Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[4] Sub-divisions [5] Station Harjunsalo Herkiala Huutijärvi Jokioinen Kaivanto Kauppila Kuhmalahti Church Village Kuohenmaa Kuohunlahti Lamminrahka Lemetty Lentola Linturinne Miihula Liuttu Mattilankylä Murto Pine wicker Nattari Noksioinen Ohtola Pajula Pakkala Pelisalmi Pikkola Bottom Ponsa Puntari Rantakoivisto Raikku Riku Ruutana Saaremaa Island Villages Saarioinen Sahalahti month Suinula Tiihala Tursola Rude Vedentausta Vesaniemi Vehkajärvi Vähä-Pento Villages Kangasala and the former municipalities of Sahalahti and Kuhmalahti have the following 99 villages: [6] Alanen Apajapohja Eskola Haapaniemi Haapasaari Haavisto Haviseva Heponiemi Herduala Hykönsalo Hyppärilä Ilola Isolahti Isoniemi Iopento Jokioinen Joutsiniemi Kantola Kaukola Kautiala Keljo Kerppola Keso Kivisalmi Koivisalmi Koivuniemi Korpiniemi Kuru Kyötikkälä Pipi Lemponen Lentola Liuksiala Luikala Luukkaala Moltsia Monkfish Mustoo Mutikko Badger Neulaniemi Nuorto Ohtola Paalila Pajula Pakkala Fire Pappila Tock Pikkola Pispala Bottom Ponsa Pyttylä Raikku Raikku Ranssila Raronsalo Rautia Rekiälä Riku Saarioinen Sahalahden Haapaniemi Sahalahden Keljo Sahalahden Pappila Sahalahti Tursola Sahalahti Salmentaka Sammalisto Savo Sorola Suinula Suinula Suomela Suorama Tarkeela Tarpila Taustiala Tervaniemi Tiihala Tohkala Toikkola Toosila Tursola Ruykä Vaherpää Varala Vatiala Vehkajärvi Vehkapuntari Vehkapuntari Vehoniemi Vihtinen Vihtiälä Vänninsalo Vänninsalo Vääksy Ämpia Other municipalities are still Ihari, Ilkko, Siitama, Kiveliö, Vatiala, Vehkajärvi and Vehoniemi.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

History From the oldest residence finds it has been inferred that Kangasala area has been inhabited as early as the Stone Age.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Especially in Sarsa of Huutijärvi, a large number of earthenware pieces, chisels, axes, bones and even parts of copper objects have been found.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Permanent settlement probably originated in the Iron Age, which is referred to by calmists dating from around the 4th century after the beginning of the period in Tiihala village.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[4] Kangasala's name first appears in a document in 1403.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The later municipalities of Orivesi, Juupajoki, Eräjärvi, Längelmäki, Kuorevesi and Kuhmalahti were formed from the old Kangasala Grand Keeper.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[4] Kangasa has had large estates.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The most famous are Liuksiala Manor, which has been home to Queen Kaarina Maundaughter in the late 16th century and Wääksy Manor, where Kaarina Hannundaughter has lived.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Other manors mentioned include Liihula Manor, Sorola Manor and Tavela Manor.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The landing lanes in the Kangasala lakes have changed quite a bit over the ages.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

In the oldest times, Längelmävesi and Vesijärvi discharged into Roine down to the Sarsan stream, and Pälkänevesi fell into Längelmävesi through the strait in Ihar.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

In June 1604, a natural disaster occurred in which Pälkänevesi punctured a new landing waterway — Kostian virta — into Malasvesi, Sarsanvirta dried up, the water flow in Ihar reversed and Iharinkoski was born.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

As a result, Pälkänevesi began to flood over its äyrmotherland, and the level of Längelmävesi also rose.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

In order to reduce flood damage, among other things, the cancellation of Valkeakoski of the Malasvesi downstream was carried out in the 1820s.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Despite this, the level of Längelmävesi rose continuously and was eventually two metres higher than the surface of Roine.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Eventually, it was decided to puncture the isthmus between Längelmävesi and Roine at its narrowest point.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

In April 1830, the structures of the newly completed canal in the Trench Canal were fractured.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The isthmus of the Trench separating the West Gorge Water and Roinetta instantly became an open channel and the surfaces of these lakes settled on the same level.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[4] Kangasala stone church was built in 1760s.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Agathon Meurman, a politician and father of Finnish encyclopedia Agathon Meurman lived in Kangasa.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

He is also buried in Kangasala Church Cemetery.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasala has been a traditional organ builder.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The organ was built on behalf of the 19th century until the end of the 20th century.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The coat of arms of Kangasala was designed by Olof Eriksson and was confirmed in 1951.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[7] In connection with the events of the Finnish Civil War in 1918, the so-called Suinula massacre took place in Suinula, Kangasala.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasala formed on the flank of Tampere until the Whites conquered Kangasala from 22 March to 23 March in preparation for the Battle of Tampere.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Pikonlinna Hospital was founded in 1931 in Kangasa, which initially served as a tuberculosis sanatorium (Central Häme Sanatorium) and during the Winter and Continuation War as a military hospital.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

In 1968, it was annexed as part of Tampere Central Hospital, when the Pneumonia and Rheumatism departments were formed there.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The operation of Pikonlinna Hospital in this format ended in 2007 when new facilities were completed in Tampere.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Near the Taivanto Canal is located Kaivanto Hospital, opened in 1963, which was the B mental hospital of the Pirkanmaa Hospital District.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasa was inhabited after the last wars by Kivennava settlers.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[8] Sahalahti Municipality joined Kangasala Municipality on January 1, 2005.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Before the annexation of Sakhalahti, the population of the municipality was 23453 (2004) and covered an area of 479.31 km², of which 123.62km² of water bodies.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The population density was 2004 with 65.9 inhabitants per km².


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Municipal Affairs Administration Municipal politics emerged in the early 2000s as a significant group of unattached people.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Municipal and Mayors The mayor of Kangasala has been Oskari Auvinen, M.Sc., since 2018, before which he served from 2013 to 2018 as the Municipal President.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Business structure and jobs The economic structure of Kangasala is close to the national average.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

64% of the jobs in the municipality are in the service sector, 30% are in processing (22% in manufacturing and 8% in construction) and 4% in agriculture and forestry (data for 2000).


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The unemployment rate has been around 12% in the early 2000s.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Population trend The following graph shows the population trend of the municipality since 1751.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Conurbations At the end of 2017, Kangasa had 31,437 inhabitants, of whom 26,685 lived in built-up areas, 4,539 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the residence of 213 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose residence coordinates are known; the agglomeration rate of Kangasala is 85.5%.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[11] The agglomeration population of Kangasala is divided between four different agglomerations: [12] The city centre area is shown in bold.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The agglomerations marked with an asterisk (*) belong to this city only partially.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasala Church Village and Vatiala do not form their own agglomerations, but are part of the central district of Tampere, which extends beyond Kangasala to several neighbouring municipalities of Tampere.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[12] In total, Tampere's central drive has 334,112 inhabitants and covers an area of 276.23 square kilometres.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[13] Education and library activities There are 12 primary schools in Kangasa (e.g.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Vatiala School, Suorama School and Ruutana School), 3 middle schools (Pikkola School, Pitkäjärvi School and Sariola School), and a special school that gives special education for grades 1—9.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasa also has a secondary school as well as a vocational educational institution, where a vocational ten class, “OKSA”, also operates.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

A new main library was opened in the center of Kangasala in 2010.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Traffic through Kangasala and from the side of the city centre runs on Highway 12 from Tampere to Lahti.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Highway 9 (Tampere-Jyväskylä) runs through the northern part of Kangasala.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The former route of Highway 9 from Huutijärvi to Orivede is now a section of Interstate 58.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

In addition, regional road 310 to Valkeakoski and sub-regional road 325 via Sakhalahti and Kuhmalahti to Kuhmoisi also depart from Kangasa.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Hundreds of years ago one of the most important road crossings in Huutijärvi was formed in Huutijärvi; the road between Häme and Ostrobothnia, which followed the ridge period, and the so-called Old Lauhantie that ran from the central Finnish direction along the stock between Längelmävesi and Vesijärvi.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The road connection from Kangasa through the hinterlands to Lempäälä also dates back to the period before the Great Hatch; instead, the road west of Roine to Valkeakoski was completed only in 1935.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Especially after World War II, traffic volumes increased to such an extent that the Kangasala church village became particularly accident-sensitive.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The Seututie from Huutijärvi to Kuhmoisi was completed in the late 1950s and the Pelisalmi Bridge over Längelmävesi was the largest in the Häme road district when completed.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

In this case, the Majaalahti Corner Municipality east of Längelmävesi was the last to be admitted to road transport.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The bypass road south of Kirkonkylä was completed in the mid-1970s; around the same time a new road link from Tampere to Orivede north of Kangasala was completed.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Highway 3, which originally ran across Kangasala along the same route as Highway 12, had already been moved to pass through Sääksmäki in the early 1960s.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[14] There is also a railway line through Kangasala Tampere-Orivesi, which was opened to traffic in 1883.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasala railway station, from which there was a five-kilometre journey to the church village, was commissioned in 1898 and the station building was designed by architect Bruno Granholm.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

At one time train service was significant to the municipality, but today trains do not stop at Kangasa due to the remoteness of the station.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Direct bus services from Kangasa to Tampere supplanted the rather troublesome train connection and no significant population centre was ever established in the area of the station.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Freight traffic at Kangasala Station was discontinued in 1976, the station closed in spring 1993 and the population in the conurbation surrounding the station has also declined.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Today, the nearest passenger train station from Kangasa is Tampere railway station.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Other rail transport locations in the Kangasala area were Ruutana and Suinula stations and Jussila stand between Kangasala and Ruutana stations.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

These were all disbanded at the end of


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[15] The nearest airport to Kangasala is Tampere-Pirkkala Airport, which is approximately 33 km from the centre of Kangasala.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The Kangasala House, which was completed in autumn 2014 in the center of Culture Kangasala, houses a cultural centre where the Art Museum opened in January 2015, and also houses a space for temporary exhibitions and a multi-function hall.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[16] A local newspaper called Kangasalan Sanomat is published in Kangasala, which has appeared since December 1918.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Today, the area also spreads somewhat in the area.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Attractions Kangasala has been a popular tourist destination since the early 19th century.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Observation towers have been built on the main ridges in Kangasala: the observation towers of Haralanharju, Kaisarinharju, Kirkkoharju and Vehoniemenharju.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The landscapes on the Emperor's Ridge have been admired in their time as early as Gustav III in 1775 and by Emperor Alexander I in 1819.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Due to the visit of the emperor, the ridge received its current name.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Previously, Kaisarinharju was known as Syrjänkehe.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The first observation tower was built there as early as 1881.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

In 2004, Keisarinharju was chosen as the most beautiful place in Pirkanmaa in a vote organised by Yle Tampere and Pirkanmaa Federation.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The Kangasala Rest Home has served as a boarding house since the beginning of the 20th century, where many celebrities have spent holidays.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Today there are only three observation towers left behind arson: Vehoniemenharju, Kirkkoharju and the rebuilt Haralanharju.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The Emperor's Ridge Observation Tower burned down in August 2006 and the newly restored Haralanharju Tower in January 2007.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The observation tower at Kirkkoridge also fell victim to the incineration attempt.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Of the destroyed towers, the observation tower at Haralanharju was rebuilt.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasa has two car museums: Mobilia and Vehoniemi Automobile Museum.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The church also has a small homestead museum in a cereal store built in the 1830s.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Events in Kangasa have been organized annually since 2001, small music festivals called “Harjufestarit”, where they have performed e.g.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Technicolour, Bloodpit and The Rasmus.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Recurring events include Kangasala Organ Tradition Days (since 1994), Kangasala Salon Music and Puppet Theatre Hupalainen International Puppet Theatre Days.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Summer experiences are offered nationally recognized by Ramppi Theatre, an enthusiast theatre association.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The traditional summer event in the Sakhalahti region is the Sakhalahti Suvi Days starting on the Sunday after midsummer.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Literary culture is nurtured by Book Café (Summer Day Cultural Association) and Sahalahti Bookfriends.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

For children and families, there are Trip of Discovery days in early July.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Religion According to the 2018 regional division, Kangasa has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [17] Kangasala Parish Kuhmalahti Chapel Congregation Sahalahti Parish Area Kangasala Evangelical Lutheran Congregation has about 23000 members.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

On 31 May 2016, Sakhalahti Chapel Congregation was abolished, Sakhalahti is referred to as Parish Area.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasala's handsome grey-stone church built in 1767 with beautiful starry roofs and legendary bloodstones is located in the middle of the church village.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasa operates a Pentecostal congregation with a church in the center of Kangasala [18].


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Among the parishes of the Finnish Orthodox Church in the Kangasala region, Tampere Orthodox Congregation operates.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[19] Former Parishes The following list lists the parishes abolished in the historical period in the present area of the city of Kangasala.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[17] Kuhmalahti Parish (annexed to Kangasala Parish 2005) Sahalahti Parish (attached to Kangasala Parish 2005) Sports The largest sports club in the municipality has been operating since 1930 Kangasalan Kisa.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

Kangasala is well known for e.g.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

for the following specific sports, local sports clubs mentioned after the species: volleyball - LP Kangasala plays in women's volleyball main series orienteering - Kangasala SK kayaking - Kangasalan Kayakers speed skating and rink ball - Kangasalan Victory football - FC Kangasala (Kangasalan Victory and Kangasalan Kisan Fusion Club) ice hockey - Kisa-Eagles and Kangasalan Profit Kangasalan Athletes 1968 - TUL's general club swimming - Swimming club Kangasalan Kuohu, FAQ Kangasa has its own kart track located in Lentola.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

The Kangasala Ice Rink is located near the centre, next to Pikkola School.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

In 2009, the swimming pool Kuohu was completed in Kangasa, which also houses a gymnasium, pedicure, coffee shop, gathering facilities.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[20] Food culture Kangasala's keeper dishes were named in the 1980s, alatope, rosolli, home cheese, smoked vendles and beer.


Question: When is Kangasala established?

Kangasala

[21] Famous Canvas Historical personalities Queen Kaarina Maundaughter (1577-1612) [22] Organ builder Anders Thulé (1813—1872) Municipal counselor and writer Agathon Meurman (1826—1909) Writer Jalmari Finne (1874-1938) - lived his childhood in Kangasa Artist Einar Ilmoni (1880—1946) Lawyer and politician Antti Tulenheimo (1906—1952) Organ builder, Industrial Advisor Martti Tulenheimo (1883—1945) Former and present Kummel members Timo Kahalainen, Heikki Hela and Heikki Silvennoinen Actor Jari Salmi (Pulkkinen) Actress Kari Hakala Paddle Anne Rikala Basketball Player Antti Nikkilä National Team Soccer Player Toni Kallio NHL Goalkeeper Vesa Toskala TV reporter Mirja Pyykkö Singer Pentti Hietanen Singer Seppo Tammilehto Music maker and music maker cultural influencer Heikki Mäenpää Musician Antti Westman Songwriter Pekka Simojoki Author Tuula Kallioniemi Author Erkki “Hyena” Hämäläinen Vuorineuvos Kari Neilimo Commander of the Air Force, Lieutenant General Heikki Lyytinen Law Scholar, Author Aulis Aarnio MP Pentti Lahti-Nuuttila MP and former Coalition Party Secretary Heikki A. Ollila Ice hockey player Sami Russian Actor Markku Peltola Ice hockey goaltender Jere Myllyniemi Ice hockey coach Kari Heikkilä Miss Finland 1967 Ritva Lehto Popedan guitarist Costello Hautamäki YouTube fame Marko Vanhanen (markorepairs) [23] Sprinter Ella Räsänen Church musician, organ builder and researcher Pentti Pelto Footballer Marko Granholm Tennis player Veli Paloheimo Friendships Åland Countryside ( Finland) Räpina (Estonia) Vänersborg (Sweden) Holmestrand (Norway) Siglufjördur (Iceland) Herning (Denmark) Eidi (Faroe Islands/Denmark) Arsuk (Greenland/Denmark) Husby (South Slesvig, Germany) [24] See also List of public art works in Kangasala and from monuments Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The 31st Finnish parliamentary election was held on 17 March 1991.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Elections were conducted for the first time on a one-day basis.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

By way of departure, advance voting was also possible on weekends.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[1] Turnout fell by more than four percentage points from the 1987 elections and was the weakest since World War II.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[2] Governmental elections The 1991 parliamentary election was, with emphasis, a government election.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The first blue-red government in Finnish history led by Harri Holker, a joint government of the Coalition and the SDP, which also included the Swedish People's Party and the Finnish Countryside Party, had sat throughout the previous legislature.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Since its inception, relations between the Centre Centre Centre, which remained in opposition in 1987, had been tense, and the Centre declared before the elections that it would seek to ensure that the Coalition and the SDP would not have a majority in the new parliament.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

In the run-up to the elections, Ilkka Suominen and Pertti Paasio, the leaders of the Coalition and the SDP, announced quite bluntly that the blue-red would continue, should the election result give it any chance.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[2] For a long time the Centre emerged as the largest party in Parliament by winning 15 additional seats, in what previous Party Secretary Seppo Kräriäinen described as a “bloody electoral victory”.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

On the basis of opinion polls conducted before the election, a centrist victory had been known to expect, but its magnitude — as well as the depth of the then-current coalition of the main governing parties and the SDP's defeat — surprised election experts.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The centrist predecessor Agrarian League had been the largest party in the 1962 elections, throughout the period between 1966 and 1991 the largest party was the SDP.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The election victory in the centre brought added spice to the three-seat victory of the electoral alliance partner, the Christian Federation of Finland.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Proportionally, the biggest electoral winner was the Green Alliance, whose seat count more than doubled from four to 10.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

For the Liberal People's Party, the election was a matter of life and death because without the single MP it received, the party would have been destined to be removed from the party register.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[2] The majority in parliament of the traditional bourgeois parties — Centre, Coalition, RKP and Christian — was strengthened, while the left only narrowly retained its blocking minority in parliament while gaining 67 MPs.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Established as a continuation of the work of SKDL and Deva in spring 1990, the Left Alliance gained one seat less than its predecessors had combined received in the 1987 elections.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The SMP, which left Holker's government in late summer 1990, also lost two seats.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[2] The SDP, which had been involved in almost all Finnish political governments since 1966, announced immediately after the elections that it would remain in opposition.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[3] In government negotiations, Esko Aho, the President of the Centre Party, became Prime Minister.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Finland began to be governed by the Aho government, which after many years hiatus was the first bourgeois government.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[2] Seventeen registered parties participated in the election — more than ever before.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Seven of the parties participated in parliamentary elections for the first time.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Of these, the Women's Party, Humanity Party and Independent Uncommitted Pensioners in Finland (RSES) were only entered in the party register right in the run-up to the elections.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

With the exception of the Left Alliance, all new entrepreneurs were left without seats in parliament.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

A total of 1910 candidates were fielded for the election, 26 of whom appeared on non-party lists.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[4] The three largest parties collected more than 66% of the approved votes and more than 97% reached Parliament.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

As many as 1.9% of the votes were rejected, a new record.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The Constitutional Right Party and the Party of Pensioners who remained unseated in two parliamentary elections were removed from the party register after the elections.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

SEP returned to the registry the following year.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The name of the Independent Uncommitted Pensioners in Finland party was later changed to Pensioners People's Affair during 1991.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[2] MPs The new representatives elected in the election included Olavi Ala-Nissilä, Maria Kaisa Aula, Timo Kalli, Juha Korkeaoja, Markku Laukkanen, Olli Rehn, Markku Rossi, Aino Suhola and Matti Vanhanen (Kesk.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

), Ulpu Iivari, Johannes Koskinen, Reijo Laitinen and Leena Luhtanen (SDP), Minna Karhunen and Maija Perho (Kok.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

), Martti Korhonen, Jaakko Laakso and Outi Ojala (left.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

), Eva Biaudet and Jan-Erik Enestam (RKP), Satu Hassi, Heidi Hautala and Paavo Nikula (Vihr.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

), Jouko Jääskeläinen, Bjarne Kallis and Vesa Laukkanen (SKL), Hannu Suhonen (SMP) and Tuulikki Ukkola (LKP).


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The most famous members of Parliament work were Keskus Pirkko Ikonen, Matti Maijala, Taisto Tähkämaa, Johannes Virolainen and Marjatta Vääänen, Kaj Bärlund of the SDP, Riitta Järvisalo, Seija Karkinen and Kalevi Sorsa, Elsi Hetemäki-Olander of the Coalition, Tapani Mörttinen, Helena Pesola, Ulla Your poland and Matti Viljanen, Anna-Liisa Jokinen and Lauha Männistö of the Left Alliance, and Christoffer Taxell of the RKP.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Johannes Virolainen, who sat in 43 Riksdag, was the last MP who had already been in Parliament during the presidency of Gustaf Mannerheim.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Inter alia: Age President, Tuure Junnila and Erkki Pystynen of the Coalition Party, Matti Puhakka, SDP Labour Minister Matti Puhakka, Markus Aaltonen, Mikko Elo and Sakari Knuuttila, who received the title of Riksdag the previous year, Tellervo Renko, resigned from the SMP and subsequently joined the Liberals transferred to Urpo Leppänen, Osmo Soininvaara of the Greens, Ingvar S. Melin and Ole Wasz-Höckert of the RKP, and Esko Almgren of SKL.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The SDP's Paavo Lipponen and Erkki Tuomioja (after a break of more than ten years) and Ole Norrback of the RKP returned to Parliament.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Among others, Heimo Linna of Keskus, Jukka Mikkola and Kaisa Raatikainen of the SDP, Anna-Liisa Hyvönen and Mikko Kuoppa of the Left Alliance, and Kalle Könkkölä of the Greens failed.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Bror Wahlroos, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, was also a candidate on the RKP's list in Helsinki, but he did not get elected.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The elections made Finland's parliament the most female in the world, with as many as 77 women out of two hundred MPs, or 38.5%.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Internal disputes within the SMP led to the dissolution of the party's seven-person parliamentary group in the legislature that began with four MPs resigning from it.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Sulo Aittoniemi defected to Central Finland in spring 1994, and Tina Mäkelä, Heikki Riihijärvi and Hannu Suhonen each formed their own one-person parliamentary group during 1993 and 1994.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Vesa Laukkanen resigned from SKL and founded her own Vote for Finland parliamentary group in early 1993.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Laukkanen petitioned to resign as MP in the autumn of 1994, but Parliament rejected the request.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Already in autumn 1991, Parliament had rejected the resignation of Left Alliance MP Marjatta Stenius-Kaukonen.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The centrist MP, former Minister of Trade and Industry Kauko Juhantalo, was removed from parliament following his impeachment conviction in autumn 1993 on the basis of an initiative taken by Eeva-Liisa Moilanen of SKL.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Juhantalo was replaced in Parliament by Saimi Ärä, who had previously served as an MP.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Results Vote Rakes Constituencies and Electoral Alliances A total of 29 electoral alliances were entered into in the elections.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

There were federations in all mainland Finnish constituencies.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

The unions were not made by the IPU, the Coalition, the SDP, the Left Alliance and the Green Alliance.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[10] Valkeakoski, Toijala, Viiala and Kylmäkoski were transferred prior to the election from Häme County South to North constituency.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[1] The number of seats in Häme North constituency increased by two and one in Uusimaa.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

Häme South lost two and Kymi one delegate.


Question: Who won the 1991 parliamentary election?

Parliamentary elections, 1991

[11] Sources on the subject elsewhere (The Living Archive of Yleisradio) Category:Parliamentary elections Category:Elections


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Rome (or, Politeia tōn Rhōmaiōn;; “Empire of the Romans”), was the eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived after the collapse of the western part in the 4th century, and whose reign lasted more than a thousand years right up to 1453.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine identity was a combination of Romanism, Greek (Hellenistic) culture, and Orthodox Christianity.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantium considered until the last to represent the legacy of the Imperial Roman Empire in the Christian form created by Emperor Constantine the Great.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[1] [2] [3] [4] The name Byzantine Empire is derived from the earlier name Byzantion, the capital of the empire, Constantinople.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The denomination is purely historiographical and was developed in the 16th century.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The inhabitants of the kingdom themselves saw themselves as Romans (rhomaioi) until the end, and the denomination remained in use in Greece until the 19th century.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The name Byzantium was used in Western Europe mainly because of the desire to distinguish that medieval kingdom gradually separated from Late Antiquity Rome in historiography from both Ancient Rome and Greece, which were often viewed ideally in the 15th—18th centuries.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[2] [3] [4] The beginning of the Byzantine Empire and the end of the ancient Roman Empire can be placed in several ways.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

One beginning can be considered the year 330, when Constantine the Great founded Constantinople on the site of the city of Byzantion.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Another possibility is to use as a starting point the time of Emperor Theodosius I at the end of the 3rd century, when the dichotomy of the Roman Empire became definitive.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Today, most scholars use the name Byzantine only from the time of Emperor Justinian I from the early 5th century onwards.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[4] [3] Definitively Byzantium can be considered to have changed as a political organization to one distinct from the ancient Roman Empire as a result of changes in the 6th century.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[5] Latin remained the governing language of the kingdom until the 6th century, when it was superseded by the Greek language spoken by the majority.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Initially, the Byzantine Empire included all the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In the 6th century, it lost much of its territory to the Arabs, after which it encompassed only Anatolia and part of the Balkans.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom experienced periods of rise and fall, but remained a major power in the Mediterranean region until the 12th century.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom was temporarily divided after the Fourth Crusade and was definitively destroyed when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[6] However, Byzantine cultural heritage still lives on, for example, in the Orthodox Church and its monasteries.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[7] Byzantium is studied from classical philology in the late 19th century by a differentiated subject called Byzantinistics.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[2] History of Eastern Roman Genesis A separate Eastern Roman administrative region came into existence when Emperor Diocletian split the Roman Empire in two in 293.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The reason for the division was that the vast kingdom had become difficult to control.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Diocletian created a system of tetrarchy with two emperors (augustus), one in the west and the other in the east, and each with a junior ruler companion, or “sub-emperor” (caesar).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[8] This separation of powers continued right up until Emperor Constantine the Great became ruler of the entire empire in 324.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Constantine chose as his new capital the city of Byzantion, a former colony of Megara, and the city was renamed Constantinople (Constantinoupolis, “City of Constantinos”).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The location of the town was seen as strategically pivotal as it was possible to keep connections both west and east of it.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

With the transfer of the capital, the administrative institutions that operated in Rome, such as the Senate, were transferred as such to Constantinople.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, numerous construction programs were started in the city and it was equipped with stronger walls.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[8] [9] Constantine's other reforms included reform of the monetary system and the introduction of solidus, separation of military and civil administration, and reform of rural administration.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The army was reformed so that the troops of the border provinces were separated from the Emperor's reserves, which could be moved to problematic frontier areas if necessary.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Constantine was the first Christian emperor and supported Christianity in many ways, but traditional pagan religion was allowed alongside Christianity until the late 3rd century, practically for longer.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[8] [9] In 364, the dichotomy of the kingdom deepened when it was divided between Valentianian, who had control of the western part, and Valens, who gained control of the eastern part.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom was definitively split in two in 395 when Theodosius I divided the kingdom among his sons: [10] at that time Arcadius ruled in the east and Honorius in the west.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

From now on, eastern and western Rome is usually spoken.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The early years (approx.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

4th century) Western Rome crumbled in the 4th century with the Germanic conquests.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Germanic settling in the west weakened the position of Emperor of the West, and the Empire ceased in 476 when Odovakar, the Gothic chieftain who had seized power, did not assume the rank of emperor, but returned the title that had taken as a formality to Constantinople.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Continuing the tradition of the Roman Empire, the eastern part of the empire was spared much of the Germanic invasion and colonisation due to its stronger economy and defences, among other things.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The rebuilding of the walls of Constantinople initiated by Theodosius was completed in 413.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The walls came to last for a thousand years until the Ottoman Conquest.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[8] In the early years of Byzantium, the Christian church grew stronger.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

On the other hand, time was marked by disputes over the correct interpretation of the doctrine.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The two main disputes concerning the Byzantine Church in particular were the dispute over Areioism in the early 3rd century and the dispute over Nestorioism in the early 4th-century.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Areiolism was condemned at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea in 325, Nestorioism at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Ephesus in 431.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In turn, as a counter-reaction to Nestorioism, the Monophysite movement emerged, condemned at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Kcracdon in 451.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Also, the emperor was often forced to take positions on heresy disputes, thus bringing the relationship between the Church and the Emperor closer.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[8] Leo I (as emperor 457—474) was the first emperor to receive the crown, according to Roman tradition, not from a warlord, but from the Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[11] Zenon, who was from Isauria, married Ariadne, Leo's daughter, and they had a son who rose to emperor under the name Leo II in 474.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Upon the death of Leo II, Zenon became emperor.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

To reclaim Italy, he allied himself with Teoderik of the Ostrogoths, who subsequently ruled as the commandholder of Italy.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine succession to power included that if the emperor died without leaving descendants, the augusta-appointed empress had the power to choose a successor for him.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Augustas were allowed to be several and Augusta was allowed to be a relative other than a consort of the emperor.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Thus, upon Zenon's death, in 491 his consort Ariadne appointed Anastasios I, a wealthy courtier (as emperor until 518), as emperor.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[8] [12] Anastasios laid a favourable foundation for the country's economy.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

He promoted East trade and industry.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Silk was transported overland via Persia or from India by sea to Byzantine territory, where craftsmen made silk cloth.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[12] The reign of Justinian I (early 5th century) Under Emperor Justinian I (527—565), the political and military position of Eastern Rome became established.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Often the medieval Byzantine period is calculated to begin precisely with his time.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[8] The emperors of Constantinople had never agreed to consider Western Roman territories lost, but only temporarily as territories outside the Emperor's direct rule.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Attempts were made to reincorporate them into the kingdom, and in this was also met with occasional and partial success.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Under Justinian, the kingdom fought against Persia, the Goths and the Vandals, as well as recapturing large parts of the Italian peninsula, the coast of North Africa, and Spain.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[13] Behind these victories was largely the warlord Belisarius.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Furthermore, in 532, he signed a peace treaty with Khosrau I, the ruler of Persia.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Nika Rebellion of 532 in Constantinople resulted in the execution of an estimated 30,000 rebels.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Historian Prokopios' work The Secret History tells of the resistance faced by the Emperor's policies.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Belisarius succeeded in recapturing North Africa from the Vandals in 533, and by 548 the local tribes had been subjugated.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

There was war in Italy against the Eastern Goths.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The expedition came ashore in Sicily, but failed to break the resistance until 540, when Ravenna, the capital of the Eastern Goths, was overrun.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[13] Wars against Persia continued until 561, when the peace treaty was extended.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The wars continued in 565—591.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] The so-called Justinian plague struck Byzantium in 542.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Many scientists believe the disease has taken off from China [14].


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

It spread across Asia to Egypt, from where it was transported by grain ships to Constantinople.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

According to the contemporaneous Prokopios, the disease would have killed 10,000 people daily, [15], but is now considered a more likely casualty rate of 5000 persons per day.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Half of the city's population is estimated to have died of


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Justinian is reported to have contracted the plague himself, but cured of it.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Reforming the Laws under Justinian, Roman laws were compiled and rewritten under John the Cappadocian as the Corpus iuris civilis law collection.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

It consisted of three different parts, the Digesta (or Pandektai), the Institutiones Iustiniani and the Codex Iustinianus (repetitae praelectionis), with the addition of a fourth volume, Novellae (constitutiones), containing later enacted laws.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Collections of laws formed the basis of all of Byzantine later legislation.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[16] Religion policy Justinian quarreled with Jews, Gentiles, and various Christian sects such as Manicheans, Monophysites and Nestorians.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Partly for practical reasons and partly out of an effort to eradicate pagan religiosity, Justinian closed Athens's illustrious school of philosophers in 529.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Christian culture began to gain ground, but traditional Greco-Roman culture had its adherents, such as the natural philosopher Johannes Filoponos.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The gem of the emperor's great building program was Constantinople's new cathedral Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Justinian's successors (late 5th century) Justinian's successors were unable to counter new external threats.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Italian peninsula was lost to the Langobards in the late 5th century, the Slavs took over the Balkans, and Persia in turn Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In addition, the high taxes required to maintain the kingdom caused internal discontent.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[13] The dynasty of Heracleus (610—711) Fokas (as emperor 602—610), considered a tyrant, assassinated Emperor Maurikios.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Khosrau II of Persia used this as a reason for taking over Anatolia.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The exarch of Carthage, Heraclius the Elder, sent his son Heracleios, who was subsequently crowned emperor, to retake Constantinople.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Three years after this, the Persians took Damascus and Jerusalem.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

A counterattack by Heraclius destroyed the main force of the Persians at the Battle of Nineveh.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Heraclius was emperor in 610—641.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

War with Persia resumed in 603; this so-called Byzantine—Sassanid war consumed both Byzantine and Persian forces.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Persians took over Syria, Palestine and Egypt.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The war lasted until 628, when Heraclius defeated the Persians.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Thus Byzantium managed to recapture the territories for some time.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

However, weakened by war, it was unable to resist the Arabs who embraced Islam, who, some twenty years after the Persians, conquered all these territories, and later all of North Africa, under Caliph Omar.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In 636, Byzantium suffered a decisive defeat to the Muslims at the Battle of Jarmuk.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Of particular importance was the loss of Egypt, as it had been the granary of the kingdom and a major source of tax revenue.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] [13] During the time of Heracleus, Greek became the official language of Byzantium, which was reflected in the emperor beginning to use the title basileus instead of Augustus in Latin, and the kingdom became more unified in culture and religion.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In the southern provinces occupied by Muslims, monophysitism was prevalent, contrasting with Orthodox Christianity as defined by the Kcracdon Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

To reconcile the dispute between the Kcracdonians and the Monophysites, Heracleitos proposed monoteletism as a solution.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

By 642, the central regions of the Monophysite faith had been conquered by Muslims.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[13] The Arabs, who now controlled Syria and Palestine, sent raiding expeditions into Anatolia and in 674—678 besieged Constantinople.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Repeated raiding expeditions into Anatolia forced Byzantium to organise a fiefdom system (thema system) in which land was distributed in exchange for military service.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Troop transfers from the Balkans allowed the Slavs to advance further south, for which reason many village communities shrank and fortified themselves.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The emergence of the casars in the 670s drove the Bolgars to the south of the Danube.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In 681, Emperor Constantine IV signed a peace treaty with the Bolgar Khan Aspharukh.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Prior to this, the local Slavic tribes had at least nominally recognized Byzantine rule.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Constans II (as emperor 641—668) continued the policy of favouring monoteletism initiated by his grandfather Heracleios, which provoked strong opposition.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The most strident opponents of the monk Maksimos Homologetes and Pope Martinus I were imprisoned and exiled.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Constans probably fell out of favour in the capital and moved to Syracuse, where he was assassinated.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Justinian II (as emperor 685—695 and 705—711) ruled with tyrannical grips and imposed harsh taxes.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

He was forced to abdicate the crown in 695 and went into exile first to the Casars, then to the Bolgars.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In 698, Carthage was overrun by the Arabs.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Thus Byzantium had definitively lost all territories of North Africa.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Justinian II returned to Constantinople with the help of Khan Tervel in 705 and seized power back for himself.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In his second term, he took bloody revenge on his enemies, and in 711 he was overthrown with the support of the cassars.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

He was succeeded by Philippikos (as emperor 711—713).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Arabs besieged Constantinople for a second time in 717—718.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] The political and territorial changes of the 6th century brought about the fact that the kingdom, as a political organisation, was no longer a memory.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Therefore, Byzantium can be considered to have changed definitively from the old Roman Empire to a separate one within the 6th century.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[5] Period of iconoclasm (717—843), Leon III (as emperor 717—741) seized power in 717.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

He successfully fought against the Arabs and defeated these in 740.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

With the reign of Leon, iconoclasm, or pictorial grandeur, was triggered by this denial of icons and the respect paid to them.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Also, Constantinos V (as emperor 741—775) adopted an iconoclastic stance towards the end of his term.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

One of the reasons for the emergence of a stance against icons was the rise of Islam and the successful conquests of the Arabs: the Byzantines may have thought that the Muslims who opposed the images were therefore doing something right.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruption of Santorini in 726, added to the idea that Byzantium was punished for some cause.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The icon ban led to rebellion, as well as the destruction of many products of Byzantine art.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Iconoclasm, however, mostly affected the court, the top officials and the top clergy, not so much the ordinary people.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[13] [17] In 798, a woman, Empress Irene (Eirene), stepped on the throne for the first time.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In the West, it could be considered that the Western Roman throne had remained vacant.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In 800, the Pope crowned the Frankish king Charles the Great as Roman Emperor.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The West thus had an emperor after a hiatus of more than three hundred years, and Byzantium was no longer the sole heir to the Roman Empire; the crowning of Charles the Great was considered an open challenge in Byzantium.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[17] Under the influence of Empress Irene, the Seventh Ecumenical Ecclesiastical Conference held in Nikaia decided in 787 that icons were to be venerated but not worshiped.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Leo V reinstated iconoclasm into force in 813, as the ban on images was considered to be against the backdrop of victories made in wars.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[17] Theodora II allowed icons in 843 with the support of Patriarch Methodios, and the ecclesiastical assembly confirmed the decision of the Ecumenical Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Iconoclasm and the dispute between Pope Nicholas I and Patriarch Fotios further deepened the divide between the churches of the East and West.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Golden Age (ca.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

850—1050) during the Byzantine Golden Age can be considered the time of the so-called Macedonian dynasty between 867 and 1056.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

During the dynasty Byzantium succeeded in building a great power again, reclaiming lands which had been conquered by the Arabs in the east and the Slavs in the Balkans.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Southern Italy was also conquered, and Emperor John I Tzimiskes extended the fighting all the way to Jerusalem.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In 1014, Emperor Basileios II (as emperor 976—1025) overthrew Bulgaria.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Due to victorious wars and strong rulers, Byzantium was strong both militarily and economically, with the capital Constantinople a glorious focal point of culture and power.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Trade and craftsmanship flourished, new schools were established in Constantinople, interest in ancient culture and philosophy rekindled, and secular literature and other culture revived.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, Byzantine civilization also spread to areas of neighboring peoples.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[17] [18] [19] The Byzantine—Arab Wars saw a successful takeover of Crete from the Arabs temporarily in 843, but the emperors failed to prevent the Muslims from taking Sicily and Sardinia for a bit by 902.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

On the other hand, victories were also experienced, such as the Battle of Damietta in 856.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Muslims often allied themselves with the Paulician faith sect living in the eastern provinces, which was persecuted as a heretic.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Basileios I (as emperor 867—886) succeeded in ending the sect's rule.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Russ attempted to plunder Constantinople in 860.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

On the occasion of a new attempt, they were beaten back in 941 under Johannes Kurkuas.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

He achieved other noteworthy victories, such as swapping the image of Edessa for Muslim prisoners.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In the latter half of the 9th century, the Empire expanded again north into Syria, recapturing Crete and Cyprus, as well as occupying the territory of Antioch.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine troops advanced as far as the gates of Jerusalem.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[17] Wars against the Bulgars, Tsar Simeon I the Great of Bulgaria defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Bulgaryphon in 896, which forced Byzantium to pay tax to Bulgaria.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Later, Emperor Constantine VII married Simeon's daughter.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Romanos I suffered defeat at the Battle of Anchialus in 917, after which the Bulgars extended their war expeditions all the way to Corinth.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

After Simeon's death in 927, Byzantine position improved in the Balkans.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Basileios II achieved a decisive victory over Bulgaria in 1014 at the Battle of Kleidion.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom gained a new ally from the newly established shadow state when Basileios's sister was married to Vladimir the Great, the ruler of Kiev.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, yet another new heresy spread from the north, the dualistic doctrine of the Bogomiles, which had been influenced by the Paulicians.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The doctrine gained popularity, especially in Bulgaria, but it also spread among the Byzantine upper class.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] Wars against the Seljuks, Normans and Petsenegs In 1054, relations between the Orthodox and Catholic Church were broken for good (the Great Schism).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, Byzantium was threatened by new dangers: the Seljuks in Asia Minor, the Petsenegs in the north, and the Normans in Italy.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan thoroughly defeated the Byzantine army and took Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes prisoner.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, Byzantium lost almost all of Asia Minor and its best agricultural areas.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In addition to this, Byzantium lost Italian territories to the Normans and Balkan Petsenegs by 1081.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The mayhem after Manzikert ended in 1081 with the capture of power by Alexios Komnenos (as emperor 1081—1118).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

He reorganised the army and regained important territories from the Seljuks.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Alexios also had to fight the Normans.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

One of the most dangerous Normans was Robert Guiscard.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantium lost southern Italy to the Normans by 1100.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Alexios also sought to suppress the movement of the Bogomiles.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The time of the Crusades (1097—1261), as a result of Alexios's request for assistance to the west, was triggered in 1097 by the First Crusade, allowing Nikaia to be recaptured.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The intervals between the Byzantines and the crusaders were never warm, and both sides were suspicious of each other.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Alexios's work was continued by his son John and grandson Manuel.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The lost Balkan and Asia Minor territories were regained.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Komnenos dynasty ended in the reign of Andronikos Komnenos in 1185.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Komnenoks was succeeded by the weaker Angelosten dynasty.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In an effort to gain support from the West, Byzantium ceded significant trading rights to western merchants.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, Venice in particular gained a dominant position at sea and in trade in the region, weakening Byzantium's own positions.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Venice gradually gained considerable political influence as well.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Crusaders, on the other hand, meddled in the affairs of the formerly Byzantine sphere of influence from the kingdoms they established in the surroundings of Jerusalem.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] In the 1170s, relations between Byzantium and Venice became strained.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

1182 in Constantinople there was a massacre of Western Europeans, especially Italian, merchants in connection with Andronikos Komnenos's coup d'état.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The goal was to weaken the influence of western merchants.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

1192, however, Byzantium concluded trade treaties with Pisa and Genoa.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

As a result of the events, the anti-Byzantine alliance in the west grew stronger.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [10] The Fourth Crusade and the Byzantine division of Venice gained its revenge through the Fourth Crusade.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The crusade had initially been supposed to be directed towards Egypt, but it eventually ended up, led by Venice, taking Constantinople in order to strengthen Venice's position in commerce in the region.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The crusaders took Constantinople on 12 April 1204 and plundered the city, receiving a huge spoil of war, as wealth had been amassed in the city for a thousand years without having been overrun once during that time.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] After Byzantium was defeated, the Crusaders established in the Byzantine core region, in the surroundings of Constantinople and on the territory of present-day Greece, a Latin Empire whose emperor became Balduin I of Flanders.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Several vassal states were under the Empire: the Principality of Achaia in the Peloponnese, the Duchy of Naksos in the Aegean archipelago, the Kingdom of Thessalonica in northern Greece, and the Duchy of Athens in central Greece.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] Byzantine heritage was continued by the states located around the Latin Empire: the Empire of Nikaia, ruled by the House of Laskaris; the Empire of Trebizond, ruled by the Komnenos; and the Despotate of Epirus, ruled by the Angelos.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

All three states sought to recapture Constantinople and sought support in the west from Venice's opponents, above all Genoa.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Under Theodoros Laskaris, Nikaia gradually gained control under other states.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In 1261, Nikaia recaptured Constantinople under Michael Palaiologos (as Emperor Michael VIII).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The ruler family of Palaiologos founded by Michael became the last of the kingdom.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine End Times (1261—1461) The reincarnated Byzantium took over the Peloponnese under Michael and emerged for a time as a politically significant player.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Negotiations for the unification of the churches of the East and West began in the latter half of the 13th century, and the issue was discussed at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Lyon in 1274. At that time, Emperor Michael VIII would have been willing to accept unification in order to obtain military assistance from the West.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

However, the reunification did not materialize due to public opposition.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[20] At the same time, Charlemagne of Anjou planned to take over Byzantium with the support of the Pope.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Rise of the Ottoman Empire The threat to the Ottoman Empire also began to rise gradually, and the last two centuries of the Empire were mostly a retreat from under the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Turkic Ottoman people gradually occupied territories in Asia Minor from the 1280s onwards.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Brusa found itself overrun in 1326, Ephesus in 1328, Nicea in 1329, and Nicomedeia and Bithynia in 1337.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [10] In its final years, Byzantium continued to negotiate with the West for the unification of the churches of the East and West in order to obtain military aid.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[20] Reunification was already supported by many members of the High Council and some of the clergy, but the monasteries and the majority of the population continued to oppose it.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Along with the external threat, the Empire also suffered from internal strife within the ruler family, as well as social and religious disagreements.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

John VI Kantakuzenos rose to become power aspirant and emperor (as emperor 1347—1354).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

A hesycastic movement based on mystical contemplation developed within monastic communities, which also connected itself to politics by opposing Western influence and the unification of churches.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In politics, hesycasm manifested itself as the so-called palamism espoused by Gregorios Palamas.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The movement gained popularity, and Kantakuzenos also embraced the movement's views.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Hesycasm became the official position of the Byzantine Church in 1351.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [7] Thrace was overrun by the Ottoman in the 1360s, Thessaloniki in 1387.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

From the recaptured Adrianoupolis in 1365, the Ottomans made their capital until 1453.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Asia Minor had been lost to the Ottomans practically entirely by the Ottoman takeover of the semi-autonomous region of Philadelfia in 1390.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Coinciding with the Ottoman conquests, the Serbs took advantage of the opportunity and took over Albania, Eastern Macedonia and Thessaly.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

However, the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman in the 1389 Battle of Kosovo Polje and also, with victories over the Hungarians and Bulgars, gradually took over the entire Balkans.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [10] By the fall of Byzantium by the entry into the 15th century Byzantine territory had shrunk to cover almost solely the city of Constantinople, Thessaloniki, the region of the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea), as well as some islands in the Aegean Sea (e.g.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Lesbos and Limnos).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Regions separate from Constantinople were practically independent and only nominally and by tradition part of the kingdom.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [21] The city of Thessaloniki ceded itself to the possession of the Venetians in 1423.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Ottoman took over the city in 1430 and massacred the entire population and the Venetian soldiers who were in the city.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] The Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I besieged Constantinople between 1397 and 1402.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Manuel II toured Europe seeking aid to Byzantium.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom was saved after the invasion of Ottoman territories by the Mongols at the same time.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Ottoman power soon revived.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Sultan Murad II in turn besieged Constantinople in 1422.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Thessaloniki was taken by the Ottoman people in 1430.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Now Emperor John VIII Palaiologos sought help from the West and therefore approved the unification of the churches at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Florence in 1439.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

A crusade of Hungarians and Latins, the so-called Varna Crusade, was organised against the Ottoman, but it ended in disaster for Christians at the Battle of Varna in 1444.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The unification of the churches was finally declared effective in Constantinople in 1452.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[10] However, it did little to materialise in practice due to public opposition.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The end of the Byzantine Empire came in 1453.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

On April 2, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II began the siege of Constantinople, which lasted almost two months.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The emperor sent requests for help to the West, but no help came.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire was definitively defeated on 29 May when the Ottoman took the city by storming.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The last emperor, Constantinos XI Palaiologos, fell in battle against the Turks.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The last European part of Byzantium, the Despotate of the Morea was overthrown in 1460 with the takeover of Mistra.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Ottoman took over even the last knackles of the kingdom when the Empire of Trebizond was overthrown in 1461.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The causes of Byzantine decadence as the cause of the Empire's decline in its final centuries were not merely armed conflict, although the takeover of Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade spurred decadence.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The state was left by many serious grievances: the concentration of ownership in the hands of the few and the activities of these grandees against the interest of the state; the tension between rich and poor; the reduction of the armed force and its concentration in the hands of foreign mercenaries; the abandonment of its own navy; and leaning on the Genoa fleet, as well as the repeated depreciation of the value of money and the resulting distrust of financiers.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[22] In Enlightenment historiography, Byzantium was often seen as a degenerate aftershow of idealized ancient Rome.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The same attitude has persisted for a long time before modern research.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The causes of political and cultural decadence have included despotic autocracy, bureaucratic administrative machinery, constant intrigues and corruption, orientalism, social stagnation and enveloping into patterns, as well as mystical religious mentality and religious fanaticism.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[3] [5] [23] [24] The Byzantine scholar John Haldon recalls, however, that Byzantine society and culture were in fact very dynamic, the efficient machinery of government was possibly one of the reasons for the long age of the Empire, and that Byzantium, for example, was no more corrupt than any other societies of the time.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[3] [24] Byzantine heritage Byzantine cultural heritage still lives on in the Orthodox Church and its monasteries.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The culture of antiquity mediated in the West through Byzantium contributed significantly to the genesis and development of the Renaissance, as manuscripts of ancient literature moved with Byzantine refugees to the West even before Constantinople fell.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[7] [24] The Ottoman Empire took Constantinople as its capital and inherited many aspects of Byzantine culture in its culture and, among other things, in its building art.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Russia, in turn, inherited the role of patron of the Orthodox Church, the title of emperor, as well as the emblem of the House of Palailogos, the two-headed eagle, after the marriage of Sophia, the last emperor's niece, to Ivan III.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Ivan IV became the first Russian emperor, or tsar.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Since the 16th century, Russia has often considered itself the heir to Byzantium and the third Rome.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[25] [23] [26] Geography, Economy, Peoples and Languages At birth, Byzantium was formed of three distinct and very different geographical regions: Asia Minor, namely Anatolia, the Balkans, and the Levant (Middle East and Egypt).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The sea both separated and connected these areas to each other.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The land area is characterised by coastal plains, highlands, as well as mountain ranges.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The main industry of Byzantium as well as the Roman Empire was farming.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Farming was concentrated in coastal areas, while more cattle husbandry was practiced in the high plains.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Egypt's importance as a producer of both grain and tax revenues was very high.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Other prosperous provinces included Syria, Mesopotamia, Euphratensis, Osroene, Phoenicia, Palestine and Cilicia.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

As a result of the loss of these areas, state revenues are estimated to have dropped by a quarter.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[27] Administratively, the territory of the empire had been divided into Peruvian provinces of the ancient Roman Empire.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In the 6th century, the division was replaced by a new division into so-called themes (thema).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Each theme was commanded by strategos, who also oversaw the civil and economic management of their region.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[28] As the boundaries of the kingdom changed, the theme beacon was also changed.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Some of the most central cities to Byzantium were (with the Empire at its most extensive under Emperor Justinian I), in addition to the capital Constantinople, Rome, Ravenna, Naples and Syracuse in Italy; Alexandria and Carthage in Africa; Thessaloniki and Athens in the Balkans; Antioch, Nicea, Ephesus, Ankara, Seleukia, Caesarea, Melitene, Seleukia and Trebizond in Asia Minor; Herson in Crimea; and Jerusalem, Emesa and Damascus in the Levant.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Of these, Constantinople, Thessaloniki, Ravenna and Carthage were the capitals of the prefectures and Constantinople, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem were the seat of the patriarchates.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[27] In the Middle Ages, Greco-Roman urban culture regressed.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

From the old polis centers moved to the more easily defensible hills around the fortifications (castro).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The capital, Constantinople, formed as the only major urban center.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[4] All cities depended on the countryside of their immediate surroundings.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Transportation of products by land was expensive and cumbersome, and therefore water transportation was more central.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Only cities with a port managed to develop into major centers of trade.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantium inherited the road network of ancient Rome, but the maintenance of roads gradually deteriorated considerably.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[27] Road transport was operated by cursus publicus, a state transportation and horse exchange system.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[29] Byzantium was a multinational kingdom thanks in part to its geographical scope.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In addition to the Greeks, especially in its early centuries, the kingdom included Latin-speaking populations, Syrians, Egyptians, Armenians, Slavs, Albanians, Bulgars and Jews.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The population was united by the Greek language and, in the early centuries, also Latin, which was spoken not only in Italy and the Balkans, but especially in coastal areas.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Latin served as the official language until 620 and was especially used as the language of legislation.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Subsequently, the importance of the Greek language as the maintainer of Romanism grew and the population became increasingly Greek.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Greekness was accentuated above all by the kingdom's loss of much of its territory over the centuries.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[1] [30] The administration of the Emperor Byzantine Empire continued the Roman Empire without historical breaks.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[5] The emperor was an autocrat ruler who was seen to receive his power directly from God and was appointed by God.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Despite this, it was also seen that it was possible to overthrow the emperor if it was God's will.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Power was often disputed, with coups also taking place as a result.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[3] The most prominent ruler lineages of Byzantium were: ruler family of Leo (457—518) Heracleius ruler family (610—711) Isaurian ruler family (717—802) Amorian, or Phrygian ruler family (820—867) Macedonian ruler family (867—867) 1056) Komnenos ruler family (1057—1185) The ruler family of the Angelos (1185—1204) Laskarinen ruler family (1204—1261) The ruler family of the Palaiologos (1261—1453) The Senate and officials The Senate in Constantinople continued the legacy of the Roman Senate.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Senate of Constantinople originally consisted of 300 senators, but later the number grew to thousands.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Senators held the hereditary title clarissimus.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Other senatorial positions included illustris and spectabilis.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The position of senators was primarily based on land ownership.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The senatorial mastery played a significant part in fostering the old Greco-Roman cultural heritage.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[31] The Byzantine system of government was complex and included a number of different posts and titles, forming a strict hierarchy of officials.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Senators originally had exclusive authority over the highest offices in both the capital and the provinces.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

As time passed, the importance of belonging to the old senatorial statute diminished, as posts in the emperor's court were also determined meritocratically, along with pedigree background.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Acting at the emperor's court gradually formed as the most significant path to social exaltation.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, the conflict of interests between the central government in Constantinople and the land-owning upper class, among other things, in the enforcement of taxation in the provinces grew, leading to civil wars as well.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[31] The army of the Byzantine Empire evolved from the army of the Roman Empire that preceded it.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The army changed under Emperor Diocletian from traditional heavy legions to encompassing more cavalry.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine army was famous for its heavy catafraction cavalry.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Eastern Roman army was later reorganized under Emperor Heracleios according to the new themed system.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The war force consisted of both volunteers and men received through taxation tethered militaries.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[28] Foreign mercenaries became more common over time.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The highest-paid soldiers were cavalry with bows washed from men of the Turkish-Tatar peoples of Central Asia.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The element of this first-strike force in the tactic was first to barge at the enemy, shoot and retreat.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The art of archery on horseback is extremely difficult to achieve, but was mastered by Turkish nomadic tribes.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The most famous and secret weapon of Byzantium was the Greek fire, very significant in the world of that time, with its deterrent effect.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In the 1070s, the Byzantine army experienced a crushing defeat at the Battle of Manzikert, from which it never recovered.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Taxation One key function of the bureaucratic administrative apparatus was the collection of taxation for the central power.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[19] Byzantine taxation was based on both the land tax and the strict control of land property required by him, and on the intellectual tax.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In the beginning, the land and intellectual tax had been combined so that taxation took into account the number of able-bodied persons a given land (capitatio-jugation principle).


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Later, land tax (canon) and spirit tax (kapnikon, “home stove”) were separated.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

In addition to these taxes, various additional taxes were required by the state for, among other things, public works and domestication.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Over time, the system evolved to become complex and also corrupt.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[32] Beginning in the 12th century, taxation rights (pronoia) began to be allocated to private people in respect of certain territories as well.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Initially, rights were granted only to members of the ruling Komnenos family.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Under the influence of the Crusades and the western feudal system, rights began to be distributed more widely in the 13th century.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, the portion of tax revenue received by the state decreased while the financial burden caused by the upper class increased.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, the land began to be charged rent to peasants as well.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

As the kingdom's land area contracted as a result of the conquests, the importance of the taxation of commerce (kommerkion) increased in the late Byzantine times.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[32] The emperors of the House of Palaiologos who ruled from the 13th century onwards were in trouble as the Byzantine economy weakened and did not invent healing medicines for it, but rather spurred the economic downhill pace.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

For example, Italians had been granted trade advantages that meant a reduction in state customs revenues.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

However, export production of luxury goods was able to continue.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Silk, gold brocade, jewelry and other arts and crafts products were made.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

However, the state intervened in these through taxation and restrictions, which benefited the Italians.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine government kept the domestic consumer sides, but at the same time weakened the economics of export companies.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Employment of the subjects was also taken care of, but it undermined the profitability of companies because there were too many wage earners.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Emperors of the House of Palaiologos increasingly resorted to degrading money to get the state finances in order.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

Eventually the Crown Jewels were also sold, which were replaced with fake stones.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

It has been said that Byzantium's long struggle to die was primarily a state economic tragedy.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[33] Culture Byzantine culture was very Constantinopole-centric.


Question: When did I break up the Byzantine Empire?

Byzantine Empire

[4] Byzantine literature was initially essentially a Christian-coloured continuation of ancient Greek literature, and no clear boundary between ancient and Byzantine literature can be drawn.