Question: Who was Ivar Smilga?

Ivar Smilga

In 1926, Smilga joined the internal “new opposition” of the Communist Party led by Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinovyev, which was critical of Josif Stalin and later merged with Lev Trotsky's left-wing opposition into the so-called United Opposition.


Question: Who was Ivar Smilga?

Ivar Smilga

This led to Smilga's dismissal, first from the NKP Central Committee and eventually from the party as a whole.


Question: Who was Ivar Smilga?

Ivar Smilga

Smilga regained his party membership after giving up criticism of Stalin in 1929.


Question: Who was Ivar Smilga?

Ivar Smilga

Later, however, he was deported to Khabarovsk and imprisoned in 1935 after the assassination of Sergei Kirov.


Question: Who was Ivar Smilga?

Ivar Smilga

Smilga was sentenced to death and executed in Stalin's persecutions in 1937.


Question: Who was Ivar Smilga?

Ivar Smilga

He was rehabilitated in 1987.


Question: Who was Ivar Smilga?

Ivar Smilga

Sources Spartacus Educational Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who was Ivar Smilga?

Ivar Smilga

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who was Ivar Smilga?

Ivar Smilga

On topic elsewhere Category:Bolsheviks Category:Soviet politicians Category:People killed in Stalin's persecutions Class:Soviets executed Class:Latvian politicians Category:Russians of the Finnish Civil War Class:Born in 1892 Class:In 1937 the dead


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua is a municipality of Finland located in the south of the province of Lapland, in the upper and middle reaches of the Simo River, south of Rovaniemi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The municipality is inhabited by people [1] and covers an area of km2, of which km2 are water bodies.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[2] Population density is Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The neighbouring municipalities of Ranua are Ii in the southwest, Simo and Tervola to the west, Rovaniemi to the north, Posio to the east and Pudasjärvi to the south.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua is bordered in the south by the Northern Ostrobothnia province.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

History The first people arrived in the Ranua region as early as the Stone Age.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The first inhabitants of the area were the Sami people who, when entering the 17th century, had to withdraw from the way of Finnish batch-goers who had arrived from the south.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The southern ranua, wilderness areas of the Siurua River basin were held by the Iites, and the Chemites and Simoans controlled the surroundings of the Simo River.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

For a long time, the boundaries of the regions were the object of central disputes among batch-goers.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[3] The tranche gave impetus to the emergence of permanent settlement.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

However, settlement progress was slow — in the 17th century the only populated area of Ranua was most likely the Kuha village area east of Lake Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

It was not until the 19th century that the population began to grow in real terms.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In 1910, Ranua had about 1700 inhabitants.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Until the early 20th century, the livelihoods of the inhabitants of the area were based on farming and cattle husbandry, as well as hunting and fishing.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[3] Ranua region was parochially divided into three municipalities: Pudasjärvi, Simo and Rovaniemi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The long church journeys led residents to fully support the establishment of their own congregation.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

However, the project proceeded clammy, as there were some ambiguities e.g.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

in determining the site of the church and the territorial extent of the parish.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua parish was finally established in 1899, Ranua Church was built in 1911—14.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[3] Ranua Municipality was established in 1917.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Areas were annexed to Ranua for the most part from Pudasjärvi, but also from Simo and Rovaniemi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In the years following the independence of the municipality, forest logging and uitos provided abundant works, and the population of the municipality grew rapidly.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In 1920, the population was already almost 2900.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[3] Due to the tight financial situation, the development of the school institution was slow.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The Simo Municipality established Ranua's first national school in the village of Saukkojärvi in 1894.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Two years later, the municipality of Pudasjärvi established its own school in Ranua church village.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The first national school established by Ranua Municipality started in the village of Ylimaa in 1930.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[3] In 1944—45, the Lapland War caused considerable damage on Ranua as fierce fighting took place between Finns and Germans in the area.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The population had to be sent to the evac.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

On the trail of the ravages of the war, extensive reconstruction was forced to begin on Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[3] After the war, Ranua's population grew steadily.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In 1947, the population was already approaching 4800 inhabitants; 20 years later in 1967, the limit of 7000 inhabitants was already crossed.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[4] Subsequently, the population reversed to decline as urbanization caused by the change in the structure of the industry began.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Nature Surface forms Ranua's landscape is fairly flat or gently unfolding in general.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

About 80% of the municipality's area is lowland (less than 200m above sea level).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The terrain rises gently from southwest to northeast.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The southern and western parts are low-lying and flat, with the terrain spreading out there in many places into mighty saltlands.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The eastern and northern parts are characterised by greater elevation differences and more varied topographs—an area of hazard lines rises to the east of Lake Simo as a sign of ancient mountain ranges worn over hundreds of millions of years into a semi-plateau, the peneplaan.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The highest point Palovaara (277m above sea level) is located in this danger zone near the border with Posio.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Other protuberances east of Simojärvi are Petäikkö-Mustakumpu, Paasonvaara, Haisukummut, Pajuvaara and Muljuvaara.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Their own highlands further west consist of the protuberance of Palovaara on the northwest side of Portimojärvi, Kuoppelikko south of Näskäjärvi and Hervanvaara east of Luiminka river.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Many signs of ice age can be seen in the landscape of Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Moraine-born, longitudinal north-south protuberances, drumlins, are found especially in the south around the Ranua River.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

To the northwest, the landscape is broken by mound moraines towering among the marshes.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

An extensive cumulamoraine field lies in the northern part of the municipality.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The most significant ridge in the area splits the municipality from Kelankylä in the southeast through Kuukasjärvi to the church village.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

There are also small ridges to the south of Penämönjärvi in the east and along the Ruonajoki River in the west and on the Nääaava salt barrier.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[3] Bedrock Ranua bedrock, like the rest of Finland, is ancient pre-cambrian (over 570 million years old) bedrock.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

It is formed mainly by altered rock species, granite gneisses, which are remnants of ancient mountain warps.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In the east, alloy rock species of granite and gneiss occur around Lake Simo, while on the northeast side of the lake only granite.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In some places, alkaline stone species are encountered.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In the south-west of the commune, around Knakemevaara and north-east of the church village, the prevailing stone species on the banks of the Simo River and Luiminka River are amphibolite and metabasalt.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In the northwestern part of the commune, east of Palovaara, there is a small deposit of dark deep violence, gabbro.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[3] Soil The most common soil species in Ranua are moraine and peat (marshes account for a considerable proportion of the area).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Peat is an organic soil species that arises in moist and oxygen-free conditions specifically in swamps and wetlands.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

A moraine is a glacier-generated soil species with mixed grain sizes of soil such as clay, sand and gravel.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The soil in the northern and eastern parts of the municipality in particular is moraine, while further west in low-lying marshes the bedrock is covered by a thick layer of peat.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Sorted soil species are scarce, mostly in ridge areas in the south-eastern parts of the municipality as well as in the danger zone east of Lake Simo.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

On the Simo River, floodwaters have piled fine sand and grain silt on the banks.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

That is where the best conditions are for farming.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[3] Water bodies Inland waters cover the Ranua out of a total area of 241km², or about 6.5%.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The main part of Ranua belongs to the Simo river basin, but the river basins of Iijoki, Kuivajoki and Kemijoki also reach the municipal area.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The 193 kilometre-long Simo River is the most substantial river in Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

It originates in Lake Simo in the eastern part of the commune, and its upper and middle reaches meander through the Ranua region to the west.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The Simo River falls into the Bothnian Sea in the neighbouring municipality of Simon side.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Along with Tornion River and Kiiminki River, Simojoki is the only river basin in Finland where Baltic salmon still naturally rise to spawn.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

There are quite a lot of rapids in the Simo River, although there are no major falls.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Tributaries of the Simo River on the Ranua side include Kelukkajoki, Kämäjoki, Majavajoki, Ylijoki and Ruonajoki.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In addition to the Simo River, other mentionable river reservoirs in Ranua include the Ranuanjoki River, Luiminkajoki and Siuruanjoki, which flow in the southern part of the municipality, which are tributaries of the river Iii.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The Pattinkijoki River and Piittisjoki flowing in North Ranua belong to the Kemijoki River basin.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In the southwest, the Kivijoki river descends into Kuivajoki, whose minor tributaries include the Nuupasjoki River and the Heinijoki River.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The largest lake in Ranua is nearly 90km² wide and 30 kilometres long Simojärvi in the eastern part of the municipality, which includes Näskänjoki, Vohonjoki, Paasonjoki, Korvajoki, Penämönjoki and Impiönjoki.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Other lakes to be mentioned on Ranua include Näskäjärvi, Penämönjärvi, Impiönjärvi and Ranuanjärvi, and Pattinkijärvi, half on the Rovaniemi side.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Näskäjärvi and other lakes of the northernmost parts of Ranua (e.g. Pattinkijärvi and Piittisjärvi) descend to Kemijoki; Penämönjärvi, Impiönjärvi and other small lakes in eastern Ranua in turn to Simojärvi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In the middle reaches of the Simo River north of Ranua church village lies a series of small lakes such as Lake Toljanjärvi, Kuopasjärvi, Saukkojärvi and Portimojärvi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Southeast of Ranua church village lies a string of elongated little lakes.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

They include, for example, Kuhajärvi, Luiminkajärvi, Petäjäjärvi and Kuukasjärvi; these lakes and the water bodies of the southern parts of the municipality — including Ranuanjärvi — descend through the Siuruan, Luiminka and Ranua rivers to the Iijoki southwards.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Lakes in the southwestern parts of the municipality, such as Kivijärvi, Nuupasjärvi and Järmejärvi, descend along Kuivajoki to the Bothnia Sea.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The state of the surface waters of Ranua is assessed by the Finnish Environment Agency.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

According to measurements carried out in 2013, in excellent water quality are the Simojoki in Ranua as a whole, Kaitajärvi and Sääskijärvi in the middle reaches of Simo river, and the southern part of Simojärvi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The tributaries of the Simo river and the Näskänselkä, Pajuselkä and Väskämönselkä of Simojärvi are in good condition.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Also in good condition are Kivijoki, the northern lakes of the Kemijoki River basin, Lake Toljanjärvi and Portimojärvi along the Simojoki River, and Penämönjärvi and other small lakes in the vicinity of Simojärvi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In satisfactory condition, in turn, are Ranuanjärvi, Luiminkajärvi and other watercourses descending into Iijoki in the southern parts of Ranua, with the exception of Kuukasjärvi and Kuhantakajärvi, which are in good condition.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[5] The major aquifer areas are located east of Lake Simo and in the ridge areas of the south-east of the municipality.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

However, the groundwater resources of Ranua are quite modest compared to the aquifers of neighbouring municipalities, Posio and Pudasjärvi, for example.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[6] Climate Ranua belongs to the temperate coniferous forest zone, like most of the rest of Finland.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Winters are cold and summers temperate warm.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The climate of Ranua, South Lapland, is greatly influenced by its location in the north and the so-called intermediate climate between marine and continental climates.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The warm ocean current of the Atlantic, the Golf Current has a considerable warming effect in Ranua, Finland and throughout Northern Europe, as at the same latitudes e.g. Greenland has perpetual ice.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[7] Annual rainfall is around 600 millimetres in Ranua; the rainiest month is usually August, with the least rainfall April.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The average temperature of the year is usually 0 to 1°C in Ranua, although there is of course annual variation.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The coldest is normally in January (average temperature −12°C), with the warmest in July (average temperature +15°C).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Thermal winter, where the average daily temperature is on the side of frost, lasts from late October to early April (170—180 days).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua's frost record of −44°C was measured on 5 February 1953.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Thermal summer, where the average daily temperature remains above +10°C, begins at the turn of May—June and lasts until early September (80—90 days).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua's heat record, 32°C, was measured on July 29, 2010.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

During one summer, Ranua normally has 6—8 helldays.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

A night less night typical of Lapland summer, when the sun shines at midnight, lasts three weeks in Ranua, starting slightly before mid-June and lasting until the end of June.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The opposite of nightless night, of wintertime, is not experienced in Southern Lapland and, therefore, in Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[8] [9] Ranua, like the rest of northern Finland, is a very heavy snowy area in winter.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The average snow depth in March may in many places, especially in the eastern parts of the municipality, exceed 70 centimetres.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Thick layers of snow and clump snow may cause bad havoc in forests.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Permanent snow cover falls on Ranua and southern Lapland in early November, with the last snows normally melting in early May.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[10] The beginning of the thermal growing season is normally scheduled for the beginning of May, and the growing season ends in late September.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Thus, the length of the growing season is 135—140 days in Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[11] Vegetation and fauna Ranua belongs to the northern coniferous forest zone, or taiga.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The forests of Ranua are medium-boreal in the southern and western parts of the municipality, and on the other hand, northern and eastern parts of northern boreal, largely low-nutrient dry heathy forests.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

There are very few leafy forests.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Fresh heath forests are most in the west in the Simo River region and, on the other hand, right in the northern and northeastern parts of the municipality in the upper regions of Piittisjärvi and Teerivaara.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The most rugged forests are found in the marshy areas of the southwestern and central parts of the municipality.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Pine is a major tree; about 83% of the forests are pine-dominated.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[12] The prevailing forest types are pines of lingonberry and crowberry−lingonberry type and blueberry spruce.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Spruce forests account for about 12% of the forest area and are most numerous in the north around Lake Portimo and Piittisjärvi and the Simo River region in the west.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[12] Both southern bushy European spruce and northern narrow-branched Siberian spruce are found on Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The proportion of deciduous forests is 4.5% and they are most numerous in the Simojoki region.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[12] Forest growth is slow due to climate and soil.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The most extensive forest areas are located in the eastern and northern parts of the municipality, where very old forests have been turned into nature reserves.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The proportion of fields is minimal, most of them have been cleared for fertile breeding grounds along the Simo River.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[9] [3] Swamps account for a large proportion of the land area, more than 60% — this has been affected by e.g.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

evaporation with greater precipitation, coolness of the climate and uniformity of the region.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The marshes commonly belong to the asasses of Ostrobothnia in their marsh association type; they are mainly swamps or watery nevos growing from stunted pine.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The largest marshlands are located in the southwest.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Due to swamps, water bodies are often abundant humus.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Most of the marshes have been ditched to improve forest growth, a small portion of the swamps are exploited for peat production.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Marshes with significant natural values have also been pacified into nature reserves, such as Litokaira in the south-west of the municipality, which extends further south to Ii and Pudasjärvi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The extensive marshes of Ranua produce an abundance of pearl orange berries, varnish, or jam every year.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Hilla has been chosen as the name plant of the municipality.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[9] Large predators occasionally found in the forests and swamps of the area include e.g.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

bear, lynx and wolverine.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

These often cause economic damage to reindeer herding.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Elk stock is plentiful.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Swamps and lakes are valuable habitats for a diverse species of birds and fish.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Simojoki is one of the few natural salmon rivers in Finland.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Population Number of population, population density and age structure The following graph shows the population trend of the municipality every five years since 1980.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

On 1 January 2017, the regional division used is in accordance with the situation.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua has a population of.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[1] The population density is Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

as. /km², so the municipality is very sparsely populated.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The municipality is extensive in area, so the density of settlement varies greatly in different regions.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The most densely populated areas are the central area of the municipality and the areas near the watercourses.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In the periphery of the municipality, settlement is the most rare, with extensive areas being completely uninhabited wilderness (e.g., marshlands in the southwest and extensive forests in the northern parts).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In Ranua, the number of second homes has been in constant growth, and at the end of 2013 there were 1497 summer cottages in the municipal area.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

During the summer time, the population of the municipality may even double.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] Approximately half of the population of the municipality is concentrated on the shores of Lake Ranua in Ranua Church Village, which is the centre and only agglomeration of the municipality.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The conurbation rate, i.e. the proportion of population living in built-up areas was 48.2% in 2012.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] In addition to Kirkonkylä, the population concentrations mentioned are the villages of Rovastinaho, Raiskio, Portimo, Saukkojärvi and Tolja on the Simo river; the villages of Pohjaslahti and Piittisjärvi in the north; the villages of Impiö and Sääskenperä in the east, near Simojärvi; the villages of Kuha and Kelankylä in the southeast and Asmunt village right in the south of the municipality near the border with Pudasjärvi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The age structure of the municipality (2013) is quite advantageous compared to other municipalities in the province of Lapland and Finland as a whole, in that children and teenagers (0—14 years old) account for 19.5% of the population, or about a fifth.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Those aged 15 to 64 make up 58.8% of the population and 21.8% of the population over 65s.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

So there are proportionately more children and young people, but also the elderly, than the average in the rest of Finland.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] Forecasts for the future, however, look bleaker: the proportion of children and young people in the population will decrease and the elderly will grow.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The ageing of the population is a problem throughout Finland.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Conurbations At the end of 2017, Ranua had 3,972 inhabitants, of whom 1,969 lived in built-up areas, 1,974 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the residence of 29 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The agglomeration rate is calculated from those residents whose residence coordinates are known; the agglomeration rate of Ranua is 49.9%.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[14] The agglomeration population of Ranua belongs to only one agglomeration, namely the municipality's centrist village of Ranua, which had 1,969 inhabitants at the end of 2017.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[15] Migration and natural population growth The municipality has had a long history of migration loss.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The population declined in the 1970s, but reversed to a resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Entering the 21st century, the population has begun to decline again.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

There has been income-and-return migration, but it hasn't replaced the departure move.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In a couple of ten years, the population has decreased by almost 25%.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[16] In recent years, migration has declined slightly.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In 2012—13, the population change was −1.7%.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] Rovaniemi and Oulu are by far the most affected by migration from Ranua; income migration to Ranua is also mostly from these cities.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[17] The high birth rate of the municipality has long plateaued the decline in population due to migration.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The birth rate is significantly higher in Ranua than in most other municipalities in Lapland.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

However, in recent years the birth rate has reversed to decline and mortality rates have risen higher than the birth rate in recent years.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

If migration and natural population growth continue to be negative in the coming years, the population of the municipality will continue to decline.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In 2040, the population of Ranua is projected to be around 3300 inhabitants.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[18] Parishes According to the 2018 regional division, Ranua has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [19] Ranua Parish of the Parishes of the Finnish Orthodox Church in Ranua Region serves as the Lapland Orthodox Congregation.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[20] Livelihoods and natural resources Employment and living standards Ranua's unemployment rate is relatively high, reaching 17.4% in June 2015 (Ministry of Employment and Economy, 2015).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Just under 80 per cent of working people work in their own municipality.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The work of the outer localities is mainly targeted at Rovaniemi, the provincial centre of Lapland, whose area of influence Ranua is a strong part of.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] Finland is a rich industrialized country, and all parts of the country enjoy a good standard of living — thus the standard of living and education of the Ranuans is also high.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In 2011, the taxable income of the Ranuan income earner averaged EUR 19832, which is somewhat lower than in the rest of Finland.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Tertiary graduates account for 15.3% of those aged 15 and over.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] At the end of 2012, the economic dependency ratio, i.e. how many people are unemployed or out of work per single employed person, was 2.09.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] Primary production in Ranua, primary production accounts for 20,6% of the economic distribution, i.e. very large compared to the rest of the country (3,4%).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] Primary production includes agriculture, forestry and fisheries, as well as extractive activities and quarrying.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Due to the climate and soil of Ranua, conditions for farming are poor, and the best prospects for this are in the silt areas of the Simo River.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

A common grain species is barley.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Since farming opportunities are limited in Ranua, it is more profitable to practice cattle farming in the area.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Numerous large milking and meat cattle farms are located on the territory of the municipality.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In Ranua, especially milk production is high.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In addition to cattle farming, reindeer herding is practiced on Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Several palismunicipalities extend into the territory of the municipality, including the paliskunta of Kuukka.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Forestry plays a significant role.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Although forests grow slower than in southern Finland, the municipality has an extensive area and forest resources are large.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua's forest resources are approximately 15.5 million cubic metres, or 57.5 m3 hectares, according to Metla's estimate.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[12] In Ranua and Finland in general, the annual growth of forests is greater than their logging exit due to efficient forest management.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In addition to forest resources, Ranua's peat reserves are also considerable.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The swamps of the region have been made into peat producing areas in many places, the largest of which is probably the Nääaava peat production area in the west.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In peat hoisting, the marsh ecosystem is destroyed, and after the lifting ends, it is usually planted to grow forest.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Fishing is low because the municipality is not located by the sea.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Lake Simo has been fished professionally for decades, albeit on a small scale.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Mining on Ranua is still unavailable, although geological resources have been discovered.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

A sizeable deposit of palladium has been discovered in the Suhango area northwest of Ranua, and mining company Gold Fields Arctic Platinum has a pending project to build the mine.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Based on exploratory drilling, ore reserves have proved abundant.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In addition to palladium has been found in Suhango e.g.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

platinum, nickel and gold.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[21] Processing The share of jobs in processing, i.e. secondary production, in Ranua, is 11,1%.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] It includes industry and construction.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

There are no large industrial and construction companies in the municipality, and processing jobs are placed in small businesses.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In the municipality, raw materials such as wood are mainly processed from local primary production.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Services When examining the economic structure of Ranua, the share of jobs in the service sector, tertiary production, is 65.6 per cent.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

It is therefore by far the largest production sector in Ranua, although it has a smaller share compared to Finland as a whole (73.8%).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[13] Ranua Municipal Centre operates e.g.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

grocery stores, sales small businesses, banks, hotels, restaurants, health center, pharmacy, post office, police and fire station, bus station, library, elementary school and high school, and folk college.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In addition, a few training lines of the Lapland Vocational University operate in Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua Zoological Park is an important tourist attraction for the municipality, bringing tourists from abroad to the area.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua Campground is located near the municipal centre on the shores of Lake Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

There is also a sports field and ice rink near the municipality centre, as well as the Oravivaara outdoor recreation area, which has ski trails operated by the municipality in winter.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua Municipal Hall and Ranua Church, completed in 1914, are located in the church village east of Ranuansalmi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranuans' activities after special services such as hypermarkets, central hospital and university education are targeted at Rovaniemi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Road network and connections The road network in Ranua, which is extensive in area, is quite sparse.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Track Route 78 runs through the municipality from south to northwest, which serves as a traffic artery between Kajaani and Rovaniemi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

It is the main and busiest section of road in the municipality.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Other larger road lanes include sub-area roads 858, 924, 941 and 942.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Sub-regional road 941 runs from Ranua Municipal Centre east to Posio.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Sub-regional road 858 crosses the south-eastern parts of Ranua, coming from Pudasjärvi Syöttee to the village of Ranua Kuha, where it joins Posiontiehe, or sub-road 941.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Sub-regional road 924 comes from Simo in the west and concurs with Base Road 78 at Nuuppaa village, north of Ranua.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Sub-regional road 942 leaves Ranua Municipality Centre northeast and runs along the western shore of Lake Simo, sloping the town side of Rovaniemi to the village of Juotasniemi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua Bus Station has daily bus services to Rovaniemi, Oulu and Kajaani.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

There are additionally bus shifts e.g.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

To Posio and Kem.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

There are no railways within the municipal area.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The nearest railway station and airport are located in Rovaniemi, and the nearest ports in Kemi and Oulu.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

On the side of Kantatie 78, five kilometres from the centre of Ranua towards Rovaniemi is a small airport.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[22] Distances from Ranua to different places: [23] Helsinki 766 km Hämeenlinna 686 km Ivalo 370 km Joensuu 468 km Jyväskylä 497 km Kajaani 256 km Kemi 132 km Kemijärvi 130 km Kilpisjärvi 511 km Kittilä 231 km Kokkola 357 km Kotka 741 km Kouvola 687 km Kuopio 425 km Kuusamo 146 km Lahti 664 km Lappeenranta 701 km Mikkeli 588 km Nuorgam 578 km Oulu 159 km Pori 659 km Posio 88 km Pudasjärvi 72 km Rovaniemi 82 km Seinäjoki 484 km Simo 106 km Tampere 635 km Turku 779 km Vaasa 477 km Regional development and planning The development of the Ranua region today is mainly based on tourism and service industries.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The overwhelming attraction is the Ranua Zoological Park, one of the three zoos in Finland (the other zoos are Helsinki Korkeasaari and Ähtär Zoological Park).


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In this way, it has developed into a nationally significant travel destination.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Simo Lake and Simo River have also become important natural sites e.g.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

among fishermen, hikers and leisure residents.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In the future, not only tourism but also mining is likely to play an important role in the development of the region.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

The municipality's so far untapped natural resources, such as the palladium ore deposit in the Suhango region, will most likely increase the number of jobs and the region's importance in industry.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Land use in Ranua is controlled by formulas drawn up for the municipal area, which includes e.g.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua church village station plan and beach formulas drawn up close to water bodies.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

In addition to Simo River and Simo Lake, beach formulas have been drawn up e.g.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

southeastern Kuhajärvi and Kuukasjärvi.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

A sub-general formula for the Suhango mining project has been drawn up for the north-western part of the municipality.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

Ranua's zoning is governed by the Lapland Provincial Formula.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

[24] See also List of public art works and monuments in Ranua Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hiltunen, Mauno (ed.


Question: What is the nearest town to Lake Simo?

Ranua

) | title = Ranua History| location = Ranua| publisher = Ranua Municipality and Ranua Parish| year = 1990| id = ISBN 952-90-2206-9}} On topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

Kustavi (, formerly Kivimaa [1]) is a municipality of Finland founded in 1874, belonging to the Vakka-Finland sub-region and the province of Southwest Finland.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

Its name Kustavi derives from Gustav III, who founded a parish bearing his name on the Finnish edge of the Archipelago Sea.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

There are approximately 908 km of coastline in Kustav, and there are about 3100 summer residences in Kustav [2].


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

The population of Kustav increases more than tenfold during the summer and therefore Kustavi is the largest cottage municipality in Finland by population. On 1 January 2018, Kustav had a population of 923.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[3] Kustav covers an area of km², of which km² is land, km² is inland areas and the remaining km² is seawater areas.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[4] Kustavi is the smallest municipality in the province of Southwest Finland in terms of population and the third smallest municipality in mainland Finland after Luhanga and Lestijärvi.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[5] Geography The neighbouring municipalities of Kustav are Brändö, Parainen, Naantali, Taivassalo and Uusikaupunki.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

There are a total of 20 lakes in the municipality, the largest of which are Sikaraumanpuhti, Hilappajärvi and Kylänjärvi.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[6] The Natura sites in Kustav include the Södra Sandbäck seal reserve, the birds-important Katanpää and Seksmiilar archipelago, Langstet, which represents the intermediate archipelago, and Hulaholmi-Kluuvi, where an exceptional number of colowbirds nest.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

The Jeremiah Caves, belonging to the Natura Range of the Gustav Mountains, is a quarry formed of large loose stones.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[7] Villages Anavainen, Boda (Puore), Böle (Royli), Elmnäs (Elmnäinen), Etelä-Vartsala (Söder Vartsala), Friisilä (Frisby), Viherlahti (Grönvik), Idula, Idila Koiluoto (Stor Malö), Isoloto (Storskär), Iso-Rahi (Stora Rahi), Kaurissalo, Kevo (Stansholm/Staffansholm), Kiparluoto (Skepparholm), Kivimaa, Koelsuu (Godelsjö), Koivula or Koila, Kunnarainen (Gunnarais/Gunnarsby), Laupunen (Löpö), Lypertö, Langstet (Långstjärt, Långstjert), Parattula, Pleikilä (Bleknäs), North Vartsala Vartsala), Rahinkorpi, Ruola, Ruoni (Strömma), Salminittu (Sundäng), Siusluoto (Sjusholm), Vähä-Rahi (Lilla Rahi), Västerby or Westerby et al.. Historia Kustavi parish was founded as a chapel congregation called Kivimaa, belonging to Taivassalo parish, in 1783.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[8] The church built on it received the name Gustav according to the then King of Sweden, Gustav III [9] As a municipality, Kustavi began operation in 1874, due to the deferral granted to the archipelagos only a few years after the decision had been made to separate the rural municipalities by a law of 1868 of parishes.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[9] In 1897, the municipality received its current name referring to Gustav III.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[8] For centuries, shipping and fishing were the main industries.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

Until the 1920s, almost every Gustavian family's livelihood was tied to the sea.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[9] In 1982 the ten longest Kaitainen Bridge in Finland was completed.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[9] The Municipal Manager of Administration Kustav is Veijo Katara.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[5] There are 15 seats in the municipal council, seven of which are held by the Coalition and five by the Centre for the period 2017—2021.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[10] Economy In 2015 there were 278 jobs in the municipality.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

Of them, 15% were in primary production (agriculture, forestry and fisheries), 55% in services and 25% in processing.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[11] Kustav's largest companies are Kustavin Puu Oy (bankrupt) [12], Kustavin Tourism Oy, Jannen salmon oy, Kustavin tuhatapu, Oy Pureva Ab, Kustavin Savipaja Oy and Merineule Oy, Itätalo peasant estate, Restaurant Grill, Laura Peterzé's studio and MOKKAPUU Ay.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

In 2016, the companies that paid the highest corporation tax were Kustavi's Merikala, Fishing vessel Anne and BM Raudoite Western Finland, which provides structural engineering services.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[13] The share of property tax on approximately 3000 summer cottages is clearly higher than in the country as a whole - one-sixth of the municipal budget.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[5] Population trend The following graph shows the population trend of the municipality every five years since 1980.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

On 1 January 2017, the regional division used is in accordance with the situation.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

Conurbations At the end of 2017, Kustav had 923 inhabitants, of whom 333 lived in built-up areas, 571 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the residence of 19 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

The agglomeration rate is calculated from those residents whose residence coordinates are known; the agglomeration rate of Kustav is 36.8%.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[14] The agglomeration population of Kustav belongs to only one conurbation, namely the municipal centrist village of Kustav, which had 333 inhabitants at the end of 2017.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[15] Services Municipal early childhood education services are free of charge during the trial period from January 1 to December 31, 2018.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

The large number of cottagers is enough to maintain a wide range of services in the municipality, there is even Alko.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[5] There is a primary school called Kivimaa School in Kustav.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[16] Attractions in Kustav include Kustav Church, Isokar Lighthouse, Isokar Lighthouse, Itätalo Peasant Manor, Finnish War Memorial, Jeremiah Caves and Vartsala Lossi.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

Religious Communities According to the 2018 regional division, the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland are located in Kustav: [17] Kustav Parish of the Parishes of the Finnish Orthodox Church in the Kustav Region serves as the Turku Orthodox Congregation.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[18] There is an awakening effect from the internal church movements [19].


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

Famous Gustavians David Jansson, shipowner Volter Kilpi, writer Eero Kilpi, actor of the Finnish National Theatre, Volter Kilve's brother August Bernhard Mäkelä, pachinist Hagar Olsson, novelist, literary critic, playwright and translator.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

Antti Wihuri, shipowner and major donor, seafaring food Kustavi was named a keeper dish in the 1980s with horseradish sauce.


Question: Where in Sweden is Strömma located?

Kustavi

[20] See also List of public artworks and monuments of Kustav Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The history of the Catholic Church, or the history built around the Catholic Church, goes back almost two thousand years back to the early Church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In the following centuries, there was practically a degree of division in Christendom between East and West Christianity, but it was not until 1054 that Christians split into Catholics and Eastern Orthodoxies.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In its history, the Catholic Church has been a powerful powerhouse, especially in Europe.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Its history is also closely related to the history of the papacy, and, led by powerful popes, the church has participated in or been the initiator in several major events during its history.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

For example, the Crusades, the Inquisition, and the Reformation are closely related to the Catholic Church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In the present day, the Catholic Church is the largest of the Christian denominations.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Its more than one billion adherents make up almost seventeen percent of the total world population.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[1] The Catholic Church still wields considerable moral power globally.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The early congregation during the Early Congregation and the First Christians could not yet speak of a separate Catholic Church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Christians formed a single church, although several different and mutually contradictory doctrines existed within it.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Of note is the Catholic Church's view of the moment the papacy began.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The question of the first pope is significant insofar that later the Roman Congregation began to justify its leader's dominance over other bishops with the alleged roots of the papacy over the Apostle Peter.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The Catholic Church therefore considers the handover of the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven to the Apostle Peter as a sign of declaring him head of all the other apostles and the first Bishop of Rome, or the pope.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

It is written on the inner edge of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica: Tu es Petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam et tibi dabo claves regni caelorum [2] You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

I am giving you the keys to the kingdom of heaven) as Jesus is reported to have said to Peter according to the Gospel of Matthew (Matt.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

A major milestone in the history of the Catholic Church was the establishment of the Roman Congregation.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

As the parish developed, lists of its leaders began to be drawn up as well.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The oldest surviving list of Roman bishops dates from 185, and only a few of the predecessors of the then bishopric were known.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

However, the list continued until Peter, because the inheritance of the position from the apostle prince was a guarantee of correct doctrine for the congregation.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[3] Probably, in the list, the names between Peter and Anicetus, who brought the office of bishop to the city, are not invented, but are possibly members of the parish leadership team.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[3] It is not until the action of Viktor I in the Easter Controversy at the end of the second century that can be seen as the first authoritative intervention of the Bishop of Rome by which he sought to preserve the unity of the Church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[4] According to the report, Viktor I demanded that the bishops of Asia Minor conform to the rest of the world from the date of Easter.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

However, no immediate source material exists for this case other than the letters of two other bishops passed on by Eusebios Caesarean to the Bishop of Rome.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Eusebios says the Bishop of Rome also tried to distinguish the congregations of Asia Minor and Christians from the communion connection, although this provoked a lot of protests among the people.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[4] In the present day, one cannot be sure of where Viktor I based his privilege among other bishops and the legitimacy of his claims.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[4] From Constantine to Gregory Christians in the Roman Empire and the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea for two hundred and fifty years, the church was the church of martyrs.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Christians were persecuted for refusing to worship the emperor of the Roman Empire and the gods of the kingdom as gods.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The suspicion was heightened by the lack of Communion open to outsiders, prompting rumours of human sacrifice and lascivious expenditure, instilling fear and contempt for Christianity.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[5] In 312, Constantine the Great beat his opponent at the Battle of Mulvius Bridge.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

According to the historian Eusebius, before the battle, Constantine saw a sign in the sky, a red cross, and heard a voice: “In this sign you are victorious.” [6] Soon after this, Constantine became the leader of Western Rome.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

He soon allowed the practice of persecuted Christianity, as in the Edict of Milan the Roman Empire became neutral in terms of religious beliefs.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Later, Constantine intervened in doctrinal disputes among Christians by demanding that the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea be convened.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

More than 220 bishops attended the meeting, [7] The most important action of the Ecclesiastical Assembly was the denunciation of Areioism as heresy.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Constantine also became the first emperor to convert to Christianity.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

However, he did not allow himself to be baptized until his deathbed.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[8] It is unknown whether Constantine converted to Christianity gradually over the course of his life, or whether he adopted the faith under the influence of his mother Helena at a young age.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In modern times, theories have also been put forward that Constantine's favourability towards Christianity would not have been faith but political calculation: with the increasing number and influence of Christians, Constantine would have preferred to consolidate his power by taking a favourable view of Christians.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[6] In any case, Constantine was eagerly embroiled in internal disputes within the Church and several letters have survived to the present day in which Constantine commented on Donatolism and Areioism, among other things.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[9] Church Fathers Churchmen are referred to as the first and most influential theologians and authors of the early period of Christianity who have laid the groundwork for the theology of Christianity as a whole.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The Church Fathers were influenced from the 10th to the 5th century, when Christian doctrine, theology and life took strong shape.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In terms of Western Christianity, the most significant of the early churchmen is probably Augustine.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Along with Thomas Aquinese, he is the most influential Christian philosopher, and he was the most influential Christian philosopher for a whole eight hundred years before Tuoma alone.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[10] In addition to being a major theological and philosophical work, Augustine's main work on the State of God, it also formed the theoretical basis upon which papal power in the Middle Ages could form over its position of secular power.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[11] Augustine gave much thought to free will and salvation.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Although the Catholic Church sees him as a church teacher, there were also Protestant features in Augustine's thinking.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Among other things, he advocated the doctrine of predestination, according to which some people are already predestined to damnation and others to salvation.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[12] Later, at the time of the Reformation, Calvinists adopted the doctrine of predetermination under theologian Jean Calvin.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Leo I the Great in the 4th century began the strengthening of the papacy, especially during the time of Leo I.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Leo strongly developed theological arguments for papal rule, and in his time the notion of papal supremacy within the Church became established.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[13] Leo I therefore considered the papal seat to enjoy the legitimacy given by God.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[14] According to Leo I, the handover of the keys of the kingdom of heaven and the words of Jesus to the apostle Peter also applied to other leaders of the Roman congregation.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In his theology on the supremacy of the papacy, Leo I relied on the words of the Gospel of Matthew: according to Leo I, handing over the keys to the kingdom of heaven to the apostle Peter meant elevating this above the other apostles.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Similarly, Leo considered the bishops of Rome, or popes, that he considered Peter's successors, to be above the other bishops.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[15] The appeal to theology for the position of the pope deliberately differed from the demands of the Patriarchs of Constantinople, based mostly on political grounds.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[15] The Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III also supported Leo I's claim to papal supremacy within the Church by siding with Leo in the dispute between him and the Bishop of Arles.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[15] As a result of the dispute, the Emperor decreed that the apostle Peter had been granted the office of supreme judge as well as supreme administrative authority in the Church, [16] as was the highest teaching post.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[15] [17] Leo I also had a great deal of secular power during his papacy due to the weakness of the position of Western Roman emperor.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Leo I is well known for his meeting with the Hun king Attila.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

At that meeting, Leo I managed to stop Attila's expedition to Italy, something the weak emperor Valentinian III had not been able to.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Leo I was not only a powerful pope, but also a prominent theologian.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

At the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Khalkedon, he presented his writing Epistola dogmatica ad Flavianum, which presented the doctrine of the two drafts of Christ.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[18] The papal inscription received general approval in the ecclesiastical assembly, as the bishops also seemed to accept Leo I's claim to the special status of Bishop of Rome compared to other bishops.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[18] Leo I was also the first to make a claim to papal infallibility, basing his claim on the Bible.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[19] According to the views of Christianity of the East, the city of Rome was only one of five egalitarian patriarchates, and thus the power of the Bishop of Rome was no higher than the other bishops.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[14] The honorary position of the Pope was recognised in the East, but at the same time the supreme decision-making power was considered to be vested in the ecumenical assemblies and not to the pope.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[14] Christendom of the East and West Even in the first centuries, one cannot speak of the Catholic Church as a separate part of Christendom.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Instead, differences between East and West Christianity began to emerge slowly: later it was Christianity in the West that I separated from Roman Catholicism and Eastern Christianity from Orthodoxy.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Already in the Roman Empire, clear differences had been noted between the Hellenistic culture of the East and the Latin culture of the West.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In order to intensify the administration of his kingdom, Diocletian had already in the late 2000s recognised the empire as having two parts: eastern and western.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[20] Christendom also suffered from the confrontation between the cultures of the East and the West.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The worsening problems were already caused by the sheer difficulty of communicating: Greek was the dominant language in the East, while Latin had become established in the West as the language of the Church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[21] The divergence of languages and cultures created discord between East and West Christianity, especially as various doctrinal disputes and rite disputes divided already pre-existing Christendom.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[21] Also, mutual power disputes between the Pope of the West and the Patriarch of the East created a rift between Christians.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The problems were motivated by the final division of Rome into East Rome and Western Rome, of which Western Rome was destroyed in the 4th century.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

East Rome was left to live as the Byzantine Empire.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Now Constantinople had become the “new Rome”: it was the new main and administrative city of the kingdom.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Because of this, the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Kcracdon approved in its 28th canon — something Pope Leo I did not agree to confirm — the granting of privileges given to the pope also to the Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The power disputes created confrontation between Rome and Constantinople.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The divergence in secular relations also became apparent: the Christianity of the East leaned heavily on Byzantium, while Rome distanced itself from the empire, preferring to turn to the Franks.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[21] The first concrete disputes between Rome and Constantinople began to appear as early as the 4th century.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In this case, the controversy concerned the teachings interpreted as monophysitism of the patriarch.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

This dispute lasted thirty years.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[21] Another serious controversy concerned iconoclasm, or imagery.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The controversy was prompted by Emperor Leo III's desire to ban and destroy all images made of saints.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The emperor sought support from the pope for his view, but received no for an answer.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

This again led to reprisals against Rome.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[22] Gregory I the Great In 590, Gregory the Great, who became pope, began a new phase in the history of papacy and Catholicism.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory the Great was a very significant figure in the history of the papacy, and during his pontificate between 590 and 604 may indeed be considered the Church of Western Christendom to have entered a new era.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[23] Gregory the Great was a competent administrator, an experienced jurist and an accomplished diplomat.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[24] His actions include, among other things, the organisation of the pope's central government.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Far from being a mere religious leader, he also organised the management of farms owned by the Church — the largest landowner of the time in Italy [24] — and created a workable system for distributing the money coming from them.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

During the time of Gregory the Great, the territory of present-day Italy belonged to the Eastern Roman Empire, ruled by the Emperor.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Pope Gregory recognized this supremacy.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

However, with enemies threatening the Roman city, the emperor was not helpful, so out of necessity of circumstances, the pope had to negotiate with them and bribe them.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[24] [25] The weakness of secular power therefore forced — or, from another point of view, enabled him to also assume responsibility for secular rule in the neighbouring regions of Rome.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Through these actions he initiated the construction of the Church State in Central Italy, as well as through his taxation arrangements, ensured the financial independence of the Church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Thus the Pope effectively became the secular ruler of the Italian peninsula.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[24] Gregory realised that he should not try to spread the idea of papal religious supreme power to the east, so he decided to concentrate on Western Europe.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Pope Gregory established important relations with the rulers of France and Spain, as well as sending the head of his home monastery and forty monks to Great Britain to convert pagans.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory therefore appeared in the West as a Christian leader and commandant, and in the East as a loyal subject of the emperor.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory the Great spread Christianity to Europe more effectively than any pope who preceded him on the papal see.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Similarly, Gregorius' actions as pope included consolidating the Church internally and guaranteeing its unity.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[23] During his pontificate, Gregory the Great achieved a clear lead over the Bishop of Rome in western Europe.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[26] The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages Broke with the East In 858, the eminent layman Fotios was appointed the new Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Despite the canonical rules, the initiations required by the post had been delivered within five days.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

This led to a dispute in which Pope Nicholas I was also drawn into.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In 863, a Roman synod, with the approval of the Pope, declared Fotios to be put and dismissed him from office.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

However, the Byzantine emperor settled in support of Fotio and, with the support of the Patriarchs of the East, declared Nicholas I to be put in place.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[27] The dispute seemed to cause the Christian Church to split, so Emperor Basileios I decided to bow to save the unity of the church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

He dismissed Fotios from his post and expelled him from the country.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[27] In addition to this, Basileios I convened an ecumenical synod whose purpose was to seal the consensus between East and West.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

At the synod, the pope demanded from all to acquiesce unconditionally to his proclamation, although the Greek patriarchs first wanted to hear from Fotio on the matter.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

After a heated war of words, Fotios had to accept the Panna Declaration and he found himself outside the church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

At this point, the pope seemed the absolute winner of the dispute, to whose will the Byzantine Emperor and the Patriarchs of the East had had to bend to save the unity of the Church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

On top of all that, the decisions of the synod also included a rule forbidding the election of a layman as patriarch.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Eastern Christianity was also forced to adopt and from the Son amendment.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[27] However, the papal victory did not remain final.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In 879, after ten years of separation from the Church of Fotios, Fotios re-emerged as Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Basileios supported Fotio in spite of the latter's excommunication still in force.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The Christendom of the East and West was definitively mired in an intermediate break, although the division of the Christian Church into the Orthodox and Catholic Church was not definitively confirmed until 1054.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Western monastic institution, which influenced the Middle Ages, had its roots in the teachings of Benedict Nursian, who lived as early as the 5th century.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

To reform the decaying monk life, Benedictus drew up his own monastic code.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Its starting points included hermit life, humility, commitment to one place, and obedience to the abbot.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[28] Even in Benedictus' lifetime, his rule played not a very prominent role, being only one of the subjects competing with one another.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Instead, Pope Gregory the Great favored Benedict's monastic rule and spread it around the areas of Christianity in the West.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[28] Monte Cassino, founded by Benedictus, emerged as a paragon of the monastic establishment of the West, and the Benedictines became successors to Benedictus's monastic rule.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The great monk monasteries led by the Benedictines were powerhouses of feudal Europe, but in later times increasing urbanization nailed at their prestige.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[29] A particular problem was also the prohibition imposed on monks and nuns to leave the monastic grounds.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

This contributed to the weakening of the importance of monasteries located relatively far from urban centres and universities.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The diminished status of monasteries in an urbanized environment was also a serious problem for Christianity in general.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The main concern was that priests in the cities were not up to their duties, and their theological civilization was not of the same class as monastic monks.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The poor level of education of priests in the cities, on the other hand, created a foothold for heretical causes.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In the early 13th century, the Pope and the King of France had to wage several wars to defeat sects they considered heretics.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[29] As monasteries in a new kind of urbanised environment were no longer ideal solutions for spiritual monks, competing, monastic life free, rules emerged in the 13th century.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Especially the Franciscans and Dominicans emerged as rivals of the Benedictines.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The development of papal and church power in the Middle Ages Strengthening and weakening in the early Middle Ages Papal prerogatives changed several times during the Early and Heart Middle Ages.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

After the collapse of Western Rome, the whole of western Europe had been in a state of weakness for hundreds of years, while Eastern Rome, which had changed to Byzantium, had at least partially retained its might.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

It was only as Western Europe gained strength, too, that papal power began to grow significantly: The situation eased for Western Europe around the end of the first millennium, when several nations that threatened Western Europe, apart from Muslims, were converted to Christians.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, population growth in Western Europe was strong, and the economy also improved.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

This also saw Western Europe become a serious political factor in Europe and the Middle East, where it could equally challenge both Byzantium and Islamic regions.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[30] In the 7th century, the prestige of the papal seat greatly increased with the Pope's anointing of Pip as King of the Little Franks, although many supremacists felt that Pipin belonged to the wrong lineage and was a usurper.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[31] Thus the pope gave a new justification for kingship: power would not be connected to descent but to the will of God, for which the pope would act on earth as mediator.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[31] Thus the papacy became an integral part of the power structure of western Europe.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Prior to the crowning of Pipin the Little, the papal seat formally still recognised the Byzantine Emperor's rule in western Europe as well, but at the latest after the agreement concluded between Stefanus II and Pip the Little it became clear that the papal seat preferred to settle with Byzantium rather than the Frankish emperor patronage.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Moving to the patronage of the Frankish Emperor, the Pope and the Church of Rome lost some of their independence, but Pipin the Small undertook to “hear all the pope's exhortations and edicts”.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[32] Pipin soon returned the favour of the Pope by defeating the Langobards and ceding Rome, with its surroundings, to the Pope.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The church state can be considered to have originated, which made the pope not only a spiritual but also a secular ruler.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, the papal seat had gained itself a Western supporter to rely on in times of trouble, and therefore no longer needed the support of Constantinople or its emperor.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[31] The papacy was plunged into crisis when, in 843, the Frankish Empire was divided into two parts.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

This caused the dispersal of the pre-unified Reich Church, leading to a crumbling of papal spiritual authority among the Franks.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] Properties before the Pope were plundered throughout Europe, and all over the Frankish kingdom the nobility took monasteries for their own use.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] On taking office following the assassination of his predecessor John VIII in 891, Pope Formosus, in his letter to the Archbishop of Reims, described the situation in Rome: “On every side heresies and controversies erupt, and there is no one to oppose them.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

“[33] Likewise in Africa, the bishops quarreled with each other and waited for resolution from Rome.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Formosus tried in vain to find a political supporter in the Franks to lean on.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] Formosus turned to the king who administered the territory of present-day Germany, but the king took over Rome in 895.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] Formosus had to crown this emperor.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Due to the uprising, Formosus was soon eaten from the papal seat, but his successor died two weeks after taking office.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Stefanus VI usurped power for himself, after which, for several generations, the papacy turned into nothing more than a power play for the Roman nobility.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Later, this mayhem period began to be referred to as the Pornocracy.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Although the papacy lost its spiritual respect, the institution itself remained standing.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[33] The intensification of papacy in the Middle Ages with the advent of the Middle Ages, Western Christianity was in decline.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The desire of secular rulers to restrict church freedom, priestly marriage, as well as simony were seen as problems.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

For secular rulers, the problems related to the fact that the princes themselves wanted to be involved in appointing bishops and thus interfering in church activities.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Priestly marriage was also seen as a bad thing, as it was seen as binding the priest to a particular lineage and property.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[34] In the 9th century, a desire to reform the Church arose within the Catholic Church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Born in a French Benedictine monastery, the Cluny movement sought to free the Church from problems seen as grievances, while at the same time strengthening the position of the Pope in relation to secular princes.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory VII was the first member of the Cluny movement to rise to pope.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

He believed that the Papal See belonged to complete authority over the Church as well as the world as a whole.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Gregory VII therefore draws up 27 theses for his own use, according to which, for example, [35] the Church of Rome has never erred and, according to the testimony of the Bible, it can never be mistaken.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Only the Pope may convene an ecclesiastical assembly.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Only he can impose bishops and dismiss them.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Only he can change his own sentences.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

No one can judge him.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Only he can approve amendments to the Church Act.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

He can fire emperors.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

He can free his subjects from the oath of allegiance.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

All princes must kiss the feet of the pope.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Under Gregorius, the position of the papal seat was strengthened.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Likewise, within the Church it began to be thought that spiritual supremacy could only be properly prevailed in a situation where secular power would be subject to spiritual authority and thus to the Church in all matters concerning morality or faith.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[36] Pope Gregory VII even considered that the Pope had the right to dismiss emperors at will.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[36] These great demands for power also provoked opposition, resulting in the Papal See engaged in a multi-decades-long investment dispute with secular rulers.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Eventually, as a compromise, the Pope's changed position in Europe was recognized, as well as the power of secular rulers.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[37] Crusades In 1095, Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested assistance from Pope Urbanus II against the Seldžuks.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Urbanus was inspired by this and began preaching a crusade for the liberation of Jerusalem.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The crusade can be considered to have begun in 1095 as a result of a sermon delivered by Pope Urbanus II at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Clermont.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[38] Urbanus II did not present the Crusade as his own idea at the meeting, but declared it to be God's will and commandment.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Furthermore, the pope “forgave him by the power bestowed upon him by God the sins of all those who died in the Crusades”, as Urbanus II put it in his speech to the Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[39] At the Ecclesiastical Conference of Clermont, Urbanus II also promised every Christian who died in battle eternal bliss.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[40] In 1099, the crusaders who participated in the First Crusade managed to take Jerusalem.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

At the same time, the papal power in the East


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

However, the takeover of Jerusalem remained temporary and did not, in the end, bring much benefit to the popes.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Instead, the Fourth Crusade partially dissolved the Byzantine Empire, causing the balance of power in Europe to shake and papal power experiencing a significant rise while Innocentius III was pope.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

New Regulations In the era of urbanization, traditional Benedictine monasteries lost their importance and influence.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Urbanization presented new challenges to monk activity, which the Benedictines, because of rules restricting their activities, were unable to meet.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In the 13th century, two new monk statutes emerged from within the Catholic Church, the Franciscans and the Dominicans, which were not bound to absolute monastic life.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The Franciscan Rule Board was founded by Franciscus of Assisi.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

He was the son of a rich merchant by birth, but later decided to abandon his fortune and commit himself to living in poverty.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Francis and his followers formed a group of beggar monks who committed themselves to absolute poverty and began preaching as well as helping and caring for the other poor.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Pope Innocentius III recognized Francis' fraternity in 1212.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The Franciscan Brotherhood soon became a major asset to the church, although even at the beginning there were fears of the movement's alienation from the church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[41] In later centuries, within the Franciscans, both charmed ideas of poverty and penance.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Those thinking this way felt that the Franciscans had moved too far away from Franciscus' original idea of poverty and non-ownership, and this sowed fragmentation inside the church.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[42] At its worst, the rapturous movements of the Franciscans led to acts of violence and blood, as was the case with Fra Dolcino, for example.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The 13th century also saw the emergence of a rule of Dominicans, whose founder was Dominicus.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

He was a learned man and worked for a long time in converting work.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

He achieved his goals through his vigorous sermons and various debates, and gradually a group of supporters of the preaching work gathered around him.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Admittedly, the emergence of a new monk was complicated by the fact that the Ecclesiastical Assembly had forbidden the establishment of new monks in 1215.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In July 1215, the bishop supporting Dominicus established a community of Dominicans by his document, but this was not an anti-ecclesiastical monk: the Dominican Brotherhood took over the rule formulated by Augustine, who lived as early as the 4th century.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[43] [44] Thus a community of spiritual brethren was formed, which, however, because of the flexibility of Augustine's rule, was not bound to monastic life.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

On December 22, 216, Pope Honorius III confirmed the rules of the Dominicans and approved them as a Catholic rule.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[43] In drawing up the rules of the new group, Dominicus himself saw as the values of beggar thought, discipline, and preaching.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[44] The Dominicans developed into a beggar order, as Dominicus wanted it.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

He also opposed eating meat and advocated sleeping on straws and walking around in simple outfits.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[44] Instead, the proportion of women in the Brotherhood was favourably viewed, and in later years Dominican women's communities also developed.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

One of the most famous female Dominicans was Catherine of Sienan.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The peak period of the Catholic Church in the Heart and Late Middle Ages, the Catholic Church lived its peak period in terms of both secular and spiritual power.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

After the Cluny Movement and the Crusades, the influence of the Pope as well as the Church rose for about two centuries.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Among the persons of the era, in terms of secular power, one can mention Pope Innocentius III, who ruled at the beginning of the 13th century, who is considered one of the most powerful popes in history.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[45] Innocentius, who was educated in law, led the most efficient administrative apparatus of his time in all of Europe and a papal judiciary which enjoyed high value.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[46] Under Innocentius III, papal prerogatives extended beyond secular kings in some places.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

The Pope was able, through his immense authority, to prevent the marriage of King Philip II of France, through excommunication to overturn the decision made by King John the Landless of England to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and to choose from two candidates for the Holy German-Roman to the Empire under a new ruler.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[47] The peak period of the Catholic Church was visible not only as broad control over matters of secular life, but also on the spiritual side.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Catholic Church held no fewer than six concises, or ecclesiastical meetings: the First, Second, Third and Fourth Lateran Concils, and the First and Second Ecclesiastical Assemblies of Lyon.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

Significant in terms of the monk movement were the activities of Bernhard Clairvauxlaine and the Cistercian friary that grew stronger thanks to him.


Question: Who did John II Komnenos marry?

History of the Catholic Church

[48] Likewise, the establishment of Franciscan and Dominican rules just coincided with the peak period of the Catholic Church.