Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The unfinished film had to be abandoned as the lead actor, Kille Oksanen, had fallen in the war.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Raw film was rationed, like all other stuff.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Initially, it was only handed over to those who had made films during wartime.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Tulio had been on front duty, so the film was never sold to him.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Only vague promises were made that it will be sorted out later.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[45] After the production conditions came in order, Tulio set about making a film that was called As You Wanted Me.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The film had its premiere in 1944.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The screenplay was done by the pseudonym Film Man, aka Nisse Hirn.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The lead was Marie-Luise Fock.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

He had a weakness that he did not know any Finnish.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The actor had a hard job studying lines and the Swedish accent is heard in his replication.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[46] The plot of the film is about the moral downfall and depravity of a woman.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Disillusioned with love, Maija, an insular girl played by Fock, leaves the city to become a housemaid.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Maija falls in love with her mistress's son, who is studying to be a doctor.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The hostess prevents a maladjusted relationship and gives Maija, who is waiting for the child, money.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

An old man offers her a place as a domestic helper.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The man goes to jail and Mary goes to the trees bare.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Maija ends up being a waitress in a sailor's tavern and alcohol and prostitution come into the picture.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

A similar plot pattern is also repeated in the following Tulio films: first, innocence, infatuation and falling in love, new love and disappointment, then alcohol enters the picture and the tailspin is complete.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[47] As you wanted me was Tulio's first melodrama.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Melodrama, as a genre, has been despised by individuals who consider themselves culturells.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

It is far from realism and has been considered a film genre for women.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[48] In melodrama, the world follows the logic of extremes, the view of things is intense and emotional.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The registers of excessiveness and unreasonableness are often moved, but the prevailing culture and moral perceptions are also analysed.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

In Tulio's films, women are either imprisoned by eternal virginity and childlike purity, or submit to the mercy of their punitive superiority and society.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

An honorable woman is forced to live without love.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[49] Work on the next film was started on the basis of Aleksandr Puskin's short story, The Postmaster and His Daughter.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

It also tells the story of the depravity of a young woman, like the previous film.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The screenwriter was again the pseudonym Film Man, namely Nisse Hirn.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The lead was played by Regina Linnanheimo.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[50] The new film received the name Cross of Love and was completed in 1946.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

It was filmed almost entirely in the studio.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Regina Linnanheimo was awarded for her acting performance with Jussi statue.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[51] The Cross of Love can be regarded in a certain way as the culmination of Tulio's melodramas.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The conditions of the city and the countryside are presented in an escalated manner, a woman is a prisoner of the patriarch of youth, the protagonist is defaced as a victim of male enticements, the bridal dress is presented as a symbol of purity and longing.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The closing story is a lie wedding: Riitta, the protagonist, tricks her father with a lie wedding so that the father would believe his daughter is marrying a consul and not living as a street girl.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

In Sweden, the film was censored.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[52] Less than two months later premiered the new film Restless Blood.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The screenplay, again by Filmman, namely Nisse Hirn, was made specifically for Regina Linnanheimo.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

It's a frenzy depiction of a family mother losing her sanity, teasing those close to her.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

For this film too, Linnanheimo received a Jussi statue.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[53] In the late 1940s, Tulio was linked to Paramount boss Adolph Zukor, and a contract emerged for a film for which Tulio did the script.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

After various stages, however, the contract was cancelled when producer Carl P. York unexpectedly died.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[54] Production costs Tulio was kept low by making as much as possible himself.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

He directed, photographed and cut.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

He was involved in the construction of the set and also acted as an errand boy when needed.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The melodramas had mixed returns, but none produced a loss.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[55] In 1947, Passion was completed in which Tulio recycles his own old ideas, here he took advantage of the script for his film Battle Heikkilä House.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

In the new version, the protagonist Olavi is forced to watch from the sidelines how the life of the woman he loves is destroyed by an alcoholic and game-loving man.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

In this movie, patriarchy is a shackle for the man as well.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[56] In the next film, recycling went even further.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Hornankoski, completed in 1949, incorporates the same themes as the previous film and adds to it the most famous dialogues of the film Dream in the Cattle House.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The same images are repeated over and over and the narrative underlines events.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Roland af Hällström was tagged as the director of the Finnish version, but it did not faze the audience.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

At its appearance, the film was considered a parody.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[57] Regeneration After a three-year hiatus appeared The Criminal Woman (1952), scripted by Regina Linnanheimo.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

She also played the female lead in the film.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The Linnantribe script has later been seen to contain a feminist message.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[58] It is a frenzied critique of the illusions of bourgeois life and the film repeats the thesis of how bourgeois life is a prison for a woman.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The film's images were unique in Finland of its time; the film begins with a picture of a prison wall and handcuffs, but in genre it resembles an operetta.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[59] The next film, Jealousy (1953) is a special piece of work.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

It is a re-filmation of Restless Blood, which takes place in the same pictorial world as Hornankoski.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Jealousy is filled with repetitions and quotes from all the other Tulio films except Vihtor and Klaara.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[60] Jealousy is kind of the continuation of Restless Blood.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

In restless blood, bourgeois marriage was about suppression and subjugation.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

There is nothing suppressed or unconscious about this film anymore; it's all jealousy and its schizoid powers.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The film also depicts the liberation of desires from society and the individual's own control, as well as economic greed.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The opening scene of the film is an intense, dialogue-free episode that lasts nearly eight minutes.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Stereotypes of its own time the film breaks by portraying a full-speed running horse as whipping a woman and that the female protagonist is sexually highly active.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[61] Filming for Tulio's last significant film You've Gone into My Blood started in 1953 and was completed in 1955.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The female lead was played by Regina Linnanheimo and she also did the screenplay for the film, albeit under the pseudonym Arel from the sheds.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

It premiered in 1956 and had poor audience and review success.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[62] It is, however, a remarkable work that today is regarded as the most underrated of its director.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[63] All unnecessary social elements have been dissipated from the film.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

It tells the moral lows of a poor family Rea girl from her own perspective and her own voice serves as the narrator.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

In the film, all things turn cruelly against the protagonist: his surrender to a famous composer who rejects him, marriage to a sea captain who is always gone, acclimatization to alcohol that serves as a substitute for love.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[64] Regina Linnanheimo made her final acting performance in the film.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Here, his performance moves from genre to genre.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

No other Finnish female actress was able to match that during that time.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Another important element is Tauno Marttinen's music, which becomes the more atonal the further the protagonist's alcoholism progresses.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The last shot of the film is great: Regina Linnanheimo walking towards Hakanieme refusing all help.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

At the same time, the Finnish film star leaves the public eye.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[65] [66] By the mid-1950s, Tulio's career as a film director was effectively over.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

He lost his audience.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

His films did not fit in with the currents of the film business at the time, nor with the conception of art.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Based on papers found at his estate, he is known to have planned the re-filmatisation of Song of the Scarlet Flower and the Filmatisation of Minna Canth's Workman's Wife.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[67] [68] The last films of the stir celebrity of his time, Tabe Slioor, published his memoirs in 1962.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

It was decided to make a film on the subject and Tulio was hired as director.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The film, which was named It started with an apple, encountered many difficulties.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Due to the whimsy of the lead presenter, filming was halted, banned by the Film Review Board as contrary to good manners and because of its connections to reality, it provoked a loud public polemic.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

A snippet of the film was completed lasting only 37 minutes, which it was decided to be released.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Tulio said about the tekelee and his name is not shown in the opening credits.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[69] Tulio's last steering was Sensuela, completed in 1973, which received the K-18 age limit in Finland.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

In 1983, he was honored with Veteran Jussi, his only film industry award.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

In 2006, his films were released on DVD for the first time.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The series includes 12 DVDs, published by the Finnish Film Archive and Finnkino.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[23] For the last years after the end of his career, Tulio lived out of the public eye.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

He would not allow his name to be put on the name boards on the doors of his apartments.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

He declared his address poste restante, and not even the bank knew his address.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

His closest friends, however, knew which of his three apartments he could be reached.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Some claimed Tulio moved permanently to Spain, as his health could no longer withstand Finland's long and cold winters.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

In the 1970s and 80s he lived long periods in Fuengirola and Torremolinos, Spain, but he also had an apartment in Helsinki all the time.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[70] [71] Tulio and Linnanheimo's joint films were shown on television in the early 1980s and the reception was positive.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

They were both elevated to cult status.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The director Aki Kaurismäki, who belonged to the young knee at the time, announced that he considered him his role, which made a smile rise on the old director's lips.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[72] [73] Tulio never returned to Latvia, not wanting to visit it during the Soviet occupation.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

The liberation of Latvia interested him.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

First, caring for long-time life partner Regina Linnanheimo prevented the trip, then the pilot's own health would not have sustained the trip.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

He speculated that he owned houses in Riga, as Uncle Dominiks, who had no children of his own, had owned houses there.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[74] The last two years of his life Tulio spent in hospital.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

He suffered from back problems and memory disorder in his final days, and his eyesight was impaired.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[75] Like a true auteur director, Tulio also cut almost all of his films and worked as a screenwriter for several.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

When Tulio's film had some other screenwriter, it was most often his standard lead actor and life partner Regina Linnanheimo, who made four screenplays for him.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

[76] Filmography With Black Eyes, Oy Fennica Ab, directed by Valentin Vaala, 1929 Gypsy Hurmaaja, Oy Fennica Ab, directed by Valentin Vaala, 1929 Laveata road, Fennica-Filmi, directed by Valentin Vaala, 1931 Blue shadow, Fennica-Filmi, directed by Valentin Vaala, 1933 Fredlös ( Soruja), Nordisk Tonefilm/Nordisk Films Kompagni, directed by George Schnéevoigt, 1935 Directed by Battle of Heikkilä House, Adams Filmi Oy, 1936 Young Slept, Adams Filmi Oy, 1937 Temptation, Adams Filmi Oy, 1938 Song of Scarlet Flower, Producer Teuvo Tulio, 1938 Vihtori and Klaara, Tarmo-Filmi Oy, 1939 Dream in a livestock hut, Tarmo-Filmi Oy, 1940 As you wanted me, Oy Filmo Ab, 1944 Cross of Love, producer Teuvo Tulio, 1946 Restless Blood, producer Teuvo Tulio, 1946 In Passion, producer Teuvo Tulio, 1947 Hornankoski, Fenno-Filmi, 1949 Criminal woman, producer Teuvo Tulio, 1952 Jealousy, producer Teuvo Tulio, 1953 You've gone into my blood, producer Teuvo Tulio, 1956 It started with apple, Advertisement film Oy, 1962 Sensuela, producer Teuvo Tulio, 1972 As a clipper Radio goes mad, producer Teuvo Tulio, 1952 Sources von Bagh, Peter: Booze, Fuck and Hymnal or Wedding Night that we were not given, in Sakari Toiviainen: Tulio, anthology of restless blood, Finnish Literature Society 2002.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

ISBN 951-746-333-2 Laine, Kimmo — Lukkarila, Matti — Seitajärvi, Juha: Valentin Vaala.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

in 2004.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

ISBN 951-746-562-9 Tulio, Teuvo: My life and film, in Sakari Toiviainen: Tulio, anthology of restless blood, Finnish Literature Society 2002.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

ISBN 951-746-333-2 Toiviainen, Sakari: Unknown Tulio?


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

in Sakari Toiviainen: Tulio, an anthology of restless blood by the Finnish Literature Society 2002.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

ISBN 951-746-333-2 References on the topic elsewhere.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Filmovieset.fi.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Yle Living Archive.


Question: What city did Mirjami Kuosmanen grow up in?

Teuvo Tulio

Category:Finnish film directors Category:Finnish film screenwriters Category:Finnish film actors Category:Finnish film cutters Category:People born in 1912 Class:Persons who died in 2000


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Technicolor was an early color cinematography method.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

It was developed by the Technicolor Corporation, owned by married couple Herbert and Natalie Kalmus, in the 1930s, and used right up until the 1970s.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Characteristic for technicolor were very rich colors.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Establishing History Technicolor Corporation Dr. Herbert Kalmus, Technicolor's main developer, first got into dealings with color film systems while working at the research company Kalmus, Comstock & Wescott.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Towards the end of 1912, lawyer and investor William Coolidge approached the company with a new film projector called Vanoscope, the possibilities of which he asked to explore.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Vanoscope was intended to replace traditional projectors, being able to remove the flicker from the projected image, but after extensive testing, Kalmus's company did not consider the projector usable.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, Herbert Kalmus and his corporate partners Dr. Daniel Comstock and W. Burton Wescott began to take an interest in film technology and set about designing a film camera with which one could shoot color footage.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Inspired by the prototype and short test film produced by Comstock, William Coolidge gave the trio $10,000 to develop the invention in 1915.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

In November of the same year, Technicolor Corporation was founded.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Herbert Kalmus coined the name to do credit to his and Comstock's college: the cover of the 1904 yearbook of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology featured the word technique, from which Kalmus derived the name Technicolor.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Early Technicolor systems The first Technicolor system, called Technicolor Process Number One, was completed in 1916.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

In this system, the camera recorded two color components (an image containing only a certain range of color spectrum from a color image), red and blue-green.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The components were recorded on the same black-and-white film after another: behind the lens was a prism to split the image across successive film screens so that there was either a red or blue-green colour filter on the front.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The film was projected so that the projector displayed both color components at once on the same screen.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

When a red filter was put in front of the red screen and theirs in front of the blue-green, the impression of a coloured image was created.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The first 2-component system lived only for a moment: only one film, The Gulf Between (1917), was made with the system, and only one camera was produced.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The system was severely flawed, and Technicolor Corporation, at the behest of Herbert Kalmus, attempted to develop a better color system.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Another Technicolor system, Technicolor Process Number Two, was announced in 1922.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The new system was fully developed from the platform, and although still 2-component, it had an important feature, making it the most advanced colour film system in its time: the subtractive colour scheme.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The exposure of the second 2-component system occurred in the same way as in the first: both color components are illuminated on the same film by a prism dividing the image of the lens.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The camera had a speed of 32 screens per second, meaning it recorded 16 pairs of images per second.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, in the new system, post-production was exceptional: matrices were produced from the camera negative, meaning both colour components were made into a black and white positive copy for films with a thickness of half the normal.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The matrix films were chemically coloured: the red matrix was coloured the color of cyan, and the blue-green matrix magenta.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

When these films were joined on top of each other, the cyan and magenta matrix together formed a color image.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

In this case, the film could be presented on almost any projector, although the thickness of the film and the failure of the glue often caused problems.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The second Technicolor system was slightly more popular than the first.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The first film Toll of the Sea (1922) shot on it was commercially successful and received positive reception from critics.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

After the Technicolor Corporation established a laboratory in Hollywood in 1923, Technicolor was also used in many Hollywood films to film a few individual scenes.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Such were King Vidor's Great Parade (The Big Parade, 1925), The Phantom of the Great Opera (The Phantom of the Opera, 1925), and Ben-Hur (1925).


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The only feature-length Hollywood films shot entirely with this system were the western film Wanderer of the Wasteland (1924) and The Black Pirate, starred by Douglas Fairbanks (The Black Pirate, 1926).


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Like Toll of the Sea, both films were popular in their time, but neither the Hollywood studios nor even Herbert Kalmus himself were entirely happy with the new 2-component system: although the new Technicolor had subtractive colours, there were two colour components too few to cover the entire color scheme; especially blue reproduced poorly.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The subtractive 2-component system was still being developed at the end of the 1920s: in 1927, Technicolor Process Number Three was released, incorporating a new post-production system (the camera still operated on the same principle) and using a new dyeing method; this was subsequently essential part of the upcoming 3-component system as well.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

In 1928, Technicolor also allowed the use of an optical soundtrack in its color systems, which unexpectedly increased the need for Technicolor: after the release of the first Technicolor sound film, On with the Show (1929), Technicolor Corporation was contracted to shoot nearly 36 feature-length films.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, after the recession hit in 1931 and the public became tired of limited colour reproduction, the use of the Technicolor system fell to nothing.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The last color film produced using the 2-component system was Mystery of the Wax Museum (1933).


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

3-component system Technicolor is a so-called 3-component system: color information is stored on three black and white negatives, each containing either a red, green or blue color component.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The Technicolor Company began work on finding a new system in the early 1930s under the direction of J. A. Ball.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The first 3-component camera was completed in 1932, which was thankfully for Herbert Kalmus' company because the Technicolor Corporation was in financial difficulties just before that.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

As Technicolor's reputation had suffered due to poor quality films produced with a 2-component system, look for Herbert Kalmus collaborators in animation studios.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Only Walt Disney was ultimately interested in the 3-component system.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Herbert Kalmus offered Walt Disney Productions a five-year exclusivity to use the system, though Technicolor Corporation was later forced to reduce the contract to a year due to pressure from other film studios.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Disney's first color film with its new Technicolor stiff was the eight-minute Flowers and Trees (1932), with which Disney won its first Academy Award.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The film had already been made in a long way in black and white, but, conquered by the new color technology, Walt Disney decided to start making it again in color.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

After the Disney contract lapsed, Technicolor began to be slowly introduced in drama films.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The first short film was La Cucaracha (1934), which won the Oscar for Best Short Film.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The Gambling of Life (Becky Sharp 1935), the first feature-length film with the new Technicolor system, however, did not arise as trouble-free: due to numerous production problems (e.g.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

the original director died in the middle of production) in addition, the film's use of colour was lame, and the film was poorly received by critics, even though it was considered a milestone.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Despite the setback, in 1936 Technicolor Corporation expanded its operations by opening a laboratory in England, where the first English Technicolor film Wings of the Morning (1937) was released the following year.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

That same year, Disney also released its first feature-length Technicolor film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 1937), whose popularity helped defuse Becky Sharp into causing skepticism.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

By the early 1940s, Technicolor was already so popular that the mere phrase of “In Technicolor” in a commercial for the film was enough to draw audiences as much as the biggest stars of their time.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Other innovations Although the 3-component system fell through excellently, Technicolor Corporation continued to develop new innovations.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

In 1941, it launched Monopack film, capable of capturing colours on a single film, so it could be used in almost any camera.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, the Monopack, which was effectively the same product as Kodachrome previously released by Kodak, was significantly inferior in quality to Technicolor's 3-component system, so there was no substitute for Technicolor Corporation's main article.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, Monopack was used in many films for scenes where a huge 3-component camera would have been impractical: for example, in the film Dive Bomber (1941), Monopack was used to shoot flight scenes.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

By 1944, however, Monopack had been developed to the point where it could be used though to shoot the entire film; Thunderland, Son of Ficka (1944) was the first such film.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The end of Technicolor The lows of Technicolor began in the early 1950s when Kodak unveiled the Eastman composite color negative, with color information on a single film, so that shooting a color film became considerably cheaper and easier: almost anything could now be used black and white film camera.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

A worse blow for Technicolor, however, was a method invented by Kodak, by which performance copies could also be produced using the traditional method in the manner of black-and-white films.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

No longer found as much demand for the process of staining Technicolor.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Technicolor's post-production technology was cheaper than Kodak's equivalent when performance copies had to be produced in abundance, but in general Kodak became more economical for filmmakers.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The colors produced by Technicolor were also still superior, but presentation copies produced by a photochemical process prevailed in image resolution.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

This further haunted Technicolor's status, as the 1950s experienced the time of the big screen and Cinemascope.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, in 1955, Technicolor was able to release an improved version of its post-production system, called Technicolor Process Number Five, which produced more accurate presentation copies.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The last major film shot with a 3-component Technicolor camera was The Ladykillers (1955), but the Technicolor post-production method was still used until the late 1970s.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Many cinematographers and film directors (e.g.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Francis Ford Coppola) considered Technicolor's colour reproduction superior to Eastman, which is why it had many times aesthetic significance in film production.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The archivability of the Technicolor separation also kept Technicolor alive, and performance copies of many James Bond films, for example, were produced using the Technicolor system because of their large numbers.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, Technicolor's US plants closed in 1975.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Three years later, Italian Technicolor also ceased operations, and the English factories were sold to China.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The Technicolor process was then used for many Chinese and Hong Kong films, and also for a few Western-style films the services of Chinese Technicolor factories were used.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

In China, the Technicolor dyeing process was finally discontinued in 1993.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Technicolor Corporation has remained alive by continuing in other areas of film production, such as serial production of CDs and DVDs, and film development and production of performance copies.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The company also briefly brought its dyeing process back to the market in 1997, after which it was used in the restoration of old Technicolor films, and in some new films such as Pearl Harbour (2001) and Toy Story (1995).


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, the demand generated for Technicolor's dyeing technique was very marginal at this point because, for example, the color reproduction of film films in Kodak's Vision2 series corresponded well to the Technicolor dyeing process.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Following Thomson Multimedia's purchase of Technicolor Corporation in 2001, the dyeing process was abolished.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Today, Technicolor Corporation is the world's largest independent manufacturer of DVDs and developer of cinematic film.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Technical operation of the 3-component system The most important component of the 3-component Technicolor camera is the prism, by means of which the image through the lens is obtained on each film.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Inside the prism is a semi-permeable mirror that divides the image into two sides of the cube-shaped element.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

On one side is a film of green component.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

There's a filter in front of the film that lets through only a green light.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

The black and white film of the green component is panchromatic, that is, if necessary, it is able to register all the colors of the spectrum.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

On one side of the prism is a magenta-coloured filter that lets through everything but the green colour.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

On the back of the filter there are black and white films of both blue and red components: on the front there is an orthochromatic, permeable black and white film that registers only the blue color, and the film on the back, in turn, only the red color.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

In post-production, matrices were produced from the films for copying.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Each matrix was a gelatine-faced relief that was coloured: red component to cyan, green to magenta, and blue to yellow.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

When printing a presentation copy, each component comes into contact with the positive film to be printed and dyes it in its own color.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

When the presentation copy is coloured with each component, the result is a full-color image.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Sometimes the positive film used as a base was a black-and-white version of camera negatives with an optical soundtrack, making the dark areas of the image stronger.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, in 1946, matrix films improved so that there was no need for this and only blank positive film was used as the basis.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

In animation production, no proprietary film was usually used for each color component; instead, three squares were cast from each screen in succession (as in Technicolor's first color systems), each repeating only shades of red, green, or blue.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

However, post-production was carried out in the same way: the components of a single film were distributed over three films, of which performance copies were made using the same technique.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Advantages and Disadvantages Many film directors and cinematographers appreciated Technicolor technology in its time because of its color reproduction, to which the system's post-production technology helped considerably.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Technicolor's greatest advantage over time, however, has become its archivability.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Where the shades of acetate-based composite color films fade over time, the black-and-white films used by Technicolor and the performance copies produced by dyeing technology retain the colors well.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

An example of this is the restoration of the film Star Wars (1977) in the 1990s: all composite colour copies of the film are reported to have been so faded that only Technicolor stained film owned by director George Lucas could be used for colour specification, which was still on a good blade.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

In time, however, the use of Technicolor was inconvenient: due to color filters and prisms, light was noticeably lost on the way to film.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

By the 1940s, films were lacking in light sensitivity anyway, so an inordinate amount of lighting was required to use Technicolor indoors.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

This elevated the temperature of the studios, which many times caused problems, especially for actors.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Technicolor Corporation also assumed a monopoly on Technicolor technology: the company did not sell its cameras but leased them, and only allowed its own staff to use its equipment.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Particularly because of Natalie Kalmus, who was a colour corrector for the Technicolor film crew, this caused problems: she often got involved in the artistic side of films when it came to colours, causing her to gain an unduly bad reputation and sometimes also a gateway ban on filming locations.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Even in post-production of films, film studios depended on the Technicolor Corporation, which contributed to an increase in the popularity of Kodak's Eastman color films as they could be processed in any laboratory.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

Sources (pdf-document) (pdf-document) Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Basten, Fred E.| title = Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow| publisher = Easton Studio Press| year = 2005| isbn = 0-9647065-0-4}} Citation error, replace with { {cite book| author = Layton, James — Pierce, David| title = The Dawn of Technicolor, 1915—1935| location = Rochester (N.Y.


Question: When was Herbet Kalmus born?

Technicolor

) | publisher = George Eastman House| year = 2015| isbn = 978-0-93539-828-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haines, Richard W.| title = Technicolor Movies: The History of Dye Transfer Printing| publisher = McFarland & Company| year = 2003| isbn = 0-7864-1805}} On topic Elsewhere Category:Color Film Systems Category:History of Film Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was a European flow of ideas that emphasized, among other things, the importance of reason and knowledge.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[1] The Enlightenment began in late 17th century France, made its breakthrough in the 1730s, reached its peak period in the 1760s and early 1770s, and subsequently began to decline.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[2] The Enlightenment pursued fundamental reforms in the fields of culture and social life, relying on reason.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Among the first famous thinkers of the movement were John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, who wrote many writings opposing coercive powers as early as the 17th century.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

However, their social contract theories, as well as human conceptions, were not typical of what is most often considered Enlightenment Age.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The final wave of Enlightenment included thinkers Voltaire, Immanuel Kant, Anders Chydenius, Adam Smith, Thomas Jefferson, Jeremy Bentham and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, among others.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Enlightenment thinkers put reason before mysticism, science and progress ahead of beliefs and clinging to the old, market economics ahead of mercantilism, and human rights over arbitrariness of the state, with an exception mainly only to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who he too, however, advocated democracy.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

They also called for equality before the law instead of regulatory privileges.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Liberalism emerged in the Age of Enlightenment and, among others, Locke, Kant, Chydenius, Smith, Voltaire, Jefferson and David Hume are known as its fathers (but Rousseau as a precursor to socialism).


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The movement also provided a framework for the American and French revolutions, as well as the rise of capitalism and the genesis of socialism.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Art of the era was defined by Baroque and Galant musical styles, as well as neoclassical architecture.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Century of Enlightenment Appointment The Age of Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason, embodies the contrasting nature that existed compared to the previous century.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The 17th century was characterized by, among other things, strict division of decrees (nobility, clergy, bourgeoisie, peasants), harsh literary censorship (the state controlled what books were allowed to be published), and persecutions of dissenters.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Enlightenment thinkers also criticized the wars and the supremacy of the state and the church.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The exception in the 17th century had been formed by Holland and England, where the power of the bourgeoisie had grown and differences in weather had already begun to narrow.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Many Enlightenment thinkers stayed for long periods in these countries.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The natural sciences had advanced in previous centuries, and this affected the perception of reality.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Information from other continents also influenced perceptions of society and religion.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

It was thought that our own century was more advanced than the previous one and that an increasingly bright future could be expected, led by reason [3] (Only) the Enlightenment thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau asked whether progress in the arts and sciences had really increased human happiness and virtue.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

He answered this question in the negative (contrary to his original intention, since Denis Diderot advised that he would thus win a writing contest on the subject, as was the case).


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

He called for a return to nature.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The romanticism of the 19th century was a counter-effect to reason-based thinking of the Enlightenment period.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

According to cultural scholar Stuart Hall, an important element of the Enlightenment was comparing Western civilisation to the varying degrees of uncivilization of other continents.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

According to him, the rationality of the Enlightenment was shown only against the backdrop of savagery and absurdity in the past of the Western world and in the present of other continents.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Apart from Western countries, perhaps only China was seen as civilized, though Chinese civilization was seen as very different from Western ones.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

On the other hand, the actual scientific study of foreign cultures did not begin until the Enlightenment period; earlier conceptions had been strongly dominated by mythicism and fabled possessions.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Background The Enlightenment was based on the optimistic idea that it was possible for man to systematically organize his living conditions.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The stabilisation of conditions in the post-wars period and the rise in living standards in Western Europe can be seen as a possible driver of this mindset.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

It was also influenced by the growth of the importance of central power and the organization of society, as well as the growth of colonial trade.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Criticality was also essential to the Enlightenment, for which the foundations, colonialism and expeditions were created, which gave the opportunity to compare European culture and society with others.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[2] The predecessors of the Enlightenment in the 17th century According to Francis Bacon, the Englishman, all knowledge is based solely on experience.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The Dutchman Hugo Grotius emphasized natural law as opposed to a right based on will.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The notion that natural law derived from human nature had originally prevailed everywhere formed the basis for the societal teachings of the Enlightenment.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Frenchman René Descartes emphasized doubt as the starting point of all human knowledge.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The materialists of the Enlightenment period were strongly influenced by the materialism of Thomas Hobbes of the Englishman.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Materialists say matter was primary and thinking was something that happens in matter.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The thinking of the Englishman John Locke emphasized the importance of sensory perception and self-perception as a source of knowledge.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

According to Locke, man does not have any innate thoughts; rather, knowledge is generated through experience and observation.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The “learned libertins” (les libertins érudits) of the 17th century were also a kind of pioneers of the Enlightenment.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

However, libertines did not seek to change society and act publicly.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Among the most prominent libertines were La Mothe le Vayer and Pierre Gassendi.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

In addition to these, pre-work for the Enlightenment was done by the skeptic philosopher Pierre Bayle.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Impact of new knowledge on culture Previously known world history in Europe had been Middle Eastern and European history.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The narratives of Marco Polo had already made famous Chinese and Indian cultures centuries earlier.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The so-called voyages of discovery brought a huge amount of information to Europeans about foreign cultures and religions to Europe.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Other cultures were different from the culture of Europe.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Research in antiquity had shown that non-Christians of antiquity were able to live virtuously.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Now the voyages of discovery showed that adherents of other religions also lived virtuously.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

This undermined Christianity's dominance and was liable to reinforce deism and atheism.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The most consistent atheism was represented by French materialists such as Baron Holbach and Denis Diderot.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Atheist thought was introduced in detail by Holbach's work Le Bons-Sens (1772, in English Good Sense: or Natural Ideas Opposed to Supernatural), a folk-figured institution of the two-volume Système de la nature.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Enlightenment Thought Many Enlightenment thinkers also accepted autocracy if it was enlightened.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

By the social contract they concluded, people could limit their rights by handing over some of them to the monarch's disposal.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Early democracy was represented by Rousseau, who called for immediate popular power in place of the monarch and submission to the decisions of the majority.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Montesquieu called for the division of state power into three parts, legislative, executive and jurisdiction.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Laws had to be enacted or, more correctly by examination, restored to conformity with natural law.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The requirements of the Enlightenment began to gradually be implemented in the laws of different countries.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Demands began to be made for the abolition of torture and slavery.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Conditions in prisons and mental hospitals began to be improved.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Especially profoundly, the Enlightenment affected upbringing.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

There were calls for teaching based on observation and experience, vocational schools and practical practice, the extension of education to lower social groups and women, and postgraduate education for adults.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Rousseau partly compiled these views into his work Émile.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Rousseau, however, focused mostly on raising the boy to be a man and a “citizen”.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

In practice, the educational ideas of the Enlightenment began to be implemented by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

New ideas also emerged in the economic sphere.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Where state power had restricted free competition in the previous century, the Enlightenment advocated a free market economy.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The new views were compiled by Scotsman Adam Smith for his book The Wealth of Nations.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

His economic mindset is called liberalism, though it was created by others before him.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Within the realm of Enlightenment, property was generally considered a natural right.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Towards the end of the century, the Frenchman François-Noël Babeuf called for the property to be removed


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

William Godwin, who was one of the first representatives of anarchism (statelessness), wanted to abolish not only the state but property and marriage.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Antoine Condorcet believed humanity had reached the age of majority and a degree of limitless progress.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Historians study the causes of the decline of cultures.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Especially famous became Edward Gibbon's work on the decadence and destruction of the Roman Empire.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Enlightenment thinkers and encyclopedia The greatest show of strength of the Enlightenment thinkers was the Encyclopédie (“Encyclopedia”).


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

It contained 28 volumes and seven supplements.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The editor of the encyclopedia was Denis Diderot.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The encyclopédie was a structural representation of all culture.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Different people participated in the writing, and positions in the articles varied.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The church tried several times to prevent the printing of the encyclopedia, but despite several printing bans and the proclamation of the pope, Diderot and his friends managed to print the book in Paris — although the printing place had to be marked abroad.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The most famous of those French materialists who assisted the Encyclopédie were Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Claude Adrien Helvetius and Baron d'Holbach.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Voltaire Voltaire (1694—1778) was a successful Enlightenment writer who has also been considered a hallmark of the movement.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

He was persecuted in France for his writings, and fled to Britain.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

He was influenced from there, particularly by the ideas of Newton and Locke, as well as Britain's freedom of faith.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

He returned to France in 1729 and began to push in the country for new ideas.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

In particular, Voltaire focused on the core area of the Enlightenment, attitudes towards religion and the church.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

His views on the subject were radical: Voltaire was strongly critical of the Church and Christianity, and advocated deism.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Voltaire was particularly opposed to religious persecutions and called for tolerance and freedom of faith.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Voltaire also championed humanity and human mental freedom and opposed prejudice, censorship, cruelty in the administration of justice, and abuse.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Voltaire was an accomplished writer, seeking to influence through his public writings as well as his private correspondence, which he conducted with influential figures of his time as well as other Enlightenment writers.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[2] Enlightenment in different countries Britain The great revolution of 1688 began a new libertarian period in England.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

In the 18th century, England was a pioneer country of tolerance, with constitutional monarchy safeguarding the rights of the people and deviant religious opinions valued.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The new freedom was, above all, also freedom of expression, and advance censorship was abolished in England in 1695.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

However, revolutionaries and religion-profane works could still be confiscated and the perpetrators punished.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[4] Political opinions began to be exchanged in cafes, where a new reading community developed thanks to the appearance of newspapers, as well as in clubs.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The new literature was largely directed towards the clients of these, namely the wealthy bourgeoisie and the free-spirited nobility.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[4] Key figures in the English Enlightenment included the philosopher John Locke, who laid the groundwork for political liberalism with his thinking [5], and the writers Jonathan Swift and Daniel Defoe.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[6] France In France, pragmatic thinking and criticising religion were central to the Enlightenment.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

This, of course, contradicted church teaching.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Also in France, the bourgeoisie rose to power during the Enlightenment.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[7] [8] Sweden, King Gustav III of Sweden, who reigned from 1771 to 1792, was an enlightened autocrat who reformed business and criminal law.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

In Finland, in the 18th century, enlightenment activities spread mainly among civilized peoples.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Some estates contained works by Enlightenment thinkers.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

These ideas were also somewhat familiar with scholars and priests.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The ideas of the Enlightenment were also exhibited in the Valhalla Society, which operated from 1781 to 1786.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The best known and steepest presenter of an atheist-natured view in then Sweden was the son of a priest, writer and adjunct professor Johan Kellgren, who was familiar with the production of French materialists.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The most famous Finnish Enlightenment thinkers were Petter Forskål and Anders Chydenius, considered the father of Finnish (and Swedish) liberalism.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The Enlightenment efforts also generated opposition in Finland.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The Bishop of Turku, Johan Browallius, labelled materialists and atheists as stains of shame on humanity, and in 1749 the king himself forbade teachers in the university's philosophical faculty from tampering with religious issues.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

According to Henrik Gabriel Porthan, atheism must be punished because it is dangerous to society.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

In particular, Porthan warned against spreading atheism among the raffish (peasants) and burghers.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

He wrote of the libertarian priest: “He is to such an extent that, in his sermons and in his interrogations on the Catechism, he explains the fire of hell as a mere metaphorical phrase, and that the devil no longer influences men, hardly exists...” When the enlightenment activities spread mainly among the nobility, the peasants of the betrothed Kym and Porvoo presented a complaint to the Riksdag about the leisure of the lords, “which manifested itself in unabashedly and reprehensible statements about the doctrines of religion and its principal passages, and the holy word of God and in contempt of worship services and costly acts of mercy.” Within the civilisation, and especially in the officer corps, there was absent-mindedness towards the clergy.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The clergy reproached the nobles that they did not attend church and did not even send their service people.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The clergy tried to persuade the gentry with church discipline, but these were met with accusations of bad lives by the clergy such as drunkenness, greed, etc. The gentry's contempt for religion was contrary to the then form of government.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The government enacted a law making the use of church deliveries a condition of office appointments.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The German Enlightenment began to influence Germany around the 1650s and ended around the end of the 18th century.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The German Enlightenment (Saks.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Aufklärung) differed from the Enlightenment of the rest of Europe.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[9] Unlike France and England, Germany at the time of the Enlightenment did not have an actual cultural centre from which the new cause would have spread through newspapers or cafés.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

In Germany, the centers of the Enlightenment were parsonages and salons, therefore the German Enlightenment was religious and placed an emphasis on folk education.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[10] Religion was not criticised, as the Enlightenment focused more on mysticism and thus prevented quarrel with the Church.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[11] Essential German figures of the Enlightenment period were, for example, the philosopher Immanuel Kant, who defined the Enlightenment in his essay “Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?”.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

According to Kant, enlightenment is about getting a person out of his self-induced state of minorhood.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

He took as the motto of the Enlightenment the idea from the play of the ancient playwright Horatius: “Sapere aude!” proverbially: “Dare to be wise!”.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[12] [3] The writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and the mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz were also prominent German figures of the Enlightenment period.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[9] The Enlightenment is said to have united Germany culturally, as the Enlightenment enabled the publication of journals to become more liberated and the judicial system to improve and sentences to become more humane.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

There was also no disagreement between the nobility and the middle class and partly thanks to these changes, Germany became a unified nation in 1871.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[9] [11] Consequences of Enlightenment The spread of Enlightenment articles was hampered, inter alia, by the general lack of literacy at the time.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

However, the Enlightenment often affected the very individuals who had social influence.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Tolerance increased under the influence of the Enlightenment.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

There were no more wars of faith, witch hunts diminished, and the status of Jews improved.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Societal egalitarianism increased, the administration of justice became humanized (tortures were abolished or reduced), serfdom was abolished in Central Europe, the struggle to abolish slavery began, the regime developed on the basis of the principles of separation of powers and in the spirit of incipient liberalism, health care was developed, freedom of speech expanded, and popular education spread.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

In the field of sciences, developments led to the emergence of national economics, statistics, sociology, experimental psychology, and cultural history, among others.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

[3] Key figures in the Enlightenment period John Locke (1632—1704) Nicolas Malebranche (1638—1715) Isaac Newton (1643—1727) Jean Meslier (1664—1733) Gottfried Leibniz (1646—1716) Pierre Bayle (1647—1706) Giambattista Vico (1668—1744) George Berkelo Montesquieu (1685—1753) 1689—1755) Francis Hutcheson (1694—1746) Voltaire (1694—1778) David Hartley (1705—1757) Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709—1751) Thomas Reid (1710—1796) David Hume (1711—1776) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712—1778) Denis Diderot (1713—1784) Claude Adrien Helvetius (1715—1771) Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717—1783) Adam Smith (1723—1790) Immanuel Kant (1724—1804) Gotthold Lessing (1729—1781) Moses Mendelssohn (1729—1786) Johann Georg Hamann (1730—1788) —1794) Edmund Burke (1737—1797) Thomas Paine (1737—1809) Antoine Condorcet (1743—1794) Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743—1819) Thomas Jefferson (1743—1826) Jeremy Bentham (1748—1832) Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757—1823) Mary Wollstonecraft, (1759—1797) Leandro Fernández de Moratín 60—1828) See also Encyclopedists Humanism Reformation Age of Enlightenment literature Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gay, Peter| title = The Enlightenment.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

An Interpretation.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The Rise of Modern Paganism| location = New York| publisher = Knopf| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gay, Peter| title= The Enlightenment.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

An Interpretation.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

The Science of Freedom| location = New York| publisher = Knopf| year = 1969}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Israel, Jonathan I.| title = Radical Enlightenment.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650—1750| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2001| isbn = 0-19-925456-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Israel, Jonathan I.| title= Enlightenment Contested.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man, 1670—1752| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2006| isbn = 0-19-927922-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Israel, Jonathan I.| title = Democratic Enlightenment.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750—90| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2011| isbn = 978-0-19-954820-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Knuuttila, Simo & Saarinen, Risto (ed.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

) | title = Theology and Early Modern Philosophy (1550—1750) | location = Helsinki| publisher = Academia Scientiarum Fennica| year = 2010}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Russell, Bertrand| title = History of Western Philosophy 2.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

New-age philosophya| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| version = (History of Western Philosophy, 1946.)


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Translated by J. A. Hollo.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

9th edition (1st edition 1948) | isbn = 951-0-17886-1}} On topic elsewhere entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Kaitaro, Timo:.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Before & Now 3/2001.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Oittinen, Vesa:.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

In science takes place 3/2012, p. 11—17.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Selinin, Thug:.


Question: What does an Enlightenment philosopher mean?

Enlightenment

Wonderful World: The Skeptic's Encyclopedia * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, better known as Cristiano Ronaldo [kiːˈtinu ˈnaðu] or Ronaldo (born 5 February 1985 in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal) is a Portuguese footballer who represents Juventus, who played in the Italian Serie A.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He also serves as captain of the Portuguese national team.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[1] Ronaldo is an ambidextrous left winger who is also played occasionally in the middle.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[2] Ronaldo is considered one of the current as well as the best footballers of all time.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[3] [4] He has been selected as European Footballer of the Year or International Football Association Golden Ball winner a total of five times.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo is the top scorer of the time through Real Madrid.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Between 2009 and 2018, in the 438 games he played for the team, he scored 451 goals.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[5] In September 2015, he became the all-time top scorer in the Champions League.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[6] The following year he also became the highest-scoring player in European Championship history [7] as well as the first player ever to score in four European Championship competitions.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[8] Cristiano Ronaldo broke records again in the Champions League group stage in the 2017—2018 season; he became the first player ever to score in every match of the group stage.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo became the most European player to score in country matches in 2018 in football World Cup competitions, as he overtook Ferenc Puskás's record of 84 goals.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[9] Club team career at Sporting CP (2002—03) Ronaldo started footballing in his home island Madeira in the teams of small amateur club Andorinha when he was eight years old.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In 1995, he transferred to Nacional, the island's other main league club, and two years later to mainland Sporting.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo was not interested in his own schooling in his youth, and he had big problems with it.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Eventually, he and his mother decided that Ronaldo would drop out of school altogether at the age of 14 and concentrate full-time on football as a semi-pro.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[10] In the spring of 2002, Ronaldo played at the European Under-17 Championships, where he attracted attention with his grappling power, individuality and speed.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

The 2002—03 season formed his first at the adult level.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Manchester United (2003—09) For the 2003—04 season, Ronaldo transferred to Manchester United of the English Premier League.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He assured the club's manager Alex Ferguson and future teammates in the summer of 2003 in a training match between Sporting and United, which Sporting won 3—1.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

After the match, United's players urged Ferguson to acquire Ronaldo.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

United made a generous £12m bid for Ronaldo, and within a week he became the club's first Portuguese player.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo was given the number 7 in his game number.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Originally Ronaldo would have preferred the number 28 he wore at Sporting as his number, but Ferguson wanted to motivate Ronaldo by giving him the number 7, which had been worn by many United legends such as George Best, Bryan Robson, Éric Cantona and David Beckham.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo first represented Manchester United on 16 August 2003 in a 4—0 win match against Bolton Wanderers.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the 2003—04 season, the Portuguese scored all competitions including 6 goals in 40 matches.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

The following season, Ronaldo scored 5 goals in 33 matches in the league.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

All competitions including goals accumulated 9 and matches 50.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On 29 October 2005, Ronaldo scored the 1,000th Premier League goal in Manchester United's history.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In February 2006, he scored in the final of the English League Cup, in which United beat Wigan Athletic 4—0.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the same season, Ronaldo was chosen by supporters as FIFPro's Young Player of the Year.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In Fifa's Player of the Year voting, he was ranked number 20.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the Premier League, Ronaldo's 9 league goals did not help the Manchesterans to the title; Chelsea took the trophy with an 8-point difference.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the quarter-final match of the summer 2006 World Cup competitions against England, Wayne Rooney received the red card that Wayne Rooney received was largely the cause of Ronaldo's provocation.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

After the match, Rooney got really hot for his socialite.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

The Portuguese also got the hatreds of all Englishmen on the back of their neck.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Before the start of the 2006—07 season, disputes had already been settled, but in an away game early in the season, Ronaldo was booed by the opposing supporters as Ronaldo touched the ball.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[11] However, “England's most hated man” Ronaldo showed his opponents.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In November 2006, he was selected Player of the Month.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In December, Ronaldo's tune continued as he scored 6 goals in 3 games.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He was also selected as December's Player of the Month.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Before Ronaldo twice in a row, only Dennis Bergkamp and Robbie Fowler had been selected in their careers.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[12] [13] Ronaldo scored his 50th goal for United in the Manchester derby against City.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Manchester United won the season-ending Premier League title.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo scored 17 league goals and finished third in the goal exchange.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On the passes that led to the goal, Ronaldo preyed on as many as 14.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Seeking a triple title, United were ultimately unable to achieve victories in the Champions League and FA Cup.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo was selected as Portugal's 2006 Sportsman of the Year by A Bola, Portugal's largest sports newspaper.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[14] On 22 April 2007, Ronaldo was selected as the Players' and Supporters' Player of the Year in votes by the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) in the English Professional Footballers' Association (PFA), as well as the Young Player of the Year.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He was also selected as the best by the Football Writers' Association (FWA), the Football Journalists' Association.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[15] He was the first player to have won all four awards in the same season.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On 13 April 2007, Ronaldo signed a new contract extending until 2012 with Manchester United.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[16] Ronaldo's up-and-coming career at Manchester United culminated in the 2007—08 season when he scored 31 goals in the Premier League and all competitions including a total of 42 goals as the team renewed their Premier League title and also won the Champions League.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Premier League goals brought first place in the Golden Boot competition.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He also scored in the Champions League final.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo was again voted the best player by the PFA and FWA.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[17] Season 2009 continued successfully like previous seasons.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

At the turn of the year he was selected as the best player in the world in both France Football's Golden Ball and Fifa's Player of the Year polls.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Manchester United won their third successive Premier League title, the world title for club teams and again advanced to the Champions League final, in which Barcelona did better, however.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo scored 26 goals, 18 of which came in the Premier League.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo had long been the subject of interest from Spanish club Real Madrid and especially since the summer of 2008 transfer rumours became heated.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo expressed his desire for a transfer, but after hoping for an ankle injury, nonetheless started the 2008—09 season at Manchester United.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Real Madrid (2009—2018) Manchester United announced in June 2009 that they had accepted Real Madrid's £80 million (€94 million) takeover bid for Ronaldo and had given the club permission to negotiate with the player.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[18] The transfer was finally confirmed by the clubs on 26 June 2009.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[19] The transfer amount was a new world record.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[18] Ronaldo was presented as a Real Madrid player at the Santiago Bernabéu in front of 75000 supporters on 6 July 2009.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[20] Season 2009—10 Ronaldo played his first official match for Real Madrid on 29 August 2009 in the opening match of the 2009—10 Primera División season against Deportivo La Coruña.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In it, he scored his first goal of his Real career.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He also managed goalscoring in his next three league matches and was the first player in Real Madrid history to score in his first four league games.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Including the Champions League match played against Zurich on 15 September 2009, he scored a total of seven goals in his first five games.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[21] On October 10, 2009, in a country match against Hungary, Ronaldo injured his ankle, which kept him sidelined until 25 November 2009.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[22] He missed, among other things, the Champions League group stage matches against Milan.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He played for the first time since his injury on 29 November 2009 in an important match against Barcelona.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo received his first red card during his time at Real Madrid in the Almería match that ended in a 4—2 win, where he received his first caution by ventilating his goal by taking off his shirt and a second caution moments later after kicking an opponent.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He scored his first hat-trick for the team on 5 May 2010 in an away match against Mallorca.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

The rest of the season went strongly for Ronaldo and largely thanks to him Real Madrid remained firmly in the title battle against Barcelona.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He eventually played 29 matches during the season, scoring 26 goals in them.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Season 2010—11 After Real icon Raúl left the team in the summer of 2010, Ronaldo received the familiar vacant number 7.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On 23 October 2010, Ronaldo fired four goals in a match against Racing Santander, which was his highest number of goals in a single match in his entire playing career.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[23] For his second hat-trick of the season, he scored in a match against Athletic Bilbao.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the final match of 2010 in the Copa del Rey against Levante, he again scored a hat-trick as Real Madrid crushed the Valencian club eventually 8—0.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the new year he started off in an action-packed fashion, scoring two goals against Getafe and later his third hat-trick of the season in a series match against Villarreal.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

At this point, the season began to look strongly as if Ronaldo is on a new record pace and threatens the single-season goal record (38) held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[24] Shortly after this, Ronaldo scored only two goals in the one-month period until he scored a hat-trick again on 3 March 2011 in a match against Málaga.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the second encounter of the season against Barcelona, Ronaldo finally managed and finally scored from a penalty kick the first goal of his career into the Catalan club's net.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

This added to his goal streak to four games long and all competitions including it was his 41 for the season.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On April 20, 2011, Ronaldo settled against the same team with his goal born in overtime for the Copa del Rey championship.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[25] He continued his goalscoring duties in the away match against Sevilla played on 7 March 2011 by shooting four hits, with the Madridian club crushing the hosts eventually by numbers 6—2.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

With his goals, he broke his old record (42), which he scored while playing for Manchester United.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Three days later, in a home match against Getafe, he scored a hat-trick, thus raising his total total of goals for the season already to 49.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On March 15, 2011, in a game against Villarreal, after Ronaldo succeeded in scoring on two occasions, he sidelined the Primera División single-season goal record (38).


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the final round of the season against Almería, he also scored two goals and thus took the goal record in his own name with a total of 41 hits.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He eventually won both Pichich and the European Golden Boot at the end of the season.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

The 2011—12 Real Madrid training season for the upcoming season began with a friendly match against Los Angeles Galaxy.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

The match ended in a 4—1 victory for the Spaniards with Ronaldo scoring his one-off.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Four days later, the team faced the practice season in another friendly match against Guadalajara, which ended with Ronaldo's hat-trick at numbers 3—0.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On 17 August 2011, he scored his 100th goal of his Real Madrid career, equalizing the match against Barcelona in the Supercopa de España second leg match played at Camp Nou.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the first league match of the season on 27 August 2011 against Zaragoza, Ronaldo received a flying departure for his season as he finished with three goals.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On September 24, 2011, against Rayo Vallecano, his second hat-trick of the season in official matches emerged.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

After less than a month on 22 October 2011, having been blocked by Ronaldo's goal taps for the previous three matches, the tenth hat-trick of his Primera División career in a match against Málaga emerged.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo's hat-tricks received a follow-up on 7 November 2011 when Osasuna's crush reading 7—1 was knocked down by the Madridian club.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[26] In the Madrid derby played on 26 November 2011 against Atlético Madrid, he finished with two goals from penalty kicks.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

The thirteenth hat-trick of Ronaldo's career saw the day light on 17 December 2011 in a match against Sevilla.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On 22 January 2012, in a match against Athletic Bilbao, his goal balance was again accrued by two goals, each generated from penalty kicks.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the second encounter of the season against Zaragoza, he finished the second and third goals of the match, with Real Madrid winning 3—1.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He finished with a total of two goals in a pair of matches against Barcelona in the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey, which however progressed from the pair to eventually go on aggregate goals 4—3.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On 12 February 2012, he scored a hat-trick again as Madrians toppled Levante at the Santiago Bernabéu 4—2.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

With the win, the team increased their points difference to 10 with runner-up Barcelona.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On March 24, 2012, he topped the 100-goal money laundry in his third season in Primera División.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the second Madrid derby of the season played on 11 April 2012, Ronaldo scored a hat-trick after Real Madrid toppled their local opponents Atlético Madrid by numbers 4—1.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

With those hits, he increased his season goal tally to 40, making him the first player in series history to surpass the 40-goal mark in two consecutive seasons.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He broke his last season record on 14 April 2012 in a match against Sporting Gijón.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On 21 April 2012, in El Clásico against Barcelona, he scored the 2—1 winning goal for his team and virtually secured the 32nd league championship in its history for the Madridian club.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

Ronaldo ended the season with 46 hits, with which, however, he failed to win the Pichichi Award, after Lionel Messi scored 50 goals.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

On June 13, 2012, Ronaldo was honored with the Di Stéfano Award, awarded to the best player of the season.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[27] The 2012—13 season Ronaldo's fourth season with the Madridian club got under way victoriously when the team was knocked out in the Supercopa de España by Barcelona on the away goal rule, after the aggregate score was 4—4.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

In the first leg match at Barcelona, Ronaldo managed to score and thus made him the first Real Madrid player in history to succeed in four successive El Clásico at Camp Nou to score a goal.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[28] In the second leg match, he scored the 2—1 winning goal in the match, sharing the record with Iván Zamorano after scoring in five consecutive games for El Clásico.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[29] On 2 September 2012, Ronaldo opened the goal taps for the season in Primera División as Granada were toppled 3—0 by the Madridian club.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

The goal, meanwhile, was the 200th of his pro career in national series.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He also scored the second goal in the match, which was the 150th goal of his Real Madrid career including all competitions.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He thus became the 10th top scorer in the club's history through the ages.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

He was taken off the field in the 63rd game minute of the match due to a minor injury.


Question: When did Cristiano Ronaldo join Juventus?

Cristiano Ronaldo

[30] There was a fuss later after the match when Ronaldo had refused to celebrate his goals scored in the match and declared himself unhappy with his club.