Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The decision to carry a firearm is taken separately by the attendant responsible for the guarding movement for each mandate.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

If the guard has used a firearm, the guarding movement must notify the police without delay.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The temporary guard may not carry any means of force.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Typical OC Sink Stabilizer Typical chain handcuffs Telescopic bar opened (above) as well as closed to transport size (below) The guard must carry the means of force under his outfit so that they are not noticeable to others.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

If it is not possible to carry the means of force under the guard's outfit, then they are obtained, with the exception of a firearm, to be carried in strap-mounted box boxes.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

However, it is possible to carry the bar in so far as carrying it under an outfit or in a cauldron is not possible due to its size.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A firearm may only be carried in a manner noticeable to others if exceptionally required by the task or the dangerousness of the situation.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

If anything other than the guard's outfit is used for a guard duty, all means of force must be carried under the outfit.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard may keep a dog at work with him, who must undergo a periodic obedience test.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

An entry is made for the experiment on the guard card of the guard holding the dog.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Accompanying the dog is decided by the attendant in charge of the guarding shop.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The dog is not marked on the guard's actual means of force, but may be used for force, and the law equates the use of a dog to the use of the means of force.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A temporary guard is not allowed to keep a dog with him.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[32] Acceptance as a guard The prerequisites for acceptance as a guard include: Aged from the age of 18, but less than 68 years of age, [33] has completed the required trainings requiring acceptance as a guard, known as being honest and trustworthy, has personal qualities for the position Appropriate, has an immaculate background.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, a person who has already been approved as a guard may be subject to a security clearance either in basic form or narrow, depending on how important the object to be guarded is.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

However, the consent of the auditee is required to do so.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Security clearance is done in a narrow manner before being accepted as a guard.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In practice, honesty and reliability can only be controlled by the police through a variety of registers.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Crimes found and some of the more blatant violations that are suspected can reduce the applicant's chances of obtaining a guard card.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Acceptance of a permanent guard is valid for five years and can be renewed if the applicant continues to meet the conditions for acceptance as a guard.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

As a temporary guard, a person may be admitted in a calendar year for a period of up to four months, which may consist of one or more periods.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The police give a guard card to the guard they have approved, which allows the guard to prove his acceptance as a security guard.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The card also includes details of possible use of force training.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Legality of the Guardian's measures The person who is subject to the Guardian's measure has the right to be aware of what measure is involved and on what law the measure is based on.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The object of the measure shall be given the reason for the measure, even if it is not specifically enquired.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[34] In addition, upon request, the guard shall present to the subject of the measure a guard card with a picture, name and information on how long the acceptance as a guard is valid.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard card must be presented only to the object of the operation.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

If the subject of the procedure asks for the card to be seen clearly only for the purpose of teasing or pressuring, the card may not be presented.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[35] The card may also be omitted when it is impossible to do so by circumstance.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

If the guard fails to perform the duty of presenting the guard card, he or she may be guilty of a guarding motion offence.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[35] The target person has the right to also have the contact details of the attendant responsible for the guarding shop and may, if so wish, have the corresponding attendant check the legality of the procedure.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

When the action carried out by the guard was not lawful, the target person has the right to refer the matter to the police by filing a criminal report.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In this case, the police will examine the legality of the guard's activities and, if there is a suspicion of a criminal offence, will also conduct a preliminary investigation and refer the case to the prosecutor for consideration of prosecution.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The question of the legality of the guard's measure is ultimately decided by the court in normal criminal proceedings.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Criminal officialdom The Guardian does not occupy the so-called administrative civil service position.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

They are not considered civil servants in the sense of what is generally meant by a civil servant, as they are in an employment relationship.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Despite this, the guards operate with criminal officialdom.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

This implies that they may be subject to the offence statutes of Chapter 40 of the Criminal Code.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Responsibility arises from the security guard's use of public authority in the performance of his duties.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[36] On the basis of the legislation in the Criminal Code and the opinions of the Constitutional Committee of Parliament, the responsibility for office is clear.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[37] First and foremost, it is intended to emphasise the fact that if non-public authorities are given tasks related to the exercise of public authority, there is also a special responsibility for the exercise of power.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

However, their importance is quite minor.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The legality of the guard's measures may therefore be subject to scrutiny by the Parliamentary Ombudsman if necessary by complaint.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[38] Collective bargaining agreement in the guarding sector in Finland The guarding sector is a general binding collective bargaining agreement (TES) that defines the wages, working conditions and other aspects covered by the collective bargaining agreement.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Other guarding activities Nightwatchmen work especially in industry, hospitals and similar institutions.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Their tasks are diverse and weighted according to the nature of each workstation.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The main task is to take care that there will be no improper access to the guarded area.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In addition, security guards take care of locking the doors.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Tasks at hospitals in the past could include the exchange of oxygen bottles, transfers of deceased people from wards to the morgue, control of incinerators and the like.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Prior to the introduction of central locks, guards' duties also included closing exterior doors and gates in the evening and opening in the morning.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[39] Many places still use the so-called guard watch: it is accompanied by a portable clock device, which is marked with local keys in different parts of the guarded area during vigil rounds.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Previously, watches had a daily replaceable paper wafer on which the clock marked the times of use of the key, but a time-registering clock for longer periods was subsequently introduced where the entries came on a separate paper tape.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Today, there are mainly computer-based devices used to read barcodes or magnetic signs placed on the site of former keys.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In some establishments, e.g.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

At the Bank of Finland, guards previously carried separate keys with them that had to periodically pull clocks at separate points, which automatically provided an alarm if left undragged.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Today they have been replaced by number code keys.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The sentry rounds were recorded in a separate diary, which was subsequently replaced by self-replicating forms.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Nowadays, the attentions are recorded on the computer.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[40] History In rural areas, night watchmen were placed in front keepers in Southern Ostrobothnia in the early years of the 19th


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The setting of night watches was particularly affected by the fact that young men of the Knife Junker era started taking others' horses from pasture or stables and driving them along villages and keepers.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Unauthorised horse rides were known at least as early as 1801 in Ylihärma, from where the craze spread to neighbouring parishes.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Shortly thereafter, horse frenzies were banned in most keepers with threat fines and, for example, between 1840 and 1889 more than 450 Southern Ostrobothians received district fines for their unauthorised rides.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The most fines were distributed in the keepers of Suur-Lapua and Kyrönmaa.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[41] The earliest information on the setting of night watches is from Mustasaari from 1805, in Kauhava in 1810, and in Laihia a little later.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Of course, the watchdogs were tasked with preventing the usual thefts, and eventually their scope expanded to include fire safety in the village, especially in autumn, when the risk of fire was particularly high due to the heating of threshing ribs.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In Jurva villages, nightwatchmen were also called rice guards, and there the watch always moved in a certain order from house to house.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The guard normally consisted of two men at a time carrying with them a stick resembling a watch bounce, or an oltermann rod, which, when the mission ended in the early hours of the morning, was taken to the steps of the next house on guard duty.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The night watchers were accountable for their activities to the village administration, so their activities were overseen by the Oltermans.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In restless keepers, the sitters could have been the targets of attacks by young men, so even serious confrontations could not be avoided.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Therefore, the sitters might be equipped with guns and even rifles.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In the 1860s, Russian Cossacks were ordered to keep watch on Kauhava.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[42] Declared Guard In addition to official guards, there are also so-called declared guards.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Such are guards operating in boat club harbours who perform self-guarding.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

They are members of that club and guard duty once a sailing season falls under membership responsibilities.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

They have the powers of a normal order supervisor and usually wear a yellow or orange reflector vest with the text “GUARDIAN — VAKT”, alternatively “ORDER SUPERVISOR — ORDNINGSVAKT”.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Some of these guards may have an order supervisor card, but most are only reported: the guard shift has been provided to authorities at the beginning of the sailing season.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[43] Many clubs have begged and received permission to use the guard watch to observe self-guarding.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The self-guard has no right to use force, only an emergency guard right based on the right of an everyman, meaning they are not allowed to carry the means of force in the line of duty.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The Finnish Boating Association supplies clubs with a yellow reflector vest that normally reads “KATSATAJA — BESIKTNINGSMAN” on the back.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Above and below the text are velcro strips to which a waist-colored cover cloth reading “GUARD — VAKT” can be attached.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Guards in other countries Guards in Sweden Guards operate under the rights of every man.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[44] Guard movements are provided for in the Law on Guard Movements (lag 1974:191 om bevakningsföretag) and the Ordinance on Guard Movements (förordning 1989:149 om bevakningsföretag m.m).


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The practice of guarding and training staff is licensed in Sweden.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The training of a guard in Sweden, in accordance with an order issued by the Police High Board, lasts 217 hours, including 44 hours of basic training, 53 hours of extended basic training and 120 hours of on-the-job training.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Guards operate in Sweden with the exception of protection guards under the rights of everyman.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A guard may, after completing special firearms training, carry a firearm.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The gas nebulizer is not allowed to be carried by a guard on a guard duty.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Protection guards are provided for in the Law on the Protection of Socially Important Institutions (lag 1990:217 om skydd för samhällsviktiga anläggningar m.m) and a regulation (förordning 1990:1334 om skydd för samhällsviktiga anläggningar m.m).


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Protection guards are tasked with guarding and protecting institutions and areas important to society from destruction, terrorism and espionage.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Special training for protection guards lasts 40 hours.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Protection guards have certain specific powers such as the right to search a person, the right to inspect vehicles, the right of removal and apprehension, and the right to seize.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[45] Watchmanship in the United States The traditions of the security industry begin with the 19th century “private police”, private police.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Areas of private guarding business also include public sector sites such as agencies and prisons.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

70% of the money spent on crime prevention and order comes from the private sector and the private sector employs almost three times more than the public security sector.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

At the federal level, the security sector is governed and regulated by the Private Security Advisory Council.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

At the state level, however, laws and practices vary widely.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In the United States, it is possible for the private security industry to be licensed to perform, in addition to the traditional functions of the industry, but also tasks normally attributed to the police, such as patrolling duties and investigative and inspection duties.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Companies also handle prisoner transportation.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Personnel at a private security firm may even be granted permission to arrest or conduct a home search.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[46] Guarding activities in Great Britain do not constitute private security legislation.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In the absence of legislation, associations in various aspects of the private security sector have developed rules and recommendations for the sector itself.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The largest such association is The British Security Industry Association.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The association has also established two oversight bodies: ISI, known as The Inspectorate of the Security Industry, and NACOSS, or The National Approval Council for Security Systems.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Of these, ISI monitors guard movements and NACOSS inspects alert centers.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

The organisation, SITO, or The Security Industry Training Organisation, is responsible for the training requirements of the industry.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

ISI, NACOSS and SITO are independent non-profit associations supported by the government.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

In Britain, private shops maintain prisons and perform prisoner transport duties.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Maintaining and building prisons, as well as planning, account for the largest turnover share in the industry.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

[1] Sources Kallio, Reino: Oltermann administration of Finnish-speaking villages in Ostrobothnia.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

A study on the implementation of the village order instruction of 1742.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Jyväskylä in 1982.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Rock, Reino: Troublemaking and homicide.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Southern Ostrobothnian youth subject to local discipline during the regulation society.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Huddersfield 2009.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

OTSO guarding Ltd strengthens its position in the metropolitan area Local Guard Services.


Question: When has the duty of secrecy been introduced?

watchman

Guidelines for guarding boat clubs, on the basis of the Order Act, Section 22 Guide to the Choice of Profession, Board of Vocational Education 1970 References on the topic Elsewhere Key objectives of legislative reform: Category:Security occupations Category:Supervision Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The history of electricity has begun with the observation of basic electrical phenomena.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

An extensive field of electrical engineering and electronics has developed on this basis.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Observations of electrical phenomena have been made much earlier, but actual scientific observations of electricity have been made since the late 18th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

During the 19th century, many scientific observations were made on the behavior of electricity and many electrical devices were developed, such as electric motors.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

During the 20th century, electronics and the computer and telecommunications technology based on it caused the actual technical revolution.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Before the 19th century, Static electricity, abrasive electricity, was already known in the old days.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It was already mentioned by Thales.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[1] It was known that amber, especially when scrubbing, acquires the ability to attract light objects nearby and may additionally spark.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In several modern languages, even words meaning electricity derive from the Greek amber word ελεκτρον, elektron.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

William Gilbert noted in the 16th century that in addition to amber, many other substances such as glass, diamond and some other precious stones, hardened resins, sulfur and seal lacquer gained similar appeal when scrubbing.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

He called such substances amber-like, that is, electric.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

By contrast, metals did not become electric when scrubbing, neither did marble nor emerald.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Such substances he called non-electric.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[1] Later, Stephen Gray stated that these non-electrics conduct electricity, i.e. through them, the electric charge could be transferred from one place to another.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[2] However, electrodoctrine began to develop as a branch of science only in the 18th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It was then that Charles François Dufay discovered that there were two contrasting electric modes originally called glass and resin electricity [3] until Benjamin Franklin adopted the terms positive and negative electricity.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[1] It was observed that the same brand electrics repel each other, the different brands are attracted to each other.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[1] In 1784, Charles Augustin de Coulomb verified the law bearing his name, according to which between reserves the force is directly proportional to their input and inversely proportional to the square of their distance.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[4] Some of the most prominent scholars in electro-doctrine also included Benjamin Franklin, who, among other things, proved lightning to be an electrical discharge.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[5] The observations gave rise to various, mutually contradictory theories about the nature of electricity.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Robert Symmer put forward a dualistic theory that there were two electrical substances that could flow from one piece to another.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

An electro-free piece was assumed to have both equally, in a charged one or the other more.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Benjamin Franklin, who was one of the most prominent scholars of electro-doctrine, again put forward the Unitarian theory a short time later that there was only one electrical substance corresponding to another of the electrical substances in Symmer's theory.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

According to the theory, the uncharged body contained this substance at a certain, sort of normal concentration, but the electrical substance content in the piece was higher or lower, manifesting the difference as a positive or negative electrical charge [3].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The question of which theory is correct was considered unresolved until the discovery of the electron into the late 19th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrotechnical observations in the 19th century In 1800, Alessandro Volta invented an electric pair, the first device that could generate a continuous electric current.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[6] Soon afterwards, an inverse phenomenon was also invented, electrolysis, in which an electric current causes chemical changes in some substances.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[6] Gaston Planté invented a rechargeable lead-acid battery in 1859 [7].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted discovered that an electric current caused the needle of a nearby compass to turn.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[8] This showed that electricity and magnetism have a close link, and hence the rapid development of research into electromagnetism began.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Already in the same year, André-Marie Ampère published the laws governing the magnetic field induced by electric current.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, Michael Faraday invented electromagnetic induction, i.e., showed that electric current can also be produced by the magnetic field.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The whole current generation of electrical energy is based on this phenomenon.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

During the 19th century, the nature of electricity was learned in a diverse way and an electromagnetic theory was already widely created in relation to electrical phenomena.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

During the century, such electrical devices as a generator, electric motor, electric lighting, electric lighting, electric telegraph and telephone were developed at a functional level.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

With the development of basic theories of electrodoctrine in the 19th century, Charles Augustin de Coulomb had invented the 1784 Coulomb law describing the interaction of reserved bodies [9].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1826, Georg Simon Ohm formulated Ohm's law describing the dependencies of electric current, voltage and resistance in a resistor [10].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The Kirchhoff circuit laws, invented by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in 1845, describe the behavior of voltages in the loop of an electrical circuit and the behavior of currents at the hub of the circuit.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The basic properties of electric and magnetic fields were learned to understand over the course of the 19th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

James Clerk Maxwell combined 1864 various previously observed law secrets to describe phenomena in electric and magnetic fields into Maxwell's equations: [11] how electric charge generates an electric field (Gauss's law for electric fields, Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1835) how magnetic monopoles do not exist ( Gauss's Law for Magnetic Fields, Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1813) how a changing magnetic field generates an electric field (Faraday's law of induction, Michael Faraday, 1831) and how an electric current and a variable electric field produce a magnetic field (Ampère's law, André-Marie Ampère, 1820; James Clerk Maxwell Addendum 1864) Inventors and inventions of electrical engineering in the 19th century In the 19th century, the development of electrical engineering was still on the very personal achievements of many inventors.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Michael Faraday invented the first primitive electric motor in 1821 as well as, ten years later, electromagnetic induction.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Dynamos, early electric generators, began to be built in the 1830s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Samuel Morse invented the 1837 electric telegraph.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Antonio Meucci introduced the telephone in 1860 [12].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electromechanical relay was invented in the 1840s and was initially used in e.g.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

in telegras.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Wireless telegraphy was developed in the 1890s and was improved from many details in the early 20th century [13].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Thomas Alva Edison was a prolific inventor whose most notable achievements were phonographer in 1877 and electric lighting in 1879.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Guglielmo Marconi invented radio in 1896.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Various electric generators were developed over the course of the 19th century and electricity began to be produced commercially at the end of the 19th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The introduction of electric lighting dates to the late 19th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The incandescent lamp developed by Edison is broadly similar in use still.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, block- or house-specific lighting electric plants were built in the 1880s and the first urban electricity plant was commissioned in Tampere in 1888.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[14] With the development of electrical engineering and the emergence of electronics in the twentieth century, the use of electrical engineering became commonplace and the rapidly expanding field of engineering electronics developed into the foundations of electrical engineering.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrical energy was increasingly produced and distributed both to industry and private homes, and a variety of electric-powered machinery was introduced.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Over the course of the 20th century, many electronic devices were developed and introduced: for example, radio, television, computers and mobile phones.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics gained many applications in industry, engineering, scientific research, medicine, vehicles and consumer electronic equipment.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

At the end of the 20th century, almost all fields of engineering began to use electrical engineering and electronics to help.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics Components The development of electronics began in the early part of the century based on electron tubes (invented 1906 [15]), but the transistor invented in 1947 [15] began the development of semiconductors.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Semiconductors were used to make ever-smaller, cheaper and more reliable electronic devices.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Since the 1960s, several transistors and other components could be manufactured in the same microcircuit and in the 1980s one million transistors were produced in the same circuit.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been passive components as far back as the 19th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There were primitive capacitors, Leiden bottles, as early as the latter half of the 18th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Until the 21st century, passive component manufacturing technology and materials have evolved significantly: Capacitors were previously made as plate structure and paper insulated [16] Coils were first made in a lot of air cores, but later developed into cores many different materials (e.g. ferrites since 1937 [17]) Resistors have been manufactured in different ways: e.g. initially wire resistors and mass resistors and later carbon film and metal film resistors Rectifiers: crystal diode was one of the first radio technology detector diodes — German Karl Ferdinand Braun had invented it in 1874 [18] [19] and patented 1899 [20] selenium rectifier was a power diode that entered production in the 1930s [21] mercury rectifier invented in 1902 [22] tube diode was invented in 1904 [15] semiconductor diode was invented in 1940 [15] Production and distribution of electricity As promoters of electricity use and distribution, Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla were pioneers.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison had been developing the incandescent lamp as a durable source of electric light.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison obtained a patent in 1880 for a system of distribution of electricity, which was essential to allowing the electric bulb to spread into general use.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Only the distribution network gradually made it possible for other electrical appliances to become more common.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On December 17, 1880, Edison founded a company called the Edison Illuminating Company.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It was the world's first electric plant to sell electricity to the public, and in 1882 its first power plant was made at New York's Pearl Street Station.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On September 4, 1882, Edison itself connected power to the mains.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[23] The plant distributed direct current to the southern parts of Manhattan at a voltage of 110 volts.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The voltage 110 volts was chosen because it was first used in lamps in theaters powered by batteries, and this voltage was then left in general use.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

As early as January of the same year, Edison had opened the first steam-powered electric power station on Holborn Viaduct in London.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

This DC system provided electricity for street lamps as well as a few private residences located near the plant.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On January 19, 1883, the first standardized, electric lighting system based on overhead lines was introduced at Roselle, New Jersey.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison had had time to build an already reasonably extensive DC-grid, but the DC lost out to AC power developed by Tesla.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Edison and Tesla fought a bitter battle for their electrical systems.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The advantage of AC power is that the voltage can be easily changed by means of a transformer.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

This is exploited in the power grid for the transmission of electricity because transmission losses are lower at higher voltage.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The AC motor and generator design is also durable without the commutator used in the DC motor.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Of all the electricity produced, electric motors use most of it.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

When household appliances came on the market in the early 20th century there were local power grids outside the largest cities in Finland.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrification was temporarily slowed by the Finnish Civil War, but after the war development was rapid, and in 1925 already 40% of the economies were covered by the electricity grid.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the cities, electricity was available to everyone starting in the 1930s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[14] History of batteries and batteries Chemical stored electrical energy is obtained from various batteries and rechargeable batteries.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Major stages of battery development: The zinc-carbon battery was invented as early as 1886 [24] Alkaline battery was developed in the 1950s [25] [26] Lithium batteries were introduced to the market in the 1980s [27] Battery development stages: Lead-acid battery had been developed as early as the latter half of the 19th century Nickel-cadmium batteries have been in use since the mid-20th century, although the NiCd battery principle was invented by Waldemar Jungner as early as 1899 [28].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Nickel metal hydride battery in commercial use since 1989 [29] Lithium-ion batteries have been commercially available since 1991 [30] Evolution of electric lighting Lighting technology: Arc lamp since the early years of the 19th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Light bulb, several developers since the beginning of the 19th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A working and industrial version was made by Edison in 1879 [31].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The halogen lamp was developed during the 1950s into a usable form [32] The principle of fluorescent lamp was invented in the late 19th century, but they came into everyday use in the mid-20th century [33].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

First fluorescent lamps came into use in offices and factories.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the latter half of the 20th century, fluorescent lights began to be used in apartments as well.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Energy-saving lamps are small fluorescent lamps and began to come into use in the late 20th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Good efficiency LED lighting began to come into use in the late 1990s from low-power lamps [34] and became more common in the 2010s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electrification of industrial, buildings and homes Electrical engineering in industry Electric lighting, electric motors and solenoids Electrical machinery: drill, screwdriver, lathe, boring machine, planers, circular saw, jigsaw, band saw, milling cutters, grinders, angle grinder,... Battery technology came into use in the 2000s for many hand-electric machinery.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Industrial automation: first electromechanics, with the development of computers increasingly programmed functions Electrical engineering in pneumatics and hydraulics control Electronics in industry Application sites: Process control Industrial automation Manipulators and Industrial robots Control techniques: Control by relay logic Microprocessor technology Programmable logics Process control by computers The use of electricity in buildings Electric heating and electric heater Air conditioners Ventilation equipment, extractor hood Elevators and escalators The use of electricity in home engineering Electric lighting was introduced as early as the end of the 19th century and became heavily prevalent throughout the 20th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The first household appliances appeared on the market in Finland in the first decade of the 20th century, the earliest of them an electric plate and an electric kettle.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 1910s, a washing machine, a vacuum cleaner, as well as an iron, among others,


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

[14] The electric shaver was invented in the 1920s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

It slowly became widespread and later became battery-powered models as well.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric toothbrushes have been around since the 1950s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have also later been battery-powered models of these.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Hair dryer Massager Vibrator Home food supply appliances Electric plate and electric stove (electric stove), kettle Coffee maker and toaster Refrigeration machines (refrigerator and freezer) Mixer, blender, hand blender and kitchen mixer Dishwasher The microwave was invented in 1945 [35] and commercial models began to come in the 1950s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Microwave ovens became more common for home use over the next several decades.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Meat grinder, bread maker, waffle iron and ice cream machine Home clothing maintenance equipment Electrical mangles and irons Washing machine for washing clothes and dryer Electric sewing machine and overlock Electricity in transport Electrical engineering in automobiles Electrical engineering in cars Otto motor which is common gasoline-powered internal combustion engine and was invented in 1876, has always used an electric spark to ignite gasoline.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric start and charge generator began to become common in automobiles in the 1910s [36], although on a principle level the electric motor and electric generator had been invented in the 19th century side.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Automobiles have used both DC alternators and later alternators together with the rectifier.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Since the early 20th century, cars have had electric headlights and more and more different types of electric attention lights (turn signals, brake lights, etc.) came to cars.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

At the end of the 20th century, various additional electrical functions came to automobiles: for example, electric window mechanisms and mirror adjustment, electric instrument panel, and electric heaters for glasses and seats.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In electric cars and hybrid cars, electricity is used to move the car using a charging device, batteries and an electric motor.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in cars In connection with the operation of the engine, passenger cars have come into many types of electronics: electronic ignition since the 1960s and electronic injection since the 1970s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronic motor control diversified thereafter related to the catalytic converter.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric cruise controls for automobiles have existed since the 1950s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronically controlled automatic transmissions have been manufactured since the 1970s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Traction control systems have existed since the 1970s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

On-board computers entered cars in the 1980s, an anti-theft alarm and immobilizer in the 1990s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electric power steering began to exist in cars from the late years of the 20th century onwards.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

As electronics have evolved, a wide variety of safety systems have entered cars.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Anti-lock brakes (ABS) entered cars in the 1980s and became established as standard equipment on cars in the 1990s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Airbags began to exist in cars starting in the 1980s and driving stability management systems began to enter cars in the 1990s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There has long been a desire to listen to music during a car journey: rudimentary car radios have existed since the 1930s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Towards the end of the 20th century, versatile radios and music reproduction equipment came into automobiles: first alongside the radio receiver, the devices included C cassette players, and later CD players.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Mobile phones initially became specifically automobile phones in the 1970s, which were solidly installed in the car and took the operating voltage from the car's electrical system.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

At first mobile phones were very expensive and were mainly used only for professional use.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Positioning devices for cars began to come in the early 2000s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics and Electrical Engineering in Ships, Trains and Airplanes Electronics and electrical engineering have been used in many means of transport in addition to automobiles such as: Electric locomotives in rail transport since the first half of the 20th century Trams and trolleybuses Diesel electric transmission e.g., in locomotives and ships, invented in the early 20th century and much developed during World War II, radar in aeroplanes and ships Gyroscope in aeroplanes Instruments and Control Systems, Autopilot and Fly-by-wire History of computers and communications Computer Engineering Before computers such as today, electronic calculators and computers implemented with different components were used.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

First in the 1940s, various relay machines and tube machines were introduced.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A famous example of tube machines is the ENIAC [37] introduced in 1945.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Tube technology was followed by devices based on transistors.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Personal computer (Microcomputer Apple II) for home and business use entered the market in 1977.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1981, the IBM PC arrived on the market, whose computers built according to the model later became the practical standard for personal computers.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Several different home computers were introduced to the market in the 1980s: among them the Commodore-64 and the ZX Spectrum (in 1982).


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Microprocessors, in which the processor is implemented on a single microcircuit, came in the 1970s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 in 1971.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Different peripherals are also integral to computer technology: Data storage media to capture digital information.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The earliest recording media were punch cards and punch tapes.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Input devices for supplying information to a computer into a form understood by it.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer display devices for displaying various computer-generated results (e.g. figures, text and images) for viewing.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Printers to provide a permanent print of text or images on paper or other similar material.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Telecommunications Technology Information is transmitted in cables and by radio Information began to be transmitted over earth via copper cables and by radio links.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

By chaining links, networks were formed.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Communication satellites began to be used for long distances and intercontinental data transmission during the 1960s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Copper cables have been increasingly replaced by fiber optic in the fastest connections since the 1970s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Landline Telephones and Cellular Telephones Telephone operated using built landlines as hand-mediated from the late 19th century onwards.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The process of changing the network to autodial took, for example, in Finland from the 1920s until the 1970s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later designs began to be made for telephony equipment and telephone networks operated by radio, which were analogue at first.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Mobile phones enabled telephone connections in cars and later anywhere when moving.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A handheld car radio telephone network (ARP) was opened in Finland in 1971 [38].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The first NMT mobile phones came into use in the Nordic countries in 1981 [38].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

GSM digital telephone networks came into use in the 1990s [39].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 2000s came multimedia and smartphones.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Other communication technology Remote printer (telex), which could produce text on a device in another locality, was in use from the late 19th century well into the 20th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Telefax, which could print a copy of a document on a distant second telefax device, was invented in principle as early as the 19th century, but came into use generally in the 1970s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Both of these have been superseded by more advanced technologies and equipment.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer networks were already being built since the 1960s and the global Internet came into common use in the fold of the 1980s and 1990s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Technology of the Internet (e.g.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

TCP/IP protocol) was developed in the 1970s, but did not come into mundane use until the 1980s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Development of Consumer Electronics Consumer electronics includes radio, TV, music recording and playback devices, video recording and playback devices, and electronic games.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The following has also covered electronics in filming and film.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Some principles of equipment for entertainment electronics were invented as early as the 19th century, but the actual consumer equipment used by consumers began to be developed in the early years of the 20th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Movies and their sound Sound films first came based on optical soundtrack starting in the late 1920s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Multichannel magnetic sound has been in use in films since the 1950s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 1990s, digital sound became more common in films.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Films' shooting and editing were also digitized.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio and TV, invented in the late 19th century, led to broadcasting from the 1920s onwards.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Suomen Yleisradio was founded in 1926 [40].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio transmissions began based on AM modulation.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Invented in the 1930s, FM modulation began to come into use at ULA frequencies starting in the 1940s and sound quality improved significantly.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, ULA broadcasts started in 1953 [40].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, stereo sound was introduced in FM broadcasts.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, stereophonic broadcasting began in 1967 [40].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio broadcasting has not been extensively digitized in the 21st century, either, because the audio quality of FM broadcasts is sufficient for many purposes.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Television was invented in the 1920s and there has been a wider public TV broadcasting business since the 1950s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, trial broadcasts started in 1955 [40].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In its early days, television imagery was black and white and colour television was developed from the 1940s onwards.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

To transmit a full-color TV image, the NTSC system was developed in the US in the 1950s and in Europe in the 1960s the PAL system.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1969, Yleisradio started broadcasting TV programmes in Finland in colour [40].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Stereo sound came to television in the 1980s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In wider areas, broadcasting was started on terrestrial antenna networks, but at an early stage cable television was used in densely built cities due to problems with the propagation of the TV signal between buildings.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Satellites have been used since the 1960s to relay TV programmes around the world, but satellites transmitting the TV signal directly to homes began to come into use in the 1980s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio and TV operations are started based on an electron tube developed in the early 20th century.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later transistors and microcircuits came into use in the devices.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In the early 2000s, television was digitized: became digital television, with a set-top box or digital TV receiver used to watch.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland digital terrestrial broadcasting began in 2007 [40].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Music Recording and Playback A turntable playing vinyl records was developed in the 1930s from a fully mechanical gramophone playing gramophone records.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Stereo sound discs were invented as early as the 1930s but only became common in the 1960s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The turntable couldn't record the sound itself; the discs always had to be bought.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

A magnetophone was developed to record and reproduce sound.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been open reel recorders since the 1930s and 1963 saw the release of the C cassette.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

C cassette recorders were at first often monophonic, but later became generally stereophonic.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Music playback became digitized in the 1980s as CDs and instruments entered the market and rapidly into general use.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There had been digital tape recorders before, but they were rare.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Various media players—as a general type of MP3 player—came into use starting in the 1990s for music playback.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Video Recording and Playback Clumsy, expensive and rare open reel recorders have existed since the 1960s for video recording.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

However, they never entered home use.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

VCRs using cassettes came in the 1970s: Betamax was released in 1975, VHS in 1976, and Video 2000 in 1979.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Of these, VHS became established for home use with the advent of the 1980s and was used until the early 2000s, when in a few years new digital video recording methods supplanted VCRs.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, video recording becomes digitized: rare LaserDisc technology was designed in the 1970s, in the 1990s video CD entered video recording (compressed video), and DVD-video became common at the end of the 1990s (the format was announced in 1995).


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The media player, as well as the recording set-top box, have come into use in the 21st century as digital video recording devices.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in filming Beginning in the 1960s, electronic functions began to come to film cameras.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

With the help of electronics, e.g.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

exposure meter and exposure automatics, as well as an electronic flash device.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Digital cameras based on CCD and CMOS cell have existed since the 1990s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

TV cameras were initially powered by vidicon tubes and later on CCD cells.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Home-powered video cameras came in the 1970s based initially mostly on VHS recording.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later came digital video cameras that recorded on tapes, discs or memory cards.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronic games for TV games and game consoles have been around since the 1970s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

First they had them as coin machines and then as home machines as well.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Released in 1971, Computer Space was the first serially produced and commercial video game [41].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer games became more common with the onset of home computer use in the 1980s, e.g., there were many games for the generic Commodore 64 computer.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Scientific Applications and Specialized Applications Electronics in Medical Engineering Electronics have been used in medical analysis devices and treatment methods such as: Electrochoke therapy came into use in relation to mental illness in the 1930s [42] Defibrillator — 1940- century principle, portable DC voltage versions since the 1960s Transistorized hearing aid in 1952 [15] Pacemaker in the 1950s [15] Electronic blood pressure monitor and electronic thermometer Measurement of the electrocardiogram curve, or ECG Imaging equipment (medical imaging): X-ray imaging in 1895 Ultrasound imaging since the 1950s Computer Layer Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positron Emission Tomography (PET imaging) Radiotherapy Equipment Electronics in Space Engineering In space engineering such as satellites, space probes, space stations and lunar rockets, control and communication has been based on electronics.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been satellites since the late 1950s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, hundreds of them have been in operation in space at once and have been used, for example, for telecommunications, weather monitoring and positioning systems.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Satellites began to be used for positioning: GPS entered civilian use in the mid-1980s and as an accurate version in 2000 [43] [44].


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Space probes have been sent since the 1960s to various parts of our solar system and beyond.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been manned space stations orbiting Earth in space since the 1970s.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

The U.S. made manned lunar flights between 1969 and 1972 (the Apollo space program).


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in War Engineering Radar has been heavily developed especially during World War II Electronic warfare Communication systems, military radios Missile systems Reconnaissance drone and UAV Space technology — telecommunications, positioning and rocket technology — is closely associated with war engineering.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in Scientific Research Tools Electronics has been a key part of the scientific measuring and analysis devices of recent decades.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Such devices incorporating electronics include e.g.: Newer microscope types: electron microscope, tunneling microscope, atomic force microscope Weather radar Radio telescope and newer star telescopes DNA sequencer in the late 1980s Particle accelerator Almost all precise basic measuring devices — e.g. scales and clocks — today contain electronics.


Question: When was laserdisc invented?

History of electricity and electronics

Advances in electronics manufacturing technology Printed circuit board since 1950s Wave soldering Surface joint technology since 1980s Pasta sample Lead-free soldering introduced in early 2000s for environmental reasons Hand loading and automatic typesetting machines Microcircuits late 1960s since BGA cases in the early 1990s [45] Chronological table of inventions and research of electricity and electronics Active electronic components by decade Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindell, Ismo| title = Electricity long history| publisher = Gaudemus| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-67235-80}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grove, Arto| title = World of Radio Waves| publisher = Otadata| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-672-350-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Vartiainen, Juha O.| title = Century of Electricity| publisher = Alfamer/Karisto Oy| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-472-202-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paavola, Martti| title = Electrical Engineering Textbook| publisher = WSOY| year = 1936}} Sources * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Honji suijaku () refers to the theory common in Japanese Buddhist terminology until the Meiji period that Buddhist deities appear as cams original to Japan in order to lead the Japanese to salvation [1] [2].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

According to the theory, some kami (but not all) are manifestations (, literally “original land”) of Buddhist deities (, literally “imprint”) [1] [3].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

These two entities form an indivisible entity and theoretically had to be equal to each other, which, however, historically did not always happen [4].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

For example, at the beginning of the Nara period, the honji part was considered more important [4].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Towards the end of the Kamakura period, it was also suggested that the kami were actually the honji part and the buddhas suijaku part [4].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The theory was never systematized, but it was nevertheless extremely common and influential [1].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

It is considered the cornerstone of the syncretism of shinbutsu shūgō, or Buddhist deities and Japanese kamas [5].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Origin and development of theory Early Buddhist monks did not doubt the existence of kamas, but they considered them inferior to their own buddhs.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Hindu gods had already been treated in the same way in the past: they had been regarded as unenlightened prisoners of the saŭsāra.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Buddhists' claims of superiority were met with resistance, and the monks tried to overcome it by deliberately attaching kams to their own belief system.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Japanese Buddhists themselves wanted to give the cams equal status in some way.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Various means were developed to achieve equality, one of which was the honji suijaku theory.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

[1] The Honji suijaku term was originally coined by tendai Buddhism to distinguish absolute truth from its historical manifestation, for example the historical Buddha of the eternal Buddha or absolute dharma from its actual, historical forms.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

“Honji” referred to the first, “suijaku” to the second.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

[1] [3] The term first appears in this meaning in a text called Eizan daishiden, believed to have been written in 825 [3].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The honji suijaku theory later began to be applied to buddhi and kami; in this context it is known to have been first used in 901 in the work Sandai jutsuroku, whose author points out: “mahasattvat [buddhas and bodhisattvas] manifest themselves intermittently as kings and intermittently as cams.” [3] It should be noted that the dichotomy applied to deities only in Japan, and not, for example, in China [1].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

A different but equivalent explanation for why Buddhist gods displayed themselves as cams rather than in their own, original form, was crystallized into poetic form in the expression wakō dōjin ().


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

It meant that deities “dimmed their radiance and became like the dust of the world of prophan” to assist conscious beings.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Their glory would otherwise have been so powerful as to have destroyed mortals.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

[1] From the 9th and 10th centuries there are abundant examples of pairings formed by Buddhist gods and kamas.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The deities are usually Kannon, Yakushi, Amida or Shaka nyorai [1].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Buddha and kami were usually associated with each other after a well-known monk had had a dream or experienced an apparition which was later recorded in the archives of the temple or shrine [1].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

It was now commonly thought throughout Japan that kami were forms adopted by Buddhas for the purpose of saving people, that is, local manifestations of universal buddhs [6].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

By the early stages of the Kamakura period, couples were already enshrined up in large temples or shrines [1].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Kakebotoket (), or “hanging buddhas”, are indicative of the generality of the practice: they are metal mirrors used in many large shrines, with the image of the shrine's kami on the front side and the corresponding Buddhist deity [1] on the back side.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The name derives from the fact that they are usually hung in the outer wall of the sanctuary [1].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

As the theory gradually spread across the country, the concept of gongen [1] (“temporary manifestation”, a buddha who chooses to appear to the Japanese in the form of kami [3]) developed.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

One of the first gongens is Hie-jinja's famous Sannō gongen () [1].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Influenced by Tendai Buddhism and shugendō, the concept was adapted to beliefs about the Iwaki volcano, for example: female kami Kuniyasutamahime was associated with Jūichimen Kannon bosazu (eleven-faced Kannon), Ōkuninushi-kami in turn to Yakushi nyorai, and Kunitokotachi-no-Mikoto Amida nyoraih [7].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

In Honji suijaku practice, the Honji suijaku paradigm remained a defining feature of Japanese religious life until the end of the Edo period.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Its use was not limited only to deities, but the theory was often extended to even historical figures such as Kūkai and Prince Shōtoku.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

It was claimed that these persons had been camis who appeared among the people, who had in turn been manifestations of the Buddhas.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Sometimes the deities weren't even Buddhist.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The free application of the theory was possible because it was never formalized and always consisted of events separate from each other, usually based on beliefs specific to a particular temple or sanctuary.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Nothing was permanent: one deity might be considered both honji and suijaku in different parts of the same shrine, and different honji suijaku combinations might be considered true at the same time in the same place.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The religious situation in the country was confused and vague in the Middle Ages, and historians have therefore tried to focus on studying the reformers of the time, who had a clear philosophy and had little interest in the questions related to cams because they are easier to understand.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The theory was fundamentally useful to the cams, as they began to be seen as forms taken by unenlightened outsiders rather than significant deities.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The manifestation taken to the longest of the transition is ryōbu shintō, where Buddhist deities and kami are indivisible and equivalent to each other, like two sides of a coin.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

[1] The use of honji suijaku was not limited to religion, but had, on the contrary, significant consequences for society in general, the culture, art and even economy of the country.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

[8] Buddhism, for example, forbade fishing, hunting, and even farming because they required the slaying of living things (in the case of farming, insects and voles, among other things), but with the help of honji suijaku, the ban could be ignored.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

It was thought that if someone fished for his own need, he was guilty and would go to hell, but if the prey was sacrificed to kami, known to be a manifestation of the Buddha, the gesture had clear value in terms of karma and the act could be allowed.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

With the idea, economic activity by the individual, and thus unregulated, might be outlawed.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

When this interpretation of honji suijaku was applied to all major sectors of the economy, dissent could be kept firmly in mind.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

[9] The immense importance of the concept can also be observed from the widespread application of the idea that some local phenomena could be linked to an absolute, sacred object in the Japanese Middle Ages and pre-modern periods.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The land holdings of temples in Japan might, for example, be regarded as local manifestations of Buddhist havens, or the work of a craftsman could be thought of as being equal to the sacred deeds of the Indian Buddha.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

[8] Honji suijaku in religious art, Honji suijaku theory was widely described in religious art, for example in honji suijaku mandalas () or songyō mandalas ().


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Buddhist deities are depicted in the Honjaku mandala (, image above) along with the kami corresponding to them, while in the honjibutsu mandala () there are only Buddhist deities and in the suijaku mandala () only kamas.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

[10] Sōgyō Hachiman (), or “in the costume of the priest of Hachima”, is one of the most popular syncretistic gods.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Kami is presented dressed in the costume of a Buddhist priest and is considered the protector of the people and especially the soldiers.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

From the 7th century onwards, Hachiman was referred to as Hachiman daibosatsu, meaning “great bodhisattva Hachiman”.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The Buddhist priest's outfit is probably meant to be an indication that Hachiman was sincere in his conversion to Buddhism.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

By the 13th century at the latest, other kamas also began to be presented in art dressed in Buddhist attire.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

[11] Reverse honji suijaku The prevalent interpretation of the relationship between kami and buddhs was challenged by the theory referred to by contemporary scholars by the terms han honji suijaku (, “reverse honji suijaku”) or shinpon butsujaku ().


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

According to the new theology, the kami were even more important than Buddhism [12].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Proponents of the theory believed that although the Buddhas had achieved enlightenment, the kami were already bright [12].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The doctrine was first developed once again by the tendai monks, and in its full form it was recorded by Jihen, the first monk attached to the great shrine of Ise, who was at his most active around 1340 [12].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

In the first part of “Kuji hongi gengi”, he argued that in early Japan there had only been kamas and that the Buddhas did not gain supremacy until later [13].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

He believed the moral situation in Japan had therefore regressed over time, but the world dominated by the kamie would soon be a reality again [13].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

In the fifth volume of the same work, he compared Japan to a seed, China to a branch, and India to a flower or fruit [13].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Just as flowers falling to the ground and returning to their roots, India had also returned to its roots: kami were honji and buddhas their manifestations [13].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

These ideas influenced Yoshida Kanetomo, who developed them forward and made a detachment into the past by establishing the yoshida shintō, with which the inverted honji suijaku reached its maturity [13].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Although it is generally claimed that the reverse honji suijaku was a reaction of cults native to Japan to the dominance of Buddhism, history also shows members of the Buddhist intelligentsia having developed the theory [12].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

The theory is not in itself antithetical to Buddhism, nor does it question the existence of Buddhs; its goal is simply to reverse the priorities of buddhs and kamas [14].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

It is not clear why Buddhists developed a theory that diminished the importance of their own deities.


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

It is possible that it was promoted by shasō shrine monks to improve their own status; they took care of the shrine temple complexes [12].


Question: What is Honji suijaku theory?

Honji Suiyaku

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Breen, John & Teeuwen, Mark| title = Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami| location = Honolulu| publisher = University of Hawaii Press| year = 2000| id = ISBN 978-0824823634}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Teeuwen, Mark & Rambelli, Fabio| title = Buddhas and Kami in Japan: Honji Suijaku as a Combinatory Paradigm| location = London| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| year = 2002| id = ISBN 978-0415297479}} References Category:Buddhism in Japan Category:Buddhism in Japan Inspiritedness


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Pertti Olavi “Spede” Pasanen () was a Finnish comedian, actor, screenwriter, film director, producer, songwriter and inventor who has been called “the handyman of entertainment”.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[1] He was a popular and successful entertainment maker in Finland from the 1960s until the 1990s.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Pasanen began his career in radio in the late 1950s.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In the 1960s he made sketch shows for television and created a series of successful film comedies such as X-Baron, Pähkähullu Finland, Millipilleri and About 7 Brothers.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In the 1970s, Pasanen focused exclusively on films and created the character of Uuno Turhapuro, a film series built around which grew into a 19-part and with which he achieved his greatest audience successes.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In the 1980s he made a return to television, first by continuing with the Spede Show, which was already made in the 1960s and 1970s, and then with a competition programme on the Spede Speles.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Pasanen was ranked 17th.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

The Great Finns competition programme organised by Yleisradio.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Childhood and youth Pertti Olavi Pasanen was born in 1930 in Kuopio as the firstborn of Kusti and Helmi Pasanen.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

His father was a forest technician and served as district manager for the paper company Ahlström.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

The family also included Perti's younger sister Virpi and younger brother Risto.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[2] The family was a wealthier middle class than Kuopioans.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

The nickname “Spede” derives from the name Speedy received at the hockey rink, and followed Spede from a young age.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[3] the name of the long Pasanen Speedy came from the Warner Brothers comic Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Series of Cartoons hero mouse Speedy Gonzales [4].


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

As a schoolboy, Pasanen's main interests were entertainment, sports, various games and making inventions.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

He was the main star of programmatic nights at Kuopio Lyceum, or conventions, played hockey enthusiastically and conducted chemical experiments in the basement of his home.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

School performance, on the other hand, was worse.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In the spring of 1948, he received five fours for his certificate and stayed in his class after spending the spring mainly building a self-made scooter from parts found in junk scraps.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

When he was still mired in an intermediate break with several of his teachers, the Pasaset decided to send him to another school.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In the autumn of 1950, Spede Pasanen transferred to the Iisalmi Lyceum, from where he matriculated in Olympic Spring 1952.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

The next year he spent completing his military service and demobilized as a reserve anti-aircraft encirclement.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

During the year he also had time to perform on a defensive entertainment tour touring the garrisons entertaining soldiers.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[5] In autumn 1953 Pasanen moved to Helsinki and began studies at the Faculty of Political Science of the University of Helsinki.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

However, instead of studying, he concentrated on co-municipal life in Savolaise, where he served as general master of ceremonies and organizer of celebrations.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In particular, the freshmen organized by Pasanen, initiation parties for new students, achieved fame around the university and other constituent municipalities.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In the matriculation world, he also met Jukka Virtanen and Matti Kuusla, both of whom later became important collaborators.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Kuusla, who worked for Fennada-Film as a studio assistant, acquired Spede in 1954 a role as a statist in the film Laiva Deck.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

He was seen in the film as a man in a bar.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[5] Private Life Pasanen had started production of the X-Baroni film and was looking for a suitable woman to be an actor.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

He was performing at the Turku Advertising Association party in March 1964 and was attracted to Pirjo Vainimäki, who sold lottery tickets there.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[6] Vainimäki got the role in Spede's first own film and the following year she became Mrs. Pasanen — the wedding was celebrated on 14 July 1965.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[7] A daughter, Pirre Päivikki, was born in the family on 31 December 1965.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In 1981, a wide variety of resignation rumours were circulating about Pasaste's union.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Pirjo moved into his own apartment, which was located in Lautestaari near Spede's apartment.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In an interview with Apu magazine in 1981, Pirjo told Apu magazine the marriage would continue even though they live at different addresses.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[8] The official distinction took effect after years.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Spede became acquainted with Simo Salminen, who became familiar as a clown jumper in the early 1960s.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Salminen soon became a credit actor for Spede and later a comedian couple for television shows.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Salminen and Pasanen were close friends in civilian life and also business partners.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

The pals spent a lot of time, among others, at Spede's Mesopotamia cottage in Muonion Pallas.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

In the 1960s Salminen and Pasanen put up a few restaurants and places to spend together, the most famous of which were Simon rysä in Lappeenranta, Raikulimaa in Lem and Spede saloon in Kouvola.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[9] [10] In 1983 Speede met Riitta Vääännen on a trip to the sports club Zoom.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Oitis he took Vääänen for his next film Flying Bone Heads (1984) and designed his own television show Kymppiton (1985—2005 and 2009—2011).


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

For years, Spede and Väisänen moved together in public at various 'celebrity' parties.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Their relationship was a public secret for years until, after Spede's death, Väisänen admitted to dating.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[11] The relationship ended in the early 1990s when Väisänen started dating Erik Mäkkylä.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Pasanen appointed Maria Drockila, the legacy princess of the 1997 Miss Suomi pageant, as CEO of her companies.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Paparazzi followed them, and around the same time gossip magazines wrote Pasanen and Drockila were dating.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Pasanen didn't like the fact that magazines wrote about him without his permission.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

He, along with a few reporters, had a word cut that they perceived as intimidation.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[12] Pasanen dabbled in backgammon and was very successful at national level.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

He won the Finnish Championship in 1979.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[13] Pasanen wrote the opening words to Jaakko Salava's book Backgammon as doctrine and amusement.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[14] Spede was a member of Mensa in Finland and in 1998 he was awarded Mensa's annual Mensa Award.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[15] Spede's daughter Pirre inherited her father's fortune almost in its entirety.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Pasanen bequeathed his ex-wife Pirjo 170,000 euros.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[16] During 1998-99 Pasanen had loaned Maria Drockila a total of 1850000 marks for a 30-year loan period without interest.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[16] According to Pasanen's will of 26 July 2000, Drockila is forgiven the debts in such a way that they are annulled and finally lapsed and the inheritance tax following the annulment is to be paid from the estate's assets.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[16] Spede's daughter Pirre and Drockila quarreled over payment of inheritance tax and 220,000 marks, which Spede still lent to Drockila after the act of his will.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[16] They got their disputes settled before the trial.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[17] Death Spede Pasanen died on 7 September 2001 in Kirkkonummi at Sarfvik Golf Course.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[18] In the middle of the game, his fellow players had observed weakness, malaise and fatigue in Pasanen.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

They escorted the Pasanen golf course to the café terrace to rest.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Shortly after entering the terrace, Pasanen's heart apparently stopped and resuscitation had been started immediately.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

By chance, the doctor who came to the scene had started CPR.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Medi-Heli and an ambulance had also arrived at the scene.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Despite these and the resuscitation initiated on the scene, Pasanen was part of the doctor's determination as dead.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[5] He is buried in the Artistjainmäki of Hietaniemi Cemetery.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[19] Career Film actor in the 1950s Spede Pasanen became a regular assistant to Fennada-Film.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

After statist duties, he got his first major speaking role in Aarne Tarkas's “Suomi-western” “Villi Pohjola” (1955).


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

During the 1950s, Pasanen starred in supporting roles in several comedies for both Fennada and the Finnish Filmiindustriale side, such as Tikka leaves for the barracks (1956), the horror of Vääppi (1957) and Asessori's Female Concerns (1958).


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Armand Lohikoski took Pasanen into minor roles in three of his Pekka ja Pätkä films: Pekka ja Pätkä in chain kolari (1957), Pekka and Pätkä as frogmen (1957) and Pekka and Pätkä in Suez (1958).


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[5] In 1958 Pasanen got an eccentric role: he played the lead in the Finnish National Ballet's interpretation of Cervantes' Don Quixote.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

Not an actual ballet dancer had been sought for the role, but an actor who mastered pantomime and physical comedy, and Pasanen had impressed choreographer George Géhe in the audition.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

[5] The Don Quixote Ballet became the biggest audience success of 1958 for the National Opera.


Question: Where was Spede Pasanen born?

Spede Pasanen

The production also visited Germany in the same year, which was Pasanen's first trip abroad.