Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Similarly, the north has a colder winter than the south because the continents are quicker to give off heat than the seas.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Because of this, the temperature fluctuations in the northern half are greater than those in the southern half.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

[3] Northern Hemisphere summer is 2—3 days longer than southern hemisphere summer.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

This is due to Kepler's second law: planets move along their course more slowly in aphel.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

[2] The placement of perihel and aphel in the seasons shifts slowly due to both axis precession and perihel twisting.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

This is how Milanković episodes of about 20,000 years are born.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Latitude and seasons Due to Earth's axis tilt (about 23.5 degrees), the seasons are different at different latitudes.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

The Earth can be divided into the cold zone between the pole and the Arctic Circle, the warm zone between the Arctic Circle and the Inverting Circle, and the hot zone between the turning circle and the equator.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

North of the Arctic Circle around 66.5 degrees north of the summer The Sun can shine through the night.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

The phenomenon is called the midnight sun or polar day.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

During the summer solstice, the area where the center of the Sun does not fall below the horizon is at its greatest: The sun shines through the night everywhere north of the Arctic Circle.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

In winter, north of the Arctic Circle, there may be a camos (polar night), when the sun does not rise during the day.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

During the winter solstice, the gaping area is at its greatest.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Because of the caamos, winters in the polar regions are extremely cold.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Even then, the atmosphere might scatter dim light on the night of Christmas.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

When there is a polar day or polar night in the north, there is a polar night or polar day in the region between the South Arctic Circle and the South Pole at the same time, respectively.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Between the 23,5° P to 23.5°E of Kravu and Caprici reversal circles, especially at the equator, it is always warm: in close proximity to the equator, the seasons are distinguished by their precipitation.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

At the equator, there are two rainy seasons and two dry seasons per year; turning circles have one rainy season and one dry season.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Scheduling Seasons There are at least three different definitions of seasons and their boundary points in different contexts.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

In everyday language, three calendar months are often read for each season.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

By astronomical definition, the seasons change as equinoxes and solstices.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Meteorology uses thermal seasons, the boundaries of which are defined by when the average temperature of the day exceeds or falls below certain limits.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

[4] Ordinary speech in different countries may have different ideas about where the season begins and perceptions may vary historically.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

In England, for example, seasons are considered to start a month earlier than in Finland: for example, spring is thought to include February, March and April.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

[6] In American English calendars, summer and winter are considered to begin with the summer solstice and winter solstice respectively.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

In the 19th century, Zacharias Topelius defined winter as beginning in November and ending in April (autumn winter, heart-winter, spring spring), spring as being May and June, summer July and August, and autumn as September and October.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

[7] Astronomical seasons By astronomical definition, spring in the Northern Hemisphere begins at the vernal equinox on March 20 or 21, summer from the summer solstice on June 21 or 22, autumn from the autumn equinox on September 22 or 23, and winter from the winter solstice on 21. or December 22.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

In the southern hemisphere, the counter-season begins relative to the northern hemisphere, for example, when winter begins in the northern half, summer begins in the southern half.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

These points in time are the same all over the globe.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Due to the eccentricity of the country's track, these are slightly different lengths: summer is 93.65 but winter only 88.99 days long.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

[8] Thermal seasons Permanent overruns and undercuts shall, as a rule, mean exceeding or below the average temperature of at least five consecutive days with respect to the given limit temperature.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

In Finland, the longest of the thermal seasons is winter and the shortest spring.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

See also Finland — Seasons Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Oja, Heikki| title = Chronicle 2007| location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki Almanac Office| year = 2007| id = ISBN 952-10-3221-9| format = [online version] | accessdate = 22.4.2010}} Finnish Nature Year Guide.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

Lasse J. Laine,


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

WSOY 2011.


Question: Who came up with dividing the year into months?

Seasons

(what nature observations at different times of the year can do) References * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The Pope (,, pápas) is the Bishop of Rome, supreme spiritual leader of the Catholic Church and head of the Vatican.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

According to the Catholic Church's conception, he is the commandment holder of Christ on earth and, according to the dogma established in 1870, infallible in speaking ex officio () on matters of faith.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The pope is elected by a meeting of cardinals, or conclave.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The current pope is Francis, who was elected to office in spring 2013.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The pope's secular power is limited today, but beyond spiritual leadership, he is a major moral leader for more than a billion Catholics, and his opinions are noted even if Vatican City itself has no significant military or political power.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The pope is considered the successor of the apostle Peter.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

This gives him certain special privileges within the Catholic Church, which are justified both by the Bible and by the Church's lineage.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The pope lives in the Apostolic Palace next door to St. Peter's Basilica, but travels a lot.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Today, before being elected, the pope must have practically served as a priest of the Catholic Church, after which he has been elevated to bishop, possibly including archbishop.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Subsequently, he has been elevated to a cardinal by the then pope, the highest title in the Catholic Church immediately after his papacy.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Since his elevation to cardinal, he has been elected pope in the conclave.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Although the canonical law of the Catholic Church places no formal requirements on the Pope other than the sacrament of male gender and confirmation, it is practically clear that only a cardinal can be elected pope in the conclave.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In the Middle Ages, the Pope was at times the most powerful man in the Christian world and above kings and emperors.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Of the papal titles, the four most popular are John (23), Benedictus (16), Gregory (16) and Clement (14).


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[1] Of the Popes, 80 are venerated as a saint and 9 as blissful.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[1] Three popes have been given the additional name “Great”: Saint Leo I (died 461), Saint Gregory I (540—604), and Saint Nicholas I (died 867).


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[1] [2] [3] [4] Saint Peter and Saint Gertrude the Great are venerated as patron saints of the popes.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[5] History Beginning of the Papacy There are different views on who was the first pope in history.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The Catholic Church considers the handover of the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven to the Apostle Peter as a sign of his proclamation as head of all other apostles and the first Bishop of Rome, namely the Pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

It is written on the inner edge of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica: Tu es Petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam et tibi dabo claves regni caelorum [6] (in Finnish You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

I am giving you the keys to the kingdom of heaven) as Jesus is reported to have said to Peter according to the Gospel of Matthew [7].


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Most critical views do not question this passage in the Bible or its events, but question Peter's position as head of the Congregation in Rome and thus as Pope as well.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Three critical questions are usually asked: [6] What historical evidence is there that Peter has even been in the city of Rome?


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

How is it known that he died there martyrdom?


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Can we provide evidence that the apostle Peter was indeed the first bishop of the city of Rome, or the pope?


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

There have been a wide range of answers to the questions.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

According to the most critical estimates, Peter never visited the city of Rome in his life, in which case he could not be the first Bishop of Rome and therefore the papacy cannot be justified by him.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

An answer to any of the three questions presented cannot be found in the Bible because the New Testament does not tell of the final stages of the life of the Apostle Peter.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Despite this, the tradition of Peter's martyrdom in Rome is probably true.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[8] During Pope Pius XII's tenure as pope, excavations were carried out under St. Peter's Basilica in the 1950s resulting in the discovery of a tomb monument.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Next to it are scribbled the words in Greek: Peter is here.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

At the site where the burial monument was found, the early cemetery of Emperor Nero was located, where some of the Christians executed in persecution were buried.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Bones were also found at the site and, in its briefing, the Vatican City State stated that it was 'at the highest probability' the earthly remains of the Apostle Prince.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Not everyone agrees with Vatican City, as, according to the most critical scholars, “there was an expectation that bones would be found in the cemetery.”


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[9] In addition to secular evidence, the Bible, according to some scholars, gives indirect indications of Peter's stay in Rome, although, however, does not directly state the final stages of the apostle prince's life.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[10] For example, at the end of the First Epistle of Peter it says: “A greeting shall be sent to you by the congregation in Babylon, chosen as you, and my son Mark.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

“[11] [10] If it is assumed that Peter wrote the letter himself — although several scholars question this [10] — as well as Babylon being the pseudonym of Rome, it is likely that Peter was in Rome at the time.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In the Bible, the name Babylon rarely referred to the city of Babylon itself, but instead meant the decadent world cities.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[10] In this case, it would be assumed that it would be Rome.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

This claim is also supported by the mention of Mark's name, as church historians mention this having been in Rome as Peter's interpreter.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[10] Thus, on the basis of the tomb monument and bone finds, one can answer the first and second questions and assume that Peter was actually in Rome and the martyrdom of the deceased.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

To the third question, modern research answers no.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[9] Probably the Roman congregation arose even before 50 [12], that is, before the arrival of Paul and Peter in the city.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In this case, the parishes lacked episcopal posts, as the parish order gradually evolved towards more uniform forms.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The post of bishop as the leader of the congregation developed in Asia Minor from where it slowly spread elsewhere and arrived in Rome around the year 160.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

On this basis, one cannot speak of Peter as the first pope, nor even as the head of the Roman Congregation.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The early church and the rise of papacy the special status of the Bishop of Rome among other bishops began to be outlined in the middle of the third century, when Cyprianus, a North African bishop in particular, and Firmilianos, from Asia Lesser, emphasised the connection between the apostles, between episcopal office and orthodoxy.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[13] The reason precisely for the special status of the Bishop of Rome was, in the early stages of Christendom, the location of the parish in the capital


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The location influenced the importance of the parish, but even in the first centuries it did not guarantee the Roman congregation a special status among other parishes in the empire.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

It was not until political factors began to influence the church, with the establishment of Christianity as the official religion of the kingdom in 380, that the importance of the town where the parish was located increased considerably.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[13] Although the Roman congregation increased its prestige, the importance and status of the Congregation of Constantinople became even more entrenched when the capital of the Roman Empire moved from Rome to Constantinople.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[13] Therefore, in the Christian sense, the prestige enjoyed by the Roman congregation was rather due to the fact that the Roman congregation was regarded as consecrated by the blood of several martyrs.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[13] Leo I the Great was pope from 440—461.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

He developed the idea of “Primus inter pares” (“first among his peers”).


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

This meant the superiority of the Bishop of Rome over other bishops.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

As pope, he strongly developed theological justifications for papacy, and during his time established the notion of papal supremacy within the Church.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[14] Leo I therefore considered the papal seat to enjoy the legitimacy given by God.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[15] According to Leo I, the handover of the keys of the kingdom of heaven and the words of Jesus to the apostle Peter also applied to other leaders of the Roman congregation.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

According to Leo I, handing over the keys to the kingdom of heaven to the apostle Peter meant elevating this above the other apostles.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Similarly, Leo considered the bishops of Rome, or popes, that he considered Peter's successors, to be above other bishops.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[16] The appeal to theology for the position of the pope deliberately differed from the demands of the Patriarchs of Constantinople, based mostly on political grounds.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[16] The Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III also supported Leo I's claim to papal supremacy within the Church by siding with Leo in the dispute between him and the Bishop of Arles.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[16] As a result of the dispute, the Emperor decreed that the apostle Peter had been granted the office of supreme judge as well as supreme administrative authority in the Church, [17] as well as the highest teaching post.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[18] [16] Leo I was also the first to make a claim to papal infallibility, basing his claim on the Bible.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[19] According to the views of Christianity of the East, the city of Rome was only one of five patriarchates in equal measure, and thus the power of the Bishop of Rome was no higher than the other bishops.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[15] The honorary position of the Pope was recognised in the East, but at the same time the supreme decision-making power was considered to be vested in the ecumenical assemblies and not to the pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[15] In the Middle Ages, however, the power of the Papacy and at the same time the central government of the Catholic Church was quite limited until the 9th century.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In this case, the reform movements of the monastic establishment, especially the so-called Cluny movement, began to stress the Pope's position as a guarantee man of ecclesiastical and spiritual oneness.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The first man on the papal seat to represent the reform movement in Cluny was Gregory VII.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[20] Gregory VII believed that the Papal See had complete rule over both the Church and the world.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[21] Gregory VII draws up 27 theses for his own use, according to which, for example, the Church of Rome is never mistaken, nor can it, according to the testimony of the Bible, ever be mistaken.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Only the Pope may convene an ecclesiastical assembly.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Only he can impose bishops and dismiss them.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Only he can change his own sentences.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

No one can judge him.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Only he can approve amendments to the Church Act.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

He can fire emperors.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

He can free his subjects from the oath of allegiance.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

All princes must kiss the feet of the pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

One sign of the growth of papal power was the division of the Church into two, Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic in 1054 (the Great Schism).


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Technically the cause was a dispute over the so-called filioque addition in the creed, but in practice the larger problem was the dispute over the mutual prestige and power of the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[22] In the Middle Ages, Papal power was also justified by the so-called Constantine Deed of Gift.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

However, it in the 15th century was shown to be a forgery made around the time of the emergence of the Church State.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

According to the deed of gift, Emperor Constantine would have ceded to Pope Sylvester I and his successors power in Rome and Western Roman cities.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[23] This was the so-called St. Peter's legacy.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In addition, according to the document, the Pope would have been given the regalia of the emperor and to the priests the rank of senator.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[23] Constantine would have left only East Rome, according to the deed of gift.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

According to the deed of gift, the reason for the donation was the advice on Christianity given by the Pope to the Emperor.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The Pope had also baptized him, according to the deed of gift


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[23] The Catholic Church did not admit the deed of gift as a forgery until the 19th century.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[23] Until the 10th century, the appointment of popes was responsible for the senior clergy of the Roman province, but the selection was also influenced by secular leaders.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In 1059, cardinals were named as electors, and in 1179 the cardinals' votes were ordered to be equally weighty in the election.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In principle, any man who is baptized can be elected pope, but since the election of Pope Urbanus VI in 1378, the pope has always been chosen from among the cardinals.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In the 8 January 1198 conclave, yet another pope was elected, taking the title of Innocentius III.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Even today, he is regarded throughout the Middle Ages and by some as the greatest pope of all time.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[24] The new pope interpreted himself as being directly substitute for Christ, greater than man, lesser than God, and thus higher than kings and entitled to command all.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

On his rise to lead the Catholic Church, Innocentius III was commanded by the most powerful organisation of the Middle Ages.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[24] The church resembled a state more than a religious modern church; it had its own laws, legislatures, courts, lawyers, prisons, and the best organized and efficient administrative apparatus in Europe.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[24] Innocentius III was the leader of all Europe, because after the death of the emperor of the Holy German-Roman Empire, he did not have a single sufficiently powerful rival.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The pope's political advice was followed in France, England, Denmark, Hungary as well as in Bohemia.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[24] It was not until the late Middle Ages, after the captivity of Avignon and the subsequent Great Schism, that the bishops of Rome attained ubiquitous control over the ecclesiastical administration of the Western Church, although the supreme decision-making power was maintained in principle through ecclesiastical assemblies under the leadership of the popes.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the New Age, the great secular power and wealth of the Pope led to some abuses.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Popes did not always behave as required for their office.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

These popes did not live in celibacy, but may have had several children and mistresses.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Some also sold and bought episcopal posts.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

These irregularities, real and partly imagined, were a partial cause of the Reformation and hence also the emergence of Protestant churches: Martti Luther Finland vehemently discounted the papacy and opposed the concentration of power in one person.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Papacy in the New Age Papacy in the New Age comprises the history of the papacy from the 15th century to the present day.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

During the New Age papacy, a number of events significant to the history of the papacy and also the history of the Catholic Church took place, such as the Reformation, in which Protestant churches were born.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Similarly, the new-age papacy also includes, for example, the conflict between the development of science and society with the papacy and the modernising world, as well as science.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In the new era, the papacy also evolved, especially during the nineteenth century papacy, from a secular prince-bishopric to a more spiritual institution.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Papacy from 19th century to modern period The development of papal power since the 19th century the power of the popes has changed considerably, always changing in a more spiritual direction.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

After Pius VI lost the Church State to Napoleon, the secular power of the popes turned into decline.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In the 19th century, the Church State remained standing no longer with the military support of some European states, and the papal seat was thus not at all an impartial spiritual element in world politics.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The situation changed greatly when the Church State was militarily annexed to the newly unified Italy.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The incident caused the Vatican's imprisonment, that is, a dispute between the Pope and the Italian state, but at the same time it freed the Pope from his ties to the Church State.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The pope was no longer head of state, and the pope was thus not as dependent on secular politics as he once was.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The annexation of the church state to Italy was a very important event for the development of papal power.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Industrialization, on the other hand, made the Pope globally known.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Railways developed through industrialisation and the development of other transport links and means facilitated travel between different continents and enabled global meetings such as the First Ecclesiastical Assembly of the Vatican.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

At the same time, through train connections, devout Catholics could travel to the Vatican compound and make pilgrimages there.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The Lateran Treaties of 1929 ended the Vatican's imprisonment and quarrel with the Italian state.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

At the same time, the pope once again became head of state.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The Pope, however, was not as dependent on support from foreign powers as he was in the time of the Church State.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In the 20th century, the Papal See remained, in most cases, officially neutral between disputes between the various states.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

With the advent of the 21st century, the papacy became an increasingly spiritual institution and in modern times it enjoyed widespread appreciation and support around the world.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In modern times, the Pope is an important moral influence, and his opinions are widely listened to.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The clash between the papacy and the modernising world One of the most important events in terms of the development of the papacy in the 19th and 20th centuries included a clash between the papacy and the modernized world, cooling the conservative papacy's relations with the modernising world.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The election of deeply religious pious cardinals as pope in the first half of the 19th century was likely to exacerbate the old papal seat's dispute with the reforming world.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Leo XII, for example, was very reactionary and devoid of proper sense of proportion, [25] which is why, among other things, he stopped giving smallpox vaccinations in the Church State as well as excluding Roman Jews in the ghetto.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[26] Similarly, hopes of changing the Church State's old priest-led system of government experienced a clampdown in the early 19th century, because while reformist popes may have attempted to reform the old Church State, their successors quickly reversed these reforms.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

For example, Pope Gregory XVI cancelled the reforms of his predecessor Pius VIII, which had attempted to modernize the Church State.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The Church State was considered one of the most backward countries in Europe during the papacy of Gregory XVI.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[27] At the same time, Gregory XVI gave his support to various measures restricting freedom of expression across Europe, as the Church State was militarily dependent on the support provided by these European states.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Gregory XVI condemned freedom of expression, among other things, in his circular Mirari vos: Another circular deepening the divide between the papacy and the modernising world was drawn up during Pius IX's papal term in 1864, and made famous by the Syllabus errorum, a catalogue of errors attached to it.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In the list, the pope condemned eighty modern causes he considered heretics, including freedom of conscience, Protestantism, civil marriage, as well as socialism.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[28] [29] Syllabus errorum classified heresies into ten different groups: [28] Pantheism, naturalism, strident rationalism Moderate rationalism Indifferentism Socialism, communism, secret societies, biblical societies, priestly liberal associations Errors concerning the Church Errors on natural and Christian ethics Errors on marriage Errors on the secular power of the Pope Errors of modern liberalism The eightieth paragraph of the list condemned the claim that “the Pope of Rome could and that he should come to terms with progress, libertarianism, and modern culture”.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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[28] The appointment of the finding as heresy created a deep divide between the old papacy and a renewing Europe.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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It was not until 1878—1903 that Pope Leo XIII, who reigned in 1878—1903, took the first steps to re-evaluate the modernising world.


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This he did with his circular Rerum novarum, in which modern society was no longer rebuffed.


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[30] Although, Pius X, the successor of Leo XIII, required all priests to swear not to support modernism.


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In the same period of Pius X, the so-called “papal secret police” was established, looking for pro-modernism priests and bishops.


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However, relations between the pope and the modernising world warmed under Pius X's successors, but it was not until the 1960s that the persecution of modernism and the sharp separation of science from theology ceased.


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During Paul VI, several Catholic professors of theology were allowed to teach at their universities, although their views may differ from the official views of the Catholic Church, [31] but under John Paul II some Catholic theologians have been deprived of permission to teach their own views.


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[31] By coming to the present day, however, the papacy has changed considerably from the time of Gregory XVI, and as science developed, for example, John Paul II was forced to state, among other things, that “the theory of evolution is more than a hypothesis.


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“[32] The Second Vatican Council gives direction to the Second Vatican Church Conference convened by Pope John XXIII, who ruled in the 1960s, was a very significant event for the Catholic Church and is among the most significant events for the Catholic Church in the 20th century.


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[33] The ecclesiastical assembly caused a reversal in the Catholic Church's attitude towards other Christian churches and denominations.


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[33] Likewise, as a result of the Ecclesiastical Conference, the Catholic Church's perception of itself changed, as well as its perception of a


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[33] In particular, the latter change was very significant because the papacy had been marked by the conflict of the papacy of the Papacy with science and modernism in the whole new period and was clearly visible, especially in the politics of the popes who ruled in the 19th and 20th centuries.


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The Second Vatican Council differed greatly from the previous ecclesiastical assemblies, as that ecclesiastical assembly greatly reformed the Catholic Church, which was considered archaic.


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For example, 90 years before the start of the Second Vatican Church Conference, the First Vatican Church had not reformed the Catholic Church but strengthened the power of the Pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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[33] Furthermore, the documents prepared at the Second Vatican Council of Ecclesiastics sought to be adopted by means of compromise solutions with the greatest possible voting majorities, [33] in contrast to, for example, the First Vatican Council, where Pope Pius IX had opposed several compromises and carried through the will of the Pope despite great opposition.


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Among the results of the Second Vatican Council of Ecclesiastics were sixteen approved documents.


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[34] Four documentaries called the Constitution were of particular importance: [34] a dogmatic institution on the liturgy the dogmatic denunciation of a dogmatic institution on the Church in today's world The Assembly of Ecclesiastics the decisions adopted also included nine decrites relating to social modes of communication, the Catholic Eastern Churches, ecumenism, bishops, the education of priests, rules, lay apostolates, and priests and missionary work.


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[34] The Ecclesiastical Assembly also adopted three opinions on Christian upbringing, non-Christian denominations and religious freedom.


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[34] The Second Vatican Council also urged Catholics to cooperate as well as discussion with religions other than just Christianity.


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[34] In relation to the document of the Ecclesiastical Assembly, a statement was also published in which the Church dissociated itself from anti-Semitism.


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[34] The Ecclesiastical Assembly also took a line different from the First Vatican Council, accepting freedom of religion by appealing to human dignity as well as the Christian concept of faith.


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[34] The position differed greatly from the proclamations of Pope Pius IX during the First Vatican Council, by which the Papal Court had, less than a century ago, declared its opposition to religious freedom by naming it heresy.


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[35] From John Paul II to the present day, Pope John Paul II had ruled the Catholic Church for nearly twenty-seven years from 1978 until his death.


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His pontificate had been the longest since Pius IX, who served as pope for thirty-one years, who was pope from 1846 to 1878.


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John Paul II, as pope, was a powerful and singular personality, leading the church more conservatively and tightly than his predecessors.


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For example, during his time as pope, he appointed bishops to important episcopal seats singularly and in some places also against the general will of local dioceses, [36] in 1995 declared the issues of female priesthood exhausted [37] while declaring that “the Church has none prestige to give priestly consecration to women”, and also required all church members to stick to this settlement.


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[37] John Paul II was also the first pope to appear profusely in the media.


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With his powerful and prominent appearances, he gained much media exposure in the world, and during his long tenure he became an important morale influencer.


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John Paul II's importance in the implosion of communism in Eastern Europe, especially in Poland, was particularly great.


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[38] Joseph Alois Ratzinger was elected in the 2005 conclave to succeed John Paul II after four ballots.


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He adopted Benedict XVI as his papacy title; as Cardinal, Ratzinger was regarded as a leading figure in the conservative wing of the Catholic Church, which stressed the purity of doctrine, opposed contraception, denounced homosexuality, female priesthood and radical feminism, and opposed debate over priestly celibacy deletion.


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Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Archbishop of Buenos Aires, was elected in a conclave on 13 March 2013, after five rounds of voting, to succeed Benedict XVI.


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He took as his papal name Franciscus Franciscus of Assisi.


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He is a native of Argentina and the first pope from outside Europe in centuries.


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Pontificates of the Popes The current Pope Francis is, according to the official count, ordinal number 266.


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The removals of popes deemed worthless in hindsight, counterpopes, and popes uncertain in the historicity of the early centuries make it difficult to accurately ascertain the actual ordinal number.


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Popes' terms in office have lasted about seven-and-a-half years on average, but ranged from weeks to tens of years.


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Benedict IX, on the other hand, was in the 10th century as pope for three different terms.


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The main problem with enumerating popes, however, stems from the popes in power at the same time in the Middle Ages.


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There are no unambiguous criteria for determining popes and counter-popes.


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The pope is usually very old when he ascends to office.


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John Paul II, for example, was at 58 the youngest to be elected pope since Pius IX, who was elected pope at the age of 54 in 1846.


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Pope Benedict XVI was 78 years old at the time of his election.


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The current Pope Francis was 76 years old at the time of his election.


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The youngest to become pope was only about 22 years old at the time of his appointment.


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His extraordinary youth is epitomised by a lineage that he would have been only 12 years old.


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St Peter's through 35 years is considered to be the longest pontificate, though both the beginning and ending years of his term are legendary rather than historic.


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Critical historians also dispute the idea that Peter had served as Bishop of Rome at all.


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According to the official Vatican list, the longest-reigning popes are: Saint Peter (approximately 33—68, 35 years) Pius IX (1846—1878, 32 years) John Paul II (1978—2005, 27 years) Leo XIII (1878—1903, 25 years).


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The shortest pontificates are less straightforward to determine, as some popes who ruled for very little time were considered counter-popes in their time, and their names were not included in the Catholic Church's official list of popes.


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Dioscorus, for example, died 22 days after his election.


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Of the popes who ruled in the 20th century, John Paul I died on his 34th day of reign.


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The shortest pope in power of the official popes is Urbanus VII, who had time to be in office for 13 days.


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Before the election of John Paul II of Poland, all popes from over 450 years had been Italian.


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The previous non-Italian pope had been the Dutchman Hadrian VI, who was pope from 1522—1523.


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Of the popes elected after John Paul II, Benedict XVI is German and the current Pope Francis hails from Argentina.


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Papal nepotism The great power of the popes in both spiritual and secular matters also added to some abuses.


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Since the papal office allowed great financial benefits to the relatives of the reigning pope at any given time, they did not want to give up their perks after the Pope's death.


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The solution to this was the cardinal neposis system, whereby the reigning pope appointed one of his relatives as cardinal.


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This custom of popes appointing their relatives as cardinal nepos originated in the Middle Ages, and the custom reached its peak in the 16th and 17th century.


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[39] From the Avignon captivity of the popes until Innocentius XII's anti-nepotism Romanum decet pontificem bulla published in 1692, the Popes without cardinal nepos were a distinct exception.


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Likewise, all the popes who had ruled cardinals during the Renaissance wore cardinal nepos, which were usually their brothers or nephews.


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[40] The cardinal nepos were in their time very influential figures within the Church, and the cardinal nepos was the unofficial head of the College of Cardinals.


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[41] The appointment of cardinal nepostes based on nepotism later proved to be an anomalous system, leading to it being phased out in the 17th century.


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[41] The institution of cardinal nepoxies lasted for more than seven centuries all the way from the 10th century to the 18th century.


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The history of cardinal nepos was closely related to the history of the papacy, and the situation of cardinal nepos generally reflected that of the then papacy as well.


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For example, during strong cardinal nepos, it could be established with great certainty that the reigning pope was weak in power and thus maneuverable by his cardinal nepos.


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[42] The position and its grounds The Catholic Church justifies the papacy with the Bible.


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It quotes several Bible verses in support of its position, most importantly the passage in the Gospel of Matthew in which Jesus says to Peter, “You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church”, (Matt.


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Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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The Name of Peter (kr.


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Petros, aram.


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Keefas) means rock.


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Other passages include Luke 22:31 —32 and John 21:15 —17.


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In the view of some historians, the first actual pope was Leo I and considered by some to be Gregory I, for they exercised general ecclesiastical power considerably more than their predecessors.


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The pope's position is dogmatic.


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It is defined over a long period of time.


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The following attributes are attached to the Pope: Rights The Pope is the sovereign head of state of the Vatican City State, and he hereby enjoys all related rights in the territory of his power.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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The pope has the right to appoint bishops and cardinals, but normally he only accepts appointments.


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The pope may declare a person or a thing to be put in a curse.


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In this case, a person is considered not to belong to the church and cannot participate in the celebration of Communion (excommunication).


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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The pope may also make a statement “ex cathedra”.


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In making a statement, the pope is infallible in religious matters.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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The First Vatican Ecumenical Consil, under Pope Pius IX, decided in 1870 that the Pope is infallible in matters which he has recited ex cathedra (in Finnish from the Episcopal Court, in the sense of “officially”).


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[43] At the first Ecclesiastical Conference of the Vatican, the matter was defined as follows: In the Ex cathedra situation, the pope must be on the verge of determining the question of faith or morality in his official position as head of the universal church, not merely his own, private theologian.


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In addition, the idea he dogmatizes must be generally accepted in the church.


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According to the Church, in this situation, the pope is protected by the Holy Spirit from making mistakes.


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However, the Vatican I Council did not accurately define the conditions for when a pope may be considered to have spoken ex cathedra, which has led to certain options for interpretation.


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In practice, many popes, despite their right, have avoided making statements ex cathedra, as this would also bind their successors theologically or followers would either have to reinterpret the decisions of their predecessors or possibly even make opposing decisions, which would undermine the credibility of the catholic church tradition alongside bible interpretation.


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There are differing views on which of the decisions made by the pope fall within the realm of infallibility.


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However, it is generally accepted that the dogma proclaimed by Pope Pius IX in 1854 regarding the unoriginal birth of the Virgin Mary and the dogma proclaimed by Pope Pius XII in 1950 regarding the admission of the Virgin Mary into heaven were infallible statements.


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Many see as cases of papal infallibility such as previous Christological statements, the dogmatic definition of infallibility itself, Pope Leo XIII's declaration of void of priestly consecration in the Anglican denomination of 1896, and Pope John Paul II's declaration of the impossibility of female priesthood dating back to 1994.


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The Pope and Political Power Papal ecclesiastical administration, the Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes) is the legal entity that governs the Vatican City State and is involved in international treaties.


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The Holy See also holds observer status at the UN.


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[44] In statesmanship, the Vatican City State is a theocracy and, according to Article 1 of the State Constitution, the supreme legislative, executive and judicial power in the Vatican City State is vested in the Pope.


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[45] Vatican City is therefore a monarchy governed in absolute terms.


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The pope is simultaneously both the head of the Vatican City State and the head of the Catholic Church.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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Despite the limited political weight of Vatican City City itself, the pope holds numerous international influence, and as the official spiritual leader of about a billion Catholics, he himself also carries political weight.


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Pope John Paul II, for example, took numerous positions in politics during his term, in addition to making several trips to various countries and meeting with world political leadership, including U.S. President George W. Bush.


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Pope John Paul II made a lot of appearances in the media compared to his predecessors, and he made the Papal See even more famous in the world.


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The pope's influence is the fact that John Paul II's visit to communist Poland caused an outright popular movement following the pope, and the Pope was noted as a major threat all the way to the Soviet Union.


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[46] The Pope and Moral Power The Pope is the moral and spiritual leader for the world's roughly 1 billion Catholics, so his opinions are taken seriously.


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Even if popes do not have outright political or military power, they can still influence many major policy issues.


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Even in the first half of the 20th century, the moral influence of the popes was undermined, as illustrated, for example, by Josif Stalin's 1935 alleged question to Pierre Laval, the French foreign minister: “How many divisions does the Pope have?” [47] A few decades later, John Paul II contributed decisively to the fall of communism in Poland, causing him to be listed in the Soviet Union as a clear threat.


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According to an Italian police account, it was the KGB who was behind the 1981 assassination attempt on John Paul II by Turkish Mehmet Ali Ağca.


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[48] Many feel that the newly ruled popes have been conservative.


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John Paul II, for example, opposed female priesthood and contraception, among other things.


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The next pope continued the line of his predecessor.


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Some critics oppose John Paul II's new additional name, John Paul II the Great, which the Vatican has used about him lately, as they felt the pope's conservative stance slowed, among other things, the fight against AIDS as well as the fight against poverty overpopulation while promoting.


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Pope Benedict XVI was considered conservative and unwilling to reform.


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The pope continued along the same line as his predecessor John Paul II in relation to contraception and the female priesthood.


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Some experts think it would have been worthwhile for the pope to choose Pius as his name, [49] as this would indicate the pope's conservative position.


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The name Benedictus probably comes from the fact that Benedict XV was one of the popes who ruled for the shortest period of the 20th century.


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Death, resignation from office and election of a new pope Resignation From office The Pope can resign from office, but this happens extremely rarely.


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Pope Benedict XVI announced his resignation on 28 February 2013 citing health reasons. [50].


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Before Benedict XVI, the previous Pope to have resigned was Gregory XII in 1415.


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However, the resignation of Gregory XII was truly reluctant and pressured by the Great Schism with the advent of the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Pisa and Konstanz in 1409.


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The last pope to voluntarily resign from office was Celestinus V in 1294.


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According to certain Catholic views, resignation is dangerous because it allows the rise of counter-popes.


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Death Generally, the pope changes only after the previous pope dies.


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The orders on the death of the pope have been precise and shaped over the centuries.


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When the pope dies, his closest aides gather in the pope's room.


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One high official, a camerlengo, or papal chamberlain, knocks the pope on the forehead with a small silver hammer and calls him three times by his baptismal name.


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If the pope does not react, the camerlengo will write a death certificate.


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The Pope's ring, a fisherman's ring referring to Peter, is removed from his finger.


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Next, the pope's apartment will be emptied and sealed.


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This tradition, dating back to the Middle Ages, aims to prevent anyone else from impersonating the pope.


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No one has a business in the apartment before the election of a new pope.


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Roman church bells ring to mark death and prayers are read in front of St. Peter's Basilica.


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The bronze doors leading to the Vatican will be closed and will not be opened until a new pope is elected.


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Popes who ruled more recently have died in the Apostolic Palace next to St. Peter's Basilica.


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Traditionally, the declaration of the deceased has taken place without ceremonies, for example, after the death of John Paul I, the Vatican sent a clear and simple press release: “Pope dead” (“Pope dead”).


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John Paul II's death was briefed by text message and email sent to reporters.


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At the death of the pope, the Catholic Church enters the sedisvak deck ('free seat'), often referred to somewhat inaccurately as an interregnum (“between reigns”).


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With the Holy See empty, several senior Vatican officials automatically lose their posts.


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Power formally passes to the College of Cardinals, and preparations are being made for the election of a new pope.


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Upon the Pope's death, the camerlengo breaks the papal lead seal and disposes of the gold fisherman's ring in the presence of witnesses.


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After John Paul II died, this ritual took place a good week after the funeral.


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The pope's body will be put on display in St. Peter's Basilica.


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Funerals are usually held after 4—6 days.


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The official mourning period lasts nine days.


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The mourning period ends with Mass.


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The Choice Conclave is a meeting of cardinals appointed by the Pope in the Catholic Church, at which they elect a new head of the church, namely the pope.


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Eligible to vote are cardinals who were under 80 when the papal seat became vacant.


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Because of the absolute dominance of the pope, ecclesiastical changes are possible only after the death of the pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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During his term as papacy, or pontificate, each pope pursues such policies as he wishes, and only the reigning pope has the opportunity to decide the content of that policy.


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It is impossible to dismiss the pope from office, [51] so in practice the pope is able to pursue the policies he wants right up to the end of his life.


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However, papal power ceases to exist as soon as the ruling pope passes away.


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In this case, the Catholic Church finds itself in a sedisvak, that is, a state where the pope's episcopal seat is empty.


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Papal power then passes to the College of Cardinals, that is, an entity formed by cardinals.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

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Nominally, the supreme power after the death of the pope is held by a cardinal chamberlain named camerlengo, whose task is taken to organise the papal invasion, or conclave.


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The conclave is practically the only situation in which cardinals can tangibly change the course of papal politics.


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Conclaves tend to see a desire for change among cardinals; a diplomatic pope is followed by a religious pope and a longtime pope by a short-term pope.


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[51] For this reason, cardinals who were close to the previous pope do not necessarily have a chance in the conclave; rather, the college often seeks to seek a candidate distinctive from the previous pope.


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[51] Predicting the course of a conclave is often difficult, and the conclave does not necessarily end up with solutions that seem obvious.


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Often elections produce surprises of some sort in its choices, as illustrated by the saying used in Rome: “whoever goes to the conclave as pope comes out as a cardinal.”


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[52] The unpredictability of choice is heightened in some places by the need for a new pope to win over a two-thirds majority of cardinals, and since the College of Cardinals is usually divided on the papal question, it is difficult for advance favourites to gather the necessary support together.


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[52] Dissenting cardinals often find themselves in search of compromise candidates that satisfy different parties.


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[52] Titles The denomination Pope is used instead of the full title which reads: Bishop of Rome, Deputy of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Head and Supreme Shepherd of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Priimas of Italy, Archbishop of the Roman Church Province and metropolitta, ruler of the Vatican City State, servant of the servants of God.


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In Latin, these titles are: Episcopus Romanus, Vicarius Christi, Successor principis apostolorum, Caput universalis ecclesiae, Pontifex Maximus, Primatus Italiae, Archiepiscopus ac metropolitanus provinciae ecclesiasticae Romanae, Princeps sui iuris civitatis Vaticanae, Servus The orum dei.


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The title Patriarcha Occidentis, “Patriarch of the West” was removed from the official list of titles in March 2006.


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The word pope is originally based on the Greek word πάπ (π) ας, “pappas” (father), from which the Latin form “papa” arose.


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The word has entered Finnish through Swedish (“påve”).


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In Greece and Russia, priests are still referred to by the word “pap [p] a [s]”, and the word is also related to the Finnish word “priest”.


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The pope (papa) is still one of the titles of the head of some churches other than the Catholic Church, especially in the so-called Oriental Churches (see, for example, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria) and the title of the Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Theodoros II.


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Insignia and emblems Triregnum, papal three-tiered tiara.


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The newly ruled popes have not used this.


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Papal Wand.


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A wand with a crucifix on the end.


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Pallium.


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Fabric ribbon.


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Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The image of the golden and silver key.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Annulus piscatoris, or fisherman's ring.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

A gold ring engraved with the pope's name on it.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Photo of St. Petersburg on a boat throwing his nets into the water.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Umbracullum.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Golden-red-striped daybreak.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Sedia gestatoria.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

A carrying chair carried by twelve men (palafrenieri).


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Stern were two assistants carrying whips (flabella) made of ostrich feather.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

No longer in use, the Pope now moves by car.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

There are numerous beliefs and legends associated with the papacy regarding the position of the Papacy and the various popes.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Pope Johanna It is claimed that one of the popes would, after his election, have been revealed to be a woman.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Pope Johanna's reign is placed in most stories between 855—858.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The story may have been a satire that later became a legend and, in the opinion of some, true.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Historiologists generally do not believe Pope Johanna was a historical person.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[53] The first mentions of John date back only to the 13th century.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[53] Some consider a still extant marble chair whose seat contains a hole as telling evidence of a female pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

It is claimed that the chair in question ensured the sex of the papal candidates in post-Pope Johanna times, but in reality the chair probably dates from ancient times from a Roman bathhouse.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[53] Another piece of evidence has been offered a statue in Siena Cathedral, whose nameplate at one time read: 'Pope John VIII, an Englishwoman. '


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[53] Admittedly, Clement VIII changed the title of the statue to “Pope Zechariah” in the 16th century.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

One alleged piece of evidence is also a sculpture showing a woman and a child at the site where Pope Johanna is alleged to have given birth.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[53] John XXIII and conspiracy theories According to some conspiracy theorists, John XXIII, prior to becoming pope, had joined the Rose-Cross Masons and thus abandoned his Christian faith before becoming pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[54] Thus, under canonical law, John XXIII could not have been elected pope in the 1958 conclave, with the result that the papal seat would have been empty upon the death of Pius XII in 1958, and none of his successors would have been a proper pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Several contemporary counter-popes have justified their declaration to be counter-popes with precisely this argument.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Furthermore, according to some conspiracy theorists, John XXIII would have eclipsed apparitions from the Virgin Mary related to the future.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[55] Possibly this is also related to the claim circulated on the internet in the 1990s that John XXIII's diary contained prophecies about the future, including knowledge of the Second Coming of Jesus in the City of New York in 2000.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[56] John XXIII had a diary, but there is no evidence whatsoever that it actually contained prophecies about the future.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[57] Assassination of John Paul I Some believe that Pope John Paul I (as Pope 1978) was assassinated by the Vatican because it considered him too reformist.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

According to the official explanation, the pope's medications had not been taken care of.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The death of John Paul I very soon after his election (on his 34th day of reign) has, of course, sparked much speculation about a conspiracy formed against the Pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Six years after John Paul I's death, David Yallop published his book In God's Name.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

In the book, Yallop suggested that there was an assassination behind the Pope's death, and that John Paul I's death was linked to his desire for reform in the Vatican.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

According to the book, the pope intervened in the abuses of the Vatican bank, in addition to which he also planned to move aside a few leading cardinals who, according to the book, had mafia links and relationships with Freemasons.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Yallop also named in his book the main culprit of the murder, which, according to him, was committed by poisoning the pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

As the soul of the conspiracy, Yallop considered Cardinal Secretary of State Jean Villot'a, who was reportedly not on good terms with the new pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Among other popes, the Counterpapaavi has been proclaimed pope but not officially recognized by the pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

The leader of the Jesuits is referred to as the “black pope” because the Jesuits' outfit is a black robe.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Since during the early Church the title “papa” was also used for ecclesiastical leaders other than the Bishop of Rome, today the title of Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Alexandria is also “Pope of all Africa”.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

[58] Similarly, the title of Patriarch of the Monophysite Church of Alexandria, or Patriarch of the Coptic Church, also holds the title of Pope.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

See also List of popes Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heininen, Simo| title = Larger than man.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

History of the papacy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| isbn = 951-37-4184-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jan Aarts| title = Pope | publisher = Booklet | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-600-765-1}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Kaarlo Arffman| title = Christianity| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-37-4183-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = José Orlandis| title = History of the Catholic Church | publisher = Okeanos oy| year = 1999| id = ISBN 952-9804-05-9}}, replace with {{ cite book| author = mm.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Ulla-Maria Arola| title = History of Christendom | publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-0-19113-2}} Science Picture magazine, for example, journals number 15/2005, pages 46-53 and 15/2002 pages 22—29.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Helsingin Sanomat, for example March 3, 2006 in the journal Foreign Affairs section.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Smith, Homer.


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Man and His Gods (1952) References Literature Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion, edited by Robert Wuthnow (London, Routledge, 1998), keywords' Italy ', by Alberto Melloni (r. 399—404),' Papacy ', by Michael Bordeaux (r. 655—658).


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Glove, Jussi| title = Substitutes for Christ on Earth?


Question: What issues can the Pope decide?

Pope

History of the papacy from the apostle Peter to John Paul another| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2005| isbn = 951-746-719-2}} Category:Ecclesiastical posts * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Hip joint dysplasia (HD, or hip dysplasia) is a developmental disorder of the hip joint in which the acetabulum and the head of the femur do not fit together perfectly.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

In already mildly sick and loose hip joints, wear may occur, which can lead to the emergence of osteoarthritis.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Hip joint dysplasia is a quantitative characteristic influenced by a large number of genes, as well as various environmental factors.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

In dogs Dog hip joint dysplasia (HD) is a disease inherited from the interaction of several genes, especially in large breeds of dogs.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Severe hip joint dysplasia can cause severe chronic pain and make it significantly more difficult for the dog to move, especially as the dog ages.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

In addition to heredity factors, the development of hip joint dysplasia is also influenced by the dog's growing conditions, feeding, physical activity and growth rate.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

[1] Hip joint dysplasia is one of the most common and studied canine hereditary diseases.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Simultaneously with the shape of the acetabulum and femur, osteoarthritis due to the misfit of the femoral head and acetabulum can also be considered.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

An unsuitable femur may scrub the cartilaginous surface of the acetabulum with painful osteoarthritis, which in bad cases may appear as stiffness and limp.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Osteoarthritis often develops slowly, and the health of the dog's hips cannot be reliably assessed without an X-ray.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

At worst, severe hip joint dysplasia is very painful and a dog suffering from it will have to be euthanized.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Symptoms of hip joint dysplasia appear only as the puppy grows.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

From a puppy of donation age, you can't say with certainty whether it will become a healthy adult.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

The first symptoms may appear as early as about 5 months of age, when the dog's resurrection and mobilization may be stiff.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Other symptoms include reluctance to move, restricted trajectories of the hind limbs, and abnormal movements.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

The hip joints can also click when the head of the femur comes away from the acetabulum and clicks back.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Hip joint dysplasia began to become more common in certain dog breeds in the 1980s around the same time that breeders began to favour shallow dog types with their hind ends.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

The most probable cause is apparently intrigued breeding.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Control and treatment Hip joint dysplasia is taken by taking X-rays of the hip joints of breeding dogs, which in a certain way measure the depth of the acetabulum and other developmental disorders are assessed.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

In Europe, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale review guidelines are in place and the results should be comparable.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

FCI recommends a five-degree classification A-E for monitoring hip joint dysplasia, where grades A and B denote healthy hip joints, C grade mild hip joint changes, and D and E degrees more significant changes that one might expect to cause pain and lameness in the dog [1].


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Index breeding takes into account, among other things, the results of hip dysplasia in close relatives of an individual and aims to exclude environmental influences, as they are not inherited.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

In Finnish BLUP index breeding, the dog's index is influenced by factors such as the dog's gender, age at the time of study, year of birth, X-ray statement giver, dog breeder, and litter to which the dog belongs.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

The Finnish Kennel Club monitors and records the results of hip scans and other diseases and defects considered hereditary.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

In Finland, many breeds have a PEVISA programme (a programme to combat hereditary defects and diseases), which includes hip imaging as a mandatory examination for dogs used for breeding.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Boundaries have been set on a breed-by-breed basis on what types of dogs can be used for breeding and how their puppies can be registered.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

The degree of dysplasia can be determined from the hips.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

For the description, the veterinarian will sedate the dog.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

The dog is placed on its back, and the dog's hindlimbs are pulled backwards, and at the same time the dog's knees are turned upwards.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

The X-ray shows the dog's pelvis and part of the spine, as well as the femur.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

X-rays are viewed using the FCI-approved letter scale, which describes the compatibility of the femoral head and acetabulum.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

On scale A stands for normal hip joints, B for near-normal, C for mild dysplasia, D for moderate changes, and E for severe dysplasia.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

In the evaluation of hip joints, the overall rating is directly determined by the inferior hip rating.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Treatment of hip joint dysplasia in most cases is only pain removal by various methods.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

For treatment, analgesics, acupuncture and forms of physiotherapy are used.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

The quality of life of a hip defect dog can be improved by taking care of the right kind of feeding and exercise.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Overweight especially during the dog's growing age puts strain on the dog's joints and predisposes the dog to dysplasia and the development of osteoarthritis.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Proper nutrition contributes to the normal growth of the skeleton during the puppy period: the food should contain calcium and phosphorus in the correct proportions.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Symptoms can be reduced or even prevented by keeping the dog's muscle tone good.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

If hip dysplasia develops severe, one must resort to surgical treatment.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Your veterinarian may attempt to surgically modify the existing acetabulum and femoral head to better fit or install a hip replacement.


Question: How is hip joint dysplasia defined?

Hip joint dysplasia

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Musculoskeletal diseases Category:Hereditary diseases of dogs en:Hip dysplasia


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

England () is a country located primarily on the island of Great Britain.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

England is part of the United Kingdom, i.e. the British State and its parts, the largest in terms of area and population.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Its population makes up about 84% of Britain's population, with England covering two thirds of the island of Great Britain in its area.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

England borders Wales to the west and Scotland to the north.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The country is surrounded by the North Sea, Irish Sea, Atlantic and English Channel.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

England has not had self-government since the Treaty of Union of 1707, when the Kingdom of Great Britain was established.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

However, it differs from Scotland and Northern Ireland in its legal system, as well as smaller areas such as the Isle of Man, in that it is part of the whole of England and Wales.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

England's largest city, London, is the capital of the United Kingdom.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Geography England comprises two-thirds of the island of Great Britain.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

It is located in the southern and central part of the island.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The country also includes some islands, the largest being the Isle of Wight.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

England is closer to mainland Europe than Scotland and Wales, and the journey to France via the English Channel is just 38 miles at its shortest.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The Channel Tunnel near Folkestone connects England to the mainland.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The border between England and the whole of Britain and France is halfway through the tunnel.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The main part of England has rolling hills, but the north is more mountainous.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

There, the low mountain range of the Pennines divides west and east.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

There is also shallow marsh in eastern England, much of which has been drained for utilitarian use.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The largest city in England is London, consisting of 32 urban districts; the City of London proper is very small.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The second largest is Birmingham.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

It is followed by Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol and Manchester.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

[1] The highest temperature measured in England was 38.5 °C on 10 August 2003 in Kent.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The lowest recorded temperature in England is −26.1 degrees Celsius on 10 January 1982 in Shropshire, near the Welsh border.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

[2] England's most notable rivers are the Thames, Severn, Trent, Humber, Yorkshire Ouse, Tyne, Mersey, Dee and Avon.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

There are also hundreds of other rivers in the country.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

[3] The history of England as a unified country was shaped between the 6th century and the 8th century by the gradual unification of the Anglie, Saxon and Jute kingdoms.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Egbert (died 839), King of Wessex, is generally regarded as the first king of all England, although his title was Bretwalda (proverbially a fiefdom of Britain) and theoretically he was head of English monarchs of equal rank.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The title King of England came about two generations of monarchs later, and its first claimant was Alfred the Great, who freed London from Viking control and ruled 871—899.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

In the following centuries, the Scandinavians gained a foothold from England, and for over half a century the Kingdom of England became part of the vast Danish empire created by Knuut the Great, until it briefly gained independence after the Anglo-Saxon Edward the Confessor became king.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The arrival of William the Conqueror's Normans changed the direction of England in 1066.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Sometimes English history is not considered to begin until William the Conqueror's rise to power in 1066.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

He reorganised the English aristocracy, but he cannot be said to have founded or unified the country.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Much of the existing Anglo-Saxon structures survived and Norman colonists made up only a minority in England, albeit one in power.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

However, the Norman Conviction is significant for a number of reasons.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

It brought England closer to continental Europe, diminished Scandinavian influence, created one of the most sophisticated systems of government in Europe, changed the English language and culture, and laid the foundations for the conflicts between England and France that continued into the 19th century.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

In the following centuries England was an important component of the state gravitating towards France, with the title “King of England” being essentially the secondary title of the French-speaking dukes who ruled French territories.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

They used English resources to reinforce and expand their French territories in the Hundred Years' War.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

It was only when the French territories had been lost that the English kings adopted the “nationality” and language of the English ruling population.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Descendants of the Plantagenet king Edward III fought the so-called Wars of the Roses in the 15th century.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The parties were the Lancaster family and the York family.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The Wars of the Roses ended in victory for the Lancasterans when, through the House of Beaufort, Henry Tudor, the Lancasteran, struck Richard III, a Yorker, at the Battle of Bosworth and rose to become king.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

He united rival lineages by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

At the same time, he strengthened his position and secured the legitimate descent of his descendants from Edward III.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The new Tudor lineage rose to power and it led the country towards the Renaissance and international relations with continental Europe also increased through royal marriages, among other things.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The Principality of Wales was under the English kings from the Rhuddlan Decree of 1284, and part of England it became 1535.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

In the English Reformation, which began in the term of Henry VIII in 1521, the power of the Catholic Church was abolished and replaced by royal power and a Church of England independent of the Catholic Church was established.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The English Reformation differed from that of the rest of Europe in that it was more political in nature than theological.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Elizabeth I died childless in 1603.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

It marked the extinction of the Elizabethan period, and at the same time the extinction of the entire Tudor


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

James VI of Scotland ascended the throne of England and Ireland under the name James I.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Thus James became the first monarch under whom the whole of the British Isles were governed, but the kingdoms remained independent until 1707.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The English Civil War was a series of armed clashes between Parliamentarians and Royalists in 1642—1651.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

It led to the beheading of King Charles I, the declaration of England a republic, and a Lord Protectorate ruled by Oliver Cromwell.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Due to the Civil War, the Church of England's monopoly on issues of religion was broken.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Shortly after Cromwell's death, Charles II ascended the throne and the monarchy was restored.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Politically, the civil war meant that kings could no longer rule without parliament, although this was only strengthened in an outstanding revolution later in the same century.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Even earlier, the Kingdoms of England and Scotland in Personal Union were united under the same political system in 1707.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

[4] Administration The kingdoms of England and Scotland joined the Personal Union in 1603 and the Real Union in 1707.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

In this case they formed a single state, the Kingdom of Great Britain.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The Union Act 1800 annexed the Kingdom of Ireland to the Kingdom of Great Britain.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Later only Northern Ireland remained in the union and the present-day model British state, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, came into existence.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Since then Britain has been governed by a joint government, the British government.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

In 1999 Scotland and Wales had their own parliaments and England was left as the only part of Britain without a representative body.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Legislation puts England behind the entry into force of the Rhuddlan Ordinance of 1284 and the Treaty of Union of 1536 in the same unit as Wales (England and Wales).


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Scotland and Northern Ireland are separate entities in legislation as well.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales have regional parliaments with power over the affairs of their own region, but the affairs of England, Britain's largest region, are decided by the British Parliament.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

This leads to the fact that while the English have no control over many matters concerning Scotland, the Scots have power over similar matters concerning England.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

In British politics, the problem is referred to as the West Lothian Question.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

[5] Some quarters have longed for a new English Parliament, but the Labour Party, among other things, considers England too large to have its own representative body and is pushing for local governments instead.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Support for the English Parliament is highest in the north of the country.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Regional and local government in England's regional and local government has been reformed several times in the 1990s and 2000s.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

England is divided into nine administrative regions.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

They were established in 1994, but their own agencies were abolished in 2011.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

[6] Regions remain the basis of many statistics, and for example constituencies for EU parliamentary elections.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The administrative districts are divided into a total of 83 counties, which are actual units of regional government.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Six of them are metropolis counties, with more power delegated to lower levels than less populated areas.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The others are divided into shire counties and single-level administrative units (unitary authorities).


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

However, there are no counties in the Greater London administrative area and the Isle of Scilly.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Regional administrative units within the London Region are the City Districts of London, London borough.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The older division mainly into “ceremonial counties” inherited from the Middle Ages often serves as a geographical frame of reference.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Each ceremonial county has a Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff as the Queen's local representatives.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

[7] [8] In addition, there are 354 civil parishires in the country, which serve as the lowest level of local government.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Culture National symbols on the flag of England have been the Cross of St George since the 13th century.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Since 1606 it has been part of the flag of the United Kingdom.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Other symbols include a Tudor rose, a white dragon and three lions.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The oak tree as a symbol of England depicts strength, and is attached to Charles II's hideout.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The lions in the coat of arms are associated with Richard the Lion Mind.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Education in England by education has a long tradition, and two of the oldest universities in the English-speaking world are located: Oxford and Cambridge, which today are also the two best and most prestigious universities in the country.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Among the largest in the country, however, they are not: there are about 12000 students each.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

In total, there are more than 90 universities in the country, which tend to be very independent and have a lot of decision-making power over the teaching they provide.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

At universities, tuition fees are in place, the payment of which, however, the state supports by granting students loans.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Young people in England tend to aspire to university at the age of 18 and because of the application process, many also start their studies at that time.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

The undergraduate degree, or “Bachelor's degree,” is normally three-year.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Master's degrees are typically taken separately, and their tuition fees are also higher.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

It normally takes a year to complete a master's degree.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Sport In some sports England has its own national team, while in other sports and for example the Olympics English athletes are part of the Great Britain team.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Their own teams include, for example, the England national football team, the England cricket national team and the England rugby union national team.


Question: Where in France is Anglet located?

English

Rules for many popular species have been developed in England in the 19th century.