Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

It has been suspected that the law was not even meant to be literally enforced, but that it would have acted as a deterrent.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The subjects did not know whom the presbytery, or ultimately the king, would pardon.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[12] Witch laws were a necessary but not sufficient condition for witch hunts on their own.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[10] Great witch hunts could not begin until folksy magic and witches had been declared crimes; however, witch hunts cannot be considered to have begun as a result of laws on witchcraft and magic, nor did they end with a change in the law.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

According to the 1734 law of the Swedish Empire, killing another or damaging health or property by witchcraft was still an act subject to capital punishment [18], but the law was not followed, and no death sentences had been issued at that time for damaging witchcraft in decades.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Mentions of witchcraft were not removed from the Penal Code until 1779.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[19] The Finnish Criminal Code, enacted in 1889, prohibited the work of a professional scientist and magician and imposed a fine: The section remained unchanged until 1998, when it was repealed as insignificant.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

To combat superstition, the penal code no longer has a societal need.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, mistaking gullible people can meet the hallmark of deception in some cases.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[20] Torture in Swedish Reich Law, both land law and judicial instructions, prohibited torture.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, torture was sometimes rarely used at the instigation of the king or the Court of Appeal.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

During the great persecutions in the 17th century, torture nevertheless became part of the investigation and was mainly controlled by the courts of appeal or separately erected witch committees.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In some cases, however, the sub-rights also unlawfully resorted to torture.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In the persecutions in northern Sweden, where children were accused, their parents were also pressured and threatened.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In the Åland witch trials initiated by Nils Psilander, thumbscrews were used in interrogations.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[3] Outside the great witch processes, however, the use of illegal means of pressure must have been rare, as courts of appeal generally weighed evidence in witchcraft cases closely and most of the accused were acquitted.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In cases of witchcraft and magic, as a rule, the testimony of witnesses was relied upon, after which it was considered that “the suspect could not deny what had happened”.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Scholar Marko Nenonen estimated that “the best legal traditions of the era in the area studied in witchcraft and magic courts (Lower Satakunta, Northern Ostrobothnia and Vyborg Karelia) were hardly violated'.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[3] Causes of Witch Hunts Explanations of witch hunts are roughly divided into two main lines, one highlighting developments in governance, politics, and the judiciary, and the other on economic and social contradictions.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

According to the first view, the strengthened central power in Europe intensified and the functioning of judiciaries and tightened the criminal code.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Thus disputes between people came more often to the judiciary, while allowing the preeminence, and especially the clergy, to more effectively eradicate religious deviance from society.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Socio-economic explanations hold that the 16th and 17th centuries were also a time of great economic and social change, when wars, overpopulation, roofing years increased poverty while monetary development and expanding commerce increased the amount of wealth.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The embitteration caused by this inequality then erupted in the witch trials.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[21] Witch Trials in the Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was ambivalent about witchcraft and magic.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The church had its own “white magic” and therefore found it difficult to justify why magic should be forbidden.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The Catholic Church's cult of sainthood included veneration of relics.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

and they also sought to influence, for example, crop prospects.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In medieval Sweden the bones of Eerik Saint were carried in the fields of the Uplann.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

According to a 9th-century ecclesiastical instruction to Canon Episcop, any imagination of flying witches was profane.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In the 13th century, the church focused first and foremost on opposing heretics and superstition.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Right up until the 14th century, secular and spiritual power punished only damaging magic, usually manifested in tangible ways.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Witchcraft was equated with poisoning, and by that murder was considered aggravated murder to distinguish, for example, from the taking of life in connection with a fight.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[22] In the Middle Ages, especially in the upper class circle of society, maleficium witchcraft was commonly associated with political disputes and power struggles.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In the Swedish Empire, such events were still represented by the 1585 trial in which a woman was accused of murdering Lucretia, the child of Duke John and Kaarina Hannydaughter, by witchcraft.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The woman was acquitted but later executed for the murder of her second husband.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Witchcraft had been criminal practically at all times, but actual witch hunts in Europe did not occur until the beginning of the new age.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

According to the theory put forward by Norman Cohn, this was due to the traditional accusatory legal process in which the injured person collected the evidence and sued the suspected tort to the district courts.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Because of the difficulty of proving witchcraft, this also limited the number of court cases, especially since the one who was usually unduly prosecuted received a large fine himself.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

It was not until the dawn of the new age that the rights became an inquisitorial process in which the prosecution was brought and evidence collection was responsible for the presbytery.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Under such a system, the person who prosecuted him was not threatened with a fine, even if the charge fell in court.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[23] The peak period of witch hunts As early as the 16th century there had been some witch trials, mostly based on the prohibitions on witchcraft issued in the Old Testament.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The first witch trials in accordance with Western European witch theories in the Swedish Empire took place in Åland in 1666 and apparently began at the instigation of Nils Psilander, who was appointed as the betrothal magistrate of Åland.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[24] Psilander had studied at the University of Tartu, where he had become acquainted with German witch theories and witch spats, and he apparently considered that he had based his actions on the latest knowledge of his era.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The more large-scale witch trials began in Eval-Sweden two years after the events in Åland, and soon spread from there to the Swedish-speaking Ostrobothnia.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Only at its peak did witch hunts on the territory of Finland resemble Western European mass hysteria, but witch trials were not significantly different from those in other European regions whose importance has been inflated according to Nenonen and Kervinen. [11] in Swedish territory. damaging witchcraft was the most conventional charge until the mid-1610s, after which magic emerged as the most common charge.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In Finland, accusations of magic only became common after the 1660s.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[25] In the 1670s—1680s, women became the largest group accused of witchcraft and magic.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In those decades, more than 200 people were prosecuted on Finnish territory alone, several of whom were sentenced to death.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

By the 1680s, witch hunts began to subside and the number of people sentenced to death declined very quickly, although there were still witch trials in the early 18th century.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[11] Who was charged?


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In the Swedish Empire, the majority of those accused were not the most underprivileged in society but independent farmers and in the towns merchants and their wives.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Apparently it was common for charges to be made more often against the relatively wealthy than against the poor.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Generally, one trial dealt with only the case of one defendant at once.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The accused and the accuser generally knew each other and lived in the same village.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[11] However, there were social groups that were apparently outside of the witch-hunt accusations.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Such groups included nobility, clergy and priests' dads, among others.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

For example, during the Stockholm witch trials, one of the most active informants was accused of witchcraft by the wives of Count Magnus de la Gardie and his brother.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In court, the whistleblowing was quickly ignored, and the maid was asked about the actions of a widowed wife from Södermalm.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[26] In Sweden, 85% of those accused of witchcraft were women.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

An even higher percentage of those convicted and executed were women and only one per cent of those sentenced to death for witchcraft were men.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

As a rule, the accused women were young; 60% were aged between 14 and 44, but those convicted were older than this on average.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

This was apparently because the preeminent authority had given instructions to execute primarily old and hardened witches who had been practising sin for longer.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Because of this, widows were also over-represented in those executed.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Normally, a witch was given by someone from a relative, and often by a child (in about half of cases).


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The informant was also often a female relative who herself was on trial for and confessed to witchcraft, and was subsequently forced to name other witches.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Witches tended to be reputable and wealthier than average.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[27] The Great Witch Trials in Dalarna and Stockholm, which began in 1668 and subsequently spread to Stockholm, were among the largest witch trial processes in Europe and attracted widespread attention in Europe in their time.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

This consideration was influenced, in addition to the scale of the process, by the fact that large trials were already rare in Central Europe at the time.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

It has been speculated that witch-hunts could have spread much wider if they had not been interfered with by the predominance.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

There was waveriness in the attitude of clergy and secular powers to witchcraft claims and the harsh and gentle line varied.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, there was a perception that in most cases there was a question of individual human wishings, true witchcraft was few.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[28] [29] The largest series of witch trials in the Swedish Empire originated in the autumn of 1667 in the village of Åsen in eastern Dalarna, when Gertrud, an 11-year-old shepherd girl, retrieved spawns from the island where they had escaped.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Since Gertrud's younger brother had not dared to retrieve spawns, the children had quarreled before picking up the spawns.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Most likely, the brother spread accounts of Gertrud's magic expenditure to recover spawns, as rumors spread in the area that Gertrud had walked on water to retrieve spawns from the island.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The priest set about investigating the matter, and after lengthy denials, Gertrud confessed to witchcraft and told of a witch shabby in Blåkulla (, Kyöpelvuori).


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Initially, the death penalty was considered, but eventually Gertrud received repentance exercises.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[28] The starting point was the stories that were told especially by children and young people.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In them, they went by flying to a place called Blåkulla, where they were eaten, drunk and danced.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Satan gave me food at the feast and kept watch for everyone to eat.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

There they were also re-baptized and consecrated to each other or to the inhabitants of Blågold or Satan.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

It was also reported how orgies were held in Blåkulla involving sexual intercourse with Satan and other visitors to Blåkulla.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

According to reports, some of the children gave birth there to creatures with animal and human traits.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[28] However, stories about Blåkulla and simple stories acquired new features throughout.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

For example, when Sentry Håkan's mother-in-law Kerstin was accused of the death of a cow by the wife of guard chief Anders Olofsson, it was considered to be the cause of the cow's death that Kerstin rode that cow to Blåku.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Then the witchcraft accusations were also accompanied by magical milk theft.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[28] A very typical feature of Swedish witch trials was the abundant number of child witnesses.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Child witnesses were used because a special witch commission had been set up in northern Sweden (Norrlanti), which decided at its first gathering in Gävle to prioritise children's testimonies.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Special witches' spectators also showed up.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

An estimated three hundred people were executed as a result of the witch trials.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The Great Witch Process finally came to an end in 1676 after the authorities settled against it.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[28] Witch hunts in Finland Although Finland, and especially Lapland, was considered the home of witches at the time, the Šamanist witch culture had largely disappeared from the Finns well before the witch-hunts.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[30] A new tradition of the Sages had developed in place of the shamans, whose representatives were also called men of thrall or storm.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Based on surviving court records, expenditure on healing the myrrymen included thundering and huffing (although the witness suspected the healer had done this only in the hope of a greater reward).


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

At the time of the witch hunts, the tradition of myrrymen also regressed and mingled with new currents.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Sages, however, still existed and were believed to see and do more things than other people's.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

According to some scholars, witchcraft and magic trials spread to Finland during the 17th century from Sweden and as a firebrand of the Thirty Years' War from Germany.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, Finland had lived a strong popular belief related to witchcraft and magic much earlier.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Witchcray-related disputes and lawsuits had also taken place in the area prior to the Thirty Years' War.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[31] However, in witch trials, the accused were most often the common peasant, and feared “professional witches” were rarely prosecuted.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Belief in witchcraft and magic meant that people believed each other had the ability to harm by witchcraft as well, which often surfaced in situations of strife and envy.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[32] Research into witch trials has found that witch accusations were often motivated by the issue of disputes between individuals.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Antero Heikkinen has shown that, at least in Ostrobothnia in 1665—1684, the most common motive for bewitching was indignation caused by insult.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[33] In witchcraft accusations, pressure on the judicial process seems to have come generally from the village community rather than from the predominance, which is also suggested by the fact that there was only rarely condemned for harming witchcraft.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, it cannot have been established with certainty why the number of accusations began to increase in the mid-17th century.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The contributing factors were probably a strengthened judiciary with the development of general central power, as well as the pursuit of economic gain by the indictee.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[34] For a long time it was believed that only some hundreds of people were prosecuted in the witch trials in Finland.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, based on the material of 1200 cases collected by Marko Nenonen and Timo Kervinen, it can be concluded that the total number of defendants between 1500 and 1700 was around 2000.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[35] Since witch hunts in Finnish courts were not a uniform phenomenon, but prosecutions, prosecutors, defendants and sentences varied by region and time, and moreover, people were prosecuted for witchcraft and magic in Finland quite a bit compared to many other crimes, not Finland witch trials are very well described by the term “persecution”.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Moments, especially the trials against witch-reputed beggars in Lower Satakunta between the 1650s and 1660s, as well as the end-of-century magic charges, constitute a backlog of litigation that can be considered to have acquired characteristics of persecution.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[9] Witch hunts and those accused in the territory of Modern Finland, witch hunts were mainly concentrated in Åland and the Swedish-speaking regions of Ostrobothnia, with close links to Sweden.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[37] [38] Overall, the further away from the West Coast, the fewer witch trials there were and the more likely the defendant was to be a man.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[35] Unlike usually in Europe, men were usually accused of witchcraft in Finland.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Totally extraordinary this was not, however, and men made up the majority in witch-hunts in western Germany, Estonia, Russia and Iceland as well.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The number of people accused of witchcraft and magic on the territory of Finland was quite large.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[11] Men and women were charged with various forms of witchcraft and magic according to statistics.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Of those accused of traditional damaging witchcraft, more than 2/3 were men, while more than half of those accused of magic were women.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

2/3 of those accused of witch scathing were women.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[35] On the territory of Finland, witches were accused of doing the same things as elsewhere in Europe: harming, doing magic forbidden by the Church and working with the devil.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[39] Although broadly the witch trials followed a central European pattern in Finland, they also showed domestic ingredients, such as healers who carried out their activities by spelling.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[40] However, no historical material suggests that Finnish ancient faith or Finnish mythology has significantly influenced the peculiarities of Finnish witchcraft and magic processes.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[41] Marko Nenonen has also argued that the high proportion of men accused of witchcraft cannot be tied to the old Šamanist tradition, because in Sweden, for example, the proportion of men accused only increased in the 18th century.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[41] Trials of learned magicians began to emerge in the 1650s, usually involving possession of forbidden books.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The accused were almost exclusively scholars and matriculators of the Academy of Turku.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[42] Witch trials In witch trials in the Finnish region, most of the accused were declared innocent, and only a few defendants were convicted of malicious witchcraft (maleficium).


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Witchcraft was not a common crime, and proving it was difficult.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Accusations of witchcraft were mainly made by private individuals who blamed the supposed witch for their own misfortunes or misfortune.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Charges of producing and improving good fortune were brought mainly by officialdom and churchmen.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

There were never any systematic witch hunts on the territory of Finland; the number of accusations rose and fell in different regions at different times.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Witch hunts consisted of individual accusations made for various personal reasons.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Lower courts sentenced about 10% of the defendants to death, but only half of the convictions were eventually put to action.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The most common conviction for witchcraft was a rather large fine.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[11] Witchcraft, even in the most intense years of persecution, was not a common crime.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Of all the criminal cases handled, the number of witchcraft and magic trials was only a couple percent.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The number of people convicted of death sentences for witchcraft and magic also made up only a small proportion.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In Northern Ostrobothnia, for example, only about four percent of death sentences were related to witch trials.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[43] The highest number of trials were in Southwest Finland, Lower Satakunta and Ostrobothnia.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

There must have been 2/3 of over 1500 Finnish witchcraft and magic trials in these areas.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[38] In the regions of Häme and Upper Satakunta, witchcraft was a very rare crime.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Between the 16th and 17th century, a total of 63 legal cases are known from the area, with a total of 79 persons as defendants.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

There have been more actual cases because no documents have survived for all of them.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[44] Based on documents found between 1526 and 1689 on the territory of Finland 103 people were sentenced to death on charges of witchcraft.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, most of those on death row were not beheaded; the Court of Appeal changed the sentences to be more lenient.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[36] Historian Heikki Ylikangas has put forward the theory that the occurrence of witch trials in economically active regions, such as the prosperous Ostrobothnia of the tar trade, would have derived its intellectual background partly from the mentality of early capitalism.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

People nurturing prosperous desires began to fear witches who were jealous and willing to harm or steal welfare.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[45] Theories of witch patti In Finnish folklore, stories are known about treaties with earth people and mountain inhabitants, as well as “changelings”, that is, children taken by the devil.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Also, the older Peruvian tales of the soul journeys of the shamans had hardly completely disappeared in the 15th—17th century.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, witch-spath theories did not take root in the region, apparently because air travel on the Sabbath and orgies with Satan were apparently foreign to folklore.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The first reference to the witchbab is found in 1553, when one man was fined after calling another a “child of the mountain and the devil”.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The first mentions of witches' air voyages are from Ostrobothnia from 1634 to 1656 and 1647. At the time, however, the Turku Court of Appeal and apparently also Bishop Isaacus Rothovius viewed the matter with suspicion.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[46] Only 8% of the proceedings dealt with witches flying into the Sabbath.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Even during the most fervent persecutions in the 1670s—1680s, they did not emerge as a significant phenomenon.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[42] Nor did Finland have a strong enough doctrinal authority in the era to have managed to shape the beliefs of Earthlings and mountain goblins into a coherent Sabbath theory, although the Bishop of Turku Johannes Gezelius the Elder attempted this.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, his efforts were already hampered by the fact that Governor-General Peter Brahe was very sceptical about the witch hunt and did not support the bishop's actions.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Witchcraft stories that came to Western Finland from Sweden were somewhat affected, but no flying witches occurred in Eastern Finland.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[47] Magic trials in Finland Magic charges began to increase in the 1660s, 50 years later than in Sweden.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Although it can be assumed that this was a general change in the way of law for the territory, no unambiguous legislation has been found.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Although Lutheran purity had also taken its strictest form by 1660 and many rules of faith had been made absolute, even this could not have been shown to have had a direct link to the increase in magic trials.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, religious discipline in Finland increased with Gezelius the Elder becoming bishop at the same time, and it is presumed that one contributing factor would have been the convergent cooperation between ecclesiastical and secular power.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

This is also evidenced by the fact that after the 1660s in Lower Satakunta and Northern Ostrobothnia, prosecutions were made more frequently by men.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[48] For magic, as opposed to damaging witchcraft, the judicial process was normally initiated by a state official: a priest, a crown vouti or a titular man.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Magic trials also mostly involved multiple defendants.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

This was partly due to the fact that people who sought help, for example, by magic in addition to a healer, were prosecuted.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Magic usually came to light on inspection trips of priests, gossip or whistleblowing.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Sometimes magic stuff would also start because of disputes, with the disputed people giving each other out to the preseason.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Thus, neither were magic trials exclusively enforced by predominance as persecutions of old customs and beliefs.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Although magic processes could not have arisen without a change in jurisprudence and control policies enforced by the predominance, private villagers participated in them, at least in part because of their personal motivations.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[49] The Church's effort to eradicate superstitious customs and beliefs was part of a new broader and harsher policy on religion and the state's stricter control of the everyday life of subjects.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The predominance sought to have the rural population more strictly respectful of law and order.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Religious intolerance was also part of the era's shift towards a new more centralist state and economic-social changes.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[50] Early witch trials Witch trials began to be held in Finnish territory in the middle of the 16th century, almost a century later than in Central Europe.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[38] In this case, the proceedings were mainly concentrated in Southwest Finland, Lower Satakunta and Swedish-speaking Ostrobothnia.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In the 16th century, charges were brought mainly for harming witchcraft or were defamatory in nature.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Death sentences were proclaimed over the course of a century and were also put into practice more often than in the 17th century.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Towards the end of the 16th century, prosecutions declined apparently due to external ones, such as the 25-Years' War, and internal unrest such as the mace war.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

At the beginning of the 17th century, the charges were few and did not become common again until the middle of the century.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[51] Peak period of witch trials The first large-scale trials took place in western Finland between 1649 and 1665, when numerous beggars were accused of causing the death of their victims through witchcraft, and received a death sentence.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

However, the Turku Court of Appeal changed the death sentences to heavy fines, flogging and deportation.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The expulsions were not carried out; instead, the accused were left to live in their old parishes.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[11] Witchcraft remained the most common charge in Finland until the 1680s.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

By the 1670s, magic became the most common ground for trial, and magic charges, particularly against women by the preeminent power, became more common.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In Finland, only during the peak of persecutions in the 1670s—1680s did the court bring up accusations of witch spate and devil worship.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In total, there were only just under 100 defendants in the witchspath trials.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

The witchbab trials quickly disappeared, and as early as the 1680s, the witchcraft accusations that surfaced during the trial were ignored by the courts.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[35] In Northern Ostrobothnia and Lower Satakunta, witch trials became the basic type of witch trials after the 1660s against women accused of magic.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In both areas, the prosecution usually acted as a presbytery, and the charge was the recitation of healing and good luck spells.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

As a rule, women who performed magic were fined as punishment.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[52] In Vyborg Karelia, witchcraft processes differed substantially from the Western-Finnish model.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Private individuals normally served as prosecutors in the area, and the charge was damaging witchcraft.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

In Karelia, the number of witchcraft processes increased considerably after the early years of the 1680s, with a man being prosecuted in more than 80% of cases.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

[53] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Guillou, Jan| title = Witches' Lawyer| others = Translated by Tapio Koivukari| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY: Johnny Kniga| year = 2004| version = (Häxornas försvarare: Ett historiskt reportage, 2002) | id = ISBN 951-0- 27747-9}} Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nenonen, Marko| title = Witchcraft, Magic and Witch Hunts: Ala-Satakunta, Northern Ostrobothnia and Vyborg Karelia 1620—1700| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Historical Society| year = 1992| version = Doctoral dissertation, University of Tampere.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Historical studies 165| id = ISBN 951-8915-56-3| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nenonen, Marko & Kervinen, Timo| title = Wage of sin is death: Finnish witches and witch hunts in the 16th to 18th century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1994| version = Edited by Anne-Riitta Isohella| id = ISBN 951-1-13081-1}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eilola, Jari| title = Interfaces.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Defining permissible and forbidden in witchcraft and magic cases of the second half of the 17th century| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2003| version= Bibliotheca Historica 81}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkinen, Antero| title = Witch and Magic Perceptions and trials in Finland in the second half of the 17th century (ca.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

1640—1712) | publisher = Finnish Historical Society| year = 1969| version = Studies of the Finnish Historical Society 78}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lappalainen, Mirkka| title = Northern Witches | publisher = Otava| year = 2018| isbn = 978-951-1-31255-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nenonen, Marko| title = Witch Hunts in Europe — Birth| publisher = Atena Cost| year = 2006}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nenonen, Marko| title = Witch Hunts in Europe — Devil's Help| publisher = Atena Cost| year = 2007 | id = ISBN 978-951-796-481-4}} Virtanen, Leena: Witch Woman Don't Let Live — Fact report on the witch hunt in Finland 1666-1671.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

WSOY, 2013.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

ISBN 978-951-0-39892-0.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

On topic elsewhere (PDF).


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Yle Oulu on 14.10.2010.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Hourglass 2/2013.


Question: Where did the Swedish witch hunt begin?

Witch hunts in the Swedish Empire

Category:Swedish history Category:Finland during the Swedish great power period Category:Witch hunts


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Electronic sports, or e-sports, is the playing of video games competitively.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The most common racing games are entertainment games run on a computer or console, divided into several subgenres, namely genres.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Real-time strategy games, first-person shooter games, battle arena multiplayer games and large online multiplayer games are the most typical types of games played in electronic sports.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Leagues and tournaments are held for players at the professional level, where the most common games to play are Dota 2, Overwatch, Counter-Strike, Quake, Warcraft, League of Legends, and Starcraft II.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The biggest competitions are aired on streaming services like Twitch, where they can have tens of millions of viewers.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

A lot of top players post their gameplay videos on YouTube as well.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

For the best tournament players, sponsors pay funding for competitive trips and often also hardware for use by the player or maintenance organization.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

In addition, players can receive rewards rising to thousands of euros.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Cash prizes at major tournaments can reach millions of euros, and in 2017 the total prize amount for competitions had already exceeded $100 million.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

History The first known competitive game tournament was held on October 19, 1972 at Stanford University for Spacewar players.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The top prize was an annual subscription to Rolling Stone magazine.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[1] The tournament organized by Atari in 1980 for the Space Invaders game was the first to involve more than 10000 players.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[2] In the early 1990s, their own competitive gambling “world championships” were organised by various entities such as gaming companies and industry magazines.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The game world was very disorganized.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Tomo Ohira, a Japanese virtuoso of Street Fighter II, emerged as one of the industry's cult figures.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[3] The Internet revolutionized competitive gaming in the 1990s.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The amount of connectivity increased and the data rate on the network increased, making it easier to play real-time online games.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

First-person fighting games eventually emerged as a favourite among competitive players.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Doom, in particular, is considered the big bang of modern e-sports.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Held by Microsoft in 1995 in Seattle, the Doom II tournament was the largest competitive gaming event in history and was also shown on cable television.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[4] Competitive gaming continued to grow in the 1990s with the advent of games such as Quake.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The gaming culture became organised, games were discussed on internet discussion forums and IRC, and players began to unite into teams, or clans.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Qualifiers for major tournaments began to be played online, and series-format leagues were established.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Modified versions of the game, or mods, began to live their own lives.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Competitive gambling phenomena such as Team Fortress and Half-Life, as well as Action Quake 2.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Particularly Half-Life: Counter-Strike rose to the popularity of competitive players and, with its new versions, became the most important game for a long time.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Other game genres also began to gain popularity in competitions, such as real-time strategy games.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[5] In South Korea, the popularity of Starcraft made competitive gambling very common.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[6] The Asian economic crisis of the late 1990s led to a high unemployment rate in the country, which is considered one of the reasons for the rapid emergence of internet cafes and LAN facilities in the region ().


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[7] Due to the rapid growth of competitive gambling, the Korean e-Sports Association was created in the country, whose mission was to market and administer local competitive gaming.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[8] Competitive gambling became more serious and professional in the 2000s as partners and sponsors began to support gaming tournaments.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

New tournaments and racing series emerged in different countries, and the best players were already entirely professionals.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Television also began in many countries, including Finland, to take an interest in e-sports.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[9] Competitive gaming entered the homes of television folk with the emergence of StarCraft and Warcraft III tournaments on the agendas of OGN and MBC Game channels.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[10] The number of major tournaments has grown at a rapid pace.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

In 2000, there were 10 tournaments, while in 2010 there were 260.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[11] E-sports tournaments have become major public events in the 2010s, held in exhibition halls and sports stadiums.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

For gaming companies, e-sports events are important marketing events and investments.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[12] The total prize amount for E-sports tournaments exceeded US$1 million in 2003.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

From that it has grown year on year, and in 2017 the amount had already risen to well over $100 million.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[13] The total estimate for electronic sports has exceeded $748 million and is projected to reach nearly two billion dollars in 2018.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[14] Throughout the 2010s, arena fighting games such as Counter-Strike, League of Legends and Dota 2 have risen to the greatest popularity.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The growth in popularity of e-sports in the 2010s has been much influenced by streaming services such as Twitch and YouTube, through which games and video games can be viewed in real time.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

China's prosperity, massive online multiplayer games and the awakening of interest in traditional media have also contributed significantly to the growth of the sport's popularity.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[15] In Finland electronic sports has emerged as the second most popular sport in the country in 2017.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[16] Twitch announced in 2013 the International Tournament of League of Legends and Dota 2 had garnered a prime-time audience of 4.5 million viewers.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[11] Twitch later released statistics that found League of Legends to be the most followed game in competitive gaming.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[17] In 2013, the Season 3 League of Legends World Championship tournament held at Staples Center in Los Angeles drew the hall full of people and was followed by 32 million people via the internet.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[18] In 2014, the League of Legends World Championship tournament held in Seoul was watched by 40000 spectators on site.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[19] In October 2016, the League of Legends' World Cup Final was watched by a total of 43 million viewers.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The battle of the SK Telecom T1 and Samsung Galaxy teams was watched in prime time simultaneously by 14.7 million viewers.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[20] Genres E-sports games can be divided into several subgenres, namely genres.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

First-person shooter games, or FPS games, show the sight of a playable character in the game world.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

They are often first-person shooter and shooting games that aim to destroy opponents (deathmatch).


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

FPS games popular in e-sports are often team games.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Well-known e-sports FPS games include Quake, Counter-Strike and Overwatch.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[21] Real-time strategy games, or RTS games, usually show the game area from above.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

RTS games compete in the art of tactization.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The most famous game in this genre is StarCraft.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[22] Battle arena multiplayer games, or MOBA games, are similar to FPS games.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

There are usually five players in a team whose goal is to destroy the opposing team's base.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Each player controls their own hero character.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Well-known MOBA games include DotA Allstars, League of Legends and Dota 2.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[23] In a fighting game, a player struggles in the arena against another player in melee combat.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Matches are usually depicted from the side.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Key e-sports games in the genre include Street Fighter II: The World Warrior, Tekken, Mortal Kombat, Super Smash Bros.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Melee and Super Smash Bros.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Brawl.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[24] Battle Royale combines the mechanics of survival games and shooting games.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The goal of a player or team is to eliminate the other players and remain last alive.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The game is started with minimal equipment, which is expanded by finding weapons and other supplies in the game world.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Key releases in the genre include PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Fortnite Battle Royale and H1Z1.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[25] Sports games simulate traditional sports.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Key e-sports publications in the genre include Madden NFL, NBA 2K, NHL series, FIFA Football and Rocket League.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[26] Exercise games such as dance games Dance Dance Revolution and In the Groove require physical activity from the player.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Gaming can take place, for example, standing on a gaming platform.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Some exercise games are based on motion detection.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[27] In racing games, the player controls a vehicle travelling on land, air, water, or space.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

He races against other racers at the racecourse, and the camera may be in the first or third person.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Subcategories of racing games include arcade board style racing games, driving simulators, and go-kart games.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Games include iRacing, Project CARS 2, TrackMania 2: Canyon, F1 2017 and Gran Turismo Sport.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[28] Of the digital collectible card games, the most notable is Hearthstone.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[29] Virtual reality games are the latest genre in e-sports.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

They are played in virtual reality using virtual reality goggles and controllers.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[30] Events and Organisation The majority of e-sports tournaments are organised by game studios and commercial organisations, and only a small proportion are organised by organisations or federations.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Separate commercial leagues and tournament series are common around the world, but competitive play in Finland has grown strongly in connection with demo events and LAN events.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

As a result of commercialism, e-sports racing structures have been able to develop rapidly, and cash prizes for e-athletes have risen large.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

On the other hand, due to the lack of concentration and regulation, there is a very large variation in competitions in terms of policies, rules and periods of competition.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[31] Notable former and current e-sports events, tournaments and leagues include Apex, BlizzCon, DreamHack, eGames, Electronic Sports League (ESL), Electronic Sports World Convention (ESWC), Evolution Championship Series (EVO), Halo Championship Series (HCS), Hearthstone The Championship Tour (HCT), The International (TI), League of Legends World Championship, Major League Gaming (MLG), Overwatch League (OWL), and Overwatch World Cup (OWX).


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[32] International Esports Feritation (IESF), an international federation, includes around 50 member federations in different countries in 2018, but does not have a very strong position in the competitive gaming industry.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

However, as an international federation, it can sometimes play an important part in the integration of e-sports and the Olympic movement.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[33] The most important e-sports events in Finland are the annual Assembly, Oulu Vectorama, Porisian Insomnia, Grail Quest in Turku and Finnish Esports League (FEL), a domestic e-sports league founded in 2015.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[34] Finland is also home to the Finnish Association of Electronic Sports (SEUL), which was founded to unite players and clubs.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The federation organises the Finnish Championships of various games.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[35] In addition, three top competitive gaming organisations founded the Finnish Association of Competitive Gambling (SKL), which focuses on the promotion of professional e-sports in 2018.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[36] Position as a sport The question of whether electronic sports is a sport divides opinions among enthusiasts of electronic athletes.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

In sports circles, many do not consider electronic sports to be a real sport on the grounds that you don't move much in it.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[37] However, according to the International Olympic Committee's 2017 alignment, electronic sports can be counted as a “real sport”.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[38] Electronic sports have been nominated as an official medal sport for the 2022 Asian Games.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Access to the Games is not yet assured, however, as e-sports do not have the required international umbrella organisation but many international organisations.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[38] Electronic sports have also been proposed for the Paris Olympics 2024.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

However, Thomas Bach, president of the International Olympic Committee, said in 2018 that e-sports could not be admitted to the Olympic movement because of its violence.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[39] Media coverage and sponsorship E-sports are monitored both in traditional media and online.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

In Finland, Yleisradio's e-sports broadcasts on television have increased, and Telia, a multidisciplinary digital operator, is particularly active in e-sports.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Overseas, for example, US-based Turner and ESPN are investing significantly in e-sports, and in Britain the BBC is developing production of competitions.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[40] Almost all e-sport-related tournaments and competitions are currently aired via streaming services such as Twitch, with tens of millions of viewers at best.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

On Twitch and YouTube, fans watch game videos uploaded there by top players and teams.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[41] Many international sports organisations and professional sports franchises such as Fifa, the NBA and the NHL have integrated e-sports tournaments more clearly into their own brand.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Also, many sports clubs invest in e-sports teams and kits.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[42] Of the total e-sports revenue of €565 million in 2017, sponsorship revenues accounted for 38%, media rights 14% and box office revenue 9%.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Big sponsors include energy drink companies, computer manufacturers, phone makers and food firms.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Sponsor money is directed towards players” monthly salaries, for example.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

The vast majority of prize money from major races comes from regular players who buy the game and related products.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

A small portion of the prize money comes from the game developer.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[43] Corporate e-sports sponsorship and advertising investments are thought to exceed the $1.5 billion threshold in 2020.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[44] Ethics of Doping The International Federation of Electronic Sports IESF has been testing competitors since 2013.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

It is a member of the International Anti-Doping Commission.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[45] Traditionally, the use of doping in competitive gaming has not been much controlled, defined or investigated.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

In 2015, for example, it was revealed that a team had participated in a major cash prize tournament under the influence of the drug Adderall, which affects concentration.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[46] As a result, the German Electronic Sports League (ESL), which organises the tournaments, announced that it would begin testing players.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[47] Cheating in video games with or without technical means generally leads to a ban on participating in tournaments and hence losses of sponsors and revenue.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Bans have also been issued for match-fixing and unsportsmanlike conduct from participating in tournaments.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[48] [49] [50] Commissions In some cases (especially in South Korea), competitors are paid too low by competitive stables and the exploitation of players has attracted attention.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[50] Physical harm Some players have experienced strain injuries, especially on the hands.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[51] Severe pulmonary depressions have also occurred.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[52] Violence The violence of E-sports games has sparked debate.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Studies have found that violence entertainment, as commonly as in video games, increases in the short term aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, physical arousal, and numbness to violence.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Violent games have age limits, because children and young people are unable to handle violent entertainment like adults.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Strong emotions in players are also caused by the fact that the games are deliberately designed to be addictive.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

[53] Famous teams and players Successful and well-known e-sports teams include: Cloud9 (Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Dota 2, Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft, League of Legends, Overwatch, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Rocket League, Super Smash Bros.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

Melee, Super Smash Bros.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

for Wii U, Vainglory) Counter Logic Gaming, (Call of Duty, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Dota 2, Halo, League of Legends, Super Smash Bros.)


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

ENCE (Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Overwatch, Tom Clancy: Rainbow Six Siege, StarCraft 2) Evil Geniuses (Call of Duty, Dota 2, Halo, League of Legends, StarCraft II, World of Warcraft, Rainbow Six Siege) Fnatic (Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Heroes of the Storm, Dota 2, League of Legends, Rocket League) Na'Vi (Counter-Strike, Dota 2, Starcraft 2, World of Tanks) Ninjas in Pyjamas (Counter-Strike, Dota 2, League of Legends) OpTic Gaming (Call of Duty, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Dota 2, Gears of War, Halo, Overwatch, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds) Paragon (World of Warcraft) SK Telecom T1 (League of Legends, StarCraft) Splyce (Call of Duty, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft, League of Legends, World of Warcraft) Team Dignitas (Counter-Strike: Global Offensive,) Team EnVyUs (Call of Duty, Counter-Strike, Halo, Overwatch, Paladins, PUGB, Rocket League, Street Fighter) Team SoloMid (Hearthstone, League of Legends, Super Smash Bros., Vainglory) Team Kaliber (Call of Duty) Dallas Fuel (Overwatch) Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kraneis, Samuli & Rantala, Expensive | title = All about e-sports| publisher = Sports Museum| year = 2018| id = ISBN 978-952-6644-13-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rönkä, Intake| title = E-sports handbook| publisher = Otava| year = 2018| id = ISBN 978-978-951-1-32994-7}} References On the topic elsewhere on November 30, 2017.


Question: How do you define a real-time game?

Electronic sports

— News Site Specializing in Online Games — Finnish eSports News Site * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Red Guard is a generic term used to refer to the early 20th century paramilitary forces of the Finnish labour movement.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The Red Guards were established in two phases, initially as a result of the Grand Strike in 1905—1906, and after their abolition again in 1917—1918.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The most famous force known as the Red Guard is the Finnish Red Guard, which fought as an army of the Finnish People's Delegation in the Civil War of 1918.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The first Red Guards were mainly unarmed groups formed from members of the trade union movement, emerging from the National Guard formed during the 1905 Grand Strike.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

In December 1905, the Red Guards gained official status within the Social Democratic Party, but were disbanded as a result of the violence of the Viapori Rebellion in August 1906.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

After the February Revolution of 1917, at first temporary picket and workers' guards were established, which were subsequently established in the autumn by the Finnish Professional Association as a counterforce to bourgeois patrons under the name of the Finnish Workers' Order Guard.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

In turn, the Finnish Red Guard, which served as the army of the Finnish People's Delegation in the Civil War, was formed in January 1918.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

After the Civil War, there were still attempts to organise the Red Guards in northern Finland, but their activities ceased by 1921.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Red Guards of 1905—1906 Suurstrike National Guard The first organizational crews were already born after a call-out riot at the Helsinki Senate Square in April 1902.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Their purpose was to maintain order in order to prevent Russian troops from using call-out strikes against protesters in the future.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[1] Proper, however, the Guards originated during the grand strike of autumn 1905, when the police force was also on strike, and the Grand Duchy of Finland without any ordinal power.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

On the first day of the strike, on 30 March, the Central Strike Committee, dominated by the working population, decided to take over order in Helsinki in exchange for the workers not being able to join the negotiations between the bourgeoisie and the Governor-General.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[2] On the initiative of Kaarlo Luoto, editor of the “Workmen” magazine, [3] [4], the National Guard was established, whose name referred to the French Revolution of 1789.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[5] [6] It was also joined initially by matriculators representing the bourgeoisie.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

A former old people captain, Johan Kock, supported by the workers, was elected chief of the National Guard, under whom the matriculates eventually agreed to serve as their own department.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

On the second day of the strike, the National Guard occupied the main police station located on the edge of Senate Square and sent ordinance cartridges to various parts of the city.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[2] The grand strike began as a joint protest between the working people and the bourgeoisie against the Russification measures, but already after a few days disagreements arose between the two sides, which eventually led to the dissolution of the National Guard.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Following the separation of the students, they formed their own patron guard, with Captain Gösta Theslöf as their chief.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

On 6 November, the last day of the strike, the situation escalated to an already close to violent confrontation when the National Guard tried to close shops opened before the official end of the strike in central Helsinki.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Theslöf had commanded the armed matriculators to open fire on the unarmed National Guardsmen until the situation finally lapsed after Kock ordered his own men to withdraw.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[2] The National Guard was practically unarmed.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

It possessed only a small number of small arms, which would have been no match for the Russian military people or the matriculates who received rifles from the Helsinki-based arms dealers.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[7] The designation “red guard” arose as early as the beginning of the Grand Strike, but originally it meant only two regiments commanded by Kaarlo Luoto wearing red armbands.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[8] The colour in Finland was not yet associated with its later political significance at the time; for example, some of the workers who were part of the National Guard wore white ribbons.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[9] However, the designation quickly spread, and already at the end of the strike, the national guard was commonly referred to as the “Red Guard” by the bourgeoisie.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[2] The “Red Guard” assembled by Luo was organised according to the military model.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

It trained in Kaisaniemi Park or in the workers' neighborhoods of Kallio and Punavuori, while some of the crew patrolled various parts of the city.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[10] On Friday, November 3, the Red Guard evicted student students deemed disloyal from the police department, described by Luoto as “athletes dressed in tight leotards”.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[7] According to him, they were now replaced by “men”.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[11] Ordinary Guards were also established in numerous other cities during the strike, as well as some country keepers.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

On Thursday 2 November, telegrams were sent across the country urging the establishment of militarily organised Red Guards.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[12] Outside Helsinki, however, the Guards were mostly made up of the working population, so similar disintegration was hardly seen elsewhere.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Russian military personnel intervened in the activities of the National Guard, at least in Vyborg, where it was disbanded by force and 175 members were captured.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[13] K. V. Wallin, who wrote the history of the National Guard (late.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

According to Voionmaa), during the final phase of the strike, the Helsinki Red Guard consisted of about 2,900 men, compared to 6,450 men for the strength of the entire National Guard in the capital without matriculations.


Question: What is the meaning of the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[10] Red Guard gains official status After the end of the Grand Strike, the National Guard handed over the ordinal power back to the former police corps.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[14] However, at the last Helsinki People's Assembly held on Senate Square, it was decided to keep the National Guard intact.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

At the same time, the operation was expanded to cover the entire country and Johan Kock was elected Commander-in-Chief of all National Guards.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The old designations quickly fell into disuse and the Labour Guards came to be commonly referred to as the “Red Guards”.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[15] The Red Guards' position within the labour movement was formalized from 20 to 22.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

At an extraordinary party conference of the SDP held in Tampere on November.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The new party administration adopted the Guards Rules, which defined the task of protecting the lives and property of citizens during a possible new grand strike, as well as safeguarding the freedom of assembly and expression of the working people.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The Red Guard was required to operate according to the party program and follow the instructions of the party administration.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

All members were also hoped to belong to labour associations.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Kaarlo Luoto was chosen to replace Kock, who had left office, as the new Commander-in-Chief.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The Red Guards were intended to be temporary only, as they were to cease operations when the Emperor would confirm the decision of a unicameral parliament to be elected by universal and equal suffrage.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[16] At the same time, the bourgeoisie also began to assemble their own patronage in Helsinki.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[15] In an atmosphere intensified after the Grand Strike, the Red Guards line gradually steepened, and the Guard for organizational duties became a revolutionary army of an offensive nature.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Already during the Great Strike, the idea of armed revolution was on display.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Its roots lay in the Marxist doctrine of class struggle, but the social unrest of the years of repression also reinforced admiration and acceptance of violent action.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[17] When the Senate confirmed the police force, it was felt by the labor movement that the measure was directed against just that.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[18] The Radical Red Guard formed a whole new kind of organisation within the pacifist labour movement that had previously emphasised non-violence, which was viewed with suspicion by its veterans and the SDP party administration, and often also openly negative.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The members of the Red Guards were generally young people who had only joined labour organizations during the Great Strike.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Their leadership, too, was for the most part in the hands of new labour movement members.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[19] Red Guards generally emerged in localities where labour organisations were already active, but they were also established in rural areas where there were no workers' associations prior to the Great Strike.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Such localities included Mouhijärvi and Suodenniemi, the typical crofter keepers of Satakunta, as well as rural industrial settlements such as Mänttä and Enso.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

In some localities, the Guards were established with the order of the new Grand Strike in mind, but in other places, such as Lake Mouhijärvi, for example, it was directly reported to be a counterweight to the patron guard of the bourgeoisie.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[19] Immediately after the grand strike, underground combat organisations were operating in Vyborg.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Particularly on the Karelian Isthmus and other parts of Eastern Finland, there were also several incidents of violence, including the robbery murder of engineer Oscar Geffert involving members of local labour associations and Red Guards.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Bourgeois activists, as well as labour activists who collaborated with them, also committed similar acts.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[20] The party administration initially tried to control the Red Guards so that the meetings of the chiefdoms always included two of its representatives.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Later, during the spring of 1906, the task passed to representatives of the Grand Strike Committee, who, however, did not have the same prestige.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The intervals between Commander-in-Chief Kaarlo Luoto and the party leadership were cool, which caused the Red Guards to drift further and further away from the party.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

In April 1906, a Red Guard Assembly was held, with 150 representatives from 87 Guards in attendance.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Paavo Leppänen and Jalmari Kirjarinta were present from the party administration.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The leading committee elected at the meeting consisted mostly of previously unknown persons involved in the labour movement for a short time.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Luoto was removed from the position of Commander-in-Chief due to alleged financial irregularities and Johan Kock was again elected in his place.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

He had only entered the labour movement during the Great Strike, which is why Kock did not own its traditional anti-violence views, but as a former officer openly emphasized armed action.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Due to his lack of contacts with the leading Social Democrats, the separation of the Red Guards from the control of the party and the Grand Strike Committee further deepened.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[19] When Emperor Nicholas II confirmed the new electoral law and the Reichstag order on 20 July, the task under the Red Guard rules had been fulfilled.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

However, at the meeting that began the next day at the Old Student House in Helsinki, the Guard's representative office decided to continue the operation.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The meeting almost completely broke away from party control and even turned against the party leadership.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Independence was wanted to be emphasised, among other things, by the Red Guards” own newspaper, whose establishment was abandoned in the absence of financial conditions.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The number of Red Guards members had grown to the point that by the summer members were already estimated to be 25,000.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

At the same time, it began in earnest to emerge alongside the SDP as a serious player in the labour movement.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[19] Viapori Rebellion and Hakaniemi Riot The Red Guard led by Kock worked closely with the Russian revolutionaries and at the turn of July—August 1906 it took part in the events of the military revolt that broke out in the sea fortress of Viapori without party leadership permission.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

On 30 July, after the revolt was launched, Kock self-proclaimed a grand strike on Helsinki for the next day.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The Legation of the Guard, which in addition to Kock included John Mannerstam and Jean Boldt previously complete strangers to the party leadership, called for the party to declare a nationwide strike.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Their efforts provoked strong resistance within the party leadership and the Grand Strike Committee, and both sided with opposition to the strike.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Eventually, the party administration referred the matter to the Grand Strike Committee, which ended up declaring a strike on Helsinki, in order to avoid possible violence.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The strike was supported by Kaarlo Luoto, Eero Haapalainen and Matti Kurikka, among others, who thus sought to strengthen their own position in a whole new situation when the old leading figures of the SDP had lost their authority.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Eetu Salin and Taavi Tainio, for example, were shouted down from the rostrum during a meeting in the courtyard of the Workers' House in Helsinki to contain the Red Guards who joined the revolt.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[19] After the strike declaration, the Helsinki Red Guard sent 300 men to King's Island in support of mutinying Russian soldiers.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

In addition to this, a special railway company was formed, which, with the support of the local Red Guards, on 1 August cut the main line on the section of line between Tikkurila and Riihimäki and the Saint Petersburg line at Hikika.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Two railway bridges were also blown up north of Riihimäki.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The intention was to prevent the Russians from moving troops to Helsinki to defeat the rebellion.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[21] According to some sources, some 100—150 Red Guard members would have participated in fighting against Russian Cossacks and infantry loyal to the government on Katajanokka.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

Along with the Red Guards, the rebels were also assisted by bourgeois activists who also had the goal of overthrowing the Tsarist power.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

On 2 August, the last day of the Viapori Rebellion, the situation between the Red Guards and the Student Protection Guard escalated into a violent confrontation.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The Guardian Guard tried to keep the tram traffic running, but the carriages manned by the student students were stopped at Hakaniemi market.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

An angry mob surrounded the Guardian Guards and began slamming them with stones, after which an exchange of shots arose in the square.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The mounted police managed to calm the situation down briefly, but when a new detachment of 60 Guardian Guards arrived on the scene, along with ten Russian matruses supporting the Red Guards, another exchange of shots broke out, resulting in two Red Guards and seven members of the Guardian Guard being killed.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The situation lapsed when student students fled the scene and Russian Cossacks dispersed the crowd that remained at the scene.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

This was the first violent conflict between the Red Guards and the Patron Communities.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[22] After the Viapori rebellion was defeated, about one hundred Red Guards soldiers were captured, 77 of whom were sentenced to discipline room sentences of various lengths.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

However, Johan Kock, with the help of activists, managed to escape via Sweden and Great Britain to the United States, where he died in 1915.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The exact number of Red Guards killed in the rebellion is unknown, but the number of fallen and executed is estimated at around 150.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[23] Abolition The failure of the revolt in Viapori was a heavy blow for the Red Guard and due to the events in Hakaniemi it also lost the support of bourgeois activists.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The opportunity was now offered to the SDP leadership to rid the Guard, which had threatened the party's position.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The People's Lehti in Tampere published a call for the dismissal and abolition of the Red Guards.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

When, on 3 August, the Senate, as a result of the Hakaniemi riot, ordered both the Red Guards and the Student Protection Guards to be disbanded, an embarrassing situation was resolved to suit the party leadership.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[19] The matter was addressed at an extraordinary party conference in Oulu at the end of August, where Jussi Tuominen and Jussi Vatanen, who were members of the Red Guard leadership, declared that they were not aware of any plans for the revolt that Kock had kept secret.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

However, criticism of the Red Guards at the meeting was not heard, as Kaarlo Kalke, a Turkish tailor master and long-line Social Democrat, had left a written wish to refrain from it in speeches.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[19] Instead, the Guard was defended, inter alia, by the fact that it was better than the police in keeping order, for example, in the troubled Kymenlaakso.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

According to some party conference delegates, the Red Guards should have been converted into free-fire brigades or sports clubs because of the fear that with the abolition, members of the Workers' Unions would go along with the activities of the bourgeois Force League.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[24] The problem of continuing again saw that after the Senate's decision, the Guards should have operated underground, an idea entirely foreign to the labour movement.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[25] Jussi Tuominen, who was a representative of the Red Guards, also supported abolition, but insisted in his speech that they should be admitted to having done great service to the Labour cause.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[24] Eventually, the party convention unanimously decided to abolish the Red Guards.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[24] However, some of the party conference delegates set up an underground armed parallel organisation for the SDP as a replacement for the Red Guards.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The secret meeting included Väinö and Sulo Wuolijoki, as well as Timo Korpimaa and Leo Laukki, who influenced workers activists.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

According to them, the Finnish labour movement had to prepare for a revolution in Russia, the support of which they saw as the only way to consolidate autonomy and the continuation of popular development.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[26] Secret Guards were active at least in Turku and especially in and around Vyborg, where radical Russian revolutionaries and even anarchists were influenced by radical Russian revolutionaries.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

The creation of a parallel organization came to the attention of other Social Democrats as early as September 1906.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[26] They were strongly condemned by the party leadership, and at the same time the activities of the Guards began to wane as public interest was directed towards the upcoming elections and the subsequent parliamentary work.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[19] Moreover, the attitude of the older knee of the labour movement was also influenced by Yrjö Mäkelin, for example, regularly criticising underground activities in the People's Journal.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[27] Some underground organisations collaborated with labour activists, but their activities too were already halted during 1907 after the secret printing was revealed and the engineer Severi Alante, who ran it, went into exile in North America.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

However, Johan Kock, who had fled to the United States earlier, was still in contact with the Underground Guards, who were still waiting for him to return one day as head of the Red Guards.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

In July 1907, Kock founded the Association for the Finnish-Russian Revolution, which published flyers circulated in Finland and a newspaper called Tahto of Poorälistö.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

[27] During the following autumn, the activities of underground organisations were terminally halted as the labour movement concentrated on the initiated parliamentary work.


Question: What is meant by the generic term 'Red Guard'?

Red Guard

While still in 1908, Matti Kurikka founded an organisation called Suoja Suoja, aimed at armed resistance against the Russian government, it failed to gain much support.