Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Rough estimates suggest that the population of Etruria may have been between 270,000 and 530,000.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[18] The Etruscans often built their cities on the ridge of hills and escarpments, where they were easy to defend.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[19] [20] In the Villanova period, villages were still most often located as groups of houses on the sides of an urban hill.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The villages had thatched oval, round and oblong houses.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

7th century BCE


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

at the end these villages were abandoned, and the settlement moved to the center of a hill or plateau.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The street networks of cities located on the crests of hills were often oriented precisely in a north-south direction, but sometimes the street network in different parts of the city follow the directions of the terrain and former roads.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

City walls began to be built as the danger of Rome and the Gaul worsened in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[21] Etruscan interurban roads are not very well mapped, and their routes are often up to riddle.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Roads quarried into the cliffs are easy to identify as Etruscan.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Etruscan roads were often forced to adhere to the boundaries set by the terrain.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Romans pulled their military ways through Etruria in the 200th and 10th century BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[22] Culture Language and literature The Etruscan language used by the Etruscans is very insufficiently known.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Although it was written with a well known variation of the Greek alphabet, only fragments of it have survived and been able to translate.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

However, based on these, it is known that the language was not Indo-European and no language relatives have been found for it among modern languages.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The last known Etruscan accomplice by name was the Roman emperor Claudius (d. 54 share.).


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The last Etruscan talents must have been traditional Roman fortune-tellers, whose activities were forbidden by Christianity.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[23] The last mention of the use of the language dates back to 410, when lightning bolts were asked of Etruscan priests to fend off the Visigoth conquerors.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[4] The Etruscans are certainly not known to have had any actual literature.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscans used books in the area of religion, and they had non-literary plays that spread from Etruria to Rome.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[24] Religion It is difficult to say anything certain about Etruscan religion.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

According to the Roman Livius, the Etruscans were over surrendered to the religion of all nations, and according to Arnobius, Etruria was the homeland of all superstitions.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[25] Etruscan religion was, based on many sources, a religion of fate in nature.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The priests took notice of the predetermined fates of nations and people in their prophecies.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The aim of well-defined rites was to maintain harmony with the gods, as gods were expected to punish humans with lightning.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The rites were based on the holy books of priests.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Harmonies were also sought with votive giveaways.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[25] The Etruscan god world was hierarchical.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Names corresponding to Greek and Italial origin appear on the gods.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Zeus was matched by the lightning god Tinia, but the main deity was possibly Voltumna.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Gods were worshipped in temples or holy groves.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In Etruscan mythology, the Greek influence is great.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[25] Art and Architecture The classical period of Etruscan art dates from the 500—3rd centuries BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Terracotta and bronze sculptures, as well as murals, are particularly known for Etruscan art.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Production of metal objects in Etruria was plentiful.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[26] There is indirect evidence of music and dance, for example images of performers in murals.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[12] The Etruscans took wide influences from Greece and the Orient in their art.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[27] [28] The Etruscans closely followed trends in Greek art, and at an early age they imported Greek earthenware and also artists.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Greek fables are a common subject in Etrurian visual art and in all other illustrations.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The fables of one's land begin to appear in illustration from the 3rd century BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

from.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Typical of human figures in Etruscan art in the 5th century was the so-called “Ionian smile”.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Later, individual traits emerged as a goal in human photography.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[28] The most characteristic of Etruscan pottery was the bucchero, characterized by a glossy black finish, a thin wall and a well-executed firing.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Buccheropottery was an everyday use item, and much of it was also placed in graves.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The most common form of bucchero is probably lime.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Due to trade relations with the Etruscans, buccheroceramics have been found not only throughout Italy but also in a wide area of the rest of Europe, up to Poland.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[29] The Etruscans built large temples in their cities between the 600—5th centuries BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

starting from the turn.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Sewers, canals, irrigation equipment, tunnels and rock cuts were also made into the towns, some of which are in use today.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[12] As land builders, particularly skilled Etruscans developed a vaulting structure that allowed novel solutions in all construction.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Thanks to that, many Etruscan bridges and gates are still in use today.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[30] Tombs from the Etruscans are best known for their tombs.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscan tombs have been better preserved than the rest of the material, as they lie outside the cities in places to which later settlement did not have time to spread.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Etruscan burial types vary widely depending on period and locality.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In the northern and inner parts of Etruria, the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age cremation rite remained predominant.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In southern Etruria, mortuary burial was adopted, as stone grades in the area preserve the bodies relatively neat and odorless.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[32] The burned bodies were placed in decorated ash urns.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Over time, one-person pit burials switched to chamber graves for the entire family or family.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In necropolises, the oldest graves are in the center, and newer graves were placed around them apparently as family groups.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Burial chambers were built of stone over the earth or were quarried in rock.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[33] In the Villanova period, quite a bit of stuff was still put in graves, but in the orientalising period the graves were filled with valuable goods.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[34] The upper class of the Etruscans showed their wealth by building large family tombs called tumulus.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The burial chambers imitated houses and were decorated with murals and the largest with terracotta and bronze sculptures.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Over time, the luxury of tombs began to diminish as religious activity shifted to temples, but still, a significant portion of the wealth of Etruria was placed in tombs.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

For the modern age, this is an advantage, because in the tombs the art treasures have remained until our days.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[12] The Etruscan cemeteries of Tarquinia and Cerveter are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Both contain thousands of graves.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Cerveter's tombs are built as a city with its streets and squares.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

There are many types of tomb structures and mounds.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In Tarquinia, the tombs are made underground inside the rock.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

About 200 of them are decorated with paintings.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[35] Urn in Museo Guarnacci House-shaped Etruscan tomb Entrance to the underground Tarquinian tomb in Cerveter some of the burial mounds are hemispherical.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Society The structure and external phases of Etruscan communities are still poorly known, as information about them has been derived from occasional mentions of the Etruscan vanquishing Romans.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[1] Livelihood and trade in the Etruscans was an organised society, which, for example, built large systems of irrigation canals for crops and made rock cuts for them.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Etruscan prosperity was based on the hardware trade with the Greeks, but copper, silver and black bucchero pottery were also traded.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

This prospered the upper-class lineages that were dominant in Etruscan towns.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[36] The valleys of Etruria were grain, and food could be sold to neighbouring peoples.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[5] Wine and oil were exported in abundance to the entire western Mediterranean and across the Alps, although wine was also imported from Greece.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[37] Trade contacts with Greece led the Etruscans at the same time to adopt from the Greeks the cultural features of these, which are manifested in Etruscan art and religion.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Craftsmen and merchants migrated to Etruria from Greece, which settled permanently in Etruria.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Of the craftsmanship, especially leather work and the making of footwear were well mastered in Etruria.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[36] From the Phoenicians, the Etruscans learned the art of dentistry, which included the act of gold bridges and sub-prostheses.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[5] Populonia was the first Etruscan town in the 4th century to strike silver and gold coins.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Later, other Etruscan cities also began minting their own bronze coins.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Each city had its own money, and the money did not much spread beyond state lines.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Roman money supplanted the Etruscans' own money in the last centuries BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[38] Warfare in the Etruscans had a Greek-style army, the Hoplite phalang, but the difference was that the leader of the phalang moved on chariots which were his rank.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

To obtain the Hoplites, the Etruscan upper class had to support their platforms in acquiring heavy and expensive equipment.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In this case, it also became possible to ascend through the military class to the rank of eminence.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscans also acquired influence at sea, especially in the area of Corsica and Sardinia, where they were forced to hold sides against both the Greeks and the Carthaginians, for example in the Naval Battle of Alalia in 535 BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscan fleet suffered an evil defeat in 474 BC.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Off Cumae to the Greek fleet led by Syracuse.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[12] The Etruscan swords and spearheads were still, as a rule, bronze in the Villanova stage.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Bronze helmets and bronze shields were also in use and probably bronze armour too.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Known from that period are bronze brush helmets in particular.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The use of iron became common in Etruscan arms beginning in the latter part of the 7th century.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In the 6th century, many types of hat-like helmets became common and in the 5th century Negau helmets.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[39] The status of a woman Etruscan women had a great deal of say and freedom of manoeuvre compared to Greek and Roman women.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

It was therefore difficult for the men of these neighbouring peoples to accept the independent status of women in Etruria.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[40] [5] Etruscan women participated in festivities, watched racing and boxing matches, and participated in religious rituals.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In particular, weddings and funerals were prepared by women, but there were also priestesses.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Many of the women were well educated and they could read and write.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In everyday life, a woman's usual tasks included purring and weaving, which were prestigious jobs.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Women were allowed to keep their own name when they married, and their standing among the family was strong.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Women influenced during the Roman period included, for example, Tanaguir of the King and Ugulania of the Imperial period.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[41] Influence and Legacy The Romans in their early days were heavily influenced by the Etruscans.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[42] There has been speculation about the Etruscan influences of Roman political institutions. [43].


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In building art, the Etruscan temple influenced Roman temple architecture, and Etruscan vaults gained their application in the aqueducts of the Romans.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[42] Other possible influences include, for example, triumphs and the Roman exalted home domus.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[44] The cultural life of Rome received from Etruria, for example, various plays, pageants, music, dance and non-literary plays.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The bloody races of the Etruscans contributed to the genesis of Roman gladiatorial battles.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[42] The Toga is thought to have been an Etruscan garment.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[45] In the Middle Ages, the inhabitants of Tuscany, as warring in the lowlands and mutual hostilities, moved to live again in the hill towns of the Etruscans.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Volterra's Etruscan tomb finds brought the Etruscans to great interest in the 18th century.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Studi Etruschi, the leading periodical of Etruscan studies, was founded in Italy 1927.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[46] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kajava, Mika; Kivistö, Sari; Riikonen, H. K; Salmenkivi, Erja; Sarasti-Wilenius, Raija| title = Culture in the ancient world| publisher = Works| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-851-157-154}} Replacement error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nielsen, Marjatta; Kaimio, Jorma; Jarva, Eero| title = Etruskit| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-0-27743-6}} References Literature Mika Waltari.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Turms, immortal: his maine life circa 520-480 E.Cr.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

as ten books.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Novel.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Huddersfield in 1969.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Wireless LAN security consists of methods designed to increase the security of data transfer and login over WLAN networks.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The methods consist of simple solutions for network access and authentication, as well as multiple data encryption.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

This article has focused on introducing WLAN's built-in mechanisms and left unaddressed common, WLAN-independent effective means of protection against SSL and VPN.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The Service Set Identifier (SSID) Service Set ID (SSID) is a modifiable token up to 32 characters long, which allows customers to connect to their preferred wireless network access point, known as Access Point (AP).


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

New AP devices usually have a pre-installed SSID, which is usually the same in products from the same manufacturer.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

It is worth changing the SSID immediately upon deployment to avoid interference, for example, with a neighbour's network.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The Access Point device can usually be set to send SSID information to the airway, and on many devices this feature is turned on by default.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

This way the client does not need to know SSID to connect to that network.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

This feature is useful if, for example, a company or educational institution wants to allow visitors to access some part of the network, or if the network is otherwise intended to be public.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

However, if it is to make it difficult for unauthorized persons to access the network, this feature can be turned off, or choose the so-called Hidden-SSID function.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

However, it should be noted that this precautionary measure prevents only random network scans.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

When a new customer logs into a wireless LAN, SSID data travels unencrypted between the client and Access Point.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Thus, by listening to the network long enough, it is possible to find out the SSID even if the public SSID transmission of the base station is turned off.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

So hiding the SSID does little to slow down the actual breaker, but potentially hinders your own use.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Microsoft says hiding SSID might even worsen security.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

[1] Access Lists Access to the network may be restricted by using a list in Access Point specifying the MAC addresses of client devices that are allowed access to the network.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The downside of this method lies in the fact that it increases the workload of the network administrator, since each MAC address must be manually added to the access list of every access point in the network.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Some base station manufacturers, though, offer software for their products to implement list management in an aggregate manner.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Still, addresses need to be added manually further.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Filtering access to the network by MAC address list should by no means be considered a very effective way to restrict access to the network, since MAC addresses run clear in packets, even if the data itself is encrypted.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

It is easy for an intruder to find out with a web traffic listening program on any MAC used on the network and change their own network card MAC to match this.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

In addition, this method is not particularly suitable for local area networks that are visited by a lot of visitors or where computers otherwise change quickly.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Maintaining a complete Mac registry in such a situation can be very tricky.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Authentication WEP WEP (engl.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Wired Equivalent Privacy) provides a limited way to online authentication.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Client hardware-based identification can either be open or based on a shared key between the AP and the client.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

If user identification is required, it can be implemented using the Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) protocol.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The RADIUS server can serve as the basis for more types of identification, so it can also be used to identify Virtual Private Network (VPN) clients.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

In WPA and WPA2 WPA and WPA2 standards, mutual authentication begins when the customer attempts to log in to the network within the access point.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The access point recognises the presence of the client, but prevents access to the network until this can be identified.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The client provides the credentials that the access point delivers to the authentication server.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Identification to the network is done using the IEEE 802.1X/EAP interface.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Both the client and the authentication server identify to each other through the access point.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Mutual authentication increases network security considerably because the server also identifies itself to the client.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

This way the client knows that they are identifying themselves with the correct authentication server and there is no risk of being attacked by the so-called evil twin.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

When the login server accepts the client, this will be connected to the WLAN.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

If identification does not occur, the client will still remain blocked from access to the network.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

When a client is identified, the client machine and server simultaneously create a PMK (Pairwise Master Key) key pair.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Once the login server has accepted the client as a user, the login is completed between the access point and the client.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

This involves generating and installing encryption keys on a client for which the protocol used is in the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) in the WPA standard and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the WPA2 standard.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Encryption Protocols WEP is the original, outdated and proven encryption protocol of WLAN technology.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

WEP uses 40-, 104- or 232-bit encryption, but due to its deficiency in the RC4 encryption protocol, unencrypted bits, initialization vectors (initialization vector, IV) are transmitted in the frames of some packets and the encryption key used can be easily calculated on their basis.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Many of the newer WLAN cards contain technology to reduce the transmission of this information.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

According to the AirSnort program FAQ page, out of 16 million packages sent, an average of 9000 contain control vector data when using more efficient encryption.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Most encryption keys can be figured out based on about 2000 “weak packets”.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The more information that moves online, the faster the encryption key can be figured out.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

WEP encryption is not recommended for use as it is very easily decrypted.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

WPA (TKIP) WPA's new encryption method completely eliminates known problem spots in WEP encryption due to the static encryption key used by WEP.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

TKIP replaces the 40-bit static key pair manually entered into the access point and client by WEP with a 128-bit packet specific encryption key.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The predictability of the cryptographic key, which is essential to decrypting WEP, is eliminated when using the TKIP key because key pairs are dynamically generated per packet.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

WPA encryption also includes a Message Integrity Check (MIC) function that monitors packet integrity, which checks each packet, leaving a potential attacker unable to hijack packets and alter their data.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

WPA operates on the physical MAC layer of the network.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

When a user is authenticated to the network according to one of the above methods, either the login server or the access point creates a unique pair of main keys (PMK, Pair-wise Master Key) for the user for the duration of the session.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The TKIP protocol delivers the key to the user, that is, creates a key hierarchy and dynamic key management system.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

According to this key, TKIP dynamically generates packet-specific keys to encrypt each packet delivered to the network.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

This technology replaces the static, manually entered key pair of WEP encryption with about 280 trillion possible keys that can be used to encrypt each packet.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The MIC (Message Integrity Check) function prevents an attacker from altering the contents of packets moving across the network through a strong mathematical function in which both sender and recipient calculate a checksum of each packet, which are compared with each other to guarantee the integrity of the packets.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

If the MICs do not match, the package is deemed to have been modified and ignored.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

The MIC also has an additional security feature where, upon detection of an incorrect packet, all clients on the network are re-authenticated and all new identification requests are blocked for one minute.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

There is not a single acknowledged attack on the WPA2 (AES) AES.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

All technologies using AES have been approved to encrypt “non-classified” classified information by the United States government on behalf of the National Security Agency (NSA).


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

This is the first time civilians have access to encryption technology approved by the NSA to encrypt material they classify TOP SECRET.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Detection of a data breach It is possible to set several WLAN cards into listening mode, in which case they do not transmit information, but only receive information circulating online.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Online interception and packet collection done in this mode to decrypt the encryption keys are impossible to detect.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

It is also possible to use this feature completely legally, to monitor your own network.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

By listening to the network, attempts to contact with unknown or fake MAC addresses can be quickly detected.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

What is alarming, for example, is if the MAC address of someone's own machine's network card appeared to have traffic at a time when it's definitely not on.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

On the basis of such information, one can consider whether it is worth raising the security of their wireless LAN, for example by introducing a more efficient algorithm in encryption.


Question: How do I define a WLAN?

Wireless LAN Security

Programs suitable for online listening and breaking WEP encryption include: AirSnort Kismet KisMac See also Man in Between Attack Sources Category:Security of cyber networks Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Civil War was fought between the Senate of Finland, or the government, and troops led by the Finnish People's Delegation that had rebelled against it from 27 January — 15 May 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The armed forces of the Senate were white troops and the Finnish Red Guard, or Red Guards, as the People's Delegation.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The army of the German Empire supported the Whites by capturing Helsinki, Lahti and other southern Finnish cities.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Soviet-Russia supported the Reds by donating weapons to them.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Civil War was part of the state and social transformation in Europe caused by World War I.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1917, World War I led to the dissolution of the Russian Empire and a political struggle for power, and eventually to the Russian Civil War.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

As a result of the collapse of Russia, a part of the Empire, the Grand Duchy of Finland, declared independence as Finland on 6 December 1917, but the intensification and dissolution of internal tensions within Finnish society led to the dissolution of state power within 1917 and a military crisis which resulted in the formation of two centres of power equipped with armed forces in the country.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[1] The crisis culminated at the end of January in 1918 with a civil war between the Reds and Whites.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds ruled Southern Finland, the Whites controlled Central and Northern Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The military strength of both sides was about 80,000 troops.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Whites arrived to be supported by an additional 13,000 soldiers strong force of the German army.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Russia supported the Reds mainly by handing over weapons to the Red Guards.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The settlement battles of the war took place in March—April 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Battle of Tampere began on 16 March and ended on 6 April C.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

To the victory of the white forces led by G. Mannerheim.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

On 3 April, the German Army's Baltic Division under Major General Rüdiger von der Goltz had come ashore in southern Finland with a strength of about 13,000 troops, taking Helsinki, Lahti and other southern Finnish cities during the same month.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of April, the Whites still took Vyborg.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds offensive phase, which began in February 1918, ended in almost total failure [2].


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Germany's entry into the Finnish Civil War shortened the war and saved, among other things, Helsinki from devastating battles.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[3] The civil war ended with the victory of the white Finnish and German army.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Russia's reign ended in Finland, but the country passed into the reign of Imperial Germany for the remainder of World War I.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

After Germany lost the Great War, the independence gained by the Finns in December 1917 took full effect.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In this case, projects to transform Finland into a Kingdom were also abandoned; the country became a republican democracy with the contribution of the Western Great Powers of Europe.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[4] The civil war is the most conflicting event in Finnish history, whose effects on Finnish and Finnish society have been exceptionally long lasting.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

As is often the case with infighting within nations, there was widespread terror during and after the war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

While the war effort was underway, both sides committed political terror and brutality.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

As the war wore on at the hands of the Reds, 1424 whites died executed, 4 died in a prison camp.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

At the hands of the Whites, 7370 Reds died executed, 11652 died in a prison camp, most after the war effort had already ended, as the capture and execution of Red or Red suspects continued on a large scale even after the last combatants surrendered.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[5] In total, the civil war claimed about 38,000 casualties.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[6] Some 75% of them were Reds, most killed in executions during the war and after the end of the war in prison camps from starvation and disease.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the actual combat action, nearly equal numbers of both red and white died.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Of the terror victims, a minority were white, and Russian citizens were also executed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The other casualties of the war were mainly German and Russian soldiers fallen in the fighting.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[7] The civil war deepened the divide of the Finnish people.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The winning party considered the worst material in society to have risen, with Russian support, to revolt against the legitimate government, so those who lost were largely viewed as criminals.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, the outcome of World War I strengthened the position of moderate and broad-based national thought oriented populations in society.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

This allowed for slow defragmentation among populations.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[8] War designations The war has been given a variety of names reflecting the power political and social tendencies of different historical times as well as ideological emphases.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The most coloured names in this regard include the Revolutionary War, the Class War, the Red Rebellion, and the Crofter Revolt.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

More balanced names include Civil War, Revolution, Rebellion and Brotherly War.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The most neutral expressions are the War of 1918 (in Finland), the Finnish War 1918, the events of 1918 or, to paraphrase Veijo Merta, the events of spring 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Revolution was one of the first appointments of the 1918 war on the side of the People's Delegation.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Party also called the war a class war and a rebellion.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the freedom fight name was used, for example, in obituaries and funerals of Red Guards.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war name was commonly used on both sides of the front during the war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Whites additionally used the names Red Rebellion and Rebellion.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the late stages of the war and beyond, the victors” side began to emphasize the national nature of the war as a war of freedom against Russia and the Reds it supported.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[9] In part of historical research, the war is now mainly referred to as the Civil War, which is also better suited to international practice.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Although it is artificial and developed to suit the needs of the historiography of the moment.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war term describes the nature of war neutrally (cf.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

the Revolutionary War, Class War) and include foreign powers involvement in the war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the use of the term freedom war has experienced a subtle renaissance in Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[10] [11] [12] The Roots of War Fundamentals In the 19th century, the Grand Duchy of Finland became industrialised, economic and political activities became vacant and the population grew.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

This changed the structure of the prevailing legal society and created conflicts.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The internal dominance of the enactments changed as the peasants and bourgeoisie grew stronger.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, the most significant change was the growth of non-regulated populations, the number of land and industrial working people and the rise of self-worth, socialism, nationalism and also liberalism as their tools.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish labour movement emerged at the end of the 19th century from the foundations of folk and revival movements, with the slow but steady progress of mental and material conditions.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The labour movement acquired a national character under the influence of Fennomania, and its breakthrough was significantly promoted by the Great Strike that broke out in Russia and Finland in 1905.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Subsequently, the radical parliamentary reform in Finland in 1906 did not reduce social tensions, as the Russian Emperor and the Finns mutual conflicts prevented the full functioning of the parliament between 1907 and 1916.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The influence of the regulation system thus continued until 1917, and the Finnish political system was in an unsettled state of change.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

This slowed down the implementation of social reforms and sharpened the attitudes of working people.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

With the Russification periods 1899—1916 (years of repression) and the intensification of Finnish nation-thinking, efforts to detach Finland from Russia and also to achieve state independence increased.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition to peaceful resistance and action, activism in favour of armed resistance arose in the country and the ice cap movement with it.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[13] The decisive factor behind the 1918 war was the increased internal instability in the Russian Empire since the beginning of the 20th century, most strongly influenced by World War I.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Great War had led to an internal crisis in Russia and the fragmentation of the entire empire, as well as the creation of a wide power vacuum and a struggle for power.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[14] With the dissolution of Russia in the Revolutions of March and November 1917, Finland first fragmented state power.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Together, these caused a political, economic and military crisis in the country and eventually led to the breakdown of Finnish society as a whole.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[15] The Bolsheviks led by Lenin who sought power in Saint Petersburg, with their support and demands, pressed the Finnish labour movement to carry out the revolution.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[16] The Bolsheviks in Finland were in close contact with the Russian Bolsheviks, and the Finns helped the Russian Bolsheviks hold their secret meetings in Finland, where the ohrana activities of Russian intelligence were not as effective as in Russia.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[17] [18] However, the Russian revolutions of 1917 did not spread and were not separately spread to Finland; the country was immediately within their sphere of influence as part of Russia.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, the process of disintegration of society and the struggle for power were simultaneous and similar in the mother country and Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

They were mainly due to the same circumstances [19] The German Empire was another superpower besides Russia, whose takeover plans and economic interests in Eastern Europe influenced events in Finland between 1917 and 1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish ice cap movement was part of German plans.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Activists in Finland planned to extract the country from Russia using German stingers and ice hangers.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the 1917 situation of World War I, the German leadership decided to support the Bolsheviks financially, as well as to promote the relocation of Lenin and some other Bolsheviks from exile in Switzerland to Saint Petersburg in April.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The hope was that Lenin would seize power in Russia and renounce the war, which in turn would free Germany from a heavy two-front war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, Germany contributed two ways to the emergence of civil war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[20] Divided people As a result of the long-established social system in the country, the Finnish people were divided in two economically, socially and politically.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The division is described by counterparts: weathers—raffish, independent—unindependent and ownership—non-owning population, employers—workers, civility—"people”, upper class—lower class.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Industrial capitalism increased the standard of living of working people steadily from the late 19th century onwards, but on the other hand the standard of living of the upper class increased more.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

With the fracture of the emperor's rule in 1917, no national unity emerged in Finland to develop the country as well as to create a new internal order.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Instead, social division led to fierce domestic political infighting and the emergence of the so-called dual power that preceded the civil war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The dispute took advantage of Finland's dependence on Russia, and the power struggle was linked to the internal Russian crisis and the war between Germany and Russia as a question of Finnish control.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The pursuit of Finnish sovereign independence was one of the few objectives on which the Finns were finally unanimous.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, the goal was drowned out under internal power disputes.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[21] The internal struggle for power and the breakdown of society during 1917 was reflected by many phenomena.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

These included unwillingness and inability to make political compromise, as well as the food and unemployment crisis and resulting unrest.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Problems with working conditions and local democracy, including working-time legislation and the lack of universal and equal suffrage in municipal elections, caused rife strikes in industry and agriculture, eventually joining the struggle for state power.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

When, since March, there was no ordinary-keeping power jointly accepted by different groups of power in Finland, the upper layer of society began to establish their own ordinances (later.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

patronage municipalities) and the working population of the Ordinary Guards (later.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Red Guards).


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Their arming and radicalization, especially during the Great Strike of November 1917, fuelled fear, threat thinking and political violence in the country, and also altered power relations within power groups.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

During the winter of 1917—1918, both within the labour movement and the conservatives and bourgeoisie, decision-making power shifted from moderate circles to soldiers and armed troops (the so-called armed fortresses of Southern Finland and Southern Ostrobothnia), eventually leading to military conflict.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[22] Pre-war events March Revolution The drug of freedom Emperor Nicholas II relinquished power on 15 March 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In Russia, power was taken by the Duma and the provisional government imposed by it.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the Grand Duchy of Finland, the second and at the same time last period of Russification ended on 20 March with the manifesto of the so-called March of the Provisional Government, which restored the situation between Finland and the mother country to a time before the reign of Nikolai Bobrikov.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

For the first time, the Finnish Parliament gained the dominance that had been imposed on it in 1906.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

On 26 March, on the basis of the SDP's electoral victory in the 1916 parliamentary elections, a Tokai Senate was appointed to the country, with six socialists and six non-socialists as its members.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate program included efforts to expand democracy and the removal of a temporary government veto.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the aim was to develop municipal democracy and working conditions, including working time laws and social insurance, and the enactment of the Compulsory Education and Religious Freedom Act.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The conservatives (RKP, Old Finns and Young Finns “swallows”), as well as other bourgeois, non-socialists (liberal NuorFinns “sparrows” and the Agrarian League), welcomed the bourgeoisie of the provisional government and the fall of the quasi-dictatorial empress and to the end of the repressive period.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The future seemed to increase opportunities for the diversification and development of entrepreneurship and economic activities.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Despite the bourgeoisie nature of the Provisional Government, from the perspective of the labour movement, the development was even more cataclysmic; the power of the Socialist-majority parliament grew and regulations that limited the workforce's activities, including the ban on strikes, barriers to freedom of speech and print, fell.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The working population seemed to finally have the opportunity to achieve a position already belonging to its population in society.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[23] The Year of Fears and Hopes, however, the narcotic and positive outlook of liberation remained short-lived.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Finland's domestic political situation deteriorated, and the breakdown of society that began in March proceeded at an accelerating pace.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the broad picture, the Finns of 1917 were “at the interface” where the legal society was becoming a more democratic civil society.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

On the one hand, traditions and attitudes of the old system were still prevalent, but on the other hand, with the spread of popular thinking, the inequalities of the regulation system previously considered natural were no longer accepted.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1917, the new system was still looking for its way, and the direction of development became a major subject of controversy and struggle.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The change and its momentum began to frighten conservatives and non-socialists alike.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

For the labor movement, development looked too slow.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The cataclysmic shift from enactment power to parliamentarianism and universal suffrage caused by the 1905 Great Strike influenced the actions of both the working people and the bourgeoisie in 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The workers' circle did not want a repeat of the “Tsarist setback” of 1908—1916, and on the other hand, in 1905 it had also been learned that revolution may have been the quickest path to “progress”.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The loss of state (enacted) power faced by conservatives and burghers in 1906 was not concreted until the March 1917 Revolution and then the situation threatened to lead to a decline in economic power as well.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[24] In terms of the economy, the situation of both the industrial working population and industrial employers deteriorated significantly during 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1914—1916, the First World War caused a positive “war boom” in Finnish economic life, which clearly strengthened the economy of not only employers but also workers.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The March Revolution collapsed this development, causing unemployment and strong inflation.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The sudden deterioration of the working people's finances, coupled with the deteriorating food situation, created uncertainty and fear in the workers, laying the groundwork for strike movement and other unrest.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[25] The Senate of Tokai formed a weak government from the Tokai Senate.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The fundamental problem was that neither the social democrats nor the burghers participated fully in the government.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Due to a power dispute between power groups and fear of political careers becoming scarred, the best forces of the SDP and the non-socialists were not included.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The politically advantageous situation long awaited by the Socialists, despite the majority in Parliament, could not be exploited because the working population lacked economic power.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The burghers had economic power, but they pursued a bourgeois majority parliament and senate as an extension.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[26] The weak political position of the Tokai Senate and later the Svinhufvud Senate characterised the dissolution of state power in 1917—1918.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The power lost by the Russian emperor in March 1917 was dispersed in several directions: in addition to the Provisional Government, the Senate of Finland, Parliament and other administrations, power was transferred to a significant extent on the street to workers' and military councils, strike organisations and mass rallies, as well as employers for active interest groups.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[27] Crisis blanks During its short life cycle, the Tokai Senate had to contend with at least four problems: the strike movements of spring 1917, food shortages and Finland's position in relation to Russia, and the question of ordinal power.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate survived fairly little of the strike crafting that began in April—May 1917 in industry and agriculture.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The main requirement of working people in strikes was an eight-hour working day.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Wage increases to offset rising inflation were also wanted.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The strikes were resolved mostly through negotiations between employers and workers, and mainly for the benefit of workers.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The outcome of the dispute elevated working people's self-esteem and faith in mass power, but embittered employers over economic losses and unrest associated with the strikes.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the labourers had used Russian soldiers in some places as support for their demands.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The upheaval caused by the March Revolution increased the mass power of the working population significantly also through the increased organization of workers; from late 1916 to the end of 1917, the number of members of the Finnish Vocational Organisation more than quadrupled to about 160,000.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The employer side was also organized, in the autumn of 1917 the Finnish Employers Confederation and the Confederation of Agricultural Producers were established.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[28] Frontier prices had been imposed for food as early as 1914 and in 1917 food shortages continued to worsen as imports of bread grain from Russia collapsed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Mainly because of that, a food law was enacted in Finland (2 June 1917), under which the state had the right to confiscate excess food stocks and distribute them for public use.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, the enforcement and implementation of the Act was left completely halfway, resulting in higher food prices and some supply disappearing into bootlegging due to food inventory inspections, seizures and border prices required by law.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[29] However, food shortages were mainly grain shortages and specifically a price crisis for the poorest part of the population affected by unemployment.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the bread shortages could be offset by other products because bread grain accounted for 10 to 20 percent of the average family's food consumption.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Food products were on the cards, queued up and were periodically in short supply, but large-scale hunger was not seen in southern Finland until the 1918 war.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[29] [30] However, the issue developed into a political issue between the working people and the producers and the producers, where “the fear of starvation was a punk”.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Many agricultural producers saw food confiscations and inventory inspections as socialist class policies encroaching on private ownership, and urban working populations in particular were embittered by expensive bootlegging, food export trade to Saint Petersburg, among others, and perception, that there was something deliberate about the trouble.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The provocative news coverage of the newspaper press also played a large part in the escalation of moods as the year 1917 wore on.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[31] [32] [33] Power Law The struggle for power to Nicholas II, Grand Duke of Finland, has been considered to have passed to the provisional Russian government after the March 1917 Revolution.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, its position was uncertain throughout its short lifespan, and ultimately unclear with regard to Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the revolutionary situation, as the internal disintegration of Russia progressed due to war and infighting, the composition of the government changed several times and on the other hand the power of local regional councils and committees increased.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[34] The Russian Provisional Government was to function until the Russian Constituent National Assembly would decide on the country's future statesmanship.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The restoration of autonomy and the extension of self-government in Finland just before the Russification periods, and finally the realization of full independence, were essentially the objectives of all parties in 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Due to infighting and social unrest, conservatives began to hesitate to increase the power of the socialist-majority parliament.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Social Democrats, for their part, are seeking to expand the country's independence and, by means of it, as a follow-up to the political victories of spring and early summer, their domestic political power.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The SDP initially sought cooperation with the Provisional Government on the issue and sought support from the Russian parties for their plans, but ultimately received positive backlash only from the Bolsheviks led by Lenin.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin was planning a coup as early as the summer of 1917 and supported the intentions of the Socialists as they contributed to weakening the position of the Provisional Government.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[35] Two lines arose in the Tokoi Senate to resolve the issue of supreme power in Finland: Lex Tulenheimo named after Senator Antti Tulenheimo, who was responsible for judicial affairs, and the idea of transferring power to parliament, matured within the SDP.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

According to Lex Tulenheimo, the provisional government's power over Finland would have been transferred mostly to the Senate.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the mother country, it would have been decided on the convening, opening and disbanding of the Riksdag, as well as military affairs and foreign policy.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Power Law, on the other hand, sought to concentrate most of the power in the Finnish parliament, and Russia would have had more to say in foreign policy and military matters.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

One cornerstone of the power bill was the wish for changes in the makeup of the Provisional Government or its overthrow.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In Lex Tulenheimo's parliamentary proceedings, the contents of the bill were completely transformed into parliamentary authority, thus becoming a power law.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

It was adopted in parliament in an emotive vote of Socialists, partly Agrarian and bourgeois independents (e.g.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

activists) by votes on 18 July 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Parliamentary Powers Act was staunchly opposed by Conservative MPs, with some lodging calls to resign from parliament.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[36] However, Aleksandr Kerenski, who rose to head the Provisional Government in Russia, did not accept the power law.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

He strengthened military forces in Finland, as well as dissolving parliament on 31 July.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Early parliamentary elections were ordered to take place in October 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the summer of 1917, Finland acquired a new meaning for Russia.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition to and instead of being a supplier of food and goods, the land became a military outpost of the city of St. Petersburg, which could not be abandoned.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[37] The short story of Tokoi's broad-based Senate in Finland ended 13—17.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

on August 1, with key socialist senators resigning from it, and from 1 to 2.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the early parliamentary elections on October, the SDP suffered an electoral defeat and remained in opposition.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Instead of increasing power, the working population lost the political strength it had gained in the spring of 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

When the SDP remained out of the Senate, workers' attitudes sharply sharply sharply sharply and faith in the solutions to key everyday problems such as food shortages diminished.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Conversely, the political role of the labor movement changed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish conservatives who opposed the Power Act took advantage of the decision of the interim government to domestic political advantage and cooperated with the Russians in drafting and adopting the dissolution manifesto of parliament.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The bourgeois Minister-Secretary of State Carl Enckell was active in Saint Petersburg, promoting the dominance of his own political background group.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, the pendulum of power politics shifted sharply from left to right.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The dispute over supreme power linked the internal power crises of Finland and the mother country more closely to each other, with the Finnish socialists and burghers taking advantage of the so-called “St Petersburg card”.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[38] Eventually, both political power groups, both conservatives and socialists, lost in the “power law conflict”, because as a result, a parliamentary power vacuum was created in Finland during a very critical period of internal politics, which continued from early August until early November 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Due to the dissolution of parliament, the country had neither a politically strong government nor a parliament that could have effectively intervened in the increasingly deteriorating domestic political developments.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Symptomatic was that the first victim of the 1917—1918 crisis, a laborer on picket duty, died instantly in August from a bullet fired by police in Ypäja's agricultural unrest.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[39] [40] October Revolution and November Grand Strike Bolsheviks toppled the Provisional Government under Lenin in the October Revolution on 7 November 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

At the same time, the Finnish parliament and parliamentary power were getting back on their feet again.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, the country was at that point more internally divided than it was in March 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Within the SDP, ways of restoring state power to the working population were considered and the Conservatives held firm on the dominance they had regained, which also appeared to be threatened by the renewed Russian subversion.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The non-socialist-majority parliament met for the first time after the elections on 1 November and approved the establishment of a state administrator in the country on 9 November, but the leadership model of three state administrators (Alkio, Svinhufvud, Tokoi) was unable to be implemented.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

By the beginning of November, two different policy options had been formed for the Labour Movement and the Social Democratic Party: parliamentary work or starting a revolution.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The SDP, which remained in opposition, put forward its own We Demand programme instead of the state government, calling for social reforms, the abolition of patronage municipalities, the passage of a previous power law and the annulment of the results of the October parliamentary elections.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The programme was not approved by the non-Socialists, and on 12 November it was decided that it was not even taken up for consideration in parliament because the motion did not meet “formal requirements” in the Speaker's view.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[41] Fourteen-hour revolution Since November 1917 at the latest, Jukka Rahja, Eino Rahja and Adolf Taimi of the St. Petersburg Bolsheviks in both Helsinki and Saint Petersburg began to grow.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

For the Bolsheviks, as for the Provisional Government, Finland was an important part of Russia, whose control had a bipolar effect.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

After the “Days of July”, the country and the warmen there had become a support base for Lenin in the direction of Saint Petersburg, and on the other hand Finland served as a buffer area against Germany.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Social Democrats, on the other hand, considered requesting a manifesto implementing Finnish state independence from Soviet Russia on 10 November, but the unclear situation in Saint Petersburg prevented the intention.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[42] Lenin encouraged the Finnish Social Democrats to make a revolution: “Rise up, rise without delay and take power into the hands of the organised working people.” [16] [43] Finland's “reluctant revolutionaries” did not follow the Bolshevik calls for subversion, but balanced the various options in between.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[44] [45] In the autumn of 1917, Lenin, while hiding in Helsinki, had worked out his plans for the SDP, so that the arrival of the November subversion was partly known to the Finns, but no plans for cooperation with the Bolsheviks had been drawn up in advance.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The change of power in Saint Petersburg provided new opportunities for action for the Socialists after the autumn disappointments, but the leadership of the SDP and members of the parliamentary group were predominantly moderate.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The revolution gained support mainly in part of the trade organisation, in the new Workers' Guards and the Parliament of Workers' Organizations in Helsinki.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Bolshevik claims additionally lacked a real base, as their position in St. Petersburg was very precarious.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin was forced to request and transfer loyal troops who had been in Finland for assistance to the capital.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[34] [46] [47] At the headquarters of the Bolsheviks Helsinki Council, the present Presidential Palace, a pre-revolutionary meeting was held on November 8, 1917, in which three Russian communists were present: Pavlo Dybenko, A.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

L. Seinman and Ivar Smilga, as well as Jukka Rahja, a Bolshevik from Saint Petersburg, and seven Finnish Social Democrats in addition to them; Kullervo Manner, K. H. Wiik, Edvard Gylling, Matti Turkia, Pietikäinen, Torniainen and Otto Wille Kuusinen.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

After a long negotiation and pressure from the Russian Bolsheviks on the Finns, the Finnish socialists promised to follow the example of the Russian Bolsheviks and engage in armed revolution.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Russian Bolsheviks promised to supply the necessary weapons.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

As the leading body of the revolution, the leaders of the Social Democrats and the Finnish Professional Association (SAJ) established the Labour Revolutionary Central Council on 9 November 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Central Council came members from the Red Guards, the Parliament of Workers' Organizations in Helsinki, the party leadership and the Professional Organisation and Social Democratic Parliamentary Group.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Kullervo Manner was elected chairman and Yrjö Sirola as secretary.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[48] [49] [50] Evert Huttunen and George Sirola were sent by the Workers' Revolutionary Central Council to Saint Petersburg to deliver a comrade salute to the new Soviet government.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In St. Petersburg, Lenin asked them when the Finns would undertake a revolution.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Huttunen and Sirola could not give a clear answer to this.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

They also met other Soviet leaders, including Stalin, Trotsky and Sinovyev.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[51] Lenin pledged his full support for the Finnish Revolution and promised the Russian Baltic Fleet would be freely available if necessary.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin urged the Finnish socialists to start a general strike to sever links with Saint Petersburg so that troops detachments loyal to Kerensk could not be moved to Saint Petersburg.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[52] [53] The Labour Revolutionary Central Council voted on 12 November, after the We Demand programme was overthrown, by 18—8 votes against taking power.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

On 14 November, the Central Council and the Finnish Professional Association declared a general strike in Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Within a couple of days, 85,000 workers were on strike and key localities in southern Finland were under the control of local strike committees.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The SDP had adopted a strict class battle line.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[54] [55] The success of the general strike sharply increased calls for a final take on power and on 16 November 1917, the Revolutionary Central Council decided, by a vote of 14—11, to start a revolution after all.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, the directors elected to the executive committee, the commissioners, refused.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

On the same day, yet another vote was held, concluding by a vote of 13—12 not to start a revolution.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

It was decided to end the general strike at 24pm on 19 November.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[56] Shattered Mirror The November strike was a major refraction point in many respects.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Decisions taken during the strike deepened the divide of the Finnish labour movement into a revolutionary minority and a moderate, pro-parliamentary majority.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, after the strike, the line draw was not absolute for some key SDP party leaders, so power relations could yet change on a case-by-case basis.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, in the alleyway running of the Great Strike, the party leadership partially lost its authority and ability to control the labour movement and its various currents.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Moderates received back-up from the rest of the parliament when the eight-hour workday and municipal laws were passed on November 16, 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the working population attributed it to have happened purely because of the pressure of a major strike.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Laws had been enacted as early as 14 July 1917, but the question of supreme power in Finland had postponed their final adoption.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[57] [58] The cancellation of the Finnish revolution was a disappointment for Lenin and the Bolsheviks.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In November—December, Lenin lost faith in the SDP's desire and ability to carry out the capture supporting the October Revolution in Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[59] [60] The Great Strike had definitively revealed the line differences between Russian-Bolshevist and Finnish-social democratic policies.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

After a period of disappointment, Lenin tried to rely in his plans on the far-left of the Finnish labour movement and the Finnish Bolsheviks in Saint Petersburg seeking to influence labor organizations directly, bypassing the leadership of the SDP.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[61] In Finland, the general strike broke the rest of the unity that remained between the Socialists and the burghers.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The aggression of the strike erupted into political violence; a total of 16 people numbered as non-socialists were massacred by the Workers' Guards.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, 14 Patronymen and 4 Workers' Order Guards perished in the skirmishes of the strike.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

By the late summer of 1917, the power vacuum had been filled and Finland had ended up on a path with an internal struggle looming at the end of it.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[62] Independence Sixth of December The non-socialist parties hoped to be able to reduce the influence of the Bolsheviks in the country and to control the left with their parliamentary majority.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, on 15 November 1917, the Finnish Parliament declared itself the holder of supreme power in the country.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

On 27 November, the bourgeois Svinhufvud Senate led by P.E.Svinhufvud, which has also been called the Independence Senate, was formed in the country, and on 6 December 1917, the parliament passed the Senate's motion for the Declaration of Independence of Finland.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[63] In a mirror image to the July 1917 power bill vote, the Socialists voted against a motion in the bourgeois Senate in December and drafted their own motion as a declaration of independence.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[64] The fact that the Declaration of Independence had to be voted on can be seen as a natural consequence of past events and infighting, in which the question of independence had become part of the internal wrangling among Finns.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In Finland, the Declaration of Independence of December 1917 did not attract much attention.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In fact, the idea and demand for full state independence emerged in Finland partly because of the power struggle described above in 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Finns had planned either only the restoration of the pre-1899 situation and the extension of autonomy, or the annexation of the country as a principality to Germany or Sweden.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[65] Thus, the emergence of independent Finland was not the culmination of a long, “methodical” historical development.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

It was the result of economic, social and power political changes beginning in the mid-19th century and, above all, of the upheaval in Europe and Finland caused by World War I.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[66] Lenin's handshake Neither the Socialists nor the Conservatives were able to finish Finland's independence without the other's support.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

There was no approval for independence from foreign powers and other countries did not want to give credit.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The German Empire had the Brest-Litovsk peace talks with Soviet-Russia and the Circum-Powers did not recognize the Council of People's Commissars as the next Russian Provisional Government as the next legitimate Russian government.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

For this, the Senate needed good relations between the Social Democrats and the Bolsheviks.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Socialists, like other Finns, were uprooted phennomans, so they asked Lenin to grant Finland independence.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the SDP, there were also fears after October's election defeat would fall in popularity among the party's nationalist supporters unless independence was achieved.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin would likely have accepted the independence of the Finns without the SDP too, since the Bolsheviks had not yet established itself.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, Svinhufvud's repulsive attitude towards the Bolsheviks held back the progress of the issue.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, the Senate petitioned the Council of People's Commissars for recognition of Finland's independence and on 31 December 1917 it gave its recognition.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[67] By the beginning of the Civil War, Finland's independence had been recognized by Soviet Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland and Greece.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Britain and the United States did not yet accept the independence of the Finns, but remained to monitor the development of cooperation between the enemy country Germany and Finland and the situation in Russia, mainly the results of the Russian Constituent National Assembly.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The main question for Western powers was whether the Bolsheviks could be ousted from power and whether Russia would still be able to continue the war with Germany.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[68] [69] Armistice on the Eastern Front on December 1, the Russian Bolshevik leadership and Germany began peace confessions and the ceasefire began on 6 December.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

An armistice agreement between the two countries was concluded on 15 December and peace talks began in Brest-Litovsk on 22 December.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the negotiations, Germany reached out not only to Poland and Lithuania it occupied but also control of the Baltics and Ukraine, as well as Finland, whose Senate was pressured to obtain recognition for independence first from Soviet Russia.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[70] [71] [72] Ordinary power issue The lack of internal ordering power following the dissolution of the Russian Tsar's traditional police and gendarmerie organizations in connection with the March Revolution of 1917 first led to the establishment of an unarmed security force.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In March—April, the first springs of the preceding patronage municipalities were born in southwestern Finland, and at the same time, the formation of pre-workers' ordinance crews in Southern Finland began to be formed.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Initially both were created mainly to enforce public order at the local level, but as early as the spring of 1917 the strike crackdown in industry and agriculture, and later in 1917 civil unrest related to municipal policy and food problems began to highlight their interest group character.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

At the time, the order's supervisory and combat-organizing role was often nested in both the Workers' Guards and Patronage Counties.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The struggle for statehood eventually elevated both forces to be significant factors at the Reich level as well.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[73] The lack of organizational power and its own army in Finland has been considered to have been one of the decisive factors in the creation of the 1918 disaster.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The view is justified in some respects, but a broader perspective based on the breakdown of society sheds better light on the evolution of events.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In the spring of 1917, Finland had a Tokoi Senate but not sufficient organizing power.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

By the autumn, because of the conflict over power, the situation had changed to the opposite: the country had, admittedly ambivalent, a power of order but no government that could have exercised it.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of 1917, the governing power was re-formed and the Senate of Svinhufvud sought the establishment of order.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

This was too late, as the elements of power, patrons and Red Guards were at that point independent power elements in the country, and when one of them was chosen as the official Finnish army, war broke out.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[74] Patronage municipalities During the summer of 1917, patronage societies established by active conservatives and burghers emerged in abundance across the country.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

By September—October, there were between 250 and 300.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The motivation for the establishment was also to safeguard public order, but in Ostrobothnia activities began to highlight the bitterness and uncertainty caused by food law, as well as activism.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In southwestern Finland and Satakunta, strong conflicts between housemates and farm workers were the driving factor.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In Karelia, on the other hand, priority was the clandestine actions of activists to separate Finland from Russia.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The total strength of the force was approximately 20,000 in December 1917, as well as about 40000 men in January 1918, and the number of patrons was about 400.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Their armament slowly improved from late October 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Arms were obtained from Germany as well as arms dealers in Saint Petersburg and Vyborg.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

After the Great Strike of November 1917, patron municipalities formed in different parts of the country for various reasons began to unite behind the same objectives: the removal of Russian military personnel from Finland, the control and restoration of order of the Red Guards, and other defense and control of their own group interests.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

However, cooperation was not brought to work until the Civil War began.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The fragmented self-help of patrons in January 1918 was a factor leading to the outbreak of war [75] [76] Labour Guards The Social Democratic Party of Finland initially viewed the establishment of the Workers' Guards with restraint or negativity, since in connection with the grand strike of 1905 the established Red Guards had eventually broken away from the party's control.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The negativity was evident, for example, in the attitude towards the so-called “Helsinki” held on 12 May 1917. Kaisaniemi meeting.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In it, the former Red Guards who took part in the Viapori rebellion of 1905—1906 resurrected the Guards and similar activities were in Tampere, among other things.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In 1917, the evolution of the working Guards was not only a continuum from order crews to Red Guards, but the Working Order Guards and Red Guards also emerged side-by-side, but at first the Red Guards were weaker.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, the sharp turnaround caused by the power law dispute, the dissolution of parliament and electoral defeat between July and October also changed the SDP's attitude towards the Guards to a positive one.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, information about Bolshevik subversion plans in St. Petersburg in October 1917 contributed to guard projects.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Professional Association and the Party issued a formal call for the establishment of the Workers' Order Guards on 20 October 1917.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Although they had already been set up in September, among others, in Helsinki.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

They were mainly wanted by trusted labour movement actives from labour associations and trade unions.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Labour Guards played a role in maintaining public order, but were also a new option for securing and restoring the dominance of the Left.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Before 20 October, fewer labour wards of different types had been established (about 100) than patronage municipalities, and the motives for their establishment varied like patronage municipalities by locality.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

From the end of October and during the November 1917 Grand Strike, the Guards were established in abundance, their number after the strike reached about 350.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The total strength of the Labour Guards was around 30000—35000 men at the end of 1917, and by that time, as the internal political climate had sharpened, the importance of the Red Guards was gaining strength.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Weapons the Guards received mainly from the Russians.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[77] The power of arms during the Great Strike of November 1917 was realised what the SDP leadership had still feared in the spring of 1917: some of the Labour Guards were radicalised.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Political violence began to occur within their circles and, like 1905, they sought to detach themselves from party control.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, the party leadership, along with the founders of the opposing patrons, contributed to the emergence of a new, armed power factor in the country.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

The Great Strike and the political terror associated with it, as well as the admission of Bolsheviks to power in St. Petersburg, sharply sharply sharply sharply the attitudes of the patronage activists and activists, as well as provoked the most conservative burghers to realise that a revolutionary part of the working population might actually be able to threaten their their power interests.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

What followed was a further intensified search for military support in Germany and the conservative mainstream positioning itself once and for all behind the goals of the radical activist movement.


Question: Where did the Finnish Civil War come from?

Finnish Civil War

[44] [78] In December 1917, the SDP was still able to achieve a formal decision to maintain the Labour Guards under party control.