Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The fauna includes frogs, lizards, turtles, snakes, bats, and birds.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Except for a few endemic species, the nature is very similar to that of Indonesia and Malaysia, where the island's vegetation and animals originate from the beginning.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

New species have been introduced to the island, not only with the participation of European explorers, but 3500 years ago, when the first humans colonized the island, bringing with them pigs and dogs, among others.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Due to the new species, some rare species became extinct.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Of the mammal species in Fiji, only six bats are native, the others being later imported.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The island's bats include, for example, the ten-centimeter Notopteris macdonaldi and the endemic species Mirimiri acrodonta twice the size of this size.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Among other things, the Indian little mangusti has been introduced to the island in 1883 to hunt rats destroying sugar field crops, but it switched to eating birds and reptile eggs.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Europeans also brought with them a goat and involuntarily a house mouse, as well as a big and black rat.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[8] Of Fiji's 57 bird species, less than half (26) are endemic, among them Myzomela chermesina and Fijian whisper.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

There are about 23 species of seabirds.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Despite their flying ability, some birds have been restricted to only one or two islands.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Some invasive bird species introduced from abroad have taken over ecological compartments of native species, driving them more crowded.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Such is, for example, courtyards.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Bird banding is a very popular leisure pastime in Fiji.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[9] Lizards living in Fiji include Lepidodactylus gardineri, which lives on the island of Rotuma, and the endangered Brachylophus vitiensis and Brachylophus fasciatus.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[10] A total of 27 reptile species have been found on the islands, the vast majority of which are lizards, but Fiji is also home to a few species of land and sea snakes, such as the Ogmodo vitianus living on the island of Viti Levu.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Of the two species of snakes living on land, one is not venomous at all, and the other, despite its strong venom, is quite harmless as it cannot, due to its weak jaw, open its mouth open enough to bite a human.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[11] Reptiles found in Fiji also include five species of sea turtle, namely the sea-skin turtle, south bastardic turtle, broth turtle, fake caret turtle and caret turtle.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

They are preyed upon for meat, and their eggs are a popular food source.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Hunting turtles less than 46-centimetres is prohibited, but because they become sexually mature only when larger, the ban does not work effectively.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[11] Introduced in 1936, the agakonna has become a major nuisance for the island's native frog species, which you see now only deep in the forest and rarely there too.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[11] 45% of Fiji's land area is covered by forest, one third of which, or 2530km², is commercially exploited.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The most forested areas are concentrated in windward areas of the mountains as grassland grows on the ledge side.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Plenty of mangrove trees and coconut palms grow along the coast.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

87.9% of the land area is owned by the indigenous population and 3.9% by the state.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[12] 1596 plant species have been identified from Fiji, of which about 60% are endemic.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[13] The red- and white-flowered creeper plant Medinilla waterhousei, called Tagimaucia, is found only in Fiji and there only on Taveuni Island around the lake of the same name and on the southern tip of Vanua Levi Island at Mt.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

On the upper slope of Mount Seatura.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[4] [14] It is also the national plant of the state.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

31 species of coconut palms, several fern plants and robust oatwood forests (dakua) grow on the island, whose trees are much used in the furniture industry along with high-strength trees of the genus “Casuarina”.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Non is used a lot as a medicinal plant.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[13] The main threats to nature are forest logging and pollution.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Soil erosion is promoted by poor location of areas selected for farming, as well as poor methods used in agriculture.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Rains also play a part in erosion.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Current climate change poses a serious threat to all small island nations in the Pacific, so too Fiji, because of rising sea levels.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[4] Climate Earth's climate is a tropical marine climate, so the air is warm and both daily and annual temperature changes extremely small.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Average daytime temperatures during the year range from 20 to 29°C and nightly temperatures range from around 18 to 20°C.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[15] The lowest temperature ever measured is 12°C and the highest is 36°C.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The annual rainfall measured in the capital Suva is just under 305 centimetres.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

In sheltered areas, annual rainfall is markedly lower, around 178cm, and temperatures about a degree higher than on the wind side.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[15] Up to six metres of water can rain in the mountains during the year.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[15] The rainfall is very evenly distributed throughout the months, with about 16 rainy days each month, although only 11 in July.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[4] [16] The annual cyclone season runs between November and April, [4] when it is also the warmest.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[12] The largest number of cyclones occur between January and February.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

On average, in one decade, Fiji has ten to twelve cyclones.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Storms in the season can be so strong that they wreak havoc on crops and other property.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Fatalities are also possible.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[4] There are two or three cyclones this bad in ten years.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Best protected from cyclones are the southern and eastern parts of the country.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[15] The pasate winds blowing from the east are breezy at all times of the year and are at most medium in intensity.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

History Time before the arrival of Europeans The first signs of Fijian settlement date back to the 1220s BCE.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

or earlier, when the Vanuatuan Lapita tribesmen arrived on the islands, bringing with them pig and food crops, among other things.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

However, no pottery finds referring to them have been made from the later period of their entry.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[17] Over time, they migrated to Tonga and Samoa, establishing a Polynesian culture.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[18] Two types of pottery have been found from this period, but it is uncertain whether the pottery tells of a whole new culture that migrated to the island or merely a cultural change caused by a small group of newcomers.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[18] The Lapitans called the island Viti, from which the English name of the state originated, according to the story, when Captain James Cook misinterpreted the pronunciation of the islanders as Fiji.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[17] Widespread legend claims that the first Fijians would have come from Tanzanian Tanganyika.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

After the Lapitans, the islands were inhabited by Melanesians who made their living by fishing and lived apparently lemmingly.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The population went into strong growth around the 5th century BCE, as more Melanesians migrated to the islands.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

At the same time, Fijians began to engage in farming based on cascades.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[17] In the deltas formed on the marshes of larger rivers, the land was already rich in nutrients and much settlement was concentrated in river marshes.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[18] The increase in population numbers increased intertribal conflicts and wars.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Cannibalism became more common with the wars, and protective walls were built around villages.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Around the year 1000, Samoans and Tongans began attacking the Fijians.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The attacks continued right up until the arrival of Europeans.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

In a traditional Fijian tribe, the leader was chosen based on what his kinship was like and what he had achieved in his life.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Different tribes (mataqali) entered into alliances with each other, and villages may even be united and still seceded again due to eripura.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[18] The arrival of Europeans The first European to discover the islands was the Dutchman Abel Tasman in 1643.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

He described the archipelago as treacherous in terms of sailing, and Europeans did not acquaint themselves with the islands until James Cook visited the Lau island of Vatoa in 1774.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[17] Europeans were suspected by the shallows, but also by cannibalism on the islands.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

As knowledge of the area's sandalwood and marine sausages spread, traders ventured there.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Sandalwood was valued in Europe and Asia for its good aroma.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Its trade was first in the hands of the Tongans, but Oliver Slater, who was rescued from the shipwreck of the ship Argo, discovered the sandalwood of the Tongans who lived in eastern Fiji and reported their whereabouts to other Europeans.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The Tongans lost ground when Europeans began trading directly with the Fijians.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

In exchange, they provided gunpowder, muskets, metal tools, clothing and tobacco.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The exploitable sandalwood ran out in 1813, but the consequences of the trade became apparent even after Fijian tribes began to engage in increasingly bloody clashes with each other, using firearms.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

With the end of sandalwood, sea sausage became the next selling point, but even it was only traded for a couple of decades (until the 1850s).


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[19] Commerce was fiercest in the eastern part of Viti Levu, and the chief of Bau gained plenty of power with it.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Chief Seru Epenisa Cakobau was at the height of his power in the 1850s, although his rule did not actually reach all of Fiji.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The Tongans, led by Enele Ma'afu, conquered Vanua Balavu from the northern part of the Lau island group, and by the end of the decade the Tongans had taken control of the eastern parts of the island group.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[19] More and more Europeans moved to the island all the time, which destabilized the political climate.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Europeans had tried from the beginning to end cannibalism and convert Fijians to Christianity.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The conversion proceeded weakly at first until Cakobau reluctantly embraced the Methodism preached by John Wesley in 1854.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Catholics and Protestants also preached in favour of their own interpretation of Christianity.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Christianity gained a firm foothold, and Methodism is today the largest denomination in the state.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[20] [21] Colonial period When Seru Epenisa Cakobau pursued the position of King of Fiji, he received the support of over 3000 Europeans for his kingship and signed a treaty on 10 October 1874, on the basis of which Fiji was transformed into a British colony.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[22] Cakobau made an official visit to Australia.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Cakobau returned home on HMS Dido in 1875 and brought with him to the then capital, Levuka, measles from which he himself survived, but 69 local chiefs as well as more than a fifth of the island nation's population, or 40000 people, are reported to have died of the disease.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[23] Between 1879 and 1916 60000 Indians were brought to Fiji to work on European-owned sugar plantations, dating back to the island's Hindi language.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The right to vote was only for indigenous people until 1904, when Europeans were granted the right to stand for election.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The Indians obtained a corresponding right in 1929.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The traditional hierarchy was broken for good in 1963, when women won the right to stand.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[21] Time of Independence The islands were granted independence on October 10, 1970.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

However, the dominion of Fiji continued to belong to the commonwealth realm and the country's head of state was Queen Elizabeth II of Britain.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

There were two military coups in 1987, both led by Sitiveni Rabuka.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The background was the tensions between the original Fijians and the Fijini Indians.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The indigenous population felt threatened by a growing segment of Indian origin, and by that time both groups were in almost equal numbers.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The first military coup began when elections in April saw the multinational Labour Party legitimately rise to power.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

In all previous voting years, the Federation Party, supported by the indigenous population, had come to power.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Rabuka and thousands of Federal Party supporters rose up in revolt and carried out a successful coup without loss of life.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The rebellion did not last more than one day.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Six months later, Rabuka froze the constitution and dissolved the government holding power.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

At the same time, he declared Fiji a Republic.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Governor-General Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau rose to the presidency, and the Federation Party leader Kamisese K. T. Mara was elected Prime Minister.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[24] A new constitution was drafted in January 1990 when Rabuka left his seat as Minister of the Interior and returned to military service.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The constitution was not egalitarian but favored ethnic Fijians at the expense of Fijini Indians.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

A rich enough population of Indian origin moved out of the country, driving Fiji's economy downhill but guaranteeing majority status for the indigenous population.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

In 1997, the constitution was amended to be more equitable, and the president-elect in the free 1999 election was a Fijian Indian.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[22] Coups Fijian nationalist George Speight put to action the following year with a coup d'état.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

His intention was that only an original Fijian should be as President and Prime Minister.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The coup was followed by widespread unrest that reduced tourism by 41 per cent.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[24] Speight and his supporters were imprisoned in 2000, and Laisenia Qarase rose to become prime minister of the interim government.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Speight's brother's previous father-in-law, Ratu Josefa Iloilo, rose to the presidency.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Speight was threatened with a death sentence, but he managed to commute it to lifelong imprisonment.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[25] Qarase was responsible for drafting a new constitution and holding new elections.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

He was elected Prime Minister in the 2001 elections, in which the Nationalist Fijian Unity Party he founded won 32 seats out of all 71 in Parliament.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

In his campaign, Qarase exploited a well-known fear of Fijini Indians.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

They lived in the country by 44% of the total population.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Nearly all ministers in the new government were indigenous in ethnic backgrounds, but in February 2002 the Supreme Court ordered the consideration of Fiji Indian representatives of the Fijian Labour Party in the cabinet composition as well.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[24] In May 2005, Prime Minister Qarase introduced a bill that would guarantee better justice for the Indian portion of the population and provide compensation to victims of human rights abuses.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[26] In a sign of slumping, he also set up a committee to investigate human rights violations committed between 2000 and 2005.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The proposals were received with contradiction.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The most criticism came from the fact that the proposal guaranteed exemption for the 2000 coup plotters.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Opponents also included Admiral Frank Bainimarama, [27] who accused the government elected in May 2006 of corruption and threatened with a military coup at the turn of November—December unless his demands were met.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

He said he wanted to purge the government.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

After the coup, Bainimarama took the office of president for himself, but gave it back in January 2007 to Josefa Iloilo, who made Bainimarama prime minister.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Bainimarama declared the country a state of emergency because Qarase, sent to exile on his home island, returned to the capital Suva in September 2007.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Bainimarama speculated he was trying to destabilize the country.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Under a state of emergency, authorities have the power to detain people without charge.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[28] The country is still under a military government in 2009 and the political climate is tense.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Among other things, the military has tried to end the Fiji Times, the country's largest newspaper, as “uncooperative.”


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[29] Elections had been scheduled for March 2009, but Bainimarama moved them, citing that the electoral system should be changed to be more equitable towards all ethnic groups.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[30] The holding of the elections was further postponed when President Iloilo announced that he had annulled the Constitution and stood for head of the state.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The backdrop was a court ruling on the illegitimacy of the interim government and a recommendation that new elections be held.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Iloilo said it would call new elections within five years.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[31] In the autumn of 2009, the Commonwealth decided to separate Fiji because the ad hoc government was unable to hold democratic elections.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[32] The Commonwealth returned membership following the September 2014 election.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[22] Politics and Administration Politics The head of state of Fiji is the president who, according to the 1997 Constitution, is elected by the Grand Council of Chiefs for a term of five years.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

After the 2006 revolution, the constitution was repealed, and in 2009 the interim government appointed Epeli Nailatikau as president.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[33] Fiji has had four coups since 1987.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The most recent was made against Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase in December 2006.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

In it, power was taken by the commander of the army, Frank Bainimarama.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

After the appeals court found hijacking illegal in 2007, the Temporary Desire repealed the constitution in 2009 and ruled the country by decrees.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

All judges were dismissed, but some were reappointed by decree and additional judges were brought in from Sri Lanka.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

At the same time, martial law was declared allowing censoring of the press.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[33] In September 2013, a new constitution was confirmed and elections were held in September 2014.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Before them, Bainimarama founded the Fiji First party, which won the election and Bainimarama went from military leader at its leadership to civilian prime minister.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[22] Fijian politics is dominated by several parties, many of which are so small that without electoral alliances they would not be able to do well in the polls for larger ones.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[34] In the 2014 elections, Bainimarama's party FijiFirst gained 32 seats, the Social-Democratic Liberal Party (Sodelpa) 15 seats and the National Federation Party (NFP) three seats.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[35] The administration of Fiji is divided into four parts (engl.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

division): [36] Central Division (central part; capital Suva) Northern Division (northern part; capital Labasa) Eastern Division (eastern part; capital Levuka) Western Division (western part; capital Lautoka) Rotuma Island north of the archipelago is in dependency status Relative to Fiji.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[36] Economy Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific archipelagos, but even there a large proportion live in self-sufficiency and a quarter of the population lives below the poverty line.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Today, the main sources of income for the state are sugar and fishing.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Each year, around 400,000 to 500,000 tourists visit Fiji.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Fijian sugar has a pre-eminence on the European Union market.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Thus, the EU's decision to cut subsidies for sugar farming will crucially complicate the Fijian economy.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Of industrial activity, a third is the further processing of sugar.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Military coups and a tense political climate have reduced the country's annual revenues by reducing tourism to the country and complicating commerce.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The European Union has frozen aid money to Fiji until a military government based in the country relinquishes power and a new government is elected.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Remittances from those employed in Kuwait and Iraq have also shrunk.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Low investment and vague landowning laws pose long-term problems for the country's economy.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[36] The most significant of the country's natural resources are the trees used in furniture.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Gold and copper have also been found on the islands.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Attempts have been made to search for oil in marine areas, too, but with lean results.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Hydropower and fish also count towards natural resources.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[36] Since independence, economic cycles in Fiji have fluctuated sharply.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

After independence, the first ten years were a period of economic growth (1970—75:5.9 %/year; 1976—80:3.9 %/year).


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

At the beginning of the next decade, high inflation was evident, especially as energy became more expensive, and the country fell three times into recession.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Economic growth of around 8.1% in 1986 reversed to decline again the following year due to a military coup, but in the following years right up to 1996, the economy grew at an average rate of 2.5% per year.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The Asian economic crisis drove the Fijian economy into a downturn, getting out of it in 1997 with just 1.4 per cent economic buddy.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

In the following year, the economy grew by 9.7% (7.8% when adjusted for inflation), in 2000, after a new military coup attempt, the economy went into a 2.9% decline, after which the economy has grown by 3% to 4% annually.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[37] The global economic crisis of 2009 reduced Fiji's passenger numbers by around 27% in January, but exports of raw materials increased by 18.6% in 2008.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Inflation stood at just 1.9% in February 2009, well below January's reading of 6.1% and the lowest since July 2006.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[38] According to the CIA's The World Factbook, Fiji's estimated gross domestic product in 2010 was US$3.131 billion (USD 3.869 billion when adjusted for purchasing power), or US$4400 per capita.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

About three-quarters of GDP comes from services, compared with a quarter of the combined share of industry and agriculture.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Agriculture, on the other hand, is the largest source of employment, employing 70% of the workforce.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

In 1999, 7.6 per cent of 137000 people of working age were unemployed.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[36] Traffic in Fiji has 28 airports.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

There are 597 miles of railway.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The main ports are Lautoka, Levuka and Suva.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[36] Population The two largest ethnic groups in Fiji are Fijians (57.3%) and Fijini Indians (37.6%), who were imported from India by the British as labour in the 19th century.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[33] The Constitution of Fiji guarantees freedom of religion.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Although there is no state church, the Fijian regime has been accused of establishing a state based on Christianity.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The major religions are Christianity (52%) and Hinduism (33%).


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

7% of the population are Muslims (predominantly Sunni).


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Other religions are represented by 5.3% of the population and non-religious are 0.3%.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The major trends in Christianity are Methodism (34.5% of the total population), Roman Catholicism (7.2%), Pentecostals (11%), and Adventists (6%).


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[36] The Constitution defines three official languages: English, which is a retract from the days of Britanna's rule, Fiji, spoken by ethnic Fijians, and Fijian Hindi, spoken by Fijini Indians.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[33] More than half of the population live in the capital Suva.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The rural population has clearly begun to migrate to the cities.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Today, the urbanization rate is about 50.7%.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[39] Many also move out of the country if economically feasible.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Some 40,000 have done so since the 1987 coup.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Today, around 4000—5000 residents are thought to move out of the country each year.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[21] Despite this, the population is growing by around 1.4% each year.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The expected lifespan is 73 for females and 68 years for men.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The female fertility rate (number of children born per one woman) is 2.65.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[36] Fiji does not have compulsory education, but most children now attend an eight-year primary school.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

It is followed by a five-year middle school to which is selected based on an entrance exam.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[40] There are about 700 primary schools in total, 150 middle schools.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Some of them are maintained by the state, some are maintained by religious communities.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[41] Culture The carbohydrate source of the traditional Fijian diet is usually taro, yams, sweet potatoes and manioc, but sometimes also breadfruit, banana or nuts.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The food habits of the different ethnic groups in Fiji are still different, although they have somewhat converged.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Fijians have learnt from the Indians the use of chili, nuisance breads, rice, vegetables and tea, while Indians have embraced eating taro and cassava, as well as drinking kava.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[42] Fijian music has gained some popularity worldwide thanks to musicians Laisa Vulakoro and Lagani Rabukawaqa, among others.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The culture of the indigenous people has been well preserved and is part of the daily life of the inhabitants.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The most famous of Fijian traditional dances is the meke, which combines dance and telling story song.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[43] Fiji's private press was known for its brisk writing, but as of 2009 it is under strict discipline.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Radio is an important source of information, especially in the outer islands.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[44] Sports Rugby is one of the most popular sports on the island, it is the country's unofficial national sport.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The Fiji rugby union national team has been quite successful given the small size of the country [45].


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The country's Rugby-7 team is the most successful in the world, having won two world championships [46].


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Golfer Vijay Singh has won three major tournaments, the PGA Championship twice and The Masters once [47].


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Fiji has participated in the Olympics a total of 15 times since the 1956 Games and its first medal, a gold, it won in Rugby-7 in 2016.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[48] [49] Fiji has won bronze in the Football OFC Nations Cup in 1998 and 2008 [50], but has not made it to the World Cup once.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

The team has been ranked 94th in the FIFA rankings at best.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

[51] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Timothy L. Gall & Jeneen M. Hobby (eds.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

) | title = Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Volume 4 Case & Oceania (12th edition) | publisher = Thomson Gale| year = 2007| id = ISBN 1-4144-1093-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Justine Vaisutis| title = Fiji| publisher = Lonely Planet| year = 2006| id = 2006| id = ISBN 978-1-74104- 288-7}} References on the topic elsewhere.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

UN state profile from Fiji.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

(in Finnish).


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

State profile on the Commonwealth page. Fiji Central Bureau of Statistics. Fijian nature-focused site.


Question: How is a coral atoll defined?

Fiji

Coordinates: Category:46 Australia, Oceania, Polar Countries * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

Kymijärvi [1] [2] is a lake located in Päijät-Häme, Lahti, between the central village of Lahti and the church village of Nastola, which belongs to the Kymijoki watershed.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

[2] [1] Geographical information The lake covers an area of 647 hectares, or 6.5 square kilometers.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

It is 6.4 miles long and 2.5 miles wide.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

Although the lake long, is its shoreline course meandering.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

The Sudenniemi, which protrudes from the north shore, is 650 metres long and divides the lake into the lake back and the three-kilometre Myllypohja.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

Between Sudenniemi and Niemelänniemi, there is a 1.2 kilometre wide and nearly kilometre long bay slightly protected by Talassaari at the mouth of the bay.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

In the middle of the southern shore of the lake lies the inhabited Hähniemi and the protected Haikkarinkärki at the southeast end.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

The Kynärönpohjuka at the eastern end has a landing ditch mouth.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

[2] [1] The lake has been calculated to have 13 islands.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

Their combined area is 3.2 hectares, which is about 0.49% of the total area of the lake.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

The largest island is Lammassaari, which is 200 meters long and has an area of more than 1.5 hectares.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

The island is protected in the same context as the Haikkarintip.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

The rest of the islands are less than an acre in size.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

They include Luoto and Kaunissaari, located north of Lammassaari, and Talassaari, located between Sudenniemi and Niemelänniemi.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

The other islands are over aar-sized islets located off the lake beach.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

[2] [1] The lake has been created and depth maps have been published.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

It has a volume of 18.4 million cubic meters, or 0.018 cubic kilometers.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

The average depth of the lake is 2.8 meters and the maximum depth is 10.1 meters.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

At the northwestern end of the lake there is a wide depth of nearly nine metres and in the middle of lake back north of Hähniemi lies the small Lapinkivki Deep [3], which contains the deepest point of the lake.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

[2] [1] The length of the lake's shoreline is 24.7 km, of which the total length of the islands' shoreline is 2.0 km.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

The beaches are mainly forest land violated by densely built settlements in the city of Lahti.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

In Koiskala, extensive fields extend all the way to the beach exclusion zone.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

Around Myllypohja there are settlements in the centre of Lahti, with highway 4 and the Lahti—Heinola railway line running through it.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

Highway 24 gets the bud at Myllypohja.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

Near the south shore of the lake, Highway 12 and Sub-Area Route 312 run side by side and many roads branch off the sub-road entering or off the shore of the lake.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

This is also the connection road 14087, which runs from the east side of the lake, turning from the stock of Kärkjärvi to its north side and intersecting with Highway 4 there and connecting road 14085.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

Around Myllypohja are Kaukkari, Järvenpää and Karisto in the Kolava district.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

On the southern shore of the lake are Nastolan Suppala, Villähde, Vanhakartano, Taavila and Kyynärä.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Kymijärvi

On the north shore there is still a solitary Tiiranmäki and on its western side the arable landscapes of the village of Kaiskala.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

[2] [1] [4] Natural values Kymijärvi belongs to the Kymijoki Gulf of Finland water management area and is classified as belonging to shallow low-humus lakes (mVh).


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Around the lake, the soil is variable.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The lake is bounded in the south by the edge formation of Salpauselä, formed of sand and moraine.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Elsewhere, the soils are sandy soils, gravel morene, sweaty and loam soils, and loam soils.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In 2013, the ecological status of the lake was avoidant according to the Finnish Environment Agency's water map [5].


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

For example, the lake is managed by a management fishery, where in particular roaches and breams are caught in the lake.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

[6] [7] [8] Water quality The water quality of the lake has been irregularly studied since 1966 and regularly since 1972.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

According to studies, recessions have occurred in the status classification of the lake during this period.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

There has been a marked deterioration in the visual depth of the water.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The visual depth used to be two metres on both sides, but in the 2010s the average was 1.4 metres during the summer period and 3.1 metres in winter time.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In recent years, visual depth has deteriorated to close to one meter.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Water color multiplies the amounts of contaminants dissolved in water, of which the humus content is the main value to be monitored.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In the 1960s and 1970s, the color number of water colours was no more than 20 mgpt/L.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Today, the color number is 35 mgpt/l in summer and 15 mgpt/l in winter.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The acidity level of the lake is close to neutral.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In winter, water acidity levels range from pH 6.8 to 6.9, but in summer the level rises to pH 7.7 to 7.8.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In summer, pH 8 is often exceeded, due solely to algae contact.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The alkality of the lake has only been measured a few times and is high, i.e. more than 0.4 mmol per litre of water, according to the results.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

High alkality means good buffer ability against acidification.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

[8] The lake should be regarded as a mildly lush or lush lake.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

During the 2010s summer period, total phosphorus concentrations have ranged from 30 to 40 micrograms per litre of water (µg/L) on average in surface water.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In winter, concentrations drop to an average value of 13—14 µg/L.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In deep underwater near the bottom, values rise above 100 µg/l.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

This is due to a drop in the oxygen content in the water, allowing nutrients precipitated in the sediments to dissolve back into the water to feed the algae.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Total nitrogen concentrations have averaged 640 µg/L during summers of the 2010s and 720 µg/L in winters.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The nutrients released cause algae at the upstream end of the water food chain to accelerate their growth.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Quantities of algae in water as measured in chlorophyll concentrations in the 2010s have been between 20 and 30 µg/L during the summer period, consistent with the situation of a highly eutrophicated lake.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

[8] Aquatic vegetation The aquatic vegetation of the lake was surveyed in 2013.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In connection with it, it was noticed that the turbidity of the water limits the growing depths of plants.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The border is located at a depth of 1.7—1.8 metres.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

While 32 plant species were detected in the inventory, the ocean species on the shores is lake reed.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The outer edge of the ruovikko is followed by the outer zone and further away there is a clearing zone.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In sheltered bays, lake reed, lake lane, and narrow-section coil are found.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

On the southern shores in the Salpausselä Groundwater Clarification Zone, beach loggia and benthic rosette species such as dark paste grass and seine grass, including uposleafed hayvitas and lignite grass.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The variety of lush bays is still Canadawater plague.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

[8] Fish stock and management fisheries The eutrophication of the lake is fought by management fishing away from it for nutrients in the form of fish.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Although management fisheries may be selective, some overview of the lake's fish population is provided.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

It has been practiced since 1995 on seine, rye and katiska.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Each seine fishing session has caught tens of thousands of kilograms of fish, so there is plenty of fish.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The maximum catch removed by management fisheries of 50000 kilograms was obtained in 1996.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

In seine fisheries, roach is the predominant species, which is about 40% measured in biomass.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Other species of fish have included perch, which had the second largest number, pike, kiisk, walleye, bream, salach, and cobbler.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

[8] Water system relations The lake is located in the Kymijoki river basin (water area number 14) in the catchment area of the Kymijoki Region (14.1) of the Arjoki River (14.16), of which the lake belongs to the Kymijärvi catchment area (14.164).


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The water level elevation of the lake is 92.2 meters mpy.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

[1] [3] The lake receives most of its water from its own catchment area, of which it is the main lake, and from Lake Alasen, which falls into it down to the Patilan River.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Other inlet ditches include Siberians and some field ditches.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

The lake's fall ditch falls 250 metres to the southern shore of Kärkjärvi, where the next downriver Härhönjoki on the water route is located behind Levoniemi, which descends to Alvojärvi.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

Then the route continues along the Kukukasjoki to Iso-Kukkanen, Salajärvi, Ruuhijärvi, Sylvöjärvi and finally through Arrajoki to Arrajärvi, which is part of the Kymijoki watercourse.


Question: Where does Kymijärvi fall?

Lake Kymijärvi

[1] [3] Sources on the topic elsewhere (luodedata.fi) (ymparisto.fi) Category:Arjoki catchment area Category:Lahti Lakes Class:Kolava Class:Järvenpää (Lahti)


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The history of motoring in Finland begins in the late 19th century, when the first wealthy Russian tourists arrived in the country and, on the other hand, Swedish industry began to transport goods through Finland to Russia.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Automobile advertising began in 1899 and the first car dealership opened its doors in 1905.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Carriage of the car became licensed in 1907.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Early motoring in Finland Finland's first car The first motorists in Finland were apparently the wealthy Russians who visited the then Grand Duchy of Finland on their own automobiles in the late years of the 19th century.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The Swedish Nobel company also transported its products by cars both to Finland and through Finland to Russia.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[1] The first definite data on the movement of a car in Finland date back to 1899.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In his little news on 17 August 1899, Hufvudstadsbladet wrote that the “motor carriage” had moved through the streets of Helsinki and “aroused a curious interest among the public”.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Later that year, the Vyborg News Sanomat reported that “the mobile carriage has been seen to give a good speed on the streets of the city.”


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[2] There is no definite information on the first car imported into Finland or the year it was imported.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

However, the first car advertisement was published in a newspaper as early as 1899, [1] when the Helsinki company Suomen Photography-, Kauppa-& Tehdas-Osai-company advertised vehicles of the Patria and Phoebus brands mainly classified as motorcycles, which were, however, modified to four-wheel drive with accessories.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[3] The first car in Finland has long been considered the Mercedes Simplex of chamberlain Hjalmar Linder, but today the first is the Benz Velo Comfortable of businessman Victor Forselius who came to the country from Lübeck on the Per Brahe steamer on 2 May 1900.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In Tampere, the first car has moved in the spring of 1902.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[4] Finland's first truck may have been in service as early as 1903 in Turku, although for a long time the first car acquired in 1906 for the Tervakoski paper mill has been considered.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[5] The first cars were acquired in various localities during the first decade of the 20th century as follows: Jyväskylä in 1902, Imatra and Vyborg in 1903, Lahti, Vaasa and Oulu in 1906, Pori in 1907, Saloon in 1908 and Alavude, Hämeenlinna, Kajaani and to Theft in 1909.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The first car came to Åland in 1911.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[6] Early liner trials Finland's first bus was the Scheibler, brought to Turku on 9 December 1905 as a ship cargo, which was intended to operate between Uusikaupunki and Turku.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

On 11 December, the omnibus left Turku Cathedral without passengers for its first trip.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

After the car engine broke in the village of Kodjala, Laitila, the car was towed to New Town on four horses the next day.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[7] Business name M.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

G. Stenius experimented with bus services in Helsinki in 1907 on the Töölö—Haaga road junction.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The experiment ended after lasting less than a year, as the car was “not fit in design and not durable enough.”


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

A third known early experiment in liner service took place in Kotka between downtown and Hovinsaari between 1913 and 1914.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The service, which had begun promisingly, was cut short by the outbreak of World War I.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[8] The birth of car traffic The first real car dealer in Finland was Sergey Nikolajeff jr from Helsinki, who also opened his shop with an auto repair shop in 1905.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[1] In the same year, J. Aaltonen founded the country's first independent car repair shop in Turku.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[9] As inter-city traffic was not successful on the then roads, a new task was sought for the bus.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

On May 6, 1906, Johan Lambert Stenroos, the driver of a car driven to Turku with three passengers, filed a notice with the registry office on 16 May about a car line carrying out traffic within the city of Turku.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

However, there were not enough passengers to make the operation economically viable, and the following autumn the bus was sold to Saint Petersburg.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[10] [11] In 1906, the Helsinki-based driver Gustaf Wilhelm Orraeus received a licence to operate rental car traffic.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In the same year, the rental car permit was also given to William Nyberg, an Oulu workman whose Ford was also Oulu's first car.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[12] The number of rental cars increased rapidly, and in 1910, among others, there were already 64 rental cars in Helsinki.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[13] Early motoring was complicated by the fact that gasoline had to be bought at a pharmacy for a long time.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The Loviisa Pharmacy, for example, advertised itself in 1910 as the city's first gasoline station.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[14] Early instructions for motoring The rule of automobile traffic was established in Helsinki on 22 July 1907, and with it a driving licence had to be applied for driving a car from a surveyor.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Similar rules of order began to be drawn up in other cities as well: in Lahti in 1908, Turku in 1910, provisional regulations were imposed in Vyborg in 1911, and permanent regulations came into force in 1912, Jyväskylä also received its own rules of order in the same year.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[15] The first automobile driving licence in Helsinki and the whole country was granted by Yrjö Weilin, Master of Philosophy, on 21 August 1907.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[15] In the same year Weilin commissioned a promotional poster from Akseli Gallen-Kallela known as Bil-Bol for his Bilaktiebolaget car dealership for the Stockholm automobile exhibition; [16] [17] the poster's red convertible appears to have been precisely Weilin's own car.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

— This information about the poster has been shown to be controversial.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[18] The first driving school in Finland is mentioned as having been founded in Turku in 1912.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

However, the decree on compulsory driving licence in Finland did not enter into force until 1923.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Still in the 21st century, several driving schools established as early as the 1920s have been in operation.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[19] The first Finnish car builders have been John Wickström, who moved from Koivulahti, Ostrobothnia to Chicago, USA, who built a Caloric-branded car in 1898.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1900 the car was exhibited at the World's Fair held in Chicago.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Later, Wickström returned to Finland and established an engine factory once known as Vaasa.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[20] [21] The first car made in Finland was a truck built by Tammerfors Linne- och Jern-Manufaktur AB (Tampere Linen- and Rauta-Industrial Oy, later Tampella) for their own use between 1907 and 1909.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The car, according to memory data, was in use for a couple of years, after which it was stored.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The later stages of this reportedly steam-powered car are shrouded in dusk.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Around 1910, Edvard Mendelin, a blacksmith from Tampere, built a three-wheeled motor vehicle for his own use, which resembled mainly a horse-drawn carriage.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

It is reported that Mendelin left to drive his car to Pori, but abandoned his driving kit in the middle of the journey due to the malfunction that had come to it.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[22] [23] The earliest car made in Finland to the present day is the Korvensuu, built for his own use by Frans Lindström, owner of the Korvensuu Agricultural Machinery Plant in Mynämäki.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The car was on the register until 1924, but is still in running order and owned by the Frans Lindström family.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1921, Yrjö Horsma, owner of Sortavalan Konepaja Oy in Sortavala, built a convertible called Riemu for his own use, which was also used for rental and training.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Horsma is reported to have gained enthusiasm for building his own car from a car engine found in his attic.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[24] Phases of the car in Finland until independence Many figures and times relating to early Finnish automotive history are incomplete due to lack of reliable statistical data.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The official statistics of Finland did not even know actual car imports until 1920.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

At the dawn of World War I, there are estimated to have been around 1,000 cars in Finland, of which there were a couple hundred trucks.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Among the first car owners were factories, owners of large farms, doctors, priests and lawyers, but also those who used the car for their profession.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

After the war ignited, petrol intake practically ceased and more than half of the cars in Finland were sold to the Russian military.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Modern car workshop operations in Finland can be considered to have originated with the renovation of cars sold to Russia.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[25] By 1914, cars imported to Finland represented dozens of different brands, much of which were single pieces.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Among the brands that became known later were at least Ford, Fiat, Oldsmobile, Benz and Rolls-Royce at that time.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[26] In the 1918 Civil War, most of Finland's small fleet of cars was in southern Finland, where it was seized by Red Guards.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The limited stock replenishment the Reds received from Russian garrisons and armoured cars handed over by the Russian revolutionaries, along with other arms assistance.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

A major change in Finland's then fleet of cars occurred in April 1918 when the German Baltic Division went ashore in Hanko and Loviisa.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In Finnish conditions, the fleet used by the Germans was a huge one hundred motor vehicles.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

After the end of the war, the cars brought with them by the Germans remained in Finland and most of them were sold for civilian use.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

As a whole, 1918 was one of the most difficult in Finland from a motoring point of view, however.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Imports of liquid fuels were cut off, its sale banned, and car imports were restricted.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[27] Motoring in Finland in the 1920s and 1930s The importance of the car as a means of movement remained low until the 1920s, but during that decade the number of cars in Finland grew rapidly thanks to the economic boom.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Especially in rural areas, new and new “when I first saw the car” stories emerged.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Compared to the period before World War I, the Finnish automobile fleet became heavily American-winning, as in European countries weakened by the war the industry was unable to produce enough cars for the growing market.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

By far the leading car brand in Finland during the inter-world wars was Ford, and its only serious contender was similarly US-based Chevrolet.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Of the European car brands, French Citroën, Italian Fiat and German Opel were the most imported to Finland.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1928, of the first registered passenger cars in Finland, 32.9 per cent were Fords, 19.1 Chevrolet, 4.5 per cent Buick, 3.6 Fiat and 2.5 per cent Studebaker.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1938, the five most registered passenger car brands in Finland were Ford (26.7%), Chevrolet (20.9%), Chrysler (4.7%), Opel (4.5%) and Buick (4.1%).


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[28] Internationally, however, Finland motored late.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1925 there were 5950 cars in Finland, or one car for every 566 inhabitants.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

For example, the United States had only six inhabitants per one car at the time; the corresponding figures were 57 in the UK, 69 in France, 71 in Denmark, 96 in Sweden, 126 in Norway, and 272 in Germany.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

On the other hand, China, for example, at that time had one car for every 39675 inhabitants, and later Japan, which was part of the world's leading automotive countries, one car for every 2645 inhabitants.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[29] Finland gradually bridged the lead in other countries.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

By 1928, the number of people entering per car dropped to 112 in Finland, and in 1938 Finland had one car for every 81 inhabitants.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[30] In 1938, Finland had a total of 47226 cars on the register, of which 26179 passenger cars, 17951 trucks and 3096 buses and mixed cars.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[31] For ordinary citizens, motoring appeared in the 1920s and 1930s above all as the coming of the automobile as a key means of public transport.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Even in the 1950s, the average Finnish citizen rose for the first time specifically to ride a bus and not so much a passenger car, unlike, for example, in the United States.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Therefore, in the 1990s, Finland still had a more comprehensive network of bus services than many other countries had ever been.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[32] Serial production of automobiles begins The first time in Finland was the serial production of cars in 1922 by Helsinki-based engineer Paavo Johannes Heikkilä, under the direction of which four Finlandia cars were built.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Heikkilä's idea was that both a large passenger car and a light truck could be built on the same chassis.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Only two types of cars could be made until the operation of a company called P. J. Heikkilä & Co ended in financial adversity.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

None of the Finlandia cars have survived to the present day.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[33] As the importation of automobiles grew, car body factories were also established, producing pallets and load bodies for truck platforms at first, a little later also bus bodies.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Among the importers Korpivaara & Halla Oy started their own body production right in the early 1920s.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[34] Two car body factories facing economic difficulties in the recession of the early 1930s, Oy Autokoritehdas and Oy Auto-industrial—Bilindustri Ab merged in early April 1931 to form Oy Suomen Automotive Ab.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The new company began production of SISU cars—the name of the cars was chosen based on public competition—and the first cars were completed in July 1932.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

During the whole of 1932, 11 trucks and one coach were built.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[35] Birth of legislation on automobiles and traffic The first General Traffic Regulation of Independent Finland, which stipulated what “riders had to be reckoned with when entering or driving past each other” was adopted on 25 February 1919.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The decree initially ordered the one driving above to give way to the left, this was corrected by an amendment of the regulation to right-hander in 1921.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1922, a decree on automobile traffic was issued, which included regulations for the registration and roadworthiness of automobiles and motorcycles.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1926, the Law on Motor Vehicle Traffic with Regulations supplementing it came into force.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In addition to the general framework for transport, they defined punitive penalties for failure to register and roadworthiness, driving without a licence, speeding and drunk driving.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

This Act was — with numerous amendments made to it over the years — in force until 1957.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

A separate General Traffic Order Rule was issued for the countryside in 1928.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Motor insurance for cars and other motor vehicles was made compulsory in 1937.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[36] The emergence of automotive organisations The first attempt to establish a national organization of car owners was made in 1915, but it was not until 1919 that the Finnish Automobile Club was founded in Helsinki.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Its members belonged mainly to the upper class of the society, and in line with this, the language of use of the club was Swedish.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

As the number of cars grew, the Rural Car Owners' Federation was founded in 1926 and in 1927 the General Automobile Federation.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The organization of taxi motorists began in 1922, when the Helsinki Car Driver Association was founded by the Helsinki Car Driver Association.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Similar associations with other cities soon arose, and in 1926 the Finnish Autoilijain Federation (SAL) was established as a link between rental motorists throughout the country.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In Turku, Finland was founded in 1936, the Finnish Transport and Logistics SKAL counts its history as the beginning of its history.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The HKL parties became separate into their own unions when the Finnish Taxiliitto and the Finnish Truck Federation were established in 1955.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[37] The growth of the car trade and the growth of its economic importance led to the creation of the Finnish Automobile Dealers Association in 1924.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

After many phases, in 1955 it changed to the current Autoimporters ry.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The umbrella organisation of bus operators was established in 1928 as the Finnish Bus Traffic Association (since 1944 Bus Federation).


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The organization of the auto repair industry took place considerably later than car dealerships; in 1933 the Finnish Association of Auto Repair Shops (since 1950) was founded.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The owners of Finnish Driving Schools organized themselves into the Association of Owners and Teachers of Finnish Driving Schools in 1938, which shortened its name to Finnish Auto Schools in 1946.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[38] The emergence of car magazines Auto, roadway, transport and tourism were featured in the public word in Finland already at the beginning of the 20th century, when newspapers sporadically published articles on these topics.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The first Finnish magazine focused on automobiles was “Motori” magazine published by Erik Heinonen in 1923—1924, which appeared in six issues.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The Finnish Automobile Club started publishing a once-a-month magazine of the same name in 1925.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The Association of Rural Car Owners published from 1928 the MAL and General Automobile Federation since 1930 the magazine Auto.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

With the merger of these organisations in 1966, the magazines were also merged into the magazine Auto and Transport, which in turn was merged in 1972 into the Automotive Federation's Motori magazine.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The first automotive business magazine was Automies published by Korpivaara Oy since 1928, which was for a long time the oldest customer magazine of a car dealership published in Finland.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Oy Volvo-Auto Ab began publishing Volvo messages in 1932 and Oy Ford Ab Ford news in 1936.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The magazine of long traditions is also the Finnish Autolehti, published by the Association of Autotechnicians since 1933, focusing on technical issues in the automotive sector.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[39] The increase in the number of car accidents as the first car accident in Finland has generally been considered to be the case where a passenger car in 1907 drove towards a lamppost on the Helsinki Rautatientori.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

It was noteworthy that the driver of the car was under the influence of alcohol and was hospitalized.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The first reliable data on road traffic accidents in Finland date back to 1931, when the Social Statistics Office established in the Ministry of Social Affairs began compiling damage statistics covering the whole country.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

A total of 3267 road accidents occurred that year, in which 119 were killed and 1047 people were injured.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

By 1940, only those who died in motor vehicle damage were recorded, since then those who died in all road damage.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1950, 8431 road traffic accidents were already registered, in which 375 were killed and 3224 people were injured.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[40] On the initiative of the Rural Automobile Federation, the Transport Culture Committee was established in 1929, which was succeeded in 1938 by the Traffic Division of Accident Protection (Pulley).


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[41] Cars in the smuggling of the pirtu The Prohibition Act, which came into force in 1919, had its own strong impact on road transport in the 1920s and early 1930s.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Illegal alcohol imported by ships had to be disseminated to those in need across the country, giving rise to a whole new profession, the smugglers of the devil.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

These favor large and efficient, predominantly American passenger cars.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

As a result, police inspected cars, especially on roads leading inland from ports.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

When stop signs didn't help, police introduced spike mats spread across the road.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

As smugglers remained in the wounds of the police, their cars were seized and auctioned off, but usually the smugglers bought back the cars they lost and continued to operate as before.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Along with smuggling, other crimes such as intoxication in a public place, assault, theft and shoplifting, and firearms offences also became common.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

As the amount of alcohol confiscated year by year increased, Prohibition was found to be a failure and was repealed in April 1932.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[42] Times of war and rationing The tightening of the international political situation during the 1930s also forced Finland to prepare for possible war.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1930, martial law was enacted, allowing state authorities in the event of martial law to take over motor vehicles, bicycles, ships, trains and aircraft with spare parts and necessities, as well as “necessary to maintain defensive fitness” enterprises.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

For automobiles, this meant introducing repair shops, car supply stores and petrol stations under national defense control or operation.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Under a law enacted in 1933, it became the duty of surveyors to assess the suitability of cars for use by the armed forces.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

If a car was deemed fit for mobilisation, it was marked 'eligible for military purpose'.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Eligibility, along with the condition of the car, was based on the prevalence of the car brand in question and thus assumed security of service.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The taking of cars in mobilization was ordered to be enforced by patronage circles, such as men and horses.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[43] Cars at War The Second World War broke out on 1 September 1939, and Finland reacted swiftly to the situation by declaring already on 4 September liquid fuels subject to rationing.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In practice, this meant the end of private motoring and a substantial contraction in professional traffic.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

By strict rationing, Finland's fuel resources were made enough over the Winter War.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In October 1939, general mobilization was declared, but in practice the uptake of cars for the needs of the armed forces was by no means consistent and was very unevenly distributed across parts of the country.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Automobiles introduced by the Defence Forces served during the war mostly in the maintenance of front forces.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

After the end of the Winter War, all cars made available for use were needed to evacuate the relocation people.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[44] The conclusion of peace in Moscow in March 1940 did not mean a return to a normal state of peace, but rather all rationing continued and, in many respects, tightened.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Increasingly persistent and worsening fuel shortages forced a shift to replacement fuels for cars in traffic during the intermediate peace.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Installations for wood and charcoal combustible gas had been designed, especially in Sweden, where expert advice was obtained.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The carburetor equipment was quite simple and adaptable with minor modifications to the gasoline engine.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

However, a heavy gas generator, the “carbon monoxide”, put a strain on the car and degraded its performance, and the fuel, wooden silks packed in paper sacks, took up space in the car.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[45] The post-war period Rationing held back the development of transport and society as a whole for a long time after the wars, but of all modes of transport, road transport recovered the fastest.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Carbon monoxide could be abandoned during 1947—1948 and at the same time new cars began to appear on the roads, along with war-experienced cars.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

However, even in the early 1950s, more than half of the entire Finnish car fleet originated from the pre-war period.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In the years that followed the wars, Finland's car fleet changed from American to European and in the Olympic year 1952, the total number of cars in Finland exceeded the limit of 100,000 copies considered magical.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[46] At that time, Finland had one car for every 40 inhabitants.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[47] The 1952 specialty was the purchase of 552 used US Checker cars, aimed at easing the Helsinki taxi shortage in particular.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[48] The limit of one hundred thousand registered passenger cars was exceeded in 1956.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[49] New car brands from Britain and Eastern Europe The new passenger car brands of the post-war years were the Soviets Moskvich and Pobeda and the East Germans IFA and EMW which came slightly later.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Before the wars, the proportion of British characters that were uncommon in Finland — Austin, Morris, Hillman and Vauxhall among others — rose considerably at the same time.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Czech Škoda had also been imported into Finland as early as 1938—1939, but it did not begin to become common until the late 1940s.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Since the early 1950s, the most sought-after car brand would have been the German Volkswagen, but its prevalence was hampered by difficult availability.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The subsequent channelling of the growth of the Finnish car fleet into mostly British and Eastern European brands is more explained by the fact that they were available than by the fact that they would have been superior in technical or other characteristics compared to other cars.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[50] The Finnish car fleet was also influenced by the fact that the development of new cars went in completely different directions in different parts of the Atlantic.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Large, much cheap fuel-intensive road ships were built in the United States and their design took influences even from aircraft, while European manufacturers focused on simple, small-scale and low-cost folk cars.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The automatic transmissions commonly used to equip American cars around that time had little use on Finland's — or the rest of Europe at all — on war-torn or otherwise crappy roads and mostly short driving distances.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[51] At the end of 1954, the most common passenger car brands in Finland were Ford (11633 pcs), Chevrolet (5146 pcs), Volkswagen (3946 pcs), Škoda (3513 pcs) and IFA (2882 pcs).


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The vast majority of Fords were US-made, but the proportion of British and West German Fords was on the rise.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Of all cars registered at the end of March 1955, passenger cars accounted for 58.9 per cent (72809 pc), lorries 28.2 per cent (34895 pc), vans 8.3 per cent (10249pc), buses 3.3 per cent (4108pc), specialised cars 1.2 per cent (1444pc) and mixed cars no longer 0.1 per cent (125 pcs).


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[52] The new postwar Finnish car brand was Vanaja, and many 7000 copies of trucks, buses and special cars of this brand were completed between 1948 and 1971.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[53] Import rationing of foreign trucks and vans and bus platforms was abandoned in October 1957.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[54] Midget cars that became popular in Central and Southern Europe in the second half of the 1950s never became common in Finland.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The bus body manufacturer Oy Uusi Autobody Industry Ab built a prototype of the Wiima-branded midget car in 1957, which has since disappeared.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[55] In 1960, Finland had one car for every 17 people, compared to one car density in Sweden per 6 inhabitants.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[56] Starting in the 1960s, the number of cars in Finland was low before the 1960s and concentrated mainly in southern Finland.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In rural areas, cars averaged one piece per village.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The popularity of cars began to grow in the 1950s.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The car tax was originally a means of the state to curb the runoff of currency out of the country.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The first car tax came in 1958.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The importation of passenger cars was rationed and subject to import licences until 1962 until the import became vacant.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In the same year, the first forays into tax avoidance appeared, so-called hidden farmies, which were sold without a back seat but in which the buyer was allowed to install a backseat himself.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Similar tax evasion occurred all the way into the 21st century.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The best-selling car in Finland was the Volkswagen Kupula for almost the entire 1960s.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Imports of Japanese cars to Finland started during the 1960s.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

At that time came e.g.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Datsun, Toyota, Mazda and Honda.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The advent of Japanese cars and increased sales curtailed the outlay of British brands in particular.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1965, the limit of 100000 first-registered passenger cars was broken for the first time.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[57] In late 1969 the assembly of SAAB passenger cars began in Uusikaupunki.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

During the decade, the number of passenger cars registered multiplied: when at the beginning of 1960 there were over 160000 registered passenger cars in Finland — including cars dating back to the 1920s [58], at the end of the decade there were a good 643,000.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

At the same time, the average age of cars had declined as old cars had been taken out of service.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[59] The limit of half a million registered passenger cars was exceeded in 1966.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[60] At the end of 1970, Finland had 711968 passenger cars, 56707 vans, 46195 trucks, 8116 buses and 5024 special cars in the register.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[61] Cars were seen as the most advanced mode of travel in the 1960s and 1970s, and the ideal of motoring was implemented in Finland.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

At that time, a large number of new roads were built in Finland, and the number of passenger cars began to increase.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

This development was cut short by the oil crisis of the 1970s, when public transit down stopped and began to be favored in policymaking.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

With the oil crisis, the diesel engine also became more common in passenger cars and vans.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The best-selling car in Finland was the Soviet Lada from the 1970s to the 1980s.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The market share of British cars fell from more than a quarter during the 1970s to less than five per cent; over the same period, Japanese cars” share of registered passenger cars increased from eight per cent to 20 per cent.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1976, the limit of one million passenger cars on the vehicle register was broken.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[62] From the post-war years onwards, the net annual increase in Finland's passenger car fleet averaged between 10% and 20% until the situation leveled off in the early years of the 1970s.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

A slight dip was experienced in 1968, when the state, concerned about the deficit balance of payments, declared a lantern-term ban on car imports.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Throughout the late 1970s and 1980s, net increases moved between 4% and 5%.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Since the recession of the early 1990s, the increase has only been in the 1% to 3% range each year.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[63] Socialisation of automobiles and transport As the number of passenger cars increased, automobilisation became increasingly prominent part of the social debate, and in 1969 the Transport Policy Association Majority published the booklet Alas Car Coercive Power.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In the opinion of the authors of the book, cars had begun to excessively control the development of transport systems and society as a whole.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The booklet was intended as a pamphlet, but was also taken seriously within the circle of proponents of private motoring.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[64] Partly on this basis, the Paasio government installed the first Parliamentary Transport Committee in the spring of 1972, working until 1975.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Among other things, the Committee drew up proposals on the organisation of road safety work and speed limits, as well as proposals for a new road traffic law and a law on vehicle structure and equipment.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

A new, long-prepared Road Traffic Act was passed by Parliament in April 1981, and the Act went into effect in early April 1982.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[65] In 1982, Gallup of Finland conducted a study on the ownership of passenger cars in economies belonging to different social groups.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

According to the study, 79% of households in leading positions owned a passenger car, 73% of staff households, 68% of farmers' households and 65% of working people households.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The stock of passenger cars in the register was divided between different social groups, with 45% of passenger cars owned by the working population, 31% by staff members, 15% of the leading positions and nine per cent by farmers.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[66] Improving the safety of cars and traffic through legislation as roadways evolved and driving speeds increased, attention began to be paid to the safety of cars, or rather insecurity.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

By the time of the 1970s, more than 1,000 persons a year were killed in traffic accidents in Finland.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

At its height, the figure was in 1972, when 1156 people died on the road.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The number of people injured in accidents peaked in 1970, when 16028 people suffered injuries of varying degrees on the road.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[67] Grim accident figures also led President Urho Kekkonen to address road safety in his 1973 New Year's speech.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[68] In addition to introducing speed limits per road, car safety was improved by legislation.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Regulations for passenger cars in the 1970s and 1980s included the prohibition of mixed tyres — the simultaneous use of tyres of different construction or dimensions — in 1970, forced use of winter tyres from early December to late February in 1978, imposition of seat belts compulsory for passenger car front seats in 1971 and rear seats in 1981, as well as their use in front seats in 1975 and rear seats in 1987.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

The warning triangle became mandatory equipment for cars in 1972.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

Traffic security was established in 1971 as the successor to the traffic division of the Traffic Protection Association (Talja), which focused on road safety work.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[69] The use of headlights in cars and other motor vehicles at all times of the day, regardless of weather, became compulsory under the new Road Traffic Act.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[70] In the early 1970s, the Commission on Transport Safety of Insurance Companies (VALT), established in 1967, set up investigative boards in each county in Finland to determine and draw up the factors contributing to each fatal road traffic accident recommendations to improve road safety and avoid similar accidents in the future.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[71] From peak years to recession and new boom in Finland, the total number of cars grew sharply in the late 1960s at an average annual rate of 10%.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

During the 1970s and 1980s, net increases in passenger car fleet averaged five per cent per year.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1985, the limit of 1.5 million registered passenger cars was broken.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[72] Passenger car registration reached its peak in Finland at the end of the 1980s, when the car trade almost went into overdrive.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

In 1989, 176771 new passenger cars were registered in Finland.


Question: When did seatbelts appear on cars?

History of motoring in Finland

[73] At the end of 1990, the Finnish Vehicle Registry comprised 1926,326 passenger cars (388 passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants), of which the ten most common brands (Toyota, Nissan/Datsun, Ford, Opel, Lada, Volvo, Volkswagen, Saab, Fiat and Mazda) covered about three quarters.