Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Some were from the families of the leading figures in the likke, for example Leo Mäkelin and Otto Ahmala.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

However, only five of them participated in the fighting against the Red Guards, the others resigned or were separated from the Jääkär Battalion.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[12] The Russian regime did not consider the illegal assembly of ice keepers by idly.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A strict and vigorous pro-Russian colonel, Axel Fabian af Enehjelm, was installed as governor of Oulu County in 1915.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Gendarmerie forces were increased and a 2,000-man border patrol was in place for border control.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Despite this, the ice cap movement's advance operations continued.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[12] Civil War 1918 During the Civil War in January—February 1918, armed Guards and Red Guard troops fought battles in Oulu.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The city's 1100-man-strong Russian garrison surrendered without battle to the Whites.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The fighting ended with the victory of the Whites who had received reinforcements from the south.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The total number of fallen was about 60.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Captive were 800 Red Guards who were delivered to the Raat prison camp.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Russian garrison was kept imprisoned in their barracks until they were delivered to Russia.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In all, about 1,000 people were incarcerated at various stages in the prison camp.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

By the end of the summer, plenty of 50 lives were killed in the camp, and in addition, a dozen Reds were executed by whites.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The death rate in the Oulu camp was relatively low — about 6%, compared with 15% to 19% in the Raahe camp, for example.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[13] The period between the World Wars in the 1920s focused on housing and modernizing the urban structure.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The plumbing and sewerage system were built, as well as buildings familiar to Oulu people today such as the Triangle House and Tuira Maternity Hospital.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the 1920s and 1930s, the port of Toppila was still bustling, but nationwide its importance was small, as freight traffic was concentrated in the major ports of southern Finland.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The main imported products were grain and hides, which were imported as raw materials for industry.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Exports still went almost exclusively wood.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1927, the Indian Water Tower was completed, thanks to the pressure created by which the water could be led directly to the houses.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Pavement paving was carried out in the 1930s when the city organized emergency relief work for the unemployed due to a shortage period. [6].


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Oulu-Nurmes section of line was completed in 1930, restoring the connection to the east.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The first major pulp manufacturing companies were the sulfite cellulose factory established in 1931 by Toppila Oy and the Oulu Olumäkki cellulose factory was completed in Nuottasaari in 1937.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the Winter and Continuation War 1939—1945, Oulu was an important accommodation and maintenance city.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The city was bombed two times during the war.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

At the beginning of the war, there was no anti-aircraft defence at all until Flygflottilj 19 volunteered from Sweden, bringing a squadron of two interceptors to Oulu.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[14] During the intermediate peace from summer 1940 onwards German troops were transported through Oulu to northern Norway.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Continuation War and German troops During the Continuation War, Oulu operated training, maintenance and staff centres for both Finns and Germans.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In Tuira, the Germans built a village of nearly 300 barracks, which was called Little Berlin.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The village of 24 barracks was built in Laanila as a gathering place for the troops.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

At most there were German troops in Oulu over 4000 men, half of which were SS Division Nord troops.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Administratively, the Germans only had power over their own forces, the city was run by Finnish civilian and military authorities.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] The port of Toppila was the main supply port for the Germans in Finland, and the entire staff supervising port shipments in the country was stationed in Toppila.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Wehrmacht Commandant's Office, transferred from Capri in Italy, was based at the Seurroom, that is, the present town hall.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A maintenance and training centre for SS troops operated near Tuira railway station, with the Isko and Pyykösjärvi areas as training terrains.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In addition to a Finnish war hospital, the city also housed hospitals for the Wehrmacht and SS troops, operating in several buildings across the city.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] The Germans on Hiesaari built an international prison camp for political prisoners, and in addition there were camps for Russian prisoners of war.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Prisoner labour was used in forced labour, for example, in Oulu Oy, at the construction site of the Merikoske Power Plant and when building the Toppilansalmi bridge.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Economically, the presence of Germans meant prosperity for the city; the Germans hired plenty of labor and paid well.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Maintenance of the troops also required ample supplies to be bought from locals.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The city's tax badge remained the same throughout the war.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[14] During the Continuation War, the city was bombed a total of five times.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The major destruction caused by bombing occurred in February 1944, the worst devastation was caused by an 80-90 bomber attack on 28 February.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The bombing caused only a dozen casualties, but 1,000 buildings were damaged.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Construction damage amounted to around EUR 150 million in current money.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] The Germans' new aerial surveillance and fire control radars were of great help in the fight against air.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Lapland War 1944 In accordance with the Armistice Agreement, German troops came to be removed from the country: the Lapland War began.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A truce line along the Ouluriver and a joint withdrawal plan were established with German forces.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Germans were to withdraw north of the river no later than 12 October, and from the entire city no later than 14 October.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Part of the deal was that the city would not be razed.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] In retreat, the Germans chartered four times the amount of cargo per day from the port of Toppila in Oulu, compared to the normal loading capacity of the port.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

For loading to help their own troops, the Germans produced prisoners of war, and employed the local population, even Finnish soldiers who were on leave.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Germans knew that not all the goods could be loaded by the deadline, so control was easy and the loss of goods was high when the locals taxed freight.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] Combat Division West withdrew, as agreed, to the north of Oulu, behind the Kiiminki River.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The port of Oulu was surrendered on 14 September.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Germans left in Oulu, among other things, another hundred horse-drawn carriages full of military equipment.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The only incident in the withdrawal occurred when the Finns shot down a two-man German motorcycle patrol moving south of the river after the deadline.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] The invasion of Tornio, which started the actual fighting in the Lapland War, was made from Oulu.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the war, troop maintenance passed through Oulu; because of the destroyed bridges, Oulu was for a long time the northernmost terminus of the railway network.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] During the Lapland War, Oulu was not subject to bombings or other attacks.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

After the wars, the city of Oulu had already made minimal use of the hydropower of the Oulu River in the Myllytulli Power Station built on a side branch of the river in 1903.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

On 1 August 1939, the decision was made to build the larger Merikoske Hydroelectric Power Station.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The first generator at Merikoske Power Station, built partly during the war, went into operation in 1948.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The power station was completed in 1954.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Production at Typpi Oy's factories started in 1952.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Ten people were killed in an explosion at the factory in January 1963 and the 40 metre-high saltpeter warehouse and the granulation tower located next to it were destroyed.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[16] Except for a short production outage caused by the destruction, operations have continued to this day.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Today, the chemical industry is operated by Kemira Oyj factories.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

As early as 1915, Merijal, a confectionery factory had been established in Tuira, whose best-known products were tar lion lozenge (1934) and Pasturol.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In the 1970s, the plant passed to Rettig and in the 1990s to Leaf, which ceased operation of the plant in 1996.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 2007, the site of the mill is being zoned for housing.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Regional aid and other regional policy decisions balancing the differences between southern and northern Finland have played a significant part in the development of Oulunk.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The development of modern Oulu began when a university was established in the city in 1958.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Oulua had already been presented as a higher education site in 1917.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In fact, the university started its activities in 1959 and the university's activities took off very well: Northern Finnish students were happy to study in the North, when earlier, getting an academic degree required moving to Helsinki or Turku.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The university was established as a safeguard for the development and prosperity of the city.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Faculty of Medicine, established at the university in 1960, also provided good conditions for the operation of the pharmaceutical industry, and the first products of pharmaceutical manufacturer Medipolar (now part of Orion group) were already on the market in 1962.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Today, Oulu is especially known as a technology city and the economic driver of Northern Finland.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Founded in 1982, Oulu Technopolis was the first technology village in the Nordic countries.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[17] Industrialisation in Oulu, which began in the 20th century, prospered the whole business and soon became overcrowded by the city limits.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

New building land for the growing urban population was obtained by annexing parts of the smaller municipalities surrounding it to Oulu.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1911, Alalaanila was annexed to Oulu, 1917 Tuira,1924 Kurkelanranta, 1938 Koskela, Pyykösjärvi, Hintta and Parkkisenkangas, 1947 Värön-Kastelli district, 1961 Kuivasjärvi, Korvendirect and Myllyoja, 1965 the main part of Oulujoki municipality and Pateniemi from Haukiputa municipality, from which the so-called Oulu municipality was annexed in 1979. Jylky area.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Ylikiming Municipality was annexed to Oulu in early 2009.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A major annexation took place in early 2013 when Haukipudas, Kiiminki, Oulunsalo and Yli-Ii from the surrounding municipalities were annexed to Oulu.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The area of Oulu then increased by 3,113.04 km² and the population became 191,000.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Some other municipalities were planned to be annexed to Greater Oulu, which did not materialise.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Oulu celebrated its 400th anniversary in 2005.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Population development The table below describes the development of the population of the city of Oulu between 1815 and 1939: Year1815 [18] 1840 [18] 1850 [18] 1860 [18] 1870 [18] 1880 [18] 1890 [ 18] 1900 [18] 1910 [18] 1920 [18] 1923 [18] 1930 [19] 1938 [19] 1939 [19] Population3,5435,0965,7617,0187,9559,70512,66516,30619,80221,33221,78524,18628,02128,670 See also Oulu crystal night Salmon dam Sources Citation replace error, with {{cite book| author = Kai Ala-Hälälälä| title = Prisoner of whites.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Oulu Prison Camp 1918| publisher = University of Helsinki | year = 2000| version = Master's Thesis in Finnish History | id = URN: NBN:FI-FE20011131}} Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aimo Halila| title = Northern Ostrobothnia and History of Lapland IV| publisher = Regional Unions of Northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland | year = 1984| version = Northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland during the Great Northern War and Great Hatred 1700—1721| id = ISBN 951-99561-9-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gustav Hautala| title = Oulu City history IV 1856—1918| location = Oulu| publisher = Oulu city| year = 1976| accessdate = 14.7.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gustav Hautala| title = History of Oulu City V 1918—1945| publisher = Oulu city| year = 1982}} Check date values in: | accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Paulaharju Ahti, Oulu Castle.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

WSOY, 1968 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Troop| title = White City Phases (ed.


Question: When was Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Julku, Kyösti) | chapter = Oulujokisuu Central Station in the 16th century| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Historical Society| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-749-014-3| page = 59—77}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = A. H. Virkkunen| title = History of the City of Oulu I| publisher = Oulu city| year = 1953}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kalevi Rikkinen, Hannes Sihvo, Matti Eskola, Allan Tiitta| title = Finlandia, Otava iso maammekirja 8| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-09142-0142-0142 5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Enbuske Matti, Fält Olavi K., Lackman Matti, Onnela Samuli, Rossi Matti, Ukkola Jukka, Vahtola Jous| title = Oulupolis, History of Oulu International| location = Oulu| publisher = Suomenmaa Oy| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-91-234-74-8}} References On topic elsewhere *


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The history of Russia as a kingdom in its own right began, according to Nestor's chronicle, when some Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes called the Varjagi Rurik their prince.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Rurik settled in Novgorod and the Novgorodians named their land Russkaya zemlja 'the land of Russia'.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, the reality base of this fable is very unclear.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Russia is Finland's neighbour to the east, which is why Finland and Russia have a long shared history.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Finland was an autonomous part of the Russian Empire from 1809—1917.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Empire fell in the revolutions of 1917 and after a long civil war under Russian leadership, the 1922 Soviet Union was formed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia became its own state again.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Prehistory of the territory of Russia in the Paleolithic Stone Age Neanderthal man is known to have lived in the region as early as 100,000 years ago, based on archaeological excavations in the Urals and Caucasus.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Cro-Magnon man arrived in Europe around 35,000 BCE.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the Late Paleolithic period, mammoths and other cultures that caught glacial big game appeared on the territory of Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the Ice Age in the Mesolithic Stone Age, hunter populations had to adapt to rapid environmental changes.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Farming spread in the 400s BCE, first to the territory of Ukraine, where, among other things, the culture of Tripolje emerged.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the northern forest zone, fishing industries were preserved, represented by combed ceramic cultures, among other things.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

10th century BCE


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

begins in Russia during the Bronze Age.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the Bronze Age there are signs of chiefdoms and a nomadic lifestyle based on steppe horses is taking shape.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

There are flourishing Bronze Age cultures in eastern Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Iron becomes more common around 700—400 BCE.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Greek settlements arise on the northern shores of the Black Sea and the territory of southern Russia ends up in the sphere of influence of ancient culture.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Several nomadic tribes mentioned by name are known from the steppe regions: the Cimmerians, the Scythians, the Sarmaths and, after the beginning of the period, the Huns.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In prehistoric times, the great steppes of northern Russia were home to fragmented tribes of wandering nomads.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In antiquity, the Caspian steppes were inhabited by Scythians


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[1] The remains of these societies that lived on the steppe have been found during the 20th century in areas such as Stravropol, [1] and Chelyabinsk [2] Arkaim, in the steppes of the south of the Ural [3] and in the Altai Mountains.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[4] 7th-century BCE


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the latter part, ancient Greek traders transmitted influences from their own society to Russian territory through the trading posts of the Don and Taman Peninsula.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[5] In the 200th and 5th centuries BCE.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Bosporus Empire located in the eastern parts of Crimea, a polite that followed Hellenistic Greek settlements, [6] fell under repeated attacks by warlike nomadic tribes such as the Huns and Avaars.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[7] The Turkic people, the Cassaars, ruled the steppes of the river basin of the southern Volga between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea until the 7th century.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[8] Prehistory of East Slavs The linguistic ancestors of modern Russians were Slavic tribes whose original home range has been placed in the forest areas of the Pripet swamps by some scholars.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[9] The East Slavs thus gradually settled the western parts of Russia in two waves, one moving from Kiev towards the present-day Suzdal and Murom regions and the other from Polatsk towards Novgorod and Rostov.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[10] Between the 7th—8th centuries, East Slavic tribes were forced to pay taxes to the Turkish-related cassaars who had lived in the southern Volga and Caucasus region.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

By the time of the 10th century, Slavs had divided linguistically into southern, western and eastern branches.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The eastern branch was formed by the linguistic ancestry of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Beginning in the 6th century, the East Slavs represented most of the inhabitants of western Russia, [10] and were slowly but peacefully united by Finno-Ugric tribes including Meryans, [11] muromas, [12] and Mashcherans.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[13] Further south, the Turkish-related peoples account for a large proportion of the lineage, but it has emerged in historical times with the migrations of the steppe peoples.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Russian mixed people have always been a melting pot of nations.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Cassaars Cassaars were a Turkish-related population that inhabited the steppe regions of the lower reaches of the Volga between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea between the 6th and 13th centuries.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the 7th century, the upper class of the Casars converted to Judaism.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Itil near present-day Astrakhan was the capital of their kingdom.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Due to their laws, tolerance and internationalism, the Kasars formed the main economic link between the Baltic region and the Islamic Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Between the 7th—8th centuries, many East Slavic tribes paid taxes to the cassaars.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Their influence began to wane when Oleg, the shadow warrior, moved south from Novgorod, expelled the cassaars from Kiev, and founded Kievan Rus' around the year 880.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The influence of the cassairs continued to decline in the 9th century with the invasion of Slavs and Turkish-related nomads.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Kievan Russia Scandinavian Vikings, called the Variags by the Byzantines, combined looting and trade and began expeditions on water routes leading from the Baltics to the Black Sea and Caspian Sea.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[14] [15] The Slavs who lived along the rivers often employed varjags as their patrons.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

According to the oldest chronicles, a varjag named Rurik became Prince of Novgorod c. In 860.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In reality, his seat of administration may have been Ladoga Castle (the city of Novgorod was founded, according to modern archaeology, no earlier than around 930).


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Around the year 880, his followers took control of Kiev and established Kievan Rus, or Kievan Rus', in the valley of the Dnieper River.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[16] who had previously been under the rule of the Kasars.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[17] As early as the end of the 8th century, Kievan Russia encompassed a vast area that served as a preform of present-day Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, Russia itself cannot be talked about, for the reason that Kiev Russia can also be seen as the beginning of Ukraine and Belarus.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The name rus, along with the Swedish and Estonian roots of the Finnish language, is related to Swedish Roslagen, or a word describing rowing, according to many scholars.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

This theory has been accepted in Western Europe generally.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Some Russian scholars have also suggested that the word would have Slavic or Persian roots.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

For example, it has been suggested that the word would come from the name of the South Slavic Rosamondi people.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In any case, it seems certain that among the ruling class of Kievan Rus' Scandinavian substance played a significant part.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Kievan Russia comprised a centrally controlled group of principalities whose main purpose was to maintain river trade routes through which furs, beeswax and slaves were transported between Scandinavia and Byzantium.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

By the end of the 9th century, the Scandinavian minority had assimilated into the Slavic population.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Among the most long-lasting effects of Kievan Russia was the development of a Slavic version of the Orthodox faith, which strongly influenced Russian culture for the next thousand years.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Kiev converted to Christianity during the reign of Prince Vladimir in 988, when all the inhabitants were baptized.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

A few years later, the first collection of laws, Russkaya pravda, was created.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The princes of Kiev followed the Byzantine example and kept the church, with their income, dependent on the state, which led to the fact that the Russian church and state have always been closely connected.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the 9th and 10th centuries, Kievan Russia became a major power.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[18] By the time of the 10th century, especially during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus was capable of achievements in economics, architecture and literature that surpassed those of Western Europe.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Compared to Western Christendom, the Russian language drew little influence from early Christian writings in Greek and Latin.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

This was due to the use of church slave in worship services.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the 10th and 12th centuries, constant invasions by Turkic nomadic tribes such as the Kipchaks and Petsenegs prompted a massive exodus of Slavs into the safest forest areas of the north, especially the region known as Metsäntaka.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[19] Like many other regions of Eurasia, these territories were taken over by the Mongols beginning in the late 1230s.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Later, these conquerors, also known as Tatars, formed a state known as the Golden Orda, which plundered the principalities of Russian territory and ruled the southern and central parts of the region for more than three centuries.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Mongol rule stunted the economic and social development of the region.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[20] However, the Novgorod Republic and Pskov retained some of their autonomy during the Mongol period, sparing the unrest that plagued other regions.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Novgorodians, led by Alexander Nevalainen, had been expelled by German crusader forces seeking to turn the area into their colony.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Russian state of Kiev eventually dispersed as a result of internal struggles within the princely family that ruled it collectively.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Kiev had been badly wiped out by the Mongols in 1240, its dominance waned and its encircled Vladimir-Suzdal in the northeast, the Novgorod Republic in the northwest, and Galitsia-Volynia in the southeast, in turn, strengthened.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[21] Galitsia-Volynia eventually merged with Poland-Lithuania, while Vladimir-Suzdal, which fell under Mongol rule, and the independent Novgorod Republic were formed as the basis of modern Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Kiev Russia was completely dispersed by the armed power struggles of the princely families in the state.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The might of Kiev declined at the expense of Novgorod to the north and Halych-Volhynia to the southeast.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Mongol conquest in the 13th century eventually destroyed Kiev.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Halych-Volhynia joined Poland-Lithuania and the Mongol-ruled Vladimir-Suzdal and Novgorod, which retained its independence, became the basis of the modern Russian state.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Mongol Conquest See also Batu-Khan Kievan Rus' dispersion into internal power struggles combined with the Mongol invasion.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1223, Kievan forces confronted the Mongols on the Kalka River and the Kievans were crushed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The new invasion was led by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and in 1240 the Mongols dispossessed Kiev and moved westward into the Polish-Hungarian regions.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

By then they had conquered most of the Russian principalities, only Novgorod spared from takeover.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The effects of the Mongol Conquest were regionally uneven.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Centers like Kiev never recovered.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Those who fled southern Russia relocated mainly to the northeast, where the soil was better and rivers enabled economic development.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

From this region developed the heart of modern Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Novgorod was still flourishing and a new power formation Moscow began to develop under Mongol pressure.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Khanate founded in Russia by the Golden Orda Batu has been called the Golden Orda.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The defeated Russian principalities were allowed to keep their rule and religion, but were subjected to the harsh and arbitrary tax-slavery of the Orda.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

For the population of the territory of Russia, the time of Orda meant a heavy burden in the form of taxes and oppression, and for the civilization values and development of the region it was destructive.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1242, Batu established his capital Sarai, which must have been located downstream of the Volga.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Orda quickly lost its Mongolian identity: most of its population were of Turkish ancestry, Uzbeks and other native nomadic tribes of the region.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Orda became more of an urban than nomadic state: Sarai became a thriving metropolis.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Mongols in Orda also quickly embraced Islam, abandoning their old animist religions.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Those in power in the Orda have most often been referred to as Tatars.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Orda's policy in Russia followed the guideline of “divide and rule”, the Tatars tending to agree rapidly varying alliances with local princes to keep the region weak and divided.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the 14th century, the rise of Lithuania to a great power meant a challenge to Tatar supremacy.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Because of that, the Khan sought to form Moscow into a leading Russian state.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Ivan I of Moscow was granted the rank of Grand Duke and the right to collect tax from other Russian princes.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Principality of Moscow Rise Daniel Alexandrovich, youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, founded the Moscow Principality at the bottom of the city of Moscow, which later united Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The rise of Moscow was facilitated by its advantageous location in relation to the rivers and the protection afforded by forests and marshes, but the main factor was its cooperation with the Mongol states.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Mongols appointed Moscow rulers as Grand Dukes and gave them the right to collect tax from other principalities.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Later, the privileges of the principality were increasingly increased by making it the center of the Russian Orthodox Church.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The head of the church, the Metropolitan, moved with his court from Kiev via Vladimir to Moscow in 1299.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Beginning in the middle of the 14th century, Mongol power began to weaken into internal struggle and the Grand Dukes of Moscow saw the possibility of open settling against the Mongols.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1380, the Mongols were defeated at the Battle of Kulikovo and although this did not yet end Russian Mongol rule, brought it much fame to Grand Duke Dimitri Donsko, who was later made a saint, and cemented Moscow's leading position among the principalities.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Since the 14th century Ivan III, the Grand Dukes of Moscow sought to unite the lands of Russia under their subordination.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The most successful here was Ivan III the Great (1462—1505), who laid down the foundations of modern Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He doubled Moscow territories by annexing most of the then northern Russia including Novgorod to Moscow and later tripling them in territories acquired from the west.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He developed the regime in the direction of autocratics, nitpicking the power of nobles and local princes.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Ivan resigned the Golden Orda's tax-slavery and opened the way for its eventual overthrow.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Ivan married the daughter of the last emperor of defeated Byzantium and the idea of Russia as the third Rome began to develop.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

It was disseminated especially by the monk Philofei Pskovalainen in his letters to Ivana's successor Vasily III.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the implosion of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow adopted for itself the legacy of the Byzantine Empire.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

While still under the Mongol Tatars in the early 14th century, the Principality of Moscow, with their agreement, began to claim further influence over Western Russia for itself.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Supported by the Russian Orthodox Church and especially the revival of spiritual life initiated by the consecrator Sergei Radonezian, Russia finally defeated the Mongol Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Ivan III (“Ivan the Great”) eventually managed to detach Russia from the grip of the conquerors and united the surrounding territories under Moscow.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He appointed himself “Grand Duke of the Whole Russian Land”.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[22] Moscow Russia Ivan IV the Terrible Sovereign's autocracy peaked during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible (1547—1584).


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

During his long reign, Ivan IV annexed into his territory the Tatar Khanates (Kazan and Astrakhan) located on the banks of the Volga and turned Russia into a multinational state, which now also had a significant number of Islamists.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Ivan IV enacted a new collection of laws, established the first representative body of feudal administration in Russia, and granted local self-government to rural areas.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[23] [24] However, Ivan IV's reign was overshadowed by the long and unfortunate Livonian War, in which Russia fought Poland, Lithuania and Sweden to reach the Baltic coasts and, with it, better access to trade by sea.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[25] The same purpose was for diplomacy in the direction of Elizabethan England: the English established a sea route in the White Sea and gained a temporary trade monopoly in Russia [26].


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

War losses, epidemics and canopies [27] weakened the state, and the Crimean Tatars managed to burn Moscow in 1571.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[28] The death of Ivan the Terrible's sons, as well as famine between 1601 and 1603 [29], led the country to civil war and interference by foreign powers during the “mayhem” of the early 17th century.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[30] A period of turmoil and the death of Romanovs Ivan in 1584 was followed by a period of civil wars which struggled for the monarch and the revival of the power of the nobility.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, the monopoly survived through this period with the help of a powerful clerical apparatus capable of functioning regardless of the legitimacy of the ruler.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

This period caused Russia to have large territorial losses to Poland-Lithuania and Sweden.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Polish-Lithuania even managed to conquer Russia in 1609, but the Poles were allowed to be expelled as early as 1612.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[31] The period between 1598 and 1613 in Russian history is known as a period of turmoil.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Order was restored in 1613 when representatives of the fifty cities elected to power Ivan the Terrible's nephew, Mikael Romanov.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Romanov family ruled Russia thereafter all the way to 1917.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

A necessary task of the new dynasty was the restoration of order.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Fortunately for Moscow, its main enemies, Poland-Lithuania and Sweden were in a bitter mutual conflict that allowed Moscow to conclude peace with Sweden in 1617 and a truce with Polish-Lithuania in 1619.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Russian Oversies, or Pajars, preferred to opt for cooperation with the Romanovs rather than a new civil war period, which allowed the Romanovs to finalise a centralized clerical apparatus.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The state needed the support of the nobility, especially in military matters, and allowed the Pajars in return to finalize the serfdom of the peasants.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In previous centuries, the state had only restricted peasants from passing from one host to another, but now serfdom was enshrined in its entirety in law and escaped peasants were treated as outlaws.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The landowners had gained complete control over their peasants and were capable of buying, selling and mortgaging them.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The state and the superiority imposed an extravagant tax burden on the peasants.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Merchants and artisans in cities also began to be taxed and they too were forbidden from changing residence.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

All segments of the population became subject to military and other special taxes.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

With the conquest of Siberia Russia began already in the 16th century to expand its territory to the east, to Siberia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

By the middle of the 17th century, Russian settlements had been established as early as the Chukchi Peninsula and as far as the banks of the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1648, Russian explorers saw for the first time the Bering Strait separating Asia and North America.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[32] The Russo-Chinese border was first established by the Peace Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[33] The border ended in the east with the Sea of Ohota much further north than the present border.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[34] [35] Peasant rebellions The peasant revolts were mostly local, but the largest peasant revolt in Europe of the 17th century occurred in 1667 when the Cossacks rose against the concentration of power and the serfs joined them in escaping their masters.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Cossack rebel Stenka Razin led his supporters to the Volga, agitated the peasants into revolt, and established a previous local government to replace his Cossack government.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

His troops were eventually beaten by the Tsarist army in 1670 and a year later Stenka was captured and executed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The uprising and subsequent shortage raised the area's peasant mortality rate considerably.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Empire Russian Empire (Росси́йская Импе́рия; Rossiyskaya Imperija) existed from the 1721—1917 conquests of Peter the Great to the Russian expansion from the Baltics to the Pacific until the February Revolution of 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II was deposed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[36] Peter the Great Already Ivan IV's title Tsar came from Caesar.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The first Russian emperor was crowned in 1721 Peter the Great, who had become monosyllabic by 1696.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Peter reformed Russia in several ways.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He established a navy and defeated Sweden with it, westernized the Russian army, reformed the system of government, established the first civil service and senate.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Orthodox Church was annexed as part of the state and the patriarchate was replaced by a holy synod headed by a state official.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The amount of taxes collected under St. Petersburg tripled.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In addition to the mental tax, booze and salt began to be taxed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He westernized Russia in terms of customs and art, founded the first book printing and the Russian Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Westernization, though, led to a drink between the people and the superiority.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The capital was moved to the Western-style city of Saint Petersburg, founded in 1703, which had been built on lands reclaimed from Sweden in the bottomland of the Gulf of Finland.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[37] [38] Peter died in 1725 [39], but as early as 1727 Russia wrote a border treaty with China.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The time of the Palace Revolutions Peter altered the succession to the throne by slaying his own son Alexei, who opposed his father's reforms and gathered troops opposing them.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Under the new law, the Tsar was allowed to choose his successor himself, but Peter was unable to do this when he died accidentally in 1725 while rescuing his men.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The ambiguous succession to the throne led to coups in which the crown was inherited by whoever managed to persuade the Palace Guard in St. Petersburg to its side.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the short-lived reigns of Catherine I and Peter II, Ivan V's daughter Anna Ivanovna, who had been Peter's co-ruler, ascended the throne.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He gained power with the support of the top brass, but was forced to concede to many concessions.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Empress Anna died on 28 October 1740 and her adopted child Ivan (1740—1764) ascended the throne.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

1741, daughter of Peter the Great, Yelizaveta Petrovna (1709—1762) seized power with the favored assistance of the Guard, and ascended the throne with the monarch name Elizabeth in 1741.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[40] The infant Ivan was thrown into prison, where he lived for the rest of his life.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[41] Elizabeth continued her father's reforms, and in her time the Moscow University (1755) and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts (1757) were founded.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Mikhail Lomonosov, the first prominent scientist in Russia was admitted professor of chemistry at St. Petersburg University and later rose to become its rector and in 1764 Interior Minister.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1726—1761, Russia was an ally of Austria against the Ottoman Empire and France.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the War of the Polish Succession of 1733—1735, Russia and Austria blocked a French candidate from entering the Polish throne.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the war against the Ottoman forces of 1734—1739, Russia again conquered Azov.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the Seven Years' War of 1756—1763, Russian troops were already at the gates of Berlin, but after Elisabeth died in 1762, Anna Petrovna's son Peter III made peace with Prussia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Peter III had a brief and unpopular reign.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

As the son of Anna Petrovna, daughter of Catherine I, and Karl Friedrich, a German Holstein-Gottorp, he had received a Lutheran upbringing and was considered a foreigner by the Russians.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

His reign lasted only six months before the emperor was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy plotted by his wife with his lover Alexei Orlov.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

His wife ascended the throne as Catherine II in June 1762.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[39] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Russia expanded significantly.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

There was war against the Ottoman again in 1768.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the peace treaty of 1774, Russia received a port on the Black Sea, and the Crimean Tatars gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Catherine annexed Crimea to Russia in 1783, leading to a new war against the Turks in 1787.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the Peace of Jass of 1792, Russia extended to the Dniester.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Catherine did not achieve her entire objective in the war; however, the Ottoman forces no longer posed a significant danger, although the Balkans remained under their control.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Expansion westward led to the partition of Poland.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Weakened Poland's neighbors — Russia, Prussia and Austria — sought to place their own ruler on its throne.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1772, in the first partition of Poland, Russia gained Belarus and Livonia, and in the subsequent partition most of Belarus and Ukraine west of the Dnieper.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The division led to anti-Prussian and Russian uprisings, whereby by the Third Partition of 1795 Poland ceased to exist as an independent state.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Russia now lost Poland as a buffer territory and gained powerful German states on its border.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The annexation of the new territories also led to instability.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Catholic Poles proved troublesome citizens.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Russia had expelled all Jews by 1742 and due to the new population a law was enacted ordering Jews to remain in the western parts of the Empire.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Catherine initiated the Russification and unification activities that her successors also pursued by abolishing the independence of Ukraine, the Baltics and Cossacks east of the Dnieper.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

During the war of 1768—1774 against the Ottomans, Russia experienced the first signs of social discontent.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

As a result of the rebellion of Don Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev, Catherine decided to reform the administration and in 1775 she divided the country into provinces and districts with local government.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The overlords were relieved of the obligation to work for the central government, and many of them were placed in positions in local governments.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He also divided the people into the enactments of 1785, giving every part of the people its own responsibilities.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The supremacy now gained rights that even the emperor could not interfere with.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The status of serfs was not addressed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Westernization continued and the increasing number of publications led to criticism from those who hold power.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[42] Paul I Catherine II died 1796 and his son Paul I (1796—1801) succeeded him on the throne.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Aware that Catherine had planned to succeed her son, Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov, Paul imposed a new succession to the throne, in which the eldest of the children was always succeeded.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He also founded the Russian-American Trade Company of 1799, which established the first bases in Alaska for fur fishing.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Paul was seen as unstable and indecisive, and could spin his older decisions unexpectedly, creating chaos and enemies.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[37] As a European superpower, Russia did not escape the effects of the French Revolution.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Paul became a relentless opponent of France and joined Britain and Austria in the war against France.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1798—1799, Russian troops under Aleksandr Suvorov fought gloriously in Italy and Switzerland.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Paul, however, changed his mind and abandoned his allies.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

This led to a crisis in addition to domestic political problems, and Paul was assassinated in March 1801.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[43] Alexander I ascended to the throne as Alexander I (crowned 1801—1825) after the murder of his father, in which he was also implicated.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Alexander had been brought up in the spirit of the Enlightenment period, but he was also inclined towards romanticism and mysticism, especially in the latter stages of his reign.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Napoleon's growing power was the main concern of European countries, and Russia rejoined Britain and Austria alongside Britain and Austria against Napoleon.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Napoleon defeated the coalition at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805 and lobbed the Russians again at Friedland in 1807.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Alexander was forced to bend to peace, and by the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit he became an ally of Napoleon.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

To force Sweden into a British blockade, he conquered Finland in the Finnish War of 1809 and attacked another 1812 against Turkey, capturing Bessarabia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Russian-French alliance soon began to crack.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Continental foreclosure did not serve Russia's economic interests, and Alexander said he disconnected from it in 1810.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In June 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia with the Grande Armée of 600,000 men.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The troops marched as far as Moscow, but did not achieve a decisive victory.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

By the retreat, the army numbered only 30,000 men.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

With the allies, the French were driven back to Paris, and Napoleon was eaten from power.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the victory of the Allies, Alexander gained a reputation as the saviour of Europe, and his part was prominent at the Congress of Vienna of 1815 in redrawing the borders of Europe.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the same year he founded the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia, with whose leaders he declared to uphold Christian values in Europe, the union was later joined by Britain and France.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

At the same time, countries protected their backs against the worrying values of exclusivity and demanding freedom from the French Revolution.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Britain largely remained aloof from the action, but continental members successfully quashed constitutional rebellions in Italy in 1821 and Spain in 1823.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

As Russia continued its westward expansion, the Congress of Vienna re-established the Kingdom of Poland, to which Alexander granted a constitution.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In addition to the position of autocratic emperor of Russia and Grand Duke of Finland (1809), he also became Polish constitutional monarch.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1813, Russia conquered Baku in the Caucasus from Persia, and Alaska, too, was already firmly held by the Empire.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Under Alexander I, the first revolutionary movements emerged.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Officers returning from France brought with them the ideas of human rights, representative government and democracy.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Opposition to autocratics and calls for an end to serfdom, or even whole monopoly, began to increase.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The oddity that Congress-Poland had been allowed a legislative parliament accountable only to the Polish Viscount, while Russia had an autocracy without constitutions sparked discontent and several groups were preparing to revolt when Emperor Alexander unexpectedly died in 1825.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

His other brother Nicholas ascended to the throne.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

A group of officers with a 3,000-man force under their command refused to recognise the new monarch and instead demanded a constitution.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

According to the date of the revolt in December, it is called the Decembrist Rebellion.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Decembrists demanded a constitutional monarchy to be formed around Alexander's brother Konstantin, but there were also republicans among them.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After Constantin's refusal of the crown, the army crushed the rebellion.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Its leaders were executed and the rest were exiled to Siberia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[43] Nicholas I Nicholas I (1796—1855) was emperor from 1825 until his death in 1855.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He avoided his brother's religious and Enlightenment influences and sought to prop up his power as an autocrat by necessary means.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He created in 1826 the gendarmerie headed by the Third Department of the Emperor's Office, which oversaw the country's internal security.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Censorship carefully controlled all publications.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1833, Minister of Education Sergei Uvarov confirmed monopoly, orthodoxy and nationalism as the guideline of the regime.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The principles did not bring popular support, but led to attempts to suppress minority nationalities.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Eastern Rites, which had been associated with the Catholic Church, were suppressed in Ukraine and Belarus in 1839.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the French rebellion of 1830, Poles also rose up in revolt in 1830.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the Eleven Months' War, the Poles were overthrown in 1831, the Polish parliament was dissolved, the constitution was repealed, and the country was made a province of Russia, with Russian as its official language.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In Europe's mad year of 1848, Nikolai was on the front lines defending the old system.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He provided assistance to the Habsburgs in defeating the Hungarian revolt and persuaded Prussia not to adopt a libertarian constitution.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Having helped prevent revolutions, Nicholas seemed the most powerful ruler in Europe.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Despite the general atmosphere, Russian culture still rose to its heyday, Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol and Ivan Turgenev brought international fame and glory to Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Ballet was imported from France and established itself thanks to the compositions of Mikhail Glinka (1804—1857).


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

With the nationality cause, philosophers split into two schools, others still seeing Russia as backward and primitive, and sought to promote Westernization.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Still others focused on Slavic culture and disparaged Western influences.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

As Nikolai sought to maintain the existing situation in Europe, he took a firm stance in charge of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Following Russia's traditional position as patron of the Orthodox, he aspired to be the protector of the Balkan Orthodoxies dominated by the Turks.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Russia waged a victorious war against the Ottoman forces in 1828 and 1829 and concluded the 1833 Treaty of Unkiar-Skeliss.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Under the cover of his international standing strengthened by the overthrow of the Revolutions of 1848, he provoked the Ottoman into the War of 1853 by conquering Moldavia and Wallachia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Fearing Russia would defeat the Ottoman, Britain and the French joined the side of the Turks in the Crimean War.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

European forces recaptured the Russian fortified Sevastopol base after a one-year siege in September 1854.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Nicholas I died before the end of the war, but after the loss of Sevastopol and the rise to power of Alexander II, peace negotiations began and the war ended with the Peace of Paris on 30 March 1856.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[44] [45] Alexander II Alexander II succeeded his father in 1855.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He was a conservative, but reforms were bound to be made.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He reformed education, administration, law enforcement, and the military.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1861, he freed 20 million serfs from the power of his masters.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Land was distributed to the farm laborers, but they had to pay dues to the state for fifty years.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The losses of the hosts were offset by bonds.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The government had hoped the freed would be able to support themselves and produce enough crops to export and offset government spending.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, the land distributed to the peasants was the poorest and due to inefficient farming methods, the peasants soon fell behind on their payments.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The value of landowners' bonds plummeted, and many were no longer able to farm the entire land they owned without labour and capital.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Local government restructuring followed the emancipation of slaves.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The European part of Russia was organized into provinces and districts (zemstva), whose management was attended by representatives of all social classes, and which were responsible for schools, health care, roads, prisons and food distribution.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1870, urban councils, dumat, were established.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The administration was often held by the former upper class.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1864, Western-style law courts with juries were established in major cities.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The new jurisprudence worked well, but the state did not have the funds to expand it to smaller villages.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Censorship was partially repealed, and some issues required public debate before decision-making.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the 1866 attempt was made to assassinate Alexander II, censorship returned, and the universities again lost the independence they had gained five years earlier.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The government also tried to impose a curriculum for school education, but lacked the resources to implement it.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The State Bank of Russia was established in 1866 to stabilize the currency.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

One of the goals of the emancipation of serfs was the intensification of the military, before a serf could not leave his owner for military training only to go back to being a slave.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Bureaucracy slowed the reform of the army until the Franco-Prussian War of 1870—1871 seemed indispensable for the creation of a modern army.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The introduction of the call-out system in 1874 led to the duty of the Army to teach soldiers to be literate.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Still, despite the reforms, the army remained a backwater, with Russia falling behind the rest in the deployment of rifles, machine guns and artillery, and in the field of navy.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Alexander II was assassinated by revolutionaries with a homemade bomb on 1 March 1881.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Into power came to power was his son Alexander III (reigned 1881—1894), who continued to tighten the grip of the regime by organizing the police as Ohrana, which was placed under the control of the Ministry of the Interior and given special powers.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In an attempt to save Russia from modernism, Alexander III enacted religious censorship, persecuted minority religions and peoples, initiated persecutions of Jews, and reduced the authority of universities.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Poles, Finns, Latvians, Lithuanians and Ukrainians reacted to unification efforts with accelerating nationalism and many Jews joined radical movements.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[46] Foreign Policy After the ill-ended Crimean War, Russia pursued a cautious foreign policy.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The 1856 Treaty of Paris had demilitarized the Black Sea and deprived Russia of Bessarabia and a strip of land at the mouth of the Danube.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Western European states gained the right to protect Christians of the Ottoman Empire rather than Russia, which had had this right since 1774 until the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainirj.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Alexander II's first objective was to once again gain access to his warship from the Bosphorus.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Britain and Austria (from 1867 Austria-Hungary) were considered the major obstacles to this plan, so France, Prussia and the United States became important partners.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Prussia (from 1871 the German Empire) replaced Britain as banker.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the Crimean War, the policy of expansion was continued in the direction of the Caucasus.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Numerous Muslim people—Chechens, Cherkesis and Dagestans—continued to resist despite numerous operations.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

It was not until the troops captured legendary Chechen leader Šamili's 1859 conquests that the 1859 conquests could be resumed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Tashkent was conquered from Kodand (Quqon) Khanate and Samarkand region from the Emirate of Buhara in 1868.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Khanates retained autonomy until 1917.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Following the United States, Britain, and France, Russia established relations with Japan and Britain and France acquired concessions from China in the Second Opium War of 1856—1860.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the Treaty of Aigun 1858 and the Treaty of Peking 1860 Russia received from China the territories north of the Amur and the Ussuri River, totaling more than one million km [34] [35], and began building a port and base at Vladivostok.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In order to secure the Amurin—Ussuri area and obtain funds, Alaska was sold to the United States in 1867.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

As part of its European policy, Russia supported French anti-Austrian diplomacy, but cooperation tapered off.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Russia more firmly supported Prussia, accepting German reunification at the price of the Black Sea issue.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

This goal was achieved at the London Conference of 1871 after Prussia defeated France in the German-French War.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

United Germany became the most powerful state in Europe, allying with the Union of Three Emperors with Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1873 to prevent these from forming an alliance with France.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, Russian and Austro-Hungarian ambitions crossed in the Balkans, where Christian Slavic peoples were under the rule of the weakening Ottoman Empire.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the 1870s, public opinion began to turn to the side of liberating Christians in the Balkans and the annexation of Bulgaria and Serbia as a protectorate of Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1875—1877, there were rebellions in the Balkans in Bosnia, Herzegovina and Bulgaria, whose rebellions were brutally defeated by the Turks.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The major European powers did not react, but Serbia declared war on the Ottoman.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1877, Russia came to the aid of besieged Serb and Russian volunteer forces by declaring war.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Within a year, the Russian army approached Constantinople and the Ottoman surrendered.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Generals and diplomats called for forcing the Ottoman to sign the Treaty of San Sterfanono, which would have created an independent Bulgaria stretching as far as the northwestern Balkans.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the treaty, and Russia backed down.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

At the Congress of Berlin in July 1878, a smaller Bulgaria was created and the Western Balkans remained to Austria-Hungary.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Russian nationalists infuriated Austria-Hungary and Germany for their lack of support, but the renewed alliance of the Three Emperors remained in effect.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The military focus shifted again to Central Asia, where had been defeated by a series of rebellions in the 1870s.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Britain became concerned again in 1881 after Russian forces occupied the Turkmen lands on the Persian and Afghan borders, but war was averted after Germany gave its support to Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Meanwhile, in Bulgaria, dissatisfaction with Russian meddling in its affairs grew, and the country turned to Austro-Hungary.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Germany supported Austria, but pacified Russia by entering into a bilateral defense alliance in 1887.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After a year, however, Bismarck banned further loans to Russia, and French took over as the main financier.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After Emperor William II dismissed Bismarck in 1890, the German-Russian military alliance ended, and Russia entered into an alliance with France three years later, to counterbalance the 1879 German—Austro-Hungarian alliance.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[45] The early stages of industrialization throughout the second half of the 19th century Russia developed more economically slower than other states.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

As giant as Russia was, it could neither create nor memorize enough capital for industrialisation.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[47] France sought to invest significantly in Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Swedish Nobel family is well known for its investments in the oil fields of Baku.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In terms of population, it was considerably larger than its western counterparts, but the majority of the population lived in rural areas, engaging in small-scale farming.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Four-fifths of the rural population were former serfs and state peasants.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

20% of the agricultural land was large farms over 50 km², but they were rarely cultivated as a single unit.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Between 1850 and 1900, the population doubled, but the land remained agricultural-dominated well into the 20th century.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Between 1850 and 1910, population growth was fastest among the major powers, with the exception of the United States.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Industrial growth was significant but volatile and not very extensive.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The most industrialized regions were Moscow, the central regions on the European side, St. Petersburg, the Baltic cities, Russian Poland and some areas along the Don and Dnieper rivers and the southern regions of the Ural Mountains.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

By 1890 Russia had 32000 km of railway and 1.4 million factory workers, most in the textile industry.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Between 1860 and 1890 coal production had increased by 1200% to 6.6 million tonnes per year and steel and iron were produced by 2 million tons per year.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[48] Revolutionary movements The reforms of Alexander II, especially the relenting of censorship, led to a freer expression of political opinions.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

While the government sought to win support for its policies in era and newspaper publications, movements critical of the government and exclusivity also got out loud.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the 1860s—1880s, the radicals were known by the generic name Narodniks and mostly focused on peasant affairs, which they referred to as narod (people).


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the 1860s, Nikolai Chernychevsky suggested that Russia could move directly to socialism, bypassing capitalist society.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Other radicals included anarchist Mikhail Bakunin and his associate Sergei Netshayev, who called for direct action.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Pyotr Tkatchev spoke out against Marxism, arguing that revolutionaries had to act before capitalism developed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

As a result of the failure, in 1876, the propaganda organization Zemlja i volja (Earth and Freedom) was created, which relied on terrorism.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The group was renamed the Narodnaya volja ('The Will of the People') three years later, under which name it operated in connection with the 1881 assassination of Alexander II.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1887, Aleksandr Ulyanov, an 1887 member of the Cherny Peredel (Black Division) propaganda group, attempted the assassination of Emperor Alexander III.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Authorities caught up with him and he was executed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

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The execution shocked Aleksandr's younger brother Vladimir Ulyanov, who joined the People's Will Organization and later adopted the pseudonym Lenin.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[49] Alexander III Alexander III (reigned 1881—1894) ascended after the illness and death of his brother in 1865 and, due to the murder of his father, to the throne on 14 March 1881.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Already in his Coronation Manifesto, he stated plainly that no changes were coming to the autocratic form of government, nor did he change his mind later.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In his view, Russia would be saved from agitation by anarchists and revolutionaries the same values espoused by the older generation of Slavophiles — nationality, orthodoxy and autocracy.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

For him, an idealistic state would consist of a single nationality, language, religion and government.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

This would be achieved by setting Russian as the school language for Germans, Poles and Finnish subjects, and by destroying the remaining remnants of German, Polish and Swedish institutions from the outer provinces.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

With accelerating industrialization in the late 19th century, Russian backwardness reached critical relations, the 1891 decay claimed half a million lives.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In return, extensive, but costly, renewal projects were needed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

To implement these was appointed Minister of Finance in 1892 Sergei Witte.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He organized foreign borrowing, organized an unstable currency to the gold standard, and accelerated the development of heavy industry, which included the construction of the Siberian Railway.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

These actions were intended to modernize the country and secure the Russian far east against the threat of Japan and China.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Despite the late-century slump, coal, iron and oil output tripled, and Russia rose in number of rail miles to second place behind the United States.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Yet grain production and exports did little to grow, and doubling government spending ate up some of the economic growth.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[50] Industrialization increased the number of factory workers in cities.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Much of the industry was held by state and foreign owners, leaving the laborers with considerable influence in the absence of a rich bourgeoisie.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the 1890s—20th centuries, unhappy working and living conditions, high taxes, and the poor status of peasants led to many strikes and disorganization.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

These also encouraged political organization.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Poles in Russia, hardest hit by periods of repression, founded the Polish Socialist Party in Paris in 1892.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The party's founders hoped to unify a Poland divided between Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Jewish laborers founded the 1897 Party (Bund), which gained support in western Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party was founded 1898.


Question: When was Russia founded?

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The Finns remained separate, but the Gruusians and Latvian Social Democrats joined the Russian Party.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the south, politically active Muslim peoples were attracted by Islamic unity and pan-Turkism.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, the United Socialist-Revolutionary Party, born on the basis of the Narodnik movement, was formed as the largest party, with a mainly agrar-socialist agenda.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The young Vladimir Ulyanov was exiled for 1895—1899 to Siberia, where he took the name Lenin after the Lena River.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In December 1900, he founded the Iskra magazine ('Spark'), believing that a magazine produced abroad could create an organized revolutionary party to oust autocracy.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He also acted to create the VSDTP strictly organized and unified.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

At the second party congress of 1903, he forced the Federation of Jews to walk out, and was expelled from the party by the Menshevik fact, believing in spontaneous activity of workers rather than centralist guidance.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[51] On the death of Nicholas II Alexander III on 1 November 1894, the power was inherited by his eldest son Nicholas II.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Nicholas was ill-prepared for his rise to power on account of his father's early death and relied on his wife and his cousin, Emperor William II of Germany.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Nikolai and his wife Aleksandra Fyodorovna (born Alix von Hessen-Darmstadt) and court tended to mysticism.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

This was highlighted by the haemorrhagic disease suffered by heir to the throne Aleksei (d. 1904), at which point the Tsarist family sought help from the mystic Grigory Rasputini, who claimed to be able, by the power of prayer, to stop the bleeding.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

At the turn of the century, Russia was given space to expand in Asia thanks to accelerating competition from Britain and Germany.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

1895 Germany competed with France for the popularity of Russia, and the British government hoped to negotiate a treaty for a division of interests in Asia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Thus Russia came in between at the conclusion of the Japan-China War of 1895.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In negotiations, Japan was forced to retreat and cede the Liaotung Peninsula and Port Arthur in southern Manchuria.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1900, the Chinese responded to the encroachment of foreign powers with the Boksar Revolt, which was defeated by European, U.S. and Japanese forces.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

180,000 Russian troops fought in Manchuria to keep possession of its newly completed railroad.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Japan demanded that the United States and British-backed Russia withdraw from Manchuria, Minister Witte and a few diplomats were prepared to swap the territory for Korea, but courtiers, navy and army representatives, and the emperor rejected Japan's threats, despite its alliance with Britain.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Japan declared war in February 1904.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In January 1905, Japan conquered Port Arthur after an eight-month blockade, and in March Russian forces were pushed north of Mukden.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In October 1904, the Baltic Fleet, sent to aid, attacked British fishing vessels at Doggermataliko and suffered a crushing defeat in May 1905 at the Battle of Tsushima.


Question: When was Russia founded?

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[52] [53] Revolution of 1905 Interior Minister Vyacheslav von Plehwe was assassinated on 28 July 1904.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[52] The extensive strike, which began in December 1904, had left St. Petersburg without electricity and newspapers.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

On January 22, 1905, a peaceful march in Saint Petersburg with the intention of taking an appeal to the Emperor to the Winter Palace resulted in a massacre when nervous security forces opened fire.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Known as Blood Sunday, the event claimed up to thousands of casualties and led to a general strike and rioting.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Seventy protesters were shot in Riga and more than 100 in Warsaw.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In February, the army lost 90,000 men in combat against Japan.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The strikes spread to the Caucasus and in April behind the Urals.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In May, nearly the entire fleet was lost at Tsushima.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Navy detachments mutinied in Sevastopol, Vladivostok and Kronstadt.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In June, the crew of the tank ship Potemkin mutinied sailing their ships to Romania.


Question: When was Russia founded?

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As many as 2000 sailors were executed to restore order.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the October Manifesto, written by Witte and Aleksis Obolensky, the emperor finally conceded to the recognition of basic human rights, to allow political parties and to the right to vote.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Nicholas II himself regretted the manifesto that led to the end of autocracy.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The strikes ended shortly after the manifesto.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The unrest and diplomatic pressure that led to the 1905 Revolution forced Russia into peace with Japan.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In an agreement brokered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, Russia ceded the southern part of Sakhalin Island to Japan, recognizing its domination over Korea and Manchuria.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The first National Duma was elected in March 1906.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Socialists boycotted the elections, so the Constitutional-Democratic Party (K-D; Cadets) rose to the lead.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Nicholas II sacked Witte and elected Pyotr Stolypin a more sympathetic Pyotr Stolypin as his prime minister.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Relations between the Duma and the government remained tense.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Stolypin was assassinated on 18 September 1911 [54].


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Due to the new requirements and acting as a “hotbed of agitation”, the Emperor sacked the First Duma in July 1906.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Left parties gained plenty of seats in the Second Duma, but the deadlock continued, and the Second Duma was dismissed in June 1907.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The new electoral law reduced the influence of the poor and minority nationalities, and the Third Duma became more conservative dominated by the Octobrists (the 17 October Movement).


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[55] One of Stolypin's reforms was a new land law that went into effect on 22 November 1906, which allowed private ownership and sought to break up the traditional village commune.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[56] He thus hoped to create a new class of landowners loyal to the Tsar.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, most peasants were unwilling to give up community security or allow outsiders to buy land.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

By 1914, only a tenth of the commune had been dismantled.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The economy grew significantly between 1907 and 1914, with steel production exceeding those of France and Austro-Hungary.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

By manipulating suffrage rights, the government organized the Duma to its liking, but less representative of the people, and if necessary it was bypassed entirely by imperial edicts.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The implementation of civil rights was postponed, and neither the laborers nor the Orthodox Church were allowed to organize themselves as they wished.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Repressive measures against Poles, Finns, Jews, Ukrainians and Old Believers were resumed.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[57] Balkans To protect its strategic and economic interests, Russia went into a trialliance with Britain and France.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the Balkans, Russia competed with Austria-Hungary.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1908, Foreign Minister Aleksandr Izvolski agreed to support the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, occupied by Austria since 1878, into Austria in exchange for an agreement on Bosphorus and Dardanelles neutrality.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, Britain was categorically opposed to this, allowing Austria to gain Bosnia without any counter-concessions.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Russian and Serbian dissatisfaction with this led to an international crisis known as the Bosnian crisis.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

As Russia did not dare to wage war on account of Serbia against the Tri-Alliance, the crisis was triggered in March 1909 by the Russo-Serbian retreat.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

On 31 August 1911, Russia concluded a military treaty with France and on 16 July 1912 a naval treaty [58].


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro were beaten by the Ottoman in the First Balkan War, but in 1913 the alliance was broken and the Serbs, Greeks and Romanians were defeated in the Second Bulgarian War.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Austria-Hungary now became protector of Bulgaria and Germany of the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Russia, in turn, allied itself with Serbia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The complex network of alliance relations was extremely unstable with Bulgaria and Serbia being rivals of each other and the Serb resentment against Austria-Hungary over the annexation of the Serb territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In June 1914, Serb terrorist Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Frans Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia, which it considered culpable.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

Although Serbia was ready to concede for the most part, for Austria the answer was invalid and it withdrew its envoy from Serbia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the Austrian declaration of war on 28 July, the network of alliance relations went into action following Russia's declaration of 1909 support for Serbian independence, German support for Austria-Hungary and French Russia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After Germany invaded France through Belgium, the war escalated into a world war.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[59] World War I Russia's large population allowed it to equip more troops than Germany and Austria-Hungary combined.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, the troops were as poorly armed as Austria's, and for Germany the Russian army did not fare as in number of troops.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

In the early stages, the invasion of East Prussia tied up the German forces enough for the Western Allies to stop the German attack.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Russian II Army, however, was almost completely destroyed at the Battle of Tannenberg, and forced a withdrawal from East Prussia, after which Russia was throughout the rest of the war on the defensive against Germany.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Austro-Hungarian attack was repulsed and the counter-attack advanced into eastern Galitsia.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, the 1915 German—Austrian Spring and Summer Offensive drove the Russians from Galitsia and Poland and resulted in extensive losses.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Circum-Powers had already agreed upon the territorial changes caused by the victory, Russia had to receive East Galitsia from Austria-Hungary, East Prussia from Germany, and Armenia from the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war; in addition, control of Constantinople, Bosporus and the Darnells.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

[60] The February Revolution German control of the Baltic Sea and Ottoman rule at the mouth of the Black Sea soon led to goods shortages and severe inflation.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

A Military Industrial Committee was set up to ensure the return of military equipment.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

However, the military leadership did not trust the civilian administration and took control of the administration of the front areas, refusing to cooperate with the committee.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

The Duma drifted into conflict with the war bureaucracy and the government, and center-left representatives formed their own bloc in 1915, which demanded a government installed by the Duma.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

After the defeats of 1915, Nicholas II left for the front and assumed the position of nominal commander-in-chief from his uncle.


Question: When was Russia founded?

History of Russia

He was now linked to every adversity in the military.