Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[21] The manufacture of nuclear fuel starts at the uranium mine.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

A typical 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant consumes about three cubic metres of fuel per year, with approximately 50000 tonnes [30] of uranium ore being mined for the manufacture of fuel.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

A coal-fired power station of comparable size consumes more than three million tonnes of coal per year [31] and normally coal mines for each tonne of coal must have excavated more than ten times the amount of rock [32].


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Consequently, more than 500 times the amount of mining is required to produce a similar amount of energy using coal.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Since only 0.7% of natural uranium is the fissil isotope U-235 of uranium, natural uranium must be concentrated to the higher concentration required for light-water reactors in separate concentrations.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In the manufacture of fuel, uranium oxide is compressed and sintered into ceramic, usually cylindrical, studs of about 1cm long and diameter.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The buttons are hard, solid and the material difficult to dissolve.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Each button is enough to generate about 10,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Uranium studs are stacked as rods inside thin-walled zirconium tubes.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The pipes are welded at their ends and assembled into bundles.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

These bundles are put in a reactor, where water travels between the rods and heats up as nuclear reactions occur inside the bundles.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[21] Nuclear fuel is produced on a commercial scale in Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, England and the United States [33].


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The state of nuclear fuel does not change during operation; instead, the spent fuel remains in the reactor in its entirety between fuel exchanges.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Unused nuclear fuel does not radiate significantly, and its short-term processing does not require special safeguards.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Spent nuclear fuel, on the other hand, emits strongly and poses a hazard to those staying nearby if radiation protection is not taken care of.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[21] Spent fuel is stored and treated in a pool of water which almost completely dampen the radiation.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Fuel assemblies must be stored in water pools for several years before they can be moved elsewhere for further treatment.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

It is possible to recycle spent nuclear fuel 95% through reprocessing, leaving only about 5% of the fuel as waste.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

However, fuel from Finnish nuclear power plants is not reprocessed because the Nuclear Energy Act prohibits the export and importation of spent nuclear fuel [34].


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

If no reprocessing is done, spent nuclear fuel is nuclear waste.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[35] Transport of spent and unused nuclear fuel has been discussed in the article Nuclear Fuel Cycle.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Adequacy of nuclear fuel Main article The occurrence of uranium Uranium is a non-renewable resource which, however, exists in the earth's crust in such considerable quantities relative to its consumption that there is no realistic possibility of its depletion over a foreseeable time span.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The total amount of uranium on Earth is about 63 trillion tonnes, and in the earth's crust its concentration is about 4 parts per million.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[36] In addition, existing uranium stockpiles, nuclear fuel reprocessing and nuclear disarmament fuel are used.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Approximately 40% of the world's nuclear electricity is currently generated from these fuel sources that are unneeded for mining.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[37] According to a joint report by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency NEA and the UN-subordinated IAEA, known ore reserves economically available at a price of less than $130 per kilogram are good 4.7 million tonnes, which would be sufficient to meet the needs of existing reactors for the next 85 years.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[37] However, in addition to known reserves, uranium reserves remain so far undiscovered in the earth's crust.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Today mining requires a concentration of at least 1000 ppm of uranium in the ore to make it profitable to exploit.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

These deposits contain approximately 90 million tonnes of uranium, based on geological mapping conducted at the United States Department of Energy.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[36] [38] Researchers responsible for inventory of uranium reserves at the NEA and IAEA have estimated that conventional reserves of uranium to be exploited for modern mining activities are sufficient for at least centuries, taking into account, in addition to known reserves, so far undiscovered deposits produced by geology under the earth's crust is estimated to be.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[39] The amount of uranium available depends heavily on the price of uranium, because the higher the price, the poorer deposits can be exploited by investing more in mining.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The doubling of the price of uranium will increase the uranium reserves tenfold, the price tenfold up to about 300 times already.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

If even part of the more than tenfold increase in the price of uranium seen in recent years is permanent, the result is a very significant increase in economically interesting uranium resources to a whole new order of magnitude.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Raw uranium accounts for only some percent in the price structure of nuclear electricity, so a significant increase in uranium would not increase the price of electricity very significantly.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[36] [40] The adequacy of uranium is also significantly influenced by the technology used.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The fuel economy of nuclear power plants is evolving all the time, increasing the energy content of uranium reserves.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

On the other hand, by recycling nuclear fuel through reprocessing more than 90% of the fuel, it is possible to return to the nuclear fuel cycle.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Most significantly, however, fuel resources would be increased by the wider use of utility reactors, which are capable of producing more fuel than they consume when running.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In addition, utility reactors can use thorium much more common than uranium as fuel.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

So far, however, the utility reactor technology is in production use only in Russia, although experiments have been carried out in the United States, France, Japan and Britain, among others.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The greatest increase in the adequacy of nuclear fuel would be the introduction of fusion reactors, which can use hydrogen from ordinary water as their fuel.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[5] Nuclear waste management In the use of nuclear power, nuclear fuel becomes nuclear waste because during nuclear reactions fission products are created in the fuel, some of which hinder the operation of the reactor.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The greatly elevated radioactivity of the waste is due to these fission products accumulated in fuel rods.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In addition to spent nuclear fuel and other high-level waste, low- and medium-level nuclear waste is generated at the nuclear plant, for example during maintenance and normal operation of the plant.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The most significant impact from a nuclear safety point of view is spent nuclear fuel, i.e. high-level nuclear waste.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[41] In the use of nuclear power in volume, low- and medium-level nuclear waste is produced, including, inter alia, low-radioactive substances or stained with active substances, workwear, protective equipment, equipment, parts, filters and filtration wastes.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The activity of these wastes is rapidly decreasing and, in the beginning, they contain only a small fraction of the radioactivity produced by the plant.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Often the radioactivity half-life of these wastes is so short that the waste is simply stored to wait for the radioactivity to fade for its own times.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Once activity has dropped enough, the waste is recycled or delivered to standard waste management.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Waste for which it would take too long to wait — about a century or more — is stored in guarded warehouses or disposed of in a place where guarding is not necessary, usually in an enclosed rock cave.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Many countries have disposal facilities for low- and medium-level nuclear waste in operation.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[42] Compared to the nuclear power industry, higher amounts of low-level waste are generated in other parts of society: in the EU, agriculture, construction, oil and gas production, coal and peat burning, wastewater purification and other human activities generate tens of millions of tonnes each year waste containing natural radioactivity which may exceed the free limit for low-level nuclear waste.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[29] In Finland, low- and medium-level wastes are stored at the site in one centralised storage facility, and the spent nuclear fuel is also stored in intermediate storage.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Radioactive low- and medium-level waste is also generated when old nuclear power plants are dismantled.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[29] High-level nuclear waste is mainly spent nuclear fuel and contains most of all radioactivity produced by a nuclear power plant.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

High-activity nuclear waste contains numerous quantities of uranium fission products, many of which are highly radioactive isotopes of various elements, such as plutonium isotopes Pu-238 as well as Pu-239, xenon-135 gas and iodine-131.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

There is still usable uranium left in spent nuclear fuel, or high-level nuclear waste, but it can no longer be used in the reactor because the reactor's operation may be disrupted by fission products.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Fresh high-level nuclear waste radiates very strongly, generating plenty of heat.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

For this reason, the waste must be constantly cooled in the water basin.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

However, the activity of spent nuclear fuel is falling rapidly at first: in the first year after removal from the reactor, activity has dropped by 99%.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In this case, a large part of the fission products has decomposed into other elements.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Since high-activity nuclear waste also contains elements with a long-lasting half-life, it will take a long time for radiation to be dampened to such an extent that it is safe to stay near spent fuel for short periods of time.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Next to a copper disposal capsule may be in a few decades.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In the vicinity of the fuel itself, you can stay for short periods after about a thousand years.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

However, the planning of disposal is aiming for an isolation period of around one hundred thousand years, because, for example, waste in a powdered form is dangerous for organisms for a long time to come.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[29] [43] A number of different solutions have been presented for waste management of spent nuclear fuel.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

About 95 percent of spent fuel could be recycled through reprocessing, which is done mainly in France and Japan.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Of the other waste management options, geological disposal is the most significant and cost-low.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The joint position of the International Atomic Energy Agency under the United Nations, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency NEA and the European Communities is, [44] that since 1978 the NEA has brought together experts representing its member countries (Radioactive Waste Management) Committee, RWMC) to develop guidelines for nuclear waste management.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

According to RWMC, there is broad agreement among industry experts that disposal planning can achieve an adequate level of safety well into the future and that it is the duty of generations who have benefited from nuclear electricity to carry out nuclear waste management in a sustainable way.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Experts' confidence in geological disposal has been confirmed by numerous national security clearances and environmental licensing processes in member countries.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The RWMC also identifies similarly favourable attitudes as less common among those with less knowledge.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[45] The UN Agenda 21 Programme Declaration also encourages member countries to focus on exploring geological disposal for its environmental and security interests.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The disposal of spent fuel has not yet started anywhere, but disposal projects are underway in several countries, including Finland.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[42] Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, the Finnish Union for Conservation of Nature and many other NGOs oppose nuclear power and the geological disposal of nuclear waste because nuclear waste can end up in groundwater and thereby elsewhere in the habitat.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Greenpeace is calling for the waste to be stored in above-ground storage facilities to connect with nuclear power stations until a safer disposal solution than current plans is found.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[29] [46] Environmental impact and safety The operation of a nuclear power plant does not produce direct CO2 emissions, but the construction of a nuclear power plant, uranium production and enrichment and waste management are emitted.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The total lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear power are about 12 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per 1 kilowatt-hour produced.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

This is the median value calculated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on a number of different studies by the IPCC.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear power lifecycle emissions are in the same range as wind power (11g/kWh) but much lower than coal-fired (820g/kWh) and natural gas (490g/kWh).


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[47] The IPCC therefore classifies nuclear power, as well as renewables, as low emission energy.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[48] In its 2007 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) notes that the decrease in the share of fossil fuels in global energy production from 86% in 2004 to 81% in 2004 “is mainly due to increased use of nuclear power" [49] According to the IPCC, nuclear power technology, along with energy efficiency, renewable energies, carbon capture and many other technologies, can play a significant role in mitigating climate change.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[50] According to IPCC estimates, nuclear power's share of world electricity generation could rise from 16% in 2005 to 18% in 2030.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[51] According to the IEA, the International Energy Agency estimates that nuclear power could reduce by more than three per cent of global energy production emissions by 2030 compared to primary careers.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[52] However, significant challenges for nuclear power annexation include safety issues, treatment of nuclear waste and costs.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[53] [54] The most significant direct adverse effects of a nuclear power plant are common to all thermal power plants and do not apply specifically to nuclear power plants.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Of these, in the case of nuclear power, the most noticeable is the warming of seawater used for cooling the condenser.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Returning to the sea, it heats water bodies and may cause local ecosystem changes, favoring locally warm area species at the expense of cold region species.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Other impacts include local noise and traffic to the site.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear power, like other forms of energy production, also causes indirect adverse effects.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Uranium mines, for example, may cause local environmental problems and occupational accidents, as well as work-related illnesses.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Taken as a whole, however, the nuclear fuel cycle as a whole causes less environmental impact and personal injury relative to the energy produced than fossil fuel use and many renewable energy sources.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Partly this is due to the very small quantities of uranium needed for energy production, making mining operations comparatively small-scale.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Relative to energy produced, the harm caused by coal mines is many times that of uranium mines.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[55] [56] Radiation safety The use of nuclear power involves ionising radiation and radioactivity, the need to take into account which makes the use of nuclear power different from other energy sources.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In the process of nuclear power plant, various species of ionizing radiation and radioactive substances are present, to which exposure in large quantities is hazardous to health.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Some workers at a nuclear power plant may be exposed to ionising radiation in their work and radiation protection must be ensured.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear power plants distinguish between radioactive substances generated in their operations, which are either put on hold for natural decay to become stable substances or disposed of.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In more detail, the topic is discussed in the article nuclear waste management.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Some gaseous or liquid radioactive substances are very difficult to isolate, so carefully controlled release of them dilute enough into the environment is allowed.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

For example, for the Olkiluoto nuclear power plant, active emissions to water were 0.6 gigabequerelles in 2006.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The tritium discharge to water from the same plant was 2.46 terabequerelles in 2006.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[57] The operation of nuclear power plants in Finland results in an annual dose of less than 0,05 microsieverts for the most exposed population, which is less than 0.05% of the limit of 100 microsieverts defined by the authorities and an increase of approximately 0,0001% in the radiation dose that the average Finnish person receives from natural sources of radiation annually.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The rest of the population gets an even lower dose.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Thus negligible doses of radiation not only undercut the natural variability present in background radiation, so completely disappear into it.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

It is clear that no health effects with such small changes in radiation have ever been observed.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[58] Nuclear safety Main article: Nuclear safety Radioactive fission products are generated in a nuclear reactor when uranium atoms crack in fission reactions.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

If the reactor is damaged enough to allow fission products to spread into the environment, the radiation they emit can cause damage to humans.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The risk of accidents associated with the use of nuclear power cannot be completely eliminated, but with careful planning and use, the risk is very low.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The three basic functions of nuclear safety are chain reaction control, reactor cooling, and preventing the spread of radioactive materials.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

If these basic functions can be performed, then nuclear power is safe to use.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[29] Loss of control of a chain reaction can lead to a so-called reactivity accident in which the power of the nuclear reactor is abruptly increased, as happened in the Chernobyl accident.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In this case, the fuel in the reactor heats up quickly, which can lead to its damage and the release of radioactive materials.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Efforts are made to design nuclear reactors in such a way that an increase in temperature or boiling of cooling water slows down the chain reaction.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

This prevents an uncontrolled increase in reactor power.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

To quickly stop a chain reaction, the reactors have a quick-closure system that pushes control rods into the heart of the reactor.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

If the control rods get stuck, then the chain reaction can also be stopped by pumping a boron solution into the reactor, which absorbs neutrons.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[29] The nuclear reactor must be cooled even after the chain reaction has been stopped, because residual heat is generated in the radioactive decay of fission products.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The residual heat output of a large reactor is so great that it can melt the fuel rods.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear reactors are equipped with emergency cooling systems to pump additional cooling water into the reactor even if normal cooling systems are not working.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The accidents at Three Mile Island and Fukushima [59] were caused by a failure to cool the reactors.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[29] For the purpose of preventing the spread of radioactive materials, a nuclear power plant has several successive barriers to spread.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

During the normal operation of the reactor, almost all radioactive material is inside the fuel rods.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Therefore, water leakage alone does not pose a high radiation hazard unless it is accompanied by fuel damage.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In the event of an accident, fuel rods may break, allowing radioactive materials to be released into the pressure-resistant containment.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

If the containment remains intact, as in the Three Mile Island accident, then emissions into the environment will remain very low.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[29] Nuclear accidents Main article: Nuclear accident See also: List of nuclear accidents There have been three serious accidents at civilian nuclear power plants.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The worst of them was the explosion of the Chernobyl reactor on Ukrainian territory in the Soviet Union on April 26, 1986.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

More than 30 workers died from injuries they sustained in the crash.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[60] The World Health Organization estimates that as many as 9000 people could die from cancers caused by Chernobyl radiation.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[61] All residents were evacuated at a distance of 30 km from the plant and also evacuated the worst-polluted villages outside the 30 km protected area.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[62] The economic damage caused by the accident amounted to hundreds of billions of euros.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[63] The second worst nuclear power plant accident in history occurred in Japan when an earthquake on 11 March 2011 caused a tsunami that destroyed the power systems of the Fukushima nuclear power plant.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The power outage brought the plant's cooling systems to a standstill, and in the heart of three reactors, fuel overheated and eventually melted.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[59] Approximately 170,000 persons were evacuated from an area of about 30 km around the plant.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[64] Fifty-one people died in the evacuation.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[65] No direct radiation adverse reactions have been observed.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The radiation doses people received were left so low that they do not substantially increase cancer disease.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[64] The economic damage caused by the accident amounted to hundreds of billions of euros.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[66] The Three Mile Island accident in Harrisburg, United States, on March 28, 1979, began with an error in maintenance work on the feedwater system.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

After that, through a safety valve stuck open, so much cooling water leaked that the reactor's heart overheated and partially melted.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Emissions into the environment were left very small because the containment building remained intact.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The accident reactor was damaged unusable.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[29] On the seven-tier INES scale, the Three Mile Island accident falls into category 5, while Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents are in the highest category 7.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[60] Nuclear power, nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament See also: Nuclear weapon and nuclear disarmament Less than one per cent of natural uranium is fissil, i.e. the chain reaction sustaining isotope U-235.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear power plants usually use concentrated uranium, with a U-235 content of about three percent.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear weapons, on the other hand, use concentrations of more than 95 percent.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

This is why you cannot make a nuclear weapon by using fuel from nuclear power plants as it is.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The light-water reactor of a conventional nuclear power plant consumes fissil substances when running, so the fuel enrichment rate continues to decrease while in the reactor.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Although a conventional light-water reactor nuclear power plant is hardly helpful in the acquisition of weapons, many other types of nuclear technologies, such as fortification technologies, can be used both peacefully and militarily.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear fuel can still be fortified as fit for nuclear weapons, which is why records of nuclear materials are kept and their quantity verified through inspections and supervision.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In Finland, nuclear monitoring is handled by the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority and internationally by the IAEA.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Expanding control beyond fissils to nuclear technology eligible as military technology has been proposed, as India and Pakistan, for example, have acquired a lot of nuclear technology used for weapons production from Western countries, declaring their intention to use it peacefully.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Camouflaging a nuclear weapons project as peaceful is usually clunky because of the variety of technology needed and IAEA inspections.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The cover-up has never succeeded in concealing a nuclear weapons project until the completion of a nuclear weapon.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

A cover-up is not necessarily necessary, because if a country is not covered by the NPT, it is legally allowed to acquire a nuclear weapon.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Israel has nuclear weapons even though the country has no peaceful power plant use of nuclear technology.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Likewise is allegedly North Korea's case.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Early 2006 has seen a stir over Iran's nuclear project: the country has been threatened with taking the issue to the UN Security Council and sanctions.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Even US or Israeli military action has been flashed.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Iran has threatened, for its part, with secession from the Non-Proliferation Treaty, among other things.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

None of the countries mentioned uses nuclear power.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Peaceful use of nuclear power without military aspirations is clearly more common: a total of 27 nuclear-free countries use nuclear power exclusively peacefully.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The pursuit of a nuclear weapon is prevented on the one hand by the technical obstacles described here, on the other hand, by international commitments.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Without advanced technological ability to concentrate the proportion of fissils substances to about 90% in natural uranium or nuclear fuel, it is not technically feasible to make a nuclear weapon.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Moreover, almost all countries in the world have committed by the NPT not to produce a nuclear weapon, and so far this commitment has not been violated.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

There are currently four non-NPT countries worldwide.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Countries that acquire a nuclear weapon have — whether they use nuclear power or not — invariably either acquired the weapon before the NPT existed, or have been few non-treaty countries, and therefore outside UN nuclear control.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear power plants are also used for nuclear disarmament.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Plutonium in a nuclear weapon is disposed of by diluting them to be fit for nuclear fuel and then using them in nuclear power plants to generate electricity.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The use of MOX fuel from nuclear weapons in power plants has met opposition from various organizations who view the process as ineffective and consider it to involve, among other things, major nuclear proliferation and nuclear safety risks.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[67] For example, MOX fuel was used in the Fukushima Daiichi 3 reactor badly damaged in the Japanese nuclear accident.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear control The commercial use of nuclear power has since its inception been based on strict regulatory control, the genesis of which dates back to the United States of the 1950s.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Based on the American Atomic Energy Commission statute, modern rules for the peaceful use of nuclear power around the world have been established.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The main guides of the principles of the use of nuclear power are that the benefits of use must outweigh the disadvantages and must always be safe.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In Finland, for example, the Nuclear Energy Act () stipulates: 5 § The total interest of society The use of nuclear energy must be, taking into account its various effects, in the overall interest of society.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Section 6 Safety The use of nuclear energy must be safe and not cause harm to people, the environment or property.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Other types of nuclear energy use are illegal in Finland.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Compliance with the Nuclear Energy Act and other laws and regulations regarding nuclear energy is monitored both nationally and internationally.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The main responsibility for supervision always rests with the local authority.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

As an example of a typical commercial nuclear power control system, Finnish control is given here.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The Ministry of Employment and the Economy, or TEM, is responsible for the supreme supervision of nuclear energy and the use of nuclear energy in Finland.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The Ministry prepares legislation in this area and takes care of its implementation.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

As a representative of Finland, TEM participates in the preparation of international nuclear agreements.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

TEM oversees the management of nuclear waste in Finland and manages the State Nuclear Waste Fund collected from fees added to the price of nuclear electricity.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

TEM represents Finland in Euratom, the IAEA and the OECD Atomic Energy Agency (NEA) and the Nordic Nuclear Safety Research Programme (NKS).


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

STUK (STUK) is an authority independent of plant operators and policymakers overseeing the design and operation of nuclear power plants.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Other countries have equivalent nuclear safety supervisors.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The European Atomic Energy Community, or Euratom, is a nuclear power entity in the European Union with authority.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

It monitors the use of nuclear power within the European Union.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The International Atomic Energy Agency, or IAEA, is a United Nations nuclear energy agency that monitors the use of nuclear technology and nuclear materials internationally.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

It has the right of surveillance in all signatory countries to the NPT.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The Non-Proliferation Treaty includes all independent states in the world, except Pakistan, India and Israel.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

According to a calculation by Lappeenranta University of Technology, nuclear power is the second cheapest form of electricity generation in Finnish conditions after wind power.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Most of the cost of nuclear power is capital costs.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In the university's calculation, the cost of capital accounts for 62 per cent of the total cost, compared to five per cent in real terms.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Fuel accounts for only 13 per cent of the cost of nuclear power.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The remaining 25% is operating and maintenance costs, which include setting aside money for the dismantling of the nuclear plant and disposal of nuclear waste.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[68] If a nuclear power plant causes damage to bystanders, the power plant operator, the power company, must compensate for the damage.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

According to the Finnish Nuclear Liability Act, financial liability is unlimited.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The power company must take out liability insurance, which will cover damages up to 700 million euros.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[71] [72] The price of nuclear electricity has included a large number of expected or potential costs outside the cost of actual electricity generation.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

However, absolutely all external costs are not estimated to include the price of nuclear electricity.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

A study published by the European Commission has calculated the external costs of generating electricity from different energy sources.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The externality cost of nuclear power in the study yielded between 0.2 and 0.5 c/kWh.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

This can be compared to coal (2—15 c/kWh), oil (3—11 c/kWh), gas (1—4 c/kWh), biomass (0—5 c/kWh) and wind power (0.05—0.25 c/kWh).


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[73] The amount of resources invested in the development of different energy technologies varies widely.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

For example, in 1999 in the United States, nuclear power was supported by $685 million (approx.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

0,1 c/kWh) of 38.4 million beneficiaries of wind power (approx.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

1 c/kWh) and hydroelectric power of $3.8 million (approx.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

0.001 c/kWh).


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

During nuclear energy development work 1947—1961, the United States, according to one estimate, invested a total of $39.4 billion ($15.30/kWh) on a new energy source.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

This has been compared to support for wind power of US$1.2 billion (US$0.46/kWh) over an equally long 15-year period from 1975 to 1989.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Relating the subsidies to the amount of energy produced up to the present day, it has been calculated that the subsidies would increase the price of nuclear energy by 1,2C/kWh in a calculated manner.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Similarly, solar power generation has been supported at 51c/kWh and wind energy production at 4c/kWh.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[74] In the OECD countries, US$16 billion was invested in nuclear energy research between 1995 and 1998.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

This includes fusion research.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Over the same period, renewable energy and energy saving were explored with public funds from OECD countries for $9 billion.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[75] Nuclear power and society Main article: Nuclear power debate The use of nuclear power is a highly polarised political issue and debate and argument exists in the media.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

There will also be demonstrations, advertising campaigns and other expressions of interest on the topic.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Nuclear negative protests are positive more common, while paid notification is more often resorted to by the party defending atomic power.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In most polls, the use of nuclear power generates more support than opposition.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

But there is a significant minority of opponents.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Measurements of additional construction of nuclear power give varying results.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[77] The political controversy over nuclear power is significant insofar as the production of nuclear power is strongly associated with a political authorisation process, usually accompanied by a wide public debate.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

So the amount of production of nuclear power does not grow or decrease freely according to demand; it is the elected politicians who decide to allow and restrict its use.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The visible nuclear debate of recent decades has a palpable impact in today's nuclear policy.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In many countries, the use of nuclear power has stalled or reversed into decline by political decision.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[34] Between the 1950s and 1980s, the growth of nuclear power was very rapid and in some countries, such as France, it replaced the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation almost entirely.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[78] Finland and Sweden (see


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

diagram on the right) are examples of countries where nuclear power production has long been purposefully increased.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

As a result, fossil fuels account for a markedly smaller share of total energy production than in industrialized countries in general.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In addition, it is possible to use biofuels and hydropower significantly in Sweden and Finland, which is also reflected in the charts.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Germany and Denmark are countries where the use of nuclear power is low.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In Denmark, nuclear power production was never even started and it has been decided to stop the production of nuclear power that grew initially in Germany.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Countries' energy production is mostly through fossil fuels while efforts have been made to increase the use of renewable energy sources.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Countries have focused mainly on additional wind power construction with biofuels and hydroelectric power limited in these countries.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In terms of security of supply, nuclear power will soon become a major factor in Finland.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The planned Hanhikivi Nuclear Power Plant in Fennovoima and Olkiluoto 3, which is under construction, will increase Finland's nuclear power capacity to about twice the current level.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Due to large and regionally highly centralised production sites, nuclear power is also a vulnerable mode of energy production.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

A military or terrorist attack on nuclear power sites such as Olkiluoto or Loviisa could cause significant harm, for example, in the metropolitan area due to possible radiation fallout.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

On the other hand, access to electricity could also be significantly hampered.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[79] The Future of Nuclear Power The development of nuclear power continues to be active around the world.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

New applications for nuclear power are constantly being sought and existing technology is being improved.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

On the other hand, new forms of nuclear energy are also explor


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The acceptability of nuclear power is influenced, on the one hand, by the concerns of people who are critical of nuclear power about the harm of nuclear power, and on the other by those who are positive.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

So the nuclear debate will continue to be active in the future.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Rising energy demands and the Kyoto climate agreement have led many countries to build or plan to build additional nuclear power, and increased uranium production needs to be increased to meet the increased demand.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The adequacy of uranium for nuclear energy needs depends on how much nuclear power production increases and what technology new nuclear power will utilize.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Due to the abundance of uranium in bedrock, the adequacy of uranium in itself does not constitute a technical barrier to the widespread increase in the use of nuclear power (see


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

article about uranium occurrence).


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Environmental journalist Rob Edwards has suggested that increased demand for uranium could lead to increased uranium production, particularly in developing countries.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

This could exacerbate the environmental impact of mining, since environmental standards in developing countries are weaker and less efficient than the developed world [80].


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

So far, however, most of the world's uranium production has remained in developed countries.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Canada and Australia, in particular, have increased their production and together produced more uranium in 2005 than all other producing countries combined [37].


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Current developments in the quantity of nuclear power are discussed above in the section “Use of nuclear power”.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Small modular reactor Due to delays in construction projects at large nuclear power plants, consideration has begun to build smaller reactors.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Small modular nuclear reactors (SMR, Small Modular Reactor) of less than 300 megawatts could be mass-produced at the plant and transported to the site in whole modules.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

This could speed up construction and lower costs.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[81] The lower power could make it easier to build a small reactor to be safe with passive cooling systems.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Small reactors could also be used for district heat production.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Small reactors are not yet commercially available, but prototypes are under construction in China, among others.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In Finland, small reactors came into wide public debate in 2017 when council initiatives in Helsinki, Espoo, Kirkkonummi and Nurmijärvi called for a study of the potential of small reactors in the production of electricity and district heating to replace fossil fuels .


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[82] Benefit reactor Benefit reactors that produce new nuclear fuel when operating may also use uranium-235 (0.7% of crustal uranium), but also uranium-238 (99.3% of crustal uranium).


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

In addition to uranium, utility reactors can utilize potentially much more common thorium as nuclear fuel.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

So far, the use of thorium has not been profitable because uranium is available cheaply, but in the future thorium can potentially increase the adequacy of available nuclear fuel.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

While experimental reactor experiments have been carried out around the world, industrial utility reactor technology is currently only in Russia.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[83] [84] The increase in the price of uranium due to rising demand may lead to an acceleration in the development of utility reactors because they use uranium more efficiently than current reactors.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

However, fuel for benefit reactors carries, among other things, nuclear proliferation risks, [80] and according to a study conducted by MIT, it is not expected that new reactor and fuel technologies will simultaneously be able to meet costs, safety, nuclear waste and to nuclear proliferation risks.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

It therefore recommends using current technology in the coming decades as well.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[85] Accelerator Reactor One development of nuclear reactors is Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS).


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

ADS may become a major way to dispose of long-lived radioactive materials while making electricity at the same time.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

To some extent, utility reactors are capable of doing the same.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

With this treatment, the activity of spent nuclear fuel falls below that of natural uranium within a thousand years.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Today, geological disposal is widely regarded as the best but still highly controversial alternative to spent fuel nuclear waste management.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Benefit reactors or accelerator plants could also greatly improve fuel availability, as they are able to use all naturally occurring isotopes of uranium and thorium to their advantage.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

One of the areas of development of utility reactor technology is the development of their fuel cycle to such that no materials capable of nuclear weapons would emerge.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

[86] Fusion In the future, the fusion reaction may provide an almost inexhaustible source of energy.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

Utilizing fusion energy in practice, however, is decades away.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The price of fusion energy may also become relatively high.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear

The international ITER research project aims to build a prototype of a functional, power-sized fusion reactor in Cadarache, France.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

Once the use of ITER with these prospects begins in 2025, the first prototype power plants can begin to be planned based on the experience gained in operation of the reactor.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

Fusion power is thought to be in production no earlier than 2050.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

Fusion utilizes two isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium ²H and tritium ³H, and relies on combining atoms, as opposed to fission.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

The reaction product is helium, a chemically stable and non-toxic noble gas.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

[87] The tritium used to fuel a fusion reactor can be produced from lithium.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

With current energy consumption, known lithium reserves would last 3000 years, and lithium separated from seawater would last 60 million years.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

For a more complex fusion process that would use only deuterium from seawater, there would be enough fuel for 150 billion years.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

[88] For comparison, the remaining lifespan of the Sun is estimated at 5 billion years.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

See also Radiation Radiation Therapy Sources On topic elsewhere This list includes scientific and government sites on nuclear power as well as other apolitical sites.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

Links to websites campaigning against or for nuclear power can be found in the article Nuclear Power Debate.


Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

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Nuclear power

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Nuclear power

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Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In what is the process called gaseous becomes liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In the process called what is the gaseous becoming liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In the process called what is the gaseous becoming liquid?

Nuclear power

— Intergovernmental body for cooperation in nuclear engineering, nuclear research, nuclear safety, legislation and environmental protection.


Question: In the process called what is the gaseous becoming liquid?

Nuclear power


Question: In the process called what is the gaseous becoming liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In the process called what is the gaseous becoming liquid?

Nuclear power

— United States Department of Energy Nuclear Power Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In the process called what is the gaseous becoming liquid?

Nuclear power

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Question: In the process called what is the gaseous becoming liquid?

Nuclear power

Category:62.09 Energy * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was the first released game from Microsoft Game Studios?

Perfect Dark Zero

Perfect Dark Zero is a first-person shooting and stealth game developed by Rare and published by Microsoft Game Studios.


Question: What was the first released game from Microsoft Game Studios?

Perfect Dark Zero

The game was released for the Xbox 360 upon the console's release in late 2005.


Question: What was the first released game from Microsoft Game Studios?

Perfect Dark Zero

The game's story is set in 2020, a time three years before the events of the original Perfect Dark.


Question: What was the first released game from Microsoft Game Studios?

Perfect Dark Zero

Reviews The Guardian listed the game as one of the 30 worst video games of all time.


Question: What was the first released game from Microsoft Game Studios?

Perfect Dark Zero

[1] Sources Category:2020s Video Games Category:Video Games of 2005 Category:First-person shooter games Category:Stealth games Category:Xbox 360 games


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Yelena Vyacheslavovna Dementyeva (; born 15 October 1981) is a Russian tennis player and Olympic champion.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She was ranked third on the tennis world list and won four WTA tournaments in her career.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Dementjeva was twice in the finals of a Grand Slam tournament in her career.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

He won two Olympic medals: a gold from the Beijing Olympics and a silver from Sydney.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Career Beginning of professional career Dementjeva started her pro career in August 1998.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Prior to that, she had won three ITF tour tournaments in singles and an equal number in doubles, paired with Anastasija Myski.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In 1999, he represented his country in the Fed Cup final against the United States.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

The United States defeated Russia 4—1 and Dementyeva acquired its only point for her country.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In 1999, he also played in the main series of all Grand Slam tournaments that debuted.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

He qualified through qualifying for the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon, and the U.S. Open without qualifying.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At the Australian Open and French Open, the tie stood up in the second round, at Wimbledon right in the first and at the US Open she advanced to the third round.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In the summer of the same year, he rose to the top 100 players in the world list.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In 2000, Dementjeva made her breakthrough to the WTA top.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In the fall, she advanced as the first woman representing Russia to the semifinals of the U.S. Open after defeating Conchita Martínez, among others, in the third round and Anke Huber in the quarterfinals.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She lost her semi-final match against Lindsay Davenport outright in two rounds.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Good holds in the United States elevated her to the top twenty players on the WTA World Rank.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Just a few weeks later, Dementjeva won silver in the singles at the Sydney Olympic Games.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She lost the final against Venus Williams of the United States by figures of 2—6, 4—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

On the season-ending world list, he was ranked 12th.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

After the season, Dementjeva was rewarded as the most advanced player on the WTA tour.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

2001—03 In 2001 Dementjeva in the final of two WTA tournaments, in Acapulco and Moscow.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In Acapulco, she lost the final against Amanda Coetzer by figures of 6—2, 1—6, 2—6 and in Moscow against Jelena Dokić by figures of 6—4, 5—7, 4—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

He finished the season again among the top fifteen players in the world list.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

The following year, Dementjeva played in singles in the final of one tournament.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She lost the final of the 's-Hertogenbosch grass court tournament in June against Eléni Daniilídou by figures of 6-3, 2-6, 3-6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

He was more successful in the 2002 season in doubles than doubles.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She won four doubles tournaments with Janette Husarova, including the WTA tour championship tournament, and they also played in the U.S. Open doubles final.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In April 2003, Dementjeva took her first WTA tournament win in singles by winning a mass court tournament played on Amelia Island.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She knocked down Lindsay Davenport in the final of the tournament with figures of 4-6, 7-5, 6-3.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In September, he took two more tournament wins by winning week-in tournaments in Bali and Shanghai.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

On both occasions, the losing side in the final was Chanda Rubin.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

He finished the season for the first time in the top ten of the world list.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In doubles, Dementjeva, along with her countrywoman Lina Krasnoroutskaya, won the 's-Hertonbosch tournament, in the final of which they toppled Nadja Petrova and Mary Pierce.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In addition, she and Krasnoroutskaya advanced to the semifinals of Wimbledon doubles where they lost to Paola Suarez and Virginia Ruano Pascual.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

En route to the semi-finals, they defeated Williams' sisters Serena and Venus, among others.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

2004 In May/June 2004, Dementjeva advanced to the singles final of the French Open.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

En route to the final, she defeated Lindsay Davenport, among others, in the fourth round, Amélie Mauresmo in the quarterfinals, and Paola Suarez in the semi-finals.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She eventually lost the final against her countrywoman Anastasija Myskina by figures of 1-6, 2-6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

The 2004 French Open tennis tournament was the first Grand Slam tournament in the open era in which three Russian women (Dementjeva, Myskina and Marija Šarapova) have advanced to the singles quarterfinals, the first in which two Russian women have advanced to the singles semi-finals and the first, whose singles final match has been played against each other by two Russian women.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At Wimbledon, Dementjeva already fell in the first round after losing to Czech Sandra Kleinova in three sets.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Later in the 2004 season, she advanced to the final of the U.S. Open after defeating on the way to Vera Zvonarjova in the fourth round, Amélie Mauresmo in the quarterfinals, and Jennifer Capriati in the semifinals.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She faced her countrywoman Svetlana Kuznetsova in the final, who took the win straight in two sets, with figures of 3—6, 5—7.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

The 2004 U.S. Open tennis tournament was already the third consecutive Grand Slam tournament in which the winner of the women's singles title was a Russian (at Wimbledon, the victory had been taken by Marija Šarapova).


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In addition to the French and U.S. Opens, Dementjeva also played in the final of three other tournaments, Miami, Hasselt and Moscow.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In Miami she lost the final against Serena Williams, in Hasselt she defeated Jelena Bovina and in Moscow she lost the final against Anastasija Myskina.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

2005—06 In 2005, Dementjeva advanced to the semifinals of the U.S. Open, where the tie stood up against Mary Pierce.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In the doubles of the tournament, she played with her partner Flavia Pennetta in the final match.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

They lost to Lisa Raymond and Samantha Stosur in three rounds.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Dementjeva also played in the final of two other doubles tournaments during the season, in Sydney she lost the final match with Ai Sugiyama against Samantha Stosur and Bryanne Stewart and in Los Angeles she and Flavia Pennetta won the final against Angela Haynes and Bethanie Mattek.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

A week after the U.S. Open, Dementjeva helped her country renew its Fed Cup win the previous year; in 2004, Dementjeva had not played Fed Cup.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Russia beat France 3—2 and all of the country's match wins came from matches in which Dementjeva played.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She won singles matches with Mary Pierce and Amélie Mauresmo and a doubles match against Pierce and Mauresmo with Dinara Safina.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She also played in the final of two WTA singles tournaments during the season, the final in Charleston she experienced a loss to Justine Henin-Hardenne and in Philadelphia to Amélie Mauresmo.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Dementjeva started the 2006 season by falling in the singles at the Australian Open as early as the first round after losing to Julia Scruff.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At her second tournament of the season, the Toray Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, Dementjeva took her first Tier I Grade tournament win in singles after defeating Martina Hingis in the tournament final outright in two sets, 6—2, 6—0.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In a similar level Indian Wells tournament, she lost the final to Marija Šarapova 1—6, 2—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In May, Dementjeva survived a doubles match with Flavia Pennetta in Berlin, where they experienced a loss to Yan Zi and Zheng Jie 2—6, 3—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At Wimbledon, Dementjeva advanced to the singles quarterfinals, but suffered a clear 1—6, 4—6 loss to Šarapova.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In August, she won the Tier II level JPMorgan Chase Open in Los Angeles after blanketing Jelena Janković 6—3, 4—6, 6—4 in the final.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At the U.S. Open, Dementjeva, on the other hand, lost in the quarterfinals to Janković 2—6, 1—6 — she did not win a single pitch innings of her own in the match.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

2007—08 In May 2007, Dementjeva won her first tournament on a red mass court after winning a Tier III category tournament in Istanbul.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

His final match opponent Aravane Rezaï forfeited the match in a situation of 7—6, 3—0.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

On October 14, 2007, Dementjava achieved the biggest tournament win of her career up to that point after defeating Serena Williams in the final of the Kremlin Cup tournament in Moscow 5—7, 6—1, 6—1.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

The Grand Slam tournaments of the season went smoothly: in Australia he made it to the fourth, in the others to the third round.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At the conclusion of the season, Dementjeva was eleventh on the world list — her first time since 2002 outside the top ten.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In the 2008 season, Dementjeva survived to the fourth round at the Australian Open, where lost to Marija Šarapova 2—6, 0—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In February—March, she won the Tier II level tournament in Dubai after defeating Svetlana Kuznetsova 4—6, 6—3, 6—2 in the final.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In the Berlin Tier I competition, Dementjeva made it to the final, which she lost to Dinara Safina 3—6, 6—2, 6—2.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In late May, she survived to the final at the Istanbul tournament, where she lost to Agnieszka Radwańska by numbers 3—6, 2—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In the quarterfinals of the French Open, Dementjeva lost to her countrywoman Dinara Safina.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In the quarterfinals of Wimbledon, she defeated countrywoman Nadja Petrova but lost in the semi-finals to Venus Williams by a reading of 1—6, 6—7 (3).


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At Beijing 2008, Dementjeva won Olympic gold in singles.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

She defeated Dinara Safina 3—6, 7—5, 6—3 in the final.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Safina suffered unevenness and pitching errors in the match, which settled for even-tempered Dementjeva the gold medal.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

[1] Dementjeva lost only two rounds in the Olympic tournament: to Safina in the final and to Serena Williams in the quarterfinals [2].


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In the semifinals of the U.S. Open, Dementjeva lost to Jelena Janković by a reading of 4—6, 4—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In October, she defeated Caroline Wozniacki in the final of the Luxembourg WTA tournament by wilderness figures of 2—6, 6—4, 7—6 (4).


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

2009—10 Dementjeva started the season by winning the WTA Tournament in Auckland, in the final of which she defeated Jelena Vesnina erin 6—4, 6—1.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Immediately the following week, she won the Sydney WTA Tournament.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In the quarterfinals, she defeated Serena Williams 6—3, 6—1, and in the final, Dinara Safina 6—3, 2—6, 6—1.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At the Australian Open, she advanced to the semi-finals but lost to Serena Williams by wilds figures of 3—6, 4—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Previously, he was at the Australian Open reaching the fourth round at his best in 2002, 2005, 2007 and 2008.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In February, Dementjeva survived to the final at the Paris tournament, where she lost to Amélie Mauresmo by reading 6—7 (7), 6—2, 4—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At the French Open, he fell from the follow-up in the third round.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At Wimbledon, she reached the semi-finals where she lost to Serena Williams by a reading of 7—6 (4), 5—7, 6—8.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In August, she defeated Marija Šarapova in the final of the tournament in Toronto, beating a reading 6—4, 6—3.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

At the U.S. Open, she already lost in the second round to Melanie Oudin by a reading of 7—5, 4—6, 3—6.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Dementjeva won Olympic victories in her career including sixteen WTA-level tournaments in singles and six in doubles.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

Her mother Vera Dementjeva served as her coach, previously the coach was former player Olga Morozova.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

In October 2010, he announced that he was ending his career.


Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

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Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

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Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

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Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

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Question: When did Jelena Dementjeva start her pro career?

Yelena Dementjeva

References on the topic elsewhere Category:Russian tennis players Category:Russian Olympic champions Category:Persons born in 1981 Class:Living persons


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 Vienna, Austria — 29 April 1951, Cambridge, England) was an Austrian-English philosopher.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein was born in 1889 in Vienna as the youngest child of a family of eight children.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was interested in engineering as a child, and after graduating from Berlin Technical University he left to study aeronautical engineering in England.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He became interested in the problems of mathematics and moved on to study philosophy at Cambridge University as a pupil of Bertrand Russell.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Russell soon became convinced that Wittgenstein would be the right person to continue his work in the area of philosophical logic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, Wittgenstein did not like the atmosphere of the university and moved to live in Norway in 1913.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

While serving in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I, Wittgenstein wrote his only philosophical work published during his life, Tractatus logico-philosophicus.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The work was published in 1921.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

After the war, Wittgenstein withdrew from his career as a philosopher and went on to become a national school teacher in Austria.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

However, he returned to philosophy, primarily thanks to Moritz Schlick, and returned to Cambridge in 1929.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In the same year he was awarded the rank of Doctor.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He began lecturing at Cambridge, and in 1936 he was appointed professor.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

During his lectures he dealt with topics such as philosophy of language and philosophy of mathematics and psychology.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He wrote and edited the main work of his late period Philosophical Studies from 1936 until the end of his life.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The work was published two years after his death.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Wittgenstein gave up his professorship in 1946 to concentrate on his work.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He lived his final years in Ireland, as well as with friends in Cambridge, Oxford and the United States, and wrote much during this period.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He died in Cambridge on 29 April 1951 from prostate cancer.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Pedigree and family The surname “Wittgenstein” was adopted by Ludwig Wittgenstein's grandfather, Moses Maier.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He lived in the village of Laasphe in the Principality of Wittgenstein, Westphalia, and served as farm manager for the princely family who lived in a nearby castle.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

When Jérôme Bonaparte decreed in 1808 that all Jews were to take the surname, Moses Maier took his name from the principality.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

By that time, however, he had already moved to the town of Korbach, where his son Hermann Christian, Ludwig Wittgenstein's grandfather, was born in 1802.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[1] The Wittgensteins are therefore not related to the noble family of Sayn-Wittgenstein who lived in the castle, as has sometimes been claimed.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[2] [3] [4] Both Hermann Wittgenstein and his wife Fanny Figdor were Jewish by descent, but both had converted to Protestantism before they married.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Hermann Christian Wittgenstein had adopted his middle first name to distance himself from his Jewish descent, and he also had the reputation of being an antisemite.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[5] The Wittgensteins first lived in Leipzig, but moved in 1850 to Vösendorf, Austria-Hungary and in 1860 to Vienna.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[6] Ludwig Wittgenstein's father Karl Wittgenstein was born in Leipzig in 1847.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[6] He was a strong-willed person: he, among other things, tried to run away from his home at the age of 11 and became expelled from school at the age of 17 for having written a substance denying the immortality of the soul.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[7] [8] He eloped to the United States in 1865 and worked in New York City, among other things, as a bartender and teacher.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He returned after two years to Vienna, and after studying for a year at the Technical College he went to work in a rolling mill in Teplice in 1872.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In 1877 he elevated to the position of managing director of the company, [9] and within ten years of his transfer to Teplice he had acquired a large fortune as one of the leading figures in the Austro-Hungarian iron and steel industry.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[10] In 1898, he relieved himself of all his posts and invested his property in real estate [11] and securities, which allowed the family's property to retain its value despite the inflation caused by the world wars.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[12] [13] Ludwig Wittgenstein's mother Leopoldine Wittgenstein (o.s. Kalmus) was born in Vienna in 1850.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[6] He was Jewish on his father's side, but had been raised Catholic.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Leopoldine was a talented pianist, and thanks to him, the home of the Wittgensteins was one of the centres of Vienna's musical life: the Wittgensteins' evenings were visited by composers Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Josef Labor, among others.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

In addition, Karl Wittgenstein served as a mesenatee for visual artists.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[14] Karl and Leopoldine Wittgenstein were married in 1873.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[12] They had eight children: Hermine, Hans, Kurt, Rudolf, Margarete, Helene, Paul, and Ludwig.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[15] Children received Catholic baptism.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[16] Of the boys, three committed suicide: Hans, who was a talented composer, disappeared from his ship in the Chesapeake Bay in 1902, Rudolf took cyanide in a Berlin pub in 1904 and Kurt shot himself towards the end of World War I when his troops refused to comply with his their orders.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[17] [18] [19] At least complicit in the suicides of Hans and Rudolf was Karl Wittgenstein, who pressured his sons to embark on commercial careers.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[15] Paul Wittgenstein later became a famous concert pianist, and continued his career despite losing his right arm in World War I.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[20] [21] The eldest daughter Hermine became a favourite of her father and, at a later age, a leading figure in the family.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The closest of the sisters to Ludwig was Margarete, and she contributed significantly to her brother's development.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[22] Childhood and Adolescence Ludwig Wittgenstein was born on 26 April 1889 in the Alleegasse house of the Wittgensteins at 8:30pm as the eighth and youngest child in the family.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

She was, like the other children in the family, homeschooled


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

The children had few connections outside the home and those upper-class members too.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

While the Wittgensteins' home emphasised the importance of honesty and fulfilling responsibilities, the family was not particularly religious.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[23] Wittgenstein was not a particularly gifted pupil as a child.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

His way of thinking was hands-on, and he turned out to be interested in technique.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

For example, he built a model of a sewing machine working at the age of ten out of wood and iron wire.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He was homeschooled until 1903, when he began three-year studies at a real school specialising in technical subjects in Linz.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[24] [25] Adolf Hitler attended the same school for one academic year at the same time as Wittgenstein, but Hitler was lower than Wittgenstein two years, [26] [27] and there is no evidence that they were involved in anything.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[28] During his school days, Wittgenstein was unhappy, felt like an outsider and did not do particularly well in school.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He rejected religious faith at the time.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[29] [30] His older sister Margaret introduced him to the writings of Karl Kraus [31] as well as the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer, whose idealism he rejected only after becoming acquainted with the hand thealism of Gottlob Frege.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[32] [33] He was also particularly impressed by Otto Weininger's book Sex and Character, and especially by Weininger's notion that achieving genius is a moral obligation, and the only alternative to it is suicide.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

It is possible that Wittgenstein's later, recurring thoughts of suicide were related to an experience of dereliction of this duty.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

From the field of technical literature, Wittgenstein was influenced by Heinrich Hertz's work Die Prinzipen der Mechanik and Ludwig Boltzmann's work Populäre Schriften.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[34] Wittgenstein graduated from the real school in the summer of 1906.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He had first planned to leave to study physics in Vienna as a pupil of Ludwig Boltzmann, but he committed suicide in the same year.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

Apparently for reasons independent of this, however, Wittgenstein enrolled in October 1906 at the Technical University of Berlin to study mechanical engineering.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He graduated in May 1908.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

While studying in Berlin, Wittgenstein began a habit that went on through his life of writing remarks on his own life and philosophy in notebooks.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[35] [36] In the spring of 1908, Wittgenstein moved to England to undertake flight engineering research.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He conducted kite-flying experiments at a meteorological research station in Glossop, near Manchester, and helped other scientists assemble, repair and ship the kites used in the studies.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

He became friends at Glossop with William Eccles, a student older than him.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[37] [38] In the autumn of Wittgenstein enrolled at the University of Manchester as a research student, [39] but was not expected to study for a degree.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[40] His goal most obviously was to design and build an airplane, and fly on it.


Question: Who wrote the work Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus?

Ludwig Wittgenstein Biography

[41] Wittgenstein began to take an interest in doing research on mathematical problems.