Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

During the time of Shaahi Khosrau I (531—579), the Persians built the famous Derbent Wall, which closed a narrow passage route between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains, but even that did not prevent attacks by nomadic tribes.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

According to legend, Khosrau I built two cities in Dagestan: Belendzer and Semender, which later became casar towns.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Both towns were originally towns of tribes of the same name.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

A tribe of Zabenders, who were kindred tribes of the Avaars, have also been associated with Semender.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They moved after earthen moorings and crossed the Caucasus in the 550s.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 562, Persia eradicated almost all of the clayey, and those who remained moved, together with the cassacks, to the north of the Caucasus.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of the claymen remained in Dagestan, where they became known as the Huns of the North Caucasus.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The rise of the cassaars was thanks to the Turkic Khanate, as the cassar rulers were apparently their relatives (the House of Ašin), who in 551 established a vast kingdom which quite quickly split into Eastern and Western Empire.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

By the end of the 5th century, the Western Turkish Khanate had already reached the isthmus between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

All the local peoples were subservient under their rule.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Conquests of the Caucasian and Black Sea coasts in the 6th century The military forces of the Kasars are first mentioned in the Persian-Byzantine War of 602—628, in which Dzebukagan, the head of the cassairs, was the main leader in the Turkish-Byzantine alliance fighting Persia.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 627, Caucasian Albania was destroyed by the military forces of the Barsairs and together with the Byzantines conquered Tbilisi by storming.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

From 630 onwards, internal disputes within the kingdom dissolved the West Turk Khanate.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

As a result, two new kingdoms emerged on its periphery in the steppes of Eastern Europe: Greater Bolgaria north of the Black Sea, founded by Khan Kubrat in 632, as well as Casaar in the Caspian region.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the early stages, the cassaars were almost nowhere to be seen, because the Bolgarian state became so mighty.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It was short lived, though, because after the death of Khan Kubrat, his sons divided the kingdom between them.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars took advantage of the Bolgar dispersal and so in the 660s much of the Bolgars moved under Khan Asparuh to the territory of present-day Bulgaria south of the Danube.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The remaining Bolgars were subservient to the rule of the Cassairs. [5].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

After these events, the leader of Casaar became the supreme leader of the nomadic peoples and took the title Khan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

By the end of the 6th century, the Cassaars controlled most of the Crimean steppe region, the shores of the Sea of Azov, as well as the regions of the North Caucasus.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It is not known how far into the steppes east of the Volga their power extended.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

No written records of that area and time have remained.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

However, the migration of nomadic peoples from Asia to Europe contributed significantly to the development of East Slavic tribes and peoples in Eastern and Central Europe.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In those days, Kasaarian interest had been primarily focused on the Caucasian regions, as they were prosperous agricultural societies and had considerable wealth.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Two routes were accessed to those areas: via Derbent to Caucasian Albania, Armenia and on to Persia, and through the less frequently traveled Darjali Pass, which was located in the Alans territory and thereby reached Georgia.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The influence of the Cassaars in this area was so great that some of the Eastern Caspian languages knew the sea as the Sea of Casaars [6].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The expansion of the Khanate of the Casars came to a halt when the Sassanid Persia was weakened by its wars with Byzantium, so much so that Arabs from the south conquered it and established the Arab Caliphate.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Its armies occupied Armenia, Georgia and Caucasian Albania in 653, after which they also reached the north of Derbent and attacked the town of Balanjar of the Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The battle ended in the defeat of the Arab troops, in which their leader Salman ibn Rabiah was also killed [7].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

There were internal power struggles within the Arab Caliphate, causing it to lose control of those territories.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassaars collected taxes in Caucasian Albania and conducted several war expeditions, the largest of which was in 685.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Albanian rulers of Armenia, Georgia and Caucasian Albania died in the fighting.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[8] One Arab emir whose forces were defeated at Mosul was also killed in the fighting. [9].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

During the wars against the Arabs in the 7th century Arab Caliphate, power was taken by the Umaijad dynasty, which began to reconquer different territories in different directions: the Western Goths in the west, the Turks in the east, and the Cassaars in the north.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At this time, the Arabs conquered the Caucasian region and at the beginning of the 7th century the constant Arab-Casar Wars began.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

After the turn, they beat runner-up.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Occasionally, one side carried out very long expeditions of war to their enemy's lands.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars warred together with Byzantium, which fought against the Arabs in Asia Minor as well.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

When the Arabs attacked Byzantium in 717—718 and besieged Constantinople in 717, so the Casars aided the Byzantines by tying up part of the Arab military forces against them in the war expedition they carried out against Caucasian Albania and Azerbaijan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At the end of 730, the Cassaars conducted their greatest war expedition ever against the Arabs.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At its head was Khan's son Bardzil.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They attacked the Persian city of Ardabīl.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars struck down an Arab army of 25.000 soldiers, in which one of the Caliphate's highest-ranking warlords, Dzarrah ibn Abdullah al-Hakami, was also killed.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of the troops in the Casaars were able to advance as far as Mosul. [10].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

But already in early 731, fresh Arab military forces under commander Said ibn Amr al-Haras (later Maslam) drove the casars from the territories they had conquered.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Thereafter, the fighting shifted to the territory of the Khanate of Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The war continued until 732/733, when the Khan of the Cossacks was wounded in battles at the nearby Darvag fortress of Derbent.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Arabs gained control of these important fortifications.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 737, the warlord Marwan II (the future caliph) unexpectedly attacked with 150.000 soldiers into Kasaar via Derbent and Darjali.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The military forces recaptured Semender, the capital of the Cassaars, and made it as far as Al-Baida, where a tent camp of the Khan of the Kasars was located.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khan fled from there to the farthest parts of his kingdom.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Arabs advanced after them farther north than ever to the “Slavic River”, which was apparently the Don or Volga [11].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The army of the Cassaars had been beaten and the Khan wanted to make peace with the Arabs.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In order to retain his crown he agreed to convert to Islam, but this was apparently only nominal consent from him. [12].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Casars retained their independence and the Arabs left the North Caucasus.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Soon after this, divisions flared up again in the Arab Caliphate.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Power was taken by the Abbasid dynasty, which did not want to expand northwards.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In this way, the Khanate of Kasars halted the Arab advance into Europe, as well as aiding in the survival of the Byzantine Empire.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the late 7th century, after 20 years of peace, the Cassaars conducted two more war expeditions to the Caucasus: in 762—764 and 799.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the 780s they helped the Kingdom of Abkhazia and Emperor Leon II gain independence from Byzantium [13].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

After these events, the Cassaars no longer interfered in Caucasus affairs.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Living under the constant threat of the Arabs on the southern borders of the Casaar forced the Kasars to move to the interior parts of their kingdom along the Don, where Alans tribes were already inhabited, as well as along the Volga.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the lower reaches of the Volga, Itil, the new capital of the Cassaars, was established, which in a short time became a considerable market town.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Dagestan and the old capital, Semender, were left as the southern outlying region of the Khanate of Casaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

As a result of these events, bolgars and clay trees also appeared on the Middle Volga and along the Kama River, where 8th-century Volga Bolgaria arose.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The move of the capital further north also apparently meant closer interaction with the East Slavs, whom they were scrambling to tax.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

(there is no further details on this).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Relations with the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century The alliance of the Two Empires was confirmed in 732 when Constantine V), the future emperor of Byzantium, took as his wife Khan of Bihar's daughter, Princess Tzitzak, who was rechristened Irina.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 787, the Cassaars raised a rebellion among the Crimean Goths and put in prison the local bishop, John of the Goths. [14].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars ruled Crimea until the mid-8th century and in the Taman region as well as the Kerts Strait until the dissolution of the Khanate.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The conversion to the Jewish faith, as well as the rise of the Bulanid dynasty from the 740s to the beginning of the 8th century, things most important to the history of the Kasar Khanate were the large Jewish community that lived there, who were also inhabited by the Casars' home territories in Dagestan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Around the year 740, one of the warlords of the cassairs, Bulan converted to the Jewish faith [15].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Apparently, converting to Judaism strengthened his clan's position as the position of the leading Pagan dynasty deteriorated with the decline of the spoils of war and the end of the traditional policy of conquest.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the early 8th century, Bulan's descendant Emperor Obadia became the second most important person after the Khan, actually centralizing power for himself.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It began dual rule in Kasaar, [16], where nominally the country was ruled by the old ruler line of the Khan and the real power lay with the Bulanid emperor family.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Apparently, such an administration came about as a compromise after mutual disagreements.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of the cassaars, known as the Cavaars, rose in revolt against the ruling dynasty and, after the failure of the revolt, switched to the Hungarians' side.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Obadia's son Ezekiah and grandson Manasseiah had time to rule for a very short period of time, allowing them to hand over the crown to Obadia's brother Hanukkah, whose descendants ruled Casaar until its destruction [17].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khanate of the Kasars in the 8th century After the above events, the Kasaaria did not continue their policy of conquest any longer, but instead they focused on the transit of international trade.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

On the other hand, their foreign policy situation was not very good because a new trek began in the 8th century.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

New nomadic peoples from the east crossed the Volga.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The first nation to cross the Volga were the Hungarians.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the 830s, the Hungarians conquered the northern parts of the Black Sea.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Unclear is what happened, but the Hungarians recognized the supremacy of the Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Lebedia, the leader of the Hungarians, was forced by the Khan of the Casars to marry the noblemaid of the cassairs.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Afterwards, the Hungarians took part in war expeditions organised by the Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 889, the Hungarians (as well as 3 ethnic groups of the Kasars, the Cavaars) were forced to migrate to Pannonia when the Petsenegs were pressured forward by the Oguzi and, in turn, by the Kipchaks.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars lost the steppes north of the Black Sea in that connection.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It is known that the kings of the Casaars made war expeditions against the Petsenegs and Oguzes.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[18] The end of the 8th century is known for the end of the time of peace and stability of the Casaars on the steppes.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

A new adversary emerged for the Kasars with the rise of Kievan Russia.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

More detailed information has been left in the twilight of history about the so-called Rus Khanate, first mentioned in 839.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The princes of Kiev apparently also used the title of Khan, which in the 8th century meant that they were equal to the rulers of the Cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The appearance of Varjagi warrior troops from Scandinavia in Eastern Europe in the 8th century began to reduce the domination of the Kasars over Slavic tribes.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

With their help, the Cossaars got rid of the Polyans in (864), the Severjaans (884) and the Radimiches (885) [19].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

To meet the challenges of the new enemy, the Cassaars requested help from their ally Byzantium in building a chain of fortifications along the northwestern frontier of their empire.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Around the year 834, the Khan and the Bek turned to the Byzantine emperor Theophilos for Byzantium assistance in the construction of the Sarkel fortress [20].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The fortress is located on the left bank of the Don.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It became the main base of the Cassacks in that area.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In addition to Sarkel, according to archaeological finds, other fortifications of the same type were built along the Don [21].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The 850s were the last battles between the Cassaars and the Arabs.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

A rebellion had broken out in the Caucasian underlands of the Caliphate, which was sent to suppress the Arab warlord Buga al-Kabir, himself originally a cassar.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars received a request for assistance from mountain sanarians who lived in Kakheti [22].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Buga conducted a war expedition against the Alans and the Cassaars and received spoils of war from them, but was then called out of Georgia because the Caliph feared he would join his people's armies [23].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Thereafter, relations between Casaar and Byzantium warmed up again.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 861, a Byzantine delegation arrived in Casaar, headed by Constantine the Philosopher [24].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

From the late 8th century to the beginning of the 9th century, the Khanate of Cassaars was greatly weakened, but was still a considerable kingdom due to its well-trained army and skilful diplomacy.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The rulers skillfully created between three grandees: Byzantine, Kievan Rus and nomadic peoples.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At the end of the 8th century, an alliance was assembled against the Casaar under Byzantium as his assistants: the Petsenegs, the Black Bulgars, and a few nomadic tribes.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They were beaten in battles by the Cassaars along with the Alans. [25].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Under the succeeding emperor Aaron, Byzantium managed to break the Casars-Alans alliance.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Thereafter, the Cassaars fought the Alans with the help of another nomadic leader.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Alans Emperor was honourably imprisoned.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

He gave his daughter as a wife to Joseph, the son of the Emperor of the Casaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The destruction of the Khanate of the Cassaars in the 9th century Rusien threatens the Cassaars seek to counter by guiding them for a time on raiding expeditions to the Caucasus.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 913 or 914, the Cassaars let a fleet of Rosies on a raiding expedition to the Caspian Sea.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

When the Rus army returned from there, they were attacked by the cassairs and struck them. [26].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 939, one of the Rus warlords, Helg, or perhaps Prince Oleg the Wise, attacked, on Byzantine orders, the town of Samkerts of the Cassaars in the Crimea, on the Taman Peninsula.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[27] The Rus were struck by the army of the Cassaars under the command of the warlord Pesakh, after which the Cassaars plundered Byzantine cities in the Crimea. [28].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars then forced the Russ to turn their arms against Byzantium in the Rusien—Byzantine War of 941—944.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Russ also conducted a war expedition against Berda of the Caucasus in 943 or 944.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Not only did they plunder there, but at one time the Rus tried to conquer those territories, but failed to do so. [29].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

For the Kasars, the situation on their southern border took a turn for the worse when independent emirates appeared instead of the Arab Caliphate.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

By the early 9th century, the southern part of the Caspian Sea was already under the control of the unified Saman


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The new state became an active spreader of Islam.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They were converted to the faith of Islam in Central Asia by the Oguzi and Karluks and then the Volga Bolgarians.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The casar was thereafter surrounded by Islamic lands in the south and east, causing concern even among the large Muslim population of the Bek court.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 901, 909 and 916, the Cassaars organised several war expeditions with their Dagestani allies against Derbent. [30].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Relations with the Muslim world remained amicable right up until the dissolution of the Khanate as well as thereafter while serving as a vassal of the Samanids [31].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In Nagorno-Dagestan, the state of Sarir became stronger.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Its inhabitants were Christians.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Their ruler was named “Khan of the Mountains” by the Arabs.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Saririans also organized war expeditions against Kasaar. [32].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Under the rule of the Kasars tried to get rid of the ever-growing Volga Bolgaria as well.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Its ruler converted to Islam with the hope of getting help from those of the same faith.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 922, the legation of the Caliph of Baghdad arrived with Ibn Fadlan, who told of his experiences along the Volga. [33].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Before the destruction of the Khanate of Kasaar, the Kasars managed to reach contacts with the Caliphate of Cordoba.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Hasdai ibn Šaprut, the minister of Cordoba, and Joseph, the emperor of the Cassaars, engaged in correspondence.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

From letters written by Joseph from around 961 it is apparent that he did not think the situation was worrying, but was still in his opinion still in his ruler's territory stretching from Horezma to Don (from the Caspian Sea to the Don).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

A decisive role in the destruction of the Khanate of Kasaar was played by the rise of Kievan Russia.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 964, Grand Duke Svyatoslav managed to free the last Slavic tribe, the Vyatits, from under the rule of the Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the following year, 965, he struck down the army of the cassairs under the command of the Khan and conquered Sarkel, which was named Belaja Veža (=White Rook) by the Russians.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Apparently, the Rusis managed to conquer also (Tmutarakan).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the same year 965 or according to other sources, 968/969, the Rusis together with the Oguzi conquered Itil and Semender. [34].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The surrender of these cities is counted as the end of the independent Khanate of Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Rus apparently stayed for a while in the lower reaches of the Volga.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The inhabitants of Itil and the court fled to the Caspian Islands and Mangyslak.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

After the Rusie left there in the 980s, the ruler of the Cassaars received help from Horezma and returned to his capital Itil.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

As a thank you for their help most of the Cassaars converted to Islam and later after new assistance the Emperor of the Cassaars also converted to Islam [35].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 985, Grand Duke Vladimir the Great conducted a new war expedition to Kasaar and imposed taxes on them. [36].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 986, Nestor's chronicle mentions an embassy of Kasar Jews as having come to Vladimir to convert him to Judaism [37].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Last Mentions 10th—13th centuries The later history of Casaar is less well known and is mentioned fragmentarily in connection with other kingdoms.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

According to some sources, Itil would have been already in ruins in the 10th century. [38].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Volga Kasar was definitively destroyed apparently in the mid-10th century as a result of an invasion by the Kipchak nomadic people.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the 12th century, Saxony emerged in the lower reaches of the Volga in the lower reaches of the Volga, whose inhabitants were also mentioned, but the majority of the population were Oguzi. [39].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

There is almost nothing mentioned in the history of Dagestan about the cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 1064, 3000 casar families migrated to the south of the Caucasus. [40].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Don casars in Sarkel and the Black Sea came under the control of the Russian Principality of Tmutarakan, which existed until the mid-12th century.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The military forces of the Cassaars accompanied Mstislav Černigovite during his fight at Listvene against his brother Yaroslav in 1024.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

For the last time in Ancient Russian chronicles, the casars are mentioned in 1079 and 1083 when they captured Prince Oleg of Černigov and gave him to Byzantium.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Something fragmentary in the data is the migration of casar Jews to Central Europe, where they assimilated with local Ashkenasi Jews.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The version often idolised in popular literature is their legacy to European Jews, which has not been proven.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

With the destruction of the Khanate of the Casaars, the steppes of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea fell into the possession of various nomadic peoples.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Control of the Volga arm passed to Bolgaria of the Volga and the North Caucasus again to Alania.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

These territories were not reunited until under the Golden Orda.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

State Structure Originally Kasaars was a typical nomadic community.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Political traditions and titles they received from the Turkish Khanate.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At the head of the kingdom was a Khan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Nominally, he had all the military and administrative power, but did not have the means to implement them.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The status of the Khans depended largely on their ability to acquire the spoils of war and their ability to properly distribute it among the nobles [41].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Another important factor was the legitimacy of their power.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Khan's rule was considered to have come from heaven.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khan was the supreme person in the pagan cult who presided over their worship and possessed supernatural powers in the eyes of the citizens.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Only a member of the royal family was allowed to become Khan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The system of succession of power was apparently inherited from the Turks, where power passed from the older brother to the younger. [42].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Some sources assume that the casars were led by the Turkic genus Ašin [43].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

By the middle of the 8th century, the lineage of khans had grown so large that one of the family members was a bazaar merchant. [44].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Belief in the divine abilities of the ruler was so great that even in the face of misfortune, the kingdom was blamed on the ruler.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

His life was highly regulated and full of various prohibitions.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At the takeover ceremony he was strangled with a silk belt and in a semi-conscious state he had to say how many years he was going to rule.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

After that period of reign, he was killed.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

If he told too long a reign, then in any case he was killed at the age of 40, because it was believed that at that age no later than the divine power would abandon him. [45].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Before the Jewish period, the dynasty of the Khans very tightly controlled the army and was therefore able to avoid religious offerings as well.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The situation changed after another cassar clan converting to Judaism gained real power for themselves.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Their leader took the name “bek” for himself.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the Yiddish language, he was referred to by the title meleh, meaning emperor.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Arabs referred to him as malik meaning ruler or caliph (direct translation was deputy). [46].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Apparently during the new Jewish dynasty power was strictly passed only from father to son. [47].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Under the new system, the khan was given more religious duties and secular affairs were handled by the bek.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In it, the bek supplied various ritual actions to the Khan, which, however, were not allowed to be degrading in value.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

When Bek came to Khan, he knelt and held a burning branch in his hand.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khan lived in seclusion in his palace and he only went out once at the head of a festive procession or because of the disaster that befell the country [48].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Khan's authority was also recognized by neighbouring pagan peoples as well as ordinary cassaars also.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khan was a factor in maintaining peace until the last days of the Khanate of Cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Apparently the same type of dual rule was also held by the Hungarians.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[49] The ruses have apparently also had that type of cassar borrowed dual rule.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[50] The Tarhans, who were their nobles, were the supreme of the Khans of Cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Among them were many relatives of the king, below them the Eltebers, who were the leaders of the vassal peoples.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[51] In the early stages, the Khanate of Kasar did not have any administration; it began to develop only as the Cassaars became acquainted with the social systems of the more developed neighbouring peoples.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the Caucasus, the cassars introduced the Sassanid tax collection system, as well as placing overseers to monitor the actions of craftsmen and merchants.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In Crimean cities, the system of control of the cassairs was copied from the Byzantines.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassaars placed the Khan regent (tudun) as the overseer of the local government.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

During the Jewish period, the system of government developed quite rapidly.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

There was an outpost at hubs on trade routes where special officers charged customs duties.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The capital of the Khanate of Kasars, Itil, also had a judicial system.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It had 7 judges from different religions (2 pcs for each of the 3 religions of one god, plus 1 piece for Gentile believers).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The judges were appointed by the King's official


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Various professions were practiced in the capital.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Craftsmen and merchants from other nations paid tax annually to the khan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Between the 8th and 9th centuries, the Khanate of Casaars consisted of several territories governed in quite different ways.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The core of the kingdom lay in the lower reaches of the Volga.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It was mostly inhabited by cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In that area, the Khan and nobles conducted an annual round of inspections, beginning in April and ending in September.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Strategic targets were handled directly by the central power.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The targets were the fortifications of the cassacks.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The most famous of them were the defensive fortress of the Sarkel Don route, as well as Samkerts at the mouth of the Kerch Strait between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Of great importance was also the old capital of the Kasars, Semender, on the coast of Dagestan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The city was a special area by some estimates, ruled by a relative of the Khan of the Casaars, who was a Jewish ruler.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

A large part of the region was governed without interference from the central government in its actions.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Allies of the cassairs: Alans, Bulgars, Burtas, Hungarians, Slavs, as well as others were allowed to maintain their own social and political systems.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They all had their own rulers, who had to collect taxes and send them to the Khanate of Cassaars, as well as to give their daughters to the Khan's harem, as well as military troops for the Khan's use.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It is known that the Volga Bolgars paid a tax of one fur per economy.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[52] The Slavs paid one silver coin per plough. [53].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The army at the time of the Arabian Kasar Wars was the lifting force behind the military force of the Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At the insistence of the cassars, the nations that depended on them had to hand over to the cassaars warrior groups.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The size of the army could be as high as 100—300 thousand warriors. [54].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The army was hull by cavalry.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Their battle tactics were typical of nomads: some of the cavalry were hidden until at an opportune moment they became involved in the fighting.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cassaars knew how to conquer cities using siege equipment.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The military forces of the Casaars could even outperform the regular army of the Arab Caliphate, with capable warlords at the head [55].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Between the 8th and 9th centuries, the structure of their militia changed.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

After the ruler stopped the great war expeditions, he began to assemble troops of different nationalities who were not too closely related to each other.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The core of the army of the Casaars was a heavy cavalry guard assembled from warriors from the Muslim tribe of Arsija.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They lived in Itil and served the bek (emperor) by special contract.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Guard had its own vizier who agreed that they didn't have to fight against self-believers (Muslims).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Most of the enemies of the cassairs were heathen peoples.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Warriors also got paid.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The male strength of the Guard, according to various sources, was 7—12 thousand warriors. [56].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Sarkel had a continuously changing 300 guard soldiers. [57].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In fact, the cassar army was already a professional army and with it the Khanate was able to survive more than 150 years against enemy armies even larger than that.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Guard was very influential, but not the only military force in the Khanate.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassar emperors also employed mercenaries from among the Slavs and Rusis.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of them were also in the capital.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The strength of the army of the Cassaars lay in cavalry, which the local nobles had to supply to the monarch according to their rank.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Peoples dependent on the cassaars (Burtas and Bolgars) had to supply them with lifting people.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Cossacks did not have a fleet although they knew how to make small boats, which they used to move along the Volga.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The main weapon in the cassacks was the bow gun.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In addition to that, the cavalry carried spears, swords, sabres, as well as axes and daggers.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The elite of the military forces in the Casaars wore armour outfits, leather armour, helmets and neck guards. [58].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At the head of the war effort was the Khan as well as his close relatives or a commander from the Tarhanian nobles.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

With the diminished power of the Khans, the supreme commander of the military forces became a bek (emperor).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassar warriors who remained prisoners also gained access to the army of the Abbasid Caliphate.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of them reached quite high positions such as personal servants of the caliphs and land lords in the provinces.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Byzantium also had casars as Guards. [59].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Economy The main source of livelihood of the population was cattle herding.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The oldest residential area of the Kasars was in Dagestan, where they grew grapes.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the 7th to 8th centuries, in areas close to the sea (Crimea, the Taman Peninsula, the Kuban and along the Don), they switched from nomadic to farming. [60].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They grew wheat, barley, rice, fruits and vegetables.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

There also developed ironsmith works, jewellery and pottery making, which were oriented towards the local market.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Dishes were made by dreijaming.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The upper class became rich in the early days mostly through their raiding expeditions to neighboring countries.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At a later stage, they also became rich through more peaceful means.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It was made possible by the growth of international trade from the late 7th century to early 8th century


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The merchants were mostly Jewish merchants.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Several international trade routes ran through the casaar.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The main trade thoroughfare in Eastern Europe became the Volga River, the lower and middle reaches of which were under the control of the Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Volgan-Baltic river route ran from the Don estuary on a land isthmus along the drag sky to the Volga and thence to the land of the Slavs as well as the Baltic Sea shore states.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Many silver coin caches of dirhems obtained from Arabs have been found along this route.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the upper reaches, the Rus also became important intermediaries.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

From the Volga Delta, from the city of Itil, merchants made their way along the Caspian Sea to sail, and from the southern shore in caravans along the land to Baghdad or Central Asia.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

According to archaeological finds, there were also land routes: a network of karaavanisarai from Horezma to the Lower Volga.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

From the Crimean port cities, the Khanate of the Kasars was also involved in trading with the Byzantine Empire.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Control of trade routes also made it possible that between the 8th and 9th centuries the main source of income for the cassairs were customs duties.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Itil became a considerable market town.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At the same time, the cassaars themselves practiced traditional nomadic activity and did not participate in international trade.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

With it were mostly Jewish and Islamic communities.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khanate of the Casaars had been known as a major centre of the fur and slave trade.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Kasars' own export products were fish glue as well as sheep.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The casaar apparently also printed its own money, although this is still a contentious issue.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

A few Arab dirhem coins with the inscription “Land of the Casaars” have been found in the Kasaar area along the Don [61].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Some of the coins are from the late 8th century to the early 9th century and the rest are from the 830s.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[62] There are also the five dirhams found in Spilling Gotland Sweden which read “Mohammed the Messenger of God” instead of the phrase: “Moses Messenger of God” [63].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Religion Originally the Cassaars worshipped their old pagan religions.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The most important place in their sanctuary was reserved for the god of heaven, Tengri.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Khan was considered to have received his power directly from him.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Khan possessed a special life force in his possession, which secured the success of the entire nation. [64].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the pagan religion, Khan's position was supernatural demigod.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Arab historians mentioned that their faith resembled that of the Turks.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[65] But it is unfortunate that he has not been left with a more detailed description.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Many mentions of the worldview of the nomadic people of Kasaaria have remained in historical sources.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Close allies and vassals of the Cassaars, namely the Huns of Dagestan, bowed not only to Tengri, but also the thunder god Kuar, as well as the god of female fertility, who resembled the ancient goddess Umai of the Turks.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They also believed in the gods of roads, as well as bowing to the sun, moon and thunder.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The funerals of nobles also featured human sacrifices as well as ritual dances in which naked warriors danced with swords. [66].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Rulers of the Cassaars There is little information about the rulers, as there are few written sources on the cassaars from the 6th to the 8th centuries.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Foreign sources have names are sometimes distorted and the status of names can have titles.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

More reliably, there are records: of three khanates who ruled in the 7th century, there are records of one khan from the 6th century, when the Cassaars were still allies of the Turks, as well as one khan from the 8th century.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Some time ago ancient Turkic paintings were found in Mongolia mentioning chief Kadyr of Kasar, who apparently has been the ruler of the Kasars in the 5th century.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Below is a list of known rulers and khans of the Cassaars and the years in which they have been mentioned: Before the establishment of the Khanate, Hazar (Hazarig in Syriac sources) [67] the mythical ancestor of the Cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Sources don't give details of his actions.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Kadyr Kasar, a late 5th-century [68] contemporary of the Turkish Khan Bumyn (died in 552), who died shortly after Turkic.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Ebukagan (with Byzantines as Zievil), ruled from 626—630 [69] the head of the Casars in the Persian-Byzantine War of the 6th century.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

This may also have been the Khan of the West Turks, Ton Jabgu.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Khans of Ibuzir Gljavan ruled 705—711 [70] as Bardzil (in older versions Barsbek, Bardzik), ruled 722—731 [71] the son of the ruling Khan, who commanded an army in the Arab War.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Parsbit, ruled from 730 as regent during the minor heir to the throne.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Khan's mother, who died the same year.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Bardzil was still alive at the time, but did not assume power for himself.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Vihror, reigned 732—750s [72] he gave his daughter Tsitsak as a wife to the future Emperor Constantine V of Byzantium.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Bagatur, reigned 759—763 [73] He ruled during the 762/763 war expedition.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

His daughter married around the year 760 to the Arab Armenian regent.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Zaharia, ruled 860—861 [74] during the Khanate to Kasaar came the legation of Constantinos Philosophos.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

?.. ut, period of reign unknown [75] part of a text related to the name of a person from the Crimean Mountains.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Beks, or emperors In Russian-language literature, Beks have been referred to as emperors.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In Joseph's letters to Hasdan ibn Šafrut, Minister of Economy of the Caliphate of Cordoba, 10 generations are known of the dynasty beginning with Obadia.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It may be that the list was enlarged because the second letter mentions 9 generations and Jehudi the Barcelonian letter 5 generations.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[76] Further details of the actions of those three emperors are mentioned in a letter from an unknown Jewish cassar.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It is also mentioned there that the first ruler (either Bulan or Obadia) to convert to Judaism took the Jewish name Sabriel.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Apparently all emperors had the first name Turkic.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

One of them survived in the history of Derbent, where the cassaar emperor who ruled in 901 was called K-sa ibn Bulan [77].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Another mentioned was in al-Jakub's work (about v.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

891) named Jazid Bulaš. [78].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Obadia apparently Arab caliph Harun ar Rasid contemporary (786—809) Ezekia Manassia I Hanukkah Isaac Zavulon Manassia II Nissi Aaron I Menahem Benjamin (cassaar emperor) 880s—9th century Aaron II (cassaar emperor) 932—960 chapter wrote a letter to Hasdan ibn Šafrut around the year 961.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The reigns of the last three emperors have been defined by A.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

TR.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Novoseltsev. [79].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The main sources of information The history of the Cassaars can be accessed from various literary sources, most of which are written by the neighboring peoples of the Cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They had a strong literary heritage.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The history of the cassairs is partly shrouded in obscurity.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

From the 4th—5th centuries, there are almost no mentions of cassaars, because in those times they were overshadowed by mightier peoples.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

There are mentions of cassaars from later centuries, but the years do not always add up.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Between the 6th and 7th centuries, the Casars were at their most formidable and are mentioned in connection with various wars of conquest.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Many of these events were recorded down no earlier than the mid-8th century.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

At that time, as the Arab geography flourished, information about the Kasaar state system was also recorded.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The greatest number of contemporaries records is from the 9th century, when the Cassaars left their own written mentions of their land, as well as accounts of other contemporaries from abroad such as Casaaria (Ibn Fadlan, Constantinos VII).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Casaar Information Sources.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

No texts in Kasar have been found, although they apparently have existed since there are mentions of them. [80].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In any case, the Cossacks have been left with written texts.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They are part of the so-called Jewish Kasar Correspondence, which also contains two letters in Yiddish.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

One of them is that of the cassaar emperor Joseph from about 961 and the other is a so-called Cambridge documentary written by an unknown casar Jew circa the year 949.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Both documents mention the origins of the Casaars, their conversion to Judaism, the emperors who ruled and their achievements, and the geography of the Casaar.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

One more new casar Jewish source of information has recently been discovered, which was a letter of recommendation from the Kiev Jewish community (9th century.).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

A few of the signatories to the letter, in addition to their Jewish name, also had a Casar (Turkic) name.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It was quite common practice in the Khanate of Casaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The last sentence of the letter is written in Ancient Turkic text.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Texts of similar type (very short ones) have also been found in various archaeological excavations.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The texts have not yet been successfully deciphered.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Arabic-Persian Sources The largest and most diverse dataset can be found in different countries of the caliphate [81].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They are divided into two different types: historical and geographical works that mention the various contacts between the Casaar and the Islamic world.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Historical sources mention battles between the Kasars and the Persians, as well as the Kasar and Arab.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Geographical sources focus on peaceful intercourse, which was based on commerce.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The first case tells of the 6th to 7th centuries, when the Arabs fought with the cassaars in the Caucasus.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The second case recounts the 8th to 9th centuries, when Kasaar was an important transit route for international trade and a large Muslim community formed in the capital Itil.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

An even earlier era from the 5th century Arabs referred to Persian Sassanid chronicles, which unfortunately have not survived until our times.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Among historians, names are mentioned: Belazuri, al-Jakubi, at-Tabari, al-Kufi, Caliph ibn Hajjat, as well as others.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The role of the cassairs in the Caucasus in the late days of the Khanate is mentioned in the historiographics of the territories bordering the Caspian Sea.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

There have been few of them left.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The history of Derbent and the historiography of neighbouring regions is best mentioned in Munaim-Baš's work The Ottoman Empire.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Questions relating to the history of the cassairs would be difficult to ascertain without the geographical works.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In these sources, a lot of unique material can be found, which contemporaries noted, and secondly, they told about the structure of different kingdoms, of which there are no mention in Christian works.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Arab view of Kasaar was that the kingdom was located at the edge of the earth in an almost uninhabitable area.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

According to them, the area was first inhabited by the demonic peoples Gog and Magog, but as knowledge increased, imaginary views were replaced by more real views of the inhabitants of the region.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Thanks to the geography of the Arabs, the double allude of the Kasars (khan and bek), something about the conversion to Judaism of the Cassaars, the prevalence of Judaism, as well as something about their capital.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Of great importance is also direct and indirect mentions of the composition of the people of the cassairs.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Among the geographical works, travel books and books about peoples were the most important.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They contained important information about trade routes.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Among the first such surviving works by Ibn Hordadbeh from the mid-8th century.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

From the same period, there are also works by Ibn Rust and Gardiz, detailing the peoples of Eastern Europe being of the same type as the work of the already lost Bukharan scientist al-Aihan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The 9th century situation was described by the geographer of the classical school: Istarihi, Ibn Haukal, Al-Mukaddasi.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The last two writers also recorded important information about the destruction of Kasaar.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In addition to them, important travellers who recorded their travels were Ibn Fadlan and Al-Masudi, who visited the borders of Casaar.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Ibn Fadlan in 922 visited Volga Bolgaria and another in the 940s the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Byzantine sources.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Greek sources about the cassaars are quite scarce, because in those times Byzantine historiography was not in force.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

From the early days of the Khanate of Casaars there are 2 works with the same source work: Chronograph by Theophanos the Scientist (written at the beginning of the 8th century as well as the work of Breviarij Nikiforos from a slightly earlier period.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Byzantine sources cite the destruction of Greater Bolgaria as the reason for the rise of the Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

This view is also confirmed in Joseph's Epistle, of which it is in the current history writing.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The later stages of the Khanate of Casaar have been narrated by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In 948—952, he wrote instructions to his son and successor Romanos on how to govern the kingdom in De Administrando Imperio, in which he collected information about the peoples surrounding Byzantium, as well as giving advice to his son on how to deal with different peoples.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Among these data are also confirmation of the Arab view of the dual rule of Casaar, information related to the construction of Sarkel, and the relations between the Casars-Hungarians, the Kasars-Petsenegs and the Casars-Alans.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

There is also apparently the only historical mention of unrest from the Khanate (apparently a rebellion of the Cavaars).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Another important source of information is the biographies of different persons, whose heroes are mentioned in different political contexts.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Biographies have survived in both Greek and Slavic languages.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Casaar is mentioned in the following biographies, among others: John the Gothic (events in the late 8th century), Stefan Surožk (late 8th century), and especially Constantin-Kirill, which mentions a missionary visit to Kasaar in 860—861 as well as recounting the Christian view on the controversies of the cassairs.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In Byzantine literature, the toponym Kasaaria survived most distantly.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

That name was used for a long time from Eastern Crimea.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Later it was also used in Italian documents up to the 16th century. [82].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Armenian Sources.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Important sources also exist in the Ancient Armenian language.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They tell of the 6th—7th centuries, when the cassairs, or “northern barbarians,” ruled south of the Caucasus.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Armenians referred to the ruler of the Casars as “Emperor of the North” as a counterweight to the Byzantine Emperor, who was referred to as “Emperor of the West” as well as the Arab caliph “Emperor of the South”.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Armenian historiography mentions the cassaars as having appeared in the first centuries of our time.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Among the most important works relating to the history of the Kasars is the Geography of Аrmenia, written in the late 6th century by Anania Širakatsi as well as the history of the Aluanki lands from Moses Kagankatvats, who told the history of Caucasian Albania.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Levond's historical work from the 7th century is also important because it recounts outsiders' views on the Casaar-Arab wars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Georgian sources of information The most important from Georgian sources are later compiled works from the 10th to 18th centuries: the “Chronicle of Kartlis chevreb” as well as the “Adventures of Saint Abo the Tbilisian”, which ova cassar recounting events from the late 7th century.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Syriac sources Historians consider that the oldest mention of the cassaars is in the Syriac chronicle of Zahari Ritori from the late 5th century.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Later events are recounted in the work of Mikhail the Syrian (10th century) and Abu-al-Faradge (12th century).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Russian sources There are very few East Slavic sources from the cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

This is mainly due to the fact that Ancient Russian writing skills began only after the dissolution of the Khanate of the Kasars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The main source is the Chronicle of Nestor, for which information about the cassaars was collected partly from Byzantine literature and partly from oral lineage.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Most of the information is from the First Chronicle of Novgorod, written in the 1070s by the scribe Nikon, a monk from Kiev's Petser Cave Monastery, who lived for long periods in Tmutarakan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

From the Russian-Kasar perspective, there is quite a bit of information, but they say something about the interaction of the cassars with the peoples that depend on them.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

There are few such mentions in history works.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The year 965 is mentioned in the chronicle as the year when the military forces of the Cassaars lost to Svyatoslav.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

An embassy of the Jewish cassairs to Vladimir in 986 is also mentioned, after which the casars are only mentioned in connection with events in the Principality of Tmutarakan.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Another important Ancient Russian source on the cassaars is Vladimir's memory and praise recorded by Yakov Mnih (late 10th century), detailing Vladimir's policy with the cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In ancient Russian literature, there is a story from the 14th century: “The Story of the Emperor of the Casaars and his Wife”.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It tells the story of Byzantine emperor Justinian II who was married to a cassaar princess [83].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Jewish Sources There are mentions of Kasars in some Jewish sources.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[84] Contemporaries from travellers en: Eldad ha-Dani (late 10th century), Saadia Gaon, head of the Babylonian diaspora (early 9th century), Karaimite priest En:Jacob Qirqisani (937), and Italian scribe Josif ben Gorion (mid-9th century).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Of the later sources, the most extensive is Jehuda Galev's book Kuzari, which details the attitude of the cassars towards religious issues.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Its author sought to demonstrate the solemnity of Judaism, which is why he recounted with praise about the conversation between a cassaar emperor and a Jewish priest.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Galevi refers to the chronicles of the cassairs and tells the exact date of the reversal of the cassairs.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Rabbinism writers” attitudes towards the cassaars were either positive or impartial while the Karaim wrote about them negatively [85].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Western European Sources The works of Christian Europe as original sources mention almost nothing about the cassaars, but they do contain some fragmentary information that makes it easier to understand the attitude towards cassaars in the outside world.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The cassaars are first mentioned in a Latin source around the year 700 in the Anonymous of Ravenna.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

A few times they are mentioned in the Bavarian Land Record.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Around the year 864, an Aquitanian monk Kristian of Stavelo mentioned that the cassars practiced Judaism.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Hungarian historical sources, such as “Acts of the Hungarians”, appeared quite late, correspond to the 12th to 13th centuries, and examine the prospects of antiquity according to perceptions of that time.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

They say almost nothing about the cassaars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Archaeology To date, no clarity has yet been reached about the origin of the people of the Casaars and the Casaar heartlands, especially the lower reaches of the Volga, have not been studied enough.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Monuments in the main regions of the Khanate (along the Don, on the shore of the Sea of Azov and in the Crimea) have been linked above all to the archaeological culture of Saltin-Majatsk [86].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Its main peoples were the Alans in the forest steppe region and the Turks in the steppe region. [87].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

In the early 20th century, excavations began, which continued during the Soviet era and beyond, in which many urban settlements and fortifications have been found.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Two have been mentioned in written sources: Sarkel, located on the left bank of the Don (now called Tsimlyansk Ancient Castle of the Left Bank: sunk in the Tsimljansk reservoir), and Samkerts-Tamatarha (Taman Ancient Castle).


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The definition of Belener and Semender among the cities of contemporary Dagestan has been contradictory.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The search for the capital Itil has also been difficult and has not yet been verified.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It was long assumed that it could have become submerged as the surface of the Caspian Sea was elevated.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

[88] In 2008, a strong assumption came to archaeologists that Itil was located in the ancient castle of Samosdelsky in the Astrakhan Oblast in the same place where the city of Golden Orda was located.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

This assumption is based on the fact that the remains of an ancient city that predated the Mongolian period were found at the site.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

It is the only ancient city so old in the Astrakhan region.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The base formula for the ancient castle corresponds to the information cited about Itil in various written sources. [89].


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Archaeology problems in the Kasars also include how different archaeological findings can be linked to different historical written mentions of them.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Sources Literature Artamonov, Mikhail Illarionovits: История хазар.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

St. Petersburg, 1962.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

2nd edition, 2001.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

ISBN 5-8114-0377-1 Golb, Norman:.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

2nd edition М. Jerusalem, 2000.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

ISBN 5-93273-126-5 Zahoder, Boris Nikolayevits: М., 1962.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Oleg Ivik, V. Kljutsnikov: Хазары.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

М., 2013.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Artur Köstler:.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

St. Petersburg, 2001.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

ISBN 5-8071-0076-X Л., 1932.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Murad Gadzievits: Образование Хазарского каганата: По материалам археологических исследований и письменным данным данным.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Moscow, 1983. Moscow, 1963. М.,1990.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

S. A. Pletneva.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Moscow, 1976.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

2nd edition, 1986.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Brook K. A.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The Jews of Khazar.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

1st edition.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1999.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Dunlop D.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

M.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The History of the Jewiš Khazars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Princeton, 1954.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Golden P. B. Khazar Studies: A Historic-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazares.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Budapest, 1980.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

V.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Golden P. B., Ben-Šammai H., Róna-Tas A.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

(ed.)


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

The World of the Khazars.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

New Perspectives Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium hosted by the Ben Zvi Institute.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Leiden — Boston: Brill, 2007.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 Ludwig D. Struktur und gesellschaft des Chazaren-Reiches im Licht der schriftlichen Quellen.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Berlin, 1982.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Poliak A.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

N. Kazariyaah.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

Toldot mamlakha yehudit be-eiropa (Khazaria.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

History of the European Jewish Empire) (in Hebrew), Tel Aviv, 1944.


Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

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Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

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Question: Why was the Khanate of Cassaars founded?

Khanate of Casaars

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Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Yellowstone National Park is a national park in the northwestern part of the United States with a very abundant and diverse fauna.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The animals are part of the larger Yellowstone ecosystem (), which covers up to 80,000 km2 of industry around the national park.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Bison The bison (Bison bison) is the largest mammal living in Yellowstone National Park.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

It is a herbivore that migrates in summer time in herds on the park's plains and migrates to pastures in the northern parts of the park for the winter, or overwinters in areas warmed by hot springs.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Adult bison can weigh up to 500—900 kilograms and have a height of two metres at the withers.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Yellowstone is the only place in the entire continental United States that has been home to bison since prehistoric times.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The emigrants who immigrated to the United States diligently hunted the country's large bison population, causing their numbers to fall very quickly to only a fraction of the former.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Before the advent of the colonists, bison were thought to number around 50 million, but as late as 1887, only 541 pieces were counted.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

In 1902, there were only 50 specimens left in Yellowstone National Park, and bison were brought to the park for fear of extinction threatening the species.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

In the early 20th century, 21 bison were acquired from private bison herds and taken to the Buffalo Ranch established in the National Park.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Conservation efforts for the species have been very successful.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The number of bison has quite steadily increased over the years, with a few exceptions, and today there are about 4000 individuals in the park.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

[1] Bears Bears in the Yellowstone area live about a thousand, of which about half are black bears (Ursus americanus) and half grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis).


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The black bear lives mainly in forested areas and forest squares, while grizzly bears live not only in forests but also in grasslands and valleys.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The black bear is the calmer of the two species, and to protect itself and its cubs from enemies, it exploits its ability to climb trees.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The grizzly bear is about one and a half to two times larger than a black bear in size, and its behaviour is more aggressive.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

[2] Sometimes bears have attacked people and wounded these, but this happens very rarely.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Between 1980 and 2002, more than 62 million visitors visited the park.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Within the same period, only 32 people were attacked by a bear [3].


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Yellowstone history knows only five certain human deaths caused by bear.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Although bears are not allowed to enter under park rules, several visitors do not follow the rule, thus attracting bears closer to areas used by humans and increasing the risk of being attacked by a bear [4].


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

This happened especially before the 1970s, when feeding animals was still permitted in the national park.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

In 2007, grizzly bears in the Yellowstone area were removed from the endangered species list, where they had been added in 1975.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

At the time of addition, grizzly bears numbered about 150 pieces in Yellowstone.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Their numbers have risen to nearly 500 individuals over the years and the stock is projected to continue to grow.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

[5] Deer in Yellowstone live in abundance of deer.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The most common large mammal living in the park is the vapiti, or Canada deer (Cervus canadensis,), which has been present in the area for over a thousand years.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Vapiti is the second largest deer after elk.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Vapit was once heavily hunted in the Yellowstone area.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

It was only after 1886, after the United States Army took the park under its protection, that their numbers began to increase.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Today there are about 30,000 individuals in the park during the summer.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

They roam in packs throughout the park but thrive mainly in meadows and other open places eating grass.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Around 15000—22,000 vapits overwinter mostly in the northern parts of the park, which are lower-lying and less covered with snow.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

A species of elk that lives on the territory of the national park is called shirashdeer (Alces alces shirasi,).


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

There are very few moose in the park and numbers have declined further over the years.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The species was already, around the time of the park's founding in 1872, rare in Yellowstone neighborhoods.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

A study in the 1980s found up to fewer than 1000 elk in the park [6] in Yellowstone also live mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), which typically thrive in more open terrain than elk.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Wolves Wolves have been occurring in the Yellowstone area for at least 1,000 years.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

However, the park's original wolves were killed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as part of the park's attempts to protect its deer population.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The last wild wolf was shot in 1926.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Despite opposition, it was decided 69 years later to return the wolf population to the national park, and wolves were imported in 1995 from Canada.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

[7] Wolves today number about 300 individuals in Yellowstone.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

They live in several herds around the park; on average, herds containing ten wolves have been counted at least 14 pieces.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Wolves prey on vapites, elk, deer and sheep, among others.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

[8] Ranchers living near the park have been concerned about possible attacks by wolves on their livestock and may choose to seek compensation for their animals killed by wolves.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

However, ranchers must prove that it was the wolf that killed the animal, which can be difficult because other similar killers such as coyotes and wild dogs live in the area.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

[9] Lynx in Yellowstone National Park live on Canadian lynx canadensis as well as red lynx canadensis of the same genus (Lynx rufus).


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

The Canada lynx is an extremely rare animal in the region.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

In 1927, ten specimens were estimated at the park's Canadian Lynx population, and in the last hundred years, about 60 sightings of Canadian Lynx have been made.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Red lynx was reported in the early 20th century as a somewhat common animal species in Yellowstone.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

In later years, red looses have been seen mostly in the northern parts of the park about 9—14 times during the decade.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

A few red shells have died in collisions with cars in the 1990s.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

No study of the exact number of lyxes in the Yellowstone area has been conducted.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Counting the animals is hampered by the fact that the Canadian lynx and red lynx bear considerable resemblance to each other in appearance, and therefore sightings are difficult to verify.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

[10] [11] Cougars The cougar is the largest feline living in Yellowstone.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

In the early part of the 20th century, their numbers in the National Park area were drastically reduced as part of a predator regulation project.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

121 cougars were removed from the park between 1904 and 1925, according to the notice, after which the tree population was assessed as 12 individuals.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Today, there are approximately 18—24 cougars in Yellowstone, and the number is expected to increase further.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

Thickhorn sheep in Yellowstone live wild thick-horn sheep (Ovis canadensis) belonging to goats.


Question: How large an area does the Yellowstone ecosystem cover?

Fauna of Yellowstone

They were common in western parts of the United States in ancient times, but as a result of hunting, their population was reduced to a few hundred individuals.