Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

He belonged to the Vaasa family and his parents were high nobles of Sweden: his father was the nephew of Sten Sture Sture Sr.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Gustav studied for a time in Uppsala, after which he joined the court of Sten Sture the Younger, who had been regent in about 1514.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[1] Gustav defended Stockholm against the Danes and in 1518 served as flag bearer at the Battle of Brännkyrka.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

For the years 1518—1519 he was imprisoned in Denmark, and for the winter of 1519—1520 he was in exile in Lübeck.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

During the final phase of the Kalmar Union, Sweden experienced a desire to secede from the Union.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Union king Christian II attempted to suppress all resistance among the Swedes with the Stockholm Massacre in 1520.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

However, it gave rise to a widespread rebellion movement in Sweden, led by Gustav Vasa, who fled from captivity Denmark.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[2] Gustaavaasa had narrowly survived the massacre by opting out of the coronation of Christian II, in the aftermath of which the massacre took place.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

The insurgency movement prospered and quickly gained control of the hinterland.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

However, the peasant army of coastal fortresses could not take control of itself, so Gustav Vasa requested assistance from Kristianii's enemy Lübeck.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

The price was expensive, as Gustav Vasa had to promise Lübeck a duty-free commercial right to the land.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

In a couple of years, Gustav Vasa's position as leader of Sweden became undisputed, and in 1523 he was crowned King of Sweden, marking Sweden's final resignation from the Kalmar Union.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

In the same year, Austria, or Finland, was also named as Swedish territory.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[2] Lübeck's right to duty-free trade meant that the city-state practically controlled all of Swedish trade.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Gustav Vasa was offered the chance to get out of the patronage of Lübeck when the city was mired in the Count War of 1533—1536.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Lübeck demanded support from Sweden, but Vaasa refused and revoked Lübeck's privileges.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Fortunately for Sweden, Lübeck lost the war, and could no longer claim a duty-free commercial right.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[2] Gustav Vasa had good memory, working capacity and practical talent, but poor doctrinal civility.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

He, like many other great leaders in world history, had excellent talkative gifts and a rock-hard temperament.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

He was, on the other hand, ways unflinching, ruthless and distrustful.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

In traditional historiography, Gustavus Vasa has often been seen as a benevolent and vigorous “father of the earth”, but some newer interpretations suggest that he was also quite a tyrant.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[3] Gustav Vasa sought to increase his reputation with invented stories about his feats.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

His scribe, Peder Svart, Bishop of Västerås, wrote them according to the king's dictation.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

The stories became so familiar to Swedes that they began to be considered true.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

One story was about Vaasaskihdo.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

According to it, Gustav escaped at the turn of the year 1521, skiing towards the Norwegian border, because Dalarna people did not believe his story of the Stockholm massacre and did not want to join his rebellion project.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

When the people of the town of Mora heard information from elsewhere, they became embarrassed, sent two fast skiers after Gustav and caught him 90 km away in Sälen and brought him back to Mora as a hero.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[4] The changes brought about by Gustav Vasa Gustav Vasa implemented the Swedish Reformation in the Riksdag of Västerås in 1527.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

The state received church property, which essentially facilitated the operation of the state.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Gustav concentrated power for himself by, among other things, hereditising kingship and replacing the castle hosts who often played in his own bag with vouds loyal to the crown, who, among other things, oversaw taxation.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

In state economics, Gustav applied early mercantilism, meaning foreign trade was ordered to be conducted only in cities.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Gustav founded the city of Helsinki on 12 June in 1550 to compete for Baltic trade with Rääveli, present-day Tallinn.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Gustav Vasa ordered that merchants from Rauma, Ulvila, Tammisaari and Porvoo were to move to Helsinki.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Some burghers moved to Helsinki, but the burghers of Rauma and Ulvila, who lived further afield, were very uptight.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Before long, they too had to bend to the king's will.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Initially, this “Captivity of Babel” seemed to work, but as early as the late 1550s part of the merchant received a return permit back to his hometown.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

The main reason for this was that Helsinki did not form the counterweight to Tallinn as it was originally planned because merchant ships could not reach the port due to its shallow nature.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

At the same time, the war against Russia was also being fought.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Gustav Vasa favoured the Savonian settlement movement by promising peasants moving into the wilderness a tax exemption for a few years.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Finnish settlement spread to Northern Savo and Kainuusen, among others.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Admittedly, the Savonian settlement had already spread in the 15th century before Gustavus Vasa came to power across the border of the Peace of Nutäsaari, leading to border conflicts with Novgorod and Russia.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Gustav Vasa established hereditary kingship, and the crown was inherited after his death to his eldest son Eerik XIV.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

For his three younger sons, he founded three fairly autonomous duchies.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

The goal was a unified state ruled by the House of Vaasa.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

In practice, the arrangements led to lengthy intra-family power struggles after Gustavus Vasa died in 1560.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Family Spouses Gustav Vasa married three times.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Her consorts included the first Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, with whom she had a son who became the next King Eerik XIV, the second Margareeta Leijonhufvud (ten children), and the third Catherine Stenbock, who was left childless.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

Children Eerik XIV (1533—1577) King of Sweden 1560—1568 John III (1537—1592) King of Sweden 1568—1592 to Catherine (1539—1610) consort to Edzard II, Count Cecilia of East Frisian (1540—1627), married to Christoph II Baden Magnus (1542—1595), Duke Karl of East Götaland (1542—1595) 44) Anna (1545— 1610) married to Georg Johan I, Count of Palatinate-Veldenz Sten (1546—1547) to Sofia (1547—1611), married to Magnus II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (1543—1603), nephew of Gustav Vasa's first consort Elizabeth (1549—1597), married to Cristoph von Mecklenburg Charles IX (1550—1697) 11) Swedish regent 1599—1604 and king 1604—1611 Gustav Vasa in Finland Gustav Vasa stayed for almost a year in Finland during the Great Russian War (1555—1557).


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[5] This is the longest period that a Swedish monarch has ever spent continuously in Finland.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[6] Along with the war effort, Gustav Vasa became acquainted with a book of complaints collected by Jaakko Teit, in which the Finnish peasants expressed their complaints against the wrongs committed against them by the nobility.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

The king also punished some of the said nobles.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[7] The king spent most of his time in Turku and also visited Helsinki and Vyborg.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[7] Realizing the complaints of the Helsinkians about the disadvantageous location and undevelopment of their city as appropriate, Gustav Vasa gave the burghers the right to move back to their homelands, from where they had previously been forced to move to Helsinki.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[8] The defence of Vyborg had fallen into disrepair, so the king set in motion the strengthening of the city's defences.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[7] At the end of his visit to Finland, Gustav Vasa established the Duchy of Finland for his son Juhana.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

In his territory, the Duke obtained the powers of the king, apart from his own foreign policy.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

[9] Death In the spring of 1560, the king was 64 years old and felt his end was approaching.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

He summoned the enactments to Stockholm Castle, where he gave an emotional farewell speech recalling a time when King Christian II's soldiers had fled.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

He also apologised to those who had been offended by his actions.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

On September 29, the king died.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

He was buried in Uppsala Cathedral next to his former spouses Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburgian and Margareeta Leijonhufvud.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

His third consort, Catherine Stenbock, remained Dowager Queen.


Question: What country were the characters The Lighthouse and Trailer?

Gustav Vasa

See also Rydboholm Castle, the possible birthplace of Gustav Vasa Sources On the topic elsewhere The works of Louise Stjernström (Carl Blink) Gustav Vasa and his contemporaries I: The Swedish Liberator and II: The Sun sets as free-to-download ebooks Category:Swedish kings Category:Swedish registers Category:Those born in 1496 Class:Those who died in 1560 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Sacha Noam Baron Cohen (born 13 October 1971, London) is a British comedian with four widely known roles: hopper Ali G, Kazakh television commentator Borat, homosexual fashion editor of Austrian music channel Brüno and dictator Aladeen.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Sacha's latest aforementioned character is known as The Dictator.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

She caused a stir at the 2012 Oscars Gala by pouring an urn that claimed contained Kim Jong-il's ashes over journalist Ryan Seacrest [1] and onto the red carpet [2].


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Life Family Sacha Noam Baron Cohen was born on 13 October 1971 into an Orthodox Jewish family in Hammersmith, London.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

His father, clothing merchant Gerald Baron Cohen, is an Orthodox Jew from Wales and his mother Daniella Cohen (o.s. Weiser) is from Israel.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Daniella's mother, a ballet dancer well known in Germany in her time, still lives in Haifa.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

His paternal grandfather had been born in Pontypridd in Wales and his paternal grandfather was a Lithuanian Jew born in Kaunas.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Sacha Baron Cohen's brother, Erran Baron Cohen, is a composer and trumpeter who has helped his brother by, among other things, composing the song “O Kazakhstan” for the film Borat.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

His cousin Simon Baron-Cohen is a leading autism expert.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Baron Cohen's ethnic and religious Jewish identity is very strong.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

He eats nothing but košer and spends the Sabbath.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

His wife, Australian actress Isla Fisher, whom he met in 2002 and whom he married in 2010 [3], has also converted to Judaism.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

They have three children together, Olive Cohen, born in 2007, second daughter Elula Lottie Miriam Cohen, born in 2010, and a son born in 2015.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

[4] For example, during his high school years, he belonged to the Zionist Habonim Dror youth organization and worked and studied for a year at the Rosh Hanikra kibbutz in northern Israel upon his graduation.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Even after this, Baron Cohen has returned several times to Israel, where he already has strong ties on behalf of his family alone.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

He speaks excellent Hebrew as well as being very familiar with Israeli culture.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

[5] Education Baron Cohen began his studies at the private and authoritative Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Elstree.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Around the same time, two other Jewish comedians, Cohen's friends Matt Lucas and David Baddiel, were also allowed into the school.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Cohen then attended Dulwich College before moving on to Christ's College, part of the University of Cambridge.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Here, under the teaching of Harvard University history professor, Niall Ferguson, a Scotsman, he majored in history and wrote his final work on Jewish involvement in the American Civil Rights Movement, specializing in particular in Mississippi's 1964 Civil Rights Activists The murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Of these, Goodman and Schwerner were American Jews.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Baron Cohen was a member of the Cambridge University Amateur Drama Club, where he starred in the plays Cyrano de Bergerac and Fiddler on the Roof.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

His long-time collaborator Dan Mazer also studied at Cambridge University and was a member of the prestigious playmaking club Cambridge Footlights.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Baron Cohen was not a member, however, but was involved in at least one play.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Career Baron Cohen received much publicity for his prejudice Borat character.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Baron Cohen argued through humour, for example, that Kazakh women would now be allowed to travel inside buses, that homosexuals would not have to wear blue beanies when they were outside, and that the age of protection for women would have been raised from the former from eight years to 12 years.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

None of these claims are true, of course.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

The fun lies in the fact that some people believe these claims, partly in the fact that some take Borat seriously and start to cut out the drag.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

The Kazakh state put out a statement that any speech by a Borat reporter is completely unacceptable and represents the comedian's bad taste.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

The head of the state finds the film not offensive but rather amusing.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

“The piece is meant to be a comedy, so let's laugh at it.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

That's my attitude,” President Nursultan Nazarbayev has said.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

He made the comments about Borat while in Britain as a guest of Prime Minister Tony Blair.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Nazarbayev stresses that any kind of publicity is good publicity.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Dariga Nazarbayeva, the president's daughter, also sided in public to defend Borat, mentioning that the fierce objections of the country's leadership damaged the Kazakh image more than Borat's humor.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Baron Cohen, who is himself Jewish, has also provoked an outcry in American-Jewish circles for claiming, as a Borat figure, the Jewish population is nothing but rubbish and stealers.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

The comedian himself says his black humor shows the irony of true Jew-haters.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Sacha Baron Cohen won a Golden Globe Award in January 2007 for his starring role in the film Borat in a series of comedy films.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

In 1994, Britain's Channel 4 decided to replace the series with The Word to give a chance to new, younger-knee entertainment creators.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Cohen sent a tape to the channel appearing as Albanian television reporter Kristo (who preceded his popular Borat character) which caught the attention of the show's producers and Cohen got a job at the channel.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

In 1998, Cohen got into The 11 O'Clock Show and began appearing in it with his Ali G character.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

The character became an instant success, as Cohen's style involved combining typical solutions of sketch and hidden camera jokes.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

This is the same idea he used in Borat as well.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

The characters' popularity eventually rose so great that their own television series Da Ali G Show was created for them.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

At the time, the main problem with Cohen's humour was also realised, which was the short-lived nature of his characters.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

After interviews exploiting a hidden camera had been filmed and the first season of production aired on television, viewers came to know the characters as gags.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

When interviewing British celebrities was no longer successful, filming for the series moved to the United States.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

In his career, Ali G has already interviewed David Beckham, Buzz Aldrin and Donald Trump, among others.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Cohen's first film based on his own character Ali G in da House (2002) was not as big a success as expected.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

The reason was widely considered to be the lack of hidden camera jokes, which made the film a typical comedy.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

However, this mistake was not repeated by Cohen in his film Borat (2006), which was nothing more than an interview joke shot as a hidden camera.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

This paid off, as for his role as Borat, Cohen won the Golden Globe as Best Comedy/Musical Actor and the Best Actor award at the Toronto Film Festival.


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

After winning the Golden Globe for his role, Cohen thanked “all the individuals involved in the making of the film who have yet to sue him.”


Question: When was Sacha Baron Cohen born?

Sacha Baron Cohen

Filmography Television Jack and Jeremy's Police 4 (1995) Live from the Lighthouse (1996) The 11 O'Clock Show (1998—1999) Da Ali G Show (2000-) The Simpsons (guest role, 2010) Sources on the subject elsewhere Category:British comedians Category:The English actors Category:Jewish actors Category:BAFTA Award winners Category:Born in 1971 Category:Living Persons Category:Golden Globe Award recipients Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Homosexuality (from the Greek word μός 'same' and from the Latin word sexus' gender ') refers to a sexual orientation in which an individual's sexual interest, romantic thoughts, feelings, or both are directed solely or primarily towards his or her own gender.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

A homosexual woman is also called a lesbian.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[1] [2] The word gay in the sense homosexual is mostly used for men, and the corresponding word used for female homosexuals is lesbian.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In the scientific community, homosexuality is today considered a variation of normal and positive sexual orientation.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[3] The normality of homosexuality is justified by the fact that it has been widely or more widely observed than what was believed in humans, and that it is a normal variation when sexual orientation is outlined as a continuum (heterosexuality, bisexuality, homosexuality) [4].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

However, there is no full consensus that homosexuality is not a pathology. [5].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

According to modern conception, homosexuality is not a choice, but has a biological basis.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

On the other hand, for a bisexual, homosexual behavior is a choice between two options.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Homosexuality is prohibited in several countries and homosexual acts can even carry the death penalty.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

However, homosexuality has gained widespread acceptance in several Western countries recently, and homosexual acts are no longer punishable and homosexuality is no longer considered a psychiatric disorder.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Homosexuals in several countries can register a partnership or enter into a marriage.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Science has not been able to exhaustively answer what causes homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[6] Biological causes research has found brain structural abnormalities in homosexuals [7] and the prevailing explanation pattern of homosexuality is associated with hormone exposures before birth.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

It has been proven through animal studies that individuals' sexuality can be modified by exposure to hormones or by inhibiting the action of hormones.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[8] History The attitude of Judaism and the Catholic Church, as well as later Christian denominations, towards homosexual acts comes not only from scripture, but from the philosophy of Stoicism.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In homosexual acts as well as masturbation, the seed is wasted, but all the more so is the importance that the Stoics had a strong view that man has the power to restrain himself and that peace of mind must be sought in this way.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

For example, Musonius Rufus has argued that man should protect himself from sexual temptations and sexual excessiveness.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The Stoics placed sexual acts in a broader sense of human life, where sexual acts can only be moral when used for procreation.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Early Christian theologians adopted this view of the Stoics and in the time of Church Father Augustine sex in the reproductive sense was the only normal sex. [9].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

On the other hand, the Bible also takes a penchant view of homosexuality, which has also been interpreted as not describing the current concept of homosexuality in the Bible.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[10] Historian Teemu Keskisarja has studied the sexual behaviour of Finns between the 17th and 18th centuries.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Middleweight said meddling with animals was common, with thousands of animal meddlers found, but Middleweight found almost no record of homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[11] With immense effort and help from genealogists, Middleweight found only three gay cases in all over a couple of hundred years.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Extramarital sex and masturbation were prohibited.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[12] Early 20th-century scientific literature treated homosexuality as two distinct phenomena: inversion and perversion.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In inversion, a person has an innate and persistent gender-reversed sexual impulse, that is, the male sexual impulse is gendered inversely directed to a man as in a female.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Instead, perversion was an unmoral and perverse sexual act.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The division between being as a form (inversion) and a form of behavior (perversion) became more complicated as medicine and psychiatry sought to conceptualize homosexuality specifically as a form of sexual desire compatible with sexual orientation and object selection.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[13] Psychologist Sigmund Freud believed man to be naturally bisexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In Freud's view, heterosexuality is the outcome of normal libido development, and in the psychoanalytic school, homosexuality represented a disorder of normal libido development.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

According to Freud, heterosexuals have the ability to become attracted to the same sex, which Freud termed latent homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[14] The Behaviorist School achieved dominance in the 1930s and 1940s in American and British psychology.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Behaviorism, rather than states of mind, paid attention to the categorization of behavior, and homosexuality was associated with certain forms of excessive sexual behavior.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Since then, attempts have been made to define homosexuality as a permanent orientation.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Researcher Alfred Kinsey's research findings that people cannot be divided into straight and homosexual groups caused a definition crisis, as homosexuality was considered a pathology of a small and defined category.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The scientists chose to preserve separate categories of heterosexuality and homosexuality, and further distinguished between homosexual acts and homosexual person, which allowed homosexuality to be preserved as a form of being.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[15] The disqualification of homosexuality began to be pushed in Philadelphia, USA in 1965 [16].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In 1969, New York City had an event dubbed the Stonewall Riots, in which gays and lesbians rose up against the system that persecuted homosexuals.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The riots became a defining event that launched the gay rights movement in the United States and other parts of the world.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[5] In 1973, the APA, the United States Association of Psychiatrists, removed homosexuality from DSM, a prestigious disease classification for mental disorders.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The United States was the first country in the world to make a reform to the disease classification.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

This led to the development of two different schools: some still viewed homosexuality as a pathology, others as normal.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[5] The declassification of diseases was influenced by activists [17].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The declassification of disease was justified by the fact that homosexuals suffer from the stigma that defining homosexuality as a disease creates.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The aim of activists was to make homosexuality normal, while medicine sought to define homosexuality as abnormal, deviant.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[18] In the 1960s and 1970s, homosexuality manifested itself as a sexual identity.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

People started declaring their identity to be homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

It related to sociological studies on male homosexuals and the social effects of stigma being homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The idea of sexual identity crystallises in coming out of the closet.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Homosexuality as a sexual identity changed the question of what causes a person to develop homosexual into what causes a person to develop into a person who identifies as homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this case, the study of homosexuality was directed at the study of identity shaping.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

According to Plummer (1981), the purpose is not to find causal causes of homosexuality, but framing processes that cause the individual to build and maintain a certain sexual identity.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Sexual identity means that an individual categorizes themselves as a particular kind of person in light of experiences and emotions.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[19] According to Richardson and Hart (1981), homosexual feelings and homosexual acts may be the result of an individual defining himself as homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In the 1980s, an AIDS epidemic caused by the spread of HIV broke out in the United States.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

This disease, spread mainly among gay men, hardened people's attitudes towards homosexuality because the spread of the disease threatened public health.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[20] [21] Different Types of Homosexuals Scientists have drawn attention to the fact that there are probably different types of homosexuality occurring.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

This means that homosexuality is not just one kind of thing and that not all homosexuals are homosexuals for the same reasons.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[22] Homosexual men use precise titles for self-identification.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

According to popular perception, there are two types of gay men in their roles: giving (top in homoslang) and receptive (bottom).


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

These have been offered as an explanation of which roles feel more natural to the person.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

But many gay men identify as both, for which the word versatile is used.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

On the other hand, not all gay men have anal intercourse even interested and prefer other forms of sex.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Some of the men don't identify as tops, bottomes, nor versatiles at all.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Some of them don't even identify as gay even if they engage in anal intercourse with men.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

These identify with the men that have sex with men (MSM) category and are often also in heterosexual relationships, i.e. they are bisexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

According to research, top men are more often the giving party even when it comes to oral sex and top men identify less often as gay and also have the most internalized homophobia, self-loathing towards their homosexual desires.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[23] Similarly, homosexual women exhibit divergent butch and femme roles.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

There are also bisexual femmes.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[24] Theories about homosexuality Theories about homosexuality can be divided into three main types: pathology: Homosexuality is a human disease that differs from normal heterosexual development.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this theory trend, same-sex interest or gender atypical behavior is a sign of illness or disorder.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this theory trend, some deficiency or external pathogenic agent causes homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this theory trend, homosexuality is considered serious, psychopathology.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Immaturity: Homosexuality is a behavior arising from the immaturity of a young person on the way to a heterosexual orientation.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this theory trend, homosexuality is a stage over which one usually plants.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this particular psychoanalytic theory trend, human sexuality is thought to pass through developmental stages and homosexuality represents developmental stagnation, retardation.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this theory trend, homosexuality is relatively harmless, rather than a pathology.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Normal Variation: Homosexuality is part of the normal variation of human sexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this theory trend, homosexuals are typically thought to have been born different, but is comparable to left-handedness.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this theory trend, homosexuality is a natural phenomenon and naturalness is the same as normal.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The theory trend sees no need to include homosexuality in the classification of mental disorders.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[5] Evidence for the existence of the phenomenon An evolutive explanation of homosexuality might be that gay man's sisters are exceptionally attractive, are attracted to men, and have more children than other women.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[25] Non-shared factors contribute to environmental factors to the occurrence of homosexuality, although for female homosexuals, the shared environment may also play a significant role.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[26] Other studies have produced smaller and highly variable consistencies between 5 and 60%.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[27] The etiology of male and female homosexuality appears to be different, as for twins of different eggs, the homosexuality of one twin is linked to the other twin's elevated likelihood of homosexuality only when they are of the same sex.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[26] Olson theorized that homosexuality would result from dominance of the cerebral hemispheres.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In straight women and gay men, in general, the right hemisphere is dominant.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In contrast, straight men and lesbians tend to have the left hemisphere dominating.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Olson speculates that a gene or hormone regulates which hemisphere dominates.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[28] Based on brain descriptions, it is known that the brain structures of gay men and straight women resemble each other; respectively, the brain structures of lesbians and straight men resemble each other.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[29] [30] Gay men and straight women have both cerebral hemispheres of the same size and have more neural connections in the left almond nucleus than in the right.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The right hemisphere of lesbians and straight men is larger than the left, and there are more neural connections in the right almond nucleus.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[31] According to a study in the Archives of Sexual Behavior science journal, a girl fetus receiving a lot of testosterone from the mother becomes a butch lesbian and a femmelesbo who receives a lot of estrogen.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In straight men and lesbians, the inah3 region of the brain hypothalamus is usually large, while those interested in men are small.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

It regulates orientation and develops at 6-8 weeks of fetal age under the influence of testosterone.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In pup fetuses, testosterone is usually produced by the testes, but genes or maternal health can affect hormone levels, even stress.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[32] Masculine characteristics are well explained by fetal testosterone intake.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Also in the 1950s-70s, synthetic estrogen used to prevent miscarriages produced an excess of bi and lesbian daughters in its recipients (measured by orientation, not sexual experiences) and more feminine than usual daughters.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Similarly, fetal period estrogen or testosterone was used to induce female mice to become interested in female mice.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[32] Of the estrogens, estradiol is responsible for masculinization of the brain.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In males, it is aromatized by testosterone produced by the testicles. [33].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Etiology Homosexuality was considered a mental illness, but psychiatry's ability to explain homosexuality manifested itself as weak.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Biological explanations for homosexuality began to be sought when environmental social and cultural explanations used in psychiatry were small in their fixed effects and causations vague.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[34] In 1981, a study conducted by the Kinsey Institute found that the influence of parents on the development of homosexuality has been exaggerated and the study also found that the lack of opportunities for heterosexuals as well as traumatic heterosexual experiences has also been exaggerated .


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[35] In 1986, according to a study conducted by the Kinsey Institute, gender nonconformism in childhood is the main predictor of homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[36] First, biologists look for an explanation of homosexuality in the hormones of adult humans.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

However, testosterone and oestrogen levels in gay men and straight men were found to be similar levels and the hypothesis of abnormal hormone levels in adults fell through.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[34] Subsequently, the cause of homosexual activity has been sought in the prebirth hormone exposures experienced by the foetus in utero.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The hypothesis is supported by the fact that 37 per cent of women with testosterone-prone CAH disease are lesbian or bisexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

On the other hand, the hypothesis is spoken by the fact that those who suffered from hormonal problems in the fetal stage, who have become endocrine abnormalities with genital or gonadal malformations, are not homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[34] Birth order of brothers to order of birth of Blanchard brothers (engl.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

fraternal birth order, FBO) related explanation is the surest and scientifically proven causative agent of male homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In it, each younger brother's likelihood of being homosexual increases by 33%.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The explanation concerns the immune reaction of the pregnant mother with antibodies against the Y chromosome-related neuroligin 4 (NLGN4Y) protein, which is important for neurological development.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[37] [38] Blanchard estimates that between 15% and 29% of male homosexuals are homosexual due to this explanation.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Still, the effect is small even if the man has a daring older brother.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[39] Gene-related explanations A 1991 genetic study conducted by Bailey and Pillard on gay men has examined the heritability of male homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Homosexuality is not 100% heritable, which makes it multifactorially heritable, which means that the manifestation of homosexuality is influenced by factors other than just genes.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[34] Bailey and Pillard have conducted a similar study in lesbians in 1993 showing the impact of genes on female homosexuality (lesbianism) being equal to that of men.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

However, research suggests that even for identical twins who have had the same growth environment, sexual orientations may be divergent.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Genes account for only 52 per cent of homosexuality among identical twins.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[40] Of the identical twins, there is only a 20% chance of both being homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[41] In 1993, Hamer discovered congruent sites on the X chromosomes of gay men.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[42] In studying the lineage of gay brothers, the 8q12 and XQ28 gene regions located on the 8 chromosome and X chromosome have been found to influence male sexual orientation.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[43] Genes explain 30-40 percent of male homosexuality [42].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Twin studies have been criticized for being skewed, as they have been based on voluntarism.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Probably those twin couples in which both parties are homosexual have been more willing to sign up than ones where only one party is homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[27] Two genes linked to male homosexuality have been discovered in 2017.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Located on chromosome 13, SLITRK6 is a gene associated with brain development that specifically affects the midbrain and chromosome 14, TSHR is a gene that encodes a thyrotropin (TSH) receptor.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[44] Scientists have tried to find the “homogeny” that causes homosexuality without finding it.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The homogeny was sought because homosexuality was considered innate and the gene would have been a simple explanation for what causes homosexuality before birth [45].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Based on genetic studies, it can be said that there is no single homogeny.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Genetic research today utilizes epigenetics and epigenetic explanation models focusing on sensitivity to hormones have been developed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The focus on hormones is based on what is known about CAH disease.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[46] [41] Thyroid-related explanations Preliminary studies suggest thyroid function and thyroid hormones during maternal gestation may be linked to child homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[47] [48] [49] [50] According to a Danish study, lesbians have 2.92 times higher rates of Hashimoto's disease and 1.88-fold in gay men.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[51] In one study of adolescent psychiatry patients, mothers of 15 children had thyroid problems during pregnancy.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Sixteen homosexual adolescents were found among juvenile psychiatry patients.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In 12 cases, the homosexual youth was the child of a woman who had suffered from thyroid problems during her pregnancy.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The connection was significant in both sexes.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[52] At the population level, the prevalence of homosexuality and hypothyroidism are in the same category [53].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In the explanatory model associated with hypothyroidism, maternal gestational hypothyroidism and maternal thyroid autoimmune disease are suspected.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Related to this are deficiency of thyroid hormones and Hashimoto's disease.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[54] Pregnancy requires greater effort from the mother's thyroid gland, which it normally responds to by increasing hormone production [53].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Maternal thyroid function has an effect on the neurological development of the fetus [55].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this explanatory model, the endocrine system of the thyroid gland is inadequate and certain areas of the brain remain undeveloped [52].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Also, hyperthyroidism, that is, hyperthyroidism affects hormone levels.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In women, hyperthyroidism, such as Graves' disease, leads to higher levels of testosterone.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[56] In men, hyperthyroidism has been found to increase dihydrotestosterone levels 8 to 10 times that of normal.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[57] The explanation for thyroid function is supported by the discovery in which thyroid medication taken by the mother is linked to the daughter's lesbianism.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[58] Hypothyroidism is medicated with levothyroxine [52], which in 2015 was the most prescribed prescription drug in the United States, as well as with dried pig thyroid.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[59] [60] The medication is used to treat hypothyroidism even during pregnancy and during lactation [61].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In products of animal origin, hormone ratios are different than in healthy humans, resulting in higher levels of T3 and a symptom similar to hyperthyroidism may develop.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[60] Endocrine disrupting chemicals Homosexuality has been observed in animals related to endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Animal species with such observations include birds, frogs, seals, polar bears, sea molluscs and dozens of others.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Specialties of sexual development have also been observed in some fish populations, near pulp and poper factories and wastewater treatment plants.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

One example of sexual development observed in animal species is Floridian alligators on polluted Lake Apopka, where there is an expansive farming environment, a sewage treatment plant, and where DDT and DDE have ended up.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Effects of residues of birth control pills used by women have also been found in nature.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[62] In ibis birds, homosexuality occurs when exposed to methylmercury.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[63] According to a Danish study in mice, the common painkiller paracetamol used during pregnancy reduces male-typical behaviour in mice.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Previous research has suggested paracetamol can inhibit chick fetus testosterone production and cause testicular deformity.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The study drew attention to a significant reduction in testosterone production.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Pregnant female mice were given doses of paracetamol proportional to those of the human female.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

When studying homosexuality, it has been found that gay men's SDN (engl.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

sexual dimorphic nucleus) is abnormal, and the study found that male mice exposed to paracetamol during pregnancy had half as many neurons in their SDN.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In these male mice, the vibrancy of brain activity in the SDN was also half as low.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[64] Proportion of the population of those who consider themselves homosexual is not easy.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The determination of the proportion shall take into account the criteria used, the boundaries and the time period within which sexual orientation is defined.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[65] Many people, despite having an interest in their own gender, may be hesitant to define themselves as gay or bisexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The number of people who have feelings for the same sex may be greater than the number of people who also put into practice these feelings.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

On the other hand, the number of people fulfilling emotions may be higher than that of people who actually define themselves as gay, lesbian or bi-sexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[66] According to the most significant studies, between 2% and 11% of people have had some form of same-sex sexual contact during their lives.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] This rate rises to 16-21% when either same-sex interest or behaviour is reported, or both of them.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[75] In a study conducted in, 20% of anonymously respondents to a survey reported having some homosexual feelings — though only 2— 3% of them defined themselves as homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[76] In a 1992 study, 6.1% of men living in Britain had had homosexual experiences, compared with 4.1% in France.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[77] Similarly, in the United States, according to a 2011 report by the William Institute, 3.5%, or roughly 9 million people of the adult population, are either lesbian, gay or bisexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[78] In the United States census in 2000, there were approximately 600,000 same-sex unmarried households in the country.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[79] Finland Sexual identity has been studied in Finland by surveys and interviews based on random samples in 1971 and 1992.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Among Finns aged 18—54, 0.8% of Finns aged 18—54 considered themselves homosexual in a 1971 survey and 0.6% in a 1992 survey.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[80] Sweden In Sweden, the Forskningsgruppen för Samhälls- och Informationsstudier (FSI) and Folkhälsoinsitutet conducted a survey in 1998 based on a random sample of homosexuals between 1 and 2% of 16- to 79-year-olds.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[81] Norway, according to a 2008 interview survey of 6465 people in Norway, 0.6% of men and 0.7% of women over the age of 16 consider themselves homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[82] United Kingdom According to an extensive survey of 247623 interviewees in the United Kingdom in 2009-10, 0.9% of people over the age of 16 consider themselves homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[83] United States Based on five extensive surveys, it has been estimated that 1.7% of U.S. adults consider themselves homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[84] Canada In 2003, a survey of 135000 people in Canada found that 1.3% of men aged 18—59 and 0.7% of women considered themselves homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[85] Australia Australia conducted a 19307 human survey which found that 1.6% of men and 0.8% of women considered themselves homosexual.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[86] [87] Legislation in Finland “homosexual acts” were punishable until 1971 and homosexuality ceased to be an officially listed disease in 1981.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[88] In the legal histories of homosexuality in the Western world, one can see a division into two traditions: the legal systems influenced by the French Revolution on the one hand, and the Protestant tradition on the other.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The influence of the French Revolution on legal systems is particularly evident in the relationship of laws to privacy.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In the tradition of the French Revolution, private practices, for example homosexual acts, were not punishable unless they included violence or sex with underage partners, but the police and legal system regularly intervened in what happened in the public eye to actions.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The second system of laws, which was more common in Protestant countries, contained a different idea of what should be controlled by the state.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In this tradition it was considered that immoral acts exist in themselves, which should be punished as such even before secular law.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[89] Marriage for same-sex couples has been approved by law in the following countries: Holland (since 2001), Belgium (2003), Spain (2005), [90] Canada (2005), [91] South Africa (2006), [92] Norway (2009), [93] Sweden (2009), [94] Portugal (2010), [95] Iceland (2010) [96] ], Argentina (2010) [97] [98], Denmark (2012) [99], Uruguay (2013) [100], New Zealand (2013) [101], France (2013) [102], Great Britain (2014) [103], the United States (2015) [104], and Finland (2017) [105] Society's attitudes of non-heterosexuality have lowest in Asia and Africa and highest in Europe, Australia and the Americas.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Western society has become increasingly accepting of homosexuality in recent decades.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Professor Amy Adamczyk said the differences between countries were largely explained by three factors: strength of democratic institutions, level of economic development (national product) and religiosity.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[106] Attitudes about the acceptability of homosexuality vary widely from country to country.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In a 2013 survey by the US-based Pew Research Center, attitudes towards homosexuality were most positive in Western countries and especially in European Union countries, most of which more than three-quarters agreed that homosexuality should be accepted by society.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In the United States, there were 60 per cent acceptors, 54 per cent in Japan, 40 per cent in Israel, 16 per cent in Russia and, on average, just over half in Latin America.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In Africa and Muslim countries, acceptance of homosexuality was most often supported by less than 10% of the population.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Homosexuality was generally accepted the less often the greater importance religion plays in society.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Young respondents were more accepting than the old in several countries.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[107] Attitudes towards gay men and lesbians are largely dependent on whether homosexuality is innate or a choice.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

People are more accepting of homosexuality if its etiology is innate, whereas if one thinks it is a choice, the attitude is less accepting.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The idea that homosexuality is a choice is often accompanied by the idea of the sinfulness and unnaturalness of homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[108] According to the Eurobarometer on discrimination published in 2015, 71% of respondents in European Union countries believe that people belonging to sexual minorities should have the same rights as heterosexuals.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Sixty-one percent of respondents support allowing same-sex marriage across Europe.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

According to the same Eurobarometer, attitudes towards sexual and gender minorities are more positive than in the European Union on average: according to the barometer, 74% of Finns agree that people belonging to sexual minorities should have the same rights as heterosexuals, and 66% agree that same-sex marriage should be allowed across Europe.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[109] Sociopolitically, finding out the etiology of homosexuality may bring benefits to homosexuals through the fact that homosexuality can be scientifically proven to be innate and would no longer be a choice for some people.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

On the other hand, surviving the etiology might lead to homosexuality being shown to be a genetic anomaly, defect or deficiency that can be prevented or one day even cured.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[108] Discrimination in the late 1950s and 1960s homosexuality began to be viewed more as a disease than a crime.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[110] In the United States, homosexuality was de-classified as a disease in 1973.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[111] Homosexuality in Finland was declassified as a disease by the decision of the Finnish Medical Board in 1981, after Seta made a letter to the Medical Board calling for the complete abolition of the disease classification, and that the Medical Board should “effectively work to eliminate the serious adverse effects created by the sickness stamp of homosexuality”.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[111] In Finland, gays and lesbians still experience discrimination in the workplace and in schools, although the law strictly prohibits discrimination.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Research suggests there is evidence of employment discrimination against gays and lesbians.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[112] [113] and discrimination may occur, for example, in the recruitment situation, employment conditions and treatment in the workplace.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[114] People from sexual and gender minorities may, for example, be subject to inappropriate and abusive speech, such as gaying or offensive jokes, and some of them may be subjected to outright derogatory name-calling relating to sexuality or gender, or even sexual harassment.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[115] Some homosexuals prefer to keep their sexual orientation secret in their workplaces.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[116] Based on surveys, those open about their orientation had encountered employment discrimination more often than those who concealed it.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

On the other hand, those who conceal their sexual orientation see discrimination occurring more often in their own workplace.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[115] In the last decades, public attitudes towards homosexuality have become much more tolerant.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

History Treatment of homosexuals Many religions have been characterized by negative attitudes towards homosexuality.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Within many denominations, sexual minorities have formed independent groups where homosexuality is permissible.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[117] In Christianity, the practice of homosexuality has since been considered a sin.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[118] In the Old Testament, God gives the law that “if a man lies with a man as with a woman of his land, they have both committed an appalling act and shall be put to death.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

They themselves have earned their death.” [119] The same paragraph also condemns death for many other misdemeanors, such as slandering the mother or father.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[120] Death sentences have been imposed for homosexuality in Islamic countries.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[121] In 1869, Hungarian writer Károly Mária Kertbeny documented first used the concept of homosexual in an open letter to the Prussian Attorney General demanding the repeal of laws banning 'anti-natural behavior'.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Homosexual became widespread as a concept in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, replacing the words previously in use, of which sodomite is probably the most famous.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In medicine, numerous words were used in parallel for a long time to describe the same phenomenon, but the words were partly contradictory to each other.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Such words included inversion, uranism, unisexuality, bisexuality, and psychic hermaphrodism.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The concept of homophilia sought to emphasize the importance of love and interpersonal relationship beyond mere sexual preference.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[122] The concept of homosexual belonged to both legal and medical terminology.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Michel Foucault writes that before the term homosexual stabilized sexual dissimilarity, sodomite had been nothing more than a series of acts in what homosexuality now named a group of people.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[123] In Finland homosexuality was a crime until 1971.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Under the former law, fornication practised with the same sex could be punishable at its harshest to a two-year prison sentence.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[124] Even in the 1980s, homosexuality was perceived as a choice, sexual preference and a person's enlightening way of life, but it has been replaced by the biology-based concept of sexual orientation [34].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Parenting Non-related children adopted by female couples are similar in sexual behaviors to children of straight couples.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Breeding does not seem to be influenced by orientation but by innate factors.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[32] Lesbian and gay parents are as fit as heterosexuals and their children as healthy and adaptable as children from straight families, according to scientific research.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[125] [126] [127] According to research reviews, there is no evidence to the contrary.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[127] [128] [129] [130] [131] Animal homosexuality Homosexual behaviour has been observed in approximately 1500 species, 500 of which it is well documented.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[132] Homosexuality occurs in the animal kingdom, especially among social animals such as waterfowl and mammals, monkeys and human apes.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Most common it is in black swans living in Australia, of which about a quarter of couples are same-sex with each other, most dog pairs.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Most of these couples nurture together either their own brood or that has been robbed from others, and chicks nurtured by dog pairs have even higher survival rates than those nurtured by straight couples.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[133] [134] Studies have found methylmercury as an environmental toxin to cause homosexual use in ib birds.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Mercury alters the levels of sex hormones, testosterone and estradiol in dogs.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[135] Georgetown University professor Janet Mann has put forward the theory that at least the homosexual behaviour of dolphins would be evolutively advantageous because it would reduce intra-species, especially inter-male, aggression.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[136] Male penguin pairs have been observed to last a lifetime, build nests together and hatch rock as a surrogate egg.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

In 2004, at the Central Park Zoo in the United States, the stone of one of the identified-sex pair was replaced by a fertilized egg that the pair hatched and from which the hatched chick it raised as its own.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[137] [138] Homosexual behaviour has been observed in orangutans.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[139] Banana flies do not have a gene that enables them to distinguish between the sexes.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[140] In 2006, the Natural History Museum of the University of Oslo opened Against Nature?


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

an exhibition called.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

The museum displayed some of the animal species in which homosexuality is alleged to occur, with specimen pieces and images.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Species range from small insects to caskelots.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[141] The characterization of animal behavior as homosexuality has been criticized for anthropomorphism, that is, the placement of human characteristics in animals.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[142] Sexology distinguishes between genitality, i.e., instantaneous external behaviour and sexuality, that is, a reasonably permanent personality characteristic.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[143] In scientific research, personality is associated only with representatives of the human species, i.e. persons.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[144] Mental health problems and mild phenomena in homosexuals The prevalence of depression is three times higher in gay men compared to the total population.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Because depression is a risk factor for suicide, gay men also have a higher risk of suicide.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Depression and suicidality can affect gay men's alcohol and drug use, unprotected anal intercourse and HIV transmission.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[145] In young homosexuals, death by suicide has been estimated to be 2—7 times higher than in heterosexual adolescents.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

More data is available on thinking about suicide, where homosexual adolescents have a two-fold prevalence compared to heterosexuals.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Suicides and thinking about suicide are explained by two different theories: minority stress and interpersonal psychological theory of suicide.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[146] A more accepting social environment can reduce suicides by 20-25% [147].


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

More than a third of homosexuals in Britain use illicit drugs, compared with five per cent in the overall population.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

So homosexuals have a sevenfold likelihood of using drugs.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

According to the study, homosexuals have a tenfold likelihood of having used cocaine in the past month and 13 times the likelihood of having used ketamine in the past month.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[148] In the overall population, drug use decreases with age, but based on research conducted at PRIDE events, homosexuals aged 36 to 40 use the same amount of drugs as younger people.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

[149] See also Homophobia Homosexuality and Religions Kinsey Scale List of known gay and bisexual same-sex marriage Bisexuality Bi-curious The fading of bisexuality Sexual flexibility Seta Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aldrich, Robert (ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title = Love of the same sex: History of homosexuality | location = Helsinki| publisher = Multicost| year = 2006| version = (Gay Life and Culture: A World History, 2006.)


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Translated by Veli-Pekka Ketola| id = ISBN 952-468-103-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eschebach, Insa (ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title = Homophobie und Devianz: Weibliche und männliche Homosexualität im Nationalsozialismus| location = Berlin| publisher = Metropol Verlag| year = 2012| isbn = 978-3-86331-066-0| language = Template:De}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Hagman, Sandra| title = Seven Queer Brothers: Narratives of Forbidden Male Same-Sex Desires from Modernizing Finland 1894—1971| location = Florence| publisher = European University Institute| year = 2014| version=Diss| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Abstract online]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hankamäki, Jukka| title = Angel Love: Philosophy and Religion Homosexual| location = Helsinki| publisher = Books on Demand| year = 2008| id = ISBN 9978-| 52-498- 092-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hautanen, Tarja| title = Private Occasion: Cultural History of Gays and Lesbians| location = Helsinki| publisher = Sexual Equality ry| year = 2005| id = ISBN 952-9862-17-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jokinen, Juha Veli (ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title = Gay!


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Lesbian!


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

True stories from 21st century Finland| location = Helsinki—Jyväskylä | publisher = Minerva| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-492-201-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juvonen, Tuula| title = Shadow life and public secrets| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoen| year = 2002 | version = Dissertation: University of Tampere| id = ISBN 951-768-109-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juvonen, Tuula| title = Closet on top of cabinet: Homosexual people and their rights in representative policy| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoin| year = 2015| isbn = 978-951-768-449-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kellomäki, Ani et al.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

(ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title = Everything changes better| location = Kirkkonummi| publisher = Paasilinna| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-5856-29-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Koivisto, Nelli (ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title = Permission to belong — permission to appear: Sexual and gender minorities in physical activity and sports| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Exercise and Sport| year = 2005| id = ISBN 952-5062-65-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lehto, Juhani E.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

& Kovero, Camilla| title = Homosexuality from the point of view of science and told by men| location = Helsinki| publisher = Lilith| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-98810-4-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lehtonen, Jukka — Mustola, Kati (ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title= “Neither do straight people tell you...”: Frontier of sexuality and gender in work| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ministry of Work| year= 2004| id = ISBN 951-735-603-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Löfström, Jan (ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title = Scandinavian Homosexualities: Essays on Gay and Lesbian Studies| location = Binghamton| publisher = Harrington Park Press| year = 1998| isbn=1-56023-111-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Miettinen, Jukka O.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

(ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title = Among men: Love between men in the light of world literature| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-1-12268-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Parkkinen, Marja-Leena (ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title = Out of the closet: True stories of confronting homosexuality| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year = 2003| id = ISBN 952-471-096-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Half way, Tapio| title = Child's human right: right to father and mother| publisher = Cost Oy New Road| year = 2015| id = ISBN 9789516195981}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Half way, Tapio| title = Social test in children? | publisher = Image and Word| year = 2016| id = ISBN 978-951-585-315-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Puonti, Ari| title = Relationship with Blessing — Homosexuality, Therapeutic Soul Care and Bible| publisher = Kustannus Oy New Roe| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-51-619-523 -3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sievers, Kai & Stålström, Olli (ed.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

) | title = The Many Faces of Love: Homosexual Love, Human Rights and Liberation| location = Espoo| publisher = Weilin + Göös| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-35-2679-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stålström, Olli| title = Homosexuality sickness stamp end| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1997| version = Dissertation: University of Kuopio| id = ISBN 951-662-716-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Terry, Jennifer| title = An American Obsession: Science, Medicine, and Homosexuality in Modern Society| location = Chicago| publisher = The University of Chicago Press| year = 1999| isbn = 0-226-79366-4| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lively, Hanna| title = Encountering Gender and Sexuality| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = PS cost| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-451-462-0}} On topic elsewhere — Organization for the Status of Sexual and Gender Minorities .


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Helsinki City Library Subject Package Archive.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What year is Lena Waithe born?

Homosexuality

entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Category:Sexual Orientation Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

HMS Renown was a Renown-class battle cruiser of the British Royal Navy.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship was built at Fairfield Shipyard and was put into service on 20 September 1916, when it was attached to the Grand Fleet 1.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Battle-cruiser pennant.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[1] [2] First World War The end of World War I ship served in the North Sea.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Due to battlecruiser losses suffered at the Battle of the Skagerrak, Navy Commander Sir John Jellicoe proposed in October 1916 to increase the armour of the Renown-class battlecruisers, which was accepted and HMS Renown returned to the shipyard at Rosyth in February 1917.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Two inches of armoured steel were added to the ship above the engine rooms and flank armour was increased by five feet on each flank, in addition the flank armour strength was increased by an inch at the rudder, two inches for ammunition stores and two inches for the fire control turret at the bottom.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

In addition to these, the lower deck was thickened by 2.5 inches between the A and B towers and the mounting rings of the towers were strengthened.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The increase in armour increased the ship's immersion by 550 tons, which was offset by reducing the size of the oil tank.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

After test runs, the front chimney was lengthened by four feet to reduce the harm caused by fumes.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[3] [2] HMS Renown were installed in early 1918 take-off platforms on the roofs of the B and Y towers.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[3] Interwar period HMS Renown carried Edward, Prince of Wales (as King Edward VIII) on a tour of Canada and the United States from August to December 1919.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship made another round voyage in Australasia from March to October 1920.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Upon returning from the voyage, the ship was removed from service and placed into service on 5 November.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship remained in reserve, awaiting maintenance to begin in early 1921.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

HMS Renown returned to service on 15 September 1921 and began her third voyage as a driver for the Prince of Wales.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The trip, this time, was directed to India, Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship returned home from the voyage on 20 June 1922.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship was decommissioned on 28 July and placed in reserve.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship entered service in July 1923.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[2] [4] In maintenance, the six-inch armour plating on the ship's flanks was changed to a nine-inch armor belt.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Some of the belts used were designed for use on the Chilean Navy Almirante Cochrane, which had been transferred to the Royal Navy to be converted into an aircraft carrier.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Between the flank-mounted armour belt and the actual flank armour, a nine-inch damping layer was installed at its top, which tapered to two-inch at the bottom.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

This new armour belt weighed 1505 tons, but to save weight, the old six-inch belt was not fitted above the new belt, saving 896 tons in weight.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[5] As other armoring works, two inches of steel were added to the deck for ammunition stores and additional protection for ammunition stores was added with a four-inch steel cladding on the flanks 2 feet down.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The armoring of the engine rooms was increased to the deck by 1.5 inches and the flanks by 2.5 inches.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

On the lower deck, three inches were added to the front of the ammunition depots and 1 1/2 to the rear.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Torpedo belts of the newly developed model were also fitted to the ship.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[5] During maintenance, the only change to armament was the replacement of 3-inch anti-aircraft guns with four-inch and the addition of two four-inch single-tube guns.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[5] HMS Renown returned to service on 3 September 1926 with the Atlantic Fleet, but was ordered to transport Duke Albert of York (as King George VI) and Duchess to Australia and New Zealand in 1927.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship served after her return in the Atlantic Fleet.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[6] A 1931—1932 air surveillance system was installed at HMS Renown at the top of the HACS Mk I mast.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Two eight-tube two-pounder anti-aircraft guns were to be fitted at the same time, but only one was fitted.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[5] In 1933 the ship was fitted with a transverse catapult in the deck and the four-inches that were amidships were removed.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

A previously unfitted eight-tube 2-pounder anti-aircraft cannon was installed at the same time.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

In addition, the anti-aircraft armament was strengthened by the addition of two four-tubed half-inch machine guns.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[5] HMS Renown was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in January 1936, from where the ship returned to England as early as September.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[6] HMS Renown was withdrawn from service for maintenance on 2 September 1936 and it did not return to service until 28 August 1939.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The reason for the maintenance was the establishment of a high-speed support ship department.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

HMS Renown was to be made the flagship of the protective convoy.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[6] [2] In maintenance, the ship's teardrop-shaped command bridge was replaced by a box-like one of the same type as on HMS Warspite.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Armoring was only increased above the inventory of new 4.5-inch ammunition by 4 inches of steel and 2 inches of steel on top of the engine room.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Similarly, the thickness of flank armor in the bow gun turrets was increased from 4 inches to 6 inches.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[7] The engines were replaced by eight Admiralty boilers housed in four boiler rooms as well as Parsons turbines with a reported output of 120,000 horsepower at a full speed of 29 knots.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The new chimneys were slightly back than before.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[8] HMS Renown's 15-inch gun turrets were removed from position and overhauled.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Elevation of the towers increased to 30 degrees.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

All auxiliary guns were removed and replaced by 20 4.5-inch Mk I twin-mounted BD Mk II turrets for intermediate decks.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

A third eight-tube 2-pounder was mounted aft, above the Y turret on the intermediate deck.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[8] The ship was fitted with a new fire control turret for the 15-inch main guns above the bridge.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The old turret was mounted at the rear of the ship.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Four HACS Mk IVs were fitted aboard the ship for conducting auxiliary weapons fire.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The torpedo tubes placed below the ship's water level were replaced by counterparts mounted on the deck.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[8] World War II At the outbreak of World War II, HMS Renown was attached to the Home Fleet with the task of controlling the maritime area between Iceland and the Faroe Islands.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[6] During the war, radars of Type 271, 282, 284 and 285 and six 20-millimeter anti-aircraft guns were fitted to the ship in 1941.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

In the autumn of 1942, ten more 20-millimeter anti-aircraft guns were fitted to the ship and the half-inch machine guns were removed.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[8] On 2 October, South Atlantic HMS Renown was attached to Force K in the South Atlantic as its home port of Freetown.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship was hull when forming a group to search for German privateers in the southern sea areas.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

When Admiral Graf Spee was spotted in the Indian Ocean, HMS Renown was sent as part of Force H to Cape Town to destroy the German ship as it sought back to the South Atlantic.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[6] Admiral Graf Spee was not detected by the Naval Detachment, but together with the cruiser HMS Sussex, HMS Renown intercepted the German merchant vessel Watuss (9552 t) on 2 December, which was sunk by its crew prior to inspection.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

HMS Renown was then ordered back to the South Atlantic and after following the scuttling of Admiral Graf Spee it rejoined the Home Fleet.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[6] HMS Renown supported French ships in February 1940 and in April the ship took part in Norwegian operations.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[6] On 9 April, on the Norwegian expedition, HMS Renown encountered the German fleet battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, off Vestfjord, sheltering the attack divisions travelling to Narvik.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

During the encounter, the Germans hit HMS Renown twice, but the grenades failed to explode.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Gneisenau was hit by three mortar rounds fired by HMS Renown, but damage was left on the German ship minimal — only the fire control system and one cannon were damaged.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[6] In the Mediterranean, HMS Renown was transferred to Gibraltar in August as the flagship of Force H.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

In the Western Mediterranean, the ship participated in the protection of Malta convoys as well as rushes of aircraft replenishment.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

While in the Mediterranean, HMS Renown also took part in the Battle of Spartivento on 27 November, where the ship encountered the cruisers of the Italian Navy.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[6] On 9 February 1941, HMS Renown bombed Genoa, after which the ship again served as cover for Malta convoys until receiving orders in May to take part in the hunt for Bismarck.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

After the Bismarck sank, the ship was tasked with searching for the German support ship Gonzenheim, which was sunk by the cruiser HMS Neptune 4.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

on June.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[9] Following operations in the Atlantic, HMS Renown again escorted a convoy to Malta in July, after which the ship returned to England for maintenance.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship was under maintenance from August to November.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[10] HMS Renown returned to service on 22 November and was attached as part of the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow, but as early as 14 April 1942 the ship sailed along with Force W to protect an Anglo-American naval contingent supplying Malta with additional aircraft from the U.S. from the aircraft carrier USS Wasp.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

On 27 April, HMS Renown returned to Scapa Flow.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

A similar operation was still carried out on 9—15.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

May.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[10] HMS Renown was assigned as home port by Iceland and tasked with protecting Atlantic convoys, but this fell short as the ship returned to Force H at Gibraltar as early as October.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Accompanied by the detachment, the ship participated in supporting the North African landings.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[10] HMS Renown returned in February 1943 back to England for service.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Maintenance began on February 22.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

In maintenance, the ship's anti-aircraft defenses were strengthened by the addition of 13 twin-tube and three single-tube 20-millimeter anti-aircraft guns.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

At the same time, the structures needed by the aircraft were removed.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[8] Upon completion of maintenance on 9 June, the ship was attached to the Home Fleet.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[10] The Indian Ocean HMS Renown was transferred in December 1943 to the Eastern Fleet.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship was transferred for service to Rosyth, where it was fitted with a four-tube 2-pounder on the roof of the B turret, along with seven twin-tube and five single-tube 20-millimeter anti-aircraft guns.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[8] On completion of maintenance, on 23 January 1944, the ship began her sailing to Colombo, where it arrived on 27 January.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship sheltered the support ship HMS Illustrious and the US support ship USS Saratoga on 19 April in an attack on Sabang.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Next, on 30 January and 1 February, HMS Renown took part in the Andaman bombardment and attack on Surabaja on 17 May and the subsequent attack on Port Blair 21.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

on June.