Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Having converted, like his uncle, to Protestant, Johnson was better able to carry out his aspirations for the future.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

In the winter of 1737—1738 he sailed from Dublin to Boston, bringing with him 20 Irish Protestant families.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

After traveling to Albany, Johnson's emigrant group met with Admiral Warren, who had purchased large amounts of unused land along the Mohawk River in New York Province, west of New York City and Schenectady.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Johnson set about establishing lands in the Warrensburg Colony and acquiring from New York City African slaves for land clearing.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Warren himself had already hired a group of German colonists for his lands as crofters, and leased small tracts of land to others as well.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[3] In 1739, the ambitious Johnson grew tired of acting solely as his uncle's chief, and moved into the self-made fur trade and land speculation.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

After acquiring a small tract of land on the north side of the Mohawk River opposite Warrensburgh, he established a small trading post and opened direct trading links with Albany merchants.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Local Mohawks traded with the Honourable Johnson rather than with other merchants and gave him the name Warraghiyagey (He who trades much).


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

After becoming prosperous in trading, Jonson built a 3-story mansion next to the trading station, which was barraged as Fort Johnson.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

At the same time, he expanded his business activities and began selling the lucrative Amerikanginseng as a health product.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[4] In King George's War, which spread to America in the 1740s, Johnson was appointed chargé d'affaires for the Iroquois of New York because of his good Indian relations.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

At the same time, he replaced previous Albany Indian Commissioners.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Recruiting Iroquois warriors for the war, however, was a difficult task, as the Iroquois League had maintained a policy of neutrality in relations between the British and the French.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

With the help of influential chief Hendrick Theyanoguin, Johnson eventually won some of the Mohawks on his side.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

In the war, he organized small Militian and Iroquois League strike groups sent against the French and their Indian allies.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Many Albanyans found it incredible that Johnson, painted in red war colour like the Mohawks, had been able to forge an Iroquois alliance that warred on the side of the English.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[5] In accordance with the then scalp law in New York, Johnson paid premiums for scalps, although he knew this would encourage the Mohawks to scalp those who did not participate in fighting as well.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[6] The Great Colonial War At the start of the 1755 colonial war between Britain and France, English political and military leaders remembered Johnson's skills in dealing with Indians.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

During the same year, he was appointed Chief Intendant of Indian Affairs, and was given a two-sided military commission.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Johnson simultaneously served as Colonel of the Iroquois Federation and Major General of the Provincial Forces.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

His neo-English forces were one part of that four-toed army led by Major General Edward Braddock, whose purpose was to cut off New France's success in the Great Lakes.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[7] As Braddock directed his march westward towards Fort Duquesne, an army of Provinces and Mohawks led by Johnson was tasked with attacking the French fort at Fort Frederick on the shores of Lake Champlain.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

The attack had to be abandoned due to the location of the fort and poor access.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Braddock's army marched during the same summer to a fatal siege staged by the French and their hundreds of Indian allies, known in history as the Battle of Monongahela.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[8] Johnson's army came into contact with the enemy in October 1755. At that time, the French and their allies carried out an attack on a camp of Neo-Englanders on the shore of Lake George in the Province of New York on the Canadian border.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Johnson was wounded in his buttock muscle during the battle, but was able to continue as a troop leader after first aid.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[9] The battle on the shores of Lake George was the only one won by the English during that year.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

The old influential Mohawk chief Hendrick Theyanoguin, who supported Johnson, perished during the battle.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

The Mohawks demanded that Baron Jean-Armand Dieskau, commander of the French forces captured by the British, be given to them, but under the cover of his influence and diplomatic skills, Johnson managed to spare Dieskau's life.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[10] King George II later honored Johnson for his achievements during the battle and made him a baronet.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

At the same time, Jonhson became the only colonist ever to be nobled.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[11] In 1759, Johnson was assigned to lead colonial troops and Mohawks against Fort Niagara of New France.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

During the siege, the commander of the British forces was killed and Johnson took his place.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

With this procedure, Johnson angered many British officers who did not consider the provincial army officer posts to be equal to those of those in permanent service.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Despite the disagreements, Johnson continued as corps commander and eventually forced the French to surrender.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[11] When New France imploded in the early 1760s, Johnson spent much time traveling the 1,000-mile journey to Detroit and back to negotiate new peace terms with France's former Indian allies.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[12] Johnson Hall After the end of the Colonial War, Johnson acquired 400 square miles of land from the Mohawks and became the most influential citizen and largest single landowner in the Mohawk Valley.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[13] In 1762, he founded the town of Johnstown and built Johnson Hall, based on Georgian era architecture, outside the town.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

At the same time, his ties with the Mohawks grew even stronger.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Daily visitors to the farm comprised members of various tribes of the Iroquois federation and representatives of the British colonies.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Different cultures, traditions and languages intermingled and created a unique life for the residents of Johnson Hall.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Johnson encouraged Irish and Scots to emigrate to his lands as tenants or debt slaves.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Although the fur trade was the greatest source of his wealth so did the lumber trade and the sale of farming products were included in his business ventures.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Johnson as peace negotiator The Pontiac Rebellion, which began in May 1763, prompted Johnson to return to diplomatic duties.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

The whole bloody event was prompted by the inability of the British to deal with ichthyane politics.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

For years, Johnson had advised settlement makers to distribute gifts to heads of various tribes, noting the importance of diplomacy in all Native American relations.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

However, the English did not follow Johnson's advice.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Lord Jeffrey Amherst, the supreme commander of the British forces, felt that the best way to conduct relations was through discipline, not “bribery.”


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[14] This view led to the deaths of about 2000 Britons as warriors from various tribes led by Ottawie chief Pontiac overran French strongholds which fell under British control.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Eventually, the Indians tired of the siege and retreated to their villages.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Rebel leader Pontiac attempted to press ahead with the takeover but could no longer get enough backers behind him.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

The French, too, were reluctant to give him their support.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[15] In the summer of 1766, Johnson and Pontiac squeezed each other's hand at Fort Oswego as a sign of the peace that had been concluded between the Indian rebels and the colonists.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

The Iroquois and western tribes present exchanged their wampumvus as confirmation that Pontiac's rebellion was definitively over.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

In the Peace of Stanwix, held in 1768, Johnson persuaded Native Americans to give up their lands in New York, Virginia, and Pennsylvania.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Following this treaty, mainly Scottish colonists occupied the Mohawk River valley.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

In the summer of 1774, Johnson succeeded in preventing the Iroquois from joining the Shawne' army in Lord Dunmore's War.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[16] Death and funeral In July 1774, Johnson perished at his mansion Johnson Hall from a probable cerebral infarction in the middle of a negotiation by the Iroquois Federation.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[17] Thousands of people flocked to his funeral.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[18] Pallbearers were Governor William Franklin of New Jersey and justices of the New York Supreme Court.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Johnson was buried under the altar of St. John's Anglican Church, which he had founded himself.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

The day after the funeral, representatives of the Iroquois Federation gathered at Johnson's grave to celebrate their own memorial service.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[19] Private life and family in the Kurpfalz region of Germany, Catherine Weisenberg was Johnson's first wife.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

The union was not official; instead, the couple lived in a cohabitation-like relationship from 1739 to 1759.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

According to the most common story, Catherine, while serving as a maid, had escaped her master in New York City in 1738.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Later, a mansion owner bought him at the Port of Manhattan.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Johnson, in turn, bought Catherine from a New York-based mansion for the price of £5 and took the girl into his household.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[20] Catherine became Johnson's housekeeper and wife.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Three children were born to the couple, of whom John Johnson inherited his father's estate in 1774.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

At Catherine's death in 1759, her place was taken by Mohawk-born Molly Brant, who lived in the Johnson household until her death.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Johnson had met Molly and years before Catherine died.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

They had a total of 8 children, each of whom inherited a tract of land after their father's death.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

In addition to the aforementioned children, Johnson had three children with Caroline Hendricko, a member of the Mohawks.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Of these children, only a son named William of Canajoharie was mentioned in his father's will, so his sisters had received their share of the inheritance even before their father's death.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[21] In addition, Johnson had common children with Elizabeth Brant.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[22] In his final years of life, Johnson is also believed to have had a close relationship with the young Susannah Wormwood, who served as an occasional housekeeper at Johnson's fishing lodge.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[23] Also counted in the Johnson family was Molly's brother Joseph Brant, who had absorbed much European cultural influences from Johnson.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Joseph was usually involved in all gatherings of the family and was much closer to Johnson than William of Canajoharie, who hated the white race.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[24] One of the persons closest to Johnson was his nephew Guy Johnson, who had arrived from Ireland as his uncle's apprentice in 1756.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Guy married Johnson's daughter Mary and, like Sir William, made good relations with the peoples of the Iroquois federation.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Upon the death of William Johnson, Guy Jonhson took his seat as Super-Intendant of Indian Affairs for the Northern Territories.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

[25] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anderson, Fred| title= Crucible of War| publisher = Vintage; Reprint edition| year = 2001| id=ISBN 978-0375706363| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Berleth, Richard| title=Bloody Mohawk| publisher = Black Dome Press| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-1883789664| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castle, Ian| title= Fort William Henry 1755 - 1757| publisher = Osprey Publishing| year = 2013| id=ISBN 978-1782002741| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Flexner, James Thomas| title = Mohawk Baronet: Biography of Sir William Johnson| publisher = Syracuse University Press| year = 1990| id = ISBN 978-0815602392| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gordon, Irene| title=Laird of Fort William| publisher = Unknown| year = 2014| id=ISBN 978-1927051726| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = O'Toole, Fintan| title = White Savage| publisher = Univ of New York Press| year = 2009| id = ISBN 9781438427584| language = Transclusion error: {{I en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paxton, James V.| title = Joseph Brant and His World: Eighteenth-Century Mohawk Warrior and Statesman| publisher = James Lorimer & Company| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-1552770238| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ross, John F.| title = War on the Run| publisher = Bantam| year= 2011| id=ISBN 978-0553384574| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tucker, Spencer C.| title= The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607—1890| publisher = ABC Clio| year = 2011| id=ISBN 978-1851096978| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Waldman, Carl| title= Atlas of North American Indian| publisher = Fact on file Publications| year = 1985| id=ISBN 0-87196-850-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)


Question: Where did Sir William Johnson die?

William Johnson (baronet)

References Category:British persons Category:Those born in 1715 Class:Deaths in 1774


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The equestrian statue of Marshal Mannerheim in Helsinki is a monument sculpted by sculptor Aimo Tukiainen, where Finnish Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim sits on his horse.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

It is located on Marshal's title street Mannerheimintie in Helsinki.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[1] The statue was unveiled on 4 June 1960 [2] on Mannerheim's birthday.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Mannerheim was the first of Finland's presidents to design a statue.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

However, the statue in Helsinki is only the fourth of the statues in Mannerheim.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The statue of Lauri Leppäsen Mannerheim was unveiled on 4 June 1955 in Seinäjoki, the statue of Mannerheim sculpted by Evert Porila on 4 June 1956 in Tampere and the equestrian statue by Veikko Leppäsen Mannerheim on 19 December 1959 in Lahti.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The first Mannerheim monument was an obelisk-like memorial passe in Montreux, Switzerland, unveiled on 14 May 1955, a couple of weeks before the statue of Seinäjoki.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[3] In addition, K. J. Ståhlberg of the presidents had time to get the statue to Helsinki before Mannerheim in 1959.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[4] The choice of the equestrian statue as the type of sculpture was justified not only by the fact that Mannerheim was a horseman, but also by the fact that in the world equestrian statues have been erected for rulers and great warlords.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[5] In Finnish sculpture, they almost did not exist before the Mannerheim statues of Helsinki and Lahti.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[6] Names and nominations The name of the proposal that won and executed the sculpture competition was Marshal of Finland C.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

G. Mannerheim.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The work was inaugurated at the unveiling as an equestrian statue of Marshal Mannerheim, which became its official name.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

It has also been called the Mannerheim equestrian statue, the Mannerheim statue and the statue of Marski.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Parts and models of the monument The 5.4 metre high bronze cavalry itself rests on a red granite pedestal 6.3 metres high and 6.3 long and 2.72 metres wide, and have a combined height of 11.7 metres.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[7] A box has been placed inside the pedestal containing the names of all those involved in the collection of the statue as stored on microfilms.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[2] The monument is quite detailed and truthful.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The horse in the sculpture is often said to be the marshal's last steed Käthy, although the horse does not, in principle, present any particular horse individual.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

When making the first competition draft in autumn 1953, Tukiainen used as his model a horse ordered from Lieutenant Colonel Eero-Eetu Saari and the stables of the Defence Establishment, which was to resemble as much as possible the Mannerheim horse.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[8] The army borrowed a Bessarabian horse as a model, whose features were modified by Tukiainen, though Tukiainen received a Hanoverian version of the sculpture.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[9] However, the basic premise of the statue's horse is the Käthy mare, whose step species was chosen as the so-called free walk to the equestrian statues instead of a general gallop or trot.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[10] Before deciding the competition, it was considered whether Mannerheim's horse stepping in the manner of a statue was possible at all, so the statue committee became familiar with the trajectories of the horses” legs, among other things, by means of slow-motion film.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[2] In making the final statue sketch, Tukiainen used picture and film footage as an aid.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Instead of the costume of a cavalry general, Mannerheim was desired to be depicted in the marshal's outfit with his honours


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

For Mannerheim for the statue, a fur cap and uniform (m/36, buttons visible, pockets), a belt and command belt, a sword of honour, a row of complete decorations and a pair of chest stars were chosen as clothing.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[11] Initially, the outfit had been a lightweight field coat (m/41), but practically not combined with a fur coat.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[11] Tukiainen did not carve as many decorations on the statue as hoped because they would have become too many.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

However, the attributes have been accurately implemented, because according to Tukiainen's principles, all the details of the statue should also withstand close scrutiny, even though they may not be seen from below.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Background work and ideation during Mannerheim's lifetime The first ideas about the statue were put forward after the Civil War, and the idea originated possibly from the Mannerheim Staff circle.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[12] The equestrian statue project was originally linked to the capital's statue of independence and liberty plans planned in the late 1910s.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] Various equestrian statues were also designed as a war memorial in other parts of Finland.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

However, the matter did not progress for years.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

In 1928, Julius Polin, the director of the Kymin factory, donated 100000 marks for the statue as a foundation fund, but made it a condition that the project could be started within 15 years.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[14] Planning for the equestrian statue in Mannerheim was begun in the 1930s.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[1] 1937 was a donation of 500000 marks from the Finnish Industrial Association.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[14] After that, preparations began to be made for a statue committee.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

A total of 49 members entered the committee.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[14] After the establishment of the Statues Committee, a general fundraising effort was conducted in 1938.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[1] As the Committee was not the type of entity that could have obtained a collection permit, the permit was acquired by the Federation of Independence.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[15] Mannerheim himself had little hesitation about the statue project: apparently he doubted the competence of Finnish artists and also considered the domestic political situation too timid for a monument like this one.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[16] At the same time, however, he was troubled by whether the statue's horse and riding posture would be authentic.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[16] In Finland, artists did not have the opportunity to make large-sized horse sculptures because there were no orders for them and pending projects had not been implemented.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[17] The ignition of the Winter War was one of the reasons that led to the statue project being frozen.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[1] It was then that the fundraising was stopped at the wish of Mannerheim himself, and he subsequently forbade the implementation of the entire project during his lifetime.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[16] By the start of the war, half a million marks had been collected in collections, which had grown by 1941 to 1.7 million thanks to interest and new donations.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[15] A location was also sought for the statue by means of a competition of ideas, but no solutions were reached yet.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Following Mannerheim's death, after Mannerheim died, the Student Union of the University of Helsinki established the Finnish Marshal Riding Statue Delegation in 1951.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] It was chaired first by Antti Tulenheimo, Chancellor of the University of Helsinki, then by Erik Lönnroth, President of that university.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[1] Colonel Adolf Ehrnrooth was also a member.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Mannerheim himself had collected images of various equestrian statues, which were used by the statue delegation to aid in brainstorming the statue.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[16] In January 1952, a second fundraising effort began in connection with the commemorations.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[18] Then a total of 78 million marks were raised from 737503 donors [1] [19], or about EUR 2,3 million in current money.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[20] In addition, donations were received from outside the list collection.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The collection lists with autographs were microfilmed and microfilms were placed on the foundations of the 1959 statue's pedestal.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The collection lists themselves had been donated to the Mannerheim Museum, bound as books.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[19] The fundraising was so successful that the rest of the money was also able to buy Mannerheim's birthplace, Louhisaari Manor in Askais.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The mansion was donated to the state and was made a museum subordinate to the Office of Museums.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[7] Design competitions There were two design competitions for the equestrian statue.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

More demanding tasks in Finland had not previously been offered to sculptors, and both competitions employed many of them for about three years.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[21] Before the competitions, though, it was generally thought that the statue would be commissioned from the sculptor Wäinö Aaltonen either directly or as a result of the competition, because he had the necessary experience.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[21] The first race of the Finnish Marshal rider statue race was declared in December 1952, [22] and the first leg was decided in February 1954.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[23] The competition was open to all Finnish sculptors and architects.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Participants were required to have a non-patinated plaster model (scale 1:5), a floor plan of the site with arrangements (1:200), a written explanation of materials and more and a large cost estimate.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[24] The intention was to award three prizes (I prize 750000 mk, II prize 500000 mk and III prize 300000 mk), redeem three drafts (150000 mk apiece) and award honours.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[24] For example, there were no instructions on the outfit and horse in Mannerheim, although pictures of the Käthy horse were included in the competition programme.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Because the competition programme was loose, the proposals were very different.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The award committee expressed its wish that any future new competition would focus attention on authenticity.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[24] Many members of the Sculptors' Union criticised the failure to make clear in advance what kind of statue was desired.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[25] None of the suggestions that arrived were considered worthy of the first prize.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The second prize was shared between Wäinö Aaltonen (work Saint Vala) and sculptor Heikki Konttinen (work CGEM).


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[4] [24] The third prize was awarded by sculptor Pekka Alava with his proposal Pro Finlandia 3, in addition to which three more works to be redeemed were selected after disagreements.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[24] Aaltonen was angered by the solution because he had considered himself a clear winner.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

However, he was later commissioned to design the Mannerheim tomb monument in Hietaniemi Cemetery.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[26] The statue proposals were exhibited in the Knight's Room and caused debate.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

As the competition was held in name badge sheds, it is not known exactly who took part in the race after all, but not only professionals but also enthusiast sculptors were involved.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

A total of 46 proposals came from 44 pseudonyms, for example Aaltonen is known to have sent two works under different pseudonyms.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[24] Discussion of the monument focused on hippological details.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] The key issue was considered to be the position of the horse and what it should be made.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[25] There were discussions about the naturalness of the horse's step and anatomy, as well as the marski's uniforms and decorations.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] Proposals for the competition and also the awardees were vigorously criticised, among other things, by the public sections of the magazines.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Something was found wrong with many horses, and Mannerheim's character was not considered successful in any proposal.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[27] Discussions showed that realism was believed to focus on its subject and offer the subject as a transparent reality, rather than as a style or genre interpretation.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Wäinö Aaltonen questioned such views, pointing out that even during the Renaissance the horses did not look like Verrocchio's works.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] Another competition The Sculptors Union proposed a new freer competition, which would be both invitational and general competition.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[28] The statue delegation decided to organise it right away.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Laureates from the previous competition criticised the fact that during the second competition others get to benefit from the work and results of the first competition.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[29] The race was settled in the fall of 1954.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Fifty-eight proposals arrived, ten of which had to be removed, for example, because of the wrong scale.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[30] Among others, sculptors Wäinö Aaltonen, Matti Haupt, Yrjö Liipola and Eila Hiltunen opted out of the new competition.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[30] [31] Aaltonen and Hiltunen had both requested an extension of the race time but received a negative response.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[30] Wäinö Aaltonen justified his withdrawal from the recompetition with an unreasonable insistence on naturalism.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

In his view, centuries of enduring art were not created with the power of naturalism, but superior as a language aimed at persuasion was classicism.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Aaltonen's withdrawal has also been interpreted as the old master having to admit to the stinging disappointment of his ouster.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] This time, the race programme had further defined aspirations for Mannerheim and the horse.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Participants were required plaster models of the entire statue (scale 1:4, with the assumption that the height of the statue would be 5—5.5 meters) and separately from the head of Mannerheim (scale 1:2), but another detalji was also permitted.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[30] The height of the pedestal was not specified as it would have to be in a certain proportion to the rest of the statue and would have to be checked at the place of placement.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The draft had to be offered as a separate one, devoid of a tripod.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] There were no architectural members on the award committee this time, as no plans were now desired for a place to invest.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Instead, there were sculptors involved, though none of them were from abroad, even if the Sculptors' Union had so desired.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[30] Three prizes amounting to 300,000 marks were allocated, but the amount ended up being distributed in different prizes: 400000 (I prize), 300000 (II prize) and 200000 marks (III prize).


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[30] The panel chose the proposal made by Aimo Tukiainen and Oskari Jauhiainen, although the version was made by Tukiainen alone.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[2] The name of the proposal was Marshal of Finland.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

G. Mannerheim.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The assistants had been sculptor Heikki Häivoja and horse expert Colonel Viljo Forssell.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[32] The second prize was awarded by sculptor Kalervo Kallio with his proposal with the People and the third by sculptor Jyrki Sailo Talisman.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[30] The third prize would have originally been awarded to the second proposal of Jauhiainen and Tukiainen, of which Jauhiainen had made the main part, but it did not receive the prize because the competition programme had asked to leave the work of the same author under the same pseudonym.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[30] As a result of design competitions, at least Veikko Leppäsen Lahti's Mannerheim equestrian statue (1959) to Lahti were created in Lahti, as well as Nina Terno's mounted image of the Marshal in the corridor of the Tampere Community School (1961).


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[33] The selection of the site for investment was nominated, for example, Tähtitorninmäki, Hesperianesplanadi in Mannerheimintien and the interest of Parliament House.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[2] In the 1930s, it was thought of as a place for example the Senate Square and the business house of Hankijan, [34] located on the corner of Mannerheimintien and Arkadiankatu.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Of the options, the surroundings of Parliament House had been considered the most.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

At the end of the 1930s, the Statues Committee organised a competition for the place of placement, but all 17 proposals had proposed just Parliament House Square, to which the competition had specifically tried to seek an alternative.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[35] Although Mannerheim himself had hoped that the location of the prospective statue would not be the Purchaser's Square or the surroundings of Parliament House.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[36] In the 1950s, the issue was raised again.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Several different options were thought through and explored.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Representing the National Museum was then considered the best solution, albeit on condition that two monuments already there could be relocated.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[37] For example, the architect, Professor Otto-Iivari Meurman, criticised the choice because, according to him, the overall artistic impression would be weak and trees in the surroundings of Parliament House would have to be cut down.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[38] Later, an adverse decision was also received from the Government regarding the placement of the statue in the National Museum.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

In the autumn of 1951, Suomen Kuvalehti held a vote among its readers, and more than half of the respondents supported those represented by either the National Museum or the Presidential Palace, but new proposals were also presented.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[36] The rock area of Hesperian Park was the place where the participants of the first design competition were primarily to formulate their own statue proposal.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[39] For example, Chief Architect Ilmari Launis criticised the place and presented a number of his own proposals for the place of investment, including arrangements.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The decision to place the statue on the square in front of the Post House was taken in 1956, and today the square is called Mannerheimin Square.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[2] The site had been proposed by sculptors Tukiainen and Jauhiainen while participating in another design competition.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[40] Several more of the proposed sites had been carted out due to impracticality, as there needed to be sufficient looseness around the statue and space for, among other things, visits of honour.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The central location was also considered a criterion for venue selection.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Stages of Work Sketches and Final Version When the competition was resolved in 1954, it was agreed that both sculptors would first make plain plaster sketches.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The final height was agreed to be 5.5 meters without a stand.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[41] A plaster model in scale 1:3 was given a year of production time, after which there would be three years to make the model in natural size.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[41] Tukiainen and Jauhiainen also concluded a written agreement whereby the two would start work independently and cooperation would continue at a later date.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

However, the sculptors' views on both collaborative making and artistic solutions diverged as the design work progressed so that the contract was dissolved.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Jauhiainen said he disconnected himself from the equestrian statue job in June 1956.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[42] After checking both drafts, it was decided that Tukiainen would make the final version because Jauhiainen's draft had not been exported to the end.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[10] Tukiainen had travelled around Europe in the spring of 1955 exploring the equestrian statues.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[32] A new atelier building was built for him to work on the equestrian statue, Lauttasaari, which was completed in late 1956.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[43] The contributors were Heikki Häivoja and Kain Tapper.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[44] Tukiainen was under great pressure, the work received exceptional publicity at its stage and was “controlled” by higher bodies.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[45] [46] Although Italian sculptor Francesco Messina, who was visiting Finland, advised Tukiainen to stick to his own designs.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[46] The large-scale project prevented Tukiainen from accepting other larger works.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Tukiainen's working conditions Aimo Tukiainen's son Heikki Tukiainen recalled in his interview that the work was originally planned to be performed at Tukiainen's home in Lauttasaarentie.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Rooms on the upper floor were demolished from the house to accommodate the statue in the atelier.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

However, due to scale ratios, it was found that it would be better to build an atelier to put the work on a six-metre high pedestal.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Most of the work was done in a place about a mile and a half from Tukiais' home.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

According to Heikki Tukiainen, Marshal Mannerheim's last horse Käthy was at least once a model at home, and it also visited the atelier more often.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Heikki Tukiainen recalled walking as a ten-year-old little boy every now and then to his father's atelier where the work was done.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

“Daddy didn't show much at home.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

In the morning he left six to seven ashore and often worked until late in the evening.” Heikki Tukiainen said he wondered afterwards what kind of rag his father got into when he was making the statue.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

'After all, it's been a huge challenge, both mentally and physically.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The schedules were tight and for a statue project of such significance nationally, there must have been advisers on both the left and the right.” Heikki Tukiainen said that his father did not listen to much advice.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

After the unveiling of the Marski statue in the 1960s, Aimo Tukiainen's artistic trend went from performing art to a more abstract direction.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Casting works The plastoline model was completed in early 1959, but it was difficult to find a decent plaster casting agent.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Tukiainen himself would have liked to have been cast by Danish Paul Ferdinandsen, but when the price estimate of this was too expensive, the Finnish cast member Yrjö Ruutu eventually became the author.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[47] The statue was cast in bronze at the Elias Halonen foundry in Lapinlahti.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[2] Although other options from abroad had also been explored first.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Tukiainen would have preferred the statue to be cast in one piece, but since there was no sufficiently large blast furnace, the cast in bronze had to be carried out in parts.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[48] The cast parts were combined with each other in Helsinki later in the spring.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[44] The foundry burned down a few weeks after the unveiling celebrations of the equestrian statue and the statue's casting molds were destroyed, but the plaster molds were deposited in storage on the lands of Kirkniemi Manor.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[49] The pedestal and statue area The erection area of the pedestal and the statue were designed jointly by Aimo Tukiainen and architect Osmo Sipari.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The soil in the area contained not only sand but also clay, so to prevent subsidence, concrete piles extending through the clay layer were juntated to the foundations.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[50] Originally a park was planned on the site, but the number of trees remained at three linden trees.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[50] The plateau on which the statue is located was paved with red granite slabs.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Due to the slope of the terrain, a granite retaining wall was also made, continuing further afield as concrete.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The stone material is red granite called Balmoral Red, also called rapakivigranite.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[51] Erik Lönnroth, chairman of the statue delegation, professor and rector, initially planned that the pedestal could be hewn from a single boulder of stone, but the idea was abandoned due to the high price and difficult transportation.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[52] The pedestal was made of several boulders.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

It has a base area of 2.72 × 6.3 meters and also has a height of 6.3 meters.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[52] The stones form only the exterior of the plinth, the inner part is filled with reinforced concrete.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Attached to the plinth is the name “Mannerheim” and the years of the marshal's life, in addition, the lowest stone bears the name of the statue's author and the year of completion.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

There was disagreement over the placement of the texts.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

After the unveiling, already in the first summer the plinth had become blotches from the combined effect of rainwater, copper salts from the process of patinating the statue, and concrete, but the spots were cleared and the plinth was re-grouted.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[52] Tukiainen thinks that filling with concrete was a mistake.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

He thinks the plinth would have withstood the movement of the waters if only a well had been made into it, when now the waters are draining from the seams and fouling the granite.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[9] Unveiling the statue The statue was unveiled on June 4, 1960.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The occasion had originally been envisaged for one of Mannerheim's anniversaries, but the level years proved too early.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[53] The pedestal had been ready since the previous fall, but the statue itself was moved into place a week before the occasion, on the night of 27 and 28 May.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[53] Already in the morning, Mannerheim's tomb had been made an honorary visit, and it was flowered.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The unveiling was a media event that was radioed and televised nationwide.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] The occasion started at 3pm and lasted for an hour.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[54] At the unveiling ceremony, President Urho Kekkonen gave a speech and received a passing march of the 5000-person troop detachment with Finnish military leaders.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The occasion forgot to mention the name of the author of the statue.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[31] The surroundings of the statue were divided into different areas according to the programme of guests and the occasion: [55] President of the Republic, Council of State, Ambassadors of foreign countries, Marshal's relatives, delegations (400 persons) Nominous Finnish civilian audience (2500 persons) War valids (2500 persons) Persons) Knights of the Mannerheim Cross (100 persons) General and other officers (170 persons) Newspaper press (150 persons) Parade reception place, foreign military agents Singers, ringer Veterans of war of the previous century (100 persons) Marshal Title Force Section (1500 persons) Invited guests and veterans departments (5000 persons) Other audience (5000 persons) However, there was clearly more audience.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Estimates vary: According to Helsingin Sanomat and New Finland, the population numbered around 50,000 people, but Lönnroth, chairman of the statue delegation, estimated that up to 100,000 people were present.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[56] Three lion flags had been completed by Lönnroth and were hoisted on flagpoles despite a government ban not to use non-standard blue-cross flags.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[57] As a result of the invitation competition, a commemorative medal was to be awarded to invited guests.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The invited guests were 600 people at the Kalastajatorpa evening party.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[58] Political background and criticism Not only was the statue designed to commemorate Mannerheim, but it was also thought to symbolize independence, with an associated monument in Helsinki not yet.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Mannerheim had been in the Civil War as commander-in-chief of the White Army.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

At the end of the 1930s, the statue was annexed to the march of white people to Helsinki on 16 May 1918.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[59] The statue is located almost on the same spot where Mannerheim was received after the march.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

In the 1950s, in turn, there was a desire to stress the importance of Mannerheim as a leader in the Winter and Continuation War.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[60] Admittedly, in the postwar period, the execution of the statue was more problematic than before the wars, as it could be considered a politically sensitive issue.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[61] Similar monuments were also considered artistically old-fashioned and alien to the era.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[61] After erection, the statue received criticism for being old-fashioned: instead of a realistic statue, a more recent modernist work would have been desired.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The attention soon turned mainly positive, though views on Mannerheim himself have also influenced how his monument has been interpreted.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Already in the early 1950s, the plan of the statue tore open old wounds and annoyed the working class.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[62] In the spring of 1960, the People's Democrats' magazine People's News, the project was met with vigorous opposition from the public and considered, among other things, a war provocation.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[62] A couple of days before the unveiling of the statue in Hakaniemi Square, representatives of various left-wing parties (at least SKP and SKDL) were planning their own memorial to commemorate the Red Guards.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[63] Officially no concrete proposals were made to destroy the statue of Mannerheim, although there were hints in left-wing magazines in that direction and attacking members of the statue delegation.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[63] The House Democrats boycotted the paraphernalia.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] Artistic significance The Left was rejecting the Mannerheim statue project even before the competitions.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

In addition to the attention guaranteed by the mandate, the competition was about the internal hierarchy of the profession.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

In an interview with the Social Democrat, Aimo Tukiainen pointed out his own working-class backgrounds.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

He explained that he acted like a professional man in his role.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Tukiainen has been stressed to have taken the task as a mandate dictated by precise expectations, but the sculptor also stressed that he wanted to portray Mannerheim as a leader rising above the rest.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] Tukiainen's sketch (1954) was positively received by Criticism, but in 1960 the work was rejected by a young generation of critics and artists for both political and aesthetic reasons.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

It was speculated that the Budapest events of 1956, in which statues of Stalin had disappeared, as well as the dismantling of the Stalin cult that began in the Soviet Union, may have cast an embarrassing shadow on the Mannerheim cult of personnel.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The worship of great men was commonly perceived in Europe as an anti-democratic phenomenon.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] The gesture-less realism of Mannerheim's equestrian statue has been seen as considered political correctness.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

While the piece lacks a spectacular rhetorical gesture, the gesture-lessness also highlights unquestionable leadership.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The work is tied to the historical significance of the site, as well as the high pedestal.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The pedestal also highlights, like the old conduct guides, the need for an extensive private space for a senior person.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] The statue project started in Mannerheim in the early 1950s removed the retainers from plans to erect statues to other Finnish statesmen.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] Statues of K. J. Ståhlberg (Wäinö Aaltonen, 1959), P. E. Svinhufvud (Wäinö Aaltonen, 1961) and Kyösti Kallio (Kalervo Kallio, 1962), and before long they also received their monuments by J. K. Paasikivi (Harry Kivijärvi, 1980), Risto Ryti (1980). Veikko Myller, 1994), L.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

K. Relander (Matti Peltokangas, 1996) and Urho Kekkonen (Pekka Jylhä, 2000).


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The realism represented by Tukiainen has seen safety based on immutability with heavy archaic and rigid forms.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The typical realism of the sculptures built an image of collective Finnishness, where sweetness meant authenticity, jewellessness honesty and pregnancy stability.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

In magazines, these traits might be mocked as “the endurance realism of the folk man.”


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Contemporaries, however, saw realism exhausted itself and Tukiaisen also saw Tukiaisen's reserve of realism in the execution of the heavy rider statue.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Realism had demonstrated its ties to conservative nationalism and was no longer perceived to be associated with the big-line democratic emblems of freedom of the time.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Modernist sculpture theory labelled realism even totalitarian.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Opportunities seemed to be found for shaping the new rhetorical tradition, especially in informalism, which, like many other sculptors, also moved to Aimo Tukiainen.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[13] The Museum of Contemporary Art next to the statue The Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma was opposed in the 1990s.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Opponents did not consider the museum suitable for the proximity of the monument and its building was thought to threaten the location of the statue as well as the spectacularity.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[2] According to Infantry General Adolf Ehrnrooth, the issue in the dispute was that the equestrian statue in Mannerheim and the Museum of Modern Art are incompatible because they represent two different worldviews.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Combining them would become a shambles no one understands.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

“One must remember that the place is consecrated to the memory of Mannerheim,” Ehrnrooth said.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[64] Kiasma's director Tuula Arkio responded to Ehrnrooth's criticism: Aimo Tukiainen felt that Kiasma came too close to the statue.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

“The equestrian statue and the museum do not fit on the same plot without harassing each other.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The monument must have its territory viewed from all sides and there must be a park behind it,” Tukiainen wrote in 1994.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[65] According to him, the museum should have been located rather than in Töölönlahti and in general should have asked more of the public's opinion.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[9] In November 1995, the Supreme Administrative Court rejected Tukiainen's appeal against Kiasma's city plan, alleging that the city plan decision violated his right as the artist who created the statue.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The Finnish Marshal Mannerheim Heritage Foundation, on the other hand, stated in its complaint that the preservation of the statue of Mannerheim in a dignified setting should be ensured, but this complaint was also rejected by the KHO.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[66] When construction work on Kiasma began in 1996, the protective fence circling the site was painted pink by art students.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Aidan's painting caused turmoil and in one audience lift writing it was written: “Pink red so close to March.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Cheeky, Did the Review Board Wish to Annoy, Tasteless Color Choice, Contrary to Building Humanity”.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The Ministry of Education calmed the debate by ordering the section of fence closest to Mannerheim's statue to be painted grey.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[67] [68] [69] Public debate was also sparked by the wrapping of Kiasma in “tapings” in spring 2006, namely sticker images prepared for the marketing of the exhibition.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[70] Tuomas Manninen stated in Ilta-Sanomat that “In the opinion of some passers-by, the nightmare of General Adolf Ehrnrooth has finally come true: Kiasma suffocates the statue of Mannerheim.” [71] The debate was attended by Lauri Jääskeläinen, head of the Helsinki Building Control Agency, who stated in the audience section of Helsingin Sanomat about taping on the background of the statue of Mannerheim: “The statue of Marshal Mannerheim can withstand a periodic change in its background despite everything.” [72] Erik Kruskopf wrote: As an attraction The statue has been flowered on many occasions, such as as a tribute to Mannerheim and to commemorate the start of the Winter War.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[73] [74] The equestrian statue of Mannerheim is also depicted on a postage stamp that appeared on 4 June 1967, the centenary of the marshal's birth.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

The equestrian statue is a point of attention in the cityscape, and over time it has become one of Helsinki's most famous attractions.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

[75] [76] See also honours awarded to Marshal Mannerheim Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Riitta Konttinen| title = Finnish Marshal Rider Statue | publisher = Finnish Marshal Mannerheim Heritage Foundation| year = 1989}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Erik Kruskopf| title = City of Sculptures — Art in Helsinki Street Photo| publisher = Schildts| year = 2000}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Olli Valkonen| title = Aimo Tukiainen, sculptor| publisher = Printing Center| year = 1993}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Antero Rautio| title = Public monuments and artworks in the metropolitan area | publisher = Karisto| year = 1998}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekka Rönkkö| title = Oskari Jauhiainen| publisher = Ars Nordica 5, Nord| year = 1994}} References elsewhere Check date values in: |date= (help) Interview with Annikki Tukiainen, widow of sculptor Aimo Tukiainen.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

National Gallery 2016.


Question: When did Jari Kaivo-oja start his work at the University of Turku?

Coordinates: Category:73.91 History of Finnish sculpture Category:Statues and sculptures in Helsinki (Helsinki) Category:Kluuvi Category:Portraits Category:Sculptures by Aimo Tukiainen


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Škoda Auto (pronounced [koda]) is a Czech, formerly Czechoslovakian car manufacturer, part of the German Volkswagen Group, based in the town of Mladá Boleslav.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Along with Mercedes-Benz and Peugeot, it is one of the oldest carmakers still operating.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Škoda has been the main sponsor of the World Ice Hockey Championships since 1993.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The current contract runs all the way to 2021.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[1] [2] [3] Historia Škoda group (Škodovy závody) was founded by Emil von Škoda in Plzeň in 1859.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

In the 19th century Škoda grew into the largest industrial enterprise in Austro-Hungary.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

After World War I, Škoda entered the automotive industry and began producing French Hispano-Suiza cars under license.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

In 1924 Škoda bought the automaker that operated in Mladá Boleslav, Laurin & Klement.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Laurin & Klement's roots go back to the end of the 19th century, when it began manufacturing bicycles.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

From 1899 the company began producing motorcycles and from 1905 onwards cars.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

After World War I, Laurin & Klement began manufacturing trucks.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[4] In Czechoslovakia of the 1930s Škoda was one of the most prominent European heavy industry enterprises.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The company manufactured weapons, machine tools and vehicles, among other things.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The cars were mostly bulky and expensive luxury wagons, but gradually the market began to be sought for smaller sizes as well.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

In 1934 Škoda introduced the Popular with a turnstile central tube frame, the basic solution of which remained in production until the late 1960s.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[5] Ahead of World War II, the Germans occupied the country.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Škodovy závody became part of Hermann Göring Werke and Nazi Germany's war effort.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[6] Korpivaara Oy (then Korpivaara & Halla Oy) started importing Škoda cars to Finland in 1938, but the operation was broken into World War II.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[7] Era of Socialism After the war, the Škoda group was nationalized and divided into different companies by industry.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The passenger car side of Škoda was formed by AZNP Mladá Boleslav.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The letter abbreviation AZNP comes from Automobilové závody, národní podnik, meaning car factory, owned by the people.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

A car factory located in Kvasiny by Jawan was also incorporated into the company.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The post-war models 1101/1102 (1946), 1200 (1952), 440 (1955) and Octavia (1959) were technically based on the pre-war Popular model.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

By the time entered the 1960s, time had driven past them.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The factory was also old-fashioned and inefficient, as the proportion of handicrafts was high and the manufacturing lines were not designed for such volumes that they could produce cars in quantities corresponding to demand.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

In 1964, a modern factory in collaboration with Renault was inaugurated in Mladá Boleslav.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The level of automation was high and the plant's production capacity harped higher.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

At the same time, a completely new Škoda model was presented, 1000MB, in which the engine was placed in the rear.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The basic technical solution for this remained in manufacturing until the late 1980s.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Although 1000MB was modern in its time, both technically and in design, it had pediatrics that brought Škoda's reputation into disrepute.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

There were problems at the beginning, particularly with engine lubrication and cooling.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

However, the basic engine design remained in production until 2003.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[8] The last version of the engine was the best in terms of power to weight ratio of the Volkswagen Group and the cheapest engine in terms of manufacturing cost.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Despite finishing at the better end of the East cars, Škoda had nevertheless fallen behind the Western European tier.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Materials were poor and the quality of the work was to be desired.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

However, it was also very successful outside the Eastern Bloc, offering facilities and features not found in Western European cars in its price range.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The long downhill of Škoda folded into a boom with the Favorit model that came on the market in 1987.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

It was crafted by Italian Bertone.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The engine was still powered by an engine inherited from 1000MB.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[8] The greatly improved quality of the car was still a joke of some degree in Western Europe, but it became very popular in Czechoslovakia and the rest of the Eastern Bloc countries.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

In Finland, Suomen Koneliike Oy, a subsidiary of the Helkama Group, entered into an import agreement with the Škoda plant in 1947.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The contract also included the import of Jawa motorcycles.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[9] During the import regulation of passenger cars, Škoda was readily available as a so-called eastern car and became one of the most common car brands in Finland.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[10] At the end of 1954, 3513 Škoda passenger cars were registered in Finland, making it the fourth most common passenger car brand after Ford, Chevrolet and Volkswagen.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[11] While the import regulation of bus platforms was still in force in 1956, Finland Turistiauto purchased three Škoda buses for Helsinki city transport, which were equipped at Oy Uusi Autokoriteö AB, a manufacturer of Wiima car bodies, to comply with Finnish vehicle regulations.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The cars were not a success story and were sold off at only 2—3 years old.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Particularly weak were the engines of the cars, which, despite warranty repairs, were not made to last.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Finnish winter conditions also caused many problems in these cars.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[12] From 1953 to 1963, Finnish Koneliike maintained the Finnish racing stable Škoda, the first of its kind in Finland.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The most named of the drivers in the stable was Esko Keinänen, who won his class at the 1961 Monte Carlo Rally in Škoda, achieving sixth place in the overall race.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[13] The deregulation of imports of passenger cars in 1962 meant a reduction in market share for Škoda and other Eastern European automobile brands.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The rear-engined Škoda 1000 MB, which entered the market in 1965, did not achieve a more special resonance among Finnish car buyers despite its low purchase price.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[10] At the end of 1969 Škodia had about 19000 copies on the register, but although almost 17000 new Škodas were registered during the 1970s, only over 15000 cars were registered at the end of 1979.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Sales were hardly helped even by Škoda's success in economic competitions.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[14] In 1985, 80 years since the start of Škoda car manufacturing, the party model 120 LSX came on the market with more generous equipment than the basic model.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[15] At the end of 1988, there were 25353 Škoda passenger cars in the Finnish Vehicle Registry, making it the 17th most common passenger car brand.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[16] In the early 1990s, Škoda was the last rear-engined passenger car on the market in Finland.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

The Škoda was considered an inexpensive drive car, but the problems of which included a poor heating device and a susceptibility to troubled little patterns.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[17] Part of the Volkswagen Group In the Velvet Revolution of 1989, the communist regime in Czechoslovakia fell and industry soon began to be privatised.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

For Škoda, it was decided to apply for a strong collaborator, which was eventually German Volkswagen.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

In 1991 Škoda became the fourth car brand in the Volkswagen Group, alongside Volkswagen, Audi and SEAT.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Škoda's actual breakthrough into the Western European market came in 1996 with Octavia and Fabia, which was introduced three years later.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

Octavia was based on the same chassis solution with Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Bora, SEAT Toledo, SEAT León and Audi A3 and was trademarked by a remarkably bulky trunk.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

In Finland, Škoda's most important model has been Octavia.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[18] Surprisingly, CO2 emissions from Skoda car models grew by the highest proportion in 2009 compared to the same period in Europe as a whole.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

[19] Models Škoda 422 (1929) Škoda 633 (1931) Škoda Popular (1934) Škoda Rapid (1934) Škoda 1101/1102 (1946) Škoda 1200 (1952) Škoda 440/445/450 (Spartak, 1955) Škoda 1000MB/1100MB (1964) Škoda 100/110 (1969) Škoda 1000MB/1100MB (1964) Škoda 100/110 (1969) 5/120 A-series (1976) Škoda 105/120/130 M-series (1983) Škoda Favorit (1987) Škoda Felicia (1959, 1995) Škoda Forman (1993) Škoda Octavia (1959, 1996) Škoda Fabia Škoda Kamiq (2019—) Škoda Kamiq (China, 2018—) Škoda Karoq (2017—) Škoda Kodiaq (2016—) Škoda Pick-up Praktik Škoda Roomster Škoda Scala ( 2018—) Škoda Superb Škoda Yeti Sources Literature Mauranen, Tapani: ŠKoda in Finland 60: Škoda — a car with a history... Tampere, 2007.


Question: When is Škoda founded?

Škoda Auto

ISBN 9789529218837 On topic elsewhere *


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell?

Unreal Engine

Unreal Engine is a game engine developed by Epic Games for the Unreal computer game in 1998.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell?

Unreal Engine

Four versions of the game engine have been released: Unreal Engine, Unreal Engine 2, Unreal Engine 3, and Unreal Engine 4.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell?

Unreal Engine

The game engine is available on Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Adobe Flash, Android, iOS, and Nintendo Switch platforms.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell?

Unreal Engine

In addition to this, Unreal Engine also runs on some older console-based platforms (for example, the Sega Dreamcast).


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell?

Unreal Engine

The game engine editor runs on Windows, OS X and Linux platforms.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell?

Unreal Engine

Unreal Engine includes support for the UnrealScript scripting language, which is used in engine source code and in the creation of in-game events.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell?

Unreal Engine

UnrealScript resembles the C, C++, and Java programming languages.


Question: What is the age limit recommendation for Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell?

Unreal Engine

Unreal Engine Deus Ex (2000) Harry Potter and Chamber of Secrets (2002) Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) Rune: Halls of Valhalla (2001) Star Trek: Deep Space Nine: The Fallen (2000) Star Trek: The Next Generation: Klingon Honor Guard (1998) Tactical Ops: Assault on Terror (2002) Unreal (1998) Unreal Tournament (1999) X-COM: Enforcer (2001) Unreal Engine 2 America's Army (2002) BioShock - (2007) 2K Boston/2K Australia Brothers In Arms: Road to Hill 30 (2005) Deus Ex: Invisible War (2003) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) Killing Floor (2009) Magic: The Gathering Battlegrounds (2003) Men of Valor (2004) Postal 2 (2003) Postal 2: Share the Pain (2003) Postal 2: Apocalypse Weekend (2005) Ragnarok Online 2 (2006) Red Orchestra: Ostfront 41—45 (2006) Shadow Ops: Red Mercury (2004) Star Wars: Republic Commando (2005) SWAT 4 (2005) Thief: Deadly Shadows (2004) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: The Raven Shield (2003) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: Athena Sword (2004) Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: Iron Wrath (2005) Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell (2003) Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow (2004) Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory (2005) Tribes: Vengeance (2004) Unreal II: The Awakening (2003) Expanded MultiPlayer (2003) Unreal Tournament 2003 (2002) Unreal Tournament 2004 (2004) Unreal Championship (2004) 2002) Unreal Championship 2: The Liandri Conflict (2005) XIII (2003) Battle territory online (2012 or more time) Unreal Engine 3 Outlast — (2013) Red Barrels Aliens — (2009) Gearbox Software America's Army 3.0 — (2009) U.S. Army APB — (2008) Webzen Army of Two — (2008) Electronic Arts Black Powder Red Earth - (2007) Echelon Studios Brothers in Arms: Hell's Highway — (2007) Gearbox Software [1] BlackSite: Area 51 — (2007) Midway Austin Borderlands - (2009) Gearbox Software DC Universe Online — (2011) Sony Online Entertainment DMC: Devil May Cry ( 2012) Capcom Duke Nukem Forever - (2011) 3D realms Gearbox Software Earth No More — (2009) Recoil Games/3D Realms Elveon — (2007) 10tacle Studios [2] Fatal Inertia — (2007) Koei [3] Frontlines: Fuel of War — (2008) Kaos Studios Fury — (2007) Auran [4] Gears of War — (2006) Games Gears of War 2 — (2008) Epic Games Global Agenda — (TBA) Hi-Rez Studios [5] Hail to the Chimp — (2008) Wideload Games [6] Hour of Victory — (2007) Midway Games Huxley — (2008) Webzen Games [7] Infinity Blade — (2010) Epic Games [8] Interstellar Marines - (2008) Zero Point Software [9] The Last Remnant — (2008) Square Enix Life Is Strange — (2015) Dontnod Entertainment Lost Odyssey — (2007) Mistwalker [10] Mass Effect — (2007) BioWare [11] Medal of Honor: Airborne — (2007) Electronic Arts [12] Mirror's Edge — (2008) EA Digital Illusions CE Monster Madness: Battle for Suburbia — (2007) Artificial Studios [13] Red Orchestra 2: Heroes of Stalingrad — (2011) Tripwire Interactive Remember Me — (2013) Dontnod Entertainment RoboBlitz — (2006) Naked Sky Entertainment [14] Rogue Warrior: Black Razor - (2007) Bethesda Softworks Stargate Worlds — (2007) Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment [15] Stranglehold — (2007) Midway Chicago [16] The Scourge Project — (-) Tragnarion Studios To End All Wars — (2008) Kuju Entertainment [17] [18] Tom Clancy's EndWar — (2008) Ubisoft Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas - (2006) Turning Point: Fall of Liberty — (2008) Spark Unlimited Turok — (2008) Propaganda Games Undertow — (2007) Chair Entertainment Unreal Tournament 3 — (2007) Epic Games Mortal Kombat 8 Game — Midway Games The Wheelman — (2007) Midway Games MXGP 3 — (2017) Milestone Unreal Engine 4 Absention — (TBA) Dream Wave Games Abzu — (TBA) 505 Games Acacia: Time Trails — (TBA) Ace Combat 7 — (TBA) Bandai Namco Entertainment Aderyn's Cradle — (2016) Mojo Games Studios Ad Infinitum — (TBA) Adrift — (2016) 505 Games Alone in the Dark: Illumination — (2015) Atari Awesome Adventures of Captain Spirit — (2018) Dontnod Entertainment Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night — (2017) Deep Silver Dead Island 2 — (2016) Deep Silver Fortnite — (2017) Epic Games Kingdom Hearts III — (2019) Square Enix Insurgency: Sandstorm — (2018) New World Interactive Life Is Strange 2 — (2018) Dontnod Entertainment PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds — (2017) Bluehole Spyro Reignited Trilogy — (2018) Toys for Bob Cyberdimension Neptunia: 4 Goddesses Online - (2017) Idea Factory Compile Heart Tamsoft Sources On Topic Elsewhere *


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

This is a list of J. R.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Among the minor characters of the fictional Middle-earth created by R. Tolkien.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

The characters there is an article about are not listed here.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

The characters appear in the books The Hobbit aka thither and back, The Lord of the Rings or The Book of Unfinished Lore.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Some of the characters listed here only appear in films and accompanying material, meaning they are not created by Tolkien.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Films include the Hobbit trilogy directed by Peter Jackson and the Lord of the Rings trilogy.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

The hobbits Brii Nob and Bob were hobbits working in the village of Brii.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Kontu Vili Mayor of the Whitefoot Shire during the War of the Ring.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

When the forces of the wizard Saruman the White occupied the Shire and began polluting the land, Vili set out on his own to file a complaint about the mistreatment received by the hobbits.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

He was captured and dragged into the hobbit holes, which are completely closed.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

After Frodo Backpack returned from his adventure with his friends, Whitefoot and the other hobbits imprisoned in the Box were released.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

After a long recovery, Vili Whitefoot returned back to his mayoral duties, but not for a very long time.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Fredegar Bolger Fredegar “Pulla” Bolger is a friend of Frodo, Samn, Merr and Pippin who remains in Kontu, with the others leaving to take the Ring to Rivendell.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Tom Tölli Hamfast Gamgi More familiar with Ukko, was Samvais Gamgi's father.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Station wagon Maggot Ruusa Tölli A beautiful hobbit woman with whom Samvais Gamgi married and had children.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Ruusa dies in the Shire period in 1482, 62 years after the War of the Ring.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Ted Hiesuli Kontulainen, miller of the Southern Voltage.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

As Saruman, dubbed Sarku by the villains who had taken over the Shire, recaptured the Mill and transformed it into a river-polluting nut-and-cog nest, Hiesuli served him faithfully polishing the mill's buggies and honoring him.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Drogo Baggins Frodo's father.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

He died with his wife Esikko Rankkibuk while they were on a boat in Rankkivuo.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

At the beginning of the Knights of the Ring, the hobbits discuss precisely the manner of their death.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Hubby Gamgi said they just drowned, old Niklas said he heard the boat sunk from the weight of Drogo, who had just emerged from the dinner table.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Ted Hiesul's father, on the other hand, reported that he heard Esiko deliberately pushed Drogo overboard (for an unknown reason), but that Drogo managed to rail his wife into the depths as well.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

There is no definite information.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

People Esgaroth and Vale Bain Bard Son of Sagittarius.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

He rose to King of the City of the Vale in 2977 Third Time.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

He was still in power in 3001, but by the time of the War of the Ring he had died and his son Brand had risen to become the new king.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Bain appears as a young boy in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit films and is played by child actor John Bell.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Brand Bard the grandson of Sagittarius and son of Bain.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

He and the Vale people fought in the War of the Ring alongside the Dwarf Army of the Dáin Iron Foot.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

In the Battle of the Valley, Sauron's forces were beaten, but Brand and the Dáin lost their lives.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Old Host Lake Town Esgaroth manager who was more interested in “trade and customs, cargo and gold” and was watchful in business dealings.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

The old songs didn't interest him and he even suspected that Thor's Tammikilpi wasn't who he claimed to be.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

When the dragon Smaug attacked the city, the Host was the first to escape to save his own skin.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

When Smaug was slain by the Bard Sagittarius and revealed himself to be a descendant of Girion, the townspeople wanted him king and showed themselves fed up with the Host.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

However, the Bard swore allegiance to the Host until he could rebuild the City of the Vale.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

After the Battle of the Five Armies, when the Bard gained possession of a quarter of Erebor's treasures, he gave much of it to the Host.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

The Balin dwarf told Bilbo Backpack that the Host had left with gold and perished in the wilderness “abandoned by his comrades.”


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

In Peter Jackson's Hobbit films, the Host is portrayed as a noticeably meaner and more selfish person.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

He had gotten to his position by fraudulence and plotted for himself most of the townspeople's money.


Question: Who live in Rivendell in the Lord of the Rings movies?

List of Middle-earth minor characters

Knowing the Bard is a descendant of Girion, he sees this as a threat and wins the inhabitants of Esgaroth on his side by supporting Thorin's expedition.