Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Prehistory The territory of Poland has been inhabited by people as early as the Stone Age.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

There are remnants of farming from six thousand years BCE.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[1] During the Bronze Age, similar cultural features such as cremations were practiced in the Danube Valley and throughout Central Europe.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

On the territory of Poland they were made since 1400 BCE.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

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Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

A new metal, iron, came into use around the mid-7th century BCE.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[2] A well-known archaeological find is the early Iron Age fortress of Biskupin.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[3] The Celts and later Romans brought cultural influences from the 13th century BCE all the way to the 5th century.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[4] Various parts of Poland were inhabited by German, Baltic and Celtic tribes in the 4th century BCE.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

However, as the Roman Empire collapsed, many Germanic tribes set out towards the west and south.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, Slavic tribes circulated in the area.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The most powerful of them were the Polans who later gave the name to the Polish state.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[5] The Piast dynasty of the Polish state is considered to have originated in the 9th and 10th centuries.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The mythical Piast, who founded his capital at Gniezno, is considered the founder of Poland.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Among his successors, the first historical ruler was Mieszko I, who converted to Christianity in 966.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[6] Poland formed as a unitary state in the 10th century.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In the 12th century, the kingdom disintegrated into small states, plundered by Mongol armies in 1241, 1259, and 1287.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In 1320, Władysław I unified the country and assumed the title King of Poland.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The kingdom rose to its glory during the House of Jagiellons, following the union with Lithuania in 1386 and the minting of the Teutonic Order at Grunwald in 1410.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The first Reichstag, or sejm, was held in 1493.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by the Treaty of Lublin on 1 July 1569 established the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a state, with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania forming a real union, a confederation.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[7] It was characterized by the powerful position of the nobility, freedom of religion, and the right of minorities to their own language and administration of justice.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[8] Fragmentation culminated in the Constitution providing (mainly due to Russian pressure) for every member of the Reichstag to veto all decisions and for every nobleman the right to form a confederacy from other freemen and to rise in revolt against the central power.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The nobility power, the very low status of the farmer population, the heterogeneity of the population—Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Jews, Germans, Tatars, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Estonians were the most significant groups of people—and the strong autonomy of some minorities made Poland a very fragmented state.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Poland's weakness was to the advantage of its neighbours Austria, Prussia and Russia.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Religious conditions in Europe were in a state of fermentation in the 16th century as the Reformation and Counter-Reformation competed for support.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Polish churchman Stanislaus Hosius (1504—1579) acted effectively to stop the Reformation.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

He invited the Jesuit organisation to Poland and sought to support the Nordic Counter-Reformation through, for example, King John III of Sweden.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[9] Hosius' action marked the final consolidation of Catholicism in Poland.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Poland's superpower status crumbled in the mid-17th century due to the secession of Ukraine following the rebellion of Cossack hetmann Bohdan H'melnytskyi and Swedish occupation associated with the Northern War, and the country was left at the mercy of its neighbours.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The Polish throne was placed by the king when Saxony, when Sweden and when Russia.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[10] 18th century: Poland is divided In 1733—1735, the War of the Polish Succession took place.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The fragmentation within the country and the weakness of central power led to the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, in which Russia, Prussia and Austria divided the country between themselves in three stages.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In the first two allotments in 1772 and 1793, the country lost territories to its neighbours.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Late stage reforms such as the Constitution enacted in 1791 did not save the country.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In the third partition in 1795, the rest of the country became divided and independent Poland lost out altogether.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[11] 19th century Napoleon re-formed Poland into an independent Duchy of Warsaw under the King of Saxony in 1807, but after the fall of Napoleon, Poland was again divided at the Congress of Vienna.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The eastern part of Poland belonging to Russia, the so-called. Congress-Poland, was an autonomous kingdom with a liberal constitution, and the Russian emperor was its constitutional ruler.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Poles often rebelled against their rulers, and after the revolt of 1830, Congress-Poland lost its parliament, and after another revolt that broke out in 1864, it was annexed directly under Russian rule as the Vistula Krai.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

At the end of the 19th century Austrian Galitsia, particularly the Free City of Kraków, was formed as the centre of Polish culture.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

World War I In World War I, the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary, occupied all of Russian Poland.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In 1916 they proclaimed Poland as a Kingdom, which, however, was only nominally independent, in reality a puppet state ruled by Germany.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In the Peace of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, Russia ceded to Germany the entire territory of Poland.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

When Germany, despite its promises, did not grant Poland full independence, widespread anti-German mood spread in the country.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In November of the same year, however, Germany surrendered to the Circum-Powers.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[12] In his 14-point programme, US President Woodrow Wilson set himself in support of Poland's independence efforts, and soon after the German surrender, an independent Polish Republic was declared established.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Republic of Poland The question of the borders of re-independent Poland sparked a lot of international controversy even after the country became independent.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

By the Treaty of Versailles, Poland received from Germany approximately the territories which had belonged to it in the west before the first partition of 1772: the territory of Posen, as well as part of West Prussia, which formed the Polish Corridor extending as far as the Baltic Sea.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Immediately east of it, at the mouth of the Vistula, Danzig, inhabited mainly by Germans, was declared a Free City controlled by the League of Nations.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Between Poland and the independence Lithuania around the same time remained Germany, but separated from the rest of Germany, East Prussia with its capital Königsberg.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

As early as 1919, Lord Curzon proposed placing Poland's eastern border roughly at its present point.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

This proposed boundary line became known as the Curzon Line.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

However, it did not materialise at the time, as Poland waged a war against the Russian Bolsheviks 1919—1921, where the Polish army in the Alu Offensive conquered Kiev in May 1920 and the subsequent Red Army counterattack and the retreat of the Poles stopped the Red Army Warsaw in battle in August 1920 under Marshal Józef Piłsudski.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The Polish—Soviet-Russian War ended with the Peace of Riga concluded on 18 March 1921.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Ukraine and Belarus were divided between the Soviet Union and Poland, with Lwów, among others, remaining in Poland.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

During this war, Poland also conquered Vilnius, which Lithuania had claimed as its capital.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

It remained in Poland even after the war, but the question of control of Vilnius became a long-standing point of contention between Poland and Lithuania.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

After successful wars in Poland, the idea of a 'Greater Poland', which would have included not only Poland but the whole of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States and German East Prussia, Silesia and Pomerania.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[13] The May 1926 war hero Marshal Piłsudski's coup d'état brought the Sanacja movement to power.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Piłsudski ruled right up until his death in 1935.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

After his death, even after his death, were the “President's Men” of the more moderate President Ignacy Mościcki and the “Marshal” men of Edward Rydz-Śmigły, appointed Inspector of the Armed Forces by Piłsudski.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

“[14] In 1938, in accordance with the Munich Agreement between Nazi Germany and Western powers, Poland too received a piece of divisible Czechoslovakia from Silesia.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

World War II Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned Poland on August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany concluded the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, the secret additional protocol of which meant the division of Poland between them.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, where World War II is considered to have begun.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Poland was quickly overrun by the Germans; the Poles had no chance of defending themselves against the Germans who had attacked with tanks and aircraft, as it had failed to mobilize its forces.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later, but neither, despite the treaties, took concrete war action against Germany, even though Germany had concentrated 80% of its forces and almost all of its best equipment on the anti-Polish front.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The German offensive Polish army was both numerically and materially underpowered, but nevertheless was capable of inflicting significant losses on the opposing side and destroying, among other things, 25% of the Luftwaffe aircraft involved in the attack, as well as an entire armoured division amount of equipment.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Contrary to popular myth, the Polish Army in 1939 was not an archaic cavalry army (all European states had at their disposal elite mounted units, which were nevertheless footed into battle), but had at its disposal some modern tanks (7-TP) as well as anti-tank rifles and cannons.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

However, the troops had been spread too thinly into poorly fortified positions to permeate the border, causing much of them to be surrounded early.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Furthermore, the German fighter aircraft were technically superior, and despite fierce resistance, the Germans soon had air supremacy.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Some of the Polish Air Force fighter pilots later participated in the battle for Britain, achieving more aerial victories per pilot than any other unit.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Overall, Poland was only capable of defending against the German army for about a week less than the French and British forces in later France, although they were, both in numbers and technically, much more even-handed compared to the German army.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In the face of betrayal of the Front, the Polish warleadership's plan was to withdraw to defend the so-called. The Romanian corridor in southern Poland and waiting for the Western Allies to join the war, but the Soviet invasion of Poland, which began on 17 September, also rendered this plan foiled.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Of the remaining troops, some moved through Romanian ports to the Middle East and from there on to England, from where they participated in the British air defence and later the Normandy landings.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

During the occupation, Germany and the Soviet Union divided the entire country between themselves.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

From the western part of the country, part was annexed directly to Germany, and part was made a Polish governor-general under Germany.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The eastern parts of the country were occupied by the Soviet Union roughly as far as the demarcation line presented by Curzon in 1919, and were annexed by Belarus and Ukraine.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The border was then repaired once more, Germany relinquished its claims to Lithuania and the Soviet Union surrendered an area of 250 square kilometres of eastern Poland it had taken. [15].


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

However, the Vilnius Soviet ceded to a still-independent Lithuania at the time, but annexed all of Lithuania in the following year.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

When Germany in 1941 started a war against the Soviet Union, it also occupied the part of Poland that had fallen to the Soviet Union for a short period of time.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In occupied Poland, there was a resistance movement and a refugee government (first in Paris and later in London).


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

During the war, about 400,000 Poles fought on the Eastern Front with Soviet forces and 200,000 on the Western Front under the Refugee Government.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In April 1943, the Soviet Union severed contacts with the Refugee Government following its required investigation of the events in Katyn.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In July 1944, the Red Army advanced as far as Poland and the “Polish Committee for National Liberation” (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN) was formed in Chełm, which soon moved to Lublin at which time it was started to be called the “Lublin Committee”.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[16] [17] Of the countries participating in World War II, Poland suffered the worst in percentage: Poles killed accounted for 12.4% of the population. [18].


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

About three million of them were Polish Jews, most of whom were killed in extermination camps.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In addition, the war left much of the country in ruins, and material and mental scars remained for a long time.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[19] A law was passed in Poland in 2018 that makes it illegal to accuse of Polish complicity in the crimes of Nazi Germany, including calling Nazi German extermination camps located on Polish soil “Poles”.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[20] New Borders After the war, both the eastern and western borders of Poland were moved further west than they had been before the war.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The Soviet Union was still left with the former eastern parts of Poland, which it annexed in 1939.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In return for these, Poland received from Germany Taka-Pomerania, Silesia and half of East Prussia.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The western boundary became the Oder—Neisse line.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Admittedly, the legitimacy of this territorial union was still challenged by Western powers for decades and was not confirmed by a peace treaty.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The entire German population of territories annexed to Poland was expelled from the country.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

With its new borders, Poland was one-fifth smaller in area than before World War II.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[21] Poland from 1945 to 1989 In 1945 Poland came under communism.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Josif Stalin elected Bolesław Bierut as the first Prime Minister of Poland.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The PKWN already declared itself during the war as Poland's only legitimate government.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

It initially included representatives of the Communists and various left-wing parties, but at the end of 1944 it was also joined by several members of the Refugee Government.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In January 1945, the PKWN relocated to Warsaw and became the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

After the 1947 elections, the Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR) rose to the leadership under the leadership of Stalinist Bolesław Bierut.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In 1952 Poland was officially declared a People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa).


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

After Stalin's death, Władysław Gomułka rose to the Polish leadership.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In June 1956, workers revolted in Poznań due to lack of consumer goods and the price of food.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In the 1960s, Poland's economic problems were constant.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

After the 1970 unrest, Gomułka was replaced by Edward Gierek.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

By the early 1970s, Poland's economic growth was among the fastest in the world.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

US Presidents Nixon, Ford and Carter each visited the country in turn.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The 1973 oil crisis led to a new economic crisis and price increases to unrest, especially 1976 in Radom.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[22] Karol Wojtyła, the Polish Bishop of Kraków, was elected pope in October 1978 under the name John Paul II.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

He visited his native country in June 1979.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[23] In the early 1980s the country was in heavy debt and an attempt to raise the price of meat in 1980 led to strikes and the establishment of the trade union Solidarity.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

It was led by Lech Wałęsa, an electrician from Gdańsk's Lenin shipyard.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Solidarity forced the government into negotiations.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In September 1980 Gierek was replaced by Stanisław Kania.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Due to the growth of opposition strength and the crumbling of the party's power, Defence Minister General Wojciech Jaruzelski was appointed to the leadership in 1981, who declared the country to a state of war.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[24] Almost all Solidarity leaders were arrested.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Poland and the Soviet Union were subject to boycotts by Western countries and the unrest continued for years.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The state of war was gradually lifted and the detainees were released within the 1980s.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[25] The time of solidarity was also depicted in several films.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Among them, perhaps the best known are Jerzy Skolimowski's Moonlight Gig (1982) Without an End (1984) directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Poland After the Cold War Free Elections The government's inability to improve economic development led to further strikes in 1988. At that time, the government recognized Solidarity and began negotiations with Wałęsa.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

A new round was initiated in February 1989, and open elections for the People's Assembly were held as a result of the negotiations.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In the June 1989 elections, one-third of the seats were won by the Communists, a third by other parties and a third by Solidarity backed candidates.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Jaruzelski was appointed president by the National Assembly, and he gave the position of government formation to journalist Tadeusz Mazowiecki.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

For the first time in forty years Poland had a non-communist as prime minister.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In December 1989, the Sejm approved a proposal to transform the country's economy from a planned economy to one based on a free market.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Mention of the Communist Party's leading position was removed from the constitution and the country was renamed the “Republic of Poland”.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The Communist Party dissolved in January 1990 and most of its assets were transferred to the state.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The Social Democratic Party of Poland was founded in place of the party.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The May 1990 elections were the first completely free and involved over a hundred parties.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Candidates backed by Solidarity Citizens' Committees won most of the seats.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In October 1990, the constitution was amended and President Jaruzelski's term was decided in the middle.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In December 1990, Lech Wałęsa was elected president.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

He appointed Jan Krzysztof Bielecki as Prime Minister.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The transition to a market economy in Poland was aimed at shoch therapy, the fastest possible transition to a market economy starting in 1990 under the leadership of Professor Jeffrey Sachs and Professor, Finance Minister Leszek Balcerowicz.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Poland's standard of living rose “more in 20 years than anywhere else” and in 2008 Poland's GDP was 77% higher than 1989.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[26] Former Soviet troops began withdrawing from the country in 1992, and in 1994 Poland joined NATO's Partnership for Peace program.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

A member of NATO it became in 1999.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[27] The European Union began negotiating with Poland for membership in 1998 and the December 2002 EU summit invited Poland to join.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The country held a referendum on membership in June 2003 and Poland joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

With EU membership, large numbers of Poles left to become migrant workers in Western Europe.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

With several old EU countries restricting access for citizens of new Member States, Britain became the destination country for Polish immigration, where an estimated half a million Polish migrants arrived after 2004.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

There are 1 million Poles working in the UK alone, and at least 200,000 in Ireland before the economic crisis.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[28] Domestic Politics Former communist Aleksander Kwaśniewski defeated Wałęsa in the 1995 presidential election and was re-elected in 2000.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), a coalition formed by left-wing parties that also included former communists, was inducted into government in 1993.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The 1997 election was won by the Solidarity-backed faction AWS.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In October 2001, a government was formed between the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and the Peasants' Party.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The Peasants' Party was expelled from the government in March 2003 when it refused to support the government's budget proposal.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Leszek Miller of the SLD continued as Prime Minister in a minority government.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In 2005, the conservative Law and Justice won the parliamentary elections and its representative Lech Kaczyński was elected president.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

However, on 10 April 2010, Kaczyński and 89 other Polish notables died in a plane crash in Smolensk, Russia.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The president's entourage had been on their way to remember the victims of the Katyn massacre on the ground.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[27] In the presidential election of 2010, Bronisław Komorowski became elected.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

2010s Poland's economy is relatively balanced and is therefore more successful than most countries in the region.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The effects of the global financial crisis in Poland have remained relatively mild.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Due to the economic situation, the budget deficit, which has already been in check for a few years, has already risen close to 8% and therefore far exceeds the euro criteria.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The government has a goal of getting it below 3 percent.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Inflation has also been above the euro criteria, but is expected to subside.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

[29] The national-conservative Law and Justice Party gained a swing of votes in the 2015 election.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Still, turnout was low.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

When 51% voted, 30% of them voted PIS.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

At the time, the national-conservative PIS party was supported by only about a fifth of the people.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The party opposed refugees in its policy.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

It was also anti-Russian.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

It also drove the judiciary and media under its control.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

This brought major protests in the country in July 2017 [30] and the president withdrew changes to the law.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

The EU threatened Poland with sanctions over bills that contradict its rules.


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

In December, Parliament passed a law rejected in the summer, which would allow the party to begin to exert more strict control over the Constitutional Court [31].


Question: In what years were Poland and Lithuania united?

History of Poland

Sources * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The sound field consists of all the pitches that a human or instrument can produce.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The vocal field typically is expressed from the lowest pitch to the highest tune.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The physiological field includes all pitches produced, but only those that sound like a song are included in the vocal field.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The boy's speech voice is located near the lower edge of the voice industry.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

[1] The key difference between female and male voices is the pitch: on average, men speak about an octave lower than women [2].


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The average fundamental frequency of a normal speech sound produced in a modal register is about 125 Hz (range 80—160 Hz) for males and 225 Hz for females (range 150—300 Hz).


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

[3] Overview of the field of voice The scope of the human voice field is influenced by individual factors and voice education.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

A trained opera singer has a vocal range of about two to three octaves, and an untrained one and a half to two octaves.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

People's vocal fields are ranked at different points on the frequency scale, which depends on the size of the human vocal cords and vocal cords.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

[4] Male vocal areas are typically lower than women's vocal areas, as male larynx increases during puberty when the boy's voice is lowered.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Before puberty physiological changes, the vocal spheres of girls and boys are similar.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Different vocal areas are centrally due to the length of the vocal folds: in high-voiced vocal cords are short, and in low-voiced vocal cords are long.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

To facilitate choral singing and operatic roles, the vocal disciplines of singers have been divided into a variety of categories.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

These are traditionally from highest to lowest: soprano, mezzo-soprano, contra-alto, tenor, baritone and bass.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

A particularly accurate classification of sound fields is the German Fach system.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

However, each voice and the points of the voice register transitions are individual, so the categories of sound classifications are merely generalizations and singers, especially those who are brushed, are able to produce tunes from a wider field than required by sound classifications.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

However, singers at certain points have transition points in the vocal registers due to physiological reasons that cannot be moved upwards or downwards.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Songable are those tunes that a person can hold at the same height, i.e., tunes that can only be touched momentarily are not part of the vocal field.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Tunes that can be touched momentarily can be produced at the top end by squealing or at the lower end by creaking technique, but tunes touched either way are not vocal.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

At the top end of a singer's vocal range, there may be more tunes that can be touched but not held.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

A vowel can be added to a singable tune, such as a, for example, or ah used by sopranos.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

At the upper end of the voices, singable tunes especially for sopranos do not contain actual lyric, as it becomes more difficult to pronounce the lyric and ultimately impossible when going upwards.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Difficult to pronounce lyrics is formed with the tunes e5-f5.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Typically, the soprano sings an octave higher than the tenor and the voices support each other.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

In addition to the sound industry, there is also talk of tessitura, which means a narrower pitch interval found inside the sound industry that forms a singer's comfort zone.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

For example, the tessitura of mezzo-soprano is lower and soprano higher even if both are capable of producing the same tunes.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Producing tunes at the extremes of the vocal field is more laborious and uncertain.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Therefore, the songs performed do not go to the limits of the vocal field, and the songs are transponded, i.e. taken down or upwards on a scale to bring the tunes closer to or within the tessitura.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Originally, a song sung by a woman can be transponded downwards to suit a man and originally a song sung by a man can be transponded upwards to suit the woman.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The vocal field and tessitura therefore do not affect the ability to sing songs, as the song can be sung from a different height than the original performer's version.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Sound fields in opera In opera, sound fields have been defined as voice types serving the casting needs of opera houses.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Also, composers of operatic works think about what kind of sounds the roles are intended for.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

For example, a soprano defined in sound field hired by a particular opera house is suitable for soprano roles suitable for that voice type.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

On the other hand, the composer of an operatic work has required a certain kind of voice to play the role of the work.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

In opera, the German Fach system is used to classify vocal fields.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

It includes highest to lowest soprano, mezzo-soprano, contra-alto, tenor, baritone and bass.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Furthermore, the classification is more refined, as more specific types of sounds can be found within each category.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

For example, the soprano category has divergent coloratura soprano, lyric soprano, spinto-soprano, and dramatic soprano.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Voice types are not only based on the vocal field, but on the timbre colour of the voice and other characteristics.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Usually a singer belongs to only one voice type, but some opera singers, such as Maria Callas and Renée Fleming, for example, are able to perform roles of more voice types.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Sound fields in choir In chorus, the vocal areas are defined in accordance with the stems.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The chorus is sung only within the singer's strength range, i.e., within the tessitura, which is why tunes are sung only in a range of about one to one and a half octaves.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Each step focuses on the singer's strength area, making it sound the best and making it as easy as possible for the singer.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

In the choir, the determination of the sound field is done by the choir director, who tests the sound of those applying for the choir and choirmen.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The choir director strives to find the most suitable stems for the singer, which are from highest to lowest: soprano, alto, tenor and bass.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

In major choirs, the stems are further divided into first soprano, second soprano, first solo, second susceptible, first or, second tenor, first bass, and second bass.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The number one soprano is for true soprano, second soprano and number one for mezzo-sopranos, second alto for true contra-alto, number two for true tenor, number two tenor and first bass for baritone, and second bass for genuine bass.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Choral music does not have separate parts for mezzo-sopranos and baritones; mezzo-sopranos and baritones are therefore allowed to sing soprano and alto, tenor and bass templates.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

In child choirs and around puberty, the choir director often tests the voice of singers, as voices change as people grow up.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Boys' voices change noticeably and changes can be rapid.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

A boy may start out as a soprano and, over time, move through an alto to a tenor or bass temma.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Voice Categories in Classical Music The most common categories of vocal sound when presented on piano keyboards People can be categorized into different sound categories based on their vocal fields.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

The following (vocal) sound classifications (from highest to lowest) are well established in use in classical music.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

soprano (240 — 1170 Hz) mezzo-soprano (220 — 900 Hz) contra-alto (130 — 700 Hz) alto (145 — 685 Hz) tenor (130 — 440 Hz) baritone (110 — 350 Hz) bass (80 — 330 Hz) Usually the first four belong for women, the last three for men.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Due to the shortage of men in amateur choirs, a lower-voiced woman might sing as a tenor.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

On the other hand, some men also reach the advanced technique of falsetto to higher frequencies - in this case, the following designations are used for them: from sopranic to countertenor In addition to these general categories, in the context of opera and other classical music, other, even more specific ones are often used in the context of opera and other classical music terms.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Slightly different classifications for sound fields and grades are used in different countries.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Historical methods of classification of sound fields The French medieval music theorist Jean de Garlande ended up classifying sound fields according to the principal place of origin of sound.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

According to him, the lowest voices were chest sounds, the higher the throat sounds and the highest head-voices.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

This notion has been rejected.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

[5] For example, terms to be confused with head-voice today include head voice and falsetto in English.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

Throat voice may be confused with throat vocals.


Question: How is an octave defined?

Soundindustry

See also Register, a part of the sound industry produced by a single vocal technique Central C Sources * en:Register (music)


Question: What is Brazil's national animal?

List of national animals

A national animal is an animal chosen as a national symbol.


Question: What is Brazil's national animal?

List of national animals

See also National Dog National Flower National tree Finnish national butterfly Sources Category:Lists of national symbols Category:Animals Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The Viapori Rebellion was a revolt at the turn of July/August 1906 in the sea fortress of Suomenlinna, or then Viapori, Helsinki.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

It was associated with the wider rebellion movement within the Russian Empire caused by the Russo-Japanese War.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The Viapori rebellion was intended to be the starting shot for a country-wide revolution, but it nevertheless failed after events kicked off more than a week earlier than planned.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The rebellion began on 30 July when some of the fortress's Russian warmen rose up against the officer corps under Captain Sergei Tsion, as well as two young lieutenants.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The plan had been drawn up by Russian revolutionary Bolsheviks and Esers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The rebels believed they would receive support from other detachments of troops stationed in Helsinki as well as the Finnish Red Guards led by Johan Kock, but that was not the case; the rebellion was defeated after less than three days.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The case also involved other unrest in Helsinki and the surrounding area.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The most famous of them is the so-called Hakaniemi riot, which was the first clash between the Finnish Red Guards and the patron municipalities.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Background The Bolsheviks of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party took armed revolution as their goal in the spring of 1905 at their third party conference in London.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

An important role in its implementation was given to the Russian Baltic Fleet.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

By 1906, there were Bolsheviks and the esers of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party had already established 60 secret battle groups operating within the Navy and Imperial Army.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The main focus was on naval units, as their crews were mostly made up of urban industrial laborers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Infantry units, on the other hand, had been formed from a rural population that was less aware of the Labour cause.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Fighting organizations circulated in mass sections illegal magazines and books published by the party.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Not only the Bolsheviks, but also the moderate wing of the party, namely the Mensheviks, as well as the Esers, had their own publications.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] During the Revolution of 1905, the soldiers of Viapori in November 1905, under the leadership of young lieutenants Arkadi Yemelyanov and Yevgeny Kohansky, had presented a 20-point list of improvements they demanded and went on strike.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The fort's commander, Lieutenant-General Nestor Kaigorodov had partly buckled the demands in responding with his own 33-point list of improvements and promised not to punish anyone.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

As a result, however, he was dismissed and court-martialed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Major General Vladimir Laiming, who was appointed to succeed Kaigorodov, announced the following spring that he would cancel all improvements promised by Kaigorodov, which pained the soldiers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[2] Preparations for rebellion Preliminary plans The first actual revolution plan was drawn up in the spring of 1906.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The subversion was to begin that summer or autumn with military mutinies in the fortresses of Viapori and Kronstadt, after which it would also be joined by other fortresses as well as the Baltic Fleet and the main base of the Black Sea Fleet at Sevastopol.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] A general strike would then be initiated across Russia, escalating into a workers' uprising.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] Preparations continued during the summer in secret revolutionary committees of the Navy and Army.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

However, thanks to its informants, the Russian government was aware of a possible coup attempt and classified nearly half the crew of the Kronstadt and Viapori fortresses and the naval stations at Tallinn and Liepāja as unreliable.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[4] Revolutionary activities were much easier on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland than in Russia, whose police had no jurisdiction in Finland.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The Bolsheviks established their own military organisation among the units of the Russian army located in Finland, which was directly subordinated to the Central Committee of the Social Democratic Party.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The center of their activities was the fortress of Viapori, where they had the greatest support.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Spread out on thirteen islands off Helsinki, the fortress of Viapori had a total of about 6,000 troops.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

In addition, the town had one infantry battalion as well as one fleet troop detachment stationed at Katajanokka Merikasarm.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The Finnish Red Guard, formed during the Great Strike of October 1905, included more than 20,000 men, who were also considered to be of assistance in connection with the rebellion.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] Unrest caused by the dissolution of the Duma and secret meeting On 21 July, Emperor Nicholas II dissolved the Duma elected in May, causing rioting in Saint Petersburg.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Members of the dissolved Duma gathered 24 hours later in Vyborg, where they issued the so-called Vyborg Manifesto, urging citizens, among other things, general civil disobedience.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Some members of the Duma, such as revolutionary Mitrofan Mihailitšenko, also arrived in Helsinki, contributing to increasing the popularity of the underground military committees that planned the rebellion.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] In response to the dissolution of the Duma, the Hesperia Park witnessed a demonstration of 20,000 people organised by the Red Guards and also attended by 400 Russian soldiers and, among others, Leonid Andreyev, a revolutionary writer who was staying in Helsinki at the time.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

After the Viapori rebellion, he fled Finland, fearing he would be arrested because of his reputation, despite not taking part in it.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[5] At the same time, a secret meeting planned for the revolt was held in Helsinki, [4] which, in addition to the Bolsheviks, was attended by Viktor Chernov and Yevno Azef, among others.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

However, the latter of them was in reality the informant of the Tsarist secret police Ohrana.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] In addition, Johan Kock, the leader of the Red Guard, and apparently Finnish social democrats such as Otto Wille Kuusinen and Yrjö Sirola.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[4] The rebellion was finally decided to start in Viapori and Kronstad simultaneously on 10 August 1906.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

In total there were about 7,000 Russian troops in Helsinki at the time, half of which were stationed in Viapori.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Of them, about 1,800 were gunners, 1,500 were infantry and 250 were mineers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Kock promised the rebels the support of the Red Guards; however, his plans proved too optimistic.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Although the kart comprised up to 25,000 men at best, only a small number had armament and did not form an army capable of fighting.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] In addition to Captain Sergei Tsion, Lieutenants Yemelyanov and Kohanski emerged as the leading figures in the rebellion.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Among them, Tsion had edited the Vestnik Barracks (Messenger of the Barracks) magazine that appeared in Viapori, Yemelyanov in turn was the head of the fortress's revolutionary military committee, and Kohanski as his deputy chief.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Yemelyanov and Kohanski were Bolsheviks, but Tsion had at one point switched to the ranks of socialist power revolutionists.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] An additional five gunners were included in the military committee as well as one infantry soldier.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

In turn, Bolshevik Yegor Mikeyev served as the rebel leader of Katajanoka's marines.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] Passage of the revolt Events start The rebellion was not scheduled to begin until 10 August, but the situation in Viapori escalated for several days faster than intended.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] As of the spring, in addition to poor food and the cutting of excess commissions, the insurgency malice had been caused by, among other things, the death of one private as a victim of hazing by the officer corps.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Soldiers had held mass rallies with various demands to improve conditions.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] In late July, the tsarist secret police Ohrana, based on information from informers, had warned Commander Laiming of a possible mutiny, who ordered the islands environment to be mined to prevent the beaching of rebel ships.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

When the soldiers who laid mines found out the reason for the action, refusing they on July 28 to continue mining.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

As a result, Laiming arrested all mineers, ripped off the officers' regalia first-hand, and threatened them with firing as well.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The captives were transported to Santahamina, where they were forced to spend the first day and a half without food.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] After the Suomenlinna gunners were informed that the mineers had been captured, they decided to hold a meeting the next day.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The officer corps, in turn, intended to respond to this by also arresting the gunners, but these nevertheless had time to mount their own counter-attack on the evening of 30 July.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] 6.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The men of the 8th and 9th Companies initially attempted to relieve the mineers, without success.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

After this, they still attempted to take the commandant of the fortress at Great Mustasaari, but were eventually forced to retreat via Santahamina to King's Island, where the fortress's heaviest cannons were located.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] The rebels established their own headquarters on the island and took with them all the boats they could find, as well as ample armament such as rifles and machine guns.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Sergei Tsion attempted to appeal to the gunners not to launch a mutiny until further information could be gained from the fortress of Kronstadt, but events had already advanced too far.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] The revolt begins on 30 July at half eleven in the evening three cannon shots were fired from King's Island to signal the initiation of the rebellion and at the same time Vallisaari, Wolf Island and Gustaansword were taken over by the rebels.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The islands of Viapori, Big and Little Mustasaari and Santahamina remained in the possession of forces loyal to the government, and the Magpie and West Mustasaari remained neutral.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] A message was immediately sent to the mineships in Eteläport and to the garrisons of Vyborg, Tuusula and Perkjärvi.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] At the start of the revolt, Captain Tsion was still in town, from where he attempted to row to King's Island at night, assisted by Finnish activist Filemon Tiderman and two Esers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The men strayed due to poor visibility to Isoon-Mustasaari and were to be arrested.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

However, they managed to save themselves by claiming to be newspapermen.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] A total of seven artillery companies out of ten joined the rebel ranks, or about 1,500 men.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

In total, the rebels numbered about 2,000.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Commander Laiming eventually managed to increase the number of his troops to 2,800 men when the rebels failed to prevent the replenishment by sea.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Until the arrival of the Baltic Fleet, however, they had more firepower.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The actual fighting began early on the morning of July 31.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The rebels first began to bombard the commandant based in Great Mustasaari, where heavy artillery fire was directed from both King's Island and the Gustaansword.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Commander Laiming is reported to have escaped grenades into the basement of Suomenlinna Church.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] The rebels had the opportunity to seize the headquarters in disarray, but nevertheless decided to wait for the arrival of the fleet promised by the esers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] The battle for Katajanokka on Merikasarm was estimated at just under 300 naval soldiers who were expected to join the rebel side.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Their intention was also to take over the destroyers Emir Buharski and Finn anchored in the South Harbour, but due to resistance from the officer corps the takeover failed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] Fire was opened from the ships towards the barracks, allowing poorly armed marines to attempt into the town centre.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

However, the majority were unable to break through the Katajanoka Canal, but were stopped by Cossacks and infantry forces loyal to the government.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

In total, about 100 naval soldiers were captured and the rest fled by boats to rebel-controlled islands.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The few who reached the city were taken to the Helsinki Workers' Association house in Yrjönkatu, where they were given civilian clothes and the soldiers joined the Red Guard assembled at Vesilinnanmäki.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

According to some sources, about 100—150 Red Guard members would also have participated in the battle at Katajanokka.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

At five o'clock in the afternoon, Cossacks and government soldiers managed to occupy the Sea Barrier, which had been depleted of the Navy's soldiers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Subsequently, the beaches of Helsinki were held by government forces, and the rebels no longer had supply routes or even contact with their allies in the city.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[3] Reinforcements arrive and rebels surrender On 1 August, reinforcements from the government finally arrived in the city.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

However, they could not be transported as far as Viapori, as all the boats were held by the rebels.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

They finally decided to attempt the takeover of Great Mustasaari, which was already preparing to surrender under heavy artillery fire.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

However, the situation was changed by a lucky coincidence when a grenade fired into King's Island directly hit the gunpowder cellar.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The ensuing blast killed nearly 60 men and left the rebel ranks confused.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Among the injured were insurgency leader Arkadi Yemelyanov, among others.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] At six o'clock in the afternoon, the battleship Tsesarevich of the Baltic Fleet and the armoured cruiser Bogatyr arrived off Helsinki.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[4] The rebels thought they were in their possession, since the Eseri had promised the support of the fleet as well.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

However, thanks to informants, the tsarist secret police had caught wind of the mutiny plan, by which time ships stationed in the Gulf of Finland had been ordered to sail to the Gulf of Riga.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

In addition, agitators affected among the crew had been arrested, some had also been moved ashore and replaced by sea cadets or officers.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] Yevgeny Kohanski, who was part of the insurgency leaders, mistakenly left to salute the ships, but was arrested.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[4] Heavy artillery fire was quickly opened from the ships towards the rebel-held islands, causing them to be caught in crossfire.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Meanwhile, reinforcements sent by the government from St. Petersburg were finally able to launch their own offensive from the direction of the city.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[4] The situation quickly became so hopeless that early the next morning the rebels surrendered, some 60 hours after the firing of the cannon shots that launched the mutiny.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[1] Retrosheets After the rebellion, about 900 soldiers involved in it were arrested.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Of them, 43 were executed, 127 were sentenced to a forced labour facility and the remaining 735 went to prison or discipline company.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[4] On 11 August, Arkadi Yemelyanov and Yevgeny Kohenski, who were the leaders of the rebellion, were the first to be executed, and five gunners counted in the rebellion leadership.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[6] Sergei Tsion and Johan Kock, on the other hand, both managed, aided by Finnish activists, to escape through Sweden to England.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Red Guards share Finnish Red Guard leader Johan Kock declared a major strike in support of the rebels in Helsinki [7].


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

On 1 August, the Russian Baltic Fleet shelled Viapori and Red Guards helped the rebels escape from Viapori [8].


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

In Mäkkylä, Red Guards and Patronymen take together.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The Helsinki Red Guard organized a grand strike, but the rebellion was strongly opposed by social democrats and bourgeois groups.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[8] An effort was made to prevent the entry of the Russian army into Viapori to suppress the rebellion by sending 80 Red Guards to break the track at Riihimäki.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The northern Haapahuhda railway bridge was blown up on 1 August 1906.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[9] The need to ensure rail transport resulting from the blowing up of the Haapahuhda Bridge gave rise to the decision to establish the Riihimäki Cavalry Corps 1910-1913 as a rapid reaction force on horseback.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

During the rebellion, a serious riot broke out in Hakaniemi [7] as revolutionaries tried to stop the flow of trams.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The trams were protected by the bourgeois Student Protection Guard, so the ensuing riot has later been described as the first clash between Finnish “reds” and “whites”, although it was more of a skirmish between Russian matruses and the Guardian Guard.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

A dozen people were killed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[8] Some hundred Red Guards members who supported them were also captured in the rebellion.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[7] There is no exact information on the number of Russian soldiers and Finnish Red Guards killed in Viapori, but Finns are estimated to have died around 150 fallen and executed.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The rebels arrested on the mainland fell into the hands of Finnish authorities and were sentenced to prison terms.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

A total of 77 Red Guards officers were sentenced to a discipline room.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The most usual prison term was four years.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

The Red Guard chief Johan Kock [7] managed to escape the country after the revolt was defeated by activists to Sweden and from there on to England and the United States.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[7] The Mechelin Senate supported the Tsarist government insofar as it handed over the Viapori rebels who had taken refuge in Finland to Russia.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

[10] Sources Literature Salomaa, Erkki: Viapori Revolt, Popular Culture 1965.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Kolu, Ere: Activist, Jan 2005.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

ISBN 978-951-31342-1-1.


Question: What was the outcome of the Viapori revolt?

Viapori Rebellion

Category:Grand Duchy of Finland Category:History of Helsinki Revolt Category:Revolts in Finland Class:1906


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

There are different understandings about the origin of religion.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Religious behavior seems to be a genre for man, as religious beliefs (spirits, deities, etc.), rituals and religion-related concepts of morality occur in different groups of people universally from hunter- of collectors' communities and ending with great civilizations with their great world religions.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

The behaviour of the religious would appear to have developed in the Neolithic era, in light of current research.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

However, the origin of religion, any more than the question of its possible or verified evolutionary or culture-evolutive function, has not been resolved in a manner upon which the consensus of scholars would prevail.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

There are several different views, and theories have been developed by philosophers, social scientists, psychologists, naturalists (mainly biologists), and historians and cultural scientists.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

History of Ancient Thinkers The Roman philosopher and poet Lucretius wrote around the year 50 BCE.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

a poem about the Universe about the Epicurean concept of reality.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Lucretius had sympathy for those people who did not understand the modes of operation of the universe that gave rise to them.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

He felt these ignorant and hard-luck people needed religion to explain their origins and explain to themselves happiness and unhappiness.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[1] As to the genesis of God-faith, Lucretius writes, among other things, that Lucretius mentions that people saw gods in their dreams and believed in gods on that basis.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Secondly, he mentions that when people did not know the causes of phenomena, they explained events with gods.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Thirdly, he mentions the fear created by some natural phenomena.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[2] Xenophanes criticized belief in man-made gods: Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, regarded religious notions as “delusions, imagined realizations of mankind's oldest, strongest and most persistent desires”.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[3] Religion is, according to Freud, the defence of the human mind against frightening natural phenomena — earthquakes, floods, storms, sickness and death.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

“In these forces, nature rises up against us as majestic, cruel, and merciless.” [4] The human imagination converts the forces of nature into personal, supernatural powers.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[5] In the Judeo-Christian religion, people project into everything the memory of the father as a great protective force.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Familiar faces from childhood are enlarged in heaven to infinity.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Religion is the “universal forced neurosis of mankind”, [6] which you get rid of when people finally learn to perceive reality without delusion by means of natural science knowledge.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[7] Freud also gave a specific explanation for the genesis of religion, using the concept of the oidipus complex, but this explanation is generally not accepted.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[8] However, many of Freud's critics have accepted his general view that faith is a kind of “crutch of the mind” and that it is imagination.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[7] Carl Gustav Jung Swiss psychiatrist C.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

G. Jung posited that there are archetypes, universal themes of hidden consciousness that manifest themselves in the human mind.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Archetypes reside in the collective hidden consciousness, and they emerge in dreams and myths.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

The myth Jung described as an independent manifestation of divine life in man.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[9] Émile Durkheim The French sociologist Émile Durkheim published in 1912 the work Elementary Forms of Religious Life, [10] in which he argued that god is an allegory of a communal group.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

In religion, the community, according to Durkheim, worships itself.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Gods worshipped by humans are imagined beings unconsciously created by society as tools to control individual thought and action.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Durkheim saw religion as empowering the individual.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[11] Many people have a religious feeling that they are subordinate to supernatural beings who give orders to their actions.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

According to the Durkheimian conception, they then feel the power of a natural society more powerful than they are by supernatural power.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

A society that encloses the individual instills into the minds of its members the idea of a god, which is effectively a reflection of society.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

The society, according to Durkheim, targets its members with the requirement of absolute obedience, and this is reflected in people's understanding of sacred things, as well as a god perceived as the source of the requirement to be sacred.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

In primitive societies, this sense of the community's insistence on unconditional obedience is very powerful, according to Durkheim.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

The perceptions and customs of the tribe have absolute power over individuals.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Even in developed societies, this primal sense of oneness comes back to life in times of war, for example, when a sense of national cohesion gains almost unlimited influence over individuals.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[12] God is also perceived as the final accessory to the individual.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

According to Durkheim, man is communal in nature, dependent on his flock and unhappy to be separated from it.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Community is the main source of human spiritual vitality.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

According to Durkheim, an individual becomes stronger when performing worship expenditures of a religion that unites the same group with other members of the group.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

For example, the strain of the Latin word religio is ligare, meaning binding or interconnection.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[13] Thus, in Durkheim's view, God is a metaphor for social reality, a doer that has existed long before the individual, and which survives long after him.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

The natural pressure of society changes your perception of the supernatural presence of a god because the human mind has a general tendency to create minds and metaphors.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

God is, according to this conception, a creation of homo sapiens, with the intention of preserving the societal existence of this being.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[13] Karl Marx The German Ludwig Feuerbach held that man worships in god his own self.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[14] Karl Marx developed Feuerbach's ideas.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

At the turn of the year 1843—1844, Karl Marx assessed religion as follows: [15] Modern conceptions Methodological individualism and cognitive religion science Cognitive religion science looks at religion as an activity of the human mind.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[16] Religion expressly perceives as a set of beliefs (cf.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Durkheim's way of understanding religion primarily as a social phenomenon), and cognitive religion science seeks to explain the attraction of religious beliefs to human minds by appealing to innate cognitive structures created by evolution.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Religion is often conceived of in origin as if a virus or parasite that merely nests into the human brain that has evolved regardless of it.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

The most famous theorists in the field, for example Pascal Boyer, are a proponent of steep metological individualism.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

However, it should be stressed that not all cognitive religionists share the notion that religion is entirely non-adaptive, and the cognitive approach can in principle also be applied in the context of views that religion is adaptive in origin.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

According to Pascal Boyer Religious scientist Pascal Boyer, “Religion is a cognitive parasite that nests in the brain.” [17] According to Boyer, the human brain tends to recognize agency and may find a goal-oriented actor even where one does not exist: for example, one imagines that a supernatural being controls the phenomena of nature.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Identification of agency is evolutionary and religions byproducts of that ability.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[18] According to Boyer, religious concepts can be simplified to be explained in such a way that their features contrary to everyday thought infringe upon the characteristics of the human mind.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

A trait unresponsive to everyday thought may be, for example, a dead ancestor wandering invisible among people.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

However, there must not be too much anti-everyday thinking, but just the appropriate amount, because concepts that are too contrary to everyday thinking are difficult to process in the mind and are quickly forgotten.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Instead, to an appropriate degree, notions contrary to everyday thinking would parasitize in the brain.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[19] According to Boyer, there is something about religion that makes it transmitted from generation to generation.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

It's about the transfer of viable thoughts, which has been characterised by the concept of a meme, that is, mind virus.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[20] [21] [22] Boyer himself, however, is not an actual meme theorist, but applies what Dan Sperber has developed an approach called “representational epidemology” to cultural eveolution.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Meme theory A meme theory is a theory of cultural evolution that allows its proponents to try to explain the origin of religion as well.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Among the best-known meme theorists are biologist Richard Dawkins, the developer of the concept of the meme, psychologist Susan Blackmore, and philosopher Daniel Dennett.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Richard Dawkins Biologist and non-fiction writer Richard Dawkins has considered the reasons for the immense waste of resources which human religions, from an evolutionary perspective, seem to represent, according to him.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Dawkins presents his perceptions as just another possible default.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[23] Dawkins describes the matter as follows.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

As a result of natural selection, animals have mainly been left with the qualities which are useful to them in surviving the struggle for existence.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Anyway, animals tend to conserve resources.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

People have built a huge number of religious buildings under the influence of religions, which are of no use from the point of view of natural development.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Millions of people have died in religious wars and religious persecution.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Under the influence of religions, people have refused sexual relations and resigned themselves to life in monasteries, for example.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[23] Dawkins considers various developmental explanations proposed for religions and finds them untrue.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[23] Dawkins thinks the questions put up until now are wrong.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

To understand the nature of the right questions, Dawkins takes, for example, the phenomenon of insects swirling around a fire and flying towards their own death.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

The explanation for this phenomenon is that in times past, there have been no insects to distract the fire made by humans.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Insects have flown in some direction at night, using distant lights such as the moon and stars as navigation instruments.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Applying the same navigation method to a nearby target causes the insect to fly a thread-shaped track, and if the target is fire, the insect is destroyed.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Behaviour leading to the destruction of an insect is a side-effect of behavior that makes sense under the new circumstances.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[23] Unlike almost all other animals, humans transmit heaping experience knowledge from generation to generation.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

It is at least to the children's advantage if they more obey, without questioning the prohibition of swimming in water with crocodiles.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

As a result of natural selection, the human child's brain has evolved to learn language, and human children rely on information provided by adults.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

In different regions, different people pass on different languages and different religions to their descendants.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

In Dawkins's view, religions are harmful side-effects similar to insect fire flying, which, from an evolutionary perspective, have no bearing whatsoever.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[23] Anthony C. Lunn does not fully agree with Dawkins as to what phenomenon the side effects religions have.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

He posits that man, thanks to natural selection, has developed the ability to search for the causes of phenomena, and pseudo-explanations of religions are side effects of this feature.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[23] Religion as an adaptive phenomenon and group selection theories The individual-centered approach, which most cognitive religionists represent, is not a starting point shared by all, nor has the individualism it represents traditionally had a very strong following of religion in sociology, where the Durkheimian conception of religion as an adaptive phenomenon has been fairly universally accepted, if by no means shared by all.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

In the 21st century, classical Durkheimian conception has re-emerged in the context of an evolutionary biological approach, exemplified by Jonathan Haidt [24] [25] and many others.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[26] Also, many cognitive religionists have turned to defend the idea of religion as an adaptive phenomenon.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Among meme theorists, Susan Blackmore has dismissed the metological individualism she espoused in the past and the accompanying conception of religion as nothing more than a brain virus.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[27] As with Blackmore, also generally the reason for the increased popularity of these views is the steadily increased empirical and experimental research that would appear to support it.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

David Sloan Wilson and Richard Sosis in the 21st century, several scholars have turned their attention to the extraordinary tightness and longevity of religious communities.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Since the ability to cooperate is evolutionarily advantageous, [28] [29] has this initiated several research programs on the adaptive significance of religion in human evolutionary history.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[30] [31] Evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson has suggested that religious communities act as units of group selection that are more successful than other groups because their doctrinal systems typically encourage self-denial and, through this, collaborative activity.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[32] Wilson considers that a random sample of world religions shows that most of these are motivated by adaptive patterns of behaviour in their followers.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[33] Anthropologist Richard Sosis has tested evolutionary psychology's so-called costly signals hypothesis that ritual requirements and sacrifices that impair individual eligibility serve as signals of commitment to group doctrine, and help distinguish free-riders who exploit the resources of the group but are not involved in producing them themselves.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Because of this, Sosis has presented the tendency towards religious behavior to be an adaptive complex evolved in evolution.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[34] A study by Sosis and his colleagues revealed that the lifespan of religious utopic communities that operated in the 18th and 19th century United States was correlated with the standards of conduct they imposed, but for non-religious communities this link did not exist.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Religious communities were also significantly longer-lived than non-religious ones.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[35] Similarly, those on a religious basis of Israeli kibbutzes prosper economically, especially when compared to their non-religious counterparts, [36] which Sosis explains by the high level of mutual trust evidenced in experimental studies especially in synagogues on a daily basis between visiting men.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[37] There have also been numerous other studies that have been considered to have supported the costly signals hypothesis by showing a link between religion and mutual trust or stronger communal organization.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[38] [39] [40] [41] René Girard and mimetic theory The so-called mimetic theory generic name for a theoretical entity applied by its developer René Girard in explaining the origins of religion in Aluneper's 1971 book Violence and the Sacred.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[42] Like meme theorists, but regardless of them, Girard considered that man is essentially an animal imitating other human beings.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

But unlike meme theorists, Girard drew attention to how people in imitating each other also imitate one another's desires.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

This leads to a constant orientation of desires to the same objects, which again leads to conflict.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

According to Girardi, mimesis can sensitively lead to crises where conflict escalates as group members end up through mimetic desire all wanting objects they cannot share.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

The crisis would be resolved by all members of the group turning on one member and murdering the latter as a “scapegoat”.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Thus, through the murder of a scapegoat, peace would return to the community.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

The practice of human sacrifice found in numerous independent cultures and mythologies is, according to Girard, a ritualised repetition of “initial murder”.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[43] [44] According to Girardi, religion is adaptive in a very similar way to what it was in Durkheim's view, but for Girardi, preventing escalation of violence within the group would seem to be the most important function of religion.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Famous supporters of Girardi's theory, or at least favourably disposed towards it, include Michel Serres, Roger Scruton [45] and Gianni Vattimo.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Of these, the former has even compared Girardi to Charles Darwin.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

[46] See also Religion Science Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Boyer, Pascal| title = And man created the gods: How religion is explained | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| version = (Et l'homme créa les dieux, 2001.)


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Translated by Tiina Arppe| id = ISBN 978-951-0-31815-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dawkins, Richard| title = Goddelusion | location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra cognita| year = 2007| version = (The god delusion, 2006.)


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

Translated by Kimmo Pietian | id = ISBN 978-952-5697-00-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dennett, Daniel C.| title = Enchantment breaks: Religion as a natural phenomenon | location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra cognita| year = 2007| version = (Breaking the spell: Religion as a natural phenomenon, 2006.)


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

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Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

) | title = Religion and the Human Mind: Introduction to Cognitive Religious Science| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-952-495-007-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lewis-Williams, J. David| = Conceiving God: The cognitive origin and evolution of religion| location = London| publisher = Thames & Hudson| year = 2010| id = ISBN 9780500051641| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

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Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion

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Question: Where has religious behavior started?

Origin of religion