Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[87] In addition to the hieroglyphs used in monumental writing, hieratic inscription also developed for administrative documents at the same time.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

It was a simplified italic developed from hieroglyphs, which is considerably faster and easier to write than hieroglyphs.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

In the 6th century BCE.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

hieroglyph writing evolved into a demotic script similar to shorthand.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[88] Writing was the work of scribes.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Training aimed at the scribe profession was started at the age of ten in special schools, and after training the scribe became an apprentice to some experienced scribe.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The scribe profession was often inherited from father to son.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[89] Religion According to Herodotus, the Egyptians were the most pious people in the world, in all whose actions religion manifested itself.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Religion was evident in the huge temples of Egyptians and in monuments and tombs built for posthumous life, as well as in the embalming and burial feasts of the deceased, oracles and incantations.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[90] Egyptians believed their gods to be present in the “most sacred” inner room of their temples, where food was sacrificed to them daily.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Animals whose cults were important to Egyptians were also preserved in the temples.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[91] The ancient Egyptians believed that the world arose from the underground Nun Sea, although in the depiction of the creation event itself there were more schools of clergy in the country.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

According to the belief of the Egyptians, above them, the god of space Šu held the sky.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[92] The sun they believed would rise in the morning from the sea and set in the evening in the Underworld.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The gods of the Egyptians ruled from the macrocosm and the pharaoh from the microcosm.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Between these worlds there was an agreement of assistance between humans and gods, whereby the gods rang people a good harvest as a reward for their feat.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Gods Egyptians had hundreds, of which each Egyptian, or often an entire city, had its own favorite god.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Such local favourite gods included the creator god Ptah, the god of wisdom Thoth, the god of the underworld Osiris, and the sun god Amon.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The common god of all was a pharaoh, an intermediary between gods and humans.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[93] The Egyptian gods each had their own animalistic manifestation, such as a cow, crocodile, lion, ibis bird or falcon.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[94] The Egyptians believed that man would be subjected to the Last Judgment of Osiris when he died, in which his heart would be weighed before the gods.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The heart would be placed on the scales, with the feather of justice as a counterweight.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

If the feather and the heart were the same weight, the man was allowed into the afterlife, but if the heart was heavier than the feather, the deceased went into perdition.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

To paradise Egyptians were guided by the Book of the Dead, which contained spells and advice useful to the deceased.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[95] For post-mortem life, the Egyptians preserved the bodies by mummification.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The embalming took 70 days and, in its most expensive form, the deceased had his internal organs removed and preserved in lye salt.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

After preservation, he was washed, wrapped in bandages and buried.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Egyptians mummified animals as well.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[96] The religion of the Egyptians was also central to ka, a multifaceted concept that meant conceiving and surviving life forces, the warehouse from which all life originated.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[97] In the Amarna period, Pharaoh Akhenaton elevated the god Aton to be the supreme god for a short time, to the dismay of the Egyptian clergy.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[98] The Egyptian religion, possibly the very cult of Akhenaton, has been considered to have had an influence on the birth of single-god Judaism, and may also have inspired some myths of Christianity.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Many features of Ancient Egyptian religion have survived until modern times in the Coptic Christian Church of the country. [99].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Art Ancient Egyptian art encompasses countless arts and crafts, paintings, reliefs and statues.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians themselves were unfamiliar with the concept of art, and there was no word for it in their language.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The artists were craftsmen whose job was to produce beautiful works, usually for religious purposes.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[100] Most of the art in Egypt is tomb art, which was intended to serve as the residence of the soul and to guarantee the deceased a good life in the afterlife. [101].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Egyptian art was very regular-minded.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The faces and feet of people depicted on a flat surface were always depicted facing from the side, but with the chest and hands directly from the front.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Artists often preferred symmetry as well, but perspective was not used.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

It was considered more important than the resemblance to include all the character, including one that could not be seen.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Pharaohs were often presented as younger and more upbeat than real.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[102] Men's skin was painted darker than women's, children had a finger in their mouths, and living people were depicted taking a step in it while the dead had their feet together.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[103] Color symbolism also played an important part, with each colour having a symbolic meaning [104].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Egyptian art reached its most sophisticated period during the Middle Empire, and the decadence of art did not begin until the Ptolemy period.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[105] Literature from Ancient Egypt has survived a wide variety of texts, including religious texts, moralistic writings, science texts, descriptions of trials, poems, fairy tales, stories, plays, autobiographies, and memoir works.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Religious texts notably included the Book of the Dead, coffin texts (pyramid texts), anthems, and prayers.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[106] The most famous examples of classical prose are the story of a shipwrecked sailor and the story of Sinuhe (which is a different story from writer Mika Waltari's Sinuhe Egyptian) [107].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Love poetry flourished in Egypt especially during the New Empire [108].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

In Egyptian life instruction literature, fathers often taught their wisdom to their sons or teachers counseled their students.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Pharaoh Khufu's son Hardjedef wrote to his own son thus during the Fourth Dynasty: [109] Science Egyptians were not interested in science for its own sake, but used the means of science for practical gain.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Mathematics they used for their pyramids and other buildings, astronomy was needed to determine time and calendars, and medicine the Egyptians utilized in the embalming of corpses required by their religion.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Egyptian history writing, too, was catalogued and enlivened by fairy tales.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[110] Astronomy the Egyptians knew somewhat, but they could not explain most of the phenomena of the starry sky [111].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The medicine of the Egyptians was largely based on superstition, but bone surgery and eye care were at a high level.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[112] The Egyptians used the summation method to mark the figures so that chapters 1, 10, 100, 1000, etc. had their own characters, the number of which represented the quantity of that unit.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

They didn't know zero, they only filmed it with empty space.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Nor did they know any potencies or roots, and they used few fractions.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians lowered the value of silicon to 3.16.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[113] Calendar The ancient Egyptians divided the year into 12 months, each of which had 30 days in three 10-day periods.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The extra five days were invested at the end of the year.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Leap year was not known.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

There were three seasons: flood, sowing and harvesting, and the year began on 19 July.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians numbered the years from the beginning of the reign of the respective pharaoh, always starting with number one.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

There were 24 hours in the day.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Time was measured using sundials and water clocks.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[114] Austrian-American mathematician and science historian Otto Neugebauer has called the Egyptians' calendar “the most rational calendar ever developed”.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[115] On the basis of everyday grave finds, the most is known about the everyday life of Egyptian officials, who were privileged to have the opportunity to build and decorate their own tombs, the artifacts and illustrations of which provide a fairly accurate picture of life.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Clearly less is known about the customs of ordinary Egyptians, and that, too, tends to be told by officials.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[116] According to the Greek historian Herodotus, the customs of the Egyptians differed from those of other peoples in many respects.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians lived, according to his description, closely with their animals, they ate outside on the streets, women visited the squares, and the men weaved at home (pushing the weft downwards, unlike the others).


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians ate spelt, not wheat or barley.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians were very cool, according to Herodotus: they washed their dishes and clothes frequently, and circumcised themselves for purity.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

In particular, the personal hygiene of priests was high.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[117] Housing Urban planning in Egyptian towns and villages was rare, with cities often expanding sporadically and sometimes elusively around some central building.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[118] The Egyptians built their dwelling houses out of clay bricks, and therefore not much of them has survived.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

However, from paintings and texts, as well as grave objects, much detailed information about the living and home conditions of the time is obtained.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Furniture and other movable items have also been preserved thanks to the dry climate.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[119] The courtyard of the largest dwelling houses often had a decorated pond, which was also used for washing.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Inside there was often a bathroom and latrine.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

A stone slab served as a shower, on top of which the bather poured water over.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

A container filled with sand served as a latrine.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Beds often had a headrest instead of a pillow.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[120] The Egyptians ate on a rug or at a small table.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The chairs were shallow.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[121] Food in Egypt was generally sufficient food for all, and famines were rare.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Egyptian staple food consisted of bread, beer and vegetables, especially onions.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

There was always sand left among the bread, which consumed the teeth of the Egyptians.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Fish was also often eaten, as were a wide variety of fruits, especially dates and figs.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The meat was primarily enjoyed by the wealthier: the Egyptians kept pigs, goats, sheep, cows and geese, and furthermore hunted wild animals.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Spices were used a lot.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Wine was the drink of the wealthier people.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The common folk usually ate two meals a day.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[122] Marriage and Family Marriage ceremonies did not exist in Egypt and no images showing weddings have survived.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The wife's position was good.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Divorce was easy to obtain, and the wife's rights were equal.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Men usually had one wife, although polygamy was legal too and pharaohs sometimes had a harem.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

There were also incestuous marriages between father and daughter in royal circles; even ordinary folk often featured marriages between cousins.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[123] Also, non-royal men sometimes had concubines who lived in the family house without the rights of a wife.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

There was also some prostitution.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The wife's infidelity was often severely punished.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[124] Egyptian women gave birth while squatting or kneeling.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Children's names were always given a name with some meaning.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The infant mortality rate was 25 to 35 percent.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Adoptions were common, and adoptive children were equal in rights.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The children's heads were shaved almost bare until puberty.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Generally only boys attended school, although there were no primary schools, only specialist schools such as war and scribe schools.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[125] Beauty care women and men alike complimented themselves.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

They used oils, perfumes, creams and eye paints.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Painting the eyelids protected the eyes from the sun; at the beginning of the Old Empire, the colour was green ground malachite, later black, and sometimes also white or grey.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Lead enamel and sometimes synthetics were often used in the colours.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The color of the cheekbone powder was ochre.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians did not have glass mirrors; they mirrored themselves with metal mirrors honed to shine, which were often gilded and ornate.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[126] Dressing The fashion for clothing of the Egyptians varied at different times, and sometimes tomb paintings may have been dated on the basis of the clothes they depicted [127].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The men donned a simple, knee-length loincloth.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Some officials wore their characteristic clerical attire.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Women normally wore a cocooned skirt with two shoulder bands.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Children were depicted in art nude.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Linen, never wool, was most often used as clothing material, and clothing was usually white in colour.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Footwear was sandals made of papyrus or reeds.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[128] The upper social classes wore a wig [129].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Amusements Egyptian music was probably an intermediate form between Oriental and African; many old Egyptian melodies and musical traditions have survived, for example, in the Coptic tradition.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians played, among other things, the harp, lute and lyre, as well as flute and other wind instruments.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Percussion instruments such as drums and tambourines were also used, especially in processions and dance performances.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Ball playing were common hobbies, as were wrestling and competitive running.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[130] Popular games were board game senet and raffle game mehen [131].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Celebrations in Egyptians were many throughout the year, especially those held in honor of the gods and in accordance with different phases of the farming season [130].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Pets Cats became common pets during the New Empire.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Dogs and monkeys were also kept as pets, and different breeds of dogs had been breeded for different purposes.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Animals belonging to these were often buried in the tombs of kings.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[132] Transportation Donkey was the most common means of transport on land.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

However, there were almost no roads in the country, so the main thoroughfare was the Nile.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Because the wind was generally blowing from the north, travel down the river with sails low and up the river by the force of the wind with the sails up.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The waterfalls, or cataracts, on the southern arm of the river, made journeymaking difficult.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The oldest and most common boats were papyrus rafts, especially used in shallow waters for hunting and fishing.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Large stones intended for buildings were transported on larger wooden ships.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians also controlled the sea, although they never had a sea power.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

They imported by sea, however, cedar wood from Lebanon, among other things, and also had warships.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[133] Climate and Nature The climate of Ancient Egypt was dry and subtropical; some rainfall was received in the northern delta in winter.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

There were 34,000 square kilometers of cultivable area.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

In the late Stone Age, however, the desert climate surrounding the Nile Valley was considerably wetter than it is today, and the savanna-like nature provided good habitat for wildlife.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

In the savannas and the Nile of ancient Egypt, often depicted species of plants and animals not present in modern Egypt, such as the hippopotamus, lion, baboon, sacral ibis, and genet, appeared in art.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[134] The Nile crocodile is now no longer present in the southern parts of the country.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[135] Agricultural Nile flooded during July and September, filling the beaches with fertile silt.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians built dams, canals and flood reservoirs, as well as using water lifting equipment to make the most of the floods.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The moisture absorbed into the ground was enough for the plants for the entire growing season; for a long time Egyptians received only one harvest per year, but with the advent of canal irrigation during the Ptolemies, two annual harvests were reached.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[136] Pharaoh owned all the land, but during the Third Dynasty he set about distributing farmlands to government officials, leading to the emergence of private ownership.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Most of the Egyptian farm workers were practically serfs.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The farms were required to turn over a certain portion of their production to state grain warehouses.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[137] During the New Empire, approximately 1.65 million hectares of land were used in agricultural use, of which 65% to 75% as a cornfield.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Stocks of grain had to provide sufficient for the entire population for a year.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[138] In Egypt, mainly spelt, and some barley were cultivated.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The grain was sown after mid-October and the crop was harvested between April and May.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Also, the gardens produced plenty of food, especially fruits and vegetables, but also spices.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[139] In ancient times, Egypt had more forests than today, and the timber industry produced much material for both construction and use objects and incinerators, producing ceramics and melting metal.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Major tree species included sycomoro, acacia, tamarisk, date palm, and mulberry tree.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Flax was also cultivated a lot.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[140] Cattle were the main domestic animal, but sheep, goats and pigs were also kept.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Poultry also played a major role in the business life, due in part to Egypt's good location on bird migration routes.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[141] Mines and quarries Egyptian soil was very rich in gold, especially in Lower Nubia, and was mined in abundance.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Silver in Egypt was not found and had to be imported from abroad.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Copper the Egyptians initially received from Sinai, and later they imported it, among other things, from Syria.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Iron was rare in Egypt.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Jewels in the country did not appear and they too had to be imported from abroad, lapis lazul all the way from Afghanistan.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[142] The Egyptians used more than 40 types of stone as their building material.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

What they used most was Eocene period limestone, which occurs as thick embankments on both sides of the Nile Valley.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Among other things, the Pyramids of Giza and the temples of the Middle Kingdom and the New Empire were built from it.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Oolitic limestone was used especially in the time of the Ptolemies.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Other common types of building stone were Cretaceous sandstone, used for later temples in Egypt, and basalt, quartzite, granite and granodiorite, which were used in architecture as well as sculpture.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Translucent alabaster was also mined for many purposes.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Siltstone and many other stone species were quarried from the eastern desert.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

White marble was mined in the southern part of the Eastern Desert.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[143] Until the beginning of the Old Empire, copper was used as the material for chisels, then bronze, and in the Late Age finally iron.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

For the hardest types of stone, tools made of dolerite were used.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

In addition to quarries, stonemasons, sculptors and scribes worked in the stone quarries, so by the time they left the quarry the objects were almost ready.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

They were finally transported by ships to various destinations.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[144] Oblivion and the Genesis of Egyptology Egyptian language and culture disappeared from human consciousness in the first millennium.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Egypt became predominantly Christian as early as the 13th century, and Egyptian inscription, ancient religion and at the same time culture had practically disappeared by the 5th century at the latest, when the last temple was closed [145].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Early Christians and early Muslims saw the buildings and traditions of the Egyptians as pagan, so they systematically disposed of them.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

All that remained of ancient Egypt was the image conveyed from the accounts of the Bible and the Qur'an [146], and some also from the works of Herodotus and Manetho, of which only quotations from the latter survived in the works of some later authors.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The image of ancient Egypt was based on misconceptions in Rome and the rest of Europe up to the New Age [147].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Egyptian scholar Okasha El-Daly has collected medieval Arabic-language Egyptian literature and concluded that Arab scholars were interested in studying and explaining the language and culture of Ancient Egypt, mostly through Coptic sources.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

However, the inability to interpret hieroglyphs, as well as a break with ancient tradition, prevented the creation of a historically true image.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[148] An important part in the genesis of the science of Egyptology was the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte's war expedition to Egypt in 1798.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Napoleon took a large group of scientists to the country who began to study Egyptian monuments consistently. [149].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Attempts had been made to decipher hieroglyphs since the 15th century, but it was not until the Frenchman Jean-François Champollion who managed to solve their riddle in the 1820s using the Rosetta Stone.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

When the writings of the Egyptians could be read, their history and culture came to life again.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Interest in the country's culture grew, and Egyptian structures and treasures were bought and plundered in myriad quantities across the world or used as building material.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

The first scientific burial surveys began in the late 19th century, and significant discoveries have been made until modern times.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

One of the best-known discoveries was the Tutankhamon tomb discovered by Howard Carter in 1922.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[150] The collections of Egyptian ancient monuments have been among the most popular and extensive departments of many major museums since the 19th century.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Notable Egyptian collections include notably the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the British Museum in London, the Egyptian Museum in Berlin, the Louvre in Paris and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

[151] The Great Egyptian Museum is planned to open in Giza in 2015, where 100,000 ancient Egyptian objects will be exhibited [152].


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

See also Ancient Egyptian technique Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grönblom, Rolf| title = Egypt of Pharaohs| location = Espoo| publisher = Schildts| year = 2002| version = (Pharaoernas of Egypt, 2000.)


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

English translation Tuula Kojo| id = ISBN 951-50-1259-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Egypt: Land of the Pharaohs| location = Cologne| publisher = Könemann| year = 2000| version = (Ägypten: Die Welt der Pharaonen.)


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Edited by Regine Schulz and Matthias Seidel.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Translation: Sonja Mäkinen and Kaarina Niemi| id = ISBN 3-8290-5710-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salonen, Armas and Holthoer, Rostislav| title = Egypt and its culture| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-0684| 8-2}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Holthoer, Rostislav| title = Ancient Egyptian culture| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1994 (4th edition 2005) | id = ISBN 951-1-11069-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Koenig, Viviane & Koenig, Yvan| title = Egypt, Land of the Pharaohs| location = Helsinki| publisher = Selected pales| year = 2004| version = (L'Égypte au temps des pharaons.)


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Finnish author: Heikki Eskelinen.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Editor responsible: Aino Kervinen.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Finished from the English-language institution.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Inheritance of major era| id = ISBN 951-584-640-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead| location = Helsinki| publisher = Basam Books| year = 2001| version = Translated by Jaana Toivari-Viitala| id = ISBN 952-9842-49-X}} Citation, error, error replace with {{cite book| author = Silverman, David| title = Ancient Egypt| publisher = Duncan Baird Publishers Ltd| year = 1997| version=Reference Classics| id = ISBN 1-904292-43-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

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Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Toivari-Viitala, Jaana (ed.


Question: When was the Second Persian Empire established?

Ancient Egypt

) | title = Letters from Pharaohs Egypt| location = Helsinki| publisher = Basam Books| year = 2004| version = Translated and edited by Jaana Toivari-Viitala| id = ISBN 952-9842-81-3}} On the topic elsewhere Category:94 African history * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The use of alcoholic beverages is the substance use of alcoholic beverages, that is, the use of alcoholic beverages for intoxication purposes.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The use of alcoholic beverages is known in almost all civilizations.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The use of alcoholic beverages is extremely common worldwide and is found in all kinds of cultures, from industrialized societies to hunter-gatherers.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The making of beer, wine and liquor has been invented early on in different cultures.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcoholic beverages and related traditions are often important components of cultures of different nations and belong as a special part of celebrations and events.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Habits of drinking alcohol include, for example, at parties and leisure as a socialising and food drink, food preparation, among other things, when flaming, and often for intoxication.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol kills about three million people worldwide and is responsible for about six per cent of all deaths worldwide.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

An estimated one-third of alcohol-related deaths are caused by heart disease and diabetes, 17% by accidents, 15% from cirrhosis of the liver and similar diseases, 13% from cancer, and 8% by infectious diseases.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol consumption has links to at least 60 illnesses.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Some of the disadvantages are indirect to the surrounding area and nearby people.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

For example, parents' heavy alcohol consumption affects their children's physical and mental health in the short and long term.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[1] Alcohol-related diseases and alcohol poisoning are the most common cause of death in people of working age after cancer in Finland.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[1] Between 1% and 2% of Finns are alcoholics and between 10% and 15% are large consumers.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol causes the death of more than 3000 people each year.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Healthcare costs of between €85 million and €150 million are incurred by alcohol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Monitoring the order entails a cost of about €250m per year


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol also causes loss of income to society due to reduced ability to work and work efficiency.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[2] History In ancient Egypt and Babylon, beer and other fermented alcoholic beverages were used.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

It has been suggested that one major motivation for starting farming may have been the growing of barley as a raw material for beer.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The history of distilled alcohol begins around 1000 BCE, when the Chinese fortified rice wine by cold distillation: they frozen rice wine in winter so that some of it froze, leaving much of the impurities in the cool group, and ethanol in turn remaining in the liquid phase.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Geber, an Arab chemist, wrote about his distillation trials in 800 and referred to it as al'kohl.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

European alchemists continued to experiment, and around the 12th century, Russians and Poles learned to distill cereal sac vodka-type fire liquor.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Around the same time, Irish monks began distilling barley liquor, which they referred to as uisge beatha, meaning “aqua vitae” in Latin, water of life.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Around the same time in southwestern France, ruveta was invented to distill wine masses made from grapes, resulting in cognac and armanjac.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Wine distillates were referred to in Germany as Branntwein, a fire wine that comes from the term brandy.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

It was not until the 16th century that the Dutch own product “water of life” emerged, of which the British later made gin.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Even in the Middle Ages, mob drinks were poorly distilled and mostly resembled current moonshine or fire liquors.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The purpose of use was certainly medical for a long time, at least officially.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Attempts were made to mask the bad taste of the liquor with strong herbs.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In the 1660s, still in the 19th century, Thomas Sydenham also developed a medicine commonly offered to children called laudanum, which was a mixture of alcohol and opium.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

It was soon realised that the drug in question caused addiction and other side effects, and when new drugs with lesser side effects were invented, that drug was banned.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Effects Alcohol acts on the central nervous system crippling, causing hops.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

New research suggests alcohol doesn't destroy brain cells as is commonly thought, but cripples their function.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[3] Chemistry and Toxicology of Alcoholic Beverages Ethanol (C2H5OH) is the alcohol contained in alcoholic beverages.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Ethanol in alcoholic beverages is always produced by yeast-induced fermentation, that is, fermentation.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The fermentation reaction is the part of yeast metabolism by which yeast produces energy.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In ethanol fermentation, yeast is kept in oxygen-free conditions, whereby its metabolism is unable to oxidize sugars to the end, instead creating an excess of ethanol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Another degradation product of ethanol fermentation is carbon dioxide, which naturally carbonates the alcoholic beverage if it is not allowed to leave.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, on an industrial scale, carbonation is done separately.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcoholic beverages above 50% are already flammable liquids at room temperature.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

At a higher temperature, the vapors of even more dilute alcoholic beverages are flammable, which is used for example flambering.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In chemistry, “alcohol” refers to any compound in which the saturated carbon has a hydroxyl group (RC-OH).


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohols other than ethanol are also present in food or beverages, such as glycerol or propylene glycol, but they do not make the drink an “alcoholic beverage”.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Polyalcohols such as glycerol, xylitol or sugars behave in the body unlike simple alcohols.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Other simple alcohols such as methanol, propanols or butanols are also chemically alcohols, but they are deadly toxic and should not be drunk.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohols are converted into aldehydes corresponding in metabolism and further into carboxylic acids, which cause intoxication and acidosis.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In the case of non-ethanol, these aldehydes and carboxylic acids are, as such, lethally toxic.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

From ethanol, on the other hand, you usually die due to very high dose-induced paralysis or adverse effects from alcoholism.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The human body is able to burn ethanol as an energy-producing nutrient.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Enzymes located in the liver oxidize ethanol first to acetaldehyde and then to acetic acid.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Degradation of acetic acid begins with it (or its acetyl part, CH3CO-) coupling to coenzyme-A by transesterification to acetyl-coenzyme A.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Acetyl-coenzyme-A takes acetyl into the citric acid cycle, which provides energy by oxidizing acetyl to carbon dioxide.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Acetylcoenzyme A is also involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, for example.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Acetylcoenzyme-A is a common intermediate for the burning of ethanol, fats and sugars, and the end product of glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Compared to other alcohols, ethanol is only mildly toxic.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The lowest known lethal dose has been 1400mg/kg.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Ethanol chemically resembles water so much that it spreads to all the water in the body.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Women, adolescents and people of light build are at risk of accidentally drinking too much ethanol at once because there is less water in the body.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The detectable effects of ethanol start at 0.22prom.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Depending on the state, 0.0—1.0promille in the blood is defined as a hops state where you are not allowed to drive a car, for example.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Ethanol acts on several receptors in the nervous system, however, in particular the GABA, or gamma aminobutyrate receptor.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Other substances that act on this receptor include gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB), barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

High doses of alcohol are life-threatening.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Typical symptoms of alcohol poisoning include vomiting, dehydration of the body, difficulty breathing, and unconsciousness.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

A drastic lump can lead to damage to the brain or cause pancreatitis or transient dementia symptoms.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol poisoning causes more than 400 deaths each year in Finland.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Drinking alcohol in combination with some medications may also pose a threat to life.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[4] A hop farm of more than five per million is lethal for almost everyone, but for an inexperienced drinker less than three per million can pose a real danger to life.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[5] Excessive use of ethanol causes a separate poisoning that comes with delay, namely a hangover.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Reasons for this include acetaldehyde, low blood sugar, water loss and other alcohols present as a pollutant in beverages.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Disadvantages of use Alcohol, when taken in large doses or often ingested, is clearly harmful to health.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Moderate alcohol consumption (1 to 3 servings per day, however, taking into account individual differences such as age and sex) is unlikely to cause health harm to people outside of risk groups and may bring some health benefits [6].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In a 2016 review of 87 studies that supported the positive health effects of affordable use, studies proved to be qualitatively invalid.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[7] For example, for example, no alcohol consumption was selected for health reasons.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[7] According to an extensive Canadian study from 2009, already one dose of alcohol per day can increase men's risk of developing multiple cancers, including oesophageal, pancreatic, liver, bowel and prostate cancers [8].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Constant, abundant use of alcohol causes numerous health harms.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[9] The occasional drinking of large portions at once is also harmful.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Those who drink high doses at once have an increased risk of dying from heart attack and stroke, as well as more than normal depressive symptoms.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

A large single dose is six restaurant servings for a man and four for a woman.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[10] Long-term consumption of alcohol atrophies the brain and impairs intellectual functions and predisposes to heart muscle damage, cirrhosis and body muscle degeneration [11].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol can also reduce testosterone production, so one form of treatment for testosterone deficiency is to reduce drinking.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[12] Harms of Alcohol in Society Alcohol-related deaths have been the single largest cause of death in men since 2005 and in women only breast cancer is the more common cause of death.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

High alcohol consumption and consequent medical and social problems place a strong strain on health care.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In 2005, the direct harm caused by high consumption of alcohol in Finland was estimated to be between EUR 640 million and €850 million.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[13] Approximately five million working days per year are estimated to be lost due to alcohol in Finland, i.e. 2.5 working days per employee.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol harms impair occupational health, work capacity, occupational safety and labour productivity.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Absences from work due to drinking tubes and alcoholic diseases lead to premature retirement when prolonged.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

This is the loss of valuable competence and experience at all levels of working life.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[14] Alcohol enhances the ego, increases aggression, and causes defiance resulting in an increased susceptibility to accident.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Seven out of 10 violent crimes committed in Finland have been committed under the influence of alcohol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Sociologists have found a correlation between the amount of alcohol consumed and the increase in cases of violence.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol abuse also destroys many children's childhood indirectly through parental alcoholism, and causes many other social problems such as problems in marriages and other relationships.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

One of the biggest individual problems caused by alcohol is drunk driving.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In the world, alcohol is, on average, the cause of six percent of all deaths.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In Russia, alcohol causes one in four deaths.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[15] Alcohol and Memory Alcohol is a widely circulated myth that a single lump would kill brain cells.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, this is a myth and this is not true.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[16] Alcohol, according to current knowledge, does not cause permanent harm to memory even if memory is temporarily lost.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

It is not until prolonged and heavy alcohol use that causes more permanent changes in the brain.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, the brains of alcoholics also mostly return to normal after sobering.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[16] Alcohol and cancer Ethanol is classified as a known carcinogen.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

According to WHO's International Cancer Organization, ethanol belongs to Class I: Known Carcinogen and, according to the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as “Known to be Carcinogenic”.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[17] It has been shown that alcohol increases at least the risk of oral, throat, pharyngeal, intestinal, oesophageal and breast cancers.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[18] Furthermore, heavy and prolonged consumption of alcohol may cause cirrhosis of the liver, which in turn significantly increases the risk of developing liver cancer.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol consumption predisposes not only liver disease but to chronic pancreatitis, a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, among other things.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[19] According to a report by the International Organisation for Research on Cancer (IARC), a few pints a day raises two-fold the risk of developing cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and oesophagus compared to fully sober ones.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[20] The link between alcohol consumption to lung cancer has been studied, but there was no indication of increased risk in a study commissioned by the United States Cancer Agency.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[21] Some studies claim another, but most researchers believe the possible link is because alcohol users also smoke more commonly than others.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[22] The effect of drinking on prostate cancer risk is not noticeable.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[23] Likewise, alcohol consumption is not known to play a role in leukaemia.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[24] From alcoholic beverages, beer and spirits increase the risk of colon cancer.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Those who drink more than eight servings of these drinks each week have a 2.5-fold increased risk of developing bowel cancer or its precursor.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Wine, on the other hand, rather protects against bowel cancer.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[25] It is estimated that people who drink alcohol and smoke have about 10 to 100 times the risk of developing some cancer disease than those who do neither.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[18] Even low alcohol consumption increases women's risk of breast cancer somewhat.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Already one dose of alcohol per day can increase men's risk of developing multiple cancers, according to a new extensive Canadian study [8].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol use, held within reasonable limits, also has beneficial health consequences: according to a large Swedish study, this lowers women's risk of developing kidney cancer.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[26] Alcohol consumption also lowers the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[27] Effects of moderate use Holmes et al. (BMJ, 2014) concluded in their study based on data from 260,000 people that low-alcohol risk of coronary heart disease is reduced if this reduces usage further.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

According to Professor Juan Casas, who led the study, this means alcohol should be drunk as little as possible.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, Kari Kuluasmaa of THL reckons that there is still no full certainty of this, although acknowledges that a causal link has not been established for the previously claimed health benefits of low alcohol consumption.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[28] [29] [30] Although alcohol has been clearly shown to increase liver cirrhosis, injury and many cancers, the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular disease had been unclear.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[30] The correlation observed in population studies may have been due to lifestyle or social factors of moderate users.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[30] In addition, some are forced not to drink because of their illness, which too distorts the results.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[29] In the absence of random experiments, Holmes et al in their study compared carriers of the drinking-reducing gene allele to others.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[30] Nor did the result depend on how honestly people reported their drinking.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[29] Moderate alcohol consumption (1 to 3 doses per day, but taking into account individual differences such as age and gender) has previously been identified as having beneficial effects on health [31].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Studies have attempted to exclude other contributing factors so that differences between individuals would be attributed specifically to alcohol use.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In addition, many count the benefits of alcohol as its relaxing and sociality-enhancing effect.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

On the other hand, other studies suggest that there are no benefits [32] or that they may be less than the harm [33].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Health and nutrition experts are debating the issue but agree on the importance of warning about the harmfulness of large doses [6].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

A few studies suggest that those who consume alcoholic beverages have a reduced risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[34] In those suffering from essential tremor, alcohol often relieves tremors with already minimal use.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, a hangover intensifies the tremor associated with the disease.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[35] In 2005, national nutrition recommendations were renewed in the United States.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

As part of the preparation of the reform, the NIAAA, the State Research Center on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, conducted an extensive survey of the research data accumulated to date on the health effects of moderate alcohol consumption [6].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The study was compiled by 17 specialists in various fields familiar with the effects of alcohol, was reviewed by members of the NIAAA Scientific Council from the University of Texas, Indiana University and Howard University, and 11 external inspectors from various universities, hospitals and research centers.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The scientific data accumulated by then on the effects of moderate alcohol consumption was carried out for the study.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

According to the study, individual research results of the most diverse effects are abundant.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, the finality of the results is limited by the paucity of effects for small doses and thus by the difficult separability from the effects of other factors.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In addition, the researchers stressed the importance of individual factors and recalled that a common level of beneficial or harmful alcohol consumption can not be determined for the general population.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, based on the results of the studies accumulated so far, the following significant observations were made in the conclusions regarding moderate alcohol consumption: In pregnant women, as early as 1-6 glasses of wine per week appear to lower the child's IQ [36] and more abundant quantities are common cause of mental retardation (e.g. FAS).


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Even the age of the fetus has an effect on harm.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In nursing mothers, no lasting effects in children have been established, but an adequate time interval between drinking a dose of alcohol and breastfeeding is recommended.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In the rest of the population: 2 doses of alcohol per day for men and 1 for women are unlikely to cause health harm.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The lowest mortality rate overall is manifested by 1—2 doses of alcohol per day in drinkers.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Moderate alcohol consumption would seem to protect against cardiovascular disease.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The likelihood of diabetes and metabolic disorders may be lower in moderate alcohol users.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Moderate alcohol consumption may prevent vascular dementia.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Even low alcohol consumption may increase the risk of breast cancer.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The NIAAA report does not specifically mention this, but Professor Jussi Kauhanen suggested in a 2007 interview with Iltalehti that the dementia prevention effect of moderate alcohol consumption would not begin until middle age [37].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Pregnancy and alcohol In pregnant women already 1-6 glasses of wine per week lowers the child's intelligence by a couple of units (p=0.00002).


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[36] [38] [39] Alcohol consumption may cause permanent dysfunction of the foetal central nervous system, the severity of which depends on the amount of alcohol exposure, peak exposure levels and duration of exposure relative to the duration of pregnancy.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Central nervous system dysfunction ranges from mental retardation to mild learning disabilities, the more significant of which are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and specific mathematical difficulties.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Various symptoms from severe fetal alcohol syndrome to almost normal children.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Symptoms of FAS include growth delay, central nervous system dysfunction, characteristic facial features, and various malformations.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In milder cases, we talk about the diagnosis of fetal alcohol defects (FAE).


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The mother's heavy consumption of alcohol during pregnancy may cause the child to develop congenital deafblindness at worst.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[40] In addition, the risk of various developmental injuries increases.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Breastfeeding and alcohol Alcohol is eliminated from breast milk at the same rate as from the blood.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

According to THL, a glass of wine drunk occasionally at a meal does not prevent breastfeeding.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

On the other hand, there is very little research on the matter and even small amounts of alcohol can be harmful or change the smell of milk so that the baby does not want to suck.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[41] The NHS reckons that a glass for a couple once a couple of weeks would not be a problem, but says it can still be good to wait a couple of hours after a glass before breastfeeding or pump milk for the baby into a ready-made [baby bottle] before drinking alcohol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[42] Harms of alcohol compared to drug harm According to research published in the science journal Lancet, the most harmful substance abuse or drug in the UK is alcohol, then heroin, crack, methamphetamine, cocaine, tobacco, amphetamine, cannabis, GHB, benzodiazepam.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Anabolic steroids, ecstasy, LSD and mushrooms, among others, were clearly less harmful than the previous ones.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Of drugs, only heroin, crack, and meth are even more harmful than alcohol to the user himself.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The results were fairly independent of how different side effects were weighted.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[43] [44] Moderate use The amount of use is measured in standardized doses.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol dose refers to the amount containing alcohol 12g.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

For example, one serving is 0.33l medium beer or cider, 12cl mild wine, 8cl fortified wine or 4cl liquor (40%).


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[45] Alcohol consumption, which is unlikely to pose a risk to a healthy person aged 18 to 65 years, does not exceed two doses for men and up to one dose per use in women.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The level of moderate risk is 14 for men and 7 doses per week for women.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

At this level, GT values indicating the condition of the liver increase.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The high risk level is between 23 and 24 doses per week in men, or about 3 doses regularly daily, and 12 to 16 doses per week in women, or about 2 doses regularly daily.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

At this level, morbidity increases and mortality risk is significantly increased.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Weekly heavy single drinking, i.e. 6-7 servings in men and 5—6 servings in women at once, or repeated binge drinking significantly increases the risk of injury.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[46] [47] For people over 65 years of age, the limit for risk use is 7 doses per week and a single use maximum of 2 doses.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[48] [49] A person who regularly drinks above a high risk level is considered to be a major consumer.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[50] The above risk limits do not constitute security limits.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The risk limit is also affected by pregnancy and many medications.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Addiction Alcohol may cause a strong physical and psychological addiction equivalent to opiate addiction in severity.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, alcohol withdrawal symptoms can even be life-threatening, unlike those of nicotine and opiates.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Addiction develops relatively slowly compared to tobacco and opiates.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In an alcohol-addicted person, stopping drinking alcohol after prolonged use can lead to drunkenness.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Addiction is treated in A-clinics and, in support of non-drinking, diazepam, which reduces alcohol withdrawal symptoms, is often prescribed.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

For the prevention of drinking alcohol, the doctor may prescribe antabus.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcoholism is a substance addiction in which an alcoholic cannot control his or her alcohol consumption but instead drinks large amounts of alcohol, especially despite work or other responsibilities.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

If left untreated, withdrawal symptoms (such as delirium tremens) are life-threatening.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Side effects of alcoholism include severe disorders of thinking and perceptual functions, mental decline, psychoses (such as delirium tremens, alcoholic hallucinosis and alcoholic paranoia), nutritional disorders, diabetes, gout, cardiovascular diseases, alcoholic liver disease (fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis), epilepsy and brain diseases and disorders and brain damage such as Korsakov's syndrome (WKS).


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

One in three alcoholics develop cerebellar atrophy (ataxia) and 10 to 80% of large consumers develop alcoholic polyneuropathy [51].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

According to one study, alcohol raises the risk of psychosis by 800per cent in men and 300per cent in women.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[52] Other specific disadvantages include peripheral nervous system, and muscle diseases, heartburn and epigastric, gastric and intestinal diseases such as stomach ulcers, chronic pancreatitis, heart failure, arrhythmias, as well as sudden heart-related deaths, hypertension, impotence, testicular atrophy and infertility, osteoporosis (bone loss) in both sexes and anemia.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In men, enlargement of the mammary glands occurs, and in women ovarian dysfunction, menstrual disorders and infertility.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In alcoholics, serious inflammatory diseases such as blood poisoning, pneumonia and tuberculosis are more often found.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Sobriety Abstinence from drinking alcohol is called sobriety.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[53] More generally, abstinence also refers to refusal to consume other intoxicants, i.e. drugs and tobacco.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Depending on the definition, different degrees can be distinguished in sobriety.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Absolutism, or absolute sobriety, means a complete refusal of alcohol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

On the other hand, there are also sober self-keeping people who consume alcohol only scarce without coming out of it to a hops farm.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Legislation There are variations in the age limits of alcoholic beverages from country to country.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In the US, for example, it is not until a 21-year-old is allowed to buy alcoholic


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[54] Alcohol Prohibition has been in the past e.g.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Finland and the United States and is still in many Muslim-majority countries and in certain respects India.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[55] In 2009, the World Health Organization elevated ethanol oxidation product acetaldehyde to the highest category on its list of cancer hazardous substances.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In the same category are tobacco and asbestos.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Under European Union law, food hazardous to health may not be sold or marketed.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

An EU citizen could, in principle, sue and demand compensation from alcohol manufacturers for selling an illegal product.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[56] Legislation in Finland The sale and use of alcohol is restricted by numerous legal acts.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Retail and restaurant sales of alcohol are subject to licence.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alko, founded in 1932, has a monopoly on retail sales of more than 5.5% alcoholic beverages in Finland, with the exception being farm wines and beer from microbreweries.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Before 2018, the corresponding limit was 4.7%, and even milder spirits containing distilled alcohol were only allowed to be sold in Alko and microbrewery beers were not allowed to be sold as direct sales.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol monopolies also exist in some other countries, such as Sweden (Systembolaget), Norway (Vinmonopolet) and Iceland (Vínbúð).


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In Finland, obtaining mild alcoholic beverages (1.2-22% by volume) is subject to a minimum age of 18 years.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Spirits (more than 22% by volume) are sold in Alko only to persons aged 20 and over [57].


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol should also not be sold to someone who is clearly intoxicated or disruptively behaving.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The law prohibits possession of alcoholic beverages by persons under 18 and possession of spirits by anyone under the age of 20.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Conveying and dispensing alcoholic beverages to under-18s is an offence, as is conveying and giving spirits to under-20s.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[58] On the other hand, the provision of alcoholic beverages to a minor is punishable if he or she is drunk and, taking into account the age, maturity and other circumstances of the minor, may be considered reproachable in its entirety.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[59] [60] The dispensation of alcoholic beverages in the restaurant is a licenced activity.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Drinks are not distributed according to strength; all drinks are allowed to be given with one permit.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Prior to the Alcohol Act 2018, the dispensing of alcoholic beverages was divided into A, B and C rights according to the permitted drink strength.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The age limit for all alcoholic beverages is 18 years.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[61] However, a higher age may be subject to a higher age.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

A licence to dispense alcohol in a restaurant with C rights requires the waiter to own a licence pass.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In restaurants with A or B rights, waitresses are required in addition to a licence pass, work experience or training in the hospitality sector.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Some experts have called for middle beer to be returned to Alko.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

More than 45% of the alcohol drunk in Finland is beer and therefore the health harms it causes are high.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[62] The vast majority of working-age deaths and homicides are caused by alcohol consumption.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcoholism often takes off from daily consumption of medium beer.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[63] In 2011, the Institute for Health and Welfare and the State Institute for Economic Research estimated that as a result of the measure, alcohol consumption in Finland would fall by around nine per cent and alcohol-related deaths would decrease by around 350 per year.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[62] Legislation by country Alcohol use in Finland History in Finland has been a tradition of beer, mead and fire liquor.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Beer has been used as the main food drink, especially because ethanol acts as a preservative.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

According to Northern European tradition, a lot of alcohol is traditionally drunk at a party at one time.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In the early 20th century, the temperance movement gained widespread support, especially from the labor movement and religious movements.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The grand strike of 1905 called for Prohibition.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

It was approved by Parliament in 1907, but the emperor did not agree to strengthen the law and it was not confirmed until 1917 by the Russian Provisional Government.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Prohibition came into effect in 1919 and was repealed in 1932 by referendum.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

After Prohibition, it was decided to give exclusive rights to import, export, manufacture and sale of alcohol to the state-owned Oy Alcoholiliike AB (nowadays Alko Oy), bringing the manufacture and trade of alcohol under state control.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Sales of alcohol from Alkos were limited: until the 1970s, citizens had a liquor card needed to make purchases.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Further, Alko has a retail monopoly and spirits are not allowed to advertise.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The manufacturing and import monopoly was dissolved as a result of accession to the European Union.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Altia, the manufacturing and importing company, was separated from Alko, and Alko focused on retail sales.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In the past, drunkenness on a public road, street, public place, public delivery or general meeting was a punishable act for which a fine had been provided for by the Chapter Against Good Manners of the Criminal Code.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The punishability of drunkenness was abolished from early 1969 under other reform of alcohol law.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[64] Since then, giving until drunkenness has been prohibited.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

For a long time, alcoholic beverages were allowed to be sold in restaurants only with food, which could practically mean a sandwich.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

At present, alcoholic beverage is allowed to be given freely without a dose restriction.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Until the late 1960s, Finnish alcohol consumption was almost entirely on men, after which an increasing proportion of women have started to consume alcohol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In 1968, about 40% of Finnish women aged 15—69 were sober, while today already about 90% of women have drunk alcohol in the last 12 months.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In 1968, women accounted for just over ten percent of total alcohol consumption, while today women drink about a quarter of all alcohol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[65] Alcohol consumption in Finland today has a disagreement as to whether alcohol is the most common cause of death.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[66] [67] Finns consume on average more than ten litres of pure alcohol per year.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[68] Converted to medium beer (4,5%), the amount of alcohol corresponds to about 220litres of beer for every Finn.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, Finnish alcohol consumption is very unevenly distributed.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

The tenth of the population drinkers consume about half of all alcohol consumed by Finns.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Around one in five men who consume alcohol and one in ten women drink at or above the risk limit a week.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[65] The alcohol problem among older people and pensioners has worsened in recent years.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[69] Youth alcohol consumption has declined throughout the 21st century.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In 2016, about a quarter of elementary school ninth graders were sober and fewer and fewer (about one in five) drank themselves to the point of getting drunk.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In the 1990s, only 10 per cent of young people of similar age were sober and about half had at least once drunk at least six doses of alcohol at once in the 30 days leading up to the survey.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[70] Underage alcohol consumption has been found to have been most prevalent in the early 1990s.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

There are believed to be a number of reasons for its decline: today, among other things, parents know better about their children's pastime, young people have more access to hobbies, and age limit controls in shops have tightened.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[71] The group pressure that encourages binge drinking has been studied to be reduced.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[72] Signs of a decrease in alcohol consumption in young adults have also been observed.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In general, the student culture has been fairly strongly associated with strong alcohol consumption, but in the 21st century the number of full-sober college students has doubled.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Today, nearly one in ten college students is full-sober.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[73] Parents should not allow even mild alcoholic beverages to be included in the celebration of young people.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

According to a survey in 2013, young people themselves do not approve of parents buying or giving minors alcohol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Parents are also advised to be aware that young people think it is appropriate to go to parties sober, as opposed to perhaps parents' own adolescence.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[74] Religion positions on alcohol consumption Many religions do not take a position on alcohol consumption.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

However, major Middle Eastern religions are all taking a stand on alcohol consumption.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Islam forbids alcohol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Judaism allows it and even requires alcohol consumption on certain holidays.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

In Christianity, there are different positions on the issue.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[75] The Bible itself has 247 references to alcohol.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Of these, 40, or 16%, have a negative view of alcohol and 145, or 59%, after all being neutral references.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Of the positive references, 59 say the generally acceptable use of alcohol during meals, 27 say the abundance of wine is a sign of God's blessing, in 25 the wine qualifies as an offering to God Himself, in nine wine is given as a gift to humans, and in five the wine is positive metaphor.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Of the negative references, 17 are warnings about alcohol abuse, 19 are examples of people abusing alcohol, three are about the impact of alcohol on the choice of leaders and one urges absolutism if drinking makes you stumble.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

[76] [77] See also AA Movement A Guild Substance Abuse Policy Finnish Alcohol Culture Skill Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rautonen, Markku| title = Book| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-0-19670-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Standage, Tom| title = Six glasses of history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2006| version = (A history of the world in 6 glasses, 2005.)


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Translated by Jaana Iso-Markku| id = ISBN 951-37-4687-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turunen, Ari| title = Spirit of Hops, ie, Drinking Habits Story| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Atena| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-796-172-3}} facility THL 2013.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

On topic elsewhere.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Information about alcohol, promillcalculator. Also shows the calories of alcohol. Finnish Ash.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

. Raili Nurvala: Iltalehti 3.2.2009.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Jouko Manninen:.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Finnish Kulehti on 12 February 2009.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

New Finland 21.5.2010. MTV3 ON JULY 4, 2012.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Map of alcoholic beverage use based on WHO data.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

George Rautio:.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Helsingin Sanomat 15.4.2015.


Question: Who invented toxicology?

Use of alcoholic beverages

Category:Alcoholic beverages Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

Java is an island in Indonesia belonging to the Big Sunda Islands archipelago.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

In terms of area, Java is 132,000 square kilometers.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[1] [2] On the north side of the island is the Java Sea and on the south side is the Indian Ocean.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

To the west, the narrow Sunda Strait separates it from the island of Sumatra, and to the east the nearest island is Bali, belonging to the Lesser Sunda Islands, separated from Java by the narrow Bali Strait.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[2] Java is the fifth largest island in Indonesia and the 13th largest in the whole world.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[3] The island has an estimated population of 145 million, with a population density of 1121 people/km².


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[4] Java is the largest island in the world by population.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

Java is home to more than half of Indonesia's population.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[5] [6] [7] Geography Location Java is located in the archipelago of the Big Sunda Islands, which it forms with the islands of Sumatra Borneo and Sulawesi.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

Java is the southernmost of the islands and the smallest in area.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

Between the islands is the Java Sea, thus forming the Indonesian Inland Sea.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

In the east-west direction, the length of the island is about one thousand kilometers, and in the north-south direction about 200 kilometers.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The island has an area of about 132000km2.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[2] [1] The bedrock and topography of Java lies slab tectonically at the seam point of the Eurasian slab and the Indo-Australian slab, where the island of Java is sinking beneath the Indo-Australian slab.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[8] [9] Java, located at the seam point of tectonic plates, is volcanically very active with over a hundred volcanoes located on the island, of which about forty are active.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[6] A mountain range running in an east-west direction forms the spine of the island.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The highest volcano is 3676 meters high Semeru.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The most active volcano on the island is Merapi, which erupts every 5 to 10 years.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[10] [6] [11] The volcanic land is very fertile and the island of Java is one of the world's more lucrative rice-growing regions.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[10] Many farmers have set up plantations as high up the slope of Mount Merapi as possible, at the risk that the mountain might erupt at any moment.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[12] The chain of volcanoes is closer to the south coast of the island than to the north, resulting in a wider range of lowlands and river plains on the north coast.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[10] The largest river plateau is in the delta of the Solo and Brantas rivers in East Java.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The 600km long Solo is also the longest river on the island.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[13] [10] Other notable rivers include the Ciliwung, which flows through Jakarta, and the Tarum and Manuk rivers in West Java and the Serang and Serayu in Central Java.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[14] [10] Rivers flow through the vast plains and the mud they bring makes the river basins extensively cultivated.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[14] On the south coast of the island, the rivers are short.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[10] Climate Java lies about a thousand kilometers south of the equator, and the island has a tropical climate.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

Typically for a tropical region, Java has two seasons, a rainy season from October to April and a dry season from May to September.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The western half of the island is wetter than the eastern parts and more rain is received in mountainous areas.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

In the Parahyangan highlands in West Java, 4000mm of rain is received per year, compared to 900mm of rain per year on the north coast of East Java.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The average temperature on the island is 22—29°C, with an air humidity of 75%.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The northern part of the island is hotter than the central parts, with an average of 34°C in the northern part during the dry season.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[7] [15] In the Jakarta region, the rainy season peaks between January and February, when 350mm of rain falls per month.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

In the rainy season, Jakarta is usually experienced by flooding.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

In the dry season in August, 30mm of rain is received per month.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

In Jakarta, the average temperature for the year is 29°C, in the dry season in September-October the temperature can reach 40 degrees Celsius.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[15] [16] Nature In terms of natural flora and livelihood, Java is one of the richest and most diverse regions in the world.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[17] In Java, located in the tropical zone, tropical rainforest naturally grows.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

However, on the island there are no more than 10,000 hectares of rainforests.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The island of Java has a lower annual deforestation rate than other Indonesian islands due to the fact that there is no longer much rain forest left in Java.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[18] [19] Naturally different forest types grow on the island, due to seasonal differences in rainfall.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The forests of Java are not dominated by any single plant tribe.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

Common species include breadtrees, mulberry plants, and hoodflower plants.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

Palmyra palms and corypha palms may grow highest in the forests of Java.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

[18] More than 350 species of birds and 101 species of mammals live in Java.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

The most famous species of animals is the extremely endangered Javanese rhinoceros, which no longer live only in the Ujung Kulon National Park in the west of the island.


Question: Where is Java located?

Java

Other endangered mammal species found in Java include silver gibbon, Javansurel, fishing cat, mountain wolf, command pig, bantengi, slow lor, yellow-throated weather, and Javanleopard.