Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war name was commonly used on both sides of the front during the war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Whites additionally used the names Red Rebellion and Rebellion.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the late stages of the war and beyond, the victors” side began to emphasize the national nature of the war as a war of liberation against Russia and the Reds it supported.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[9] In part of historical research, the war is now mainly referred to as the Civil War, which is also better suited to international practice.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Although it is artificial and developed to suit the needs of the historiography of the moment.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war term describes the nature of war neutrally (cf.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

the Revolutionary War, Class War) and include foreign powers involvement in the war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the use of the term freedom war has experienced a subtle renaissance in Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[10] [11] [12] The Roots of War Fundamentals In the 19th century, the Grand Duchy of Finland became industrialised, economic and political activities became vacant and the population grew.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

This changed the structure of the prevailing legal society and created conflicts.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The internal dominance of the enactments changed as the peasants and bourgeoisie grew stronger.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, the most significant change was the growth of non-regulated populations, the number of land and industrial working people and the rise of self-worth, socialism, nationalism and also liberalism as their tools.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish labour movement emerged at the end of the 19th century from the foundations of folk and revival movements, with the slow but steady progress of mental and material conditions.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The labour movement acquired a national character under the influence of Fennomania, and its breakthrough was significantly promoted by the Great Strike that broke out in Russia and Finland in 1905.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Subsequently, the radical parliamentary reform in Finland in 1906 did not reduce social tensions, as the Russian Emperor and the Finns mutual conflicts prevented the full functioning of the parliament between 1907 and 1916.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The influence of the regulation system thus continued until 1917, and the Finnish political system was in an unsettled state of change.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

This slowed down the implementation of social reforms and sharpened the attitudes of working people.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

With the Russification periods 1899—1916 (years of repression) and the intensification of Finnish nation-thinking, efforts to detach Finland from Russia and also to achieve state independence increased.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition to peaceful resistance and action, activism in favour of armed resistance arose in the country and the ice cap movement with it.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[13] The decisive factor behind the 1918 war was the increased internal instability in the Russian Empire since the beginning of the 20th century, most strongly influenced by World War I.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Great War had led to an internal crisis in Russia and the fragmentation of the entire empire, as well as the creation of a wide power vacuum and a struggle for power.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[14] With the dissolution of Russia in the Revolutions of March and November 1917, Finland first fragmented state power.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Together, these caused a political, economic and military crisis in the country and eventually led to the breakdown of Finnish society as a whole.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[15] The Bolsheviks led by Lenin who sought power in Saint Petersburg, with their support and demands, pressed the Finnish labour movement to carry out the revolution.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[16] The Bolsheviks in Finland were in close contact with the Russian Bolsheviks, and the Finns helped the Russian Bolsheviks hold their secret meetings in Finland, where the ohrana activities of Russian intelligence were not as effective as in Russia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[17] [18] However, the Russian revolutions of 1917 did not spread and were not separately spread to Finland; the country was immediately within their sphere of influence as part of Russia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, the process of disintegration of society and the struggle for power were simultaneous and similar in the mother country and Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

They were mainly due to the same circumstances [19] The German Empire was another superpower besides Russia, whose takeover plans and economic interests in Eastern Europe influenced events in Finland between 1917 and 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish ice cap movement was part of German plans.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Activists in Finland planned to extract the country from Russia using German bayonets and ice hangers.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the 1917 situation of World War I, the German leadership decided to support the Bolsheviks financially, as well as to promote the relocation of Lenin and some other Bolsheviks from exile in Switzerland to Saint Petersburg in April.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The hope was that Lenin would seize power in Russia and renounce the war, which in turn would free Germany from a heavy two-front war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, Germany contributed two ways to the emergence of civil war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[20] Divided people As a result of the long-established social system in the country, the Finnish people were divided in two economically, socially and politically.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The division is described by counterparts: weathers—raffish, independent—unindependent and ownership—non-owning population, employers—workers, civility—"people”, upper class—lower class.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Industrial capitalism increased the standard of living of working people steadily from the late 19th century onwards, but on the other hand the standard of living of the upper class increased more.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

With the fracture of the emperor's rule in 1917, there was no national unity in Finland to develop the country as well as to create a new internal order.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Instead, social division led to fierce domestic political infighting and the emergence of the so-called dual power that preceded the civil war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The dispute took advantage of Finland's dependence on Russia, and the power struggle was linked to the internal Russian crisis and the war between Germany and Russia as a question of Finnish control.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The pursuit of Finnish sovereign independence was one of the few objectives on which the Finns were finally unanimous.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, the goal was drowned out under internal power disputes.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[21] The internal struggle for power and the breakdown of society during 1917 was reflected by many phenomena.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

These included the reluctance and inability to make political compromise, as well as the food and unemployment crisis and resulting unrest.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Problems with working conditions and local democracy, including working-time legislation and the lack of universal and equal suffrage in municipal elections, caused rife strikes in industry and agriculture, eventually joining the struggle for state power.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

When, since March, there was no ordinary-keeping power jointly accepted by different groups of power in Finland, the upper layer of society began to establish their own ordinances (later.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

patronage municipalities) and the working population of the Ordinary Guards (later.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Red Guards).


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Their arming and radicalization, especially during the Great Strike of November 1917, fuelled fear, threat thinking and political violence in the country, and also altered power relations within power groups.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

During the winter of 1917—1918, both within the labour movement and the conservatives and bourgeoisie, decision-making power shifted from moderate circles to soldiers and armed troops (the so-called armed fortresses of Southern Finland and Southern Ostrobothnia), eventually leading to military conflict.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[22] Pre-war events March Revolution The drug of freedom Emperor Nicholas II relinquished power on 15 March 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In Russia, power was taken by the Duma and the provisional government imposed by it.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the Grand Duchy of Finland, the second and at the same time last period of Russification ended on 20 March with the manifesto of the so-called March of the Provisional Government, which restored the situation between Finland and the mother country to a time before the reign of Nikolai Bobrikov.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

For the first time, the Finnish Parliament gained the dominance imposed on it in 1906.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 26 March, on the basis of the SDP's electoral victory in the 1916 parliamentary elections, a Tokai Senate was appointed to the country, with six socialists and six non-socialists as its members.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate program included efforts to expand democracy and the removal of a temporary government veto.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the aim was to develop municipal democracy and working conditions, including working time laws and social insurance, and the enactment of the Compulsory Education and Religious Freedom Act.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The conservatives (RKP, Old Finns and Young Finns “swallows”), as well as other bourgeois, non-socialists (liberal NuorFinns “sparrows” and the Agrarian League), welcomed the bourgeoisie of the provisional government and the fall of the quasi-dictatorial empress and to the end of the repressive period.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The future seemed to increase opportunities for the diversification and development of entrepreneurship and economic activities.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Despite the bourgeoisie nature of the Provisional Government, from the perspective of the labour movement, the development was even more cataclysmic; the power of the Socialist-majority parliament grew and regulations that limited the workforce's activities, including the ban on strikes, barriers to freedom of speech and print, fell.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The working population seemed to finally have the opportunity to achieve a position already belonging to its population in society.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[23] The Year of Fears and Hopes, however, the narcotic and positive outlook of liberation remained short-lived.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Finland's domestic political situation deteriorated, and the breakdown of society that began in March proceeded at an accelerating pace.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the broad picture, the Finns of 1917 were “at the interface” where the legal society was becoming a more democratic civil society.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the one hand, traditions and attitudes of the old system were still prevalent, but on the other hand, with the spread of popular thinking, the inequalities of the regulation system previously considered natural were no longer accepted.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 1917, the new system was still looking for its way, and the direction of development became a major subject of controversy and struggle.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The change and its momentum began to frighten conservatives and non-socialists alike.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

For the labor movement, development looked too slow.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The cataclysmic shift from enactment power to parliamentarianism and universal suffrage caused by the 1905 Great Strike influenced the actions of both the working people and the bourgeoisie in 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The workers' circle did not want a repeat of the “Tsarist setback” of 1908—1916, and on the other hand, in 1905 it had also been learned that revolution may have been the quickest path to “progress”.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The loss of state (enacted) power faced by conservatives and burghers in 1906 was not concreted until the March 1917 Revolution and then the situation threatened to lead to a decline in economic power as well.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[24] In terms of the economy, the situation of both the industrial working population and industrial employers deteriorated significantly during 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 1914—1916, the First World War caused a positive “war boom” in Finnish economic life, which clearly strengthened the economy of not only employers but also workers.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The March Revolution collapsed this development, causing unemployment and strong inflation.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The sudden deterioration of the working people's finances, coupled with the deteriorating food situation, created uncertainty and fear in the workers, laying the groundwork for strike movement and other unrest.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[25] The Senate of Tokai formed a weak government from the Tokoi Senate.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The fundamental problem was that neither the social democrats nor the burghers participated fully in the government.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Due to a power dispute between power groups and fear of political careers becoming scarred, the best forces of the SDP and the non-socialists were not included.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The politically advantageous situation long awaited by the Socialists, despite the majority in Parliament, could not be exploited because the working population lacked economic power.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The burghers had economic power, but they pursued a bourgeois majority parliament and senate as an extension.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[26] The weak political position of the Tokai Senate and later the Svinhufvud Senate characterised the dissolution of state power in 1917—1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The power lost by the Russian emperor in March 1917 was dispersed in several directions: in addition to the Provisional Government, the Senate of Finland, Parliament and other administrations, power was transferred to a significant extent on the street to workers' and military councils, strike organisations and mass rallies, as well as employers for active interest groups.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[27] Crisis blanks During its short life cycle, the Tokai Senate had to contend with at least four problems: the strike movements of spring 1917, food shortages and Finland's position in relation to Russia, and the question of ordinal power.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate survived fairly little of the strike crafting that began in April—May 1917 in industry and agriculture.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The main requirement of working people in strikes was an eight-hour working day.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

There was also a desire for wage increases to offset intensifying inflation.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The strikes were resolved mostly through negotiations between employers and workers, and mainly for the benefit of workers.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The outcome of the dispute elevated working people's self-esteem and faith in mass power, but embittered employers over economic losses and unrest associated with the strikes.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the labourers had used Russian soldiers in some places as support for their demands.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The upheaval caused by the March Revolution increased the mass power of the working population significantly also through the increased organization of workers; from late 1916 to the end of 1917, the number of members of the Finnish Vocational Organisation more than quadrupled to about 160,000.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The employer side was also organized, in the autumn of 1917 the Finnish Employers Confederation and the Confederation of Agricultural Producers were established.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[28] Frontier prices had been imposed for food as early as 1914 and in 1917 food shortages continued to worsen as imports of bread grain from Russia collapsed.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Mainly because of that, a food law was enacted in Finland (2 June 1917), under which the state had the right to confiscate excess food stocks and distribute them for public use.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, the enforcement and implementation of the Act was left completely halfway, resulting in higher food prices and some supply disappearing into bootlegging due to food inventory inspections, seizures and border prices required by law.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[29] However, food shortages were mainly grain shortages and specifically a price crisis for the poorest part of the population affected by unemployment.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the bread shortages could be offset by other products because bread grain accounted for 10 to 20 percent of the average family's food consumption.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Food products were on the cards, queued up and were periodically in short supply, but large-scale hunger was not seen in southern Finland until the 1918 war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[29] [30] However, the issue developed into a political issue between the working people and the producers and the producers, where “the fear of starvation was a punk”.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Many agricultural producers saw food confiscations and inventory inspections as socialist class policies encroaching on private ownership, and urban working populations in particular were embittered by expensive bootlegging, food export trade to Saint Petersburg, among others, and perception, that there was something deliberate about the trouble.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The provocative news coverage of the newspaper press also played a large part in the escalation of moods as the year 1917 wore on.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[31] [32] [33] Power Law The struggle for power to Nicholas II, Grand Duke of Finland, has been considered to have passed to the provisional Russian government after the March 1917 Revolution.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, its position was uncertain throughout its short lifespan, and ultimately unclear with regard to Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the revolutionary situation, as the internal disintegration of Russia progressed due to war and infighting, the composition of the government changed several times and on the other hand the power of local regional councils and committees increased.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[34] The Russian Provisional Government was to function until the Russian Constituent National Assembly would decide on the country's future statesmanship.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The restoration of autonomy and the extension of self-government in Finland just before the Russification periods, and finally the realization of full independence, were essentially the objectives of all parties in 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Due to infighting and social unrest, conservatives began to hesitate to increase the power of the socialist-majority parliament.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Social Democrats, for their part, are seeking to expand the country's independence and, by means of it, as a follow-up to the political victories of spring and early summer, their domestic political power.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The SDP initially sought cooperation with the Provisional Government on the issue and sought support from the Russian parties for their plans, but ultimately received positive backlash only from the Bolsheviks led by Lenin.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin was planning a coup as early as the summer of 1917 and supported the intentions of the Socialists as they contributed to weakening the position of the Provisional Government.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[35] Two lines arose in the Tokoi Senate to resolve the issue of supreme power in Finland: Lex Tulenheimo named after Senator Antti Tulenheimo, who was responsible for judicial affairs, and the idea of transferring power to parliament, matured within the SDP.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

According to Lex Tulenheimo, the provisional government's power over Finland would have been transferred mostly to the Senate.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the mother country, it would have been decided on the convening, opening and disbanding of the Riksdag, as well as military affairs and foreign policy.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Power Law, on the other hand, sought to concentrate most of the power in the Finnish parliament, and Russia would have had more to say in foreign policy and military matters.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

One cornerstone of the power bill was the wish for changes in the makeup of the interim government or its overthrow.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In Lex Tulenheimo's parliamentary proceedings, the contents of the bill were completely transformed into parliamentary authority, thus becoming a power law.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It was adopted in parliament in an emotive vote of Socialists, partly Agrarian and bourgeois independents (e.g.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

activists) by votes on 18 July 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Parliamentary Powers Act was staunchly opposed by Conservative MPs, with some lodging calls to resign from parliament.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[36] However, Aleksandr Kerenski, who rose to head the Provisional Government in Russia, did not accept the power law.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

He strengthened military forces in Finland, as well as dissolving parliament on 31 July.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Early parliamentary elections were ordered to take place in October 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the summer of 1917, Finland acquired a new meaning for Russia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition to and instead of being a supplier of food and goods, the land became a military outpost of the city of St. Petersburg, which could not be abandoned.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[37] The short story of Tokoi's broad-based Senate in Finland ended 13—17.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on August 1, with key socialist senators resigning from it, and from 1 to 2.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the early parliamentary elections on October, the SDP suffered an electoral defeat and remained in opposition.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Instead of increasing power, the working population lost the political strength it had gained in the spring of 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

When the SDP remained out of the Senate, workers' attitudes sharply sharply sharply sharply and faith in the solutions to key everyday problems such as food shortages diminished.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Conversely, the political role of the labor movement changed.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish conservatives who opposed the Power Act took advantage of the decision of the interim government to domestic political advantage and cooperated with the Russians in drafting and adopting the dissolution manifesto of parliament.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The bourgeois Minister-Secretary of State Carl Enckell was active in Saint Petersburg, promoting the dominance of his own political background group.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, the pendulum of power politics shifted sharply from left to right.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The dispute over supreme power linked the internal power crises of Finland and the mother country more closely to each other, with the Finnish socialists and burghers taking advantage of the so-called “St Petersburg card”.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[38] Eventually, both political power groups, both conservatives and socialists, lost in the “power law conflict”, because as a result, a parliamentary power vacuum was created in Finland during a very critical period of internal politics, which continued from early August until early November 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Due to the dissolution of parliament, the country had neither a politically strong government nor a parliament that could have effectively intervened in the increasingly deteriorating domestic political developments.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Symptomatic was that the first victim of the 1917—1918 crisis, a laborer on picket duty, died instantly in August from a bullet fired by police in Ypäja's agricultural unrest.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[39] [40] October Revolution and November Grand Strike Bolsheviks toppled the Provisional Government under Lenin in the October Revolution on 7 November 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At the same time, the Finnish parliament and parliamentary power were getting back on their feet again.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, the country was at that point more internally divided than it was in March 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Within the SDP, ways of restoring state power to the working population were considered and the Conservatives held firm on the dominance they had regained, which also appeared to be threatened by the renewed Russian subversion.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The non-socialist-majority parliament met for the first time after the elections on 1 November and approved the establishment of a state administrator in the country on 9 November, but the leadership model of three state administrators (Alkio, Svinhufvud, Tokoi) was unable to be implemented.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

By the beginning of November, two different policy options had been formed for the Labour Movement and the Social Democratic Party: parliamentary work or starting a revolution.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The SDP, which remained in opposition, put forward its own We Demand programme instead of the state government, calling for social reforms, the abolition of patronage municipalities, the passage of a previous power law and the annulment of the results of the October parliamentary elections.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The programme was not approved by the non-Socialists, and on 12 November it was decided that it was not even taken up for consideration in parliament because the motion did not meet the “formal requirements” in the Speaker's view.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[41] Fourteen-hour revolution Since November 1917 at the latest, Jukka Rahja, Eino Rahja and Adolf Taimi of the St. Petersburg Bolsheviks in both Helsinki and Saint Petersburg began to grow.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

For the Bolsheviks, as for the Provisional Government, Finland was an important part of Russia, whose control had a bipolar effect.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

After the “Days of July”, the country and the warmen there had become a support base for Lenin in the direction of Saint Petersburg, and on the other hand Finland served as a buffer area against Germany.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Social Democrats, on the other hand, considered requesting a manifesto implementing Finnish state independence from Soviet Russia on 10 November, but the unclear situation in Saint Petersburg prevented the intention.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[42] Lenin encouraged the Finnish Social Democrats to make a revolution: “Rise up, rise without delay and take power into the hands of the organised working people.” [16] [43] Finland's “reluctant revolutionaries” did not follow the Bolshevik calls for subversion, but balanced the various options in between.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[44] [45] In the autumn of 1917, Lenin, while hiding in Helsinki, had worked out his plans for the SDP, so that the arrival of the November subversion was partly known to the Finns, but no plans for cooperation with the Bolsheviks had been drawn up in advance.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The change of power in Saint Petersburg provided new opportunities for action for the Socialists after the autumn disappointments, but the leadership of the SDP and members of the parliamentary group were predominantly moderate.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The revolution gained support mainly in part of the trade organisation, in the new Workers' Guards and the Parliament of Workers' Organizations in Helsinki.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Bolshevik claims additionally lacked a real base, as their position in St. Petersburg was very precarious.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin was forced to request and transfer loyal troops in Finland for assistance to the capital.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[34] [46] [47] At the headquarters of the Bolsheviks Helsinki Council, the present Presidential Palace, a pre-revolutionary meeting was held on November 8, 1917, in which three Russian communists were present: Pavlo Dybenko, A.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

L. Seinman and Ivar Smilga, as well as Jukka Rahja, a Bolshevik from St. Petersburg and, in addition to them, seven Finnish Social Democrats; Kullervo Manner, K. H. Wiik, Edvard Gylling, Matti Turkia, Pietikäinen, Torniainen and Otto Wille Kuusinen.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

After a long negotiation and pressure from the Russian Bolsheviks on the Finns, the Finnish socialists promised to follow the example of the Russian Bolsheviks and engage in armed revolution.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Russian Bolsheviks promised to supply the necessary weapons.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 9 November 1917, as the leading body of the revolution, the leaders of the Social Democrats and the Finnish Professional Association (SAJ) established the Labour Revolutionary Central Council.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Central Council came members from the Red Guards, the Parliament of Workers' Organizations in Helsinki, the party leadership and the Professional Organisation and Social Democratic Parliamentary Group.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Kullervo Manner was elected chairman and Yrjö Sirola as secretary.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[48] [49] [50] Evert Huttunen and George Sirola were sent by the Workers' Revolutionary Central Council to Saint Petersburg to deliver a comrade salute to the new Soviet government.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In St. Petersburg, Lenin asked them when the Finns would embark on a revolution.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Huttunen and Sirola could not give a clear answer to this.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

They also met other Soviet leaders, including Stalin, Trotsky and Sinovyev.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[51] Lenin pledged his full support for the Finnish Revolution and promised the Russian Baltic Fleet would be freely available if necessary.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin urged the Finnish socialists to start a general strike to sever links with Saint Petersburg so that troops detachments loyal to Kerensk could not be moved to Saint Petersburg.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[52] [53] The Labour Revolutionary Central Council voted on 12 November, after the We Demand programme was overthrown, by 18—8 votes against taking power.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 14 November, the Central Council and the Finnish Professional Association declared a general strike in Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Within a couple of days, 85,000 workers were on strike and key localities in southern Finland were under the control of local strike committees.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The SDP had adopted a strict class battle line.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[54] [55] The success of the general strike sharply increased calls for a final take on power and on 16 November 1917, the Revolutionary Central Council decided, by a vote of 14—11, to start a revolution after all.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, the directors elected to the executive committee, the commissioners, refused.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the same day, yet another vote was held, concluding by a vote of 13—12 not to start a revolution.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It was decided to end the general strike at 24pm on 19 November.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[56] Shattered Mirror The November strike was a major refraction point in many respects.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Decisions taken during the strike deepened the divide of the Finnish labour movement into a revolutionary minority and a moderate, pro-parliamentary majority.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, after the strike, the line draw was not absolute for some key SDP party leaders, so power relations could yet change on a case-by-case basis.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, in the alleyway running of the Great Strike, the party leadership partially lost its authority and ability to control the labour movement and its various currents.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Moderates received back-up from the rest of the parliament when the eight-hour workday and municipal laws were passed on November 16, 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the working population attributed it to have happened purely because of the pressure of a major strike.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Laws had been enacted as early as 14 July 1917, but the question of supreme power in Finland had postponed their final adoption.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[57] [58] The cancellation of the Finnish revolution was a disappointment for Lenin and the Bolsheviks.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In November—December, Lenin lost faith in the SDP's desire and ability to carry out the capture supporting the October Revolution in Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[59] [60] The Great Strike had definitively revealed the line differences between Russian-Bolshevist and Finnish-social democratic policies.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

After a period of disappointment, Lenin tried to rely in his plans on the far-left of the Finnish labour movement and the Finnish Bolsheviks in Saint Petersburg seeking to influence labor organizations directly, bypassing the leadership of the SDP.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[61] In Finland, the general strike broke the rest of the unity that remained between the Socialists and the burghers.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The aggression of the strike erupted into political violence; a total of 16 people numbered as non-socialists were killed by the Workers' Guards.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, 14 Patronymen and 4 Workers' Order Guards perished in the skirmishes of the strike.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

By the late summer of 1917, the power vacuum had been filled and Finland had ended up on a path with an internal struggle looming at the end of it.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[62] Independence Sixth of December The non-socialist parties hoped to be able to reduce the influence of the Bolsheviks in the country and to control the left with their parliamentary majority.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, on 15 November 1917, the Finnish Parliament declared itself the holder of supreme power in the country.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 27 November, the bourgeois Svinhufvud Senate led by P.E.Svinhufvud, which has also been called the Independence Senate, was formed in the country, and on 6 December 1917, the parliament passed the Senate's motion for the Declaration of Independence of Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[63] In a mirror image to the July 1917 power bill vote, the Socialists voted against a motion in the bourgeois Senate in December and drafted their own motion as a declaration of independence.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[64] The fact that the Declaration of Independence had to be voted on can be seen as a natural consequence of past events and infighting, in which the question of independence had become part of the internal wrangling among Finns.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In Finland, the Declaration of Independence of December 1917 did not attract much attention.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In fact, the idea and demand for full state independence emerged in Finland partly because of the power struggle described above in 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finns had planned either only the restoration of the pre-1899 situation and the extension of autonomy, or the annexation of the country as a principality to Germany or Sweden.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[65] Thus, the emergence of independent Finland was not the culmination of a long, “methodical” historical development.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It was the result of economic, social and power political changes beginning in the mid-19th century and, above all, of the upheaval in Europe and Finland caused by World War I.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[66] Lenin's handshake Neither the Socialists nor the Conservatives were able to finish Finland's independence without the other's support.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

There was no approval for independence from foreign powers and other countries did not want to give credit.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The German Empire had the Brest-Litovsk peace talks with Soviet-Russia and the Circum-Powers did not recognize the Council of People's Commissars as the next Russian Provisional Government as the next legitimate Russian government.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

For this, the Senate needed good relations between the Social Democrats and the Bolsheviks.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Socialists, like other Finns, were uprooted phennomans, so they asked Lenin to grant Finland independence.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the SDP, there were also fears after October's election defeat would fall in popularity among the party's nationalist supporters unless independence was achieved.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin would likely have accepted the independence of the Finns without the SDP too, since the Bolsheviks had not yet established itself.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, Svinhufvud's repulsive attitude towards the Bolsheviks held back the progress of the issue.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, the Senate petitioned the Council of People's Commissars for recognition of Finland's independence and on 31 December 1917 it gave its recognition.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[67] By the beginning of the Civil War, Finland's independence had been recognized by Soviet Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland and Greece.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Britain and the United States did not yet accept the independence of the Finns, but remained to monitor the development of cooperation between the enemy country Germany and Finland and the situation in Russia, mainly the results of the Russian Constituent National Assembly.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The main question for Western powers was whether the Bolsheviks could be ousted from power and whether Russia would still be able to continue the war with Germany.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[68] [69] Armistice on the Eastern Front on December 1, the Russian Bolshevik leadership and Germany began peace confessions and the ceasefire began on 6 December.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

An armistice agreement between the two countries was concluded on 15 December and peace talks began in Brest-Litovsk on 22 December.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the negotiations, Germany reached out not only to Poland and Lithuania it occupied but also control of the Baltics and Ukraine, as well as Finland, whose Senate was pressured to obtain recognition for independence first from Soviet Russia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[70] [71] [72] Ordinary power issue The lack of internal ordering power following the dissolution of the Russian Tsar's traditional police and gendarmerie organizations in connection with the March Revolution of 1917 first led to the establishment of an unarmed security force.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In March—April, the first springs of the preceding patronage municipalities were born in southwestern Finland, and at the same time, the formation of pre-workers' ordinance crews in Southern Finland began to be formed.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Initially both were created mainly to enforce public order at the local level, but as early as the spring of 1917 the strike crackdown in industry and agriculture, and later in 1917 civil unrest related to municipal policy and food problems began to highlight their interest group character.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At the time, the order's supervisory and combat-organizing role was often nested in both the Workers' Guards and Patronage Counties.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The struggle for statehood eventually elevated both forces to be significant factors at the Reich level as well.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[73] The lack of organizational power and its own army in Finland has been considered to have been one of the decisive factors in the creation of the 1918 disaster.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The view is justified in some respects, but a broader perspective based on the breakdown of society sheds better light on the evolution of events.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the spring of 1917, Finland had a Senate of Tokai but not sufficient organizing power.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

By the autumn, because of the conflict over power, the situation had changed to the opposite: the country had, admittedly ambivalent, a power of order but no government that could have exercised it.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of 1917, the governing power was re-formed and the Senate of Svinhufvud sought the establishment of order.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

This was too late, as the elements of power, patrons and Red Guards were at that point independent power elements in the country, and when one of them was chosen as the official Finnish army, war broke out.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[74] Patronage municipalities During the summer of 1917, patronage societies established by active conservatives and burghers emerged in abundance across the country.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

By September—October, there were between 250 and 300.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The motivation for the establishment was also to safeguard public order, but in Ostrobothnia activities began to highlight the bitterness and uncertainty caused by food law, as well as activism.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In southwestern Finland and Satakunta, strong conflicts between housemates and farm workers were the driving factor.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In Karelia, on the other hand, priority was the clandestine actions of activists to separate Finland from Russia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The total strength of the force was approximately 20,000 in December 1917, as well as about 40000 men in January 1918, and the number of patrons was about 400.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Their armament slowly improved from late October 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Arms were obtained from Germany, as well as from arms dealers in Saint Petersburg and Vyborg.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

After the Great Strike of November 1917, patron municipalities formed in different parts of the country for various reasons began to unite behind the same objectives: the removal of Russian military personnel from Finland, the control and restoration of order of the Red Guards, and other defense and control of their own group interests.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, cooperation was not brought to work until the Civil War began.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The fragmented self-help of patrons in January 1918 was a factor leading to the outbreak of war [75] [76] Labour Guards The Social Democratic Party of Finland initially viewed the establishment of the Workers' Guards with restraint or negativity, since in connection with the grand strike of 1905 the established Red Guards had eventually broken away from the party's control.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The negativity was evident, for example, in the attitude towards the so-called “Helsinki” held on 12 May 1917. Kaisaniemi meeting.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In it, the former Red Guards who took part in the Viapori rebellion of 1905—1906 resurrected the Guards and similar activities were in Tampere, among other things.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 1917, the evolution of the working Guards was not only a continuum from order crews to Red Guards, but the Working Order Guards and Red Guards also emerged side-by-side, but at first the Red Guards were weaker.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, the sharp turnaround caused by the power law dispute, the dissolution of parliament and electoral defeat between July and October also changed the SDP's attitude towards the Guards to a positive one.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, information about Bolshevik subversion plans in St. Petersburg in October 1917 contributed to guard projects.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Professional Association and the Party issued a formal call for the establishment of the Workers' Order Guards on 20 October 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Although they had already been set up in September in Helsinki, among others.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

They were mainly wanted by trusted labour movement actives from labour associations and trade unions.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Labour Guards played a role in maintaining public order, but were also a new option for securing and restoring the dominance of the Left.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Before 20 October, fewer labour wards of different types had been established (about 100) than patronage municipalities, and the motives for their establishment varied like patronage municipalities by locality.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

From the end of October and during the November 1917 Grand Strike, the Guards were established in abundance, their number after the strike reached about 350.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The total strength of the Labour Guards was around 30000—35000 men at the end of 1917, and by that time, as the internal political climate had sharpened, the importance of the Red Guards was gaining strength.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Weapons the Guards received mainly from the Russians.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[77] The power of arms during the Great Strike of November 1917 was realised what the SDP leadership had still feared in the spring of 1917: some of the Labour Guards were radicalised.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Political violence began to occur within their circles and, like 1905, they sought to detach themselves from party control.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, the party leadership, along with the founders of the opposing patrons, contributed to the emergence of a new, armed power factor in the country.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Great Strike and the political terror associated with it, as well as the admission of Bolsheviks to power in St. Petersburg, sharply sharply sharply sharply the attitudes of the patronage activists and activists, as well as provoked the most conservative burghers to realise that a revolutionary part of the working population might actually be able to threaten their their power interests.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

What followed was a further intensified search for military support in Germany and the conservative mainstream positioning itself once and for all behind the goals of the radical activist movement.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[44] [78] In December 1917, the SDP was still able to achieve a formal decision to maintain the Labour Guards under party control.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, in early January 1918, the strongest Red Guards in southern Finland, including Helsinki, Kotka and Turku, disconnected from these treaties and challenged the party to an internal power struggle, the end result of which was the victory of the radical minority line and the ignition of civil war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At the same time, the patronage municipalities began to become the basis for the Finnish White Army.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It is apparent that on the ground of the SDP, especially in rural areas, moderate opponents of the revolution had a majority in the party, but the matter was settled by those members of the party leadership who had balanced between the aforementioned parliamentary and revolutionary line since the autumn of 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some moderates felt that the internal crisis of the Socialists should have been resolved by the dissolution of the party, that is, the removal of radical material from the ranks, but due to the counter-force of the patronage societies, the idea did not gain wider support.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Likewise, within the non-socialist and burgher circles, the development of events, eventually the threat of Red Guards and Russian soldiers, shifted decision-making power from the moderate majority to men who supported direct, armed action and trained in it.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[79] Escalation During 1917, neither group of powers succeeded in preventing the breakdown of society and the accumulation of problems, nor to build a new order.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[12] In January 1918, the situation quickly escalated into a war, when every visible military or political action by both Whites and Reds led to a counter-movement on the other side of the front and the opportunity for compromise had already been lost.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Military preparations, especially the purchase of weapons, accelerated on both sides, and at the same time, the towering Red Guards were challenged by representatives of the right.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 12 January, Parliament gave the right-wing Senate the power to create a “firm ordinal power” in the country by means of patronage municipalities.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

This strongly accelerated the actions of the Labour Guards.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The two sides justified their preparations, especially to their own supporters, with defensive action.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[80] Lieutenant General Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, who had served in the Russian army for 30 years, [81] who was tasked with assembling them into the country.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The patron municipalities were proclaimed an army by the Senate of Finland on 25 January 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

To this the Red Guards did not submit, and were gaining strength with the cargo of arms promised by Lenin from Petersburg on 26—27.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on Jan.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Both sides began war-like operations in Vyborg and other parts of Karelia 17—20.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on Jan.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 26 January, the Red Guards and the Workers' Order Guards merged into the Finnish Red Guard, and its forces were ordered to the movement position from 11 p.m. on 27 January 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In southern Ostrobothnia, the patrons began, with the order of General Mannerheim on 25 January, to disarm Russian garrisons starting on the night of 28 January 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Civil War had broken out.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[82] The objectives of the parties to the war Red and White Finland After the crisis between the Finns developed into a war, the main goal of both the Red and White became crushing the opponent, the victory of their own power group and guaranteeing its interests.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Most of the parties' supporters wanted to operate in a fully independent Finland, but their views differed in who the (state) power in the country belonged to and what the internal political structure of Finland should have been.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, there were also those on both sides of the front who viewed independence for a small country as needing a backstop from a powerful “patronage state,” Germany or Russia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[83] On 23 February 1918, the People's Delegation, chaired by Kullervo Manner, submitted a proposal to the General Council of Workers for Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[84] By Otto Wille Kuusinen and his brother-in-law Einari Laaksovirta [85] a socialist constitutional proposal based on Finnish-social democratic thought contained significant influences from the constitutions of the United States and Switzerland and the Great French Revolution on ideals, and it was to be taken to a referendum.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[86] The People's Delegation also concluded a state treaty with Soviet-Russia on 1 March 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[87] Finland's accession to the Russian Federation was raised at the Saint Petersburg Council on 23 January 1918 in a speech by Grigory Zinovyev, following Oskari Tokoi's speech at the event.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

About this possibility of a federation between Finland and Russia, Tokoi also told the St Petersburg correspondent of the Manchester Guardian newspaper Morgan Philips Price on 7 February 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Keeping Finland in connection with Russia was considered a necessary condition for the realization of socialism in Finland, since capitalist countries cut off imports from the West with their blockade.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In Stalin's view, the federation would be a temporary transition phase that would have to recede in due course to the ultimate goal, socialist unity.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[88] In the steepest wing of the politically highly influential Red Guards (for example, the Finnish-Bolsheviks), there was a more positive attitude towards joining Soviet Russia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The power struggle between these left-wing factions went unrealized due to the defeat of Red Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[89] The objective of the White Senate, which moved to Vaasa, was to restore power in southern Finland to a bourgeois majority government.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

After the victory, strong governmental power and independence from Russia were going to be secured through a powerful military of its own or Germany, as well as a monarchist social system narrowing democracy.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, moderate non-socialists opposed monarchism and German intervention, especially at the beginning of the war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the military leadership, there was a parallel conflict between General Mannerheim and the leading icemen.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Obviously well aware of the poor military condition of the Russian army and the Finnish Red Guards, Mannerheim judged that the Whites needed German weapons to support them, but the entry of the German army into Finland was unnecessary.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Jääkärit, in turn, like activists, wanted a strong German trend in Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Cavalry General C.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

G.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

E. Mannerheim believed in the victory of the Circum-Powers in World War I, and above all his overall personal ambitions were broader than just a solution to the situation in Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In cooperation with Western powers and Russia's so-called white generals, including Nikolai Judenich, he sought to contribute to the derailing of the Bolsheviks from power in Petrograd.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The white soldiers were unanimous about the need to acquire a foothold for Finland on the Russian side of East Karelia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[90] Russia and Germany Soviet-Russia's objectives and actions towards Finland seem contradictory on the surface.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Bolsheviks granted the country independence in December 1917, but later reclaimed territories they lost despite their nationality policies, using the Germans' “call for help” tactics.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

V.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

I. Lenin would have wanted Finland to remain in the former mother country for military, superpower and also domestic political reasons, but the country had to be abandoned because of the German threat, internal turmoil in Soviet Russia and the intervention of the perimeter powers.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The main objective was the rescue of Russia's core areas.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Moreover, by early December 1917, of the thirty administrative regions of the country, only one was fully held by the Bolsheviks.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Because of these military and geopolitical facts, Lenin had the wherewithal and opportunity to appear as a Bolshevik respecting the sovereignty of the peoples in Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It did not prevent Soviet-Russia from supporting the Finnish Red Guard during the 1918 War.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A victory for the Reds would have eased the precarious position of the Bolsheviks, and therefore attempts were made to exploit the national disunity of the Finns.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, due to the internal crisis in Russia, support was insufficient.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[91] Soviet-Russia supported Red Finland with arms supplies and troops loyal to the Soviet government.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Former demoralized troops of the Tsarist army were leaving Finland at a steady pace, and Lev Trotski also urged them to leave the country on 31 January.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

His goal was the creation of a new, reliable Red Army in St. Petersburg.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

V.I.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin stated, “We send weapons to the Finns, but not troop detachments that proved unworthy,” but the Soviet government sent military detachments from St. Petersburg to Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Afterwards, it has been suggested that the Russian People's Commissar for War Affairs, Nikolai Podvoiski, ordered the 42nd Army Corps stationed in Finland on 23 January to disarm the patronage municipalities”.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The only official document on Podvoisk's order is in the Senate Minutes of January 24, which states that Podvoiski, according to the information received by the Senate, had given orders to the military personnel stationed in Vyborg to disarm arms from the patronage that had arrived in the city to keep order.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

According to the Senate, Podvoisk's order therefore did not apply to the entire 42nd Army Corps, nor to all the patronage municipalities, but only to the garrison of Vyborg and only the patron municipalities who arrived in the city.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The act was motivated both by the action of the Finnish White Army against the Russians in southern Ostrobothnia on 28 January and the assumption that the socialist revolution would spread to Central Europe.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

With Finland's direction, the declaration, due to Russia's weakness, was mainly the value of political pressure.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[92] The objectives of the intervention of the German Empire in the spring of 1918 in the direction of Finland and Fennoscandia were superpower, economic and military political.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Germans wanted access to raw material resources from both Finland and the Kola Peninsula.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Karelian Isthmus, meanwhile, was able to threaten the Russian capital, St. Petersburg.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, Germany was troubled by British Navy operations in the Arctic Ocean and Murmansk on the Kola Peninsula.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish activists had requested German troops in Finland as early as the summer of 1917, but in Berlin the main goal was peace with Soviet Russia, because of the Western Front.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

During the Brest-Litovsk peace talks that started in December 1917, Germany advanced its interests in Finland by promising to demobilize Jääkäribattalion 27 and selling 70,000 rifles to patronage municipalities.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, Lev Trotski broke off peace talks on 10 February 1918, although Lenin supported the peace treaty.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Trotsky did not advocate a continuation of the war either, but a situation where there is no final peace, but the ceasefire continues unchanged, although not negotiated.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The German war leadership eventually decided to seek a solution and restart the war effort against Russia on 18 February and, as a front action, there were calls for “requests for assistance” from its immediate neighbours to justify the invasion.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Edvard Hjelt, acting as Ambassador of the White Government of Finland in Germany, made his request on 14 February at the urging of Germany.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A new offensive by the German army in the Baltic direction quickly imploded the Russian defences, leading to the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty between the two countries on 3 March 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

According to it, Soviet Russia ceded Finland, the Baltics, Poland and Ukraine to Germany's sphere of influence by recognizing independence.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[93] German war-command V.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The wishes of I. Lenin had thus finally come true.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The course of the war Skirmishing in Karelia The war has been considered to have started for the Reds on 27 January 1918 at 11pm and for the Whites on 28 January 1918 at 3 am.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On closer inspection, it is not as simple as this; activities that resembled a civil war began earlier in January, particularly in Karelia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[94] The reason must have been that neither of the warheads had their own forces under control.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, the city of Vyborg was one of the most strategically central localities in Finland for the war, and it is also estimated that on both sides the leadership eventually played an active role in the background of the events.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the battle between the Reds and the Whites, it was both about control of Vyborg and the acquisition of weapons.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The struggle began 17—20.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On January, after the Workers' Guards penetrated the local patron's armoury at the Pietinen factory and the Whites captured a shipment of rifles aimed at Mikkeli in Taavet, after which the ensuing skirmish claimed two casualties.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 21 January, a battalion of about 600 patronage men was commanded from the Karelian countrykeepers to Vyborg, where on 22 January it occupied the city's railway station, but was eventually forced to retreat to the Russian Island.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 27 January, the battalion resumed its fight on Kämärä south of Vyborg, where for a time it intercepted the so-called gun trains from Petersburg and attempted to capture military equipment from them.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The trains, under the direction of Eino and Jukka Rahja, were bringing the large cargo of weapons promised by Lenin to the Finnish Workers' Guards in early January 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The patronage hijacking venture failed, and the trains, with their cargo, eventually reached Vyborg, which remained under the control of the Reds.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Battle of Kämärä is considered the first war act of the Civil War.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[95] [96] The activities of the Russians in the Karelian skirmishes were poorly run and contradictory.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Russian soldiers took part in action against the Whites in Vyborg accompanied the Reds on 19 January and 22 January, but the bulk of the city's understaffed garrison (strength 1000—1500 men) remained inactive as well as perceived their position as weak and threatened.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As Red and White activity accelerated, and the patronage corps moved to Vyborg and the disarmament of Russian garrisons and troops at Sortavala, Antrea and Joensuu 22—25.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

January, On 23 January, Soviet Russian Commissioner for War Affairs Nikolai Podvoiski issued orders to Russian forces in Vyborg to unilaterally disarm the White Guards.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The order contradicted the decision of the Russian Regional Committee of Finland which emphasised the neutrality of the Russian Regional Committee.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Podvoiski was finally forced to cancel his orders on 26 January 1918 due to pressure from the representatives of the Senate of Finland and the passivity of his own soldiers.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[97] On the red side, the activity of the patronage municipalities was perceived to threaten the entry of the European gun trains into Finland, so on 23 January, the leadership of the Workers' Guards ordered the Guards in the vicinity of the Saint Petersburg to Helsinki railway to protect trains.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, the measure also contributed to the beginning of the revolution.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, for example, the Kotka Red Guard, which was part of the strongest red divisions in Finland, began its mobilization on 23—24.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on Jan.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 22 January 1918, during the events in Vyborg Region, Lieutenant Woldemar Hägglund, sent a message to Mannerheim: “Karelia will rise with all its men to liberate the country from the shame of anarchy.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

We trust brave Ostrobothnia men to fulfil their duty”.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[98] [76] The activities of the patrons in the Vyborg region before the beginning of the war were known as the Karelian Rising.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The beginning of the war on the Red side raised a red lantern on the tower of the Helsinki Workers' House to mark the beginning of the revolution on the evening of 26 January 1918 at 11pm.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards, centered on the Bridge Island, marched through Pitkänsilla to the centre and manned the call centre, the railway station and the telegraph.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[94] The Red Guard took control of Helsinki on the morning of 28 January.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A total of six members of the Senate moved from the capital to Vaasa, where they continued to work for the government as senators of Vaasa.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

President of the Senate (now.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister) Pehr Evind Svinhufvud attempted to travel from Helsinki to Vaasa by Russian Navy aircraft, but the Finnish pilot could not get the plane to work.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Svinhufvud eventually reached Tallinn by icebreaker Tarmo and thence via Germany and Sweden to northern Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some senators and bourgeois politicians, among them K. J. Ståhlberg, Lauri Ingman and Kyösti Kallio were left hiding in red Helsinki “underground” until the arrival of the Germans.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[99] A Finnish People's Delegation was established in Helsinki on 28 January as the government of the Red Side.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In connection with its list of names, it published a declaration dated to the same day “Finnish workmen, citizens!” , which informed the start of the revolution.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[100] The disunited front between Red and White Finland settled in the fragmented early part of the war, roughly speaking, on the line Pori—Ikaalinen—Kuru—Vilppula—Länkibase—Padasjoki—Heinola—Mäntyharju— Savitaipale—Lappeenranta—Antrea—Rautu.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On both sides behind the front, localities remained in the control of the opponent, which were purged of enemies within February 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In White Finland, red bases included Oulu, Tornio, Kemi, Raahe, Kuopio and Varkaus.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In Red Finland, Uusikaupunki, Siuntio-Kirkkonummi and Porvoo region remained in control of the Whites.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war was a “railway war” because the railways were the main transmission route for large forces.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Therefore, the two sides fought not only for possession of important population centers but also for control of key rail hubs (e.g.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Haapamäki, Tampere, Kouvola and Vyborg).


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Both the Red and White Guards had a strength of 50000—90,000 troops during the war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards consisted mostly of volunteer troops.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Between 11000—15000 volunteers fought on the White side.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The remainder were troops assembled through general conscription which came into force in white Finland on 18 February 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In both Guards, the volunteers” main motives for joining were economic factors such as victualling and pay, as well as ideality and, moreover, environmental pressure but also pressure.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[101] On the Red side, the Guards' specialty was women's (girl) companies established mainly in industrial localities, where the first female soldiers in Finnish history (about 2000 women) fought.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Another peculiarity among the troops on both sides of the front was the minors, predominantly child soldiers aged 15—17, who on the red side also included girls.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The backbone of the Finnish White Army was formed by peasants and civilisation.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Red Guard fought mainly against the working population of the built-up areas and the under-privileged in rural areas.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[102] Fronts of War There were already clearly three fronts formed in the war, called Western, Central and Eastern Fronts by the Reds.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The western front line ran approximately from Merikarvi to Kulla and from north of Suodenniemi to south of Virtoja.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The central front passed through Misusmaja and Länkipohja to Lusi.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The eastern front ran from it through Mouhu and Joutseno from north of Vyborg to Ladoga.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[103] The White war effort was divided into four front blocks; the Western Front, which comprised the Satakunta and Häme fronts, the Central Front, or the Savo Front, and the Eastern Front, the Karelian Front.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, after the invasion of the Germans, fighting took place in Uusimaa, Southern Häme and Päijät-Häme.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Individual battles were also fought north of the front line.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[104] Red Guards during the first phase of the Civil War between 27 January and 14 March 1918, the initiative and major offensive activity was in the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Commander-in-Chief of the Guard (in chronological order): Ali Aaltonen, Eero Haapalainen and the triumvirate Eino Rahja, Adolf Taimi, Evert Eloranta and Kullervo Manner last.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As soon as the fighting began, the Red Guards' military weaknesses were exposed: a lack of military professionalism and professional officers, and a poorly trained, unruly crew.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds suffered their first losses through weapons of their own, damage shots, among other things.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The most functioning level in the Red Guard organization was a company or platoon, or plutoona.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Their chiefs were democratically chosen among and among the members of the unit, so the outcome in terms of management quality was very haphazard.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Guards' pressure tolerance in battle was poor, which, along with unskilled leadership, easily led to the attack being stalled and defences being betrayed.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As a result of the losses, entire detachments of troops could leave the front back to the homestead, with the war-command unable to prevent it.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Among the best troops in terms of field eligibility were detachments assembled from rural areas.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The best of their fighting spirit were the urban divisions, especially the Helsinki Red Guard Corps, as well as the Saint Petersburg Finns.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[105] On the other hand, local situations raised new responsible and talented leaders (for example Hugo Salmela, Mikko Kokko, Oskari Rantala, Jalmari Parikka), but it was not enough to correct the entire management problem of the Red Guards.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds tried to correct their weaknesses, including by establishing the Kallio War School in Helsinki, which was intended to train officers for the use of the Red Guards.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The school did not record to finish its course before the end of the war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The end result was the failure of the Reds attack phase due to tactical errors and lack of will to fight at frontline level.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards, after all, can be called the pay army of armed civilians.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the Red Terror, too, is probably explainable by the frustration generated by the Guard's poor fighting ability.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The most successful battles of the Finnish Red Guard involved the April retreat phase from Finland to Russia, among them the fierce battles of Hauho and Tuulos in Syrjänta on 27—29.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on April 1918.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In them, the Red Guards' will to fight was mostly based on sheltering their own civilian refugees, and victories no longer had local significance.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[106] Russian troops in Finland due to the decadence of the Russian army and war fatigue, the proportion of Russian soldiers in the civil war's frontal battles was ultimately low, apart from the Karelian population.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The strength of the Old Tsarist Army forces in Finland had been around 100000 [107] — 125000 soldiers in August 1917.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[108] From November—December 1917 onwards, troop numbers began to contract, both due to planned military transfers and demobilisation and steadily increasing indiscipline and desertion.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[109] At the start of the Civil War on 27 January 1918, Russian soldiers numbered no more than 40000 men in Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[110] [111] Following the entry into force of the Brest-Litovsk Peace between Soviet Russia and Germany on 3 March, about 6,000 troops staying in Finland were ordered to withdraw from the country within 2 months.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

By the end of March 1918, the detachments of the old army had mostly left Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[112] [113] In the end, only 7000—10000 Russian soldiers, some already in Finland and some who came to the country during the war from Saint Petersburg, were variously active in the 1918 war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Significant Russian detachments were not persuaded into the war effort, with only 1000—4000 soldiers fighting as detachments of 100—1000 men intermittently on various fronts.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, until the latter half of February 1918, some Russian officers served in charge of the Red Guards' war effort: Colonel Mikhail Svetšnikov in Western Finland and I. Yeremeyev in Eastern Finland.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, cooperation between Russians and Finns went poorly due to language problems and mutual mistrust, among other things.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

During the Reds offensive phase from early February until mid-March, the front line moved almost no further north, although the Whites' fighting capability was at its weakest at the time.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[114] [115] [116] The number and importance of Russian soldiers involved in the civil war diminished starring Red Finland from 18 February, following the resumption of the war effort between Germany and Russia.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The troops either disbanded or were moved to protect St. Petersburg, and thereafter Soviet-Russian support for the Reds was largely arms aid.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Military activity on the Karelian Isthmus, which continued until the end of the war by the Russians, supported the Red Guard, but its main purpose was the defence of Saint Petersburg.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

From the rest of Finland, a significant portion of both active and passive Russian soldiers in the civil war had been withdrawn even before the invasion phase of the Finnish White Army.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[117] White Army at War Disarmament of Russian forces in southern Ostrobothnia 28—31.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

January went from whites mostly easily and calmly.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 24 January, the regional committee representing Russia in Finland had informed the Senate in Vaasa that the “methodical demobilisation” of Russian troops would continue as before.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 30 January, based on ambivalent propaganda from the Vaasa Senate and the Mannerheim Staff, a declaration aimed only at Russians was issued that the Finnish Peasant Army did not wage war against Russian soldiers.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, it was emphasized to fight against the Russians.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Many Russian officers who were in Finland supported whites.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In early 1918, the Soviet government instructed garrisons in Finland to observe neutrality, and some garrison committees gave locally similar assurances.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Despite these, the Russian government of Ostrobothnia often worked closely with the patronage municipalities.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The head of sea defense in the Gulf of Bothnia, Vice Admiral Nikolai Podgurski helped General Mannerheim in disarming the garrison of Vaasa.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[118] In return for his support for disarmament, Mannerheim arranged for the Russian officers' pay, housing conditions and victualling, and gave them freedom of movement in Vaasa.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On Seinäjoki, Russian troops settled in their former lodges.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Mannerheim promised the Russians that he would deal with the troops from the country via Sortavala or Rovaniemi and return the weapons along the border.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The troops were eventually closed to prison camps and the weapons were put into their own use, as the transport was not successful and the attitude towards Russian soldiers became very negative after the Jaeger Battalion reached Vaasa from Germany.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[119] In the early stages of the Civil War, the White Army and Russian soldiers fought against each other to a significant extent on the front, mainly in Ruovesi, Vilppula, Mäntyharju Front and Karelian Isthmus.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[120] Initiative for Whites In the second phase of the war, from 15 March 1918 until the end of the war (15 May), the initiative passed to the White Finnish Army.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Its success and victory was mainly based on officers clearly more skilled than the Red Guards.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The White Army's officer corps consisted of Finnish officers who served in the former Imperial Russian Army, foreign volunteer officers, and ice keepers trained in Germany (1300 men involved in the war).


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

This was reflected in better strategic and tactical planning for the war effort, as well as the execution of operations.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, especially with regard to the rank-men who were part of the working population, it was tragic that in Germany the men who prepared the Finns' liberation and subversion movement against Russia eventually ended up fighting their own citizens.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A couple of hundred icers remained in Germany for the duration of the civil war.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[121] The military skills of untrained volunteers and conscripted rankmen in the White Guards, on the other hand, were no better than those of the Red Guards.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Jääkäri Sulo-Weikko Pekkola recalled: “Near the village of Sääksjärvi, a battle arose, as it arises from people unfamiliar with war movements, a lot shot, open walked.” Like the Red Guards, white soldiers could leave the fronts on their own initiative.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The longest training in Finland had been received by some 200 men who applied to the Police School (Röktyslipusto) established on 19 September 1917 at the Saksanniemi Manor in Porvoo.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

They formed the hull of the Uusimaa Dragoon Regiment founded in January 1918 in Lappajärvi.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

From December 1917, patronage councils conducted platoon and squad leader training in Vimpel at Vimpel School and Vöyr School in Vöyr, but as a whole military instruction did not cover a significant portion of the white troops.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Vöyr War School became operational on 26 January 1918, training was supposed to last three weeks, but already in two days the war school children from Vöyr were commanded into the fighting.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The headquarters of the Ostrobothnia patrons were moved to Ylistaro and the Vöyr School was also moved there.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[122] The detachments of Finland's own military personnel had been disbanded in 1901 and the last Finnish Guard in 1905, so actual military training and experience was only available to the men of Jääkäribattalion 27, who gained greater personal freedom than usual in conducting battles.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[123] In addition to serious educational deficiencies, the White Army leadership judged that the motivation of white soldiers, especially smallholders in central and northern Finland, to wage war against the Finnish Reds might be weak.


Question: What ended the Russian Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Therefore, war propaganda strongly emphasised that the battle was being fought mainly against the “red-knuckle” of the Russian army, and in the final stages of the war an even more prominent emphasis was placed on the Revolutionary War aspect of the battle.