Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

A majority in the assembly supported continuing the strike, however it was not acted upon, leading the committee to be accused of sympathising with employers.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

In particular, criticism came from the Tampere External Workers' Association, known as a radical, which was headed by Juho Hellberg, who had defected to the Young Finns shortly after the strike.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The constitutional ranks of the city also began to disperse due to disagreements over the Red Declaration.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] On Sunday, the situation in Tampere became even more confusing.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Information arrived from Helsinki that the Red Declaration had also been adopted there and plans had begun to be made in the capital for the election of a provisional government under the Declaration.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

This caused accusations from the burghers of fomenting popular backlash and unilateral aspirations for power, further straining factional intervals.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] Tampere constitutionalists finally withdrew from the strike, after which a red flag was placed next to the Finnish flag in the city hall.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The text embroidered in it called for the poor people of all countries to join together.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[17] People's assemblies were held in the morning and afternoon, where, however, no consensus was reached to continue the strike.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The Grand Strike Committee eventually pushed through a proposal to not go to work on Monday morning, but to convene a vote on the strike in Market Square.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Shortly before 6 a.m., news of the imposition of a new provisional government arrived from Helsinki.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Three Tampereans had also been elected; the constitutionalists were the poet Severi Nyman and Master Erkki Reijonen and the Social Democrat Yrjö Sirola.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

They were escorted to the train station by a large crowd, from where a special train departed to transport the men towards the capital.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] The Tampere Constitutional Delegation, for its part, reported that Helsinki was under the power of the Social Democrats.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] The last day of the strike week Monday's People's Assembly began at 11 a.m.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

In the vote held, the majority was in favour of extending the strike and it was decided to restart it.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

However, the situation quickly changed when Helsinki became aware of the November Manifesto signed by Emperor Nicholas II and drafted by Leo Mechel, who was a constitutionalist.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

It restored Finland's legal status by reversing repression and convened the Riksdag to decide on the reform of the People's Parliament.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Another telegram reported that the major strike had been decided to end in Helsinki, after which the Grand Strike Committee also presented similar action in Tampere and the workers returned to work within Monday and Tuesday.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

However, schools did not resume operations until Wednesday 8.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

on Nov.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] The news that came out of Helsinki about the end of the Great Strike and the Imperial Manifesto was a major disappointment to the labour movement, as the goals set were not achieved.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The manifesto was the result of negotiations by bourgeois parties in St Petersburg and did not comply with the requirements of the Red Declaration.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Despite this, the Great Strike was decided to end in the name of social peace when the threat of armed confrontation between the Workers' Order Guard and the Student Protection Guard had arisen in Helsinki.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The end of the grand strike meant a break between the labour movement and the bourgeoisie, as well as a strengthening of the radical wing within the Social Democratic Party at a party conference in Tampere later in November.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] Members of the Tampere Grand Strike Committee Chairman A.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

A. Lagerström, Secretary Yrjö Sirola and Heikki Lindroos and Yrjö Mäkelin, who were appointed to the committee, were the first to be elected to the 12-member Grand Strike Committee.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] Siiri Lemberg, among the committee members, was one of ten women later elected to the committee.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Vihtori Kososta and Eetu Salini, from Porite, were never formally elected as a member of the Grand Strike Committee, even though they were part of the committee.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[18] Chair Employment Agency Director A.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

A. Lagerström Secretary journalist Yrjö Sirola Committee housekeeper Vihtori Kosonen Branch Officer Siiri Lemberg trader Heikki Lindroos journalist Yrjö Mäkelin shoemaker Eetu Salin First strike committee stationman A.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

F. Fihlman (late.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Ruissalo) usher Karl Hj. Johansson (late.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Jokisalo) Master's Degree Ilmari Kaitila driver Heikki Koskinen poet Kössi Lindström merchant Heikki Tanner housekeeper Emil Viljanen placksmith Aku Vuorela Women factory worker Maria Ahlqvist factory worker Olga Koskinen bookmaker Vendla Lundel actress Lyyli Lundvall Mrs. Ellen Mäkelin factory worker Hulda Nyman (later.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Rantakari) Miss Anna Riipinen factory worker Lydia Ruohomäki weaves Hanna Winsten Members later elected by the Citizens' Assembly Värjäri August Kukkola O.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

A. Labbas (late.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Rautasalo) merchant Kaarlo Ivar Lumio factor Karl Fredrik Mattsson merchant K. F. Mattsson K. Sammallahti journalist Kaarlo Sandelin (late.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Salmela) technician Elis Sivén Niilo Varala journalist Tyko Varto Remembering a granite grand strike plaque designed by sculptor Sisko Petäja was attached to the wall of the northern wing of Tampere Town Hall in 1955.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

In 1985, the year of the 80th anniversary of the Great Strike, an event was held at the Central Square where artist professor Veikko Sinisalo read the Red Declaration from the balcony of the Town Hall.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[19] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haapala, Pertti & Löytty, Olli & Melkas, Kukku & Tikka, Marko (ed.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

) | title = People Almighty: Great Strike in Finland 1905| location = Helsinki| publisher = Works| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-85116-7-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rajala, Kalle| title = Violence and Revolution.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Contemporaries in Helsinki and Tampere| location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere University Department of History | year = 2007| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Suodenjoki, Sami & Peltola, Jarmo| title = Poor Finnish people break Shackles: Class, movement and society 1880-1918: Left-wing labour movement in Pirkanmaa I| location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere University Press| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-44-6893-3| format = [online version]}} References Literature Väinö Voionmaa in 1907 The History of the City of Tampere III contains his contemporaries descriptions of the events of the Great Strike in Tampere.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

In reality, however, Voionmaa was in Helsinki during the strike.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[20] Category:The grand strike of 1905 Category:History of Tampere


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala is the national epic of Finland and the Republic of Karelia.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

It is based on the Finnish-Karelian folk poems compiled by Elias Lönnrot (1802—1884) from 1828 onwards.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The first edition of the actual Kalevala, or Old Kalevala, appeared in 1835, and the New Kalevala now known as just Kalevala in 1849.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala's poems are Kalevalan poetry, meaning they are made in a kalevalo poetry measure.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The poems contained in the Kalevala are not directly in the form sung by the poem singers, but have been edited, their language style has been unified and corrected, and some parts of the poems have been moved to a different place and in a different context than in the poems originally noted in memory.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Osan Lönnrot has been poetic himself to form coherent plot patterns.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

There is a creation myth at the beginning of Kalevala, according to which the world was born from the egg of a mess.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Among other things, Kalevala describes disputes between the Kalevala and Nordic peoples and various protagonists, vengeance trips and propositional journeys, and the construction and plunder of Sampo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Events end with the advent of Christianity.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala has been of great importance as a creator of Finnish national feeling.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

It has also contributed extensively to the arts and sciences.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[1] History Origin of poems It is speculated that the Finnish people developed an original song form in their great cultural breakdown around 500—1000 BCE.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The new vocal form was characterised by the prelude and narration of the verse, as well as the unstanzable nature.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The four-stroke poem measure of the stanzas is now known as the kalevalam measure.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[2] Old Finnish folk poetry has strata of different ages.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Among the oldest are myth poems that tell of the genesis of the world and culture.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The protagonist of the narrative poems is often a formidable singer and knower who makes knowledge-seeking journeys into the world of the deceased.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The adventures of the heroes of the songs of Kalevala take place in the overseas Nordic region.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The poems also included lyrical songs interpreting a person's own personal moods, ritual poetry for weddings and bear finches, and incantations.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[2] There have been two strong research traditions about the birthplace of the Kalevalan poems, the controversy between which was once periodically bitter.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Lönnrot himself stated in the opening words of the New Kalevala that the poems had originated in “Permia” on the western coast of the White Sea.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The view of the poems' only Karelian tradition prevailed after this for a couple of decades and only the exact location was disputed until Aksel Borenius put forward a theory about the western origin of the poems.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Today, there is a prevalent notion that Kalevala has both a western and eastern poetry tradition.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[3] Matti Pölla and earlier Matti Kuusu have suggested that a significant part of the Kalevalese poetry came to Karelia with migrants from Ostrobothnia and Savo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Pölla has also suggested that among these colonists there may also have been lineages of Sages fleeing the Mace War or accused of witchcraft.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

According to Pöllä, the roots of poetry deposited in the Viena region can be found in the tradition found in Kainulu and Northern Ostrobothnia, but it also has influences from Karelia and Savo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[4] The use of Kalealamita slowly began to disappear from Finland after the Reformation of the 16th century, when the Lutheran Church banned the song tradition as pagan and, on the other hand, as the European language of poem based on weights and rhymes spread to the country.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

From Western Finland, the old tradition of poem singing gave way first and later from the rest of the country.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In Viena Karelia, the tradition has survived until these days.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[2] Poetry Collection Professor Henrik Gabriel Porthan of Turku Academy and his student Christfried Ganander collected Kalevalan vocabulary in the 18th century for Mythologia Fennica.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the 19th century, Finns became more widely interested in memorizing old folk poems.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[5] A tradition of epic poetry can be found in almost all peoples of the world, and in many cases it has also been compiled as written epics.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the Western world, the most famous epics at the time of the birth of Kalevala probably have been the Iliad and Odyssey claimed to have been written by Homer.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The paragon of Homer contributed decisively to the awakening of Elias Lönnrot's idea of epic, and Kalevalaa would hardly have been born without the model of the epics that preceded it.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[6] Elias Lönnrot, who studied to become a doctor in Helsinki, went on his first poem collecting trip in the spring of 1828.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He chose a 130 penincorner journey from Sammat to Karelia and back to Laukko mainly on foot.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

With his beautiful flute playing, he attracted the people around him and became aware of the folk poems from them.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the village of Hummovaara in Kesälahti, she met the poetry singer Juhana Kainulainen, who had time to sing for Lönnrot for the third day.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

From Kainualainen, Lönnrot noted nearly fifty poems, many of them spells by woodsmen.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

From his first outing, Lönnrot recovered poems and spells in total over 6000 verses.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[7] For his second poem collecting voyage, Lönnrot left in May 1831.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

However, a planned excursion to Karelia in Viena failed after Lönnrot contracted a fever early in the journey.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In August, he was recalled to Helsinki to fight a cholera epidemic.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[8] After completing his medical studies in the spring of 1832, Lönnrot went on his third collecting expedition, again to Viena.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The beginning of the excursion with the promoters was mainly fun, but Lönnrot from Viena received 3000 verses.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[8] After returning from his third collecting trip, Lönnrot moved to Oulu as assistant physician and then as district doctor to Kajaani.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the autumn of 1833, he embarked on his fourth collecting expedition, which became the most relevant to Kalevala's genesis.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the year, Lönnrot met Ontrei Malinen, who sang eight long poems to him, totaling 806 verses.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[9] These included a 366-verse sampo-themed section and other major narrative ingredients of Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[10] After a conversation with Vaassila Kieleväinen, who lived near Malinen, Lönnrot began to believe that by combining different poems he could create a large cohesive whole.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

After returning from this excursion, Lönnrot began writing a miniature poetry about Väinämöinen.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He was supposed to publish a manuscript of the Poetry Assembly from Väinämöinen in the spring of 1834, but before that he still wanted to meet a few well-known poem singers.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[9] On his fifth collection expedition in spring 1834, Lönnrot initially met Martiska Karjalainen in Viena's Lonka village, from whom he received nearly thirty long songs.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

At the end of the excursion, he arrived in Latvajärvi, where Arhippa Perttunen sang several new poems and inadequately known poems to him for three days in intact ensembles.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

An impressed Lönnrot considered Perttu to be the last true poem singer.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

After the fifth voyage, Lönnrot wrote the manuscript of his epic, which was completed on 28 February 1835.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[9] Lönnrot's goal was to compile the poems into a broad, plotfully progressive narrative according to the model of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey epics.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He also pruned Christian and other “modern” features of poems, made changes to place names and personalities such as Ilmarinen, composed individual poems from the ingredients of several poems, and made selections about poems.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He additionally sepitated entirely new verses of the materials of folk poems if necessary — the verses from the Kalevala, which Lönnrot confessed, account for 3%.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[11] Lönnrot did not raise the persons of the poem singers he heard, for he saw folk poems as common poems for the whole people.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

However, in the introduction to several of his works, Lönnrot mentioned at least one important singer by name, and from his travelogues, letters and other information, more than 70 singers have been identified whom he listened to on his excursions.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[12] Lönnrot toured most frequently in the Karelian regions of Viena east of Kajaani.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He also went on collecting trips on the Finnish side, mainly in Eastern Finland.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

This does not mean that Western Finland has not played any part in the genesis of Kalevala's poems; from there the poetry singing tradition just disappeared earlier.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Western-Finnish dialect features also occur in the poems.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Western Finland is therefore not a “poet-free” region.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Unlike the rest of Kalevala, the origin of the Kullervo poem is in Inker, where it was collected and submitted to Lönnrot by D.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

E.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

D.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Europaeus.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[13] Many others collected poems and many of them have been recovered.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The Finnish Folk Poetry Archive is the largest in the world.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[14] Kalevala publications Lönnrot published five different Kalevalas.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Sikormä-Kalevala was first published in 1833, with concise Lemminkäis, Väinämöis and wedding poems.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the same year there was also an epic Poetry Assembly from Väinämöinen, which was later renamed Alku-Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[15] The Lemminkäinen poetry of Sikormä-Kalevala had 825 verses, Väinämöinen poems 1867 verses and Naimaa hymns 449 verses.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The poetry meeting in Väinämöinen already had 5052 verses.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[16] The first edition of the actual Kalevala (or Old Kalevala) appeared in 1835.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Lönnrot gave it the title Kalewala or Wanhoja Karelian Poems from the ancient times of the Finnish people and it is divided into 32 poems and 12078 stanzas.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[16] Lönnrot conjectured when building the Old Kalevala that the poems were from pre-Christianity and depicted historical events.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He believed that Karelians, Hämians and Estonians would have wandered from Asia in ancient times under a Kaleva like Moses.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[15] Kalevala immediately attracted interest in academic circles, as it gave importance to Finnish-language literature and ancient culture to the Finnish people.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

According to Johan Gabriel Linsén, president of the Finnish Literary Society, Kalevala gave Finnish literature “almost a European meaning”.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Although the work was well received by academic circles, Kalevala was not a sales success.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

An edition of 500 copies was taken from it, which was enough to be sold for 12 years.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[15] Kalevala was also interested abroad, M.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

A. Castrén's Swedish notation appeared in 1841.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In French, the work was translated by Louis Léouzon Le Duc, who served in Finland as governess to a Russian count's family and was interested in Finnish folk poetry.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

A French edition appeared in 1845.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Thanks to the translations, Kalevala gained fame abroad, for example Jacob Grimm gave an illustrious presentation of the work in the spring of 1845 at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[17] The so-called New Kalevala, most often referred to as just Kalevala, was completed in 1849.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[18] It contains 50 poems and 22795 verses.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

It was even earlier versions more of Lönnrot's own creation.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[16] When building the New Kalevala, Lönnrot no longer believed that the poems could be restored to their original form.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He felt at this point that he knew the poems better than the poem singers, so he combined poems and their subjects according to his own vision.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[19] Lönnrot became Professor of Finnish in the autumn of 1853 and gave Kalevala lectures for 17 semesters.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Based on his teaching experience, Lönnrot began to consider the work from an educational perspective as well.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He therefore decided to undertake editing his work for the fifth time when asked for a shortened edition to address the need for schools.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The school-Kalevala manuscript was ready in April 1861.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

It was not received with great enthusiasm and, for example, J. V. Snellman felt that the abbreviated establishment had lost its poetics and epicity.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

School-Kalevala was not in long-term use in schools.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The “easy-priced” Kalevala, published by the Finnish Literature Society, began to be used in teaching in the 1870s.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

However, in the lower classes, the students received their information from Zachris Topelius's Book of the Country, and in the upper classes the schoolchildren already read the actual Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[19] Publication of poetry recordings After the appearance of the New Kalevala in the 1850s, scholars such as D.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

E.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

D. Europaeus, began to insist on getting acquainted with the poetry recordings used by Lönnrot.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

However, Lönnrot delayed their publication, even though he had promised it in the opening sentence of his work.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

For the use of scholars, this very extensive and unorganized collection of manuscripts came in 1874.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The first volume of the recordings, Kalevala's reproductions, was published in 1888, after which scholars had the first opportunity to begin exploring in more detail the relationship between Kalevala and folk poetry.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

From this began a debate over how much Kalevala came to be regarded as a creation of Lönnrot himself and how much as authentic folk poetry.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

As the extent of Lönnrot's editing and creation work became clear in the 1880s, the problem of authorship was solved by making Lönnrot the “last poem singer”.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[20] The name Kalevala is the seat or homeland of the heroes featured in the Kalevala epic.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The name comes from Kaleva, the mythical ancestor of the Finns and the father of Väinämöinen.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala is a nation of Kaleva's descendants, and Kalevala's heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen are Kaleva's sons.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kaleva was also interpreted in early works and writings on ancient history as a paragon of evil and an enemy of the divine order, but Lönnrot transformed him into an early hero by selecting and interpreting poetry material.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kaleva of Lönnrot is the first immigrator to Finland and thus the progenitor of all the Finns, or Kalevians, of the Finnish tribe.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The second name of Kalevala appears as Väinölä.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[21] In original folk poetry, Kalevala is mentioned only occasionally.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

These verses were recorded in 1837 in Kellovaara: In Kalevala, the name is mentioned 26 times in various forms, often with his second name Väinölä, for example at the beginning of the third poem: Language Kalevala language is mainly Eastern dialects of the Finnish language as well as those spoken in Viena Karelia Vienan dialects, from whose territory Lönnrot most poems collected.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Vienaan dialects are read as dialects of the Karelian language, but Lönnrot himself considered them dialects of the Finnish language.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Lönnrot modified the language of the poems to be easier for Finns to understand and made sonic compromises between the vernacular and the traditional literary language.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In Old Kalevala, Karelians are more abundant than in the New Kalevala, especially in vocabulary, but also somewhat in sound, form and leadership doctrine.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[22] In Kalevala, the foreign letters b, c, d, f, q, w, x, z and å are not used in Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[23] Similar to Eastern dialects, Lönnrot did not use the letter d as a weak equivalent of t in poems, but did use d nonetheless in the introduction, synopses, and poem names.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[24] The long vowels a and ä-vowels Lönnrot denoted aa and ä in the main emphatic first syllables, but further back in the word, in accordance with the Vienese and Eastern dialects, oa and eta.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

As early as Old Kalevala, Lönnrot began to use the ts of southeastern dialects rather than the tt and ht of other dialects.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[25] Kalevala made the Eastern dialects of Finnish and the Karelian language more familiar to Finns.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

It introduced new sound and form doctrinal features into the Finnish language, influenced Finnish word formation and introduced new words into Finnish.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[26] The Old Kalevala has been calculated to have 184 words entering the Modern Finnish dictionary that first appeared in VK.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Apart from these, the 197 words used in VK had not yet appeared in Swedish publications, as is now common words such as, organize and so.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Many types of cords also became familiar to Finns just from Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[27] Events Poems 1—10: First Väinämöis episode: The creation of the world and the birth of Väinämöinen; The encounter between Väinämöinen and Joukahainen; Joukahainen promises his sister Aino's hand to Väinämöinen in exchange for his life; Aino drowns; Joukahainen takes revenge; wounded Väinämöinen swims Pohjolaan and meets Pohjola's mistress Louhe; Louhi helps Väinämöinen return home in exchange for promising to arrange a skilled blacksmith to forge Sampo, a miraculous rich-making mill; Väinämöinen forces Ilmarinen to Pohjola with his spellbinding skills; Ilmarinen forges Sammo when she is promised a magnificent Nordic maiden as a consort; however, to Ilmarinen's disappointment, the maiden refuses to go on her way.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Poems 11—15: First Lemminkäis episode: Lemminkäinen robs Kyllik and they make vows: neither does Lemminkäinen wars nor Kyllikki villages, but vows are broken; Lemminkäinen travels to Pohjola to propose to Pohjola's daughter to become a better wife; works of merit which Lemminkäinen shall performs: skiing Hiiden deer (succeeds on the second attempt) and derail Hiiden gelding as well as shoot the swan of Underworld; however, the wet-hat cattle shepherd slays Lemminkäinen and throws this body into the stream of the Underworld; Lemminkäinen's mother rakes her son from the Tuonela river and recreates him to life.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Poems 16—18: Second Väinämöis episode: Väinämöinen searches for spellwords needed to build a boat, first from Tuonela and then from Antero Vipusen; Väinämöinen sails to Pohjola; Ilmarinen and Väinämöinen compete for the hand of Pohjola's daughter.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Poems 19—25: Ilmarinen's wedding (first Ilmaris episode): The mistress of Pohjola demands merit work from her daughter; Ilmarinen performs the tasks required with the assistance of Pohjola's daughter: ploughing a green field, derails Tuonen bear and Underworld wolf, and brings Tuonela pike from Tuonela river; Ilmarinen and Pohjola daughter's wedding; the slaughter of a great bull and a story about brewing beer.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Poems 26—30: Second episode of Lemminkäis: Lemminkäinen is resentful because he is not invited to the wedding; he travels to Pohjola and defeats the Pohjola host in a duel; the army is exorcised to take revenge on Lemminkäinen; Lemminkäinen escapes to Saari on his mother's advice; after returning home, he discovers his home burned; she goes on a revenge trip to Pohjola with her partner Tiera; Pohjola's mistress freezes the sea and Lemminkäinen must return home.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Poems 31—36: Kullervo episode: Untamo slays his brother Kalervo's people, except for the wife who gives birth to Kullervo; Untamo tries to murder Kullervo but fails; Kullervo is sold as a slave to Ilmarinen; Ilmarinen's wife torments Kullervo by baking a stone inside the bread; Kullervo swears revenge and the wife is killed; Kullervo escapes and finds his family unharmed near Lapland; Kullervo seduces the maiden and later discovers her to be his own sister; sister slays herself; Kullervo destroys Untamola, slaying Untamo's family and upon returning home discovers everyone dead; Kullervo slays himself.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Poems 37—38: Second Ilmaris episode: Ilmarinen forges himself a wife out of gold and silver, but finds this cold and rejects her; after this, Ilmarinen robs the second daughter of the mistress of Pohjola; the girl insults Ilmar, so this spells the girl into a log; Ilmarinen tells Väinämöinen Pohjolan the carefree lives of the people that Sampo guarantees.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Poems 39—44: Sampo robbery (third Väinämöis period): Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen sail to rob Sampo; the boat is caught on the shoulders of the great pike; Väinämöinen slays the pike and its jawbone is made the first kantele; Väinämöinen lulls everyone in the Pohjola hall to sleep with his song, and Sampo is robbed; the wretch awakens the Nordic people; the mistress of the Nordic conjures up mist, storm and Iku-Turso to stop the robbers; kantele falls into the sea in a storm; Nordic mistress conjures up a large army, transforms herself into an eagle and fights Sammo; Sampo is shattered and loses into the sea.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Poems 45—49: Louhe's revenge on Kalevala: Väinämöinen prepares a new birch kantele; Pohjola's mistress sends Kalevala to kill people and bear to kill livestock; Väinämöinen heals the people and knocks down the bear; Pohjola's mistress hides the moon and sun and steals fire from Kalevala ; Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen return the fire and Ilmarinen forces the mistress of the Nordic to return the sun and moon to the sky.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Poem 50: Marjatta episode: Marjatta becomes pregnant with lingonberry she eats and gives birth to a boy in a stable, comparing to the Virgin Mary and Jesus; her parents curse and abandon her; Väinämöinen orders the boy to be put to death in the marsh; the boy begins to speak and sound about Väinämöi, reminding of this for the sins of youth; Estonia baptizes the boy king of Karelia; Väinämöinen gets angry and sails away, leaving an inheritance of ringing and kantele.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Persons The protagonist of Kalevala is the Sage hero Väinämöinen, who has magical gifts of singing and playing.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He's been complicit already in the creation of the world.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He plays the chanterelle, the most important of which is made from the jawbone of a pike.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Väinämöinen's search for wife is one of the central themes.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

However, he never finds a wife — among them one of the maidens, Joukahainen's sister Aino, drowns rather than marry Väinämöinen.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Väinämöinen participates in the robbery of Sampo from Pohjola.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Seppo Ilmarinen is a heroic blacksmith who draws comparisons to Weyland of Germanic mythology and Daidalus in Greek.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He builds, among other things, the firmament and the Sampo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He wins to marry the Maiden of North, who is later killed by Kullervo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Ilmarinen also participates in the robbery of Sampo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Louhi, the mistress of Pohjola, is the Shamanist matriarch of the enemy people of Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He promises his daughter Ilmarinen as a reward for building Sampo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

After Sampo's robbery, he moves the sun and moon out of place and steals the fire from Kalevala's people.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Joukahainen is a young challenger to Väinämöinen, who, in order to save himself, promises his sister Aino to Väinämöinen after losing a singing contest.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Joukahainen tries to take revenge on Väinämöinen by killing her.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

His attempt fails, but results in Väinämöinen promising to build a Sammon for Louhe in return for the fact that he saved him.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kullervo is a maltreated orphan child raised in Untamola, who never grows properly due to a cruel childhood.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He is an unfit slave who is impossible to get killed.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He murders Ilmarinen's wife in retaliation for the bread, whose stone baked inside shattered Kullervo's knife.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

He finds his home in Kalervola and accidentally seduces his sister to a “moss bed”.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

After identifying each other, the sister drowns in startled rapids and Kullervo punishes himself by going on a war expedition to Untamola.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

After destroying Untamo's people, Kullervo returns to his home and finds his entire home people dead.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kullervo kills himself with his sword.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Lemminkäinen is a handsome but ruthless hero.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

His mother is forced to retrieve his body from the stream of the Underworld and restore him to life, where the Osiris myth is repeated.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Lemminkäinen kills the Pohjola host at the conclusion of a battle of songs and swords.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Lemminkäinen is also involved in robbing Sampo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Geography Kalevala's main venue is Kalevala land, or Väinölä, which is home to Väinämöinen and many other main characters.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala is a beautiful, grainy and lush land.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The cold Nordic land is the enemy of Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

It is ruled by Nordic mistress Louhi, and is also home to witches and monsters.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Animals living in Metsola or Tapiola and a mythical forest folk dominated by Tapio and Mielikki.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The water kingdom Ahtola is ruled by Ahti and Vellamo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Tuonela, or Netherworld, is a kingdom of the dead located behind the Tuonela River.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[28] Since the time of Lönnrot, Kalevala and Pohjola have been attempted to locate Kalevala and Pohjola on a map, and several theories have been put forward as to their location.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

According to some scholars, the question is immaterial, and Pohjola is mythical in its foundation.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Some scholars, however, see in Kalevala references to actual places.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Elias Lönnrot placed the North East of the White Sea.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[29] The Book of the Land of Topelius reckons that Väinölä was located on the southern shore of Ladoga and on the northern shore of Lake Ladoga.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The sea of Kalevala was circumnavigable from the western side or carried by water, as is the case in the plunder of Sampo.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[30] Pohjola has also been located in places such as Lapland, Satakunta and Southern Ostrobothnia.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

These placements have been justified by place names found in Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

For example, it has been observed that the name Louhi is densely found in northern Karelia.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

According to scholars, however, the nomenclature of the poems may have changed over time as stories spread from singer and region to region.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

It has also been suggested that there have been several Nordic countries, as the name has always been associated with others, hostile groups or tribes.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

According to Matti Klinge, Kalevala was located in northern Estonia and southwestern Finland, and Pohjola in Satakunta and eastern Sweden.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The sea linking these, which does not exist in Karelia, is much on display in folk poems.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[29] National and political significance Kalevala became a hallmark of the nation's past, nationality, language and culture for the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the 19th century.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

A Finnish identity began to be built on it, which at that time was still on a fragile basis.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The work brought Finland's small and unknown people to the consciousness of other Europeans.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[31] Kalevala maintained its nationalist significance well into the 20th century.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[32] Kalevala has been used for political, ideological and cultural purposes since its appearance, and the work has been harnessed at different times and depending on different business cycles to serve different ideas.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The Kalevala has been the subject of a hegemonic struggle over who it and the Kalevalan cultural heritage belong to, and who or which group most correctly interprets it.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the early 20th century, efforts were made to incorporate Kalevala as an integral part of the cultural activities of the working people.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the 1930s, various political fronts reinforced their ideological interpretations of the epic.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the political struggle that began after World War II over the heritage of Finnish national culture played a central role in Kalevala's interpretations.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala has also played a part in cooperation between Finland and the Soviet Union in the form of film.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Regionally politically, the heritage of the Kalevalan world is sometimes articulated with regions, their identity building and business life.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[33] Kalevala has justified belligerence (for example, the Ice March: And we will rise Kullervo in revenge) and peace (for example, the Confessors of Humanity).


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala has also inspired neo-pagans, especially groups like the Uko faith inspired by the national romanticism of the early 20th century.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

However, contemporary neo-pagans are more critical of the Kalevala, preferring to study the authentic folk poems behind it.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[34] Cultural influence Art and literature Kalevala has had a great influence on Finnish art, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

It has inspired literature, music and figurative art alike.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala has been influenced by Aleksis Kivi, Eino Leino, Juhani Aho, Robert Kajanus, Jean Sibelius, Oskari Merikanto, Erkki Melartin, Leevi Madetoja, Uuno Klami and, above all, Akseli Gallén-Kallela.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala has inspired many writers outside Finland as well, among them Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and J. R. R.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

R.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Tolkien.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[35] Kristian Huitula's comic adaptation Kalevala (2000) contains all 50 poems by Kalevala with the original poetry dimension.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[36] Music Kalevala has been of interest to composers since its appearance, and its influence has remained steady for decades.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In 2008, there were already around 500 Kalevala-themed compositions.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[37] The first major Kalevala-themed composition was the Kullervo Overture by Filip von Schantz, premiered in 1860 in Helsinki.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[37] The first Kalevala Oopera in Finnish and at the same time the first opera in Finnish was Oskar Merikanto's Miss Pohja (1898), which sought to involve all the key events of Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[38] Jean Sibelius made extensive use of Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

His works include Kullervo (1892), Lemminkäinen series, Pohjola's daughter, Tapiola and Luotar.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[39] Uuno Klam's Kalevala series premiered in December 1933.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[40] The most notable work associated with the theme made in the 1940s was the Kanteletar song series by Yrjö Kilpinen.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The most famous Kalevala compositions of the next decade include Ahti Sonninen's song series Taivahan takas and Jouko Tolonen's Notku young virgin.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[41] Einojuhani Rautavaara created three notable Kalevala works between 1975 and 1985.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[42] Aulis Sallisin, among others, composed an opera of the same name inspired by Aleksis Kivi's play Kullervo, which even became an international success.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[43] In Finnish popular music, Kalevala themes have shifted especially to metal music, the most famous example of the band Amorphis.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[44] Television and films The first serious project of a Kalevala-themed film was born in 1919, but the plans of Finnish Film Art remained unimplemented.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The first filmatizations from Häidenvietto Karelia Poetry (1921) and Kalevala lands (1935) were ethnological documentary films with material derived from the Kalevalan tradition.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[45] Häidenetto in Karelian poetry is generally considered to be the first Finnish film composed.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

It also attracted attention and was even a reasonable audience success.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[46] Although it attracted positive publicity, it received no followers and remained Kalevalaseura's only film.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Wedding in the Karelian poetry lands focuses on one subject, but Kaleva lands are a cross-section of the customs of the Kalevaans living in Karelia.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[47] The first actual Kalevala filmatization was the Finnish-Soviet collaborative film Sampo (1959).


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[48] The best known animated versions are Reino Niiniranna's Kalevala (1975) and Riitta Nelimarka and Jaakko Seeck's six-part Story of Sampo (1971—1974).


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[49] Paavo Haaviko's well-known work “Iron Age” was loosely based on Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[50] Newer adaptations Kai Nieminen wrote Kalevala 1999 (Finnish Literature Society, 1999) in celebration of the 150th anniversary of New Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

According to the author, the work is an attempt to open the locks of old language and dialectical expression so that the contemporary reader can access the work without resorting to explanations.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[51] Crafts Kalevala has also been used as an inspiration for crafts, as well as the Kalevala CAL quilt known as the Finland 100 project.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Translations of Kalevala had already been translated into 61 languages by 2010.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[52] Among the first it was translated into Swedish (1841, New Kalevala 1864—1868), French (1845/1867), Russian (1847/1889), German (1852), Hungarian (1871), English (1868, 1888, 1907, 1963, 1989) and Estonian (1891—1898).


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[53] [54] Although the language of the original poems underlying Kalevala is predominantly Karelian, an actual Karelian translation of the work was obtained only in 2009, when the Karelian Language Society published a translation by Zinaida Dubinina into aunus karelia.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[55] Among the mystics, Kalevala contains valuable information about the old beliefs and myths of Finns and Karelians.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

This information can be utilized by researchers and laypeople alike.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

On the basis of Kalevala, advanced assumptions and thought games have also been developed (e.g. Timo Heikkilä's studies).


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Kalevala, at least, is also illustrated by Ior Bock's work on the saga of the Bock family, which features names familiar from Kalevala, although the story itself does not coincide with Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[56] Pekka Ervast published in 1916 the book The Key of Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In the book, the Kalevala is treated as a holy book enclosing in itself the knowledge and experience of great knowers and wise men.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The Kalevala Key interprets the Kalevala from aspects such as mystery knowledge, inner chastity doctrine and magic.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

According to Ervasti's interpretation of the holy trinity of creative deities in Kalevala, the names Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen and Väinämöinen are used.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

[57] See also Starter Big oak Kalevala persons Väinölä or Kalevala Country Kalealamitta Sampo Suur-Kalevala Pohjola Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aho, Kalevi| title = Kalevala Cultural History| number = Kalevala and Finnish art music| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literary Literary | year = 2008| version = Edited by Ulla Piela, Seppo Knuuttila and Pekka Laaksonen| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}}} Immonen, Kari & Kallioniemi, Kari & Kärki, Kimi & Laine, Kimmo & Salmi, Hannu: Kalewhale to popular culture.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala Cultural History| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2008| version = Edited by Ulla Piela, Seppo Knuuttila and Pekka Laaksonen| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Laaksonen, Pekka| title = Symbols of Finns| number = How did Kalevala become a national epic? | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2005| version = Edited by Tero Halonen and Laura Aro| isbn = 951-796-394-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Piela, Ulla & Knuuttila, Seppo & Laaksonen, Pekka| title = Kalevala cultural history| location = Helsinki publisher = Finnish Literature Society | year = 2008| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society, 1179| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}} References Literature Kalevala editions Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = Illustrated and designed by Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

22nd edition (1st edition 1922) | isbn = 978-951-0-24270-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1982 (5th edition 1994) | version = Pre-and back title: Juhla-Kalevala and Akseli Gallen-Kallevala Art.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Compiled and created as an epic by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Photos and decoration: Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Photo essays and delivery: Aivi Gallen-Kallela.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

The layout of the work is based on Koru-Kalevala, published in 1922 by Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

2nd edition| isbn = 951-0-11253-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Created by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Hannu Väisänen| isbn = 951-1-16061-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2005| version = Compiled by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Editories of the Finnish Literature Society 14 (31st edition) | isbn = 951-746-669-2}} Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Aarno Karimo and Hugo Otava.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Huddersfield: Pellervo club, 1953.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Mukaelmia Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kunnas, Mauri & Kunnas, Tarja| title = Dogs Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1992 (15th edition 2007) | isbn = 951-1-12244-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkinen, Kirsti| title = Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2002| version = Narrated by Kirsti Mäkinen.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Pirkko-Liisa Surojegin| isbn = 951-1-17468-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nieminen, Kai| title = Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Nyt| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2011| version = Kai Nieminen based on the 1849 Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

2nd Revised Edition.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Renewed facility from Kalevala 1999.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society, 1326| isbn = 978-952-222-295-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pottonen, Risto| title = Kalevala Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Books on Demand| year = 2009| isbn = 978-952-498-748-6}}, replace with {{ cite book| author = Rintala, Aulis| title = Kalevala in Finnish | location = Tampere| publisher = Pilot-cost| year = 2006| version = Edited by Aulis Rintala| isbn = 952-464-408-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tolkien, J. R.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

R.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

(ed.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Fliegler, Verlyn) | title = Kullervo story| others = Translated by Juva, Kersti, Kankaanpää, Jaakko & Martin, Alice| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2016| version = (The Story of Kullervo, 2015, written 1912—1914.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

) | id = ISBN 978-951-0-41845-1}} Change literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anttonen, Pertti & Kuusu, Matti| title = Kalevala-Lipas| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1999| version = New institution (1st institution 1985).


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society, 740| isbn = 951-746-045-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkinen, Reijo| title = Kalevalainen natua| publisher = Arcticmedia| year = 2009| version = Images Hannu Hautala| isbn = 978-951-98612-5-8} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Raimo| title = Kalevala Dictionary| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-1-23222-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala and guide to reading it| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finn Literary Society | year = 2015| version = Charts, editorial work: Liisa Kaski| isbn = 978-952-222-579-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ojanperä, Riitta (ed.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

) | title = Kalevala in pictures| location = Helsinki| publisher = State Art Museum, Ateneum Art Museum| year = 2009| version = Ateneum publications, 55| isbn = 978-951-53-3154-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentikäinen, Juha| title = Kalevala Mythology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1987| isbn = 951-662-403-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Piela, Ulla & Knuuttila, Seppo & Kupiainen, Tarja (ed.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

) | title = Kalevalan good and obscenity| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1999| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society, 746| id = ISBN 951-746-089-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siikala, Anna-Leena| title = Mythology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literatures| year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-393-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turunen, Aimo| title = Kalevala Dictionar| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Literature Follow| year = 1949}} On topic elsewhere (Kalevalaseura) Kalevala site for schoolchildren — and others (Kalevalaseura) (Project Gutenberg) Kalewala or wanhoja Karelian poems from the ancient times of the Finnish people.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Appeared in 1835 Old Kalevala.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Digital copy of the song from the National Library.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Information package, Finnish Literature Society, 1998.


Question: Who were the “Ostrobothnia mystics”?

Kalevala

Yle Living Archive * Category:Creation fables Category:Books of the 1830s Category:Key articles of screening Category:The works of Elias Lönnrot


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Hausjärvi is a municipality of Finland located in the province of Kanta-Häme.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Neighboring municipalities of Hausjärvi are Hyvinkää, Hämeenlinna, Hollola, Janakkala, Kärkölä, Mäntsälä and Riihimäki.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The Mayor of Hausjärvi is Pekka Määttänen since 1 November 2016.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

He was preceded in the position by Aleksi Heikkilä (2015—2016).


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[1] Transport through Hausjärvi is the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna and Riihimäki—Lahti railways, the main road 54 Riihimäki—Lahti and the Hämeenlinna—Helsinki, Hämeenlinna—Porvoo, Tervakoski—Turkhauta and Oitti—Lammi roads.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Previously, highway 4 from Helsinki to Jyväskylä and road 55 from Porvoo to Hämeenlinna ran through Hausjärvi.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

There are four railway stations on the territory of the municipality: Hikiikä, Mommila, Oiti and Ryttylä stations.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Of these, Ryttylä is along the main line, the others along the track to Lahti.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The largest number of trains run to Oitti, 18 shifts on weekdays.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

History In the Viking Age, Birka merchants traded with Finns living on the coast, who in turn traded with the Hämäläs.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The Hämäläs sold the inhabitants of the coast, among other things, fun.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

It is a substance derived from beaver gonads that was thought to improve sexual prowess and help with epilepsy, poisoning and cardiovascular disease.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Hausjärvi and Hausteturku (now.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Turkgrave) were the catching sites for the substance and have been named after it.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[2] In 1571, 15 villages with a total of 69 houses were mentioned in the Hausjärvi area.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

In the great hunger years of 1696—1697, more than 430 keeper residents are reported to have died.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[3] Hausjärvi was formed as Janakkala Chapel in 1611 and the keeper's first church was built in 1661.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The congregation became independent in 1855, although a decision to mean this did not come into effect until 1899.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Hyvinkää parish was formed from parts of Hausjärvi and Nurmijärvi parishes in 1917.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Riihimäki's merchant farm and parish were separated from Hausjärvi in 1922.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The first folk school in Hausjärvi was opened in the church village in 1865, but Erkylä Manor had operated its own private school since 1856.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

In the late 1850s, construction work began on the Helsingin—Hämeenlinna railway in the Hausjärvi area and ten years later the Saint Petersburg line.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[3] In the past, Lake Hausjärvi has been much wider in area.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

In 1918, part of it was annexed to the present city of Hyvinkää and in 1922 part of it was annexed to the present town of Riihimäki.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[4] The wooden church in Lake Hausjärvi was built in 1789.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

It is located in the church village of Lake Hausjärvi.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The church was renovated in 2010—2011.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

In the Kirkonkylä cemetery are the military graves of the Hausjärvi Winter and Continuation War, where a total of 126 Hausjärvi people rest.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The chapel of blessing in the cemetery has been completed in 1955.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The parish of Hausjärvi also has Ryttylä and Mommila churches.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Near Mommila Church is a monument to Alfred Kordelin, the owner of Mommila Manor, who was murdered in 1917.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[3] Nature Hausjärvi is located on the southern border of the Kokemäenjoki watershed and Salpausselkä runs through the municipality.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Mommilanjärvi, which borders the Lammi, descends down to the Puujoki River to Kernaalanjärvi on the Janakkala side and from there on to Vanajavesi.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Near the south-western corner of the municipality lies Erkylänjärvi, which originates the Vantaani River descending into the Gulf of Finland.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

From the southeastern corner of Lake Hausjärvi, the top streams of the Mäntsälänjoki river go again.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The highest terrain point in Lake Hausjärvi is Hatlamminmäki (170 m mpy.) on the western border of the municipality.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[3] Population The following graph shows the population trend of the municipality every five years since 1980.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

On 1 January 2017, the regional division used is in accordance with the situation.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Conurbations At the end of 2017, Hausjärvi had 8,504 inhabitants, of whom 5,460 lived in built-up areas, 2,973 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the residence of 71 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose residence coordinates are known; the agglomeration rate of Hausjärvi is 64.7%.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[5] The agglomeration population of Lake Hausjärvi is divided between five different agglomerations: [6] The central area of the municipality is shown in bold.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The agglomerations marked with asterisk (*) belong to this municipality only partially.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The Hausjärvi church village is part of the Hikikikä conurbation in statistical classification.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Hyvinkää's central drive extends mainly to the area of the city of Hyvinkää and Riihimäki city centre road.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Catfish has grown together with Hyvinkää's central drive.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

77.2% of Hausjärvi people belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland (2014).


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[7] The village of Milky has one of the five camp centres for the Old Lestadioists.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Parishes According to the 2018 regional division, Hausjärvi has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [8] Hausjärvi Parish of the Parishes of the Finnish Orthodox Church in the Hausjärvi area serves as the Lahti Orthodox Parish.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[9] Villages and Corner Municipalities The Hämeenlinna Land Surveying Office identified the following 23 villages as villages in Hausjärvi in 1988: [10] Erkylä Hamina Hausjärvi Hikeja Kara Karhi Kilpiälä Kipula Kuru Lavinto Maikinen Oitti Puujaa Rastila Rutajärvi Ryttylä Selänoja Syvänoja Tarinmaa Torhola Turenki Turkhauta Vantaa Of these, Kilpiälä is a lonely house and Kiipula meadows have also been on the side of Lake Hausjärvi.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Tarinmaa is a church village of Janakkala, its meadows may have been on the side of Lake Hausjärvi.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Also commonly read as villages are: [10] Kallio (belongs to Kuru village) Monni (belongs to Erkylä village) Nyry (belongs to Vantaa village) Mommila (belongs to Torhola village) In addition, in 2010, Hietoinen village from Hämeenlinna was annexed to Hausjärvi.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[11] In the 1980s, carrot baakels and cubes baked from dough made of peeled milk and barley flour were named as the keeper dishes of Hausjärvi, which are served with lingonberry grass.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[12] In 2004, a combination of a novel and a cookbook, Isomummi's Kitchen was published (book.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Hanna Pukkila and Kai Linnilä), which takes the form of the diary of Elsa Helminen, a fictional resident in Hausjärvi, who worked as a kitchen aid in a nearby mansion from 1896.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

[13] Literature Keskialo, Oiva 1964.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

History of Lake Hausjärvi.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Hausjärvi: Hausjärvi Municipality and Hausjärvi Parish Toivola, Lasse 2001.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Hausjärvi book.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Published by Hausjärvi-Seura ry.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Hämeenlinna: Karisto Oy.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

ISBN 952-91-4038-X.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Palander, W. F.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

in 1888.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

A story about the keeper of Lake Hausjärvi, its municipal and rural conditions.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

The visual edition is published by Hausjärvi-Seura ry.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Hämeenlinna: Printing of Hämeen Sanomai Limited Liability Company.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Harjujen Hausjärvi — Home Region Book 1.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Published by Hausjärvi-Seura ry.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Riihimäki: Riihimäki Kirjapaino Oy.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

in 1998.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

ISBN 952-91-0382-4.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

Well-known Hausjärvi people Aksel August Granfelt, folk education and temperance man Axel Fredrik Granfelt, professor of theology Leo Jokela, actor Kalle Kajander, writer Kaisa Likki, real estate broker Oskari Mantere, general manager, politician Elmer Niklander, discus throw Olympic champion Arto Ojala, Director of the Labour Market Raimo Piipponen, singer.


Question: Where is Lake Hausjärvi?

Lake Hausjärvi

See also List of public art works and monuments in Lake Hausjärvi Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam Hussein 'Abd al-Madžid al-Tikriti (; 28 April 1937 — 30 December 2006) was President of Baathist Iraq from 1979 to 2003 and Prime Minister of Iraq from 1979 to 1991 and 1994—2003.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

He was generally frowned upon in the Western world for being an authoritarian dictator, but the Arab world's attitude towards him was remarkably ambivalent.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

On the other hand, he was admired for supporting pan-Arabianism, economic reforms in Iraq and defying international pressure.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[1] However, the exclusivity of the Ba'ath Party and the treatment of minority groups brought him political enemies.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In April 2003, Hussein was ousted by the U.S.-led coalition in the Iraq War.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

He managed to elude coalition forces until on December 13, 2003, American forces caught the deposed president in his hometown of Tikrit.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

On 5 November 2006, Hussein was sentenced to death by hanging by an Iraqi court for crimes against humanity.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The sentence was enforced on December 30, 2006.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The youth Saddam Hussein was born in Al-Awja, about 15 miles from Tikrit to a nomadic family.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The father died six months before the son was born.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Until the age of three, he lived with his uncle, Khairallah Talfah.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

My mother remarried and Saddam's stepfather mistreated her.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

At around the age of ten, he ran away and returned to his uncle in Baghdad.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam's uncle was a supporter of the revolutionary Arab nationalist Baath Party, and Saddam attended a nationalist school in Baghdad.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

As a youth, Saddam was influenced by anti-British and anti-Western sentiment.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Gamal Abdel Nasser, a populist Arab socialist in Egypt in particular, was a major influence.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Monarchies fell in Iraq, Egypt and Libya in the 1950s and 1960s.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Nasser challenged the British and French, nationalized the Suez Canal and sought to modernize Egypt and unify the Arab world.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam joined the Baath Party at the age of 20 in 1957.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[2] In the same year, he applied to the Baghdad Military Academy, which, however, could not be reached.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Road to power The following year, the backers of General Abdul Karim Qassim plunged King Feisal II from power.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The Ba'ath Party opposed the regime that came to power, and Saddam spent 1958—1959 six months in prison after participating in the election in the assassination of a communist who had been against his uncle.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[3] Saddam was involved in a six-man operation orchestrated by the CIA in 1959 to assassinate Prime Minister Qassim.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The ambush was amateurish and ended in failure.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam was wounded in the leg possibly either shot by his comrades or from his own weapon.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

According to some sources, he dug the bullet himself out of his leg with a knife.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

He fled the country to Damascus and thence to Cairo, Egypt, where studied law without graduating.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In Cairo, he lived in the Duk neighbourhood in an apartment paid for by the CIA.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In 1960, he was sentenced in Iraq in absentia to death.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[2] [4] Qassim was knocked out of power by Abdul Salam Arif and his brothers in 1963 with the support of the Baathists and the CIA, but in the autumn the Baathists fell out of favour after Colonel Abd al-Salam Muhammad Arif's capture and imprisonment.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam returned to Iraq after the spring Ramadan revolution, but was captured in 1964.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Prior to this, Saddam married his cousin, Sajida, and they later had two sons and three daughters.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

While in prison, Saddam rose to become deputy secretary-general of the Ba'ath Party.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Arif was killed in a helicopter crash, and his brother, Major General Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Arif, became president.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam finally escaped from prison in 1967.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In the July 1968 coup, the Baath Party returned to power under the leadership of Saddam's cousin, General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam gained a position as vice-president of the Revolutionary Council.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

He became an interrogator for prisoners.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The power bloc named Saddam Iraq's vice president and four-star general even though he had no military training.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

He received a grade in law in 1971 from Baghdad University.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam led the nationalization of Iraq's oil sector on July 1, 1972.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The 1973 oil crisis was followed by rising prices and prosperity of the state.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The best health care and compulsory education for Arab countries were created in Iraq in the 1970s.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

For an extensive literacy campaign, she received a UNESCO award.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[5] [6] Saddam was profiled as an opponent of communists and radical Islamists.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In 1977, he was elected assistant secretary-general of the pan-Arabist Baath Party and on 16 July 1979 to head the Iraqi National Department.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The old and weak president, Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, was incapable of performing his duties, and Saddam gained a dominant position in the government.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

He was effectively ruler for some years before his presidential position in 1979.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Upon ascending to the leadership, Saddam purged the leadership of the party and sacked 68 people from it, 22 of whom were later executed.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[2] The Saudi Arabian royal family ordered the M/S Al Mansur ökyyacht completed in 1983 from the Wärtsilä shipyard as a gift to Saddam.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The ship was a gift to Saddam for his war with Iran.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Domestic politics In domestic politics, Saddam happily saw himself as a subversive and moderniser like Egypt's Nasser.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

To the dismay of Islamic conservatives, he granted freedoms to women, such as abolishing veil tobacco, favoring education and taking women into prominent posts in his administration and industry.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam also introduced Western-style legislation, removing sharia from non-individual assault cases.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

After the reform, Iraq was the only Arab country in the Persian Gulf region that did not apply Islamic law.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The homely unrest prevented Saddam from fully implementing his modernization goal.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Iraqi society is traditionally quite fragmented consisting of groups based on ancestry, religion and language.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam's biggest problem was that his regime relied on Sunni Muslims who made up only 20% of the population, who were primarily part of the working class and peasants.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The preference for Sunnis was to roll back from the days of British rule, which used them as advisers and co-operatives.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The Shiites, who make up the majority, were for a long time a constant source of resistance to the regime because they could not accept the secular nature of Saddam's regime.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The Ba'ath Party viewed the Shiites with increasing suspicion after the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Kurds in northern Iraq, as Shiites and an ethnically distinct group from Arabs, resisted the Arabization efforts of Saddam's regime.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

To stay in power, Saddam resorted to bribery and repressive measures by turns.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The main means of achieving the objective were paramilitary forces such as the Ba'ath militia, or the People's Army and the internal police.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

From 1974, Taha Yassin Ramadan, a close supporter of Saddam, led the Republican Guard, which was an elite army force and consisted of conscripts from Saddam's home region, Tikrit.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

As a handmass of the Ba'ath Party, it acted as a counter-force thwarting the conventional army's power aspirations.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In addition to the republican army, the Mukhabarat, Saddam's secret police, was a notorious right-hand man of Saddam's rule, feared because of the torture it used and the assassinations it carried out.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Saddam's younger half-brother, served as chief of the secret police.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The secret police also operated outside Iraq's borders, according to foreign observers, eliminating exiled opponents of Saddam's regime.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In addition, there were numerous other security bodies in Iraq during Saddam's time.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The Republican Guard included its original mission, protection of the president, the Special Saxon Guard, the Special Security Organization Jihaz al-Amn al-Khass, which oversaw all security bodies, the presidential bodyguard Himaya al-Ra'is and, since 1995, the religious-tinged Fedayeen Saddam.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam justified his nationalist policies by invoking Iraq's important place in the history of Arab peoples.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

As president, he often compared his time to that of the ancient Abbasids, when Baghdad had been the political, economic and intellectual center of the Arab world.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

He also saw his administration as an enshrinement of the legacy of pre-Islamic Twin Viranmaa cultures.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam happily attributed himself to his great predecessors Nebuchadnezzar and Hammurabi.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

To illustrate this affiliation, he funded sizable archaeological excavations.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In practice, Saddam sought to combine pan-Arabism and Iraqi nationalism by promoting his vision of a unified Arab world that would be led by Iraq.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

As a manifestation of his power, Saddam built a large-scale cult of personnel around him that penetrated every layer of Iraqi society.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Thousands of Saddam portraits, posters, statues and murals were erected all over Iraq.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

His face could be seen on the facades of government buildings, schools, airports and shops, and on national currency.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam's personal worship conformed in line with its target audience, presenting Saddam by turns as a Bedouin, peasant, even Kurd, or in Western attire, with an image of an urban and modern popular leader exuded.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Sometimes he was also depicted as a devout Muslim wearing a traditional headdress and a kauhtana bowing out facing Mecca.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Dujail massacre After a 1982 assassination attempt by the Islamic Dawa Party against Saddam Hussein by the Islamic Dawa Party, the Shiite village of al-Dujail 60 kilometres north of Baghdad was eradicated and 148 villagers executed.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

President Saddam Hussein, Barzan Ebraheem al-Hassan, Vice President Taha Yasin Ramadhan, Chairman of the Revolutionary Alturah Court Awad Hamed al-Bandar, Abd Allah Kadhem Ruaid, Ali Daeem Ali, Mohammed Azawi Ali and Mizher Abdulah Rawed were the accused of this act.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[7] [8] Foreign Policy In his foreign policy, Saddam sought to consolidate Iraq's position as the leading state in the Middle East.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Iraq signed an aid agreement with the Soviet Union in 1972, under which weapons and thousands of advisers were sent to Iraq.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The executions of Iraqi communists in 1978 and the shift of the focus of commerce to the West damaged Soviet relations, leading Saddam to increasingly change the direction of his foreign policy towards the West until the Gulf War (1991).


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Even so, Saddam still continued to equip his army with predominantly Soviet weapons.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam led the Arab opposition opposing the Camp David peace treaty between Egypt and Israel in 1979.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Since its founding in the 1920s, the Iraqi state has had a separatist problem with the Kurds in the north.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Saddam held talks with Kurdish rebel leaders in the 1970s and acquiesced to some form of Kurdish self-rule, but the deal was soon broken.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

What followed was a heated battle between the Iraqi government and the Kurds, leading to a cooling of Iraq-Iranian relations.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In 1975, Saddam signed an agreement with Iranian shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi that ended border disputes between the two countries.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In return, Iran agreed to stop supporting the Iraqi Kurdish resistance.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

As a result of the agreement, Iraqi Kurdish resistance ended.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In 1976, Saddam made a state visit to France, establishing close ties with some businessmen and political circles in the country.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

With French support, Saddam began developing a nuclear program in the 1980s.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Iraq's first nuclear reactor was named Osirak (Osiris and Iraq) after its French paragon model Osiris.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The reactor was destroyed by the Israeli Air Force in Operation Opera in 1981 because the Israeli government suspected it was being used to enrich nuclear weapons-grade uranium.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Iraq-Iran War In 1980, Saddam launched a war against Iraq's neighboring Iran.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Iraq had agreed revisions of a few Euphrates and Tigrit island and river delta, the Shatt al-Arab border line with the Shah in 1975.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

With the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the countries' relations tapered.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In late August 1980, there were reports of mutual artillery battles off the border and skirmishes at Qasr-i-Shir in the north.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

On September 1, Iran counterattacked, announcing that it had killed 46 Iraqis and destroyed four tanks.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

On 17 September, Iraq's three armor tippers penetrated Iranian territory.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[9] The invasion of Iraq was seen by the West as a “pre-emptive strike” as leaders of the Islamic Revolution in Iran called on Iraqis, especially Shiites, to rise up against their leaders.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

On September 17, Iraq said it would break out of the deal's control of Shatt al-Arab and take it under its own control.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The Iraqi offensive, which began on the 22nd, stopped outside Ahvaz and Susangerd five days later, and the country offered Iran a truce, which it refused to do.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

On 7 December, Saddam declared troops would hold their ground but not advance further.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The eight years of war were mainly massive Iranian invasion attempts with poorly trained and equipped troops, air warfare, missile strikes on cities and attacks on oil tankers.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In 1982, Iraqi forces were pushed out of Iranian territory in counterattacks and did not advance to the Iranian side of the border again until 1988, forcing an Iranian truce.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[10] At the start of the war, Iraq's main outfitter was France, which took advantage of bad terms between Iraq and the Soviet Union, selling $5.6 billion worth of weapons including fighter jets, helicopters, dock artillery, missiles and electronics in its first two years.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[11] The United States, whose relations with Iraq had been severed by the 1967 Six-Day War, in February 1982 removed Iraq from its list of states supporting terrorism and re-established diplomatic relations in November 1984.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Even before this, Washington was supplying Iraq with intelligence.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

U.S. credit for Iraq's “food procurement and agricultural supplies” rose from 345 million in 1984 to 675 million in 1985.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In 1987, Iraq was granted a $1 billion loan for 1988, which was the largest U.S. loan made through the time.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[11] [12] The American influence was to weaken the position of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and possibly restore a friendly regime to the country.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The United States had already significantly lost ground earlier that year with the arrival of Soviet troops in Afghanistan and now losing its ally the Shah.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

The Soviet Union initially declared neutral in the war, but resumed its arms supplies through the middle stages of 1981 as the initiative passed to Iran.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

By the end of the year, the Soviet Union supplied Iraq with 200 T-55 and T-72 tanks and SA-6 anti-aircraft missiles.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

A year later, arms supplies grew and in return Saddam declared amnesty for communists in Iraqi jails.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In January 1983, the Soviet Union entered into a $2 billion deal for T-62 and T-72 wagons, MiG-23 and MiG-25 fighter jets, and Scud-B and SS-21 missiles.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

By 1987, the Soviet Union sold 800 T-72 wagons and ultramodern MiG-29 fighter jets to Iraq.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[11] Egypt sold 250 T-55 tanks and Tu-16 and Il-28 bombers to Iraq.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

In addition to these, weapons were sold by Spain, Brazil and Italy, as well as Britain for spare parts for wagons recaptured from Iran.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[11] About 200,000 Iraqis were killed in the war and 400,000 wounded.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[13] The Anfal Campaign at the end of the Iraq—Iranian War from 28 February until September 1988 was fought against the Iraqi Kurds under the leadership of Ali Hassan al-Majid, who received the additional name of “Kemicali-Ali”.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

Parts of northern Iraq were declared a no-go zone and those who remained there were systematically removed.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

A large number of gun-age men were executed.


Question: What did Saddam Hussein die of?

Saddam Hussein

[14] [15] By 1988, an estimated 4,000 villages had been destroyed, 180,000 people killed and 1.5 million expelled.