Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority were punished for being an accessory to treason.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

While 555 people were sentenced to death, only 113 convictions were enforced.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Various custodial sentences and fixed-term loss of civil trust were imposed on 60000 citizens, of whom 10200 persons were pardoned on 30 October 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In court papers, some of the individuals confined to prison camps were eventually found to have been unduly incarcerated.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of custodial sentences handed out were lenient and were eventually converted to parole sentences to free 40,000 prisoners.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of 1918, the number of Red prisoners in prisons was 6100 and 100 in 1921. Civil trust for 40000 former Reds was also restored at that time.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1927, the last 50 red prisoners were pardoned by the government of Väinö Tanner.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1973, the Finnish government paid compensation to 11,600 former Red prisoners.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[183] [179] The violence of the post-war years After the Civil War, the violence associated with its events continued for several more years.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Researcher Marko Tikka calculated that between the summer of 1918 and the end of 1921 there were around 300 acts of violence characterised as political in Finland, in which 226 people were killed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Of the casualties, the vast majority, or 183, were readable to the Red Party of the War.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, most cannot be considered methodical; events were usually accompanied by alcohol and originated at dances or evenings, for example.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Outright terrorism can be classified as a few murders or attempted murders committed by former Red Guards, who were usually targeted by members of patronage societies.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

They were mainly organised by private individuals and cannot be linked, for example, to the Communist Party of Finland, founded in 1919.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The most famous of the failures is the April 1920 assassination attempt on Mannerheim in Tampere.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[184] War casualties The war in Finland in 1918 was one of the most significant disasters in the history of the 1690s and 1860s and World War II (1939—1945).


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Some 37000 people died as casualties of the war, [185] of which 5800 to 6200 persons, or about 16% were minors, aged 14—20.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The youngest victims were less than one year old.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Twenty were executed between the ages of 0—15, otherwise slain and variously dead in excess of 300, among them one baby strangled to death.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Two thirds of the children were red, the rest both white and not belonging to any group.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Children were still killed even after the war ended with their families.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[186] [187] The total loss, calculated from late January to late December 1918, averaged about 3300 deaths per month.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of the victims died either as victims of terror or perished in prison camps, while those killed in the fighting of the war took just under 10,000 lives.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, as a result of the war, about 20,000 children were orphaned, that is, lost either one or both of their guardians.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[188] Famous figures who died in the civil war or its aftermath include composer Toivo Kuula, poet Juhani Siljo and writer Algoth Untola (Maiju Lassila).


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The war deepened the popular divide that had already arisen in Finland and caused bitterness, anger and a spirit of revenge.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Until the 1960s, public debate focused on the so-called white truth of the winners, and the so-called red truth of those who lost was left behind.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

It took 40 to 85 years from the events of 1917—1918 to outline the overall historical picture and the diversification of interpretations that characterised historical research.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[189] On the other hand, the defeat of the red Finland and the only partial realisation of the goals of white Finland, after Germany lost World War I, led to a national compromise.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

When the “foreign bayonets” of foreign powers left Finland alone, moderate burghers and socialists eventually took charge of their country.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The compromise ensured Finland's internal stability and order and democratic development and made slow but secure national defragmentation possible [190] In 1919—1991, Finns' democracy and independence withstood the pressure of the far-right and far-left and the other the heavy tribulations of World War I and Soviet pressure during the Cold War.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Veterans of the Civil War, the last of Finland's veterans of the 1918 war, Aarne Armunen (born 1897), died on 1 January 2009.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

He fought in the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The last of the veterans of the Finnish White Army to die was Lennart Rönnback (1905—2007).


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The last surviving member to serve in support positions on the White side was Lauri Nurminen (1906—2009).


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

One of the last people to tell the events of the Hämeenlinna prison camp as an eyewitness is Anna Mäkinen o.s. Joutsen (born 1909), who was imprisoned together with her mother and sister.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Mäkinen told writer Tuulikki Pekalainen about her experiences.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[191] Decorations for those who fought on the Svinhufvud Senate side were distributed with the 1918 Revolutionary War commemorative medals [192] and medals of the Cross of Liberty.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Order of the Cross of Liberty was established on 4 March 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Its Grand Master is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[193] Other medals associated with the time include the Cross of the Askkala Front Men, the Front Badge of the Southern Savo Regiment, the Hattulans Memorial Medal, the Janakkalans Memorial Medal, the Heinola Municipality Memorial Medal, the Helsinki Conquest Memorial Medal, the Karelian Front Badge, the Lammi Municipal Front , Länkipohja Memorial Cross, Padasjoki Cross of Honour, Patterinmäkeläinen Cross, Headquarters Badge, Rauma Soyeluskunta Memorial Medal, Raudu Cross, Sipoo Municipal Memorial Medal, Svidja Medal, Tampere Conquest Memorial Medal, Russian Island Memorial Medal, Vilppula Cross, Vimpel War School Badge and Sign of the Vöyr Guard.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[194] Civil War in fiction Literature The first universally acclaimed fiction work on the Finnish Civil War was Frans Emil Sillanpää's novel Pious Misery completed already in 1919.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the 1920s—1950s, fiction on the events of 1918 was written mostly from the point of view of the winner of the war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Although in 1931, Jarl Hemmer's work En man och hans samvete (The Man and His Conscience), which dealt with war from a broader, humanistic perspective, appeared in 1931.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, the most famous and debated books about the war and the reasons that led to it were Väinö Linna's novel trilogy Here under the North Star, parts 1 and 2.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The castle texts are considered to have provided significant impetus to the way that has become common since the 1960s, of looking at the conflict from the perspective of the losing party as well.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[195] In poetry, Viljo Kajava's highly acclaimed work Tampere Poems appeared in the 1960s.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The book Boy on the Shoulders of the World (1973), written by Uuno Pekka Kekäläinen, who was in the Hennala prison camp in Kuopio and Lahti, contains a detailed diary from Hennala prison camp.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 2003, Leena Lander's book about the 1918 war appeared Commandment.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

It received a Finlandia nomination and, based on the screenplay, was also completed by radio listen Susiyahhti (Yle, Radioteatteri 2004), which was selected as the best premiere performance of 2004 in the Blind Lunar Maraade.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The book has also been edited for theatrical productions, including the Finnish National Theatre in 2006.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the 21st century, author Antti Tuuri's works The Great Arms Train from Saint Petersburg in 2006, the Battle of Tampere in 1918, and Surmanpelto, a story about Russian soldiers captured in Ostrobothnia in 1918, have also appeared.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Also Kjell Wesö's work Where We Travelled once deals with the Finnish Civil War, published in 2006, as well as the author's book Mirage 38, published in 2013.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Harri Raitti's novel “April Fourth 1918” appeared in 1987 and is a reality-based account of an incident in Rymättylä.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 2008, writer Anneli Kanto published the documentary novel “Blood Roses”, which deals with the stages of the Valkeakoski Female Guard.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[196] The following year, Pekka Saaristo dramatised a play about the book, which has been performed in places such as Pori, Tampere and Valkeakoski.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[197] In Finnish films, the 1918 war initially came out mainly as side plots, for example in the film Silja — who slept at a young age (directed by Jack Witikka, 1956).


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Among the first films focused on the Civil War was a 1918 film directed by T. J. Särkä, completed in 1957 and based on a novel by Jarl Hemmer — The Man and His Conscience.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[198] In the 1960s and 1970s, film director Edvin Laine film Väinö Linna's Pohjanstar trilogy.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The first film in the series Here Under the North Star deals broadly and realistically with the events of 1918 in Linna's books, the focus of the description is on the point of view of the party who lost the war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[199] [200] Documentary-seeking or biographical descriptions of civil war or independence include the Finnish-Soviet Confidence (1976), Mommila's blood works about Alfred Kordelin's fate (1973), and Tulipää, a story about the life of Maiju Lassila (1980).


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[198] Since the 1990s, the Finnish Civil War has been covered in several films.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Tero Jartti directed the film in 1994 based on a short story by Aapo Runar Schildt.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The film was about the fate of an individual Red Guards.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1997, Redemption, directed by Olli Saarela, was completed, which depicted the priest's mental contradictions amid civil war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 2007, the film Raja 1918 directed by Lauri Törhösen directed by Lauri Törhösen was completed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Aku Louhimies directed the film Commandment (2008) based on Leena Lander's book.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[201] [202] In 2012, Claes Olsson's film Battle of Näsilinna 1918, about the battle of Melin's company in Tampere, came to cinemas.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[201] In 2000, two comic books made from different points of view were published in the High Tension series Civil War White High Tension — Freedom Baptism of Fire and Citizen War Red High Tension — To fight for the working people!


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The authors' familiarity with the subject (Asko Alanen, Jouko Ruokosenmäki and Samson) received praise from experts and brought an honourable mention in the Valopilkku of the Year.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[203] Civil war comics based on the stages of real persons include self-publishing Red Horseman from 2007 and Peace and War from 2008.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Horseman of Ilkka Markkula, Jukka Koivusaari and Kimmo Lehtimäki tells about the war through the story of Red Chief Verner Lehtimäki.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Satu Lusa Peace and War, the 2009 Comic Book Finlandia nominee, is based on a true story in the Russian village of Humppila.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[204] [205] [206] See also List of monuments to white people in Finland List of reds monuments in Finland Finnish civil war in southern Ostrobothnia Finnish civil war in central and northern Ostrobothnia Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alapuro, Risto| title=State and revolution in Finland | location = Berkeley:Los Angeles:London| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1988| id = ISBN 0-520-05813-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Alapuro, Risto (1993): Revolution.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Magazine 2/1993, online Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alapuro Risto| title = Photo of Civil War Violence | publisher = Publications of the Finnish Museum of Photography 24| year = 2008| version = In the book: Kukkonen, J. & Heikka, E.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Red-black white — 1918 images| id = ISBN 978-951-9086-74-3| page = 11—21}} Apunen Osmo (1987): From a border country to a republic.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In: Blomstedt, Y.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

History of Finland 6, Periods of repression and independence, p. 47—404.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-35-2495-7.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reino Arimo| title = Military activity of Germans in Finland 1918| location = Rovaniemi| publisher = Historical Association| year = 1991| id = ISBN 951-96174-4-2}}} Aunesluoma Juhana & Häikiö Martti ed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1995): Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

An atlas and research guide.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-20174-X.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Eerola Jari & Eerola Jouni (1998): Personal losses in the Finnish Civil War 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-91-0001-9.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Enckell Carl (1956): My political memoirs I. WSOY, 1956 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haapala Pertti| title = The Light of the Factory.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Industrialisation and formation of working population in Tampere 1820—1920| location = Tampere, Helsinki| publisher = Cooperative Vastapaino, Historical Society of Finland| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-9254-75-7}} Goltz, Rüdiger von der: My activities in Finland and the Baltic States, Wsoy, 1920 Hakalehto, Ilkka: Independence at risk.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Struggle from Finland's 1917 revolution to the eurohuma of the 1990s, Karprint ky, Huhmari, 1993, ISBN 952-9748-08-6 Haapala Pertti (1992): The Birth of the Working Class.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In: Haapala, P.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Economy, power and state.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Studies on 19th-century Finland, p. 227—249.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Equipoise, 1992 ISBN 951-9066-53-5.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala Pertti (1993): Class War.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Aikakirja 2/1993, online Haapala Pertti (1995): When society broke up, Finland 1914—1920.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Printing Center 1995 ISBN 951-37-1532-9.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala Pertti (2008): Many truths.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the book: Hoppu, T. et al.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere 1918, Vapriikki 2008 p. 255—261.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-609-369-0.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Haataja, Lauri,: History of the Finnish Labour Movement, Workers' Civilization Federation, 1977, ISBN 951-9118-12-8 Hannula, J. O: History of the Finnish War of Independence, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1938 Holodkovsky Viktor (1978): Finnish Workers' Revolution 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Publishing business Progress, Moscow.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu Tuomas (2007): Losses in the Battle of Tampere 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

War Historical Periodical Book 26, p. 8—32.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu Tuomas (2008): From the Reds gun train to front fighting.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the book: Hoppu, T. et al.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere 1918, Vapriikki 2008, p. 56—61.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-609-369-0.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu, Tuomas, Haapala Pertti: Tampere 1918, Tampere Museums, Tampere, 2008, ISBN 978-951-609-369-0 Jussila Osmo (2004): Grand Duchy of Finland 1809—1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-29500-0.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Jussila, Osmo, Seppo Hentilä & Jukka Nevakivi (2006): Finnish Political History 1809—2006.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

WSOY Educational Materials, 2006 ISBN 951-0-31572-9.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Jussila Osmo (2007): The great myths of Finnish history.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-33103-3.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Juva, Einar W.: Chronicles of the Finnish People.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Part 9, Otava, 1937 Kauvalta K. V.: History of insurgency in the Tampere region, Otava, 1921 Kekkonen Jukka (1991): Shipwreck of legality, criminal justice in Finland in 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-640-547-9.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Keränen Jorma ed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1992): Chronicle of Finland's independence.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-20-3800-5.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ketola Eino (1987): National People's Power.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Independence of Finland, the Social Democrats and the Russian Revolution of 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-6728-9.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Klinge Matti (1997): The Emperor's Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-50-0682-1.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Six-O.W.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1918, 1928) Finnish Labour Revolution 1918: reviews and self-criticism.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The work is digitised in the digital archive of the Workers' Movement Library: Kolbe Laura & Samu Nyström (2008): Helsinki 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Capital and war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-952-492-138-1.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Kävaara, Keijo: Year seventeen.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Reportage on the year of the birth of independent Finland, Helsingin Sanomat, 1967 Lackman Matti (2000): For Finland or Germany?


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Unknown history of ice keepers.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-16158-X.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen Jussi T. (1981): Red Guards War, parts I to II.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-859-071-0, ISBN 951-859-072-9.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen, Jussi T., Juhani Piilonen, Osmo Rinta-Tassi and Marja-Leena Salkola (1989): On one card.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-861-638-8.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Linnanmäki Eila (2005): Spanish disease in Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Influenza epidemic of 1918—1920.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-716-8.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto ed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1992—93): Years of independence 1917—1920, parts I to III.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-37-0730-X.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto (1993): Revolutionary War.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Magazine 2/1993, online Manninen Ohto (1995): War of Independence — as part of the Great War and the disintegration of the Russian Empire.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Aunesluoma, J. & Häikiö, M.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

An atlas and research guide, p. 21—32.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-20174-x.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Turo (1982): Freedom struggle, civil war and rebellion.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The nature of the battle in the war propaganda of the Whites in 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-678-709-6.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Marjomaa Risto (2004): Beyond the World Revolution.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office 4/2004.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-46-6.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Mattila Jukka I.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

& Jarkko Kemppi (2007): Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-952-5485-03-5.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (1999): On the road to the Republic.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ties break, p. 11—52.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-50-1055-1.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (2006): History of Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lines, structures, turning points.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-30809-9.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Meri, Veijo: Freedom will not be effortless: Finland 1870—1920, Otava, Helsinki, 1995, ISBN 951-1-13785-9 Millar James ed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Red Guards.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Encyclopedia of Russian History, p. 1274.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 0-02-865907-4.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Numminen Jaakko ed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1989): Lenin and Finland, Part II.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-860-402-9.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Paasivirta, Juhani: Finland in 1918, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1957 Paavolainen Jaakko (1966): Political violence in Finland 1918, 1 Red Terror.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1967): Political violence in Finland 1918, 2 White terror.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1971): Prison camps in Finland 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-1015-5.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1974): Finnish national tragedy.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-2329-X.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Peltonen Ulla-Maija (2003): Places of Memory.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

For remembering and forgetting the 1918 Civil War.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-468-1.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Piilonen Juhani (1997): History of Sastamala 3, years 1860—1920.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-97691-0-2.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Polvinen, Tuomo: Russian Revolution and Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

1—2, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1967-1971 Rasila Viljo (1968): Social background of civil war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Oak.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Rautkallio Hannu (1977): Trading with Finnish independence.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-08492-1.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Roselius Aapo (2006): The War of Amateurs — Personal losses in front fighting in the Finnish Civil War 1918, publication series 1/2006 of the Prime Minister's Office.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-92-X Crawl Hannes (1918) The events of the Revolutionary Year.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Author, Helsinki 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The work digitised in the digital archive of the Labor Movement Library.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Räikkönen, Erkki: Svinhufvud and Independence Senate: features of the activities and stages of P. E. Svinhufvud and the Senate led by him in autumn 1917 and spring 1918, Otava, 1935 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salkola, Marja-Leena| title = Birth and Development of the Workers' Guards Red Guards 1917—1918 before the Civil War (dissertation) | publisher = Ministry of Education| year = 1985| version = Parts 1 and 2| id = ISBN 951-859-739-1, ISBN 951-859-740-5}}.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Salokangas Raimo (2003): What kind of independent Finland?


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Zetterberg, S.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Petty Giant of Finnish History, p. 597—613.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-27365-1.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Salomaa, Erkki: Yrjö Sirola, People's Culture, Kuopio, 1966 Suodenjoki Sami and Peltola Jarmo: The poor Finnish people break their chains.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Class, business and society from 1880 to 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Left-wing labour movement in Pirkanmaa part 1., Tampere University Press, Tampere, 2007, ISBN 978-951-44-6832-2 Tanskanen Aatos (1978): Russians during the Finnish Civil War in 1918, Acta Universitatis Tamperensis SerA, vol 91, University of Tampere.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-44-0668-0.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Field Rights: Immediate Punitive Action in the Finnish Civil War 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2004| version = Dissertation, University of Tampere.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Bibliotheca historica 90| id = ISBN 951-746-651-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Time of Terror: The Restless Years in Finland 1917—1921| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-20-7051-0}} Citation replace error with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Executions of Female Rebels in Lahti 1918| publisher = self-publisher| year = 2007| id = ISBN 9789529988907}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Red fighting losses fallen 1918| location = Karjalohj| publisher = self-publish| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-99889-7-6}} Turunen Mirja (2005): Blood fields.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War killing works in North Kymenlaakso 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-796-525-5.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Uola Mikko (1998): Against the wall only; motives for political violence in Finland 1917—1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-15440-0.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 1| publisher = Book| year = 1980| id = ISBN 9789512618286| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 543 p.} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 2| publisher = Book| year = 1981| id = ISBN 9789512620227| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 503 p.}} Vares Vesa (1993): How has it turned out the “white myth”?


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Helsingin Sanomat on 17 October 1993.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vares Vesa| title = Kingmakers.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish monarchy 1917—1919, myth and reality| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-0-23228-9| accessdate = 8.11.2015}} Vares Vesa (2009), From the King's Project to the Birth of a Republic.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In: The Civil War Petty Giant, ed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T., WSOY, 2009 p. 376—394.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-35452-0.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Westerlund Lars ed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Those killed in war conditions between 1914 and 1922.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office publication series 10/2004.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-52-0.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1986): Turning points in Finnish history.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-13745-6.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993a): Road to Tampere.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

WSOY ISBN 951-0-18897-2.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki ed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

(1993b): The Hard Truth, the Year 1918 and National Science.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish Literature Society.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-717-768-2.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993c): Civil War.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Aikakirja 2/1993, online Ylikangas Heikki (2007): The hubs of Finnish history.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-32864-4.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huhta, Ilkka (ed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

) | title = Civil War 1918 and church| location = Helsinki| publisher = Church Historical Society of Finland| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-5031-55-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Muilu, Heikki| title = Russian soldiers in white Finland| location = Jyväsky| publisher = Atena| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-796-624-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Wolffemales and little sucks.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War women prisoners in Hämeenlinna prison camp room no. 7| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6041-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Children at war 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| = 2014| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6939-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siironen, Miika| title = White.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Revolutionary War legacy| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-768-398-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siltala, Juha| title = Psychohistory| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-978-51-1-23795-2}} On the topic elsewhere (Archivistolaitos) — Online publication of the Department of Historical Science at the University of Tampere (Archivistolaitos) — Site of the Invalidien Remembrance Foundation of the Revolutionary War — Yle, 2018, National Library, National Library * Category:Relations between Finland and Russia Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Bernard Law Montgomery (Montgomery, 1st Viscount of Alamein, Monty) (17 November 1887 London — 24 March 1976, Alton, Hampshire) was a British field marshal best known for his involvement in the major battles of World War II on the Allied side.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Early years and World War I Montgomery was born in London in 1887.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

After studying at St. Paul's School and Sandhurst's Royal Military Academy, he joined the 1st Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1908, serving initially in India.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Promotion to lieutenant followed in 1910.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

World War I began in August 1914, when he transferred with his regiment to France, where he took part in the retreat battles of Mons.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

He was severely wounded at Ypres on 13 October 1914 while taking part in an attack on the village of Méteren held by the Germans, where Montgomery received a sniper's bullet through his right lung and another hit to his knee.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

He received the Distinguished Service Order for his activities.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

After recovering early in 1915, he served as Chief of Staff of the 112th Brigade and 104th Brigade, which were in the training phase.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

On the Western Front, Montgomery returned as Staff Officer of the 33rd Division in early 1916.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

He took part in the battles of the Somme and Arras, among others.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

In the summer of 1917, Montgomery was transferred to the staff of the IX Army Corps, part of the 2nd Army Corps.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

At the end of the war, Montgomery, who attained the rank of colonel, served on the staff of the 47th Division (2nd Londoner) and practically performed the duties of its chief of staff.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

In 1921, Montgomery was seconded as a staff officer to a brigade in Cork, where the Irish War of Independence was fought fiercely.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Although Montgomery's cousin had been killed by the IRA, his activities in the war were not considered as brutal as, for example, Arthur Percival, who was active in the same area.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery saw no problems with government policy, but personally he found the conflict impossible to win and saw the withdrawal of British troops as the only sensible solution.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

After the end of World War I, many promising young officers who had advanced beyond their normal rank of office were reinstated back to rank and rank equivalent to their post, so Montgomery was reassigned back to 1.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Incorporated into the Royal Warwickshire Battalion in 1925 as a Company Chief (Captain).


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery now had to renew in the rank of officer.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

He married Elizabeth Carver in 1927 and was eventually promoted to 1.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

He was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Royal Warwickshire Battalion in 1931 for service with the British in Palestine, Egypt and India.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

He was promoted to colonel and appointed as an instructor at the Indian Army Military College in Quetta, India.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery maintained, as was usual, a connection with his old regiment and, in 1947, became honorary colonel of the regiment.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

In 1937 he became commander of the 9th Brigade and in the same year his wife passed away from illness.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

The following year he was promoted to major general and given command of the 8th Division in Palestine.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

World War II The United Kingdom declared war on Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939, two days after Germany had invaded Poland.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery had by then just assumed command of the 3rd Division and was, along with his division, sent to Belgium as part of the British Transfer Army (BEF).


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

The Germans invaded the Netherlands on 8 May 1940 and the BEF was eventually forced to withdraw to the surroundings of Dunkirk, with the evacuation of BEF and French troops to Great Britain in Operation Dynamo from 26 May.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery was assigned as commander of II Army Corps during the evacuation and was one of over 330,000 British and French soldiers successfully evacuated from Dunkirk by the end of the operation on 4 June.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

North Africa and Italy Shortly after his return to Britain, he was promoted to lieutenant-general and after holding various positions in the Home Islands, he was appointed commander of the 8th Army in North Africa in August 1942 after William Gott, who was originally appointed to the position, was dead after his plane had been shot down en route to Cairo.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery's actions in taking over as commander of the 8th Army deeply indignant Auchinleck and his departing staff.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery announced that he assumed command of the 8th Army on August 12, 1942, against the instructions he received, after he had been sent to familiarize himself with the Army.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

The announcement had no real effect, as he could not have done any more than he was when he was a future commander and he left the 8th Army HQ to avoid objections.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

[1] Montgomery quickly succeeded in raising the morale of the 8th Army, including smearing his predecessor Auchinleck.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery's dismissive and at times insulting attitude towards others unfavorably influenced opinions about his abilities and personality.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

He seemed to have more attraction to the regular soldiers subordinated to him than to several of the officers who acted directly with him.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery tenaciously tried to perform for the troops as often as possible, visiting various units and making himself known to men.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

At the Battle of Alam Halfa, which began on 31 August 1942, Erwin Rommel's forces attempted to puncture the British front line and encircle most of the 8th Army.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

After the ultra-intelligence opened, information on Rommel's plans for the attack was repelled and breakthroughs were stopped before the targets.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

After the battle, Montgomery was criticized for not attacking the retreating Germans.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

However, one of Montgomery's strengths as a commander was that he understood the limits of his troop performance.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

In his estimation, the 8th Army would not have been able to defeat the Germans in a mobile, unstabilized mechanised battle but to engage in such a battle would give the Germans the upper hand.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Although Winston Churchill sacked Auchinleck because this was not offensive enough, to Montgomery Churchill gave more time than Auchinleck had requested to prepare the attack that started the Battle of El Alamein.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Before Montgomery took command, the fighting in North Africa as a whole had been inconclusive; each side won battles but failed to gain the decisive upper hand.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery had observed this and was not going to fight until he could secure a clear victory.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery advocated precise planning and training of his troops, which also gained access to more armour than during Auchinleck's time.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

When the Battle of El Alamein began, 8th Army had 500—700 [1] [2] pieces of the latest model US tanks in service.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

When the greatest concentration of artillery by the British in World War II began on 23 October, Montgomery is confident that he would win, not by troop movement, but by tactical surprise and subsequent fatigue battle.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery described this with the term “killing match” (killing match).


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

British air supremacy, artillery superiority and continued fuel shortages by the Germans inevitably turned the outcome of the battle into an Allied victory.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Rommel began the withdrawal of his troops on 2 November, but Adolf Hitler forbade the retreat and ordered to keep the front lines with his “victory or death” order.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

This was not possible and the motorised force was ordered to withdraw [3], but the 25000 men of the unmotorised infantry were forced to surrender [1].


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

This was for the Britons the first major victory of the war on land.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery received the rank of knighthood and was promoted to general.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery's subsequent slow and steady advance as the Germans withdrew hundreds of miles towards their bases in Tunisia was unimpressive, but it used the logistical and firepower power of the British Army while avoiding battles requiring mobility.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

At the same time, it gave the Allies the impression that the war in North Africa had turned to their success.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery held the initiative, attacking with superiority at his befitting moment and at the same time Rommel withdrew at the same pace towards Tunisia, but was threatened by flank hooks throughout.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

[1] [3] The next major offensive by the Allies was Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Tensions between Montgomery and U.S. commanders began just during the operation in Sicily.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery managed to change the invasion plan in a more cautious direction.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Internal Allied tensions grew when U.S. commanders Eisenhower, Patton and Bradley were injured by Montgomery's attitudes and pretentiousness.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

They were indignant at him, but at the same time appreciated his skills as a general.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery continued in command of the 8th Army in the landings to the Italian mainland.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Shortly after this, he was recalled to the British Isles to take part in the planning of Operation Overlord, the Normandy landings.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery became responsible for the duties of commander of the 21st Army Group prior to the Normandy landings and this group he commanded until the end of the war in Europe.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Normandy Montgomery's role in changing the plans for Operation Overlord was important, as he did not qualify for the first plan but called for an expansion of the offensive.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

The end result was a five-division-strong invasion plan, which, however, was not to Montgomery's credit alone, as even months before his proposal, there had been a desire to reinforce the invasion.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

[4] As when he took command of the 8th Army, so even now Montgomery traveled regularly in his various units to raise morale and oversee progress in training.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

It could very well be that taking care of education was one of his great strengths.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

During and for several months after the Normandy landings, Montgomery commanded all Allied ground forces in Normandy: British, Canadian, and U.S.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

The British troops were stuck outside the city of Caen.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

According to Montgomery's original plan, Caen should have been taken as early as the first day, but that important city was not recaptured until halfway through August.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

This attracted criticism from both US and British senior officers, notably Arthur Tedder, deputy commander of the SHAEF.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery's leadership of the Normandy battles is probably the most controversial topics of his battles.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

In Normandy, the British 2nd Army fought in the east mainly in open ground, but was up against the bulk of German armour including most of the Waffen-SS armoured divisions on the Western Front.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

The U.S. 1st Army in the west again fought in very difficult terrain (bocage), but against less quality German troops.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery's original plan was based on a steady Allied advance with the intention of capturing Caen on the first day and a breakthrough in the east.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

When during this plan failed, Montgomery and his subordinates improvised several operations including Villers-Bocage, Operation Epsom, Operation Charnwood, Operation Goodwood and Operation Cobra.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

As the campaign progressed, Montgomery's statements about the fighting were more the cause of controversy than his actions as commander.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

His later claim that his objective would have been to tie up the bulk of German armoured troops in the vicinity of Caen so that the US forces could have carried out the breakthrough cannot be found in the evidence.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

However, the Allied forces commanded by Montgomery inflicted a decisive defeat on the Germans, destroying their forces in Normandy, capturing Paris and blockading large numbers of Germans at Falaise mot and laying the groundwork for a rapid advance to the German border.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery's action in the Normandy invasion has been criticized by many who scolded his designs as unimaginative and too rigid.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

The issue is not this one-sided, but ignores the strengths and weaknesses of the various parties involved.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery was very successful in carefully planned superiority raids like El Alamein.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

His defenders point to, as one reason for caution, that he led a force composed mainly of Britons and Canadians.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

He was aware that these forces were limited and could not be replenished easily, so they should not be sacrificed unnecessarily.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

His US counterparts Bradley and Patton, by contrast, were able to use the nearly endless U.S. crew reserve.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Transfer from command of ground forces Eventually, the numerical superiority of US forces in Europe made it politically impossible for the commander of the ground forces to have been British.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Eisenhower assumed the position of commander of the ground forces while still continuing to serve as commander-in-chief as well and Montgomery was reinstated as commander of the 21st Army Group.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery was bitterly angered by this change, although it had been agreed even before the invasion.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Winston Churchill promoted Montgomery to field marshal as compensation for this.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery's turbulent personality and tactlessness through the war almost led to a rift in the Allied high command.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

The most notable of these led to Eisenhower's decision on a one-line strategy of attack into the Ruhr region, which manifested itself as Operation Market Garden.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

The result of the operation was the defeat of the 1st Parachute Division outside Arnhem.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

British Lieutenant-General Frederick Browning is alleged to have said the plans for the first time when he saw: “I think there may be one bridge too many in this.” However, there is no evidence for this.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery still claimed that all the fighting went according to his plans despite contrary evidence, even claiming that the operation had been a 90% success.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery was able to establish loyalty in his staffs and troops.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

These men defended him enthusiastically even after the war, as the British war historian Richard Holmes was allowed to observe when he was critical of Montgomery.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

However, he also caused much disgust among some British officers, who perhaps were more traditional, disliked his self-emphasis and pretentious attitude, and found his personality distasteful.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

On 7 January 1945, Montgomery held a press conference in which he downplayed the part of US generals in the Allied victory at the Battle of the Ardennes, in which he was put under the command of General Courtney Hodges' 1st Army, which had been temporarily detached from the U.S. 12th Army Group.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

This provoked controversy and indignation on the part of the Americans, who felt that Montgomery held back his troops from combat for too long, and also did not note that the US were handling the bulk of the combat action.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Later life and polemic After the war Montgomery was made 1.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Viscount of Alamein in 1946.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

His reputation was tarnished two decades after his death when previously secret papers revealed in 1999 contained evidence of racism from 1947 to 1948, when he was commander of the Land Forces.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

During that time, he was ordered to keep secret his views which went against the official British line and delegates checked that his public appearances remained in line.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Montgomery's memoirs have been seen by some as being overly critical of wartime counterparts.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

His tenuous friendship with Eisenhower ended with the publication of his memoirs.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

In 1967, Montgomery attracted attention by campaigning against the legalisation of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, but later has his biographer have raised the suspicion that Montgomery himself would have been a “repressed homosexual”.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

[5] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Montgomery, Bernard Law| title = Warfare through the times| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1973| version = (A History of Warfare, 1968.)


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Editorial: John Hadfield & George Speaight.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

Translated by Tauno Kuosa| id = ISBN 951-0-00649-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery | others = Translated by Kivilahti, Toivo J.| location = Porvoo| publisher = Werner Söderström Company| year = 1959| version = The Memoirs of Field-Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, K. G.


Question: What was Bernard Montgomery's first fight?

Bernard Montgomery

(1958)}} Class:British persons of World War II Category:British marshals Class:Order of the Bath Class:Those born in 1887 Class:Those who died in 1976


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Harvey Bernard Milk (May 22, 1930 in Woodmere, New York — November 27, 1978, San Francisco, California) was an American politician and the first openly homosexual man elected to public office in California, namely the San Francisco City Council ().


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Politics and activism were not among his early interests: he did not openly share his homosexuality or participate in politics until middle age and his experiences in the 1960s counterculture circle.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk moved in 1972 from New York City to San Francisco's Castro neighborhood, which was hit by mass migration of gay men and lesbians.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He first ran for city council in 1973, but did not yet get elected.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

His campaign was compared to the theater because of his brashness, outspoken, liveliness and crassness, which brought him both media attention and voices.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He campaigned again in the next two city council elections and received enough backlash from voters that he also ran for the California House of Representatives.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Capitalizing on his growing popularity, he led the gay political movement in battles against anti-gay initiatives.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk was eventually elected to the city council in 1977.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk served as councillor for nearly eleven months and was responsible for passing a strict gay rights ordinance.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

On November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan White.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

White was a city councillor who had resigned from office a little earlier, who wanted his job back.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Both the election of Milk and the events that followed his murder were indicative of the liberalization of the townspeople and political disputes between the city administration and the conservative police force.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk has become an icon in San Francisco and has been described by San Francisco University professor Peter Novak as a “gay rights martyr.”


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[1] In 2002, he was called “the most famous and remarkably open-minded LGBT official ever elected in the United States”.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[2] Writer John Cloud noted of his influence: “After he had defied San Francisco's ruling class in 1977 to become a member of the City Council, many people—straight and gay—had to adapt to the new reality of which he was: that gay can live an honest life and prosper.” [3] Childhood and Adolescence Harvey Bernard Milk was born in Woodmere on Long Island on May 22, 1930 to William and Minerva Karns Milk.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He was the younger son of his Eastern European Jewish parents and grandson of Morris Milk, a Lithuanian merchant.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Morris Milk owned a department store [4] [5] and helped establish the first synagogue in the area.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[6] As a child, Milk was bullied for his fluffy ears, a large nose and too large feet and often gained attention as a class clown.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He played American football at school and had a penchant for opera.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

As a teenager, he confessed to being homosexual, but kept it strictly a secret.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

The high school yearbook read under her name, “Glimpy Milk — and they say WOMEN never go speechless.”


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[7] Milk attended the New York State College for Teachers at Albany (now the University at Albany) from 1947 to 1951 majoring in mathematics.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He wrote for the university paper and gained fame as a gregarious and friendly student.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

None of his friends in high school or college ever suspected he was gay.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

One classmate remembered that “He was never considered a potential queer — that's why they were called at the time — he was a manly man”.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[8] After graduating, Milk joined the United States Navy at the time of the Korean War.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He served on the submarine USS Kittiwake as a diver.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He later transferred to San Diego Naval Base as a diving instructor.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[5] In 1955, he was discharged from the Navy as a lieutenant (). [note.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

1] Beginning of a Career Milk's early stages of his career were marked by dense changes; in his later years he enjoyed recounting how he grew out of the role of a middle-class Jewish boy.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He began teaching at George W. Hewlett High School on Long Island.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

In 1956, he met Joe Campbell on the sandy beach of Jacob Riis Park, an area popular with gay men in Queens.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Campbell was seven years younger than Milk and Milk pursued him passionately.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Even after they had moved in together Milk wrote romantic messages and poems to Campbell.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[9] They quickly bored their lives and decided to move to Texas, but didn't feel comfortable there and moved back to New York, where Milk got a job with an insurance company.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[10] Campbell and Milk divorced after nearly six years; the relationship remained the longest of her life.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk tried to keep his early romantic life separate from his family and work.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

She was now bored and single again and living in New York City.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

She considered moving to Miami, where she would have married her lesbian friend “to get [en]... a facade & neither would stand in the other's way”.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[10] However, she remained in New York and secretly sought a relationship.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

In 1962, Milk became acquainted with Craig Rodwell, who was ten years younger than him.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Although Milk flaunted Rodwell enthusiastically, waking him up every morning with a phone call and sending him messages, Milk did not like the fact that Rodwell was involved in the activities of the New York branch of the Mattachine Society, a gay activist organization.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

When Rodwell was arrested for walking in Riis Park and charged with inciting a riot and promiscuous dressing (by law, men's swimming outfits had to extend from above the navel to below the thigh), he went to jail for three days.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk was startled by Rodwell's tendency to agitate the police, and the relationship soon ended.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[11] Milk abruptly quit his job as an insurance agent and became a researcher for Bache & Company on Wall Street.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He was promoted several times, although he used to offend senior members of the company by ignoring their advice and reeling with his success.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Although he was skilled at what he did, his co-workers sensed he wasn't in it with his heart.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[4] Milk began a relationship with Jack Galen McKinley and recruited him to fight against the growth of state government by persuading him to work for the presidential campaign of conservative Republican Barry Goldwater in 1964.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[12] Their relationship was difficult: McKinley became easily depressed and often threatened to commit suicide if Milk didn't give him enough attention.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[13] Milk took McKinley to the hospital, where Milk's former partner Joe Campbell was recovering from a suicide attempt: Campbell had tried to kill himself after his lover — a man named Billy Sipple — had left him.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk had remained a friend of Campbell, who had entered the avant-garde art scene of Greenwich Village, and was unable to understand why hopelessness was reason enough for Campbell to consider suicide.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[14] Moving to San Francisco The rise of Castro Street in San Francisco's Eureka Valley, where Market Street and Castro Street intersect, had been for decades a residential area for working-class and Catholic Irish people.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Beginning in the 1960s, however, young families with children began moving to the Berkeley and Oakland suburbs and the city's economic base rapazed as factories moved to lower-cost areas nearby.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Mayor Joseph Alioto was proud of his working-class background and supporters.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

His main political goals included attracting developers and a cardinal to the city.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Many in Labor, who were frequent Alito backers, lost their jobs as factory and dry dock jobs gave way to big service companies.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

San Francisco had been a “city of villages”: it did not have a single dominant center and consisted of ethnic enclaves, all centred around its own main street.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[15] As the downtown area developed, other neighborhoods suffered, including Castro Street.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[16] Shops were closed, houses were abandoned and closed.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[17] In 1963, property prices plummeted when a gay bar opened in the borough and most working-class families tried to sell their apartments thereafter.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Hippies bought some of the cheap Victorian houses.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

They were attracted by the ideals of free love in the Haight-Ashbury area but feared the high crime rate in the area.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Since the end of World War II, San Francisco had been home to an abundance of gay men who had been discharged from the military and had chosen to stay in the city instead of returning to their home region and facing discrimination.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[18] As early as 1969, a higher percentage of San Francisco residents were gay than in any other U.S. city; when the National Institute of Mental Health asked the Kinsey Institute to conduct research among homosexuals, the institute chose San Francisco as the most important as its target.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[19] Milk and McKinley were among the thousands of gay men attracted to San Francisco.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

McKinley worked as a set designer for director Tom O'Horgan, who had begun his career in experimental theatre but soon moved on to larger Broadway productions.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

The men arrived in the city in 1969 accompanied by a tour of the musical Hair.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

However, McKinley was offered a job on a production of Jesus Christ Superstar in New York, and their tumultuous relationship came to an end.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

The city pleased Milk so much that he decided to stay there and start working at an investment company.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

When the United States invaded Cambodia in 1970, Milk became increasingly frustrated with the prevailing political climate and began growing her hair.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

When he was told to cut them, he refused and was dismissed.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[20] Milk drifted from California to Texas and New York without a permanent job or plan.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

In New York, he began doing work for O'Horgan's theatre troupe as a “general assistant”, and was taken on as associate producer on Lenny and Eve Merriam's Inner City play.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[21] [22] The time spent with the flower children had consumed away much of his conservatism.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

In an article on O'Horgan in the New York Times, Milk was described as: “a man with sad eyes—yet another aging hippie with his long, long hair, faded jeans and pretty pearls.”


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[22] Craig Rodwell read a description of a man with great strength earlier and wondered if it could be about the same person.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[23] One of Milk's friends on Wall Street was apprehensive that Milk seemed to have no plan or future at all, but remembered Milk's attitude: “I think he was happier than ever before in his entire life.” [23] Milk met someone 20 years younger than himself. Scott smith and embarked on a new relationship.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He and Smith, who could no longer be separated from other long-haired and -bearded hippies, returned to San Francisco and lived off the money they had saved.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[23] In 1972 Milk took a roll of film to be developed, but it was ruined; with his last thousand dollars, Milk opened a camera shop on Castro Street.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[24] Changing politics In the late 1960s, the Society for Individual Rights (SIR) and the Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) began to oppose the persecution of gay bars by police in San Francisco and the policy of inciting gay men to commit crimes ().


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Oral sex was still a crime and in 1970 nearly 90 lives were arrested for its practice in the city.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Some men chose to have sex at night in public parks because they lived in rented apartments and didn't want to be evicted after being caught having sex.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

In gay bars, they might have been arrested.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Mayor Alioto asked police to patrol the parks and hoped his decision would please the archdiocese and his Catholic supporters.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

In 1971, a total of 2800 gay men were arrested in San Francisco for having sex in a public place.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

By comparison, only 63 arrests were made in New York for the same crime in the same year.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[25] Any arrest for a chastity offence amounted to registration as a sex offender ().


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[26] Phillip Burton, Willie Brown, and other Californian politicians noticed an increase in the influence and degree of organization of homosexuals and sought their votes by attending meetings of gay and lesbian organizations.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Brown pushed for the legalization of sex between full-fledged adults in 1969 but was unsuccessful.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[27] SIR's support for his mayoral campaign was also pursued by Dianne Feinstein, a moderate city councilwoman who opposed Alioto.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Former police officer Richard Hongisto worked for ten years to change the conservative views of the San Francisco Police and also actively solicited support from the gay community, which helped him by raising a substantial sum of money for his sheriff's election campaign.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Although Feinstein was not successful, Hongisto's election victory in 1971 was a testament to the political clout of the gay community.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[28] SIR had intensified enough to be active in politics.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

In 1971, SIR members Jim Foster, Rick Stokes, and Advocate's publisher David Goodstein formed the Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club, which was known simply as “Alice”.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Alice befriended liberal politicians and tried to persuade them to support the bills.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

The club succeeded in its goal in 1972 when Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon won Feinstein's support for a decree banning employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Alice chose Stokes to run for a relatively insignificant seat on the school board ().


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Stokes received 45,000 votes, but campaigned quietly and modestly and did not win.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[29] Foster, however, rose to the consciousness of the entire nation when he became the first openly gay man to give a speech at a party conference.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

His speech at the Democratic Party Convention in 1972 ensured that SanFranciscan politicians had to listen to his voice when they wanted to know the opinion of the gay community, or specifically to win the community's votes over in elections.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[30] One day in 1973, a government clerk entered a store called Castro Camera owned by Milk and told him that he owed the state a hundred dollars in sales tax.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk viewed the claim with suspicion and quarreled with the man over the rights of the traders; after Milk had complained about it for weeks at state offices, the debt was reduced to $30.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Later, a teacher came to his shop to borrow a projector because the school's hardware wasn't working, and Milk raged about administration priorities.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

His friends also recall that they had to stop him kicking the TV when U.S. Attorney General John N. Mitchell answered questions during Watergate interrogations with a constant “I don't remember.”


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[31] Milk decided that the time to run for city councillor had come.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He later stated that “I had eventually come to the point where I knew I had to either get involved in politics or shut my mouth.” [32] Milk was icily received by campaigns in San Francisco's gay political clique.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Jim Foster, who had been active in politics for ten years, did not like the fact that a newcomer asked for his support for a post as valuable as city councillor.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Foster told Milk, “There's an old saying in the Democratic Party.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

You can't dance unless you pile chairs aside first.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

I've never seen you pile on chairs.” [34] Milk was angered by the rude comment, and the conversation marked the beginning of an antagonistic relationship between Alice and Milk.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Some gay bar owners decided to support Milk's candidacy: they were still fighting police harassment and found Alice's approach too timid.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[35] Although Milk had hitherto wandered through his life, according to journalist Frances FitzGerald, he now found his calling: FitzGerald called him an “innate politician”.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[15] At first Milk's inexperience was visible.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He tried to get by without money, support and staff, relying instead on his message of stable finances, with an emphasis on the interests of individuals rather than those of big business and government.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[15] He supported changing city council elections so that councillors would be elected from boroughs rather than a city-wide constituency.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

It would have reduced the influence of money and given boroughs more weight in city governance.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He also supported socially liberal ideas, opposed administration meddling in private sexual affairs, and supported marijuana legalization.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Fiery and pretentious speeches and artful media talents brought Milk a considerable amount of attention in the 1973 election.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He received 16900 votes, a large vote share in Castro and other Liberal boroughs, and came tenth out of a total of 32 candidates.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[36] If the constituencies had been rearranged according to boroughs, he would have gained access to the council.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[37] Mayor of Castro Street Early in his political career, Milk seemed to be engaged in building coalitions.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

The Teamsters trade union wanted strikes against beer distributors, who refused to sign the union's contract.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

The union organizer asked Milk for help with gay bars; in return, Milk asked the union to hire more gay drivers.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

After a few days, Milk toured gay bars in and around the Castro district urging them to refuse beer sales.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

The Teamsters had also recruited Arab- and Chinese-owned grocery stores for the campaign, so it was extremely successful.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[38] Milk found a powerful political ally in the unions, and around this time he began to refer to himself as the “Mayor of Castro Street”.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[39] As Castro Street grew, Milk's reputation also grew.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Tom O'Horgan stated that “Harvey spent the vast majority of his life searching for the stage of performing.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

On Castro Street, he finally found it.” [24] Tensions between the older residents of Most Holy Redeemer Parish in the area and gay men who moved to Castro's borough intensified in 1973.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

When two gay men tried to open an antique shop, the Eureka Valley Merchants Association (EVMA) probed preventing them from obtaining a marketing permit.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk and a few other gay shop owners founded the Castro Village Association, of which Milk served as president.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He often reiterated his philosophy that gays should buy from gay-owned shops.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk organized the Castro Street Fair in 1974 to attract more customers to the area.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[5] Over 5000 people attended the event and some members of the ESMA were shocked: they sold more goods during Castro Street Fair than on any other day before.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[40] A serious candidate Although Milk was a newcomer to the Castro district, he showed leadership in his small community.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He was reduced to being taken as a candidate seriously, so he decided to stand for re-election to the council in 1975.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk changed his approach: he cut his long hair, stopped using marijuana and vowed never to visit a gay spa again.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[41] Milk won the support of the Teamsters trade union and the firefighters' and construction workers' unions for his campaign.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Castro Camera became the center of activity for the borough.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk often used to pick people off the street to join his campaign — many later discovered that they happened to be the type of men Milk found attractive.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[42] Milk advocated the support of small businesses and the growth of boroughs.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[43] Since 1968, Mayor Alioto had attracted big business to San Francisco despite critics berating him for “the Manhattanization of San Francisco”.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[44] As working-class jobs were replaced by those in the service sector, the electorate of Alioto declined and the opportunity arose to elect a new leader for the town.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

George Moscone was elected mayor.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Moscone had played a crucial role in repealing the sodomy law in California state government earlier that year.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He recognized that Milk had influenced his election by visiting Milk's election supervisor, thanking Milk personally and offering him a position as a civil servant ().


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Milk came in seventh place in the election, just one place short of a city councillor seat.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[45] Liberal politicians gained the seats of mayor, district attorney, and sheriff.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Despite the city's new leadership, the Conservatives still had their own strongholds.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

One of Moscone's first actions as mayor was the appointment of Police Master for the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD).


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

He elected the post against Charles Gain's wishes of the SFPD.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Gain was disliked by the majority of police officers, who had criticised police in the press for racism and alcohol consumption during working hours and had not worked to change attitudes within the chain of command. [note.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

2] At the mayor's request, Gain made it clear that gay police officers would be welcomed in the city; the issue emerged as news throughout the country.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

Police officers expressed their anger at Gain and considered the mayor a traitor.


Question: In what years Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor of California?

Harvey Milk

[46] “Heroic Acts” Milk's status as a representative of San Francisco's gay community intensified.