Question: What country had the world's first female president?

List of female presidents

The list is chronological.


Question: What country had the world's first female president?

List of female presidents

There are no governors-general on the list.


Question: What country had the world's first female president?

List of female presidents

List in office See also List of female prime ministers Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Presidents of Women Presidents


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire, or Mongol Empire, was a major empire created by Genghis Khan and his followers during the wars of conquest of the 13th century.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

At its largest, the Mongols controlled an area of more than 32 million square kilometres in Asia and Europe and under the kingdom had an estimated nearly half of the Earth's population.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Thus it was the largest unitary state in history in terms of area, only the larger of the British Empire split by the seas.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Of the unitary states, it is also the only one to have had seashore on the three major oceans.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire existed for just under a hundred years.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Against the backdrop of the Mongol expeditions of conquest, one can see the self-feeding process itself.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Once the tribes of the region had been united and a powerful war machine created, it had to be directed outward because of internal unity.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

At first it was more about plundering, which with success gradually morphed into conquering.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The subjugated peoples were attached to the Mongol army, the leading layer of which was formed by the Mongols and the growth of the army further accelerated the conquests.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Eventually, Genghis Khan issued a decree to posterity that all nations of the world must be subjugated under Mongol rule.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

[1] The Mongol Empire was extremely destructive: it is estimated to have caused the deaths of thirty million people and, for example, the population of China was halved.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

On the other hand, with the equilibrium brought by the Mongols, trade relations and cultural exchanges between the Far East, Central Asia and the West were refreshed: the already declining Silk Road briefly rekindled.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The era has been referred to as Pax Mongolica, as an equation to the Roman state of peace, Pax Romana.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Historia Temüjin united several Mongolian tribes and received from his successors the designation Genghis Khan in 1206.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Of the tribes, the most important were Tatars, Keraites, Merkites and Naimans.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

It is not clear whether the different tribes spoke the same language: some may have spoken Turkic languages, some of the language forms that preceded the current Mongol language.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

In any case, the tribes were in close contact with each other.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

As early as 1211, the Mongols launched an offensive against the Jin dynasty that ruled northern China.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Jin dynasty lost the territory of Manchuria and Peking to the Mongols in 1215.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Western Uyghurs in Sinkiang subjugated in 1218.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

With the war going on in northern China, the Mongols started a war in Central Asia and destroyed the Kovaresmian empire that ruled Persia, killing about 1.5 million of its inhabitants between 1219 and 1222.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Thereafter, the Mongols launched their first incursions into the territory of present-day Russia.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

They carried out quick strikes on the Caucasus, Ukraine and even southern Poland from 1221 to 1224.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

With a quick campaign, the Mongols also struck the Western Xia state in the territory of present-day Gansu in 1225—1227.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

To the northeastern borders of India, the Mongols reached as early as 1224.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Genghis Khan donated some of the conquered territories to his sons to govern.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The four sons of Genghis Khan's chief wife were Ögödei, Chagatai, Jochi and Tolui.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

In 1227, Genghis Khan died and his youngest son Tolui inherited the core territories of the kingdom that Genghis Khan had ruled, while another son Ögödei ended up as Great Khan.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Jochi gained the western parts of the kingdom, down to western Russia, and Chagatai northern Iran and the southern parts of Xinjiang.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

[2] Over time, territories controlled by different lineages evolved into separate kingdoms or were destroyed.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Other sons gained control of territories, and conquests continued after Genghis Khan's death.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

In the 1230s, the Mongols led by Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, went west and conquered and disposed of Kiev and another dozen other Russian cities.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

In the early 1240s, the invasion still continued into Poland, Hungary and Austria.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The army of Henry the Pious, Duke of Silesia, was crushed at the Battle of Liegnitz in 1241, and by the army of Béla IV, King of Hungary at the Battle of Muh in 1241.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongol vanguard already reached the gates of Vienna and Mongol scouts were seen ca.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

100 miles from Venice.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

However, the surprising death of Great Khan Ögödei (probably to the consequences of alcoholism), coupled with logistical problems caused by winter, caused the Mongols to withdraw from Hungary in 1242, as Batu wanted to participate in the election of the Great Khan.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

After Ögödei's death, the factors that eventually dissolved the kingdom began to appear.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Due to the hostilities of Genghis Khan's grandsons Batu and Güyük, Ögödei's widow served as ruler for the next five years.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Eventually, Güyük was elected Great Khan, but he only had time to rule for two years before his death.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

A new regent period followed, followed by a brief period of equilibrium under the rule of Tolui's son Möngke from 1251 to 1259.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

During his reign, the Mongols, under Hülegü, invaded Baghdad from Persia, and destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate as well as the cult of the Assassins and moved into Palestine, advancing towards Egypt.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

However, upon Möngke's death, Hülegü rushed to the election of the Great Khan and the troops remaining in Palestine were destroyed by the Mameluks.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The last generally accepted Great Khan was Kublai Khan, who was unable to prevent the feud between his kinsmen Hülegü and Berke from developing into open war in 1263.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Kublai took over the southern parts of China, and attempted the conquest of Japan twice with fleets that had forced the Chinese to build, but the companies were stumped by the resistance of the samurai and the weather (see.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

kamikaze).


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Kublai's death in 1294 ended the Mongol Empire's period as a unitary state.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The following states that arose after Ögödei's death continued to exist as independent: Golden Orda in southern Russia founded by Hülegü in Persia Yuan dynasty founded by Kublai in China Chagatai Khanate founded by Khagatai Central In Asia, the Mongols themselves assimilated into local populations shortly after the dissolution of the kingdom, and their descendants adopted local religions, for example, Suufi-influenced Islam.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Administration The Mongol Empire was governed on the basis of the jasa law collection initiated by Genghis Khan (jasa means ordinance or decree).


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

It replaced the old nomadic, kindred clan system based on kinship with a hierarchical system in which status was determined no longer so much by kinship relationships as by ability and achievement.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Although the jasa determined a strict hierarchy in which the lower had to obey the higher and obey different codes of honour, it did not let the exalted lords either easier than the low ones.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The punishments were severe, and especially various breaches of honor codes were easily followed by a death sentence.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongols also adopted influences from China and other high cultures into their administration, from which officials were hired as well.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Even before Genghis Khan, the Kurultai meeting of khans and princes was the basis of the administration, which discussed domestic and foreign policy with the Great Khan, electing all Great Khans, starting with Genghis Khan.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

During Genghis Khan's reign, survivors of mass slaughters (especially artisans and priests were often spared) were taken as slaves to the Mongol aristocrat.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongols established trade routes throughout the kingdom as well as an extensive postal and travel service system, the jam, which was also in use by non-Mongols.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Many merchants, emissaries and travelers from China, the Middle East and Europe used it.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Important teachers and craftsmen were exempt from taxes, while generally taxes were onerous.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

At the same time, even the slightest resistance was bloodily retaliated.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Cities were destroyed and their inhabitants enslaved if they contested Mongol rule.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Army The organization of the Mongol armed forces was grounded in old nomadic traditions that were systematically and ennobled by Genghis Khan.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The smallest unit of troops (arbhan) comprised ten men, ten arbans formed a jaghun of one hundred men.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Ten jaghuns still constituted a thousand-man mingghan and ten mingghans eventually made up ten thousand tümen.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

All Mongol men aged 15—60 years old, enduring rigorous exercise, were admitted into the army.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Beyond that, the Mongols supplemented their army of the peoples they subjugated.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongol Army was distinguished from other armies of its time by strict systematization and discipline.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Mongol military forces generally placed an emphasis on speed and mobility.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Because of this, the armour of the Mongol cavalry was, proportionally speaking, light.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The main weapons of the Mongols were the counter-arch bow, the arrows of which even penetrated armour, and the sabre, which, too, was lighter than European swords.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongols were skilled archers (the skill was taught starting as a child), and had more than one and more powerful arrow types compared to other warships of the time.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongols were happy not to immediately succumb to hand-to-hand combat, but first used their bows further, weakening the opponent, especially by killing his horses.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

It was typical of the Mongols to be diverted by a retreat, after which the enemy that went in pursuit was besieged.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongol expedition was always precisely planned and prior to that effort had been made to gather all relevant information about the adversary and the region.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The success, organization and mobility of the Mongol armies enabled them to fight on multiple fronts simultaneously.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Unlike several other mobile warriors such as Huns or Vikings, the Mongols were also familiar with siege techniques.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongols scrupulously sought out craftsmen capable of building siege equipment of conquered peoples and, with the help of the Chinese engineers they recruited, were experts in the construction of various throwing devices.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongols also had the advantage of being able to travel long distances even in exceptionally cold winters; frozen rivers, for example, acted like roads for the Mongols.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

They were also skilled in the techniques of river crossing: Before the Battle of Moh, the Mongol army of 30,000 men crossed the flooding Sajó River overnight and thus managed to defeat the forces of Béla IV, King of Hungary.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Religion The original religion of the Mongols is not very accurately known, but can be characterized as a form of Shamanism, and it shared many common features with the religions of other nomadic tribes of Eurasia.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

In it were important the various rites of purification.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Heaven and earth represented deities.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongols were quite tolerant on religious issues.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Culture Before Genghis Khan's rise to power, the Mongols had no literary language.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

However, Genghis Khan understood that the administration of the kingdom also required written language.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

His solution to the dilemma was to take the lettering used by the Uyghurs for Mongol use.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The basic work of Mongol historiography The Secret History was also written on this letter.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

During Kublai's reign, the Tibetan monk 'Phags Pa created a new writing system, bearing his name, which was supposed to be able to write any language.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

It was used for quite a long time to write Mongol and temporarily some other languages were written on it.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

In 1236, the classics of Chinese literature began to be translated into Mongolian.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Mongols in China The transfer of the capital of the kingdom from Karakorum to Beijing (under the name Khanbalik) was initiated in 1267.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

In 1271, the Mongols also adopted the Chinese dynasty name Yuan, as emperor, Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

[3] Despite adopting the Chinese model of government, however, the Mongols kept leading posts for themselves or appointed Central Asian Muslims to them.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Muslims controlled much of the commerce in China during the Yuan dynasty.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Otherwise, the administrative structure of the Mongols was quite unequal, depending on how early that people had become subjugated by the Mongols.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Islam arrived strongly in China during the Mongol rule, but on the other hand, the Mongols also showed great interest in Taoism, Buddhism and Nestorian Christianity.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

After taking over Tibet (since 1252), the Mongols concentrated on Tibetan Buddhism, as it was more “magical” than Chinese Chan Buddhism.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

European-Mongol relations by the coming of the 13th century, the Crusades had turned defeatist, and when Europeans heard of the emergence of eastern conquerors fighting the Muslims, they were initially very hopeful.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Mongol state was even believed to be the kingdom of the fabled priestly king John.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

This was a legend about a century earlier about a distant Eastern Christian king.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

After the Mongols made the first rapid attack on Russia in the 1220s, reliable information about them did not yet spread to Europe, but King Andrew II of Hungary spread the message that John (David) had invaded Russia, carrying ahead of him the body of the apostle Bring.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The pope believed more palatable Hungarian information, although Queen Rusudani of Georgia tried to bring more truthful information.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

After the Mongols began a larger invasion of Russia in 1235, truthful knowledge began to arrive, and after their 1242 invasion of Poland and Hungary, hopes for Christians of the East vanished forever and were replaced by wonder and worry.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Pope Innocentius IV installed the Conzil of Lyon to contemplate primarily the Mongol Danger.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Above all, the aim was to gather intelligence, which task fell to the Dominicans and Franciscans, who were considered to have had experience with both the Crusading states and Russia with conditions in the East.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Due to the uncertainty of the trip, several embassies were set up, each receiving with him a diplomatic letter and another urging the Khan to convert to Christianity.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Dominicans Ascelinus Lombard, Andre de Longjumenau and Franciscan Laurentius the Portuguese embarked on a journey through the Middle East, while Franciscan Giovanni da Pian del Carpini departed via Russia with the intention of travelling as far as the Mongol court, for others it was enough to hand over letters to the Mongol authorities.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The most important of these was the voyage of Giovanni da Pian del Carpini, which began from Lyon in the spring of 1245.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Carpini was already 60 years old and the journey produced difficulties at first.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

After the convoy met the first Mongols near Kiev, the journey continued quickly in a Mongol convoy, first to Batu's camp, where the letters were translated into Mongol and then to Güyük's camp near Karakorum, where it was reached in late summer 1246.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Güyük was being crowned Great Khan and representatives of numerous different peoples were present.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The expedition was not diplomatically successful, as the Khan demanded that the Pope submit to Mongol rule in his letter of reply.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The Carpini, who returned to Lyon in late 1247, were instead able to gather much valuable information about Mongol culture and customs.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The most prominent embassy to the Mongols was equipped by a privateer, the Flemish Franciscan Vilhelm Rubruk, with the intention of converting the Mongols and taking comfort to the Christians of the East.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The voyage began in the winter of 1253 from the crusading base at Akko and continued through Constantinople to Crimea, from where the Mongols escorted Vilhelm to Batu and on to Great Khan Möngke.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

William and his entourage spent six months with the Mongols.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Although Möngke was not prepared to renounce his Shamanism, he was favourable to Christian doctrine—there were many Nestorian Christians at his court, and the Mongols were generally religiously tolerant.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

However, William preached harshly to his masters about the heresy of these and condemned other religions in even harsher words, making Möngke eventually bored.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Before he left, Vilhelm was still allowed to defend his views in a debate organised by Möngke, in which he and the Nestorians argued against Muslims and Buddhists.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The European embassies following the Great Khan's settling in Beijing are less well known, with the exception of Marco Polo's trip to Kublai's court.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Several legations passed between the Pope and the Persian Mongols.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

The envoys travelling to Europe from the Mongol Empire were mostly Nestorians and little is known of them, with the exception of Rabban Seam, a Turkish-born Nestorioan who lived in Beijing, who visited Rome and Paris in 1287.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

[4] Mongol Grand Khans Genghis Khan (1206—1227) Tolui Khan (Regent) (1227—1229) Ögödei Khan (1229—1241) Töregene Khanate (Regent) (1241—1246) Güyük Khan (1246—1248) Oghul Ghaymish) (1248—1251) Möngke Khan (1251—1259) Kublai Khan (1260—1294) See also Yuan dynasty Marco Polo Alexander Nevsky Black Death Timur Lenk Baibars Mongol invasions of Japan Sources On topic elsewhere Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Johannes de Plano Carpini| title = Mongol history.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

Journey to the land of Tartars in 1245-1247| publisher = Gaudeamus: Helsinki| year = 2003| version = Finland. Sami Jansson, introduction, references and translation of letters Antti Ruots| isbn = 951-662-873-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vilhelm Rubruk| title = Journey to Mongolia in 1253-1255| location = Turku| publisher = Faros| year = 2010| version = Veli Vilhelm Rubrukin travelogue to Louis IX, King of France.


Question: When was the Mongolina Empire at its greatest?

Mongol Empire

English. Sami Jansson, introduction and references Antti Ruotsala| isbn = 978-952-5710-03-8}} * Category:Former states and state formations of Russia Category:Former states and state formations of Ukraine Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

A submarine is a ship or boat designed to travel under water in addition to surface passage.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The submarine's operation is based on Archimedean law, which states that the lifting force of a piece is the same as the weight of the fluid volume it displaces.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

If the volume, and hence the weight, of the displaced volume of water can be changed, the vessel will be made to float or dive.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In addition to military vessels, submarines are very different submarines designed for research and civilian use, some of which may be remotely controlled from the water surface and operated without diving crews.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In some submarine types, oceanographic use and military use may combine.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Small, deep-diving submarines can be used to listen to undersea communications as well as locate or render incapacitated buoys listening to submarine movements, which is why, in theory, research submarines can also be considered military.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

History Human-powered submarines Italian general genius Leonardo da Vinci designed the submarine on paper in the late 15th century.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

However, the implementation of the boat was not successful.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

[1] The first known operating submarine was a device built around 1620 by Cornelius Drebbel and tested on the River Thames on more than one occasion.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The instrument was row-powered and dived to a depth of 4—5m.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

There was even some kind of air purifier on board, a vessel of alkaline material that absorbed carbon dioxide.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

During the American Revolutionary War in 1775, David Bushnell built a submarine named Turtle.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The chassis was operated by a carving screw and was to be attached to the bottom of the enemy ship by a mine.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The ship was also tried in practice for HMS Eagle, flagship of the English naval contingent, but the mooring attempt failed.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

[1] The reason for the failure was the tiling that protected the bottom of the ship selected as the target from microorganisms.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Robert Fulton's submarine at the Nautilus from about 1800 had compressed air in use for dives.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The 6.5-metre vessel travelled in dives with a crank apparatus rotatable three-blade propeller, and on the surface it had aided sails.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

It succeeded in sinking a schooner chosen as the target ship.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Fulton, however, was no better able to persuade France or England to be inspired by his invention, and he continued to work on steamships.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

[1] The submarine Brandtaucher was built in 1850 at the Schweffel & Howaldt shipyard in Kiel, designed by Wilhelm Bauer.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The 8-foot vessel was assembled from riveted iron plates and had a propeller rotated by two men.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The ship was sunk by another test dive in the Kiel Canal, from where it was later raised and put on display at Dresden's Militärisches Museum der Bundeswehr.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

[2] Bauer pursued a career in Russia, and there in Saint Petersburg was laid in 1855 to the waters of Seeteufel.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The ship had a detachment keel and a closing chamber for rescue in the centre.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

It sank only on the 134th dive.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Bauer's career as a designer, however, ended.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

[3] In the American Civil War, the Confederacy had at its disposal one muscle-powered submarine, the CSS Hunley.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In her only assignment in 1864, the ship managed a gunpowder mine to sink the Union warship USS Housatonic.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

However, the submarine's crew perished on the same voyage.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

[3] Powered submarines The first non-human-powered submarine was Narcís Monturiol's peroxide-powered Ictineo II of 1864.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

It was originally designed for collecting coral from the sea.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In 1879, George Garret designed the first submarine Resurgam, which used steam power while traversing on the surface.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

[3] His invention was further developed by the Swede Torsten Nordenfelt, who manufactured the Nordenfelt I boat. [4].


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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Isaac Peral designed in 1885 in Spain for the Navy an iron submarine that ran on an electric motor.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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It also had a tube in the bow from which to launch a torpedo when submerged.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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[5] Irish-born John Philip Holland designed the first submarines officially commissioned by its Navy in the United States.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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To manufacture them, Isaac Rice founded the Electric Boat Company in 1899.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The United States commissioned the USS Holland in 1900.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The submarine design developed by Holland was influential to the extent that Vickers built them under licence to the Royal Navy five.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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The new weapon was kept carefully secret, and few even knew the Royal Navy had them.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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Britain was not believed to have any interest in submarine development.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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In Russia, the first armed submarine Delfin was laid in 1903 waters.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

During the Russo-Japanese War, Russia ordered three boats from Germaniawerft, a German company, Krupp, which nevertheless failed to make it to the war.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Produced in Germany according to the same plans, the first German Empire Navy submarine SM U-1 was introduced in 1906.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Russia also purchased Electric Boat's Holland 602GF boats during World War I.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Of these, AG 11, AG 12 and AG 15 and AG 16 were sunk in Hanko on 3 April 1918, just before the German landings, and two were later raised.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In the United States, the same model was known as the H


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Diesel and electric motor combination Submarines did not really begin to develop until the end of the 19th century.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Electric motors and batteries allowed passage under the surface and diesel engines on the surface, as well as charging the batteries.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Even in World War II, submarine passage under the surface was reserved mainly for the attack phase only.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Prior to nuclear-powered submarines, most submarines of the 20th century used battery-powered electric motors for manoeuvring while submerged, and gasoline or diesel engines for moving on the surface and recharging the batteries.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Early submarines used gasoline, but because petrol is an ignition-sensitive fuel, there was a shift in submarines to using less flammation-sensitive kerosene, followed by diesel.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Diesel engines were installed on submarines even before World War I.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The diesel engine and electric motor, which could be disconnected from each other by mechanical couplings, rotated the propeller initially using the same shaft.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

This allowed the diesel engine to be able to use the electric motor as a generator to charge the batteries, while rotating the propeller at the same time.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

A switch between the diesel engine and the electric motor disconnected the diesel engine as the submarine dived, allowing the electric motor to rotate the propeller.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In an electric motor, the rotor may have had multiple windings that could be coupled in series for slow speed and in parallel for higher speed.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In the 1930s, particularly in the United States Navy and British Navy, there was a shift to a system in which the diesel engine no longer directly rotated the propeller; instead, the diesel engine rotated a separate generator in surface running which provided power to the electric motor rotating the propeller, as well as charging at the same time batteries.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

This diesel-electric transmission gave new possibilities for use: for example, the submarine could travel at a slow speed although the diesel engine was operating at full power, thus making battery charging more efficient and the time required to charge the batteries in surface run or snorkel depth was reduced.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The diesel-electric transmission also reduced the sound produced by the diesel engine, as the diesel engine could be separated from the pressure hull.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In the late stages of World War II, submarines with higher battery capacity were developed.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Based on a boat originally made for the test base of the Walter hydrogen peroxide engine, Germany built a more traditional submarine Type XXI with a battery of approximately three times that of the Type VIIC, with a more streamlined hull than earlier boats and purpose-designed in dives for driving.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The battery allowed the ship to have a top speed of around 17 knots in dives, as well as a much longer dive time than before.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In addition, the ship's hull withstood a longer diving depth than usual and provided the crew with mm.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

showers, as well as a freezer for food.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The ship type was copied after the war e.g.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

NL's Project 613-class boats as well as the US USS Nautilus class.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Japan, too, had a similar submarine type at the end of World War II called the Sen Taka class.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Its Taka in parts even exceeded XXI's performance ratings.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Non-diesel-electric power sources have been tested.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The combination of an oil burner and steam turbine served as a power source for British K-class submarines during World War I and later, but the submarine class did not achieve success.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Hydrogen peroxide-powered engines were designed for German Type XVIII submarines, which would have provided a long dive time, as the system did not need off-submarine air.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

At the end of World War II, the British and Russians experimented with hydrogen peroxide/kerosene (paraffin) engines that could have been used both on the surface and in dives.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The experiments were unsuccessful, although the Russians also had at their disposal ko.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

submarines based on the system (NATO code Quebec).


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Today, several navies use submarines with systems that do not need air from outside the ship (AIP, air-independent propulsion).


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Armament Useful weapons submarines were in World War I.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

According to popular perception, German submarines were the most advanced.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Development continued in World War II, where submarines were a major naval warfare weapon.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The submarines became firmly established as the main weapon of the torpedo.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

In 1954, the first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus (SSN 571), was commissioned.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Nuclear propulsion allowed submarines to self-sustain operations for months.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Structure A modern submarine consists of two nested hulls, a mold hull that gives the submarine its appearance and therefore also its hydrodynamic properties and a pressure hull that protects the crew quarters from water pressure.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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The dive tanks are located between the shape and pressure hulls.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The diesel submarine is powered on the surface by diesel engines and, in dives, electric motors that are powered by batteries.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Batteries in electric motors can be charged and the submarine is driven subsurface by means of a snorkel, that is, an air intake tube that extends to the surface.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The submarine snorkel was invented just before World War II in Holland.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The Germans gained control of the invention when they occupied the country in 1940.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Snorkels began to be fitted to German U-boats during 1943.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

[6] The propulsion of nuclear submarines comes from the nuclear reactor, the steam turbine connected to it and the electrical generator, which provide the necessary electricity.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Today the propellers are connected via reduction gears to a steam turbine on all ships, as this was found to be the most economical solution.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

More modern diesel boats today may have Stirling engines, which also allow for battery and snorkel independent and longer operating time beneath the surface.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The operating time of Stirling engines depends on the amount of liquid oxygen captured in the submarine.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Fuel cells can also be used in place of Stirling engines.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

For diving, ballast tanks are filled with water.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Depth of passage is adjusted by using pumps to change the amount of water contained in small trim tanks.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Diving angle and depth of passage can also be regulated by depth charge rudders.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The surface is raised by emptying the ballast tanks with compressed air.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The largest submarines in service are Russian Akula- or NATO code Typhoon-class nuclear submarines with a length of 172 m, a width of 23 m and a submersion of 23,000 to 48000 tons.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The ships are equipped with 2 pieces of 190 MW nuclear reactors that generate 2 x 50,000 horsepower through turbines and electric motors.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The speed is 12 knots on the surface, 27 knots on dives and a maximum diving depth of 500 m. The main armament is 20 intercontinental multi-tip nuclear missiles with a range of about 10000km.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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There are 6 torpedo tubes against surface ships and second submarines.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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There are 150 crew, 50 of whom are officers.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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Submarines in the Finnish Navy The Finnish Navy had its use of submarines for the first time in 1930.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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The names of the submarines were Vetehinen, Veshiisi and Otter.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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1931 completed a fourth submarine named Iku-Turso.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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The submarines were manufactured, with guidance and licences from the Germans, by the Crichton-Vulcan shipyard in Turku, which also supplied boats to the Germans.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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The private prototype of the shipyard was redeemed by the state and became the fifth submarine Vesikko (now a museum in Suomenlinna).


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

The Paris Peace Treaty denied Finland the right to use submarines, although since then Parliament has repealed the treaty's prohibitions (including nuclear weapons, not including nuclear weapons).


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

[7] [8] [9] Submarines in the EEA and Turkey in the 2000s In the summer of 2010, Germany announced that it would decommission six of its submarines in an effort to reduce defence spending by around €1 billion.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

Subsequently, Western European and Turkish diesel-powered submarines are as follows (the list is not complete, missing, among others, England and eastern EU countries): Turkey 14 submarines Greece 11 submarines Italy 8 submarines Norway 8 submarines Germany 4 submarines, 2 under construction [10] Sweden 5 submarines.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

Sub

See also Miniature submarine Cargo submarine U-boat Acoustic reconnaissance Diving Sources Markku Melkko, Finnish submarines, Minerva, 2008 ISBN 978-952-492-208-1 References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Merens, Timo| title = Vesikko — Silent Guardian| publisher = Hobby-Kustannus Oy| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-5334-07-4}} On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the submarine invented?

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Question: When was the submarine invented?

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Category:Watercraft Category:Ship Types Category:Diving * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848, Wismar — 26 July 1925 in Bad Kleinen [1]) was a German philosopher, logician and mathematician.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

He was a full professor of mathematics from 1896 until 1917.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Frege published, among others, the works Begriffsschrift as well as the Grundgesetze der Arithmetik.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Frege has become known mostly for his studies in the field of philosophy and logic.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Frege has been influential, particularly in the early stages of analytic philosophy.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

In his much debated work Origins of Analytic Philosophy (1994), the renowned Frege scholar and philosopher Michael Dummett even suggests that Frege can be seen as the founder of analytic philosophy.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Works Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des reinen Denkens (1879) Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik: eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung über den Begriff der Zahl (1884) Funktion und Begriff: Vortrag gehalten in der Versammm Lung vom 9.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

January 1891 der Jenaischen Gesellschaft für Medizin und Naturwissenschaft (1891) Über Sinn und Bedeutung, in Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, (1892): 25—50 Über Begriff und Gegenstand, in Vierteljahresschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, XVI (1892): 192—205 Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, Part I (1893), Part II (1903) Was ist eine Funktion? , Festschrift Ludwig Boltzmann gewidmet zum sechzigsten Geburtstage, 20.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Februar 1904, S. Meyer (ed.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

), ss.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

656—666 (1904) Der Gedanke.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Eine logische Untersuchung, Beiträge zur Philosophie des Deutschen Idealismus I (1918—1919): ss.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

58—77 Die Verneinung, Beiträge zur Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus I (1918—1919): ss.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

143—157 Gedankengefüge, Beiträge zur Philosophie des Deutschen Idealismus III (1923): 36—51 Literature in Finnish Frege, Gottlob: Mind and Meaning.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Raatikainen, Panu (ed.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

) | title = Thinking, Language, Meaning.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Analytical Philosophy keywriting| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1997| isbn=951-662-683-1| page= 41-56}} Sources on the topic elsewhere Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

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Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Where was Gottlob Frege born?

Gottlob Frege

Category:German mathematicians Category:Theorists of knowledge Category:People born in 1848 Class:Persons who died in 1925 Class:Key articles of screening Category:Semiotics


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Johannes Käbin (from.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Ivan Käbin, 24 September 1905 Kalvi — 26 October 1999, Tallinn) was the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Estonia from 1950 to 1978 and then from 1978 to 1983 President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Before World War II in the Soviet Union [1], Johannes Käbin's family moved from Estonia to Saint Petersburg, Russia in 1910.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Thus, he grew up in a Russian-speaking environment with Russian becoming his main language.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

He used before World War II in the Soviet Union the Russian-shaped name Ivan Kebin from the position of Johannes Käbin.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

At the time of the young Soviet rule, in the early 1920s he worked in seasonal jobs near Leningrad in Hatsina.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

He joined the communist youth organization Komsomol in 1923.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

In 1926, he began studies in Leningrad at a party school named for Karl Liebknecht.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Kebin joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union after his admission from the party school in 1927.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

In this case, he was appointed to the Hatsina Village Council of Leningrad Oblast as a party worker after acting there until 1931, thereafter continuing in party duties in Leningrad Oblast, including at the Kommunar Paper Mill as well as in the Omsk Oblast.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Kebin studied from 1936 to 1938 at a party school training party activists in Leningrad, and then served from 1939 to 1941 as a lecturer on Marxism-Leninism at the Russian State Oil and Gas College named for Ivan Gubkin.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

The time of the war 1941—1944 Ivan Kebin returned in 1941 to Estonia as a propaganda worker in the country until the German occupation.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

His duties included overseeing the Estonian press, among other things.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

At the time of World War II, he was active in party work with Estonian Army units attached to the Red Army, as well as coaching evacuated Estonian communist officers in Yaroslavl for return to Estonia.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

For a short time in the autumn of 1942, he served as party editor in Omsk.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

After the Red Army overran Estonia, Ivan Kebin himself came to Estonia after the Russians seized Tallinn in September 1944.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

The post-war period Ivan Kebin was among the Russian-Estonians who came after the war, who, alongside the Russians, gained a central position in Soviet-occupied Estonia.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Linguistically, Russian-Estonians were referred to as “Jeestians” for the reason that they pronounced the Estonian letter 'e' in Russian style as je'.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

[2] According to Käbin's own account, the then Soviet-Estonian party leader Russian-Estonian Nikolai Karotamm perceived him as a rival sent by Moscow, moving him initially to lesser positions.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

The first positions were 1st Vice-President of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and then Director of the Institute of Party History.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Käbin rose to the vantage point in the late 1940s to become Secretary of Propaganda and Agitation of the Estonian Communist Party (later.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

ideology secretary).


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

[3] First Secretary of the Estonian Communist Party The 8th plenary session of the Estonian Communist Party in March 1950 was a turning point for Käbin.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

The then post-war First Secretary of the Estonian Communist Party, Nikolai Karotamm, was ousted and replaced by his then name Ivan Käbin.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

In the transfer of power, Ivan Käbin played an active role, receiving back-up for his actions from the Soviet Central Command.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

The critic was entitled “Errors and Deficiencies of the Estonian Communist Party”.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

In the same plenary session, a number of Estonian communist leaders were deposed, a significant number of whom were the so-called June Communists who converted to communism in 1940.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

At this point, Käbin represented the strict Stalinist communist rule of Soviet-Estonia.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

[4] With the death of Stalin in 1953, the strict Moscow central power began to give way a little; the so-called shelter-weather period began.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

The actual watershed for the actions of the Stalin period was the 20th party convention of the NKP in February 1956, where the new Soviet communist leader Nikita Khrushchev gave harsh criticism above all to Stalin's cult of personnel, and in part also to Grandman nationalism.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Subsequently, the debate in the Soviet-Estonia also started.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

In this case, Käbin and the then idelogy secretary Leonid Lentsman were forced to maintain tight control over the debate.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

The liberalization towards the Estonian national direction was demonstrated by the change of Käbin's name in newspaper writing to Johannes Käbin in Estonian form.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

On the occasion of President Kekkonen's visit to Estonia in March 1964, it was discovered that Johannes Käbin's Inger Finnish spouse Toini Käbin influenced her husband, e.g.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

a positive attitude on issues concerning relations between Finland and the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

[5] Käbin was first caught up in an internal power struggle with Artur Vader, a Russian-Estonian who served as Second Secretary of the Communist Party.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Käbin, who was clear of his rival's ascension projects, was able to reject Vader by moving him to a representative post of Soviet Estonian leader in 1970.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

[6] Käbin's power was so strong that it was said “not a knob pin fell in Estonia without his knowledge”.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

For his work for the Soviet Union, in 1975 he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Work.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Throughout the 1970s, the time of Leonid Brezhnev, then leader of the Soviet Union, was a constant struggle for power in Estonia, with pro-Russian supporters of the stricter central power led by Russian Konstantin Lebedev, second secretary of the Communist Party, and Johannes Käbin as leader of the Estonian were fighting for their position.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

In 1977, Käb and Vaino Väljas, an Estonian elevated by him to the party's ideology secretary, were subjected to questioning by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as the subject of the state of the Soviet Republic.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Käbin considered the situation good, as the Estonian Soviet Republic, which was strongly oriented towards agriculture, had achieved the stated objectives.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

However, pressure to transfer discrimination continued.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

[7] In the campaign against Johannes Käbin, he was accused of favoring nationalist orientations.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

New Estonians, supported by Käbin, had risen to the Soviet-Estonian leadership bodies.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

The struggle culminated in the spring of 1978, when Käbin was deposed and Karl Vaino, a Russian-Estonian credit man of the Central Power, was elected.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

The move was justified by the fact that “Käbin had already drawn himself to nothing and was unable to effectively fight against rising nationalism in Estonia”.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

Käbin was transferred to the representative post of President of Soviet-Estonia vacated by Vader's death, where he served until 1983, when he also resigned from the Central Committee of the Communist Party.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

[8] Of the accounts of Käbin's activities, Emigrant Estonian historian Toivo U. Raun summarizes: [9] Unlike previous Estonian communist leaders, Käbin spent the rest of his life in Estonia living in a Tallinn apartment with his Inger Finnish wife.


Question: Who was Johannes Käbin's successor as President of the Soviet-Estonian Supreme Soviet?

Johannes Käbin

[10] Sources Category:Soviet communists Category:Heroes of socialist work Category:Politicians of the Communist Party of Estonia Category:People born in 1905 Class:Those who died in 1999


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

The Lord of the Rings film trilogy is a fantasy film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson and based on author J. R.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

In the fantasy book The Lord of the Rings written by R. Tolkien.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Films were shot for eighteen months continuously in New Zealand.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

It is the first film series to have all the films shot at the same time.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

The films became great audience and review successes and won a lot of film awards.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Films in the series received a total of seventeen Academy Awards, Return of the King as many as eleven.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Only the films Ben-Hur and Titanic had previously been able to do the same.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

A theatrical version of each film has been made and an extended special edition, known as Special Extended Edition, released on DVD.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

The lengthened versions feature scenes cut and lengthened from the theatrical version.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

The full trilogy appeared on Blu-ray on April 16, 2010.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Jackson's special effects company, Weta Workshop, made 48,000 guns and 19,000 costumes for the films, among others.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Another Jackson special effects company, Weta Digital, developed the Massive computer program for the films, which allowed for huge battles.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

The actors who played the Ring's Convoy members (Elijah Wood, Sean Astin, Dominic Monaghan, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Viggo Mortensen, Sean Bean, Orlando Bloom and John Rhys-Davies) tattooed themselves an elven symbol signifying the number 9.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

They promised each other they would never show their tattoos in public.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Films Production From book to film The director of the film, Peter Jackson, read the Lord of the Rings trilogy at the age of 19 and thought it could be made into a good acting film.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

A big challenge was getting the book adapted to fit the film format.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Jackson co-authored a synopsis based on three books with Fran Walsh, which Philippa Boyens read in 1997 and found it very successful.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

The Miramax company initially agreed to be the financier of the film series.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

The first script was completed and the second was started when Miramax wanted only one film.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Peter Jackson announced that the story could not be reconciled into a single film, prompting Miramax to find another company.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Jackson was looking for a company that would agree to finance two films.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

New Line Cinema's Bob Shaye wondered why anyone would make two films when they should make three.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

The script, made for Miramax, was expanded to include three films.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

The script was modified and refined throughout filming.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

[1] As a result, the film trilogy closely follows the main points of the original work's plot, but many details have been changed to suit the film's drama arc.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

One important point that needed to be taken into account was the very different life arcs of the races created by Tolkien.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Because estimating age is a subjective thing and the life cycle of real people different from that of Tolkien races, in the films the ages of persons are little featured unlike in the book.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

However, some wonder was caused by the fact that the four main hobbits in the story, Frodo, Sam, Merri and Pippin appear to be around the same age in the films, although Frodo seems the youngest of them (Elijah Wood, who played the hobbits cast, is the youngest and Pippin has played Pippin. Billy Boyd the Elder).


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Tolkien's hobbits outlived few real people and Frodo is clearly older than Pippin in the book.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

[2] Not all persons in the book appear in the films either, and on the other hand, some persons in the book play a larger or smaller role in the films.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Éowyn, Arwen and Galadriel were elevated to rather large roles in films, lest the worldview conveyed from the story be too manly.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

[3] The roles of the hobbits Merr and Pippin were also magnified for films, especially in the later stages of the story.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Some Tolkien fans and J.R.R.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Tolkien's son Christopher have criticized the films as too belligerent.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Despite this, not all of the battles in the book were shown in the films, but especially in the theatrical versions of the Two Towers and Return of the King, the transition from battle to battle very quickly.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

[4] Casting Director Peter Jackson said Ashley Judd and Mira Sorvino had been envisaged for roles, but they did not end up being given roles because producer Harvey Weinstein, who was executive producer at Miramax studio, spread nasty rumors about them.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

[5] Books Jude Fisher has made three information guides based on Peter Jackson's films: Lord of the Rings: Knights of the Ring: An Illustrated Guide (2001) Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers: An Illustrated Guide (2002) Lord of the Rings: Return of the King: An Illustrated Guide (2003) Chris Smith has made a book based on warriors, armies, weapons, combat gear and combat in Peter Jackson's films: Lord of the Rings: Weapons and Armies Reception Reviews All three films were very well received and the trilogy formed Some of the biggest media phenomena of the early 2000s, while also influencing literature and video games, among others.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Films in the trilogy have done well in the polls for the best films of all time.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

[6] One reason for the highly positive reception of films has been suggested that when they saw the films, the majority of viewers had not read Tolkien's books and thus could not be annoyed by the differences between the original work and the films.


Question: What was the first film based on a book written by J. R. R. R. Tolkien?

The Lord of the Rings (film trilogy)

Yield Oscars See also The Hobbit (film trilogy) Sources On topic elsewhere Category:Lord of the Rings film trilogy Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (Les Parapluies de Cherbourg) is a 1964 French musical film directed by Jacques Demy.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The film stars Catherine Deneuve and Nino Castelnuovo.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

As a musical film, Cherbourg Umbrellas is peculiar in that it is composed: each of its turns is sung.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The film is set in 1957, when France entered the Algerian War.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

[1] [2] The same solution Demy also reached in his film Room in the City (1982).


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The music for the film was composed by Michel Legrand.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Particularly remembered is the film's eponymous lead theme, also known by its French titles “Je ne pourrai jamais vivre sans toi” and “(Mon amour,) Ne me quitte pas”, in English as “I Will Wait for You” and in Finnish as “Rakkaani abandon mua ei”.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The sets, costumes and colours were also important to director Demy, and in them he relied on the solutions of his Nantetian youth friend, the set designer Bernard Even.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

[1] As soon as it came out, the film became a great success and is today one of the classics of European musical cinema.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

It was awarded three Cannes Film Festival awards in 1964.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Between 1965 and 1966, the film received a total of five Oscar nominations, including for its music, but did not win a single one.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

In 2018, it was voted among the 100 best non-English-language films of all time by the BBC's International Board of Experts.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

[3] The plot of Madame Emery and her 16-year-old daughter Geneviève selling umbrellas in the city of Cherbourg.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Geneviève's boyfriend Guy is a handsome car mechanic who lives with his ailing godmother.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The aunt is cared for by quiet Madeleine, who is obviously smitten with Guy.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The love of the young is tragically interrupted by Guy receiving an invitation to go to war in Algeria.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The night before they leave, Guy and Geneviève make love.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Shortly after Guy leaves, Geneviève discovers she is pregnant.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Geneviève becomes heavily disillusioned with Guy writing so rarely and eventually agrees to marry the rich Roland Cassard.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Geneviève moves out of Cherbourg.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Guy's world collapses when, after returning from Algeria, realizes Geneviève has abandoned him.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

He drifts off drinking and going to hookers.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

One night as Guy returns home, Madeleine tells him Guy's godmother has died.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Guy realizes Madeleine loves him and they marry.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Years later, Guy and Madeleine have a child together and Guy runs a gas station.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

It's Christmas and Madeleine leaves with her son to town to run errands.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Geneviève arrives with her daughter at the gas station to refuel, and Guy routinely asks the customer, “ordinary or super.”


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

In this case, they recognize each other and become upset.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Geneviève explains that she is in Cherbourg after she first got married, and that her mother is now dead.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Geneviève asks Guy if he wants to meet his daughter (who has been left sitting in the car), but Guy refuses.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Geneviève says goodbye and leaves.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The execution of the film Demy had a very accurate script for the film.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Technically, it was difficult to implement, for example, because the presenters of the lead didn't sing their lines themselves.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

They were forced to practice such good lip sync that the solution would not draw the viewer's attention.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The lead lead singers included Danielle Licari and José Bartel.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Movie Topics One subject of the film is infidelity: a bride who swore eternal love cannot stand the pressures of everyday life and the absence of the groom.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Demy shows Geneviève's fate the shackles of individuals: a woman and her mother live apart from other people, but still their behaviour is guided by the idea of “what people say.”


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Cohabitation and illegitimate children were shameful at the time.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

[1] One subject of the film is the Algerian war.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

The producers of the film would have liked to have all associated references removed so that realism wouldn't ruin the beautiful film.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Demy turned this down because even the cruelty of life is part of the struggle people have to make their dreams come true.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

Thus, Demy's film remains one of the few French films that deals with society sorely without hating the Algerian war.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for The Last Song movie?

Umbrellas of Cherbourg

[1] Actors Sources on topic elsewhere Category:French films Category:Film musicals Category:Films of 1964 Category:Golden palm award-winning films Category:Films directed by Jacques Demy


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Northern Ireland unrest (, 'inconvenience') was a violent struggle between pro-Irish and pro-British people in Northern Ireland between 1968 and 1998.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The worst situation was 1969—1976.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Fragmented violence is still occurring.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, but its Catholics long wanted to annex the territory as part of the Republic of Ireland [1].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Protestants, in turn, wanted to retain the territory they called Ulster as part of Great Britain.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Protestants discriminated against Catholics in areas such as politics, job search, division of posts and housing.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This took Catholics to civil rights marches in 1968.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Protestant extremist organizations responded to these by attacking the marchers, and fully Protestant police by breaking up the activists' demonstrations.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Catholics began rioting violently.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

When violence between Protestants and Catholics spread throughout the country in August 1968, Britain sent its troops to Northern Ireland.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Because of this, the IRA was truly activated, leading to an escalating cycle of violence between the two sides in the early 1970s.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At times, serious unrest became almost civil war.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Both Ulster activists and the IRA carried out devastating bomb attacks and armed attacks.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In some places, the IRA fought guerrilla warfare and was capable of killing a lot of police and soldiers.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Ulster activists massacred a large number of Catholic civilians.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

While there was a definite religious dimension to the crisis, it was not a war of faith.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In the cycle of retaliation between the various entities, more than 3600 people were killed [1] and tens of thousands were wounded.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Background Normally the cause of violence in Northern Ireland is considered to be a dispute over whether the region belongs to the UK or Ireland.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The English took over Ireland centuries ago.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

To secure takeovers, English and Scots settled in Ireland.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Reformation turned England Protestant, but Ireland remained Catholicism.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The British occupying Ireland were colonial hosts who took for themselves the best farmland from the Irish.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Nationalism rose in Ireland in the 19th century.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Ireland seceded from Great Britain in 1923 to become its own free state after a bloody civil war.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Six counties in Northern Ireland remained outside Ireland.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

2/3 of the population of Northern Ireland were Protestants.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

These generally advocated the preservation of the territory they called Ulster as part of Britain.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

They are called unionists, the most strident pro-British loyalists.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Many, primarily Catholics supported the annexation of the territory to Ireland.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

They are usually referred to as nationalists.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The extreme edge of nationalists is said to be republicans.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

As early as the 1920s, the Catholic Irish Republican Army wanted to annex the area to Ireland.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At the beginning, the IRA fought against the Irish government, which had accepted the partition of Ireland, but later renounced it.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Another reason for the crisis was economic and social discrimination against Catholics by unionists.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Thus, there has been a strong religious charge involved in the crisis, even though religion has not been the actual cause of the crisis.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Unionists stayed in power by legislating the constituencies so that they gained a majority and thus power in their hands.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Businessmen had many votes.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Thus, at least the administration and parliament of the largest municipalities remained with the Unionists for fifty years.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police in Northern Ireland consisted purely of Protestants.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Protestants did not take Catholics into public offices or many jobs in trade and industry.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Catholics were Protestants three times more often unemployed and living in the worst areas.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

[2] This caused a large number of Catholics to move out of the country in the 1950s.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Unionist politician and Nobel laureate David Trimble called discrimination a “cold house for Catholics” [3] Between Protestants and Catholics remained cool.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA armed campaign and civil rights movement, the IRA began rearming in the early 1950s, but suffered divisions.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA began a guerrilla war at the end of 1956, attacking police stations in Northern Ireland.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The government responded to this “border war” by arresting hundreds of suspected IRA activists.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

IRA activity waned considerably already by 1958, but continued until early 1962.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Among other things, the IRA campaign was plagued by a lack of civilian support.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Even if the IRA's armed campaign failed, it further alienated unionists from Catholics.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The UPA was founded in 1956 by Protestant fundamentalists and loyalists, whose purpose was to defend Ulster against the IRA.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The party's founders later included well-known politicians Ian Paisley, Desmond Boal, Noel Doherty and Billy Spence.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In the 1960s, Catholics formed a civil rights organization that began the campaign in 1964.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

There were some Protestants in the civil rights movement, too.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Ulster activists Catholics celebrated the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rebellion in April 1966.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

It and the civil rights movement raised undue fear in unionists about the rise of the IRA and the desire to take retaliatory measures.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In April 1966, the staunchly anti-Catholic unionist Ian Paisley founded the Ulster Constitution Defence Committee and its paramilitary wing the UPV; Paisley said the IRA threatened to grow stronger again.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Paisley felt the Catholic Church got involved in politics, supporting the IRA.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Paisley also thought the moderate unionists sitting in government were too soft.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Around the same time, the Ulster Volunteer Force UVF was founded by the same people; in 1966, the Ulster Volunteer Force attacked IRA activists with firewood.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Demonstrations by Catholics and retaliation by police and loyalists The civil rights movement NICRA called for the correction of voting, recruitment and housing policies, and the abolition of the paramilitary B-Specials Special Police [4].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Terence O'Neill, a moderate unionist who emerged as Prime Minister, supported the changes but was met with a backlash from hardline unionist Conservatives such as Ian Paisley.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Thus O'Neill's government fell into the unpopularity of both strident Unionists and republicans.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Students were radicalised in Northern Ireland, too, in the “mad year” of 1968.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

DHAC-movement caravan resident John Wilson, who opposed Derry's housing policy, closed a road for 48 hours with his caravan.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The civil rights organization NICRA held its first march from Coalisland to Duncannon on August 24, 1968.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Although the marchers were stopped by police and counter-protesters known as Paisleyans showed up, yet this demonstration went peacefully.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Disregarding the government's ban, the next civil rights march took place in Derry on 5 October 1968.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Before the event could begin, police arrived at the scene.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police officers dispersed the illegal demonstration by beating demonstrators and bystanders men, women and children blindlessly with batons [5].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

100 persons were injured.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The targets of the violence included Labour MPs, of whom Gerry Fitt was carried with his head bleeding into an ambulance.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On the other hand, the rioters used incendiary bombs and set fire to the fire truck [6].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Later, the more drastic “People's Democracy” movement organized demonstrations.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 9 October, supporters of Ian Paisley stopped a demonstration in Belfast aimed at police brutality in Derry.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Paisley and Bunting and their supporters also turned up for a demonstration in Armagh on 30 November, but later found themselves detained for some time.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 4 December Loyalists and marchers clashed at Dungannon.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In November, Terence O Neill announced that he was acquiescing to some of the demands of the civil rights movement.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 4 January 1969, a march started by Catholic activists on New Year's Day 1969 from Belfast to Derry was ambushed.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

200 Loyalists, among them B-Specials absent from their work, used iron bars, sticks, bottles, stones, etc. In their attack on the bridge, 13 marchers were hospitalized.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The marchers felt the police did not intervene effectively in the events.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

There was another attack in the Protestant area of Derry.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police forced their way into the homes of Catholics in Derry's Bogside.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

There were riots in the following days especially in Derry and Newry.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Loyalist Bombs Loyalist organisations UVF and UPV carried out a number of bomb attacks in April 1969 with the intention of scrolling them to the cause of the IRA [7].


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 19 April 1969, due to rioting, a Catholic was badly beaten in his home by police.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Her daughters were also targets of violence.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 14 June, a 67-year-old man, who died the next day, was beaten by police in the Dungiven street riots.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

He became the first fatality of the unrest.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

A moderate, O'Neill retired from the post of Prime Minister in April 1969.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

When the IRA began operating again in 1969, it had few old weapons at its disposal.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

[2] Derry and Belfast unrest 1969 Protestants organised a march of the “Apprentice Boys” fraternity in Derry on 12 August.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The route flanked from near the Irish Quarter of the Bogside.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Pro-Irish nationalists threw stones and nails at the marchers.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This led to rustles among nationalists and loyalists.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The low-numbered police were unable and/or unwilling to prevent rioting.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Soon, incendiary bombs rained down on ill-equipped police from the roof, enough to the point that dozens of police officers sustained injuries.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Most of the Catholic Bogside rebelled.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police returned to the Bogside with armored vehicles, water cannons and CS gas.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Hundreds of nationalists pounced on the police so much that the riot lasted a couple of days.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On August 14, the police deployed reservist police officers equipped with firearms as “B-Specials” (USC), prompting fears of mass murder in Catholics.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In a few places, B-Specials fired at protesters.


Question: What year did Albert Reynolds die?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Even Scarman's report, which defends the police action as appropriate but inadequate, cites the B-Specials' links to loyalists.