Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The closest thing to Tallinn is Helsinki: the distance across the Gulf of Finland is about 85 kilometres.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[2] The Estonian countryside is dotted by more than 1500 lakes, the largest being Lake Peipsi on the border with Russia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The largest rivers in Estonia are Narvanjoki and Emajoki.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia has about 800 islands.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[3] In terms of its surface, Estonia is quite flat.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The highest point is Iso Munamäki () in southern Estonia, 318 meters above the surface of the sea.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[4] On average, Estonia is only 50 metres above sea level and less than 10% of the country's area is above 100 m above sea level.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[5] Northern and western Estonia are flat in surface shapes, but southern Estonia has more variable surface shapes.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The main part of the continental area of West Estonia belongs to the lowlands of West Estonia, which is old seabed.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

There is an extensive limestone plateau in northern and western Estonia, which is part of the Baltic Clint.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Escarpments form from the limestone cliff on the edge of the plateau, the highest of which is Ontika in northeastern Estonia, which has a height of 56 metres.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Lower than Ontika, but more famous is Saaremaa's Panga beach collision, which has a length of 2.5 kilometres and a height of 21 metres.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[6] On the moors of northern and western Estonia there are karst caves created by the decay of limestone.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Sediment deposits are thin except for southern Estonia, where sedimentary deposits can reach up to 76 meters thick.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The most noticeable biogeographical features in Estonia have been shaped by a continental glacier that retreated from Estonia between 13000 and 10,000 years ago.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[5] Climate thumbnail image|Tabasalu Coast.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia belongs to the transitional zone of continental and marine climate.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The climate is temperate, summers are warm and winters mild.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia's climate is influenced by the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea, and the proximity to the Gulf Stream and the Atlantic.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia has an annual rainfall of about 670mm.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[7] Permanent snow cover first arrives in eastern Estonia, usually in early December, and last in Saaremaa, usually not until January.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Snow cover remains in most of the country for about 100 days, in marine areas it remains for the shortest time.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The longest snow cover remains in the Haanja massif.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Snow has melted from southwestern Estonia and Saaremaa generally by the last day of March, and from other parts of Estonia in the early days of April.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Springs are dry and sunny, with thermal summer beginning on average in mid-May.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

July is the warmest month, when the average temperature is 17.4 degrees Celsius.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The coldest is February, when the average temperature is −4.5 degrees Celsius.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[8] More than half of the year the weather is cloudy, windy and rainy due to moving low pressures, especially in the autumn months.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The rainiest month is August.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[7] Winds blow mostly from the southwest, but in spring and early summer the wind blows from the west and northeast.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Nature Vegetation Marshes cover about 22% of Estonia's area, which is the second highest number in the world after Finland.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[9] Over one hectare in size, there are about 10000 bogs in Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The vast majority of swamps in Estonia are small swamps measuring 1.10 hectares.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The oldest marshes are 7000 — 8000 years old.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Sixty-six percent of all bogs are born as the country warred.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[5] The rest are overgrown lakes.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Typical features of Estonian swamps are a thick layer of peat and vein meshes.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Protection of swamps began in the 1970s when there was concern about ditching them.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Today, there are approximately 216000 hectares of protected marsh in Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Swamps around 1600 are large enough for peat production.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Peat is raised from 103 locations and is used for heating and agriculture.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Forests cover about 49% of Estonia's land area.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[10] The largest forests are located in southwestern and northeastern Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Of all forests, about 20 percent is protected.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia is a boundary zone of taiga and deciduous forests.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The most common tree species are pine, spruce, birch, aspen and tar alder.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Of the forest area, 33% is pine forest and 31% is birch forest.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[10] Oak, ash, linden and maple are clearly more common in Estonia than in Finland.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Western Estonia has broadleaf meadows, on which many rare northern hardwood species grow.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Many of the broadleaf meadows are turning into broadleaf forests.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The best preserved broadleaf meadows have been protected.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[11] In western Estonia, in addition to leafy meadows, there are beach meadows where milk cattle were previously grown.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

By the end of livestock keeping, many of them have been vestarted.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In nature reserves, attempts have been made to avoid this by introducing meat cattle into the area.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[12] Animals in Estonia are about 20000 different species of insects, as well as 65 species of fish, 10 amphibians and five reptile species.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Of the amphibians, the majority are rare and tranquilized.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

There are about 500 species of vertebrates in total.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Among the mammals, the most common are roe deer (40000 pcs.), brown rabbit and wild boar (13000 pcs).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Among the predators, Estonia has 1100 lynx, 800 bears and about 600 wolves.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

There are more than 2000 grey seals in the Estonian marine area, less than 1000 ringed ringed seals.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Exhausted species such as European beaver and red deer have been introduced into Estonia, as well as new species such as muskrat, raccoon dog and mink.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Like Finland, Vesikko has disappeared from Estonia, but Hiiumaa has been cleared of mink and water has been planted back there.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

331 species of birds have been found in Estonia, of which 207 nest in Estonia regularly.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[13] Many species of birds live in deciduous and mixed forests, but especially different sparrowbirds.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The most common of them are finch, chicker, tiltalt, redbreast, forest aphid and raut.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The archipelago and the coast are home to gulls, tiros and geese, among others.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Among other things nesting in the marshes are the rag, the capustart, the lardmouth and the peregrine falcon.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Big birds of prey thrive because of large nature reserves.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Eagle pairs on the ground nest around 250.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Roof herons nest in old chimneys and on top of telephone poles, among other things.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The black heron, which is mainly a wilderness dweller, is also found in Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[14] History Prehistory As the last ice age relented, continental ice retreated northward, so that the area of present-day Estonia was released from the ice cap around 10000 years BCE.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Shortly after the ground level was exposed, human settlement also began to spread from the south to this area.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

A Stone Age settlement known as the Kunda culture arose in the Baltics.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Settlement has continued to this day.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

There is no consensus on the language of the earliest resident family.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The year 5000 BC.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The so-called combed ceramic culture that spread around the Gulf of Finland is often thought to have been Finno-Ugric, although there are other views.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Stone Age was followed by the Bronze Age in Estonia (1500 — 500 BCE)


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

and the Iron Age (500 BC.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

— 1200 share.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

), from which there are plenty of archaeological finds.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

For example, fortifications called “land castles” date to the Iron Age.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

There were already vibrant connections between the existing Estonian and Finnish regions.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonian territory was more densely populated at this time, probably also more developed and prosperous than peripheral Finland.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Middle Ages and the beginning of the New Age The German conquest The Germans began to push eastward in the 12th century.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Lübeck was founded in 1159, which opened a gate to the east.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The chassis type koggi allowed the transport of large quantities of passengers and goods.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[15] In 1159, Germans came to the mouth of the river Väinäjoki.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In 1182, Bishop Meinhard came to the area, who initiated the conversion of locals.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[16] Under German rule, the Baltic region was brought by Albert von Buxhövden, the third bishop of Livonia, who came to the region in 1200.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[17] He had crusaders with him, and in 1201 he established Riga as the centre of the region.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[18] Livonians and Latvians were subjugated relatively quickly [19].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The subjugation of Estonians began in 1208.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Estonians carried out a retaliatory attack on the territory of present-day Latvia by Latvians, followed in turn by retaliatory expeditions by Latvians and Germans.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[20] In 1217, the Battle of Matinday took place, in which the united forces of Estonians suffered defeat under Lembitu to the Germans.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[21] The Danes took over northern Estonia with the Battle of Lyndanise in 1219 [22].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The last free Estonian territory Saaremaa fell in 1227.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[23] The period of German rule At the beginning of German rule, a vassal, or nobility, arose in Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Their class came into existence with the fiefing of territories.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The vassals were predominantly German, and they formed the majority of vassals in the Danish-held territories as well.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[24] With the advent of fiefdoms, Estonian peasants came under the rule of county lords.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[25] Fed up with the constant rebellion of Estonians, Denmark sold its own territories in Estonia to the Teutonic Order in 1350, [26] the last of Saaremaa.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[27] During German rule, larger and larger cities began to emerge.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[28] The Reformation began in the early 16th century.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[29] Old Livonia collapsed during the Livonian War of 1558—1561 and was divided between Sweden and Poland with Poland gaining Southern and Swedish Northern Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[30] During the war Estonia was hit by plague.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[31] During Swedish rule Polish Livonia was annexed by Sweden in 1629 and Saaremaa in 1645, when Sweden owned all of Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Northern Estonia formed the Duchy of Estonia with Southern Estonia forming the Governorate General of Livonia with the northern parts of present-day Latvia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[32] Sweden fiefed territories to Swedish and Finnish warlords, while weakening the position of the Germans [33].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The police decree, which came into force in 1668, subjected peasants to serfdom [34].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

During Swedish rule, the University of Tartu was founded [35].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Sweden lost the Baltics to Russia in the Great Northern War with the Peace of Uusikaupunki in 1721 [36].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The time of Russian rule and the rise of national sentiment|The main building of the University of Tartu.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonian territory passed to Russian rule as a result of the Great Northern War in the Peace of Uusikaupunki in 1721.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[37] Estonia, or Vironland, which encompassed Northern Estonia, Livonia, to which the southern part of Estonia was annexed, and the Curonia, formed the Baltic Sea Provinces, where the peasant population was in serfdom until the 19th century.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The gradual abolition of serfdom began with peasant laws, which in Estonia is referred to as Iggaüks.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Until the late 19th century, the region remained quite autonomous in relation to Russia and was ruled by Baltic German manor lords on the basis of privileges established by the Tsars.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Russian central government slowly increased its power in the Baltics at the expense of German nobles, and in 1876 the self-government system was abolished.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

As part of this development, Estonian peasants were freed from serfdom between 1816 and 1819.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

However, it was not until the 1860s that the peasants gained the right to buy the lands they cultivated


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[37] The national awakening began in Estonia in the 19th century with, among other things, the abolition of serfdom.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonian language schools were established and Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg was created.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the 1880s, the central government began a program of Russification, resulting in many Baltic German institutions being discontinued or converted to Russian-speaking only, such as the University of Tartu.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

During the Russification programme, Estonian language newspapers, schools and nationalist clubs were also abolished.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

World War I — The fall of Russian power following the collapse of the Russian Empire in World War I, Estonia took place after the February Revolution several changes of power at a rapid pace.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Shortly after the February Revolution, Estonia gained wider autonomy when, on 12 April 1917, the Estonian Autonomous Governorate was created with Governorate Commissioner Jaan Poska as its leader.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In addition to the earlier Vironmaa Governorate, it also included the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia, and thus Estonia received roughly its present borders.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the summer of 1917, Estonians created the first national parliament, the Landtag, which set out to plan a national, Estonian administration.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

After the Bolshevik October Revolution, Estonian Bolsheviks under Viktor Kingissepp and Jaan Anvelt carried out a coup and took control together with Bolshevik soldiers for three months.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Bolsheviks established the so-called. Estonian Working People's Commune.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Meanwhile, the political forces that held power in the Landtag, the Bolshevik opposing forces, set out to plan for Estonian independence.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The political forces holding power in the Landtag declared Estonia independence on 24 February 1918.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Around this time, the Bolsheviks, as the only political Estonian power, wanted to maintain contact with Russia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Russia at this point had a Bolshevik government led by Lenin in power.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Due to the stretching of the ongoing Brest-Litovsk peace talks with Soviet-Russia, the Imperial German Army had begun advancing from south of the Väinäjoki River, capturing the northern part of Latvia and the major islands of Estonia, Saaremaa, Muhu and Hiiumaa, by autumn 1917.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In February 1918, the advance continued on the Estonian continental area so that on 25 February the Germans recaptured Tallinn.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

By the beginning of March, the Germans had captured Estonian territory — Narva on 4 March 1918.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The occupation regime of the Germans began, and the forces that declared independence pressed underground.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

At the same time, Bolshevik forces backed down to Russia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonian War of Independence 1918—1920 After the collapse of the Germans into a revolution erupted in Germany on 2 November 1918 and the armistice agreement with the Allies on 11 November 1918, the Bolshevik government of Soviet-Russia annulled with the Germans in March 1918 the peace treaty concluded on 13 November 1918 and the Red Army invaded the Baltic States.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[38] During the German occupation, a pro-Bolshevik group consisting mostly of Russian workers from large factories operated in Tallinn, who sought cooperation with the Lenin government.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

They eagerly joined with Estonian communists in so-called People's Councils, which incited workers to help the Russian Red Army, which had invaded the country.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The invasion was officially followed by the Estonian War of Independence on 28 November 1918 — 3 January 1920, in which a 4000 man strong volunteer Finnish force played a major role.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Britain, too, sent a naval detachment in support of the Estonians.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[39] The Red Army was beaten back, as were the German Freikorps troops.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia and Soviet Russia concluded an intermediate peace at the end of 1919.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[40] In 1920, the Peace of Tartu was concluded, where Estonia and Soviet Russia recognised each other.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The foundations of Estonian culture and economy were laid in the following decades.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

An effective elementary education in Estonian was organized in the country.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The University of Tartu was converted to Estonian language already in 1919.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In land reform, the lands of the estates were allocated to peasants.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In 1921 Estonia joined the League of Nations.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The communist uprising was suppressed in December 1924.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia between the World Wars The 1920 Constitution was highly parliamentarian.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Parliament elected a head of state (riigivanem, Finnish for “maanelder”), who headed the government and also performed the duties of the president.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Although the Estonian Communists, or Bolsheviks, had experienced defeat in the War of Independence and had been forced to retreat by the summer of 1919 back to the Soviet Union, they felt the situation was a possible takeover of power.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Thus, on December 1, 1924, the Soviet-backed Bolsheviks attempted a coup d'état, which dried up, however, in a matter of hours.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In further consideration of the case, the Estonian parliament banned the activities of the Estonian Communist Party as treasonous.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

During the Great Depression in the early 1930s, unemployment rose and the crown had to be devalued.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

As a result of the recession, Estonia was mired in a domestic political crisis.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Dissatisfaction with the lack of access to the democratic system was channelled into support for the far right, as in many other European countries.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In Estonia, the right-wing opposition rose up to be represented by the Union of Estonian Freedom Warriors, the so-called Vapsi.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[41] The Vaps gained a major electoral victory in the autumn of 1933 and, under pressure from the movement, a new constitution was adopted in 1933 which made riigivanism the holder of an independent executive with sweeping powers.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Like Finland and other Baltic states, Estonia, on the initiative of the new Soviet policy, entered into a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union in 1932.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The treaties were intended to secure the external borders of the Soviet Union.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

At the same time, a fringe state policy was prevalent in the Baltic states, where Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia sought refuge through closer defence cooperation.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Baltic states entered into a defence alliance on 12 September 1934.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Thus formed the Baltic entente.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

At the instigation of the Vaps, the constitution was amended to greatly increase the power of the president.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

A new constitution went into effect in 1934.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

However, Konstantin Päts, the leader of the overspending government, representing the centre, became concerned about the ever-increasing power of the trembles and, using his new powers of head of state, declared with General Johan Laidoner and with the support of the army the country on 23 March 1934 to a state of emergency and abolished the whole trembled the organization and captured the movement's leadership.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The assembly was dissolved in the autumn of 1934 and all parties were dissolved in 1935.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Konstantin Päts, who ruled as a dictator, founded the party Fatherland League (Isamaals), led from above.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In December 1935, the Vaps planned a coup d'état with the support of the Finnish organisation Sinimustat, but the authorities got wind of it and the plotters were arrested.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Konstantin Päts ruled Estonia quite singularly until 1938, when he was appointed president under the new constitution laid down in 1937 and he returned to a constitutional style of governance.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In February 1936, a referendum advocated a return to democracy.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

However, the return to constitutionalism brought little change to the hold on power, and Konstantin Päts continued as president.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

As the Soviet Union and Britain negotiated an agreement in April 1939, Estonia and Latvia entered into a non-aggression pact with Germany.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

World War II At the start of World War II, Estonia wanted to remain neutral, but felt compelled to conclude a cooperation and base agreement with the Soviet Union on 28 September 1939.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[42] 25000 Soviet troops were transferred to Estonia to closed bases starting on 18 October 1939.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia itself, as a peacetime strength at that time, had 15000 soldiers continuously employed.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In June 1940, Molotov issued an ultimatum to Estonia accusing Estonia of violating the cooperation agreement and demanding to be allowed to bring additional troops into the country.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Estonian government considered the resistance hopeless, which is why the demand was accepted.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[42] From 17 June to 21 June 1940, about 90000 more Soviet soldiers were brought into the country, bringing the number of Red Army troops in Estonia already to over 100,000 soldiers.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In August 1940, Estonia became one of the Soviet republics.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

President Konstantin Päts was imprisoned, and he died on 18 January 1956 in a psychiatric hospital in Buraševo, Tver Oblast.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Soviet occupation was interrupted for three years after Germany took over the Baltics again in the summer of 1941.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

During the German occupation, an Estonian administration operated under the Germans.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

It was ostensibly headed by Hjalmar Mäe, one of the leading figures of the Freedom Warriors movement (vaps).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

During the German occupation, Estonia was the first country from which Jews (about 950—1000 persons) were completely removed during 1941, as noted in the Wannsee Protocols on 20 January 1942.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia was re-occupied by the Red Army in September 1944 after Finland had concluded an armistice with the Soviet Union in early September 1944.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Soviet-Estonia Proper, the Soviet system was established after World War II in the late 1940s.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Tens of thousands of Estonians were deported to Siberia, and farms were converted into collectives.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the 1950s, Estonian cultural life began to get busy.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was fairly closed until the latter half of the 1960s.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Gradually, Estonians began to watch Finnish television in the northern parts of the country as well.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Viewing of Finnish television was unauthorized, but nevertheless it was watched on a specially made device for this purpose.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[43] In order to intensify the ideological struggle, Karl Vaino was appointed Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Estonia in 1978.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Some events of the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics, such as sailing, were held in Tallinn.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[44] The central government in Moscow sought to Russify the Soviet Republic.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

By the time of the late 1980s, the share of Estonians in the country's population had plummeted from nearly 90% in the 1930s to about 60%.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In 1988, during Mikhail Gorbachev's secretary-general term, there was also a change of First Secretary of the Estonian Communist Party.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The new Secretary-General was the nationalist Vaino Väljas.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

New Independence In November 1988, the Supreme Soviet of Estonia declared the country sovereign.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[45] In May 1990, part of the 1938 Constitution was reinstated and the name of the country was changed to the Republic of Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the referendum, the majority of the people supported the restoration of independence.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia re-declared independence on 20 August 1991, following a failed coup attempt by communists in the Soviet Union.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In 1993, the Estonian government defined 500,000 residents of the country as “foreigners” and ordered them to apply for residency permits.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The last Russian army troops withdrew by August 1994.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the late 1990s, the number of Finnish tourists grew tremendously in Northern Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia's economy began to grow at a high rate.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Among other things, real estate investment played a big role in the rise of Estonia's economy.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

According to the thesis of Heikki Rausmaa, Finland's secret aid, Estonia began to build the foundations of a democratic market economy since 1988.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In this case, Finland secretly supported Estonia to the maximum.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

President Mauno Koivisto instructed ministers that support can be channelled in the name of culture.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

More political funding was handled from February 1989 through the Tuglas Society, and the club became a base for Estonians in Helsinki.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Foreign Minister Lennart Meri was a diligent visitor.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Other Finnish ministries supported Estonia's infrastructure, private facilities, education, health care and local government reform.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The number of visas to Finland rose from 4200 to as many as 94000 between 1988 and 1990.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia was also supported by municipalities, organisations, parties and individuals.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In February 1990, Estonia declared full independence as its goal, but Koivisto and Harri Holker's government continued to support quietly afterwards.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[46] In spring 2004, Estonia was accepted into a military alliance with six other countries as a member of NATO.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

From the beginning of May, Estonia also became a member state of the European Union along with nine other countries.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[47] Between 2003 and 2011, Estonia fought war in Iraq alongside the United States.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In 2009 Estonia had troops in Iraq with about 40 men.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Two killed in the war and twenty Estonians were wounded.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[48] The economic growth that continued throughout the 2000s ended in 2007, when Estonia's economy collapsed and the country went into a deep depression.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The collapse was caused by the rapid deterioration of all economic sectors of the country — manufacturing, construction, retail and exports alike.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[49] At the beginning of 2011, the Estonian currency was converted into the euro.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The previous currency was the Estonian krona.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Border to Russia Estonia concluded a new border agreement in 2005.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the treaty, the borders followed the borders of the Soviet Republic, leaving the part of Setumaa that had belonged to Estonia before World War II and the eastern bank of the Narva River in Russia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

According to opinion polls, 80% of Estonians opposed the deal.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

However, the Russian Duma did not ratify the treaty, [50] because Estonia had attached mention of Soviet occupation in the preface to the law ratifying the treaty.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

This, according to the Russian Federation, would have prevented the treaty from being final, since the mention would have provided an opportunity later to suggest that the treaty had been the result of an invalid state of law, an occupation, thereby again allowing a return to the Tartu Peace Treaty from 1920.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Accordingly, the treaty did not enter into force.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia, for its part, did not consider its addendum from the Soviet occupation to the rationale for ratifying the treaty as relevant.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The border agreement was finally signed in February 2014.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[51] The agreement still requires Parliament's approval to enter into force.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[50] Politics Estonian citizens elect a 101-seat unicameral parliament, the riigikogu, every four years.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The method of proportional representation is used for elections.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[37] Parliament elects a president, who must get behind him two-thirds of the vote.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

If Parliament is unable to elect a president after three ballots, the choice goes to the Assembly of Electors.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Assembly of Electors consists of Members of Parliament and representatives of local self-governing bodies.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[52] The president's term of office lasts for five years.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The same person can only be elected president for two terms in a row.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The President is also the Commander-in-Chief of the Estonian Defence Forces.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[53] The President of Estonia has been Kersti Kaljulaid since October 2016.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[54] Parliamentary elections have a 5% vote threshold.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[37] In the years immediately after re-independence, the Estonian party map was fragmented: just under one and a half million people represented a good ten parties.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The number of parties has since fallen by about half.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Nationwide elections have universal and equal suffrage for all Estonian citizens over 18 years of age.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In local elections held every three years, all residents aged 18 and over are allowed to vote regardless of citizenship.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[55] Since November 2016, the Prime Minister of Estonia has been Jüri Ratas of the Centre Party.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The government is formed by the Estonian Centre Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Alliance of the Fatherland and Res Publica.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[56] Six parties have been represented in Riigikogu since the 2015 elections, namely the Reform Party, the Centre Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Union of the Fatherland and Res Publica, the Free Party and the Conservative People's Party.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[57] Territorial division Estonia is divided administratively into provinces (), consisting of municipalities (vald) and towns (linn).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[58] Estonia has 15 provinces, 15 cities and 64 municipalities.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[59] The number of municipalities and cities fell from 213 to 79 in the 2017 local government reform.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[60] Counties Estonia is divided into fifteen provinces.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The largest number of inhabitants is in Harju County (610468 inhabitants on 1 January 2018), the least in Hiiumaa (9580 inhabitants on 1 January 2018).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The largest number of cities in Harju County and East Virumaa (4 pcs).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

There are no cities in Hiiumaa, Jõgevamaa, Põlvamaa, Raplamaa, Saaremaa and Valgamaa.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The largest number of municipalities in Harju County (12 pcs).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[59] Cities There are 15 cities in Estonia with a total of 810443 people at the beginning of 2018 [59].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In addition to them, Estonia has 32 former cities, which, with the advent of municipal associations, have become non-autonomous cities of no administrative significance.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[61] [58] The accompanying map shows the location of the 15 largest cities and five provincial centres (Jõgeva, Jõhvi, Kärdla, Põlva, Rapla).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[62] = Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants: 1 pc, Tallinn = 30,000... Cities with 100,000 inhabitants: 4 pcs, Tartu, Narva, Pärnu and Kohtla-Järve = 10,000... Cities with 30,000 inhabitants: 8 pcs = cities with less than 10,000 inhabitants: 17 pcs (not all on map) Municipalities in Estonia total 64 municipalities.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[59] Inhabited places Estonian municipalities consist of villages (küla), merchant houses (alev), small trade establishments (alevik) and non-independent towns (vallasisene linn).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Towns can be divided into boroughs (asum).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[58] As of November 4, 2016, there were a total of 4699 inhabited places in Estonia: 30 were towns, 17 were non-independent towns, 12 merchant farms, 188 small commercial establishments and 4452 villages.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[63] Economy The gross domestic product of Estonia in 2018 is approximately USD 29 billion.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

When adjusted for purchasing power, the figure is about $44 billion.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The gap between the figures shrank considerably in 2007, since then the gap has fluctuated from year to year, but remained, on average, clearly lower than before.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[64] In the 2010s, Estonia's GDP per capita has continued to be significantly lower than in the Nordic countries, including the purchasing power adjustment.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Energia Estonia is overself-sufficient in terms of electricity production, and electricity has been exported in the 2000s mainly to Latvia, occasionally also to Lithuania and Finland [65].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the early years of the 21st century, Estonian electricity was the cheapest in the euro area [66].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

However, the price has risen so that in 2014 the price paid by the small consumer (2,5-5 MWh/year) had risen to close to the average level of EU countries in 2014 (Estonia 13 SNT/kWh, Finland 15 SNT/kWh, EU countries median 17 SNT/kWh) [67].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In northeastern Estonia, in the Narva region, oil shale is mined, which is the country's main source of energy.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Palavankivki accounts for about 90% of Estonia's electricity generation.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Due to EU emissions regulations, the owner of oil shale plants, Eesti Energia, has renewed its power plants in 2014-15 with Finnish company Metso and Fortum, among others [68].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Natural Resources Estonia's most significant natural resources are oil shale and forests.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Peat plays some role in heat production.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Because Estonia's mineral resources are scarce, its economy is largely based on light industry and services, which include tourism, trade and banking.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia is located along the busy trade route between east and west, and the country has always had good ports: transit and foreign trade are increasingly important for the Estonian economy.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In recent years, the information technology sector has also developed rapidly.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

After very rapid growth, the economy contracted sharply in 2009, but recovered slowly in the following decade.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[64] The currency of Estonia is the euro since the beginning of 2011.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The krona in currency to the end of 2010 was pegged to the euro against 1 EUR = 15.6466 EEK, which also became the final euro to krona conversion factor.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Previously, the krona was tied at a fixed exchange rate to the Deutschmark.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[69] The banking sector in Estonia, as well as other Baltic countries, is practically almost entirely owned by foreign banks [70].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The introduction of the euro was preceded by the accession of Estonia, together with Lithuania and Slovenia, into the European Union's exchange rate mechanism ERM II on 27 June 2004.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Taxation Estonia was the first country to introduce a flat tax in 1994.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The income tax rate was then 29%, regardless of a person's income.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[71] On January 1, 2005, the tax was reduced to 24%, on January 1, 2006 to 23%, and further on January 1, 2009 to 21%.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In 2017, income tax (tulumaks) is 20% and VAT (käibemaks) is also 20%.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In addition, the employer must pay a pension and health insurance contribution (sotsiaalmaks) equal to 33% of the gross salary.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[72] The main industrial areas include the capital Tallinn, its surrounding areas and northeastern Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The largest employers are in the paper, lumber and textile industries.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

One in twenty Estonians earn a living by agriculture, fishing and forestry.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In addition to growing other crops, farming practices include growing oilseed rape for the production of rapeseed oil and strawberry farming.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The restructuring of the economy encourages the search for other livelihoods alongside traditional animal husbandry and farming.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

A peripheral industry in rural areas includes farm tourism.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

When shopping for food, Estonians tend to prefer domestic produce, but the popularity of domestic food has steadily declined in Estonia, with Estonians increasingly buying foreign food.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[73] Estonia exports instruments, electrical equipment and parts thereof and safety equipment for motor vehicles abroad.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Small and medium-sized industries predominate.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the 2010s, Estonia's foreign trade has been between 12 and 14 billion annually.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Euros.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The trade balance has been consistently negative in recent years (1 to 3 billion billion.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Euros).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In 2015, the value of exports was 11.6 billion.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

EUR, and imports 13.1 billion.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Euros.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[74] Estonia's largest trading partners are Finland (16% of exports and 15% of imports in 2015) and Sweden (19% of exports and 8% of imports).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The most significant export products in 2015 were machinery and equipment (29%), wood and woodworking products (10%), agricultural products (10%) and mineral products (9%).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The products imported with the highest value were almost the same: machinery and equipment (28%), mineral products (11%) and agricultural products (11%).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[74] Current account at the beginning of the 2000s Estonia's current account was in severe deficit.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

At its largest - in 2006 and 2007 - the deficit was about 15 per cent.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the 2010s, the current account has been in mildly surplus.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[64] Population Ethnic groups The largest ethnic group in Estonia are Estonians, who numbered 69.1% of the population at the beginning of 2015.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The largest minority group are Russians, of which in 2015 there were about 330,000, or 25.1%.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The next largest minority groups are Ukrainians (1.7per cent), Belarusians (0.9per cent), Finns (7321 people or 0.6per cent) and Jews (0.2per cent) and Tatars (0.2per cent).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[75] Sometimes the minority to be counted to Estonians are the settlers in the south-east of Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

By religion they are Orthodox and they have preserved some old folklore traditions.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Historical minorities include Estonian Swedes and Baltic Germans, of whom only the ripples survived in Estonia after World War II.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Languages The only official language of Estonia is Estonian ().


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

According to a 2011 population survey, Estonian speakers, or ethnically Estonians, made up 68.5% of the country's permanent population.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Other notable language groups in the late s included Russian-speakers (29.6 percent), Ukrainian-speakers (0.6 percent), Finnish-speakers (0.2 percent) and Belarusian speakers (0.1 percent).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[76] In southeastern Estonia, the related languages of Võro and Seton are also spoken to Estonian, which have been considered only Estonian dialects in the past.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Linguistically ethnic Estonians belong to the Baltic Finns and Finno-Ugric peoples along with the Finns.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Language policy The current Estonian Language Act dates back to 1995.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

It has undergone 17 corrections since its entry into force.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Previously, Russian texts were prohibited in public places, and the store, for example, was allowed to tell only in Estonian what was sold there in its window.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Later, the law was relaxed so that minority texts were also allowed, as long as the same thing was also told in Estonian and the Estonian text comes first.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Compliance with the law has been overseen by the “language police”, the language inspectorate.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[77] [78] A new language law is planned in Estonia, whose role is to ensure that citizens receive their services in Estonian and the development of the language is guaranteed.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The law also tries to prevent excessive use of English in tourist destinations such as the Old City of Tallinn.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The use of dialects in literary language is also supposed to be discouraged.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The draft law has been severely criticized as censorious and restrictive on free speech.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[78] [79] Citizenship policy Upon the re-independence of Estonia in 1991, the country's citizenship was automatically granted to all who held Estonian citizenship during the first period of independence, as well as their descendants.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In order to obtain Estonian citizenship, others must know the Estonian language and know the history and legislation of the country [80].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The majority of Estonian Russians today have Estonian citizenship [81], but a significant proportion of Russian-speakers in the region have only a foreign passport and a 2013 Amnesty International report accuses Estonia of oppressing the Russian-speaking minority [82].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Citizenship in Estonia The majority of Estonian permanent residents are currently Estonian citizens: after re-independence in 1992, Estonian citizens accounted for 68% of residents, but already more than 84% in 2015.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The proportion of those without citizenship has declined from 32% in 1992 to 6% in 2015.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

There were about 91,000 Russian citizens living in Estonia as of December 2015.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[83] Number of citizenship v.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

2015Share v.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

2015Share v.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

2008 [55] Share v.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

20031 142 65284.6 %83.8 %81 %91 4616.8 %6.8 %7 1300,5 %0.4 %6 8980.5 %0.2 %3 %3 %0.1 %2,5830.2 %2 1630.2 %0.1 %1 6500,1 %0.1 %Other10,0010.7 %0.6 %7 %No citizenship.82 6886.1 %Other10,7 %0.6 %7 %No citizenship.82 6886.1 %0.1 %Other10,7 %0.6 %7 %No citizenship82 6886.1% 9 %12 %Total1 351 065100 %100 %100% Health according to UNICEF statistics in Estonia was from European countries in 2013 proportionally the highest number of HIV carriers, approximately 1.3% of the adult population, or about 8000 persons in total [84].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In Estonia in 2008, differences in life expectancy related to educational background were the largest among the Eurostat statistical countries: men with high education in their 30s had a life expectancy of around 20 years and about 10 years longer for women than those with low education.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[85] According to a 2004 World Health Organisation WHO study, 9.85 litres were consumed per adult, converted to pure alcohol.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[86] Religion in Estonia has no state church.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The most prominent of the denominations are the Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Orthodox Church.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Religion does not appear much in everyday life, and Estonia is a rather secularised country.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[87] According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll, 16% of Estonians believe in God, while 54% believe there is some kind of spirit being or life force, and 26% do not believe that there is any kind of spirit being, god or life force.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

According to this study, Estonians are the least religious people in the European Union.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[88] In the 2011 census, 54% of Estonia's adult population reported that they were non-religious and 29% professed some faith, mostly Christianity.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

About 16per cent didn't want or knew how to respond.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Of the denominations, the most common were Orthodox (16%) and Evangelical Lutherans (10percent).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[89] [90] In a survey commissioned by the state in the 21st century, 11% of the population reported that they practiced a maavald, an old Estonian natural faith.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The state has pacified several hundred sacred natural sites, which are usually trees or springs.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The country is represented by the Maavalla Koda organisation.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[91] The University of Tartu published a study in 2014 stating that 58% of Estonians have “their own faith, independent of denominations and organised religions”.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Sixty-one percent considered natural religion to be the true religion of the Estonian people, although only four percent said they practiced it.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Ten per cent registered as atheists.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[92] Culture Estonian culture is influenced by the Baltic countries, Finland and especially German culture.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[87] Strong cultural influence has also been on former ruler countries Sweden and Russia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Literature The most internationally known and translated Estonian writers are Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Kross, in particular, was prominent and was considered a possible Nobel Prize in Literature laureate.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[93] National big names include A. H. Tammsaare and Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald, who wrote the Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg based on Estonian folk poetry and inspired by Kalevala.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[41] Music Thumble|Upright|Left|Xix Dance Party (2014).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The largest and most significant Estonian cultural event is the song and dance festivities held once every four years: “General Song and Dance Festival” (Üldlaupidu and Üldtantsupidu).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The main event of the festivities is held at the Tallinn Song Stage (Lauluvaljak).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Choral and folk dance culture in general play an important role in Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The first singing festivities were held in 1869.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The 24th Song Festival, held in 2014, featured 1046 groups with a total of over 30000 performers.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[94] Estonian-born Arvo Pärt is considered one of the most prominent composers of the 20th century.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Other major Estonian composers include symphonist Eduard Tubin and Erkki-Sven Tüür, from younger knee.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

World-famous conductors include Eri Klas and Neeme Järvi, and the latter's sons Paavo and Kristjan Järvi.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The main name of a light and classical song in Estonia was Georg Ots.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In entertainment music, Estonians are known for their 2001 EuroVisa win by Tanel Padar, Dave Benton and the band 2XL with the song Everybody.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[95] Food culture Estonian cuisine has traditionally followed the rhythm of the seasons.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In summer, garden dishes like new potatoes are eaten.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In July—August, for example, flounder is eaten


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Heavier foods such as sauerkraut, oven roast, meat jellies, blood sausage and full-bodied soups and casseroles will be favoured when autumn comes.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Typical Estonian dishes include leavened rye bread and sauerkraut and Estonian meat jelly (sült) made from pork and veal.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The most popular meat is pork, which is most commonly enjoyed with potatoes and stewed sauerkraut.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Popular drinks have included malty home beer, mead and beer.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

At Christmastime in Estonia, eats are very abundant in the traditional way.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[96] Messages As a small country Estonia has seen a very rich supply of mass media since independence.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

There are three nationwide television broadcasters in Estonia: the public Estonian Television (ETV, since 1955) and the private Kanal 2 (1993) and TV3 (1996).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The latter are owned by foreigners.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Several local cable channels offer Russian- Finnish, Swedish and Latvian language programs.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[97] Public radio broadcasting started 1926 by Estonian radio (Eesti Raadio).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

With Radio Kuku, which started in 1992, the number of private channels increased rapidly and in 2008 there were 31 radio channels in the country, including five public Estonian radio channels.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In 2007, public Estonian television and Estonian radio merged to form Eesti Rahvusringkäling (ERR).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[98] [99] Hundreds of newspapers and magazines appear in Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The largest newspapers are the daily newspapers Postimees (23.6% market share in 2007) and Eesti Päevaleht (12.9%) and tabloid Õhtuleht (23.6%).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The largest circulation of weekly newspapers is Eesti Ekspress (14%), which even before Estonia became independent, in 1989 began to appear as the first independent Estonian magazine.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The second largest weekly newspaper is Maaleht (11.6 per cent).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[98] Similar to private television and radio broadcasters, Estonian newspapers are also an object of interest for foreign capital.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Norwegian Schibsted and Modern Times Group, which owns Kanal 2, owns half of Õhtuleht magazine and most of Postimees.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Sweden-based Bonnier Group owns Äripäev, the country's largest financial magazine.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[100] Estonia is sometimes referred to as E-stonia, referring to the prevalence and popularity of internet, mobile phones and electronic services in the country.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[101] There are two news agencies operating in the country.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Baltic News Service is a private news agency founded in 1990 and owned by Finnish company Alma Media.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Baltic News Service covers Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[102] Eesti Rahvusringhääling operates the ETV24 news agency financed by the public sector.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

National symbols The crotch swallow was chosen as the national bird in the early 1960s.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In a contest organised by the Estonian Society for Nature Conservation in 1968, cornflower was chosen as the national flower by a clear majority.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Grey limestone was chosen as the national stone in 1992.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Oak is considered an informal national tree.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[103] Holidays National holidays and holidays (riigipühad): [104] 1 January New Year (uus aasta) 24 February Estonian Independence Day (Eesti iseseisvuspäev).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Salvation Committee authorized by the Landtag declared Estonia independent in Tallinn on 24 February 1918.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[105] Good Friday (greater reede) and Easter Day (ülestõusmispühad) May 1 May Day (töörahvapüha) Pentecost (nelipühad) on 23 June Victory holy (voidupüha), commemorating the 1919 Battle of Cēsis.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[106] 24 June midsummer (jaanipäev) 20 August anniversary of re-independence (taasisesseisvumispäev).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Estonia re-declared independence on 20 August 1991.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[105] 24—26.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

December Christmas (jõulud) National anniversaries (riiklikud startpäevad): [104] 6 January Epiphany (threekingpäev) 2 February Anniversary of the Peace of Tartu (Tartu rahu aastapäev) 14 March Mother Tongue Day (emakeele päev) second Sunday of May: Mother's Day ( emadepäev) on June 4, Estonian Flag Day (Eesti lipu päev) on June 14 mourning day (leinapäev).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Memorial Day for the victims of rides, bombings and other World War II events.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

On 14 June 1941, the Soviets began a major ride of Estonians.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[107] August 23, Memorial Day for the Victims of Communism and Nazism (Communism and Nazism ohvrite mälestuspäev).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact was concluded on 23 August 1939.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[108] second Sunday of September: grandparents' day (vanavanemate päev) on September 22, day of resistance fighting (vastapanuvõitluse päev).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Following the withdrawal of the Germans and prior to the Soviet occupation, the Tief government was formed on 23 September 1944.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[109] Third Saturday of October: Tribal Day (hõimupäev).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Day of Estonian origin, language, culture and Finno-Ugric peoples.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[110] November 2 All Saints Day (hingedepäev) the second Sunday of November: Father's Day (isadepäev) 16.11. the day of rebirth (taassünni päev).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Declaration of sovereignty of the Estonian SNT on 16 November 1988.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[111] Sports miniature|Upright|Kiiking is a species invented in Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Estonia men's national basketball team has made it four times to the European Championships of the sport.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[112] Of Estonian basketball players, Martin Müürsepp has played in the NBA [113] and Tiit Sokk won Olympic gold with the Soviet national basketball team in 1988.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[114] The men's volleyball team played in the European Championship for the only time so far in 2009.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The team did not survive the block to the continuation.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[115] Estonia national football team has not participated in international value tournaments.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In the FIFA rankings released on 1 June 2017, it is ranked 93rd.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[116] Estonian football magazine Foot selected the top 100 Estonian footballers in 2016, topping the list were Mart Poom, Ragnar Klavan and pre-war goalkeeper Evald Tipner.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[117] Estonia has participated in the Olympic Games from 1920 to 1936 and again since 1992.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The most of the country's 40 Olympic medals [118] have been received by skiers Andrus Veerpalu and Kristina Šmigun-Vähi, who have achieved three medals.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[119] Kristjan Pajusalu won gold in both free wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling in 1936.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[120] Erika Salumäe won gold in track cycling in 1988 with the Soviet team and 1992 with the Estonian team.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[121] Estonia has also had success in athletics; decathlete Erki Nool has won Olympic gold in 2000 [122], and of discus throwers Gerd Kanter has won gold in 2008 and bronze in 2012 [123] and Aleksander Tammert bronze in 2004.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[124] The designations Estonia and Eesti Eesti is the Estonian name of Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The name appears already in the Germania work of the Roman Tacitus in the name of the aesti people.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

However, most scholars assume that the Iron Age designation aesti referred to the Baltic language-speaking population of the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea (Lithuania and Kaliningrad region), rather than actual Estonian ancestry.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

By the time of entering the Middle Ages, however, the name had “wandered” northwards, as in 13th-century Scandinavian sources the name Estland or Ehstland is used from Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In general, however, Estonia was referred to as Livonia in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the New Age.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Estonians themselves used the name earthweed and from their language the name maakeel.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The historical name “Eesti” came into use only in the 18th century.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The name Eesti in the literary language came in the middle of the 19th century when Johann Voldemar Jannsen published in 1857 the greeting poem in the first issue of the first issue of an Estonian language magazine: “Terre armas Eesti rahwas!” [125].


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

In Finland Estonia was called Estonia especially in the 1920s and 1930s among tribal activists and after World War II under Soviet rule in the left.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Also, the Finnish-language literature published in the Soviet Union always spoke of Soviet-Estonian or Estonian SNT.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[126] However, the established amicable name for Finland is Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Among others, the late former President of Estonia, linguistic researcher Lennart Meri and the Language Office recommend the use of the established Estonian name for Finnish.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Erkki Lyytikäinen, amanuensis of the Department of Finnish Language at the University of Helsinki, explains this: “The Finnish Language Service alienates the Eesti name because it is a pointless raw fish.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

According to the same principle, the name Sverige should be used from Sweden, Deutschland from Germany and Rossija from Russia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

The Estonian name differs from the previous ones only in that it is easy for a Finnish person to pronounce.” [127] [128] [129] The Finnish Language Board and the Language Office also accept the names Eesti and Estonian language, but put Estonian and Estonian languages first.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[130] The Estonian name has entered the Finnish language from the historical Virumaa province of northeastern Estonia.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[131] Viru Region contains two modern provinces: West Viru and East Viru (Lääne-Viru and Ida-Viru).


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

[132] See also Estonian Air Force Estonian Railways List of airports Estonian road numbering system Estonian Institute Estonian Art Estonian Art Museum Eesti Pank Eesti Post Estonian Cold War Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kari Alenius| title = History of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena Cost| year = 2000| isbn = 951-796-216-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tapio Mäkeläinen| title = Estonia, country of estates, churches and flower street| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2004| isbn = 951-31-2936-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppo Zetterberg| title = Estonian History| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2007| isbn = 9517465203}} References Literature Citation Citation with error, replace {{ cite book| author = Loog, Alvar (ed.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

) | title = Eesti Vabariik: Country.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Rahvas.


Question: Has Tallinn always been the capital of Estonia?

Estonia

Kultuur| location = Tallinn| publisher = TEA librar| year = 2013| version = “TEA entsüklopeedia” intermedia| isbn = 978-9949-24-185-9| language = (in Estonian)}} On topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The Islamic Republic of Iran, or Iran (), is a state in the Middle East with Tehran as its capital.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

It is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea, on the north northeast by Turkmenistan, on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea, and on the west by Iraq and Turkey.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Until 1935, the official name of the country was Farsi.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[1] Its culture is among the oldest in the world.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Shiite is the state religion and Persian the official language.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

With a population of more than 80 million, the majority are Persians, with the largest minorities being Azeris, Kurds and Lurs.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[2] Iranian soil is unstable and prone to earthquakes.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Oil and natural gas are found in thick layers of sediment.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The country's economy is based first and foremost on oil resources.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Name Persian-speaking Iranians since the Sassanid period have referred to the country as Iran, meaning “kingdom of the Aryans”, while in the West the Persian designation inherited from the Greeks has been used.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

In 1935, Shah Reza Pahlavi called for the international community to use the Iranian name.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[3] His son Muhammad Reza Pahlavi allowed 1959 the use of both Persian and Iranian names.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Iran is an established form when talking about modern Iran, but historical Iran is often still referred to as Farsi.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the country's full name has been the Islamic Republic of Iran.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Geography The Iranian landscape is dominated by goofy mountain ranges that separate deep or tectonic plates from each other.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The western part of the country, where most of the population lives, is mountainous.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

It has mountain ranges such as the Caucasus, Zagros and Alborz Mountains, the latter of which includes Iran's highest point, Mount Damavand (5604meters).


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The central part of the country is a vast plain at an altitude of 300—900 m, and in its eastern part lies two salt deserts, the Big Salt Desert, or Dasht-e Kavir, and the Big Sand Desert, or Dasht-e Lut, with its salt lakes.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

In many places, the mountains stretch as far as the Gulf shore, and there are only two lowland areas in the country: an extension of the Mesopotamian lowland in the south-west of the country and the lowlands of the Caspian coast.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[4] Bedrock Iranian bedrock is seismically active, with several large lines of transmission running across the country.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[5] The Zagros Mountains have arisen as the Arabian and Iranian tiles were pressed against each other.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Iran and its neighbouring regions from the Alps to Indonesia are made up of micromanner slabs pressed against each other and beneath each other.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

During the Triassic, significant ore resources emerged in this region: porphyry-type copper, chromite and related ores, and lead-zinc ores.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[6] The sedimentary layer is up to 15 kilometres thick in places, with deposits from all geological periods.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Not every area that seems promising in terms of oil or gas deposits has yet to be thoroughly explored.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[7] Nature Iranian vegetation can be divided into four main zones: [8] The coast of the Caspian Sea is a narrow strip along the southern edge of the lake.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

It can be further divided into the Alborz forest steppe, where the common juniper and common juniper are the main tree species, into a mixed forest area whose species include east beech, European hornbeam, ironwood, European yew, mountain elm, tar alder, pomegranate, some linden (Tilia rubra) and oak ( Quercus castanefolia), as well as the lowland desert.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[8] The Iranoturan zone is the most extensive vegetation zone.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

It's a dry, cold area in winter.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

It can be divided into a plateau and a mountainous region.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Maruna species and salt-tolerant plants grow on the plateau.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Many species of tamarisk grow on the outskirts of sandy desert and gravel.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

In the mountains, juniper and fruit trees such as Prunus scopar, which resembles almond, as well as cucumber peas and other low plants are found.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[8] The Zargos Mountains zone covers not only the mountains but also the steppe surrounding them.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Oceanic species in the deciduous forest include oaks and pistachio.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Upland vegetation grows above the tree line.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[8] Many endemic species of Dionysia grow in the burrows of limestone sprouts at 1500—3500 m.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Many bulbous plants are also found in the mountains, such as goblet lilies, cuckoos, tulips, pearl lilies and relatives of the African star (Ornithogalum).


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[9] The Khalidj-o-Omman zone spreads out from the western side of the mountains to the Gulf Coast.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Subtropical species such as Acacia, Prosopia, Ziziphus, Avicennia, Rhizophora, Populus euphatica and Prosopis stephaniana are found there.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[8] The rarest animal species in Iran is the Asian subspecies of the cheetah, which is not known with certainty to live anywhere outside Iran, and even there the population is small.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[10] The Asian lion population that lived in the area has been withered and the caspian-tiger has become extinct.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Still, about 160 species of mammals, 516 wild bird species and about ten thousand species of plants still live in the country.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[11] Caspian caviar-producing palate moss is critically endangered, and Iran plants 24 million moss in the Caspian Sea each year to maintain the population.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[12] Desertification and the consequent indirect spread of farming into new areas pose a threat to biodiversity.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[13] Climate Due to the diversity of Iranian terrain, different parts of the country have different climates.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

On the northern edge of the country, on the Caspian coastal plain, temperatures will drop below the zero limit and remain humid for the rest of the year.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29°C.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Annual rainfall is 680mm on the eastern side of the plateau and over 1700mm on the western side of the plateau.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Further west, residential centers at the base of the Zagros Mountains are experiencing colder temperatures.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

These areas have severe winters where temperatures go to freezing and snow falls a lot.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The eastern and central foothills of the mountains are dry with areas receiving less than 200mm of rain and deserting every now and then.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Average summer temperatures exceed 38°C.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Based on satellite imagery, the Big Sand Desert in the Southeast is one of the hottest places in the world during summer days.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran experience mild winters and very humid and hot summers.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Precipitation remains below 300 millimetres.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[14] History Early History Iran's high culture is among the oldest in the world.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The written history begins with the writings of the Elamites around 3000 BCE.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The Aryans who invaded the country imported the preforms of most of Iran's modern languages.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

After the Median Empire, the Asemenids, under the leadership of Cyrus II the Great, formed the Persian Empire in 546 BCE.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Alexander the Great conquered Persia in 331 BCE, but it soon continued as a Seleucid dynasty, followed by the Parthian and Sassanid kingdoms.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[15] Middle Ages and the beginning of a new age The Middle Ages set many important events for Iranian history, such as the Islamic conquest, the arrival of Turkic peoples in the region, the devastating invasion of the Mongol Empire that began in the 1220s, the conquest of Timur Lenk and the coming of Shiite rule as state religion during the Safavids period 1501—1722.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[16] In the new age, Persia became the battleground of rival colonial empires such as Russia and the United Kingdom.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The modernization of the 19th century led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1905/1911.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[17] [18] Pahlavi reign After the Constitutional Revolution, Reza Pahlavi seized power from the Qajar dynasty in 1921.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[3] Shaahi Reza Pahlavi made plans for industrial development, railway construction and national education system.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

However, his autocratic way of governing caused opposition.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

During World War II, the Allies occupying the country forced the Shah to hand over power to his son Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, who it was hoped would be more cooperative.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[19] In 1953, due to the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadeq was plunged from power with the help of British and American intelligence services.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The purpose was to protect the countries” oil interests.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

After the coup, the monarchy was restored and power passed back to Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

His autocratic rule eventually led to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, led by the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[3] Islamic Republic The new theocratic political system implemented conservative Islamic reforms and unprecedented direct influence of the clergy.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

It reinforced Iran's anti-Western tendency, partly due to the West's support for the Shah as well as Iraq during the Iraq—Iranian War.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Iran's U.S. relations were particularly hampered by the 1979 imprisonment of U.S. legation workers, Iran's attempt to spread the Islamic Revolution, and later support for organizations such as Hezbollah.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[20] In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran weakened by the revolution and the devastating Iraq—Iran war continued into 1988.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The struggle between reformists and conservatives continues today through elected politicians, whose power is severely limited by the clergy.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

Conservative Mahmud Ahmadinedžad was elected president in 2005.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[3] Iran announced in 2005 that it would resume uranium enrichment, which it had suspended in 2003 at the request of the IAEA.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The IAEA and the UN said Iran was in breach of the regulations and threatened it with penalties.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The United States enforced the penalties in 2007, when the IAEA assessed Iran as capable of developing a nuclear weapon in three to eight years if it wished.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[3] In June 2009, riots erupted in the country when the opposition claimed that the old people had rigged an election result in which Ahmadinedžad, backed by the old people, won the election.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

The government responded with protests with fierce violence by security forces and Revolutionary Guards.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

In January 2010, two men who had been convicted of these unrest were executed.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[3] Amid US-imposed sanctions, China offered Iran a $10 billion credit line.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[21] Iran and Russia also secured a negotiated $2.5 billion contract for train cars.


Question: What was the population of Iran in 2018?

Iran

[22] Politics and society in Western media Iran's political factions are often divided into conservatives and liberals.