Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Attractions and significant buildings Kannonsaha The largest trading saw in Northern Central Finland and the largest industrial plant in Lauka was founded by Kronunvouti, father Daniel Danielsson of the famous historian, and Carl Gustav Favor, a Kokolan merchant the Kannonkoski umaa that gave its name in 1835.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The actual sawing operation at the site was started by Michail Tichanoff, a Vyborg merchant.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The sawn timber was first transported by sailing ships to Kivijärvi's Kinnula Bay, then by horses to Himanga and further for export mainly through the port of Kokkola.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The boards in Kannonkoski were sure to go because the other partner Favorin was one of Kokkola's biggest shipowners.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

A village municipality with mills, dwellings, shops, libraries and schools was created on the site of industrial scale freight, furloughs, shops, libraries and schools: Kannonsaha, by which the village is still known, was thus the first agglomeration of the present Kannonkoski municipality colony, “agglomeration”.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

For a workforce of more than 100 people, a large barracks had been built on the verge of the sawmill.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Sawmill school was held by e.g.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Kivijärvi lock Kjellman.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

An iron smelter was also built in connection with the three-story sawmill building in 1850.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The action fell short of the degree of experimentation: the manufacture of iron from lake ore did not pay off.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Later sawmill owners included land merchant Johan Anjelin as well as local power figure Lauri Vesterinen.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The old sawmill stood in place until 1896.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

However, operations at the site were reportedly continued until 1947 and the last place was Kannonkoski Mylly-, Saha- and Electrical Cooperative, one of the predecessors of the energy company Keski-Suomen Valo Oy.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The operation of the stump saw was also boosted by the largest single forest site in the whole of northern Europe, Lakomäki, which has long been active in the eastern part of the same keeper.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

[21] The monument “Vesiratas” was erected in 1996 by the Lions Club of Kannonkoski on the ruins of a former mill at the heart of an old sawmill village near the 648 road and railway bridge over the Kannonkoski River.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

“Häme's eyes will look after Kalle Rhine when it left Kannonkoski, and there will be no more.” - Thus was Antti Rosenström's song about Michail Tichanoff, the enonkoskelais-born Lord of Kannonsaha.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Piispala Kannonkoski Swimming Hall BISHOP, ball rink and ice rink and sports complex are located in Piispala, a nature, sports and youth tourism centre, which was founded in 1982 with the support of the Ministry of Education.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Piispala is located on the scenic Kivijärvi promontory about seven kilometres northwest of the central drive of the municipality, just off the Sininen road.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Piispala also owns the Muokavaara Youth Centre located in Muonio, Western Lapland [22].


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

In August 1990, the international Finnjamboree Scout Camp for 13,500 participants was held in Piispala [23] Tervas.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Lakomäki Metsäkartano Metsäkartano was built by plant geographer Alfred Oswald Kihlman in 1885 as the main building of his forest farm of about 6,500 hectares.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Kihlman was a senator, scientist and explorer who explored, among other things, the Kola Peninsula.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Traces of his work can still be seen in Lakomäki; among the rare species there is, for example, German fir, whose pine cones grow upwards.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Lakomäki subsequently served for almost a hundred years as a loggerhead for forestry companies such as Enso Gutzeit.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

There were hundreds of men and horses working in the forests.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

In addition to Lakomäki, the men stayed at the loggies of Heinäjärvi, Vuorimäki, Saukkola and Yläminen Vuorijärvi.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The first forest car road to Lakomäki was completed in the 1930s.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Now, there's enough road to the Congi canvas.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Today, Lakomäki Metsäkartano serves as a rural tourism, accommodation and banquet facility.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The former fire guard tower is served by a lookout restaurant.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

[24] Kannonkoski Church Functionalist concrete vaulted Kannonkoski Church was completed in 1938.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

On 22 February 1971, the Palomäki level crossing accident in Kannonkoski claimed the lives of six Kannonkoskelan schoolchildren.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

A memorial stone has been erected in Kannonkoski churchyard in their memory.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The Orthodox Monks of Valamo Evako in Kannonkoski Orthodox Valamo Monastery had to move from Valamo in Ladoga with the Winter War and the peace making that ended it in 1939-1940.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

[25] Icons and other valuable equipment were included, which the monastery's 117 monks and their assistants moved on horseback to a farm in Northern Kannonkoski, Terelä village.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Some of the monks were accommodated at the keeper's national schools such as Vuoskoski, Piispala, Käräjämäki and Taipale School Hilmonkoski.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The monks who survived the war, cold, disease and famine that had been hard hit by the Kannonkoskelai moved to Papinniemi in Heinävesi, where the monastery continued.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The 27 monk brothers who perished during the Winter War are buried in Kannonkoski churchyard.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Kannonkoski does not have its own Orthodox parish, church or tsasouna, but belongs to the territory of Jyväskylä Orthodox Parish, whose nearest prayer houses are located in the neighbouring municipalities of Viitasaari and Saarijärvi.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The monks of Valamo in Heinävesi celebrated their brothers' commemoration in Kannonkoski in June 2010 under Archimandrite Sergei [26].


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Kyyjärveläinen Raimo Salo has directed and produced a documentary about the experience of jurors.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Thanks to the monks of Valamo, Kannonkoski was admitted to “The New York Times” on 26 July 1941, although the paper claims Kannonkoski was located in northern Finland: Father Markus and his comrades moved to a new home in Kannonkoski, northern Finland.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

[27] Events Kannonkoski is a [28] folk music keeper.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The keeper's hanurists have achieved many victories among others.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

At the Kaustinen Folk Music Festival.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Kannonkoski has long held annual pelimanni celebrations, such as Käräjäpelot [29] at the village school in Käräjämäki, which has been visited by e.g.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The Helsinki Opera House was designed by architect Eero Pyhämäki, and Antin Soitto in the church village.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Dance tradition and fitness is maintained during the summer [30] on the Hilmonkoski stage.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Jukkouo Jazz, who have gained great popularity in the summer, are also held at the school in the same village.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Kannonkoski also hails from the vocal group Sopivan monia.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

During the summer, Kannonkoski Week is celebrated in Kannonkoski.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The Suomenselkä-fair is held alternately every summer in the municipalities of the Suomenselä region, including Kannonkoski.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Kannonkoski Sports fishermen organize Taimensoudun in Kivijärvi Kuivaselä and Lintuselä every summer.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

In 2001 Janne Heinonen's short film Taivasmatka was filmed in Käräjämäki, among others.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

It starred Teemu Lehtilä and Anu Sinisalo, among others.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

The annual motorcycle event British Rally has been held three times in Kannonkoski Vuorilahti Kallio campsite.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Teeriharju Motorsport Centre also hosts annual car sports events for example.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Mikko Hirvonen's career has also started here.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

Dry peel potatoes (potatoes and dried peel) and tirri roast were named Kannonkoski as keeper dishes in the 1980s.


Question: What was hockey player Lauri 'Lalli' Partinen known for?

Kannonkoski

[31] Friendships Mäksa, Estonia (since 1992) Lugansk, Ukraine (since 1990) Jouko Ahonen, President of the Paper Association [32] Hannu-Pekka Björkman, actress [33] Maija Hapuoja, jazz singer, vocal teacher, summer canon student Mikko Hirvonen, rally driver Johannes Leppänen, MP Manne Liimatainen, skier Lalli Partinen, ice hockey player, CEO of the Finnish Ice Hockey Federation 1986—1988 Kaisa Raatikainen, MP, Minister Vihtori Vesterinen, MP, Minister See also List Kannonkoski Public Artworks and Monuments Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

As a Native American tribe, Iriadamant was among others.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Community performed in Northern Finland between 1992 and 1993.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The residents of the community were predominantly French and Belgian but dressed in Native American costumes.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[1] The group arrived in Finland with the support of Erkki Pulliainen, a professor at the University of Oulu, with the intention of “exploring living in nature”.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

It established an “Indian camp” near Kittilä in autumn 1991.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

When they were predominantly European, the “Kittilä Indians” were often referred to as “lifestyle Indians”.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

In the beginning, the camp was generally welcomed [2].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

In early 1993, attitudes changed.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Prof Pulliainen said pretty soon his relationship broke loose when it became apparent no research was being conducted at the camp.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

According to newspaper records, the camp was miserable, cold, dirty, short of food and health care.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Campers were accused in the papers of child abuse, among other things [3].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

It turned out that the camp was mainly on outside food supply and the camp chief Maltais, who used the name Alpjoine, usually lived not in the camp but in Helsinki.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Increasingly, the camp came to be regarded as a “green vaping” created by the eco-cult, in which the eco-cult leadership fooled the outside world and its rank-and-file members.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The Iriadamants were expelled from Finland in 1993.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[4] The camp broke up shortly after leaving Finland in Italy.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Movement background The Iriadamant camp was founded by a Canadian-Frenchman interested in organic life [5] Pierre Doris Maltais [6] (1937-2015) [5] .Quebec born Maltais [5] is known by many other names: William Norman, Alpjoine, Piel Petjo Maltest, Manolinn Tiam Apjoilnosagmaniteogslg etc [7].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Known as Ecovie (“Ecolife”), an econaturalist group began operating in Quebec in 1973 under the name La Tribu, “The Tribe”.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The group moved to Paris in 1978 [6].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Maltais transformed the movement into the “University of Peace” in 1983.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The camp began touring the world in March 1984.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The camp aspired to live on vegetarian nutrition.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The campers were not paid, the money handed over to the movement was under the control of the camp management.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Unilateral and meager nutrition, lack of hygiene and medical care caused diseases.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

By walking, the transition took energy.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

According to those involved in the movement, young boys were sexually abused by Maltais [6].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Maltais was arrested in 1988 [8].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

In 1989, Maltais was convicted by a Belgian court of fraud and the use of false names [6].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Creating the camp The group came to Finland through Sweden with the invitation of Professor of Zoology at the University of Oulu, Green Union MP Erkki Pulliainen and architect Ilpo Okkonen.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

It included French and Belgian youngsters in particular, but there was also one Canadian among them.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[9] According to the agreement with Pulliainen, the group came to Finland to carry out the interdisciplinary ESSOC project in cooperation with the University of Helsinki.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

On this basis, they were granted residence permits until the end of July 1992.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The group was reported to have included about 140 people in the early stages.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[10] [11] [12] The Iriadamant group stated that they were scientifically studying human adaptation to nature through the lifestyles of natural peoples and opposing the “environmentally destructive and human-subjugating Western way of life”.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

In place, the group had to provide “silvilisation” (ital.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

silva forest).


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The group also practiced religious rituals.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The group initially settled in Sanginjoki near Oulu [13], but moved from there a couple of weeks later to the Lainio River in Kittilä.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

At that point, Pulliainen stopped cooperating, suspecting a hoax.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Pulliainen has described the group's leader, Apljoino, or Norman Williams, aka Maltais, as charismatic, socially gifted and an excellent manipulator.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[14] The Elno iriadamant Association, chaired by Matti Sarmela, professor of anthropology at the University of Helsinki [15], was founded as a supporter of the group.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The briefing of the Iriadamants was provided by their Belgian secretary, Ogtjuson, whose real name is Erik van Monckhoven-Verlaine.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Debate in the press According to journalist Maarit Niiniluoto, the press covering Iriadamant was sharply divided into two groups.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Many weekly magazines, including women's magazines, introduced the group and its ideology in a positive tone upon its arrival in Finland.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Instead, some of the so-called sensational magazines and Green Yarn, a voice supporter of the Green Union [16], especially in early 1993, began to write very negatively about the group.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The camp was said to live in complete isolation from its surroundings and its residents found themselves in trouble with the local population and authorities.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The group was accused, among other things, of exploiting children and holding people in the camp against their own will and the group's leader, Maltais, citing foreign sources, even for links to international drug and arms trafficking and terrorism [17].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The charges stemmed from the book Le mic-mac des services secret: dossier Ecovie, published in 1990, and interviews with Swedish Elisabeth Rydell-Janson.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

According to Professor Matti Sarmela, this was about smear and delegitimization familiar from Nazi Germany, and that iridiamants were first sold as a romantic sensation and then as a revelation.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Sarmela, in turn, was said to be blue-eyed.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[18] According to Niiniluoto, it was descriptive that the authors of the most negative articles and their informants never visited the Kittilä camp and did not even want to explore the life of the group.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[19] Problems Iriadamant did not always maintain the agreed commitments in Finland.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The camp was not self-sufficient and organic: organic food and firewood were brought in from the outside.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Organic food came from Sweden.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Polartrio Oy, which delivered four loads of firewood to the camp a day, suffered losses of hundreds of thousands of marks.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The name of Kittilä expressed that this is a closed entity whose management lives in timeshares and the base members broke and hungry in peat huts.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

According to him, it was not about research, but about a religious group where people are subjugated.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[18] The camp also pretended outwardly to live more naturally than how it actually lived, secretly using modern supplies and tools.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Fabric was used instead of natural materials for the making of outfits.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The glass bottle may have been covered with a basket.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

When the Iriadamant Indians went away from the Laimio camp in Kittilä [20], they left huge quantities of rubbish, juice bottles [20], food jars [20], oil canisters [20], new clothes [20] such as children's clothing [20] and jeans [20].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

In addition, the Iriadamant Indians had cut down several large pine trees down in the heath forest of that camp with a common sawmill whose blades were found in the area at least 30 pieces [20].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

In total, in August 1993, some 2—3 truckloads were taken out of the camp by volunteers [20] [21].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Deportation In early 1993, there was a buzz about lifestyle Indians when the media described conditions at the Kittilä camp as miserable and reported residents were suffering from hunger and cold.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

In some papers, the group's leader was openly accused of being an impostor.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The authorities then took steps to expel the group from Finland.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[9] In the spring of 1993, the group erected their camp in the forest near the village of Päijälä in Kuhmois.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[22] Later, the group was also reported to be staying in Helsinki.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[23] At the end of March 1993, Tina Mäkelä, MP of the Rural Party of Finland, submitted a written question in Parliament on the “Residence of the so-called Iriadamant Indians in Finland”.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Mäkelä asked “whether the Government intends to issue detailed instructions to the authorities so that similar 'lifestyle' studies can no longer be conducted in our country” and whether the Government intended to reimburse the group's costs to the interested parties.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

In response, Interior Minister Mauri Pekkarinen said that there had been no indication of any crime in the group's activities and the inquiry did not warrant further action.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Pekkarinen said it was an isolated case, which was sufficient to resolve the provisions of the existing Aliens Act and that the handling of any expenses incurred by the group to individuals or companies was not part of the task of public authorities.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The group was expelled by decision of the Ministry of the Interior, justified by the termination of the fixed-term residence permit.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[10] The Supreme Administrative Court rejected the group's appeal against the deportation decision in late September 1993.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[24] The members of the group, of which there were 56 at the final stage, had announced their arrival at Helsinki Airport on 3 November 1993 for the purpose of leaving the country.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

There, however, they did not turn up, and their whereabouts after this time were no longer known.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

[25] The community broke up shortly after leaving Finland.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Maltais emigrated to Canada in 1993 and in 2004 relocated to Nicaragua.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

He died in July 2015 in Granada [5], Nicaragua [5].


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

The following persons died in various cult communities of Maltais across Europe [5]; Gilles Bedard (French citizen) in 1990 (intestinal obstruction), Gerard Gauthier (French citizen) in 1994 (infection), Giska, aged three in Northern Finland [5] Sources Literature Deliege, Jean-Frederic — Brewaeys, Philippe 1990.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Ecoovie.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

Le Mic-Mac des Services Secrets.


Question: What were the so-called lifestyle Indians?

Iriadamant

EPO (in French) on the subject elsewhere (in French) Pia Hellertz (in Swedish), Yle Areena Category:Environmental organizations Category:1990s Category:Cults


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

New South Wales () is the oldest state in Australia.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

Located in the south-east of the Australian mainland, it has its capital city Sydney, the largest city in all of Australia in terms of population.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

New South Wales covers an area of 809444km² and the population was 7480228 at the 2016 census.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

[1] The state surrounds the Australian Capital Territory in its southeast corner.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

Governance New South Wales is a state of Australia, which means it has its own independent governance and legislation.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

State laws must not conflict with federal laws.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

The Queen's ceremonial power in the state is held by the Governor.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

The head of state is the Premier of the Government.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

[2] New South Wales has 12 representatives in the upper house of the Australian Parliament and 48 representatives in the lower house.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

New South Wales has a bicameral parliament with 42 seats in the House of Lords and 93 seats in the House of Commons.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

Members of Parliament are elected every four years, for which the state is divided into 93 constituencies.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

Members of the House of Commons are elected one from each constituency, but there is only one statewide constituency for members of the upper house.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

The chairman of the party that won the election becomes the Prime Minister and assembles the government and elects the ministers.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

[3] State executive power rests with the governor, who signs state laws and other official documents, as well as representing the state outward.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

[4] State jurisdiction rests with the courts.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

They include, at the lowest level, local rights (engl.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

Local Courts), above which are the District Courts (engl.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

District Courts).


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

The highest court in the state is the Supreme Court (engl.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

Supreme Court).


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

The state administration also has a number of sub-judicial departments that specialize in their own criminal titles.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

[5] Local government areas are responsible for local government, of which there are 152 in the state.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

The regions correspond to municipalities and are responsible for areas such as municipal engineering, zoning and waste management.


Question: What is the capital of New South Wales?

New South Wales

[6] Sources on the topic elsewhere *


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The Aegean Sea [1] [2], or Aegean Sea [3] (,), is an islet Mediterranean part of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

It joins the Black Sea via the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosphorus.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[4] [5] The Aegean islands belong to Greece, with some exceptions.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The sea is Greece's most significant marine area, along with the Ionian Sea.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Etymology In antiquity, there were several explanations for the name Aigeia.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

It was said that it was named after the city of Aigai known as the cult site of Poseidon, Queen Aigea of the Amazons, or Aigeus, the father of Theseus, who drowned himself in the sea thinking his son was dead.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[3] [5] The etymology of the name may also be based on the word aiges (αγες, 'waves'), in which case it could mean “Wave sea”.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Geography of the Aegean Sea covers an area of about 215000 square kilometers.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The length of the sea in the north-south direction is about 610 kilometers and the width in the east-west direction is about 300 kilometers.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[4] The west and north coast of the Aegean Sea, as well as most islands, belong to Greece, and the east coast to Turkey.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The following islands (from west to east) serve as the southern border of the marine area: Kythera, Antikythera, Crete, Kásos, Kárpathos and Ródos.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The mean depth of the sea is about 1500 metres and the maximum depth east of Crete is 3543 metres.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[5] The bottom of the Aegean Sea is formed by a high plateau that has sunk into the sea, whose mountain peaks form the Aegean archipelago.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The entire Aegean region is an earthquake-sensitive area.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Beneath the sea area is its own small tectonic plate, the Aegean Slab.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

It is compressed together with the Anatolian Slab on its eastern side between the converging African and Eurasian slabs.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The African Slab protrudes beneath the Aegean Slab south of Crete, while the contact area between the Aegean Slab and the Eurasian Slab is in the northern parts of the marine area.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[6] The area is also volcanic.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Volcanic activity is concentrated in the area of the so-called Hellenic Arc, which stretches from Greece to Turkey passing through the southern Cyclades.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Much of the volcanic activity today is extinguished or dormant.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The most active activity is on Santorín, with a major eruption around 1650—1600 BCE.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

is the strongest in 10,000 years.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[6] The seabed is predominantly limestone.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

As a result of volcanic activity, it is altered in some places.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[5] The bedrock of some islands, such as Skýros, Páros, Íos, Anáfi and Tínos, for example, has marble, while Mýkonos is granite and Thíra is lava and pumice.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[7] The waters of the Aegean Sea and the rest of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic are relatively little mixed together, and the water of the Aegean Sea is saltier than the Atlantic.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The tide is relatively weak but strong in places such as the Évripos Strait.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

There is a northerly wind at sea.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[5] Marine areas and bays in some parts of the Aegean Sea have their own names.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The northernmost part of the sea is called the Thracian Sea, the westernmost part between the Cyclades and the Peloponnese peninsula as the Myrtóon Sea, the eastern part around the islands of Ikaría and Sámos as the Ikaría Sea, and the southernmost part, located between the Cyclades and Crete, the Cretan Sea.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The bays on the Aegean side of Crete are, from west to east, the Gulf of Kísmoksos, the Gulf of Chaniá, the Gulf of Soúda, the Gulf of Almyróksen, the Gulf of Heraklion, the Gulf of Mália and the Gulf of Mirampéllo.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

On the east coast of the Peloponnese are the Gulf of Epídavros Limirá and the Gulf of Argolin.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The Saronic Gulf is located between the Peloponnese and Attica.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Euboia is separated from the mainland by the Northern and Southern Gulf of Euboia.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

In the armpit of the Pelion Peninsula lies the Gulf of Pagasitikós and, in the armpit of the Chalkidikí peninsula, the Thermaïkós Gulf in the northern part of the Aegen Sea.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The headlands of Chalkidikí are separated from each other by the Gulf of Kassándra, or Gulf of Toronaíos, and the Gulf of Singitikós, or Gulf of St.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Further east along the northern coast of the sea are the Gulf of Strymonikós and the Gulf of Kavála.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The Gulf of Saros, the Gulf of Edremit, the Gulf of Dikili, the Gulf of Çandar, the Gulf of Izmir, the Gulf of Kuşadas, the Gulf of Gökov and the Gulf of Güllük are located on the Turkish side.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The islands of the Aegean Sea are more than 1000 pieces.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[6] The islands can be divided into seven groups: the Northern Aegean Islands (which can be further divided into the Thracian Group and the Eastern Aegean Group), the Northern Sporades, Euboia and its surroundings, the Argo-Saronic Islands, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, and Crete and the islands around it.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The largest of the islands are Crete and Euboia.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

They are not always counted as actual Aegean islands not only because of their large size, but also because they lie on the edge of the sea area.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

After these, the largest islands are Lesbos, Rhodes, Chíos and Sámos.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

There are only two larger islands belonging to Turkey in the Aegean Sea, Gökçeada (Ímbros) and Bozcaada (Ténedos).


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Many of the Aegean islands or island chains are actually extensions of mainland mountains.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

One chain extends across the sea to Chíos and the other is between Euboia and Sámos.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The third chain runs through the Peloponnese through Crete to Rhodes and it separates the Aegean Sea from the Mediterranean Sea proper.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Many of the islands have safe harbors and bays, but navigation at sea is generally difficult.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Most of the islands are volcanic.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Marble as well as iron is mined from other islands.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The largest islands have fertile valleys and lowlands.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The total area of the islands is 9122 km².


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[8] History The Aegean Sea has formed in the last 120 million years as tectonic plate movements have narrowed the connection with other marine areas.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

To what it is today, the area took shape as sea levels rose after the last ice age.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[5] In the Neolithic and Bronze Age, the cultures that existed in the region are called the Aegean cultures or Aigeian civilizations.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

They include the Cycladic culture in the Cycladic archipelago, the Minoan culture in Crete, as well as the Helladic culture (including Mycenaean culture) in mainland Greece.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Minoan culture was the first high culture in Europe.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

In antiquity, city-states such as Athens and Sparta emerged, which built the ancient Greek civilization.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Here, too, the original democracy was born.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Greek culture spread out into settlements established on the coast and islands, with the sea being the main thoroughfare and more connecting than separating territories.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The shores of the Aegean Sea have also been dominated at various times by the Persians, Romans, Byzantine, Venetians and Ottoman.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

Transport and economy in the Aegean Sea is well connected by shipping.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

The main ports in the maritime region are Piraeus, Heraklion, Thessaloniki and Alexandroúpoli in Greece, and Izmir in Turkey.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[9] The main industries of the islands are tourism, shipping and the cultivation of wine, olives and fruits.


Question: What is the mean depth of the Aegean sea?

Aegean

[8] Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Lobotomy (kr.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

λοβότομή, from λοβός 'brain' and τομή 'to cut, slice') is a neurological treatment method in use between the 1940s and 1970s that sought to treat predominantly mentally ill individuals.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[1] In lobotomy, the connections of the frontal lobes to the brain are severed.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The procedure was very heavy, and it greatly changed the personality of the patient.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Lobotomy was most often used to treat schizophrenia.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[1] The first lobotomy was performed by Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz in 1936.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

He received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his achievement in 1949.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[1] The method has been abandoned in its original form and replaced with neuroleptics, but in a very severe case of epilepsy, for example, some neural pathways can be selectively cut off in the brain.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Lobotomy execution Lobotomy was performed by injecting alcohol in front of the motor shell layer of the frontal lobes through holes drilled on each side of the head.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Next, an instrument called a leucotome was introduced, with a metal loop protruding out of the cannula-like body in the cutting area.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

By spinning the instrument, six pieces of tissue were removed from the white matter on both sides.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The global form of treatment for lobotomy came when neuropathologist Walter Freeman and neurosurgeon James Watts began surgeries in the United States in 1936 and developed what is known as the standard methode.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The standard methode attempts to locate the lower part of the sutura coronaria by using the standard distance from the upper edge of the zygomalu serving as fixed points and the lateral edge of the orbitan.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Either under local anesthesia or under general anesthesia, holes were drilled on both sides of the temporal area through which a sonde was inserted through the brain to measure brain thickness.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

This allowed to determine the distance to the anterior cerebral arteries passing in the midline.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Fan-like incisions were then made through the white matter of the frontal lobes with a long, measuring scale knife-like leukotomy.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The connections of the frontal lobes to the limbic system that regulates emotional states were severed.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

In the transorbital technique, an ice-pick-like instrument was tapped with a small hammer through the inner edge of the lacrimal sac and the orbital socket into the anterior pit and, turning the awl arm, a fan-like splitting of white matter was made on both sides.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

For anesthesia, a couple of successive electrochokes were enough.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Lobotomy was thought to relieve anxiety, guilt and fears that were considered to form the emotional core of psychosis.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Patients most often became calm; aggressiveness and anxiety decreased.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The biases remained unchanged, but patients were indifferent to them.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Lobotomy in Finland Lobotomy arrived in Finland via the Swedes.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

In late 1945, psychiatrist Gösta Rylander and neurosurgeon Olof Sjöqvist visited Lapinlahti Hospital where they gave a presentation on the use of lobotomy.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

There was enthusiasm among Finns, and Finland's first psychosurgical surgery was performed the following spring at the Finnish Red Cross Hospital in Helsinki, namely the current Töölö Hospital.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[2] The first to be cut was a middle-aged woman who was a patient at Lapinlahti Hospital, suffering from delusions and depression.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Since it was considered that he would not improve otherwise in Lapinlahti, he was sent to Töölö to be operated on.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The surgery was handled by Finnish neurosurgery pioneer Aarno Snellman and was very successful.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The woman was brought back to Lapinlahti, where it was announced after a few days that she has changed for the better.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[2] In the following years, lobotomy was discussed in many contexts: Finnish doctors wrote about the subject in journals such as Mental Nurse and Healthuusolehti, Swedish presentation appeared translated into Finnish, and lobotomy was chosen unanimously in Helsinki as the main topic of the 1949 Nordic Congress on Psychiatrists.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

In the early 1950s, a hospital was planned in Finland for lobotomies, but the project was not concretized.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[2] In the 1950s, most of the Finnish mental hospitals operated on their patients.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

If there was no operating room of their own, patients were sent, for example, to the adjacent general hospital or to the neurosurgery clinic of Helsinki University Central Hospital, Töölö Hospital.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Most often, neurosurgeons from Töölö Hospital were responsible for the surgeries, who travelled to different hospitals for surgery.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

However, patients in a few hospitals were also operated on by surgeons who were not exactly neurosurgeons.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[2] Mainly, people with schizophrenia were treated by lobotomy, but people with manic-depressivity were also subject to surgery relatively frequently.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

However, lobotomy was not aimed at curing diseases, but mainly to ease their symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, obsessive symptoms and tranquility.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

If the first surgery did not have the desired effect, the patient may have surgery again.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[2] Although lobotomy often allowed patients to be treated at home, for example, serious complications from surgery regularly followed.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Psychological complications included patients becoming less self-initiated, dilution of their parent modalities, and the fact that they no longer showed interest in anything.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Patients may have been good-natured but at the same time childish, coarse in their behaviour and speech, and indifferent.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Other complications that followed from surgery included brain haemorrhage, pneumonia and meningitis, which were the most common causes of death from lobotomy.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Less fatal but embarrassing complications included increased heat, pain occurring in the first few weeks, and an inability to control bladder and bowel function.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Variable estimates suggest that between 1 and 29 per cent of patients operated on had epileptic seizures.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[3] In Finland, an estimated 3% to 5% of patients died from lobotomy.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The estimate is based on the number of deaths as a result of surgery at Kellokoski Hospital, Seinäjoki District Mental Hospital and Töölö Hospital, but it is thought that deaths were similar in other Finnish hospitals.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The surgeries were mostly the same neurosurgeons at Töölö Hospital, and the hospital they operated in did not have a major impact on the mortality rate.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

There does not appear to have been a significant difference in surgery mortality between different countries.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

In Sweden and the United States, for example, between 4 and 8 per cent of patients died from lobotomy, compared with just three per cent in Britain.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[3] At least 1700 psychiatric patients underwent lobotomy in Finland, which is little compared to countries such as Norway and Sweden.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[4] Most often, the surgeries were so-called Freeman-Watts lobotomies with minor variations.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

US neurologist Walter Freeman and neurosurgeon James Watts were further developing the surgery invented by Egas Moniz.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

In their method, a hole was drilled in both tempores of the patient through which a knife was threaded.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The intention was, by brandishing a knife, to cut connections between the frontal lobes of the brain and other parts.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[2] In the 1960s, the number of lobotomies plummeted.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

This was mainly due to new psychotropic drugs introduced in the mid-1950s.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

On the other hand, the increasing consideration of psychological and social aspects of mental health and its disorders contributed to the failure to rely on biological therapies such as lobotomy to the same extent as in the past.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

As recently as the 1960s, however, surgeries were not completely abandoned: lobotomies could still be performed when the drugs had no effect on the patient.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

By the end of the decade, however, lobotomy had mainly been replaced by more advanced psychosurgical surgeries performed at Töölö Hospital until the mid-1970s.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[2] The last of the patients treated with lobotomy, a schizophrenic woman sent to Vakka-Finland District Mental Hospital, was operated on in December 1975 at Turku University Central Hospital.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[5] Lobotomies may have been carried out on a rather light basis in due course.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

In Finland, among other things, children and young people were cut — the youngest people cut were 12 years old.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

However, doctors sincerely believed that lobotomy was in the best interests of the patient.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

The cut patient might be moved to a calmer ward or home when the alternative was the rest of life in a mental hospital.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[2] Surgical procedures usually required patient consent in Finland in the 1950s.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

However, consent for a lobotomy was not asked.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Despite this, the Nationwide Health Care Ethics Advisory Board did not recommend reimbursement of the treatment defect for surviving patients because the operation was deemed to be consistent with the treatment methods of that time and the claim would also already be out of date.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[6] Lobotomy was mainly replaced by the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine, which came on the market in the 1950s, which was characterised as a chemical lobotomy and did not cause brain damage.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

[1] Sources on the topic elsewhere Risto Vataja (1995) 'Lobotomy', Finnish Medical Journal 59, 1328—1331.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Risto Vataja (1999) 'Lobotomy.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Background information and an account of cut patients in Finland 1946—1969', in Ilkka Taipale (ed.)


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Mind power.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Reading Psychiatry, Vantaa: Confederation of Mental Health, 91—105.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Ville Salminen (2010) Lobotomy in Finnish Psychiatry 1946—1969, (Master's Thesis in History and Learning History) Oulu: University of Oulu.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Ville Salminen (2011) 'Lobotomy as a psychiatric treatment in Finland', Psychiatria Fennica 42, 110—127.


Question: Why don't you have a lobotomy again?

Lobotomy

Category:Neurosurgery Category:Psychiatry Category:History of Medicine Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Global warming refers to the increase and estimated continuation of the average temperature of the Earth's ground-level atmosphere and oceans that have occurred in recent decades.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

In general discussion of the phenomenon, the term climate change is also used.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

During the 20th century, near-ground air temperatures rose by an average of 0.74 ± 0.18°C worldwide.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

According to the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global warming has been an indisputable fact based on direct observations, and most of it is highly likely (95% probability [1]) due to greenhouse gas emissions caused by humanity.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

At a meeting in late 1995, the IPCC suggested that the average global temperature will increase by 2100 by 1.5-3 °C from then.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[2] Global warming would have been even more pronounced without the cooling effect of small particles, known as aerosols, from human activities.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

The fine particles have kept hidden a significant portion of the warming caused by greenhouse gases.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

In the future, however, this phenomenon can no longer be counted because the total amount of fine particles lingering in the atmosphere for just days or weeks cannot increase at the same rate as the total amount of long-lived greenhouse gases.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[3] Also, warming oceans and melting glaciers cause a delay in atmospheric warming development.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

The reason is that water warming and melting ice, due to their high specific heat coefficient, bind more energy than air warming.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[4] More than 80% of the increased heat energy caused by climate change is therefore stored in oceans that have warmed up to an average depth of 3000 m [5].


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Even if emissions of greenhouse gases are stopped immediately, the average air temperature will rise longer than the next hundred years, although at a much slower rate than today [6].


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Global warming is primarily due to fossil fuel use and agriculture, because these activities have a net greenhouse effect, which leads to warming of the ground surface and the ground-level atmosphere.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

The IPCC estimates that the climate will warm between 1.1 and 6.4°C, most likely between 1.8 and 4.5°C, over the 1990—2100 interval.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[7] The IPCC's views are shared by at least 30 academies and entities of science, including the national academies of science of the G8 and Brazil, China and India.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[8] Although individual scientists have disagreed with the IPCC findings [9], the overwhelming majority (97%) of climate scientists [10] agree with them.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[11] [12] The global rise in temperatures has many effects, such as rising sea levels and changes in precipitation patterns, as a result of which the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events is estimated to increase.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Other consequences include changing crop boundaries, recurring glaciers, and extinctions of animal species.


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Global warming

[7] The public debate on global warming deals with measures and costs related to climate change mitigation and adaptation.


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Most of the world's states have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which aims to limit greenhouse emissions.


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[13] Conceptual The concept of global warming is a special case of the more general term climate change, which can also refer to the cooling of the climate that occurred in the context of ice ages.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

In principle, global warming is a neutral concept with respect to time period, but it is commonly used for recent man-made global warming.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

The concept of climate change is also used for man-made change.


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Global warming

[7] [14] Causes Human activity has led to increased concentrations of climate-warming greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


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Global warming

[15] [16] An increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reduces the amount of thermal radiation exiting the Earth into space.


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Global warming

This results in a positive, or warming, radiation coercion.


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Global warming

[17] Human influence is most noticeable over the last 50 years.


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Global warming

[18] Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere Joseph Fourier observed the greenhouse effect in 1824, and quantitatively it was first studied by Svante Arrhenius 1896.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

The greenhouse effect is the process by which certain atmospheric gases emit and absorb infrared radiation, warming the Earth's atmosphere and surface.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

The warming effect of greenhouse gases is based on the fact that they emit short-wave radiation from the sun while absorbing long-wave thermal radiation emitted by the ground and also sending thermal radiation back towards the surface of the earth.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Greenhouse gases create a natural greenhouse effect, without which the average temperature of the country would be 20 to 30 °C colder.


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Global warming

Without the greenhouse effect, the land would be unviable.


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Global warming

The surface temperature of the earth would be too low for water to be widely present as liquid and water vapor.


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Global warming

[19] [20] From the end of the last ice age until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the average temperature of the country has remained at an average temperature of about 14°C.


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Global warming

With the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations, the greenhouse effect intensifies, causing temperatures to rise.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

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Thus, scientists do not “believe” in or “oppose” the greenhouse effect per se, but rather the debate is about the net effect of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations while taking appropriate feedback couplings into account.


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Global warming

The most significant greenhouse gases in the country are water vapor, which causes about 36— 70% of the greenhouse effect (excluding clouds); carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9— 26%; methane (CH4), which causes 4— 9%, and ground-level ozone, which causes 3— 7%.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[21] [22] Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have increased 31% and methane concentrations by 149% over pre-industrial levels since 1750.


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Global warming

These readings are significantly higher than any time in the past 650,000 years, which can be reliably inferred from samples deep-drifted from glaciers.


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Global warming

Based on indirect geological evidence, it is believed that CO2 levels have last been at current levels 20 million years ago.


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Global warming

[23] Based on measurements of seafloor sediments and plant fossils, it has been estimated that, for example, 150 to 200 million years ago, the concentration of CO2 was apparently much higher than today, exceeding 2000 ppm, and 400—600 million years ago at times up to over 5000 ppm.


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Global warming

[24] Even if CO2 levels rose to these levels, the consequences would be impossible to predict because the warming effect of the sun was not as great then as it is today.


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Global warming

Because of the fusion reaction occurring within the sun, as with other stars, they become brighter over time.


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Global warming

[25] Approximately three-quarters of man-made CO2 emissions in the last 20 years are due to fossil fuel use.


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Other human-derived emissions are mainly the result of land use, especially forest logging.


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[7] In the 21st century, deforestation in the tropics has caused about 15% of global CO2 emissions.


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In connection with wildfires, atmospheric warming methane and nitrous oxide are additionally released into the air.


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Global warming

[26] On the other hand, biomass combustion also generates fine particulate matter emissions, which are estimated to have a net atmospheric cooling effect [27].


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The current (2018) atmospheric CO2 concentration is approximately 408.02 ppm.


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[28] The concentration is expected to rise in the future with changes in fossil fuel use and land use.


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The rate of growth is dependent on economic, sociological, technological and natural developments, although the availability of fossil fuels can limit growth.


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The IPCC's special report on emissions scenarios predicts CO2 levels will rise to levels between 541 and 970 ppm by 2100.


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Global warming

[29] Fossil fuel reserves are sufficient to reach this level and increase emissions from 2100 onwards, provided extensive use of coal, oil sands or methane clathrate.


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[30] Even if greenhouse gas concentrations remained at current levels, the climate would probably continue to warm by 0.5°C and sea levels would continue to rise for more than a thousand years.


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Global warming

[31] [7] Positive feedback linkages, such as possible methane emissions of up to 70000 million tonnes from melting permafrost from Siberian peat bogs, [32] can lead to significant increases in sources of greenhouse emissions not accounted for in IPCC climate models.


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Global warming

[7] Feedback couplings Forcing factors affecting the climate directly warming, such as increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, may have follow-on effects, i.e. feedback couplings that complicate the effects of coercion factors on climate.


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Global warming

One of the most highlighted feedback switches involves the vaporization of water.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

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The carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere causes warming of the atmosphere and the ground surface, resulting in more water being released into the atmosphere.


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Global warming

Since water vapor itself acts as a greenhouse gas, further warming and the release of water vapor into the atmosphere will continue to result.


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Global warming

This will continue until the climate reaches a new dynamic equilibrium, where the greenhouse effect is much stronger due to the effect of elevated water vapor content than would result from elevated CO2 levels alone.


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[33] This effect is only slowly reversible due to the long lifespan of CO2 in the atmosphere.


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Feedback hookups due to clouds are a topic of ongoing research and discussion.


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Clouds radiate heat back to the ground surface, causing a warming effect, but at the same time reflect sunlight and radiate heat into space, causing a cooling effect.


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The increased water vapor content may or may not cause an increase in the world's cloud coverage.


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The net effect of clouds has not been thoroughly modelled, but it is the most significant factor immediately after water vapor and is positive in all models that participated in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.


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[33] Another important feedback coupling is ice albedo, i.e. reflectivity.


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As the climate warms up, land or areas of water are revealed beneath the melting glaciers.


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Both earth and water have lower albedo than ice, meaning they reflect less solar radiation and absorb more of it into themselves.


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This causes further warming, which in turn causes more glacier melting, and so on.


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[34] Carbon dioxide and methane released into the atmosphere from melting permafrost act as a positive feedback coupling that causes warming.


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The methane released as sea ice melts is a potential positive feedback coupling.


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In addition, the ability of the oceans to retain carbon is expected to decline with changing organisms equilibrium due to warming.


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[35] The contribution of solar activity in global warming The Sun's radiation intensity increased from the early 18th century to the mid-20th century, which is estimated to have boosted global warming by 10 to 20 percent.


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After the mid-20th century, the intensification of solar radiation slowed so significantly that its contribution to current global warming is almost non-existent.


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[36] The increase in solar activity causes stratospheric warming in addition to warming the ground surface, while warming due to the greenhouse effect leads to stratospheric cooling.


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Solar activity combined with volcanic activity has probably had a warming effect from pre-industrial times until the mid-20th century, but since then the effect has been cooling.


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The reduction of stratospheric ozone also has a cooling effect, although no significant thinning of the ozone layer occurred until the late 1970s.


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Lower stratospheric cooling has been observed since at least 1960.


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[37] According to one study, changes in solar activity from the mid-1980s onward have had a climate-cooling effect.


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[38] Even if the climate was several times more sensitive to solar sanctions than estimated, recent warming would still be due to an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations.


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[39] History The Earth's climate has remained fairly stable throughout the Holocene, that is, the period after the previous glacial period.


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Modern man is thought to have been born 200,000 years ago, which means it has survived many ice ages.


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Global warming

At the moment, though, the climate is changing alarmingly fast.


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The concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere have varied considerably over geologic time, and e.g.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

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this variation has caused cold and tropical climate variability.


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Earth's climate has never been stable, Climate change is Earth's normal state.


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However, the predicted global warming is exceptional in that never before has there been such a widespread and large population species on earth capable of modifying its environment in an unprecedented manner.


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[40] Global temperatures both on land and at sea have increased by 0.75°C relative to the period 1860 to 1900, according to measurements.


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Measurements have not been significantly affected by the urban islet phenomenon.


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Since 1979, geothermal temperatures have increased by about 0.25°C per decade, double the rate of 0.13°C per decade of increased ocean temperatures.


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[41] Satellite measurements show temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased by 0.12°C to 0.22°C per decade since 1979.


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In the couple of thousand years before 1850 temperatures have remained relatively stable globally, albeit with local changes such as the Warm Period of the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.


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This temperature variation is known as the North Atlantic Oscillation and has been studied comparatively closely.


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According to IPCC analysis, cooling was below 1°C during the Little Ice Age and has not been able to be observed globally.


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The coldest summers in the 19th century were between 0.6 and 0.7°C cooler than usual.


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[42] From the period of measurements beginning in the late 19th century, the ten warmest years have all been since 1990.


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The years 2015 and 2016 are the warmest in the entire measured history to date.


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Global warming

[43] [44] [45] Human-made particulate matter emissions, such as sulfate aerosols, may, as a whole, have an effect reflecting solar radiation and thus cooling the climate.


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Global warming

The particles also act as cloud condensation nuclei, thereby indirectly cooling the Earth.


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However, the lifespan of particles in the atmosphere is significantly shorter than that of major human-derived greenhouse gases.


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This partly explains the colding in the mid-20th century, [46] though natural variation may also have had a cooling effect.


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Paleoclimatologist William Ruddiman has suggested that man began affecting climate around 8000 years ago by chipping forests into farming space.


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Rice farming, which began 5000 years ago in Asia, has also had effects.


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[47] However, Ruddimani's interpretation of historical statistics in relation to methane-related material has been called into question.


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[48] Prehistoric climate changes Earth has warmed and cooled several times in the past.


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An Epica ice drier sample taken from Antarctica has provided information on temperature variation over the past 800,000 years.


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During this time, there have been eight ice ages on Earth and warm seasons caught between ice ages, with prevailing temperatures comparable to current temperatures.


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The so-called Milanković episodes, or changes in Earth's orbit, have rhythmized the occurrence of ice ages and warm periods.


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[49] Ice age cycles are the result of a sum of many factors: Milanković periods, carbon dioxide concentration, and water vapor patterns.


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Over the previous century, carbon dioxide levels have changed drastically as a result of human activity, so much so that it may break an earlier ice age cycle.


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Global warming

Over the last 800,000 years, a two-degree change in the atmosphere has taken thousands of years, now the same change is being achieved in just a few centuries.


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[50] The rapid accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere caused a warming of around 180 million years ago during the early Jurac period, resulting in an increase in the average global temperature of 5°C.


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According to a study at Britain's Open University, as a result of warming, the rate of plastering accelerated fivefold.


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Global warming

The plastering sequestered carbon from the atmosphere to the calcite and dolomite of the earth, leading to a decrease in carbon dioxide levels to their former levels for about 150000 years.


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Global warming

[51] [52] Sudden methane emissions associated with clathrate compounds have been suggested to have caused other warming events in the distant past, such as the Permi-Triassic mass extinction around 251 million years ago and the Paleocene-Eocene thermal peak 55 million ago.


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[53] [54] Scientists say the Earth has not experienced climate change similar to the current one for the last 420 million years.


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[25] Climate models Climate models are a key way to study the mechanisms of climate change, predicted impacts, as well as the effects of proposed mitigation efforts.


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The models are based on, among other things, flow dynamics and the course of radiation in the atmosphere.


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Most climate models focus on predicting the time before 2100.


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Individual models differ in computation and results.


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Global warming

Even when fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are assumed to be the same in the models, the amount of predicted warming varies from model to model, leaving a significant range of climate sensitivity in the results.


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Climate sensitivity refers to how much the climate warms from a given amount of greenhouse gases.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

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Current climate models correspond well to observations of temperature fluctuations in the 20th century.


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Models predict that the climate will warm as a result of the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations.


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Global warming

Taking into account uncertainties in climate models, climate sensitivity and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations in the future, the IPCC estimates the warming over the period 1990—2100 to be between 1.1 and 6.4°C, most likely between 1.8 and 4.5°C.


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Global warming

[7] Models have also been used as an auxiliary tool for finding the causes of recent warming by comparing observed changes with predictions of models.


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The results of the models do not unmistakably show that the warming that occurred in the 1910—1945 period is solely man-made or natural warming.


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However, they show that the warming since 1975 is largely due to man-made greenhouse gas emissions.


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Global warming

Among other things, the precise intensity of expected climate change and, in particular, how its impacts vary on Earth from region to region are the subject of active climate research.


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Global warming

The predictions of climate models can correspond to observed changes in global temperatures well, but they are not yet capable of modeling all climate characteristics.


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Global warming

[7] Climate models are subject to a number of uncertainties, the most important of which concern feedback mechanisms, climate sensitivity, and the description of cloudiness.


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In addition, the limitations of computing power of computers used in climate modeling require some simplifications.


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The presentation of cloudiness in climate models is one of the main causes of uncertainty in current climate models, albeit developments with regard to the problem.


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Global warming

[55] [56] The debate over whether climate models ignore important indirect and feedback effects related to solar radiation variability is ongoing.


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Despite the problems, climate models are seen as good tools for making predictive calculations about climate.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

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According to the IPCC, as a whole, the predictions of confirmed models form a plausible picture of the direction of climate development.


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Impacts Some events affecting the environment and human life are already at least partly counted as a consequence of climate change.


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According to the IPCC, recurrence of glaciers, rupture of sea ice, sea level rise, changes in precipitation, increases in the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events are partly due to global warming.


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[57] Although changes in general regularities, intensities and frequencies are expected, it is difficult to link individual events to climate change.


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According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Noaa), June 1998, 2015, 2016 and 2017 are the four warmest in measurement history.


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Warmness can only be explained by the effect that warms the human atmosphere, especially from fossil fuels.


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Global warming

In 2017, the Earth's natural cycle la Nina will drop temperatures.


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[58] Water shortages are expected to worsen in some areas, while elsewhere rainfall is forecast to increase.


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However, as the climate warms, evaporation increases more precipitation, leading to the increasing frequency of drought during the growing season, both in Europe and in other continents.


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[59] [60] In countries in the Mediterranean basin, global warming is faster than the rest of the Earth on average.


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[61] The Earth's climate has warmed since the end of the 19th century by an average of 1.0 °C.


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[61] The Mediterranean countries have already seen an increase of 1.4 °C.


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[61] The change is already visible, as rainfall totals have shrunk and severe heat periods have become more frequent in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea.


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[61] In 2015, the World Resources Institute, a research institute, listed those states where water shortages will be a major problem in 20 years.


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[61] Of the 33 countries on the list, 14 were from the Mediterranean.


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[61] If global warming progresses to two degrees, much of southern Spain, as well as other areas around the Mediterranean, will become desert.


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[61] Scientists have estimated that the climate in southern Africa will warm by up to three degrees by 2060 and by up to five degrees by 2090.


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[61] It would make human life in the area almost impossible.


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[61] Climate change is accelerating the growth of Earth's vegetation.


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[62] According to Nasa, the Earth has greened between the 1990s and 2010s by 15 per cent with an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.


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According to specialist researcher Esa-Matti Lilius, crop volumes can be estimated to increase by at least 20 per cent, as crops at higher levels of carbon dioxide are also more resistant to stress such as drought and heat.


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[63] According to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute, which examines the future of food production, the climate in western Africa appears to be changing in such a way that farmers' harvests could even increase.


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[61] A reduction in snow covers in the mountains is expected.


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Global warming

Other expected effects include a 0.18 to 0.59 m rise in sea level between 1990 and 2100, [7] a possible slowdown in the thermohaline cycle, thinning of the ozone layer [64], ocean acidification, and the spread of infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.


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As sea levels rise, salty seawater gets even easier for rice plantations, among other things.


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[61] This is the case in Bangladesh, where the salination of the soil is hampering rice farming.


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[61] There are fears that between 5 and 20 million people will be forced to move away from the coast of Bangladesh in the next 20 years.


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[61] The Arctic is known to warm faster than the rest of the Earth's average.


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[61] It represents the contraction of the sea area in ice and the expansion of the water that remains melted.


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[61] Scientists have wondered about the development of the climate in Svalbard, which belongs to Norway.


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[61] The average annual temperature in the region has been around -10 °C until now.


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[61] In 2016, the average temperature was only slightly on the frost side.


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[61] One study predicts that from a sample of 1103 animal and plant species, 18— 35% will go extinct by 2050 as a result of climate change.


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[65] Rising temperatures have numerous implications for human health.


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Deaths from extreme weather related to global warming, climate exodus and economic losses may worsen in affected areas as a result of increasing population density, although small benefits such as a decrease in the number of deaths from cold are expected for warmer regions.


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[57] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the consequences of climate change are responsible for approximately 150,000 deaths and 5 million cases of disease each year.


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[66] [67] Increased levels of CO2 in outdoor air may cause air quality problems indoors, as indoor CO2 levels are typically higher than that of the outside air.


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A concentration of 1200 ppm is considered to be the limit of satisfactory air quality.


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Too high levels of carbon dioxide in the inhaled air can cause fatigue, headaches, difficulty concentrating and decreased performance.


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According to experts at the Finnish Nature Reserve Centre Luke, it may happen that if food production, horticulture and agriculture are driven down in Finland, Finland could be hit by famine.


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Elsewhere in the world, many currently major food-producing regions are already suffering from temporary drought.


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For example, cereals are currently imported into Finland from Central and Southern Europe, but this may no longer be the case in the future.


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[68] It is estimated that the drought will get even worse 20 to 30 years from now.


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Due to the drought, food may no longer be able to be imported from other parts of the world to Finland in 10 to 30 years.


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If, accordingly, Finland does not have self-sufficient food production, famine begins to hit Finland.


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Luke posits that Finns should be self-sufficient.


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According to Luke, however, Finland's agriculture is currently suffering from a bad crisis in terms of profitability.


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[68] Finland's agricultural production capacity has decreased.


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Similarly, raising capacity, for example, purchasing agricultural machinery and reintroducing fields, as well as other construction, requires time and money.


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Capacity lifting is always a more expensive process than maintaining existing capacity today.


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[68] If domestic food production were driven down, the first big problems could come to Finland around 2027.


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According to Luke, Finland needs to be prepared for the fact that food is simply not available anywhere.


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It argues that in the future Finland should not be a country that buys food elsewhere, but Finland should be a country that sells food abroad.


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[68] In Finland, care should also be taken to preserve farmers' know-how, change of generations of farms, equipment and infrastructure.


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Finland would still be able to raise its capacity to a level where the country's own agriculture would meet the citizens' need for food.


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According to researchers, all nations should see self-sufficiency in basic food production as both a national right and a national duty to other people.


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[68] Global warming is projected to increase extreme weather events, including in Finland.


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Thus, for example, grain corks should be as strong and durable as possible so that heavy rains do not cause them to strike.


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However, even if the climate warms in Finland, the amount of light will not increase.


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Thus, in autumn, when light begins to be low, late-ripening, varieties processed in the southernmost conditions do not have time to graduate to harvesting ripe.


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[68] Although climate change and warming would in some places favour domestic farming, the other effects of this change are significantly more negative: it increases climate exodus, which can also affect Finland and human distress in many countries.


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[68] In Finland, too, the situation is contradictory because, on the one hand, arable land should be increased in order to increase production, but on the other hand, Finnish forests sequester carbon dioxide.


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If forests are felled for farming use, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.


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That, in turn, warms the climate even further.


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Still, the economy is directing production more than weather conditions.


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Climate change and warming, economic change and population growth indicate that food will become more expensive.


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[68] It is possible to influence the problem by purchasing domestic products and favouring local production.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

At global level, development can be prevented by reducing consumption of meat products.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Finns consume meat beyond the recommendations.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[68] Economic impacts Some economists have tried to estimate the overall price of global damage caused by climate change.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

There are no conclusive conclusions on the economic impact yet.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

In a study summing one hundred estimates, damage estimates ranged from 10 to 350 U.S. dollars per tonne of carbon (tC) (3 to 95 dollars per tonne of CO2), averaging $43/tc ($12 per tonne of CO2).


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[57] One famous report on economic impacts is the Stern report that climate change impacts might correspond to a 5% decrease in global GDP annually.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

[69] [70] In its summary on the increasingly intensifying economic disadvantages of climate change, the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP highlights insurance and banking risks.


Question: When was global warming first detected?

Global warming

Agriculture, transport and other sectors are also likely to face difficulties brought by climate change.