Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

The team eligible for a free kick gets to decide which of the options it chooses.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

Cumulating infringements are half-time, so team violations reset at halftime of the match.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

[34] As in football, a yellow and red card is used in futsal.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

The referee may warn a player with a yellow card, among other things, if he behaves unsportsmanly, protests the verdict, delays the game or violates the rules continuously.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

If a player receives a second caution or commits gross unsportsmanlike conduct, raw play, taking away an obvious goal-scoring opportunity with an infringement or insulting parlance, the umpire may remove him from the field by showing a red card.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

No new player may be replaced for two minutes unless the opposing team scores a superior goal.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

[35] Futsal rule variations AMF futsal rules date back to before FIFA rules.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

The rules differ in a few details.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

The ball according to AMF rules is slightly smaller, boundary kicks are held by boundary throws, in addition to team fouls, cumulating personal fouls are also taken into account, and an out run does not cause a short play.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

[36] The original rules also featured an offside of the penalty area, which has since been removed.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

[37] In 5-on-5 indoor football played in Great Britain, the difference is the limited number of interchanges, edges or walls holding boundaries, different types of ball, lower and wider goals, and restricting fielders outside the penalty area.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

[38] From the rest of the Finnish futsal league matches can be followed live or backstreamed Pages focusing on Futsal International futsall Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Futsal Laws of the Game 2010/2011| publisher = FIFA| year = 2010| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arponen, Antti O.


Question: What is the playing time of futsal?

Futsal

& Heinonen, Markku & Kanerva, Juha & Tamminen, Juha & Tikander, Vesa| title = Football Giant| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-0-27037-7}} References Category:Futsal Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Lord of the Rings () is a book by English writer J. R.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

A high fantasy novel written by R. Tolkien.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Work on it began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel The Hobbit, Living There and Back, but it eventually became a much larger work.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Tolkien wrote the novel between 1937 and 1949, and was published in three volumes between 1954 and 1955.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Lord of the Rings book has sold over 150 million copies and is one of the best-selling novels of all ages.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

[1] The novel's title refers to Sauron, the main adversary of the story, who years earlier had created the Ring of Power to control the other Mighty Rings and as his ultimate weapon for his war effort to conquer Middle-earth.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The story begins in a small land inhabited by hobbits in the Shire and travels through northwestern Middle-earth following the War of the Ring through its characters, who are the hobbits Frodo Baggins, Samvais “Sam” Gamgi, Meriadoc “Merri” Rankkibuk, Peregrin “Pippin” Tuk as well as their main allies and his traveling companions: the people of Aragorn, the Samooja of the north, and Boromir, captain of Gondor; son of the dwarf warrior Gimli Glóin; the elven prince Legolas; and the sorcerer Gandalf.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Lord of the Rings was published for financial reasons in three volumes, the first on 29 July 1954 and the last on 20 October 1955.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Part names are the Knights of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Structurally, the novel is divided into six books, with two books in each volume, in addition to which there are appendices of background material at the end of the last book.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Lord of the Rings has been translated into 38 languages.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Peter Jackson directed a three-part film adaptation of the novel between 2001 and 2003.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Parts of the work in the original order of appearance The Knights of the Ring (The Fellowship of the Ring) Part was published on 29 July 1954.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Finnish translation appeared in 1973; translated by Kersti Juva and Eila Pennanen, poems translated by Panu Pekkanen.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Two Towers (The Two Towers) Part was released on November 11, 1954.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Finnish translation appeared in 1974; translated by Kersti Juva and Eila Pennanen, poems translated by Panu Pekkanen.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Return of the King (The Return of the King) Part was released on October 20, 1955.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Finnish translation appeared in 1975; translated by Kersti Juva, poems translated by Panu Pekkanen.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

History and background of the work Tolkien's publisher asked him to write a sequel to the children's novel The Hobbit, That is, There and Back, which had appeared in 1937.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The book had been very successful, and Tolkien began writing a new book about the Hobbit people he had created.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

However, during a long period of writing work, the book took shape as different.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Tolkien wrote his book intermittently and had begun it even before The Hobbit appeared.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Lord of the Rings was first published in the indigenous language in 1954—1955.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The work is divided into six books as well as appendices, but has generally been published in three volumes, and has therefore often been called a trilogy.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Tolkien would have preferred the book to be published immediately as one major volume, but the publisher wouldn't because the book was so long.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Paper was expensive at the time, so publishing one large volume would have been too much of a risk.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Underlying the work is a carefully planned mythological world.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Tolkien's interest in languages and myths, such as Scandinavian and Greek mythology, as well as Anglo-Saxon epithology, is evident from the book.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Celtic and Finnish mythology are also recognisable.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

[2] [3] The Hobbit, which appeared before the Lord of the Rings trilogy, laid the groundwork for the story.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Later, light on the history of the same mythological world appeared, compiled from extensive notes by Tolkien and edited by his son Christopher, The Book of Silmarillion and Unfinished Fables.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Tolkien had begun creating his imaginary world as early as World War I, but as a perfectionist failed to finish but some of his narratives.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Languages The works showcase several Elven languages created by Tolkien himself, such as the Grey Elven language Sindar as well as the Great Elven language quenya.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Quenya was written using the tengwar alphabet.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

In addition, cirth runes used by elves as well as dwarves appear in Tolkien's works.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Elvish language quenya is based in many respects on the Finnish language and Sindar mainly on the Welsh language, or Welsh.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

From the complexity of languages you can see Tolkien's great interest in linguistics.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Tolkien also created languages for dwarves and orcs, among others, though not as wide-ranging.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

In addition, he created Westron, a universal language for Middle-earth, which, in published books, however, he “replaced” with English.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

This means that all Elvish expressions have been preserved as such, but all things told in English (or Finnish, respectively) have been told originally by westron.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Reception The Lord of the Rings has divided the opinions of critics and the public since its appearance.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

According to the Sunday Telegraph, the novel is among the most significant works of 20th century fiction literature.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

[4] The Sunday Times critic writes “the English-speaking world is divided between those who have read The Lord of the Rings, and those who intend to read it”.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

[4] Conflicting feelings have followed that Tolkien's conservative and traditional worldview is transmitted from the work openly.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The battle of good and evil is depicted in very black and white tones.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Against this, it is perhaps surprising that in the 1960s hippies took the book as their own.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

[5] They were perhaps drawn to the book's technology criticism, romantic rural nostalgia, ecological themes and escapism.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Some readers also perceive The Lord of the Rings as reflecting an overtly racist worldview [6]: dark skin is usually combined in the book with evil or savagery, be it imaginary creatures or people of the South and East.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Tolkien himself opposed racism very sharply, and hated the Nazis deeply.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

On the other hand, it has also been suggested that pure reality escape The Lord of the Rings is not about.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

According to many analyses, the story variously reflects tragic features of 20th-century history, such as the First World War experienced by Tolkien himself as a young front officer, the threat of totalitarianism, and the environmental devastation caused by industrialisation.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Especially in the closing scenes of the book, themes of abandonment and loss are also strongly present.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Symbolic links to World War II have also been sought in the book, but these Tolkien strenuously denied and declared his hatred of allegory.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

[7] Plot Referate Knights of the Ring First Book in the Shire of the Hobbit Bilbo Baggins is preparing for his 111th birthday.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

He throws a big party and does a disappearing trick at the end of his speech.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

He has dreamed of travelling one more time and finishing his book.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The sorcerer Gandalf Grey's suspicions have been awakened in the past, as Bilbo is already unusually old and are reinforced by the vanishing stunt.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Gandalf also discovers handing over the ring is producing Bilbo difficulties.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Bilbo leaves that and the rest of his possessions to his adopted son Frodo Backpack.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Gandalf leaves the Shire to investigate after first warning Frodo about the ring.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Seventeen years later, Gandalf returns.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

He has found out that the ring is one of the mighty rings.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Gandalf has further discovered that all but one include a jewel and that one ring has an engraved text.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

As a final experiment, Gandalf throws the ring into Frodo's fireplace.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The smooth gold ring appears in the heat with the text “One ring finds them, that one rules them...”, which ensures that the ring is the Ring of Power that dominates all the others.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The language is the Mordor language written in Elf letters.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

It is then that Frodo learns from Gandalf the ring had belonged to Sauron, the ruler of Mordor.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

He tells how Sauron was defeated and how the Ring eventually ended up with Bilbo and, by extension, Frodo.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Gandalf also mentions Gollum, the previous owner of the Ring, who has for over fifty years been searching for it and revealing to Sauron.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

That the Ring is on Bilbo.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Frodo's gardener, Samvais Gamgi, eavesdrops on the conversation.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

In order to preserve the secret, and because of his loyalty, he embarks on Frodo's journey.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Gandalf tells Frodo to leave with few votes, so Frodo must come up with an excuse to leave the Shire.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

He sells Repunpää and leaves for Bukinmaa, where he has bought himself a new home.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Gandalf is not seen, and Frodo leaves with Sam.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

According to related Merri and Pippin.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Merri has already left to prepare Frodo's new home.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

In Bukinland, Frodo must tell his friends that he cannot stay, but must leave for Rivendell.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

However, it becomes clear to Frodo that they have secretly learned everything already with Sam acting as the source of information.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Thus, the four Hobbits embark on a journey towards Rivendell.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Black Riders have arrived already in Kontu, and to avoid them, the entourage passes through the Old Forest.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Its host is Tom Bombadil.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

While continuing their journey, the Hobbits are captured by grave ghosts, but Bombadil rescues them and guides them to the edge of the forest.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

From the tombs, hobbits receive daggers forged by elves as their swords, shimmering light in the vicinity of orcs.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Hobbits proceed to Bouncing Pony's inn Brii, where they meet a friend of Gandalf known as Konkari.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

He is the heir of Isildur, Aragorn, who is entitled to the Crown of Gondor.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

In the brii, the Black Riders are about to reach the troupe, and the Hobbits only avoid the room thanks to Aragorn, by switching a kill attempt.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Gandalf has been unable to help the Hobbits, as he has been captured by the sorcerer Saruman the White, who has been revealed to be a traitor.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Gandalf had left a letter to the Hobbits telling them that the hobbits should leave as soon as possible and head for Rivendel.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The letter will not get there because the person to whom Gandalf has given the letter will not get it delivered.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Aragorn leaves to lead the Hobbits through the wilderness to Rivendell.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

In the wilderness, black riders attack the Viimapää Hill, and the leader, the Witch King of Ancient Angmar, wounds Frodo.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The entourage is able to escape and rush to Rivendell in order to treat Frodo's wound.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

After a wade battle, Frodo is taken to Rivendell, where Elrond manages to heal Frodo.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

In the second book at Rivendell, Frodo meets Bilbo, who moved there after his birthday.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Unbeknownst to each other, representatives of the other peoples of Middle-earth have also arrived at Rivendell to seek advice on the issues and phenomena they have encountered from Elrond, who lived there.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Under Elrond's direction, a counseling is held in which it is decided that an attempt will be made to destroy the Ring.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

It succeeds only in Mount Dooms—the volcano in Mordor where Sauron once forged a ring.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Frodo promises to destroy the Ring and gets a convoy on the journey to which Elrond names members of all nations.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The son of the commandholder of Gondor, Boromir and Aragorn are representatives of the people, Legolas a representative of the Elves and Gimli the Dwarves.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The others are the wizard Gandalf and the hobbits Merri, Pippin and Sam.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The convoy embarks on a journey towards Mordor.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The attempt through Caradhras fails, and the route heads to the mines in Moria.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Moria has been an ancient dwarf kingdom but is no longer remembered as a mithril mine.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

An expedition led by the dwarf princes Balin, Ór and Óin has gone there several years earlier to establish a colony to restore the kingdom, and Gimli in particular expects aid to be available.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

An important motif for the expedition was the attempt to find one of the seven rings given to the dwarves.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The convoy finds in the Mazarbul chamber (history chamber) the remains of the expedition, and from their diary they learn the Orcs were the cause of the destruction.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The convoy is attacked by the Hiids and the cave troll.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

During the fight and escape, Balrog comes forward.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Gandalf falls along with Balrog into the depths as he fights it.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Aragorn takes charge of the convoy.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The rest of the convoy gets out of Moria and continues their journey to Lothlórien, where they are received by resident Mistress Galadriel.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Galadriel allows the convoy to stay overnight on his land.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

She gives the convoy boats to continue the journey, as well as clothes and other gifts that can facilitate the completion of the mission.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Galadriel also notices the Ring's influence on Boromir and warns against it.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Thus, the convoy continues its journey from Lothlórien by boats up the Anduin River until Rauros Falls.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

On the way, they fall into the stream and at work barely make it to shore.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The convoy pauses to rest and reflect on the continuation of the journey.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

They also discover that Gollum has been following them.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Unable to resist the Ring's lure anymore, Boromir tries to take it by force from Frodo.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Frodon manages to escape by becoming invisible with the help of the Ring.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Boromir understands his actions, but the Orcs who come to the scene attack, and Boromir is mortally wounded defending Merr and Pippin, who are captured by the Orcs.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Sam guesses Frodo is trying to continue on his own journey to Mordor and follows this to the boats.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Aragorn makes the decision to go, along with Gimli and Legolas, in pursuit of the orcs who have abducted Pippin and Merri.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Frodo and Sam continue across the river towards Mordor.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Two Towers Third Book The Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli remaining from the Convoy find a death-making Boromir, who before his last gasp recounts everything that happened.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The trio are unable, due to haste, to bury Boromir, so his body and equipment are lifted onto a boat which is allowed to drift away.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

After the funeral, the trio go out to chase the orcs from behind.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The chase lasts nonstop for days.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Just before the Orcs enter the Fangorn Forest, a detachment of Rohan's riders led by Éomer surprises the Orcs and kills them.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

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In the ensuing confusion, Merri and Pippin flee to Fangorn, where they encounter the former Treebeard, who mistakes the Hobbits for orcs first, until they manage to explain who they are.


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Treebeard recounts the history of the Ents and Ex-Wives and his forest, how awesome it was once, as well as his attitude towards other races and the Saruman, to whom this is bitter because of the cutting down of their trees.


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Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli meet Rohan's riders, get their horses from them, and continue their journey in search of their friends.


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Aragorn finds the Hobbits' trail and leads them to Fargorn.


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There, to their surprise, they meet Gandalf, who tells him he has defeated Balrog.


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Gandalf died after the battle, but was resurrected as Gandalf White in order to continue to complete the mission.


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Gandalf guides Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli to Edoras, where Gandalf frees Théoden, King of Rohan from the enchantment of his advisor, in reality Saruman's henchman, Grima Kärmetongue.


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Upon his release, Théoden allows Grima to prove his loyalty by fighting Saruman's army, but he prefers to flee to the Iron Yard.


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Theoden moves his people to safety in the Helm Deep, and Gandalf sets out to retrieve reinforcements for the upcoming battle.


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The attack by Saruman's orcs is repelled in the Battle of Helm's Deep after Gandalf and his troops come in at the last minute.


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Meanwhile, the Ents wage war at the Iron Yard against Saruman.


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They succeed in defeating Saruman, whose nearly all Orcs are at war with Rohan at the same time.


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The Ents break the dam, after which the water floods and destroys, except for the Tower of Orthanc, the entire Iron Yard.


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Saruman remains encircled in the tower.


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Gandalf, Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, Théoden, and Éomer ride to the Iron Yard, where they meet Treebeard, Merri and Pippin.


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They negotiate with Saruman, who nonetheless refuses peace, at which point Gandalf cuts Saruman's wand and finally dismisses him from the Wizards' Council.


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They get their hands on Saruman's Palantír.


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Pippin looks into it at night secretly and is subjected to questioning by Sauron.


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At the same time, this is the only moment when Sauron shows himself during the story.


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Based on a vision told by Pippin, Gandalf realizes Gondor is in danger and sets off with Pippin to Minas Tirith, to warn Gondor's commandholder, Denethor.


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Others remain to gather strength on Rohan.


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In the fourth book, Sam and Frodo journey through the cliffs of Emy's Muil towards Mordor.


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There, they capture Gollum, the previous holder of the Ring, and take this as their guide.


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Gollum leads them across the Kalmansos to the Black Gate, which is found to be impenetrable, however.


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Gollum tells them about another more secret road, and in their desperation they decide to try it.


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On their way across Ithilien, Sam and Frodo run into the Gondor troop led by Faramir.


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They are captured by the Gondorans and taken to their secret base.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

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With Frodo's help, the Gondorans also capture Gollum, and Faramir survives the mission of the Travellers.


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Faramir proves to be wiser than his brother Boromir and lets Frodo and Sam continue their mission.


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Gollum guides them past Minas Morgul towards the Cirith Ungol Pass and tunnel through it.


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In the tunnel, Gollum disappears, and Frodo is attacked by a large spider Locker.


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It manages to sting Frodo, but Sam gets it on the run before it takes Frodo with him.


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Sam thinks Frodo is dead, so he takes the Ring and decides to continue the mission alone.


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However, orcs come to the scene, who take Frodo with them.


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Sam overhears the orcs say that Frodo isn't dead after all, but merely crippled by the spider's venom.


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The Orcs hurry to their fortress, and Sam stumbles after them.


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Return of the King Fifth Book in Minas Tirith, Pippin washes up as Denethor's servant out of gratitude for Boromir's sacrifice.


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Gandalf begins leading the city's army in a war against Sauron's forces.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

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Meanwhile, Rohan's army goes riding to help Minas Tirith.


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Theoden's niece Éowyn and Merri secretly leave with the army.


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Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli, and the Samoojas of the North embark on the Passes of the Dead to find the ghosts of the Whale Bats to fight on their side.


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Together with the ghosts, they take over the ships of Sauron's allied Umbar pirates and sail to the Battle of Minas Tirith with reinforcements with them.


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As the war begins, Faramir leads a reconnaissance patrol against the Orcs, all of whose members are killed except Faramir.


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Faramir comes back to Minas Tirith almost mortally wounded.


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Denethor thinks his son is dead.


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After being shocked by the passing out of her family, Denethor decides to commit suicide by setting herself and her son on fire.


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However, Pippin discovers Faramir is alive and seeks out Gandalf to save them.


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Faramir is managed to be rescued, but Denethor, who has cast himself with oil, jumps on the stake and dies.


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In the battle, Gondor is outnumbered until Rohan's army arrives to his aid.


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Théoden is killed after being hit by his horse while exploiting the Witch King of Angmar.


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To protect his still alive uncle, Éowyn fights the Witch King.


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Merri surprises the Witch King by striking him with his sword from behind.


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Éowyn slays the Witch King, who could not be killed by a living man.


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Théoden's body is honourably carried away.


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Éowyn and Merri are taken wounded to the safety of Minas Tirith.


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With the arrival of troops led by Aragorn, the battle turns once and for all to the side of the people, and almost the entire army of Sauron is destroyed.


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Aragorn finally gives peace to the ghosts who carried out his promises.


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It is also revealed that Denethor has been in possession of Palantír, with which Sauron has influenced him, although the strong-willed Denethor has been able to control the stone.


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Aragorn decides to give his last support to Frodo by misleading Sauron.


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He gathers the surviving Gondorans and Rohanese into one army, and they march to the Black Gate.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

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In book six, Sam saves Frodo from the Orcs, and they cross the plain of Gorgoroth, finally reaching the Doomer Gorge after trouble.


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There, however, the power of the ring has put Frodo in his grip, and he is incapable of destroying the ring himself.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

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Frodo sticks the ring into his finger, which, however, is bitten off by Gollum and falls into a ravine while hopping in elation.


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The ring will be destroyed.


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Sauron and Mordor are destroyed.


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Gandalf rescues Frodo and Sam with the help of the Eagles.


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When the Hobbits wake up many days later, they find that Gandalf is as if he is alive and learn that Aragorn is being crowned king.


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After the coronation, they return to their home, where they encounter the vengeful Saruman and Gríma, who have been driven into beggars along the way.


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After the Hobbits return home, they discover Saruman has been doing his havoc and taking control of the Shire.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

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However, the resistance pays off, and the Hobbits manage to drive Saruman's henchmen away and capture him.


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The Kaltoin treated Gríma unexpectedly slays his master Saruman, after which the Hobbits shoot Gríma with arrows.


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After that, life is back in the Shire as it was, but Frodo never hopes of the trip, especially from the wound he received on Viimapää and Lukkar's venom, Sam, on the other hand, marries Ruusa Töll.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

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Two years after returning home, Frodo leaves with Bilbo, Gandalf, Galadriel and Elrond across the sea to Valinor.


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Adaptations Plays and musicals The Lord of the Rings has been made into the musical Lord of the Rings.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Group Theatre performed a play about the book from 1988 to 1989 in Suomenlinna, directed by Raila Leppäkoski and Arto af Hällström.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Timo Torikka, Taneli Mäkelä, Ville Virtanen, Miitta Sorvali, Pertti Sveholm, Kari Vääänen, Vesa Vierikko and Carl-Kristian Rundman performed roles.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Listenings In 1955, the BBC made the book a dramatised lecture.


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Lord of the Rings

[8] The BBC made the book a 13-hour radio listen in 1981.


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Lord of the Rings

[9] In 1979, Mind's Eye made a listening adaptation for National Public Radio.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

[10] Movies and television series The Lord of the Rings (1978), an animated film directed by Ralph Bakshi.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

The Return of the King (1980), a 1980 animated television film directed by Jules Bass and Arthur Rankin, is a television series produced by Yleisradio based on a play by the Group Theatre, directed by Timo Torikka.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Lord of the Rings, a film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson: Lord of the Rings: The Knights of the Ring (2001) Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) See also The Hobbit The Silmarillion Book of Unfinished Lore Húrin Children's Story List of Middle-earth concepts Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tolkien, J. R. R.| title = Lord of the Rings | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| version = (The Lord of the Rings, 1954—1955.)


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Lord of the Rings

Translated by Kersti Juva and Eila Pennanen.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Poems translated by Panu Pekkanen.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Revised Department, revised spelling| isbn = 978-951-0-33337-2}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hammond, Wayne G.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

& Scull, Christina| title = Lord of the Rings with Tolkien's eyes | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2015| version=( The Art of The Lord of the Rings by J. R.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

R. Tolkien, 2015) | isbn = 978-951-0-41363-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Perry, Michael| title= Untangling Tolkien: A Chronology and Commentary for The Lord of the Rings| location = Seattle| publisher = Inkling Books| year = 2006| isbn = 1-587419-019-019-03| 8| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Lord of the Rings

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Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Translated by Tero Valkonen| isbn=978-951-0-39472-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Strachey, Barbara| title = Journeys of Frodo: An Atlas of The Lord of the Rings| location = London & Boston| publisher = Allen & Unwin| year = 1981| isbn = 0-094-01| 2016-6| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

On the subject elsewhere — among the oldest non-fiction works focused on Tolkien's world on the Internet Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

— generic Tolkien-themed wiki Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Lord of the Rings

— extensive website on languages invented by Tolkien Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Lord of the Rings

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Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Vesa Inner:.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

Student magazine on 30 March 2001.


Question: When was J. R. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings published?

Lord of the Rings

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Aesthetics is an area of philosophy that studies beauty, art and aesthetic, that is, relating to beauty values in its various forms of appearance.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Aesthetics can be divided into two parts, (1) philosophy of art and (2) philosophy of aesthetic or beauty, i.e., philosophy of aesthetic experience and aesthetic value.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

However, the two partially overlap and cannot be clearly separated or placed under each other's authority.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[1] [2] [3] [4] General The term “aesthetics” comes from the Greek word aisthetike (), and was coined by philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten in 1735 to signify “the science of how things are known through the senses”.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[5] The Latin form introduced by Baumgarten was aesthetica.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

The term was used after him in the German language, but for example into the English language the word did not enter until the 19th century.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[6] However, the debate on beauty and art took place equally before this, for example, with David Hume's termistry, talking about “standards of taste” or “criticisms of taste”.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[7] Aesthetics Practice Apart from the fact that aesthetics deals with quite philosophical and general issues, concrete questions of form are, in a sense, aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In the arts, aesthetics explores individual elements or means, as well as their beauty.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In art, for example, symmetry and asymmetry, the centre of the work, rhythm, movement, three-dimensionality, perspective and relationship are often distinguishable.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In music, subjects of study include lyrics and lyricism, harmony, hypnoticism, sentience, dynamics, resonance, toying, and colour.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In architecture, aesthetics and its various bases are explored, although often the appearance when designing buildings is overshadowed by cost, purpose, structures and structural materials.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In buildings can be distinguished symmetry, color, transcendence, harmony, reflection of sunlight and shadows, as well as patterning.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In the performing arts, the aesthetic may include storytelling, balance, timing, power, shook, humor, outfit, irony, and sensuality.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Literature has aesthetic features in addition to poems in prose from short stories to novels.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

A good literary work might use rhythm, analogies, allegories, metaphors, structure, timing, imagery, fantasy, suspense, analysis, humor/cynicism, and thinking aloud.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In landscape design, the aesthetic includes plants, reflections, periodic variation, lighting, repetition and statues.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In culinarism, aesthetics can explore appearance, regionalism, spices, diversity/contrast, expectations, seduction, and decorations.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Environmental aesthetics explores the importance of beauty in valuing nature.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Major philosophers who have studied the aesthetic nature of the environment have included the Scottish philosopher David Hume, the Irish philosopher Francis Hutcheson and the English politician, aesthetician and philosopher, Lord Shaftesbury, and, above all, the Königsbergian philosopher Immanuel Kant.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

History The works of Plato and Aristotle tend to take place as a historical backdrop for contemporary aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Since then, the development of aesthetics has been influenced by, among others, Plotinos, Augustine, Thomas Aquinese [8], and subsequently Neo-Platonist Renaissance philosophers.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In the 18th century, the concept emerged to denote a subject that is the basis for what is today.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten published in the middle of the 18th centurymid the work Aesthetica, in which the concept referred not only to beauty and art but to practical observation and its development.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Since then, Immanuel Kant laid the groundwork for modern aesthetics, and after him notable philosophers who influenced the development of aesthetics include Hegel and the school of Jena.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Notable aesthetic publications in the new age have been produced by Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Arthur C. Danto, George Dickie, John Dewey, and Martin Heidegger, among others.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Especially in the production of many continental philosophers, aesthetics is important in various ways, but is not distinguished from the rest of philosophy, especially problem-oriented, as an aspect of philosophy.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Continental thinkers in contemporary aesthetics include Jean-Luc Nancy, Jacques Lacan, and Michel Foucault.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Feminist aesthetics is a set of perspectives on the history of beauty and art and the present day.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Oriental aesthetics refers to the discussion of art and beauty outside the Western cultural sphere, reflected on the ramas left by Western aesthetics as a legacy.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In Finland, aesthetics have been significantly published and promoted by artists such as Yrjö Hirn and Aarne Kinnunen [9] and Yrjö Sepänmaa, Arto Haapala [10], Oiva Kuisma, Juha Varto [11], Pauline von Bonsdorff, Ossi Naukkarinen and Max Ryynänen.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Markku Lehtinen, Sami Santanen and Miika Luoto are related in different ways to the field of aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

The knowledge of critical aesthetics in Finland has been promoted by aestheticians Ilona Reiners and Anita Seppä.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Seppä is also the first Finnish aesthetician to hold a doctorate in feminist aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Currently, research in aesthetics in Finland is actively conducted by Hanne Appelqvist, Martta Heikkilä, Sanna Lehtinen, Jukka Mikkonen, Harri Mäcklin, Kalle Puolakka and Janne Vanhanen.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[12] Ancient Aesthetics Prehistoric art is somewhat known, but the context that influenced the emergence of works of art is often not, so one can only conjecture the aesthetic ideas involved in their preparation and interpretation.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In antiquity, the most significant civilizations in terms of art were Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, India, and China.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Each of these cultures developed their distinctive and characteristic art styles.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Greek culture has been of greatest importance to the development of Westerner aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

The Greeks admired the physical form of the human body and the development of related skills.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

This is particularly evident in sculpting of the time in the depiction of bodily beauty such as musculature, postures, and anatomically correct proportions.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Many ancient Greek philosophers considered that aesthetically picturesque sites are beautiful in themselves.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In accordance with Plato's doctrine of ideas, everything beautiful was a participant of the eternal idea of Beauty.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

From the Pythagoreans, Plato, on the other hand, adopted the doctrine of harmony, according to which beauty was formed by harmony and oneness of parts.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[13] For Aristotle, beauty was a theoretical concept, and therefore he addressed it not only in his actual works in the field of aesthetics, but also in his Metaphysics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[14] According to her, the universal components of beauty were order, symmetry and determination.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[15] Medieval Western Aesthetics Preserved medieval art is religious in emphasis, and typically funded by the Catholic Church, influential ecclesiastical figures, or wealthy secular mesenates.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

The most important thing was often not the performance of art, but its spiritual exuberance.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Reflections on the nature and function of art and aesthetic experiences followed along the same lines.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Bonaventura's De reductione artium ad theologiam is a typical example.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

It deals with the skills of the craftsman as God-given gifts intended to bring God forth to mankind through the four “lights”.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

These were: the light of mechanical skills, which brings forth the world of man-made objects; the light of sensory perception, which brings forth the world of natural forms; the light of philosophy, which brings forth the world of intellectual truths; and the light of divine wisdom guiding this, that brings out the world of saving truth.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

With the shift from the Middle Ages towards the Renaissance, the attention of art returned again to the natural and secular issues of human life.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Ancient Greek and Roman aesthetics re-emerged in value.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Modern Aesthetics Western aesthetics experienced a slow revolution with the transition from the late 17th century to the early 20th century, towards modernism.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

German and British thinkers stressed beauty as the most essential component of art and aesthetic experience, and saw beauty as the goal of art.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

For Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, aesthetics was science tested by the senses and the younger sister of logic.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Thus beauty was more perfect information than sensed.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

For Immanuel Kant, the aesthetic experience of beauty was a critique of subjective but universal truth, because all people should agree with the assertion “this rose is beautiful” if that was what it was.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

However, beauty could not be restored to any more fundamental set of characteristics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

For Friedrich Schiller, the aesthetic critique was a testament to the most complete reconciliation of the sentient and rational part of human nature.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[8] For G. W. F. Hegel, all culture was a manifestation of the “absolute spirit”, level by level.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Art was the first level at which the absolute spirit was immediately manifested in sensory perception, and therefore it was more of an objective than a subjective statement of beauty.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[16] For Arthur Schopenhauer, the aesthetic experience of beauty was the greatest freedom that a pure intellect could experience under the provisions of will.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In it, man experiences perfection of form without any verbal action, and thus without the intrusion of benefit or politics to spoil beauty.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[17] British philosophy was divided in aesthetics into an intuitionistic and analytical camp.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Intuitionists considered that aesthetic experience was brought to light by a certain capacity of the mind.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

According to Lord Shaftesbury, this was the same as a sense of morality, beauty was merely a sensory perceived form of moral goodness.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Francis Hutcheson felt that beauty was brought to light by an inner sense of mind.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

For her, however, beauty was about subjective rather than objective fact.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[18] [8] Analytical theorists such as Lord Kames, William Hogarth and Edmund Burke hoped to restore beauty to some set of qualities.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

For example, Hogarth attacked the concept of ideal beauty in his book The Analysis of Beauty (1753).


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[19] He held that beauty consists of (1) the fit of parts to some plan; (2) variability in as many ways as possible; (3) similarity, regularity, or symmetry, which is beautiful only when it helps to maintain suitability in relation to the plan; ( 4) for simplicity or specificity, which is not pleasurable in itself, but because it allows the eye to enjoy variability with ease; (5) the complexity that gives work to our active energies and leads to the “haphazard pursuit” of the eye; and (6) from quantity or of greatness that grabs our attention and generates admiration and respect.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Later analytical aesthetes sought to associate beauty with some scientific psychological theory (such as James Mill) or biology (such as Herbert Spencer).


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Postmodern aesthetics Artists, poets and composers of the early 20th century challenged the idea that beauty was central to art and aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Some of the aesthetes who have followed this modern (stist) a era have adopted a postmodernist mindset whose premise is that modern is over.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Various efforts have been made to define this post-modern aesthetic.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Benedetto Croce suggested that “expression” is central to art in the same way that beauty was previously thought to be.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

George Dickie proposed in his institutional theory of art that sociological institutions in the art world made something art according to their esteem.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Marshall McLuhan has suggested that art always serves as a “counter-environment” in its mission to bring into view what is usually invisible in society.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Theodor Adorno felt that aesthetics had to proceed to confront the role of cultural industries in transforming art and aesthetic experiences into consumables.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Hal Foster has sought to present a response against beauty and modernist art in his book The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Arthur Danto has used the name “calliphobia” for this response, after a word (kalos) that signifies beauty in the Greek language.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[20] Jean-François Lyotard resurrected Kantian terminology, such as taste and sublime, to life.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Sublime painting, in contrast to kitsch realist painting, “[...] gives us the ability to see by making it impossible to see; it pleases only by inflicting pain”.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[21] Aesthetic Questions Aesthetic Review What is an aesthetic review?


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Aesthetics explores what makes something, for example, beautiful, sublime, obnoxious, humorous, tragic, pretty, entertaining, pretentious, or unchorded.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

A critique of beauty differs from mere subjective opinion in that it aims for something objective—Immanuel Kant remarked in 1790 that “if one says Canarian wine pleasing, he will be pleased if one corrects him and recalls to say instead: it is pleasant to me” because “everyone has their own taste”.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

“Beauty”, on the other hand, differs from such “pleasantness” because “if she says something beautiful, then she demands the same opinion from others as well; she presents judgment not only for her own but also for others, and speaks of beauty as if it were a characteristic of things”.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[22] Aesthetic criticisms clearly depend on our ability to make distinctions at the sensory level.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

However, they go beyond mere senses.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

For David Hume, the sophistication of taste was not just about “the ability to recognise every component of some composition” but also a sensitivity to “pains and pleasures escaping the rest of humanity.”


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[23] This is how sensory judgment links to the ability to experience pleasure.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Likewise, for Kant, mere “pleasure” was a direct result of pleasure produced by the senses, but criticizing something as “beautiful” required something more: the senses should give rise to pleasure by coupling aesthetic contemplation, internal review, into our ability.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[22] Criticisms of beauty apply simultaneously to both the senses, emotions, and intellect.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

What factors influence aesthetic judgment?


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

There often seem to be other facets to aesthetic criticisms.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

For example, expressions of disgust indicate that sensory experiences instinctively link to facial expressions and even a vomit reflex.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Still, disgust might be a learned or cultural trait; as Charles Darwin pointed out, casting soup with a beard is disgusting, even if neither the soup nor the beards themselves are disgusting.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Aesthetic criticism may well be tied to the culture of its time.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

For example, the British in the Victorian period considered African sculptures ugly, but after only a few decades of the Edwardian period, the public found the same sculptures beautiful.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[24] Aesthetic criticisms may be related to emotions or, like emotions, be firmly connected to physical reactions.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Seeing a sublime landscape can elicit a sense of awe, which can show up as a physically elevated heartbeat or dilated pupills.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

These subliminal reactions might even be part of why we rate the landscape as sublime.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Aesthetic criticisms can also be related to desireability, even sexual desire.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

In addition, aesthetic criticisms can also relate to economic, political and moral values.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[26] We may regard the Lamborghini as beautiful because it is desirable as a status symbol, or repugnant because it represents to us excessive consumption or an affront to our political or moral values.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[27] We often criticize what a thing means or represents to us.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Thus aesthetic criticisms seem to be based not only on senses, emotions, and intellect, but also on desires, culture, preferences, values, subconscious behavior, conscious decisions, education, instincts, and sociological institutions, among others.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[27] Can different art forms be judged by the same criteria?


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

A third question related to aesthetic criticisms concerns the extent to which the criticisms are congruent across art forms.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

We can call both a person, a house, a symphony, a fragrance, and a mathematical certificate beautiful.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

What is their common trait that allowed them to deserve this criticism?


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

What could be the circumstance that scent and testimony could have in common to make them both read as beautiful?


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

As a result, it seems that each art form has a system of aesthetic criticisms as its own.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

On the other hand, identifying beauty might be a conditioned reaction built into culture or context.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Aesthetic universals?


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Philosopher Denis Dutton has identified seven universal traits in human aesthetics: [28] Expertise or Masterfulness.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Technical artistic talents are developed, recognized and admired.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

A nonutilitarian pleasure.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

People enjoy art for the sake of art itself, and don't demand any practical benefit from it.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Style.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Art objects and artistic representations embody certain traits, allowing them to be placed in a particular recognizable genre or direction.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Criticism.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

People criticize, value and interpret works of art.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Imitation.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Artworks mimic experiences experienced in the world, with some important exceptions such as music or abstract painting.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Special area.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Art is beyond ordinary life, and is set within the realm of dramatic experience.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Imagination.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Artists and their audiences form a hypothetical world in the theater of imagination.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

On beauty “So if we do not pursue good as one character, let us try to reach it in a triad of beauty, the right proportions and truth.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

We can then, first of all, determine the quality of the blend, and because it is good, the blend is good.” (Plato: Filebos) [29] The ideas of the Filebos dialogue on harmony and proper mixing relationships are in keeping with the Pythagorean tradition.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[30] Would beauty perception perfection and taste review be unconceptual?


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Immanuel Kant shares Baumgarten's premise that beauty is judged not by concepts, but solely by observations, therefore “aesthetically” in the original sense of the word.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

However, if beauty is the perfection of sensory perception, and the perfect must necessarily be related to the purpose by which it is judged, then to the concept of “what exactly this object is supposed to be”.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Defining beauty as the perfection of sensory perception therefore includes a contradiction.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

[31] See also Aesthetic category Aesthetic Contemplation Art Conception Art Psychology Art review Sources Literature in Finnish Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adorno, Theodor W.| title = Aesthetic theory| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise| year = 2006| version = (Ästhetische Theorie, 1970.)


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Translated by Arto Kuorikoski| id = ISBN 951-768-113-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dahlhaus, Carl| title = Music Aesthetic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Musicological Society | year = 1980| version = (Musiikästhetik, 1967.)


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Translated by Ilkka Oramo| id = ISBN 951-45-1884-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dickie, George| title = Aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Research area, concepts and problems| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 1981 (2nd edition 1990) | version = (Aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

An introduction, 1971.)


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Translated by Heikki Kannisto| id = ISBN 951-717-252-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eaton, Marcia Muelder| title = Core Aesthetics | location = Helsinki| publisher = University of Helsinki | year = 1994| version = (Basic Issues in Aesthetics, 1987.)


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Translated by Pekka Rantanen| id = ISBN 951-45-6627-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eldridge, Richard| title = Introduction to Philosophy of Art| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2009| version = (An Introduction to the Philosophy of Art, 2003.)


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Translated by Markku Lehtinen| id = ISBN 978-952-495-114-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Envall, Markku & Kinnunen, Aarne & Sepänmaa, Yrjö (ed.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

) | title = Aesthetic| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1972| id = ISBN 951-0-00525-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kinnunen, Aarne| title = Aesthetic| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-0-24449-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reiners, Ilona & Seppä, Anita & Vuorinen, Jyri (ed.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

) | title = Classics of Aesthetics 1.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Plato Nietzscheen| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-495-092-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reiners, Ilona & Blacksmith, Anita & Vuorinen, Jyri (ed.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

) | title = Classics of Aesthetics 2.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

From modern postmodern| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2016| id = ISBN 978-952-495-390-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vuorinen, Yri| title = Classics of Aesthetic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish literature | year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-717-745-3}} In other languages Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bennett, Jill| title = Practical Aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Events, Affects and Art after 9/11| location = London| publisher = I.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

B. Tauris| year = 2012| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kelly, Michael| title= A Hunger for Aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Enacting the Demands of Art| location = New York| publisher = Columbia University Press| year = 2012| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kivy, Peter| title = Once-Told Tales.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

An Essay in Literary Aesthetics| location = Chichester| publisher = Wiley-Blackwell| year = 2011| version=New Directions in Aesthetics, 11| id = ISBN 978-0-470-65767-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kul-Want, Christopher & Piero| = Introducing Aesthetics.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

A Graphic Guide| location = London| publisher = Icon Press| year = 2012| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

On topic elsewhere entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Articles on Naukkarinen, Ossi:.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

so & thus 1/1999, 52—57.


Question: What does aesthetic mean?

Aesthetics

Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

[[Category: {{{1}}} media|Main Page]] CD ([1]) is an optical digital data storage media.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The album entered the worldwide market in 1983.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

[2] Computer binary data or audio such as music can be written to the CD.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

On a commercially produced CD, the data is pre-written and cannot be reused for storage.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

In the 1990s, writing CD-R drives as computer add-ons became common and, a little later, CD recorders for audio devices operating on the same principle.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

This allowed not only the use of CDs for recording their own data, but also for copying commercial releases.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Also, proprietary recording turntables were made for stereo, allowing the making of their own Audio CDs from the C cassette, for example; this required a blank CD labeled “Digital Audio”.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

History Levy was developed in the late 1970s.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Consensus was reached on the Red Book standard defining CD's technical operation in 1980, and CDs entered the market in the fall of 1982 in Europe and Japan.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The first consumer market CD player, the Sony CDP-101, entered the market in Japan on October 1, 1982.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

[3] In the United States, discs entered the market in spring 1983


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The most significant goal when developing the CD was to maintain sound quality, as vinyl records wear out and audio tapes become stretched.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The CD was originally developed solely for audio reproduction rather than general storage of information, which it has later also been used for.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The first CD-ROM drives to read general data came in 1985, the first to write CD-R drives in 1990.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

There are several stories involved in selecting the size and capacity of the CD.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

According to one version, the goal of Philips engineers was originally a 60-minute disc.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

However, Sony's Norio Ohga, who led the project, suggested that the disc should fit Beethoven's 9.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

symphony.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

[4] Conducted by Herbert von Karajan, the work in question was 66 minutes.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The case was further reviewed from Philips' PolyGram subsidiary.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

There was the information that there is a recording from 1951 in which the duration of the same work, conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler, was 74 minutes.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The project team decided that 74 minutes is thus the appropriate duration for the plate, and the engineers calculated that the diameter of the plate should be increased to 12 centimeters.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

According to another variation, Akio Morita, who was involved in the CD project, in turn, would have insisted that Beethoven's 9th fit on the CD because it was his or his wife's favourite work.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

According to a third, conductor Herbert von Karajan would have demanded it.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

However, there is no necessarily believing in stories [5] The first CD release of popular music was Abba's The Visitors album in 1982.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

[6] Riki Sorsan Kellot ja mirrors (CBS 1984), released on CD in 1985, is generally considered to be the first Finnish CD release.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

[7] However, this album was physically made outside Finland and was released by a non-Finnish label on its ownership base.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

[8] Physical structure CD consists of 1.2 millimeters thick injection molded polycarbonate sheet coated with a thin layer of aluminum.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Aluminum is topped with a protective lacquer layer on which you can also press the label of the plate, typically by silkscreen or offset method.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

CDs are made in different sizes, but the most common size is 120 millimeters in diameter, which normally gives 74 minutes of storage for audio and 650 megabyte mode for data.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

In practice, the real storage capacity of CD has increased to 700 MB as storage technology has evolved.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

This implies 80 minutes of storage for sound.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Today, 800MB (90 min), and up to 900 MB (100 min) discs are also available, but these require the exploitation of standard tolerances.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Because of that, they may not work properly, especially on older CD players or drives, so using “normal” 700 megabyte discs is the most assured.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The 1980s saw the release of some of the discs, which originally appeared as double LPs, as one-CD versions of approximately 70 minutes long, with some of the material dropped off.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Alongside a conventional 120-millimeter disc, an 80-millimeter diameter “mini-CD” was developed, which can hold up to 210 megabytes of data, and 24 minutes of audio.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

This was originally intended to be used like a 7″ vinyl record in singles releases, but instead they were often released as “Maxi-Singles”, in the more familiar 12cm size.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Today, the 8cm disk has also been used frequently on the computer side; equipment manufacturers have supplied drivers along with components (additional cards etc.) as well as other installation files stored on an 8cm disk.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Other less common types of discs include discs of different shapes (and sizes), the functionality of which in different instruments is not guaranteed.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

For example, with car players and other sledless players, there may be problems with disc loading.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The capacity of these plates varies depending on the size and shape.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The most common model is probably a disk in the shape of a business card, which is also available in a burning version.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

For the CD, the information is stored in a long, spiral glandular string (as seen from the reading side) that circulates from the inner edge of the disc to the outer edge.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The groove contains protuberances about 125 nanometers high and 500 nanometers wide, where information is stored as binary.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The lumps are read by a 780-nanometre semiconductor laser in wavelength through a polycarbonate layer at the base.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The difference in height causes a phase difference between the rays reflected from the gland and the surrounding disc, which is detected by the player's electronics.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The plate number is based on reflection change recognition at constant velocity: the beginning and end edge of each lump represents the number one.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

In the ridge, the reflection of the reading radius is poor, at an even proportion the reflection is large, the durations of these represent successive zeros in the timeline.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The length of the lump or plateau therefore determines the number of successive zeros.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

When encoding a disk, each eight-bit data byte is converted by Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM) modulation, a code of 14 bits in length, with at least two and a maximum of ten zeros between the two ones.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

In addition, code bytes are separated by a three-bit join word.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The join word ensures that the number of zeros in successive code bytes does not exceed ten.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

One junction bit is used as a translation bit, if necessary, to reverse the phase of the data stream to prevent accumulation of the DC component.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The space used to store an 8-bit byte requires 17 bits.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

When reproduced, the correction of individual bit errors occurs in real-time with a cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon debugging method (Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code - CIRC).


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The read speed factor of 1 corresponds to 75 data blocks per second and is currently only used by default on audio CD players.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Devices supporting other subformats typically use a higher multiplier, up to 72 (Kenwood's three-read head CD drive from 2000).


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

One physical data block on a disk is 2560 bytes.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The CD-ROM and its wires use only 2048 bytes of data visible to the user from every block, the remaining 512 bytes are used for debugging, among other things.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

An audio CD has 2352 bytes of “user data” on a block.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Factory-sized CDs differ greatly from CD-Rs.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Prefabricated CDs are produced by casting, and the data is physically contained in them as bumps on the surface of the plate (label).


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The reading surface of the plates to be burned is flat, and their reflection changes are achieved by processing the reflection properties of the surface.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

As this is a thermochemical reaction, the same shelf life as prefabricated CDs cannot be guaranteed to be burned.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Copy Protection CD standard does not include any anti-copying mechanism, which makes copying CDs to a computer easy.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Beginning in 2002, some record companies have used their own copy protection methods in their CDs based on inserting intentional errors or other information that confuses the CD-ROM drive to discs.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The point of the protections is to prevent disks from being used on CD-ROM drives of computers whose debugging system does not tolerate errors as well as standard CD players.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

However, many copy protection methods also hinder playing the disc on a CD player and make the disc sensitive to dirt and scratches.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Especially on CD players in car stereos, copy-protected discs often don't work.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Some of the copy-protected discs contain a so-called “computer playable” section, which most often contains music videos and a copy of the contents of the recording in a compressed and copy-protected file format whose audio quality is mostly rather poor compared to CD format.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The compatibility of these files, which are almost always in WMA format, is limited to the most common operating systems, practically the latest versions of Microsoft Windows.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

However, it is often required to install additional programs from the disk, and copy-protected files on the discs may not work on other media players.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Some copy protection methods install a program on your computer that monitors disk access and copying.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The program can also install without asking the user for permission and hide from the operating system.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Such programs are commonly considered malware.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Philips, the developer of the CD standard, has announced that CDs using such copy protection methods may not be marketed under the Compact Disc Digital Audio trademark.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Some game consoles' game discs have used as protection, for example, an empty disk area or blocks that are deliberately incorrect (the checksum does not match the content) marked as belonging to the file structure of the disk.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Console software knows how to get around these, but most copying programs don't.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

A blank area hampers disk reading in the first place and “invalid” blocks practically prevent copying as separate files.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Sound quality When Sony and Philips once developed the CD, a digital signal resolution was agreed to be 16 bits and a sample rate of 44.1 kHz.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

For this reason, the signal dynamics of the CD are up to 96 dB and the frequency response extends up to 22.1kHz.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The agreed standard was based on the technology of the early 1980s, the limitations of its time, and the then knowledge of the sound quality required for flawless playback of music.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

However, the general public has not complained about the CD's sound quality.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Some plates use a notation to indicate in which way the plates were produced.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

AAD (“analog, analog, digital”), meaning material recorded originally on analog hardware, as well as mastered in analog, but the transfer has been done digitally.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

ADD (“analog, digital, digital”), same as above, but mastering is implemented digitally.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

DDD (“digital, digital, digital”), all steps are made completely digitally.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

CD formats CD-ROM Compact Disc - Read-Only Memory [1] CD data disc is known by the everyday name “romp”, but today this designation also encompasses CD-R and CD-RW media that support writing.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Computer data storage disk, which can only be read Capacity normally between 650 and 700 MB, corresponds to approximately 520 3.5" floppy disks (1,406 MB) For storage, distribution and installation of programs and other data Audio CD The most common dissemination format of audio data Includes about 74 minutes of dual channel PCM encoded audio.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

It is recorded at a resolution of 16 bits, as well as a 44100Hz sampling rate.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The bit rate is 1411.2 kbit/s.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Includes Reed—Solomon Code debugging system.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

CD-R Compact Disc — Recordable [1] Like a CD-ROM or audio CD, but sold as a blank blank blank and can be written on a once writing CD-R drive or CD-R audio recorder.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Data can be added until the disk fills up, but the disk cannot be erased and therefore the previously stored data is not deleted.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Usually work well even on old instruments.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

However, some players only play discs from certain manufacturers, and they are good to burn at a slow speed.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

CD-RW Compact Disc - Rewritable [1] Like CD-R, but can be cleared and reused.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

With packet storage, the disk can be used like a bundle, meaning you can add and delete files without emptying the entire disk.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

A disk can be written about 1,000 times, assuming that its physical condition is maintained.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

However, an attempt to write a dirty or scratched disc can render the entire disk unusable.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Doesn't work nearly on all old CD players and not too much on the oldest DVD players that don't have CD-RW or MultiRead.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Video CD Main article: Video CD DVD preceded the standard for recording video data (e.g. movies) on CDs in MPEG-1 format.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Starting from a technical level, lower image quality than on a VHS cassette.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

With standard compression, image and sound can fit approximately 74—80 minutes on the disc.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Can be played on computer, Video CD player (rare in Europe) and most DVD players.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The base format can be a ready-made printed CD-ROM or a CD-R written by the consumer himself.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

SVCD Super video CD Like video CD, but uses MPEG-2 encoding, which is also enabled on DVDs Image resolution 480x576 (PAL range) and bitrate maximum 2.6 Mbit/s, so better in quality than video CD but inferior to DVD.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

With standard compression, image and sound can be accommodated on a single disc for 50—60 minutes.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Can be played on computers or newer DVD players, among other things.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

SACD Main article: Super Audio CD Super audio CD, a format and standard for audio distribution introduced in 1999.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Technically allows for higher sound quality and multi-channel audio, but usually in blind tests the difference to audio quality of an audio CD has not been noticed.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

The audio is encoded using the 1 bit DSD method, which uses a 2.8224MHz sampling rate, and has a bit rate of 2.8 MB/s.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Binaural audio playtime 74 min.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

At the optical level resembles a DVD is often distributed as a hybrid disc with two layers.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Such a disc works on traditional CD players as CD and SACD on SACD players.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Sources On the topic elsewhere About CD sfnet.hobby.audio+video FAQ page.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Filin, Teemu:.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Rumba.fi on 12 February 2015.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Teisko Bay, Kirsi:.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Utai on 7 December 2016.


Question: What year were CDs invented?

CD

Category:Recording media Category:Audio technology Category:Key articles in screening


Question: On whose book series is the television series Yorkshire Detectives based on?

On a matter of the heart

The Affair of the Heart (from the original title Heartbeat) is a British made-for-television drama series from 1992 to 2009.


Question: On whose book series is the television series Yorkshire Detectives based on?

On a matter of the heart

The series tells the story of the lives of police officers from the fictional small town of Ashfordly and people from the village of Aidensfield, part of the same area, in 1960s Yorkshire.


Question: On whose book series is the television series Yorkshire Detectives based on?

On a matter of the heart

In Britain, the series was filmed since 1992 and it was one of the most popular drama series.


Question: On whose book series is the television series Yorkshire Detectives based on?

On a matter of the heart

At the Matter of the Heart was loosely based on the Constable book series written by Nicholas Rhea, but he has himself scripted only one of the series' episodes.