Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

However, Octavianus decided to invade nearby Dalmatia.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In 33 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The Dalmatians surrendered to the Romans and sent monetary gifts and swore obedience to Rome.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Nearly 30 other tribes surrendered to the Romans as well.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In reality, the territory Octavian occupied was not very vast, but its propaganda value was great.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[23] The war against Antony, Antony's time in the East was spent on war expeditions and with Cleopatra on honeymoon.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

At the same time, Octavianus consolidated his power in the West, spread propaganda and rallied allies.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus insinuated that Antony's long time in the Oriental lands in the paulos of an exotic queen was about to turn him less Roman.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The Triumvirs' second five-year term ended the year 33 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

at the end.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

This time, however, there was no talk of a continuation of Octavianus' and Antony's term.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The year 34 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

in the beginning Antony's staunch supporters Gaius Sosius and Domitius Ahenobarbus emerged as consuls.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Socius immediately publicly attacked Octavianus.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus himself was not in Rome but soon returned and arrived at the Senate session with his bodyguards.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

During the Senate session, he sat in the middle of the consuls, though he had no such right.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The consuls became frightened and fled to Antony.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

They were accompanied by several, even hundreds, of senators.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Antony formed from them his own “counter-senate”.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[24] In 32 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Antony arrived with his troops in Greece.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Antony's army consisted of perhaps 100,000 soldiers and his fleet of 500 warships and 300 transport ships.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Early in the summer, Antony announced his separation from Octavia, who had been living in Rome.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus had exploited the relationship between Antony and Cleopatra in his propaganda.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus painted the coming war as a kind of crusade against the East.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

There were also many in the East who wanted revenge on Rome for old grudges.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

A surprising turn of events occurred when the former consul Plancus and his nephew Titius defected to Octavian's side.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Plancus gave a speech in the Senate mocking Antony, but failed to gain greater impact.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Thereafter, Plancus told Octavian that Antony had left his will in the custody of the vestals.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Opening the will of a surviving person was an illegal act; however, Octavianus got his hands on the will.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The contents of the will were surprising.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Antony came to be buried in Alexandria, Julius Caesar and Cleopatra's bastard-son Kaisario came to declare Caesar's son, Cleopatra's children came to distribute immense monetary gifts.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The contents of the will fit Octavian's propaganda perfectly.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavian has been suspected to have written some of the contents of the will himself.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[25] After the end of the Triumvirs' period, Octavian's legal status was uncertain.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In the summer of 32 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus arranged so that Roman citizens swore an oath of allegiance to him.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The closest equivalent to such an oath was the oath the soldiers took to their warlord.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The taking of the oath was probably not entirely voluntary, only colonies of Antony's former veterans were spared.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[26] The intensifying situation led to war among men in 32 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

At the Battle of Aktion in 31 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus struck Antony and Cleopatra, who fled to Egypt.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Aktion has often been regarded as a historical frontier and Cassius Dio, for example, calculated that the “monarchy” of the new ruler of Rome began from this year.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

However, Egypt was yet to be taken, and Octavian's forces were allowed there in July 31 BCE.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Alexandria fell to the siege of Octavian on 1 August, after which Antony took his own life.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Cleopatra was taken prisoner by Octavian, but took a life from herself.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The story goes by letting the serpent bite itself after hearing that Octavianus was going to show off the queen in a triumph upon her return to Rome.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

On the other hand, Cleopatra's death was beneficial to Octavian because there was unease in Egypt after the conquest and the surviving Cleopatra could have served as a figurehead in the uprising against Rome.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Cleopatra and Caesar's son Caesarion was murdered, but Antony and Cleopatra's children were spared.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[27] After the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra in, Octavian's position as ruler of the entire kingdom was guaranteed.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus disbanded his personal legions and elected himself consul in Rome.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The monosyllabic In 28 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus and Agrippa assumed the powers of the kensor.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

They were also the consular couple of the same year.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus allowed to dismiss several senators.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In fact, several persons had been admitted to the Senate whom other senators did not consider worthy of it.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavian also declared that all laws enacted by the triumvirs, including his own, would be repealed at the end of the year.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The point was clearly to show that we would return to the situation before the civil wars.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[28] Year 27 BC


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

in the beginning Octavianus and Agrippa again assumed the posts of consul.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In a January Idus address to the Senate, Octavianus declared that he had restored the Roman state back to the Senate and its people, who would now be allowed to decide the future of the kingdom.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The Senate gave Octavian a provincia, or province comprising Hispania, Gaul and Syria, for ten years.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

On January 16, the Senate granted Octavian the unprecedented title of Augustus, meaning “Venerable”.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

It is reported that Octavian or his aides would have initially proposed the title Romulus, after the mythical founder of Rome, but this proposal had fallen through opposition from the Senate.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus, by this name he was henceforth known, also received several other honours.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[29] In August of that year Augustus travelled to Gaul and thence to Hispania.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The purpose of the trip was probably to give an image that the Senate and the people were actually in power in Rome.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In the same year, two triumphs were celebrated.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The second of these was received by Marcus Licinius Crassus, grandson of Julius Caesar's triumvir companion, who had with his own hands killed an enemy chief in battle.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

For this feat he should have been granted spolia opima, but Augustus prevented this.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Obviously, no one should have greater military achievements than him.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[30] In 27 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus announced that he would relinquish power and return it to the Senate.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

This move was perhaps the most ingenious propaganda stunt of Augustus' career.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Reportedly, Octavian's supporters rioted and the Senate ended up giving Octavian the power of proconsul over the western parts of the kingdom and Syria.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Thus Augustus gained control of the bulk of the army.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The Senate also gave Octavian the titles Augustus, Venerable, and Princeps, Principal.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The first title elevated Octavian's kingdom above other citizens and consolidated his authority.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The latter, the title previously granted to Pompey among others, made him the first citizen of the Republic.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavian was also given the right to wear a corona, a wreath previously worn only by a triumphator during a triumphator.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

As a result of these unheard of actions, Octavian had become Augustus.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He had not received an individual office of monarch, empire or kingship; rather, his power was based on a number of republican posts, which together guaranteed that he would be consulted on all important matters.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The lore of the Roman Republic was at an end.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Although its forms survived for a long time, in the future the position of the Senate was formed mainly nominal.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

This is where the prinsipath begins.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

From Augustus onward, the emperors slowly strengthened their position over the centuries, until under Diocletian the Empire was already formally close to Oriental kingship.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus' Reign In the years that followed, Augustus slowly assembled more power for himself.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He abdicated in 23 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

of consular rights, but retained the imperial command authority associated with them.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus received the rights of a folk tribune (tribunicia potestas) without a tribune title.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Under these rights, he could, if he wished, convene the Senate or People's Assembly and set the agenda for these.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He gained veto power over decisions of bodies, permission to speak first at all meetings, and kensor rights to guard morality and conduct censuses.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Along with tribune rights, Augustus gained imperium-rule over the city of Rome and imperium proconsulare maius (greater imperium of the proconsul), which gave him the right to interfere with events in the provinces.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

As a result, he became the only one who could receive a triumph, as all the empire power of a religious nature was now held by him.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In 19 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus obtained the right to wear consul regalia despite not being consul.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

This was apparently done to prevent unrest caused by Augustus' supporters.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

After the death of Lepidus in 13 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

he was appointed pontifex maximus, or superior of the pontifex college of priests.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Once Augustus had established his power, the period traditionally known as the Pax Romana began, which was described by a relatively small number of military clashes and also economic success.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The true significance of the phenomena is difficult to assess, and traditionally historiography has leaned on the image provided by Augustus himself.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus created the first regular army and navy in his reign.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He moved legions to the border areas of the kingdom.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Thus decreased the influence of soldiers on politics and the state stabilized.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Many crises of later centuries involved the return of the military closer to the centre of the kingdom, destabilizing governmental institutions.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He created the Praetorian Guard to protect Rome and the Emperor.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In the coming centuries, the Guard became one of the power centers of politics, which, through violence, monopolized many empresses.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus also reformed the economic policy and tax system.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Rome expanded significantly during the period of Augustus, and the borders of the kingdom were stabilized, for example, in Europe to the Rhine and Danube.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The army was kept happy with money and the poor people with bread.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The Roman building stock was renewed, and Augustus boasted that he had rebuilt the city out of marble.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

But economic policy was on weak ground.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

A state economy based on wars of conquest and looting would later prove unsustainable.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Taxation was harsh, and the money was squandered in a way that was unproductive for economic growth.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus emphasized traditional Roman values and customs in his politics.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He strengthened the status of the Roman state religion and sponsored artists, for example Vergilius, Horatius, Ovidius and Livius, who wrote a great history for Rome.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He attacked moral appeasement, sought to increase marriages and birth rates, and opposed behaviours he considered decadent, such as adultery, prostitution and homosexuality.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The results of the moral campaigns were modest, but because of them had to suffer both his own family as Ovidius, for example.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Death Augustus died on 19th August 14 share.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

after a remarkably long reign.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

According to Suetonius, on his last day, he would have invited his friends to him and asked them if he had “performed the play of his life well.”


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

These answered in the affirmative, after which Augustus would have uttered in his last words: “So clap your hands.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

“[31] [32] From this the flying phrase “Acta est fabula, [nunc] plaudite” (Finnish. “The play is finished, [now] clap”).


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[33] Unlike previous powers, Augustus was capable of deciding on his successor.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The choice, after many stages, had finally ended up in Tiberius.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

After his death, he was soon declared a god, and his adoptive father's name Caesar and his honorary name Augustus also became titles of future emperors.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus' god cult continued until it was abolished by Christian emperors in the 3rd century.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Several statues of Augustus have been preserved for us.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In addition, his own account of his reign has been found in the Res gestae Divi Augusti, also known as the Monumentum Ancyranum according to his place of discovery, Ankara.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Traditionally, Augustus has been considered one of the most prominent Roman emperors, with benchmarks such as Emperors as Trajan or Constantine the Great, for example.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

His legacy lasted in the Roman administrative system for centuries, his name all the longer for example in the name of August in many languages (lat.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus).


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus' propaganda Augustus was one of the great propagandists of the ancient world.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He hired poets, historians and artists to shape his public image.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Sculpture, for example, gradually shifted away from realism towards an idealistic style of depiction serving the emperor.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus' propaganda was so effective that it has been repeated in many respects up to the present days.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus claimed to have re-established the Republic, and because of his propaganda, the claim looked almost plausible.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Unlike Caesar, Augustus hid his true power and was not called dictator or king but by the title princeps, meaning first citizen or ruling citizen.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus, too, often appeared very modest.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He lived not in a huge palace but in a normal-sized house in Rome's traditional aristocratic district.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus' revolution, which brought the prinsipath, or monarchy, to power was made to look like a conservative restoration.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

As a person, Augustus was often ill, but it is uncertain what illness was involved.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

It has also been suggested that he was just pretending to be sick, which is what he did when Tiberius threatened to withdraw from public life.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus, however, was ill at a young age, and was almost to die as a teenager.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

He also fell ill during the battles of Dyrrakion and Philippoi.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[34] The family of Augustus was married three times.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

After her first marriage, she contracted Clodia Pulchra after the murder of Julius Caesar.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Clodia's mother was Mark Antony's wife Fulvia, and her father was Publius Clodius Pulcher.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Fulvia offered Clodia as a wife to the young Octavian when he formed the Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Lepidus offered Octavianuke as wife his own wife's relative Servilia.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

However, Octavianus chose Clodia.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus filed for divorce from Clodia in 40 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

and married Scribonia.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Scribonia was the daughter of Lucius Scribonius Libo and Cornelia Sulla.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Scribonia's uncle was Sextus Pompeius, with whom Octavianus attempted to enter into an alliance.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

However, the marriage did not become long-term.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The pair's only child, Julia, was born in 39 BC, and after the birth of the child Octavian took divorce from his wife.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Octavianus met his third wife Livia Drusilla in 38 BC, and according to the story, he fell in love at first sight.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Livia was at that time still married to a certain Tiberius Claudius Nero.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The pair already had one child, the future emperor Tiberius.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In addition, Livia was pregnant.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Livia's husband agreed, or was forced, to divorce his wife, and the wedding took place shortly after this.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[35] The Wives of Augustus: Clodia Pulchra (circa 44 BC


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

— 40 BC)


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Scribonia (40 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

— 38 BC)


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Livia Drusilla (38 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

— 14 share.)


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus had only one child Julia (39 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

— 14 share.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

), who was married three times: to Marcus Claudius Marcellus in 25 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

— 23 BC, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippan (21 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

— 12 BC)


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

and with Emperor Tiberius (21 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

— 2 BC)


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus adopted Julia and Agrippa's sons Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar in 17 BC.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

about to make them their successor.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Gaius died in 4 share.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

and Lucius in 2 share.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Augustus thereafter adopted Agrippa and Juliet's third son Agrippa Postumus and the son his wife Livia had in an earlier marriage, Tiberius Claudius Nero.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Sources dating back to antiquity The only ancient source covering the entire reign of Augustus is the Roman history of Dio Cassius, who lived in the 13th century.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

In addition to Dio's history, important sources on Augustus' life include biographies of Augustus and Tiberius by Suetonius.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

However, biographies do not recount events in chronological order.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Biographies of Brutus and Antony written by Plutarchus are also important sources.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

However, Dio, Suetonius and Plutarchus did not live in the time of Augustus, and sources used by Dio, for example, are not known today.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The most important from contemporaneous sources are Augustus' own Res gestae, as well as portions of the Roman history of Velleius Paterculus and the Geography of Strabon.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Appianus' work on the civil wars ends with the overthrow of Sextus Pompey.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

A lot of sketch inscriptions have survived from Augustus' days.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[36] Among the sources lost is, among other things, a high-handed, though partial, biography of Augustus.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Collections of Augustus' citations and letters existed.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Agrippa is also known to have written a memoir, as well as many other contemporaries.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

However, none of them have survived to the present day.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

The history of Livius continued until 9 BCE, but only the table of contents of the work has survived to the present day.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Appianus' lost Egyptian history dealt with the Battle of Actium and the conquest of Egypt.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[36] Augustus is also mentioned in the Gospel of Luke of the Bible.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

According to it, just before the birth of Jesus, he would have ordered a general taxation or census to be enforced in the whole kingdom (according to the old Bible translation, “in the whole world”).


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[37] However, the historical veracity of this mention is highly disputed.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[38] More recent accounts give the impression that this would have been an oath of allegiance by those living in the territory of the Roman Empire to Emperor Augustus, who received in 2 BCE.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

of the title Pater Patriae.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

[39] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alan K. Bowman et al.| title = The Cambridge Ancient History Volume X, The Augustan Empire, 43 BC—AD 69| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2005| id = ISBN 0-521-30199-8}} Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

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Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

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Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

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Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Augustus| title = The Life and Works of the Single Lord| location = Helsinki| publisher = Basam Books| year = 2009| version = (Res gestae divi Augusti.)


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Finnish translation, introduction and commentary: Pekka Tuomisto.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Latin parallel text| id = ISBN 978-952-5534-81-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henrikson, Alf| title = Ancient stories| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = (Antikens historier, 1959.)


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

English translation: Maija Westerlund| id = ISBN 951-0-18515-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kivimäki, Arto & Tuomisto, Pekka| title = Roman Emperors | location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-23-4546-3} Replacement error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tuomisto, Pekka| title = Roman dictators| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-23-4442-4}} On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

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Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Ancient sources (the feats of the Divine Augustus) — Augustus' own perspective on his life Article ([{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=edit}} edit] | [[Talk: {{{1}}} |talk]] | [{{fullurl: {{1}}} |action=history}} history] | [{{fullurl: {{fullurl: {{1}}}} history] | [{{fullurl: {{1}}} {{1}}} |action=protect}} protect] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=delete}} delete] | [{{fullurl:special:whatlinkSheere/ {{{1}}} |limit=999}} links] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=watch}} watch] |), (in Greek) and Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

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Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

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Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

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Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Category:Roman emperors Category:Key articles of screening Category:First century BCE.


Question: Who was Syria's first ruler?

Augustus

Born class:The 10th century dead


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Kālidāsa (, 'Servant of Kali') was an Indian poet who probably lived around 400 in the Gupta kingdom.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Kālidāsa, who wrote in Sanskrit, has been said to be the most significant figure in Indian classical literature.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

His most famous work is the Śakuntalā play; another famous work is the poem Meghadūta (The Cloud Messenger).


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

His works are based on Hindu mythology.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Life The life of Kālidāsa is hardly known.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

It is certain that he lived out the reign of Agnimitra, king of the second Shunga kingdom (circa 170 BCE.)


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

and between the year 634.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Agnimitra appears in his play, and a drawing inscription from 634 praises his work.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Another plotline inscription found at Mandsaur from 473 imitates his style, but he is not manita by name.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Many scholars associate Kālidāsa with the Gupta kingdom and its ruler Chandragupta II, who ruled around the period 380—415.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

This is advocated by the civilized, aristocratic nature of his works.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] Kālidāsa's name literally means 'servant of Kali', from which it can be inferred that he was a Shaivist, that is, a follower of Shiva; Kali is Shiva's consort.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

He must have been a bramine, or a priest.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] [2] According to legend, he would have been one of the “nine jewels”, or courtier, of Vikramāditya, king of Ujjain.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

However, there are several kings who used the name Vikramāditya.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

According to the Sri Lankan story, he would have died during the reign of Kumāradāsa, who came to power on the island in 517.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] It is difficult to deduce anything from Kālidāsa's development as a writer and as a person based on his works, for they are not personal in nature.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] The works for Kālidāsa have certainly been attributed six works: three plays, two epic poems, and one lyric poem.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Another lyric poem is likely to be in his handwriting.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] The plays Abhijñānaśākuntalam, or Śakuntalā, more abbrevially, tells the story of a Dushyanta king who falls in love with an inferior Śakuntalā girl.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

They get married, but fate intervenes in the game.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Because of the curse, the king loses part of his memory, the bride loses her ring and is still pregnant.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Love wins and the story ends happily.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[3] The play is generally regarded as the best work of Kālidāsa and the most significant classic of classical Indian literature.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[2] It is loosely based on the story of the Mahābhārata epic.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] Mālavikāgnimitram is a comic, playful play about the love adventures of the court.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

As the only one of the plays of Kālidāsa, it has mentioned information that can be considered historical, and their veracity has provoked debate.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] Also Vikramōrvaśīyam is based on a legend already known from Vedic literature.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

It tells the story of mortal love for the celestial nymph (apsara).


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] Several different versions of Kālidāsa's plays have survived for posterity; for example, a Bengali, Kashmiri, Middle Indian and South Indian version has been found in Śakuntalā.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[4] Epic Poems Raghuvaśa represents epic kāvya poetry and tells stories related to the lineage of the Rāma god.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Kumārasambhava, on the other hand, deals with the love story of Pārvatī and Shiva.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] Lyrical Poems Meghadūta, or “cloud messenger”, is a lyric poem about a god of wealth sent into exile who sends a message to his spouse through a cloud.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

At the same time, Indian places and landscapes overtaken by the cloud on its way are described.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[5] Also, the poetic work of ṛtusaṃhāra is probably considered to have been written by Kālidāsa.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

It might be a juvenile job.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] Performing Kālidāsa's plays might be performed in theatres built in the palaces of the Gupta kingdom, where actors and dancers hired by the court were permanently employed.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Spectators may, at least initially, also include ordinary citizens, not just members of the court and clergy.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

The plays could be seen at the time of significant religious celebrations and political and royal events.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[2] Kālidāsa's plays use both Sanskrit, which was already a classical language of his time, and Prakrit languages spoken by the people.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Sanskrit is spoken in plays by court, clergy and male ascetics, various Prakrit dialects by women, boys and men of lower castes.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

As Prakrit dialects were constantly evolving and becoming difficult to understand, unlike Sanskrit, plays began to be accompanied by Sanskrit commentary (chāyā, meaning “shadow”) and eventually were performed only in Sanskrit.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Thus, Kālidāsa's plays gradually became an object of interest only for the Sanskrit speaking elite.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[2] Influence Kālidāsa is widely recognized as the most outstanding poet and playwright of classical Sanskrit literature.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

He is considered by many to be the most outstanding writer in Indian history.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

His writing style is considered to be an archetype of Sanskrit literature: it is seen to reflect inner-born traits to Sanskrit and Sanskrit.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

His works belong to the tradition of court literature, which probably originated perhaps as many as a thousand years into his life, but whose output has hardly been preserved for posterity.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

The Kālidāsa associated the earlier period of Vedic religious tradition with a new, more secularized Hinduism.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[1] [2] The first Śakuntalā play into the English language was translated by William Jones in 1789.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

In the preface to his translation, he calls Kālidāsa the “Shakespeare of India”; such a deep admiration is a kind of culmination of the development of the late 18th century in which Sanskrit literature was discovered in the West.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[6] Kālidāsa's works inspired many European writers and composers, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Gottfried von Herder.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

The first German translation was prepared by Georg Forster as early as 1791, and in Germany Kālidāsa received a particularly enthusiastic reception.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

In 1830 Goethe wrote the play for Antoine-Léonard de Chézy, who translated the play into French: [4] Śakuntalā has since been translated into all major European languages.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Adapting it to the European stage proved difficult, however, and it has yet to find its place in the Western theatrical canon.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

[2] [4] The 1931 Tamil-language film Kalidas tells the story of Kālidāsa's life.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

The 1940 Tamil-language film Sakuntalai.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Illustration of the Danish version of Śakuntalā, 1845.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

A Soviet postage stamp celebrating Kālidāsa.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gopal, Ram| title = Kālidāsa.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

His Art and Culture| location = New Delhi| publisher = Concept| year = 1984| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Book in Google Search]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kaalidaasa| title = Šakuntalaa| location = Helsinki| publisher = Oriental Society of Finland| year = 1988| version = (Śatalā, 40th century).


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Klaus Karttunen| isbn = 951-9380-08-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Krishnamoorthy, K.| title = Kālidāsa| location = New Delhi| publisher = Sahitya Akademi| = 1994| isbn = 978-81-7201-688-3| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Book in Google Book Search]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Shastri, Gaurinath Bhattacharyya| title = A Concise History of Classical Sanskrit Literature| location = Delhi| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass| year 198= 7| isbn = 978-81-208-0027-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

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Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

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Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

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Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

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Question: What does Kālidāsa's name mean?

Kālidāsa

Category:Indian poets Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Apologetics means the systematic and rational defense of some doctrine, especially Christianity.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

The word comes from the Greek word απολογια (apologia), meaning defence of a viewpoint under attack.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

The practitioner of apologetics is called an apologist, apologist, or apologist.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Apologetic works written before the spread of Christian faith include Plato's Apologia, or Socrates' Defence Speech, the subject of which is Socrates' defence at his trial, as well as other Socrates' defence speeches.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

A work called Apologia was also published by author Apuleius to defend himself against accusations of witchcraft [1].


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Today, apologetics usually refers to the theological defence of Christianity.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

In the second century after the beginning of the period, apologetics were practiced in the defense of Christianity to the Romans and Jews.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

These writings were often drafted into the form of a defence speech to be presented in court.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Early Christian apologetics includes the work of several early Christian writers, such as the apologists directed at Marcus Aurelius the Martyr [2], and the works of several Church Fathers such as Origene and Tertullian.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

In the Middle Ages, Christian theologians justified the reliability of the truths of faith.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Anselm of Canterbury [3] and Thomas Aquinese [4] presented their famous proofs of the existence of God.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Thomas Aquinese also wrote to counter the ideas put forward by Islamic philosophers.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

After the Reformation, starting in 1656, Blaise Pascal wrote his work, snippets of which are known as the Contemplates.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

[5] Notable Christian apologists in Antiquity: Aristeides the Athenian (Apologia of Aristeides) Athenagoras Athenagoras the Athenian (Appeal for Christians) Justinus the Martyr (First and Second Apologia) Minucius Felix (Octavian) Origenes Tatianos Theofilos Tertullian of Antioch in the Modern Age: William Lane Craig Gary Habermas Hank Hanegraaff C.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

S. Lewis Walter Ralston Martin Alister E. McGrath Alvin Plantinga Richard Swinburne Lee Strobel Nicholas Wolterstorff Ravi Zacharias John Lennox Christian Apologetic Organizations Christian Research Institute Sources Literature Ancient Apologies in english Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aristides Athenian, Athenagoras Athenian| title = In front of the Emperor: two Athenian apologia| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2017| version = Commentary, translation and delivery: Serafim Seppälä| isbn = 978-952- 495-446-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Justinos Martyr| title = Apologies & Dialogue with Tryfon| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2008| version = Translated by Matti Myllykoski and Outi Lehtipuu by Matti Myllykoski| id = ISIS| BN 978-952-495-035- 0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Minucius Felix, Marcus| title = Octavian: Defence of Christianity| location = Helsinki| publisher = Arch| year = 2007| version = Heikki Koskenniemi| id = ISBN 978-951-618-846-4}} Citation error, replace with {cite | author = Tertullianus| title = Apologeticum| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookworks| year = 2010| version = (Apologeticum/Apologeticus pro Christianis.)


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Translated by Juha Pihkala| id = ISBN 978-952-247-073-7}} New Apologies in English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dembski, William| title = Intelligent Plan Idea: Bridge between Natural Science and Theology| location = Lahti| publisher = Databooks| year = 2002| version = (Intelligent design: The bridge between science and theology, 1999.)


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Submitted in English by Matti Leisola| id = ISBN 951-98558-1-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eskola, Timo| title = The Unbearable Lightness of Atheism | location = Helsinki| publisher = New Road| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-619-522-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gustavsson, Stefan| title = What we believe based on| location = Helsinki| publisher = New road| year = 2007| version=( Kristen på goda grunder, 1997.)


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

English translation: Teemu Haataja and Pekka Nieminen| id = ISBN 978-951-619-466-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bentley Hart, David| title = Atheism Fusions | location = Helsinki| publisher = Basic say| year = 2010| version = (Atheist delusions: The Christian revolution and its fashionable enemies, 2009) | id = ISBN 978-951-888-527-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Latvus, Daily| title = Wings of Understanding: Why is Science Western? | location = Espoo| publisher = Omega Books| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-98646-1-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = McGrath, Alister| title = Dawkins God: Genes, Memes and Meaning of Life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookworks| year = 2006| version = 2006| (Dawkins' God: Genes, memes, and the meaning of life, 2005.)


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Translated by Kirsi Nisula| id = ISBN 951-607-279-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = McGrath, Alister & McGrath, Joanna Collicutt| title = Dawkins Delusion?


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Atheist fundamentalism and denial of divine existence| location = Hyvinkää | publisher = Cranite| year = 2008| version=( The Dawkins delusion?


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Atheist fundamentalism and the denial of the divine, 2007.)


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Translated by Jani Kurki| id = ISBN 978-952-92-4259-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Half way, Tapio| title = Faith, Knowledge and Myth| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-26-5347-8}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Half Way, Tapio| title = Faith, Science and the Bible| location = Helsinki| publisher = New road| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-619-467-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Half way, Tapio| title = Faith, Science and Evolution| location = Helsinki| publisher = New road| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-619-498-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Robertson, David| title = Letters to Dr. Dawkins| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Day| year = 2008| version = (The Dawkins letters: Challenging atheist myths, 2007.)


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Translated by Risto Mikkonen| id = ISBN 978-952-475-311-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Swinburne, Richard| title = Unknown author: God's existence and scientific worldview| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookworks| year = 1997| version = (Is there a God? , 1996.)


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Translation: Tytti Träff.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

Factual review and preface: Reijo Työrinoja| id = ISBN 951-625-436-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Visala, Aku| title = What science can't tell you| location = Helsinki| publisher = Basic say| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-888-536-1} In English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Berlinski, David| title= The devil's delusion: Atheism and its scientific pretensions| location = New York| publisher = Crown Forum| year = 2008| id = ISBN 0-307-39626-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Collins, Francis S.| title = The language of God: A scientist presents evidence for belief| location = New York| publisher = Free Press| year = 2006| id = ISBN 0-7432-8639-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Craig, William Lane| title = Reasonable faith: Christian truth and apologetics| location = Wheaton, Illinois| publisher = Intervarsity Press| year = 2009| version=3rd edition| id = ISBN 978-1433501159}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Geisler, Norman L.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

& Turek, Frank| title= I don't have enough faith to be an atheist| location = Wheaton, Illinois| publisher = Crossway Books| year = 2004| id = ISBN 978-1581345612}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Goetz, Stewart & Taliaferro, Charles| title = Naturalism| location = Grand Rapids , Michigan| publisher = Eerdmans| year = 2008| version=Interventions| id = ISBN 9780802807687}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Keller, Timothy | title= The reason for God: Belief in an age of scepticism| location = New York| publisher = Riverhead Books| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-1-59448-349-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moreland, J. P.| title = Scaling the secular city: A defense of Christianity| publisher = Revell| year = 1987| id = ISBN 978-0801062223}} On topic elsewhere (PDF) Catholic Encyclopedia Transclusion error: {I}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

— C.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

S. Lewis Society Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics


Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

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Question: What does apologetics mean?

Apologetics

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does ATP stand for?

ATP

ATP can stand for: In chemistry, adenosine triphosphate Companies Alberta Theatre Projects, major Canadian theatre house Associated Talking Pictures, British film studio, now Ealing Studios BAe ATP, British Aerospace ATP ATP Bonding Systems, British ATP Flash Cards, a technology company specialising in adhesives, a US manufacturer of weatherproof memory cards Organizations Academic Talent Program Association of Test Publishers Association of Tennis Professionals, Auran, an organisation for male tennis professionals Star Boys, Turkish Sea Scout Board Technique AppleTalk Transaction Protocol Asynchronous Transfer Protocol, Telecommunication Protocol Change Airline Transport Pilot License Australian Technology Park All Tomorrow's Parties, music festival “All Tomorrow's Parties”, a song published in 1967 by the Velvet Underground in All Tomorrow's Parties, is a novel by William Gibson about the Duck Intelligence Service, a secret agent alliance founded by Scrooge Duck comics.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The Republic of Paraguay, or Paraguay, is a landlocked country of more than six million people in South America.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

It is located around the Paraguay River, neighbours Brazil to the northeast, Argentina to the south and Bolivia to the northwest.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] The former Spanish colony has transitioned to democracy after 35 years of military dictatorship.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Paraguay is among the most homogeneous countries in Latin America: the majority of the population are descendants of Spaniards and Guarani Indians, and Spanish and Guarani are also the country's dominant languages.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The country's major rivers, the Parana and Paraguay, provide a thoroughfare and source of hydroelectric power.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

There are many different stories about the meaning of the country's name.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

I or Y denotes water and river in Guarani language.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The initial part of the name, again, can mean either a palm foliage or a local Native American tribe.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Thus a river of payagua Indians or a river flowing through palm foliage, [2] or possibly a “source of waters”.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[3] History Time before Europeans from Mount Jasuka Venda north of Ascunsion there have been archaeological discoveries dating back 5200 years.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

It features the same type of rock art as Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Bolivia.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In Tavyterâ Pai-Guarani folklore, Jasuka Venda is the place where the creator and great grandfather of the world appeared in the world.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[4] Colonial period and Jesuits The first Europeans arrived in the area in the 16th century and founded Asunción in 1537.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The city became the centre of Spanish colony and the first destination of the Jesuits in South America.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The first Jesuits arrived in Paraguay in 1588.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In 1610, King Philip III of Spain declared that Paraguayan Guarani Indians were to be ruled only by the sake of the word, not by violence.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The church allowed the Jesuits considerable freedoms of action.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The Jesuits' activities resulted in one of the greatest experiments in the community life form in history: as many as 100,000 Guarani Indians inhabited twenty settlements in Paraguay in the mid-17th century.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[5] The new Jesuit settlements were threatened by slave traders who made their living by capturing Native Americans and selling them as slaves to plantation owners.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

As the population of Indians depleted near São Paulo, they noticed the richly populated settlements.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

When the Spanish authorities were not willing to protect their settlements, the Jesuits and Guaranis had no chance to defend themselves.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Thousands of Guaranis were captured and sold as slaves.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In 1639, the Viceroy of Peru approved permission for the Indians to bear arms.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The slave traders were bloody driven away by highly trained and well-motivated Indian soldiers.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

This victory marked a golden time for the Paraguayan Jesuits.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Life in the settlements provided Guarani with a high standard of living, a place of refuge from slave traders, and physical and social security.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The settlements became quite prosperous over time, they exported merchandise to the cities, as well as equipping their own Indian army.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[5] Jesuit colonies have become known for their high-level artistic and moral endeavors.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Choirs, orchestras and play troupes were established under the leadership of the Jesuits.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Income acquired by farming and trading ended up working for the workers themselves.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Some Enlightenment thinkers praised the Jesuits, for example Voltaire called the Jesuit colonies a “triumph of humanity.” [5] Because of their success, the Paraguayan Jesuits made many enemies.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Between 1720 and 1730, Paraguayan settlers rebelled against Jesuits' benefits and rule.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The rebellion failed.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

However, the revolt was one of the first serious attempts to rise up against Spanish rule in the colonies.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In Madrid, it was taken seriously and King Charles III decided to take tighter control over the territories.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled by order of the King of Spain from Paraguay.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

During the deportations that lasted a few decades, almost everything the Jesuits had accomplished was exterminated.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The mission stations were abandoned by the Guaranis and fell into decadence.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In the present day, the ruins overrun by plants are the only surviving memory of a 160-year period in Paraguayan history.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[5] Independence Paraguay declared independence and overthrew the Spanish local rulers on May 15, 1811.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[6] In the War of the Triple Alliance (1865—1870), Paraguay lost two-thirds of its population and much of its territory.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The next 50 years were financially problematic.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In the Chaco War (1932—1935), Paraguay gained large swaths of chako from Bolivia, but not the oil fields it sought.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[7] General Alfredo Stroessner seized power in May 1954.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The 35-year military dictatorship was overthrown in 1989, after which the country has held relatively free and regular presidential elections.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The new 1992 constitution reduced the power of the president.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[8] 2000s In July 2005, the United States established a military base at Mariscal Estigarribia with 200km to Argentina and Bolivia and 300km to Brazil.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Although there are no more than 400 soldiers on the ground, the base has a long runway to which troops can be quickly brought in by heavy transport aircraft.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[9] The conservative Asociación Nacional Republicana, or Colorado Party, ruled the country for 61 years from 1947 to 2008.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

From 1947 to 1962, it was the only one allowed.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

However, in the elections of 20 April 2008, the party was ousted and the leftist APC (Alianza Patriótica por el Cambio) came to power.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Former Catholic bishop Fernando Lugo rose to the presidency.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[10] Lugo was ousted in June 2012, Vice President Federico Franco took the oath of office and served as the country's president until the 2013 elections.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[11] In August 2013, Horacio Cartes of the Colorado Party was elected president.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] Politics Paraguay is a presidential republic with no office of prime minister.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] The 1992 Constitution brought the ruling to a concentrated and dictator-like regime in Paraguay.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Under it, the president and vice president are elected in the same election by popular vote for five-year terms.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The bicameral parliament (Congreso) consists of an 80-member Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) and a 45-member Senate (Cámara de Senadores).


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

These delegates are elected concurrently with the president by means of proportional representation.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Members of the House of Representatives are elected by department and senators nationwide, both for five-year terms.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Each department is headed by an elected governor.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Voting is compulsory for anyone between the ages of 18 and 75.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[12] The nine members of the Supreme Court of Paraguay are elected by the Senate and the President on the advice of the Council of Judges under the Constitution.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The Paraguayan flag has a slightly different pattern on one side.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[13] Paraguay is a member of the Union for Latin American Integration and a founding member of the Free Trade Zone Mercosur since 1991 along with Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Together with other members of Mercosur, it is also active in many political and social matters.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Paraguay differs from other South American countries in that it has recognized Taiwan but not China.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[12] The president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

One year of conscript service is compulsory for all males aged 18.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Beginning in 1992, one is allowed to refuse military service for reasons of conscience.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The Land Force is the largest branch of the Armed Forces, its strength is about 7000 men, compared to 1200 men in the Air Force.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The Navy has 2,000 men, which includes the Marines.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[12] Paraguay is a landlocked country, but its navy patrolled the border borders, and has participated in maneuvers in the Triple Alliance War of the 1860s.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Paraguay's first democratic parliamentary and presidential elections were held on 9 May 1993.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Armed-backed Juan Carlos Wasmosy, who was the candidate of the Colorado Party that ruled Paraguay for decades, was elected president.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[14] The administrative division of Paraguay is divided into 17 departments (departamento) and the capital of the country, denoted by an asterisk (*): namecapital1Alto ParaguayFuerte Olimpo2Alto Paranáciudad del Este3amambaypedro Juan Caballero4Distrito CapitalAsunción *5BoquerónFiladelfia6CaaguazúCoronel Oviedo7caazapácaazapá8canindeyúsalto del Guairá9CentralAreguá NameCapital10ConcepciónConcepción11CordilleracaAcupé12GuairávillArrica13itapúaPúaEncarnación14Misionessan Juan Bautista15ñeembucúpilar16Paraguaríparaguarí17Presidente Hayespozo Colorado18Pedro Departements of San Pedrosa serve as constituencies for the House of Representatives.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[12] Geography The Paraguay River splits the country in two.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Its eastern side consists of grassy plains and forested hills, the western side is the Gran Chaco region with marshy plain near the river and dry forest farther west.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The highest point, Cerro Pero, is 842 meters high.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] On the southeastern border flows the Paraná River with the large Itaipu Dam, which Paraguay shares with Brazil.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

It is currently the second largest hydroelectric power plant in the world and it produces 95% of the electricity consumed by Paraguay and about 25% of the electricity consumed by Brazil.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[15] The local climate varies from subtropical to temperate, in the eastern parts it rains significantly, the west is quite dry.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In 2002, seven cities had more than one hundred thousand inhabitants.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In order of magnitude they were: [16] Asunción Ciudad del Este San Lorenzo Luque Capiatá Lambaré Fernando de la Mora Transport The main component of Paraguyay's transport system are the water routes along the Paraguay and Parana rivers up to the Atlantic Ocean.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In 2013, Paraguay had 799 airports, fifteen of which runways were paved.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

No more than 36 kilometres of railways were in use.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

There are just under 30,000 kilometres of roads, and about half of them are paved.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

There are 3100 kilometres of water routes, and the merchant fleet is made up of 23 vessels.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Port cities include Asunción, Villeta, San Antonio and Encarnación.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] Previously, the main rail link in the country was the Ferrocarril Carlos Antonio López, which ran from Ascuncion to Encarnación in the south-east of the country, which was still operated by steam trains in the 1990s.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The track was established in 1854.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

It was disbanded in 2003 and a small portion of it is operated for tourists under the name “El Tren del Lago” every fortnight.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[17] [18] The economy in Paraguay's market economy is a major informal sector.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The informal sector includes both the re-export of imported goods and the operations of thousands of small businesses and street vendors.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Because of the scale of the informal sector, economic metrics are generally not accurate.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Most of the population lives from agriculture, often covering their own livelihood.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] Land ownership is highly unevenly distributed; it is said that less than one percent of the population owns more than 70% of the cultivable land [19] From the time of the Jesuits, the main crop grown for sale was cotton.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Soybean supplanted it as the most important in the 1980s.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Other major sources of income have been the cultivation of tobacco and, to some extent, coffee, and sugarcane, which has been hoped to rise to a new value through ethanol production.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[20] The official economy grew by around 3% annually between 1995 and 1997, but GDP decreased slightly from 1998 to 2000.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

On a per capita basis, income levels have remained at 1980 levels.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The Accion Organization speculates the reasons for Paraguay's poor economic success as political uncertainty, corruption, lack of progress on structural reforms, significant internal and external debts, and inadequate infrastructure.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[21] In 2012, the main export countries were Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina and Russia.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Imports were most from Brazil, China, Argentina and the United States.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] Most significant natural resources wood iron ore manganese limestone hydropower Most significant export products cotton hydro soy wood meat Population distribution Ethnically, culturally and socially Paraguay is Latin American the most homogeneous countries.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Approximately 95% of the population are descendants of Spanish origin and Guarani Indians, [22] hence mestits.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

There is little left of the original Guarani culture other than a language understood by about 90% of the population.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Approximately 75% of Paraguayans speak Spanish.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

However, the practical colloquial is usually jopará, a mixed language formed from Spanish and Guarani.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Germans, Japanese, Koreans, Chinese, Arabs, Brazilians and Argentines have migrated to Paraguay.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[12] The overwhelming majority of the people live in the eastern parts, within 100 km of Asunción, the capital and largest city.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The western part, Chaco, covers 60% of the area but is home to less than 2% of the population.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In 2002, 89.6% of Paraguayans belonged to the Catholic Church, Protestants numbered 6.2%.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] Among the practitioners of other religions are about 28000 Mennonites.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[23] In 2012, HIV/AIDS was borne by 0.2% of the adult population, or 13100 people.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Bacterial diseases found in Paraguay include typhoid fever, hepatitis A, and bacterial diarrhea.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Insects spread dengue fever.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] In rural areas, Chagas disease is also observed.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In the departments of Paraguar, Cordillera and Central Paraguay, about 25% of the population carries its causative agent in their blood.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[24] [25] Culture The Paraguayan writer Augusto Roa Bastos received the Spanish-speaking world's most prestigious literary award, the Cervantes Prize in 1989.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[26] He was also frequently mentioned as a nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[27] A common drink in Paraguay is herbal tea yerba mate.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In addition to hot herbal tea, a cold drink called tereré is preferred in the country, in which yerba matehen is mixed with either cold water or fruit juice.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[28] The basis of the traditional diet has been manioc.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Corn has risen alongside it.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Other common food crops include beans, peanuts, millet, sweet potato, and rice.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Rice is not as significant a staple food as in some other southern American countries.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[20] The country has an abundance of newspapers and radio stations, and among them there are also opposition voice supporters.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Journalists Without Borders reckons that journalists, for their own safety, do not dare to dwell very deeply on scandals involving politicians.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[29] Paraguayan folk music combines Guarani and Spanish traditions with their melodies, while the lyrics describe nature or use nature as metaphors.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The traditional Guarani instrument is a type of harp.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[30] The country has a UNESCO World Heritage Site formed by the Jesuit mission stations of La Santisima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesus de Tavarangue.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[31] Education in Paraguay operates ten universities.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The oldest of them is the Universidad Nacional de Asunción, founded in 1889.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[32] [33] Asunción is also home to the private Universidad Columbia, Universidad Catolica of Asuncion, Universidad Americana and Universidad Iberoamericana operated by the Catholic Church.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Universidad del Cono Sur also has branch divisions in other cities, as do Universidad del Norte and Universidad Tecnologica Intercontinental.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Ciudad del Este and Pilar operate their own universities.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[34] In 2003, 93% of women and 94% of men were literate.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In 2005, schoolchildren attended school for an average of 12 years.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[1] The UN Millennium Development Goals were considered to be the most likely to be achieved in 2007, precisely with regard to schooling and gender equality.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[35] Sports Football is the most popular sport in Paraguay.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The country's most successful footballers include Arsenio Erico, Aurelio González, Julio César Romero, aka Romerito, and José Luis Chilavert.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

The Paraguay national football team has twice won the Copa América (1953 and 1979) and survived three times in World Cup competitions to the second round.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

In the FIFA World Cup it has played a total of 8 times, 1930, 1950, 1958, 1986, 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[36] Paraguay has participated in the Olympic Games since 1968, except in 1980, when it boycotted the Moscow Olympics.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

At the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, Paraguay achieved silver in football.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

It was the country's first Olympic medal of the time.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[37] In addition to football, popular sports include tennis, basketball, golf, athletics, chess and volleyball.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

Top athletes born in Paraguay include tennis players Víctor Pecci, Rossana de los Ríos and Larissa Schaerer.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

[38] Sources On the topic elsewhere (in Spanish) - In freedom of the press, Paraguay is ranked 32nd.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

From 139 countries, bread with cheese and cornmeal.


Question: What is the surface area of Paraguay?

Paraguay

(in English) Category:45 South America * Category:Key Articles in Screening


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Defaitism (,,) is a term meaning acceptance of defeat without a fight or the will to fight.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The word usually has a negative side-meaning, and often in psychology it is associated with pessimism.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[1] [2] In political usage, the term often has a propagandistic connotation and refers to treason even in a situation where continuing to fight is in reality hopeless.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The word is a typical wartime term, although it is sometimes used in politics, business, [3] sports, psychology, and philosophy.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[4] Origin of the term According to Antero Manninen, the word belongs to the pronunciation “de [fe] tismi” and it means unequivocally defeatism, and defaitist [-fe-] is the person in power and spreading it.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[5] The term defaitism was probably introduced in the early 20th century, but different versions of its source exist.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The term is said to have been the first to be used by the French to describe the mood of Russian soldiers in World War I, but it may also have been used from the French political movement that advocated surrender during the Franco-Prussian War.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

This would be supported by the fact that Russian revolutionaries used the concept of “revolutionary defaitism” even before World War I.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[6] [7] [8] In English, the word defeatist was adopted from the French word défaitiste in 1917 to describe a person suspected of acting against his state.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[9] Although the word is likely a product of the 20th century, it is also used in historiography to describe situations in earlier times in which the defeatist industry is presented as having taken power or influenced the outcome of a war or battle.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[10] [11] Revolutionary defaitism In the early 20th century, revolutionary socialists created the concept of revolutionary defaitism, according to which the defaitism of the popular forces can be a weapon to carry out revolution.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

According to Vladimir Lenin, the working class does not benefit from wars initiated by the leaders of states, but must pay for their consequences.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

So, for example, the Japanese bourgeoisie class advanced the cause of the Russian working class and at the same time revolutionary in winning the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[8] At the outbreak of World War I, a majority of Russian Social Democrats supported going to war.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

In this case, in the parlance of the communist Bolsheviks, the term for revolutionary defaitism became socialist patriotism, of which they accused the Social Democrats.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Admittedly, the meaning of the term changed when the Communists took power in Russia.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

In the Soviet Union during the 1930s, socialist patriotism was no longer a counter-revolutionary or reactionary concept, but one of the highest virtues of the new model citizen.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[12] Since revolution had already been achieved in the Soviet Union, the meaning of defaitism now became counter-revolutionary, so revolutionary defaitism became simply defaitism, which was again perceived as helping the opponent win.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[13] In turn, Lev Trotsky, driven into exile, began using the same concept in the 1930s against Stalinism and the warlike policies of the Soviet Union of Josif Stalin's time.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[8] Defaitism in wartime Defaitism is a frequently used term.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

A soldier or civilian can be accused of defaitism, even if he thinks the battle is already lost or fighting is pointless for some other reason.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

From the point of view of warfare, defaitism is a vice, since a battle that is often lost is more acceptable for the purposes of warfare than handing over without a battle that slows down the enemy and weakening and binding its forces.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Pacifists opposed to war are also easily accused of being defaitists, especially during wartime.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[14] World War I The Second Battle of the Aisne began with the Offenings of Nivelle on 16 April 1917.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The French soldiers had been promised Germany would surrender in a few days.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

They entered the battle certain of victory, but the objectives fell short.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Instead, after three weeks of losing battle, the French armed forces had lost 187,000 men.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Tired by the long and exhausting trench warfare, French soldiers rose up in a mutiny that spread along the front like wildfire.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The rebellion was put down by warleadership.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

While improvements were brought in conditions, suspected central figures of the rebellion were executed as a warning to others.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[15] They were accused of defaitism and treason.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The number of pacifists executed in World War I exceeded a period of time known during the Terror in French history.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[16] In the last year of the war, 1918, defaitism spread in turn in Germany.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The country's resources were exhausted after four years of war.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Among other things, the ideal then-front soldier Adolf Hitler was disappointed because the latest supplements were not in the same way charm-minded as the 1914 installment.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The Home Front rebelled and Germany had to surrender, although relative successes were achieved on the front.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Viewed from the amphibious perspective of the frontmen, the Home Front betrayed the fighting troops.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

This gave rise to Dolchstosslegende, the backstabbing theory.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[17] World War II In World War II, France was defeated by Nazi Germany after only six weeks of fighting in 1940.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The German armed forces employed the tactics of modern mobile warfare, against which the doctrines of the French armed forces were obsolete.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Defaitism has since often been attributed to the defeat sentiment, defaitism, which has spread among French soldiers and officers.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The word has been readily used since then from the French armed forces.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The US magazine Time, for example, did not hesitate to describe the French as defaitists when criticizing France's strategy for the war in Indochina in the spring of 1954.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[18] Some twenty years later, the Americans themselves were in a similar situation in Indochina.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Now American supporters of the war accused the press of defaitism and the peace movement that opposed the war.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[19] Poland had lost the war against Germany and the Soviet Union in the autumn of 1939 and it surrendered after five weeks of fighting.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

However, Polish soldiers have not been accused of defaitism, as they often engaged in hopeless battles against a superior enemy.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

It was not until the invasion of another superpower, the Soviet Union that finally crumbled the Polish will to defend, but not the will to fight, as Polish volunteers participated in the armies of other states in the war on all fronts.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[20] Defaitism was considered a crime by the German leadership, often followed by a death sentence.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

On 21 April 1943, when the White Rose, a resistance movement opposed to the war and Nazi regime of Munich students, was caught distributing flyers in the main voice supporter of the German National Socialist Workers' Party newspaper Völkischer Beobachter was written as follows: [21 ] [22] The Nazi People's Court, led by Roland Freisler, handed down countless death sentences to those accused of defaitism.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[23] Even listening to the news broadcasts of adversary radio stations such as Radio Moscow and the BBC could mean an indictment of defaitism and a further death sentence.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[24] [25] Beginning in pro-1944 onwards, a new pink poster was displayed on message boards almost every week announcing the names of defaitists executed over the week.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[23] In Finland, the term “defaitism” of the Continuation War was used by those who supported the continuation of the Continuation War alongside Germany against the Soviet Union.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

After Germany had lost the Battle of Stalingrad in February 1943, Headquarters Intelligence Chief Aladár Paasonen gave a presentation to selected representatives of the Finnish leadership in which he stated that the war would surely end in defeat.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Paasonen was tasked with giving the same presentation to Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The presentation provoked outrage and information about its contents was also leaked to the Germans, who, along with some Finnish MPs, accused the peace-making leadership of defaitism.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[26] Urho Kekkonen, who joined the Peace Opposition, defended secession from the war in his writing under the pseudonym Pekka Peitsi in 1944: [27] Iraq War The term defaitism has been in diligent use in the United States while the war in Iraq has been discussed.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Especially as the war drags on, supporters of the occupation of Iraq have criticized the U.S. media and the Democratic Party for defaitism.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[28] Frank Gaffnet, director of the Centre for Security Policy, which studies politics and a supporter of continuing the Iraq war, wrote in his 2006 column: [29] The Daily Telegraph, a British newspaper, writes along similar lines about the war in Afghanistan in October 2008: [30] On Defaitism despite our war expedition in Afghanistan going well according to a US neo-conservatist view that the humiliation experienced in the Vietnam War was due to the betrayal of the home front, by the backstabbing theory, by weak-willed politicians, the defaitist press and the revolutionary the actions of the peace movement.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[19] Instead, the Iraq war, begun under President George W. Bush, is seen as an imagination-rich and bold exploitation of United States military superiority.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

According to the neoconservatist view, global domination of the United States is lenient in nature and therefore the fate of the United States is to shape the whole world to match its values.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[31] In the same spirit, Ronald Reagan's foreign policy is perceived to have defeated the “defaitist Vietnam War syndrome” by winning an arms race against the Soviet Union.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[32] Intellectual defaitism The term intellectual defaitism can mean different things to which a thinking person or an intelligentsia may be considered guilty of.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The term is determined by the need for use, but usually refers to handing over too many or unresolved in the face of a perceived problem.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

In philosophy, for example, it can mean the idea that every idea has already been invented by someone else, in which case an attempt to create something new would be fundamentally futile.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[4] Psychology and Social Sciences In psychology, defaitism describes the accepting mindset of loss, rejection and failure.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

A defaitist person may believe that continuing in the situation is pointless and nothing matters, because attempts to change the situation are going to end badly anyway, no matter what.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Defaitism is often associated with depression, from which a person suffering can refuse normal social activities and stop taking part in activities that he or she has enjoyed in the past.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The feeling of hopelessness and experience of a negative outcome seen as likely makes them feel that their own actions have no meaning.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[33] More broadly, in social sciences such as social psychology and sociology, the term refers to the defaitist activities of a group of people.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

For example, according to some social theories, the poor in Western countries are seen as solely to blame for their own poverty.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Politics professor Lawrence Mead says the poor are victims of a “defaitist culture” and lack self-discipline and the capacity for “personal organisation,” which would cause them to study, find jobs and work.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

The perspective of paleoconservatist and libertarian political scientist Charles Murray is degrees duller and simpler: the “underclass” remain chronically unemployed not because they lack skill or opportunity, but because they are “unwilling and unable to wake up early in the morning and leave for work”.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

[34] See also Fatalism Home Front Pacifism Pessimism Propaganda Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jorma Järventaus (ed.pj.)


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

et al| title = Finland In War| publisher = Oy Valinut Palat| year = 3.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

Edition 1984| id = ISBN 951-9078-94-0| page = 84-87}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = John Toland| title = Hitler| publisher = Wordsworth Editions| year = 1976| id = ISBN 1-85326-676-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = H. W. Koch| title = In the Name of the Volk| publisher = I.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

B. Tauris publishers| B. Tauris publishers| id = ISBN 9781860641749}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alfred B. Evans| title = Soviet Marxism-Leninism| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| year = 1993| id = ISBN 0275947637}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Rüdiger Bubner, Nicholas Walker| title= The innovations of idealism| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2001| id = ISBN 0521662621}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jayne Werner, Luu Doan Huynh| title = The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives| publisher = M.


Question: What does defaitism mean?

Defaitism

E. Sharpe| year = 1993| id=ISBN 1563241315}} References Category:Warfare Class:Propaganda Category:Philosophy Terms Category:Pacifism Category:Politics Concepts Category:Psychology


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

The Argentine Republic or Argentina (, IPA: [reˈpuβlika axenˈtina]) is a state in the southern part of South America on the western Atlantic coast.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

Argentina stretches from the tropical north to the Antarctic southern tip of South America.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

Its neighbours include Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

Argentina is the eighth largest country in the world by area and is the second largest in South America after Brazil.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

It extends from the tropics to the 54th parallel and its landscapes range from the glaciers of the Andes to the expanses of the pampa and the Amazon rainforest.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

The country's animal population includes monkeys, jaguars and penguins.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

Argentina is a founding member of the UN and is a member of the G20.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

Argentina, Brazil and Chile have occasionally been collectively referred to as ABC states.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

[1] At the head of an independent state in the early 19th century, military, conservatives and leftist leaders alike have alternated.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

Argentina was among the richest nations in the world at the beginning of the 20th century, but later the economy has become unstable and the country has experienced several economic crises.


Question: Which party did Néstor Kirchner belong to?

Argentine

History Early History The settlement history of Argentina began as early as 12000 BCE.