Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Key research interests in translation studies include translations and interpreters (outputs of the interpretation process), the process of translation and interpretation, and the ideology and sociology of translation (translation in the community).


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Translation science can therefore examine, say, how and why translation differs from the source text, how translation of legal texts differs from translating novels, or what goes on in the mind of the translator during translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

In addition, research in translation studies includes the study of the history of translation, translation strategies, and the expertise and training of translators and interpreters.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Research results in translation studies can also be applied to practice: Various theories of translation and interpretation can be developed which translators and interpreters can rely on in their work.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Furthermore, the theory seeks to elucidate the processes of translation and to understand what translation is all about.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The study of various translation problems can also tangibly help improve translator training and thus ultimately the quality of translations.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

History The genesis of translation studies is set in the 1950s and 1960s, when the first actual translation theories were developed to meet the needs of translator training.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Based on these, translation studies have expanded to its current scale over the years.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Before translation science became its own discipline in the 1980s, research related to translations and translation was mainly conducted in the linguistic and literary sciences.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The relationship between linguistics and translation studies remains very close, and often linguistic theories or directions of research have also developed translation studies applications.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

However, translation science cannot be considered entirely a sub-branch of linguistics, as there are also a huge number of fields in translation studies that do not deal with language in any way, such as ethics of translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[1] Translation studies is still a rather interdisciplinary discipline, that is, it combines many different sciences.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

In addition to language and literary studies, research in translation and interpretation can be used to assist in research such as social sciences, communication sciences, psychology, philosophy, philology and cultural studies.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Methods or theories can be borrowed from other sciences, for example, through which new perspectives are obtained in the study of translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

With the growth of translation science, many new areas of research have emerged, and now not only the result of the translation process itself, but also, for example, the context of translation, namely the society surrounding the translator and its impact on the outcome of translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

In this regard, one can examine, for example, how old translations differ from new ones or how cultural distance between source and target cultures affects translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The environment of translation is constantly changing, so new research subjects are emerging all the time.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The development of technology has also opened up new research possibilities: today, for example, using MRI imaging, how the interpreter's brain works during interpretation, and to gain more information about the interpretation process and the factors that influence it.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

New research can also be found in the field of translation technology: how, for example, has the development of translation memories affected translation?


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Translation research can be divided into several ways, for example basic research (theoretical and descriptive or empirical research) and applied research (e.g.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

research and development of translator training and translator aids).


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Theoretical research has traditionally been more active, but over the past couple of decades empirical research has also increased.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

In Finland, translation studies have been of a very high standard, and well-known Finnish or influential translation researchers in Finland or in recent decades include Andrew Chesterman, Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit, Justa Holz-Mänttari, Yves Gambier, Riitta Jääskeläinen, Inkeri Vehmas-Lehto , Hanna Risku, Kaisa Koskinen, Pekka Kujamäki, Riitta Oittinen, Jürgen Schopp and Outi Paloposki.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Development of the discipline Linguistic translation theories The first linguistic translation theories emerged in the Soviet Union and Canada in the 1950s.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Their starting point was the so-called principle of free translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Developers of theories considered it important that translation be semantically equivalent: the translation should correspond in content to the source text, but linguistically follow the norms of the target language.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The form of the source text was not considered sacred, and word-for-word translation was rejected.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Instead, a translation of a grammatically and lexical nature was set as the goal.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[2] Linguistic translation theory deliberately distanced itself from literary science.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

It focused on exploring the law secrets of translation primarily from a linguistic perspective: What kind of regular equivalents do source language expressions receive in the target language?


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

How likely are the different equivalents?


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Theories introduced translation transfers, various means of replacing grammatical structures of source text, and vocabulary with the target language's own structures and vocabulary.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Along with translation transfer, these customs were also referred to as translation exchanges, adequvate substitutes, and transformations.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[2] Linguistic translation research resembled contrastive linguistics.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

J. C. Catford's linguistic translation theory was used primarily as a basis for contrastive research.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The theory has contributed to the concept of translation as a purely linguistic activity, the main problem of which is the replacement of linguistic structures by others.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[2] Linguistic translation theories were normative, that is, they sought to maneuver translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

They were to be used in translation teaching and translation criticism.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The theories were left without evidence of their accuracy, as their realization in practical translations was not studied.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Linguistic translation theories were perhaps considered attractive mainly because of their concreteness and “scientifically accurate” results.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[2] The first communicative translation theories in the 1960s translation theory took on pragmatic dimensions when translation began to be conceived as communication in which the needs of the recipient of the translation play a great role.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The most important representative of communicative translation theories is Eugene A. Nida, who emphasized consideration of cultural differences in translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

A central concept in Nida's theory is dynamic equivalence: instead of semantic equivalence, translation seeks to cause a reaction similar in the reader to that which the source text elicits in its own readers.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

According to Nida, translations often need to make pragmatic changes, i.e., to deviate from the meaning of the units of the source language in order to enable readers of the translation to understand the message of the text.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[3] Dynamic equivalence theory also drew attention to non-linguistic aspects relevant to translation and is therefore revolutionary in the history of translation theory.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Dynamic equivalence theory was utilized e.g.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The Bible was completed in 1992, and it is probably the most famous translation theory today.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[3] Functional equivalence theories arose on the basis of dynamical equivalence theory.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The basic idea in them is that the purpose or function of the source text when compiled must be preserved, often through linguistic and pragmatic changes.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Functions can be, for example, an informative or expressive function.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Functional equivalence theories were developed by, for example, Katharina Reiss and Juliane House.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[3] Skopostheory was developed by Hans J. Vermeer and Katharina Reiss in the 1970s—1980s fold.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Skopostheory is communicative and functional.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

At its centre is the function of the target text, which affects how the text is translated.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

This function may differ completely from the source text function, and therefore the translation is not assumed to be equivalent to the source text.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Instead of equivalence, scopose theory focuses on adequativity.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

This means that when translating, the requirements of the target language and recipients of the target language must be taken into account so that the text works in the target language community.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Skopostheory is communicative in nature: it states that recipients of the target text have different needs, background knowledge and mindset than readers of the source text, which must be taken into account when translating the text.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[4] Relevance theory Ernst-August Gutt has developed the relevance theory of translations, which underlies the relevance theory of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson concerning general communication.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The perspective of the theory is cognitive, and it looks at what is going on in the consciousness of people involved in communication.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[5] The theory holds that the text is drawn up according to the cognitive world the recipient is supposed to have.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Because of the cultural differences between readers of the source and target text, their cognitive environment can be very different.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Therefore, relevance theory includes the concept of context gap: differences in cognitive environments can lead to misinterpretation unless the reader of the translation is helped.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The reader may interpret the translation differently than intended by the author of the output text.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The translator cannot be sure that the reader of the translation will be able to reconstruct the implicit information in the text, as well as interpret the output text of the text as desired by the author.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Therefore, the translator has to assess how well the reader is informed about the cognitive environment of the output text and, if necessary, to assist the reader with e.g. explication.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

This can be done in two ways, that is, either by bringing the reader closer to the cognitive environment of the author of the output text, or on the other hand, by bringing the translation closer to the cognitive frames of the reader of the target text.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[6] School of Manipulation The School of Manipulation has taken the discipline towards a direction that increasingly emphasizes the importance of translation recipients and target culture.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

At the same time, the source text gets less attention.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[7] The school of manipulation emerged in the mid-1970s and became more widely known in the 1980s.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

According to the school, translations always involve some manipulation of the source text for some purpose from the perspective of the target culture.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[8] The breakthrough of the School of Manipulation came with the publication in 1985 of a collection of articles, The Manipulation of Literature, edited by Theo Hermans.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Authors for the collection of articles include Gideon Toury, José Lambert, Hendrik van Gorp, Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[8] Theories belonging to the school of manipulation are nonlinguistic in nature, as the starting points of the research trend lie in literary science and cultural studies.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The school of manipulation represents descriptive, or descriptive, research, which subsequently became more widespread in the field of translation studies.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Manipulation theories also take a position on the position of translation and translation in society, and can see the ideologisation of translation research.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

For example, feminist translation, as well as translation and translation studies opposed to cultural colonization, can be read as falling within the scope of manipulation theories.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Feminist reversal, which emerged in the late 1970s, however, is more radical than other manipulation theories.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[9] Generally speaking, manipulation theories have been considered to bear much resemblance to scopose theory.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Manipulation theories and their applicants have focused more on cursive texts, while scopotheory-focused focus has been on contextual texts.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[10] Polysystem theory Polysystem theory is one of the best known translation theories belonging to the school of manipulation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The Tel Aviv group, led by translation theorists Itamar Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury, introduced into translation scientific methodology as early as the 1970s the concept of a literary polysystem that allows one to look at the process of merging translations into a particular culture at a given time.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[11] According to the theory, culture consists of a network of polysystems, i.e.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

culture is a kind of megapolysystem.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Literature forms a single polysystem within which there are different genres, schools and trends competing with each other for readers, prestige and power.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The position of various texts in the polysystem varies.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Some texts have been canonized and are located in the center of the polysystem.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Other texts are located on the outskirts of the polysystem, on the periphery.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Literature, according to the view put forward by polysystem theory, is not a static phenomenon, but in constant motion.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[12] The position of literature — including translation literature — in polysystems varies.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Several empirical studies reinforce the assumption put forward by Even-Zohar that marginal and young cultures rely more on translated material than central and strong cultures.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[13] Breakaway from language Translation research is often related in some way to language, but not always.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

For example, the theory of Justa Holz-Mänttar from 1984 examines translation as a social activity from a sociological point of view.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[14] The subject of research is therefore translation and not language.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

The sociology of translation can be seen as an alternative to purely linguistic approaches and has become a popular research trend in the 21st century.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[15] For example, the role of translators and translations in society may be the subject of research.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[16] The ethics of translation is another new field of translation studies that has broken away from a linguistic point of view.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Scholars of the ethics of translation are interested in, among other things, the responsibility of the translator, as well as the norms associated with translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[17] For example, Kaisa Koskinen has studied the ethics of translation in her dissertation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[18] Research Methods Translation research methods vary depending on the subject of study, theoretical basis and perspective.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

For example, by comparing the source and target text, one can examine the equivalence of a translation, that is, the equivalence of the translation and its source text.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[19] The adequativity of translation, i.e. compliance with the standards of the source language and the source literature, can be examined by comparing the translation with parallel texts in the source language, and acceptability, i.e. compliance with the standards of the target language and the target literature by comparing the translation to the target language parallel texts.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[20] In recent decades, translation as a cognitive process has also been studied.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Groundbreaking publications in that field of research have been produced by e.g.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit and Riitta Jääskeläinen.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[21] The development of technology has greatly facilitated the study of the cognitive translation process.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Previously, the compiler's comments during the translation process were recorded on a tape recorder in what was called protocol research.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Today, all text written by the translator during the translation process can be saved with the help of a special computer program (Script Log).


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[22] Interpreting research is also part of the field of translation studies.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

In the study of interpreting, for example, the recording of an interpretation situation or a retrospective method may be used, in which case the interpreter describes his methods after the interpretation situation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Interpreting has been relatively little studied due to the challenge of data collection: interpreters may find recording disturbing in interpreting situations.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Often interpreting situations also deal with matters subject to secrecy, so recording cannot be allowed.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

[23] See also Translation Interpreting Sources Books Bassnett-McGuire, Susan: Translation studies.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

London: Methuen, 1980.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Koskinen, Kaisa:.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2000.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Puurtinen, Tiina: Acceptability of translations.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

In Oittinen, Riitta and Pirjo Mäkinen (eds.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

): In the beginning there was a translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Tampere: Tampere University Weight, 2001. p. 82—94.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Snell-Hornby, Mary: The Turns of Translation Studies.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2006.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Tiittula, Alice:.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Referenced on 23/9/2011.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Tirkkonen-Condit, Sonja, and Riitta Jääskeläinen (eds.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

): Tapping and mapping the processes of translation and interpreting: outlooks on empirical research.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Vehmas-Lehto, Inkeri: Is there an edge in translation research?


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

In Helin, Irmeli and Hilkka Yli-Jokipii (eds.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

): The subject of translation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

New perspectives on the study and study of translation and interpretation.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Publications of the Department of Translation Studies IV.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Helsinki: University Printing Kustannus, 2008.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Vehmas-Lehto, Inkeri: From context gap to coherence.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

In Pajunen, Anneli and Hannu Tommola (eds.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

): XXXII Days of Linguistics in Tampere on 19—20 May 2005.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Tampere Studies in Language, Translation and Culture.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Series B 2.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Tampere: Tampere University Press 2006, 188—200.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bassnett, Susan| title = From work to book: Introduction to literary translation| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipois| year = 1995| version = (Initial work: Translation Studies, 1991.)


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Edited and directed by Riitta Oittinen| id = ISBN 951-9066-93-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gorlée, Dinda L.| title = Wittgenstein in Translation: Exploring Semiotic Signatures| location = Berlin| publisher = Walter de Gruyter| year = 2012| version = Semiotics , Communication and Cognition, 9| isbn = 978-1-61451-144-1| id = ISSN}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ingo, Rune| title = Origin to target language: Introduction to Translation Science| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-951-0-16008-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Malmkjær, Kirsten — Windle, Kevin (ed.


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

) | title = The Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-0-19-923930-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reiss, Katharina — Vermeer, Hans J.| = What Translation Is: Theory and Practice| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1986| version = (Initial work: Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie, 1984.)


Question: Who has developed the interpretation?

Translation Studies

Abbreviated by Pauli Roinila| id = ISBN 951-662-407-3}} *


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Amino acids are organic compounds with both an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) associated with the same molecule.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

[1] The amino group is alkaline and the carboxyl group is acidic.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Amino acids polymerize into polypeptides.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

When the length of the polypeptide chain exceeds 50, it is usually started to be called a protein.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

There are 20 amino acids necessary for humans, 11 of which the body can make itself.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The remaining nine essential amino acids must be obtained from nutrition.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

In cells, amino acids are made guided by enzymes.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Chemical properties Amino acids most commonly occur at physiological pH (pH7.4) as bi-ions, whereby the carboxyl group is negatively charged and the amino group is positively charged.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

If the amino group of an amino acid has bound a hydrogen atom donated by the carboxyl group of the same amino acid, the event is called internal salt formation.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The Coo−-group thus formed can then act as the base, and the NH3+ group as the acid.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Since an amino acid is both an acid and a base, it is referred to as an amfolytic compound.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Amino acids can polymerize, causing them to form peptides.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

In this case, the amino acids are related to each other in the condensation reaction of the peptide bonds.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

All proteins are formed from several dozen, even hundreds or thousands of polymerized amino acids (polypeptide).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Twenty different alpha amino acids are commonly found as structural components of proteins — however, not all species are involved in every protein, and in some cases, an amino acid in the peptide chain can convert to another 20 abnormalities.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The amino acids in the proteins are optically active and all L-isomers, except for the simplest amino acid, glycine, which has two hydrogen atoms joined to the alpha-carbon atom in addition to the amino and carboxyl group.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Amino acids hold together above 100°C as proteins are broken down.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Cysteine at 175—178°C and glutamine at 185—186°C are first degraded, and amino acids only begin to boil above 200°C.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

[2] Grouping of amino acids The main biochemical property of amino acids is their hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity and acidity or alkalinity.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

All acidic and basic amino acids are hydrophilic.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

These properties are important in alpha helices of proteins and protein folding, among others.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Also significant in metabolism is what specific groups or atoms the amino acid contains.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Special group/characteristic basehydrophobicUnreservedhydrophilic acid-nitrogenous1histidine, arginine, lysine tryptophan asparagine, glutamine−sulfurous−methionine cysteine, homocysteine−double acid2−−−−aspartic acid, glutamic acid—aromatic acid Niniphenylalanine, tryptophan, Tyrosine−alcohol−−serine, threonine−no special groups−glycine, leucine3, isoleucine3, valine3, alanine, proline 4−−1 in addition to the alpha-amino group 2 Two carboxyl groups 3 contain a methyl group 4 The amino group of proline is part of the five-ring and secondary Structures Structures and abbreviations for those 20 amino acids corresponding to some genetic code.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

L-Alanine (Ala/A) L-Arginine (Arg/R) L-Aspartic (Asn/N) L-Aspartic Acid (Asp/D) L-Cysteine (Cys/C) L-Glutamic Acid (Glu/E) L-Glutamine (Gln/Q) Glycine (Gly/G) L-Histidine (His/H) L-Glycine (His/H) L-Histidine (His/H) L-Glycine (Gly/G) L-Histidine (His/H) L-Glycine (His/H) L-Leucine (Leu/L) L-Lysine (Leu/L) L-Lysine ( Lys/K) L-Methionine (Met/M) L-Phenylalanine (Phe/F) L-Proline (Pro/P) L-Serine (Ser/S) L-Threonine (Thr/T) L-Tryptophan (Trp/W) L-Tyrosine (Tyr/Y) L-Valine (Val/V) Biological role The body has up to dozens of amino acids, but only twenty amino acids are matched by some combination of three base pairs in the genetic code of DNA.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

All amino acids encoded by DNA are so-called alpha-amino acids, where the amine and carboxyl group join the same carbon.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Alpha amino acids are key molecules in biochemistry.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

In addition, amino acids have distinct L and D forms, but all amino acids in the body are L-amino acids.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Some of the amino acids in the human body can change into each other.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

However, among them there are eight essential amino acids that man cannot make from others, but must be obtained in sufficient quantities from nutrition.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Some hormones are oligopeptides composed of a few amino acids.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

For example, oxytocin, which initiates the contraction of the uterus and mammary tubules, consists of nine amino acids.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Vasopressin, which in turn is involved in regulating blood pressure, is also built from nine amino acids.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

There is a difference in the amino acid chains of oxytocin and vasopressin by the amount of one amino acid, which, however, has a decisive effect on their functioning in the human body.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

A key hormone in regulating sugar metabolism, insulin is a hormone formed from 51 amino acids.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Essential amino acids An essential amino acid is an amino acid that the organism itself cannot make from other substances, in which case it must obtain them from nutrition.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The list of essential amino acids varies by species.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

For different animal species, the list of essential amino acids is different and the need must be taken into account in the manufacture of feed.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

[3] [4] [5] The boundary between essential and non-essential amino acids may be unclear because the body can make amino acids from other amino acids.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The sulfurous amino acids methionine and homocysteine can be made from each other but not simpler substances.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Similarly, cysteine can be made from homocysteine, but not from simpler substances.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Thus, sulfurous amino acids are sometimes treated as a single group.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

There are 9 amino acids necessary for humans: histidine, tryptophan, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

[6] Manufacturing In cells, amino acids are prepared under the control of enzymes.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Animals receive a portion of amino acids from plant food.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Man knows how to produce some of the amino acids they need in their body, but eight amino acids a person needs to get ready from nutrition.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Bacteria, yeast and plants are capable of producing all the amino acids they need themselves.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Chemically, amino acids can be prepared from halogenic acids by a substitution reaction with ammonia, replacing the halogen group by an amino group.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The reaction occurs at about 50 degrees and needs ammonia and hydrochloric acid.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Amino acids are also generated from aldehydes by ammonia and hydrogen cyanic.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

[7] Abbreviations and naming logic Three-letter abbreviations are obtained from English names so that always at least the first two letters in a three-letter abbreviation correspond to the first letters of the full name (two or three; e.g., phenylalanine, eng.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Phenylalanine, the three-letter abbreviation is Phe) except in the case of isoleucine, where the abbreviation is “Ile” rather than, for example, “Iso” or “Isl” (Ile emphasises that isoleucine is specifically for isomeeri leusine.)


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Since there are 26 pieces of the English alphabet and 20 common amino acids, single-letter abbreviations are obtained slightly more complex than three-letter as follows; Amino acids are given single-letter abbreviations in order from simplest (lowest) to most complex, meaning the fact that the simplest get names according to the initial letter in English, the more complex ones most often either by the second initial letter (e.g. R is arginine, which is therefore more complex than alanine A) or onomatopoetically, i.e. according to pronunciation (phenylalanine (Phenylalanine) is F rather than P because proline is smaller (body and three carbon atoms) than phenylalanine (which has a phenyl group attached to the methyl group i.e. 6 carbon atoms) that is, P is already reserved, and since the second initial H is already reserved for histidine, which is smaller (the 5-ring is smaller than the 6-ring of phenylalanine)).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

This arrangement of increasing complexity yields names G (glycine), A (alanine), V (valine), L (leucine), I (isoleucine), P (proline), C (cysteine or “Cystein” in English), M (methionine), S (serine), T (threonine) and H (histidine), i.e. 11 of the most 20 amino acids.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Phenylalanine in the Finnish language, on the other hand, is “Phenylalanine” in English, whose “Phe” beginning is pronounced [fe], and has received its F abbreviation (paragraph 3., according to pronunciation).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

According to the second initial letter, the more complex amino acids arginine R (alanine, aspartate and asparagine more complex), tyrosine Y (threonine, T, more complex) are named after the initial letter.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The second initials of other amino acids have already been used, so they cannot be named in this way.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Onatopoetically, phenylalanine F, (P meaning proline, as well as H, histidine are lower than “</b>Ph enylalanine”, or phenylalanine), and glutamine (Glutamine, Q; G and L are simpler than glutamine, and Q resembles G in pronunciation).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The 5 remaining amino acids are aspartate (D, aspartate), glutamate (E, glutamate), the amide derivatives of these two asparagine (N, asparagine) and glutamine (Q, glutamine, which was already named onomatopoetically), lysine (K, lysine) and the most complex of the amino acids, namely tryptophan (W, tryptophan).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The difference between apartate and glutamate is that the carbon chain of glutamate is longer at one carbon than aspartate, so likewise glutamate (E) is next to aspartate (D) in the alphabet (B is unused, but C is the acronym for cysteine (cysteine), so the pair cannot be B and C but D and E are used instead glutamate and aspartate as abbreviations).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Asparagine (an amide derivative of aspartate), despite its side chain nitrogen (oxygen holding), is neutral (as is glutamine), so the abbreviation N can be remembered from Neutral.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Lysine K (Lycine) is more complex than the above-named N and E, so L (leucine), Y (tyrosine), C (cysteine), I (isoleucine), N, and E (asparagine and glutamate) have already been used; K is the unused letter closest to L in the alphabet (K is before Lemp—M is lowercase) methionine ID).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Tryptophan is the most complex of the amino acids, and the carbon chain of its side chain phenyl ring and one side of the five-ring form a W-shaped pattern, so it gains the tail end of the alphabet from the letter W to its acronym.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Mnemonic of amino acids with single-letter abbreviations Amino acids can be divided into groups in more ways according to their side chain properties.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

One method of grouping by side chains [8], each individual group by increasing size, (for example GAVLI; sizes G<A<V<L = I, leucine and isoleucine are isomers) is Aliphatic (straight chain) (G) AVLI.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The number of carbons in the side chains (0), 1, 3, 4 → (G) AVLI 1344, glycine is in brackets because it therefore does not have carbon chain Aromatic FYW; phenylalanine F = alanine + phenyl group; Y = tyrosine = F + -OH (i.e. phenol), W i.e. tryptophan is (from its side chain) Attached to the methyl group heterocyclic 5-ring adhered to the phenyl group, i.e., sum F + 5-ring.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

All three are aromatic.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

(Also, the side chain of histidine is aromatic (since the heterocyclic of the side chain, i.e., in this case the nitrogen-containing 5-ring is planar, its all atoms are sp2-hybridized and has an odd number (3) of electron pairs with p-orbitals of atoms in the ring, i.e., available for delocalized for π-bonds; thus it satisfies the three requirements of aromaticity, even if not containing a phenyl group) [9], Sulfur-containing CM; in cysteine the sum of carbon and sulfur is 2, in methionine it is 4 → CM24 (CityMarket24).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Cysteine makes sulfur bridges in proteins (C has terminal -SH, i.e. thiol group), methionine does not form sulfur bridges, which can also remember that in cysteine the sulphur is terminal, i.e. terminal, methionine is not terminal but as the penultimate part of the four-part chain.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Alcohols ST; in each, the hydroxyl group is attached to the first (side chain) carbon attached to the alpha carbon.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The serine (S) side chain has one carbon, two carbons in the side chain of threonine (T) → ST1 (gas station) or ST112 (the number 1 comes from the hydroxyl group being attached to the 1. carbon in each side chain, 1 and 2 are the numbers of carbons) Positively charged K (H) R. Histidine (H) (which is also aromatic) the side chain is not positively charged at physiological pH, but as the pH decreases slightly its charge becomes more positive.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

All three (lysine K, histidine H and arginine R) have 4 carbon atoms in the side chain, nitrogen atoms again lysine have 1, histidine 2 and arginine 3 → K (H) R1234, where 1, 2 and 3 are the amounts of nitrogen in the side chain, 4 again is the amount of carbon, which is all the same.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Negatively charged amino acids DE and these amide derivative amino acids NQ; DENQ.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The negative charge comes at physiological pH from the carboxyl group that has donated its proton (pKa for carboxylic acids is about 5), leaving a carboxylate anion remaining.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

In the amide group, on the other hand, the C=O bond remains, but the negatively charged oxygen has been replaced by the amino group (-NH2), so there is no negative charge at physiological pH but the side chain is neutral.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Glutamate and glutamine (E and Q) have one more carbon (3 pieces) than aspartate and asparagine (2 pcs, D and N) → DENQ23 (ag); aspartate is D and glutamate E, asparagin N and glutamine Q).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

Note that DENQ goes alphabetically as does ag, 23 again in numerical order.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

P, that is, proline does not belong to any of these groups; it is cyclic but not aromatic, in addition to which nitrogen and alpha-carbon of the amino acid body are involved as part of the ring unlike any other amino acid; although neutral and the “side chain” contains only carbon, it is neither aliphatic nor aromatic.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

G, or glycine, is in brackets because it also has no aliphatic carbon chain but hydrogen alone, making it the simplest (smallest) amino acid.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

H, or histidine, is also in parentheses because it is not positively charged at physiological pH on average; it is only when pH falls below 6.0 with more than 50% probability that the histidine side chain is positively charged.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

When putting groups sequentially, the following mnemonic is obtained (when G, P and H are included) (G) AVLI1344-FYW (P) -CM24-ST112-K (H) R1234-DENQ23 (ag).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

So 1 of ST1 does not describe the amount of carbon, as does 1, 2 or 3 of KHR1234, but 1 of ST1 is the location of the hydroxyl group in the side chain, the number of carbons is 1 and 2 (ST112).


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

KHR 1, 2 and 3 again describe the amount of nitrogen in the side chain, 4 being the number of carbons which is constant.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

The 2 and 4 of CM24 therefore describe the sum of carbon and sulfur; in cysteine (sulfur bridges), sulfur is at the end of the chain, in methionine again penultimate.


Question: How many of the amino acids necessary for humans do you have to get from nutrition?

Amino acids

See also Proteinogenic amino acid Amino acid chain Amino acid synthesis Sources on topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Viktor Robertovich Tsoi (,) (21 June 1962, Leningrad, Russian SFNT — 15 August 1990 Ķesterciems, Latvian SNT) was a Soviet rock musician.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

He was the frontman, singer-songwriter and guitarist of the band Kino.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Childhood and adolescence Tsoi was born in Leningrad as the only child of Russian-Korean engineer father Robert Maksimovich Tsoi and Russian PE teacher mother Valentina Vasilyevna Guseva.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Tsoi's great-grandfather, Choi Yong-nam, was a native of Sŏngjin, Hamgyŏng Province, Korea.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

At the age of 12, Viktor was put into art school, where he gained his first experiences playing in a music ensemble with Maksim Paškov</i>in.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

However, his studies did not progress as hoped and he was assigned to a vocational school, from which he graduated as a carpenter.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

However, he did not leave the musical hobby, but participated in various playing projects in the 1970s, among them with his old school friend Alexei Rybin in the band Piligrimy.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Coming into the 1980s, Tsoi began to become even more comfortable with the leading influences of Leningrad punk circles, Maikin and Svinin (Finnish ″Sika”).


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

They gained some notoriety in the informal living room concerts they organized.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Tsoi and Rybin also traveled to Moscow and participated in private punk concerts organized by rock influencer Artemi Troitsky.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

On this trip, Boris Grebenshchikov of the band Akvarium happened to see Tsoi on the train playing and applied to his case, offering the young rocker his help.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Grebenshchikov was a big name and part of the Soviet rock cream.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Through him, Tsoi got into circles and got to know some of the country's leading rockers, among them Sergei Kurjohin.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Beginning of career So, in 1981 Tsoi and his two comrades, Aleksei Rybin and Oleg Valinski founded a band called Garin i Giberboloid, which at a point became a member of the legendary Leningrad rock club.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Valinski was about to enter the army, but other members of the band, under Grebenshchikov, began recording their first album.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

The recording took place in a real studio and was attended by all members of the band Akvarium.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

An album titled 45 appeared the following year in 1982.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Collaborations with Akvarium continued throughout the decade.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

In the fall of 1983, Viktor Tsoi applied to a mental institution and spent another month there.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

In doing so, he avoided military service and then a likely deployment to the war in Afghanistan.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Kino became one of the best known performers of popular music in Russian musical history.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

It released several records in the 1980s and performed diligently at festivals and concerts.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

They became one of the representatives of the “red wave” of rock in the United States, for which reason their records were released and they made a concert trip to the United States.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Film Career In the middle of the decade, Tsoi expanded her career to include film as well.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Initially, he appeared in a few short films for dilettantes, and later in full-length, such as the film Igla by the alma-Atan Nugmanov (Finnish. ″Needle”).


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

The album Gruppa Krovi, released in 1988 (Finnish. ″Blood type”) achieved phenomenal popularity, so that began to talk about kinomania.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

The success continued the following year and Kino became a superband, always drawing full concert halls.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Also, Tsoi's role performances in films began to receive attention and also official recognition.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Private life In 1985 Viktor married Marianna Igorevna Rodovanskaya, who now became Marianna Tsoi.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

They had a boy child, Aleksander, aka Saša.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Death Tsoi's last concert was in Moscow, at the famous Luzhnik Hall in July 1990.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

After that, Tsoi retreated with Kasparyanov to his summer home in Jūrmala, Latvia, to record material for the new album.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

While on his way to take the tapes made to Leningrad, Tsoi was involved in a road accident on 15 August 1990 in Ķesterciems near Tukums, Latvia.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Tsoi died instantly after the Moskvich passenger car he was piloting drifted into the oncoming lane and striking the bus.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Investigations show Tsoi fell asleep in his car.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

He had not drunk alcohol for at least two days before his death, so falling asleep is thought to have been caused by overexertion.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

One tape that was in the car was able to be salvaged, and Tsoi's vocal contributions on it were combined with those performed by band mates afterwards.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

About the thus born Чёрный альбом (Chornij albom, Finnish. ″Black Album”) became the most popular record of the band Tsoi and Kino.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

After his death, Tsoi was buried in St. Petersburg's Bogoslovskoye Cemetery.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

The grave site very soon became a pilgrimage site in the same vein as Jim Morrison's grave in Paris.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

After Tsoi's death, most of his music was reissued primarily to improve technical quality.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Behind these reissues, carried out by the Muscovite Moroz record label, and partly as producer, has been the widow Marianna.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

He also saw to it that musicians who appeared on the record have had their share of their output.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Although there were even legal disputes between Marianna Tsoi and former Kino band members over the copyrights of Kino songs [1].


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Marianna Tsoi has also written, together with Rybin, a book about Viktor Tsoi, Tochka otstšjo (Точка Отсчёта, in Finnish ″starting point'), as well as tinkering with this statue on Moscow's Arbat Street.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

He also served as a producer and representative for other St. Petersburg rock artists.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Marianna died in 2005 of cancer.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Finnish TV journalist Reijo Nikkilä made Viktor Tsoi and the performance of the ensemble Kino a rare film reportage in 1987 in Moscow.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

[2] In Finnish, Tsoi's texts have been translated by, among others, Akseli Kajanto [3].


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

A few of Tsoi's songs have also been translated and recorded by the Joensu-based band Folkswagen.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Even more are in their gig repertoire sung in Russian. [4].


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Music under censorship Hochu peremen, one of the most famous songs of the band Kino!


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

(in Finnish ″I want change!” , Хочу перемен!


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

), portrayed by Viktor Tsoi in the final scene of the cult film Assa (1987), for example [5], was subject to music censorship in Belarus in 2011.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

Public performance of the song on radio, for example, was banned.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

[6] [7] [8] This has generated a wide range of counter-reactions.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

For example, in an animated series cultivating political satire on Russian television Channel One, Mult Litšnosti, animated President Lukashenko performs Tsoi's song ″more appropriately” lyric.


Question: When did Viktor Tsoi die?

Viktor Tsoi

[9] Sources Category:Russian rock singers Category:Russian guitarists Category:Those born in 1962 Class:Singer-songwriters Category:Music censorship


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Mark Selby (born 19 June 1983) is an English professional snooker player.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Selby hails from Leicester and he also plays pool.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

The best achievements of Selby's professional career include the 2014, 2016 and 2017 world titles, a 2012 UK Championship win, a triple win in the most prestigious Masters invitational tournament played at Wembley (2008, 2010 and 2013), and a maximum break of 147 points in June 2009 [1].


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

In his career, he has scored 473 strokes over 100 points at professional tournament level [2], in addition to his 2014 and 2016 world championship wins, he has been a one-time player in the finals of the World Cup.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Selby is known as a good-humoured and popular athlete.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

[3] He scored his 100th Breik of the World Cup 2011 season at number 54.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

With that, he passed the legendary Stephen Hendry's record of 53, which he set in the 1994-95 season.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

(Subsequently, Selby's record has been broken more than one time, most recently Neil Robertson made history at the 2014 World Cup by being the first to break the 100-hundredth border laundry.)


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Career Promising start Mark Selby began his pro career in 1999.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

As a teenager, he already showed great potential, beating name-calling players such as Ronnie O'Sullivan and Stephen Hendry.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

However, he was unable to play steadily enough at the top level early in his career.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

It was not until around the age of 25 that he was able to increase his level of play so that he has steadily accumulated ranking points and climbed to the top 16 in the professional list for the 2007/08 season [4].


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

In 2002, Selby played himself for the first time in the semifinals of a ranking tournament at the China Open.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Finalist of the ranking tournament In 2003, Selby reached the final of a ranking tournament for the first time at the Regal Scottish Masters at the age of 19.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

In the final, however, he lost to David Gray by erin 9—7.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

8-ball world champion, World Championship finalist as well as Top 16 player In 2006 Selby won the World Billiards 8-Ball Championship [5] and in the Grand Prix tournament he scored a punch set of 139 points.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

The 2006/07 season was really successful for Selby and he elevated himself to the season-ending top 16 in the ranking list.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Consequently, in the 2007/08 season he did not have to play qualifying games, instead being placed directly in the main tournaments on the 32-player chart.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Between 2005 and 2007 Selby cleared his way to the world championships and in 2007 he punched himself into the sport's elite, clearing his way all the way to the final.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

However, he lost the final to the experienced John Higgins by erin 13—18 [6].


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

On his way to the final, he defeated e.g.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Stephen Lee and training partner Shaun Murphy.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Ranking Tournament and Masters Winner In the 2007/08 season, Selby played himself into the semifinals of the Maplin UK Championship, where he lost to tournament winner Ronnie O'Sullivan, who in the final and deciding set spectacularly scored a maximum break of 147 dropping Selby from their possible third ranking tournament final.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Selby, who was in heavy lift in January 2008, finally achieved his first major tournament victory by defeating in the final of the prestigious SAGA Insurance Masters invitational tournament against compatriot Stephen Lee at Wembley by erin 10-3 [7].


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

En route to the final, Selby won all of his earlier games in the final and deciding set 6-5.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

After the first session of the final, things were level with Selby leading the match 5—3.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

In the second session, Lee failed to catch the game's plot and Selby won five rounds in a row, achieving with convincing play his first tournament victory.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

After returning from the break, Selby immediately scored a 132-point punch set into the ninth round, and after a few more even rounds, a 125-point punch set into the 12th round as well as the 13th round of a 141-point punch set.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

With a series of 141 points in the final round, Selby won the biggest punch series prize of the shared tournament of £10,000.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Due to a series of punches of the same magnitude by Ken Doherty earlier in the same week, the award was shared between those players.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

With this prestigious invitational tournament win, Selby earned £155,000 (including £5,000 for the biggest punch series shared prize).


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

The up-and-coming season saw a continuation at the Welsh Open, where Selby defeated Ronnie O'Sullivan's erin 9-8 in the final after being 5-8 with a loss [8] [9].


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

This was Selby's first ranking tournament win.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Selby's soaring playing ire also received a continuation at the China Open tournament, where he played in the semifinals against Shaun Murphy, who lost in the final to Stephen Maguire 9-10.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

However, after being one of the winning favourites of the World Championship tournament thanks to a strong season, Selby already lost his first round match to Mark King.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

On the ranking list, Selby rose to the best ranking of his career, ranked 4th, for the 2008/09 season.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Player of the WBPSA Achievement of the Year 2008 (Masters) [10] 147 in the opening tournament of the 2008/09 season at the Northern Ireland Trophy, Selby suffered a defeat early in the second round to Ian McCulloch.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

In the Shanghai Masters tournament played in China, Selby advanced like the previous year to the semifinals where, however, Ricky Walden, the black horse of the tournament, emerged as a contender from a 1-4 losing position to a 6-4 victory.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

The semi-final, however, lifted Selby in the Provisional ranking list to third place past Shaun Murphy.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

At the Royal London Watches Grand Prix, Selby's tie tied for Round 2, where he narrowly lost to finalist Ryan Day.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

At the Maplin UK Championship, Selby was immediately pitted in the first round against a tough challenger as Mark Williams, who was seriously back in the top 16, stepped up against him, knocking Selby's follow-up at this main tournament of the autumn season.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

This was a hard blow to Selby's ranking points situation, as significantly more ranking points are awarded at Telford than in the base tournaments.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

At the Masters tournament, Selby looked to continue his lossless streak all the way to victory, but Ronnie O'Sullivan rose from the chase position to a 10-8 victory in a hard-fought final [11].


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

At the season-ending Jiangsu Classic invitational tournament, Selby achieved a maximum breik for the first time in his pro career in his match against Joe Perry [12].


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Wembley star The first half of the 2009/10 season didn't go too convincingly for Selby, but the return to Wembley for the Pokerstars.com Masters in January 2010 was incredible: in the final a fall in revance marks the previous year's winner Ronnie O'Sullivan erin 10-9.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Selby surged to victory from a 6-9 losing position.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Thus Selby has only lost one match in his career at the Masters tournament [13].


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

At the World Championships, Selby made it all the way to the semi-finals, dribbling e.g.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

in the quarterfinals between Ronnie O'Sullivan and in the second round by Stephen Hendry.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

In the semi-finals, however, Selby experienced defeat to Graeme Dott.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Players Tour Championship winner The first half of the 2010/2011 season did not bring much success for Selby in bigger tournaments, but in the Players Tour Championship section of the minor tournament series Star Xing Pai Players Tour Championship 2 Selby won the final in Sheffield against Barry Pinces against erin 4-3.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

In the closing tournament of the autumn season, the UK Championship Selby finished as early as the second round.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Even at Wembley in early 2011, where Selby shone at The Masters from 2008 to 2010 three times in a row in the final, achieving two victories, defeat came immediately in the first round.


Question: When did Mark Selby start his pro career?

Mark Selby

Tournament wins Ranking tournaments Welsh Open 2008 Shanghai Masters 2011 UK Championship 2012, 2016 World Championship 2014, 2016, 2017 German Masters 2015 China Open 2015, 2017 Paul Hunter Classic 2016 International Championship 2016, 2017 Lower Ranking- tournaments Star Xing Pai Players Tour Championship 2 2010 Paul Hunter Classic 2011, 2012 FFP Open 2013 Antwerp Open 2013 Riga Open 2014 Gdynia Open 2016 Invitational Tournaments The Masters 2008, 2010, 2013 Non-Ranking Tournaments Wuxi Classic 2011 Numbers MARK SELBYWorld Championship Tournament Finals42007, 2014, 2016, 2017Ranking Tournament Winns62008, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016Ranking TournamentFinals52003, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2016Masters Tournaments32008, 2010, 2013Masters Tournaments32008, 2009, 2010Highest ranking12011/ 2012Greatest punch series147Wuzhou International Group Jiangsu Classic 2009 () More than 100 point punch series503 Sources on topic elsewhere Category:English snooker players Category:Born in 1983 Class:Living persons


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Foreign Legion () is an elite military unit of the French Land Forces.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

As its name suggests, soldiers serving in the Foreign Legion represent different nationalities: only 25-35% are French citizens.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

After three years of service, the Legionnaire is allowed to apply for French citizenship.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[1] The mysterious reputation of the Foreign Legion is due, among other things, to the fact that it can choose to be inhabited by a pseudonym and nationality, which has attracted criminals and adventurers fleeing justice in the past.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Today, pseudonymity is symbolic of “turning a new leaf in life”, as background checks are carried out.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

After three years, one's own identity can be taken.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[2] The Legion's original mission, founded in 1831, was to secure French colonies across the world.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Today, the Legion is part of the French Army: it defends France and operates in UN subordinate missions, among other French troop detachments.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In the past, the Legion was essentially a final escape for criminals, fugitives, beggars and those who fell out of favour.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

After the Russian Civil War, the Foreign Legion included Russians who lost the war, among others.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Training was weak, conditions miserable, operations often bloody and desertion overall.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Today, the Legion is an elite unit where only the best of the applicants are selected.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The hallmarks of the Foreign Legion The Foreign Legionnaire is best recognized by the uniform.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The service uses a CCE-patterned terrain suit and sportswear.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

On holidays, parades and vigil, the Legion's khaki coloured uniform with red shoulder tokens and blue belt laces is put on.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[3] Boots are always shiny and well-groomed.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

On the head is a shimmering white képi.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In the Peace Corps, legionnaires' headgear is usually worn instead of a helmet or similar by a beret.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Legion's specialty is the slow marching pace, 88 steps per minute; other modern armies have a marching pace of about 120 steps per minute.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[4] The Legion's March of Honor is “Le Boudin”.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The name of the march literally means black sausage.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

History of the Foreign Legion The establishment of the Legion The Foreign Legion originated with an order signed by King Louis Philip of France and Marshal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult on 9 March 1831 ordering the establishment of a new unit in the country's army, the Foreign Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[5] The grounds for the establishment of the Foreign Legion lay in the history following the Great French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, when the Bourbon ruler family returned to power.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

It kept foreign soldiers as part of its armed force to secure its position against possible rebellions by the French.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Subject or citizens of foreign countries served in France in the Hohenlohe Regiment and six regiments in the Swiss Guards.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Swiss Guard had clashed with the French King, Charles X during 1827 and 1828, with the working population of Paris, and with the grenators of the French army at Versailles in 1828.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Swiss Guard was better paid as soldiers than the rest of the French army.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Following the July Revolution of 1830 in France, the Swiss Guard in France was dissolved on 14 August 1830, but for foreign soldiers fighting on the French side in the Napoleonic Wars, following Napoleon's defeat, the Hohenlohe Regiment founded by the Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Batenstein received stay, and it stayed in Marseille.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

It was decided to send the regiment in support of the Greeks to fight against the Ottoman Empire, but the plan did not materialise; the regiment was disbanded.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Those who wished to continue the service were commanded to the 21st Light Infantry Regiment of the French Army.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

However, when former foreign soldiers remained in the country, King Louis Philip decided on 9 March 1831 by royal order to establish a Foreign Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Nine days later, the provisions were refined by establishing the rule that the French were not allowed to serve in the Foreign Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The first commander of the Foreign Legion became Baron Christophe Stoffel, during which time former officers retired after the Napoleonic Wars and estranged by the Bourbon reigns were employed in the officer corps.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The problem with the Foreign Legion was that the crew didn't speak French.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

An attempt was made to patch this up by employing German matriculators who had been involved in subversive activities in Germany.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

According to the mayor of the Foreign Legion lodging locality, Bar-le-Duc, the locality was troubled and when captured could have as many as 50 Foreign Legionnaires in the same cell at a time.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Because of the problems, in mid-1831, the French government sent a Foreign Legion to Algeria to fight against North African tribes and pirates.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Around the time of its deployment to North Africa, the French Foreign Legion consisted of seven battalions: 1st Battalion (soldiers from six disbanded Swiss Guard Regiments and the Hohenlohe Regiment) 2nd Battalion (soldiers from six disbanded Swiss Guards regiments and From the Hohenlohe Regiment) 3rd Battalion (soldiers from six disbanded Swiss Guards Regiments and the Hohenlohe Regiment) 4th Battalion (soldiers Spanish) 5th Battalion (soldiers Italians and Sardinians) 6th Battalion (soldiers Dutch and Belgians) 7. battalion (Soldiers Poles) Each battalion had, in accordance with the strength of quantity, a company of 112 men.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[6] Early stages of the Legion The first battalions entered service in Algeria in the autumn of 1831, and legionaries were put in to build roads and dry marshes.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Legion took over the town of Constantine in 1837 and by the end of the 1840s France had possession of all of northern Algeria.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Victory also came at a price, between 1831 and 1835 some 2000 legionnaires, or about one in six, died of typhoid fever or malaria.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[7] The takeover of Maison Carrée The first battle of the French Foreign Legion was the recapture of the Maison Carrée by rebels of the El Ouffia tribe on 27 April 1832.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

It was performed by the 1st and 3rd Battalions.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

A month later, a unit commanded by Major Salomon de Musis was ambushed and Lieutenant Chamn became the first legionary officer to fall.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Those legionnaire prisoners who did not convert to the faith of Islam were killed.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

One of the legionnaires converted for the purpose of elopement and ran away.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

After he came to Maison Carrée to report, Major Salomon de Musis was dismissed and assigned to a penal battalion as a legionnaire who had lost his reputation.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Battle of Moulay Ishmael Colonel Michel Combe became commander of the French Foreign Legion on 1 April 1832.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

He agreed with the commander of French Algerian forces that Foreign Legionnaires could be used as volunteers for dangerous missions.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Abd-El-Kader, the emir of Mascara, was forced to negotiate peace, but the emir's 12000 soldier-strong force defeated the 4th and 5th Battalion of the Foreign Legion at the Battle of Moulay Ishmael.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

However, the force managed to escape total destruction at the Battle of Macta Salt Desert.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

During the fighting against the Carlists in Spain, France sent a Foreign Legion battalion composed of Spaniards to the civil war in Spain.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

On 17 August 1835, however, France already provided the entire Foreign Legion for the war.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

However, as France still needed troops in Algeria as well, King Louis Philip of France issued an order on 16 December 1835 for the establishment of a new Foreign Legion.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The new French Foreign Legion Commander of the New Foreign Legion became the Duke of Aumale, under whose command the Legion attacked 1844 Abd-El-Kader.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Nine legionnaires and 300 Arabs fell.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Abd-El-Kader withdrew to Morocco and surrendered in 1847.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

He was exiled to Damascus.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Battles 1854—1856: Legion participated in the Crimean War.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In 1859, the Legion participated for the first time in a parade in Paris.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1863: Battle of Camerone at Hacienda Camarón, Mexico.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Commemorating the battle, the Legion is still celebrating the feast day.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In the battle, the Legion struggled to the last man, attacking the superior enemy of the bayonet even after all ammunition had been used.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Of the 62 legionnaires and three officers, three survived.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[8] 1870: The Legion first fought on French soil.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The opponent was Prussia.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1883: Battle of Tonkin, Indochina.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1914—1918: World War I.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1939—1945: World War II.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Legion split into two parts: one side loyal to the new French government, the other to the Free France forces led by Charles de Gaulle who were in exile in England.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1945: Indochina War.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Ho Chi Minh pursued an independent Vietnam, and France held on to its colony with the full force of the Legion and the French Army.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The war lasted nine years.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In 1954, in May Điện Biên Phạn camp was broken and with it the hope of regaining Indochina under French control was lost.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1954: Legion returned to Algeria, where unrest began.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In 1961, the generals attempted a coup d'état that failed.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1962 the Legion withdrew from Algeria to Aubagne, France.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1976: Terrorists hijacked a school bus in Djibouti.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Legion's Parachute Regiment freed the hostages.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1978: Battle of Kolwez: Legionnaires freed hostages taken by rebels and restored order to the region.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1991: The Gulf War was one of the Legion's greatest successes.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Legion was particularly commended for their knowledge of the desert.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

2001—: War in Afghanistan.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Since then, the Foreign Legion has been involved in various UN missions around the world, including in Mogadishu, Bosnia, Kosovo, Somalia, Cambodia and Algeria.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The French state has decided that the Foreign Legion will no longer take part in actual fighting.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Admission requirements to the Foreign Legion can be launched in several different cities in France.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Legion is not allowed to advertise its activities outside French borders.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

You can only enlist in the Foreign Legion by entering the Enlistment and Information Point (PILE) or recruitment centre (CP) There are no language requirements, but you must be able to read and write in your native language.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

You learn the French language during service.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The applicant should be a male between 17 and 39 years old, accompanied by identification papers (valid passport) and physical condition should be good.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Certificates of education are not required, but other official documents eg driver's license, certificate of office (apostille certificate) and any court decisions etc.. However, a French citizen can apply with a permit tag signed by the parents to join the Legion as early as the age of 17.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Tattoos should not be in visible places such as the face, palms or neck.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Criminals are handed over to the police.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Spectacles can be a barrier to entry into service, but if there are few applicants, glasses will also get in.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

At the beginning, tests are carried out to measure health status, mental condition (psychotechnical tests), safety (crimes, warrants), motivation (two interviews), as well as physical fitness.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Physical fitness is measured by pull-ups (at least seven) and the endurance test Luc léger (endurance shuttle running), where maximum aerobic speed (VO2max) is measured.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

If there are more applicants, the requirements may be higher.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

[1] Physical and health admission requirements: Body mass index must be between 20 and 30 kg/m².


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

(Body mass index for a man who is 175cm and weighs 62-92kg) Teeth should be healthy and groomed, chewing area at least 40% No permanent physical injuries or illnesses (hearing, overweight, diabetes, hepatitis, missing finger) Troop wards Foreign Legion headquarters from which activities is run, operates in Aubagne, near Marseille.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Recruits are trained in Castlenaudary, southern France and upon completion of training they are posted to one of the following troop divisions: Premier Régiment Etranger (1erRE) (Régiment De Sélection et d'administration): a training and administrative unit with headquarters in Aubagne.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1erRE is the headquarters regiment of the Legion, where service begins and where it ends in due course.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Along with administrative and maintenance duties, the Headquarters Regiment assigns men to its units and manages the Legion's contacts with the outside world.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

At 1ERRE, all tests are performed before becoming a rookie.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1erRE is also the home of the Legion's Ring Society (Musique Principale), and additionally houses the Legion Museum.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The barracks (Quartier Viénot) is located near Marseille.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Deuxième Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie (2èmerei): Infantry Regiment in Nîme.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

2Èmerei was founded in 1841.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The regiment is today stationed at Quartier Vallongue in Nîmes.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Troisième Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie (3èmerei): A jungle war regiment in French Guiana.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

3Èmerei was founded in 1915.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

In 1973, it moved from Madagascar to Quartier Forget, located in Kourou, French Guiana.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Quatrième Régiment Etranger (4èmere) (Régiment d'Instruction): A primary education unit in Castelnaudary.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

There are two barracks in Castelnaudary, the newer of which was built in 1985.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

At the senior barracks (Quartier Lepasset), most courses are held: Caporaux courses (CT1), Sergents courses (CT2), and so on.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The Cinquième Régiment Etranger d'infanterie (5Èmerei) was founded in Indochina in the 1930s.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The regiment participated, among other things, in the Indochina-Algerian War.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The regiment was discontinued in November 1963 after which it became (5Èmere): (at which time it became known as 5ème Régiment Mixte du Pacifique, or 5ème R.M.P.).


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

It was stationed on Mururoa Atoll.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

5ÈMere was officially disbanded on 30 June in 2000.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

The 5Èmere was a small unit that, during its existence, saw little combat.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

Premier Régiment Etranger de Génie (1erReg): A pioneer regiment stationed at Laudun.


Question: In which country has the Northern Lights been first seen?

French Foreign Legion

1erReg was still known until 1999 as 6ème Régiment Etranger de Génie.