Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] By 1850, Jang Bahadur had eliminated or frightened all his prominent rivals out of the game, put up his own candidate for the throne and appointed his brothers and supporters to important posts, and ensured that the Prime Minister made the most important administrative decisions.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] Jang Bahadur, as the country's foreign policy leader, sought to establish good relations with Great Britain.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

He understood that recognition of European supremacism and cooperation with the British was the best way to guarantee Nepal's independence.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] By Jang Bahadur, the power of the king was curtailed in the country.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Kunigas was cordoned off in his palace, which was guarded by the prime minister's representatives.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king was not allowed to meet anyone from outside his immediate circle without the permission of the Prime Minister.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Prime Minister's power was confirmed by an act of the King in 1856, which gave the Prime Minister full powers in the internal administration of the country and the management of foreign relations.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The post of Chief Minister was made hereditary, making the Kunwar family a dynasty holding real power.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The role of king of the Shah dynasty remained representative and he served as the figurehead of the nation.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] Jang Bahadur strengthened his family's position through marriage arrangements.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

His eldest son married the eldest daughter of King Surendra, the second eldest son married the king's second eldest daughter.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Surendra's son, Crown Prince Trilokya again married two daughters of Jang Bahadur.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The son of Jang Bahadur's daughter and Trilokya, Prithvi rose to become king of the country in 1881.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] In foreign policy, Jang Bahadur took advantage of the Taiping revolt that weakened the Qing dynasty that had broken out in China in the 1850s.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Nepal had been subordinate to China since the late 18th century.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Nepalese troops crossed the border and fighting in the Nepalin-Tibet war between the two countries lasted for about a year until China agreed to negotiate a new treaty in which Nepalese would receive trading rights in Tibet, housing rights in Lhasa and Tibet were forced to pay an annual 10,000 rupee payment to Nepal.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Nepal gave up its territorial gains in return and agreed to recognize Chinese supremacy in the region.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] Around the same time as the Taiping Rebellion, a sepoy rebellion broke out south of Nepal in northern India in 1857, where a group of Indian soldiers, or sepoy, resisted the dominance of the British East India Trade Company.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Many cities in Bengal came under rebel control.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Jang Bahadur allied himself with the British and immediately after the end of the Nepalin-Tibetan War, Nepal sent 9000 troops to northern India to assist the British in defeating the rebellion.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

After the rebellion was defeated, the administration of British India was transferred from the Merchant Company to the direct authority of the British Government.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The British rewarded Nepal's loyalty by ceding back to Nepal the western parts of the Terai territory that had been ceded in the peace treaty of 1816.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Nepal also became an important recruiting ground for soldiers for the British Army.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] Reclusive Nepal Jang Bahadur served as Prime Minister wielding Nepal's unlimited power until 1877.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Where Indian princes acted under the British, the Nepalese formed an independent people but isolated from the rest of the world.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] [21] In 1858, Jang Bahadur was granted the title Rana by the king, which was the title used by the Rajputs for persons who had achieved war success.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Rana name was also used by all subsequent chief ministers descended from Jang Bahadur, due to which this era of Nepalese history has also been called by the same term.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] Following the death of Jang Bahadur Rana in 1877, his eldest surviving brother Ranodip Singh Kunwar took the office of Chief Minister.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

He was childless, and after his rise to power continued the various secret plots and machinations often seen at the head of the country between Jang Bahadur's sons and debtors.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The plots took yet another twist when King Surenda died in 1881, after which the grandson of Surendra and grandson of Jang Bahadur Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah became king.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

He was still a minor when he became king.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[20] [21] Eventually Prime Minister Ranodip Singh was assassinated and Jang Bahadur's youngest brother Bir Shamser became Prime Minister.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

During his reign, the country underwent some reforms, such as building an aqueduct line to Kathmandu and the initiation of English language teaching.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

During the three-month term of his successor, Dev Shamser, in 1901, the reforms were too radical, as he freed female slaves, established a network of schools and started the first Nepali language newspaper.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

A coalition formed by his brothers forced him to resign and retire to India.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[21] Chandra Shamsher, the prime minister who came to power, tried to resolve the power struggles caused by family relations by clarifying the succession, dividing the family into different categories based on which wife the person happened to be.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

However, this system later gave rise to internal opposition to the dictatorship.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[21] However, during Chandra Shamsher's administration from 1901 to 1929, the Rana administration made some significant reforms.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Schools were established in the country and attempts were made to influence economic development through the development of hydropower and the construction of production facilities.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Widow burning, or sati, was outlawed in 1920 and slavery was abolished in 1929.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

However, during the Rana dictatorship, development was nonexistent.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Rana regime sought to insulate the country from foreign influences, and the changes in India did not advance to Nepal.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Almost all Nepalese were illiterate and completely ignorant of events outside their country.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Public health in many areas was at the same level as in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Rana dictatorship was heavily based on the military, and Great Britain that supported the dictatorship.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Nepalese army offered citizens the only chance to see the outside world.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

During World War I, Nepal borrowed 16,000 soldiers and 26,000 civilians serving as part of the British India Regiment.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

To compensate for this, from 1919 onwards, the British government paid an annual payment of 1 million Indian rupees.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

In 1923, the British reaffirmed Nepal's independence and its special relationship with British India.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

As long as British India remained firmly under British rule, the Rana regime was able to isolate the country from the outside world with the help of the military.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[21] End of dictatorship Chandra Shamsher, who served as prime minister for nearly three decades, had little interest in political reform, although during World War I a large number of soldiers had seen the outside world.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

During his reign, the first opposition movements began to form to oppose the Rana regime.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The first political party to oppose Rana rule was Praja Parishad, (People's Council) which emerged in the 1930s, it was founded by exiles in Nepal.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The movement infiltrated Nepal, where it circulated a newspaper published in Bihar, India, which advocated democratic government and the overthrow of the Rana dictatorship.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Police officers from the Rana regime infiltrated the organisation and arrested 500 individuals in Kathmandu, its four leaders were executed and some received long prison sentences.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Those who survived fled to India to continue their political movement.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[22] In India, the British were losing control of the country as the independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi gained great support.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

After World War II, the British realized that they were no longer capable of controlling Inta and they prepared to leave India.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

As India gained independence, the Rana regime lost an important ally, and with the return of thousands of foreign soldiers to Nepal, the Rana regime could no longer resist making changes.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Many Nepalese refugees living in India worked closely with the Indian National Congress, who realised that power in Nepal could change only after the British leave India.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

In 1946, Nepalese living in Varanasi founded the Nepali National Congress, a large number of them were students who had become active with the Indian movements.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Nepalese National Congress sought to bring down the Rana dictatorship peacefully and establish a democratic socialist system.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

One of its first actions was to organise a jute factory strike in Biratnagar.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The strike was disbanded by army force and many leaders of the movement, among them Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, were arrested.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The strike received much publicity for the party and brought thousands of protesters all the way to Kathmandu to the streets.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[22] BP Koirala, who was the leader of the movement, was arrested several times and spent a few years in prison after trying to agitate the Nepalese army against the country's regime.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

He was a proponent of non-violent resistance, but he did not rule out the possibility of force if other means proved ineffective.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

He advocated that Nepal be made a constitutional monarchy for a transitional period.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[22] In 1948, Padma Shamser, who served as the country's Prime Minister, announced the first Constitution of Nepal, which established a bicameral parliament, a separate Supreme Court and a five-member Council of Ministers, which operated under the Prime Minister who held supreme power.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Constitution held the same rights of recovery of power as before, but the National Congress agreed to act accordingly.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

However, Padma Shamser resigned the seat of Prime Minister the same year, and his successor, Mohan Shamsher, refused to enforce the new constitution and declared the National Congress illegal.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[22] [23] Mohan Shamser also took up the fight against the Nepali Democratic National Cogress, founded in Calcutta, which had been conceived by the country's more progressive and lower-class RANA wing.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Subarna Shamser Rana emerged as a prominent opposition leader within Rana power.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[23] [24] This movement was well funded and supported the overthrow of the Rana regime by any means necessary, including armed rebellion.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[23] [25] When BP Koirala and other leading figures in the opposition movement were arrested in 1948, Congress opinion once again turned against the Rana regime.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Even BP Koirala's liberation in 1950 didn't calm the negative sentiment.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Mohan Shamser, with pretentious observance of the constitution, tried to calm the situation, but his administration was filled with representatives of the Rana regime that the opposition did not accept it.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[23] In November 1950, King Tribhuvan, who was part of opponents of the Rana regime, fled the palace and requested asylum in the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

This prompted more than 50,000 people to take to the streets to demand the return of the king and the uprising was sparked.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The country's revolutionary movement drew support from India, which did not want authoritarian rule from the Ranos, its northern neighbour.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

There were no armed struggles in the Kathmandu strike, but there were scattered battles in the country's uprising in the Tarai region, where the National Congress army could operate freely near the Indian border.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The success of the rebel forces, along with many Nepalese army officers also turning against the regime, as well as increased protests forced the Rana regime to the negotiating table.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[23] The Government of India and the Rana regime agreed in January 1951 to restore royal authority in Nepal and amnesty for all political prisoners.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king returned and the new ministry, comprising five representatives of the rana regime and five members of Congress, began functioning in February 1951, with Mohan Shamsher continuing as Prime Minister.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The government issued an edict whereby all executive powers were returned to the king.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

However, order problems in the country continued and when police fired on a group of students in November 1951, with one person being killed, all the ministers of Congress resigned.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king thus exercised his power and used his opportunity to oust the representatives of the Rana regime once and for all.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

He appointed a new government, initiated as Prime Minister by Matrika Prasad Koirala, who was the half-brother of BP Koirala.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[23] Return of the Monarchy The experiment in democracy after Rana rule the country faced enormous challenges.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Of the country's adult population, only two percent were literate, infant mortality was over 60 percent, and the average lifespan was 35 years.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Less than one percent of the population was active in industrial occupations, and 85% derived their livelihoods from farming, which occurred mostly on rented land and archaic methods.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The country's road network was undeveloped, telephone and electrification was available to only 1% of the population and in certain areas.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Nepalese money spread only in and around the Kathmandu Valley.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[2] After the fall of Rana rule, politically organised parties supporting diverse interests began to operate in the country.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king held the greatest power in the country and under his control was the country's army.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Congress party was the most prominent, but even that was met with opposition.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

As party activity increased in the country, an experiment in democracy began in the early 1950s.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[2] The democratization of the country did not happen easily, in the 1950s there were many short-lived governments operating in the country, operating under a provisional constitution or by order of the king.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

As soon as the king appointed the government, it was so divisive that it could not function.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

King Tribhuvan died in 1955, after which his son Mahendra took over as king.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[2] The country held its first elections in 1959, in which the Congress Party won a clear victory and BP Koirala became Prime Minister of the country.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king still held the greatest power, he could act without the consent of the prime minister.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king controlled the country's military and foreign relations, and the king could, with emergency powers, abrogate the constitution.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Despite challenging conditions, the Koirala government was able to implement some important reforms.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

It was able to establish diplomatic relations with foreign countries and negotiated trade agreements with India.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The government drew up a five-year plan to develop the economy, which, however, did not pay off.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king was initially on good terms with the Koirala government, but he publicly opposed the principle of democracy, and did not tolerate interference with the King's rights.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The country's army, former overlords and conservative landowners, in addition to the king, were unhappy with the government and the Koirala reforms.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Added to this, even more anti-government propaganda from opposition parties, proved difficult for Congress ministers to operate.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king exercised his emergency powers with the support of the army in December 1960, on the grounds that the government had failed to maintain law and order in the country, and the leaders of the government were ordered to be arrested.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

BP Koirala spent the next eight years in prison, followed by another eight years in exile.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The first experiments with democracy in Nepal had a lot of their decision.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[2] Panchayat regime After the return of King's rule, political parties were declared illegal.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Initially, the Nepali Congress Party proposed non-violent struggle, and it formed alliances with other parties that previously had been against it.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

King Mahendra established a civil service committee based on the panchayat system in the country, which was intended to replace political parties.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The panchayat was a four-tier, with the lowest level being the local level, where village assemblies of the villages in the country elected members to the village panchayat, who continued to elect the representatives of the upper level administration from among them.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

At the top level was a King-led national panchayat in Kathmandu, comprising about 90 members.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[26] In 1962, violent activities initiated by exiles of the Congress Party accelerated along the India-Nepal border.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The political situation changed when the war between China and India broke out in 1962.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The changed situation caused India to rethink its strategy for the Himalayan region.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

India needed an ally from Nepal, which led India to set about supporting the government of King Mahendra.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[26] National panchayat elections were held in the country in 1963.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[26] [27] While political parties had been banned had about one-third of the country's legislative body belonged to the Congress Party.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

BP Koirala was released from prison in 1968, after which he went to India, where he led the Congress Party wing which sought democratic revolution and the overthrow of the panchayat system by violent means.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Subarna Shamsher wing again urged cooperation with the king outside the panchayat system.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The third wing again operated under the panchayat system with the expectation that it would evolve into a democratic system.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The disunity of the political opposition allowed King Mahendra to act as he wished.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[26] The government led by the King undertook some significant projects that had been initiated during the democratic government.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

In land reform, extensive Rana-owned lands were confiscated and special privileges of the country's overlords were removed.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The panchayat system managed to bring tens of thousands of people into the decision-making system, which was not successful through elite-based parties.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The King's administration also pursued five-year plans and the country's road network was developed.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[26] Mahendra died in 1972 and was succeeded as king by Birendra.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[26] [27] The early years of his rule were uneasy, the country experienced violence and assassination attempts.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The events didn't have much impact on the administration of the country, which had the support of the military.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

In 1975, King Birendra established a Reform Commission to examine the possibilities of changes in the panchayat system.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

In the same year, martial law was declared in India led by Kuitek Indira Gandhi and opposition leaders jailed.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Due to this climate, the Commission was content to make only cosmetic changes to the panchayat system, such as adding members of the National Panchayat Council to 134 people, a fifth of whom were appointed by the king.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[26] As it began to seem clear that the panchayat system will endure, BP Koirala and other political refugees began to tone down their revolutionary political rhetoric, and began advocating reconciliation with the kingship.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Koirala returned to Nepal but faced charges of treason to face, but was eventually released.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The Nepali Congress Party also began to bend under royal rule, but in the late 1970s students demonstrated against the panchayat system.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[28] In 1979, King Birendra announced a referendum in the near future in which the people could vote for or against retaining the panchayat system.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The election took place in May 1980, with a total of 7.2 million eligible to vote, 4.8 million of whom voted.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Of them, 54.7% voted for the panchayat system and 45.3 against.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[28] [27] BP Koirala and Nepali Congress Party announced their acceptance of the result.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The result of the referendum was a victory for the king, but the small margin demonstrated the need for change.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king strengthened freedom of expression and political activity in the country, and the constitution was amended so that the National Panchayat Council was elected by direct election, which then selected a prime ministerial candidate for approval by the King.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[28] Elections to the national panchayat were held in 1981, but not based on party politics.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[28] [27] Nepali Congress Party boycotted elections in which Surya Bahadur Thapa was elected as the country's Prime Minister.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The disarray of opposition politics in Nepal was compounded by BP Koirala's severe illness and eventually death in 1982.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[28] The return of a multi-party system Popular dissatisfaction with the national panchayat grew the following year 1983 as the country experienced a severe food crisis and the administration was accused of corruption.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The government of Surya Bahadur Thapa fell as a result of the crisis and Lokendra Bahadur Chand took over as Prime Minister.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The panchayat system was also unstable, as various factions with different objectives had formed within it.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The next election was held in 1986, but the Congress Party began a civil disobedience campaign to restore the multi-party system and boycotted the elections.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[28] [27] Nepal experienced small economic development in the 1980s, but nevertheless remained one of the poorest countries in the world.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Communism began to raise its popularity among the country's students after violent clashes.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[28] The situation only worsened towards the end of the decade when trade agreements with India were not renewed and the border between the two countries was closed, halting most of the country's foreign trade.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[28] [27] The Congress Party and communist leftist groups called for a transition to democracy increasingly vociferously and organized a protest campaign intended to be non-violent.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The protests caused fatalities as the police army suppressed the demonstrations.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Public opinion turned increasingly strongly against the King's government.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Under pressure, King Birendra bent over and agreed to a new democratic constitution.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The country saw a return to a multi-party system and the ban on political parties was cancelled.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The king's declaration calmed the party leaders and the protests ended.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[27] [29] [3] Civil War The country held democratic elections in 1991.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The election was won by the Congress Party, and Girija Prasad Koirala was named Prime Minister.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The country's new democracy quickly ran into trouble.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The large-scale corruption and political chaos that spread to the country's administration eroded popular confidence in the regime and the government quickly fell.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Among the country's poor rural population, the ideology of communism began to seem appealing.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The country's Maoist communist movement enjoyed plenty of support from the country's poor farmers, and the movement quickly grew into the country's largest political movement.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

In 1996, the Maoists started a popular war against the country's government, with the goal of ending the monarchy and the establishment of a communist society.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The government army tried to suppress the rebellion, but violence against the population led to an increase in support gained by the Maoist movement.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The war was guerrilla warfare in nature, which was difficult for government forces to suppress.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[27] [3] [30] Support received by the Maoists was strong, especially in the western part of the country, where the movement established its own governments.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[30] [1] The United States considered Maoist guerrillas terrorists and supported the Nepalese government in the war.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[30] The country's democracy was in the volatile state of the 1990s, GP Koirala returned as Prime Minister in 2000, and formed its ninth government in ten years.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[27] The country's political development took a dramatic turn in 2001 when, in a mass shooting of the country's palace, Crown Prince Dipendra massacred King Birendra, Queen Aishwarya and several other members of the royal family before shooting himself.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

As a result of the mass murder, Birendra's brother Gyanendra was appointed as the new king.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[27] [3] King Gyanendra became entangled in the work of democratically elected representatives and assumed more power for himself.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

In 2005, he declared martial law in the country, sacked the prime minister and restored absolute monarchy.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Gyanendra justified martial law with a protracted civil war that the country's politicians had been unable to end.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Civil War fighting continued nonstop in the country's countryside from 2001 to 2005.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

India, fearful of the insurgency spreading across the border, had been the main backer of the Nepalese government.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The United States and Great Britain also assisted the Nepalese government, but support from allies dwindled with Gyanendra's actions, and he came under international pressure.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[27] [3] Federal State of Nepal In 2006, widespread protests began again throughout the country.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The people protested against the king, demanding the restoration of democracy.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Under pressure, Gyanendra gave in to the demands and a National Assembly consisting of a seven-party alliance was formed.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The seven-party alliance also held talks with the Maoists, who were also given one seat in the country's new interim government.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

King Gyanendra and the Maoists forged a peace agreement in 2006 that decided to turn Nepal into a republic.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[27] [3] A total of 13,000 Nepalese were killed in the country's ten-year civil war.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[31] When the new government began its work, however, no other party supported this change.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

In 2007, the Maoists withdrew from the government in protest that Nepal was still a monarchy.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

However, the Maoists reverted back into government once the main parties had reached an agreement to abolish the monarchy and transform Nepal into a federal republic.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

King Gyanendra was forced to abdicate his crown in 2008, when the country's long monarchy and the rule of the Shah dynasty came to an end.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Elections were also held in the same year, in which Prachanda, a leader of the Maoist guerrillas, was elected prime minister.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

His government was not long-lived either, for already the following year he was forced to resign.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

Political instability continues to persist in the country, numerous government crises and ethnic tensions have affected the country's recent history.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[27] [3] The confused situation on Earth was further exacerbated by a devastating earthquake in 2015, resulting in nearly 8900 being killed and more than 600,000 buildings destroyed.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

The repair of quake devastation has been slowed by the political volatility in the country.


Question: Who founded Palpa?

History of Nepal

[27] [32] Sources *


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Anders Björkqvist (30 October 1741, Nousiainen — 7 September 1809 in Vehmaa) was a chaplain to Vehmaa, best known for the postilla Exercise of Faith in Bliss (1801).


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Seven Finnish and three Swedish editions have been taken from it, and is thus the most widespread Finnish preaching books.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Postilla's rise to one of Finland's 19th century success works began in 1841, after more than 30 years had passed since Björkqvist's death.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The work was published by Wulff's print in Vaasa.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The young pastor published two hymns as archknives in 1772.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Life Björkqvist was born in Nousiainen in the house of Härjäneye.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

His father was Antti Kreunpoika Härjänsilmä, a sixer, who published four hymns in 1768.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Antti boy was sent to Turku Cathedral School in 1751.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

On leaving the school road, Antti Härjänsilmä took Anders Björkqvist as his name, which apparently was the name of the local vallesmann.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Björkqvist matriculated in 1760 and received priestly consecration in 1765.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

He first worked as a mercy year preacher in Sauvo and Loimaa.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

In 1768 he was appointed keeper assistant of Sauvo.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

In 1780 he was called to Vehmaa as chaplain, which post he held until his death.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

From 1800—1805, he held the office of vicar general of the Keeper as acting.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

He received the title of vice-pastor in 1797.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

At his post he spent eight years preparing.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Eventually, Exercise of Faith in Bliss was printed in 1801.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

It is especially appreciated in the circle of prayerfulness and awakening.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[1] Björkqvist's post at the Annunciation year 1801, Björkqvist's post was the only work published in Finnish by a Finnish author.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Tarja-Liisa Luukkanen has pointed out that Björkqvist's work was not only a religious guide, but, with its several editions, one of the works that contributed to the spread of modern literacy among a Finnish-speaking man interested in the issues of faith.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The work circulated not only in several editions but also apparently through lending libraries.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Björkqvist's post had a work that crossed revival lines: it was read by both prayerful, awakened and evangelicals.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[2] When Björkqvist applied for a printing permit for his post office, the Faculty of Theology of the Turku Academy, acting as a censor, criticized the work's old-fashioned and stylistic shortcomings.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Permission was granted because there were no doctrinal indiscretions in the content, and because the book, due to its practicality, was suitable for use by the public.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The Exercise of Faith in Bliss appeared in an edition of 2000 copies published by the author in 1801.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Its appearance did not attract attention and there are no mentions of it in the letters of contemporaries.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Of the postilla, another appeared in 1841.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Since then, new editions have been taken in 1843, 1849, 1858, 1876 and 1896—97 (linguistically corrected institution).


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

In Swedish (Trons öfning till saligheten), the mail was published in Umeå in 1843, in Vaasa in 1846 and in Helsinki in 1877.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The Swedish was drafted by Lars Josef Ahrén, a priest who turned to awakenessness.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Osmo Tiililä estimates that no other Finnish preaching book has taken as many editions.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[3] The text of the postal is also available online as part of the Old Book Pole of the Centre for Domestic Languages.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[4] The Postilla contains 69 sermons explaining the gospel texts of the first vintage of the church year.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Each sermon has a preface, 29 of which are the text of the Old Testament.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The presentation of the main subject of a sermon is usually two- or three-part.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Among religious writers, Björkqvist mentions Luther, Nohrborg, Fresenius and Arndt, among others.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Erik Pontoppidan's work Collegium pastorale was also occupied by Björkqvist.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The sermons do not deal with general issues such as church-doctrine, pre-eminence, and upbringing, but mainly practical questions of faith life, such as the reconciliation of word and human experiences.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

In the postal name, the exercise of faith refers to just this.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[5] Sincere steps on the path of bliss, as Björkqvist described them, required “the living devotion and exercise of faith”, constant quipping, nurturing a clean conscience, self-denial, humility and not “forbidding weariness, futility and - - - kelottawottamain speeches” as a spacer.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[6] Defining Björkqvist's religious position seems to have been tricky.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

He is shown to have belonged to the so-called Early Revival, being its last representative or intermediary between the old and the new awakening.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Björkqvist has been commented on as a representative of stable ecclesiasticism as opposed to the misguided separatists and the charming movements of his time.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

It has been considered whether he had experienced a religious revival during his time as a student and whether he had adopted Herrnhutian influences.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Revival Christianity has been said to have been found in the preacher book, as well as indications of earlier pure-doctrine and later evangelism.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[7] Instead, it has not been considered whether Björkqvist's conceptions were influenced by studying at the Academy of Turku or, possibly through her parents, the religious transition produced by big-hatred.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

As noted by Seppo J. Salminen, the Enlightenment period of the 18th century gave living space in Finland for Pietism and Pietist interpretations.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Salminen has shown how in the 18th century theologians with naturalist backgrounds represented a detachment from Lutheran purity and the influence of the Age of Enlightenment in Finland: a new kind of tolerance, rationalism and freedom of thought and research, which so applied to natural sciences like bible study.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

These views also provided living space for Pietist interpretations of faith represented in the faculty of theology, for example, by Lars Lefrén.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[8] Osmo Tiilä has described Björkqvist's postilla as a country chaplain's output due to the lack of doctrinal reflections on it.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Björkqvist's work has also been judged by Mauno Rosendal as weaker than Wegelius's postilla because Björkqvist did not pay attention to a thorough elucidation of the concepts of the doctrine of the faith.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[9] These reviewers who longed for the study of the doctrine of faith in the 20th century failed to see that doctrinal reflections and elucidation of the concepts of the doctrine of the faith were of no interest to Enlightenment theology, nor to Björkqvist, who lived in the age of Enlightenment theology.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The tradition of Enlightenment theology has been set aside in the evaluation of Björkqvist and his sermon books, as “Enlightenment” and rationalism became the enemy image of later Finnish revivalist movements and theology turning to religious conservatism from the mid-19th century onwards.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

In the spirit of neology, Björkqvist ignored theological-dogmatic reflections, taught practical Christianity, criticized exterior and externally defined practice of religion, and an irrational charm-spirituality based on emotional arousal.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Neology was rational, criticising various doctrines of the faith, emphasising the general intelligibility of the sermon and pragmatic Christianity.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Enlightenment theology was not interested in traditional dogmatic reflection.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

It was a rational trend that criticised various doctrines of faith, stressed Christian love and its implementation.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Neology shifted the focus of faith life from phrases and doctrines of faith to practical life.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

This attitudes meant an emphasis on both personal faith life and its practical implementation.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Faith was wanted to be realised in life; virtue ethics were taught, fiddling with faith and doing good.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

All this is also represented by the post of Björkqvist, an 18th-century Finnish pietist.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[10] Those who read the Björkqvist sermon were taught in general human love.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

“Everything you want people to do to you, do it to them,” according to Björkqvist, was not an abstract principle, but a substantially defined life guideline for Christians.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The implementation of the principle was not about people's own arbitrary desires and desires, about what each person happened to want from other people.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The person who implemented the principle was first to be a Christian himself, God-loving, and a person who wants the “true good” of all men.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

When a person had this right quality of mind, he wanted the right things from other people and wanted to do the same for other people.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

If someone calling himself a Christian was not a “dear of man,” he could not be a follower of Jesus, Björkqvist posited.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

In interactions with other people, the Christian had to be guided by the love of his fellow man.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Christian's neighbours were all people, both friends and enemies.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Right, love for all people never tires, it never says much it has done, while the love of the outer golden man quickly tires and lists his good works, Björkqvist opined.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

If man was a disciple of Jesus, he had a human beloved, quiet, kind, chaste and love-filled mind like Christ.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

If there was no human love, man's affirmations of his own Christianity were “Wahingoese bones and pointless sleep-sightings”, as stated in the 1876 edition of the postal bridge.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

It is not heavy for a Christian to love all people, because Christ's quality of mind prevails in him, Björkqvist opined.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

[11] Virret Björkqvist published two hymns as archknife in 1772.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The hymns can be found in the collections of the National Library.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Veisu Reminder To one unturned Soul of his life so called and blisstans, cuinga he taidais souls save from that ijäncaickish waiwa and cadotuxe this grace ajas contains 27 stanzas.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The initials of the stanzas (not quite the beginning) form an acrosticon, that is, the name anders andinpoic björkqvist.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The hymn Reminder to one Divine Soul the staymises alinomiasest rucouxis contains 30 stanzas.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

From a contemporary point of view, Björkqvist's hymns seem formally clumsy, as for example: loan o Jesu mul suffering that this life condition, Woitis caikki mun wihollish nij cuin yx waking sangar, Et coscan here fought Wijnamies, Sit weisata saimin To Kariza, Jesuxel my joy at the Lord's wedding.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Written production Reminder to One Unturned Soul of his life so called and blisstans, cuinga he taidais souluns save instead of ijacaicic trouble and cadotuxe this time of grace.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Archsong Ach blissful se aica, 1772 Reminder to one Divine Soul stays alinomiasest rucouxis.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Arch tune, 1772.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Exercise of faith in Bliss, Sowited in their Wuotiste Jubilee and Sundai-Päiwäinen Evangelium Degree Jonga is Anders Björkqvist, Vice Pastor (1801) Sources Beutel, Albrecht Kirchengeschichte im Zeitalter der Aufklärung.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Ein Compendium.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2009 Björkqvist, Anders, I believe in an exercise in bliss.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Turku, Frenckell 1801 & Turku, Wilén 1876.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Luukkanen, Tarja-Liisa, posthumously became king of editions.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Antti Härjäneye Exercise in Bliss.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Historical Aikaikakirja 4/2014, p. 429-438.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Perälä, Väinö| title = Antti Björkqvist and his sermon book| location = Helsinki| publisher = SKHS| year = 1936| version = Yearbook of the Finnish Church Historical Society}} Rosendal, Mauno History of Finnish awakening in the XIX century.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

The first part.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Oulu in 1902.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Salminen, Seppo J.: Den finländska theologian under frihetstiden.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

SKHS ed.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

SKHS IN 1994.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Subs: Sparn, Walter, Vernünftiges Christentum.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Über die geschichtliche Aufgabe der theologischen Wissenschaften im 18.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Jahrhundert in Deutschland.In Wissenschaften im Zeitalter der Aufklärung.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

in 1985.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tiililä, Osmo| title = Prayervainen Books| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1961| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society 270}} Virrankoski, Pentti: Björkqvist, Anders.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = National Biography of Finland.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

1: Aaku-Browallius| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2003| id = ISBN 951-746-441-X}} References on the topic elsewhere.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Corpus of Old Bookpots.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Center for the Study of Domestic Languages.


Question: When did Anders Björkqvist die?

Anders Björkqvist

Category:Priests of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland Class:Born in 1741 Class:Persons who died in 1809 Class:99.2 Representatives of religions and denominations


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Greek mythology refers to the ancient Greek lore that originally arose and circulated orally and in poetry forms.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

A lot of gods, heroes and fabled creatures appear in Greek mythology.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Especially divine lore became part of the ancient Greek religion.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Mythology was also linked to the early stages of Greek philosophy and historiography.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Myths were popular subjects in Greek art, plays, and literature, and through this they have had an enduring influence on Western culture as a whole.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The supremest gods lived on Mount Olympos.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The supreme of the gods was Zeus, and the total number of Olympian gods was 12 at any one time.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Apart from the main gods, almost every function had its own god.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In addition to the actual gods, a large number of different fabled creatures were known by name, including cyclopes, harpyers, titans, sirens, centaurs, nymphs, and satyrs.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In Greek mythology, gods are not only admirable figures, they are also capable of hatred, revenge and betrayal, that is, they are very human figures.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The earliest and most complete description of the early stages of the gods and titans can be found in Hesiodos's work The Birth of the Gods from the 7th century BCE.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The stories also feature a large number of other gods, demigods and heeros set between gods and humans, and ordinary mortal humans.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Many narratives are temporally set in the Greek Bronze Age, or the Mycenaean period, which had become mythical when it came to antiquity.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The most central narrative entities, or circles of fables, are the narrative of the Trojan War, known especially from Homer's Iliage, with various framed narratives, including a narrative of the travels of Odysseus, known in turn from the Odyssey; and many fables related to Thebes, such as the narrative Oedipus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

These form the body of Greek lore, as much of the most central lore relates in some way to the subjects of the two fables.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Other key fables include accounts of the genesis of the gods and the heroics of various heeros (Heracles, Theseus); the fable of Iason and the Argonauts who, before the Trojan War, go out to retrieve the golden fleece aboard the ship Argo; and to Crete and its Minoan culture referring narratives.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] [2] Myths were used to try, among other things, to explain various phenomena, events, and ways that seemed to have no natural explanation.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Many Greek myths had connections to the myths of old cultures of the Middle East.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Some of the myths possibly have some sort of historical basis and may be considered as history told in oral form before historiography, but many myths have no connection to historical events.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[3] Figuring out the relationship between Greek mythology and reality is somewhat impossible, because true and fable are often intertwined in them.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Troy was long considered a fable until Heinrich Schliemann discovered the ruins of the city in 1870.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Alexander the Great was said to have been the son of Zeus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Mount Olympos was not first climbed until 1913.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Even the author Homer's existence or role in the genesis of works that go under his name is unanimous.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Mythology Sources Literary Sources Greek fables that lived as oral lineage have survived in ancient literature.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Greek mythology has been able to elucidate through a number of original sources.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

These include, above all, the poetry of the Archaic and Classical periods, compiled mostly from cult expenditures or the feasts of the superior, as the most notable: Homer's Iliad, Odyssey, and Homeric Hymns.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The Birth of the Gods of Hesiodus (Theogonia).


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Plays by Aeschhylos, Sophocles, Euripidee and Aristophane.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Choral anthems of Pindaros and Bakkhylide.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The writings of historians such as Herodotus and Diodoros the Sicilian, and by geographers such as Pausania and Strabon, who have travelled around the Greek world and noted stories.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The works of contemporaries of mythists who composed prose texts from myths with the intention of reconciling mutually contradictory narratives.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Poetry of the Hellenistic and Roman period.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Although poetry of this period is already more literary than religious, it contains important details that would otherwise have been lost.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

This includes, among others: Hellenistic poets Apollonios Rhodoslaine and Kallimakhos.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Roman poets Hyginus, Ovidius, Statius, Valerius Flaccus and Vergilius.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Late Ancient Greek poets Nonnos and Quintus Smyrnaeus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The novels of Apuleius, Petronius, Lollianus and Heliodoros.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Epic Poetry Greek literature originated in the 7th century BCE.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

of epic poetry, the most famous works of which are the epics Iliad and the Odyssey put in the name of Homer.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Deity myths always had a central place in epic poetry, as they served as the core material of epics, but nevertheless epics were not primarily about myth poetry or religious poetry.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[4] [5] Not much is known about Homer himself, and those investigating are dissented about the role of this in the genesis of the epics.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Homer's works became, in any case, the most significant harmonizers of Greek lore over time.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[6] In addition to the works of Homer, a large number of other works were known, forming what is known as the Epic Cyclus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

It is divided into two fabled circles.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Of these, the first, the so-called Trojan kyclos, focuses on events related to the Trojan War.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Its body is precisely the epics of Homer; other epics tell either of the events that preceded or followed the war.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The second, the so-called Theban kyklos, focuses on events related to the city of Thebes.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

These two circles of fables form the body of Greek fables, as much of the most central lore relates in some way to the subjects of the two fables.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Epic poetry flourished in Asia Minor.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In mainland Greece, a didactic branch of the epic is met, represented by the works of Hesiodos.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In the Genesis of the Gods (Theogonia), Hesiodos sought to discover the genesis of the world and the gods, to form a system of gods, and to determine the interrelations between them.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The same topic was joined by the List of Women, which lists those women with whom the gods have received offspring, demigods and heroes.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] In addition to the epics, another group of poems are the homeric anthems, which have also been put in the names of Homer.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

They emerged in a post-homeeric period when poetry moved from royal halls to religious banquets and in front of a larger audience.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

At the beginning of the festivities, anthems were sung to the god to whom the feast was dedicated.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

This was followed by performances of epic poems sung by the poem singers.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Because of this, the hymns told about the own history of the god or goddess in question.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Thirty-four songs have been preserved of the anthems.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The oldest of them is the anthem to Apollon of Delos.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Lyrical poetry of the 6th century BCE


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

in the early s, lyrical poetry emerged.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In it, too, a lot of influences derived from divine lore are noticeable.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

This is especially true of choral play, where narratives from divine lore often form the core of the poems.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Choral songs also developed in conjunction with religious celebrations.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The pioneer of choral play was Stesikhoros, who rejected the poetry measure of epic poetry and introduced deity poems blazed into the lyrical poetry measure.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

He also edited the narratives into new boldness.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Notable Stesikhoros' poems also include e.g.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

a poem about the destruction of Ilion, or Troy, which told of the expeditions of Aineia and thus had a significant impact on later Roman poetry.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The most famous of the choral genres was Pindaros, who reconciled divine fables to fit in with the moral perceptions of his own and his own time.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

He is known above all for his epinikion poems dedicated to those who won at the Games.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

They usually take a subject from one of the goddesses associated with either the winner or the domicile of the Games.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Tragedy and comedy Even more than the lyric, the Greek tragedy has played a greater role in the development of divine lore.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Tragedy writers often moulded fables into the final form in which they were later to be known.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The subjects of tragedies usually came from the epic cycle.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In addition, they were also influenced by lyrical poetry, folk fairy tales, as well as, naturally, the personal imagination of tragedy poets.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The greatest tragedy poets were Aiskhylos, Sophocles and Euripides.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Each of these dealt with myths in accordance with their own character and worldview.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The poetry of Aeschhylos shows his belief that the gods are righteous and intervene directively in world events, evident among other things in the unshakeable chains of punishment and curse formed by fate through the generations.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The tragedies of Sophocles also express his religiosity, but compared to Aeskhylos he was lighter and dealt with topics expressing mainly confidence that, despite everything, the gods ultimately steer the world towards the better.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In contrast, Euripidee's attitude towards gods and old lore is almost the opposite.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

As a result of the increasing demands of the time, he was also forced to draw on new, as yet unaddressed subjects and lesser-known myths.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In addition, he portrayed the heroes of stories familiar from his old age as human with all their weaknesses and brought these to the “modern age” otherwise.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Of the gods Euripides was critical and skeptical, often criticizing these through the mouths of his character characters.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Along with tragedy, Greek comedy developed.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

It generally took its subject from private life, and therefore its influence on the development of myths has been considerably less than tragedy.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

However, it also addresses some topics related to goddesses.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The most famous comedy writer Aristofanes, for example, makes Dionysus and Heracle comedic characters in his plays.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In the comedies of Epicharmos, which greatly influenced Plautus, the narratives of the divine lore were widely ridiculed.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Other literature Epic poetry resurfaced in the so-called Alexandrian era of Hellenistic literature.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Major examples include the poem Argonautika by Apollonios, who extensively described the previously unaddressed journey of the Argonauts and followed the taste of his time with his knowledge of mythology and descriptions of geography.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Aratos presented in his work Fainomena the astronomy of his time, also drawing on mythological descriptions and relating divine lore to constellations.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In his poetry Heracleia, Rhianos presented an extensive description of the stages of life in Heracles.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] The Romans inherited Greek fables as part of their own mythology.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In particular, Ovidius used subjects derived from Greek mythology in many of his poems, most famously his extensive poetry Metamorphosis.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

It presents the history of the world from its creation until Julius Caesar and describes a large number of myths focusing on various metamorphosis.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Many of the fables of antiquity are known precisely in the form presented by Ovidius, or even through him alone, and the work has had a great influence on Renaissance era art.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In his epic, Vergilius presented the story of Aeneis Aineia combined with Roman history.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

It imitated the narratives of mostly Greek mythology and in the early part of the epic especially the Odyssey and towards the end of the Ilias.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Records of Greek mythology have also survived in prose literature.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Especially older historiography often started with mythical subjects, as they were considered real history.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Among other things, the genealogies of rulers often revert to the heroes of mythology and further into deity lore.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The influence can still be seen on Herodotus, but no longer on Thukydide, who rejected myths as the basis of historical knowledge.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Pausania's work Description of Greece describes, in addition to places, numerous myths associated with them.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Notable sources also include grammatics, who focused on explaining old poems with their own annotations.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Some of the most notable works in the field include the Bibliotheke of the so-called Pseudo-Apollodoros.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] Archaeological sources The development of Greek mythology may also have been shed light on archaeology.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Notable here have been, above all, the discovery of the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures of Bronze Age Greece and Crete in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Mycenaean culture was discovered thanks to the work of Heinrich Schliemann in the 19th century.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In a straightforward style, he combined many of his findings directly with Greek mythology.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

His findings about Troy, he linked directly to the narrative of the Trojan War, and Mykene, in turn, to accounts of the Greeks who went to war.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Jewellery found in Troy he called “Priamos's treasures” and “Helena's jewellery”.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

A golden death mask found in Mycenae he referred to as the “death mask of Agamemnon” and the goddess statues found there as preforms of Hera and Aphrodite.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In reality, many of the findings were related to earlier times than the supposed Trojan War timing and, naturally, cannot otherwise be linked to descriptions of mythology as straightforwardly.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Arthur Evans, who discovered Minoan culture, steered research in a more modern direction, interpreting the discoveries in a broader historical, cultural and geographical context.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[2] [7] In any case, the findings have explained many features of Homer's works and have provided evidence for many details of mythology.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Although so-called Linear B inscriptions have also survived from Mycenaean culture, which have been able to be largely deciphered, knowledge of Bronze Age myths and rituals is still mostly based on the interpretation of monumental buildings and other finds.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

This is due to the fact that known texts are mainly different inventories of goods.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

However, many names of gods and heeros appear in them, some of which have also been able to be associated with names found in Greek mythology (see: Mycenaean religion).


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[8] Notable have also been pottery finds, particularly from the geometric period, but also from the Classical and Hellenistic periods.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In the decoration of earthenware, mythological or other religious subjects, such as those related to rituals and cults, are most often depicted.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

They are significant in two ways: Firstly, some of them date to a time before the myths were brought into written form in the works of Homer and Hesiodos, and are thus the earliest evidence for myths, in some cases dating back hundreds of years earlier.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Secondly, there are also myths in the decoration and their details, which are not known from any literary source.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Thus illustration from a later period also complements the written evidence.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Pottery also extends knowledge of myths in that it often tells of myths circulating among common folk, not just literary myths.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[9] [10] [11] Mythology and Chronology The field of Greek mythology is extremely extensive.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

It stretches from the deeds of the early gods and giants through the Trojan War and the seven war expeditions against Thebes all the way to Herme's childhood pranks.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The narratives of mythology were often mutually contradictory and local.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Several different, mutually contradictory myths could be told about the same god or heeros; for example, two completely different stories were told about the genesis of both Aphrodite and Dionysus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

On the other hand, again, the same myth might be associated with several characters; for example, corybants danced around both the newborn Zeus and Dionysus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[6] Due to contradictions, an accurate setting of Greek mythology on the timeline is impossible, but a large-scale chronology can be constructed.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The narratives are roughly divided into three parts: The Time of the Gods A time when gods and people were freely interacting with each other and the Time of Heroes, where the role of gods was smaller.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The chronology involves the myth of the age periods of the world.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

During the rule of Kronos, a golden age existed in the world, when gods and men lived blissfully without sorrow and trouble.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The country gave a living without hassle.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The gods of this generation again created an inferior silver age generation.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

It started wars with each other and abandoned the worship of the gods.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

That's why Zeus disposed of it.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

There followed the brass or bronze age, when there were strong and warlike people.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

This generation, too, was destroyed.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus created a fourth generation that was better and more righteous.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

It was a generation of heeros, or heroes, whose heroes fought in the Trojan and Theban wars.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

After being killed, they made their way to the Blessed Islands.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The generation of heroes was followed by an iron age, when life was full of care and trouble, and no one cared about justice.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The Greeks who told the myths considered themselves to live this time.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[12] The Greeks of the Archaic and Classical periods clearly preferred the time of heroes in narratives.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

For example, the Iliad and the Odyssey depicting the period in question were clearly favoured by the genesis of the Gods and the Homeric hymns focused on the gods.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Later mythscholars, on the other hand, have often found a more interesting section on the birth dates of gods.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Time of the Gods The Greek gods Herodotus held that Homer and Hesiodos had created a Greek view of gods, given the gods their names, positions and functions, and described the appearance of them.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

This is true insofar as Homer and Hesiodos did not invent gods, but took their subject from earlier oral lineage and old cults, these nevertheless gave the Greeks a pantheon of gods, the totality of gods, that is, the world of gods.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

As a result, older local deities were gradually sidelined and replaced by a pan-Greek view of the totality of gods and key events in mythology.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

However, old beliefs were left to live on as side-plots of narratives and local variations of gods and events.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] The core of the Homeric god world were the so-called Olympian gods: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Apollon, Artemis, Athene, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Hermes, and Hestia.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

These inhabited Mount Olympos, with the exception of Haade, who inhabited the underworld, of which his name was also used.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Alongside the Homeric gods, however, a small group of primitive, pre-Homeric gods survived, who were never incorporated into the homeric god world, but who still attained a central place in pan-Greek beliefs and cults.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The most central of these gods were Demeter, Dionysus, and Asclepios.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[1] First Gods The stories of the first generation of Gods include birth myths and the war between the Olympian gods and the Titans.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

An important source for these narratives is the Genesis of the Gods of Hesiodus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

According to the Greeks, the beginning of time was Chaos (Khaos), a bottomless, mindless abyss from which emerged Gaia, the Mother Earth, hovering in the abyss.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Eros was also born, love.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Chaos also gave rise to the darkness of Nyx, the night, and Erebos.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Gaia gave birth to Uranos, heaven and afterwards Pontos, the sea.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Uranos lay on Gaia and sired it with his rain.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Gaia and Uranos had children: six Titans, the oldest of whom was Okeanos, a belt orbiting the earth, and Kronos, the youngest, as well as three Cyclops, Brontes, Steropes and Arges, who were devoted to thunder and lightning (they later manufactured the lightning used by Zeus) and three hundred-handed monsters ( hekatonkheires), Kottos, Briareos and Gyges, who later settled the War of the Gods and Titans.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Uranos would not let his children out of Gaia's womb, that is, the bosom of the earth.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Gaia was outraged at the tyranny of Uranos and lured her son into a revolt against his father.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The youngest, Kronos, agreed and Gaia prepared him a sickle with which Kronos cut off Uranos' genital and threw it over his shoulder.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Uranos became detached from Gaia, thus creating a space between heaven and earth where future beings could reside.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Uranos cursed his children and named them Titans, the first generation of gods.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Blood drops oozed from the genitals, from which erinyi, the vengeance gods responsible for overseeing crimes against blood relatives were formed.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Gigants, ash tree nymphs and cretan curetes, or corybants, were also born from this blood.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

From the semen of the genital organ, in turn, emerged under the influence of Eros Aphrodite, the goddess of love.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

With his sister Rhea, Kronos had many children: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hadee, and Poseidon.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Kronos swallowed his child immediately after birth because he had been told that one of his own children would come to plunge him from power.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

However, Zeus, the youngest son of Kronos and Rhea, avoided being eaten because Rhea hid him in a cave and instead allowed Kronos to swallow the stone.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

After growing up, Zeus fed his father a vomiting substance and thus rescued his sibling from his stomach.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Around Zeus on Mount Olympos gathered a group of gods of the younger generation who fought the Titans for ten “long years”, that is, practically thousands of years.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Of the descendants of the Titans, Prometheus took the side of Zeus, but betrayed this later.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus, at his mother's urging, freed the hundred-handers and cyclops from Tartarus, and the latter forged him his destructive lightning.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In the final battle, the mountains succumbed and the world was again mired in chaos.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

After the victorious war, the Titans were taken underground and Atlas, the leader of these, was forced as punishment to support heaven.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Three brothers decided to divide the world: Zeus gained control of the sky, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the underworld.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

However, Gaia gave birth to one more child, this time with Tartarus, namely the terrifying Typhon.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The battle of Zeus and Typhon caused a catastrophe similar to the battle of the Titans and the gods: the mountains caved in, and the seas and lands changed shape.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In the end, however, Tyfon lost and was transported to Tartarus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Next, Zeus was challenged by gigants, warrior figures born from the blood of Uranos's penis.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The battle was bloody and the Olymposans outnumbered until the gigants were repelled by Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal Alkmene.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Gaia sought to help the gigants by preparing them an immortality-producing herb, but Zeus foiled this plan as well.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

After the defeat of the gigants, Zeus' position was definitively secured and the world in a kind of order.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In the Exalted Battle Tyfon was embittered that the gods had killed the other Titans and attacked Olympus in revenge.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The overgod Zeus almost faced his victor in battle against him.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus gathered courage for a long time before his attack, and eventually when his daughter Athene accused her father of being a coward, Zeus attacked Typhon.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Initial success was good, and Tyfon was wounded by lightning strikes and fled to Mount Kassios, where they reunited.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Tyfon wrapped his snake compartment around Zeus and disarmed him.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Unarmed Zeus was unable to defend himself, and Tyfon shattered his tendons, leaving her lying around crippled.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus' son Hermes heard his father's complaint and, with the help of the god Pan, located Zeus with the sinews he had taken from Typhon's sister Delphyne.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus improved and was ready to continue.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus re-attacked Typhon, who defended himself by whisking mountains towards him.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus returned them back towards Typhon, who had been weakened by the magic of rabies.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The badly wounded Tyfon fled to Sicily, where Zeus elevated Etna into the air and dropped it on Typhon.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Typhon's wrath is reported to be caused by Etna's outbursts.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Typhon's hiding consort Ekhidna escaped destruction.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

He sheltered himself in a cave, protecting Typhon's descendants, and Zeus allowed the descendants to live so they could provide challenges for future heroes.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Ekhidna and Typhon's descendants included Cerberos, Orthos, Chimera, Hydra, Sphinx, Harpys and, according to some lore, also the Nemean lion.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Later gods to the second generation of Gods include Apollo, Artemis, Hephaestus, Hermes, Athene, Ares, etc., who lived on Olympus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Some of the oldest sources of narratives related to these are the so-called Homeric anthems.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The overgod Zeus was also the god of earth, wind, clouds, rain and thunder.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus had a half-brother, the centaur Kheiron, whose mother was Okeanos' daughter Filyra.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus' spouse was his sister Hera.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus had numerous children not only with Hera but also with numerous other companions, such as nymphs and mortal women, whom he often seduced in an animal character.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Hera, who was also the patron of motherhood, bore Zeus Eileithyia, the helper of the birthers.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Also, the god of war Ares was born as a child of Zeus and Hera.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

With Metis, the goddess of wisdom, Zeus received Athena, the goddess of war and wisdom.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Also, most of the other chief deities were descendants of various companions of Zeus, except Hephaestus, the god of fire and blacksmiths, who was possibly born from Hera alone in retaliation for Athena's birth.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Leto bore Zeus twins; Apollon, the god of the sun and music, and Artem, the goddess of hunting.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Dionysus, the god of wine, was the son of Zeus and Semele.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The goddess of beauty Aphrodite was born, according to another version of the birth story, as a child of Zeus and Dione.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

According to the most common view, in addition to Zeus and Hera, the brother of Zeus, Poseidon, the deities Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athene, Apollo and Artemis, most central among the children, and Apollon's son, the god of medical skill Asclepios, lived on Olympus.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Dionysus and the siblings Demeter, Hestia and Hades of Zeus, Hera and Poseidon appear among them in some myths.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Hestia left Olympus to live among the people.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Olympus was also originally inhabited by mortals like Ganymedes, the drinker of the gods, as well as Heracles, the greatest of the heroes whom Zeus called among the gods.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Mythology contains numerous accounts of relationships and disputes between gods.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Hades kidnapped Demeter's daughter Persephone to marry him in the underworld.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

As Demeter grieved, nature withered.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

As a solution, Persephone was given permission to spend part of the year on earth.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

This explains the variation of the seasons.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[13] Athene and Poseidon competed for the ownership of the city of Athens, and Athene won the city for herself.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[14] Time of men and gods The time of men and gods forms a bridge between the jumal and heroine.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

One typical myth set in the era is the story of a human woman raped by a male god (most often Zeus) who gives birth to a heroic offspring.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In some cases, the goddess copulates with a human male, as in Aphrodite's homeeric hymn, in which the goddess lies in Ankhise and gives birth to her Asiea.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The fables also include other kinds of encounters between gods and humans.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

In the lore of Artemi and Aktaion, Aktaion saw the goddess of hunting naked bathing on his hunting expedition.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

As revenge, the goddess transformed Aktaion into a moose, which was then eaten by her own dogs.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[15] Another type case is the creation or theft of some important item.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Prometheus (“exactly/pre-deliberate”) probed to deceive Zeus in the division of sacrificial flesh.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Zeus retaliated by depriving the people of fire.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Prometheus stole it back and gave it to people.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Prometheus received punishment, but later became a patron of human culture.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[16] Tantalos, in turn, took ambrosia and nectar from the table of Zeus, and tried to deceive the gods by feeding them his son Pelops.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

[17] Later, when people had no longer cared about the gods after receiving fire, the gods created a great calamity for men: Hephaestus fashioned out of the earth and water the image of a woman to whom the other gods gave feminine skills.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

The woman's name was Pandora (“all-talented”).


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

This was given to Prometheus' brother Epimetheus (“retrospective”).


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Prometheus had warned his brother against taking a gift from the gods, but Pandora brought a box with her as a dowry.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

After a woman cracked her lid, all evil in the world escaped from there.


Question: How old has the universe been estimated?

Greek mythology

Only hope remained.