Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The battalion had time to train in northern Sweden and the Norwegian fells before its organisation was exposed by Swedish security officials during 1920.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

A total of about 200 men joined the battalion commanded by Jussi Railo.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[76] [77] The Red Guards of Northern Finland in Soviet Russia founded a special military organization in October—November 1918, which began to promote revolutionary activities in Finland.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[78] The underground organization's military activities were concentrated in Lapland, where most of the Red Guards had fled to Sweden, Norway or Soviet Russia, and thus avoided punitive actions by whites.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

They were still ready to continue the revolution that had remained in southern Finland.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition, there was solid support for the labor movement and the left among the population of the province, which had often been further reinforced in some places by Civil War experience with whites.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The activities of the military organization initially aimed at starting the revolution with the help of the Red Guards in Lapland and northern Sweden, and later, from 1921 onwards, to establish an underground military organization under Comintern instruction.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[79] Lapland contacts were managed both from St. Petersburg through the Karelian Red Guards in Viena and from northern Sweden, where instructions came from former members of the People's Delegation in Stockholm.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Networks were established in the sparsely populated province, stretching from northern Sweden across Lapland to Karelia in Viena, as well as through Norway all the way to Murmansk.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition to the Red Refugees and the Reds of Lapland, the liaison men were sympathetic to them, such as reindeer and forestry workers and traders, who were naturally able to move around the frontier areas.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The network also smuggled underground printed matter as well as weapons and ammunition into Finland.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition, the front men were tasked with observing border patrols and local patrons.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The operation was led by Aleksi Tuorila, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Red Officer School from Luleå, who grew up in Rovaniemi and Kemijärvi.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[80] Three war plans were made for armed operations in northern Finland, none of which were implemented.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

According to the first plan drawn up by Jussi Railio, armed struggle was supposed to start as early as 15 February 1919.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, it was completely unrealistic, as by the time there would have been no way to organise troops and their armament.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The second plan, drawn up by Yrjö Karppanen, was to be implemented at the turn of July—August 1919.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Its aim was to launch a revolution in northern Finland with the support of the Swedish Battalion of the Finnish Red Guard, but eventually the intention was abandoned due to, among other things, the unfavourable development of the German and Hungarian revolutions and the changing military situation in the Muurmann region.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Third War Plan, completed at the end of 1919, was no longer intended to start a revolution in Finland; instead, a Swedish battalion would be sent to the Muurmann region to fight against British forces as well as the Russian White Army along with the Bolsheviks.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Swedish Battalion as well as Muurmann's Legion would also have jointly supported Edvard Gylling's plan for the establishment of the Karelian Commune and the Scandinavian Revolution.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, the war plan lost its relevance when the British left in the winter of 1920 and Gylling founded the Karelian Working People's Commune in May.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[81] The Red Guards began to be established since 1920, at least in Kemi, Rovaniemi, Sodankylä, Kemijärvi and Kuolajärvi.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Particularly active was the keeper of Kuolajärvi, known for his leftism, where more Guards were established in the villages of Kotala, Saijala and Tuutijärvi, among others.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Red Guards' activities were led by the Oulu Military Committee, whose chief was Leo Mäkelin, the Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

There is no precise information on the numbers of Red Guards, but several dozen persons were involved in the operation at Kola Lake, for example, although not all of whom were armed Guards, and the Red Guards at Kem included 20 men.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[80] In February 1922, a small-scale armed revolt of forestry workers called the Fat Rebellion took place in the area between Kuolajärvi and Savukoski, which ultimately remained the only rebellion plan of the SKP military organisation.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Due to the settled situation in Soviet-Russia, the armed action eventually did not arouse much enthusiasm; instead, the Red Guards faded rapidly after the spring of 1922.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[80] Later decades Social status Germany's defeat in World War I also meant the end of the German trend in Finnish foreign policy, which mitigated the social rejection and even outright rejection of the Red Guards and other Reds persecution.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

This made possible the mass amnesties of the Reds, which began in 1919, as well as the restoration of civil rights, and at the same time the Social Democrats were also immediately involved in political activities.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[82] Although the SDP emerged as a larger party already in the parliamentary elections of 1919 and as the Prime Minister Party in 1926, the division between white and red Finland remained in society for a long time.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

A “national defragmentation” between different social classes began to be talked about as early as the early 1920s, but in practice it began to materialise only after the right-wing radicalist phase at the end of the following decade with the growing threat of war and eventually the Winter War.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[83] From former Red Guards, ministers Emil Skog, Valdemar Liljeström and Viljo Rantala emerged as prominent social influences.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition, numerous Red Guard veterans served as MPs.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Red Guards maimed in the war did not initially receive any compensation from the authorities, but had to be on the aid of poor aid and the support of their aid organisations until the end of the Winter War.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

It was only afterwards that they were granted a so-called extra pension, and finally in 1948 the Red-Valids also became eligible for statutory compensation with the new War Injury Act.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition, they were still granted one-time compensation by the state in 1961.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[84] Other major improvements, in turn, were the pension reforms of 1957 and 1969, when the widows of the Red Guards became covered by folk and survivor pensions.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In 1973, the State Council decided to pay compensation to those in prison camps.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Approximately 11,000 applications were submitted.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[85] The invitation to military service of men belonging to the Red Guards in the Winter and Continuation War was prohibited by the Conscription Act 1922.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, according to the memoirs of Minister Juho Niukkoen, a delegation assembled from former Red Guards chiefs proposed in October 1939 to Interior Minister Urho Kekkonen to create a troop detachment from the old Red Guards, with Major U.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

V. Rauanheimo.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The government welcomed the issue, after which Rauanheimo began planning to assemble it together with the chairman of SAK E.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

A.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Vuoren, SDP Party Secretary Aleksi Aaltonen and General Aarne Sihvo.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, preparations were interrupted by the start of the war until it became re-instituted in January 1940 at the initiative of MP Martti Peltonen, who was also a former Red Guardsman.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Commander-in-Chief C.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

G.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

E. Mannerheim approved the motion, but in the end it did not materialize because it was no longer possible to take more trainables at Army training centers in February.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[86] Subsequently, the SDP and the patronage municipalities entered into an agreement that allowed former Red Guards and other members of the labour movement to join patronage municipalities.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[86] Former Red Guards were also eligible for the Continuation War which broke out in the summer of 1941.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Among them was also Arvid Janhunen, who was awarded with the Mannerheim Cross.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[87] In addition, the Winter and Continuation Wars involved a large number of sons of former Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[88] Veteran and Traditional Organizations White Veterans of the Civil War established their own veterans' organizations immediately after the end of the war, but for Red Guards it became possible only after the Winter War.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In August 1940, a veteran organisation of leftist frontmen who participated in the Winter War was founded in Tampere, whose activities were later joined by Red Guard veterans.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, it was already disbanded by the authorities during November and December 1940.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[89] As the political situation changed after the end of the Continuation War, the left-wing frontmen were founded by the Finnish Union of Comrades in August 1944.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

It was also joined by former Red Guards who in May 1947 established their own commission inside the organisation.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Its status, in turn, was formalised in 1952, when the Central Organisation of Former Red Guards (EPK) was born for Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The association ceased operations in 1980.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[90] The Former Red Guards Association, which separated from the EBA in 1953, continued until 1984.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[91] The Red Guard invalids had also tried to organise themselves as early as the end of the 1920s, but they were unable to start their activities, and the last organisation was dissolved by court order in the spring of 1932.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In January 1945, the Association of Red Invalids was founded in Helsinki, which after a year expanded nationwide and operated since 1948 under the name Red Valiids of the Year 1918.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The association ceased operations in 1986.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[84] In 2010, the Finnish Workers' Organisation Guard Traditional Association was established in Tampere, whose mission is to cherish the memory of the Red Guard.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[92] Research literature on the Red Guards began to appear immediately after the end of the Civil War.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

They were initially commemorative albums released by local labour associations, containing the personal details and photographs of a member killed in the war mostly.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In 1925, Mikhail Svetšnikov's work Revolution and Civil War in Finland appeared, which was a general representation of Red Warfare, but the first book on Red Guards was Alex Halonen's 1928 Finnish class war published in North America.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

It contained, in addition to the writings of figures belonging to the Red Guards, a wealth of reminiscences of Red Guards. A year later, the Red Guard front, supplied by Jukka Lehtosaari, appeared in the Soviet Union.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Until the late 1930s, these works represented politically coloured class war literature until the first critical works appeared.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

They were represented by the Finnish Red Guard (1938) written by Emil Saarinen under the pseudonym “Arvid Luhtakanta” and Jalmari Parika's memoir Last taisto (1938).


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[93] The actual history study represented the interpretation of white people until Juhani Paasivirta published in 1957 the work Finland in 1918.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

It used the term “Civil War” instead of the “War of Independence” for the first time, and the piece also presented right-leaning estimates of the losses suffered by the Reds for the first time.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In the late 1960s, Jaakko Paavolainen published his research on civil war terror and prison camps.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[93] Eventually, in 1967, the Ministry of Education established the Red Guard History Committee, which became tasked with producing an independent account of the history of the Red Guards and the People's Mission.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Professor L.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

A committee headed by A. Puntila published four works in the 1980s, including Jussi T. Lappalainen's two-volume Red Guard War (1981) and Marja-Leena Salkola's dissertation on the genesis and development of the Workers' Guards into the Red Guard (1985).


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[94] However, more detailed research did not begin until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, [93] when Heikki Ylikankaa's 1993 edition of Tie Tampere was the lead.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

After him, the Civil War and the Red Guards have been studied by numerous historians of the younger generation, including Marko Tikka, Aapo Roselius, Tuomas Hoppu and Teemu Middleweight.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[95] For example, Aapo Roselius published a study in 2006 funded by the Prime Minister's Office on frontal losses in the Civil War, which he showed as much as 65% higher than previously thought for reds.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[96] Tuomas Hoppu, on the other hand, published the first extensive study of the Red Female Guards in 2017.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[97] In 1998—2003, the Finnish War Killings 1914—1922 project, launched on the initiative of Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen, was carried out with the task of investigating those killed in the wars of 1914—1922.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

As a result, a name file of some 40,000 people killed in war conditions was compiled, which was also posted on the internet in 2001.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[98] It was the first time that any attempt was made to explain the names of all the victims in the red.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[93] Also, Aapo Roselius' research published in 2006 is based on material compiled in connection with the project.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[96] Mass graves and memorials After the end of the war, congregations often did not agree to bury bodies that had ended up with their families on consecrated ground, but were lowered outside the cemetery fences.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[61] Nor did a large number of priests agree to bless the deceased.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Gathering at graves, taking flowers or erecting tombstones was initially entirely forbidden.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[61] Later, the relatives of the fallen, as well as labour organisations, erected monuments, which were usually wooden crosses or simple memorial stones.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition, graves were demarcated by various fencing.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[99] [100] Monuments, however, were often vandalized by whites or their supporters, might be toppled or even blown up.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[101] [102] In Varkaus, for example, a memorial stone erected by the local workers' association was stolen and submerged in the lake.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition, landowners, parishes and authorities objected to monuments in many places.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[103] Church councils could prohibit their erection and the police disposed of the already existing ones, as was the case in Hämeenlinna, for example.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[104] Tomb monuments did not become practically permitted until 1940, when Marshal C.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

G.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

E. Mannerheim issued an order for the Memorial Day of the Fallen to be celebrated in honor of the fallen of the Winter War as well as the fallen from both sides of the Civil War


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Both sides in the Civil War were named “fallen for their convictions”, but in practice the term was just attached to the Reds.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[105] More broadly, however, grave monuments began to be erected only after the political situation in the country changed after World War II.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

With the end of the Continuation War, 117 memorials to the Reds were unveiled across the country by the mid-1950s.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

They were erected mostly on mass graves and execution sites.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[106] [107] Furthermore, mass graves outside the cemeteries began at that time to be annexed to the Blessed Land, and at the same time the relocation of the deceased elsewhere to comrade graves.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[61] However, some of the family resisted the reburial of the deceased, since the old burial sites had already been sacred to them.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[105] Also, the church began blessing red mass graves generally only after the Winter War.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

During the Continuation War, a nationwide project was launched to ecclesiastical blessing of red burial sites.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[108] Nonetheless, blessing ceremonies have been held until recent years, such as in Huittis in 2008, when Bishop Kari Mäkinen blessed 241 red deceased.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[109] The largest mass grave of reds is located in Dragsvik, Tammisaari, where more than 3,000 reds who died in Tammisaari prison camp are buried.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[110] There are 1,500 to 3,000 buried in the large mass grave of Ahvenisto Cemetery in Hämeenlinna, [104] about 2,750 [111] in Kalevankangas in Tampere and more than 1,300 reds in Santahamina, Helsinki.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[112] There are large mass graves during the battle, among others, in what is now Russia, where up to 1,200 Reds and Russians fallen during the Battle of Raudu were buried.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[113] In addition to mass graves, there are numerous single graves across the country where the identity of the deceased resting is often unknown.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[104] There are also grave sites whose entry into the civil war is not fully assured.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

One such grave of four Red Guards came to light in connection with a homicide investigation from the Hikikikä village of Hausjärvi in the summer of 2017.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[114] [115] Similar forgotten graves may be dozens more in the forests of southern Finland.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Forest graves have been mapped, among others, at Hauho, where the remains of over forty deceased people were moved to a comrade grave in the early 1980s.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, establishing the identity of the deceased is almost impossible today.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[116] The Crescendo, a national monument to the Reds, is located at Helsinki Zoo.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Sculptor Taisto Martiskainen's sculpture was originally supposed to be a monument to the Revolution and the Red Guards, but it was only when it was made dedicated to the memory of all the red victims of the war that the monument had the government power behind the monument, as well as sufficiently wide civil circles that enabled the implementation of the .


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[117] The sculpture was unveiled at solemn expenditure in August 1970, when thousands of Red Guard veterans were also present.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[118] Other well-known reds memorials include sculpture by sculptor Jussi Hietanen at Kalevankankka mass grave in Tampere, [119] Erkki Kannosto's Red Prisoners Monument in Lahti, 1988 unveiled in Tammisaari mass grave [110] and Marja Kanervo's 2004 environmental artwork commemorating the Suomenlinna prison camp.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[120] A monument to Finnish Red Guards erected during Soviet times in 1961 is located in Vyborg.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At least 600 Red Guards and Russians executed after the Battle of Vyborg are buried at the site.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[121] Monuments to reds, however, tend to be simple stone pases carved by unknown authors, often inscribed with the names of the dead reds of each locality.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The traditions of labour organisations still include visits to comrades' graves especially at May Day, but candles and remembrance wreaths are also customary to be taken on Independence Day, Christmas and the anniversary of the start of the civil war.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[122] [123] In 2005, the Tampere-based Workers' Museum Werstas opened an online service where information on more than 250 monuments to red people from all over Finland has been collected.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[61] A new updated version of the site was introduced in September 2017.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[104] New monuments are also still being erected.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

For example, Pori's reds are due to have their own monument in Keski-Pori Church Park in 2018.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[124] Like the national monument in Helsinki, it becomes a monument to all reds.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[125] Another ongoing project is in Raahe, where a memorial to Red Guards transferred from the Tampere region and executed is planned.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[126] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Apunen, Osmo| title = History of Independent Finland 1.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

From border country to republic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1991| isbn = 951-35515-7-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kujala, Antti| title = Birth of Confrontation Society: Autumn 1905 Grand Strike in Helsinki and Rest of Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society for Labour History and Tradition| year = 2016| isbn = 978-952-59764-9-6| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salkola, Marja-Leena| title = Birth and Development of the Workers' Guards as Red Guards 1917—18 before the Civil War.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Part 1| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ministry of Education | year = 1985| isbn = 951-85973-9-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Soikkanen, Hannu| title = Entry of Socialism in Finland: until the first elections to a unicameral parliament | location = Porvoo; Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 1961| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ed.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Halonen Alex| title = Finnish Class War| publisher = American Finland. Sos.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Publisher Union| year = 1928}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roos, Sigurd| title = Finnish National Strike.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

I Helsinki| location = Helsinki| publisher = Alex F. Lindberg| year = 1907}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = ed.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Matti Klinge| title = Finnish National Biography 6. part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = From You: Tenth Anniversary Memoria| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Hämeenland| year = 1928}} References On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen (born 29 May 1949 in Hämeenkyrö) is a Finnish business manager, economist and non-fiction writer.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

For him, a key area of interest and research has been the management of service companies and, in particular, customer operations.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Lehtinen has served on the boards of several companies and has written books on customer issues and business management.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Undergraduate Lehtinen's parents were Kalevi Lehtinen, a forest technician, and Anna Elisabeth Lehtinen (née Kuussalo).


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Jarmo Lehtinen has two children, Ilkka and Johanna from his marriage to Soile Lehtinen (o.s. Laine).


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The current spouse is Sari Heikkola.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Lehtinen initially spent his childhood in Tuulos, where he started a national school, continuing it in Lievestuore and Hankasalmi in Central Finland.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Jarmo Lehtinen graduated as a matriculation from Hankasalmi Coed High School as well as Jackson High School in Michigan.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The exchange student year was very meaningful and it gave direction for the rest of his life.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

At that time, exchange student activities were still very new and YFU (Youth for Understanding) took the first 100 Finnish exchange students to the United States, with Jarmo Lehtinen.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

In the United States, Jarmo Lehtinen lived between 1967 and 1968 and 1987.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Brussels was Lehtinen's hometown for almost 18 years, after which he lived in Spain and Estonia.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

At the University of Tampere, Lehtinen went to the Faculty of Economics and graduated with a master's degree in Economics in 1973.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

In his master's degree in economics, he was particularly interested in marketing and marketing related subjects, as well as human resources management.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

After many years of work there was a return to the university and the transition to business studies, from which Jarmo Lehtinen graduated as a Licentiate in Economics from the Department of Business, Economics and Marketing in February 1982.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

From this, under the guidance of Professor Juha Näsi, he went on to the degree of Doctor of Economics and graduation on 13 October 1983 was a great leap in Lehtinen's life.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The topic of the dissertation was the development of service organizations.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Service organizations were a new part of economics specifically in the investigative sense.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The dissertation was published in Weilin & Göös' economics series in 1984.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Other degrees Jarmo Lehtinen's main interests are aviation and flying issues.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Flying started as a hobby and in 1983 he completed his first pilot licence at Lentosales Oy at Malmi Airport.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The next stage was multi-engine training and merit pilot training (CPL commercial pilot license).


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

In addition to multi-engine and instrument flight training came a variety of business aircraft types, among which the Cheyenne II type rating in 1990 and the Beechcraft King Air's 90, 100, 200 type rating in 2002 can be mentioned.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Other aircraft on which Lehtinen has flown include numerous single-engine aircraft.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Most Socata Trinidad on aircraft where he was also a type trainer.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

During his tenure as a marketing professor in the United States, Jarmo Lehtinen earned an associate flight instructor degree and a seaplane rating.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Together with Dr. Kari Kankkunen, Ph.D., Lehtinen founded the airline Cloudex Oy, on the basis of which an airline named Airfix Aviation Oy was later built, which was the largest of the business airlines in Finland.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

However, significant stakes passed to outsiders and, due to Russian owners, US sanctions completely terminated the company in 2015-2016.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Various job positions The first permanent job was the tourism and business affairs task of the municipality of Kalajoki, which Lehtinen started in 1973.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

This directed further work into the tourism industry.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

His next job was also in municipal tourism as the tourism operations director of the Lahti City Tourism Office from 1975 until 1980. At that time, Lahti was also a major ski town and there Jarmo Lehtinen participated in organizing the 1978 World Championships.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Service Management Group SMG After 1980, Lehtinen took over as an entrepreneur.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The business began in collaboration with the renowned Dr. Richard Normann.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

His first job was at Siar Planning Ltd, where Richard Normann also worked.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

In 1981, the cooperation established Service Management Institute Finland Oy, which later changed its name to Service Management Group.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

In this role, Jarmo Lehtinen built the Finnish organization as part of the international SMG Group.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

At that time, SMG Group was one of the largest consulting firms in the service sector in Finland and also significant internationally.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Lehtinen was a member of the management team of the International SMG Group.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The Finnish SMG group also included subsidiaries, the most famous of which were Quality Systems Oy, specialized in research activities, where Lehtinen served as Chairman of the Board of Directors and at some time also CEO.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

At Quality Systems, significant research products related to service companies were developed, Opal, a method for measuring customer satisfaction with the company providing the service.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The partner was a US company called Walker Research and later Symmetrics Corporation and Professor Lawrence Crosby.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Service Coaching Oy was part of the SGM group and specialised in developing customer service personnel.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The training methods of service coaching were highly pragmatic and inclusive methods.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

During SMG, publications were also produced, which were carried out by the subsidiary P.S.Systems Oy.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

For the most part, publications have been written by themselves or translated from the writings of other SMG group members.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Working at the Finnish Central Board of Cooperative Stores in SOK Jarmo Lehtinen worked for S Group in 1987 and later for two years full-time from 1992 to 1994 as Director of Development at SOK Group.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Cooperation continued even after this time as a consultant.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Lehtinen's supervisor was Jere Lahti, a mountain advisor who reformed the S Group.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The Development Director was responsible for developing the competitiveness of the S Group and preparing for Finland's accession to the European Union.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

As international missions, the responsibilities included development projects in the Baltic states and Russia.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Their major project was the further development of the customer owner concept into one key strategic means of competition for the S Group.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

After 1994, cooperation with S Group continued for several years under various development projects.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Allocation Point Oy (Former Aspectum Group Oy) The company was founded in 1995 and continues to operate in a slightly different form.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The starting point for the establishment of Allocation Point (Aspectum) was an extensive multi-client study conducted jointly with Dr. Kaj Storbacka and Dr. Tore Strandvik.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The study was reported to more than 40 Finnish companies.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The results of the study were further revised into a consultancy tool.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Kai Storbacka, who was involved at the time, founded Vectia Oy and Jarmo Lehtinen continued as Chairman and Consultant of Aspectum Oy.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The group's central mission was to help service sector companies find strategic competitive advantages.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Aspectum operated at its widest extent internationally e.g.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Baltic countries, Poland, Belgium and Asia Thailand (Aspectum Thailand Ltd) and in cooperation with the Singapore unit of the Helsinki School of Economics in China and Taiwan.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Aspectum continues to operate in Estonia under the Baltic Convest Oü name.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Baltic Convest has a subsidiary in Spain.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

2018 Allocation Point is partnering with.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The company trains pilots and leases Allocation Point Ltd's two Diamon Twinstar aircraft (DA42 Ng).


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Academic positions In 1993 until 1996 Jarmo Lehtinen was an Acting Associate Professor of Marketing at the Faculty of Economic-Administrative Faculty of Tampere University.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Jarmo Lehtinen was a visiting professor at ASU (Arizona State University), USA (1987), and Thammasat University Bangkok, as well as a visiting lecturer at Mahidol University, Bangkok.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Since 2004, Lehtinen has been a visiting professor at the University of Prague School of Economics for 10 years.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Jarmo Lehtinen is also an adjunct professor at the Turku School of Economics and Tampere School of Economics.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

He has also served at the Academy of Finland, as a researcher on a fixed-term grant.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Scientific Activities Service Production Jarmo Lehtinen's key area of interest and research has been the management of service enterprises and, in particular, operations at the customer interface.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

In connection with and after the dissertation research, the concepts of the service production process and related terms were created and developed.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The service package, the dimensions of quality of service and customer involvement were key concepts in this process.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Customer involvement and customer participation styles influenced service design: efforts were made to get close to the customer and the client's soul landscape.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The so-called Nordic School of Services Marketing NSSM was born, with a group of Nordic researchers.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Richard Norman, Christian Grönroos, Uolevi Lehtinen and deserve to be mentioned.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

NSSM made known the Nordic way of running service companies.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

One key feature of the Nordic review was an understanding excerpt that sought to understand the customer as an irrational actor.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The research extract used hermeneutics as a source, for example.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

In the United States, the weighting was significantly more data-oriented and statistical.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Customer thinking As a continuum, the concept of customer relationship was born and developed.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

This happened in conjunction with Kaj Storbacka and Tore Strandvik in a multi-client study: “Perfect Customer Relationship”.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The concept of clientele and related other theoretical concepts and examples were published in “Customer's terms or at the mercy of the customer”.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Key concepts of customer thinking include: customer relationship life cycle, customer value and customer relationship process.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

In particular, customer value, which is divided into present value and potential value, are concepts in common use as tools in business management.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Customer strength is a concept deeper than customer satisfaction as a way of looking at customer engagement with the company.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Going forward, key theories have been “managing customer communities” and defining customer value as part of a company's marketing management.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Jarmo Lehtinen's scientific work has been characterized by pragmatism due to the fact that consulting has brought practice and examples to scientific work.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Even at the doctoral dissertation stage, it was not at all obvious that there is a significant pragmatism attached to scientific work.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Today, of course, there is another situation.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Memberships Academician Academy of Values.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Jarmo Lehtinen was invited to the Academy of Values organized annually by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland, to which the Archbishop invites about 40 representatives from different fields each year.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

The Academy of Values gives a deep insight into Finnish society.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Other memberships include: Suomen Saunaseura ry, Helsinki Suomalainen klub ry and Finnish Strategic Management Seura ry.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Written production In addition to articles and seminar presentations Jarmo R.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Lehtinen has written the following works alone or together with others: together with Kaj Storbacka, written together with Kaj Storbacka, the book received the Pro Econonomica Prize for Best Translated Business Book in Finland and Sweden.


Question: Where was Jarmo Rudolf Lehtinen born?

Jarmo R. Lehtinen

Sources Category:Finnish business influencers Category:Finnish economists Category:People born in 1949 Class:Living persons


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

Karl Arne Fredrik Emvall (born 28 June 1976 in Växjö, Sweden) is a Swedish former ice hockey player and world champion.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

He was a left winger from his playing position, but Emvall could also play at centre.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[1] Throughout his professional career, he played for Linköping HC's Elitserien team, where Emvall played a total of 497 regular season matches with a power score of 66+68=134 and amassing 359 minutes and 74 playoff matches with a power score of 11+10=21 and collecting 56 ice minutes.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

Emvall is the second most regular season games (538) by a player in team club history, after Magnus Johansson.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[2] In the 2007—08 season, he was captain of Linköping.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

Emvall was also a member of Sweden's 2006 world champion team.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

He was known for his style of play mainly as a workman as a two-direction striker.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

Linköping has frozen Emvall's playing number 33.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

He now serves as the club's chief executive.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[3] Career Seurura Emvall is raised by Tingsryds AIF.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

He debuted for the club's men's team at the age of just 16 at the time, Sweden's third highest league level in the country's Division II during the 1992—93 season.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

For the 1993—94 season, the team rose higher than the league level to Division I.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

Emvall batted himself in the series through the 1998—99 season, when he was Tingsryd's top scorer and second best point man after Larry Pilut with power-ups of 26+16=42.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[3] For the 1999—2000 season, Emvall moved to Elitserien team Linköping HC, where the rookie season brought power to 5+8=13 in 48 regular season games and 3+1=4 in ten Kvalserien matches.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

He also played in the constellation match of the Elitserien during the season.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

Linköping's season ended with relegation to Allsvenskan.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

In the Spring 2001 Kvalserien, Emvall shared the win in the team's internal power statistic with three other players reading +4.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

Linköping's season ended with a serial rise back to the Elitserien.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[3] In the 2002—03 season, with eight hits, Emvall was Linköping's second top scorer after Brian Felsner.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

In the 2003—04 season, he rose to the team's vice-captain.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

Emvall set their Elitserien single-season points-record with power-ups of 11+11=22.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

He was runner-up in the quarterfinals with Linköping's top scorer Mikael Håkanson with two of his hits.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

In the 2006—07 season, Emvall set his Elitserien single-season goal record and sidelined his points record with power-ups of 12+10=22, with which he shared third place in his team's internal goal exchange with Mikael Håkanson and Joakim Eriksson.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

Emvall won the playoffs with Linköping's internal power statistic reading +6.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

He won season-ending Elitserien silver.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[3] In the 2007—08 season, Emvall served as captain of Linköping.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

He won season-ending Elitserien silver.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[3] In May 2010, Emvall announced that he was ending his playing career.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[4] On October 16, 2014, in a match against MODO Hockey, Linköping froze his playing number 33, which the club raised to the ceiling of Saab Arena.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[5] Emvall took over as CEO of Linköping in the 2014—15 season.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[3] The national club Emvall represented Sweden in World Cup competitions in 2006 and 2007, the first tournament of which ended with a world championship.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

He was selected at the conclusion of the opening match against Ukraine as the best player of his team's match.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[6] In total Emvall have played 43 A-country matches with a power score of 7+13=20.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[3] He made his A national team debut in the opening match of the Karjala tournament in Jönköping on 10 November 2005 against Czech Republic.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[7] Emvall scored his first A national team goal in his third game on 13 November 2005 at Helsinki's Hartwall Arena against the tournament's host team Finland.


Question: When did Fredrik Pettersson start his professional career?

Frederick Emvall

[8] Statistics 1992—1993Tingsryds AIFSweden II71230—————1993—1994Tingsryds AIFSweden I244264—————1994—1995Tingsryds AIFSweden I254048————— 1995—1996Tingsryds AIFSweden I3627916——————1996—1997Tingsryds AIFSweden I3236910———————1997—1998Tingsryds AIFSweden I3233634———————1998—1999Tingsryds AIFSweden I3826164216————1999—2000Lincelköping ItSerien48581328—————2000—2001Linköping HCallsvenskan41891724——————2001—2002Linköping HcelitSerien5023546—— ———2002—2003Linköping HCelitSerien49851328——————2003—2004Linköping HCelitSerien4811112255520242004—2005Linköping HCelitSerien3553810600022005—2006Linkoping HcelitSerien489918441325720mm932542006—2007Linkoping HcelitSerien5512102252153476mm912322007—2008Linkoping HCelitSerien5564102616303102008— 2009Linköping HcelitSerien545111640701162009—2010Linköping hCelitSerien553471412101810 throughTotalElitSerien49766681343597411102156 Sources at at References Category:Swedish ice hockey players Category:World Hockey Champions Class:Born in 1976 Category:Living persons


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean, or Atlantic, is the second largest ocean on Earth after the Pacific Ocean.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

It covers about one-fifth of Earth's surface.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The name of the ocean comes from the Atlas giant of Greek mythology.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The designation “Sea of Atlas” () first appears in the historian Herodotus in the 4th century BCE.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

[1] The Atlantic Ocean extends to the American continent in the west and to Europe and Africa in the east.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

It is connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Drake Strait in the south.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The Panama Canal forms an artificial waterway between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The Baltic Sea is also counted as belonging to the Atlantic.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

South of Africa, the Atlantic is connected with the Indian Ocean, and the 20th East meridian is considered the boundary.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The border against the Arctic Ocean runs from Greenland to the northwest corner of Iceland and from the northeastern corner of Iceland to the southern tip of Svalbard and thence to Nordkapp in Norway.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The largest steamer of its time, the RMS Titanic, sank in the Atlantic on 15 April 1912, taking about 1500 passengers with it.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Dimensions The deepest point of the sea: Puerto Rico tomb, 8605 meters Mean depth: 3332 meters without side sea: 3,926 meters Area: 106460000 km² without side numbers: 82440000 km² [2] Volume: 354700000 km³ without side numbers: 323600000 km³ Sea currents and climate due to the Coriolis effect surface ocean currents carried mainly by winds circulate in the North Atlantic clockwise and in the South Atlantic counterclockwise.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

In the North Atlantic, the warm Golf Stream runs from the east coast of North America to the northeast, warming northwestern Europe.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

From the North Atlantic mixing zone turns the cold Canary Stream southwards to the west of North Africa.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The North Atlantic Equatorial Current runs from Africa towards the west.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Between these ocean currents is the Sargasso Sea.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Flow south from the Arctic Ocean are cold Greenland and Labrador currents, which can carry icebergs as far south as Bermuda or Madeira.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

In the southern parts of the North Atlantic, hurricanes generally develop from July to November that travel westward to the Caribbean Sea or the east coast of North America.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

There are frequent storms in the North Atlantic during winter time.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

In the South Atlantic, the warm Brazilian Current runs south from the equator to the east of South America.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Passing near Antarctica, a cold stream of westerly winds turns north to the west coast of South Africa.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

In the thermohaline cycle of the oceans, salty water carried into the North Atlantic by the Golf Stream sinks down into deep-sea water and flows slowly south through the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Water Characteristic The salinity of open sea surface water is 33—37 per millia; the concentration varies with latitude and season.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Generally, the water is least salty in high latitudes and coasts near rivers.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The saltiest water is around 25th north latitude.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Surface water temperatures range at its lowest from −2 °C in the polar regions to +29 °C at its highest just north of the equator.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The greatest seasonal temperature variation is in mid-latitudes, where the difference might be 8—9 °C.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The most important feature of Atlantic seabed topography is the mid-Atlantic backbone.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

It forms a large undersea mountain range extending from Iceland in the north south to about 58 southern latitude.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The maximum width of the mountain range is about 1600 km.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The sea depth at the site of the mountain range is most often less than 2700 meters and several mountain peaks rise above the surface to become islands.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The midback divides the Atlantic into two large basins with a mean depth of 3700—5500 meters.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The transverse ridges between the mainland and the midwest divide the sea into several smaller basins.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The bottom of the deep sea is fairly flat, although numerous undersea mountains, deep roads and burial sinks occur there too.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Geologic History Current geological theories state that the Atlantic arose in continental movements that have been able to be measured by precise laser measurements.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The event is very slow.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Today, the South Atlantic is widening by about 1.5 to 2.25 and the North Atlantic by 0.95 to 1.4 centimetres per year.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Continental movements have been verified in different ways from magnetized rock at the bottom of the Atlantic.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Earth's magnetic field is known every hundreds of thousands of years to weaken and change its polarity.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic began to form as the Pangea giant continent broke up in the Triassic with the southern Atlantic forming first.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Research suggests that in the Cretaceous about 80million years ago, the Atlantic was roughly half as narrow as it is today and the very northernmost Atlantic was shallow seas.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

During the middle and late Cretaceous period, the South and Mid-Atlantic expanded and deepened strongly. [3].


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

As the end of the Neogene approached modernity, the expansion of the Atlantic slowed down and the continents were almost settled [3].


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean Side Seas and Parts Caribbean Sea Mediterranean Sea Aegean Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Adriatic Ionian Sea Ligurian Sea Gulf of Mexico Scotia Sea Weddell Sea Black Sea Azov Sea Norwegian Sea North Sea Skagerrak Baltic Sea North Gulf Bothnian Sea Bothnian Sea Bothnian Sea Gulf of Finland Kattegat Øresund and Iso-Belt and Lesser Belt Gulf of Riga Gulf of Saint Lawrence Sargasso Sea Bay of Biscay Irish Sea English Channel Sea Sea of Marmara Sea Guinea Gulf Labrador Sea Atlantic Ocean basins east of the Midwest: Western European Basin Iberian Basin Canary Basin Cape Verde Basin Sierra Leone Basin Angola Basin Cape Basin West of the Midwest: Labrador Basin Newfoundland Basin North American Basin Guiana Basin Brazil Basin Argentine Basin West -Scotia Basin History The history of the Atlantic is considered to begin in 1492, when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas and began the interaction between the east and west coasts of the ocean.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

In the early days of Atlantic history, the ocean served as a stage for voyages of discovery and American colonization.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

European colonial powers engaged in the so-called triangle trade in the Atlantic, where processed goods, slaves and raw materials circulated.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Powers also waged ocean coast wars over colonies.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

As a result of the Enlightenment, Atlantic Revolutions broke out on both sides of the ocean, which were, within a short period, a series of rebellions and wars of independence against European domination.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

During the Revolutions, most of the west coast of the Atlantic became independent.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

In the 20th century, the Atlantic was a battleground in the First and Second World Wars, the latter's Battle for the Atlantic playing a major role in the outcome of the war.


Question: Where does the Atlantic name come from?

Atlantic Ocean

Sources On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Republic of India or India, officially called Bharat, Republic of India [1] is a federal state in South Asia.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India is the seventh largest country in the world by area and the second largest in the world by population.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Neighboring countries of India include Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), China, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The capital of India is New Delhi, other important cities include Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai (ex.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Bombay) and Chennai (ex.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Madras).


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India has 29 states and seven other regions to be assimilated to them.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[2] Hundreds of languages are spoken in India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

There are 16 official languages in India, of which Hindi and English are the most commonly used.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[3] Following the end of British rule, Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan gained independence in 1947.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In 1971, Bangladesh broke away from Pakistan.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India is a nuclear weapons state.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India has been waging wars against Pakistan.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

By geography and nature India can be divided into three geological regions: the Himalayan Mountains, the Indo-Ganges Plateau, and the Indian subcontinent.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[4] Seven major rivers flow in India: Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Godavari, Kaveri, Narmada and Krishna.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In addition, the Indus flows for some distance on the Indian side on its journey from Tibet to Pakistan.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[5] The state also includes three island groups: Lakkadives, Andamans and Nicobars, and Sunderbans.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[6] The highest point on Earth is Kanchenjunga at 8598 metres.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[3] India extends in a north-south direction from latitude 8 to latitude 33, accommodating a wide range of climatic zones in between.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the mountains of the Himalayas there is snow and ice all year round, along the coast a tropical climate prevails.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the north-west of the country there is desert, in the north-east there are fertile rice fields.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Asian monsoon affects almost all of India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The southwest monsoon brings rains to the south of the country in early June and they advance north within six weeks.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The intensity of rainfall varies from year to year: sometimes there are downpours, in other years the rains remain scarce.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The rainy season continues through October.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

December to February is dry and cool, March to May hot and dry.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[7] India has a diverse climate and has a larger plant variety than any other country, with at least 45000 species.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Among them there are more than three thousand species, the use of which as a medicinal plant and herbal remedy has been documented.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[8] 33% of plants in India are endemic.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India is home to many extremely endangered animals, including the sumatrans rhino, pygmy pig, and malabarin silvery cat.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In total, 316 mammal species live in the country, 44 of which are endemic.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[9] The national animal of India is the Indian tiger, [10] and the national bird peacock.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[11] Indian tiger is found almost throughout the country except the north-west.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Twenty-three protected areas have been established to protect it, with a total area of 33406 square kilometres.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[10] There are 28 sites from India on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

There are five natural sites: Kaziranga National Park, Keoladeo National Park, Manas Nature Reserve, Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Park, and Sundarbans National Park.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Cultural sites include Agra Fort, Ajanta Caverns, Bhimbetka Rock Shelters, Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Chola Living Temples, Elephanta Caves, Ellora Caves, Churches and Monasteries in Goa, Hampi Monuments, Humayun Tomb in Delhi, Indian mountain railways, Jantar Mantar, Khajuraho monuments, Konarak sun temple, Mahabodhi temple complex in Bodh Gaya, Mamallapuram monuments, Mogul city Fatehpur Sikri, Pattadakal monuments, Red Fort, Qutab Minar with monuments in Delhi, Sanchi Buddhists monuments, as well as the Taj Mahal.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[12] History Prehistory Inaccurate dates suggest that modern man's predecessor, upright humans could have lived in India about 500000 — 200000 years ago [13] Modern man probably arrived 60,000 — 50,000 years ago, and small microblades began to be used around 30000 — 20,000 years ago.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Stone Age rock shelters with paintings in Bhimbetka in the state of Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known signs of human life in the region of present-day India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[14] Early animal husbandry and farming, the Mehrgarh culture spread to surrounding areas from the west to 7000 BCE, and Neolithic cultures developed in Pakistan and westernmost India by 6000 BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Around the Indus Valley.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

This farming tradition, based on large villages, did not spread to southern India until 2800 BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Around 4000 BCE arose in the surrounding areas of the Indus Valley.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

large fortified villages, which foreshadowed the birth of civilization.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Bronze began to be modified around 3300 BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[15] Early Indian Civilizations According to the checkered formula, the Indus culture that built cities rose in Pakistan and the Punjab of northwestern India around 2600 BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

No written sources have survived on the history of the culture, and inscriptions engraved on thousands of seals cannot be deciphered for sure.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

This civilization laid the groundwork for the later Indian civilization.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Many reasons have been given for the destruction of the Indus culture, including repeated flooding, rising soil salinity, and desertification.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[16] Foreign conquerors, Indo-Iranian Aryans arrived in India probably in many waves around 1900—1300 BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

from when the Kalmisto H culture prevailed in Punjab, where the deceased were cremated in the Indo-European way unlike before.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Aryans destroyed some of the original civilization, but absorbed some of it for themselves and brought their own influences to India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

According to tradition, the Aryan tribes fought among themselves, against other immigrants and the original inhabitants of the country.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Gradually they settled in place, began cultivating the land and forming more permanent social structures.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[17] The foundation of the current culture of India emerged in the long Vedic period around 1800—500 BCE, when India was fragmented and the epics Rigveda and Veda were born.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Rigvedic narratives are most likely related to the spread of Aryans of the so-called Kalmisto H culture in northwestern India from the 20th century BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

from.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The events of the Rigveda are believed to have ended in 1000 BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

by.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Aryans were nomads in the beginning, but as time passed they became farmers living in villages.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[18] For a long time there was no state-like society.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Aryan society was divided into many classes, namely caste.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

According to one conception, the last wave of Indo-Iranian migration would not have been until 1300 BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[19] No later than 1200—1100 BC.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

appeared on the Ganges plateau in black and red pottery and were written Vedic texts.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The pottery finds are dated to approximately the reign of the Kuruje Kingdom.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[20] In the following period of Painted Grey Pottery, the focus shifted to Panchala along the Ganges.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[21] India was fragmented during the period 700—300 BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[22] Around 550 BC.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

powerful mahajanapadas, princes each ruled their own part of the land.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the 4th century, powerful city-states included Kash viz Varanasi, Ayodhya, Shravasti.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Siddharta Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, or Buddha, lived 557—477 BCE.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

500—300 BC.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Maurya dynasty first united India as a great power, whose most famous king was Ašoka.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Greek influence extended to the country after Alexander the Great's expedition of conquest, though Alexander did not succeed in taking India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Since then, the superpower weakened and disintegrated.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Smaller kingdoms emerged.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Of these, 320—467 divide the Gupta kingdom.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

is considered the heyday of classical India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Back then Buddhism was prevalent, but Hinduism the state religion.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The arts and sciences flourished.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Gupta kingdom disintegrated with Huns invasion and internal strife in the early 5th century.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Arabs invaded India in the 7th century, after which many other Muslim peoples were invaded over the centuries.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the 7th century, the Pala Empire rose.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Northwest India began to show Muslim encroachment into the country sometime between 1000—1100 share.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In 1193, the Islamists who invaded the country established the Delhi Sultanate.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

By the 15th century, largely Islamic-dominated India was fragmented.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

There was a violent change of power in Delhi: more than half of the sultans ended their reign as victims of assassination.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[23] The Great Mogul Empire and period of colonial rule Part of India became part of the Great Mogul Empire from 1526—1707.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The strongest of the Grand Mogul rulers was Akbar, who tolerated various religions.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[24] At the same time as the Grand Moguls, much of the country was ruled by the Maratha state from 1674 to 1818, which held control over most of India around 1750.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The victorious war expedition of the Afghans in 1761 brought about the dissolution of the Maratha state.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[25] In the 18th century India was fragmented.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the late 15th century, Vasco da Gama discovered a sea road to India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the 16th century, Europeans began to establish settlements along the coast of the country.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

They eventually began fighting with each other for Indian ownership.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the Great Colonial War of 1753—1763, England defeated France and by 1853 conquered all of India [22] except for a few small coastal areas that were still under French or Portuguese control.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

British India was controlled by the British East Indies Trading Company.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[26] In the 19th century, the Great Sepoy Rebellion of 1857—1858 occurred in India, which was brutally defeated by the English.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Subsequently, control was transferred from the trading company to the British government, which began to control most of India directly.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India also continued to have self-governing territories ruled by local princes, but these too were all subject to British supremacy.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[27] Although India was not an independent state, in 1876 it was declared an empire, and Queen Victoria became its empress.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

After him, the kings of Great Britain were similarly emperors of India until 1947.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India was granted self-governing rights, but still no colonial grandfathers in India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The independence movement grimmed into the country starting in the mid-19th century.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[28] Independent India Gaining independence and Pakistan's distinction India became independent in 1947 after World War II, having been before that the main colony of the United Kingdom.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The independence pact involved the partition of India into two states: Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

A brief civil war took place between the new states.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the unrest that accompanied India's independence, millions of people left their homes.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India and Pakistan have fought a couple of wars since independence over ownership of Kashmir, and relations between the two countries were long strained.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In 2003, a ceasefire in Kashmir was agreed and the air link between the two countries was reopened.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[29] Nehru's time as India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru pursued socialism and moved closer to the Soviet Union.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[30] In 1962, India warred with China over the territories of India's eastern border.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India started the war, but China did well in the month-long war and the war stopped with a Chinese-imposed ceasefire.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The border of the countries is still partly disputed.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[31] After Nehru's death in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri ascended to the leadership, and later upon Shastri's death in 1966, Nehru's only child, Indira Gandhi.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[32] Indira Gandhi's troubled reign India's population exceeded 500 million in the 1970s.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

There was war with Pakistan between 1965 and 1971.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the 1971 war, the eastern part of Pakistan became an independent Bangladesh in a short war in which India supported East Pakistan militarily.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Due to the war, both India and Pakistan began secret nuclear weapons programs in 1972.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India's nuclear weapons program was ordered by top Indira Gandhi, and a plutonium bomb was detonated underground by a smiling Buddha, under the title of a peaceful nuclear test, in 1974 in the Pokhran district of the Thar desert.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[33] Between 1975 and 1977 martial law was declared in India as protests opposed to Indira Gandhi's corruption spread across the country.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The protests were silenced by the force of emergency laws and the military, but Gandhi suffered defeat in the next election.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[34] Morarji Desai rose to become Prime Minister and initiated an investigation into Gandhi's crimes.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Charan Singh became the next Prime Minister.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Singh had been running for the seat for a long time, but due to his age and inefficiency, new elections were decided to be held as early as 1980.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[35] Indira Gandhi and her Congress party returned to power in the 1980s.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

There were rebel groups in Punjab.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The army carried out a massacre at the Golden Temple of Amritsar, which caused the Sikhs of India to revolt across India and Gandhi was assassinated.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Gandhi's eldest son, Rajiv Gandhi, continued as prime minister and paved the way for a transition to capitalism.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

He also sent soldiers to Sri Lanka as peacekeepers, but eventually Indian forces fought the Tamil Tigers themselves.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

He was kept uncommonly clean until taking bribes from Swedish companies brought him down.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In the 1989 election, Vishwanath Pratap Singh emerged as Prime Minister and Rajiv Gandhi was killed by a Tamil Tigers suicide bomber.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[36] In 1992, extremist Hindus destroyed the mosque, triggering widespread violence between Hindus and Muslims.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[29] Economic growth and tensions In 1991, the next Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao elected and his Economy Minister Manmohan Singh initiated major reforms that have made India one of the fastest growing economies in the world and increased its importance.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The economy has been privatised and opened up to the world, even though India lags well behind China.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[37] In the 1990s, India was plagued by terrorism.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The country had begun in 1989 in earnest to build a strategic nuclear deterrent in secret.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In 1998, a government led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee came to power, whose most prominent element was the strongly nationalist BJP.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Vajpayee decided to declare India a nuclear power in the spring of 1998 by conducting a series of nuclear tests in the Pokhran area under the name “Operation Shakti”.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Pakistan soon responded with a series of nuclear tests of its own.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India was also developing strategic missiles, for example the mid-range Agni missile.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In 2007, the countries signed an agreement designed to lower the chance of an accidental start nuclear war.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[29] India has continued the development of space technology begun in the 2000s as early as the 1970s, sending a wide range of unmanned devices into space.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

In 2007, an Indian rocket took an Italian satellite into space.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[29] In 2004, Manmohan Singh became India's first Sikh Prime Minister.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Manmohan Singh has continued to push for reforms, although many reforms have been blocked by the Socialists and Communists called for a majority.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[38] Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune and Ahmedabad have emerged as important cities following their success in attracting foreign companies.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[39] In 2007, Pratibha Patil became the first female president of India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[29] In 2012, Pranab Mukherjee [3] was elected president and in 2017 Ram Nath Kovind.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[40] In early August 2015, India exchanged lands with Bangladesh when 111 Indian enclaves were annexed to Bangladesh and 51 Bangladeshi enclaves were annexed to India.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[41] [42] Politics Indies in particular are happy to refer to India as “the greatest democracy in the world”.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Under its constitution, it is an independent, socialist, secular and democratic republic.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[43] India is a federal state with 29 states and seven federal territories (Union territory).


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[43] The head of state of India is the President elected by the Electors for a five-year term.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The position of president is essentially ceremonial.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

He is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and can dissolve parliament, declare a state of emergency and sack state governments, but only in agreement with the prime minister.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Principal executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

He must enjoy the confidence of a majority in the lower house of parliament.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[43] The Parliament of India is bicameral.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Its upper house is the Rajya Sabha, a council of states with a maximum of 250 members, (now 245) of whom 12 are appointed by the president.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Other members are appointed by the States and Territories in relation to their population numbers.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The term of representatives is six years, with a third being re-appointed every two years.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[43] The Rajya Sabha is constantly assembled and cannot be broken up.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Vice President is the Speaker of the Rajya Sabha.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[44] The members of the lower house, or Lok Sabha (people's council), are elected by direct popular election.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The largest number of members in the Lok Sabha is 552, of which 530 represent the states and 20 the territories in terms of their populations, and two are appointed by the President to represent citizens of English origin if they do not otherwise obtain adequate representation.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[45] Some of the places are reserved for different castes and tribes.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Lok Sabha is elected every five years.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

It normally meets three times a year for a budget session from February to May, a monsoon session from July to September, and a winter session from November to December.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[46] However, there may be deviations from the order of session, for example in 2009 the Budget and Monsoon sessions were merged.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[47] The largest parties in the Lok Sabha elected in the 2014 election are the Indian People's Party (Bharatiya Janata Party, or BJP, with 282 seats) led by Rajnath Singh, the Indian Congress Party (Indian National Congress or INC, 44 seats), All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam () AIADMK, 37) and All India Trinamool Congress (AITC, 34 seats).


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The prime minister is Narendra Modi of the BJP.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[3] Foreign Policy and Armed Forces Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained relations with most countries.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

It took the lead in the 1950s in campaigns for the independence of European countries' African and Asian colonies.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India co-founded the Unattached Countries Movement in 1961.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India is an observer member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[48] It has also sought to gain a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[49] In 1962, an incursion of Chinese troops into the country was observed in India, leading to a brief war between the two countries, and India has viewed China with suspicion ever since.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Relations with Pakistan are problematic: in 1965 India went to war for the second time against Pakistan, the third time in December 1971 in relation to the Bangladesh War of Independence.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Smaller conflicts between the two countries have been 1984 in Slaschen, 1999 in Kargil in Kashmir and intervals between the two countries tightened to the extreme following the 2001—02 terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on 13 December 2001.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Beginning in 1965, India began to rely increasingly on the Soviet Union against Pakistan and its ally China, leading to a deterioration in its relations with the United States.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The USSR and India entered into the 1971 Cooperation and Assistance Agreement.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India supported the Soviet Union's 1979 mission in Afghanistan, while Pakistan, with U.S. support, armed the mujahideen guerrillas.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

Signs of de-escalation were seen between the two countries in 1988 when they agreed not to attack each other's nuclear facilities.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

India-U.S. relations have improved recently.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

On March 2, 2006, the United States agreed to sell uranium to India, even though it is not a member of the NPT.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[50] India has refused to join the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the NPT despite pressure.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

It conducted its first nuclear test on the “Smiling Buddha” on May 18, 1974.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

A second series of trials (“Shakti” or Pokhran-II) in May 1998 resulted in an international boycott and arms embargo.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

[29] The Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces is the country's president.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The ground forces consist of more than 1.4 million soldiers.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Navy is the strongest in the region and will be further boosted by the renewal of the aircraft carrier in 2012.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

There are also 15 submarines on the ground.


Question: How big is India's surface area?

India

The Air Force is the fourth largest in the world with its more than 900 planes.