Question: When was smoking tobacco invented?

Tobacco

The cigarette began to be associated with youth, pace, sports, health and fashionability.


Question: When was smoking tobacco invented?

Tobacco

While attempts were made to ban female smoking by law in the United States, smoking among women also became more common.


Question: When was smoking tobacco invented?

Tobacco

[3] In mid-17th century China, a death sentence could be obtained for the sale or use of tobacco.


Question: When was smoking tobacco invented?

Tobacco

[4] Health Harms Tobacco use causes rapidly emerging and intense physical, social and, above all, mental dependence.


Question: When was smoking tobacco invented?

Tobacco

Of the health disadvantages, the most significant are lung and respiratory diseases caused by smoking and the increased risk of developing cancer.


Question: When was smoking tobacco invented?

Tobacco

Smoking also impairs blood circulation, as well as shortens lifespan.


Question: When was smoking tobacco invented?

Tobacco

Smoking on the skin affects it, prematurely aging and worsening its condition.


Question: When was smoking tobacco invented?

Tobacco

See also Finnish tobacco law Tobacco industry Sources on the topic elsewhere (pdf) * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Häme Castle is one of the medieval kingdom castles of Finland.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The castle currently housed as a museum is located in the town of Hämeenlinna on the banks of Vanajavesi, about 12 metres above the current water level.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The exact date of construction of the castle is unclear; however, it was built in the late 13th century.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The first mention of it is from 1308.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

In the first phase, the castle consisted of a grey-stone camp caste and a perimeter wall.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Later in the 13th and 15th centuries it was elevated by bricks rarely used in Finland during the Middle Ages.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

In 1634, Häme Castle lost its status as a centre of administration, and by the end of the 17th century it fell into decline as Swedish foreign policy began to focus on the southern side of the Baltic Sea.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

After the Great Wrath, it was made the main depot, and in the 1770s it was modified into a fortress under the bastion system.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The Russian Empire recaptured the castle in 1808 without battle and soon turned it into a prison.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Restoration of the castle did not begin until the 1950s, with prisoners being moved out of the main castle in 1953 and the ring wall in 1972.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Repair work on the main castle was completed in 1979, when it was also opened to the public.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The perimeter walls were brought in order in 1988.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

History Construction The exact date of foundation of Häme Castle is unclear, and in literature the date of its construction has varied between 1229 and 1372.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

In the earliest research literature, the construction of the castle was linked to the Earl of Birger.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[1] According to the Office of Museums, the decision to build the castle took place after Birger's “crusade” in Häme, and construction began no later than the end of the 13th century.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[2] The castle is in any case first mentioned in documents from 1308.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[3] Different estimates of the castle's early construction phases have also been given.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

According to a long-prevailing conception, the earliest form of the castle comprised a grey-stone camp castel and surrounding it a perimeter wall with three corner towers.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The brick building phase, according to this timing, would have lasted from the mid-14th century to the mid-15th century.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[4] However, historian Knut Drake suggested in 2001 that the greystone castle did not begin to be built until 1372 and prior to this there would have been only log furnishings.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Drake made his conclusions about the new, younger timing of the Swedish Tre Kronor castle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

According to Drake, the brick castle phase would not have begun until 1472.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[5] The brick castle stage is significant because brick was a relatively rare building material in medieval Finland.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[2] At this stage of construction, the greystone structure was elevated by brick walls.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The brick allowed for more elaborate vaulting than barrel vaults and Gothic decorative forms.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[4] Brick began to dominate the entire castle yard, as older greystone surfaces were replaced by brick.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

At the same time the castle was divided into two parts like Turku Castle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The ground floor was occupied by all, and the second floor was reserved for the commandholder and the latter's court.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[6] As a defence and garrison castle, the castle was built as a border castle, but its importance as a border castle was lost as early as 1323 when the Peace of Nutäsaari moved the Swedish border further away from the castle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Even after that, the building continued to be a major defence base, as it was located at the intersection of nationally important roads.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[7] Häme Castle was allowed to be fairly undisturbed in the 13th and 14th centuries, although the castles of Turku and Vyborg, for example, came under siege when power changed in the country.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

After the Novgorodian invasion of 1311, the next threat to be reckoned with was the late 15th century Ivan III's Principality of Moscow, garrisoned for war.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The castle found itself in concrete danger when, following the failed Vyborg bang of 1495, Russians invaded as far as Häme.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[8] At the beginning of the 16th century, Häme Castle was a place of court holding similar to the castles of Turku and Vyborg.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Åke Yrjänänpoika Totti became the commandholder of Häme Castle in 1508 and became the most influential commandholder in Finland during that time.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

He received at the castle the Swedish regent, Svante Niilonpoja.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Åke Yrjänänpoika was still living in Häme Castle in 1520 when Sten Sture the Younger's widow, Kristina Gyllenstierna, surrendered with the siege forces of King Christian II of Denmark on condition that she would have Häme Castle and Kokemäenkartano as her widowed residence.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Kristian's forces then entered the castle and executed Åke Göraninpoja.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

However, Häme Castle passed as early as 1522 as part of a large fiefdom to Admiral Søren Norby.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

However, the castle reverted back to Sweden without battle when the Danes were forced to surrender after the Swedes besieged both Turku Castle and Kuusisto Episcopal Castle in 1523.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[8] During the period of Gustav Vasa, the character of the castle changed, and it became the centre of the accounts and all the surplus belonged to the Crown.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

In 1559, Gustav Vasa sent two round gun turrets, or rondells, to the castle built by Henrik von Cöllen.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[8] The main castle also underwent some repairs to make it presentable.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[9] By the end of the 16th century, however, the castle had begun to fall into disrepair; in 1587, a scribe marked that it had not been inhabited for three years.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Most of the south tower collapsed in an explosion in 1599.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

It was likely to be repaired soon, and in 1606, Erik Hare, who was named castle-master, clearly restored the castle's defensive readiness.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[10] Gustav II Adolf visited the reformed castle in 1614.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Subsequently, the great hall of the castle has been called the “King's Hall”.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[9] When the Land Lordship was established in 1634, Häme Castle lost its status as an administrative centre.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

There was a significant change in the surroundings of the castle in 1639 when the settlement north of it received city rights as a town called Hämeenlinna, founded by Peter Brahe.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[9] During the 17th century, Swedish foreign policy shifted south of the Baltic Sea, and the castle fell into decadence.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The condition was exacerbated by a fire in 1659.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

By the outbreak of the Great Northern War in 1700, the castle had fallen badly into disrepair.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Attempts were made to improve its defensive condition, but its defensive capabilities were found in 1713 to be weak.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The troops left the castle before the enemies entered towards Pälkäne, and the castle was held by the Russians from 1713—1721.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The Russians slightly improved the defensive condition of the castle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[11] After Isonviha, Häme Castle was made the main depot of the Finnish army, or place d'armes.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[11] The main castle was made into a grain warehouse on this occasion and a new crown bakery was built for use by the military.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[2] The layout of the main castle was modified, and it received its current outfit.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The wing sections between the towers were elevated, leaving the south and east towers under the roof structures.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

In the War of the Hats of 1741—1743, the Russians again occupied the castle without battle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

New repair work did not begin after this until the 1770s.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[12] At the behest of King Gustav III, the settlement of the town of Hämeenlinna was moved to its present place and the restoration of the castle began.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[2] The castle began to be developed as a fortress, and ramparts and moats were built around it according to the bastion system.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

In addition, the main guard was built in the area, the west perimeter wall building with various levees, and crew sleeping and kitchen facilities were placed in the northern perimeter wall building.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[13] From prison to museum, Häme Castle surrendered during the Finnish War, on 6 March 1808, without battle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The castle was subsequently subjugated under Russian military rule.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Häme Castle had long also been used as a prison, but in the early days of Russian rule it was made into a crown prison with nearly 300 prisoners housed in the main castle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

At the same time, the castle continued to be used as a grain store as well.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The castle was reworked as a whole into a prison in 1837 according to drawings by Carl Ludvig Engel.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Major changes were also made to the immediate surroundings of the castle: a drainage facility was built on the western side in 1839 based on plans by Anders Fredrik Granstedt, and in 1871 a county jail according to plans by Ludvig Isak Lindqvist.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[12] In 1881, Finland's only women's discipline room was placed in Häme Castle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[13] As a women's prison, the castle operated until 1953 (main castle) and 1972 (ring wall buildings).


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The castle had a rather unfortunate reputation among female prisoners: even in 1944, every female prisoner who remained silent began to speak at the interrogation everything they knew — if leaving to Häme Castle came at the cost of keeping quiet.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[14] Likewise, Ida Aalle-Teljo, who was in Häme Castle for political reasons between 1919 and 1922, tells quite creepy things about prison in her memoirs.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Restoration of Häme Castle was proposed several times, but it was not until 1953 that prisoners were moved away from the main castle to begin investigations.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Restoration of the main castle was difficult because it had been altered several times and used for a long time.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[12] The restoration plan was drawn up by Professor Nils Erik Wickberg.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[4] The restoration of the main castle was completed in 1979, during which some of the premises were reconstructed.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The pre-castle and its surroundings were restored after the main castle and efforts were made to bring them into a pre-1870s state.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Their restoration was completed in 1988.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[12] The main castle was opened to the public on 4 April 1979 and the ring walls in 1988.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[13] Today the castle operates as a museum under the Office of Museums and its premises are rented for various occasions.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[15] On the territory of the castle and its immediate vicinity are also the Prison Museum, the Military History Museum Museo Militaria and the historical museum of the city of Hämeenlinna, whose basic exhibition is in the castle's main castle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The castle became a topic in Hämeenlinna again in autumn 2007 when an article was published on the poor modern condition of the castle in Hämeen Sanomat.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

In the worst condition are the castle ramparts, which are in danger of collapse.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

In addition, the lower part of the turret is banned from use because rainwater enters the structures of the tower and stones falling from the walls make the site unsafe.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The reason for the deteriorating condition is the lack of money available for repairs and maintenance.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[16] In December 2007, the Office of Museums received EUR 1.5 million from the State for repair work.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Most of the money is spent on repairs in Tamminiemi and Olavinlinna, but money is also coming to Häme Castle.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[17] Renovations The moat has been renovated over several summers in the 2010s.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

The previous renovation took place in the 1980s, when error solutions were made.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Part of the tomb has not previously been restored and information is hoped to be found about the old supporting structures of the moat, including the bunches of trees on which the walls have been supported.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

[18] [19] Linnanniemi Museum Area Häme Castle forms the Museum Area with Museo Militaria, the Prison Museum and the Hämeenlinna City Historical Museum, the Linnanniemi Museum Area, which has its own parking and signposts.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Visitors also have the option to purchase a joint ticket to all four museums.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardberg, C. J. & Welin, Per-Olof| title = Medieval Castles in Finland| others = Translated by Savolainen, Irma| location = Helsinki| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1993| isbn = 951-1-11992-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Koskinen, Pekka| title = Fortification of Häme Castle in Gustavian time 1772-1808| location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere University Press| year = 2007| version = dissertation | isbn = 978-951-44-6919-0| format = [online version] (pdf) | access9.date = 21.date 2013}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mikkola, Terhi & Vilkuna, Anna-Maria (ed.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

) | title = At Home Within the Stone Walls| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Finnish Society for Medieval Archaeology| year = 2003| version = Archaeologia Medii Aevi Finlandiae VII| isbn = 951-96801-3-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Putkonen, Lauri| title = Built Häme| location = Helsinki| publisher = Building information| year = 2003| isbn = 951-682-717-9}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardberg, C. J.| title = Stone and wood.


Question: Who built Häme Castle?

Häme Castle

Castles, estates and churches in Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Publishing company Otava| year = 2002| isbn = 951-1-17423-1}} On topic elsewhere Web archive 2013 Category:Finnish castles Category:Finnish linnalänit Category:Hämeenlinna museums Category:Screening key articles Category:History of Hämeenlinna Category:Museum Office Museums Category:Linnanniemi


Question: How much is Taiwan's acreage?

List of states by area

This is a list of countries in the world in order of magnitude by surface area.


Question: How much is Taiwan's acreage?

List of states by area

[1] The surface areas are given in square kilometers.


Question: How much is Taiwan's acreage?

List of states by area

States and Enclaves Sources by Area Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Scania AB is a Swedish manufacturer of trucks and buses.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Scania manufactures more than 50,000 trucks and more than 5500 buses annually.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In addition, Scania manufactures marine and industrial engines that are used in container handling equipment, pilot boats, slope aircraft, military vehicles and backup power plants, among others.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Since March 2008, Scania has been part of the Volkswagen Group.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Volkswagen acquired Scania shares from Investor AB at the time, which together with the previously held shares yielded a 68.6% share of Scania's voting power.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The second largest shareholder is MAN SE, which holds 17.01% of the voting power.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In Finland, Scania trucks and buses have been at the top of registration statistics since the 1960s along with another Swedish brand Volvo.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

History Vagnsfabriks-Aktiebolaget i Södertälje Today's Scania was formed in 1911, when two Swedish vehicle manufacturers, Scania from Malmö and VABIS from Södertälje joined together.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

VABIS (Vagnsfabriks-Aktiebolaget i Södertälje) was founded in 1891, as a daughter of Surahammars Bruks AB.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Near Stockholm, a factory located in Södertälje produced rail equipment.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company's main customers were the Royal Railway Board (later.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

SJ) as well as AB Stockholms Spårvägar (SS), which was responsible for tram traffic in the city of Stockholm.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company's operations were financially very profitable.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[1] The company's engineer Gustaf Erikson produced the first motorised wagon designed to transport people in 1897 and in 1902 the first Vabis truckwagon was completed.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[2] The first self-powered wagon, the Gustaf Eriksons åkvagn, was designed in Södertälje but manufactured at the Surahammar steelworks.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The wagon did not enter serial production and the only specimen was dismantled a year later.Today, a replica made according to the original design can be found in the carriage.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[3] Erikson continued work on road vehicle design and in 1903 the first working and usable model, the Surahammarbile, was presented.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[3] [4] Vabis made a decision that the company would invest in the future in the development of road equipment with the power of the internal combustion engine.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company's target of annual sales of 50 vehicles was still unrealized.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1909, the company produced only five truck and seven passenger cars.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[1] Maskinfabriksaktiebolaget Scania In 1900 a company called Maskinfabriksaktiebolaget Scania was founded in Malmö.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company's main product was bicycles, but in 1901 the first car for passenger transport was also completed.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[5] In 1903, the company sold its first motor vehicle, subscribed to the Skoonean Ystad—Eslöv railway company (Ystad—Eslövs Järnväg, YEJ).


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Following the rise of engineer Per Nordeman to the management of Scania in 1905, a decision was made in the company to move more and more to automobile manufacturing.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company's first mass-produced model was the Scania Tonneau, although only five pieces were produced.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[6] In addition to passenger conveyors, the company's product palette included so-called combi- or multi-purpose cars, in which the rear seat holding had a box-like structure designed to transport goods.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

This was no longer a short jump to the manufacture of clean goods cars.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Due to hard engineering, that is, engines and transmissions Scania bought from German and French manufacturers.In 1908, having sold 70 vehicles, the company decided to start production of its own engines.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1910, Scania's product line consisted of cars and engines only.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[7] Scania is the Latin name of the province of Skoone in southern Sweden.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Throughout its history, Scania has used as its emblem the head of the treasure eagle as its emblem on Skoone's coat of arms.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

During the Saab-Scania Group, the treasure eagle was in use throughout the group and also as an emblem of Saab Automobile, which manufactured passenger cars.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Scania-Vabis On January 1, 1911, the companies Scania and Vabis joined together to create a company called Aktiebolaget Scania-Vabis.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company's internal division of labour was that heavy trucks were manufactured in Malmö and light trucks, passenger cars and engines were manufactured in Södertälje.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Although Sweden stayed away from the Great War raging in Europe, during it the Swedish army was the main client of Scania-Vabis.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1919, the company had a product line of standard-model trucks, in addition to expanding its operations to the manufacture of buses and special vehicles such as fire trucks.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The post-war economic downturn in Europe also affected Sweden and demand for vehicles fell.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company's financial condition was further weakened by a strike at the plant in early 1920.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In June 1921, AB Scania-Vabis filed for bankruptcy.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[8] With the reorganization of the company that followed the bankruptcy, all its production was concentrated in Södertälje.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1925, the company launched a new generation of trucks.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

With major purchases by the Swedish administrative authorities, in particular Post and Customs, the company's operations regained momentum.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[8] In 1929, the company's management made a visit to the United States and negotiated a licensing agreement with the Ohioan Twin-Coach Company.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Manufacture of vertical bow buses based on Twin-Coach's designs began in 1932.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[9] In 1929, the company's last passenger car was completed.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The late 1920s and early 30s were the time of Hesselman engines in the heavier models of Scania-Vabis.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company's first diesel engine, representing its own design, was completed in 1936.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[10] In the 1930s, Scania-Vabis began manufacturing a pre-chamber diesel engine based on the plans of the German company Magirus.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

During the Second Mailman War, Scania-Vabis again focused on preparing transport equipment to meet the needs of the Swedish army.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In addition to standard-model trucks, the company's product palette included off-road trucks as well as the light armored personnel carrier Terrängbil m/42 KP. [11] The company's first new, post-war model, was the Scania-Vabis L10 introduced in autumn 1944.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The post-World War II period was growth-fuelled for Scania-Vabis and vehicle exports rose to play an important role in the company's operations.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1947, Scania-Vabis began collaborating with the British company Leyland.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

This collaboration was the departure of a diesel engine with direct injection of fuel introduced in 1949.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

This engine powered the L60 model introduced in 1946 to power the continuation-trimmed L60 model.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[12] The emblem of the cam-model Scania-Vabis cars became the vertical ribbed two-piece radiator grille, inherited until 1982 until the last variant of the series, the 111 model.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[13] In the spring of 1958, Scania-Vabis introduced its new generation model, the L55 and L75 series.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The models were powered by a new, six-cylinder row engine, the chassis was more robust and the new cockpit was roomier and quieter than before.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

This cockpit design remained a fittings of standard models until 1980.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

As a new entrant to the L76 series launched in 1963, the company introduced the upright cabin LB76 series.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

(B came from the word “Bulldog”).


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Contrary to frequent belief, the LB series was not Scania-Vabis's first forward control model.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company had launched the Scania-Vabis 345 model on the market as early as 1932, with the cab positioned at the front of the front axle.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Manufacturing of the model ended in 1939.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1964, a lighter model, the L36 series with a four-cylinder engine, was introduced to the market, which was produced until 1968.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The series was aimed at a short-distance and distribution run.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The four-cylinder engine allowed the car to have a shorter bow, making it niftier than the sixed models in built-up use.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Scania-Vabis headed to the South American market as early as the 1950s and in 1962 began operating the Brazilian plant in São Paulo, which is today the largest manufacturing facility in Scania.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The factory opened in Zwolle in the Netherlands opened the company smooth access to the internal market of the then EEC.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1966, Scania-Vabis bought ownership of the Be-Ge bodyworks, which manufactured cabs for it, forming it into a subsidiary of Scania-Hytter AB.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In the 1960s, the company acquired ownership of Svenska Karosseriverkstäderna AB, which manufactured bus bodies, NAF, which manufactured components for compressed air systems, and ASJ, a Falunian company, where part of the component manufacturing in Södertälje was transferred.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[14] Saab-Scania 1968 — 1980 New company, new models In 1968, Scania-Vabis AB merged with Saab AB, thus creating the industrial group Saab-Scania.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In the same year, the name “Scania-Vabis” went out of use on the bow of trucks and buses.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Henceforth, the vehicles were branded “Scania”.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1968, the company also launched a new upright cabin design.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

This cab remained in production until 1980, until the end of production of the 1 series.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

At the same time, there was also an overhaul of model codes, which remained in place until 2004.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The code was formed of two aggregated sections, the former telling the engine cylinder displacement in litres and the latter the generation of the vehicle, starting with the 1968 0 series.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

With the code change, the Scania-Vabis L36 became the Scania L50, the L56 became the L80, and the L76 became the L110.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

As an example, let's decode the model Scania LBS 110 Super code: “L” = truck (lastbil), “B” = vertical cab ID (Bulldog), “S” = before digit denotes lift wheel, “110" = 11-liter engine, 0 series, post-digit “S” denotes turbocharged engine (Super).


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

This practice was abandoned in the mid-70s.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

“T” = denotes a pulling bogie (tandem).


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In addition, after the code, the wheelbase could be reported in decimeters.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1969, two noteworthy novelties came on the market from Scania.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The first was the LB140, a top-of-the-line version with the company's own 14-litre turbocharged V8 engine.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

With 350 horsepower, the Scania was the most powerful European mass-produced truck of that era.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[15] Another novelty was the upright cabin LB80 introduced to the medium-heavy class.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1972, the V8 engine also came to offer the cam model Scania, with the advent of the new L140 model.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The older L80 and L110 models continued with the old cabin, but the novelty model L140 received a new cab design of its own.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

A set with a one-piece flip bow was produced until 1976.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

A model overhaul followed in 1974, with the 0 series changing to the 1 series.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

External modifications of the models were rather minor, the interior of the cockpit, on the other hand, was completely redesigned.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The model overhaul saw the introduction of a new generation of engines, which saw the V8 engine power increase to 375 horsepower.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

1973 Scania L85, 8-litre engine but more robust from the start of 110 1973 Scania LS110 1977 Scania LB141 1977 Scania LB81 1980 — 1995 Generations change In 1980, the company launched a new generation 2 series, which changed to 82, 112 and 142.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The power of the engines had been slightly increased from the earlier and both vertical and cam models received a completely redesigned cockpit.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The external design of the cockpit was more angled than previously thought and aerodynamics had been improved with a tilted windshield.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The modular manufacturing technology introduced in conjunction with the upright cabin designs of the preceding series was applied to cover the entire product line.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The old cab of the cam model, inherited from the 1950s, was retired and the new cab was now identical to the vertical cab.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The medium-duty cam and upright cabin models received their own, slightly smaller size cabs, which were nonetheless consistent in design with those of the heavy models.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Although the models' number codes continued the familiar line, a change was made to their letter codes.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The previous emblem LB for upright cabin models was left out of use and was replaced by a single letter which was also displayed behind the number ID on the mask.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The code for the cam models became the letter T, which was not visible, but which, for example, in sales brochures was written in front of the number code.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

A new letter placed after the number code indicated the rigidity of the chassis, that is, it referred to load-bearing capacity and rigidity.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The letter codes were M (medium), H (heavy) and E (extra heavy).


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Similar to the “T” letter on cam models, upright cabin models received a letter identifier placed before the number identifier, telling the cockpit model: “R” was a high-placed cab with day cab CR13 and sleeping cab CR19.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The “P” cab was a low-lying cab (three steps) with submodels CP13 and CP19 and G low-placed (two steps) cab for distribution traffic.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[16] In 1982, the output of the 14-litre V8 engine was increased to 420 hp, again becoming the strongest standard model on sale in the European market.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1984, Scania launched an electro-pneumatic CAG (Computer Aided Gearshift) transmission.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

CAG was still a preselection gearbox, but it was already giving an indication of future robotic gearboxes.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

This optional gear gained greater popularity on Scania buses than on the cargo side.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[17] In the same year, the supply was increased by the 92 series, therefore powered by a 9-litre, 6-cylinder intercooled turbodiesel.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1988, the 3 series was introduced to the market.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

With the new generation, the external design of cabs did not change, but inside they were completely redesigned.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

As a new cockpit design, a Topline with a raised roof and greater interior height was added to the 3 Series.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1989 the power of the Scania 143's V8 engine was announced as 470 hp, in 1992 its manufacturer's flagship reached a 500 hp milestone.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1991, a version of Streamline was added to the cabin range, which was a C cab with aerodynamics enhancing components.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The standard height of the model's cab was equivalent to the “Topline” cabin.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Thanks to these, the model differs from other 3 series considerably.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[18] In the same year, Scania's new Turbo Compound engine entered the market.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

1995 —, New Formats and Model Identifiers In 1995, the Scania 4 series was launched.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The cockpit shapes had rounded off earlier considerably and aerodynamics improved, again despite the upright windshield raised.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The cars of the T- or cam model had a similar design.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The model insignia continued to consist of the number indicating the engine displacement and the generation of the model series.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

After this emblem, there was a letter indicating the rigidity of the chassis, but unlike the earlier, the letter IDs were now L, D, C and G.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The tallest cockpit of the 4 Series, or Topline, had grown to a measure of with full standing height inside it.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In professional circles, this model quickly gained the nickname Waterhead Scania.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The range of engines for the series was expanded.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1998, new 9-, 11-, 12- and 14-litre engines were offered, covering a power range of 230 to 530 hp.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 2000 the engines were modified for a newer time and at the same time a 580-horsepower, 16-liter V8 was added to the palette.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

With a model overhaul in 2004, Scania moved to a new nomenclature.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The new generation was no longer the 5-series, but the model identifier consists of a letter indicating the cabin mounting height from the horsepower figure of the engine.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Already, according to the practice formed earlier, the letter.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

“R” means a high-placed cab, “G” for a low-placed cab and “P” means a low cab for distribution driving.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The design of the model took on slightly new shapes but has a clear heritage from the previous generation.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Demand for traditional cam-model trucks in Europe has been on a constant downward trend and as the last European factory they were manufactured by Scania.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

One era in the history of truck manufacturing came to a close in October 2005 when the production of the T series was discontinued.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Scania R 500 Current R 500 Buses Scania calculates its bus manufacturing began in 1911, when the company delivered its first 12-person Nordmarkbussen bus.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In the newly formed company Scania-Vabis, Scania manufactured chassis in Malmö and Vabis bodies and engines in Södertälje.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

With the major purchases of postal line cars by the Swedish Postal Service in the 1920s, Scania-Vabis began serial production of bus platforms.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[19] One important milestone in bus manufacturing was 1932, when the company began producing vertical bow buses under license from the American company Twin Coach.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[9] In 1932, Scania-Vabis produced more buses than trucks.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[19] The refurbishment of buses was transferred to outside manufacturers.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

During World War II, bus manufacturing was almost non-existent, with the company focusing on manufacturing military trucks.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

After the war, bus production increased, but the company's main product was now heavy trucks.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[20] In 1948, the company started exporting buses to Brazil.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1953, the company launched the Metropol commuter bus on the market, which had been developed in collaboration with the American company Mack Trucks.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

This model was also the first Swedish-made bus with self-supporting bodywork.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Other bus models notable for the company have included the commuter bus CR76, which was introduced in 1966, and the CR111 introduced in 1971.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[19] With the establishment of Saab-Scania in 1968, all operations related to the manufacture of buses passed under Scania Bussar AB.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

With urbanisation, the market for new and also used local buses was growing hard across Europe.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1980, Scania launched its first gas-powered bus model to market.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In the 1980s, Scania began field trials of ethanol-powered buses, as the first ethanol bus to market in 1985 the city bus CR113 was introduced.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[19] Since the 2000s, Scania has increasingly focused on the development of BRT (Bus rapid transit) systems for growing major cities and buses powered by alternative fuels.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company's mid-1990s and 2000s product line for urban travel were the OmniCity, OmniLink and OmniLine series.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

As a replacement for these, the Scania Citywide series was introduced in 2011.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Scania manufactured front-engined bus chassis for the Nordic market until the late 1980s, and the last front-engined chassis made went mostly to developing countries where such a simple and rugged design was favoured.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In continental Europe, rear-engined buses had already supplanted other types of buses by the 1980s.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[21] Scania is the third largest bus manufacturer in the world [22] and manufactures commuter and long-distance bus platforms not only for its own Omni family but also for other body manufacturers.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Scania A/B, Silkeborg, has now been responsible for the manufacture of Scania buses.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The company cooperates closely with e.g.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

with the Spanish company Irizar.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Today, one of Scania's important partners is Higer Bus, a Chinese company that supplies buses to the global market.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Of the Finnish decorators, Scania chassis were used by Carrus and Lahti Autokori, as well as many others.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Between 2002 and 2004, bus manufacturing at the company's Katrineholm plant in Sweden was driven down and increasingly moved to Poland.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 2013, the same fate threatened Lahti Autokor, but after bankruptcy, Scania took over the company's operations and continued to operate as SOE Busproduction.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Scania Engines In September 2007, the unit formerly known as Scania Industri- och Marinmotorer, was renamed Scania Engines.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The unit manufactures all power sources needed for Scania's own products, but also supplies engines for industrial and power plant use as well as marine engines.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The Scania Engines unit supplies engines globally.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Scania's product line in 2015 includes a 9-litre, five-cylinder and 12-liter, six-cylinder row engine, as well as a 16-litre V8.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[23] Scania Finland's first Scania-Vabis cars were acquired by the Helsinki Fire Department in 1917 and the Defence Forces in 1918.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The six Scania-Vabista purchased by the Finnish Defence Forces were the first cars to be purchased as new for the Finnish Defence Institute.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The City of Helsinki Transport Department had access to the first Scania-Vabis buses in the late 1930s, but otherwise the brand remained rather unknown in Finland.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

During the Winter War, the Swedish state, as neighbouring aid, donated eight Scania-Vabis trucks to the Finnish Defence Force as cannon pullers.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[24] After the end of World War II, Scania-Vabis began to actively seek export markets and was interested in coming to Finland as well.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Regular importation of Scania-Vabis cars to Finland began in 1949, when Oy Scan-Auto Ab was established for it.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[25] Scania-Vabis began to rapidly gain a reputation as a durable and economical car, which was illustrated by the fact that 26% of respondents to a survey conducted by the Bus Federation for its members in 1953 declared Scania-Vabis as their preferred brand.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[26] However, due to currency shortages and import rationing, cars could not be entered into the country in accordance with demand and need.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

The import rationing of trucks and buses was dismantled in 1957, by which time around 200 Scania-Vabis trucks and about 500 bus chassis had been imported into Finland.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

In 1963, importing Saab also passed to Scan-Auto.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Following the merger of Saab and Scania, the Swedish parent company and Valmet Oy bought half the shares of Oy Scan-Auto AB in 1969.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[25] At the end of 1969, Finland had 5694 Scania trucks on the register, placing it in fifth place in the statistics after Bedford, Mercedes-Benz, Volvo and Sisu.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

At the end of 1972, Scania was already the most common truck brand in Finland with 8669 cars.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[27] In terms of buses, at the end of 1969, Scania was the second most common car brand after Volvo with a 1957 car.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[28] At the end of 1999, the Finnish Vehicle Registry included 16081 Scania-branded trucks, buses and special cars (including tourist, fire and tow trucks) starting from 1938 model year.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

[29] Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In what year was the car manufacturer Horch disbanded?

Scania

(in Finnish) Category:OMX Stockholm 30 Index * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The Champions League () is an annual football competition organised by the European Football Association for the top teams from the highest league levels of different countries in Europe.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The league has been played since the 1992—93 season starting in the autumn and usually ending in May.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The predecessor to the Champions League was the European Cup, played from the 1955—1956 season.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The competition was started with eight teams and was subsequently expanded to 16 clubs wide.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The creation of the Champions League was driven, in particular, by the desire of major clubs on the continent to increase the number of mutual matches.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

On the other hand, they wanted to reduce the risk of early relegation that had ever lurked in the old cup-shaped competition.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Some football lovers have criticised the league for excessive commercialism.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

On the other hand, it has been estimated that the settlement prevented the European top clubs from switching to simply playing a supranational mutual series, in which case they would have rejected participation in national football competitions.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The winner of the Champions League will represent Europe in the World Cup for club teams.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Previously, the winner of the race participated in the Intercontinental Cup.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The winner will also play the UEFA Super Cup.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Series system Qualifiers Main article: UEFA Country Pisteranking Participants for the Champions League or its qualification are divided by country according to the UEFA country ranking as follows: Leagues in positions 1 to 3 (Spanish Primera División, English Premier League and German Bundesliga) qualify for four seats.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Sets in places 4—6 receive three places.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Sets in places 7—15 receive two places.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Series ranked 16 and down from that will receive one spot.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The league's ranking in UEFA comparison also determines how many teams from the league qualify directly to the group stage as well as in which qualifying round they enter.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

For example, three of the top three leagues on the list qualify directly to the group stage and the fourth to the final qualifying round, while the lowest-ranked teams only get one team for the pre-qualifying round played before the three actual qualifying rounds.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The league winners of all UEFA countries qualify at least to qualify for the Champions League, as the runner-up spot was also awarded in 2007 to Andorra and San Marino, which previously did not have it.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

There is no participant from Liechtenstein, because there is no league playing in the country at all, but only the cup.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

A total of 32 teams enter this part of the Champions League Series, which will be divided into eight groups of four teams.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the blocks, a double regular season is played, meaning six matches per team.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The top two teams proceed to the playoff stage.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The third-placed teams qualify for the third round of the Europa League and the last-placed teams are relegated away.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The 16 teams that qualify for the play-off stage are divided into pairs by lottery, followed by a cup format played all the way up to the final.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Each pair plays two matches between each other (home match and away match) where, based on goal difference, the better team qualifies for an extension.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

With goal difference tied, the so-called away goal rule, that is, the team that has scored more goals in an away match wins.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

If this does not make a difference, an overtime and a penalty shoot-out if necessary will be played.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The final is a one-leg match played on neutral ground, the winner of which wins the Champions League.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

History Initial impetus In the early years of the 1950s, playing football under artificial lighting was a rare treat.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the summer of 1953, the first artificial light fixtures were installed at Wolverhampton Wanderers' home stadium at Molineux.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

For the first time, artificial lighting was tested when Wolverhampton played a friendly match against a crew assembled from South Africa's best players.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the following months, Wolves played a series of friendlies facing other foreign club teams: first Argentine Racing Club and then Moscow Spartak, as well as Hungarian club Honvéd.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The latter match was televised live by the BBC.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Honved's team featured many Hungarian footballers who had twice humiliated the England national team.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Wolves won the match 3—2, and as a result of this, their manager Stan Cullis declared their team to be world champions.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

This was the final excitement for Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe magazine, who had been campaigning for a tournament of European club teams played under artificial lighting for a long time.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the spring of 1955, UEFA decided to organise a competition for club teams like the one Hanot had dreamed of in the following season.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1955—1960 — Real Madrid control The first five European Cups were under the sovereign control of Real Madrid.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the late 1950s Manchester United and some Italian teams were somewhat capable of putting gags in the stroller of the “royals”, but the 1958 Munich plane crash, as well as Real's revolutionary style of play, guaranteed that no proper match could be found for them at any point.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The era of Real Madrid dominance culminated in 1960 with the European Cup Final played at Glasgow's Hampden Park, where Real Madrid defeated Eintracht Frankfurt by numbers 7—3 in front of the cameras of the BBC and other European television broadcasters, as well as 135,000 onlookers present.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1961—1966 — Benfica, Milan, Internazionale and Real Madrid Real Madrid finished runners-up in the first round of the European Cup 1961 after losing to their blood nemesis Barcelona.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Barça progressed all the way to the final played at Bern's Wankdorf Stadium, where they nevertheless lost to Lisbon club Benfica by goals 3—2.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The following season, skippered by Mozambican Mario Coluna and the “Pearl of the Black”, Eusébio regained their European Cup victory by defeating Real Madrid 5—3 in the final played at Amsterdam's Olympic Stadium.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Benfica also reached the final the following year, but lost to Milan by goals 2—1.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the following two years, victory was taken by fellow Milanese team Internazionale, who in 1964 and 1965 blanketed Real Madrid and Benfica in the final matches.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

However, the 1965 European Cup has gone down more in history since the semi-final match that ended in Inter's 3—0 home win against Liverpool and the bribery suspicions that swirled around it.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Inter's winning run came to an end in the 1966 semi-finals with its loss to Real Madrid, who were already taking the sixth European Cup win in their history after defeating Belgrade club Partizan by numbers 2—1 in the final played in Brussels.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

This time, Real's line-up consisted entirely of Spanish players while still in the magical team of the 1950s had played foreign stars like Alfredo Di Stéfano and Ferenc Puskás.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The only player who had been on the verge of winning all six European cup titles was Francisco Gento.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1967—1968 — Two British champions In 1967, Celtic became the first European Cup winner in the entire British Isles when they defeated Inter in the final, played at the Estádio Nacional in the vicinity of Lisbon, against Inter's reading 2—1 against all preseason expectations.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Noteworthy, all of the players in Celtic's team, later known as the Lisbon Lions (“Lions of Lisbon”), had been born no more than 40 miles from the club's home stadium, Glasgow's Celtic Park.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In 1968, Manchester United became the first English team to win the European Cup when they won the final that went into overtime against Benfica in London at Wembley by numbers 4—1.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Even if Manchester United scored three goals in overtime, Benfica would have won the match had Eusebio not squandered the vacancy in the very last seconds of actual game time.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1969—1973 — Mainly dominated by the Dutch Next team in the Eurofields era emerged as Amsterdam-based Ajax, who still in 1969 had to be humbled 4—1 in the final to Milan, and the following year saw their blood nemesis Feyenoord take the winning jug home.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

However, after this, practiced by Ajax's Johan Cruijff, Barry Hulshoff, Ruud Krol, Johan Neeskens, Arie Haan, Gerrie Mühren and Piet Keizer, the total football (total voetbal) later emerged as a trademark of Dutch football by coach Rinus Michels European pitches for no less than three consecutive years, defeating Athenian Panathinaikos, Inter and Juventus alike in the finals.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Ajax were the unbeaten team on the Euro pitches until earlier, following Michels' move to Barcelona in 1973, Cruijff followed suit.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Later, outdated from its crews, Ajax still lost Neeskens from its ranks.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1974—1976 — Bayern Munich season After Ajax in the mid-1970s, the place of Europe's number one club team was taken by Bayern Munich, a Bavarian club.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Bayern won the European Cup three times in a row.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the final matches were relegated to Atlético Madrid (in the rematch), Leeds and Saint-Étienne.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Others who played in the crew included Franz Beckenbauer, Sepp Maier, Gerd Müller, Uli Hoeness and Paul Breitner.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Bayern had developed its own, more disciplined and tougher version of total football.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

These, after all, remained Bayern's last victories in the European Cup.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1977—1984 — In command of the English, of the eight European Cups in 1977—1984, as many as seven went to English teams.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In 1977, Liverpool began a six-year-long winning run of English club teams.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1977 Liverpool defeated Borussia Mönchengladbach in the final, and repeated their trick the following year as well, defeating in the final this time the Belgian champion Club Brugge.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In 1979, Liverpool lost in the first round of the European Cup to another English team, Nottingham Forest, clearing their way to no less than the final played at Munich's Olympic Stadium.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the final came against Malmö, who had to deflect to Nottingham with goals 1—0.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Like Liverpool, Nottingham renewed their European Cup title the following year by beating Madrid in a final campaign played at the Santiago Bernabéu a hamburg.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In 1981 Liverpool made a return to the top caste of the Eurofields by defeating Real Madrid in the final played in Paris.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The win was Liverpool's third in European Cup history.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The following year, the winning run of English teams was continued by Aston Villa, who blanketed Bayern Munich in the final played in Rotterdam.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1983 saw the first European Cup final in seven years where neither of the teams were from England.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Hamburg defeated Juventus 1—0.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The following year, however, Liverpool came back again tougher, and took the cup to their name with a penalty shot race in the settled final against Roma at the team's home stadium, Stadio Olimpico.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In 1985, the final played at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels faced Juventus and Liverpool.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Juventus won the match 1—0 by goals, but the greatest attention was focused on the riot that claimed the lives of 39 people, which began after Liverpool's fanatical supporters attacked Juventus fans.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

As a result, English teams were excluded from Eurocup games for five years, and Liverpool for six years.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

(See: Heysel Stadium accident) From Britain, therefore, only Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish clubs were involved.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1986—1988 — Bucharest, Porto and PSV When the English teams that dominated European club competitions for almost a whole decade were under wraps, the power relations on the euro fields completely renewed and fresh winds blew at the top.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the 1986 final they faced Steaua Bucharest of Romania and Barcelona.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The struggle, which ended in a goalless draw after playing time at Sánchez Pizjuán in Sevilla, was taken to his name by Steaua in the penalty shootout.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In 1987, Porto won the cup as the first Portuguese team in over 25 years.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the final, Bayern Munich went down with goals 2—1.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The following year in the final were head-to-head PSV and Benfica.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The settlement stretched again to a penalty shootout, which was won by PSV.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1989—1992 — After a 20-year break with Milan, Belgrade Red Star and Barcelona, Milan returned to winning the European Cup, who toppled Steaua Bucharest at Barcelona's Camp Nou with a reading 4—0.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Milan also renewed their cup win the following season, when Benfica were relegated in the final.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The 1991 final between Red Star and Marseille again ended in a goalless draw.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In a penalty shootout, victory was taken by a Yugoslav team, only shortly before the federation began to disintegrate into smaller states.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

For the same season, the five-year cap of English teams had expired, but the reigning English League champions Liverpool were unable to enter the competition due to a specially imposed additional penalty (one year).


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The last European cup was played in the 1991—92 season.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In the final, played at Wembley, Barcelona defeated Sampdoria 1—0 in overtime.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

1992 — From European Cup to Champions League For the 1992—93 season, the playing system of the highest competition for European club teams was radically changed so that before the actual cup-shaped stage, a group stage is played.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

The name of the competition was also changed to Champions League.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

In 2010, the final was first played on a Saturday, when finals day until then had been a Wednesday.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

[1] Records and statistics Championships by club During the history of the tournament, the final has been played a total of six times between teams from the same country: between Spaniards in 2000, 2014 and 2016, Italians in 2003, by the English in 2008 and the Germans in 2013.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

[2] Players Most Goals Updated July 9, 2018.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

[3] The table excludes goals scored during the qualifying phase of the competition.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Active players in bold.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Most matches Updated 28 June 2017.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

[4] The table excludes matches played during the qualifying phase of the competition.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Active players in bold.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

See also List of Finns who played in the Football Champions League List of players who have won the Football Champions League List of players who scored the most goals in a season in the Champions League List of matches played by Finnish teams in football Eurocups UEFA Performance table of teams that played in the Champions League Sources On topic elsewhere.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

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Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who won UCL in 1977?

Champions League

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Cereals are seed plants belonging to grasses (Poaceae or Gramineae) which are grown or cultivated for their nutritional seeds, or grains.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Botanically, the grains are dry, single-seeded achenes.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Grain is the world's most important nutritional resource, as it is grown on Earth more than any other group of dietary plants.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

It also gives people more nutrition than any other group of nutrients.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

In some developing countries, poor people eat almost solely grain.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

In developed countries, grain accounts for a smaller share of human nutrition, but still significant.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Although there are differences in different types of cereals, their cultivation in principle is quite similar.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

All are annual grasses: with one sowing, one crop is obtained.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

There are often two types of cereals in cold regions: September and spring cereals.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Most of the nutritional content of cereals is carbohydrate, but they also contain a significant amount of protein, although its amino acid composition is not optimal for human nutrition.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Whole grain cereals is a good source of fiber, some useful fatty acids, vitamins and other trace elements.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

[1] The history of growing wheat from cereals goes back the longest: its cultivation is considered to have begun as early as 10,000 years ago.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Cultivation of cereals Spring cereals The benefits of spring cereals are that potential tillage can be done in spring, when land erosion does not occur in winter, or it is significantly less pronounced.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

[2] The downside is that in dry early summers the yield of spring cereals is inferior to that of autumn cereals.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

[3] Autumn Cereals The benefits of autumn cereals are that in dry early summers the harvest is better than that of spring cereals.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

[3] Autumn cereals become threshed faster than spring cereals, because a sufficient amount of heat can be recovered more quickly, as there is no need to wait for the field to dry out.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

The disadvantage is greater erosion compared to spring cereals, as possible tillage needs to be done in autumn [2] and winter yields loss.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Cereals Well-known varieties of spring cereals Spring wheat: Quarna, Demonstrant and Anniina Spring Rye: Juuso and Rogo Known autumn cereal varieties Autumn wheat: Ceylon, Skagen and Sw Magnifik Sep rye: Reetta, Kws Livado, Dankowskie Agat and Su Performer Sep barley: Matros Cereals Of the twelve most important crops in the world today, five are cereals: wheat, corn, rice, barley and sorghum.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

These five grain species provide more than half of the nutritional energy at mankind's disposal.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Cereals can be divided into two groups, depending on what is their main purpose of use.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Some of the cereals are used directly for human consumption, mainly bread cereals, while some are mainly used for animal feeding, i.e. feed cereals.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Bread cereals include wheat and rye, while maize, barley and oats are used more as feed cereals.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

The food crisis that has rocked the world since 2008 has been caused by the replacement of food derived from plants, especially cereals, by food of animal origin, rising oil prices and a lack of funding to support farming.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

[4] If the whole world's grain crop were to be used only to feed people, the grain crop would be sufficient to feed all mankind perfectly.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

However, more than half of the world's grain crop is used for animal feed.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

In this case, its efficiency as human consumption drops, for example, in cattle to a tenth compared to that of human consumption of cereals as such.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Finnish cereals in Finland are mainly cultivated four types of cereals, namely barley (30% of cultivated area), oats (20%), wheat (6%) and rye (1%).


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

These areas, average yields per hectare and total yields in 2017 were as follows [5]: wheat 194,300 hectares, 4,130 kg/ha, total 802.0 million kg barley 358,300 hectares, 4,070 kg/ha, total 1,460.1 million kg oats 269,500 hectares, 3,760 kg/ha, for a total of 1,013.9 million kg rye 28,900 hectares, 3,920 kg/ha, a total of 113.5 million kg Although rye is an essential part of the Finnish diet, its willingness to grow is today weakened by the risk of cultivation.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Rye must be sown early (at the turn of August-September), so its pre-crop must be threshed early.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

In wet summers, rye sowing may cause compaction of arable land, adversely affecting both the growing condition of the land and the expected yields.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

In addition, its wintering depends on winter weather conditions.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Of the Finnish grain species, wheat and rye are counted as bread cereals, oats and barley as feed cereals according to their main use.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

In Finland, 80 per cent of rye, 39 per cent of wheat, 6 per cent of oats and less than 1 per cent of barley are used for human consumption.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

In this context, the use of cereals, mainly barley, for malt has not been counted as human consumption.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Finnish cereals use 76 per cent of oats, 62 per cent of barley, 44 per cent of wheat and 0.2 per cent of rye.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Rye's completely non-existent feed use is due to its poor suitability for animal consumption.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Fodder maize is also grown in Finland, but its share of arable land is very small.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Admittedly, the proportion of maize is projected to increase with climate change.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Although climatic conditions in the future would favour Finland as a maize growing area, a barrier to cultivation is its poor adaptation to the length of the day.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Maize requires more dark hours per day than Finland has during the growing season.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Maize is most commonly harvested in Finland for feed.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

In this case, the entire above-ground crop is harvested from corn.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Grain species of cereals, approximately in order of annual production: wheat or bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), temperate climate main grain rice (Oryza sativa), tropical climate main grain maize (Zea mays), North and South America and Africa's most used cereals; a lot including livestock as fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare), also sorghum used as malted barley (Sorghum bicolor), in Africa rye (Secale cereale), cold climate oats (Avena sativa), in cool crops and much also as livestock feed tephhe (Eragrostis tef), common in Ethiopia, but is rarely grown elsewhere in Native American rice (Zizania aquatica) spelt wheat (Triticum spelta), a close relative of wheat durum wheat (Triticum durum), a close relative of wheat grown predominantly in Mediterranean countries and used especially for making pastes for grain millet i.e. Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Italian pantahay or cob millet (Setaria italica) pearl millet, or Negro millet (Pennisetum glaucum) feather millet (Pennisetum sp.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

), Africa and Asia Occasionally, a few crops belonging to tribes other than grasses are sometimes included in cereals.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Such are buckwheat, quinoa and amaranth.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

However, they do not meet the definition of cereals, so they are so-called pseudo- or false cereals.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

There is also often talk of legumes, which refer to some cultivated pea crops, but even these do not meet the definition of cereals.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

The cereals in the name referred more to their nature as crops.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Cereals as an export product The total crop of cereals in Finland is approximately 3.5 to 4 billion kilograms, of which 400 to 600 million kilograms are exported to the world in a normal year.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Most exports are oats, which are exported, among other things, to the United States for horse feed.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

Barley is exported to Saudi Arabia, Syria and North Africa for feed use.


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

[6] Trace element content Trace element and vitamin B losses are highest in white wheat flour (table).


Question: How many parts are there in the grain?

Cereals

[7] Trace element content in flour compared to whole grain (unenriched flour): Sources * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The United States Marine Corps ([1], abbreviation USMC) is one of the five defense branches of the United States Armed Forces.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

It is, along with the United States Navy, responsible for the defense of the nation's maritime borders and large-scale landings in military operations [2] as well as guarding all U.S. embassies around the world [3].


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

It employs a total of about 182,000 people, of whom about 38,500 are in the reserve.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Women make up 7.1% of Marines.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

[4] History The 19th century United States Marine Corps was formed on November 10, 1775 from Colonial Marines who served in the American Revolutionary War.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

On November 28, 1775, Samuel Nicholas was appointed the first commandant of the Marine Corps, and in December a total of about 300 soldiers served in the Marine Corps.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

When the Revolutionary War ended in 1783 with the victory of the colonies and recognition of American independence, the Colonial Marines were disbanded.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

All 131 officers and more than 2,000 of the soldiers lost their places while serving in the Marine Corps.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The institution was not revived until 1798, when the United States Congress established the Department of the Navy for the United States Navy.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

In 1800, the Marine Corps, under its second commandant, William Ward Burrows, moved its offices to the United States capital, Washington, where the Marine Corps Headquarters is now located.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The first war outside U.S. borders for the Marines was the First Barbary War between 1801 and 1805.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Led by General William Eaton and Ensign Presley O'Bannon, the Marines settled the course of the war in the United States' favour at the Battle of Derna in 1805, and the ultimately weakened Ottoman Empire was forced to surrender to the United States.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

In March 1811, the Marines established the United States peacetime first naval base in the state of Georgia, but the base was abandoned two years later in 1813.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The Marines' first ground battle was fought in the War of 1812 at Sackets Harbor in New York State.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

In the War of 1812, Marines also served in Colonel Winfield Scott's surprise attack on the Canadian side, as well as in General Andrew Jackson's defensive line defeating the invasion of the English in the harbor of New Orleans.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

In 1817, President Jackson ordered the Marines to invade the soil of Florida, which had belonged to Spain, and the United States seized control of East Florida.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

After the War of 1812, the decline of the Marine Corps began.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Third Commandant Franklin Wharton died in the middle of his tenure and the fourth officeholder Anthony Gale was dismissed over allegations of incompetence and alcoholism.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

In 1820, Archibald Henderson was appointed 5th Commandant of the Marine Corps, and he served in the post for 39 years, longer than any other commandant.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Under Henderson, the Marines conducted expeditions in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Sumatra, and his actions blocked President Jackson's proposal to incorporate the Marines into the U.S. Land Forces.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Thanks to Henderson, Congress passed a proposal in 1834 to transfer the Marine Corps under the Department of the Navy.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Henderson was also at the head of two Marines during the Mexican—American War between 1846 and 1848, in which Marines and ground forces occupied Chapultepec Castle near the town of México.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Henderson died in the middle of his tenure in 1859, but today he is among the most prominent figures in the Marine Corps by virtue of his accomplishments.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

In the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865, Marines served on both the Union and Confederate sides.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

After the Civil War, the Marine Corps returned to its role as the Independent Defense Branch of the Armed Forces, and beginning in 1864, the 7th Commandant of the Marine Corps was Jacob Zeilin.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Under Zeilin, the United States Marine Corps adopted its own seal, official anthem, as well as its Latin motto semper fidelis, or “always faithful”, on the basis of which the conductor of the Marine Corps, John Philip Sousa, composed the official march of the Marine Corps of the same name in 1869.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

In the 1898 Spanish—American War, the Marines made their first large-scale landings by occupying colonies under Spanish rule in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, and the Marines also established the Guantanamo Bay naval base on Cuban soil.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

From the 20th century to the early 20th century, the Marines participated in U.S. military interventions in many of Latin America's poor banana states, including the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Honduras.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The Marines' first major involvement in the war effort in the 20th century, however, was in World War I, when the United States joined the Circum-Powers side in 1917.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Around the time of joining the Circum-Powers, there were 511 officers and 13,214 soldiers serving in the Marine Corps, but by the end of the war, male strength had already risen to 2400 officers and 70,000 soldiers.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

[5] The Marines participated in ground combat in Europe, mostly on French and German soil, and their victory over the Germans near the Marne in 1918 was among the largest battles in Marine Corps history.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

It has been claimed that the Germans' nickname for the Marines was Teufelshunde, meaning “devil dogs”, but in reality it is an urban legend.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

[6] After the end of World War I, the military activities of the United States Marine Corps were moved along the 1930s to the Pacific, as the Empire of Japan had adopted an imperialist policy of expansion and Navy Minister Frank Knox believed that the military might of Japan would be a serious threat to US security.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

In December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered World War II on the Allied side and the Marines were mobilized to the Pacific.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Marine Corps activities played a crucial role in the conduct of the Pacific War, and the Marines participated in the battles of Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa, among others.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Marine male casualties in World War II were the highest in its history: nearly 87000 men were downed or wounded [7], and 2274 were made prisoners of war by the Axis powers [8].


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

After the end of the war, approximately 485,000 men served in the Marine Corps and was organized into six divisions.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The end of World War II with the Allied victory and the collapse of Imperial Japan's military might enabled Marines to operate in Southeast Asia, including Taiwan, Laos, Thailand, and South Vietnam.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

In the Korean War, which began in 1950, the United States Marine Corps, under General Douglas MacArthur, made an invasion of the city of Incheon, which had come under the control of the Korean People's Army, which had occupied the Republic of Korea.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The invasion allowed supply lines for the North Koreans to be cut and within the next week the city was under United Nations control.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The Korean People's Army soldiers fell into turmoil and the Marines followed them until the Jalu Beach Crash, where the Chinese People's Liberation Army arrived in support of the DPRK and the Marines retreated to the inter-Korean border at the 38th parallel.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

For the Marines, one of the most important battles of the war took place in Changjin, where the retreating Marines inflicted heavy male losses on the People's Liberation Army.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

Marine Corps male losses in the Korean War were estimated at 30,000 men killed or wounded.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

[9] When the war was resolved to an armistice in 1953, a total of 261,000 men served in the Marine Corps.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The Marine Corps also played a significant role in the Vietnam War, where it participated in the battles of Đà Nang, Huế and Khe Sanh.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

All Marines disembarked from Vietnam in 1971, but later in 1975 Marines were sent to evacuate U.S. Embassy personnel from Saigon as the North Vietnamese People's Army entered the city.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

The Marines lost a total of 14836 downed in the Vietnam War.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

[10] With the defeat in the Vietnam War, the Marine Corps no longer participated in large-scale maneuvers, but did participate in the landings in the 1983 occupation of Grenada and the 1989 occupation of Panama.


Question: What were the losses on the Allied side in the battles in the Caribbean Sea?

United States Marine Corps

A 1983 suicide bomb attack on U.S. parades in Beirut killed 241 soldiers from the Marines.