Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

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Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

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Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

References Elsewhere Book review: Andersson, Rani-Henrik; Hämäläinen, Riku; Kekki, Saara: “Handbook of Native American Cultures.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Vocabulary of culture, history and politics.” Gaudeamus, 2013.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

(Agricola Book Reviews, July 10, 2013) * Category:Pre-Columbian Cultures Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Lohja () is a 2018 Indian Malayalam film written and directed by Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The city is officially bilingual, and its inhabitants speak Swedish as their native language%.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Neighboring municipalities of Lohja are Inkoo, Karkkila, Raasepori, Salo, Siuntio, Somero, Tammela and Vihti.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Geography and nature The urban structure is a strip agglomeration parallel to Lohjanharju, which starts from motorway E-18 and continues parallel to Hanko-Hyvinkää road until Virkkala.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Parts of the strip agglomeration from the east include Muijala, Perttilä, Lempola Market Park, Ventelä, Asemaseutu, Kestelohja, Ojamo, Tynninharju and Virkkala.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The largest lake in Uusimaa, Lake Lohjanjärvi, is largely within the municipal area.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Hormajärvi is located in the entirety of Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The largest cave in Finland, Torhola Cave, is located on Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

There are a total of 141 lakes and ponds in the municipal area.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[1] The nature of the Lohja region is considered uniquely rich.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Noble deciduous trees, hazel shrubs and deciduous plants thrive on the lime cliffs of the area.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[2] On Salpausselä, the vegetation is predominantly rugged sandy dry pine cloth.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

On the clay soils of Lake Lohjanjärvi region, vegetation is more lush, and extensive spruce forests dominate the landscape.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In terms of its vegetation, Lohja is located in the frontier zone of northern boreal coniferous forests and coniferous forests and deciduous forests, the hemiboreal zone.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Compared to the rest of southern Finland, the area is particularly high in the area of walnut bush and blue anemone.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Its own stamp on the vegetation is also given by calcareous soil with extensive deposits around Lake Lohjanjärvi.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The lime effect, combined with the microclimate created by the lakes, as well as the southwestern location, allow for rich deciduous vegetation in the Lohja region.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The Karkal Nature Reserve, located on the shores of Lake Lohjanjärvi, is known for its extensive walnut bush groves, its May flower seas formed by anemone and yellow anemone, and oak-linden forests.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The finest grove areas in southern Finland are provided by calcareous land and a nearby lake, which allow rare deciduous plants to thrive.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

More than a century ago, Archbishop Gustaf Johansson was enamored with the place.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[2] On the shores of Lake Lohjanjärvi there are also a few protected elms unique to Finnish conditions, where both pen elm and mountain elm grow in abundance.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Lohja probably also has Finland's most famous cave, the Torhola Limestone Cave.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

It is the largest karst cave in Finland, of the kind created when sour water soaks the limestone away.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The cave is 31 metres long and at its lowest at a depth of 9 metres.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The early part of the cave is easily accessible, but to the last chamber, the so-called Torhola basement, you have to crawl from cramped burrows.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[2] Next to Karkalinniemi lies the Karstu Castle Mountain, which is thought to have been one of the hundreds of ancient castles in Finland.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

It offers handsome views of Lake Lohjanjärvi to the west.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

There is also a frosted rock painting on the site.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[2] Cityscape and attractions One of the most popular attractions in Lohja is the Tytyr Mining Museum, 110 metres deep, where public tours are held daily.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The home museum Vironperä of State Counsellor Johannes Estonia is also a popular destination.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Tourists are also interested in nature sites such as the Karkal Nature Park.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In 2010, about 400,000 tourists visited Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[3] The most culturally historically significant attraction is the St. Lauri Church in Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

A distinctive feature of the church, completed at the turn of the 14th—16th centuries, is the well-preserved medieval ceiling and wall paintings made using the Al secco technique.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Apart from that, notable attractions include the Museum of Lohja and the House of Kässä in Virkkala.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Located in the traditional Vivamo Activity Center, you'll find the Church of the Broken Heart [4] and the Central Office of the People's Bible Society [5].


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In November 2016, Lohja gained international prominence with the news that Emojikatu and Meemikatu are coming to the city.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[6] Boroughs A significant part of the city of Lohja does not yet belong to any borough, since the 1997 municipal annexation part of the old municipality of Lohja has yet to form boroughs.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The official boroughs of the city of Lohja are: Ahtsalmi, Anttila, Gruotila, Gunnarla, Hiidensalmi, Immula, Jönsböle, Kylohja, Kirkniemi (Swedish: Gerknäs], Kyrkstad, Lempola, Maksjoki, Metsola, Moisio, Muijala, Myllylampi, Virtsylinna, Ojamo, Ojamonkangas, Paloniemi, Parsonage, Pappilankorpi, Perttilä, Pitkäniemi, Routio, Röylä, Sammatti, Vappula (Swedish: Vabby), Ventelä (Swedish: Vendelä), Vienola and Virkkala (Swedish: Virkby).


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[7] [8] Villages in the city of Lohja are: [7] [8] Ahtiala, Ahonpää, Askola, Haarjärvi, Haarla, Hakula, Hattula, Hautula, Heijala, Heimola, Herrala, Hietainen, Hiittinen, Hirkijoki, Hongisto, Hyrskölä, Hyrsylä Hyvelä, Insect, Oxbelly, Ikkala, Ilmoniemi, Immola, Immula, Iso-Teutari (reeds. Stortötar), Jakova, Jalasaari, Jantoniemi, Järvenpää, Jättölä, Kaijola, Karisjärvi, Karjalohjan Aktiala, Karjalohjan Pappila, Karkalniemi, Karnainen, Karstu, Kattelus, Kaukela, Kaukola, Kiikala, Kirkniemi (t. Gerknäs), Kittilä (eds. Kittfall), Church Village (reeds. Kyrkstad), Koikkala, Koisjärvi, Kokkila, Korkenoja, Koski, Kourjoki, Kouvola, Kovela, Kukumäki (ex.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Luttula [9], reeds. Jönsböle), Kunnarla (eds. Gunnars), Kutsila, Kärkölä, Laakspohja (eds. Laxpojo), Lehmijärvi, Leikkilä, Leppäkorpi, Lieviö (eds. Skräddarskog), Lohilampi, Lohjankylä, Lohjantaipale, Luskala, Luttula, Lylyinen, Lönnhammar, Maikkala, Maksjoki, Maksjoki, Marttila, Maskila, Mettula, Miemola, Millola, Moisio, Mommola, Muijala, Murto, Mustlahti, Llykylä, Mynterlä* (reeds. Mynderlä), Mäkkylä, Mäntsälä, Niemi, Nummenkylä, Nummijärvi, Näkkilä, Nääkkilä (reeds. Mårbacka), Nummi-Pusulan Nummenkylä, Oinola, Oittila, Ojamo, Ouniemi (reeds. Orsnäs), Outamo, Paavola, Paksalo, Paloniemi, Pappila, Pauni, Pelonkylä, Pietilä, Piispala (t. Biskopsnäs), Pipola, Pitkälahti, Pulli, Pusula, Puujärvi, Pyöli, Pälölä, Raati, Radus, Remala, Retlahti, Routio, Röhkölä, Röylä, Saarenpää, Sakkola, Salo, Vammatti, Saukkola, Seppälä, Seräjärvi, Sierla, Sitarla, Sitarla, Sitarla Suittila, Suittila, Suurniemi, Särkijärvi, Tallaa, Talpela, Tammisto, Tavola, Torhola, Uusikylä, Vaanila, Valla, Vanhakylä, Vapula, Varola, Varttila, Vaarla, Veijola (t. Vejby), Ventelä, Viiala, Virkkala (eds. Virkby), Vivola, Vohloinen, Vähä-Teutari (reeds. Lilltötar), Vörlö and Yli-Immola.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The most notable estates and large estates in Lohja are: Hiiden Manor, Kirkniemi, Laakspohja Manor, Ojamo Manor, Paloniemi Manor, Vaanila Manor, Vohloinen Manor and Mustio Manor House.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[10] [11] Climate History The oldest settlement finds in Lohja date back eight thousand years.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Lohja has later moved people from Häme and Varsinais-Finland.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Based on the name of the place, settlements originating in Southwest Finland, especially Haliko, have been located in the area.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[12] There has been settlement in the lands of Hoiti, or Hiidenkylä, between the 4th and 7th centuries, and spearheads have been found in Hyrsylä, the Great Keeper of Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[13] Lohja has two iron-age ancient castles, Pöykär's Linnanmäki and Uusipöyli Castle Mountain.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Beginning in the 13th century, the colonization of the Swedes extended, along with the rest of Uusimaa, to Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[14] Lohja was a mother keeper in the Middle Ages, of whom the oldest written mention dates from 1323.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Suur-Lohja included, besides the area of the present-day city of Lohja, Vihti, Karkkila, Nummi-Pusula, Sammatti, Karjalohja and the northern part of Siuntio.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Gentlemen estates were established in the area — Kirkniemi, whose history has records from 1417 onwards and Laakspohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[14] The St. Lauri Church of Lohja, located in the centre of Lohja, is the third largest medieval grey-stone church in Finland.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

It was built at the end of the 15th century and is known for its lavish wall paintings.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[14] In the middle of the 16th century, Finland's first mine was opened on Ojamo.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The Mustio Ironworks were established to process its ore.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Salmon are known for its apples.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The apple arrived in Lohja through Siuntio in the 1530s when Erik Fleming, the master of Siuntio Suitia Manor, produced apple trees in his garden from Tallinn.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Soon, apple trees came to another Siuntio grandeur mansion — Sjundbyh.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Sjundby was ruled by Tottit Henrik — and his wife Sigrid Vasa - daughter of the King of Sweden.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The Tottis also controlled what was then Lohja's most significant large estate, Kirkniemi Manor, whose immediate surroundings were better suited to apple-growing than Sjundby, so apple was also planted in Kirkniemi's calcareous and mulching soil.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The example of Kirkniemi Manor was first followed by other grand estates in Lohja, such as Laakspohja Manor, Vicar of Iso-Pappila, wealthy rusthollars, and Lohja Ruhvas.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[15] The first school in the Finnish-speaking countryside was founded in Lohja in 1659.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

After the mid-19th century, Lohja developed rapidly.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

There were two built-up areas in the keeper, Virkkala, an industrial colony, and Lohjannummi, a service centre created around the church.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The first shop in Lohjannummi was established in 1861, a pharmacy in 1862 and a post office in 1865.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In 1865, the first steam sawmill was launched in Virkkala, the same year that a loan library entered the keeper.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[14] Municipal administration in Lohja received in 1867.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[16] The Savings Bank opened in 1870.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Starting in 1897, limestone was processed in Lohja, in 1906, Mustio ironworks cartridge Hjalmar Linder built a cellulose factory and in 1907 a glass factory was opened in Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[14] The first Finnish-language grammar school in rural Western Uusimaa began to operate in 1914.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[14] Lohjannumme became an agglomeration colony in 1911, officially called Lohjannummi — Lojobacken.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[17] In 1926, Lohjankylä and the solitary farms of Parsonila, Moisio and Ojamo were separated from Lohja Municipality into Lohja merchant.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

At the same time, the word rural municipality was attached to the name of the surrounding municipality of Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

It included those parts that did not become part of the new trade industry.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In 1953, Lohja Merchant House became a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

A paper mill was established in Kirkniemi in the mid-1960s.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[14] Kauppala received city rights in 1969.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In 1978, Lohja Rural Municipality changed its name to Lohja Municipality.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

A referendum on municipal union was held in Lohja and the bilingual municipality of Lohja in 1995, and the municipalities merged on 1 January 1997.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[16] The united Lohja has continued voluntarily as bilingual.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[18] In 2007, Municipal Joints Sammatti decided to join the city of Lohja, and the joint became a reality on 1 January 2009.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Karjalohja in turn joined the city of Lohja on 1 January 2013.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Joint negotiations had begun in March 2008.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[19] Siuntio and Nummi-Pusula started union negotiations with Lohja in January 2011.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Inkoo, who was tentatively involved, abandoned the project.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[20] Also in Siuntio, the majority of the council turned to oppose the municipal union in spring 2012, leading Lohja and Nummi-Pusula to decide that only Nummi-Pusula would join Lohja and Karjalohja previously decided.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[21] Joints took place since the beginning of 2013.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The Government adopted a decision on the Local Government Association in June 2012.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[22] The heraldic explanation of the coat of arms of the city of Lohja, according to Olof Eriksson, who drew the coat of arms, belongs to a silver halstar on a piler in the Blue field; on each side of its stem a golden walnut raceme.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The walnut racemes tell of the lush nature of Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[23] Halstari is the emblem of Lohja's patron saint, St. Lauri - St. Lauri is reported to have died under torture to a hot halstar.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In addition to the church, one of Lohja's three main streets, Laurinkatu, has been named after the patron saint.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[24] The coat of arms used to be the coat of arms of the municipality of Lohja, which became the coat of arms of the united municipality and the city.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Prior to that, the city of Lohja used a coat of arms designed by Ahti Hammar, the explanation of which reads: In a blue field, three silver red flame blast furnaces adjacent to them, a silver, red-rimmed fish at the base.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Administration The supreme deciding institution in the city of Lohja is the City Council with 51 councillors.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The Chairman of the City Council is Joona Räsänen of the SDP.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[25] The Lohja Municipal Board consists of 13 members elected by the council and is chaired by Jussi Patinen of the Coalition [26].


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The largest party in the city council elected in 2017 is the Social Democratic Party of Finland (12 seats or 22.1%), the second largest National Coalition (11 seats, 18.5%) and the third largest is the Greens (7 seats, 14.3%).


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Other places: Left Alliance (6 seats, 11.8%), PerusFinns (6 seats, 11.1%), Finland Centre (5 seats, 9.9%), Unattached Citizens' Movement Our Lohja (3 seats, 6.0%) and Finnish Christian Democrats (1 seat, 3.5%).


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[27] Mika Sivula, the former mayor of Pielavesi, was elected Mayor of Lohja in May 2015.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[28] Prior to him, Lohja's previous director of education, Simo Juva, Master of Political Science (2008-2015) was the mayor.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[29] and before her Elina Lehto-Häggroth (November 2002 to August 2008).


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[30] Before Lehto, the united Lohja was led by Juhani Rinne, the head of the old city [31] and the head of the old municipality Pekka Myllyniemi.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[32] Bilingualism in the city of Lohja would not need to be bilingual on the basis of language legislation, since less than six per cent of the population is Swedish speakers.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Bilingualism is based on the city's own will: the City Council unanimously submitted to the State Council on 26 September 2001 that the State Council would still order Lohja to be bilingual for the period 2003 - 2012.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

According to the city council, bilingualism is an advantage in regional cooperation, attracting new residents and in the effort to maintain the existing Swedish-speaking population.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Bilingualism also has a historical background, with a Swedish-speaking population living in the area since the Middle Ages.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[33] Before the municipal union at the beginning of 1997, the municipality of Lohja was bilingual (Finnish as the majority language) and the town of Lohja was unilingually Finnish-speaking.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Economy Lohja is an industrial-intensive city, and the city has grown together especially with the mining and forestry industries.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Strong industries in the industry include forestry, metal and plastics technology, as well as electronics.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[34] In 2013, the economic structure of Lohja was as follows: [35] Services 34% Health and social services 20% Industry 18% Education, public administration 12% Construction 8% Transport and storage 5% Primary production 3% Other 1% Mining and mineral industry Gustav As early as 1542, Vaasa gave permission to Eerik Fleming to mine iron ore, and the Ojamo iron mine is said to be Finland's first.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

However, the more important extractive than iron turned out to be limestone, which has been excavated at Lohja in addition to the Ojamo opencast quarry at Törmä and Solhem, and later from the Tytyr mine.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In addition to Tytyr, the Virkkala lime factory, which was closed in 1897, has been located in Lohja during the recession of the 1990s.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Lime mining was started by Lohjan Kalkkitehdas Oy, piloted by Petter Forsström, but in 1992 the operation was sold to the current Nordkalk Corporation.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Other major factories in the building materials industry are Nordic Waterproofing Oy's roofing felt factory in Keskillolla, Rudus precast concrete factory in Pertti, and the factory of Cembrit Oy, which employs about 200 people, established in 1959, which manufactures construction and facade panels in Muijala [ 36].


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Tourism In spring 2017, it was announced that a holiday village for the Chinese is planned in Paloniemi in Lohja, where 80 luxury apartments would be built.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[37] The Hidensalmi in Lohja will host the 2021 Housing Fair.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[38] Forestry Industry Nowadays, the more important source of employment than the mining industry in Lohja is the forest industry.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Also, its roots go back to the late 19th century.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Chamberlain Hjalmar Linder founded the Lohja Cellulose Factory in Pitkäniemi in 1906.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In the same year, Linder also built the Lohja Electric Railway from Lohja railway station to the cellulose factory.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The line was opened in 1912 for general traffic and became the first electric railway in Finland to relay general traffic.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Today, the factory no longer produces cellulose, but specialises in release and other specialty papers.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

As of April 2008, the plant employed about 350 people.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[39] Until the summer of 2015, the paper mill, which operated as Mondi, was closed for good.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[40] Metsäliitto built the Kirkniemi paper mill in Jönsböle in 1966.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The factory has been expanded with new paper machines in 1972 and 1996.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Today, the factory, owned by Sappi Limited, mainly manufactures magazine paper, and employs 760 people.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Metsä Wood's laminated veneer lumber factory, as well as Mahogany Oy, a manufacturer of aeroplane plywood and thin veneer, are also located in Pitkäniemi.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

There are two major Finnish manufacturers of economic plastics in Lohja: Oy Plastex Ab, founded in 1936 and transferred to Lohjan Ventelä in 1942, and Oy Orthex Ab, which was always located in Immula, Lohja, which started its operations in 1956.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

However, due to the high automation rate, the plastics industry is not a particularly significant source of employment, for example Orthex employs around 90 people.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[41] Plastex manufactures plastic products for both industrial and domestic use.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The most famous of consumer products include watering cans, canisters, as well as sprayers and camping flasks.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Orthex's portfolio includes consumer products alone and is the largest manufacturer of household plastics in Finland.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The product range includes almost all home plastics, from kitchen utensils to laundry baskets and from steam stoves to snow cot.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Metal and electronics industry in the 1990s electronics became a major source of employment in Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Established in 1995 in Gunnarla by Elcoteq, which developed from Lohja Oy's Lohja Microelectronics unit, the plant employed 362 people.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Elcoteq shut down the plant in August 2007 and moved production to Estonia and China.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Elcoteq relocated the headquarters to Luxembourg.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[42] The headquarters and factory of Saajos Oy, which manufactures fire and safety doors for construction and shipyard industries, is located in Keskillandi.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Other factories include Hyrles sheet metal factory, Enics electronics factory, boat manufacturer Seliö Boats [35], Valon Kone, which makes woodworking machinery, and nLight Oy and Photonium Oy, which utilize nanotechnology.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Traffic Lohja's location at the junction of Highway 1/E18 motorway and Highway 2 and Hanko—Hyvinkää road (25) is considered one of the strategic strengths of the city.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The city's logistical strengths also include short distances to the ports of Hanko and Inko in Western Uusimaa, Helsinki Airport, Turku and Helsinki.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[34] The Hyvinkää line runs across Lohja, but passenger train services on the line were discontinued in 1983.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

An Elsa line is planned for Lohja, the so-called Hour Train.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Distances from Karkkila 41km Helsinki 58km Somero 64km Salo 65km Turku 116km Population development (Data from November 26, 2018) Total: [43] of which Women: [44] Men: [44] Swedish speakers: [45] The following graph shows the city population trend every five years since 1980.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

On 1 January 2017, the regional division used is in accordance with the situation.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Religious communities About 72.8% (34,318 persons) of Lohjans belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

According to the 2018 regionalisation, Lohja has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [46] Lohja Parish Karjalohja Regional Parish Lohja District Parish Nummi Regional Parish Pusula Regional Parish Sammati Regional Parish of the Orthodox Church of Finland of the parishes in the Lohja district is the Helsinki Orthodox Parish.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[47] There is also an Advent congregation in Lohja [48], a Pentecostal parish [49] and a free congregation [50], Former parishes The following list lists the parishes abolished in the historical period in the present area of the city of Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[46] Karjalohja Parish (annexed to Lohja Parish 2013) Nummi Parish (annexed to Lohja Parish 2013) Pusula Parish (annexed to Lohja Parish 2013) Sammati Parish (annexed to Lohja Parish 2013) Auramat At the end of 2017, Lohja had 46,785 inhabitants, of whom 38,194 lived in built-up areas, 7,965 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the residence of 626 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose coordinates of residence are known; the agglomeration rate of Lohja is 82.7%.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[51] The agglomeration population of Lohja is divided between 11 different agglomerations: [52] The city centre area is shown in bold.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The agglomerations marked with an asterisk (*) belong to this city only partially.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The central area of Lohja also extends to the territory of the municipality of Siuntio.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Nummela agglomeration extends mainly to the territory of Vihti Municipality.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Services District Heating Lohjan Energia Oy Loher was founded in 1982. its mission is to acquire, produce and distribute thermal energy.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The city of Lohja owns the company.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[53] Education Lohja has a large number of primary and secondary schools.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

There are a total of 23 primary schools and 5 middle schools.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Two of the primary schools and one of the middle schools are Swedish speakers.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[54] There are two upper secondary schools; a Finnish-language secondary school, or Lohjan Yhjoinsy-Lyceum, one of the largest in Finland, is located in the centre, and Virkby Gymnasium in Virkkala in Virkkala in connection with Källhagen Upper School.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

As of the beginning of 2013, Lohja has also had a third secondary school, Nummi-Pusula Secondary School.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Vocational training is provided by the Länsi-Uusimaa Training Centre, in two Lohja units you can study for a total of 17 different professions.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[55] Vocational training in the field of physical education is provided by Kisakallio Sports College.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Polytechnic education is offered by the Lohja Unit of Laurea University of Applied Sciences, with training in nursing and tradenomy.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[56] University education is organised in Lohja by the Centre for Education and Development of the University of Helsinki Palmenia [57] and the Hiiide College, which offers open university education as a multifunctional education [58].


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Other education is offered by the University of Western Uusimaa Music College, Kisakallio Sports College, Hiiden College, Lohja School of Fine Arts, Dance School Un Dos Tres and Tanssistudio Funka.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Waste Management Lohja is responsible for the waste management of Rosk'n Roll Oy Ab in Western Uusimaa, of which 99.62% is owned by the municipalities of Hanko, Inkoo, Karkkila, Lohja, Raasepori, Siuntio and Vihti.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Rosk'n Roll operates the Munkaa Waste Center, completed in 2000, where waste is treated and sorted.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The Waste Board of Länsi-Uusimaa is responsible for waste management matters.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[59] Sports services Lohja has good opportunities to engage in several sports.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In addition to the sports field, you can find an ice rink, a swimming pool, a bowling alley and a skateboard park inaugurated in spring 2008.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[60] Tennari's gym hall has a ball hall, a grappling and strength hall, and indoor and outdoor tennis courts.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[61] The opportunities for outdoor exercise are offered by places of interest that exist in Lohja in six different terrains.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[62] At Kisakallio Sports College it is possible to play many sports both indoors and outdoors.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In addition to the ice rink, ball rink and curling rink, the college has good facilities for fixture gymnastics, among other things.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Touring kayaking and rowing are also part of the variety, as the college is located on the shore of Maikkalanselä.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Situated in the heart of nature, Kisakallio also offers great routes for skiing and cross-country running.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Nursing Lohja Hospital belongs to the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Paloniemi Hospital specializes in psychiatry.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[63] Culture Theatre There are three enthusiast theatres in the city, of which the Lohja Theatre has professional management.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The theatre was founded in 1967, but operations have already continued for more than a hundred years.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The theatre works in collaboration with the Lohja Philharmonic Orchestra and the Lohja Museum, among others.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[64] Music Lohja Philharmonic Orchestra was founded in 1964.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Among other things, the orchestra has visited the Savonlinna Opera Festival and acted as the orchestra of José Carreras and Plácido Domingo during their visits to Finland.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Since 2010, Esa Heikkilä has been the artistic director and conductor of the Lohja Philharmonic Orchestra.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[65] Media Region's local newspaper, West Uusimaa, is published in Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Ykkössanomat appeared in Lohjan Saukkola, but was disbanded by Salon Seudun Sanomat in 2015.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In addition, Karkkilan Tienoo periodically publishes articles touching Lohja in the direction of the former Nummi-Pusula.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Lohja also has free distribution magazines West Uusimaa Iä (former.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Iltalohja) and Ykkös-Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Events in Lohja Lohja Lake Days Lohja tenor days have been held since 1997, after 2010 every two years.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[66] During the event, Lohja will hear both Finnish and internationally renowned industry peaks.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Tanhuhov Market Lohjan Summer Association organizes evenings in summer.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

It operates under the auspices of the City of Lohja Civilization and its activities are governed by a Board of Trustees to which representatives from different cultural fields are elected annually from Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[67] A Christmas market of yesteryear has been held since 1994.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The events will feature the warmth of the campfire, Christmas treats and a demonstration of the working practices of bygone times and the preparation of festive dishes.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[68] Lohja Dance Festivals Lauri Day has been organised since 1984.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Lauri of the year is chosen at the event.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[69] Virkkala Days Apple Carnivals have been held since 1992.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In connection with them, the Lohja apple girl has been chosen annually.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[70] [71] Lohja Song Days have been organized since 1992.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The event includes both classical vocal music concerts and vocal instruction courses.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[72] Lohja Fair Rantajamit Tuntuma Indie Festival Hong Kong Challenge fishing race Kuhauistaja Lohjanjärvi is an annual cycling event held since the early 1980s.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The event, which is open to all, will be trampled around Lake Lohjanjärvi.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[73] Food Culture Lohja's keeper dishes were named apple oatmeal and apple bouquet in the 1980s and a whipped cream jam dessert built on a base made of rye breadcrumbs and butter “sand under snow on top”.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[74] Known Lohians Main article: List of famous sports clubs in Lohja, Lohjan Louhi, founded in 1901.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Other successful clubs include Lohjan Pallo, who plays football in Kakkonen, Lohjan Salibandy playing floorball in Ykkösdivari, and Lohjan Rännimestarit, bowling in the SM-liiga.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Success in orienteering has been achieved by the Lohyan club Hiidenevatäajat.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Lohjan Athletes is a basketball club with a large number of members in Finland.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Virkkalan Tarmo has teams in football and floorball, among others.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Lohja's Kisa-Veikka women's ice hockey team entered the SM-sarja after defeating Tappara on 15 March 2008 in Tampere with 0-8.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[75] Lohjan Kisa-Veikoi has quite extensive junior activities: 9 boys' junior teams and three girls' teams.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

In addition to this, Kisa-Veikoi has three men's teams, as well as the “mamma team” LoKV Ladies, founded in 2001.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

A total of about 600 players play in the club's junior teams; in addition to this, the club organises a discus school for the junior teams as well as a block series of Hippo league.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[76] The rise of the Lohja Ice Ducks from Division II to the Suomi series was confirmed in March 2009.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[77] Athletics in the Lohja region is run by Länsi-Uusimaa Athletes (LUU), which in 2009 was included in the club classification of the Finnish Athletic Federation (top 20 Finnish athletics clubs) [78].


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

LU's most successful athletes are Saara Nikander (multiple youth Finnish champion in endurance running) and Oskari Mörö (Youth Olympic representative in 2010 and SE runner in 400m hurdles).


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

LU has excellent skills in moving children and young people and is evidenced by the title of Young Suomen Seal Society of SLU [78] in 2002.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Lohjan Fish Society is a Lohjan fishing club formed when Lohjan Recreational Fishermen, Kalki Fish Club and Lohja Region Kala- and Wildermen merged at the turn of 2006.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

A number of competitions are held annually for enthusiasts of different fishing habits.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

On the trolling side, the club annually organises the Lohjanjärvi Cup, which consists of six sectionals.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

The Hong Kong Challenge fishing competition is the largest in Finland and will collect as many as 150 boats in Lake Lohjanjärvi in September.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

Other sports clubs operating in Lohja include FC Lohja ry, Harjun Kiekko, Hongiston Tarmo ry, Karkalin Kiila ry, Karstu-Karkali Seura ry, Lohja Lifting ry, Lohja Tennis ry, Lohjan Boxing Club ry, Lohjan Han Moo Do ry, Lohjan Hiki ry, Lohjan Hockey Night Team ry, Lohjan Struggle Centre, Lohjan Bowling Association, Lohjan Gymnasieura ry (LOKS), Lohjan Women's Gymnasts, Lohjan Boxing Club ry, Lohjan Pelitoverit ry, Lohjan Sailatijat ry, Lohjan Seuhun Latu ry, Lohjan Seuhun Moitikerho ry, Lohjan Seuhun Soujat ry, Lohjan Squash Club ry, Lohjan Tae Kwon Do club, Taijan Taiji Enthusiasts Association, Lohjan Figure Skaters Association, Lohjan Teho Badminton Chamber, Lohjan Sports Skaters Association/Norpat, Lohjan Voimajat ry, Lokv-Figure Skating Association, Western Uusimaa Orienteers - Västra-Nylands Orienterare ry, Octopus Lohja ry, Pahu's ry, Row dance association WaudeApples, Saari Kiri ry, Winter Swimming Club Lohjan Mursut ry, Dance School ToeStar, Dance School Un Dos Tres, Dance Studio Funka, Dance Sports Association Lohjan Lockstep ry, V- and U club Horman Hiisi ry, V- and U club Lohjan Teho ry, Virkby Start rf, Virkkalan Kiri ry, Virkkalan Pallo-Rotat ry, Virkkalan Voima ry, Gymnastics Club Lohja and Xjumpit.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

[79] Twinned with Växjö Municipality, Sweden Ringerike, Norway Aabenraa Municipality, Denmark Skagaströnd, Iceland Sátoraljaújhely, Hungary In addition, the Swedish municipality of Lidingö is the godtown of Lohja.


Question: When is Lohja founded?

Lohja

See also Eeva Joenpelto Prize List of public artworks and monuments in Lohja Sources on the topic elsewhere, Presentation of the 14 monuments of the walking tour (pdf) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

Coronation Street is the UK's longest-running soap series and the most watched television programme in the country.


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

[1] The series was created by Tony Warren and the first episode aired on 9 December 1960 on the ITV1 channel, where it still continues.


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

[2] [3] The programme is produced by Granada Television, a representation of ITV1 in North West England, and the series was initially only shown there.


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

Throughout the country, it began to be aired in May 1961.


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

The events of Coronation Street are set on a fictional street in a fictional town called 'Weatherfield', located in Salford.


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

[4] The programme's main competitors are BBC One's soap opera EastEnders and ITV's Emmerdale.


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

The show's theme music is played on a brass fan and was originally done by Eric Spear.


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

[5] [6] Music has changed little over the years.


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

Granada and ITV executives, as well as other entities spreading the programme including the Guinnes Book of Records, have called Coronation Street the world's longest-running soap opera (Granada has also sold the most episodes of the series abroad).


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

[3] [7] In July 2009, Google photographed the Coronation Street venues in Manchester and created a virtual street view of them and sets for tourists for its map service.


Question: When was the first episode of the television series Coronation Street aired?

Coronation Street

[8] Current characters Sources on topic elsewhere Category:Soap series Category:British television series Category:Family series category:1960s television series category:1970s television series category:1980s television series category:1990s television series Category:2000-decade television series


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Apartheid () refers to the policy of racial segregation in the Union and Republic of South Africa from 1948 until 1991, in which the country's population was divided into whites, blacks, Indians and coloured (who were mainly descendants of imported Malay slaves and blacks).


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Apartheid was legalized racial oppression.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The ideological roots of apartheid in South Africa lay in the racial doctrines developed in the late 19th century.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Furthermore, its emergence was influenced by the view that emerged within the Afrikaaners' main religion, the Dutch Reformed Church, regarding the divine right to South Africa of the Volk, formed by Afrikaaners.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Racial segregation was also intended to preserve the privileged social and economic status of whites and to ensure access to cheap black labor for the country's mining industry.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In South Africa, whites were in many ways in a privileged position as early as the 19th century.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However, the actual apartheid system was not developed until the 1950s through the enactment of numerous different laws.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

These laws were usually associated with some acute situation that threatened white supremacy, and their combined effects had not been considered.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Because of this, the laws created numerous undesirable effects and contradictions that began to manifest in progressive numbers as the 1960s wore on.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

For example, the purpose of Bantu teaching was to produce obedient African laborers who had been taught to believe that they were less deserving in society than the role of servant.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Instead, it produced young activists who realised they had nothing to lose by violently opposing the government.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

A key feature of the apartheid system was the so-called “grand partheid”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In it, various racial groups sought to create their own independent homelands where they were to “develop independently”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Ten homelands for blacks, or Bantustans, were established in South Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Residential areas, buildings, services and public spaces were also classified by race.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

History Although apartheid policies were formally implemented in South Africa in 1948, racial discrimination had already occurred in the country much earlier.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

White settlement in South Africa originated when the Dutch established a colony on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, whose economy was based on slaves imported from East Africa and Southeast Asia.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[1] Following the British Empire's ban on slavery in the 1830s, racial discrimination continued in other forms in areas controlled by both the British and the Boers.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[2] The period of British rule in the 1860s saw the emergence of two new folk groups in addition to the Boers, Britons and Africans, as the mixed descendants of the Khos, free Malay slaves, and Africans wanted to differentiate themselves from whites and Africans as their own group of coloured people.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The second group was formed by Indians brought to South Africa, particularly Natal as labour for sugar plantation, many of whom remained in the country after their employment ended, becoming merchants and small business owners.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[2] Although the British presented the mistreatment of Africans in the Boer republics as one of the causes of the Boer Wars between 1899 and 1902, Alfred Milner, the British Governor of South Africa, announced at the peace talks in 1901 that the blacks would be granted civil rights only in such a way as to “lest it jeopardize white racial supremacy”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[3] After the end of the war, Milner felt that it would be important to transform South Africa into a British society.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

He encouraged immigration from the mother country in order to bring a British majority to the electorate.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

At the same time, the legislation sought to fade the Dutch features of the Boers and a distinct national identity, for example by prohibiting the use of Dutch in public schools and law courts.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However, the goals were not successful as the low wages paid by the country's mining industry failed to attract British colonists and the Boers' national identity only strengthened with repression.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[4] The growing need for cheap labour in the mining industry also prompted the government to reform its policies towards the African majority.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Godfrey Lagden, Milner's Commissioner of Native Affairs in the Transvaal, was named chairman of the South Africa Native Affairs Commission (SANAC).


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The final report of the SANAC formulated a system of racial segregation that persisted in the country for nearly a century and was also formed as the basis of apartheid.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The commission's recommendation stripped Africans of the right to own land, decide their own administration, or even work in areas other than those assigned to Africans.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Black families would be given a small parcel of land from these areas so that men could then be treated as migrant labour in mining towns.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Families were supposed to be able to independently make a living out of the land while a man worked in the mines.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Furthermore, Africans would not be allowed to vote or stand for election in any election in which Europeans had the right to vote.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[3] The policy of racial segregation and the disillusionment of Africans, Indians and Coloured people with the British administration's reluctance to remove it from their colonies led to a rise in resistance through new kinds of political organisations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1898, the South African Native Congress (South African Native Congress) was formed to safeguard the rights of Africans as citizens of the British Empire.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The Natal Indian Congress (Natal Indian Congress), founded by Mohandas Gandhi in 1894, sought to safeguard the rights of Indians, and the African People's Organisation (African Political Organisation, later African People's Organisation) pursued the Coloured people's cause.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Through these organizations, Africans, Indians and people of color set about organizing resistance to the government's policy of racial segregation.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1906, Gandhi began a passive resistance campaign against the new Passport Act.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In the same year, the Zulu chief Bambatha started an armed revolt, the causes of which included forced labour, confiscation of lands and taxation.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The rebellion was bloody defeated and resulted in the deaths of more than 3000 Africans.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Bambatha was captured and executed.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The uprising heightened white people's fear of a large-scale African uprising.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[5] At the same time, the Boers' sense of nationality began to intensify, and they began to establish their own “Christian-national” schools, emphasise the nature of Afrikaans as their own language distinct from the Dutch language, and form a new identity for themselves as Afrikaaners, i.e., the African people of the old instead of a migrant identity.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Two new parties were also formed to drive these ends: Louis Botha's and Jan Smuts's transvaalist Het Volk (Kansa) in 1905 and James Barry Munnik Hertzog's Orangia Unie in 1906.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[4] With the rise of the Liberals to power in Great Britain in 1906, the process of South Africa's independence accelerated, and the Transvaal, as well as the Oranje Free State, gained full self-government as early as 1907.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Between 1908 and 1909, white South Africans from the four British colonies in the area gathered at the National Convention and decided to establish a South African federation.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The National Convention also provided that all representatives of the Parliament of a future state must be of European origin and that voting rights would be determined by the previous laws of the Länder.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In practice, this meant that in the Transvaal and Oranje only white men were eligible to vote, an economy-based system remained in Cape Country, with the vast majority of white men but only a fraction of people of colour or Africans eligible to vote.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In Natal, Indians were not allowed to vote and black people were only 0.08%.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[6] The Union of South Africa was formally established on 31 May 1910, with Louis Botha appointed as its first Prime Minister.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[7] Racial segregation policy is created 1910—1948 The policy of racial segregation formulated by the SANAC was prevalent in South Africa from 1910 until 1948, although the implementation of its practice varied in different states of the country.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The goal of racial segregation was to secure the political and economic supremacy of the white minority while at the same time guaranteeing access to cheap black labor.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The first Act of the new Parliament to restrict black labour was the Mines and Works Act 1911, which banned Africans from the majority of high-skilled mining works reserved for whites.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The Native's Labor Regulation Act, enacted in the same year, defined the conditions for doing work for blacks: blacks were recruited from rural areas, fingerprinted and issued a “passport” entitling them to move to the cities.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

If Africans violated their employment contract or stayed in the city after their employment contract expired, two months of forced labour was punishable.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[8] As Africans protested and opposed the new legislation through strikes and the establishment of trade unions, the government responded with the Industrial Conciliation Act of 1924, which restricted the right of Africans to organise or negotiate their working conditions, or - of their contracts.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Under the law, “passport-carrying” black men were not in an employment relationship under the law, and thus were not entitled to professional representation or organization.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[8] Due to worsening working conditions and conditions, the supply of cheap African labour decreased and the government had to take measures to secure access to cheap labour for the South African mining industry.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

A key objective of the government was to try to undermine the opportunity for Africans to earn a living by farming on the farms they owned.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The British had already imposed high taxes on African farmers before 1910 (dogs and huts were taxed, among other things), which had forced African farmers to sell a larger portion of their crops and become competitors to white-owned farms.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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To secure the status of white farmers, the government enacted the Natives Land Act (Natives's Land Act) in 1913, which restricted black land ownership to specific areas that made up only 7% of the land area.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Although the territories were expanded in 1936 to a total of 13% the majority of the land was of low quality and was insufficient to meet the needs of the growing black population.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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With land yields dwindling due to overpopulation and erosion, and burdened by high taxes, a growing number of Africans had been forced to move to work in white-owned farms, mines and factories.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[9] Although attempts were made to keep African labour in cities only as migrant labour, which was sought (sometimes by force) to be returned to their “homelands” upon completion of employment, many nevertheless chose to remain in the cities due to the squalid conditions in the countryside.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The government reacted by enacting the Natives' Urban Areas Act in 1923, which delimited the settlements of blacks into racially segregated areas, townships, or areas from which they were allowed to rent municipality-owned houses.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Blacks who arrived in the city were only allowed to be there for a limited time and were returned to the countryside upon completion of employment.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In order to maintain the policy of racial segregation, a Native Administration Act was enacted in 1927, separating all management of African affairs from the rest of the administration and assigned to a new Department of Native Affairs (Department of Native Affairs).


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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With the Act, the territories of Africans, which came to be called tribal reserves, could only be administered by ordinances rather than laws, and their administration was given to separate administrative bodies.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The staff of the governing bodies consisted mainly of civil servants and appointed tribal chiefs.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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With the law, the vast majority of Africans came under despotic rule.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Eventually, in 1936, the Kapmaa suffrage system was repealed by the Natives Representation Act and blacks lost even their last political rights.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[9] Afrikaaner nationalism after Louis Botha and Jan Smuts took South Africa into World War I alongside Great Britain began with J.B.M.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Support for the National Party (NP), founded by Hertzog in 1914, should rise.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In particular, the party represented Afrikaaner smallholders and industrial labourers from poorer parts of the country such as Oranje, as well as educated people who perceived themselves as discriminated against English-speaking whites.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Many Afrikaaners were still bitter about the atrocities committed by British troops during the Boer Wars and sympathised with Germany.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The National Party received more than half of their votes in the 1915 election and emerged as the leading party in Parliament in 1924 when forming a coalition government with the Labour Party.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The National Party emphasised the Afrikaaners' own national identity and, under its influence, a group of educated Afrikaaners, including priests of the Dutch Reformed Church, founded in 1918 the secret organisation Broederbond, or brotherhood, which accepted only Afrikaaners as its members.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[10] Following Hitler's rise to power in Germany in 1933, supporters of National Socialism, with Broederbond's contribution, founded black and grey shirt organisations to “fight communism”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Broederbond also organised the Voortrekker movement imitating Scouts for Afrikaaner youth.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Its great show of force was the centenary of the original Voortrekkers held in 1938, culminating in the masonry of the foundation stone of the Voortrekker Monument just off Pretoria.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The aim of the organisation was to make South Africa a white, Afrikaaner-led republic that would remain neutral in conflicts between Britain and Germany.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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With the Voortrekker festivities, the Ossewabrandwag movement (OB, bull wagon guards) was also founded, formed on the model of the National Socialist Movement in Germany.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The 300,000 members of the organization swore allegiance to the people (volk) and the People's Leader (volksleiter).


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The organisation's membership grew significantly when Jan Smuts took South Africa into World War II again alongside Great Britain, something the National Party opposed.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Participation in the war divided Afrikaaners deeply: some even began a campaign of sabotage against the war effort.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Among other things, John Vorster, the future Prime Minister of South Africa, was imprisoned for his anti-war and pro-National Socialist Germany.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[10] The genesis of apartheid 1948—1961 After World War II to the 1948 elections, the National Party went out to campaign for a new policy it called Apartheid.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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It pushed for a ban on inter-racial marriages and the immediate repatriation of Indians in the country to India to South Africa as “foreign elements”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The National Party also pledged to safeguard “the interests and job opportunities of white workers in white areas”, and its election campaign used slogans such as Swart gewar (black peril) and Die kaffer op sy plek (Kafferi where he belongs).


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The party won a parliamentary majority in the election, despite receiving less than half of the votes cast, and formed a government under Daniel François Malan.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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One of the ministers in Malan's government was Jan de Klerk, father of Frederik de Klerk, the future president of South Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[11] The National Party began to implement its new policy quickly after rising to power.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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As early as 1950, the Population Registration Act (Population Registration Act) was enacted, which set out a method for defining and registering the race of all South Africans and which served as the basis for all subsequent apartheid legislation.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Based on the Act, all South African citizens were registered as either white, coloured or natives.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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A new category of “Asians” was added to the law in 1959 for Indians in the country.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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“Community acceptance” was taken as the basis for defining human race and was later expanded to include the appearance and lineage of a person, in order to prevent the “appearance” of blond Africans as whites.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[12] To distinguish the native from the coloured, the following criteria were used: [13] close examination of a person's hair, among other features of hair skin hue facial features home language and especially Afrikaans skill neighborhood, friends and acquaintances work social status and class eating habits For the implementation of the law, a simple method was needed by which a citizen's race could be verified at any time.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Until the early part of the century, black men had needed “passports” to move and stay in designated areas of white people, but practical implementation of the law varied across provinces.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents Act 1952 and the Native Laws Amendment Act (Co-ordination of Documents Act) and the Native Laws Amendment Act made passports compulsory for the whole territory of South Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Under the law, African women were also required to carry passports, and no African was allowed to stay in any urban area for 72 hours longer without proof that they were in legal employment.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Furthermore, according to the law, no African was allowed to live in the city without having been born there, lived there continuously for 15 years, or worked for the same employer for 10 years.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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New identification papers were brought in to replace the old passports, which included a photograph, personal information, employment history, a list of taxes paid, and details of a tribal reservation that was the person's “homeland.”


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Lacking identification papers was an offence for which a prison sentence could be incurred.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[14] More legislation followed.


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As a follow-up to the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949, which banned inter-racial marriages, the Immorality Act (Immorality Act) was enacted in 1950, which prohibited all sexual relations between whites and other groups.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Even wider implications were the Group Areas Act, enacted in the same year, which defined all land by race.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Act gave the government the power to declare any territory belonging to any particular group and to remove residents belonging to other groups from the area by force.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The law soon applied to, among other things, Johannesburg's Sophiatown area, which had been one of the oldest black neighbourhoods in the city.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The government declared it white, and about 100,000 residents were relocated to a new area thirteen miles away.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[14] In 1951, rudimentary self-government was established in tribal reserves by the Bantu Administration Act to support the government's claim that the reservations were the true homelands of blacks.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Act abolished the earlier councils of native representatives in urban areas, which had been the only representative body for Africans, and replaced them with a hierarchical system of government-appointed tribal chiefs.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Also, people of colour in Kapmaa were finally removed from suffrage in 1956.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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A law was enacted in 1953 that all public facilities and services, for example park benches, sandy beaches, and waiting rooms, were to be segregated by race.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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These facilities and services did not have to be equal.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Of all the National Party's apartheid legislation in the long run, the most devastating effects were the Bantu Education Act, enacted in 1953, which transferred all school education for Africans from the Ministry of Education to the Department of Native-Affairs.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[14] The National Party's strict apartheid policies increased its popularity and it won both the 1953 and 1958 elections, achieving, each time a larger majority in Parliament.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Following Malan's retirement in 1954, Johannes Strijdom rose to power.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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At his death in 1958, Hendrik Verwoerd, who was one of the chief ideologues of the apartheid system, was elected as the new Prime Minister.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The success of the Nationalist Party also drove the main opposition party United Party behind the stricter policy of racial segregation, and only the Progressive Federal Party, which split from it, openly opposed apartheid policies.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In the 1961 elections, the National Party gained 105 seats, the United Party 45 and the Progressive Federal Party only one.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[15] In 1960, the majority of white voters supported Henrik Verwoed's proposal to make South Africa a republic and soon after this the country also seceded from the Commonwealth.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The decisions were driven by growing irritation among white South Africans over the international doom of the apartheid system, and particularly criticism of the Commonwealth's new Asian and African member nations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Intra-country resistance among Africans, Coloured and Indians had also grown with the tightening of racial segregation and it forced the government to seek new solutions to maintain order and defeat resistance.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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By the late 1950s, there was already a conviction that mere racial segregation would not be sufficient to bring about peace, but also measures were needed to marginalise and dissolve the opposition.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The settlement was considered to be the so-called grand partheid system, the implementation of which was initiated in the fold of the 50s and 60s.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[16] Radicalisation of resistance During World War II, a group of young ANC members including Oliver Tambo, Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu founded the ANC youth organisation CYL () with the intention of activating and radicalising the organisation.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In the late 1940s, inspired in part by the Indian independence struggle led by Mahatma Gandhi, they proposed the organisation introduce strikes, boycotts and civil disobedience.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In 1949, CYL succeeded in ousting former ANC chairman Alfred Xuma, who viewed the new strategy negatively and James Moroka rose to the leadership of the ANC.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In addition, three CYL representatives (Tambo, Sisulu and Mandela) were elected to the ANC Executive Committee.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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After the Nationalist Party's election victory in 1949, the ANC adopted a new agenda and a new type of resistance began.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Communist Party of South Africa, the SACP, also organised a general strike in May 1950.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[17] The Eradication of Communism Act The government's response to strikes and resistance was swift and heavy-handed.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The workers were forced to work by police and soldiers.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In Johannesburg, 18 people were killed after police opened fire in a neighbourhood of Alexandria, among others.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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To defeat the resistance, the government also enacted a new Suppression of Communism Act (Suppression of Communism Act) in which the Communist Party was banned.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Act defined communism as “an activity intended to bring about any political, industrial, social or economic change within the Union through the promotion of disorganization or disorder.. or which increases hostility between European and non-European races.”


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Act gave the Justice Department the right to collect lists of members of organizations deemed communist and to issue these, usually for five years at a time, a “pot order”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The person who received the pot order was not allowed to appear in public and his or her residence and movement were restricted.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Attorney General was further granted the right to declare any entity illegal and confiscate its assets.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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He additionally had the right to ban public gatherings that “promoted communism”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Eradication of Communism Act was used to silence almost all criticism of the government.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[15] However, the government failed to defeat opponents of apartheid.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In April 1952, the ANC jointly launched the SAIC and its leaders Yusuf Dadoo and M.P.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Naicker with a campaign of resistance that consisted of strikes and work stoppages.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The government responded by banning opposition newspapers and issuing pot orders to the movement's leaders.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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By December, 8500 had been arrested, mainly in Cape Country.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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During the campaign, the ANC's popularity increased rapidly and its membership numbers grew from less than 7000 members at the beginning of 1952 to over 100,000 members at the end of the year.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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At the same time, the leadership of the movement also changed: James Moroka was dismissed after admitting the charges against him under the Eradication of Communism Act, citing mitigating circumstances and publicly dissociating himself from ANC principles.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Chief Albert Luthuli rose to become chairman of the ANC.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[17] The government also responded to the campaign with new legislation.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Public Safety Act of 1953 gave it the right to declare a state of emergency and temporarily repeal any law if it felt that any action threatened public safety and order.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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These hardened grips on the government also led the opposition to reconsider its earlier commitment to non-violent resistance.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The ANC took tentative steps to prepare for underground activities, fearing it would be declared illegal.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In 1952, Nelson Mandela was declared to be enforced and the order was extended several times so that it continued continuously until 1965.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[18] Freedom Charter Despite the pan-orders and arrests, the ANC, SAIC, the National Congress of Colours and the SACTU, the Confederation of Trade Unions managed to organize 25.


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- June 26, 1955, during a meeting called the Great People's Congress in the small village of Kliptown near Soweto.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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More than 3000 delegates attended the meeting.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Its purpose was to present the organisations' shared vision for a new, democratic South Africa and the basis for discussion was the Freedom Charter, which was prepared several weeks before the meeting began.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Police officers broke up the meeting on June 26, announcing that treason was underway and recorded the names and addresses of all participants.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[19] The following year, 156 participants in the meeting, including Sisulu, Luthuli, Mandela and Tambo, were indicted for treason.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[20] The government further enacted two new laws establishing a censorship agency in the country whose role was to censor films, books and other material produced or imported in South Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Although the meeting was interrupted by police officers, almost every section of the Freedom Charter had time to be adopted during it.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The premise of the Freedom Charter was that South Africa should be a racially free society in which no group of people would have special rights or freedoms.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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All people should also be treated equally before the law and land should be divided between those who cultivate it.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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According to the Freedom Charter, the people should also “receive a share of the wealth of the country”, which often, especially in the propaganda of the National Party, was interpreted as the socialization of all corporations operating in the country.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[21] The treason trial against ANC leaders stretched to a five-year long stretch.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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At the same time, widespread resistance continued.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Thousands of people took part in a bus boycott on the Witwatersrand to protest the increase in ticket prices.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Federation of South African Women (South African Women) organised protests against new passport laws extending the passport carrying compulsion to women as well.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In 1956, a demonstration of 20,000 people submitted a petition against the passport laws to the government.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[22] The Birth of the PAC and the Sharpeville Massacre In 1959, a group of activists fed up with the lean results of ANC mass action set out to criticise the ANC leadership for excessive compromises and for the fact that cooperation with other organisations had prevented the ANC from driving in full view of the interests of black people.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The faction led by Robert Sobukwe were soon forced to resign from the ANC and they formed a new organisation Pan-Africanist Congress, PAC.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Immediately after its founding, the PAC set about organizing a campaign against the passport laws.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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They urged people to gather in front of police stations without their passports and demand police arrest them.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[23] On 21 March 1960, a demonstration of this nature in Sharpeville Township, south of Johannesburg, ended bloodily after police officers opened fire on the crowd and fired over 700 rounds into the crowd over a period of 30 seconds, killing 69 and wounding 186.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Most of the dead and wounded had been shot in the back as the crowd fled the gunfire.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[24] The event triggered large protest demonstrations culminating in a demonstration of 30,000 people in front of the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Verwoerd responded to the protests by declaring a state of emergency, arresting 18,000 protesters and declaring both the ANC and PAC illegal organisations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[23] Armed resistance and the Trial of Rivonia after being declared illegal, both the ANC and PAC established underground organizations to continue anti-government resistance.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The ANC's armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe (), briefly MK, founded by Nelson Mandela in 1961, began a bomb campaign against strategic targets such as police stations and power stations in an effort to avoid harming people.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[25] The PAC's armed wing, Poqo (), in turn began a campaign of terror against African chiefs cooperating with the government.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In Mandela's view, the initiation of an armed struggle was necessary because the government had blocked all legitimate forms of resistance.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[25] The government's anti-opposition struggle was led by Attorney General John Vorster and Director of the Security Police General Hendrik J. van den Bergh, both of whom had belonged to Ossewabrandwag in their youth and had been imprisoned during World War II for their Nazi sympathies.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The most notable new law they pushed through was the 1963 decree, which gave police the right to detain anyone for no more than 90 days without charge and the right to see a lawyer.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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At the end of 90 days, the police could immediately arrest the same person again for 90 days and basically repeat this for as long as they wanted.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In the same year, the government scored a significant victory over the resistance when it succeeded in arresting seventeen leaders of the ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe in June from a farm in Rivonia, near Johannesburg.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In the so-called Rivonia trial in 1964, they and Mandela, already in prison on other charges, were accused of treason.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Eight, including Sisulu and Mandela, were sentenced to life imprisonment.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[25] In 1960, Nobel Peace Prize-winning ANC chairman Albert Luthuli was put under house arrest in rural Zuluma until his death in 1967.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Oliver Tambo fled South Africa and was elected president of the ANC in exile.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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After Verwoerd died, assassinated by a coloured parliament transmitter, Vorster rose to become Prime Minister of the country in 1966, particularly on the merits he achieved in crushing the ANC.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[26] Black Consciousness Movement and United Democratic Front After the Rivonia Trial, anti-apartheid regime activity was temporarily reduced throughout the 1960s, as the most prominent leaders of the movement had been imprisoned and the movements themselves were forced to go into exile or to move underground.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Resistance began to re-intensify in the early 1970s, mainly due to the Black Consciousness movement founded by Steve Biko.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The Black Consciousness movement originated within the circle of a new young generation who throughout their lives had been in the circle of Bantu teaching designed by Verwoerd.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Schools and other colleges became centers of resistance.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[27] [28] In 1969, black university students, disillusioned with the increasingly deteriorating status of Africans in society, split from the multiracial NUSAS (National Union of South African Students) and founded their own organisation of African students, SASO, namely South African Student's Organization.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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According to Steve Biko, who was one of the founders of SASO, blacks came to make themselves a powerful group to take their own place in an open society and that blacks could not even rely on the help of well-meaning whites in their fight against apartheid.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Biko also stressed that blacks also needed to change their thinking and get rid of the inferiority complex that has plagued them and begin “a powerful grassroots outgoing development of black consciousness so that blacks learn to make their legitimate demands.” [29] Biko condemned the PAC and the ANC initiated violent resistance and considered that only non-violent means should be used in the struggle.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[28] In 1972, SASO began organizing strikes at universities that resulted in the arrest of more than 600 students and the banning of the organization on several campuses.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In 1974, SASO organized political events commemorating the end of colonial rule in Mozambique and Angola and the victory of the FRELIMO movement.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The government responded, as before, with violence and intimidation.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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Biko received a pot order in 1973 and arrested in 1974 on charges of incitement to terrorism and finally in 1975 SASO was banned in all black universities.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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But Biko used his trial, which ran until 1976, as Mandela had done ten years earlier, to articulate and disseminate his political views.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[30] [28] Soweto riots In 1974, the Minister of Bantu Education Michael C. Botha and Deputy Minister of State Andries Treurnicht decided to initiate the implementation of a previously ignored section of the Bantu Education Act, under which English and Afrikaans were to be used equally in teaching.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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In the minds of black South Africans, Afrikaans joined the country's repressive system and many school boards refused to implement the decision and students began boycotting lessons.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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On June 16, 1976, hundreds of high school students in Soweto went on a demonstration march from their school towards the area's football stadium in protest against Afrikaans language instruction.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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A large force of police soon gathered in the area, who began shelling students and throwing tear gas grenades.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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As news of the death of 13-year-old pupil Hector Pieterson spread in the area, students and Soweto residents attacked government buildings and burned down an office building, among other things.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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At least three protesters were killed in the shelling by police officers and another dozen wounded.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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The government closed all schools in the area the next day and placed the country's military on alert.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

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[31] [32] Treurnicht declared that in the “white areas” of South Africa (of which Sowetok belonged), the government had the right to decide on the language of instruction used and Justice Minister Kruger accused the students of being communists.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

On the same day, as the government crushed demonstrations, 176 protesters were killed and several hundred more over the next several months.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The protests in Soweto quickly spread throughout the country and the activity of young students also resurrected resistance from the older population.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In the urban area of Africans, people began to organize politically in the same way as they did during the resistance campaigns of the 1950s.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

After the riots, hundreds of young Africans fled to neighbouring countries, enrolling in PAC and ANC guerrilla soldier training.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[28] An extensive strike began in Soweto on 13 September 1976, bringing about 80% of Johannesburg's factories, agencies and hotels to a standstill.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The strike ended on 15 September and 16 people were killed in incidents during it.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[33] The violent suppression of the riots in Soweto also attracted international attention.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The UN General Assembly had already condemned the apartheid regime in 1962 and in 1963 the Security Council had placed South Africa under a voluntary arms embargo.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

After the riots, the Security Council changed the arms embargo to mandatory for all UN member states.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[34] There were also powerful popular movements around the world to pressure companies to stop doing business in South Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

South African athletes were also soon excluded from international competitions and a widespread boycott of South African culture and tourism took place.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[35] The ANC and PAC also began to recover from the imprisonment and exile of their leadership.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In the mid-1970s, both began infiltrating guerrilla forces into South Africa, particularly from Swaziland, which had become a major military training ground for South Africans who had gone as refugees after the Soweto riots.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However, Swaziland banned the organizations in 1977 and guerrilla training had to be transferred to other southern African countries.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The aim of the ANC's new strategy became “escalation of armed attacks combined with the creation of mass movements within the country” with the aim of uprising.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In the late 1970s, the ANC and PAC sabotage campaign accelerated and bombs exploded in numerous government buildings and, among others, the headquarters of the South African Coal, Oil and Gas Company, the Koeburg Nuclear Power Plant and the South African Air Force Intelligence Headquarters in Pretoria.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[25] Total Strategy and the UDF Government began in 1977 to implement a 'total strategy' against the 'total war' against it.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Cornerstones of the strategy included increasing the country's military budget against hostile new neighbours and creating a new security apparatus.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Over the next four years, an estimated 30 to 40 political assassinations were carried out by the detachments of the restructured security police and military intelligence, including by letter bombings and several thousand killed in military strikes carried out by the country's defence forces with the South African Defence Force neighboring territory.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[36] On 19 October 1977, South Africa banned 18 organisations that opposed apartheid and arrested some 70 leaders of the organisations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[37] Prime Minister P.W.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Botha sought to defeat internal resistance by offering black people limited rights.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1979, the government legalised black trade associations and gave them the right to hold wage negotiations with employers.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Blacks were also given a limited right to participate in the activities of city governments and the right of blacks to own real estate and businesses was expanded.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However, the majority of blacks had reservations about the reforms and, for example, the majority of trade associations refused to register, fearing future arrests of their leaders or pandering.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1979, Botha went even further, setting up a commission that put forward an overhaul of the country's constitution to create their own chambers for people of colour and Indians (but not blacks) in Parliament.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The constitution was reformed in 1983 following a referendum in which 2/3 of white South Africans supported it.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Although Parliament's power relations had been chosen in the new Constitution so that whites retained complete decision-making power, the Constitutional Reform still tore the National Party in two with the “enlightened” (verligtes) who supported the change and the “narrow-minded” (verkramptes) who looked that the races should not be in any kind of interaction.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[36] The campaign ahead of the Constitutional Reform referendum strengthened and unified the black opposition with the advent of a new strong organisation, the United Democratic Front UDF ().


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The UDF initially comprised about 400 student organizations, trade unions, churches and other organizations and by 1987 there were already 700 organizations as members of the UDF.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The organization had a membership of about 3 million and its motto was the UDF to unite, apartheid separates.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The UDF took the Charter of Freedom as the basis of its activities and thus formed a close relationship with the ANC in exile.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Among other things, the UDF demanded the release of imprisoned leaders of the ANC, but did not participate in the ANC's armed resistance.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The organization's administration was heavily decentralized and its member organizations were not overtly political.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Due to the organizational structure, no individual individuals could be named as leaders of the organization and this was done to make it difficult to arrest activists.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[36] During 1984, the implementation of the new constitution prompted resistance throughout the country.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

During January- March, the ANC carried out 14 armed attacks and bombings and students continued school boycotts despite police arrests and by September the government had been forced to ban all public gatherings.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

By the beginning of 1985, the situation had become so serious that Botha had been forced to promise Nelson Mandela's release from prison should he resign for violence.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Mandela refused the offer, however, demanding the government first release political prisoners, allow banned parties and organizations to operate, and engage in dismantling apartheid.