Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Military College Courses Abroad After independence and the war, Finland had a shortage of general staff officers, and the country did not have its own war college to train them.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

General Staff Officers were trained in the victorious states of World War I, mainly France and Italy.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The strict conditions imposed by Oscar Enckell, the Chief of the General Staff, for admission to a foreign study secondment, produced problems for education.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Language skills were also an issue; very few Finnish officers knew French or Italian.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In addition, the fragmentation of the Finnish officer corps produced problems, as there were several categories of personnel from completely different backgrounds and with different levels of training: those trained in Russia, Jaeger officers trained in Germany and directly from civilian to active duty officers in the Finnish Civil War ascended.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In particular, Jaeger officers who rose to high values felt that they were discriminated against by former Russian Army officers when distributing training places.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Admission to a foreign study trip was conditional on the maximum rank of captain, being single and adequate school education.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

For married young ice majors and lieutenant-colonels, these terms were impossible.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

There was also a political question in which country the war higher education would take place, since the Jaeger officers were politically oriented more towards Germany than the entente states.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The war college course in Germany was a politically sensitive matter, because the peace treaty had forbidden Germany from teaching this kind, and furthermore, official Finland had already severed its German relations with Germany after the collapse of the Empire.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

However, the Jakeers continued to be sympathetic to Germany.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Young Major Paavo Sivén, who was part of tribal activists, organised two military college courses for Finnish ice officers in Germany with private funding in 1921—1923 and 1923—1925.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The General Staff Officer Diploms for pupils of the first course in Berlin was approved by the Director of the Jääkärikanry General Aarne Sihvo in 1926 as equivalent to the two-year line of the General Department of the Military School, but the diplomas of the latter course were no longer accordingly accepted.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The examination of eligibility for diplomas for participants in the second course went all the way to the Supreme Court.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Diplomas were finally confirmed only in early 1930.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In all, 13 Finnish officers completed their war college studies in Berlin.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

After the Jääkärikiri crisis was resolved, Finland also sent Jaeger officers of higher rank to foreign war colleges as students.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

A total of 46 Finnish officers, including later commanders of the defence forces Erich Heinrichs and Aarne Sihvo studied at the French and Italian war colleges.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

However, the Cadet School (1919—1992) of Temporary Courses did not qualify as an officer shortage solver.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

On 4 January 1919, a committee headed by a former pupil of the Finnish Cadet School, Major General Hannes Ignatius, was set up to plan a “war instruction”.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The work of the committee was rapid and the new Finnish Cadet School began operation on 25 January 1919.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The cadet school was located in Helsinki and the duration was initially set at one and a half years.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

From 1930 onwards, the length was two years, from 1962 onwards two and a half, from 1978 three and four years since 1991.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The weapons species and defence branch schools were responsible for weapons species training for future cadets and defence branches.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Naval cadets received their training in full at the Cadet School until 1930 and Air Force cadets until 1929.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In 1930, applicants to the Cadet School were required to be under 25 years of age, matriculated, of good repute, fit for the weapon sport in terms of his physique and health, and fit for promotion as a reserve officer, but these requirements were loosely interpreted.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The intake of students to the Cadet School was trickiest in the late 1940s, when, because of this, courses were started twice a year.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Since then, the situation has improved, and today there are between 400 and 500 applicants each year, of whom about 130 are selected to pursue studies aimed at a master's degree.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

[1] Until 1993, the cadet school provided initial officer training until its annexation to the new National Defence College.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In 1993, the name of the Cadet School was changed to Undergraduate Division, with Cadet Courses serving as its basic units.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Since then, the name of the Undergraduate Division has been changed back to the Traditional Cadet School.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The cadet school was located between 1919 and 1923 in the present-day Natural History Museum on the corner of Arkadiankatu and Nervanderinkatu.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The building had previously served as a Russian kimnae.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Subsequently, the Kadet School operated in Munkkiniemi, Helsinki, from 1923 to 1940 and in Santahamina from 1940 onwards.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

From 1941 to 1952, the school was renamed the Ground War School.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The first director of the cadet school was Colonel Viktor Rafael Schauman.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The first three directors until 1925 were former pupils of the Finnish Cadet School.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Jaeger officers served as the heads of the Cadet School until, since 1945, there has been a cadet officer as the head of the school.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The first cadet officer to serve as head of the Cadet School (1945—1950) was Colonel Yrjö Armas Vakama.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

A total of 469 cadet officers fell during the Finnish wars, or 18.5% of the total number of cadets.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

At the Independent Cadet School, 8440 cadets began its studies in 74 years.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Fighting School (1927—1992) The Battle School, founded in 1927, initially held courses for company chiefs and platoon leaders.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In addition, there were orienting courses and major courses.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The founders of the school were the teacher of tactics at the Cadet School, Jaeger Major Hannes Olkkonen, who was also the first head of the school.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The combat school taught practical military training and joint operation of weapons species.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

[2] The school was based in Markoville, located northeast of Vyborg.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The building had previously housed the capitulant school responsible for the training of the loyalty sub-officers, which was attached to the Combat School under the name of the Loyalty Sub-Officer Section.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

[2] The combat school continued to operate after the war, first in Santahamina, then in Hamina and since 1949 in Tuusula.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

General Commander Courses (Pre-Officer Course), Captain Courses and Lieutenant Courses (Infantry Chief Officer Course, until 1962) were held at the school.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The pre-officer course was taken by those officers who did not attend the College of War, while the Captain and Lieutenant Course was taken by all infantry officers.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

[2] The combat school was disbanded on December 31, 1992.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Its activities are continued by the pre-officer course of the Postgraduate Division of the School of National Defence.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

[2] War College (1923—1992) For higher officer training in Independent Finland, a military college was ordered to be established as early as 1919.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

However, in the precarious circumstances of that time, the school was not started, but instead several officers, among them Jaeger Major A.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

E. Martola, sent to study at foreign war colleges.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The project to establish the school resurfaced in 1923. At that time a committee was set up to consider further training of officers.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The committee's report, completed in May 1923, suggested the establishment of a war college, with justifications including the need for the development of original tactics.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

At the same time there was an Inspector of Artillery, Colonel V.P.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Nenonen took the initiative to organize higher military engineering teaching at the University of Technology.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

This initiative led to a quick result.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In the autumn of 1923, 18 officers began their studies at the University of Technology.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The establishment of an actual war college gained new momentum when the Defence Revision Committee made a strong statement in favour of providing higher military training in April 1924.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The petition led to the Council of State almost immediately issuing a motion to establish a temporary war college.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The Sotakorkeakoulu began operations in Helsinki on 3 November 1924 in the former Uusimaa Sniper Battalion barracks at Liisankatu 1.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Colonel Aarne Sihvo, who was himself studying at the Italian War College, was appointed head of the school.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The acting head of the school was thus initially Major General Nenonen as his deputy General Staff Major Martola.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

By the way, the school's tenured teachers were all foreigners at first: from Sweden, Italy, France and Great Britain.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Thirty-four officers were commanded for the first course.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In addition, beginning in the autumn of 1925, those who started their studies at the University of Technology continued them at the University of War.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Prior to World War II, 370 General Staff Officers were trained at the War College in 15 courses of the General Department, five in the Military Engineering Department, two Naval War Division and one Air War Division course.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

(Abroad, mainly in Sweden, Germany, France and Italy, had additionally completed equivalent studies with 46 officers).


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Courses were generally two-year, but courses in the Military Engineering Department were four years in length.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Except for the first course, officers were admitted to the course through the entrance examination.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The faculty of the University of War became Finnish quickly when qualified officers who had taken the course could be inducted as teachers.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The military college was tenured in 1930.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The operations of the War College restarted after the war in 1946.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The school's organization became established as a division into three defensive branch lines, each with a general and technical direction of study.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The length of the general course course was two years and the technical course was three years.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Courses started biennially; the technical course first studied technical and natural science subjects for one year, and then participated for two years mainly in general course of study.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In 1946—1993, a total of 1564 General Staff Officer degrees were awarded at the University of War, 1188 of them in general and 376 in technical studies.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

In 1985, the Department of Military Science was incorporated into the organisation of the University of War.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

It had been established in 1971 to combine the War Historical Office, the War Archives, the War Museum and the Central Library of Military Science, as well as research in the field of strategy.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

From 1960 onwards, national national defence courses for persons of social importance operate in connection with the Military College.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The College of War has also run senior officer courses intended as advanced training for General Staff Officers.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

After the abolition of the University of War, its training mission is continued by the Postgraduate Diploma Division of the National Defence School.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The General Staff Officer's Degree now consists of a year-long pre-officer course, conducted by all officers, and a subsequent year-long General Staff Officer Course, where admission is based on student success in the pre-officer course.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The National Defence School (1993—) The functions of the Cadet School, the School of War and the Combat School are continued by the National Defence School, established in 1993.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The undergraduate degrees of the School of National Defence are Bachelor's and Master's degrees in War Science and postgraduate degrees of General Staff Officer and PhD.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

College Officers Officers who replaced the Old Sub-Officer Corps in 1974 were trained until 1989 at the Pavement College.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Since 1992, there were university officers graduating from the National Defence College.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

The last college officer course was completed in 2003.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Reserve Officers The first reserve officer course was organized in 1920.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

It was preceded by the Markoville Wiipur Officers' School, which operated from 1918 to 1920.


Question: In what year has the first officer training been held in Finland?

History of officer training in Finland

Sources Category:National Defence School Category:Finnish military history


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Red Guard is a generic term used to refer to the early 20th century paramilitary forces of the Finnish labour movement.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Red Guards were established in two phases, initially as a result of the Grand Strike in 1905—1906, and after their abolition again in 1917—1918.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The most famous force known as the Red Guard is the Finnish Red Guard, which fought as an army of the Finnish People's Delegation in the Civil War of 1918.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The first Red Guards were mainly unarmed groups formed from members of the trade union movement, emerging from the National Guard formed during the 1905 Grand Strike.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In December 1905, the Red Guards gained official status within the Social Democratic Party, but were disbanded as a result of the violence of the Viapori Rebellion in August 1906.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

After the February Revolution of 1917, at first temporary picket and workers' guards were established, which were subsequently established in the autumn by the Finnish Professional Association as a counterforce to bourgeois patrons under the name of the Finnish Workers' Order Guard.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In turn, the Finnish Red Guard, which served as the army of the Finnish People's Delegation in the Civil War, was formed in January 1918.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

After the Civil War, there were still attempts to organise the Red Guards in northern Finland, but their activities ceased by 1921.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Red Guards of 1905—1906 Suurstrike National Guard The first organizational crews were already born after a call-out riot at the Helsinki Senate Square in April 1902.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Their purpose was to maintain order in order to prevent Russian troops from using call-out strikes against protesters in the future.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[1] However, the Guards actually got their start during the grand strike of autumn 1905, when the police force was also on strike, and the Grand Duchy of Finland without ordinance.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On the first day of the strike, on 30 March, the Central Strike Committee, dominated by the working population, decided to take over order in Helsinki in exchange for the workers not being able to join the negotiations between the bourgeoisie and the Governor-General.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[2] On the initiative of Kaarlo Luoto, editor of the “Workmen” magazine, [3] [4], the National Guard was established, whose name referred to the French Revolution of 1789.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[5] [6] It was also joined initially by matriculators representing the bourgeoisie.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

A former old people captain, Johan Kock, supported by the workers, was elected chief of the National Guard, under whom the matriculates eventually agreed to serve as their own department.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On the second day of the strike, the National Guard occupied the main police station located on the edge of Senate Square and sent ordinance cartridges to various parts of the city.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[2] The grand strike began as a joint protest between the working people and the bourgeoisie against the Russification measures, but already after a few days disagreements arose between the two sides, which eventually led to the dissolution of the National Guard.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Following the separation of the students, they formed their own patron guard, with Captain Gösta Theslöf as their chief.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On 6 November, the last day of the strike, the situation escalated to an already close to violent confrontation when the National Guard tried to close shops opened before the official end of the strike in central Helsinki.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Theslöf had commanded the armed matriculators to open fire on the unarmed National Guardsmen until the situation finally lapsed after Kock ordered his own men to withdraw.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[2] The National Guard was practically unarmed.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

It possessed only a small number of small arms, which would have been no match for the Russian military people or the matriculates who received rifles from the Helsinki-based arms dealers.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[7] The designation “red guard” arose as early as the beginning of the Grand Strike, but originally it meant only two regiments commanded by Kaarlo Luoto wearing red armbands.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[8] The colour in Finland was not yet associated with its later political significance at the time; for example, some of the workers who were part of the National Guard wore white ribbons.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[9] However, the designation quickly spread, and already at the end of the strike, the national guard was commonly referred to as the “Red Guard” by the bourgeoisie.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[2] The “Red Guard” assembled by Luo was organised according to the military model.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

It trained in Kaisaniemi Park or in the workers' neighborhoods of Kallio and Punavuori, while some of the crew patrolled various parts of the city.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[10] On Friday 3 November, the Red Guard evicted student students deemed disloyal from the police department, described by Luoto as “athletes dressed in tight leotards”.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[7] According to him, they were now replaced by “men”.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[11] Ordinary Guards were also established in numerous other cities during the strike, as well as some country keepers.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On Thursday 2 November, telegrams were sent across the country urging the establishment of militarily organised Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[12] Outside Helsinki, however, the Guards were mostly made up of the working population, so similar disintegration was hardly seen elsewhere.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Russian military personnel intervened in the activities of the National Guard, at least in Vyborg, where it was disbanded by force and 175 members were captured.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[13] K. V. Wallin, who wrote the history of the National Guard (late.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

According to Voionmaa), during the final phase of the strike, the Helsinki Red Guard consisted of about 2,900 men, compared to 6,450 men for the strength of the entire National Guard in the capital without matriculations.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[10] Red Guard gains official status After the end of the Grand Strike, the National Guard handed over the ordinal power back to the former police corps.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[14] However, at the last Helsinki People's Assembly held on Senate Square, it was decided to keep the National Guard intact.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At the same time, the operation was expanded to cover the entire country and Johan Kock was elected Commander-in-Chief of all National Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The old designations quickly fell into disuse and the Labour Guards came to be commonly referred to as the “Red Guards”.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[15] The position of the Red Guards within the labour movement was formalized from 20—22.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At an extraordinary party conference of the SDP held in Tampere on November.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The new party administration adopted the Guards Rules, which defined the task of protecting the lives and property of citizens during a possible new grand strike, and safeguarding freedom of assembly and expression for the working people.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Red Guard was required to operate according to the party program and follow the instructions of the party administration.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

All members were also hoped to belong to labour associations.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Kaarlo Luoto was chosen to replace Kock, who had left office, as the new Commander-in-Chief.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Red Guards were intended to be temporary only, as they were to cease operations when the Emperor would confirm the decision of a unicameral parliament to be elected by universal and equal suffrage.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[16] At the same time, the bourgeoisie also began to assemble their own patronage in Helsinki.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[15] In an atmosphere intensified after the Grand Strike, the Red Guards line gradually steepened, and the Guard for organizational duties became a revolutionary army of an offensive nature.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Already during the Great Strike, the idea of armed revolution was on display.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Its roots lay in the Marxist doctrine of class struggle, but the social unrest of the years of repression also reinforced admiration and acceptance of violent action.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[17] When the Senate confirmed the police force, it was felt by the labor movement that the measure was directed against just that.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[18] The Radical Red Guard formed a whole new kind of organisation within the pacifist labour movement that had previously emphasised non-violence, which was viewed with suspicion by its veterans and the SDP party administration, and often also openly negative.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The members of the Red Guards were generally young people who had only joined labour organizations during the Great Strike.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Their leadership, too, was for the most part in the hands of new labour movement members.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[19] Red Guards generally emerged in localities where labour organisations were already active, but they were also established in rural areas where there were no workers' associations prior to the Great Strike.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Such localities included Mouhijärvi and Suodenniemi, the typical crofter keepers of Satakunta, as well as rural industrial settlements such as Mänttä and Enso.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In some localities, the Guards were established with the order of the new Grand Strike in mind, but in other places, such as Lake Mouhijärvi for example, it was directly reported to be a counterweight to the patron guard of the bourgeoisie.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[19] Immediately after the grand strike, underground combat organisations were operating in Vyborg.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Particularly on the Karelian Isthmus and other parts of Eastern Finland, there were also several incidents of violence, including the robbery murder of engineer Oscar Geffert involving members of local labour associations and Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Bourgeois activists, as well as labour activists who collaborated with them, also committed similar acts.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[20] The party administration initially tried to control the Red Guards so that the meetings of the chiefdoms always included two of its representatives.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Later, during the spring of 1906, the task passed to representatives of the Grand Strike Committee, who, however, did not have the same prestige.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The intervals between Commander-in-Chief Kaarlo Luoto and the party leadership were cool, which caused the Red Guards to drift further and further away from the party.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In April 1906, a Red Guard Assembly was held, with 150 representatives from 87 Guards in attendance.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Paavo Leppänen and Jalmari Kirjarinta were present from the party administration.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The leading committee elected at the meeting consisted mostly of previously unknown persons involved in the labour movement for a short time.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Luoto was removed from the position of Commander-in-Chief due to alleged financial irregularities and Johan Kock was again elected in his place.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

He had only entered the labour movement during the Great Strike, which is why Kock did not own its traditional anti-violence views, but as a former officer openly emphasized armed action.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Due to his lack of contacts with the leading Social Democrats, the separation of the Red Guards from the control of the party and the Grand Strike Committee further deepened.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[19] When Emperor Nicholas II confirmed the new electoral law and the Reichstag order on 20 July, the task under the Red Guard rules had been fulfilled.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, at the meeting that began the next day at the Old Student House in Helsinki, the Guard's representative office decided to continue the operation.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The meeting almost completely broke away from party control and even turned against the party leadership.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Independence was wanted to be emphasised, among other things, by the Red Guard's own newspaper, whose establishment was abandoned in the absence of financial conditions.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The number of Red Guards members had grown to the point that by the summer members were already estimated to be 25,000.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At the same time, it began in earnest to emerge alongside the SDP as a serious player in the labour movement.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[19] Viapori Rebellion and Hakaniemi Riot The Red Guard led by Kock worked closely with the Russian revolutionaries and at the turn of July—August 1906 it took part in the events of the military revolt that broke out in the sea fortress of Viapori without party leadership permission.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On 30 July, after the revolt was launched, Kock self-proclaimed a grand strike on Helsinki for the next day.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Legation of the Guard, which in addition to Kock included John Mannerstam and Jean Boldt previously complete strangers to the party leadership, called for the party to declare a nationwide strike.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Their efforts provoked strong resistance within the party leadership and the Grand Strike Committee, and both sided with opposition to the strike.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Eventually, the party administration referred the matter to the Grand Strike Committee, which ended up declaring a strike on Helsinki, to avoid possible violence.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The strike was supported by Kaarlo Luoto, Eero Haapalainen and Matti Kurikka, among others, who thus sought to strengthen their own position in a whole new situation when the old leading figures of the SDP had lost their authority.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

For example, Eetu Salin and Taavi Tainio were shouted down from the rosette during a meeting in the courtyard of the Workers' House in Helsinki to contain the Red Guards who joined the revolt.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[19] After the strike declaration, the Helsinki Red Guard sent 300 men to King's Island in support of mutinying Russian soldiers.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition to this, a special railway company was formed, which, with the support of the local Red Guards, on 1 August cut the main line on the section of line between Tikkurila and Riihimäki and the Saint Petersburg line at Hikika.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Two railway bridges were also blown up north of Riihimäki.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The intention was to prevent the Russians from moving troops to Helsinki to defeat the rebellion.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[21] According to some sources, some 100—150 Red Guard members would have participated in fighting against Russian Cossacks and infantry loyal to the government on Katajanokka.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Along with the Red Guards, the rebels were also assisted by bourgeois activists who also had the goal of overthrowing the Tsarist power.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On 2 August, the last day of the Viapori Rebellion, the situation between the Red Guards and the Student Protection Guard escalated into a violent confrontation.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Guardian Guard tried to keep the tram traffic running, but the carriages manned by the student students were stopped at Hakaniemi market.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

An angry mob surrounded the Guardian Guards and began slamming them with stones, after which an exchange of shots arose in the square.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The mounted police managed to calm the situation down briefly, but when a new detachment of 60 Guardian Guards arrived on the scene, along with ten Russian matruses supporting the Red Guards, another exchange of shots broke out, resulting in two Red Guards and seven members of the Guardian Guard being killed.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The situation lapsed when student students fled the scene and Russian Cossacks dispersed the crowd that remained at the scene.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

This was the first violent conflict between the Red Guards and the Patron Communities.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[22] After the Viapori rebellion was defeated, about one hundred Red Guards soldiers were captured, 77 of whom were sentenced to discipline room sentences of various lengths.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, Johan Kock, with the help of activists, managed to escape via Sweden and Great Britain to the United States, where he died in 1915.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The exact number of Red Guards killed in the rebellion is unknown, but the number of fallen and executed is estimated at around 150.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[23] Abolition The failure of the revolt in Viapori was a heavy blow for the Red Guard and due to the events in Hakaniemi it also lost the support of bourgeois activists.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The opportunity was now offered to the SDP leadership to rid the Guard, which threatened the party's position.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The People's Lehti in Tampere published a call for the dismissal and abolition of the Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

When, on 3 August, the Senate, as a result of the Hakaniemi riot, ordered both the Red Guards and the Student Protection Guards to be disbanded, an embarrassing situation was resolved to suit the party leadership.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[19] The matter was addressed at an extraordinary party conference in Oulu at the end of August, where Jussi Tuominen and Jussi Vatanen, who were members of the Red Guard leadership, declared that they were not aware of any plans for the revolt that Kock had kept secret.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, criticism of the Red Guards at the meeting was not heard, as Kaarlo Kalke, a Turkish tailor master and long-line Social Democrat, had left a written wish to refrain from it in speeches.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[19] Instead, the Guard was defended, inter alia, by the fact that it was better than the police in keeping order, for example, in the troubled Kymenlaakso.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

According to some party conference delegates, the Red Guards should have been converted into free-fire brigades or sports clubs because of the fear that with the abolition, members of the Workers' Unions would go along with the activities of the bourgeois Force League.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[24] The problem of continuing again saw that after the Senate's decision, the Guards should have operated underground, an idea entirely foreign to the labour movement.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[25] Jussi Tuominen, who was a representative of the Red Guards, also supported abolition, but insisted in his speech that they should be admitted to having done great service to the Labour cause.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[24] Eventually, the party caucus unanimously decided to abolish the Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[24] However, some of the party conference delegates set up an underground armed parallel organisation for the SDP as a replacement for the Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The secret meeting included Väinö and Sulo Wuolijoki, as well as Timo Korpimaa and Leo Laukki, who influenced workers activists.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

According to them, the Finnish labour movement had to prepare for a revolution in Russia, the support of which they saw as the only way to consolidate autonomy and the continuation of popular development.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[26] Secret Guards were active at least in Turku and especially in and around Vyborg, where radical Russian revolutionaries and even anarchists were influenced by radical Russian revolutionaries and even anarchists.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The creation of a parallel organization came to the attention of other Social Democrats as early as September 1906.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[26] They were strongly condemned by the party leadership, and at the same time the activities of the Guards began to wane as public interest was directed towards the upcoming elections and the subsequent parliamentary work.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[19] Moreover, the attitude of the older knee of the labour movement was also influenced by Yrjö Mäkelin, for example, regularly criticising underground activities in the People's Journal.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[27] Some underground organisations collaborated with labour activists, but their activities too were already halted during 1907 after the secret printing was revealed and the engineer Severi Alante, who ran it, went into exile in North America.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, Johan Kock, who had fled to the United States earlier, was still in contact with the Underground Guards, who were still waiting for him to return one day as head of the Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In July 1907, Kock founded the Association for the Finnish-Russian Revolution, which published flyers circulated in Finland and a newspaper called Tahto of Poorälistö.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[27] During the following autumn, the activities of underground organisations were terminally halted as the labour movement concentrated on the initiated parliamentary work.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

While still in 1908, Matti Kurikka founded an organisation called Suoja Suoja, aimed at armed resistance against the Russian government, it failed to gain much support.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[19] The 1917 Order Guards Battle for Ordinary Power begins The ouster of Emperor Nicholas II in the March 1917 Revolution brought down the ordinal power in Finland as well, with the capture of Governor-General Franz Albert Sey on 16 March.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Subsequently, large popular assemblies took place across the country calling for the Tsarist police force under his command to resign.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Senate tried to rein in citizens who acted self-empowered, but in the end the police lost their position altogether.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Responsibility for the ordinal power passed to the Russian military people, who in turn handed it over to organized labour.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[28] When the status of the organizational commissions and councils established by the local divisions of the SDP together with local authorities in the spring became established, the militia calling the ordinaries became established.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In other localities, the establishment of the militia took place in agreement between the working people and the bourgeoisie, but in places the bourgeois city councils attempted to restore the status of the deposed police department.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

By the end of March, a total of 18 towns entered the People's Militia System.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The bourgeoisie now feared that all organisational power would be hijacked by the working people, and thus the struggle to fill the power vacuum began until the autumn.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, the militia system was short lived, with Senator Allan Serlachius in charge of police issues issuing orders for it to be abolished as early as the end of May.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[28] Spring and Summer Strike Guards With the new situation that emerged after the February Revolution, the labour movement at the same time began to accelerate its own demands with strikes and job stoppages, organised across the country by up to several hundred.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Since municipal and city councils were still composed only of the wealthy bourgeoisie at the time, several localities also sought to redistribute municipal power by using municipal general strikes as a means of pressure.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Temporary picket vigils and order guards were set up to order the strikes.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

They were temporary formations that usually disintegrated while the strike ended.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Strike Guards were, as a rule, unarmed, and also did not have any longer-term plans aimed at revolution.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] However, during May, Ordinary Guards began to be organised within the Labour Movement, which in nature resembled the Red Guards disbanded in August 1906.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On 12 May, a meeting of two hundred former Red Guards was held in Kaisaniemi, Helsinki, where plans were made to re-establish them.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The New Guards were considered to have the same function as in 1905—1906 of maintaining order, protecting citizens, and safeguarding freedom of speech and assembly for the labour movement.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, the Helsinki Parliament of Workers' Organisations, set up alongside the bourgeois Helsinki City Council, opposed the project.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At the same time, other parts of Finland were also activated, for example in Pori the Social Democratic Local Organisation established a special workers' order and at a meeting of organized workers in Tampere on 16 May it was decided to create its own militia crew.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[30] The Workers' Order Guard emerges The Social Democratic Party had a negative view of the armed Guards until the autumn of 1917, when the situation changed with the establishment of patronage municipalities by the bourgeoisie.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] Social instability, with various industrial action and agricultural strikes, had escalated throughout the summer until the first violent confrontation took place in Huittis 13.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

on July.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[31] The first incident that claimed a fatality occurred on 9 August, when the police shot dead a workman Simo Saarikko (b.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[32] As a result of the Huitic dairy skirmish and the food riots that followed in August, the bourgeoisie began to establish their own patronage municipalities, to which the labour movement responded by forming its own Guards of Order.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On 3 September, the Helsinki Parliament of Workers' Organisations, which opposed the new Red Guards, decided to establish an organisation called the Social Democratic Party Organizers.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

It differed substantially from the temporary Strike Guards of the spring and summer, consequently in their place a direct continuation of the Red Guards which had been disbanded “for the time being” in 1906.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The rules of the organisation were approved by the party and operated under the control of labour associations as well as professional departments.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Ingredients were also active within the organisation which sought to form it into an armed revolutionary organisation.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

These managed to acquire a small number of weapons from the Russian Bolsheviks.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] By mid-October, Guards had been established in 17 towns and 20 rural counties.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Their membership numbers at that stage have been estimated at around 7,000 to 8,000.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Most of the Guards were based in the industrial localities of Uusimaa, Turku and Pori and Vyborg counties.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The party's interest in the Guards increased further after parliamentary elections in October, when the left lost the majority position it had gained in them a year earlier.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Russian Provisional Government, with the help of the Finnish bourgeoisie, had dissolved the previous parliament at the turn of July—August as a result of the dispute over the proxy law.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The measure caused great bitterness in the labour movement and in many places were prepared to resort to foreign parliamentary means such as the Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

When the bourgeoisie established armed patronage municipalities at the same time, it was felt that the labour movement also needed to be counter-balanced by its own fighting organisation.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Pressure also came from the field, as persistent inflation, unemployment and food shortages plaguing the country increased demands for direct action among working people and the poor as the parliamentary road looked exhausted.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] On 20 October, a declaration from the Finnish Professional Association (SAJ) was published in the workers' journals, which called on the party's local organizations as well as professional departments to set up ordinal guards for the anticipated major strike.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The intention was to create a nationwide guard capable of stopping the entire business life of the Grand Duchy.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At the same time, preparations were also made for a revolution in Russia, the effects of which would also be reflected in Finland.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Following the proclamation, the Guard Rules were quickly drafted and published in the press four days later.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The rules were based on the Red Guard Rules of 1905-06, but the name now became the Finnish Workers' Ordinance Guard because of the desire to get rid of the old reputation of the Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Guards were quickly established across the country, so that after three weeks there were already a total of 237.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition to towns and industrial localities, Ordinary Guards were also established in rural keepers.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Members in them numbered about 30,000 at the time.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] November General Strike On 1 November, a ten-point Me Demand programme, drawn up by the SDP party leadership, was published in the press, which envisaged, inter alia, the implementation of Finland's independence by agreement with the Russian government and the constituent convening the National Assembly.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition, it contained social reforms demanded by the labour movement.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In Russia 7th—8th


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Inspired by the November revolution, the SAJ and the SDP established the Central Workers' Revolutionary Council on the Russian model, which, in order to boost the We Demand programme, declared a general strike to begin on 14.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

on Nov.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] The purpose of the Central Council was that during the strike the power would be exercised by local strike committees, but in several localities it passed to the Labour Guards of Order.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

They carried out, among other things, home inspections, in which the apartments of wealthy burghers searched for food to be confiscated, as well as weapons.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Patronage municipalities were generally poorly armed, so inspections were favoured voluntarily, but violent clashes foreshadowing civil war ensued in some localities.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In Helsinki, the Order Guard received rifles from the Russian revolutionary matruuses, under the cover of which it captured a couple of hundred burghers and occupied the Läätytalo, and thus even prevented the Senate from working.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] Following the end of the strike, the SDP party leadership condemned the self-empowered actions of the Ordering Guards, and on the last day of November, a five-man “supreme commission” was elected as their new leadership body.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[33] At the same time Ali Aaltonen, who had previously served in the Russian Army as a lieutenant, was chosen as Commander-in-Chief of the Order Guard, when Adolf Taimi of Saint Petersburg refused the position.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Aaltonen even had war experience in the Russo-Japanese War.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[34] The party then attempted to take control of the Guards once and for all in Tampere from 16—18.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

at the Assembly of Deputies of the Labour Guards on


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

After the vote, new rules were adopted stating that the Guards were under the absolute authority of the SDP and SAJ.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, the Guards in the major cities had already become so radicalised that they were no longer under the control of the party or the Central Profession Organisation.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] Civil War The Finnish Red Guard is established after Finland gained independence, the confrontation between the working people and the bourgeoisie continued to escalate and as the parties became armed the situation developed towards violent confrontation.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The first Red Guard came into existence on 6 January 1918 when the Helsinki Workers' Ordinary Guard was reorganized into the Helsinki Red Guard, and at the same time it declared itself independent of the party.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[35] Three days later, the Sipoo skirmish that claimed two casualties occurred when the Helsinki Red Guard attempted to carry out food and weapons seizures in Sipoo.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[36] In response to the actions of the Helsinki Red Guard, a bourgeois majority parliament gave the Senate a week later the mandate to create a strong ordinal power.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Ali Aaltonen, Commander-in-Chief of the Order Guards, had at the same time travelled to Soviet Russia to acquire armament for the Workers' Order Guards, and eventually managed to obtain some 10,000 rifles and a dozen cannons.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On January 16, the Senate allocated funding for the creation of a police force, and announced that they were not intended against Russian military personnel who were still in the country.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

This further stoked moods when the labour movement interpreted that the police had therefore been formed to defeat it.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] Over the next week, a number of violent incidents were seen across the country.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The most notable was 19—20.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

January The Pietinen factory skirmish took place in Vyborg, which some scientists consider even to be the real beginning of the Civil War.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Other clashes included the Taavet skirmish in Luumäki and the Ruotsilan skirmish in Kiikka.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[37] [38] The party leadership of the SDP long opposed armed revolution, but was eventually forced to bend under pressure from the radical Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The decision was also influenced by the proclamation of the Senate on 25 January which made the patron municipalities the official Finnish army.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The labour movement saw this as an open declaration of war against the working class, and at a meeting the next day the Finnish Workers' Ordering Guard and the Helsinki Red Guard were merged into the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] The revolution kicks off after the Red Guard was set up late in the evening of 26 January, a red lantern was lit on the tower of the Helsinki Workers' House to signal the beginning of the revolution.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The next day, the bourgeois politicians still held a meeting at the Weathering House, but fled the scene after the Red Guards issued warrants for their arrest.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Subsequently, the occupation of administrative buildings and other buildings central to the functioning of the society began and on Monday 28 January the entire capital was practically held by the Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

On the same day, the Finnish People's Delegation was formed as a revolutionary government, with Kullervo Manner elected to head.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The bourgeois senate fled to Vaasa, where it soon resumed its activities.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[29] [35] After the revolutionary declaration of the workers' organizations, the Red Guards initially took control of Vyborg, Kouvola, Lahti and Riihimäki in addition to Helsinki while sheltering the gun train arriving from St. Petersburg.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In Tampere, Turku, Pori and Kotka, the dominance of the reds was so great that the patron municipalities withdrew from the cities with favour, while the reds voluntarily left Ostrobothnia in the possession of the whites.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

When they were still taking power armed in Lapland, Kainulu, Savo and most of Karelia, the border between red and white Finland was formed by the end of February on the line Pori—Tampere—Lahti—Lappeenranta—Vyborg.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At the start of the war, personnel changes were made immediately at the head of the Red Guards when Ali Aaltonen, known for his reckless alcohol use, was traded for Eero Haapalainen on 27 January.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Adolf Taimi, a St. Peter Finn, was appointed as his assistant.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[39] Red Guard Field Army The Finnish Red Guard warfare was derived from the General Staff in Smolna, Helsinki, under which front staffs were subordinated and the district and local staffs still under them.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Commander-in-Chief Eero Haapalainen was ousted from his post due to poor war success on 20 March, [40] when a trio of Eino Rahja, Adolf Taimi and Evert Eloranta were chosen to replace him.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[41] The Chief of Staff was the American Finn August Wesley and the military adviser was Russian Colonel Mikhail Svetchnikov, who was responsible, among other things, for drawing up the Red War Plans.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[42] [43] After the Battle of Tampere, which ended in defeat, the Reds warleadership moved from Helsinki to Vyborg on 9 April, and at the same time Kullervo Manner became Commander-in-Chief, who also chaired the People's Delegation under the dictator's powers.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[44] Mainland and numerous other Reds leaders fled to Soviet Russia on 24—25.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

April, after which the Red Guard ripples fought for a week and a half without war-leadership until the last surrendered at Kymenlaakso 5.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

May.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[45] The process of assembling the local Red Guards into a field army capable of warfare did not begin until mid-February.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Like other armies, the Finnish Red Guard was organised into regiments and battalions, but in practice the largest operating units remained the companies.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

They were run according to the organizational principles of the labour movement, which meant that the units chose their chiefs themselves and were also able to dismiss them if they wished.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Leading figures from labour organisations, who generally had no military background whatsoever, were selected for the positions.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Red Guard was a volunteer-based pay army, with crews earning about 450 marks per month.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The war was generally fought like a normal working day.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The war effort commenced in the morning and after nightfall the troops returned again to their lodges.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Due to lack of communication connections, the front and general staffs did not always know the strength or location of the troops in service, which led to companies often deciding their movements according to their own assessments of the situation.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[46] The strength of the Finnish Red Guard at the start of mobilization on 27 January was between 20,000 and 30,000 men, of whom only a few thousand were armed.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At the same time, however, a gunload of 15,000 rifles was already arriving from St. Petersburg.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In the late stages of the war, the strength numbered about 75,000 men, according to the General Staff's own calculations.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The wartime total probably rose to over 100,000 men, of whom the front had a maximum of 30,000—40,000 men at the same time.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[35] [47] The largest individual Guards in addition to the Helsinki Red Guards were the Tampere and Vyborg Red Guards and the Finnish Red Guard in Saint Petersburg.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[48] In addition, some 2,600 female Guardsmen fought in the Red ranks, as well as 3,000 to 4,000 Russians.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[46] [49] Military action Red Guard warfare had been divided into “western”, “northern”, “middle” and “eastern front”, which today are generally spoken of according to the division used by whites as Satakunta, Häme, Savo and Karelian fronts.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

There were still a number of smaller regional frontal lobes within them.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[50] The attack phase launched by the Reds at the end of February was aimed at cutting off the cross-rail line from Vaasa to Sortavala, thus isolating the White forces in Ostrobothnia and Karelia from each other.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The first general attack began on 21 February and the second on 10 March, but the advance stalled quickly both times, with little to move the front line further north.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[51] The Red Guard offensive phase fell short, as the Whites began their own major offensive on the Häme front to recapture Tampere as early as 15 March.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Tampere was the most important city in terms of Red warfare, the loss of which on 6 April settled the war once and for all.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Troops of the German Baltic Division, which had arrived in support of the Whites, came ashore at Hanko on 3 April, and captured Helsinki on 13 April.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At the same time, the escape of the Reds from Southwest Finland and Satakunta began.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

By the end of April, the Germans occupied the localities along the main line as far as Hämeenlinna and soon took control of Lahti as well, thus closing the route of the Reds fleeing to the east.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The last significant battle was fought at Vyborg, which surrendered on 29 April.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The remaining Red Guards surrendered their weapons to the Germans at Ahvenkoski, Kymenlaakso, on 5 May, and the Red Guard war was over.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[52] Terror The Civil War also included terror carried out by both sides, referring to executions carried out outside of actual combat activities.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The Red Terror is thought to have begun as early as the autumn 1917 general strike, when 25 people counted as white were killed across the country.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

22 of these took place in Helsinki or elsewhere in the Uusimaa County region.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In other skirmishes during the strike, five whites and at least two reds were killed.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In the period between the general strike and the outbreak of the civil war, another 15 more people were killed.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

After the war ignited, red terror was concentrated in the counties of Uusimaa, Häme and Vyborg, so that at the beginning of the war it occurred most in Uusimaa and at the end again in Häme and Karelia.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[53] The leadership of the Reds was against terror, yet unable to control what the individual Red Guards were doing.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

At the beginning of the war, some of the Red Guards chiefs thought intimidation with terror was even necessary, but it was usually caused by the Reds” personal resentment against the wealthy bourgeoisie.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In the late stages of the war, it was also accompanied by bitterness caused by defeat.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition to whites, terror also targeted their henchmen or representatives of working people suspected of being spies.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The total number of people killed during the Red Terror was about 1,650.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Executions were usually carried out by some local command, but it is normally impossible to ascertain the execution orders who were in ultimate charge.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[53] White terror began immediately upon the start of the war, where captured Red Guards and Red backed civilians deemed dangerous were executed on varying grounds.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, the actual terror wave did not kick in until February 25, when the White Commander-in-Chief General C.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

G.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

E. Mannerheim issued the so-called Let's Shoot on the Spot Declaration.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

With it, white troops had broad powers to carry out executions at their own discretion, which in practice meant that surrendered Red Guards were shot immediately after the battle without trial.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Terror also included the purge of white-occupied areas of Red sympathizers, which were generally considered to be, for example, all active in the labour movement, whether they had participated in armed activities or otherwise supported the Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

White terror was also accompanied by national fervor, leading to extensive executions of Russians in Tampere, Vyborg and Joensuu.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The most widespread white terror ended in mid-May, when Mannerheim finally outlawed death sentences imposed by field rights, but executions were still carried out sporadically over several months.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In total, more than 8,300 men and women were killed in the White Terror.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[54] Losses Red Guard front losses totaled about 5,700 fallen, of which female Guardsmen numbered 130.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, a large proportion are those executed immediately after the surrender, so the true number of those fallen in a battle situation is not clear.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[55] [56] The highest number of dead came on the Häme front, where about 1,900 Reds were killed in the fighting, around 1,000 on the Karelian front, 600 in Savo and 500 in Satakunta.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Some 1,500 Reds were downed or executed in the fighting against the Germans.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition, just under 200 were killed in clashes north of the front line.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[45] The number of wounded has been estimated at 10,000—12,000.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[57] Counting the victims of white terror as well as those killed in prison camps, the total losses of the Reds are approximately 26,000 persons, including about 880 women.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition to the Red Guards who carried the gun, the chapter also includes other supporters of Reds or those counted red by whites.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[45] [56] Swedish Red Guards died in fighting 1,200 and later at least 400 perished in prison camps.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[58] Hero Funeral Fallen Red Guards were often buried in mass graves near battle sites, but the deceased were also transported to their native localities where solemn hero funerals were held.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

For example, in Helsinki they were held in Mäntymäki, Tampere in Pyyniki and Vyborg in Papulanmäki.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[59] [60] Hero funerals were also held in other major cities, as well as in some rural localities.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

After the end of the war, whites opened most of the graves and moved the deceased by discriminating to the located large mass graves.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

After the fighting, those executed were usually buried in unmarked mass graves, of which no information was given to relatives.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[61] Only some of the mass graves are today in their original sites, as deceased people have been moved to comrade graves in churchyards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[62] After the Civil War Prison camps and pardons Since the Battle of Tampere, which ended in early April, tens of thousands of surrendered Red Guards remained in the hands of the Whites, whose execution was no longer possible.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

They began to be placed in prison camps, which by the end of the war had more than 80,000 Reds.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[63] In addition, in the final phase of the war, tens of thousands of Red refugees sought east from western and southern Finland, thought to have been on the move up to 100,000.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In addition to Red Guard fighters, other Reds supporters, as well as members of their families, were included.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

After the Battle of Lahti, which ended on 30 April, around 30,000 Red refugees remained in the hands of Whites and Germans, 22,000 of whom were placed in a short-term concentration camp known as Fellman's Field.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Most of the women and children were soon released, and the men were transferred to prison camps across southern Finland.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[64] The largest prison camps were the prison camps in Hämeenlinna, Hennala, Tampere, Suomenlinna, Tammisaari and Riihimäki, some of which even held more than 10,000 prisoners.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Conditions were very poor, due to which, by September 1918, about 12,000 prisoners were dying from starvation, pestilence or executions in the camps.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[63] Red prisoners were allowed on parole from mid-September 1918, when the prison camps passed from the POW to the Correctional Board, which served as civil authorities.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Pressure from Western powers was also to blame for the demolition of the prison camps.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

After the turn of the year, there were only 6,100 prisoners, and in 1921, when civil rights were restored to 40,000 former Red Guards, there were only about 100 left.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The last 50 Red prisoners were released in 1927.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[65] Some 13,000 [66] Red Guards in Soviet Russia of the Red Refugees attempting to the East eventually managed to escape to Soviet Karelia or St. Petersburg, where some 6,000 Reds arrived.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Refugees were initially received by the Finnish Red Guard of Saint Petersburg, until after its abolition on 6 May, a special committee headed by Yrjö Sirola was set up to manage the affairs of refugees.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

When conditions in the city plagued by food shortages were very poor, about 3,000 refugees were resettled since the turn of April—May in the Bui refugee camp set up northeast of Moscow in Kostroma Governorate.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

However, it was quickly drained already during the summer, when refugees established settlements in the Urals and Siberia.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[67] In July, family members of Red Guards were returned to Finland by two trains.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[68] A company that fought in the Russian Civil War was also formed out of Red Guards in the Buj camp.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[69] In Saint Petersburg, former Red Guards joined the Red Army and were also involved in the activities of the Communist Party of Finland, which was founded in Moscow in August 1918.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

In 1918—1922, Red Guards participated in the battles of the Russian Civil War across the country and some also fought against Finnish whites who attacked East Karelia in tribal wars.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[70] In June 1918, the so-called Muurmann Legion was formed out of the Red Guards fighting in Karelia in Viena, acting under the British forces involved in the Northern Russian Intervention initiated by the Circum-Powers.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The unit was established by V


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

With the permission of I. Lenin, on condition that it not be used against the Bolsheviks.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The purpose of the Muurmann Legion was thus to repel a potentially threatening attack by the German and Finnish armies of the Allied forces, but it was eventually forced into only one small battle and was dissolved by the summer of 1919.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[69] According to an estimate by Toivo Antikainen, some 2,000 Red Guards who fled to Soviet Russia fell in fighting or died from other causes during the war effort during the Russian Civil War, but only the identity of less than 500 is known.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[70] In November 1918, the St. Petersburg International Red Officers School began operation, from its courses dozens of former Red Guards graduates.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[69] Several of them subsequently created long careers in the Soviet Red Army.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The most illustrious Finnish Red Officers were Akseli Anttila, Eyolf Mattsson, Eemeli Toikka and Toivo Tommola, all of whom were former Red Guards.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Also briefly serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Red Guard, Eino Rahja rose to the rank of Army Commander of the Lieutenant-General.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[71] The most famous of the female Guardsmen who fled to Russia was Toini Mäkelä, who led a women's company fighting against the Finns in East Karelia.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[72] In August 1920, the so-called Kuusinen Club killings took place in Saint Petersburg, where Tuomas W. Hyrskymurto and Jukka Rahja, who held high positions in the Red Guard organisation, were killed during the civil war.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Later, at the end of the 1930s, a large number of Finnish Red officers were executed in connection with Stalin's persecutions.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Toivo Little, who survived, thinks that the Red Guards who remained in Soviet Russia would have once been worth returning to Finland because, according to him, “the decapitation of Mannerheim was no worse than Stalin's.” [73] The Red Guards who fled to Sweden besides Soviet Russia. Red Guards fled to Sweden, where, in the early stages of the civil war, several hundred Reds moved from the White-dominated area.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

They journeyed to Sweden over the Kaarku or Tornion River.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The attitude on the part of the authorities was initially negative because the Revolutionary Red Guards were considered dangerous to social peace.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

There had already been unrest and rioting in northern Sweden, which was hit by food shortages.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

When information about the reality of the war in Finland hurried all the way to Sweden, the authorities revoked the ban on entering the country later in the spring.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Nonetheless, border controls were tightened to prevent the entry of “unsuitable Finnish elements”.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

Counting the members of the People's Delegation who sought asylum in Sweden after the end of the war, a total of about 700 Reds fled to the country.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[74] Furthermore, a smaller number of Red Guards fled to Ruija on the Norwegian side.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

[75] In the autumn of 1918, Red Guards who fled to Sweden established a secret detachment called the Swedish Battalion of the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: Who is the memorial dedicated to the victims of the 1918 Civil War?

Red Guard

The intention was to form four companies of 125 men who, after military training, would take part in the revolution struggle in northern Finland.