Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

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Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

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Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

(in Italian) New Advent - an extensive collection of Church Fathers texts Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

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Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

— Latin text of Augustine's compiled works from Patrologia Latin Article ([{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=edit}} edit] | [[Talk: {{{1}}} |talk]] | [{{fullurl: {{1}}} |action=history}} history] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=protect}} protect] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=delete}} delete] | [ {{fullurl:special:whatlinkshere/ {{{1}}} |limit=999}} links] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=watch}} watch] | |) Encyclopedia articles entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Change Kahlos, Maijast:.


Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

So & thus 1/2004.


Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

Karimian, Ilmari: Kelsey, Morton T.:.


Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

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Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Can software engineering be studied?

Augustine

Category:Philosophers of the Middle Ages Category:Church Teachers Category:Christian philosophers Category:Saints Class:Roman philosophers Category:Those born in 354 Class:Those who died in 430 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China is an ancient structure measuring between 6000 and 9000 km by general definitions and, by the broadest definition, even more than 21,000 km in northern China.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall is, for the most part, about eight metres high and six to eight metres in width.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

It is built of earth, stone and bricks.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall came into existence in the 200th century BCE.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

by the amalgamation of separate walls to protect China from attacks by northern nomadic tribes, and its newest parts were built in the 17th century.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

At some times, the entire male population of China took part in the construction of the wall.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall became redundant in 1644 when China extended to the north of the wall as well.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall plastered for centuries until in the 20th century it was elevated to an important national symbol in China.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Features Name The Chinese name for the Great Wall of China is shorter Cháng Chéng (, 'long wall') or longer Wàn Lạng Cháng Chéng ()


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[1] One li today is 500 meters, [2] so 10000 lita is five thousand kilometers.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Length The length of the Great Wall of China is difficult to define, as there are many walls and ramparts of different types and conditions built in northern China at different times, not all of which are usually counted in the Great Wall of China.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

All walls built in northern China have a combined length of more than 50,000 kilometers.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[3] The official declared length of the Great Wall of China is 8851.8 kilometers.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[4] The estimate includes not only the built wall, but also battle graves, as well as natural obstacles such as mountains, lakes and rivers.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The actual wall has been estimated to be over 6,200 kilometres in length.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[3] In archaeological measurement, the length of the wall with all its components has been obtained exactly 21196,18 kilometers.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[5] The furthest ends of the Wall lie at a distance of 1900 km from each other.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[4] Location The Great Wall of China passes through two municipalities (Beijing and Tianjin), five provinces (Gansu, Hebei, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi) and one autonomous region (Ningxia).


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[6] At its height, the wall runs at more than 500 metres above sea level.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[4] The passage of the Great Wall of China is not direct, but instead follows the forms of the terrain so that it would have been defensively as effective as possible.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

North of Beijing, the wall splits west-facing into two walls, external and internal, which coincide again further afield.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

In addition to this, branches leave the wall in places, extending to important river crossings or solls, for example.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[7] Most famous sections Most of the well-preserved parts of the wall were built during the Ming Dynasty.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The most popular places to visit have been renovated starting in the late 20th century.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[8] The easternmost part of the Wall is located in Hebei Province.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

There is also a museum showcasing the wall.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[8] The eastern end of the Wall, called Laolongtou (“Old Dragonhead”), is a dragon-head-shaped edifice four kilometres south of the coastal town Shanhaiguan.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

It stretches 23 metres into the sea, and was built in 1579.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[9] [10] North of Beijing lie the most popular and once also the most important parts of the Great Wall of China.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The most popular and best preserved part of tourists is the 7.6-mile-long Badaling, located northwest of Beijing.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[11] Badaling was built for the most part in the 16th century.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The section of nearby Juyongguan includes a gate and a fortress in addition to the wall.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

East of Juyongguan is the Mutianyu section, the construction of which was started in the early days of the Ming dynasty.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

It includes 22 densely built watchtowers and is designed to resist attacks from either direction.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

East of Mutianyu is the Gubeikou Gate and the sections of Jinshanling and Simatai, the latter of which is steep and already quite dilapidated.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[12] The section of Jiayuguan in Gansu Province is one of the westernmost of the Wall.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

It includes one of the largest gates of the Ming section and the best preserved fortifications.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[13] [14] The westernmost end of the wall is near the town of Jiayuguan.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Its construction was started in 1372, and it was rebuilt in 1539.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[15] The structure of the Great Wall of China is for the most part about eight meters high, with plains and passes up to 16 meters.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

It measures 6—8 metres wide, and in places it is double or triple.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

It has regularly spaced towers and gates.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[16] The smallest turrets contained a detachment of about six men, and large fortifications may have permanently housed a thousand men.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

There were signalling turrets every few miles, which were informed of enemy movements by light signals, campfires or smoke signals.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The signs were visible all the way up to at least the next two towers.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[17] The wall was built at different times of varying amounts of bricks, stones, earth and wood.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The earliest parts of the wall were built from material found in nearby areas.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

When constructing on the mountains, stone from those mountains was used and soil excavated from the site on the plains and compacted into ingots was used.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

In the deserts, even plants such as reeds and shrubs were exploited.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Until the Ming dynasty, the walls were made mostly of earth and stones compacted inside the racks.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

By the time of the Ming dynasty, the wall began to be built from bricks produced in local workshops.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

However, stone continued to be used in the construction of the foundations, ledges and gates of the wall, and the Badaling section is built almost entirely of granite.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

With the use of small-sized bricks, the construction of the wall became easier and it became more load-bearing and durable.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

With the invention of gunpowder and the development of weapons, the old earth walls were also no longer able to withstand attacks as well as brick and stone.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[18] Construction History The oldest parts of the Great Wall of China were built between 770 and 476 BCE.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

between, when the early kings of the Zhou dynasty built small walls around their states for protection.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[19] These early defensive walls were intended to protect the states from each other and only to a lesser extent against the nomadic barbarians of the still north.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[20] During the fighting fiefdom states 475—221 BCE.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

the small states merged into seven large states, each with its own wall of defence.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[19] Separate walls were connected during the Qin dynasty under the orders of the “first emperor” Qin Shi Huangdi in the 200th century BCE.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

This wall was over 5000 km long, and a significant portion of the Chinese population had to be involved in its construction as forced labour.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The construction of the wall was in part an amalgamation of the northern parts of the shorter walls inherited from the period of the already fighting fiefdom states against the Mongols in the north.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[19] From northern China had at that time begun to be threatened by a new strong barbarian tribe or tribal confederation of the Xiongnu.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[21] Redundant parts of the old walls were left to decay.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[19] [16] The purpose of the construction of the wall was not only to combat the Mongols, but also to employ the provokers of unrest and the army suitably far from the capital.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall also kept Chinese dissatisfied with the country's conditions within state borders.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[22] The construction of the wall during the Qin dynasty lasted a dozen years.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall extended from Linzhao in Jilin Province (in the eastern parts of present-day Gansu) to Liaodong.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[23] In 206 BC.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

During the rule of the Han dynasty which came to power, the wall was continued and strengthened.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall was at its longest then, from Liaodao in the east to Lop Nur in the west, more than 8,000 kilometres long.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The Northern Wei Dynasty, Northern Qi Dynasty and Sui Dynasty also continued to build the wall.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Instead, during the Tang Dynasty (618—907), the wall was not reinforced, as China was strong enough at the time without the protection provided by the Wall.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[19] However, China was conquered by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty (1271—1368), and the wall was not extended during Mongol rule.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[19] The wall fell into disrepair at times, but during the Ming Dynasty (1368—1644) it was mainly rebuilt, taking on its present form.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[19] [24] [25] The Ming Dynasty Wall extends from Liaoning Province, from the Chinese-North Korean border river, through Jalu through Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Ningxia to the Taolai River in Gansu Province.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[26] During the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911), the wall lost its defensive importance because China extended to the north of the wall as well.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The purpose of the wall then was to keep the Han Chinese and the Mongols out of Manchuria.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[27] Manpower in the construction of the Great Wall of China involved millions of people: soldiers, criminals and ordinary people.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

At some times, all Chinese men, and sometimes boys too, had to take part in construction work.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

1.8 million were involved in the construction of the Northern Qi Wall between Xiakou and Hengzhou and 1 million workmen in the construction of the Sui (581—618) wall.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The soldiers were responsible for much of the northern Qi (550—557) as well as the wall construction labor during the Qin dynasty.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The Wall of Qin was initially built by 300,000 soldiers, followed by 500,000 ordinary citizens.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Criminals sentenced to four years of forced labour built the wall at night and guarded it by day.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[28] The Ming Dynasty wall was built at a rate of about one kilometre a day with over 300,000 people.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[25] The wall was built in very demanding conditions.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Some of the prisoners and soldiers marched to the site died already en route, and many died in construction work from exhaustion or malnutrition.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Food supply was difficult in infertile conditions, and much of the provisions sent to the site disappeared along the way.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[29] Oblivion and Restoration of Esteem When the Wall had become redundant after 1644, its maintenance was discontinued.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall began to be seen in China as a remnant of a bygone world, of which there was no reason to be proud.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[30] The wall was demolished and its stones were used as building needs.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

In Europe, there was only an excess of knowledge of the wall still in the 17th century, but as Russians, Britons and other Europeans who visited China spread information about the wall, it began to be interested outside China.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[31] For a long time in the Western world it was believed that the wall was older than real, made entirely of stone, and uniform and not composed of several parts.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The Chinese Europeans' curiosity about the wall was both amused and doubted, but later it contributed to the rediscovery of the importance of the wall in China.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[32] It was not until the Japanese occupation during the 1930s that Mao Zedong raised it to mark the achievements of an ordinary suffering people, did the Chinese themselves actually begin to pay attention to their walls as a national symbol.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[33] In modern times, the Importance Great Wall of China is today a monument of national importance whose name and image appear in countless different contexts.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[34] It is also one of China's most popular tourist destinations.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall was annexed in 1987 to the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[35] [24] The present condition of the Great Wall of China is eroded by wind and rain and human influence little quiet, and much of the wall is not maintained.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Some parts built of stone and brick, such as Badaling, are still in good condition.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

In more remote areas, however, there are often no more broken stones and bricks left of the wall, or it is covered under sand.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall of the Maowusu and Tenggel deserts has already disappeared, and the walls of Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Shanxi have already been plastered so that only experts can detect the wall from the ground.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[36] Local residents have additionally utilized the material of the wall in house construction when it has not been known that they belong to the wall.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

The wall has also been demolished across China while infrastructure is being built.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[37] According to the Chinese authorities and experts, the forces of nature and people are doing such destruction to the wall that action must be taken immediately in order to save the cultural heritage of the Wall for posterity.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[38] The Great Wall of China as seen from space According to popular conception, the Great Wall of China would be the only man-made structure visible to the naked eye from Earth orbit or the Moon.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[39] [24] However, the human eye cannot see a structure seven metres wide from so far away.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[39] [25] To be visible to the naked eye from Earth's orbit, the structure should be hundreds of metres wide and its length does not help the matter.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Nor has any spaceflyers claimed to have seen the wall on their flight, not even the taikonaut Yang Liwei in 2003.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

In the 2000s, Chinese-US astronaut Leroy Chiao managed to take a photograph from the orbiting International Space Station with a heavily magnifying lens showing a faint view of the wall.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Astronauts say, however, there are other objects on Earth that can be seen in good conditions with the help of a telescope more clearly than the Great Wall of China.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

[39] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Briggs, Asa (editor-in-chief) | title = Solution moments: 100 events that changed our world| publisher = Selected Palaces| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-584-073-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huotari, Tauno-Olavi| title = Chinese attraction| publisher = English-China-follow| year = 1988| id = ISBN 951-99919-3-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Man, John.| title= The Great Wall: the Extraordinary Story of China's Wonder of the World| location = Cambridge, Massachusetts| publisher = Da Capo Press| year = 2008| id = ISBN 9780306817670| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rojas, Carlos| title= Great Wall: A Cultural History| location = Cambridge, Massachusetts| publisher = Harvard University Press| year = 2010| id=ISBN 9780674058804| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

References On topic elsewhere.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Juha Leino:.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

GB Times.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

on July 19, 2003.


Question: How long is the Great Wall of China?

Great Wall of China

Category:Chinese buildings and structures Category:Walls Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in China Category:Border walls and fences Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Rome (or, Politeia tōn Rhōmaiōn;; “Empire of the Romans”), was the eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived after the collapse of the western part in the 4th century, and whose reign lasted more than a thousand years right up to 1453.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine identity was a combination of Romanism, Greek (Hellenistic) culture, and Orthodox Christianity.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantium considered until the last to represent the legacy of the Imperial Roman Empire in the Christian form created by Emperor Constantine the Great.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[1] [2] [3] [4] The name Byzantine Empire is derived from the earlier name Byzantion, the capital of the empire, Constantinople.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The denomination is purely historiographical and was developed in the 16th century.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The inhabitants of the kingdom themselves saw themselves as Romans (rhomaioi) until the end, and the denomination remained in use in Greece until the 19th century.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The name Byzantium was used in Western Europe mainly because of the desire to distinguish that medieval kingdom gradually separated from Late Antiquity Rome in historiography from both Ancient Rome and Greece, which were often viewed ideally in the 15th—18th centuries.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[2] [3] [4] The beginning of the Byzantine Empire and the end of the ancient Roman Empire can be placed in several ways.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

One beginning can be considered the year 330, when Constantine the Great founded Constantinople on the site of the city of Byzantion.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Another possibility is to use as a starting point the time of Emperor Theodosius I at the end of the 3rd century, when the dichotomy of the Roman Empire became definitive.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Today, most scholars use the name Byzantine only from the time of Emperor Justinian I from the early 5th century onwards.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[4] [3] Definitively Byzantium can be considered to have changed as a political organization to one distinct from the ancient Roman Empire as a result of changes in the 6th century.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[5] Latin remained the governing language of the kingdom until the 6th century, when it was superseded by the Greek language spoken by the majority.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Initially, the Byzantine Empire included all the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In the 6th century, it lost much of its territory to the Arabs, after which it encompassed only Anatolia and part of the Balkans.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom experienced periods of rise and fall, but remained a major power in the Mediterranean region until the 12th century.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom was temporarily divided after the Fourth Crusade and was definitively destroyed when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[6] However, Byzantine cultural heritage still lives on, for example, in the Orthodox Church and its monasteries.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[7] Byzantium is studied from classical philology in the late 19th century by a differentiated subject called Byzantinistics.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[2] History of the Origin of Eastern Rome A separate Eastern Roman administrative region arose when Emperor Diocletian split the Roman Empire in two in 293.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The reason for the division was that the vast kingdom had become difficult to control.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Diocletian created a system of tetrarchy with two emperors (augustus), one in the west and the other in the east, and each with a junior ruler companion, or “sub-emperor” (caesar).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[8] This separation of powers continued right up until Emperor Constantine the Great became ruler of the entire empire in 324.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Constantine chose as his new capital the city of Byzantion, a former colony of Megara, and the city was renamed Constantinople (Constantinoupolis, “City of Constantinos”).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The location of the town was seen as strategically pivotal as it was possible to keep connections both west and east of it.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

With the transfer of the capital, the administrative institutions that operated in Rome, such as the Senate, were transferred as such to Constantinople.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, numerous construction programs were started in the city and it was equipped with stronger walls.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[8] [9] Constantine's other reforms included reform of the monetary system and the introduction of solidus, separation of military and civil administration, and reform of rural administration.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The army was reformed so that the troops of the border provinces were separated from the Emperor's reserves, which could be moved to problematic frontier areas if necessary.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Constantine was the first Christian emperor and supported Christianity in many ways, but traditional pagan religion was allowed alongside Christianity until the late 3rd century, practically for longer.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[8] [9] In 364, the dichotomy of the kingdom deepened when it was divided between Valentianian, who had control of the western part, and Valens, who gained control of the eastern part.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom was definitively split in two in 395 when Theodosius I divided the kingdom among his sons: [10] at that time Arcadius ruled in the east and Honorius in the west.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

From now on, there is usually talk of East and Western Rome.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The early years (approx.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

4th century) Western Rome crumbled in the 4th century with the Germanic conquests.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Germanic settling in the west weakened the position of Emperor of the West, and the Empire ceased in 476 when Odovakar, the Gothic chieftain who had seized power, did not assume the rank of emperor, but returned the title that had taken as a formality to Constantinople.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Continuing the tradition of the Roman Empire, the eastern part of the empire was spared much of the Germanic invasion and colonisation due to its stronger economy and defences, among other things.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The rebuilding of the walls of Constantinople initiated by Theodosius was completed in 413.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The walls came to last for a thousand years until the Ottoman Conquest.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[8] In the early years of Byzantium, the Christian church grew stronger.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

On the other hand, time was marked by disputes over the correct interpretation of the doctrine.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The two main disputes concerning the Byzantine Church in particular were the dispute over Areioism in the early 3rd century and the dispute over Nestorioism in the early 4th-century.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Areiolism was condemned at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea in 325, Nestorioism at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Ephesus in 431.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In turn, as a counter-reaction to Nestorioism, the Monophysite movement emerged, condemned at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Kcracdon in 451.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Also, the emperor was often forced to take positions on heresy disputes, thus bringing the relationship between the Church and the Emperor closer.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[8] Leo I (as emperor 457—474) was the first emperor to receive the crown, according to Roman tradition, not from a warlord, but from the Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[11] Zenon, who was from Isauria, married Ariadne, Leo's daughter, and they had a son who rose to emperor under the name Leo II in 474.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Upon the death of Leo II, Zenon became emperor.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

To reclaim Italy, he allied himself with Teoderik of the Ostrogoths, who subsequently ruled as the commandholder of Italy.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine succession to power included that if the emperor died without leaving descendants, the augusta-appointed empress had the power to choose a successor for him.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Augustas were allowed to be several and Augusta was allowed to be a relative other than a consort of the emperor.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Thus, upon Zenon's death, in 491 his consort Ariadne appointed Anastasios I, a wealthy courtier (as emperor until 518), as emperor.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[8] [12] Anastasios laid a favourable foundation for the country's economy.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

He promoted East trade and industry.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Silk was transported overland via Persia or from India by sea to Byzantine territory, where craftsmen made silk cloth.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[12] The reign of Justinian I (early 5th century) Under Emperor Justinian I (527—565), the political and military position of Eastern Rome became established.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Often the medieval Byzantine period is calculated to begin precisely with his time.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[8] The emperors of Constantinople had never agreed to consider Western Roman territories lost, but only temporarily as territories outside the Emperor's direct rule.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Attempts were made to reincorporate them into the kingdom, and in this was also met with occasional and partial success.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Under Justinian, the kingdom fought against Persia, the Goths and the Vandals, as well as recapturing large parts of the Italian peninsula, the coast of North Africa, and Spain.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[13] Behind these victories was largely the warlord Belisarius.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Furthermore, in 532, he signed a peace treaty with Khosrau I, the ruler of Persia.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Nika Rebellion of 532 in Constantinople resulted in the execution of an estimated 30,000 rebels.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Historian Prokopios' work The Secret History tells of the resistance faced by the Emperor's policies.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Belisarius succeeded in recapturing North Africa from the Vandals in 533, and by 548 the local tribes had been subjugated.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

There was war in Italy against the Eastern Goths.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The expedition came ashore in Sicily, but failed to break the resistance until 540, when Ravenna, the capital of the Eastern Goths, was overrun.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[13] Wars against Persia continued until 561, when the peace treaty was extended.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The wars continued in 565—591.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] The so-called Justinian plague struck Byzantium in 542.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Many scientists believe the disease has taken off from China [14].


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

It spread across Asia to Egypt, from where it was transported by grain ships to Constantinople.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

According to the contemporaneous Prokopios, the disease would have killed 10,000 people daily, [15], but is now considered a more likely casualty rate of 5000 persons per day.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Half of the city's population is estimated to have died of


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Justinian is reported to have contracted the plague himself, but cured of it.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Reforming the Laws under Justinian, Roman laws were compiled and rewritten under John the Cappadocian as the Corpus iuris civilis law collection.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

It consisted of three different parts, the Digesta (or Pandektai), the Institutiones Iustiniani and the Codex Iustinianus (repetitae praelectionis), with the addition of a fourth volume, Novellae (constitutiones), containing later enacted laws.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Collections of laws formed the basis of all of Byzantine later legislation.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[16] Religion policy Justinian quarreled with Jews, Gentiles, and various Christian sects such as Manicheans, Monophysites and Nestorians.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Partly for practical reasons and partly out of an effort to eradicate pagan religiosity, Justinian closed Athens's illustrious school of philosophers in 529.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Christian culture began to gain ground, but traditional Greco-Roman culture had its adherents, such as the natural philosopher Johannes Filoponos.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The gem of the emperor's great building program was Constantinople's new cathedral Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Justinian's successors (late 5th century) Justinian's successors were unable to counter new external threats.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Italian peninsula was lost to the Langobards in the late 5th century, the Slavs took over the Balkans, and Persia in turn Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In addition, the high taxes required to maintain the kingdom caused internal discontent.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[13] The dynasty of Heracleus (610—711) Fokas (as emperor 602—610), considered a tyrant, assassinated Emperor Maurikios.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Khosrau II of Persia used this as a reason for taking over Anatolia.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The exarch of Carthage, Heraclius the Elder, sent his son Heracleios, who was subsequently crowned emperor, to retake Constantinople.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Three years after this, the Persians took Damascus and Jerusalem.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

A counterattack by Heraclius destroyed the main force of the Persians at the Battle of Nineveh.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Heraclius was emperor in 610—641.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

War with Persia resumed in 603; this so-called Byzantine—Sassanid war consumed both Byzantine and Persian forces.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Persians took over Syria, Palestine and Egypt.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The war lasted until 628, when Heraclius defeated the Persians.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Thus Byzantium managed to recapture the territories for some time.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

However, weakened by war, it was unable to resist the Arabs who embraced Islam, who, some twenty years after the Persians, conquered all these territories, and later all of North Africa, under Caliph Omar.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In 636, Byzantium suffered a decisive defeat to the Muslims at the Battle of Jarmuk.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Of particular importance was the loss of Egypt, as it had been the granary of the kingdom and a major source of tax revenue.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] [13] During the time of Heracleus, Greek became the official language of Byzantium, which was reflected in the emperor beginning to use the title basileus instead of Augustus in Latin, and the kingdom became more unified in culture and religion.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In the southern provinces occupied by Muslims, monophysitism was prevalent, contrasting with Orthodox Christianity as defined by the Kcracdon Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

To reconcile the dispute between the Kcracdonians and the Monophysites, Heracleitos proposed monoteletism as a solution.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

By 642, the central regions of the Monophysite faith had been conquered by Muslims.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[13] The Arabs, who now controlled Syria and Palestine, sent raiding expeditions into Anatolia and in 674—678 besieged Constantinople.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Repeated raiding expeditions into Anatolia forced Byzantium to organise a fiefdom system (thema system) in which land was distributed in exchange for military service.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Troop transfers from the Balkans allowed the Slavs to advance further south, for which reason many village communities shrank and fortified themselves.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The emergence of the casars in the 670s drove the Bolgars to the south of the Danube.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In 681, Emperor Constantine IV signed a peace treaty with the Bolgar Khan Aspharukh.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Prior to this, the local Slavic tribes had at least nominally recognized Byzantine rule.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Constans II (as emperor 641—668) continued the policy of favouring monoteletism initiated by his grandfather Heracleios, which provoked strong opposition.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The most strident opponents of the monk Maksimos Homologetes and Pope Martinus I were imprisoned and exiled.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Constans probably fell out of favour in the capital and moved to Syracuse, where he was assassinated.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Justinian II (as emperor 685—695 and 705—711) ruled with tyrannical grips and imposed harsh taxes.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

He was forced to abdicate the crown in 695 and went into exile first to the Casars, then to the Bolgars.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In 698, Carthage was overrun by the Arabs.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Thus Byzantium had definitively lost all territories of North Africa.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Justinian II returned to Constantinople with the help of Khan Tervel in 705 and seized power back for himself.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In his second term, he took bloody revenge on his enemies, and in 711 he was overthrown with the support of the cassars.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

He was succeeded by Philippikos (as emperor 711—713).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Arabs besieged Constantinople for a second time in 717—718.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] The political and territorial changes of the 6th century brought about the fact that the kingdom, as a political organisation, was no longer a memory.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Therefore, Byzantium can be considered to have changed definitively from the old Roman Empire to a separate one within the 6th century.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[5] Period of iconoclasm (717—843), Leon III (as emperor 717—741) seized power in 717.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

He successfully fought against the Arabs and defeated these in 740.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

With the reign of Leon, iconoclasm, or pictorial grandeur, was triggered by this denial of icons and the respect paid to them.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Also, Constantinos V (as emperor 741—775) adopted an iconoclastic stance towards the end of his term.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

One of the reasons for the emergence of a stance against icons was the rise of Islam and the successful conquests of the Arabs: the Byzantines may have thought that the Muslims who opposed the images were therefore doing something right.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruption of Santorini in 726, added to the idea that Byzantium was punished for some cause.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The icon ban led to rebellion, as well as the destruction of many products of Byzantine art.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Iconoclasm, however, mostly affected the court, the top officials and the top clergy, not so much the ordinary people.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[13] [17] In 798, a woman, Empress Irene (Eirene), stepped on the throne for the first time.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In the West, it could be considered that the Western Roman throne had remained vacant.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In 800, the Pope crowned the Frankish king Charles the Great as Roman Emperor.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The West thus had an emperor after a hiatus of more than three hundred years, and Byzantium was no longer the sole heir to the Roman Empire; the crowning of Charles the Great was considered an open challenge in Byzantium.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[17] Under the influence of Empress Irene, the Seventh Ecumenical Ecclesiastical Conference held in Nikaia decided in 787 that icons were to be venerated but not worshiped.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Leo V reinstated iconoclasm into force in 813, as the ban on images was considered to be against the backdrop of victories made in wars.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[17] Theodora II allowed icons in 843 with the support of Patriarch Methodios, and the ecclesiastical assembly confirmed the decision of the Ecumenical Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Iconoclasm and the dispute between Pope Nicholas I and Patriarch Fotios further deepened the divide between the churches of the East and West.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Golden Age (ca.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

850—1050) during the Byzantine Golden Age can be considered the time of the so-called Macedonian dynasty between 867 and 1056.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

During the dynasty Byzantium succeeded in building a great power again, reclaiming lands which had been conquered by the Arabs in the east and the Slavs in the Balkans.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Southern Italy was also conquered, and Emperor John I Tzimiskes extended the fighting all the way to Jerusalem.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In 1014, Emperor Basileios II (as emperor 976—1025) overthrew Bulgaria.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Due to victorious wars and strong rulers, Byzantium was strong both militarily and economically, with the capital Constantinople a glorious focal point of culture and power.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Trade and craftsmanship flourished, new schools were established in Constantinople, interest in ancient culture and philosophy rekindled, and secular literature and other culture revived.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, Byzantine civilization also spread to areas of neighboring peoples.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[17] [18] [19] The Byzantine—Arab Wars saw a successful takeover of Crete from the Arabs temporarily in 843, but the emperors failed to prevent the Muslims from taking Sicily and Sardinia for a bit by 902.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

On the other hand, victories were also experienced, such as the Battle of Damietta in 856.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Muslims often allied themselves with the Paulician faith sect living in the eastern provinces, which was persecuted as a heretic.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Basileios I (as emperor 867—886) succeeded in ending the sect's rule.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Russ attempted to plunder Constantinople in 860.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

On the occasion of a new attempt, they were beaten back in 941 under Johannes Kurkuas.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

He achieved other noteworthy victories, such as swapping the image of Edessa for Muslim prisoners.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In the latter half of the 9th century, the Empire expanded again north into Syria, recapturing Crete and Cyprus, as well as occupying the territory of Antioch.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine troops advanced as far as the gates of Jerusalem.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[17] Wars against the Bulgars, Tsar Simeon I the Great of Bulgaria defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Bulgaryphon in 896, which forced Byzantium to pay tax to Bulgaria.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Later, Emperor Constantine VII married Simeon's daughter.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Romanos I suffered defeat at the Battle of Anchialus in 917, after which the Bulgars extended their war expeditions all the way to Corinth.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

After Simeon's death in 927, Byzantine position improved in the Balkans.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Basileios II achieved a decisive victory over Bulgaria in 1014 at the Battle of Kleidion.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom gained a new ally from the newly established shadow state when Basileios's sister was married to Vladimir the Great, ruler of Kiev.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, yet another new heresy spread from the north, the dualistic doctrine of the Bogomiles, which had been influenced by the Paulicians.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The doctrine gained popularity, especially in Bulgaria, but it also spread among the Byzantine upper class.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] Wars against the Seljuks, Normans and Petsenegs In 1054, relations between the Orthodox and Catholic Church were broken for good (the Great Schism).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, Byzantium was threatened by new dangers: the Seljuks in Asia Minor, the Petsenegs in the north, and the Normans in Italy.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan thoroughly defeated the Byzantine army and took Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes prisoner.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, Byzantium lost almost all of Asia Minor and its best agricultural areas.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In addition to this, Byzantium lost Italian territories to the Normans and Balkan Petsenegs by 1081.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The mayhem after Manzikert ended in 1081 with the capture of power by Alexios Komnenos (as emperor 1081—1118).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

He reorganised the army and regained important territories from the Seljuks.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Alexios also had to fight the Normans.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

One of the most dangerous Normans was Robert Guiscard.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantium lost southern Italy to the Normans by 1100.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Alexios also sought to suppress the movement of the Bogomiles.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The time of the Crusades (1097—1261), as a result of Alexios's request for assistance to the west, was triggered in 1097 by the First Crusade, allowing Nikaia to be recaptured.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The intervals between the Byzantines and the crusaders were never warm, and both sides were suspicious of each other.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Alexios's work was continued by his son John and grandson Manuel.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The lost Balkan and Asia Minor territories were regained.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Komnenos dynasty ended in the reign of Andronikos Komnenos in 1185.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Komnenoks was succeeded by the weaker Angelosten dynasty.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In an effort to gain support from the West, Byzantium ceded significant trading rights to western merchants.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, Venice in particular gained a dominant position at sea and in trade in the region, weakening Byzantium's own positions.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Venice gradually gained considerable political influence as well.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Crusaders, on the other hand, meddled in the affairs of the formerly Byzantine sphere of influence from the kingdoms they established in the surroundings of Jerusalem.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] In the 1170s, relations between Byzantium and Venice became strained.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

1182 in Constantinople there was a massacre of Western Europeans, especially Italian, merchants in connection with Andronikos Komnenos's coup d'état.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The goal was to weaken the influence of western merchants.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

1192, however, Byzantium concluded trade treaties with Pisa and Genoa.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

As a result of the events, the anti-Byzantine alliance in the west grew stronger.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [10] The Fourth Crusade and the Byzantine division of Venice gained its revenge through the Fourth Crusade.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The crusade had initially been supposed to be directed towards Egypt, but it eventually ended up, led by Venice, taking Constantinople in order to strengthen Venice's position in commerce in the region.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The crusaders took Constantinople on 12 April 1204 and plundered the city, receiving a huge spoil of war, as wealth had been amassed in the city for a thousand years without having been overrun once during that time.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] After Byzantium was defeated, the Crusaders established in the Byzantine core region, in the surroundings of Constantinople and on the territory of present-day Greece, a Latin Empire whose emperor became Balduin I of Flanders.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Several vassal states were under the Empire: the Principality of Akhaia in the Peloponnese, the Duchy of Naksos in the Aegean archipelago, the Kingdom of Thessalonica in northern Greece, and the Duchy of Athens in central Greece.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] Byzantine heritage was continued by the states located around the Latin Empire: the Empire of Nikaia, ruled by the House of Laskaris; the Empire of Trebizond, ruled by the Komnenos; and the Despotate of Epirus, ruled by the Angelos.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

All three states sought to recapture Constantinople and sought support in the west from Venice's opponents, above all Genoa.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Under Theodoros Laskaris, Nikaia gradually gained control under other states.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In 1261, Nikaia recaptured Constantinople under Michael Palaiologos (as Emperor Michael VIII).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The ruler family of Palaiologos founded by Michael became the last of the kingdom.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine End Times (1261—1461) The reincarnated Byzantium took over the Peloponnese under Michael and emerged for a time as a politically significant player.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Negotiations for the unification of the churches of the East and West began in the latter half of the 13th century, and the issue was discussed at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Lyon in 1274. At that time, Emperor Michael VIII would have been willing to accept unification in order to obtain military assistance from the West.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

However, the reunification did not materialize due to public opposition.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[20] At the same time, Charlemagne of Anjou planned to take over Byzantium with the support of the Pope.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Rise of the Ottoman Empire The threat to the Ottoman Empire also began to rise gradually, and the last two centuries of the Empire were mostly a retreat from under the Ottoman Empire.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Turkic Ottoman people gradually occupied territories in Asia Minor from the 1280s onwards.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Brusa found itself overrun in 1326, Ephesus in 1328, Nicea in 1329, and Nicomedeia and Bithynia in 1337.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [10] In its final years, Byzantium continued to negotiate with the West for the unification of the churches of the East and West in order to obtain military aid.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[20] Reunification was already supported by many members of the High Council and some of the clergy, but the monasteries and the majority of the population continued to oppose it.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Along with the external threat, the Empire also suffered from internal strife within the ruler family, as well as social and religious disagreements.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

John VI Kantakuzenos rose to become power aspirant and emperor (as emperor 1347—1354).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

A hesycastic movement based on mystical contemplation developed within monastic communities, which also connected itself to politics by opposing Western influence and the unification of churches.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In politics, hesycasm manifested itself as the so-called palamism espoused by Gregorios Palamas.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The movement gained popularity, and Kantakuzenos also embraced the movement's views.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Hesycasm became the official position of the Byzantine Church in 1351.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [7] Thrace was overrun by the Ottoman in the 1360s, Thessaloniki in 1387.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

From the recaptured Adrianoupolis in 1365, the Ottomans made their capital until 1453.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Asia Minor had been lost to the Ottomans practically entirely by the Ottoman takeover of the semi-autonomous region of Philadelfia in 1390.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Coinciding with the Ottoman conquests, the Serbs took advantage of the opportunity and took over Albania, Eastern Macedonia and Thessaly.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

However, the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman in the 1389 Battle of Kosovo Polje and also, with victories over the Hungarians and Bulgars, gradually took over the entire Balkans.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [10] By the fall of Byzantium by the entry into the 15th century Byzantine territory had shrunk to cover almost solely the city of Constantinople, Thessaloniki, the region of the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea), as well as some islands in the Aegean Sea (e.g.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Lesbos and Limnos).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Regions separate from Constantinople were practically independent and only nominally and by tradition part of the kingdom.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [21] The city of Thessaloniki ceded itself to the possession of the Venetians in 1423.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Ottoman took over the city in 1430 and massacred the entire population and the Venetian soldiers who were in the city.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] The Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I besieged Constantinople between 1397 and 1402.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Manuel II toured Europe seeking aid to Byzantium.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom was saved after the Mongol invasion of Ottoman territories at the same time.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Ottoman power soon revived.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Sultan Murad II in turn besieged Constantinople in 1422.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Thessaloniki was recaptured by the Ottoman people in 1430.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Now Emperor John VIII Palaiologos sought help from the West and therefore approved the unification of the churches at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Florence in 1439.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

A crusade of Hungarians and Latins, the so-called Varna Crusade, was organised against the Ottoman, but it ended in disaster for Christians at the Battle of Varna in 1444.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The unification of the churches was finally declared effective in Constantinople in 1452.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[10] However, it did little to materialise in practice due to public opposition.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The end of the Byzantine Empire came in 1453.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

On April 2, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II began the siege of Constantinople, which lasted almost two months.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The emperor sent requests for help to the West, but no help came.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire was definitively defeated on 29 May when the Ottoman took the city by storming.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The last emperor, Constantinos XI Palaiologos, fell in battle against the Turks.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The last European part of Byzantium, the Despotate of the Morea was overthrown in 1460 with the takeover of Mistra.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Ottoman took over even the last knackles of the kingdom when the Empire of Trebizond was overthrown in 1461.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The causes of Byzantine decadence as the cause of the Empire's decline in its final centuries were not merely armed conflict, although the takeover of Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade spurred decadence.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The state was left by many serious grievances: the concentration of ownership in the hands of the few and the activities of these grandees against the interest of the state; the tension between rich and poor; the reduction of the armed force and its concentration in the hands of foreign mercenaries; the abandonment of its own navy; and leaning on the Genoa fleet, as well as the repeated depreciation of the value of money and the resulting distrust of financiers.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[22] In Enlightenment historiography, Byzantium was often seen as a degenerate aftershow of idealized ancient Rome.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The same attitude has persisted for a long time before modern research.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The causes of political and cultural decadence have included despotic autocracy, bureaucratic administrative machinery, constant intrigues and corruption, orientalism, social stagnation and enveloping into patterns, as well as mystical religious mentality and religious fanaticism.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[3] [5] [23] [24] The Byzantine scholar John Haldon recalls, however, that Byzantine society and culture were in fact very dynamic, the efficient machinery of government was possibly one of the reasons for the long age of the Empire, and that Byzantium, for example, was no more corrupt than any other societies of the time.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[3] [24] Byzantine heritage Byzantine cultural heritage still lives on in the Orthodox Church and its monasteries.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The culture of antiquity mediated in the West through Byzantium contributed significantly to the genesis and development of the Renaissance, as manuscripts of ancient literature moved with Byzantine refugees to the West even before Constantinople fell.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[7] [24] The Ottoman Empire took Constantinople as its capital and inherited many aspects of Byzantine culture in its culture and, among other things, in its building art.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Russia, in turn, inherited the role of patron of the Orthodox Church, the title of emperor, as well as the emblem of the House of Palailogos, the two-headed eagle, after the marriage of Sophia, the last emperor's niece, to Ivan III.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Ivan IV became the first Russian emperor, or tsar.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Since the 16th century, Russia has often considered itself the heir to Byzantium and the third Rome.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[25] [23] [26] Geography, Economy, Peoples and Languages At birth, Byzantium was formed of three distinct and very different geographical regions: Asia Minor, namely Anatolia, the Balkans, and the Levant (Middle East and Egypt).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The sea both separated and connected these areas to each other.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The land area is characterised by coastal plains, highlands, as well as mountain ranges.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The main industry of Byzantium as well as the Roman Empire was farming.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Farming was concentrated in coastal areas, while more livestock husbandry was practiced in the high plains.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Egypt's importance as a producer of both grain and tax revenues was very high.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Other prosperous provinces included Syria, Mesopotamia, Euphratensis, Osroene, Phoenicia, Palestine and Cilicia.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

As a result of the loss of these areas, state revenues are estimated to have dropped by a quarter.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[27] Administratively, the territory of the empire had been divided into Peruvian provinces of the ancient Roman Empire.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In the 6th century, the division was replaced by a new division into so-called themes (thema).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Each theme was commanded by strategos, who also oversaw the civil and economic management of their region.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[28] As the boundaries of the kingdom changed, the theme beacon was also changed.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Some of the most central cities to Byzantium were (with the Empire at its most extensive under Emperor Justinian I), in addition to the capital Constantinople, Rome, Ravenna, Naples and Syracuse in Italy; Alexandria and Carthage in Africa; Thessaloniki and Athens in the Balkans; Antioch, Nicea, Ephesus, Ankara, Seleukia, Caesarea, Melitene, Seleukia and Trebizond in Asia Minor; Herson in Crimea; and Jerusalem, Emesa and Damascus in the Levant.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Of these, Constantinople, Thessaloniki, Ravenna and Carthage were the capitals of the prefectures and Constantinople, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem were the seat of the patriarchates.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[27] In the Middle Ages, Greco-Roman urban culture regressed.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

From the old polis centers moved to the more easily defensible hills around the fortifications (castro).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The capital, Constantinople, formed as the only major urban center.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[4] All cities depended on the countryside of their immediate surroundings.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Transportation of products by land was expensive and cumbersome, and therefore water transportation was more central.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Only cities with a port managed to develop into major centers of trade.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantium inherited the road network of ancient Rome, but the maintenance of roads gradually deteriorated considerably.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[27] Road transport was operated by cursus publicus, a state transportation and horse exchange system.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[29] Byzantium was a multinational kingdom thanks in part to its geographical scope.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In addition to the Greeks, especially in its early centuries, the kingdom included Latin-speaking populations, Syrians, Egyptians, Armenians, Slavs, Albanians, Bulgars and Jews.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The population was united by the Greek language and, in the early centuries, also Latin, which was spoken not only in Italy and the Balkans, but especially in coastal areas.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Latin served as the official language until 620 and was especially used as the language of legislation.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Subsequently, the importance of the Greek language as the maintainer of Romanism grew and the population became increasingly Greek.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Greekness was accentuated above all by the kingdom's loss of much of its territory over the centuries.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[1] [30] The administration of the Emperor Byzantine Empire continued the Roman Empire without historical breaks.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[5] The emperor was an autocrat ruler who was seen to receive his power directly from God and was appointed by God.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Despite this, it was also seen that it was possible to overthrow the emperor if it was God's will.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Power was often disputed, with coups also taking place as a result.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[3] The most prominent ruler lineages of Byzantium were: ruler family of Leo (457—518) Heracleius ruler family (610—711) Isaurian ruler family (717—802) Amorian, or Phrygian ruler family (820—867) Macedonian ruler family (867—867) 1056) Komnenos ruler family (1057—1185) The ruler family of the Angelos (1185—1204) Laskarinen ruler family (1204—1261) The ruler family of the Palaiologos (1261—1453) The Senate and officials The Senate in Constantinople continued the legacy of the Roman Senate.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Senate of Constantinople originally consisted of 300 senators, but later the number grew to thousands.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Senators held the hereditary title clarissimus.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Other senatorial positions included illustris and spectabilis.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The position of senators was based first and foremost on land ownership.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The senatorial mastery played a significant part in fostering the old Greco-Roman cultural heritage.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[31] The Byzantine system of government was complex and included a number of different posts and titles, forming a strict hierarchy of officials.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Senators originally had exclusive authority over the highest offices in both the capital and the provinces.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

As time passed, the importance of belonging to the old senatorial statute diminished, as posts in the emperor's court were also determined meritocratically, along with pedigree background.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Acting at the emperor's court gradually formed as the most significant path to social exaltation.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, the conflict of interests between the central government in Constantinople and the land-owning upper class, among other things, in the enforcement of taxation in the provinces grew, leading to civil wars as well.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[31] The army of the Byzantine Empire evolved from the army of the Roman Empire that preceded it.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The army changed under Emperor Diocletian from traditional heavy legions to encompassing more cavalry.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine army was famous for its heavy catafraction cavalry.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Eastern Roman army was later reorganized under Emperor Heracleios according to the new themed system.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The war force consisted of both volunteers and men received through taxation coupled warfare.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[28] Foreign mercenaries became more common over time.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The highest-paid soldiers were cavalry with bows washed from men of the Turkish-Tatar peoples of Central Asia.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The element of this first-strike force in the tactic was first to barge at the enemy, shoot and retreat.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The art of archery on horseback is extremely difficult to achieve, but was mastered by Turkish nomadic tribes.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The most famous and secret weapon of Byzantium was the Greek fire, very significant in the world of that time, with its deterrent effect.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In the 1070s, the Byzantine army experienced a crushing defeat at the Battle of Manzikert, from which it never recovered.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Taxation One key function of the bureaucratic administrative apparatus was the collection of taxation for the central power.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[19] Byzantine taxation was based on both the land tax and the strict control of land property required by him, and on the intellectual tax.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In the beginning, the land and intellectual tax had been combined so that taxation took into account the number of able-bodied persons a given land (capitatio-jugation principle).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Later, land tax (canon) and spirit tax (kapnikon, “home stove”) were separated.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In addition to these taxes, various additional taxes were required by the state for, among other things, public works and domestication.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Over time, the system evolved to become complex and also corrupt.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[32] Beginning in the 12th century, taxation rights (pronoia) began to be allocated to private people in respect of certain territories as well.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Initially, rights were granted only to members of the ruling Komnenos family.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Under the influence of the Crusades and the western feudal system, rights began to be distributed more widely in the 13th century.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, the portion of tax revenue received by the state decreased while the financial burden caused by the upper class increased.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, the land began to be charged rent to peasants as well.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

As the kingdom's land area contracted as a result of the conquests, the importance of the taxation of commerce (kommerkion) increased in the late Byzantine times.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[32] From the 13th century onwards, the emperors of the House of Palaiologos, who ruled, were in trouble as the Byzantine economy weakened and did not invent healing medicines for it, but rather spurred the downhill pace of the economy.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

For example, Italians had been granted trade advantages that meant a reduction in state customs revenues.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

However, export production of luxury goods was able to continue.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Silk, gold brocade, jewelry and other arts and crafts products were made.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

However, the state intervened in these through taxation and restrictions, which benefited the Italians.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine government kept the domestic consumer sides, but at the same time weakened the economics of export companies.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Employment of the subjects was also taken care of, but it undermined the profitability of companies because there were too many wage earners.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Emperors of the House of Palaiologos increasingly resorted to degrading money to get the state finances in order.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Eventually the Crown Jewels were also sold, which were replaced with fake stones.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

It has been said that Byzantium's long struggle to die was primarily a state economic tragedy.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[33] Culture Byzantine culture was very Constantinopole-centric.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[4] Byzantine literature was initially essentially a Christian-coloured continuation of ancient Greek literature, and no clear boundary between ancient and Byzantine literature can be drawn.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

During the 5th and 6th centuries, the weight of theological literature increased and the volume of secular literature contracted.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Secular literature flowed beginning in the 8th century as ancient literary traditions began to be revived, rising between 1000—1200 to its highest heyday.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[19] Byzantine art was conservative and respected tradition.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

After the pictorial strife, the art of painting became schematic.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In the last centuries of Byzantium, high-level art was again created outside Constantinople.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Western influence increased and art took on more diverse forms.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[19] Of great note are the miniatures adorning the manuscripts.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The main monuments of building art are the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of the Holy Wisdom in Constantinople (built 532—537), which was through medieval Christendom the largest church, and the Basilica di San Marco in Venice.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine art still lives on in the church art of the Orthodox Church.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Church was a major player, and Christianity was a central part of Byzantine culture and society.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In the Empire, no clear boundary was made between the state and the church.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

The relationship between church and state was described as harmonious, i.e., “symphony” or “harmony”.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Church and state saw themselves together as defenders of Orthodoxy, or orthodox Christian faith.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[34] [35] [36] The Byzantine period saw the development of those liturgical forms that are still in use throughout the Orthodox Church.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[37] The two main features of Byzantine philosophy were Hellenistic rationalism and Christian tradition.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[7] Byzantine philosophy was characterised by a close association with Christian worldview and theology, but drew much influence and thought from ancient Greek philosophical texts, particularly from Plato, Aristotle, and the Neo-Platonists.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Drawing the line between Byzantine philosophy and ancient philosophy, as well as Byzantine philosophy and theology, is not straightforward after all.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[38] On the other hand, from Byzantine philosophy, it is also possible to distinguish the further development of ancient thought as detached from Christian thought.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

[39] For the purposes of the calculation of time, the kingdom had its own, the so-called Byzantine calculation of time.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, Sponge| title = New ancient history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-1-21594-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Freeman, Charles| title = Egypt, Greece in Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004| version=Second Edition| id=ISBN 0-19-926364-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

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Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gibbon, Edward| title = The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire| publisher = Worldsworth Classics of World Literature| year = 1998| version=28 selected chapters| id = ISBN 978-1-85326-499-3}} Hakkarainen, Mika: “Byzantine culture sources”.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lamberg, Marko & Lahtinen, Anu & Niiranen, Susanna (ed.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

) | title = Middle Ages key| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2009| version = Finnish Literature Society Editorials 1203| id = ISBN 978-951-746-953-1| page = 353-364}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haldon, John| title = Byzantine history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2010| version = (Byzantium: A History, 2000.)


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Translation: Kaisa Sivenius| id = ISBN 978-952-495-097-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Toropainen, Ritva (ed.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

) | title = Windows in Byzantine| location = Oulu| publisher = University of Oulu | year = 2003| version = Oulu University Library Publications 54| id = ISBN 951-42-7059-2| format = [online version]}} References Literature in Finnish Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Diehl, Charles| title = Byzantium: a time of greatness and decay| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1929}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haldon, John F.| title = Byzantine history| others = Translated by Kaisa Sivenius| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2010| version = Initial work: Byzantium History (Tempus 2000).


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Edited by Mika Hakkarainen| isbn = 951-662-959-8}} In English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kazhdan, Alexander & Constable, Giles| title = People and Power in Byzantium.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

An Introduction to Modern Byzantium Studies| publisher = Dumbarton Oaks| year = 1982| id = ISBN 0884021033| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mango, Cyril| title= Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome| publisher = Scribner| year = 1980| id = ISBN 0684167689| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Norwich, John Julius| title = Byzantium (3 volumes) | publisher = Viking| year = 1991| id = ISBN 0-394-53778-5, ISBN 0-394-53779-3 and ISBN 0-679-41650-1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ostrogorsky, Georg| title= History of the Byzantine State| publisher = Rutgers University Press| year = 1969| id = ISBN 0-8135-1198-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

On topic elsewhere.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Site from Eastern Rome.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Project for historical and archaeological inventory of Byzantine sites.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

Austrian Academy of Sciences.


Question: What was the capital of Eastern Rome?

Byzantine Empire

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

Postage Stamp Price Development The price of a domestic card and letter weighing up to 50 grams during euro time when the value date is the first day of the year.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

Stamp price changes have generally come into effect in the middle of the year.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

The two-tier rating of consumer mail was in common use between 2011 and 2016.On the corporate side, the Priority and Economy categories remain valid for Post's contract customers.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

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All icing brands will be valid, regardless of the time of purchase, forever.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] A postage stamp is a certificate affixed to a postal consignment indicating that the postage has been paid in advance.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

The postage stamp usually has some decorative image and information about the mailing class and the value of the sign.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

The postage stamp is issued by the official postal service of a country belonging to the World Postal Union (UPU).


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

In Finland, postage stamps are published by Suomen Posti (Posti Group Oyj) and Åland Post Office (Posten Åland).


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

Stamps can be purchased at Post offices, as well as grocery stores, gas stations and kiosks, for example.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

Stamp collecting is called philately.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

When a postal shipment is taken for transport, the stamps are invalidated — normally with a postmark.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

The stamp indicates the time and place of transmission.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

The stamp ensures that the stamp is no longer used for repetition as payment for the postal service.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

History The world's first postage stamp was issued in England 1840.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

It is called the black penny.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

Rowland Hill is considered to be the inventor of the postage stamp.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

The invention was not only a stamp-looking glued (but not yet dented) paper tag but also involved the idea of prepayment and the simplification of postage.


Question: Who developed the postage stamp?

Stamp

Until then postage had been very complicated and the recipient had paid them directly to the postman.