Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

Some of these are usually counted as dialects of Chinese): Wu-Chinese (77 million) Sinitic Yue Chinese, or Cantonese Chinese (52 million) Sinitic Jin Chinese (45 million) Sinitic Xiang Chinese (36 million) Sinitic Hakka Chinese (26 million) Sinitic Minnan Chinese (26 million) Sinitic Gan Chinese (21 million), Sinitic Minbei (10 million) Sinitic Northern Zhuang (10 million) Tai Kadai Uyghur (7 million) Turkic Southern Zhuang (4 million) Tai Kadai Chinese Sign Language (3 million) Sign Language (Mongol) 3 million) Mongolian Taikieli (2 million) tai-kadai Korea (2 million) isolate Sichuanin-yi (2 million) Lolo Southern dong (1.5 million) tai-kadai Hhong njua (1 million) Hmong-language Kazakh (1 million) Turkic Khams (1 million) Tibetan Tibet (1 million) j.) Tibetan Major Cities As of April 2015, there were a total of 657 cities in the People's Republic of China: 4 province-status metropolitan cities (autonomous municipalities: Chongqing, Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin) 2 Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau), 289 prefecture-level cities (including 15 provincial cities), and 362 district-level towns (including 11 districts subordinate towns and 8 Bingtuan towns).


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

Bingtuan cities are special towns operated by the Xinjiang Production and Construction Command, a state-run militia subordinate to the People's Army, established in 1954 in Sinkiang.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

The order of China's largest cities depends on what type of urban definition is used when drawing up the listing.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

If you list administrative areas of varying levels with city status, a different result is obtained from looking at urban areas built in the Chinese conurbation.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

The largest cities in China are, according to the 2010 census, when you include administrative urban areas of prefecture-level or above status: [158] Chongqing, a county-level city, 28.846 million. Shanghai, county-level city, 23,019 million Beijing, county-level city, 19.612 million Chengdu, a provincial city, 14.048 million Tianjin, county-level city, 12,939 million. Canton, a provincial city, 12,701 million. Baoding, prefecture-level city, 11,194 million Harbin, a city under the province, 10,636 million. Suzhou, prefecture-level city, 10,460 million Shenzhen, a city subordinate to the province, 10.358 million Nanyang, prefecture-level city, 10,264 million Shijiazhuang, a prefecture-level city, $10.164 million Linyi, prefecture-level city, 10,039 million Holidays See also Human rights in China Chinese philosophy Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jung Chang & Jon Halliday| title = Mao| others = Translated by Jaana Iso-Markku| publisher = Otava| year= 2005| id= ISBN 978-9511131687}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Repo & Markkula| title = Olympian China| publisher = Olympia Long Distance Agency| year = 2007| version=3rd edition| id = ISBN 9789519823034}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = David Leffman, Simon Lewis, Jeremy Atiyah| Rough title guide = Thu China| publisher = Rough Guides| year = 2003| id = ISBN 9781843530190}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pletcher, Kenneth (ed.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

) | title = The Geography of China| location = New York, NY| publisher = Britannica Educational Publishing| year = 2011| isbn=978-1-61530-182-9| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate= 9.4.2015}} Wang Jing'ai & Xiao Honglin & Hartmann, Rudi & Yaojie Yue: “Physical Geography of China and the U.S.”.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hartmann, Rudi & Wang Jing'ai (eds.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

) | title=A Comparative Geography of China and the U.S.| location = Dordrecht| publisher = Springer| year= 2011| isbn=978-94-017-8791-9| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| accessdate = 9.4.2015}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Robert L. Worden, Andrea Matles Savada and Ronald E. Dola (eds.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

) .| title = China: A Country Study| publisher = Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress| year = 1987| format = [online version]}} CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Literature Society Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jakobson, Linda| title = China's tough choices.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

In the path of societal transformation | location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2005| id=ISBN 951-37-4448-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jakobson, Linda| title = One Million Truths.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

Decade in China| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookgroup| year = 1997| id = ISBN 951-26-4197-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Shaughnessy, Edward L.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

(ed.


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

) | title = Fascinating China| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2006| version=( China: The land of the heavenly dragon, 2000.)


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

Translated by Riitta Bergroth| id = ISBN 951-20-7160-6}} Culture and History Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huotari, Tauno-Olavi & Seppälä, Pertti| title = Chinese Culture| location = Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 2005| version = 5th revised edition (1st edition 1990) | id = ISBN 951-1-15943-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Man, John| title = Terracotta Army: First Emperor of China and the birth| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2009| version=( The terracotta army: China's first emperor and the birth of nation, 2007.)


Question: When did China become a communist state?

China

Translated by Veli-Pekka Ketola| id = ISBN 978-951-23-5142-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nieminen, Pertti| title = Mandarin under arm: Writings about old Chinese culture, especially poetry | location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-1- 10549-3}} On topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening Category:BRICS


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Scurvy () is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency, [1] whose symptoms include general fatigue and weakness [1] and the formation of spots on the skin, especially on the thighs and legs, fungal gums and bleeding from all mucous membranes.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[1] Untreated scurvy kills, but vitamin C cures even severe scurvy.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Vitamin C breaks down when heated, so toddlers on bottle milk can still get scurvy.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

It also threatens those living on food aid in disaster zones.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The name Scurvy's Latin name scorbutus is an initial form of the disease, among other things, for the English name scurvy and the Swedish name skörbjugg.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The work Nomenclatura rerum brevissima (“Short-lived nomenclatura”) of 1678 by Henrik Florinus, vicar of Paimio, presents the word as the Finnish name skerpuuki, from which it further warped into its present form.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[2] Vitamin C has received its scientific name ascorbic acid precisely because of its functionality in combating scurvy.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The Latin prefix a adds a forbidding or opposing meaning to the word, in which case ascorbutus means anti-scurvy.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[3] Symptoms Early symptoms of scurvy can include a general feeling of illness, fatigue, lack of appetite, crankiness, diarrhea, lowering of weight or slow weight gain, rapid breathing and fever.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[4] As vitamin C deficiency persists severe for 1-3 months, the sufferer of scurvy begins to suffer from shortness of breath and bone discomfort.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Muscle aches are possible due to impaired carnitine production.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Skin changes such as apiration, bruise sensitivity, and capillary hemorrhages (petechia) occur.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

In the mouth there is inflammation of the supporting tissue and loosening of the teeth.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Teeth may be peeling off.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

As a rule, wounds heal slowly and the mood of the sufferer fluctuates.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Dryness of the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes, similar to Sjogren's syndrome, may occur.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[4] In later stages, jaundice, swelling, low urination, nerve damage pain, muscle spasms and fever may occur.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

If left untreated, scurvy worsens, resulting in potentially fatal complications such as cerebral hemorrhage or bleeding from the pericardium (hemopericardium).


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[4] Causes of the emergence of the disease Scurvy has long been considered a defeated disease, but because scurvy is a deficiency disease, it will never definitively disappear, but can be affected by anyone if vitamin C intake is interrupted or significantly reduced for longer than one month for a period.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Tissues need vitamin C to produce collagen, which is the protein needed to maintain the strength of blood vessels, bones, teeth and supporting tissues.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Most of the symptoms of scurvy are associated with disruption of collagen synthesis.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The skeleton and supporting tissues of the person with the disease soften, as well as the blood vessels become weak and leaky.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[5] Most animals are able to synthesise vitamin C in their body, but humans and some other primates, as well as guinea pigs, receive it only by external means, typically from diet.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The recommended daily intake of vitamin C, issued by the World Health Organization (WHO), is 90 mg for an adult man and 75 mg for an adult woman.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Smokers should increase this amount by 35 milligrams.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

For a nursing mother, an amount of 120 mg per day is recommended, as the breastfeeding child receives its vitamin C mainly from breast milk.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Recommendations for children vary between 15 and 75 mg depending on age groups.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Recommendations vary in different countries and, for example, Finland has a slightly lower intake recommendation.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[5] [6] In addition, aging, drug use and stress may increase the need for vitamin C.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

If vitamin C intake stops or decreases significantly, a person begins to consume vitamin C stored in his body, the amount of which moves between 300 mg and 2 grams.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Stock wear and tear reaches the 300 mg risk threshold in one to three months, after which scurvy begins to develop.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

It is not possible to increase the amount stored above 2 grams, for example, by increasing the intake of vitamin C, since a daily dose exceeding a gram will accelerate its exit from the body with urine.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[5] [6] [7] [8] Disease detection and risk groups Scurvy can be established based on symptoms.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

You can verify this by measuring the amount of vitamin C.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Scurvy can resemble other diseases such as leukocytoclastic vasculitis, connective tissue disease or cancer in its symptoms.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Scurvy is a relatively rare disease in developed countries in modern times, which contributes to increasing the possibility of misdiagnosis.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[9] History Scurvy is an old disease of which the first mentions can be found in antiquity.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

400 years before the beginning of the period, Hippocrates mentioned the disease, and the ancient Egyptians had hieroglyphs describing its effects.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The disease has had a very large impact on human history even in prehistory before food was started to be prepared and preserved in a way that preserved its nutrients.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

In the old days, cooking food worsened its vitamin content, and especially in the northern regions in winter and spring people died in abundance due to prolonged deficiency or weakened by it from other infectious diseases.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[10] A skeleton of a saliva child about one year old with unusually porous parts of its skeleton was discovered in 2016.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The skeleton was found during archaeological excavations in Upper Egypt north of Assuan.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Paleopathologists ended up finding scurvy after ruling out the likelihood of other possible diseases.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The skeleton was estimated to be between 5600—5800 years old, making it the oldest identified case of scurvy so far.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[11] The disadvantage of shipping Although already the Carthaginians made long voyages, their voyages took place along the coasts, so the acquisition of fresh provisions was not a problem.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

By and large, the ship ship of the sailing ship era was so poor in quality, despite its lavish salting, partly spoiled and swarming with insects that it is a miracle that men survived at all.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

In addition, the daily victualling included half a litre of concentrated rum, which was diluted with water.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Therefore, on long sea voyages, scurvy was the most common cause of death, and it also settled several acts of war, such as sea blockades for the benefit of those under siege.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Scurvy had a major impact on the round-the-world sailing of Fernão de Magalhães, to which only 18 of the 237 men left returned.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Antonio Pigafetta, who was on the trip, testified: [12] “We had gone on for three months and 20 days without retrieving anything fresh.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

We ate biscuits that were no longer biscuits but flour in a handful of worms, as these creatures had eaten most of it.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

It smelled strongly of rat urine.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

We drank water that had been yellow and spoiled for many days, and we ate certain kinds of cow fleets with which the raw wood was coated so as not to break the sails, and reinforced and protected from sun, rain and wind.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

We left the skins in the sea for four or five days...


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Often we ate sawdust.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Rats were traded at a price of half a ducat per piece whenever they were caught.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

But of all the other horribles, this was the worst of all: the gums of some men grew over their teeth, both top and bottom, leaving them unable to eat in any way and dying of this disease.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Nineteen men died and that Patagonian giant and Native American from the country of Brazil.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Twenty-five or 30 men fell ill, some from hands, feet or other places, leaving only a few remaining healthy.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

By the grace of God, I did not get sick of anything.”


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Development of treatment The Dutch-born physician Johannes Echthius wrote the first actual medical description of the disease in 1541.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[13] In the 16th century, the connection between diet and scurvy began to slowly become apparent to medicine.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Another Dutch physician, Ronsseas, suggested eating oranges for sailors to avoid scurvy in 1564.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

In his book Surgeon's Mate (“The Surgeon's Companion”, 1617), John Woodall proposed a mixture of sugar-sweetened lemon juice and brandy as a medicine for the disease.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[14] Jan Fryderyk's observation of 1734 claimed scurvy was caused solely by avoiding eating fresh vegetable-rich and green food.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

In 1753, James Lind, who published his research on scurvy, proved citrus to be a crucial form of treatment and prevention of the disease.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

James Lind's study Studying Medicine, Lind served in the Royal Navy starting in 1739 and by 1747 he had been appointed ship surgeon to HMS Salisbury.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

He began his survey on 20 May 1747 while the ship was patrolling the Bay of Biscay.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

About ten percent of the ship's crew, 30 men, had contracted scurvy.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Among them, Lind selected 12 patients with roughly similar symptoms.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Further, he divided patients into six groups who, in addition to their normal food ration, received various substances that were commonly used to treat scurvy or which Lind believed had an effect.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The first group received just over a litre of cider, the second gargled their mouths with diluted sulfuric acid, the third received two spoonfuls of vinegar three times a day, the fourth a pint of seawater, the fifth two oranges and one lemon, and the sixth group a dose of concentrated spice paste, plus an additional barley water.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

It was enough for the fifth group to distribute citrus fruits for only six days, but already within this time, one of the patients improved sufficiently to return to service, while the other was able to help Lindi treat the rest of the group.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[15] Lind's research is sometimes referred to as the world's first clinical trial or the first systematically designed medical study, although, for example, the Persian physician and scientist al-Razi's research as early as the 9th century Benefits in the treatment of meningitis can be considered a similar simple clinical trial.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

In contemporary light, Lind's study lacked, for example, a control group, that is, a control group not receiving treatment or being given placebo therapy, but on the other hand, selecting patients based on symptoms as similar as possible was a successful solution.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

On the other hand, Lind's research proved mainly citrus to work in the treatment of scurvy, which again was already known to many, and his publication A treatise of the scurvy did not gain its wider attention upon its appearance in 1753.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[15] The preservation of vitamins proved to be Lind's biggest problem.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

He drew up recipes for his work that practically did not prove to work.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

For example, he advised that oranges should be made by cooking concentrate, which would “persist for several years.”


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Experiments in the 20th century found that half of the C vitamins in the concentrate prepared according to the recipe are destroyed, and the vitamin content in the canned concentrate drops in four weeks to 13 per cent of the original.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Lind also believed that beer made using vitamin-rich spruce would cure scurvy, but in practice fermentation destroys most of the vitamins in spruce, as the remaining vitamins evaporate when preserved rather quickly completely.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

So, for example, explorer James Cook was quick to note that Lind's proposed recipes are no match for fresh fruit.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[15] Towards the invention of vitamins More or less detached from medicine, many soldiers, explorers and marine officers also ended up with similar results.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

In 1593, Admiral John Hawkins ended up distributing lime juice to his men after losing thousands of sailors to scurvy.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[14] John Guy, the settler and governor who founded the colony of Newfoundland, wrote in 1601 that turnips proved to be an effective scarby medicine which allowed many to be cured.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[16] In 1740, Edward Vernon, Admiral of the Royal Navy, ordered his sailors' daily rations of rum to be diluted with water.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

To mask the taste of the water, juice from citrus fruits was added to the mix.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Although the connection was not immediately understood, Vernon's sailors seemed healthier than the crews of other ships on long voyages.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The Royal Navy put Vernon's drink mix into general use, naming it grog after Vernon's nickname, which he received, according to the story, from his grogram jacket.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Captain James Cook, who led three round-the-world sailings, who was familiar with Lind's studies, found that sauerkraut retains its scurvy healing properties even for years; therefore it now became a weapon in the fight against illness.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

However, when preserving, sauerkraut had to be boiled, resulting in a decrease in its vitamin content.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Cook took care that the food supply was replenished with fruit and veggies wherever possible.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Thanks to this, during her travels, the crew rarely suffered from scurvy.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[17] Thanks to Cook's illustrious voyages, the custom spread to other ships as well.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The term “antiscorbutic” was used from those times for foods that were known to prevent scurvy, although there was no idea why they did so.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

These foods and extracts included e.g.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

lemon, limes, oranges, sauerkraut, sorrel, malt and wort.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

In 1907, Norwegian doctors Axel Holst and Theodor Frølich succeeded in inflicting scurvy on guinea pigs who had been laboratory animals.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Finally, Polish biochemist Casimir Funk was the first to develop the concept of the vitamin in 1912.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

Wars and famines Wars, famine and poverty have continued to survive scurvy into modern times, despite the comparatively accessible and inexpensive form of treatment found for it.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

People have been sick and died of scurvy among others.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

due to rationing, sieges and blockades during the First and Second World Wars.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

In the concentration camps of Nazi Germany, scurvy was a common cause of death.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[18] The influence of scurvy on culture Scurvy was considered a very dastardly disease.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

The word scurvy, meaning disease, has also been in use for a long time as an adjective in English-speaking countries, where it has a pronounced negative charge.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

For example, the term scurvy trick refers to a very dastardly and despicable act.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[19] The two popular foodstuffs used to prevent scurvy, lime and sauerkraut, have given their names to the nicknames limey, which refers to English in speech, [20] and kraut, which means German in speech.


Question: When is scurvy disease found?

Sscurvy

[21] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Challem, Jack| title= User's Guide to Nutritional Supplements| publisher = Basic Health Publications, Inc.| year = 2003| id = ISBN 1591200679}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Packer, Lester & Fuchs, Jürgen| title = Vitamin C in health and disease| publisher = CRC Press| year = 1997| id = ISBN 0824793137}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = World Health Organization, United Nations High Commisioner for Refugees| title = Scurvy and its prevention and control in major emergencies| publisher = WHO| year = 1999| id = WHO reference number: WHO/NHD/99.11| format = [online version]}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Deficiency Diseases Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Matti Uolevi Kassila (12 January 1924, Keuruu — 13 December 2018 Vantaa) [1] was a Finnish film director and screenwriter as well as writer.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

[2] He was among the most prominent Finnish filmmakers of the 1950s and 1960s.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila's most famous work is probably the Komisario Palmu series.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Other illustrious controls include Radio Does Breach, Blue Week, August, Scarlet Dove and The Loveliness and Misery of Human Life.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Biography Youth and early stages of career Matti Kassila was born in Keuruu in Haapamäki, a major railway locality of his time, as the son of train driver Väinö Kassila and Anna Kassila.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The Second World War interrupted his schooling at Haapamäki Coed School: Kassila first served as a volunteer in anti-aircraft duties and then was assigned to rookie training, but due to heart problems caused by the diphtheria epidemic, he was discharged from front service.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

For the remainder of the Continuation War, Kassila worked at the Panzer Corps Central Repair Shop in Varkaus.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

He matriculated during the war in 1942.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila had already starred in Varkaus's Workers' Theatre during the war, and in 1944 she got an acting trainee position at the Helsinki People's Theatre.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

1946 he moved to the film company Suomi-Film, where he worked as organizer and filming secretary for director Valentin Vaala, among others.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

1948 director Edvin Laine organized the largest company in Kassila's industry to be employed by Finnish Filmiindustrie.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

While at SF, he first worked as an attendant in the short film department before moving on the following year to Edvin Laine as assistant director.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In the 1950s Kassila took over as an independent director after being Edvin Laine's assistant director in the film Aaltoska orkaniseera (1949).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In his memoirs, he recounts that T. J. Roach, the head of SF, invited him to his room and said, “You guys have shown me that you know how to make a film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

From this you will now get your own film, take it or leave it”.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Roach gave him a finished script, a pre-selected cast and plenty of months of film time.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The result was the comedy Host plays the hanur (1949), Kassila's first feature-length film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Like SF, Kassila worked quickly, at the annual rate of two films.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Movie subjects and often scripts came ready from producer Särkää.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila's breakthrough film was the lighthearted crime comedy Radio Makes a Burglary (1951) which he scripted himself together with Aarne Tarkas.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The film, which starred Hannes Häyrinen, received excellent reviews and a good audience success, although it was overshadowed in the Rovaniemi market by the film “Rillumarei”, which was completed at the box office in the same year.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The film brought Jussi statues to both director Kassila and lead star Häyrinen.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Inspired by the success, Kassila, Tarkas and cinematographer Osmo Harkimo started their own film company Junior-Film and made a sequel to the film Radio comes mad (1952), which was also well received.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila was also a screenwriter in Tarkas's first-born directorial Night is Long (1952).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

However, Junior-Film's success proved weak and Kassila returned again that year back to SF.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

After radio films, Kassila directed six films for SF in three years, with a spectrum ranging from drama to comedy.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

He received Best Director Juss for two consecutive years: 1954 for the drama Blue Week and 1955 for the comedy Father Old and New.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

1955 Kassila received a two-year mortgage as director of the Pori Theatre, and from 1957 to 1958 he was director of the Helsinki People's Theatre.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

He continued directing films alongside his theatre work, but moved on to Fennada-Film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila's Fennada films include two notable novel adaptations: F.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

E. Sillanpää August (1956), which brought him his fourth steering jussi, and Ilmari Kiannon's Red Line (1959).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

August is set in one day, the last day of the channel keeper Viktor Sundvall.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The central themes are alcoholism, self-betrayal, life left unalive.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Toivo Mäkelä played the best role of his life as a channel keeper.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The Red Line is a film about Finland's first parliamentary elections in spring 1907, in which the brilliant Holger Salin and Liisa Nevalainen played the lead roles.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

After four Fennada films, Kassila and Osmo Harkimo tried their wings again as independent filmmakers and founded the production company Kassila & Harkimo Co.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

However, the film The Glass Hearts (1959) remained as the company's sole production.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

It was an absurd comedy about a glass artist who received a burnout.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Career culmination: Inspector Palmut 1960—1962, after the financial stomach bill of Lassydämi, Kassila had to turn to SF and Toivo Särkka again.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Särkkä suggested to Kassila to film Mika Waltari's detective novel Inspector Palmu's mistake.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

However, Kassila initially rebuffed the whole idea.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The book is a traditional puzzle puzzle puzzle, in which the murderer is hidden until the final pages, and whose plot transport is based on long dialogues, and was deemed “unfilmatic” by Kassila.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Eventually, however, he agreed, and while making the screenplay, gradually became enamored with the novel's colourful person characters and dramatic scenes.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The finished film was a combination of comedy and drama, and the picture narrative also did not overlook elements of a horror film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila convinced Särä to agree to film the film in the 1930s epoch and hire the best actors available.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Inspector Palmu's Mistake (1960) was a success with both critics and the public, and quickly received a sequel.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

However, it was not produced by SF but by its rival Fennada-Filmi, whose director Mauno Mäkelä had managed to grab the rights to Waltari's second Palmu novel Who Murdered Mrs Skrof?.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

On the big screen, the story was named Gas, Inspector Palm!


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

It was a success like its predecessor and brought Kassila and Kaarlo Nuorvala the best screenplay Jussi.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Since there was a desire to continue the film series, but there were only two novels, Mauno Mäkelä asked Mika Waltar to write the script for the third Palmu film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Waltari became enthusiastic about the subject, and three weeks later he had an entire novel ready instead of a script.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The stars tell, Inspector Palmu (1962) appeared both as a book and a film at the same time.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Together, Kassila and Mika Waltari were planning a fourth Palmus film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The working title was Rest Already in Peace, Inspector Palmu, and in it Palmu was to be taken to the world of the theatre to investigate a murder on the stage of the Old Student House.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In early 1963, however, an actors' strike began, lasting two and a half years and scuppering plans for the Palm series to continue.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila still returned in the late 1960s to film the fourth Palmu, but it had nothing to do with the “Rest in Peace” script, and Mika Waltari was no longer involved.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In between the Palmu films, the Scarlet Pigeon (1961) was completed from Kassila.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The film was based on a dream Kassila had while dozing off in the middle of contemplating a new movie idea.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

After waking up, he wrote a synopsis of a few pages and took the slates to be read to Toivo Särkää, who agreed to make the film based on it.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila initially tried to write the script himself, but as this did not succeed Juha Nevalainen came to the aid.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The result was a rare Finnish film noir film with influences from the theme of Alfred Hitchcock's Blameless Man.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

A clearer prequel, however, was Fritz Lang's film Woman in the Window, whose plot the film partially resembled.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

After the palm trees: 1960s and 1970s 1960s alko was a time of transformation in Finnish cinema.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The advent of television and the actors' strike that began in 1963, stretched for two and a half years, imploded the old studio system.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The largest studio Suomen Filmiteollisuus Oy went bankrupt in 1965 and others also had to drastically reduce their production.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In place stepped in a new wave of independent young filmmakers.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Of the old authors, only Kassila and Edvin Laine were able to pursue filmmaking, and they are no longer on the same scale as before.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila survived the lean years of the film industry by launching to Fennada-Film as a producer as well as making programmes for television.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

He worked as production manager and co-screenwriter for Mikko Niskanen's film Sissit (1963) and Edvin Laine's film Here under the Pohjantari (1968).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Both films were produced by Fennada Film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

On the television side, Kassila worked for both Yleisradio and Advertisement Television, and among other things dramatized and directed Mika Waltari's miniature novel Parisian tie (1965) for the television theatre, starring Keijo Komppa.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila also made several documentary series.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In the late 1970s, Kassila worked in educational and administrative positions in the film industry.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

He held an artist professorship 1975—1980 and was Head of Production at the Finnish Film Foundation 1977—1979.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

After the worst trough of the 1960s passed, Kassila returned to directing feature-length films.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

He did both drama and comedy and rewarmed old subjects, but failed to reach anywhere near his old audience and review successes again.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The first feature-length film after Palms, Äl' over pää perhanaa (1968), was a parody of filmmaking and at the same time a satirical 50th anniversary film of independent Finland, which, however, remained loss-making at the box office hatches.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

It was followed by the fourth and final Inspector Palmu film about Vodka, Inspector Palmu (1969).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Mika Waltari no longer participated in the making of the film, only giving permission for the use of Palmu's character.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In the film, a retired Palmu is hired to investigate the murder of a journalist for Yleisradio, satirising both Finland-Soviet relations and James Bond style agent adventures.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila later admitted that bringing Palmu to YYA-Finland was a mistake, and that the film should have gone unmade.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In the early 1970s, Kassila directed both ambitious drama and honest bush farce.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Headquarters (1970) was a film adaptation of Ilmari Turja's follow-up war play, and at the same time the first and so far the only one starring Marshal Mannerheim.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

I Want to Love, Peter (1972) was, for its part, an erotic drama based on the stir novel by Aila Meriluoto.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In Adam's costume... and a bit of Eevan (1972) was a re-heating of an old subject.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The Agapetus novel in question had already been filmed three times before, twice in Finland (1931 and 1940) and once in Germany (1959).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The comedy tells the story of two men who, due to funny coincidences, lose their clothes and get naked back to people.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Events Kassila placed filmmaking in the present.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Heating up the new topic was Kassila's next film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In addition to Esa Pakarinen's Pekka Puupää character, this is the second famous character Severi Suhonen, whom he had played in several tours and in two films in the Rovaniemi market (1951) and Mulli model (1961).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The liberated sexuality of the turn of the decade was also evident in the film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

It had a lot of (female) nudity and the Suhos character was made into a “bangman” too.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

This may have been too much for the admirers of Esa Pakarinen and Pekka Puupää, as the film was not a huge audience success.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Esa Pakarinen also played the lead role in the character Severi Suhonen in addition to previous ones in the (1954) film Hei Rillumarei directed by Armand Lohikoske.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In the late 1970s, Arto Paasilinna wrote a film script for Kassila.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Kassila liked the idea, and he thought the early part of the script was good, but deteriorated towards the end.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Thus Kassila edited the script together with Lauri Jauhiainen and Olli Soinio.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The result was Natalia (1979) produced by Matti Ollila and Kari Pöyry/Cine-Art Ltd.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In the comedy, a Russian cow named Natalia gets lost in Finland and the film follows the amusing and romantic coincidences that follow when Natalia's cow is returned back to the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The film is a parody of the future friendship, cooperation and assistance between Finland and the Soviet Union in the style: “Everything that comes from beyond the eastern border must be taken right back there!”.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The 1980s films Kassila's 80's went with film adaptations.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Niskavuori (1984) was a combination of two plays by Hella Wuolijoki, Niskavuori's women and Niskavuori's bread.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Niskavuori women had been filmed earlier in 1938 and 1958, both times with Valentin Vaala as director.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Farewell to the President (1987) was based on Pentti Kirstilä's dekar.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In it, Hannu Lauri played a madman planning the assassination of the president (Tarmo Manni).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The president's name isn't mentioned, but he reminds me of Kekko.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The Loveliness and Misery of Human Life (1988) was Kassila's second Sillanpää filmatisation produced by Matti Ollila and Päivi Hartzell/Neofilmi Oy.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Similar to August, there is also the wonderfulness and misery of human life a novel from Sillanpää's later production period.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The film is set on one day in late summer 1939, Finland's last peace summer before World War II.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Writer Hongisto (Lasse Pöysti) unexpectedly leaves his home, runs away with nothing to say to anyone, and goes to meet his old youth sweetheart (Liisa-Maija Laaksonen).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The film received four Jussi statues in Finland and won the award for Best Nordic Film in Rouen, France.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

1990s and final stages of career After the wonderfulness and misery of human life, Kassila prepared in the early 1990s e.g.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

musical about the Bride of Jäkäri, Sam Sihvo's song play of the same name.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Based on the finished script and production plans, advance studies of the film were conducted e.g.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In Liepaja, Latvia, where the ice keepers in the 1910s had received training and where Sam Sihvo's original story was mainly set.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

However, it turned out that Finland did not have the financial resources to produce such a large project.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

So Kassila began writing a film adaptation that takes place in a small location where a film crew is making a film.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In a story set in the world of filmmaking that Kassila knew best, all the main characters betray each other in order to get “something more.”


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The production company Wonderfilm read a detective script and it was considered that it could make a good movie.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The result was Kassila's last-ditch film “Everything in the Game” (1994).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

In the 1990s Kassila still made television shows F.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

E. Sillanpää and all the films he directs.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Post-Career Life President of the Republic Tarja Halonen awarded Kassila the title of Professor in May 2011.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

For his last five years Kassila lived in a Vantaa service house.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

For the last time he appeared in public on 29 November 2018, when he attended the premiere of the play Gaa, Komisario Palmu, at the Helsinki City Theatre.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The audience honored the director's presence after the performance by applauding his standing.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

[3] Kassila died in Nutärinte's service house in Vantaa in December 2018.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

[4] Private life Kassila married actor Aino Mantsas in 1948, four children were born from the union.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Among Kassila's children, Taavi Kassila has also excelled as a film director and writer.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

After Aino Mantsas died, Matti Kassila married filming secretary Christina Laurent and one son was born from this marriage.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

[5] Kassila stopped drinking alcohol in 1970, before which, in his own words, he suffered from alcohol addiction.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

[6] In 1963, Kassila was in the process of settling his sentence for drunk driving in a work transfer at the Helsinki Airport construction site simultaneously with singer Olavi Virta, who was convicted of drunk driving.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

[5] Long Films Literary Works Matti Kassila also worked as a writer and co-authored the twelve-volume Finnish National Filmography book series.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

The War of Two Women: The Spying Story of the Century (co-written with Pekka Lounela).


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

WSOY, 1987.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Black and white.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Otava, 1995.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Father, son and Kekkonen: A novel.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

WSOY, 2000.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kassila, Matti| title = Screenplay and direction: Matti Kassila| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = Human voice 37| id = ISBN 951-0-28691-5}} When the priest died in laughter: Erotic stories.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Like, 2007.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

On the trail of great film directors.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Artwork, 2012.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Awards and recognitions 1951 Jussi Award for directing the film Radio makes a burglary 1951 Jussi Award for the screenplay of the film Radio Makes a Breach (together with Aarne Tarkas) 1954 Jussi Award for directing the film Blue Week 1955 Jussi Award for the film Father Old and New for directing 1957 Jussi Award for directing the film August 1959 Jussi Award for the screenplay of the film Red Line 1962 Jussi Award for film Gas, Inspector Palmu!


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

for the screenplay (together with Kaarlo Nuorvala 1985 Vantaa Cultural Prize [7] 1989 Audience Award for the film The Loveliness and Misery of Human Life at the Rouen Nordic Film Festival 1989 Grand Prize for the film The Loveliness and Misery of Human Life at the Rouen Nordic Film Festival 1995 Pro Finlandia Medal 2008 State Prize of Motion Picture Arts 2011 Jussi Award Concrete Jussi for Life's Work 2011 Title of Professor Nominations 1957 Golden Palm nomination for film August at the Cannes Film Festival 1961 Silver Bear nomination for the film Scarlet Pigeon Berlin Film Festival Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Koukkunen, Kalevi — Laine Kimmo — Seitajärvi, Juha (ed.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

) | title = Movies tell, Matti Kassila| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2013| version=Kava publication series| isbn = 978-952-222-436-1}} On the topic elsewhere Yle Livinen archive.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Yle Areena/News.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Jussi Karjalainen, Apu, 30.12.2018.


Question: When was Matti Kassila born?

Matti Kassila

Category:Finnish recipients of the title of professor Category:Finnish film directors Category:Finnish film screenwriters Category:Pro Finlandia awardees Category:Vantaa Cultural Prize Category:Jussi Prize Laureates Category:People born in 1924 Category:Persons who died in 2018 Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The Republic of Cuba (), or Cuba, is an island nation in the Caribbean consisting of Cuba's main island, Isla de la Juventud, and several other smaller islands.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Cuba lies on the northern edge of the Caribbean Sea at the confluence of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Cuba's immediate neighbors are the United States and Bahamas to the north, the Turks and Caicos Islands and Haiti to the east, Mexico to the west, and the Cayman Islands and Jamaica to the south.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Cuba's largest city and at the same time the capital is Havana, located in the north-west of the country.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Cuba has about 11450,000 inhabitants, 65% of whom are white, 10% are black, and the rest are mestits.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[1] The term 'Cuba' is derived from the Tainoinian language word “cubao”, meaning “fertile and abundant land”.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[2] After nearly 400 years of Spanish and American rule, the country gained independence in 1902.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1933, power was taken over by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1959, a leftist guerrilla movement led by Fidel Castro seized power.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Castro remained in power until 2008, after which power passed to his brother Raúl.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

2013 Miguel Díaz—Canel was elected vice president.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[3] He became the country's president following the stepping down of Raúl Castro in April 2018.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Geography of the Republic of Cuba is located on the island of the same name in the Caribbean.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

It is the largest island in the Caribbean.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The island of Cuba is 1200km long and 32—145km wide and belongs to the Great Antilles island group.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

It has an area of 104945km2.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Isla de la Juventud, the second largest island in the country, has an area of 2200 km2, the small islands 3715 km2 and the entire state totals 110860km2.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[4] Cuba is bounded on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan Strait, on the north by the Florida Strait and the Bahamas, on the east by the Windward Basin, and on the south by the Caribbean Sea.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Its nearest neighbours are the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) to the west, Florida (United States) and the Bahamas to the north, Haiti to the east, and Jamaica and the Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) to the south.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The main part, or about three-quarters of Cuba, is gently rolling plateau land.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The country also has mountain ranges, the largest being the Sierra Maestra on the east side of the island, whose highest peak is the Pico Real del Turquino (1974 m).


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The eastern parts of the island also lie the smaller Nipe and Cristal mountain ranges.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[5] The highest mountain in Escambray, located in central Cuba, is Pico San Juan, 960 m high.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

At the western end of the country, Pinar del Río Province lie the mound regions of Sierra de los Órganos and Sierra del Rosario.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[6] The largest city in the country is the capital Havana.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 2010, other cities with over 200,000 inhabitants included Santiago de Cuba, Camagüey, Holguín, Guantanamo and Santa Clara.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[7] The climate is tropical, but is cooled by pasate winds.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The rainy season lasts from May to October.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Hurricanes hit the East Coast between August and November roughly every two years.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[1] Cuba's nature has been better preserved than the rest of the Caribbean.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Admittedly, unsustainable logging and clearing of wetlands for sugar fields have also wreaked havoc in Cuba, but the country also still has pristine rainforest and wetlands, as well as coral reefs.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

However, economic growth in the future is feared to increase the wear and tear of nature.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[8] Approximately one-fifth of the island, 200 metres above, has been covered by moist forest types in its beginnings: rainforest, mountain forest and cloud forests.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

About 30 endemic species have been found in them.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1995, it was estimated that 75% of the forest type has been destroyed due to coffee and cocoa cultivation, but one natural patch of more than 500 square kilometers remains.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[9] More than half of the land area has been dry forest, but 4/5 of it has been cleared for cultivation, pasture and savannah.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[10] Coniferous forest has grown in the mountains, of which three patches of more than 250 square kilometres remain.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The main species of the forest is the Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea), whose shelters live many native bird and plant species.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[11] The world's smallest bird, the bumblebee hummingbird, lives in Cuba, as does the Cuban maragd colibird, the endemic cubantod, and the cubanamazon.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The national bird is the cubantrogon.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The hutia species “Capromys pilorides” is found in addition to Cuba on some nearby islands.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The cubancrocodile has disappeared from places other than Cuba.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[12] History Early stages and colonial era Cuba was inhabited based on archaeological finds no later than the 4th century BCE.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The earliest inhabitants of the Great Antilles have been called casimiroids after the Casimira discovery site and spread to the region from the Yucatan Peninsula.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The casimiroid population was followed by so-called Saladoid people from Venezuelata or the Lesser Antilles in the first millennium BCE.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

They interacted and possibly also intermingled with the earlier population.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Over time, they became muddled orthe culture of the islands.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

When Europeans arrived in Cuba, about two-thirds of the island was inhabited by the Tainos and the westernmost third was inhabited by Guanahatabeys considered more primitive in culture.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[13] Christopher Columbus arrived on the island of Cuba as the first European in 1492.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[14] However, the Spanish did not begin to settle on the island until 20 years later under Diego Velázquez.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The Spanish subjugated the Tainos to the encomienda system.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The Tainos were starved to forced labour in plantations and mines, and were jaded by diseases brought by Europeans.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1550, there were fewer than five thousand of them.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

African slaves were brought to the island by the Spanish starting in 1526.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[15] From the mid-16th century to the mid-18th century, there were constant clashes between wealthy Spanish merchants and pirates in Cuba.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The Spanish tried in vain to protect their possessions by building fortifications in the surroundings of the island's ports.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1762, Spain joined the Seven Years' War on the French side against Britain.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The British saw an opportunity to seize the lucrative Spanish holdings in the Caribbean and took Havana.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

During the reign of the British, sugarcane farming flourished, especially when, in 1790, French plantation owners fled to the island to make way for the Haitian slave revolt.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

By 1820, Cuba was developing into the world's leading sugar producer, and the newly formed United States was its largest customer.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[16] For a long time Cuba remained loyal to Spain, and there was no independence in the colony at the beginning of the 19th century as other Spanish colonies sought independence.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[17] However, the pro-slavery Creole elite began to view themselves as discriminated against, and by the middle of the century, hopes for independence began to tune in in Cuba too.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Alongside also arose the idea of joining the United States, in whose southern states slavery was permitted.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The first large-scale attempt at independence began in October 1868 with the start of the Ten Years' War on the plantation of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[18] The Spanish made peace with the mutually contested rebels in 1878.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[19] The struggle for independence was martyred by José Martí, who founded the Junta of Independence in 1892 in New York.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The Cuban War of Independence kicked off in February 1894, and Martí was already killed in its first battles.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The war soon spread from the eastern parts of the country to the rest of the country.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The United States did not want to interfere with the situation in the country, but it declared war on Spain when the USS Maine (ACR-1), which was visiting Havana harbour, exploded in February 1898, taking 266 U.S. personnel with it.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Both countries blamed each other for the blast.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[20] The Spanish—American War lasted from April to August, and as a result Spain was forced to withdraw from Cuba as well as ceding Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the United States, which, however, did not give independence to Cuba but placed in charge of its own military rule.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[21] Although the occupation regime succeeded in developing society, the majority of Cubans did not approve of the country's transition to a new host.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[22] Independence Cuba gained independence in 1902.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

A general strike in 1933 robbed President Gerardo Machado from power and elevated Army Sergeant Fulgencio Batista to the head of the country.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The country's president was Federico Laredo Brú, but the real leadership was in Batista's hands.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1940, Batista was appointed president.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[14] However, Batista was sidelined in 1944 when Ramon Graú was elected president.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1948, Carlos Prío Socarrás became president, who was deposed by Batista in 1952.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[23] The so-called Platt Amendment clause limited Cuba's independence and the United States considered it its right to intervene in Cuban affairs if it wished [24].


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1959, Fidel Castro ousted Batista's unpopular and corrupt regime in a revolution.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Batista fled to the United States, where he also transferred a significant amount of money.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In addition, about 700,000 Batista supporters left Cuba.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The new Cuban government was recognized by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union, as well as almost all Latin American countries, as early as the first week of January 1959.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The 26 July guerrilla movement led by Castro consisted of liberal and moderate leftists, but later Castro declared the revolution to have been socialist in nature, centralized power in his hands, canceled free elections, and forgot his promise to respect the old 1940 constitution.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The name of the guerrilla movement stemmed from the launch shot of the revolution, led by Castro, on the Moncada garrison just outside the city of Santiago on 26 July 1953, and was a model of the French resistance during World War II.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[25] [26] [27] The eccentric socialism developed by Castro has been called “castrolism”, sometimes also “fidelism”.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[28] Immediately after Batista fled Cuba, the new government of the country initiated punitive measures against those members of the Batista regime accused of murdering and torturing citizens, and established special courts-martial to that end.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

According to foreign views, the conduct of court-martial took on the nature of systematic retaliation in these cases.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In speedy, often even hasty trials, the defendants were invariably sentenced to death and executed in public, but due to foreign objections, the executions were soon turned secret.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

By the end of June 1959, when court-martial were abolished, about 500 individuals had been executed.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[29] Most newspapers ceased or were taken over by the end of 1960.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[30] [31] All radio and television stations were taken under state control.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[30] Approximately 20,000 dissidents were imprisoned each year.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[30] Moderate teachers and professors were removed from their positions.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[30] Homosexuals, religionists and others were taken to labour camps for political “brainwashing”.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[32] In September 1960, “Revolutionary Committees” (CDRs) were established to spy on neighbourhoods.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[30] Cuba built the second largest army in Latin America.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[33] Between 1959 and 1962, 3200 people were executed according to an estimate by the United States Department of State, [34] by some estimates, the total number of political executions was 4000—33000.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[35] [36] [37] Cold War time the United States welcomed the new Cuban regime at first calmly, but quite soon the situation changed completely.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The executions against Batista's regime already severely shaken U.S. confidence in Castro.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Nationalization of foreign industrial companies and oil companies in 1960 cut ties with the United States.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The United States stopped purchases of sugar from Cuba, for whose economy, in turn, sugar exports were vital and the United States by far the largest buyer of Cuban sugar.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In this situation, Cuba turned to the socialist countries and thus began the cooperation between Cuba and the Soviet Union, which, although it did not always go without abrasion.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[38] As the Cold War intensified, Cuba became the vessel of disputes between the great powers.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The failed Bay of Pigs landings by Cuban refugees in April 1961 was orchestrated by the Americans with the aim of ousting the revolutionary regime.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The failure of the mission was a serious prestige defeat for the US president, John Kennedy, who has just taken office.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1962, Cuba was separated from the Organization of American States (OAS) because, according to a U.S.-driven decision, “the Marxist-Leninist line was inconsistent with the principles of the American system.”


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[39] In the early 1960s, Cuba was the scene of world politics in the Cuban Missile Crisis (October 15 to November 20, 1962).


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[14] After the missile crisis triggered, there was a general cooling of relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union, but already in the spring of 1963 Castro made his first visit to the Soviet Union and met with party leader Nikita Khrushchev.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[40] In the 1960s, Castro and his close comrade, head of the Cuban State Bank, Ernesto “Che” Guevara, an Argentine by descent, attempted to market “castro-like” socialism to other Latin American countries, to which copious amounts of money, weapons and experts in guerrilla warfare were sent.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Despite attempts, “castrolism” did not exactly achieve a backlash in these countries.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Most of the population of the countries were poor peasants, but they had essentially redeemed their small holdings as their own and were not enthusiastic about the joint ownership of the means of production under socialism.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Guevara was sidelined due to differences in views between him and Castro: Castro advocated closer cooperation with the Soviet Union, Guevara for greater independence from Moscow.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Guevara left Cuba in 1965 and he was killed in Bolivia in 1967 after trying in vain to raise a rebellion against President Rene Barrientos.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[41] The Communist Party of Cuba was founded in 1961, but it did not hold its first party conference until 1975, when Fidel Castro was elected to its leadership.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Under a constitutional amendment in 1976, the leadership position of the Communist Party was defined and Castro was appointed President of the Cuban Council of State, that is, the country's president.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 1972, Cuba became a member of the Economic Community of Socialist Countries (SEV).


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

During the 1970s and 1980s, Cuban soldiers were in support of several different left-wing governments in Africa (including Angola) and South America.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In Angola, Cuba significantly supported the Popular Front for Liberation (MPLA), which gained the upper hand in the country's civil war in 1976, the FRELIMO party in Mozambique, and the PAIGC party in Guinea—Bissau and Cape Verde.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Some degree of support also came from the dictators of Equatorial Guinea and Uganda, Francisco Macías Nguema and Idi Amin, and rebels who opposed then-Zaire president Mobutu Sese Seko.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

On the other hand, Castro was happy to appear as a joint leading figure and advocate for developing countries, saying Cuba would seek to reduce the dependence of African countries that had achieved independence on former colonial mistresses and Western countries at all, especially the United States.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In this case, however, he had to be wary of at least highly visible support for subversive movements.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Problems for Cuba were produced by mutual divisions between African states and ethnic groups, one example of which was the drift of its supported Ethiopia and Somalia into a mutual Ogaden War in 1977.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Elsewhere in the world, Cuba was seen mainly as a Soviet hand bash for increasing Soviet influence in Africa, and the presence of Cubans there as Moscow demanded as a price for economic assistance to Cuba.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[42] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, with the end of Soviet financial support, Cuba experienced major economic problems.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[43] At the fourth party congress of the order of the Cuban Communist Party in 1991, Castro convinced his country to remain socialist; at the same time, the Soviet Union was fighting a dying struggle and the state disappeared from the world map at the end of the year.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[44] The last Russian soldiers left Cuba in early July 1993.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[45] In August 1994, Cuba began the most serious unrest in Castro's reign until then, when thousands of Cubans demonstrated and shouted anti-Castro slogans in Havana, the country's capital.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

At the same time, a new mass exodus of Cubans to the United States


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Castro accused the United States of fomenting the protests.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Since the US began to put the brakes on Cuban immigration at the end of August e.g.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Panama and Honduras said they were ready to accept Cuban refugees.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The unrest was even considered to have triggered Castro's countdown.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[46] In November 1996, Fidel Castro made a historic visit to the Vatican, where he held talks with Pope John Paul II on the status of the mostly Catholic Church in Cuba.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[47] Castro invited the Pope to Cuba for a return visit, which came to fruition in January 1998.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Cuba was the last Latin American country that the pope had not visited.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[48] President Vladimir Putin visited Cuba as the first Russian head of state since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 2000.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

At the end of the talks between Putin and Castro, it was announced that Russia and Cuba had reached an agreement on the payment of Cuba's substantial Soviet-era debts.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[49] Relations between the United States and Cuba have consistently remained strained.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

John Bolton, who served as assistant secretary of state for international security in President George W. Bush's administration, has read Cuba as belonging to the “axis of evil.”


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 2002, the United States flew detainees it had taken in Afghanistan to its naval base at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[14] The United States has accused Cuba of supporting terrorism.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

At the same time, however, it has itself allowed the anticastros to be in Miami freely, even though they have been accused of terrorist acts.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[50] Anticastro terrorists have, among other things, threatened tourists travelling to Cuba, striking Havana hotels and blowing up a Cuban passenger plane, resulting in the deaths of more than 70 people.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[51] [52] [53] [54] Cuba has blamed the cases on the CIA.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[55] The leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008 was Fidel Castro.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

He temporarily handed over the presidential duties he had held since 1976 to his brother Raúl Castro in the summer of 2006 after being hospitalized.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In the winter of 2008, Fidel Castro stepped down from his public posts, and brother Raúl was elected to succeed him as president.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[56] Since Fidel Castro surrendered power in February 2008, the Cuban economy has been slightly opened up.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Cubans have the right to acquire previously regulated consumer electronics and computers, as well as travel restrictions have been loosened.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[14] In 2009, Cuba was again accepted as a member of the Organization of American States.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In February 2013, the Cuban parliament elected Raúl Castro to a second term as president of the country.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

He announced he would step down from the post at the end of his term in 2018.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

At the meeting, Miguel Díaz—Canel emerged as Vice President who was elected President of the country in April 2018.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In December 2014, Barack Obama announced that the United States was going to normalize its relationship with Cuba.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The United States planned to restore diplomatic relations with Cuba and establish an embassy in the country.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Obama is also seeking an end to the Cuba embargo, but needs congressional support to do so.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[57] In July 2015, Cuba and the United States established diplomatic relations after a 54-year hiatus.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[58] Governance and Politics The political system in Cuba is a socialist system of government.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The country has a one-party system dominated by the Communist Party of Cuba (Partido Comunista de Cuba).


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The Cuban Communist Party is the leading ideological force in society, which, however, does not participate in elections.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

State bodies are elected by election, where candidates are placed at open meetings of citizens in residential areas.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[59] The Council of State is chaired by the President, who also heads the Council of Ministers, namely the Government.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[34] The President has executive power and the National Assembly has legislative power.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The National Assembly also elects the members of the Supreme Court.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[1] The President, Vice President and National Assembly (Asemblea Nacional del Poder Popular) are elected for five-year periods.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The National Assembly consists of 614 seats.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In elections, each candidate must win at least 50% support to be elected.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The President makes a recommendation of ministers to the National Assembly, which appoints the ministers.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The National Assembly also appoints itself a 31-member Council of State to deputise for it outside of sitting terms.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[1] Since the National Assembly is only convened for a short term twice a year, the State Council has a great deal of power.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[34] Foreign Policy The United States has the Guantanamo Bay naval base established in Cuba in 1898, which Cuba claims for itself.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The base was leased to the United States upon Cuba's independence in 1903.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Since the revolution, Fidel and Raúl Castro have not accepted the rent payment because they consider that the lease was concluded under duress.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[60] Cuba was also home to the Soviet Lourdes listening station 1964—2001.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 2000, China entered into an agreement with Cuba to lease Cuba's satellite intelligence station.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[61] Cuba has close ties with China and Venezuela.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

China has supplied the country with nickel and Venezuela inexpensive oil.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 2009, Russia began warming up contacts with a Soviet-era ally, and struck a deal to map undersea oil resources.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[60] Many Cubans have gone on to become emigrants over the years.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In 2008, Cuba was the fifth-highest number of emigrants sent country in the world, after Mexico, China, India and the Philippines.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

In that year, 49500 Cubans legally emigrated abroad.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[62] Many illegal refugees sneak into the United States on speedboats, which has a special programme enabling Cubans who have arrived illegally to apply for work permits immediately.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[63] [64] Human Rights The Cuban government has been accused of serious human rights violations including torture, arbitrary detention, unfair trials and extrajudicial executions (“El Paredón”).


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[65] [66] According to human rights organisation Human Rights Watch, the government “suppresses almost all forms of dissent” and “Cubans are systematically denied freedom of expression, freedom of association, assembly, privacy, freedom of movement and legality.”


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[67] In 2003, the European Union accused the Cuban government of continuing serious violations of human rights.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[68] The UN has also criticised Cuba's human rights record.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[60] According to human rights organisation Amnesty International, many prisoners of conscience have been released, but freedom of expression and freedom of assembly and association are restricted and critics of the one-party government line are being persecuted.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Dissidents are arbitrarily detained, preventing participation in rallies and demonstrations.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[69] The death penalty is in force in the country, but the most recent execution is in 2003.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[70] Until 2013, citizens could not leave Cuba or enter without official permission in addition to their passports and visas.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[67] [71] Freedom of expression In 2008, Cuba had the highest number of imprisoned journalists in the world after China, reported by e.g.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Human Rights Watch and Suomen Pen.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[72] [73] [74] Cuban media is under strict state control and journalists can face up to three years in prison for criticizing authorities or spreading anti-government propaganda.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The constitution bans private radio and television stations, and foreign news services must hire local staff through a state brokerage office.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Less than two percent of the population uses the internet.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

The United States is spreading its own views on world affairs by directing powerful radio transmitters from Florida to Cuba.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[60] Computer ownership is restricted so that their numbers are among the lowest in the world.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[75] The Internet may only be used in select locations that can be monitored.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[75] [76] Unauthorized Internet access can produce five years' imprisonment.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Prison System and Labor Camps In 1999, Human Rights Watch reported the Cuban prison system to be among the most extensive in Latin America, covering e.g.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

40 maximum security prisons and 200 labor camps.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[77] According to the organisation, prisoners, both political and non-political, are placed in prisons in classless and unsanitary conditions.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[77] Territorial division Cuba is divided into 15 provinces, which are still divided into 169 municipalities and one special municipality (Isla de la Juventud).


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

Pinar del Río Artemisa Ciudad de La Habana (Havana City) Mayabeque Matanzas Cienfuegos Villa Clara Sancti Spíritus Ciego de Ávila Camagüey Las Tunas Granma Holguín Santiago de Cuba Guantánamo Isla de la Juventud (Island of Youth) Economy Cuba's gross domestic product per capita in 2015 was USD 6203, higher than Jamaica and slightly lower than in the Dominican Republic.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

This means that Cuba's gross domestic product per capita is at about the same level as the comparator countries in the Caribbean.


Question: What was the length of the prison sentence Brazilian ex-President Lula received?

Cuba

[78] The most significant natural resources are cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese and wood.