Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

(team) 2010 — 6.


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

(team) 2011 — gold (team) 2012 — 4th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

(team) 2013 — 4.


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

(team) 2014 — silver (team) 2015 — 6th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

(team) 2016 — silver (team) 2017 — 4th.


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

(team) 2018 — 5.


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

(team) * Years in bold when Finland has been a race host.


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

Ranking 2003 — 4th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2004 — 5th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2005 — 7th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2006 — 4th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2007 — 3rd


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2008 — 4th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2009 — 4th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2010 — 4th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2011 — 2nd


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2012 — 2nd


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2013 — 2nd


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2014 — 2nd


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2015 — 4th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2016 — 3rd


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

2017 — 4th


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

[41] 2018 — 5.


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

Head coaches Captains [42] [43] Risto Tiitola World Cup 1939 Keijo Kuusela World Cup 1949, 1951 Aarne Honkavaara Olympic Games 1952 Matti Rintakoski World Cup 1954—1955 Yrjö Hakala World Cup 1957—1959, Olympic Games 1960 Erkki Koiso World Cup 1961 Teppo Rastio World Cup 1962 Esko Luostarinen World Cup 1963 Raimo Kilpiö Olympics 1964, World Cup 1965 Lalli Partine World Cup 1966 Matti Reunamäki World Cup 1967, Olympic Games 1968 Juhani Wahlsten World Cup 1969 Lasse Oksanen World Cup 1970—1972, 1976, Olympic Games 1972 Veli-Pekka Ketola World Cup 1973—1974, Canada Cup 1976, 1981 Seppo Lindström World Cup 1975, Olympic Games 1976 Pertti Koivulahti World Cup 1977 Seppo Repo World Cup 1978 Juhani Tamminen World Cup 1979, 1981—1982 Tapio Levo Olympics 1980 Pekka Rautakallio World Cup 1983 Anssi Melametsä Olympic Games 1984, World Cup 1985 Kari Makkonen World Cup 1986 Pekka Järvelä World Championships 1987 Jari Kurri Canada Cup 1987, 1991, World Cup 1996 Timo Blomqvist Olympic Games 1988, World Cup 1989 Arto Ruotanen World Championships 1990 Hannu Virta World Cup 1991 Pekka Tuomisto Olympic Games 1992, World Cup 1992 Timo Jutila World Cup 1993—1997, Olympic Games 1994 Saku Koivu Olympic Games 1998, 2006, 2010, World Cup 1999, 2003, World Cup 2004 Ville Peltonen World Cup 1998, 2004—2008 Raimo Helminen World Cup 2000, 2002 Petteri Nummel World Cup 2001 Teemu Selänne Olympic Games 2002, 2014 Sami Kapanen World Cup 2009—2010 Mikko Koivu World Cup 2011—2012, 2016, World Cup 2016 Lasse Kukkonen World Cup 2013, 2017, Olympic Games 2018 Olli Jokinen World Cup 2014 Jussi Jokinen World Cup 2015 Mikael Granlund World Cup 2018 See also List of ice hockey lions List of Finnish ice hockey national team matches Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mennander, Ari & Mennander, Pasi| title = Lions story| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-20-6455-3}} References Literature Timo Forss & Petteri Granström: Leo quiz (Like) On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

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Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When did Finland participate in ice hockey championship competitions for the first time?

Finnish ice hockey team

Category:Finnish Hockey Category:Hockey National Teams Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The history of the papacy refers to the history built around popes.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Catholic Church considers the papacy to have begun with Jesus giving the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven to the apostle Peter, although the first theological justifications for the papacy were not made until the mid-200th century.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Depending on interpretations, the history of the papacy can be considered to have begun either from the year 33 or no later than the 6th century and continuing further.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Pope Institution The post of Bishop of Rome has existed since the Roman Empire period and may have been established as early as the Apostles' generation.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Initially, the pope was elected to his office in the same manner as other bishops, that is, by an election conducted by the “clergy and the people”, giving way to political play with the papacy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

With papal power on the rise in 1059, the election of a new pope was given as a right of cardinals, and the right has remained in the College of Cardinals to the present day.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Upon the death of the pope, a successor is chosen for him in a conclave conducted by cardinals.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The papal invasion is delivered in an enclosed space, which prevents outsiders from influencing the election while at the same time accelerating the election of the pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The vote traditionally required a two-thirds qualified majority — after the 1996 amendment (Universi Domini Gregis), a simple majority is sufficient, if no choice has otherwise been achieved within 12 days.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

After the conclave is elected to the papal office, he either accepts the office or refuses, although in the entire history of the papacy no has any candidate given no for an answer.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[1] Papal office is for life unless the pope himself chooses to resign, which is extremely rare; Benedict XVI, who left his post in 2013, was the first resigned pope since 1415.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Upon the death of the pope, a successor is chosen for him according to the same formula and thus the papacy institution continues.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The outcome of a papal invasion is usually difficult to predict because a two-thirds majority is difficult to achieve and compromise candidates are usually elected for office.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, in the College of Cardinals, the whole of cardinals, different continents and states are unequally represented, which is probably a part of the fact that the pope is usually chosen from a European state and most often from Italy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The reason probably lies in the papal institution's focus on Rome and Italy, as well as its close association with Europe and its history.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The 2004 College of Cardinals comprised a total of 99 European cardinals, 39 of whom were Italians.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[2] North American cardinals numbered 19 and South Americans 33, Africans 16, Asians 18 and Australians and Oceans 5.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[2] First Pope There are different views on who was the first pope in history.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Catholic Church considers the handover of the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven to the Apostle Peter as a sign that he has been declared head of all other apostles and the first Bishop of Rome, or Pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It is written on the inner edge of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica: Tu es Petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam et tibi dabo claves regni caelorum [3] (in Finnish You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

I am giving you the keys to the kingdom of heaven) as Jesus is reported to have said to Peter according to the Gospel of Matthew (Matt.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Most critical views do not question this passage in the Bible or its events, but question Peter's position as head of the Congregation in Rome and thus as Pope as well.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Three critical questions are usually asked: What historical evidence is there that Peter has even been in the city of Rome?


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

How is it known that he died there martyrdom?


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Can we provide evidence that the apostle Peter was indeed the first bishop of the city of Rome, or the pope?


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

There have been a wide range of answers to the questions.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

According to the most critical estimates, Peter never visited the city of Rome in his life, in which case he could not be the first Bishop of Rome and therefore the papacy cannot be justified by him.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

An answer to any of the three questions presented cannot be found in the Bible, because the New Testament does not tell of the final stages of the life of the Apostle Peter.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Despite this, the tradition of Peter's martyrdom in Rome is probably true.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[4] During Pope Pius XII's tenure as pope, excavations were carried out under St. Peter's Basilica in the 1950s resulting in the discovery of a tomb monument.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Next to it are scribbled the words in Greek: Peter is here.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the site where the burial monument was found there was a cemetery during the time Emperor Nero, where some of the Christians executed in persecution were buried.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Bones were also found at the site and, in its briefing, the Vatican City State stated that it was 'at the highest probability' the earthly remains of the Apostle Prince.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Not everyone agrees with Vatican City, as, according to the most critical scholars, “there was an expectation that bones would be found in the cemetery.”


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[5] Thus, on the basis of the tomb monument and bone finds, one can answer the first and second questions and assume that Peter was actually in Rome and the martyrdom of the deceased.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

To the third question, both modern Catholic and Protestant studies both answer in the negative.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[5] Probably the Roman congregation came into existence before 50, that is, before Paul and Peter arrived in the city.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In this case, the parishes lacked episcopal posts, as the parish order gradually evolved towards more uniform forms.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The post of bishop as the head of the congregation developed in Asia Minor from where it slowly spread elsewhere and arrived in Rome around the year 160.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Thus Peter cannot be spoken of as the first pope, nor even as the head of the Roman Congregation.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

If Peter cannot be considered the first pope, one can wonder how the papacy then evolved and was associated with Peter, who was considered the leader of the apostles.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

A list of the bishops of Rome began to be drawn up only after the establishment of the episcopal post as head of the parish.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In other cities important to Christianity, such as Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria, similarly styled lists beginning with the apostolic were drawn up, seeking to lead the congregation to the then bishop.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The oldest surviving list of Roman bishops dates from 185 and in it only a few of the predecessors of the then bishopric were known.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the list continued until Peter, because the inheritance of the position from the apostle prince was a guarantee of correct doctrine for the congregation.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[5] Probably, in the list, the names between Peter and Anicetus, who brought the office of bishop to the city, are not invented, but are possibly members of the parish leadership team.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[5] The temporal order is also possibly correct, but the number of years is probably uncertain.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The early Church and the rise of papal power within the Catholic Church the special status of popes is justified by the honorary status of the apostle Peter (died in 64 or 67 in Rome) held as the first Bishop of Rome among the apostles.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Already in the second century, share.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

firmly established within Christianity the notion that the bishops of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Rome are superior to others, and among these the Bishop of Rome has a special honorary status as Peter's successor.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Self-referred to as “papa” (from the Greek word p? p (p) a? , pap (p) as, “father”, cf.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Finnish “priest”) might have been used during the early church from any local church leader.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It was not until the 4th century that it began to switch to the use of only the leading bishops of the largest cities, the metropolitans.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In Middle Ages Western Christendom, it eventually remained alone as the honorary title of Bishop of Rome, but is still, for example, part of the title of Patriarch of Alexandria.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The special status of the Bishop of Rome among other bishops began to be outlined in the middle of the third century, when Bishop Cyprianus of North Africa in particular and Bishop Firmilianos from Asia Lesser emphasised a connection between the apostles, episcopal office and orthodoxy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[6] The reason precisely for the special status of Bishop of Rome was the location of the parish in the capital of the Roman Empire in the early stages of Christen


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The location influenced the importance of the parish, but even in the first centuries it did not guarantee the Roman congregation a special status among other parishes in the empire.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It was not until political factors began to influence the church, with the establishment of Christianity as the official religion of the kingdom in 380, that the importance of the town where the parish was located increased considerably.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[6] Although the Roman Congregation increased its prestige, the importance and status of the Congregation of Constantinople was strengthened even more due to the move of the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[6] Therefore, in the Christian sense, the prestige enjoyed by the Roman congregation was rather due to the fact that the Roman congregation was regarded as consecrated by the blood of several martyrs.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[6] For the first time, a Roman congregation and its leader can be considered to have influenced other parishes in a significant way with the letter of Clement I to the Congregation of Corinth.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Although some other congregations sent letters to each other, Clement I's letter differed from them in tone and was downright commanding.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[7] Clement I is among those popes whose status in the parish cannot be attested and who were probably not added to the pope list until later times, but most likely he belonged to the group leading the congregation of Rome.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[7] However, the letter could not be taken as an indication that the Roman congregation felt a responsibility and obligation to seek to resolve the disputes of other congregations and to intervene in their affairs, but was rather intended to show the Roman congregation feeling concern for itself in nearby Corinth about problems in the congregation and emphasizes the closeness of these congregations


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[7] It is not until the action of Viktor I in the Easter Controversy at the end of the second century that can be seen as the first authoritative intervention of the Bishop of Rome by which he sought to preserve the unity of the Church.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[7] According to the report, Viktor I demanded that the bishops of Asia Minor conform to the rest of the world from the date of Easter.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, no immediate source material exists for this case other than the letters of two other bishops passed on by Eusebios Caesarean to the Bishop of Rome.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Eusebios reports that the Bishop of Rome also tried to distinguish the congregations of Asia Minor and Christians from communion, although this provoked much opposition.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[7] In the present day, it is uncertain where Viktor I based his privilege among other bishops and the legitimacy of his claims.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[7] During Stefanus I's tenure as pope in 254—257, the papal position became clearer in a dispute over heretical baptism.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

During the controversy, Cyprianus is known to have spoken of “the seat of Peter and the first church from which the priestly people originated”, [8] whereby he meant precisely the papal seat and the parish of Rome, and to have said the place of the Bishop of Rome was that of the apostle Peter.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[8] By the bishops' views crossed with the pope, the pope solved the problems by leaning on his own authority.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It is not clear whether Stefanus I based his position on the claim that he was the successor of the apostle Peter, since it is also possible that the Bishop of Rome was merely invoking the exceptional position of the Roman Congregation in the Early Church.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[8] Despite the status of honour, the actual papacy cannot yet be spoken of in early Late Antiquity.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

For example, still in the late 3rd century, the most influential theologian and church politician in Western Christendom was Ambrosius, Bishop of Milan.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

During the 4th century, however, the position of Bishop of Rome was strengthened; particularly notable was the contribution of Leo I (as pope 440—461), during which Rome was by far the most significant episcopal seat in Christendom.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Leo also strongly developed theological justifications for papacy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Leo therefore viewed the papal seat as enjoying God-given legitimacy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[9] Leo I was also the first to make a claim to papal infallibility, basing his claim on the Bible.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[10] According to the views of Christianity of the East, the city of Rome was only one of five patriarchates in equal measure, and thus the power of the Bishop of Rome was no higher than the other bishops.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[9] The honorary position of the pope was recognised in the East, but at the same time the supreme decision-making power was considered to be vested in the ecumenical assemblies and not to the pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[9] The intervals between Western and Eastern Christianity, and especially between the Pope and the Emperor of Constantinople, began to become inflamed from the fifth century onwards.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[11] The dispute that arose in the fifth century lasted about thirty years.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The dispute originated when the Pope rebuffed the Emperor's request to take his side in a dispute over icons.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Reprisals against western papacy Christianity ensued, and relations between Rome and Constantinople deteriorated.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[11] Gregory the Great In terms of the history of the papacy, Pope Gregory I (as pope 590—604), or Gregory the Great, was a very prominent figure.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Even today, besides Leo I and Nicholas I, he is the only pope to have been granted the additional title Great.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[12] Gregory the Great was a competent administrator, an experienced jurist and an accomplished diplomat.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[5] His actions include e.g.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

organization of the central government of the papacy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Far from being a mere religious leader, he also organised, for example, the management of the farms owned by the Church — the largest landowner in Italy at that time [12] — and created a workable system for distributing the money coming from them.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

During the time of Gregory the Great, the territory of present-day Italy belonged to the Eastern Roman Empire, ruled by the Emperor.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pope Gregory recognized the supremacy of the emperor.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, with enemies threatening the Roman city, the emperor was not helpful, so under duress of circumstances, the pope had to negotiate with them and bribe them.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[12] [13] The weakness of secular power therefore forced — or, from another point of view, enabled him to also assume responsibility for secular administration in the neighbouring regions of Rome: through these actions he initiated the construction of the Church State in Central Italy and, through his taxation arrangements, ensured the Church financial independence.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Thus the Pope effectively became the secular ruler of the Italian peninsula.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[12] Gregory realised that he should not try to spread the idea of papal religious supreme power to the east, so he decided to concentrate on Western Europe.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pope Gregory established important relations with the rulers of France and Spain, as well as sending the head of his home monastery and forty monks to Great Britain to convert pagans.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Gregory therefore appeared in the West as a Christian leader and commandant, and in the East as a loyal subject of the emperor.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Heart-Middle Ages papacy The Papal See experienced a great increase in prestige when the Pope anointed Pip as King of the Little Franks, although many superiors thought Pippin belonged to the wrong lineage and was a usurper.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[14] Thus the pope gave the kingship a new justification that it was not connected to descent, but to the will of God, which the pope conveyed on earth.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[14] Thus the papacy became an integral part of the power structure of western Europe.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pippin soon returned the favour to the Pope by defeating the Langobards and ceding Rome, with its surroundings, to the Pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The church state can be considered to have originated, which made the pope not only a spiritual but also a secular ruler.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the same time, the papal seat had gained itself a Western supporter to rely on in times of trouble, and therefore no longer needed the support of Constantinople or its emperor.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[14] In Western Christendom, the papacy represented permanence and continuity increasingly even in secular rule.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As evidence of this, Pope Leo III crowned Charles, King of the Franks, who later received the additional title Great, as Roman Emperor in 800: by this act both the Pope and Charlemagne gained extended their authority.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the power of the central government of the pope, and at the same time the Catholic Church, was quite limited until the 9th century.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In this case, the reform movements of the monastic establishment, especially the so-called Cluny movement, began to stress the Pope's position as a guarantee man of ecclesiastical and spiritual oneness.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The determined policies of the late 10th century strong popes, notably Gregory VII and Urbanus II, actively sought to unify the Church under Roman leadership, as well as elevating the papacy above secular rule by means of diplomacy also in practice (the so-called investment-strife).


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Popes were also able to influence medieval rulers; a concrete example of this is the Crusades from 1096 onwards.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

An important internal tool in the growth of the papacy and the central power of the church, especially from the 12th century onwards, was the development of canonical law.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

One sign of the growth of papal power was the division of the Church into two, Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic in 1054.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Technically the cause was a dispute over the so-called filioque addition in the creed, but in practice the larger problem was the dispute over the mutual prestige and power of the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In the Middle Ages, Papal power was also justified by the so-called Constantine Deed of Gift.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, it in the 15th century was shown to be a forgery made around the time of the emergence of the Church State.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In a deed of gift, Emperor Constantine gives Pope Sylvester I and his successors power over Rome and the cities of Western Rome.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[15] This was the so-called St. Peter's legacy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In addition, according to the document, the Pope was given the regalia of the emperor and the priests the rank of senator.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[15] Constantine was left with East Rome, according to the deed of gift.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

According to the deed of gift, the reason for the donation was the advice on Christianity given by the Pope to the Emperor.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Pope had also baptized him, according to the deed of gift


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[15] The Catholic Church did not admit the deed of gift as a forgery until the 19th century.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[15] Crusades Muslims had captured Christian-ruled Jerusalem in 638 from Byzantium as part of the wars of expansion of the Muslim kingdom.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested assistance from Pope Urbanus II against the Seldzuks.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Urbanus was inspired by this and began preaching a crusade for the liberation of Jerusalem.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The crusade can be considered to have begun in 1095 as a result of a sermon delivered by Pope Urbanus II at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Clermont.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[16] Urbanus II did not present the Crusade as his own idea at the meeting, but declared it to be God's will and commandment.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[17] Furthermore, the pope “forgave him the sins of all those who perished in the Crusades by God,” as Urbanus II put it in his speech to the Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[17] 1099 Crusaders who participated in the First Crusade managed to take Jerusalem.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the same time, the papal power in the East


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the takeover of Jerusalem remained temporary and did not, in the end, bring much benefit to the popes.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Instead, the Fourth Crusade partially dissolved the Byzantine Empire, leaving Europe's balance of power shaken and the pope becoming the undisputed ruler of all of Europe while Innocentius III was pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Innocentius III — ruler of Europe in the conclave of 8 January 1198, yet another pope was elected, taking the title of Innocentius III.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Even today he is regarded throughout the Middle Ages and by some as the greatest pope of all time.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[18] The Pope who studied theology in Paris and law in Bologna was a very cultured man and had a high understanding of his position and mission. [18].


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Upon becoming pope, he proclaimed to the inhabitants of the city of Rome: The new pope interpreted that he was directly deputising for Christ and thus higher than kings and entitled to command all.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

On his rise to lead the Catholic Church, Innocentius III was commanded by the most powerful organisation of the Middle Ages.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[18] The church resembled a state more than a religious modern church; it had its own laws, legislatures, courts, lawyers, prisons, and the best organized and efficient administrative apparatus in Europe.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[18] Innocentius III was the leader of all Europe, because after the death of the emperor of the Holy German-Roman Empire, he did not have a single sufficiently powerful rival.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope's political advice was followed in France, England, Denmark, Hungary as well as in Bohemia.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[18] The period after Innocentius III and the imprisonment of Avignon until the 10th century, the appointment of popes was provided by the senior clergy of the Roman province, but the selection was also influenced by secular leaders.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In 1059, cardinals were named as electors, and in 1179 the cardinals' votes were ordered to be equally weighty in the election.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In principle, any man who is baptized can be elected pope, but since the election of Pope Urbanus VI in 1378, the pope has always been chosen from among the cardinals.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The popes' position as secular rulers also led to participation in the risks of secular politics.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The power of the popes was well sought after in the Middle Ages.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope could influence the people and monarchs under cover of his religious status, so kings and emperors sought to gain office as their own favourites.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The King of France succeeded in forcing the Pope to move to Avignon, France in 1309.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

There the pope was always until 1377; the time is called the Avignon Captivity of the Papacy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Naturally, during this period, the King of France had much influence over the decisions of the popes.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

During Babel's captivity there were a total of seven popes in office.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

After the end of his captivity, the pope returned to Rome again.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Great Schism as well as Consiliarism Avignon's imprisonment also caused one of numerous so-called schisms, leaving the Catholic Church divided into several factions that professed different popes.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Let's talk about so-called counterpaves.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The counter-papacy tells us that an effective way to win the Pope's favour was to assemble a military force, plunge the old pope from power and choose one to replace him.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pope Gregory XI, who returned from Avignon, returned to Rome but died already the following year.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Urbanus VI, the successor chosen by the conclave, soon proved unfit to be pope; he was megalomaniac, paranoid, and received periodically unbridled outbursts of anger.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

One could only get rid of the new pope by declaring the result of the conclave null and void, and so the cardinals did.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

They claimed to have elected Urbanus VI as pope only because of pressure from popular forces, while at the same time urging the pope to resign.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope refused, and when the College of Cardinals elected Clement VII as the next pope, a great schism began.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

There were now two popes in Europe who had cursed each other.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Two papal courts and colleges of cardinals had arisen: Urbanus VI in Rome and Clement VII in Avignon.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Christendom split on the question of the right pope in two.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Italy, England, the Holy German-Roman Empire, as well as the Nordic countries sided with Pope Urbanus VI of Rome, while France, Scotland and Spain sided with the Pope of Avignon.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The situation also caused the division of individual monasteries and dioceses, and it did not improve even though both popes died because successors were both elected for them.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

A new doctrine was offered as a solution, the Consiliariam, according to which the highest authority in the Church did not belong to the Pope, but to the Ecclesiastical Council.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

1409 an ecclesiastical assembly convened in Pisa.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The assembly decided to dismiss both popes, and a new pope was chosen to replace them.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The situation did not ease, however, as the popes of Avignon and Rome maintained their rights.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Three popes were now in power, the Pope of the Avignon line, the pope of the Pisa line, and the Pope of the Roman line.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In 1414 a major ecclesiastical assembly began in the city of Konstanz right on the Swiss border in the territory of present-day Germany


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The meeting lasted a total of four years [19] and brought together more than three hundred bishops and three hundred learned theologians in the city, in addition to many more churchmen and princes.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The service people included guests numbered as many as tens of thousands.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[19] The Council decided to dismiss all three popes in office.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Pope of Rome agreed to resign voluntarily and the Pope of the Pisa line was imprisoned.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pope Benedict XIII of the Avignon line refused to resign and fled to Spain, but at the same time practically lost his influence.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The conzil elected Martinus V as the new pope and the schism ended there.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Power soon returned back to the Pope from the ecclesiastical assembly.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

First, an interval was set for ecclesiastical meetings that had to elapse from the end of the previous before the next could be convened.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The proclamation of Pope Pius II forbade the convening of an ecclesiastical assembly and thus power had returned to the pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It was not until the late Middle Ages, after the captivity of Avignion and the Great Schism that the bishops of Rome attained ubiquitous control over the ecclesiastical administration of the Western Church, although the supreme decision-making power was maintained in principle by ecclesiastical assemblies under the leadership of the popes.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Thanks to the power concentrated on the pope, the consequences of decisions have sometimes been unpredictably large.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

One example of such a decision is the bulla Summis desiderantes affectibus of Pope Innocentius VIII from 1484.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In Bulla, the burning of witches is accepted, which resulted in thousands perishing at the pyres and other execution sites.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Another example of political decision-making is an incident that occurred when the Ottoman invaded Constantinople in 1453.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Then the pope could have used his army to defend Constantinople and offered assistance to the Patriarch.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the pope imposed a condition that the patriarch had to recognize the authority of the pope and hereby submit to the latter's rule.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The patriarch refused, and Constantinople was overrun.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the same time, the relationship between the pope and the patriarch was finally broken, and at the same time the final distinction between the Orthodox and the Catholic Church was realised.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The depraved popes of the Renaissance in the Late Middle Ages and the beginning of the New Age, the great secular power and wealth of the Pope led to some abuses.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Popes did not always behave as required for their office.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

They did not live in celibacy, but may have had several children and mistresses.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Some also sold and bought episcopal posts.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

These irregularities, real and partly imagined, were part of the Reformation and hence also the emergence of Protestant churches: Martti Luther Finland vehemently discounted the papacy and opposed the concentration of power in one person.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pope Innocentius VIII, who reigned in the 15th century, left the papal seat in a state of shambles at his death.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Already during his reign, the citizens had given him the mock name “Father of Rome” because of his numerous illegitimate children, and the morale of the popes did not improve even after he died.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the end of the 15th century, an eminent physician is reported to have been able to examine at the papal court all seven syphilis known at that time.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[20] 1492 the future Pope Alexander VI bribed the majority of cardinals and rose to the pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[20] The pope began his term promisingly, but he soon stopped spiritual work and focused on amassing personal riches.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Alexander VI was more of a depraved secular ruler than an enlightened spiritual leader and he distributed to his children both ecclesiastical posts and lands from the Church State.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope also planned to make the Church State a secular state and then give it to his son.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[20] Alexander VI died in 1503.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He was succeeded by the warlike Julius II, who preferred to concentrate on warfare rather than his spiritual responsibilities.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Reformation Martti Luther published 95 of his theses in 1517 against the indulgences of the Catholic Church.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Luther soon got into an argument with other theologians and the pope in 1520 threatened him with a church curse.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Luther was proclaimed to be put in 1521.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The disputes led to the Reformation, as a result of which the Protestant Church emerged.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the time of the Reformation, the pope was Leo X.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He recalled a Renaissance prince typical of his behaviour, and at first paid little attention to the feud between German monks.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Catholic Church might have had the opportunity to prevent the Reformation, [21] but it did not react to the debate raised by Luther's new doctrines early enough and the Vatican did not initially understand the gravity of the situation.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[21] The pope could easily have dispensed Luther at the stake, [21] but at the same time the Pope could have lost the support of the pre-emperor election of the Holy German-Roman Empire, which caused the Pope to chase in a dispute with Luther.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[22] Only after the election was over, the pope declared Luther to be put, but the timing was wrong and only stirred the minds of opponents of the Catholic Church.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[21] Luther hoped for a discussion with the Pope and the reformists in order to remedy the grievances of the Catholic Church.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[23] The Pope refused to listen to Luther's criticisms, but nevertheless condemned the latter's ideas.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[23] The consequence was that there was no discussion of grievances, and doctrinal debates on the subject took place only in a few cities.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[23] Secular rulers subjugating the Pope The Pope still had much power, although the Reformation and Renaissance morally low popes had diminished the power of the Church State.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Great rulers of Europe such as Gustav III of Sweden, Joseph II of Austria, Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, as well as Louis XVI of France were sympathetic to the Pope, albeit demanding the right to impose the affairs of the Catholic Church operating within their own kingdom.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Pope no longer had the same power as in the Middle Ages, when it could easily have waged war against insubordinate states; the Vatican had to concede.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Great French Revolution led to the closure of French monasteries and churches.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

When the clergy were ordered to swear allegiance to the new regime about half of the priests refused.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope declared the ongoing schism and dismissed all priests sworn in allegiance to the new French regime.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As France went to war with the rest of Europe, the Pope and the Church State positioned themselves to support an alliance opposed to France.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As the Revolutionary Army conquered Italy, the Church State was also subjugated under then-General Napoléon Bonaparte.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Pope was forced to enter into a peace agreement unfavourable to the Church State, in which it e.g.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

had to pay large war reparations to France.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Following the death of a French officer in the riots that broke out in Rome, the already terminally ill pope was captured and taken across the Alps to the small fort of Valencia.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pius VI died a martyr and since him the secular power of the popes has been minimal.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

On December 1, 1799, the conclave convened under the leadership of an elder cardinal on the island of San Giorgio in Venice, where Pius VII was elected the next pope after several months of stalemate.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The new pope returned to Rome, which now was effectively part of France.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Napoleon had become the de facto ruler of France and he now wanted to reconcile with the Pope and the Catholic Church.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Napoleon signed the concordat on 15 July 1801.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It said Catholicism was the religion of the majority of French citizens and its practice was permitted.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the Catholic Church did not recover any property it lost in the Great French Revolution at all, albeit the French state promised as compensation to pay the clergy a salary on behalf of the Church.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

For a time, agreement prevailed between Napoleon and the Pope, but soon the intervals again deteriorated.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

When Napoleon demanded that the Pope close the ports of the Church State to British ships, the pope refused.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

French troops again penetrated Rome and the papal flag was exchanged for tricolor.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Vatican was now annexed as part of the Napoleonic Empire.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope, on the other hand, was transported to Savona, west of Genoa, where he was kept under house arrest for the next three years.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Napoleon could not persuade the Pope to bend to his will, so he smuggled him into Paris and forced the ailing pope to transfer all his worldly power to himself.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope soon became a penitentiary and withdrew his signature, but Napoleon withheld it.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Napoleon, however, soon suffered defeat to the Allies, and the pope was able to return to Rome.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Pope succeeded at the Congress of Vienna to restore to the Church State the territories before it, with the exception of Avignon.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pope died on 20 August 1823.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Papacy from 19th century to modern times In his old age, reactionary popes Leo XII and Gregory XVI after the Congress of Vienna, the rulers of Europe entered into a so-called sacred alliance and promised to rule their subjects fatherly and Christianity in mind.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It knew the close union between the state and the church, and soon the priests called upon citizens to obedience to lawful pre-eminence and at the same time gave their blessing to the restriction of freedom of expression and democracy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[24] The church state was not associated with this Holy Alliance, although in its policy church and state were inseparable.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the churchstate had begun to become a burden on the pope, they were no longer respected as great spiritual leaders but as princely bishops, a mixture of kings and bishops.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Upon the death of Pius VII, the College of Cardinals wished to elect an even more religious pope to succeed Pius VII, who was considered diplomatic.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The new Pope Leo XII was a very pious man, but also reactionary and devoid of a proper sense of proportion.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[24] His actions include e.g.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Restoration of clerical rule in the church-state, an end to smallpox vaccinations, as well as the closure of Roman Jews in the ghetto.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Most reformists hoped the successor of Leo X, who died in 1829, would continue Pius VII's reforms.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Francesco Castiglione, who took as his papal name Pius VIII wanted to continue in the line of Pius VII, but he was already ill and died a year and a half after becoming pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

During Pius VIII's tenure as pope in 1830, civil unrest arose in the northern parts of the Church State, for which the Pope had to ask for Austrian assistance.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

With the ascension of Gregory XVI to the Papal See, the Church State remained afloat no longer with the aid of Austrian military support.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The new pope withdrew his predecessor's attempts to reform the governance of the Church State.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Pope was reluctant to reform and on the side of the old system; in his day the Church State was regarded as Europe's backwater along with Turkey.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[24] Gregory XVI, who served as a monk before becoming pope, was deeply against the modern world.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He represented the still old ethical trend of the Pope being infallible and ruler of all.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the world had changed and the pope had lost his power.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Gregory XVI, who hated the reforms, died on 1 June 1846 and was not mourned even in the city of Rome then.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[24] The long term of Pius IX and the end of the Church State, Gregory XVI's successor Pius IX (crossed named Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) was the longest-reigning pope if the alleged term of the apostle Peter was ignored.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

On his ascension to the pope, Pius IX was very liberal and reformist.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Among his first acts as pope was to pardon political prisoners, which shocked conservative Europe.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Already then the Austrian chancellor Metternich predicted a liberal pope would eventually lead to the destruction of the Church State.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[25] As Pope Pius IX gave the Church State a parliament, a constitution and a government.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He also allowed in the Church State the railways banned by Gregory XVI and abolished censorship.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope was popular among the people and was revered, but later the situation changed.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

When the pope was asked to head Italian unification and lead the war against Austria, the pope replied: “Non possum” (Finnish.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

We can't) As head of the Church, the Pope could not go to war against Catholic Austria.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The decision reversed the pope's popular popularity.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

His prime minister was slain and the pope was forced to flee a rioting crowd.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

While the Pope fled, Rome was briefly declared a republic, but the pope was soon able to burn to power under the cover of French soldiers.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He regained his power and Roman control for himself, but now the churchstate depended not only on the Austrians but also on French forces.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The reformist pope was deeply upset by the assassination of his prime minister, prompting the pope to abandon his desire to reform the old Church State.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The country returned again to papal exclusivity.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As the years passed, the pope stuck to his conservative line.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the same time he e.g.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

proclaimed the doctrine of the immaculate fetus of the Virgin Mary.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The new railways brought Catholics from all over the world on pilgrimage to Rome, resulting in Pius IX becoming the first internationally renowned pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[25] The Pope also drafted his most famous circular of 1864, which also included Syllabus errorum, a list of errors.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In the list, the pope condemned eighty modern things he considered heretics, e.g.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

freedom of conscience, Protestantism, civil marriage, as well as socialism.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[25] The eightieth paragraph of the list condemned the claim that “the Pope of Rome could and should come to terms with progress, libertarianism, and modern culture.”


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[25] The appointment of the finding as heresy created a deep rift between the old papacy and a renewing Europe.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

1867, the Pope convened the 20th General Ecclesiastical Assembly, the First Ecclesiastical Assembly of the Vatican.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As the pope's secular power dwindled, cardinals and bishops felt it necessary to increase his ecclesiastical power.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Thus, those who arrived from all over the world decided to proclaim the doctrine of papal infallibility.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It came to fruition, as among the cardinals and bishops, a majority supported the declaration, but it was also opposed.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Most of the opponents were not in themselves opposed to the doctrine of papal infallibility, which was very old, but to the proclamation of the Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The declaration would bind bishops and cardinals to admit the infallibility of such papal statements as Syllabus errorum.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the declaration came to fruition by a vote of 451—88.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Fifty opted out of the ballot and 88 “advocated with reservations”.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In the final vote, opponents went home before voting began and officially the document was approved by a vote of 533—2 — of which even the opposing votes were apparently damages.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[25] Thus, according to the Ecclesiastical Assembly, the pope was not infallible, but he may have made a statement from the episcopal seat ex cathedra.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The document was adopted on 18 July 1870, and on the 19th of the same month France declared war on Germany.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

This knew the departure of French troops from the Church State.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As the end of the church-state approached, it had already shrunk to a small area surrounding Rome.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the same time Italy had been united except Rome and Venice.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the same time, a common king had been elected for the state and Rome had been set as the capital, although it was not connected to a united Italy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In order to also make Rome part of the new state, the artillery of the new king began shelling the city walls.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope had instructed his troops to carry out resistance, but bloodshed was to be avoided and opposition was only formal and meant to show that the pope did not voluntarily relinquish his power.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope soon surrendered and the Rifts of the Church State were annexed to Italy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope was no longer a secular leader, though the Italian parliament enacted a special law on the pope, under which his persona was untouchable and he was allowed to use the Vatican and some of his other territories without charge.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In addition, the pope was allowed to maintain diplomatic relations as well as being paid an annual allowance for territories deprived of the Church State.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope declined the offer and demanded the territories taken from him back.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope now declared himself a prisoner of the Vatican, and no longer left its territory.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope also forbade Catholics from any further involvement in Italian political activities, while at the same time declaring Italy's new powers — whom he considered usurpers — to a church curse.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Although the Catholic Church and the Pope had lost their state, it had possibly brought about much positive.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

For a long time the old and backward Church State had bound the Pope to secular affairs, forcing him to maintain an archaic system of government, but now the pope was no longer dependent on Italy and could concentrate on spiritual matters.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

With the Pope's loss of his position as head of state, he could no longer be seen as a partisan leader and driven by his own country's affairs, but as a theological lifeman.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Although the Papal See had lost its secular power even in the rippes, it enjoyed greater prestige in the Church than ever before.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[25] Pius IX died on 7 July 1878 after being pope for 31 years.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

A diplomatic pope, a pious pope and a pacifist successor to Pope Pius IX were successfully elected already after the third round of voting.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Giacchino Vincenzo Pecci assumed his papacy as his title of Leo XIII.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

When he became pope he was 67 years old and somewhat frail in terms of his health, but despite this he served as pope for a quarter of a century 1878—1903.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The very fact that the new pope did not take his name from either of his predecessors raised hopes in reformist Catholics.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Pope's decision to choose a libertarian cardinal as his secretary of state also seemed a good sign to reformists.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Leo XIII inherited from his predecessor quarrelsome relations with the various European states, especially with Italy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Although the Pope was old and espoused several of the teachings of his predecessors, he presented them in a different style from his predecessors.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Leo XIII still hoped for the reclamation of the Church State, and even he did not leave the Pope after becoming the Vatican.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He even threatened to sever diplomatic relations with all European states whose heads would accept the invitation of the King of Italy and pay him a state visit.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Under Pope Leo XIII, Italian-papal relations did not improve significantly, but this dispute somewhat benefited both sides.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Since the pope's voice was still being listened to in the world, it was important to the Italian government that this voice was Italian.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the dispute showed the pope is not biased despite his descent.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

This allowed the Italian government to keep a neutral but Italian pope as pope, and the pope could take on the role of an impartial mediator in world politics.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] As Pope, Leo XIII also tried to persuade most of the Catholic clergy to accept a republic, but the clergy refused.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The divide between the church and the republic grew even more, but the pope had done what he could.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As pope, Leo XIII had been more conciliatory and diplomatic than his predecessors and succeeded in improving his relations with various European states.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He had also taken the papacy's first step to re-evaluating the modern world with his circular Rerum Novarum, in which modern society was no longer rebuffed.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[27] Leo XIII to the Papal See was succeeded by Giuseppe Sarto's election as pope by the 1903 conclave.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In that conclave, the College of Cardinals had split into two factions, one of which the main candidate was Cardinal Secretary of State Mariano Rampolla.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He was a reformist and libertarian, which is why he was opposed by conservative and old cardinals.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Despite this, Rampolla received the largest share of the vote in the first two rounds of voting, but not a two-thirds majority.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Before the start of the third vote, the Archbishop of Kraków put forward this will in the name of the Austrian Emperor, that Rampolla should not be elected pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

This was an unofficial veto by the Catholic powers, to which cardinal colleagues had been bent on each occasion before.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The cardinals lodged their protest, but the votes Rampolla received counted in each round of voting, and after the seventh vote, Giuseppe Sarto secured the necessary two-thirds majority.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He took Pius X as his name because he did not want to continue the line of his predecessor but the path shown by Pius IX.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pius X was a very pious man and during his life he had never left Italy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] After the diplomatic Leo XIII, the cardinals now wanted a pope never meddled in politics who could concentrate on his spiritual responsibilities.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As pope, Pius X did not want to perform like Leo XIII.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He instructed those kneeling before him to sit, refused to sleep in the posh bed of the previous pope, and dined with his secretary.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In exception to several other nineteenth-century popes, Pius X had served as parish priest, which was why he was well acquainted with parish work as well as diocesan administration.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pius X mm.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

intensified the training of priests and renewed worship by “purifying” church music and restoring it to the state of Gregorian church song.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He also initiated the writing of canonical law, completed in 1917 emphasizing the authority of the pope and church administration.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He did not stick, like his predecessors, to the strict line of banning Catholics from participating in Italian politics, but nevertheless urged these to avoid it.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Like his predecessors, he remained a prisoner of the Vatican, maintaining cool relations with Italy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

During Pius X's term, France severed diplomatic relations with the Vatican and annulled the concordat.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

At the same time, it stopped paying wages to the clergy of its land and transferred the church buildings, as well as other church property, to the state.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As a diplomat, Pius X was inflexible, and because of his strict line, the French state eventually had to flex and it cancelled its plans to allow various cult associations unrelated to Christianity to gather in the churches.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope also published a list of 65 heresies and required all priests to swear not to support modernism.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

During the time of Pius X, the so-called so-called “papal secret police”, whose task was to search the Catholic Church for priests and bishops who advocated modernism.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pius X's successor ended the secret police, but the persecution of modernism and the sharp separation of science from theology continued even into the 1960s.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pius X was declared a saint in 1954.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He is the only pope declared a saint in the 20th century.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] He is considered a great but modest and lovable pope who had great influence on the papacy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] When he rose to succeed Pius X to the Papal See in 1914, Giacomo della Chiesa was sixty years old.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The conclave was known to want a more diplomatic pope than the previous ones, as World War I had just broken out in Europe.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The new pope was conservative and this one had diplomatic experience.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

With his papal name Benedict XV, he took a period of great enlightenment from Pope Benedict XIV.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

During Benedict XV's tenure as pope, the Papal See officially declared itself neutral in World War I.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Despite this, both sides of the war accused it of being biased; the Germans thought the Pope was French in his cause and the French felt German.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pacifist pope tried to appeal to the parties of the war to end the fighting, but both sides condemned the pope's statement.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

No pope's appeal met with backlash, and the parties did not more approve of the Pope's most extensive peace mediation proposal of 1917.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope was not included even in the post-war negotiations; he was forced to remain an outsider until the end.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

After World War I, the Pope sought to improve relations with European states, especially Italy and France.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pope e.g.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

removed the prohibition on Catholics to participate in Italian politics and gave even more blessing to the established Catholic Party.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The proclamation of Jeanne d'Arc as the Patronage of France by Benedict XV improved relations between the Pope and France, leading to the normalization of diplomatic relations in 1921.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The neutrality and humanitarian work shown by Benedict XV during the war elevated the prestige of the papacy even to the extent that the Turkish government erected in 1921 a statue of the Pope in Istanbul dedicated to “the great pope of world tragedy, good-doers of all people to citizenship, and regardless of religion” Pius XI and Pius XII as Benedict XV's successor were elected Archbishop of Milan and Cardinal Achille Ratti in the 1922 conclave.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Initially, the strongest candidates for pope had been Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri and Cardinal La Fontane, but neither managed to muster the two-thirds majority needed behind him.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

On the 14th ballot, the conclave ended up with a compromise candidate, Ratt, who had garnered a reputation as a scientist.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He took Pius XI as his name, although continued in the line of his predecessor rather than Pius X.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Already when the pope was giving his traditional urbi et orbi blessing, there was a noticeable change because the pope exceptionally gave his blessing from the outside balcony of St Peter's Basilica rather than from inside as the “Vatican prisoners” had done.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It clearly showed that the new pope wanted to resolve the dispute between Italy and the Vatican.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[28] As pope, Pius XI was a clear mono-ruler whose scenes of rage were feared in the Vatican.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] He effectively got his way in several cases.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pius XI also wanted to end the dispute between Italy and the Holy See and succeeded in this.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He entered into a Lateran Pact with Fascist Italian leader Benito Mussolini, which guaranteed the Vatican independence and the Catholic Church most-favoured nation status in Italy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] The Pope was also forced to do his bit for Mussolini, such as, for example, ceasing support for the Christian Democratic Party, which opposes fascists.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In addition to the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See also entered into a concordat, or a state treaty, with National Socialist Germany.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The agreement was a change of direction for Vatican policy, which had strongly condemned Nazism.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The conclusion of a concordat with Germany effectively meant that the Papal See had to accept National Socialism and the party led by Adolf Hitler.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It initially raised suspicions that Pope Pius XI in power was a fascist.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] Hitler, however, did not comply with the agreements made in the concordat: Catholic schools and churches were closed, and religious education and association activities were hampered.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The Pope tried to protest the issue to Hitler, but Germany did not change its course of action.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Therefore, the pope secretly sent a circular to Germany that was read on Palm Sunday 1937 in all German churches.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In a circular, the pope condemned Nazi racial doctrine, which led to the delivery of several German priests to concentration camps.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] For the rest of his life, Pius XI drafted further circulars opposing fascism and Nazism, but also condemned communism, seeing it as more dangerous to the Church than fascism and Nazism.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] Still in his last weeks of life, Pius XI prepared a speech condemning the lies of Nazism and Fascism with the bishops of Italy.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, he died on 10 February 1939 and never had time to give his speech or finish it.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The 1939 conclave did not last long.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Already in the third vote, the College of Cardinals ended up with the most experienced diplomat in its curia, Eugenio Pacelli, who took as his papal name Pius XII.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

After becoming pope, he tried to prevent the outbreak of World War II and proposed negotiations to the European states to keep the peace.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

His request was rebuffed.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

When war broke out, the Pope still tried to keep Italy out of it, but failed in this too.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Both sides in the war sought to win over the Holy See, but the Vatican had decided, under the pope's leadership, to remain neutral, as it had done in World War I.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Although Pius XII acted for peace during the war, seeking to help distress residents and prisoners of war in various countries, more attention is paid in modern times to his silence about the mass extermination of Jews.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It is true that the Vatican knew better than other states about the systematic extermination of Jews.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] The treaty with Mussolini and the events of World War II had reduced the authority of the Pope in the world, which is why the wartime pope Pius XII was even accused of being a Nazi at one time [29] and suspected of protecting Nazi criminals.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[29] In any case, the Pope was not active against the Germans, although the Catholic Church remained in opposition relative to National Socialism.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Admittedly, the Pope probably would not have had the opportunity to prevent or even contain the Holocaust, even if he had condemned it.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] The Pope had reason to assume that direct condemnation of the case would have only made matters worse.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] On one day, the pope burned his writings opposing the concentration camps, which he had intended to publish in Italian papers, because a statement of the same type had in the Netherlands led to the imprisonment of tens of thousands of Catholics of Jewish descent.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] Defenders of the Pope's actions also usually remember the papal action during the German occupation of Rome in 1943, when the Pope allowed about five thousand Jews to be hidden in the Vatican and the city's monasteries.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] After 1944, the Pope ruled the Vatican in a more exclusive manner than in the past.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He no longer appointed himself a cardinal secretary of state, making him an even more singular pope.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

During the Cold War, the Pope clearly represented a Western position opposed to communism.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] At the same time, though, he sought to improve the living conditions of Catholics in Eastern European states.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In Italy, he again gave his support to the country's Christian Democratic Party, which had lost support in Pius XI's Lateran Pact.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The pope also banned Catholics from joining the Italian Communist Party.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

In terms of modern theological research, the Pope was more libertarian than his predecessors, as in a circular he wrote in the 1940s he gave Catholic Bible scholars permission to use scientific methods.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[26] In the 1950s, however, the papal line became more conservative and closer to the policies of Pius IX and Pius X and some points of faith were no longer allowed to be critically discussed.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Pius XII also proclaimed the dogma of the admission of the Virgin Mary with her body into heaven.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The proclamation was issued ex cathedra, from the episcopal seat, and according to the 1870 convention, the pope was then infallible.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

On his death on 9 October 1958, Pius XII left to his successor the conservative and archaic Catholic Church, as well as the aging College of Cardinals; the old pope had not appointed any new cardinals for five years.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Blissful John XXIII — “The Good Shepherd” The 1958 conclave chose Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli as successor to Pius XII, who became the so-called one. “midterm pope”.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

He adopted the name John XXIII as his papatic title, and after his later declaration of blissful he is referred to as Blissful John XXIII.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

As pope, Blissful John XXIII was far more folksy than his predecessors.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Nor was the Pope a member of the Curia, which is why he was unfamiliar with the Vatican's system of government and was an outsider in it in a way.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Nor did he exercise the same kind of exclusivity like his predecessors, and the cardinals did not always even obey him.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[28] The Pope surprised his cardinals by informing them in January 1959 that he intended to convene the Second Ecclesiastical Conference of the Vatican.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

It was surprising, because when the Pope had been declared infallible in doctrine at the first Ecclesiastical Conference of the Vatican, it was thought that a new church assembly would no longer be needed.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Initially, the Papal Curia tried to put the brakes on convening an ecclesiastical assembly by announcing the arrangements would last for decades, but the pope stood by his opinion.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Already after two years, on 11 October 1962, the arrangements had been made and the ecclesiastical meeting could begin.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

Exceptionally, representatives of twelve other Christian churches had also been invited.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

By closing the first session of the Ecclesiastical Assembly, the pope was already terminally ill and never saw the next session again.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

However, the meeting had already received the guidelines and when the Pope died on 3 June 1963 he was probably more mourned by the world than any other pope by then.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[28] Paul VI and the decision of the Second Vatican Council of Ecclesiastics Blissful John XXIII still expressed his wish on his deathbed that Giovanni Battista Montini should succeed him.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[28] Montini therefore won the papal invasion and became the 262nd pope according to the official lists of the Catholic Church.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

The new pope who had chosen Paul VI as his papal name still crowned himself with the traditional three-tiered papal ladder, but afterwards the tiara was sold and the money distributed to the poor.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[28] In renouncing the tiara called the papal crown, Paul VI showed that the papacy should not be primarily judged by concepts of privilege and power.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[30] The gesture did not mean the Pope's abdication of spiritual power, but showed that the pope must be treated as a servant of the Church and not as a papal prerogative.


Question: How many political phantom trends are there?

History of the papacy

[30] Paul VI's most important task as pope was to complete the Second Vatican Council initiated by Blessed John XXIII.