Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[52] South Africa's defence expenditure almost tenfold between 1975 and 1989 from about 1 billion rand to 9.4 billion rand.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

However, in terms of dollars, they remained almost constant.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In the 1980s, defense spending averaged 16.4% of government spending.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

By the time of the mid-1990s, defence spending had already fallen to less than 3% of GDP and less than 10% of government spending.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[53] Nuclear Weapon Based on intelligence, it is known that the apartheid regime engaged in nuclear cooperation with Israel in the 1970s.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

US officials say its central intelligence agency, the CIA, has evidence of extensive cooperation between Israel and South Africa on missile and rocket technology.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

According to CIA records, in June 1980, Israel and South Africa also conducted a joint nuclear test.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Prior to the experiment, South Africa had been visited by a large group of Israeli nuclear physicists, engineers and military officers.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Both Israel and South Africa denied the claims.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[54] In 1975, P. W. Botha signed a secret military cooperation agreement with Shimon Peres, the Israeli Minister of Defense.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Israel exported weapons to South Africa between 1974 and 1993 worth $600 million annually, making South Africa Israel's second or third largest trading partner.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

According to Sasha Polakow-Suransky, the total value of arms sales during the period was more than $10 billion.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South Africa supplied Israel with 500 tons of uranium for its nuclear weapons program and in reciprocation Israel sold 30 grams of tritium to South Africa to build a neutron bomb.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In September 1979, the two countries collaboratively conducted a nuclear test in the South Atlantic.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[55] South Africa subsequently abandoned its nuclear weapons program and joined its small nuclear arsenal after destroying the NPT in 1991.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Education In 2012, South Africa had about 12.4 million students, 425000 teachers and 25800 schools.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Four percent of the students attended a private school.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In state-funded schools, the teacher-pupil ratio is around 30.4 pupils per teacher.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[56] The South African school system () consists of three school levels: Primary Education and Training, Postgraduate and Training, and Highest Teaching and Training.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

School education lasts for 13 years from 0 to 13th grade, of which primary education includes grades 0 through 9.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

All people between the ages of 7 and 15 are compulsory.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Postgraduate education and training takes place in grades 10—12 and also includes training instructing professions, provided by technical colleges and private schools, among others.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The highest level of teaching includes university studies and postgraduate courses up to the doctorate.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

There are 23 government-funded colleges in South Africa with around 900,000 students enrolled in 2010.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South African universities receive funding from the state but are autonomous.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[56] Education accounts for close to 20% of government expenditure; substantial funding has been aimed at repairing the damage caused by 40 years of apartheid regime.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

During apartheid, South Africa's school system was blatantly unfair.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Schools in White South Africa were Western level, and education in them was free and compulsory.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

30% of black schools had no electricity, 25% lacked water mains and only half had sewerage.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

One-third of teachers in black schools were incompetent.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

For blacks, Indians and people of color, education also paid and was not compulsory.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In the 1970s, the government spent funds per capita on education for blacks only 10% of the money spent on white schoolchildren.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[57] According to Hendrik Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs, Africans had to be taught their own cultural tradition, and the school system “must coach and teach people according to the possibilities of their lives.”


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The government regulated the content of Bantu education, and school books commonly contained such phrases as “Kafferi has stolen a knife, this kafferi is lazy”.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[58] The most difficult problems in terms of education are concentrated in poor rural areas, especially in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Schools in the more prosperous Gauteng and Western Cape tend to be better equipped.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The illiterate population over the age of 15 is approximately 18% (about 9 million people).


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

58.5% of whites and 51% of Indians progress to college, compared to 14.3% of people of color and 12% of the black population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[56] Population 79.2% of South Africans are black, divided into several different peoples and tribes.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Whites, of which there are 8.9% (approx.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

4.6 million), are mainly descendants of Dutch, French, German and British colonists.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Of whites speaking native Afrikaans, more than 2.7 million (approx.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

61% of whites).


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Mixed races include 8.9% Coloured, descendants of slaves brought to the country between the 17th and 19th centuries, native Xhos, and Dutch settlers.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Asians are mainly descendants of Indian laborers brought to sugar plantations, with 2.5% mostly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal and now even more so in the Pretoria-Johannesburg region of Gauteng Province.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The number of people who fail to report their racial category is 0.5%.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[59] The largest black peoples are the Zulus (21%), Xhosas (17%) and Sothos (15%).


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[60] Although the period of racial segregation in the country ended in the early 1990s, it has left a strong mark on the country's population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Work and income, as well as the ethnic structure of the population and neighbourhoods, still largely follow apartheid boundaries.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[61] Population of South Africa in the provinces 2011 Country- and immigration Although South Africa limits the number of migrants to be admitted to the country to secure employment for its own, especially less-skilled citizens, there has been a steady increase in migration to the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 2003, 10,500 people moved to the country, representing a 39% increase from the previous year.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The largest migrant groups were Nigerians and Britons.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[62] In addition to official migration, South Africa is estimated to have between 2 and 8 million illegal migrants.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The main cause of illegal migration is economic growth faster than the surrounding areas of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Illegal migrants arrive in South Africa, particularly from Mozambique, Lesotho, Angola and Zimbabwe.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The phenomenon has also been intensified by civil wars in Mozambique and Angola, which have resulted in millions of people becoming refugees.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Illegal migration has hampered the country's government's efforts to improve the living conditions of its citizens.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The emigrants have also made the country's AIDS situation more difficult and increased crime.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[63] Many South Africans have also ended up moving abroad.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

There are no reliable statistics on immigration from South Africa, but according to about one calculation, 800,000 whites out of 4 million have moved out of South Africa since 1995.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

It has been speculated that a greater proportion of those leaving would be Britons, many of whom have dual UK-South African citizenship than Afrikaaners.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[64] Blacks, people of color and Indian are also willing to leave.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 12 years, the number of black university graduates has increased from 361000 to 1.4 million a year and at the same time the number of people willing to move out of the country has doubled.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The main driver of emigration, particularly in the white population, which still owns the vast majority of the country's wealth, is crime.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[65] A key factor of emigration is also the higher level of income offered to the educated workforce in Europe and North America.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[62] Large waves of emigration also occurred in 1977 and 1986.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The largest number of people have moved to Great Britain.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

This trend, called the brain drain, has been perceived as a problem because, for example, nearly 17,000 highly skilled people have moved out of the country, which is about 1% of the country's entire tech workforce.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[62] Religions The vast majority of South Africans are Christians.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The largest Christian church is the Christians of Zion (), which comprises 11.1% of the population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Christendom of Zion is a South African, particularly Zulus and Swazi favoured Protestant Christian church, with its roots in missionary work and which drew much influence from the American Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in the early stages.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Characteristic features of the church are miracle healing and the charismatic gift of speaking in tongues.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[59] [67] Pentecostal congregations comprise 8.2%, the Catholic Church 7.1%, and Methodists 6.8%.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The main religion of Afrikaaners is the Reformed Church.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

So-called Afrikaaner churches include the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk, the Nederduitse Hervormde Kerk and the Gereformeerde Kerk.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[68] The Anglican Church comprises 3.8% and the other Christian communities comprise 36% of the population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

There are 1.5% Muslims and 15.1% not belonging to any organised religion.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[59] Most of these practice traditional African religions, for which a common trait is ancestral veneration.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Many people also associate Christian and traditions of traditional religions.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[69] An important theological movement that emerged from South African Christianity is black theology similar to the theology of liberation in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

It originated in the mid-1970s as a response to apartheid and dialogue with its Hispanic paragon.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Contextual theology emphasizes biblical thematics of justice and its main representatives are the churches of blacks and people of color in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The movement was particularly powerful during the apartheid regime, but has also had an impact since 1994.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[70] The Constitution of South Africa guarantees freedom of religion, and the right is also generally carried out in practice.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

There is no official state religion in the country, although Christians are the largest religious group in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

People in key positions in the administration belong to several different religions such as Christianity, Islam or Judaism.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Interfaith relations in the country are also generally good, with official and informal ecumenical links between different denominations in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The largest ecumenical organisation is the Council of Churches in South Africa (), which includes Methodists, Anglicans and various Lutheran and Presbyterian churches, among others.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[69] Languages English is the main language of commerce, science, technology and higher education in the country and also the main language of communication that crosses different language groups, as it is generally considered to be a “colourless” and neutral lingua franca.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[71] It is estimated that 45% of the country's population can speak English.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[72] The country's constitution guarantees equal status for 11 official languages.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The official languages are Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Xhosa, Zulu, North Sotho, sesotho, tswana, swati, venda and tsonga.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country's constitution also mentions the Khoi and Nama languages spoken in the country by the indigenous Khoisans, sign language, Arabic, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In addition to these, a few pidgin and creole languages are spoken in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[72] The official languages of the country have influenced each other significantly and English spoken in South Africa, for example, contains a lot of words and sayings from Afrikaans, Zulu, Nama and other African languages.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

People who speak African languages also use numerous English and Afrikaans words in their speech, as evidenced by the following sample of Zulu recorded from Soweto (Afrikaans words in bold, English in italics): [72] Afrikaans is a language developed from Dutch that sometimes also referred to as die Taal ().


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[73] Afrikaans was originally called Kapmaan Dutch, but with the advent of Afrikaaner nationalism, it was declared in 1925 alongside English as the official language of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

During the apartheid regime, the government actively sought to increase its use in the country and its introduction as the second language of instruction in schools led to the 1976 Soweto riots.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Afrikaans are spoken, as a rule, by Afrikaaners, people of colour and part of the black population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The vast majority of native speakers of the language are no longer of European background.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[72] The Parliament of the country is allowed to use any of the 11 official languages and have an interpreter service; although some of the official languages are at least partly mutually intelligible.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In several contexts, the state adheres to the so-called six-language policy, combining Xhosa, Zulu, swati and ndebele with the nguni group, tswana and sestotho and northern sotho again into the sotho group.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In accordance with this, official government documents are required to be translated into English, Afrikaans, Tsonga, Venda, as well as one Sotho group and one language belonging to the Nguni group.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[74] Health South Africa's health care system consists of a large public and smaller but rapidly growing private sector.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Primary health care is provided free of charge by the state, which, however, is underresourced and manpower.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Private companies producing health services, as a rule, serve the middle and upper classes of the country, a large proportion of which have private health insurance (18% of the population), as well as foreigners seeking top-notch services at reasonable rates.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The majority of health professionals in the country (73%) work in the private sector.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The state accounted for 49% of total health expenditure in 2011, which provided services for about 85% of the population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[75] Prior to 1994, racial segregation existed in the country's health system, with different racial groups having their own hospitals.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Most of the hospitals were located in areas of white people, and the government did not actually seek to provide health care services to the majority of the population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Over the past few decades, the health care system has been reformed to make it more equal and serve those in need.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[75] As a result of policy decisions following 1994, South Africa's infant mortality rate has halved.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Vaccination programmes and health care have increased to 45% of the state budget and, for example, already 85% of children are vaccinated against polio and measles.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[61] Basic services have been improved over the past decade by building a water supply network and bringing electricity to more and more homes.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Clean water and sewerage are in short supply, especially in poor neighbourhoods, but efforts are being seen to improve the situation.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Hardworking civil engineering has brought clean water to more than 10 million people in less than ten years.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Toilets are also being used by a growing number of households.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[76] AIDS AIDS and other poverty-related diseases, such as tuberculosis and cholera, strain the country's health system and make it difficult to improve the overall health status of the country's population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

By far the biggest problem in the country's health is AIDS, from which six million South Africans are estimated to die in the next ten years.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Some 5.4 million South Africans were HIV positive in 2011, according to a study by the Department of Health.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

This equates to more than 10% of the population and about one-fifth of women of childbearing age.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The government and numerous organizations have worked to improve the situation by informing and providing health and social services as well as financial assistance to AIDS victims.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The AIDS epidemic has also exacerbated the country's TB situation because HIV-positive people are more sensitive to TB infections than the rest of the population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[75] The HIV treatment programme in South Africa has received a lot of criticism as it has the highest HIV infection rate in the world.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The government of the country was initially negative about giving antiretroviral medication to HIV-positive people, and there resorted to belief medicine such as herbal treatments.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Drug treatment was only started in 2004 under pressure from NGOs.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Even after 2004, medication adoption has been slow, with only 33% of carriers of the virus receiving medication in 2006.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country's former president Thabo Mbeki, who has been seen as citing poverty rather than HIV as the cause of AIDS, has come under particular criticism, and who has held talks with several dissidents denying the link between HIV and AIDS.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[77] [78] South Africa has the largest ARV program in the world.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 2011, 1.7 million South Africans received ARV medication.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[75] Traffic in South Africa is left-hand traffic.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country's transport infrastructure is of a high standard and many southern African countries use it to their advantage in their foreign commerce.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Transnet Limited, a public transport company, plays a key role in the country's transportation market.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

It handles 180 million tonnes of train and 2.1 million tonnes of road cargo annually.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[79] Minibus taxis are an important form of public transport.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country's more than 127000 minibus taxis carry out 65% of intra-urban passenger traffic and a significant proportion of rural and inter-urban journeys as well.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[79] The country has a total of 20638km of railways, of which 20324 of broad gauge (1,067 m gauge) and 341km of narrow-gauge (0.61m).


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Of the railways, much of it is electrified.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[80] Johannesburg Airport is a hub for air traffic throughout southern Africa.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South African Airways is the largest airline in all of Africa.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

It has 503 different flight destinations.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[81] Crime Crime began to increase in South Africa in the mid-1980s, with growth intensifying in the early 1990s.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Especially much in the country there is an increase in violent crime.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Crime does not touch all South Africans in the same way.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The highest risk of becoming a victim of violent crime lies with young and poor townships residents.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

According to official statistics, there are about 50 murders a day occurring in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 2008, 18,000 homicides were reported.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[82] On the other hand, a larger proportion of victims of property crimes are middle-aged, affluent suburban residents.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[83] Based on a comparison made by the UN, South Africa has the highest rate of rape and murder by firearm, relative to population.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[84] Farm attacks A common form of violent crime in rural areas is farm attacks, which increased between 1991 and 2001 but has since levelled or declined.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Attacks on white ranchers have been suggested to have, at least in part, racist motives.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[85] However, according to a study by a committee set by the South African Ministry of Justice in 2003, the majority of cases had no political influence whatsoever and no organised crime could be found in the background, some land takeover cases apart from.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[86] An estimated 2500-3000 persons have died in attacks to date [82] [87] Sexual offences of any country in the world South Africa has the highest number of rapes per capita [88].


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

One in four South African men confesses to being a rapist


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In a survey conducted among schoolchildren, a quarter of boys cited gang rape as being nice.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[89] In a survey conducted by CIET Africa in 1999, one third of respondents said they had been raped in the past year.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[89] There is a belief in South Africa that rape is a manly act.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[90] Many different explanations have been put forward for the causes of crime for the widespread violent crime in South Africa.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Widespread political change has been seen in many countries to increase crime.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

During the democratization process, the instruments of social control in the country changed, and at the same time new opportunities for criminal activity opened up.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In South Africa, the reorganisation of the judiciary also temporarily undermined its ability to operate.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Explanations for violent crime have also been sought in the country's violent political history.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South African families were exposed for decades to “institutional violence” due to forced displacement and migrant worker policies by the apartheid regime, which led to the deterioration of family ties.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

A study by the South African group The Nedcor Project on Crime, Violence and Investment considers that years of political violence and the exposure of people to violence in their homes and neighbourhoods has created a “culture of violence” in the country where South Africans easily resort to violence conflict situations.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South Africa also has a large number of firearms smuggled into the country from nearby areas where there is an oversupply of weapons.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Other factors contributing to crime include the country's young population and rapid urbanisation.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[83] Economy South Africa is by far the most developed economy in the whole of Africa, which has also grown rapidly since 1994.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The main industry sector of the country is mining and other key ones are manufacturing, gas and oil and chemical industries as well as agriculture and tourism.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In recent years, the country's textile industry, as well as banking and financial sectors, have grown rapidly.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Industry is particularly concentrated in the Gauteng region, where most of the country's mines are located.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country has strong fiscal and industrial infrastructure with significant growth potential.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

During apartheid, severe socio-economic inequality arose in the country, which continues to manifest itself in factors such as high unemployment, widespread poverty and crime.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Unemployment has created a sizeable black economy in the country, which is a challenge to the country's economic development.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[91] Although South Africa's economy is highly developed in many respects, the isolation during apartheid has left significant marks on it.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[92] During Mandela's presidency, the country's government invested in opening up the South African economy.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The ANC created a new economic policy programme GEAR () based on market-driven economic policies.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[92] Since 1994, South Africa has sought to make itself attractive to foreign investment and it offers insentives for both foreign and domestic investment to all sectors of industry.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[91] The country's economy is undergoing a major transformation, with companies integrating into the international economy and a significant increase in foreign investment.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[92] In the past ten years, the South African rand (ZAR) has lost almost half of its value compared to major currencies, although efforts were made to maintain the value of money through high interest rates and inflation fell during that time.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Suspicions of international currency speculators have been caused by the depreciation of the currency, with some market analysts suggesting the currency is 15-20% undervalued.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The low rand value has helped the country's tourism and mining industries.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 2005, rating agency Moody's Investors Service raised the country's rating to Baa1, citing the country's improving foreign exchange reserves and rapid economic growth.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[93] In 2014, one euro received 14 rand and about 10 dollars.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[94] South Africa's unemployment rate in 2013 is around 25%.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[36] Social and unemployment protection are almost non-existent.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[61] Agriculture Agriculture accounts for 4% of the country's GDP.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The main agricultural area is livestock farming, and only 13% of the land area is in crop use.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The main crops are corn, wheat, oats, sugarcane and sunflower.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country's government is working to develop small farming to create jobs.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The main agricultural export products are citrus fruits, wine and flowers.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[91] During apartheid, black land ownership was limited to only 13% of the land area.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

A major land reform has begun in the country because most of the farmland is still owned by whites.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The average size of white-owned farms is 1300 hectares, compared to just 5.2 for black farms.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[95] Until now, the reform has only been carried out with the help of willing sellers and buyers, but the authorities have indicated that extensive expropriations are also possible.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Land reform aims to transfer 30% of farmland to black South Africans by 2014.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[2] After the end of economic sanctions, exports of South African wine began to grow and in 2000 already 139 million litres of wine were exported from the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The most popular white wine grapes are chenin blanc, colombard and chardonnay and red wine grapes cabernet sauvignon, pinotage and shiraz.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The share of red wine is increasing, white wine previously made up 85%, in 2000 2/3 of production.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[96] In 2005, the percentage of white was no longer 55%.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[97] Information and Communication Technology South Africa invests heavily in ICT.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In the great country, distances are long.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In marginalized areas, the internet and mobile phone are important tools of commerce.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 2010, the mobile phone was used by 76% of the population, or about 28 million people.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Internet users were estimated at 8.5 million at the end of 2011, with the ten million limit predicted to be broken within 2012.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The state aims to have broadband access to the whole country by 2020.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[98] South Africa aims to promote development through information and communication technologies, as it is also seen to improve equality.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

People in the peripheral region have access to the same information as city dwellers.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Communication technology also promotes commerce and can therefore create new jobs as well.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

At the same time, freedom of opinion is growing, people are able to publish their own thoughts online and have access to diverse material.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[99] Culture The culture of South Africa reflects the multi-ethnic and -cultural character of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country's rapid urbanization and drive for the eradication of traditional cultures during apartheid has led to traditional life forms disappearing, even though the traditional cultures of blacks still remain strong in rural areas.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Afrikaaner culture developed during the 19th century in self-isolation from the liberal and democratic ethical tendencies of the era.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In rural areas, the Afrikaaner life form often still centers around conservative Reformed churches.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

After Afrikaaners, the vast majority of the country's white population is of British origin.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Britons live predominantly in cities and still dominate the country's business community.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[100] In the new South Africa that emerged after 1994, the creation of a new national character and culture is still underway.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[100] Music in South Africa's musical tradition combines the native ingredients of the country with influences from outside.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Influenced by 19th-century missionary work and American negrospirituals, the country also emerged with its own gospel tradition, which is still vibrant and is one of the most popular musical forms in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The choral tradition of spiritual music also blended African influences.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The most famous representative of this style called isicathamiya is Ladysmith Black Mambazo, known in the West.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[101] In the early 20th century, the urbanisation of black South Africans into mining centres on the Witwatersrand gave rise to new forms of music such as marabi and mbaqanga, whose influence can still be seen in the country's jazz music.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The core area of Mbaqanga was notably the township of Sophiatown in Johannesburg.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[101] Senzeni na Senzeni na senzeni na x 3 Senzeni na kulomhlaba?


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Amabhulu azizinja.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

x 4 Kuyisono 'kubamnyama.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

x 3 Kuyisono kulelizwe.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

What have we done, what have we done?


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

x 3 What have we done in this country?


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Boers are dogs.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

x 4 It is a sin to be black.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

x 3 It is a sin in this country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

By the mid-1950s, progressive jazz musicians in Sophiatown had founded the Sophiatown Modern Jazz Club, making famous a new generation of jazz such as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Also emerging from the club circuit was the country's first bebop band, Jazz Epistles, whose members included Hugh Masekela.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

With his distinctive jazz style, an international career was also created by Abdullah Ibrahim (originally Dollar Brand), who combined Duke Ellington's rich orchestration with the avant-garde jazz trends of the 1960s.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[101] During the struggle against apartheid, music emerged as one key element as blacks joined together to oppose the regime it considered unjust in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The importance of music to the anti-apartheid movement was so great that South African jazz musician Abdullah Ibrahim has called the country's revolution the only one “accomplished with four-tone harmony.”


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[102] The most famous of the movement's songs is Senzeni Na (), likened to the song We Shall Overcome by South African musician Vusi Mahlasela of the US civil rights movement.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[103] In the 1960s, rock and pop bands of white musicians also began to emerge in the country, performing for a white audience in a racially segregated country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Conservative circles in the country protested vigorously against the new form of music.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In the late 1970s, the British-born punk movement arrived in South Africa and became popular, particularly in the poor white-populated suburbs of Johannesburg.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The bands that emerged within the movement criticized the commercialism of the music industry and the white repressive regime in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South Africa's alternative rock emerged by the middle of the 1980s.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In its context, the “alternative Afrikaaner” movement took shape, which opposed social oppression by the government.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[101] During the 1980s and 90s, new musical genres bubblegum and kwaito emerged in black townships, taking influences from American disco and dance music.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Kwaito is today the most commercially significant music style in the country, with a strong emphasis on rhythm and featuring features from hip-hop and rap music.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[101] A group called Die Antwoord, which combines hip-hop and rave music, has also been formed in 2007.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Literature The first South African works of fiction were written by white colonists who came to the country, whose attitudes towards the country's native population were often attitudinal.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The most famous writer of this era is H. Rider Haggard, whose adventure works such as King Solomon's Mines and Allan Quartermain were sales successes of their time.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Olive Schreiner's work, The Story of an African Farm, which dealt with many aspects of society of its era and where ideas already opposed to colonial ideology are noted as the foundational work of South African literature.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[104] Black South African literature emerged in the early part of the 20th century.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The first black writers were trained by mission schools and sought to restore the conscience of the country's black population by returning to heroic African history.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In the 1940s, black South African literature burst into flower.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Peter Abrahams's Mine Boy (1946), depicted the poor conditions of blacks who moved from land to cities.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 1948 Alan Paton published his work Itke, Beloved Country (), which elevated the status of blacks in the country to the consciousness of the whole world.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The book became an international sales success.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The work deals with themes of corruption and forgiveness, and is conveyed by Paton's deep Christian convictions.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[104] In 1991 Nadine Gordimer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, published her first short stories in the early 1950s.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In Gordimer's works of fiction, the novelist's evolution from a liberal white towards more radical thinking and an effort to give the freedom struggle of the country's blacks a voice is discernible.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

During the 1960s, numerous new writers also emerged from the Afrikaaner literature circle, whose works often dealt with political topics.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The 1973 book Kennis van die Aand by André Brink, who wrote in both English and Afrikaans, became the first book to be banned in South Africa written in Afrikaans due to its political and sexual content.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[105] In the 1970s, the country's black literature rose to a new heyday in the wake of the Black Consciousness movement.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Black consciousness emphasized the importance of black culture and racial olidarity.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Literature became an important channel in promoting new political ideas.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

J. M. Coetzee, one of South Africa's most award-winning writers, published his first works in the 1970s.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

He is the first author to have received the Booker Prize two times: for his works The Life and Times of Michael K (1983) and Disgrace (1999).


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Disgrace's depiction of a post-apartheid South African reality in which the wounds of the past have not healed caused a big stir in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Coetzee was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[104] Messages South Africa has 22 daily and 25 weekly newspapers (2013), the vast majority of which are in English.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Newspapers in large cities have a circulation of around 14.5 million and that of smaller local papers 5.5.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

There are also several news websites in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 2013, Reporters Without Borders rated the country's press as the 52nd freest in the world (out of 179 countries).. [106] Television broadcasts did not begin in South Africa until 1975, making it one of the last African countries without regular television offerings.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The reason for this was opposition from the country's government: the government feared television would weaken its grip on the country's messaging.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Since its inception, South African television broadcasts have been broadcast in colour and using the PAL standard.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South Africa's public service broadcaster, SABC, had a monopoly on television broadcasting until 1986, when the on-demand channel MNET was established.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Since 1994, SABC and private operators have established numerous new channels in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Both SABC and MNet broadcast the programme Africa-wide.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[107] Sports The most popular sports in South Africa are rugby, cricket and football.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[108] During apartheid, all sporting life in the country was completely racially segregated and because of this, among others, the world-class cricketer Basil D'Oliviera was forced to move to England in the 1960s, with whose national team he forged a career.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 1968, when the England national team entered a country match in South Africa, D'Oliviera was blocked from entering the country by the country's government.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[109] South African world champions can be found in swimming, athletics, surfboarding and boxing, among others.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[109] South Africa has hosted Formula One races a total of 20 times between 1967 and 1993.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The race has run under the name South African Grand Prix.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South Africa's final formula-1 race was won by Alain Prost.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[110] The South African rugby union national team, or the Springboks, won the first Rugby World Cup in 1995 and in 2007 it renewed its gold at the World Cup held in France.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Springboks, which have been played by New Zealand, Australia and South Africa since 1996, have won the Tri Nations Cup in 1998 and 2004.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[111] Among the most successful and well-known teams in the South African national football championship series are the Kaizer Chiefs, formed in 1970, from Soweto, and the Orlando Pirates, founded in 1937.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The National Football Championship Series is the seventh largest championship series in the world as measured by sponsor money.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[112] A distinctive feature of local football culture is the vuvuzela: a plastic, about one meter long and colourful wind instrument.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[113] South Africa national football team, or Bafana Bafana ([114], is apartheid again active since the early 1990s.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 1996, it won the African Championships played on its own country and participated in the World Championships in 1998 as well as 2002.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Both times it missed 1.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

for the round.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[115] In 2010, South Africa served as the host team for the World Championships.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[116] Five new stadiums were built for the tournament, three of which are match stadiums and two are practice fields.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[117] Five other stadiums already ready underwent renovations [117].


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Food South African cuisine embodies the country's multicultural background.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Malay slaves brought to the country as labour by Dutch colonists on farms also brought their own food tradition to the country, as did the Huguenots who fled religious persecution from France, who established the first wineries in the country as early as 1600 lvuu.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Later in the 19th century, Indians brought especially to the sugar plantations of Natal enriched the country's food culture with their own heritage, as did the British and Germans who immigrated after gold.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[118] National holidays under South African law in cases where a national holiday falls on a Sunday, the following Monday is a public holiday.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[119] DateHolidays Notes1.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

JanuaryNew Year's Day21.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

MarchHuman Rights Daysharpeville Massacre Anniversary, Anniversary of the establishment of the South African Human Rights Commission Moving, Friday Good Friday Movement, Monday Family Day, 2nd Easter Day27.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

April—Freedom Dayetelä-Africa's first free elections1.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

MayWorkers Day16.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

JuneYouth DayEarlier “Soweto day”, the day of remembrance of the Soweto riots9.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

AugustNational Women's DayThe Day of Remembrance of major demonstrations that opposed the 1956 passport laws24.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

SeptemberHeritage DayNational Traditions Day16.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

DecemberDay of Reconciliationanniversary of the Battle of Blood River.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Time of Apartheid “Day of the Oath”, today the Day of National Commonness and Reconciliation.25.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

DecemberChristmas Day26.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

DecemberDay of Goodwill, 2nd Christmas Day See also List of cities in South Africa Sources On topic elsewhere Government official government site Foreign Office site Parliament site Statistics Agency site Commerce and Commerce Department of Industry Site South African Police Force Department of Home Affairs Site Media Tourism Other Coordinates: * Category:Key articles of screening Category:43 Africa Category:BRICS


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Jaakko Peter Wallenberg (ex.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Maunuksela; 14 July 1756 in Valtaala, Isokyrö — 30 July 1798, Hämeenlinna) was a Finnish glass master and leader of the revival movement.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

He established the Bohmean direction of faith.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Biography Jaakko Wallenberg's father was Peter Erkinpoika Maunuksela former.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Waro b. 1682 in Ruovvesi, d. 11.6.1758 in Vaalaalaa, Isonkyrö.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Location of birthplace on map (WGS84) N62 58.088 E22 23.244.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Father came to Kyrönmaa to fill the male deficit caused by the Battle of Napue.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

He married, in 1718, the widow of Waron Maria of George, who died already the following year.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

One daughter was born out of the marriage.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

When Mary's Matti brother, captured by the Russians, escaped and returned in 1721, Peter was forced to cede the patriotism to him.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Peter remarried in 1720 to Maria Heikindaughter and moved to Maunuksela in Valtaala, Isonkyrö (adopting the name of the house, as was long usual in Ostrobothnia).


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Maria died in 1752.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Four children were born from the marriage, of whom the second eldest, Mati, became the master of the House of Lower Maunuksela.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Peter remarried to Maria Tanttar (Dantzar), from whom only one child was born, Jaakko Peter's son.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Peter died just two years after the birth of a son.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Mother lived to 1802.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

As the youngest child, Jaakko had to get into gainful employment at a very young age.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

However, it is quite extraordinary that he went to the doctrine all the way to Somero, Åvik glassworks.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

According to documents, at least at the Mielty house hosted by his half-brother, potash used in glassmaking was produced in the late 18th century (History of E-P III p. 399), so there were relations with the glass industry from James's immediate surroundings.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

It is likely that the half-brothers sent James to the glassworks for doctrine.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Åvik's glassblowers were predominantly German.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Many of them had adopted Jakob Böhme's religious-philosophical thinking (Gottesfreunde).


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

James came to deal with that mindset most likely through these Germans.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Although Böhme's ideas had spread to Kyrönmaa other roads.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The Eriksson brothers and Kärmäki from Laihia, as well as the so-called Ostrobothnian Mystics activities, especially from the Merikaarro of Vähänkyrö, are attested to this.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Jaakko Maunuksela completed a glass master's degree probably in Turku.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The actual master sample was conducted at that time in Stockholm.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Böhmean ideas had also spread to Stockholm, which were translated into Swedish by Anders Collin (1754—1830), for example, and supplied to the Finns, who had their own local translators and hand reproductions here.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The master degree also brought with it the name Wallenberg.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Jaakko returned to his birthplace around the age of 25 to perform glazing work belonging to his profession.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

In connection with the glazing works at the church in Nurmo, he met his future wife Maria Yli-Louko, whom he married on 30 September 1781.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

9 children were born from the marriage, of which only 4 lived until adulthood.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The Wallenberg family first lived in Lapua, from where they moved to Kauppi in Härmä (Lower Härmä, the present town of Kauhava).


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

There Wallenberg, with glassblower Henrik Söderberg, established a glass factory on the side of the river Lapuan in a place where suitable sand, timber and water were available.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The site of the mill in the map (WGS84) is N63 09.621 E22 50.260.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The factory probably worked for a few (couple) years, but the burning of the glass cabin, among other economic considerations, put an end to industrial activity.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Revival Movement Interest in the philosophical ideas of religion represented and expressed by Wallenberg gradually grew up to the Hundred Head Popular Movement.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

For quite a long time, the movement was allowed to operate


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

At least two church priests, Samuel Birling and Juhana Gummerus, attended the clubs.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Wallenberg was the godfather of the latter priest's child.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

As the movement widened, however, the intermediate breach was inevitable even for the reason that not all adherents felt it necessary to make ecclesiastical payments, i.e. tithes.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Jakob Böhme referred to the institutional church figuratively as a “wall church”, which did not play a great role in promoting the spiritual opening of the individual.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Wallenberg was sued to the Lapuan District Court and convicted of “spreading false religious doctrines” to death under heresy and unchaste conduct.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The only justification for punishment in the law must have been the Convention Placate, a 1726 decree in Sweden which prohibited all private devotional meetings.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Conventikkeliplacate was used in Finland in the 19th century against awakenessness in the Kalajoki district.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The ordinance was not repealed in the Church Act until 1869.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The Court of Appeal commuted Wallenberg's sentence to an indefinite period of labour imprisonment (which was considered a “delayed death sentence”), and Wallenberg died quite soon, on 30 July 1799 (12:00pm) in Hämeenlinna Prison, apparently of typhoid fever.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The departure of the movement's spiritual leader led to its withering.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Only in Kuortane did it gain a foothold for a little longer in the name of Vasumäki named after Isak Vasumäki, albeit modified.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Among other things, Heikki Klemet's mother, the daughter of a priest from Kuornen, was seen in the Vasuinen clubs.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

[1] The direct influence of the movement on the thinking of later generations was probably not very great.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Separation from the general, at that time the only permissible way of thinking, requires a charismatic leader.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

It must be taken into account that Böhme's philosophy is not formal, easily assimilated.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The “snakehead trampling” taught by Wallenberg must be understood as some sort of “mantra” that helped concentrate and bind the stray mind.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

“The Heavenly Bride”, on the other hand, describes the true (original Adam's) wisdom, “Sofia”, which humanity (as the fallen Adam) had lost in directing its activities to predominantly outward things.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Ignorant and malevolent people interpreted the symbolic expressions as concrete in claiming that the Wallenbergians and Wallenberg himself practiced unchastity in selecting even young girls as their “heavenly brides”.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The bride, however, must have been chosen just the kind of pure and innocent person to whom the elector does not inherently associate any carnal attraction.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The habit must have been essentially a mental mental mental exercise.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The pursuit of strong emotional states, “hulking”, was probably not the goal of the original Wallenbergism, after all, like Böhme Master Eckhart, the usual religious melancholy, mainly as an obstacle in the way of true spirituality.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

In the following, already slightly freer centuries, the spiritual mindset of many of the pre-fighters of Finnish civilisation was in reality quite close to Böhmeean philosophy, from Runeberg to Snellman and Lönnroth, from Topelius to Leino and from other fields of art, for example, to Gallen-Kallela.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Wallenberg as the subject of literature Jaakko Wallenberg has been a paragon of Artturi Leinonen's book of the Prophet (1926) (Jacob Valli).


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Antti Tuuri has written a novel about him in 2004.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Based on the latter, a series of articles in the Finnish picture magazine Järmeenpää polkijat and the “Musapinsiemi” chamber opera (2001), composed by Kimmo Hakola.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

The contents of the opera inform the contents of Wallenberg's views.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

Sources Hannu Räsänen: Isonkyrön Maunukselat Ilpo Lagerstedt: Isonkyrö settlement history Jakob Böhme: Werke Antti Tuuri: Wallenberg Artturi Leinonen: History of the Prophet South Ostrobothnia Documents on Wallenberg's judgment and death see Documents on Wallenberg's judgment and death.


Question: When did Jaakko Wallenberg die?

Jaakko Wallenberg

References Category:Finnish religious leaders Category:Finnish life prisoners Class:Born in 1756 Class:Persons who died in 1798


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The First Mithridatean War was fought in 89 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

— 85 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

between the Roman Republic and the Kingdom of Pontos.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

It began when King Mithridates VI of Pontos began expanding his kingdom to the coasts of the Black Sea and into Asia Lesser.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

This began a years-long power struggle between Pontos and the other kingdoms of Asia Minor, in which the Romans became involved.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Eventually, the intervals between Pontos and Rome became an all-out war in 89 BCE.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridatean forces quickly defeated the armies of the Romans and their allies and took over Asia Minor almost completely except for a few cities.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates then invaded Greece at the request for help from anti-Roman people in Athens.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

However, the Roman consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla conquered Athens and defeated Mithridatee's army at Khaironeia and Orkhonemos.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates was forced to retreat back to Lesser Asia, where he was beaten again by an army commanded by Gaius Flavius Fimbria.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Finally, in the summer of 85 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Sulla concluded a peace treaty with Mithridatee in Dardanos.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Under the treaty, Mithridates was forced to abandon his conquests of Asia Minor, as well as pay 20,000 talents in reparations.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Roman-Pontos conflict continued in the Second Mithridatean War in 83 — 82 BCE.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Background Mithridatean conquests in eastern Asia Minor and the Kingdom of Pontos, which was located on the shores of the Black Sea, had been founded in the 13th century BCE.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

at the beginning.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The kings of Pontos had long dreamed of extending their kingdom to the entire Asian Peninsula of Minor.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Only in 120 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Rising to power, Mithridates VI the Great expanded his kingdom around the shores of the Black Sea.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

By 107 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

by the time the Mithridatee Kingdom extended into the territory of the Bosphorus, which was located in the territory of present-day Crimea, when Pairisades V, the former king of the Bosphorus, bequeathed his kingdom to Pontos in thanks for the war against the Scythians.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[1] After the conquest of Little-Armenia and Colchis, Mithridates turned his gaze westward, where Galatia, Paflagon, the Kingdom of Bithynia and the Roman province of Asia were located.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Struggling in the throes of power succession disputes, Galatia and Paflagonia could do little to defend themselves against Ponto, so Mithridates soon conquered Galatia and shared Paphlagonia with Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Following this in 102 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Nicomedes invaded Cappadocia, occupying it.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates, however, did not accept this and invaded Cappadocia, driving Nicomedee's forces away.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

This ensued a years-long struggle for power between Nikomedee and Mithridates.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Finally, in 97 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Both kings were ordered by the Roman Senate to withdraw their troops from Cappadocia and Paphlagonia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates and Nicomedes obeyed and the Romans, under Lucius Cornelius Sulla, elevated Ariobarzanes to king of Cappadocia in 95 BCE.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[2] Mithridates then entered into an allied treaty with Tigranes I, king of Armenia, whereby Tigranes took Mithridatee's daughter Cleopatra as his wife.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

In 94 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

King Nicomedes of Bithynia died and Mithridates was able to annex Bithynia into his kingdom.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The legitimate heir Nicomedes IV was exiled and Mithridates placed Bithynia under the rule of Nicomedee's half-brother Socrates Khrestos, who was nevertheless a mere puppet ruler.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Meanwhile, Tigranes of Armenia invaded Cappadocia and conquered it.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

This was not approved by the Roman Senate, and it sent in 90 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Manius Aquillius to Less Asia to restore Nicomede and Ariobarzanes to power.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[3] Conflict with Rome Mithridates retreated from Bithynia at Roman insistence.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

He even allowed to execute his own puppet ruler, Socrates.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Tigranes also retreated from Cappadocia when Aquillius and his colleagues attacked with an army assembled from the forces of the Province of Asia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

After driving the enemies out of Bithynia and Cappadocia, the Romans began to claim back expenses incurred by the war and the repayment of former loans.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Nikomedes and Ariobarzanes, however, could not afford to pay the sums demanded by the Romans.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Roman commission now ordered its allies to attack Pontos and Armenia in order to gather the required sum.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Ariobarzanes refused because he knew his country was too weak.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Nicomedes reluctantly attacked Pontos.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

His forces penetrated all the way to Amastris.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Nikomedes also allowed the closure of the Bosphorus to Pontosian merchant traffic.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[4] The Romans' demands on their allies proved fatal.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Romans thought that Mithridates was afraid of Roman rule, after all he had avoided conflict with Rome for twenty years.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

However, this was the last time Mithridates backed down in the face of Roman demands.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates sent his negotiator to Pelopida to the Roman to complain about the invasion of Nicomedes.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates sent his son to Ariarathe in Cappadocia after the Romans were knocked out by Mithridatee's appeals.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

After Ariarathe had driven Ariobarzanes from Cappadocia, Pelopidas arrived again with the Romans.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Pelopidas listed to the Romans all the territories and allies of Pontos.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

He also hinted that Rome's own territories of Asia, Akhaia and Africa might be in danger.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Aquillius and his associates interpreted this as a declaration of war.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The First Mithridatean War had thus begun in 89 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

without being approved by the people of Rome or by the Senate.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[4] The troops of Aquillius assembled an army of Bithynians and Cappadocians, Paphlagonians and Galatians living in exile.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Gaius Cassius, the landlord of the province of Asia, had troops of his own.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Quintus on Oppius, who perhaps was in the year 98 BCE.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

praetor, also had an army consisting of allies in Lycaonia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The strength of each Roman army was reported to have been 40,000 men.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Of these, only a small proportion were Roman citizens.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Nikomedee, meanwhile, had 50,000 soldiers of infantry and 6000 cavalrymen.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Romans and their allies took up defensive positions in the direction of the four roads leading from Pontos to Asia and Bithynia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Aquillius guarded the border with Bithynia; Nicomedes in turn was with his troops in eastern Paflagonia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Cassius guarded the border between Pontos and Galatia and Oppius the border against Cappadocia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[5] Mithridates had prepared for war carefully.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

He was said to have had 200—300,000 infantry and 40,000 cavalry.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

In addition, his army included 130 scythe wagons equipped with sickle guns.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridatee's fleet numbered about 300—400 ships.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Admittedly, the numbers are undoubtedly exaggerated.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[6] [5] The course of the war to Mithridate The conquest of Asia Minor Nicomedes made the first move of the war: he attacked through Paphlagonia to western Pontos.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

However, the Mithridatean generals Arkhelaus and Neoptolemos defeated the invaders.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The scythes caused panic among Nikomedee's infantry.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Nicomedee's camp was overrun, and he fled to the Romans.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

After the victory, Mithridates behaved magnanimously and allowed the prisoners to return to their homes.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

It was easy for Mithridatee to act this way, as he had once, by throwing, defeated the largest army sent against him.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridatee's army continued from here on its journey to Bithynia, where Aquillius waited with 40,000 men.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

In the ensuing battle, Mithridatee's army was again victorious and it is reported that the Romans lost a quarter of their army.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates freed 300 captured Greeks.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Aquillius, in turn, fled to Pergamon, the capital of the province of Asia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Cassius' army also retreated to the province of Asia, the fortress of Leontoncephalai in Phrygia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Nicomedes also arrived at Cassius.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Nicomedes and Cassius attempted to train their poorly trained troops, but eventually gave in and backed off even further afield.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Cassius apparently did not trust his army in his ability to fight.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

He retreated with his troops to the coast of the Aegean Sea and thereafter travelled to Rhodes.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Roman fleet also retreated, leaving the Bosphorus open to Mithridate's fleet.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[7] Mithridates now led his army himself into Bithynia, taking from there Phrygia, Mysia and other nearby territories belonging to Rome.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates sent his officers to receive the surrender of Lykia, Pamphylia and Ionia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The conquest happened quite quickly.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Only in Kaaria did Mithridatee's troops encounter some resistance.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Oppius had retreated to the town of Laodikeia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates attacked the city, but promised its inhabitants an amnesty if they would cede Oppius to him.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Laodicees agreed and captured Oppius.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates held Oppius for a time with him as a prisoner, but soon let him go.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Aquillius, in turn, tried to flee to the island of Lesbos, but the inhabitants of the island turned him over to Mithridates, who initially allowed to tie him to a donkey and allowed to publicly mock him.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Eventually Aquillius was taken to Pergamon, where he was executed by pouring melted gold down his throat.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[8] The Minor Asian administration of Mithridate's Asia Minor campaign had been a complete success.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Until the fall of 89 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

by all four armies that had been against him had either been defeated or fled, and all of Asia Minor was now held by Mithridatee except for a few towns loyal to the Romans.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

However, Mithridate was welcomed with pleasure by several cities.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

His propaganda had bitten well on Greeks of Asia Minor, especially poorer citizens who were not happy with Roman rule.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates appeared as the new Alexander the Great and a follower of the god Dionysus.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

He used as his base the same places where Alexander was reported to have camped and, according to reports, dressed in the cloak Alexander had worn.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[9] [10] Particularly popular he was in those cities which had been forced to pay tax by Rome or were indebted to the Romans.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

To increase his popularity, Mithridates announced that there would be no need to pay taxes in those areas for the next five years.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

He also forgave all loans, both by the states when private.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates may have behaved with such generosity because he had all the assets of rich Bithynia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates also appointed satraps to administer the territories he occupied.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[10] He was celebrated as the patron of Asia and the originator of a new era.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates also assumed for himself the Hellenistic additional name “Great” (megas) and the Iranian title of “king of kings” (basileus basileon).


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Parthian king Mithridates II, to whose titles king of kings belonged, had just coincidentally died.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[11] Year 88 BC


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

However, the most famous atrocity of Mithridatee's reign took place.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates wrote a secret letter to his satraps and other subordinates in which he ordered the Romans and Italians who lived in Asia to be executed.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The slaves of the Romans were promised to be freed if they would kill their owners or turn them in.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Many Greek cities rejoiced in this edict.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

In total Romans and Italians were executed perhaps 80000 [12] (some sources suggest 150000).


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The executions were certainly a calculated response to Rome's declaration of war.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[13] There was resistance too.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates tasked his generals with defeating the towns still opposed to him.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

A battle took place near Magnesia in which Arkhelaios was wounded.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

There were still cities in Arch, Lykia and Pamphylia that supported Rome.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The island of Kos also remained on the Roman side, taking in Romans fleeing Mithridates.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates soon took over the island, however, and in the process captured an Egyptian prince and a large pool of money, perhaps including 800 talents which the Jews had collected for the Temple in Jerusalem.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[10] Among the most important cities, which still resisted Mithridates, was Rhodes.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates attempted to seize the city in the year 88 BCE.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

at the end, but failed.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The siege of the city of Patara in Lyykia also failed.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The failed sieges somewhat dimmed Mithridatee's reputation.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[14] Roman Reply Around the year 89 BCE.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Autumn of Rome arrived with information about Mithridate's invasion of Lesser Asia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Roman Senate declared war on Mithridates.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

However, the Roman reaction was belated, as the Allied War was still underway in Italy.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Eventually appointed by the Senate in 88 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

to the command of the expedition against Mithridates by consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Sulla, however, did not yet intend to march against Mithridates until the rebellion of Rome's Italian allies in Italy would be completely suffocated.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

In addition, the Senate did not consider Mithridates a serious option and rather focused on ending the Allied War.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

One of the most recent foci of resistance was the town of Nola.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[15] However, Gaius Marius persuaded tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus to appoint himself to command by the Senate, deposing Sulla, who became enraged and set out to march towards Rome with 30,000 men.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Marius's supporters were beaten in battle, and he himself was forced to flee to Africa.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Sulla gained control of Rome and declared Marius an enemy of the state, as well as began purging the city of Marius's supporters.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[16] [17] [18] These delayed the Roman response on Mithridates, and Sulla was not able to leave Italy until 87 BC, by which time Mithridatean armies had already invaded Greece.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[19] The invasion of Greece after the conquest of Asia Minor in Mithridate's mind loomed over Greece and Macedonia.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

It was better to invade Europe before the Romans could assemble a new army.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Roman landlord Gaius Sentius had a couple of legions in Macedonia, but his attention had turned against the rebelling Thracian tribes.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Aigian Sea was under Mithridatee's control, and he had a large army.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates needed only a suitable excuse to invade Greece.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

A suitable reason he received when the Athenian anti-Roman factionist asked him for help.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[11] Mithridates supported the anti-Roman Ariston, who elected himself strategist and appointed other officials and archonts himself.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Some individuals who opposed Ariston were executed, and the head of the Academy, Filon Larisalainen, fled to Rome.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Mithridatean general Arkhelaios took the island of Delos and ceded it to Athens.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Soon the Akhaians, Sparta and Boiotians (with the exception of Thespiai) also allied themselves with Mithridates.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

However, the Romans led by Bruttius Sura, the legate of Gaius Sentius, and their allies, made fierce resistance.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Sulla's army reached Greece in the year 87 BC.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

in the spring.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Sulla began the siege of Athens and Piraeus.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates sent more troops to Piraeus, but the siege continued.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates decided to defeat the Romans on land and sent an army led by his son to Arkathia through Macedonia to Greece.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

The Roman garrison of Macedonia was easily defeated, and by the year 86 BCE.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

in the spring the Pontotian army headed from there its journey to Greece.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

At the same time, Sulla had Athens taken over and allowed Ariston to be executed.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Sulla also attacked Piraeus, forcing Archehelaios to leave the city.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Arkathias died unexpectedly, and Archhelaios took command of this army.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

In the battles near Khaironeia and Orkhomenos, the Pontos suffered defeat.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

[20] After the defeat of Khaironeia, moods in Asia began to turn against Mithridates.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates had even earlier doubted the loyalty of the Galatians and allowed to bring 60 Galatian overlords as hostages to Pergamon.


Question: When did the Kingdom of Pontos experience its first defeat?

First Mithridatean War

Mithridates decided to execute the Galatians, but three of them managed to escape.