Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

All UPM pulp and paper mills in Europe and the Fray Bentos pulp mill in Uruguay are certified according to EMAS Regulation.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In 2013, UPM Changshu Paper Mill received EMAS certification as the first paper mill in China.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Of the electricity generated by the company, 78% is carbon neutral.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[15] Owners Major shareholders (31.12.2017) Ilmarinen Mutual Pension Insurance Company (1.32% of the number of shares) State Pension Fund (0.86% of the number of shares) Keva (0.77% of the number of shares) Elo Mutual Pension Insurance Company (0.76% of the number of shares) Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland r.f.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

(0.62% of the number of shares) Varma Mutual pension insurance company (0.58% of the number of shares) OP-Suomi Investment Fund (0.47%) Swiss National Bank (0.45% of the number of shares) Kymin Finnish Limited Liability Company Centenary Foundation (0.32% of the number of shares) National Insurance Insurance Institution (0.30% of the number of shares) [1] History UPM has a long tradition in the forest industry in Finland.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The group's first wood grinders and paper mills, as well as saw mills, became operational in the early 1870s.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Pulp manufacturing was started in the 1880s and paper processing in the 1920s.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Plywood manufacturing in the group was undertaken in the 1930s.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

UPM's predecessor companies were the Finnish forest industry companies Walkiakoski, Jämsänkoski, Kaukas, Halla, Kajaani, Toppila, Kymmene, Kuusankoski, Kymmi, Voikka, Lohjan Paper Oy, Wilh.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Schauman, W. Rosenlew, Raf.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Haarla and Myllykoski.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

By far the oldest of UPM's foreign factories is Papeteries de Docelles, a fine paper mill in northeastern France, which began operations as a traditional hand paper mill as early as the late 15th century.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The first paper machine for the mill came in the 1830s.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The UPM Docelles paper mill ended operations in January 2014.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The company's road brand is an eagle designed by Hugo Simberg in 1899 for the then Kymnne Aktiebolag.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

One very likely explanation for the choice of the fable creature is considered to be an allegory of the treasure eagle: the gripe is a guardian animal that, when moved to northern conditions, guards the green gold of the forest.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Today, the UPM road sign is the oldest company symbol in Finland in continuous use.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[16] UPM's Voikka paper mill closed in 2006 and Kajaani paper mill closed in 2008.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Today, a business area called Renforsin Ranta operates in the former Kajaani factory area.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[17] There is also an enterprise area in Voika's former factory farm.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In 2011, UPM acquired Myllykoski Plc and Rhein Papier GmbH.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[18] Research and development UPM's largest research and development centre is located in Kaukaa pulp and paper mill in Lappeenranta.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

About one hundred people work at UPM Northern European Research Centre.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The UPM Biorefinery Development Centre is also located in Lappeenranta.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

[19] In bioeconomy based businesses, UPM has three priorities: biofuels, biocomposites and biochemicals [20].


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In March 2016 UPM Biochemicals established an innovation unit in Meilahti, Helsinki [21].


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

World Design Capital Helsinki 2012 UPM was a participant in the Year of Design Capital of Helsinki.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The central meeting place of World Design Capital Helsinki 2012 was a pavilion built from UPM's renewable and recyclable wood products.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

The pavilion was implemented in cooperation with Aalto University, the Design Museum and the Finnish Museum of Architecture.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Shares UPM's share is listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

In the United States, UPM's certificates of deposit are traded on the over-the-counter market.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

See also Fennia Faneri Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) (pdf) UPM.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

Referenced as of May 24, 2017.


Question: When was UMP Tenth founded?

UPM

References Elsewhere Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turi, Antti| title=UPM — Kymnis: Birth of the Forest Giant| publisher = Otava | year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-1-16323-X| accessdate = 6.7.2012}} * Category:Key articles of screening Category:OMX Nordic 40 index


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The SM-liiga of Ice Hockey, also marketing as a mere Liiga starting from the 2013—14 season, [1] is the men's main league of ice hockey in Finland.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

It was established in 1975 to replace the old SM-sarja, which was played from 1928 to 1975.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The SM-liiga operates separately from the activities of the Finnish Ice Hockey Federation.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The Historia Liiga was founded on 24 May 1975 in Tampere to replace the SM-sarja, which had been played since 1928.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In a reverse organizational reform, the main series was separated from the rest of serial hockey, which remained to be handled by the Finnish Ice Hockey Association.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The federation also takes care of the basic work of hockey, as well as coaching and educational work, as well as the Finnish national teams.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The league reform meant deciding the championship through a playoff.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Initially, there were 10 clubs in the SM-liiga.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The series expanded to 12-team in the 1988—1989 season.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In 2000, the SM-liiga was expanded by one team, after which the series was closed so that teams could not drop out of the league or correspondingly climb there from the lower league.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

For the 2005—06 season, Mestis winner KalPa was elevated to the series, meeting the criteria required for a league place.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The league qualifiers were restored for the 2008—09 season.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

However, as a prerequisite for the surge, the Mestis team that cleared qualifying should have bought the share of the losing league team at the price specified by the league.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Otherwise, the losing league team would have continued to play in the league.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

As of the 2013—14 season, league qualifiers are replaced by a licensing system where the winner of the Mestis can apply for a main league license.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

If awarded, the club will ascend to the league after a one-season transitional period.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Logo from 1975—1984.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Logo from 1984—1997.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Logo from 1997 to 2005.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Logo between 2005 and 2013.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Logo since 2013.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Structure of the season In the 2017—2018 season, the SM-liiga is divided into five blocks with three teams each.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The blocks are divided based on location so that within the blocks the spacing distances are as short as possible.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The only exception to this is Kärpät, who play in the same block with Southern Finns HIFK and HPK.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

All teams face each other twice at home and twice away.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In addition, a double set is played within the blocks.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Thus, each team plays a total of 60 matches in the regular season.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Teams ranked 7—10 in the regular season will play playoff qualifiers, which will be advanced with two wins.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In the playoffs, the continuation can be reached with four wins.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The Finnish champion is the team that wins four matches in the finals series.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The losers of the semi-finals will fight for bronze in a one-leg bronze match.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

[2] [3] Blocks HIFK HPK Kärpät Ilves Sport Tappara Jukurit JYP KalPa KooKoo Pelicans SaiPa Lukko TPS Ässät Referees All SM-liiga referees on List of Ice Hockey SM-liiga referees refereed a total of 22 head judges in the 2017—2018 season as well as 17 line judges.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The SM-liiga is judged by a system of four judges (2 head judges and 2 line judges).


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The most refereeing referees have refereed more than 500 SM-liiga matches.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The 500-match limit has been broken by Markku Kruus (532), Antti Hämäläinen (518), Jyri Rönn (511) and Reijo Ringbom with his 849 matches.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

[4] The most matches have been refereed by the still active Timo Favorin, over 900 matches.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Jari Levonen and Juha Suoraniemi have been voted the best judge by the players.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The SM-liiga jury has been criticised in the media.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In particular, the league's attitude towards tackles to the head is considered outdated relative to, say, the NHL.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

However, Finland does not have a single professional referee, unlike again, for example, in the NHL and KHL leagues.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In the 2018—2019 season, a Situation Room (TH) was introduced for match refereeing, which was built in Helsinki.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

There, the events of the matches are monitored centrally by several video referees.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

A similar system works in the NHL, for example.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

[5] Televisation Until 2005, MTV3 televised one match of the regular season on Sundays on free-to-air, with Pentti Lindegren, Mika Saukkonen and Timo Jutila serving as the commentators.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Regarding the playoffs, MTV3 broadcast live select quarterfinal and semi-final matches as well as the April finals.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Hockey broadcasts were referred to as Hockey Night.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In addition, in the last couple years of televising, MTV3 offered more matches on the paid MTV3+ channel.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

For the 2005—06 season, the performance rights passed to Nelonen, who aired the April finals games live.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In addition to this, weekly Nelosen previously aired a weekly magazine and every game day at the end of the night all the goals of the round.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Regular season games and quarterfinals are presented live by paid Canal+, with J-P Jalo and Juhani Tamminen serving as commentators.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

As of the 2007—08 season, Nelonen also broadcast one regular season match live each month, but the weekly magazine was discontinued for that season while the round-goal compositions remained.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In the 2009—10 season, for the first time in its history, the SM-liiga switched entirely to the pay-channel side.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The matches were mainly televised by UrhoTV, in addition to which Nelonen transferred the previously free-to-air game of the month from Sports Channel to Nelonen Sport Pro.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

The season was also the first in which the finals games were not seen on Finnish television from anywhere other than the pay channels, as they were only seen on Nelonen Sport Pro.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Although the connection of the issues has not been investigated, the truth is that in the 2010-11 season, spectator numbers for SM-liiga matches dropped with the majority of teams.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Only Jokerit, Kärpät and Ässät received an increase in their viewership average at the end of the regular season compared to the previous year.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

In the 2013-2014 season, the filming rights passed entirely to Nelone.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

You can watch every game of the season on the Nelonen Pro channel and Ruutu+.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

As of the 2018-2019 season, Telia owns the rights for six seasons onwards.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Participating teams Previous league clubs of Ice Hockey SM-liiga qualification FOPs were relegated in 1977, nowadays FPS.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

KOOVEE fell in 1980, nowadays Koovee.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

JoKP was relegated in 1992, nowadays Jokiboys TuTo was relegated in 1996, nowadays TUTO Hockey.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Jokerit transferred to the KHL in 2014.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Kiekko-Espoo, then the Blues, went bankrupt in 2016.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

JyP HT, nowadays JYP.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Puck Bake, Hockey-Reipas and Reipas Lahti, nowadays Pelicans.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

SM-liiga clubs on timeline Team standings in SM-liiga 1975—2000 Season75—7676—7777—7878— 7979—8080—8181—8282—8383—8484—8585—8686—8787—8888—8989—9090—9191—9292—9393—9494—9595—9696—9797—9898—9999— 00Teams101010101010101010101010101212121212121212121212Hifk4454143155233655368569124ILVES764786836165432109871284268TAPPARA212152141611143611941058695tps123343254268TAPPARA212152141611143611941058695tps123343254268TAPPARA212152141611143611941058695tps123343254122511ACEST351225472466712-844537781011jokers67108999278910-109151211352lock59966101010-7882791167343109116koovee8389- —Sport10—Fops910—Pelicans1-8657767910—7101212—12Flys—71031583332611—Saipa—8768910—10812—11749HPK—10—87382910431033Jyp2—579264236610511810Kalpa—985427108910101212-cocoo— —10911—Jokp—12-12—Blues3—1111796477Tuto—1112—season75—7676—7777—7878—7979—8080—8181—8282—8383—8484—8585—8686—8787—8888—8989—9090—9191—9292—9393—9494—9595—9696—797—9898—9999—00 1 = 1976—1985 Hockey-Brisk, 1990—1991 Hockey-Brisk, 1991—1994 Reipas Lahti 2 = 1985—1997 JYP HT 3 = 1992—1998 Kiekko-Espoo 2000—2018 Season00—0101—0202—0303—0404—0505— 0606—0707—0808—0909—1010—1111—1212—1313—1414—1515—1616—1717—18Teams13131313131414141414141414141414141515HIFK61073546796168107243ILVES37136767810141414141515HIFK61073546796168107243ILVES37136767810141414141111Tappara221988107243ILVES371367678101414141414111131371112222112TPS1482610910811310131313754ACES13111110213141414135711291298jokers5147211247107359— Lock714115413109115394346129Sport—14101415Pelicans851213131286712142117129710Flys46211311281089113101Saipa10131112121271111121112111211121112111211121112111211121112111211121112111211121112111211127HPK1133431312529137811126126126126126126126126126126126126126yp129610991251341353435Kalpa—14141334656146926Kooo—111314Blues9858118424924126515—Jukurit— —1113Season00—0101—0202—0303—0404—0505—0606—0707—0808—0909—1010—1111—1212—1313—1414—1515—1616—1717—18 Winners Audience numbers Ice rinks Awards SM-liiga constellation Ice Hockey's SM-liiga player of the month — awarded to the league selected by the league for the player every month The Liiga organisation's annual recognition awards Aaro Kivilinna Memorial Award — Best Club Harry Lindblad Memorial Award — Regular Season Winning Team Aarne Honkavaara Award — Regular Season Top Goalscorer Jari Kurri Award — Best of Playoffs Player Jarmo Wasama Memorial Award — Best Newcomer of the Season Most Entertaining Player of Ice Hockey SM-liiga - Kalevi Numminen Award — Best Coach of the Season Lasse Oksanen Award — Best Player of the Regular Season Matti Keinonen Award — Power Player of the Season ( best plus-minus statistic) Pekka Rautakallio Award — Best Defender of the Season Pentti Isotalo Award — Best Line Judge of the Season Raimo Kilpiö Award — Gentleman of the Season Unto Wiitala Award — Best Referee of the Season Urpo Ylönen Award — Best Goalkeeper of the Season Veli-Pekka Ketola award — winner of points exchange awards awarded annually by the Player Association Golden Helmet — Most Valuable Player Golden Whistle — Best Referee Juha Rantasila Award voted by players — Defender who scored most goals in the regular season Administration Updated: 9.9.2017 [14] Office staff Riku Kallioniemi, Managing Director Juha Kuosa, Sales and Liaison Director Arto I. Järvelä, Competition Director Jyri Rönn, Referee Director Kaisa Hollo, Liaison Manager Pirjo Nurminen, Office Manager Marika Kukkamäki, Office Secretary Other personnel Antti Seppänen, media producer Juuso Kauppinen, media producer, social media Disciplinary Delegation Sampo Liusjärvi, pj Pekka Saarenheimo Tuomas Pöyhönen Markku Tuominen Robert Bützow Chief video judge Jukka Hakkarainen Petri Hiinen Jyrki Ingman Kari Jalonen Juha Pajunen Kai Tervonen's first managing director of SM-liiga was Kalervo Kummola 1975—1987.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

League Board President Heikki Hiltunen Members Lasse Aho Pekka Ilmiva Risto Jalo Mikko Laine Matti Nurminen Tapio Pajuharju Heikki Penttilä [15] Executive Committee Members Jukka Valtanen, (HIFK) Antti Toivanen, (HPK) Risto Jalo, (Ilves) Tuomas Muotka (Jukurit) Aku Vallenius, (JYP) Toni Saksman, (KalPa) Sakari Välimaa, (KooKoo) Tommi Virkkunen, (Kärpät) Timo J. Rajala, (Lock) Tomi-Pekka Kolu, (Pelicans) Marko Ek, (SaiPa) Tomas Kurtén, (Vaasan Sport) Mikko (Tappara) Mika Eskola, (TPS) Eeva Perttula, (Ässät) Matti Nurminen, (Finnish Ice Hockey Federation) [15] See also List of Finnish ice hockey medalists List of players who scored the most power points in a season List of Swedes who have played ice hockey in the SM-liiga List of Swedes in the SM-liiga List of ice hockey nights in the Czech Republic List of ice hockey games List of ice hockey games of the SM-liiga playoffs List of ice hockey SM-liiga playoffs All-League players decided by the Finnish Ice Hockey League Ice Hockey League Ice Hockey Championship Ice Hockey Women's SM-sarja SM-liiga of A-Juniors Attention Sources On topic elsewhere....


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League

Stuff along with tens of thousands of photographs of league and junior games.


Question: Which year KalPa played in the SM-liiga for the first time?

Finnish Ice Hockey League


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Julius Streicher (12 February 1885, Fleinhausen — 16 October 1946, Nuremberg) was a prominent National Socialist before and during World War II.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

He was the publisher of the newspaper Der Stürmer.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

The magazine became an important component of the National Socialist propaganda machine.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

The magazine was also the subject of controversy among National Socialists because of its pornographic material and sensationalism.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Streicher's publishing company also published anti-Semitic children's books.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

He called himself “Jewishtrapper number one”.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Early life Streicher was born into a teaching family in Fleinhausen in Bavaria.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

He worked as a national school teacher until joining the German Army in 1914.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

By the end of World War I in 1918, he had been awarded the Iron Cross and the rank of lieutenant.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

National Socialism In 1919 Streicher was active in the anti-Semitic organization Schutz und Trutz Bund, and moved in 1920 to the newly formed party Deutschsozialistische Partei, which despite its name was right-wing.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

His differences with other members led him to join the next anti-Semitic organization, the Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft, the following year.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

In 1922, he and his followers joined the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany led by Adolf Hitler, nearly doubling the size of the National Socialist Party.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

He participated in the Beer Met Coup of 1923.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

As a result, he was removed from the post of national school teacher.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

From 1925 to 1940, Julius Streicher served as the head, or gauleiter, of the Reich Gauau (later Franconian) of Mittelfranconia (later Franconia).


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

From 1924 to 1932 he was Landday Representative to the Bavarian State Landtag in Munich, thereafter he became a Reichstag representative to the Riksdag in Berlin.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

In addition to this, he held the rank of Chief Group Leader, or Obergruppenführer, in SA.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

In 1923 Streicher founded and began editing the anti-Semitic newspaper Der Stürmer (1923—1945), which aimed to spread deep hostility against the Jewish race.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

At best, the magazine had 800,000 subscribers.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

In the newspaper, Streicher accused Jews of being guilty of depression, unemployment and inflation.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

According to him, Jews were white enslavers and responsible for more than 90% of all prostitution in the country.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Der Stürmer combined anti-Semitic propaganda with openly pornographic material, making the magazine popular on the one hand, but which also made the publication objectionable to many.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

From 1927, “Die Juden sind unser Unglück” (), formed as the magazine's motto, was printed each time on the front page of Der Stürmer and derived from historian Heinrich von Treitschke.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

The magazine published weekly lists of names of Jews who were in custody for violating the Nuremberg racial laws.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Around 700 reader letters arrived at the paper daily, many of which contained informants towards Jews.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Even the Gestapo had trouble investigating all the whistleblowing.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

German towns and villages received a new ornament when the so-called “waterways” and streets began to appear on the sides of the roads and streets. Stürmer boxes (“Stürmer-Kästen”) in which the latest issue of the magazine was featured so that it could be read free of charge.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

During the Berlin Olympics of 1936, most of the capital's Stürmer boxes were either unplugged or left empty, lest foreign race tourists arriving in the city had a negative image of Nazi Germany.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

From 1936, Streicher's Stürmer-Verlag additionally published antisemitic children's books with an edition of over 100,000 copies.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

These publications included Elvira Bauer's “Trau keinem Fuchs auf grüner Heid und keinem Jud bei seinem Eid — Ein Bilderbuch für Groß und Klein” (“Don't trust a fox in a green meadow and a Jew who swears his lights — Picture book for big and small”, 1936), by Ernst Hiemer and Fiper Sin (Philipp Rupprecht's pseudonym) “Der Giftpilz” (“The Poison Mushroom”, 1938) as well as Ernst Hiemer's “Der Pudelmopsdackelpinscher” (1940).


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

In his paper, Streicher called for hardline treatment of Jews and the death penalty for Jewish “race-shamers” who had entered into sexual relations with non-Jews.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Indirectly, Streicher complained even about Hitler being too soft and tolerant in relation to Jews.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

With the ignition of World War II in 1939, public anti-Semitism declined somewhat in the German press.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

This led to Streicher in trouble.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

In 1940, the National Socialist Party's internal party court ruled that Streicher “is not capable of leading the people” and fired him from all his posts.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

The justification was his open hostility and aggressiveness — which was also targeted by other Gauleiters —, his entanglement of his own and state and party interests, and economic uncertainty in connection with the seizure of Jewish property following the Crystal Night.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Streicher was also accused of making public and disturbing rapprochement between women — including other men's wives — and of spreading lies about Hermann Goering in his magazine.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

However, at Hitler's behest, Der Stürmer and Stürmer-Verlag were left alone; the magazine then appeared as an edition of 300,000 copies.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Streicher was additionally prohibited from entering the city of Nuremberg.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

He therefore settled on his farm outside the city and devoted himself during the war to the art of painting as well as ecological farming.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Trial and execution Julius Streicher was arrested by chance on 23 May 1945 in an alpine village.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

A Jewish US Army major on his way to Berchtesgaden deviated to a farmhouse beside the road, where a man with a white beard was painting a picture.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

The major addressed the man in jest Yiddish and said to him, “You look just like Julius Streicher!” To this, the man replied, startled, “How do you know me?” Streicher's admirers had sent him and his magazine numerous images during the war of mass executions of Jews and the atrocities inflicted upon them.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

However, at the Nuremberg war crimes trial, Steicher claimed that he knew nothing about acts of terror against Jews.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

He assured that he had always been a great lover of nature, who had only wanted “guests” not belonging to Germany to leave the country.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Furthermore, he denied that his magazine was guilty of sedition, in his view it had merely distributed proper information about Jews.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

While imprisoned at Nuremberger, Streicher was, according to his own telling, on several occasions assaulted by Allied soldiers.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Most of his complaints have been erased from the transcripts of the war crimes trial, but are audible on recordings of the trials.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Julius Streicher was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death at the Nuremberg Trial.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

He was executed by hanging on the night of October 16, 1946, among nine other people on death row.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Streicher's execution formed the most colourful of the bunch.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

When he was formally queried for a name before entering the noose stage, he would roar “Heil Hitler!” The question was repeated, at which point Streicher shouted “You know my name quite well!” It was only the third time he announced his name by shouting.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Upon reaching the noose stage, Streicher yelled “God's possession!” as well as “Purim 1946!” And when the interpreter inquired about the last words, he roared: “The Bolsheviks will hang you all!” With the black hood printed on his head, he was still mumbling, “Adele, my dear wife.”


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Streicher's hanging did not go as planned: according to Howard Kingsbury Smith, who was present, Streicher chugged and gasped even after falling on the rope and the executioner was forced to finish the job under the hangpost, apparently railing him downwards.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

[1] Effect Although Streicher had a normal average IQ of 102, she was, in the opinion of many observers, mentally ill.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

Despite this, his newspapers and speaking tour made him one of the most famous leaders in Nazi Germany.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

[2] Der Stürmer is also popular material in today's anti-Semitic publications.


Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

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Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

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Question: What did Julius Streicher call himself?

Julius Streicher

State Archives of the Russian Federation: Category:Regional Directors of the NSDAP Category:German publishers Category:Germans executed Class:Those executed for war crimes Class:Those born in 1885 Class:Those who died in 1946


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Nuclear power in Finland is produced by four operating nuclear power plant units producing about a quarter of the electricity used in Finland (2015).


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Two of the plant units are located in Olkiluoto, Satakunta, and the other two are located in Uusimaa in Loviisa.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Finland's fifth plant unit, Olkiluoto-3, is in the testing phase.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In 2010, three entities applied for a licence to build a nuclear power plant: Fennovoima, owned by Finnish industry and commercial companies and energy companies and E.ON, and Fortum and Teojian Voima TVO, owners of previous nuclear power plants.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

On 1 July 2010, the Parliament decided by a vote of 120 to 72 to grant permission to Industrial Voima to build one more nuclear power unit in Olkiluoto.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima also received approval by 121—71 votes to build a new nuclear power plant in Simo or Pyhäjoki.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[1] On 5 October 2011, Pyhäjoki was announced as the site of the nuclear power plant.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

History of nuclear power in Finland The idea of using nuclear energy was born at the Academy of Finland, on whose initiative the Government established the Energy Committee in 1955.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Under the guidance of Professor Erkki Laurila of TKK, it was to assess the need for atomic energy in Finland.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

After the rivers in northern Finland became harnessed, the Finnish government asked the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA in 1961 to clarify the need for nuclear power in Finland.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Helsinki purchased the island of Granö, part of Sipoose, for the new nuclear power plant.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

It was speculated that a 150-250 megawatt nuclear power station could be connected to the power grid.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

However, the power station on Granö Island was never built.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Subsequently, a thermal power reactor developed by Swedish company ASEA-Atom, VTT and Finnatom was planned for the metropolitan area, which would have produced only district heat at 200 megawatts in the rock cave.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

ASEA had built a power station of this type in Huddinge, a suburb of Stockholm, in 1963.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

A small research reactor from General Dynamics was acquired for research use for TKK in the 1960s.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In 1961, Imatran Voima launched an international tender for a nuclear power plant on a turnkey basis.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The company wanted 1967 to order either the German AEG or the American Westinghouse reactor.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Soviet bid was considered incomplete.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

However, the State Council decided to drop the order based on the offers.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Minister of Industry Väinö Leskinen signed a goods exchange agreement in Moscow in 1969, which included an order for a nuclear power plant from the Soviet Union.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Novo Voronesh pressurized water reactor built in Loviisa was supplemented with Finnish engineering skills.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Security technology, automation and instrument systems were designed in Finland and acquired in the West.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant was commissioned in 1977, when Loviisa 1 was completed for power generation [5] [6].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Nuclear power plants In operation, four nuclear reactors are operational in Finland, producing about a quarter of the electricity used in Finland.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In addition, the small research reactor Triga (Triga Mark II) has been disbanded in Otaniemi, Espoo.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Radiation produced by the reactor is used in addition to research for boron neutron capture therapy used in the treatment of brain tumors.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Two of the nuclear reactors in power generation are located in Satakunta on the Olkiluoto island of Eurajoki, near Rauma.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Their owner is TVO, or Industrial Force.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Another two Fortum reactors are located in eastern Uusimaa in Loviisa on the island of Hästholmen.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Eura River Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) were manufactured by Swedish company Asea-Atom, the current Westinghouse Electric Company, part of the Japanese company Toshiba.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Loviisa pressurized water reactors (PWR) are from the output of the Soviet company Atomenergoexport.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The 1st Unit at Loviisa began power generation in February 1977 and 2nd Unit in November 1980.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Olkiluoto reactors were put into production use in 1979 and 1982.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In the 1960s, more nuclear power was to be built than it is today.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Power stations were ultimately not built anywhere near the numbers envisioned.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Labour and safety at work in Finland's nuclear power plants in 2013 worked 3715 people.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

No worker's dose exceeded limits deemed safe.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[8] A worker's radiation dose shall not exceed 100 millisieverts over five years.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In a single year, the dose should not exceed 50 millisieverts.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The highest annual dose per individual worker was just 8.6 millisieverts in 2013.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[8] The radiation dose of workers at Finnish nuclear power plants has decreased by around 70% during the decade 2004-2013.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[8] In 2002, the fifth plant unit Parliament authorised TVO to build Finland's fifth nuclear power plant unit, Olkiluoto-3, in Olkiluoto.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Previously, in September 1993, Parliament had knocked down a joint application by TVO and Imatran Voima to build additional nuclear power.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[9] The new power plant is supplied by the French company Framatome (now.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Arevan) and a consortium formed by German company Siemens.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The unit was planned to be in production in spring 2009, but its completion has been delayed due to incompleteness in the design of the reactor islet systems and problems with the supplier's construction and contracting.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The new plant unit is technically a pressurized water reactor, the so-called third generation light water reactor under the model designation EPR.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

When completed, the power plant will be the largest unit in the world with electric power (1600 MW) and will also be the world's largest steam turbine if the 2×1750MW Taisha Nuclear Power Plant under construction in China, Shandong Province is not completed before Olkiluoto-3. [10].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Further construction The application was submitted by Fennovoima, Fortum and Industrial Voima.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

By decision in principle of 6 May 2010, the Government rejected Fortum's application and submitted to Parliament the construction of two new reactors [11].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Parliament granted the permits to Fennovoima and Industrial Voima on 1 July 2010.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Most enthusiastically of the parties, the Coalition and the Centre Party supported the new permits, the Greens and the PerusFinns were most enthusiastically opposed to the new permits.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Supporters of nuclear power projects say the goals of the Kyoto climate agreement will not be achieved without nuclear power.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

According to them, nuclear means can reduce Finland's dependence on fossil fuels and Russian imported electricity.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In addition, plant units completed in the fold of the 1970s and 1980s are becoming obsolete soon.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

On the other hand, in the energy debate, opponents of nuclear power stress that more nuclear power is not a necessity, but a choice, and that energy conservation and the development and deployment of renewable energy sources are more relevant to Finland's energy policy, among other things.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

With the completion of further construction, Finland will become the world's largest producer of nuclear waste per capita, according to environmental organisations.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[12] Fennovoima Fennovoima submitted his application for a decision in principle [13] to the State Council in January 2009.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima's goal was to build a new nuclear power plant in Finland, which will produce about 15% of Finland's electricity when completed.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Construction work on the plant would begin in 2012 and the plant would generate electricity from 2020 onwards for the next 60 years.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima planned to build a nuclear power plant with a maximum electrical power of 1800 MW.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima is owned by Voimashare Company SF (66%), which is largely owned by several municipal energy companies and a few industrial enterprises, and RAOS Voima Oy, a subsidiary of the Russian state nuclear power company Rosatom (34%).


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The EIA carried out by Fennovoima involved the company's three alternative locations, Pyhäjoki, Ruotsinpahä and Simo.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

According to the Fennovoima EIA, the project has no effects in any of the three localities that would prevent the project from being implemented.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[14] In February 2009, the Ministry of Employment and the Economy stated that the report covers the content requirements of the law.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima dropped Ruotsinpyhtaan from his options in December 2009.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[15] On 5 October 2011, Pyhäjoki was chosen as the site for the new power station.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[16] Fennovoima initially chose two supplier options, namely Areva and Toshiba (Westinghouse) and three different reactor options mentioned in the 2010 Parliament Decision.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Since then, in 2013, Fennovoima switched to the Russian company Rosatom as plant supplier, which also became the largest shareholder of Fennovoima [17].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

At the beginning of March 2014, Fennovoima submitted an application to the Ministry of Employment and the Economy to supplement the existing Decision in principle on nuclear power construction and the matter was returned to Parliament [18].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In December 2014, Parliament approved the supplementation of the decision in principle by a vote of 115 to 74 [19].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In June 2015, Fennovoima submitted to the Ministry of Employment and the Economy a permit application for the construction of Hanhikivi 1 nuclear power plant [20].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima aims to launch the power plant in 2024 [21].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fortum Fortum carried out an environmental impact assessment in 2007-2008 with the aim of building a new plant unit in Loviisa on the island of Hästholmen in the immediate vicinity of the existing power plants.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

With its nuclear power plant project, Fortum aims to implement an increase in carbon-free domestic electricity generation in line with its strategy.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The new unit in Loviisa is also intended to provide district heating for the needs of consumers in the metropolitan area.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In connection with the project, Fortum has explored the technical and financial possibilities of transferring heat generated by Loviisa 3 units to the district heating network in the metropolitan area.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

According to Fortum's plans, the decision to build Loviisa 3 would have been taken in the first half of the 2010s, but in spring 2010 the Government did not grant permission for the Fortum project.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The electrical power of the Loviisa 3 plant unit is planned to be 1000—1800MW.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[22] Industrial Voima Industrial Voima carried out an environmental impact assessment for the fourth nuclear power plant unit to be located in Olkiluoto, which would have an electrical output of 1000—1800MW.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The goal was to start construction in 2013 and the commissioning of the power plant around 2018.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[23] The EIA report was completed and submitted to the Ministry of Employment and the Economy on 14 February 2008.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[24] Parliament adopted a decision in principle on the construction of the fourth reactor in July 2010 [25].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In May 2015, TVO's Board of Directors decided to cancel the Olkiluoto 4 project due to delays in the construction of Olkiluoto 3 [26].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Legislation and supervision The Nuclear Energy Act in Finland on the use of nuclear power provides in the Nuclear Energy Act [27] as follows: 5 § The overall benefit of society.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The use of nuclear energy must be, taking into account its various effects, in the overall interest of society.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

6 a § Nuclear Waste Management.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Spent fuel from commercial reactors must not be exported abroad, but must be disposed of in Finland.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fuel for research reactors can be exported overseas.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

7 a § Safety.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The safety of the use of nuclear energy must be maintained as high as practicable.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Section 6 mandates that no damage to people, the environment or property may be caused by the use of nuclear energy.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Other types of nuclear energy use are illegal in Finland.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Compliance with the Nuclear Energy Act and other laws and regulations regarding nuclear energy is monitored both nationally and internationally.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The use of nuclear energy is permitted only with a special permit.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

However, for research and development activities in this field, such authorisation is not required, but even so the operator must notify STUK annually [28].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The construction of a nuclear power plant with a thermal output exceeding 50 megawatts, as well as the construction of a nuclear waste disposal facility and certain other facilities for nuclear materials or nuclear waste, also requires a Government Decision in Principle, which shall be adopted also to be audited by Parliament.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Parliament may approve or revoke the Government Decision in Principle as such.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[29] The Criminal Code on the misuse of nuclear energy can be prosecuted in Finland for the crime of using nuclear energy.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[30] The manufacture, import, possession, use, and attempt of nuclear weapons is prohibited by the Criminal Code, and the person responsible for this shall be charged with the crime of nuclear detonation.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[31] Supervision Nuclear responsibility is defined in the Nuclear Responsibility Act of 8 June 1972/484, the implementation of which is supervised by STUK and the Ministry of Employment and the Economy (TEM).


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Ministry of Employment and the Economy (TEM) is responsible for the supreme supervision of nuclear energy and the use of nuclear energy in Finland.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Ministry prepares legislation in this area and takes care of its implementation.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

As a representative of Finland, TEM participates in the preparation of international nuclear agreements.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

TEM oversees the management of nuclear waste in Finland and manages the State Nuclear Waste Fund collected from fees added to the price of nuclear electricity.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

TEM represents Finland in Euratom, the IAEA and the OECD Atomic Energy Agency (NEA) and the Nordic Nuclear Safety Research Programme (NKS).


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Radiation and Nuclear Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) is an authority independent of plant operators and policymakers overseeing the design and operation of nuclear power plants.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Other countries have equivalent nuclear safety supervisors.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) is a nuclear power community in the European Union with authority.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

It monitors the use of nuclear power within the European Union.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is the United Nations nuclear energy agency that monitors the use of nuclear technology and nuclear materials internationally.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

It has the right of surveillance in all signatory countries to the NPT.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

All independent states in the world are covered by the NPT except Pakistan, India and Israel.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Stress tests following the Fukushima accident As a result of the Fukushima accident, which began in 2011, STUK assessed the fermenting facilities and spent fuel storage facilities in Loviisa and Olkiluoto as well as the plant unit under construction in Olkiluoto at the end of December 2011.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

According to STUK, the planning for all weather events was not sufficient according to the current understanding.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[32] The owner of a nuclear facility located in Finland shall have unlimited liability for damage caused in Finland.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Unlimited liability has been in place since 2012.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[33] If a nuclear facility located in Finland causes damage outside Finland, the maximum liability amount is approximately EUR 700 million [34].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The most serious nuclear accident in the world by the end of 2008 has been the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in Ukraine in 1986, the economic cost of which has been estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[35] Fuel and waste from existing plants Nuclear fuel imported 64 tonnes of uranium worth EUR 51 million in 2008.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

36% of imports were from Russia, 34% from Sweden and 30% from elsewhere.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[36] 2017 uranium was imported from Australia, Kazakhstan, Canada and Russia [37].


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Nuclear power plants accumulate 70 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel and other power plant waste between 250 and 300m³ per year.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

As the power plant runs out of operation, 40000m³ of power waste is generated.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In uranium producing countries, 1000 tonnes of extraction waste and five tonnes of tailings are generated per tonne of fuel.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[38] Mining of raw materials in Finland The Ministry of Trade and Industry (CCI) adopted a decision on the uranium submission to the border of Eno and Kontiolahti on 10 October 2006.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The decision gives the French company Cogema (Compagnic Générale des Matières Nucléaires, now Areva) the right to explore for uranium and other ores.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The decision does not warrant a test quarry or trial enrichment.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The takeover is valid for five years.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In Eno and Kontiolahti, the company obtained claim rights to 18 territories.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Their total area is about 1500 hectares.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

The takeover areas are being searched for uranium and thorium.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Support for nuclear power in Finland YLE commissioned four similar surveys between 2008 and 2010 to measure Finnish citizens' attitudes towards new nuclear power projects following the fifth nuclear power plant.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Opposition to additional nuclear power ranged between 48 and 55 percent and support between 34 and 38 percent.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[39] According to an opinion poll produced by the EU in early 2008, Finns are among the most enthusiastic supporters of nuclear power in the EU: 61% of responding Finns supported generating electricity by nuclear power, compared to 44% for EU citizens.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

In a poll three years earlier, the EU average was 37%.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[40] Among the Finnish political parties, the Coalition is in favour of further construction of nuclear power.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[41] In August 2009, Minister of Finance, President of the Coalition, Jyrki Katainen, said that he wanted to issue nuclear power licenses to all three applicants.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[42] The Centre has agreed to approve additional construction of nuclear power.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[43] The Greens, [44] the Left Alliance [45] and the RKP [46] oppose it.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Previously, the Finnish people were opposed to nuclear power, [47] but in their 2011 parliamentary election programme they expressed their support for it.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[48] The Christian Democrats [49] and the SDP [50] have left their positions open.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Candidates in the 2007 parliamentary elections were more nuclear negative than Finns on average.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

More than half opposed the construction of a sixth nuclear power plant, and supporters of construction accounted for a good 40 per cent of candidates.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

On average, one third of Finns were opposed to construction at the time, and nearly 60% of Finns supported the construction of the project.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

[51] Power generation from nuclear power plants in Finland See also Nuclear Power Discussion History of Nuclear power Energy in Finland Sources On the topic elsewhere Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

Energy Industry's Nuclear Reactions Blog.


Question: When was Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant opened?

Nuclear power in Finland

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philippos II

Philip II (, 382—336 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philippos II

[1]) was King of Macedonia from 359—336 BCE.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos united fragmented Macedonia into a powerful kingdom and reformed its army.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

He gained under his rule the surrounding territories such as Thrace, Thessaly and also the Greek city-states.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Before his death, he had been planning an attack against the Persian Empire.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[2] His son Alexander the Great carried out his father's plan and took over the whole Persian Empire and more.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos rose to power in 359 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

after seizing power from his brother Perdikka's minor son Amynthaa, whose regent Filippos had briefly served as regent.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

He rose thanks to his war expeditions to become archont of Thessaly and in 338 BCE.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

After the Battle of Khaironeia to the leadership of the Corinthian Union of Greek city-states.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos was assassinated in 336 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

An extensive conspiracy is suspected to have been behind the murder.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The youth of Filippos was in 383 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

born the son of King Amyntas III and Eurydike.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Eurydike probably belonged to the former kingline of the Macedonian province of Lynkestis.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[3] After the father died, Philip's eldest brother Alexander II became king.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

As the situation in Macedonia was extremely difficult, Alexander II had to send Philip as a hostage, first to Illyria and later to Thebes, one of the most powerful cities in Greece.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[1] As a hostage, Filippos stayed with a friend of the warlord Epameinonda, Pammenee, a Theban politician.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The young prince certainly got a lot of influences when he was a guest of the Thebans.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Probably Filippos learned there about Greek warfare [1] and the political life of Greek city-states.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[4] Of these he later had much use.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Alexander II was assassinated in 368 BC, and Philip's other brother Perdikkas III was elevated to the throne.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Since Perdikkas was still a minor, Ptolemy of Aloros was chosen as his guardian, in whose hands the real power came to lie.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[1] When he came of age, Perdikkas slew Ptolemy and took power into his own hands.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

He had Philip restored soon back to Macedonia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[4] Filippos seizes power as Filippos ascended the throne after Perdikkas and four thousand soldiers had died in 360 BCE in a war expedition against the Illyrians.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

According to Julianus Justine, Filippos was allowed to act as regent for Perdikkas's minor son Amynta, but later seized power for himself.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

According to other sources, Filippos was proclaimed king immediately after the death of Perdikkas.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Justinus, on the other hand, argues that Perdikkas was murdered, which, however, is considered unlikely.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[5] Many others sought the Macedonian kingship.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The most dangerous of the aspirants to the throne was Argaios, who received support from Athens.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

He went ashore in the port city of Methone and was aided by three thousand Athenian mercenaries, with whom he marched towards Macedonia's old capital Aigai (present-day Vergina).


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos gathered the available troops and after being surprised by the Athenians beat them.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[1] [6] The throne was also claimed by a certain Pausanias, who was supported by the Thracians.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

However, Philip managed to bribe the Thracians.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The tribes of Paionia north of Macedonia were also intending to attack, but they too were bribed by Filippos to gain free rein against Argaio.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[6] In 358 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos learned that Agis, king of the Paionians, had died.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Now Filippos invaded Paionia in turn, defeating the Paionians so thoroughly that they were never again a danger to Macedonia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[7] All that remained was the Illyrian king Bardylis, whose forces had defeated and killed Philip's brother Perdika a couple of years earlier.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Against Bardyl, Filippos assembled an army of 10,000 infantrymen and 600 horsemen.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

This attempted to negotiate with Philip, who was not willing to negotiate peace unless the Illyrians surrendered the towns they had previously occupied.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In the summer of 358 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Illyrians were defeated by Philip's forces at the Battle of Heracleia Lynkestis.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

More than 7000 Illyrians were killed in the battle.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[8] After the battle, the Illyrians agreed to Philip's peace terms, under which they would cede the towns of western Macedonia in their possession.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[9] After defeating all his enemies, Filippos was easily held in control of all of Macedonia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Traditionally, the king ruled Macedonia proper from the city of Pella.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The smaller Macedonian provinces to the west along the Illyrian border (Lynkestis, Orestis, Elimiotis and Tymfaia) had hitherto been more or less independent.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The noblemen of the provinceswere taken to the court of the king in Pella, and the children of important nobles were raised with the king's children (partly as hostages).


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos also brought the provinces more firmly under his rule by entering into important marriages.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos contracted in 357 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

by marriage to Olympia, the daughter of the king of Epirus.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[1] Filippos had also gained control over important mines on the Illyrian frontier and in Thrace, with the precious metals produced by which he became one of the wealthiest and most influential rulers of the entire Greek world.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[10] The war in Thessaly against the tyrant Iason of Ferai was in the 370s BCE.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

attempted to regain control of Thessaly, south of Macedonia, but had not succeeded.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Iason's followers had continued attempts to subjugate all of Thessaly.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Initially Thebes as the then Greek superpower had hindered them, but by the 350s, with Thebes overthrown, Ferai had begun to expand again.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Thessalians were allied politically to the union, with an archont elected as its leader.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos made his first war expeditions to Thessaly in 358, capturing at that time probably the province of Perrhaebia, which was located in the border region between Macedonia and Thessaly.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Around the same time, Filippos married a certain Thessalian native of the city of Larissa, Filinna.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Larissians resisted Ferai's attempts at expansion and certainly saw Philip as a potential ally.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[11] In 353 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos received an invitation to come and assist the Thessalians in their war against Ferai.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Ferai had made Fokis as his ally.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos easily defeated the Phocian army of 7,000 soldiers.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Soon, the Phocian Onomarkhos arrived in Thessaly with a large army and defeated Philip in battle twice.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Philip was forced to return to Macedonia, but is reported to have said that he did not escape, but retreated to strike back with greater force.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[11] In 352 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

He returned and, after a siege, took the port city of Ferai, Pagasai.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In their distress, the Feraians again called Onomarkhus for help.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Phocians arrived with a force of 20,000 infantry soldiers and 500 horsemen.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Feraians themselves numbered perhaps about 2,000 troops.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos convened the Thessalians and demanded that they ally with them.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Thessalians chose Philip as their archontic.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The post was for life, but in reality Thessaly then became part of Macedonia for the next 150 years.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Macedonians and Thessalians led by Philip faced the forces of Ferai and Fochis in the so-called Battle of Crocus Field.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Philip had the same amount of infantry as his opponents, but he had superiority in the cavalry.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The army consisted of perhaps about 3,000 cavalry soldiers.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Philip's cavalry proved superior in the battle, in which 6000 Phocians lost their lives.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Onomarulkos fell in battle, and over 3000 Fochislas were taken prisoner.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

On Philip's orders, the Phocian prisoners of war were executed by drowning.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[12] Ferai surrendered after the battle to Philip.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[13] Ferai leaders were allowed to leave the city with their 2000 mercenaries.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[14] Third Holy War The so-called Third Holy War had begun in 356 BC, when the Phocians had taken funds from the temples of Delphi to defend themselves against Theban aggression.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Athens and Sparta had sided with the Phocians against Thebes.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Thessalians also warred on the side of Thebes, and Philip, as archont of Thessaly, found it difficult not to get involved in the war.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos stressed to his soldiers the religious nature of war and ordered them to put laurel wreaths on their heads.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[15] After the Battle of Crocus Field in 352 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos marched south, but Phochish and Aferaic mercenaries defended the Thermopylai Pass, through which Philip would have to attack.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Phocian allies Athens and Sparta also sent reinforcements, with 5000 troops from the Athenians before Filippo by sea.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Seeing the troops facing, Filippos decided not to attack and returned to Macedonia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[16] War against Athens, the town of Amfipolis Amphipolii was located in the eastern part of the Khalkidike peninsula along the Strymon River.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Athenians had once founded the city, but had lost it following the implosion of the Athenian Empire during the Peloponnesian War.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Amphipolis was located in a strategically important location because its territory was the only place from which one could easily cross Strymon in its lower reaches.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Important mines, coveted by Filippos, were also located in the area.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

With Philip's ascension to the Macedonian throne in 359 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Amphipolis had a garrison sent by Perdika to defend the city against the Athenians.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

However, Philip had to give up the city because of the hopeless situation in Macedonia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In 357 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos had already secured Macedonia firmly in his power.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

He tried to persuade the inhabitants of Amphipol to ally with him, but opinions had changed and the city had become a democracy.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

However, some of the city's inhabitants were prepared to support Filippo, but they were disappointed when he had withdrawn the Macedonian garrison.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos began besieging the city.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

After many years of feud, the Amphipolites were forced to send a request for help to Athens.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[17] However, Amphipolis was not helped by the Athenians.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos sent a letter to the Athenians promising to cede the city to Athens after taking it.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

A snippet has also been preserved in the history of Theopompos that the Athenians tried to persuade Filippo to surrender Amphipolis to them against Philip receiving the city of Pydna.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Eventually, however, the Athenians realised that Philip had no intention of surrendering Amphipolis to them.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Athens and Macedonia thus drifted into war with each other.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[18] Early in the war, the Athenians used the island of Thásos as their base and attempted to disrupt Philip's actions.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

However, the Athenians' attempts were minimal and did not inflict any losses on Philip.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Khares, the commander of the Athenians, operated with 20 ships to Amphipolis nearby and struck a small group of Macedonian subordinate mercenaries in the battle.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In addition, the Athenian Navy attempted to put Macedonia under embargo.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Important export products for Macedonia were wood and pitch.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In total, 40 talents per year were accrued to the king.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Macedonia itself did not have a navy, but Macedonian pirates were active all the way down Euboia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Probably the Athenian fleet was too small to get anything done.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[18] A new phase in the war between Philip and Athens began when Khares captured the city of Sestos on the Khersonese in 352 BCE.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Also, King Kersobleptes of eastern Thrace made peace with the Athenians.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Athens thus gained free rein against Filippo.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Probably Kersobleptes had noticed the growing power of Philip and decided to ally with Athens against Filippo.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

However, Filippos acted quickly, and already in November of the same year he was besieging the fortress near Perinthos.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Athenians feared that Filippos would gain control over the whole of Hellespontos and be able to block vital grain shipments to Athens from the Black Sea.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Athenians decided to send an army of 40 ships and citizens against Filippo, but word soon came that Filippos had fallen ill, and no fleet was sent.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[19] Finally the year 351 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

in September, the Athenians sent a small fleet of mercenaries to Khersonese.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

At the same time, Demosthenee's first Filipino speech” is timed.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Demosthenes was only 35 years old at the time, but already known as a speechwriter.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

However, he never had much influence in Athens.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Demosthenes would have preferred to send an army and navy made up of citizens.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In reality, Athens did not have the resources it would have needed to stop Philip.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[20] The takeover of Khalkidike by Filippos resumed military operations in 349 BCE.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

by attacking the cities of the Khalkidike Peninsula.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The cities of Khalkidike were allied with each other, and the most important of these was Olynthos.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In total, there were 32 cities, among them Anthemos, Poteidaia and Stageira.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[20] A request for assistance was sent to Athens by the Khalkidikans in July 349 BCE.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

By September of the following year, however, Filippos had captured all the towns of Khalkidike.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The takeover of Olynthos was left in last place.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The smallest towns surrendered to Philip after the larger cities had been recaptured following a siege.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Olynthos was overrun after a siege of a couple of months.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Three so-called Olynthosaian speeches have survived from Demosthenee, in which he tried to persuade the Athenians to send aid to the Olynthoslais.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

However, this did not happen.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The fate of the Olynthoslates was cruel: the population of the city was taken as slaves to Macedonia, and the city itself was destroyed.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Other towns that had not surrendered to Philip were also destroyed.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos inhabited the Khalkidike region with Macedonians.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[21] Peace with Athens and the End of the Holy War In 347 BC


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Athenians and Filippos were already ready for peace.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The so-called Peace of Philocrates was concluded in 346 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

At Philip's insistence, the peace treaty also included an alliance between Athens and Macedonia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The parties were also allowed to keep the territories they controlled at the time the peace treaty was written.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

It was only for Fok and Alo that Filippos insisted on being allowed to act as he saw fit.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Athenians renounced their claims to Amphipolis as well.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos marched in 346 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Through Thermopylai to Focis.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Fearful of war fatigue, the Phocians surrendered to Philip, who was thus honoured to end the holy war that had been going on for ten years.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

At the very beginning, Filippos ceded to the Boiotians the cities occupied by the Phocians.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos also decided that the Amphictyonic Union protecting the shrine of Delphi was allowed to decide the fate of the Phochisans.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In general, death penalties had been condemned for pillaging temples, and the Phocians could not expect very gentle treatment from the union.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Athenians and Spartans, as allies of the Phocians, were also in danger of being subjected to a holy war declared by the union.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Amphictyonic Union decided that Filippos would receive the two votes previously belonging to Fokis at the meetings of the union.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

As archont of Thessaly, Filippos was also able to influence the voices of the Thessalians.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The union eventually decided that the towns of Fokis would be broken up and the inhabitants would be settled in small villages.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The Phocians also had to pay back the treasures they stole.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[22] There is no precise record of the Greek city-states being minted on the actions of Philip over the next few years.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Probably he fought in the northern parts of his kingdom.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In 345 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

he was in present-day Albania and in 342 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

with armies in Thrace.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In 341 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

he founded a city in Filippopoli in Thrace (present-day Plovdiv).


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In the following winter, Filippos began besieging Byzantion and Perintho on the shores of the Sea of Marmara.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

To his surprise, Philip received an army sent by Artaxerxes III, King of Persia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

For the first time since Xerxes I's war expedition, a Persian army invaded Europe.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

At the same time, Filippos threatened Athenian grain imports from the Black Sea.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

When Filippos was still capturing 200 ships in a cargo of grain, the Athenians declared war.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Philip had no choice but to end the siege of the cities.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Eventually, Persia got even more pressure from Thebes to declare war on Macedonia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[23] In 338 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Athenian Demosthenes had brought about an anti-Macedonian alliance.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos invaded Greece and defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Khaironeia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

In the same year, the Union of Corinth was established, which included all Greek city-states except Sparta.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The leader of the union (hegemon) became Filippos.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[23] [24] [25] In 337 BC.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos put forward a war expedition against Persia, one of the objectives of which was to liberate Greek cities on the coast of Asia Minor.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

He sent troops to Lesser Asia under Parmenion and Attalos in the spring of 336 BCE.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[26] Death of Philip In 337 BC


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Filippos found himself a new wife, the Macedonian Cleopatra, who was the niece of Attalos of Macedon.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

According to one interpretation, Filippos married Cleopatra because influential Macedonians such as Attalos and his father-in-law Parmenion demanded it.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

On the other hand, nothing is known of Attalos until 337 BCE, and apparently his prestige only increased after Filippos married Cleopatra.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

[27] Cleopatra deposed Olympia as Philip's favourite wife.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

On the occasion of Cleopatra and Philip's wedding, Attalos said he wished Philip a legitimate heir at last.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

This was, of course, an insult to the firstborn son Alexander (later Alexander the Great, or Alexander III) and Olympia.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

The wedding turned into a brawl, and eventually Filippos threatened to kill Alexander.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Olympias fled to Molossia and Alexander left somewhere in Illyria.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

There was a danger that Alexander would proclaim himself a rival king.


Question: Who ruled Macedonia after Philip II?

Philip II of England

Eventually the dispute was resolved and Alexander returned to Pella.