 18th century and all the way up to the mid-19th century.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The second phase of major alteration works began with the advent of Henri Labrouste in 1854.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Among his key achievements are the facades of the courtyard and the large and sizable Labrouster Hall.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Labrouste was succeeded by Jean-Louis Pascal in 1916.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

He continued to renovate the large courtyard, as well as constructing a large oval hall, which was nevertheless inaugurated only in 1936.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Once the possibilities for the construction of the Richelieu Quarter had been exhausted, the library also expanded to neighbouring quarters, where, among other things, a legal deposit office is located.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

However, these facilities were abandoned upon the completion of the new François Mitterrand Library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library is managed by the building at rue de Richelieu 16, which is occupied by the library administration.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The music library is housed in a building on rue Louvois, built in 1964.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The complex Richelieu—Louvois comprises reading rooms, storage magazines and offices.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

There are also three exhibition halls in Richelieu-Louvois: the Mazarine Gallery for themed exhibitions, a photo gallery, also known as the Mansart Gallery, and a library crypt with small-scale exhibitions.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Departments and Collections DepartmentContentSpecial CollectionsArt and Stage [7] 1976Manuscripts, Documents, pictures, sets, clothing: 3000000 items and documentaries The Arondel collection forms the basis of the department.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Archives of several filmmakers, including Abel Gance. Maps and floor planes18281600000 documents, especially cartographic and land descriptionsEan-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville (18th century) combined with the collections of the Navy, the Institute of Water and Oceanography and the Geographical Society Libraries.photos and stamps172012000000 picturesArchitecture drawings and photo collection, with e.g.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Photographs by Félix Nadar, Henri Cartier-Bresson and Robert Doisneau. Manuscripts from the West [8] 171 million manuscripts and print productsSeveral collections of historical and genealogical interest, Colber's collection, as well as archives of several monasteries in Paris.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Several collections of manuscripts, for example Victor Hugo, Marcel Proust and Louis-Ferdinand Céline.Manuscripts from the East [9] 1720220000 manuscripts and printSmith-Lesouëf collection, as well as collections of several orientalists, coins, medals and antiques1720530000 artifactsLouis XIV collection of special objects, merovings' treasures and collections of antiques.Music on Louvoiskatu [10] 19422000000 items and collectionComposer Sébastian de Brossard, collections of renowned musicians such as Olivier Messiaen and Iannis Xenakis.Department of Bibliographies (DRB) [11] 199614000 conventional bibliographies and 40000 microfilms— In addition, the collections of the Richelieu property comprise 2700000 printed items (books, journals and collections), of which 12000 are incunabels.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The Richelieu project Once the move of the printed matter to the new François Mitterrand Library had come to fruition, the BnF undertook the modernization of the buildings of the Richelieu Library, which spanned various subdivisions: putting better tags in the Special Collections and Halls.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Specifically, this was the case for the Richelieu library's cards, which were to be gradually modified from the BN-Opaline system to the new more powerful BN-Opale Plus system.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

There were also plans to apply new norms to the classification and description of manuscript collections; Renovation and renovation of various reading rooms; Regrouping of collections and spaces.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

It has also been stated that the Art Spectacle department would be located on the site of the current museum of money collections, medals and antiquities, and its reorganisation would be important.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The Labarousse Hall becomes a reading room for the National Institute of Art History (INHA).


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Regarding the Great Oval Hall, it is envisaged that basic users interested in different departments should have access to the basic collections there more easily.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Françoise-Mitterrand (Tolbiac) Architecture and Building in the Tolbiac Quarter houses the François Mitterrand Library, also called the Great Library (Très grande bibliothèque).


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The building occupies a plot of 7.5 hectares and has a ground area of six hectares.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library was designed by architect Dominique Perrault.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Most visible in the library are four 79-foot-high, open-book-shaped towers at each corner of the site and a huge courtyard growing with trees.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Each tower has its own name describing the material stored there: Tower of the Times (Tour des temps) Tower of Laws (Tour des lois) Tower of Figures (Tour des nombres) Tower of Letters (Tour des lettres) In the heart of the whole building is a garden closed to the public, with an area of 1.2 hectares.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The garden is at the entrance floor, and the ground floor of the building is referred to as the rez-de-jardin, meaning garden floor.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

There are two more underground floors below this floor, reserved for in-library car traffic and for vehicles importing legal deposit tracks, for example.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The total built floor area without garden is 290,000 square meters.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library has two exhibition spaces: the “great hall” and the “small hall”.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition, there is a permanent exhibition in the entrance hall showcasing the library in general.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Also, a small and larger auditorium makes it possible to organize expert meetings, colloquiums, conferences, lectures and concerts.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Collections Tolbiac's collections comprise free access collections as well as a closed collection, and a total of 385 shelf miles are reserved for them.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The free access collections, located on the upper and lower garden floors, contain 575000 volumes and can accommodate 700000 volumes overall.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Almost all of the library's collections contain material from the National Collection.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The major recorders of the national collection are the four print departments and the journal section, which record national heritage all the way from the 16th century to the present.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

These consist of the collections of about 10 million books and 350,000 journals with different titles.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Of the magazines, 32,000 are still appearing French or foreign magazines.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition to printed matter, the library has a significant collection of microfilms.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

There are 76000 copies of magazines and large-format books, for example, as well as 950,000 microcards of various works such as theses.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The audiovisual department is a legacy of the former National Sound Archive (Phonothèque nationale).


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

It is also part of the national collection, but is created by individuals.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Audiovisual collections include approximately 900000 audio documents, 90000 video entries, 250000 digitised images and 50000 multimedia documents.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The most valuable part of the library is represented by a storehouse of rare books with about 200,000 works.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The warehouse contains incunabels, works of special size (very small or large format), documentaries reflecting technological progress, small print works and works belonging to famous persons.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition, the stock includes the so-called “hell” of the library, which comprises literature classified as “lascivious”.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition, around 100000 digitised texts are available to the public.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Only some of the works in question are on the website of Gallica [12], since only works whose copyright is no longer valid can be released for public use.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Departments and reading rooms The various departments and reading rooms of the François Mitterrand Library: DepartmentUpper garden floor - Study LibraryLower garden floor - scientific libraryHistory, philosophy, human sciencesHall J: history, philosophy and human sciencesHall K: philosophy, religion; Sali L: history; Sali M: ethnography, sociology and geographyLaw, economics and societyHall A: press; Sali D: justice, economics and societyHall N: economics, political science, press; Sali O: law, official printsNatural sciences and technologyHall C: natural sciences and technologyHall R: history of sciences, basic sciences; Sali S: engineering sciences and life sciencesLiterature and art Hall E: oriental literature; written heritage; information science; Hall F: classical languages and literature, art; Sali G: foreign languages and their literature; Sali H: French language and literature and linguistic expressionAli T: written about books, pamphlets and reading; Sali U: foreign languages and their literature; Sali V: linguistics, French language and literature and linguistic expression; Sali W: classical literature, oriental literature and art Audiovisual materialHall B: audiovisual materialHall P: audiovisual materialBibliographiesHall I: bibliographic research Hall X: bibliographic researchRare Books-Hall X: Rare Books Storage Arsenal Library has previously been a library for the public, attached in 1934 to the National Library of France.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

That library currently forms one of the departments of the National Library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library has a focus on fiction, and its collections also contain some literature dealing with history.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library's collections include approximately one million books and periodicals.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

There are approximately 120000 copies of manuscripts, stamps, maps and musical scores in total.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The Opera Library Museum of the Paris Opera Library, housed in the old “Opéra Garnier” building, is attached to the music department of the National Library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The Library Museum has its origins in the collections of the Paris National Opera, the beginning of which is set in 1669.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

A valuable collection, including scores, miniature models and accessories, is still kept there.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The Library Museum holds a wealth of music documentaries, but even more so it owns dance-related output, as the collections also comprise the International Archive of the Art of Dance (Archives internationales de la danse).


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The collections include books, magazines and compiled printed matter approximately 130000 copies.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

There are about 240000 photographs, scores, stamps, programs, accessories and miniature models of staging.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Collections outside Paris Jean Vilar Library in Avignon The French National Library owns in Avignon the former home of Jean Vilar.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The building is attached to the Arts and Stage Department.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library contains the personal archive of director Vilar and the archive of the Avignon Cultural Festivals.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Bussy-Saint-Georges Technical Centre One of the departments of the National Library is located in Bussy-Saint-George, where it is part of the building of the School of Book Technology.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This Bussy centre is for: book restoration, which needs large facilities and special materials for a research center focused on document conservation for storage and sorting of excess legal deposit pieces, but this task is designed to be removed from the center.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Technical Centre Sablé-sur-Sarthe A function of the National Library is located in Sablé-sur-Sarthe, where the library department is based at the Joël Le Theule Centre.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The centre is refurbishing unfit and fragile documentaries.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Lists BN-Opale Plus BN-Opale Plus [13] is a digital and currently most used catalog.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Previously, the catalogue was called BN-opale and had included all of the library's national collections.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The system has been in operation originally since 1987 and was intended in the first phase only for legal deposit cataloging.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Later, the general catalogue of the printed matter of the entire library and its additions have been added to it.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Later it received the name BN-opale “plus” when more extensive information was added to it, hence the Tolbiac library buildings open collection information and also the information of the audiovisual (also includes multimedia) collection.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Work is currently underway to store collections from other library buildings.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

BN-opaline BN-opaline is also an information technology implemented catalogue that was introduced after BN-opale.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

However, it is not intended for the Web environment, although it also works there, but for use on the Telnet system.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

BN-opaline is formed from several different databases, and each of them has its own area, which is considered an advantage of this system.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Therefore, the catalogue is used to browse special databases of other buildings, especially Richelieu's collections of manuscripts, scores, films, etc. are popular with its users.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The BN-Opaline has also catalogued collections outside the National Library of France, especially some other collections of music.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

However, over time, the importance of the list decreases as the data is also transferred to the Web environment.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Traditional List However, the existence of two IT-based lists has not eliminated the importance of traditional lists.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The catalogs are either printed or card catalogues.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

They are constantly present on the premises of the National Library, and even if they become redundant over time, they are nevertheless a safeguard.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Traditional catalogues are also in use for various collections of secretions, notably for cataloguing manuscripts, stamps, or monies and medals.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library also publishes new catalogues in the field.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In the François Mitterrand Library, traditional catalogues have become rare and are only in use in a few reading rooms.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In particular, collections of rare books located in Hall Y and collections of works written in non-Latin letters are stored in Hall W, although some of which are already available through catalogues on the Internet.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Staff and users Staff The National Library employs about 3,000 people, including all sites, which, however, represents about 2,500 person-years, or full-time jobs.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

2/3 of the staff are civil servants, about half of whom work elsewhere under the French Ministry of Education other than the National Library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition, the library employs a large number of employees, who are predominantly students, as contract hires and substitutes.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

It is also a major reason for the large turnover of staff.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The figures do not include staff working for private companies, for example in cafes or as security guards.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Also, firefighters on duty at the library are not part of the staff.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Users Library users are largely students.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Almost 60 per cent of registered users in the Research Department report study as their reason for their income, compared to 84 per cent of users of open access above the floor, according to the latest user surveys.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

[14] Users of the library's upper reading room are often undergraduate students while doctoral students prefer downstairs research rooms.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Master's degree graduates are fairly evenly distributed among the reading rooms on both floors.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

After students, teaching staff, as well as researchers, come as the largest user group.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Just over 30 per cent of formalised users who are with researcher status report working for “professional reasons.”


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

A lot of them, I suppose, are teacher-scholars.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Apart from these two categories of users, BnF is of very little interest to the civilized general public, which was the primary target of the library project.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Only about 10 percent of the research department's audience report “personal interest” as a reason.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

On the upper open floor, the percentage ratio is similar, as six percent high school students still need to be added to the 84% number of students.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

For people accustomed to Finnish libraries, the French National Library delivers a surprise because its use is usually chargeable.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The fees are fairly affordable, however, as most library funding comes from the state.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

For many groups, there are discounts of their own.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In addition, the user will have to present their identity card and home address to prove their identity.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Permanent residents in France must submit preferably their rent payment receipt or electricity, gas or landline phone bills not three months older.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

For example, a recommendation from a university or research institute is required to enter research halls.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Only the subjects of the study are allowed into supporter halls after a clarifying personal interview.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The budget of the National Library of France [15] is EUR 145 million.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The French state supports the library with €116 million, mainly appropriated by the Ministry of Culture.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library's other financial resources are very modest, for example, entrance fees generate only about two million euros per year.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The expenditure on the library is approximately EUR 104 million and investment expenditure is approximately EUR 58 million.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Of operating expenditure, contractual employees account for EUR 41 million, but the salaries of permanent office holders are paid by the State.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Of the investment expenditure, EUR 18 million will be on buildings and EUR 15 million will be on the accrual of collections.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Book purchases are part of investment expenditure at the National Library because they are intended for long-term preservation.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In libraries where book circulation is faster, they are covered by usage expenditures.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Criticism of the National Library is also met with criticism.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Criticism comes from all quarters and the library is covered quite extensively in the public media.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Recently, though, criticism has waned.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The François Mitterrand building of the library, and the library in general, has been very highly criticised by trade unions Unions.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Internal staff conflicts have erupted in the library, and a lengthy strike ensued from one of them almost as soon as the researcher halls on the lower floor had opened.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The reason for the strike was the working conditions at the new library.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Workers in warehouses, in particular, complained of noise but also about having to work in a windowless space.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Secondly, especially in the early days of activity in the lower researcher layer, users blamed staff for the library's inoperability, which they felt was not always justified.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The library has also been criticized for using snippet workers as replacements when needed.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Users There have also been reproaches by library users, particularly concerning the François Mitterrand Library Building.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Getting to the library is difficult, especially when the streets above the low section and the routes leading to them are damp and slippery.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The problem has only been partially solved.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Anti-slip solutions are in place and down escalators have been abandoned.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

[16] Readers have also complained about working conditions in the new library: the reading rooms are noisy, the ordered material comes slowly if at all, the reading rooms are cold even in the summer, the information points and the screens in them are poorly placed, because with sunshine they are almost unwatchable.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Representatives of library users have called for the library's opening hours to be extended so that it would be open even one evening a week until late evening (today library doors are closed at 8 p.m.).


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Users would also like the halls reserved for scientific work on the bottom floor to open as early as morning on Monday.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

According to users' views, the library devotes too much of its resources to the development and exhibitions of Gallica, a digital weblibrary, but leaves local users with too little attention.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Media criticism and public opinion The National Library has also generated criticism from those who work there and outside its user circle.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Some of the criticism is political and is not specifically directed at the François Mitterrand Library, but generally the politics of Mitterrand's “major construction projects”.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The choice of the library project was a political one and one single person's decision, prepared at hard speed with no regard for practical considerations at all.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Architect Dominique Perrault's views on the library and its architecture have also received their share of criticism.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In particular, there has been criticism of his vision of placing book stocks in four glass towers.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Some peculiarities have also been raised by the press, which, although perhaps exaggerated, are of a nature to provoke ridicule and outrage.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Among the most significant have been the inoperability of the fire alarm system, as in 1997 the system irrigated some warehouse departments.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

In 2004, book thefts by a library conservator were rampant in the press, for which the author has since received his conviction.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

The most recent scandal (in 2005) has been the abundant asbestos in the library's collections.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

If the “Great Library (TGB)”, as the construction project was originally called, has received criticism, particularly directed at the François Mitterrand Library, the project and its developers, on the other hand, have received plenty of funds for their project.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This has contributed to a rise in the prestige of libraries both in France and in the world.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

This has also been particularly reflected in the increased number of catalogues and the greater visibility of the organisation as a whole in society, but especially in the increase in the use of the digital library Gallica.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Sources and literature Collections Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Bibliothèque nationale de France, Trésors de la Bibliothèque nationale de France 1—2| publisher = Bibliothèque nationale de France| year = 1996| id = 2-7177-1999-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = François Dupuigrenet Desroussilles| title = Trésors de la Bibliothèque nationale| publisher = Nathan| year = 1986| id = 2-09-290539-2}} Before 1988 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Histoire des bibliothèques françaises, 1—4| publisher = Éher Oons du Cercle de la librairies| year = e.i.}}


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Simone Balayé| title= La Bibliothèque nationale des origines à 1800| publisher = Droz| year = 1988}} After 1988 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Patrice Cahart & Michel Melot| title = Propositions pour une grande bibliothèque: rapport au Premier ministre| publisher = La Documentation française| year = 1989| id = ISBN 2-11-002226-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jean Gattégno| title = La Bibliothèque de France à mi-parcours: de la TGB à la BN bis? | publisher = Éditions du Cercle de la Librairie| year = 1992| id = ISBN 2-7654-0512-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jean-Marc Mandosio| title = L'Effondrement de la Très Grande Bibliothèque Nationale de France: causes, ses conséquences| publisher = publisher = publisher Ed.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

de l'encyclopédie des nuisances| year = 1999| id = ISBN 2-910386-10-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jean-Marc Mandosio| title = Après l'effondrement: notes sur l'utopie néotechnologique| publisher = Éd.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

de l'encyclopédie des nuisances| year = 2000| id = ISBN 2-910386-13-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Philippe Nachbar & Philippe Richert (eds.


Question: Who founded the French National Library?

National Library of France

) | title = Rapport d'information à la suite d'une mission d'information chargée d'étudier le fonctionnement de la Bibliothèque nationale de France| publisher = Sénat| year = 2000| id = ISBN 2-11-102379-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = François Stasse| title = La Vésse| title = La Vésse| Ritable Histoire de la grande bibliothèque| publisher = L'Épreuve des faits| year = 2002| id = ISBN 2-02-051761-2}} Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Buildings and structures in Paris Category:French libraries Category:National libraries Category:Key to screening Articles


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Napoleon I, former Emperor of France, died on 5 May 1821 on the island of Saint Helena.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

According to the official explanation, he died of stomach cancer, but this has been questioned and according to some scientists Napoleon was poisoned.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

From ill health to death, Napoleon fell ill on Saint Helena in July 1820.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Prior to that, his health had been moderately good.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

At first, doctors considered the illness mainly mental, but Napoleon himself believed from the beginning that he was suffering from stomach cancer.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Napoleon's condition improved, but in September of the same year his condition in turn worsened.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Napoleon asked to be admitted to one of the European health baths, but his request was denied.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Admittedly, a military doctor was brought to the island of Saint Helena, but he could not speak French or Italian.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

On May 3, 1821, Napoleon completely lost his memory.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Because of a medical error, he suffered severe abdominal bleeding.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

On 5 May morning at two o'clock, he uttered his last words before dying: “France, army, army leadership, Joséphine”.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

By 5:49 p.m., Napoleon was dead.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

The cause of death was established as abdominal cancer.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Napoleon himself, before his death, had suspected not only stomach cancer but also the possibility of attempted murder, and had hoped that he would undergo an autopsy, in which the British would not be allowed to attend.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Napoleon's body was opened on a pool table.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

The autopsy was witnessed by seventeen individuals, seven of whom were British doctors.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

The British declared Napoleon died of stomach cancer, but several present-day scholars attribute poisoning with arsenic to be the cause of death or the fact that the wallpaper in Napoleon's room began to produce arsenic in the humid environment of Saint Helena.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

The fifth section of Napoleon's will reads: Years later, a Swedish coroner sought to prove that Napoleon had been poisoned.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

One of Napoleon's servants would, according to him, have put arsenic in Napoleon's wine.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Exhumation Almost twenty years after his death on 18 October 1840, Napoleon's tomb on St. Helena was opened for the transfer of the secular remains of the former emperor to the Church of the Invalid (Retour des cendres) in Paris.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

The coffin was opened after removal from the tomb and at this time it was found that Napoleon's body was preserved almost unchanged, which shocked everyone in the place.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Arsenic is a potent preservative, which would support the poisoning hypothesis.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

However, arsenic was commonly used in wallpaper, paints and even medicines at the time before antibiotics were invented.


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

Sources Herman Lindqvist: Napoleon (WSOY, 2005) ISBN 951-0-30810-2 (sid.)


Question: When did Napoleon die?

Death of Napoleon

“Retour des cendres”, Charles Mullié, Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850, 1852 Arthur Bertrand, Lettres sur l'expédition de Sainte-Hélène and 1840, Paris, Paulin, 1841 Abbé Félix Coquereau, Souirs du Souirs voyage à Sainte-Hélène, Paris, H. Delloye, 1841 Emmanuel de Las Cases, Journal écrit à bord de la frégate La Belle Poule, Paris, H. Delloye, 1841 Philippe de Rohan-Chabot, Les Cinq Cercueils de l'Empereur, souvenirs inédits, préface de René de Chambrun, Paris, France-Empire, 1985 death Category:French history Category:Deaths of persons


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

M/S Global Freighter (IMO number:) was a ro-ro freighter scrapped in India in late 2011, whose last owner before scrapper was Finnish Lillbacka Powerco Ltd.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[1] [2] The last person responsible for the management of the ship was the Finnish Northern Tanker Company Oy.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[2] The ship had been built in 1977 at Hyundai Shipbuilders & Heavy Industries shipyard in Ulsan, South Korea.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Global Freighter was registered under the Finnish flag and was last based in Maksamaa.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship was idle in the Port of Turku since December 2008, [3] before being transferred on 18 May 2010 to PowerLine's new line between Helsinki's Vuosaari port and Travemünde, Germany, which it operated once a week.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[4] For much of its operational history, the ship operated in the Baltic Sea under the Swedish flag name Stena Freighter.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In 2004, the ship passed into Finnish ownership and under the Finnish flag under the name Global Freighter.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship was involved in a few accidents in which two sinking were near: the first time in 1981 between Miami and Costa Rica, and the second time in 2004 in the Turunmaa archipelago.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] The ship The ship was constructed of steel.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In Global Freighter, the engine room, command bridge and crew quarters were aft of the ship.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[5] Specifications Global Freighter had a length of 151.94 meters, a width of 21.67 meters, and a draught of 6.45 meters.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The total volume (gross tonnage) of the ship was 5497 GT and the volume (net tonnage) of passenger and cargo facilities was 2606 net registration tons.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Norwegian company Det Norske Veritas reported the vessel's gross tonnage (GT) of 13145 and net tonnage (NT) of 3943.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[2] The dead weight of the ship was 8911 tonnes.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The lane meters on board were 1700 lane meters.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship had a top speed of about 17 knots and an ice rating of 1A, meaning it could travel in most ice conditions alone.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] [6] [7] The ship's main engines were two Pielstick 12PC2-5V-400 V diesel engines, which together developed 11475 kilowatts of power.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship was carried forward by two propellers: the four-bladed CPP and the Kawasaki-Escher-Wyss.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

For maneuvering, the bow was fitted with a single Electric CPP branded bow thruster.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship had two separate and mutually synchronised rudders.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] Cockpit The ship's bridge arrangement followed the prevalent method in the late 1970s to place the equipment in a long pulpit on the front wall.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Radars were located at the ends of the pulpettes.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The radio equipment was located in its own console.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Initially, when making equipment arrangements on the bridge, the cooperation and work duties of those working on the bridge were ignored.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

When Global Freighter switched to traffic between Turku and Stockholm in 2004, this problem was corrected by installing new equipment needed for monitoring and piloting at the right end of the pulpet.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In the middle of the pulpet, on the ship's centerline, an autopilot and steering bay were originally located.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Above these devices, a rudder angle display visible in three directions and a periscope of a magnetic compass were located on the ceiling.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship was fitted with two GPS devices and two logs measuring bottom ratio.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] The ship type Global Freighter was a ro-ro ship (roll on roll off), meaning its loading took place from the stern on top of the wheels without a crane.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The RO-RO ship is the most competitive solution for speed-intensive and short transport, as it is fast to load and unload.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

There is always a lot of unused space left in cargo space, which is why ships are hardly used for ocean transport.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[7] Operating history 1977—2003 The ship was laid down on 11 May 1977 at the South Korean shipyard of Hyundai Shipbuilders & Heavy Industries (now.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Hyundai Heavy Industries).


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship's construction number is 642.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship was completed at the end of August as the first of a series of 11 vessels composed in order of completion by M/S Stena Transfer (name when completed Stena Runner), M/S Tor Baltica (Elk), M/S Kilmore (Norsky), sunken M/S Finnbirch (Stena Prosper), M/S Finnforest (Stena Project), M/S Atlantic Freighter (Tor Felicia), M/S Stena Partner (Alpha Enterprise), M/S Global Carrier (Imparca Express I), M/S Strada Corsa (Merzario Spain) and M/S Diplomat (Stena Trader).


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] The series is referred to as Stena Searunner and all ships are designed by Danish company Knud E. Hansen A/S.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[8] On 31 August, the vessel was transferred to the Swedish shipping company Rederi AB Concordia and timed, namely leased [9] it to the Italian shipping company Merzario Lines to the Mediterranean.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At the time, the ship operated under the Swedish flag as Merzario Ausonia and was based in Gothenburg.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In August 1980, the ship was given the name Stena Freighter.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The following year, the ship was sold to Stena Gulf Line, who registered it under the Cayman Islands flag.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The home seat became George Town.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The new owner time-chartered the vessel for traffic from US-based Coordinated Caribbean Transport.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] On 29 October 1981, while en route from Miami, Costa Rica, USA, the Stena Freighter collided with a Japanese bulk carrier Seiryu.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

After the clash, there were fears that both ships were sinking, but Stena Freighter was saved, while Seiryu sank four hours after the collision.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The crew of the sunken ship were rescued to Stena Freighter, who returned to Miami with a big hole in the bow.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In March 1982, the ship was time-chartered for service by the Italian cargo shipping company Ignazio Messina under the name Jolly Giallo.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In August, the name was changed to Jolly Turchese.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] In September 1983, the ship was renamed Stena Freighter.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The following year, the ship again passed into the possession of Rederi AB Concordia.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The shipping company registered the vessel under the Swedish flag.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The seat became Gothenburg.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

After a change of ownership, Stena Line began operating on board.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In March 1986, the ship collided with a Soviet fish processing vessel.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In early January 1987, Stena Freighter passed over to Swedish company Stena Rederi AB, which began operating on that route Gothenburg to Travemünde.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] Clash off Denmark The ship departed at 16:55pm on 20 September 1998 from the port of Gothenburg for its destination Travemünde, Germany.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

About three hours earlier, the chemical-oil tanker M/T Ek-Cloud (now M/T Stream) had also left Gothenburg towards Stockholm.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Stena Freighter had one truck, six semi-trailers and 34 trailers as cargo.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

As crew, in addition to the master, the ship consisted of three co-pilots, five members of the deck crew, the Chief Engineer, two Engineer Masters and three other members of the machinery crew, in addition to another five staff members.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

There were seven passengers aboard the Stena Freighter.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The Ek-Cloud, meanwhile, had 9284 tonnes of fuel oil as cargo, with crew there including 12 and five other members including Stena Freighter.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At 10:15pm, Stena Freighter's mate reported to the master of the ship that visibility had rapidly deteriorated.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Hearing this, the chief came to the bridge.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

He stayed there for only a few moments, after which he went away and returned at 10:45 p.m. At the time, he looked at a radar view that one of the co-pilots was observing.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[5] When the ship entered the Samsø Bælt Strait between the Jutland peninsula and Själlland, the speed was 17 knots and the direction in which the ship was going was correct.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The co-pilot observed that two ships were coming up against, one advancing at 12 and the other at a speed of five knots.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

There was no other traffic nearby.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

As spacing between ships decreased, it was noticed on the Stena Freighter that the slower ship was on its route of passage.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[5] The ships (Stena Freighter and Ek-Cloud) had not made contact with each other by radio, and they collided with each other in the strait of Samsø Bælt on 21 September.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At the time of the collision, the Stena Freighter command bridge had a chief, two co-mates and a matrus.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The Ek-Cloud command bridge had a chief mate, two co-pilot and a matrus.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The strength of the winds varied between one and two bofores.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At the time of the crash, Stena Freighter had a pace of 17 knots.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

After VHF radio contact and damage check, the ships continued to travel towards their destinations.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Minor damage to Stena Freighter, including two small holes, was repaired at Travemünde.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Ek-Cloud, on the other hand, lost a 16-person life raft and a port side (left) lifeboat in the collision, and a few cabins on the port side were damaged.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[5] On 18 November 2003, the ship was sold to Gothenburg [11] Interbaltic AB, which kept it under the Swedish flag.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Following the change of ownership, the ship was time-chartered for traffic by Swedish company Stena RoRO.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] 2004 In November 2003, Finnish company Lillbacka Powerco Oy announced that it would purchase the vessel and register it under the Finnish flag.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The handover took place on 9 February 2004, when the ship also received its current Global Freighter name.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Maksamaa, a small coastal municipality of the Gulf of Bothnia, became home.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] Maksama was chosen as the seat because Jorma Lillbacka, owner of Lillbacka Powerco, had a summer house there.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[12] Approximately 35 workers were required on board.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

When Global Freighter came under the Finnish flag, interest in jobs was high, as there is rarely work for sailors under the Finnish flag.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The Finnish crew of the vessel [1] was recruited almost entirely from the Turku region.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[13] Henrik Mahlberg, the sea captain responsible for international transport at Lillbacka Global in 2004 [1] said of the company's decision to put the vessel under the Finnish flag: After the handover on 9 February 2004, the ship was timed to the Swedish company Stena Linen Travemünde and Gothenburg into traffic, as Stena Line had not yet received a replacement vessel to replace Global Freighter.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[14] On 28 February, the Powerline shipping company owned by Lillbacka Global began operating Global Freighter between Turku and Travemünde together with sister ship M/S Global Carrier.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In Travemünde, Global Freighter used both Scandinavienkai and Schlutup terminals.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[15] The ships carried mainly trucks, semi-trailers and containers.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

As the ships began operating, the transport capacity between Turku and Travemünde doubled.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[16] The journey from Turku to Travemünde took about 33 hours, and in port the ship spent only the time required for unloading and loading.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] [1] The ship was chartered from 4 May to 13 August 2004 to SeaWind Line, a subsidiary of Silja Line, which operated it from Monday to Friday between Turku and Stockholm, carrying trucks, among other things.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[17] Pyhikis Global Freighter was in PowerLine's traffic between Turku and Travemünde.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

SeaWind Line operated the ship since August 28, 2004 between Tuesday and Thursday between Turku—Stockholm.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At other times it was on PowerLine's traffic between Turku and Travemünde.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[3] Grounding The vessel departed on Tuesday 21 September 2004 at 21:30 from the port of Turku towards Stockholm.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship carried 11 passengers and as cargo 18 trucks, 32 trailers, or trailers, 411 tons of lubrication and fuels and 135 tons of fresh water.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The trucks and ten trailers were placed on the main deck and the remaining trailers on the weather deck.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At Nauvo, the ship was forced to deviate from the normal route: a maritime traffic controller suggested using the ten-metre waterway south of Innamo Island because a barge called Multibrava was passing in front of the ship in front of the ship.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Dimitris advanced on the fairway at such speed that Global Freighter would have had to overtake it on a narrow stretch of fairway.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

With Global Freighter passing Dimitris on the parallel bus, Dimitris had a speed of 8.6 knots (15.93km/h), while the Global Freighter had a pace of 17.9 knots (33.15km/h).


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] The crew of the accident voyage The crew on board was 19 people, so the occupation exceeded the requirements of the Maritime Institute.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The minimum manning would have been 13 people, according to the occupation certificate.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Source: [6] Passage of the accident At 22:55, the ship received ground contact at Kalvholmsgrundet () north of Nauvo, and subsequently the speed dropped to 12 knots, after which the pilot mate instructed the watch master to quieten the pace.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The master of the ship, who had arrived at the bridge after grounding, decided to drive the ship ashore between the islands of Lövskär and Vandrock (), as he felt the grounding was followed by the danger of the ship capsizing.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

After the bottom of the Global Freighter grasped the seabed, the ship was tilted between 14 and 15 degrees, after which the tilt did not increase.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The sinking was only seconds captured.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Immediately after grounding, the ship's master contacted the VTS center.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At 23:00 the ship was also contacted by the Marine Rescue Centre, which determined the situation as an emergency and issued a distress message at 11:14pm on behalf of Global Freighter: [6] [18] At 11:16pm, the Marine Rescue Centre issued another distress message: Train ferries M/S Rider and M/S Sea Wind, The passenger cargo ship M/S Finneagle, the mineship Uusimaa and the maritime patrol vessel Telkkä reported to the Maritime Rescue Centre.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At 11:17 p.m., a general alert was issued on board.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The accident happened at a busy and relatively cramped fairway intersection.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] Rescue work At 00:19 the environmental authorities were informed of what had happened, and the oil suppression vessel Halli left Turku at 03:15.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

It arrived at the haver site at 05:15 and began pumping water from the ship.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Later, a high-power pump replaced the Hall.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] No damage to the person or the environment occurred in the accident.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The passengers and five others on staff were rescued from the vessel by a lifeboat, which though initially became stuck in a collision reinforcement on the side of the ship.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Without the Rider Mob boat (man over board [19]), which pulled the Global Freighter lifeboat over the collision reinforcement, could have led to a situation that would have threatened lives.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship was tilted at 14 degrees at the time of its rescue.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

However, the requirements require that the lifeboat can be lowered at a further 20-degree tilt, which is ensured by the correct design of the collision reinforcer.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Rider's MOB boat transported the rescued mineship to Hämeenmaa, which still transported them to be accommodated in Turku on PowerLine's other ship, Global Carrier.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] Vessel Damage There were ruptures to the bottom of the vessel for a hundred metres, [20] and several depressions came to the bottom of the entire right-hand section.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The largest hole was about three × four meters in size.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[21] If the rupture had reached the lowest car deck, the ship would have sunk and diesel spilled into the sea from the trucks that were loaded.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[20] This missed only half a metre away.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[20] According to the master of the ship, water began to flow into the lower body immediately after grounding.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Water also entered the main deck via a manhole in the lower body, but by this point the Global Freighter had already been driven into the shallows.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The right-hand main propeller also suffered major damage.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The ship's engine room remained dry.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] A small rupture was also detected in the ship's oil tank, but there was little fuel and it too in solidified form, [22] so oil emissions were avoided.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[23] The grounder revealed that there were shortcomings in the Archipelago Sea's oil suppression capability, as the interfaces of the oil booms used in combat were partially incompatible.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

According to Korppo Fire Chief Leif Lindström [24], the reason for this was that the municipalities in the region had recently acquired oil booms of different brands.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

According to Lindström, though in the event of an emergency, the booms could have been linked together by means of nails and boards.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[23] [25] In addition, the ship's boom measurement was hampered by the lack of suitable anchorage points for the booms on smooth cliffs.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[25] The regional rescue plant's oil-fighting boats, which were reprimanded for being too light.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[23] Detachment and towing to the shipyard Before embarking on detachment attempts, the ship's cargo was emptied for one and a half days [22] on a transport barge called Partner.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] The operation was led by Korppo Fire Chief Leif Lindström.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[24] By clearing the vessel was aimed at getting as stable as possible.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[24] The partner transported the cargo to Pärnäis in Nauvo, [6] from where at least the trucks and trailers were transferred to Turku.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[24] For example, trucks on a barge could fit ten at a time.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[24] The water level in the hold began to fall after water pumping had been continued long enough and divers had caulked leaks with wood wedges, welding and tarps.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Because of these measures, the ship had lightened so much that it came off the bottom when it was gently jerked by the tug.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] After the detachment at 2:50pm on Saturday 25 September, one tug began towing the vessel at a speed of seven knots towards the Turku Repair Shipyard Oy in Naantali Luonmaa.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

During the tow, one tug passed on the side of the Global Freighter and two on the stern.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The oil-fighting vessel Halli was also monitoring the situation.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At 6:30pm, the ship on Rajakari Island passed, and on arrival at Naantali the haveri vessel was at around 8:00pm, where it was met by an additional three oil extraction vessels of the Regional Rescue Service.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[26] Towing went without problems [6] in good weather.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[26] More than a hundred lives were involved in the operation, including equipment from the rescue department and the Coast Guard, as well as four tugboats.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[22] Causes of the accident The reason for grounding was human error.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In a sea explanation of 26 October, the Åland liner and the ship's master agreed that the liner made a navigational error that led to grounding.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

According to Luotsi, he started turning at the intersection of fairways by the island of Lövskär too late.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In the sea explanation, the pilot did not want and could not explain the mistake he made.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The pilot was not employed by the ship's shipping company PowerLine; he had been assigned to the ship by SeaWind Line, or the ship's charterer, as a liner.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

He and the ship's master had shared piloting responsibilities with each other when Global Freighter had started operating the SeaWind Line.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

At the sea briefing, the ship's master said he found the bends in Lövskär difficult.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The waterway is narrow, and the edges are rocky.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[27] Three other cargo ships have run aground in almost the same place between 1994 and 2004.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[28] On 27 May 2005, the British freighter M/S Finnkraft ran aground in the strait between Nauvo and Korppo, approximately 11 km [29] from the ground of Global Freighter.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[30] On 23 September, the Accident Investigation Branch installed a commission of inquiry to investigate the accident.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The board was chaired by sea captain Kari Larjo and sea captain Tapani Salmenhaara as member.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The experts on the board were Major ret.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Pertti Siivonen, psychologist, flight captain Matti Sorsa, researcher Sanna Sonninen and Master of Science Jaakko Lehtosalo.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The accident investigation was completed on February 12, 2007.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] During September and October there was a major accident near the Baltic Sea four times.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

First the Global Freighter ran aground, on 26 September a Greek tanker was grounded in the Danish straits, on 13 October the Bahamian tanker did the same, and on 25 October a Norwegian tanker crashed into the side of a cargo ship with 100000 tonnes of crude oil also in the Danish straits.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[20] Global Freighter returned from shipyard to traffic again at 20.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

on Nov.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[6] 2005—2011 In August 2005, the ship again went to the shipyard for repairs, returning to service in September.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

In early 2006, Global Freighter and its sister ship Global Carrier were time-charged to Finnlines traffic.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

Global Freighter was placed between Turku and Travemünde.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

With the chartering, it became possible to import cars from Germany in increasing numbers.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The Global Carrier, on the other hand, was placed on traffic between Helsinki and northern England.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[31] In 2007, a larger cargo ship named M/S Antares replaced the Global Freighter.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[32] In February 2007, the ship was time-charged for services between British P&O Irish Sean Liverpool and Dublin.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

The P&O Irish Sea had freight carried on the same route by sister ships M/S Norbank and M/S Norbay and the Maltese M/S RR Triumph.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[33] The Global Freighter replaced the RR Triumph on arrival on the route.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[34] On 26 July 2007, the ship went to Cammell Laird Shipyard in Bidston, Britain, where steel parts of the ship were repaired.


Question: What was carried on M/S Global Freighter?

S Global Freighter

[35] Out of the shipyard Global Freighter departed 31.