Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[14] [15] [16] [17] Between the World Wars, X-ray imaging equipment developed in the War Forces to become even smaller and more easily mobile.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In addition, beam shields came into use in X-rays of the armed forces and the safety culture improved anyway.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

By the start of World War II, X-ray imaging equipment was already very common and no significant development occurred during the war.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Around the time of the Vietnam War in the 60s and 70s, mobile X-ray units had become more efficient and imaging could be performed even at high voltages.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[15] Modern X-ray imaging With the development of X-ray imaging after World War I, other modalities such as contrast imaging with barium or iodine material began to develop in the field.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

First clip shoots and later three-dimensional imaging were provided by tomography techniques.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The first tomography scans developed by radiologist Alessandro Vallebona were performed in the 30s in Italy [18].


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The catheter radiograph, described by Swedish radiologist, Sven Ivar Seldinger in 1953, specialised as current angiography.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[19] Tomography scans of the dentition have been developed in Finland.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Professor Yrjö Paatero built the first prototype of a dental pantomograph device, where, however, strong shadows from the base of the skull were the problem.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The breakthrough was the three-wheel axis device developed by Paatero with Master of Science Timo Nieminen.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Its commercial production began in 1961 and it has become national economically significant as a product.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[20] In 1972, British Godfrey Hounsfield and South African Allan Cormack developed, without each other's knowledge, the first computed tomography imaging methods.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

They won a later shared Nobel Prize for their work.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Computed tomography has evolved into its own imaging modality separate from traditional X-ray imaging and is today a very important part of radiological diagnostics.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Computed tomography scans today even reach the accuracy of a near-pathological sample in some diseases of the lungs.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[19] [21] The major changes in traditional X-ray imaging in the late 20th and early 21st centuries have occurred in detector technology and computer software for digital radiography.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Improvements have allowed for faster scans, lower patient doses and better image quality.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Today, for the most part, there has been a shift from using X-ray films to digital imaging.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The first film-free system was a picture disc system for CR (Computed Radiography) cassettes.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In the system, instead of film, an image is formed on a reusable shooting disk that is read optically by a CR reading machine.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The most recent method of X-ray imaging is directdigital system (Direct radiography, DR).


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In DR systems, an image disk detector transfers the image directly to a computer for the human eye to view.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[22] [23] The Mechanism of Medical X-ray Imaging Radiography relies on the ability of electromagnetic radiation to differently permeate heavy and light atoms.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In medical imaging, adipose tissue and airy lung tissue penetrate rays well and appear dark on X-rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Bone tissue, on the other hand, absorbs (absorbs) a lot of electromagnetic radiation and does not lower them through, making the bones look pale on X-rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[2] [24] In X-ray scans it is also possible to use contrast agents that absorb X-rays well and thus improve the contrast of soft tissues, for example.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[25] Traditional X-rays are two-dimensional, and therefore, for example, in medical scans, at least two images from different directions should be taken of the object being photographed, if possible.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

For example, bones might look completely unscathed in one direction, but a fracture or defect position is revealed from the other direction.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Most often, one image is depicted from the front or back, and the other from the side.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[26] [27] Due to the two-dimensionality of X-ray imaging, superposition projection is a problem when making a diagnosis.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Computed tomography scans, on the other hand, give 3D clipart images of the subject, thereby eliminating the problem.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Computed tomography is a common follow-up examination for ordinary X-ray imaging.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[28] X-ray imaging apparatus The equipment of ordinary projection X-ray imaging consists of a radiation source hardware and an X-ray film or detector.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In addition, a darkroom is needed for X-ray film development and digital imaging equipment for digital imaging.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The source of radiation in X-ray studies is usually an X-ray tube.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[3] [29] Producing radiation Side-window X-ray tubes () are the most common X-ray tubes in medicine today.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The structure of the side-window X-ray tube consists of a filament from which electrons are ejected in the vacuum prevailing in the X-ray tube onto the anode plate.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

X-ray radiation generated in the tube is formed for the most part as electron braking radiation and as characteristic X-ray radiation of anode plate material ().


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The anode plate is in the side-windowed X-ray tube oblique.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Thanks to the angle of the anode plate, the X-ray is removed, for the most part, from the window just on the side of the tube.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[30] [31] The X-ray tube needs an efficient cooling system to remain intact, as only one percent of the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to X-ray radiation and the remaining 99% is mainly heat.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In addition to the cooling system, durability in existing X-ray tubes is increased by a rotating anode plate.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Thanks to the rotating anode dish, electrons do not continuously bomb the same point of the dish, but rather a circle-shaped bowl over the entire area of the anode plate.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[32] Isotope imaging does not produce radiation from outside the patient, unlike standard X-ray imaging, but instead radioactive isotopes are introduced into the patient, which are imaged by a gamma camera.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Radioactive tracer, or radio medicine, is administered either intravenously, inhalation or oral ingestion based on the method of imaging.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The radiation measured in isotope imaging is also not X-ray radiation in terms of energy.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[33] The operation of the X-ray tube is controlled by an X-ray generator whose function is to develop the necessary current to disconnect the electrons and generate a high DC voltage to accelerate the electrons.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The generator is able to do this by converting the voltage from the mains in a high-voltage transformer into the high voltage controlling the X-ray tube.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The DC voltage generator further converts the alternating current into high-quality DC voltage for the X-ray tube.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

From the control table of the X-ray generator, the radiographer sets the appropriate current, voltage and shooting time for the imaging subject.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The radiographer can also choose the use of exposure automatics from the control table.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In this case, the radiation coming to the detector is measured, for example, by an ionization chamber or a semiconductor detector, which cuts off irradiation from the control table according to selected pre-settings.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[34] In order to obtain a suitable contrast, it is important that the voltage used in the description is appropriate for that study.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

With too high or low voltage, darkening differences are reduced.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[35] The detection technique X-ray imaging requires a device in addition to the source of radiation on which the image is formed to be viewed by the human eye.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

X-rays have been described very soon after the invention of X-ray radiation for films, and the method is still in use.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The method involves putting the X-ray film on a film cassette that protects against light.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The film cassette has amplification plates that convert radiation into light.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In an imaging situation, the radiation is partially absorbed by the patient and only the penetrated radiation reaches the amplification plates that shed light on the film.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

After that, the radiographer or other radiation worker chemically develops the film and the image formed by the radiation appears on film.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[29] [36] Today, X-ray imaging is most often done digitally.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The X-ray emitted by the object is measured by various detectors and turned into electrical information.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Today, digital X-rays are described on CR cassettes and DR discs.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In CR cassettes, an image formed by radiation is read by an optical reading device that turns the image into a digital one for a computer.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

DRs immediately form an X-ray image and transmit the images to the computer wirelessly or wired.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

These digital images can be processed and modified by computers and read from the screen and, if necessary, printed on film.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Soon the whole X-ray film is about to disappear, as in many places we move to viewing images from a computer monitor.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[22] [23] [37] X-ray imaging room The X-ray imaging room shall, for the purposes of radiation protection of the staff, be constructed of lead or any other material which, in its thickness, corresponds to a certain statutory amount of X-ray absorption capacity.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

X-ray imaging facilities are divided into a surveillance and observation area.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Surveillance area means the actual shooting area where specific safety precautions must be observed to protect against radiation and where access is restricted.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Observation area refers to the area where working conditions are monitored to protect against radiation, that is, for example, the adjustment mode of X-ray rooms.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The entire range shall be such that the use of radiation does not cause radiation to workers or other persons.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Employees and relatives must leave the surveillance room, that is, the shooting room itself, for the duration of the shoot whenever possible.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[38] [39] In the imaging room, the medical X-ray apparatus includes scaffolding, in addition to the X-ray generator and tube, to keep the X-ray tube and the image receptor in place and provide the patient in position for examination.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The racks may be separate from the equipment or they can form a solid whole.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[2] Mammography examinations are flattened between two plates for the purpose of imaging.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Image resolution and contrast improve as the rack flattens the chest thin, smoother and closer to the detector technique or film.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[40] Digital image viewing and archiving in X-ray studies Digital image viewing and archiving () has become widespread around the world, and in many places films have already been abandoned.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The advantage of being digital is that image viewing is not tied physically to any location.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Instead of X-ray films, digital information quickly moves from place to place even over long distances.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In England and Finland, among others, a nationwide PACS archive is being envisaged.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

It is possible to interpret digital images in the private sector even in a different country than the description has been completed.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The PACS system has been estimated to bring savings compared to film radiology, although start-up costs are high.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In addition, remote reading can reduce hospital congestion.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[41] X-rays stored in the PACS archive currently follow the DICOM standard ().


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Thanks to the standard, studies filmed elsewhere, even abroad, can also be easily transferred and viewed in PACS archives of other hospitals, for example via the internet network.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In addition to standard X-rays, the DICOM standard allows computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound scans, as well as medical photographs to be archived in the same virtual archive as standard X-rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[42] [43] The problem with PACS is data protection.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

An inappropriate person can get to view pictures because it is effortless to move them from one place to another.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Digital image viewing also requires good image viewing conditions, as computer monitors have a small luminous intensity relative to the light boards used to view films.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Research suggests that medical center doctors' screens and image-viewing conditions are often inadequate for viewing X-rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Improvement in doctors' workstation work would be available if health centres invested in the purchase of sufficient quality displays and the lighting design of workstations and regular quality control of screens.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[41] [44] Projection X-ray scans are carried out in health care in Finland about 3.9 million X-ray examinations each year, plus about 1.3 million conventional dental scans and nearly 200000 panoramic tooth scans.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In total, at least 5 billion X-ray examinations a year are conducted worldwide.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Both chapters have taken into account all radiation studies, not just traditional X-rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Most often, X-ray examinations of the lungs and skeletal system are performed.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Dental pictures are also taken a lot, but the dose per patient is small.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

More radiation is obtained from studies other than traditional X-rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Angiography studies and various therapeutic measures, such as opening a blocked blood vessel, may result in a high dose to the patient.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The resulting dose can be as high as hundreds of millisieverts per study.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Also, in computed tomography studies, the dosage may be high.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[6] [45] The radiographer may reduce the radiation dose received by the patient during X-ray scans by placing a beam guard on the patient, preferably immediately at the boundary of the beam field, i.e. the delineation area of the image field.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[46] The use of X-ray radiation in medical diagnostics is based on the ability of X-rays to penetrate body tissues, but also on the fact that radiation attenuates in tissues according to their elemental composition and density.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Due to the two-dimensionality of the X-ray imaging, at least two images should be taken from different directions, if this is possible depending on the description.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

For example, bones may appear completely undamaged in one direction and when shooting in the other direction, a fracture or defect position is revealed.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Usually a front or back image is depicted, and then a side view.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[2] [26] Sometimes sloping or special projections are also described.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[47] For projection X-ray, it is possible to use oral or rectal barium contrast agent which greatly improves the contrast of the gastrointestinal tract in images.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Barium is used to undergo colongraphy, ventricle and passager X-ray examinations, some of which are photographed using a throughput device instead of a standard X-ray.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Arterographic contrast agent studies are also performed on the shoulder.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Sometimes a further carbon dioxide is pumped into the intestine to achieve double contrast.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Nowadays, projection X-ray scans are usually not carried out with iodine scans used for intravenous iodine scans; iodine scans are usually carried out in computed tomography.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In Finland, only about 1.5 per cent of all projection X-ray scans are found.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The figure is broadly the same in Britain, for example.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[25] [48] The most common X-ray examination in healthcare As a rough overview, it can be said that in an imaging situation, the patient must be firmly attached to the imaging plate, detector or imaging stand [8] precisely in the correct position according to the desired projection [8] At the moment of irradiation, motionless and lungs and abdomen, the lungs are filled with air, withholding breathing.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[8] Of the standard X-rays, the most common are lung images, covering approximately half of all projection X-rays and about 30% of all radiation studies when excluding dental scans.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The lung image is aimed at taking always standing, so that both PA- (rays from the side of the patient's back) and in the side view, the patient has lungs filled with air.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The prevalence of lung imagery is partly due to the simplicity and speed of the study


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In addition, pulmonary scans are good and useful in evaluating a number of diseases.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In addition to lung diseases, the circulatory system such as cardiac function and aortic pathology can be assessed from pulmonary images.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[49] Bed patients are usually satisfied with a mere frontal image in the pulmonary image.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[8] In pulmonary X-ray examination, the patient incurs a relatively low radiation dose compared to other X-ray examinations or natural background radiation.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[50] [51] For pulmonary X-rays, the pelvic apron may be used as a beam guard outside the imaging area.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[52] [53] Ordinary X-rays of the abdominal region are diagnostically limited compared to pulmonary images.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

From native X-ray scans, an increase in the air content of traction difficulties can be found mainly.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Clear liquid horizontal surfaces may also be visible on mechanical radars.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

A puncture in the intestinal area may appear on an ordinary X-ray as air in the free abdominal cavity.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Computed tomography studies, as a more precise research method, have largely supplanted traditional projection imaging in radiographs of the abdominal region.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[54] Ordinary projection X-rays are the basic method of spinal imaging.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Descriptions of the spinal region usually take anterior and lateral projections.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

To imaging root openings, slanting images are taken.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In the scans of the cervical region, the problem of X-ray imaging is the poor vision of the lower part of the wrist.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Vertebrae C7 and T1 may easily remain invisible and the picture is undiagnostic in these respects.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Scans of the thoracic spine are particularly problematic, as even vertebral fractures may go unseen due to fluctuations in tissue densities.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Lumbar scans in lower back pain studies have declined in recent years due to radiation protection.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

However, the study is good compared to other imaging studies as it can be done standing.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Also, in the study of traumatic injuries, an X-ray of the lumbar spine is necessary.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Further examination of Ranga X-rays, if necessary, at least in traumatic cases, usually computed tomography is carried out.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[55] [56] [57] The spinal cord is not imaged in X-ray studies and is challenging imaging even as a magnetic study [58] Leaded breast protectors can be used in scans of the Ranga region in female patients and testicular protection in men.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[59] Skull X-rays have no use in diagnostics of brain diseases in adult humans.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In adults, there is no need for skull imaging even when a skull fracture is suspected, as both brain and cranial trauma can survive on computed tomography at the same time.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[60] A child's skull is usually depicted anteriorly and laterally.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The reasons for the description of the child's skull can include problems with brain pressure, anomalies of the bones of the skull, and examination of the sunt tubing.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Of benign tumors of the bones of the skull in children, epidermal cysts are usually very depicted on ordinary X-rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Inflammatory problems in the head area of children may appear on X-rays as a roof or thinning of bone tissue.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The brain of newborns can be imaged without beam stress using ultrasound through an open aukile.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The front aukile is usually open until about one year of age.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[61] Nasal sinuses are described on X-ray usually to detect or monitor sinusitis.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Native imaging of the nasal sinuses is one of the most common descriptions in medical radiography.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Much of the descriptions are pointless, since in the acute phase, medication for sinusitis could be started based on clinical signs.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The face has four paired sinuses: cheek and frontal sinuses, sieve compartments, and chitaal sinuses.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The sinuses are best described in a projection called moonlight imaging, where the patient's mouth is open and his chin and nose closed on the imaging plate.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The moonlight image also shows the front parts of the sieve trays and the chital cavity.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The frontal sinuses are better visible in the PA projection, where the patient is photographed with his nose and forehead laid out on the imaging plate.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

A side view of facial cavities can also be taken, which has become less common thanks to computed tomography and MRI scans.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

CT and MRI are used as a further imaging method for chronic sinusitis and tumours.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In CT, bone tissues and soft tissues are better visible in moderation.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Magnetic resonance imaging, on the other hand, is a better option for radiation protection and soft contrast.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In humans, nasal sinuses are not yet developed in children under 6 years of age, and it does not make sense to describe them younger than this.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Forehead and sphenoidal compartments are not conditioned until adulthood, which also affects imageability.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In children, a simple runny nose and crying can cause symptoms of sinusitis.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[62] X-rays of the upper limb skeleton are performed on the collarbone, shoulder joint, upper arm, elbow joint, forearm, wrist, palm and fingers, among others.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[63] The bones of the lower limb include the toes, heel, forefoot, ankle, shin, knee joint, thigh and hip joint.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[64] Mammography often takes an oblique projection [65] in addition to the image of the upper and lower direction, as is the case for depictions of the foot [66] and palm bones [67].


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Common special projections include wrist boating descriptions [68] and lumbar bending images [69].


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Descriptions of all limbs and joints are common, covering about 20% of all radiation examinations when dental scans are removed from the bills.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Despite its prevalence, scans of the limbs and joints only account for about a percent contribution to the total radiological radiological dose of patients.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

So for limb scans, the patient dose is low.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[53] In suspicion of abuse of a child or baby under one year old, a picture of the lungs, pelvis and long bones of the limbs is depicted separately from each individual frontal image.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

A side view of the child's spine is depicted in suspicion of abuse, and the front and lateral image of the skull.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In addition, either frontal images or slightly oblique projections are depicted of the hands and feet.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

If injuries can be seen on conventional X-rays, one often needs to be photographed as a follow-up examination either magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[70] Dental projection X-ray scans Clinically invisible findings of dentition are quite common.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

X-ray examination is an important auxiliary in dentistry diagnostics.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

X-rays are additionally taken for the planning, implementation, timing and follow-up of treatment.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Dental X-rays are subject to the same guidelines on radiation protection as other X-rays, and therefore unnecessary X-rays should also be avoided in dentistry.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[71] The most common and preferred intraoral (intraoral) imaging technique has been and is today the parallele technique.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In technology, an image detector is in the patient's mouth, imaging the tooth and image detector as parallel as possible, and the X-ray tube outside the patient.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In parallele technology, the patient is subjected to a very low beam dose and descriptions are easily reproducible without distortion or overlapping projection.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

However, when compared to other dental imaging techniques, description is difficult to learn, and motion imprecision may sometimes occur in images.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[72] Dental radiography can diagnose many diseases of the oral area.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

For example, caries, inflammations, changes in bone structures, developmental cysts, as well as benign and malignant tumors can be detected by intraoral procedures or panoramic scans.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Traumatic accidents are also a common cause of traditional X-rays of the dentition area.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[73] Traditional two-dimensional dentition X-ray studies are performed a lot compared to all X-ray studies, but the radiation dose in them is low.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In recent years, in countries with high living standards, the number of dental X-ray examinations has remained almost the same.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In emerging countries, dental X-rays, on the other hand, have become somewhat more common.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

It is estimated that 480 million dental X-ray examinations are carried out in the world every year, most of them in countries with high living standards.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In addition to projection X-ray scans, tomography studies have been calculated.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Of all radiation studies, dental X-rays cover about 10 to 20 percent, depending on the state's standard of living.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Despite 480 million studies, dental X-rays cause less than 1 percent of all radiation from health care to the population.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

However, it is possible that all dental X-ray examinations will never be written down.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In Finland, some dental imaging equipment is exempt from the standard X-ray equipment safety licensing practice.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[53] [74] Tomography scans in healthcare X-ray departments have been able to capture clip-scans even before computed tomography became widespread.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Traditional tomography scans were able to reduce the depiction of overlapping structures to the same level at least somewhat.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In tomography scans, one plane of the imaging area was accurately focussed, with structures at other levels partially fading and the selected shooting plane being accurately depicted.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Depending on the device, tomography scans can be taken in linear motion and circular motion.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In circular motion, the source of radiation and film rotate around the patient, in linear motion the tube and film move along a straight line.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Especially in tomography images taken with linear motion, disturbing shadows were often formed from organs outside the imaging plane.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

From traditional tomography scans, orthopantomography has survived as a digitized version of general research even into the 2010s.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[53] [75] In Finland, for example, 200000 orthopantomography studies are carried out annually.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

For panoramic photography, a shoulder cloak may be used as a lead protector outside the shooting area.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[76] Modern dental panoramic imaging (orthopantomography, OPTG) is based on the development night of Finnish professor Yrjö Paatero and Master of Science Timo Nieminen.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[77] Nowadays, for the most part, clip shoots are performed with proprietary computed tomography () modality.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Computed tomographs have started to become common in hospitals since the 80s.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In CT scans, unlike traditional X-rays, the patient lies on a table moving through a hole in a doughnut-like imaging machine.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

CT scans do not present any form of superimposed projection, and images obtained using the technique have very good resolution.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In the technique, the radiation produced by the X-ray tube is limited to a thin quiddle ().


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The object is depicted from several angles and projection measurements from different directions add their own addition to each number value in the image cell.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The CT device therefore measures the corresponding absorption coefficient of each image cell and changes it to the CT scale.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The CT value, called the Hounsfield figure typically ranges between -1000 and 0 in human tissues.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

-1000 Hounsfields corresponds to an air absorption coefficient and 0 for water.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Clip image computation is called backprojection.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

After summations of image elements, the value of each image element can be solved mathematically, thus producing three-dimensional image information.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Since modality has become widespread, the development of CT devices has been really strong.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Among other things, the devices have accelerated so that the measurement time of one clip is less than a second.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Today, CT devices are capable of shooting on a spiral track as the shooting subject moves without stopping through the imaging device, resulting in shooting up to ten times faster than usual and image disturbances due to breathing, for example.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[21] [78] X-rays in mass screenings Miniature X-rays have been much used to screen and monitor tuberculosis.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The shooting has originally used a through-light device whose X-ray image formed on the shaders was optically reduced to fit the film size and then shot with a standard camera.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The method allowed low film costs to be achieved, and compared to ordinary lung images, research volumes were able to be multiplied due to low cost.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The first miniature X-ray imaging equipment in Finland was acquired in 1940.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The downside of the method was the high beam dose.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In measurements taken in 1977, the average surface dose was 5.2 mGy.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

At its peak in the 70s, the surface dose might have been 10 mGy, even more so in the earliest decades.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[79] Today, the dose in similar studies is relatively low, but still more than 50% higher than the usual lung image.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[80] Mammography screening is done by mammography imaging.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Mammography is an X-ray of the breast, with the help of which tumors and changes in the breast are examined.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The goal of screening is to find and treat breast cancers early and thus lower breast cancer mortality rates in the population.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Mammogram screening reduces deaths from breast cancer, according to research, when screenings are carried out for women aged 40 to 74.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[81] Mammography screenings routinely describe ap and oblique projections.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[65] Radiography in radiotherapy Radiography is also used in medicine as an aid in radiotherapy for positional verification, hence 'aiming'.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Radiation therapy does not use X-ray treatments as a healing form today, but higher-energy radiation produced by linear acceleration.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In radiotherapy, the patient is given a very high radiation dose, sometimes up to 80 Gy over a long, sometimes several week period.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Radiation therapy is usually administered from several directions each treatment session, so verification of the location of the beamed target is important.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Treatment fields can be verified by imaging the patient with either electronic portal imaging (EPI) or on-board imaging (OBI) rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

EPI scans are not X-ray imaging and are inferior in quality because in them the radiation is highly pervasive megavolt-grade (MV).


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

OBI scans are done using an X-ray imaging device integrated into the linear acceleration.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Treatment subject verification scans are compared with dose design scans using bony structures or X-ray positive marker targets.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

For example, in prostate cancer, the treatment target can be certified with gold grains applied to the prostate gland.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[82] [83] [84] Animal radiography X-ray imaging is one of the more commonly used methods in veterinary diagnostics.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

X-ray is a cheap way to obtain diagnostic information about an animal, and the method does not require surgery or other tampering inside the animal.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Although the X-ray examination is painless, the animal still often needs to be sedated or anesthetized for the scan to be successful.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In veterinary medicine, compared to human health care, a lot of pointless studies are carried out globally, from which it is not possible to obtain diagnostically useful information.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[85] [86] Over 100000 animal X-ray examinations are carried out in Finland every year.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

For the success of the X-ray, it is important that the animal is kept immobile during the examination.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Staff or animal escorts usually act as catchkeepers.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The need for re-imaging can be reduced by tranquilizing the animal for the duration of the study.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Due to difficult research conditions, radiation safety is not always realized in animal X-rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

It is therefore important to pay attention to the radiation safety of staff, catchers and other persons and to use radiation protection equipment.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[87] In addition to standard X-rays today, animal X-rays are carried out using computed tomography equipment built for animals.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[21] Flumboscopy studies The patient is used to take a real-time series of images instead of a single image using a flashlight device.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

This is a useful method, especially in radiological and cardiological angiography studies, as well as for the guidance of procedures.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Examination studies are greatly reduced due to the generalization of computed tomography, as well as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Even previously common urogenital scans have receded from the way of new imaging methods, but in procedures, through-light is still used.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

For example, in Finland, of all medical X-ray examinations, radiological and cardiological procedures and angiography studies cover less than 2% of all X-ray examinations.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Worldwide, the figure ranges from 1.3 to 3.8%.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[88] [89] [90] However, X-rays of the lungs with a throughput device may still be quite common in countries with fewer physicians in terms of population proportions than in Western countries or Japan.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[53] Radiation protection in X-ray scans The purpose of radiation shielding is to prevent adverse reactions to patients and adherents due to X-ray radiation.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[91] Radiation protection is implemented as defined by the ICRP if: The benefit of X-ray imaging outweighs the resulting harm (principle of entitlement).


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[91] In a single imaging situation, radiation exposure is kept as low as reasonably possible (optimization or ALARA principle).


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[91] In the case of radiation use, workers' radiation exposure does not exceed the established dose limits (individual protection principle).


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[91] In the implementation of the principle of entitlement, the doctor who sends the patient has a precise position.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The dispatching physician must have basic knowledge of the health effects of radiation and the radiation dose of the study they request.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Careful clinical examination of the patient may indicate that an X-ray may not be required.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The referral physician must also consider the patient's previous examinations and alternative methods of examination, such as the possibility of an ultrasound or MRI, so that they can make legitimate X-ray referrals to their patient.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The referral doctor should also make sure if the patient is pregnant.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[92] [93] In the imaging situation, the radiographer must carry out the examination in accordance with the ALARA principle at as low as reasonably possible (ALARA = As Low As Reasonably Achievable).


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The radiographer must select on an examination basis the correct quality voltage description and the appropriate amount of current, so that the radiation dose is as low as possible, but the picture diagnostic.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The radiographer selects the appropriate shooting distance and additional filtering per shot.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The imaging area shall be precisely delimited to reduce the radius stress.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The pictures would be good to get successful the first time.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Avoiding renewal is important radiation safety work.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[91] [92] [93] Radiation shields shall be used wherever possible.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

If an assistant is required to hold the patient, they must also be properly protected.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The attachment should be primarily a relative, rather than personnel from the X-ray unit.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

X-ray unit staff still make sure that the patient or catcher is not pregnant.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[94] The individual protection principle applies to radiation exposure of workers.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Radiography situations, equipment and working methods shall be arranged so that the dosage limits specified in the legislation are not exceeded under any circumstances.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[95] Dose limits do not limit the patient in medical studies or treatments.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[96] Radiation protection equipment Radiation protection equipment should be used by radio-sensitive organs when radio-sensitive organs are close to the radio-field.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Also in pediatric patients should always wear radiation protectors.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[46] Radiation shields are available in a variety of different materials.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The most common materials used are lead vinyl, lead mixes, and lead-free materials.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Lead vinyl is environmentally harmful, which is why more environmentally friendly ray shields have been developed.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The lead blend shield is about 30% lighter than lead vinyl protection and contains less environmentally harmful lead.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Lead-free radiation shields are made from material other than lead as their name suggests.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

0.5mm lead equivalent shielding attenuates 97% of radiation in the beam field itself and 99% of diffuse radiation at a voltage of 80 kV.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Lead-free shields cannot be used in nuclear medicine, as they do not protect against gamma radiation.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[97] Radiation shields can be cleaned by hand with a lukewarm soap solution.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Not all materials are suitable, for example, alcohol cleaning.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Radiation shields should be stored in the stands intended for them to remain intact.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Radiation shields should be inspected every year.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The shields are inspected visually and X-rays to detect possible holes and fractures.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[98] Side effects of X-ray imaging The adverse reactions of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, are divided into two categories: deterministic, that is, direct effects due to a large number of cell deaths, and stochastic, i.e. random effects arising from of lineage changes in one particular divisible cell.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Deterministic effects rarely occur on X-rays anymore, but have been reported, for example, in the United States by a procedure radiologist.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

10—17 a.m.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The fetus of a woman at the week of gestation may suffer a brain injury if the fetal brain dose exceeds 100 mGy, for example, in descriptions of the mother's pelvic region.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[99] Stochastic side effects can, in principle, arise from any small radius stress.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Only the probability of the effect increases with an increase in the radius dose.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The side effect is based on the ability of ionizing radiation to break the strand of the DNA molecule.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

More often than not, a cell knows how to fix a DNA break, but sometimes the cell “miscorrects” the DNA, allowing a precursor to a cancer cell to emerge.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Often altered DNA is followed by controlled cell death.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

For statistical reasons, accurate data on the effect of very low beam doses can never be obtained; theoretical models must be relied upon at low beam doses.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[100] Probability of adverse reactions The likelihood of adverse reactions from radiation increases as radiation stress increases.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The age of the patient also affects the risk.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

People under 35 have a higher lifetime risk of developing cancer from the radiation they receive from an X-ray examination.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

However, in practice, the likelihood of developing cancerous diseases due to X-ray imaging is small.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Each year, a person receives an average effective dose of 1.7 millisieverts of radiation, most of which is nature's own background radiation.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

A dose of about 100 mSv results in an observable likelihood of developing cancer.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[50] [51] [101] [102] Research-specific radiation doses in healthcare The data presented in the table correspond to the average Finnish radiation exposure according to STUK's study.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

There may be considerable site-specific differences in radius doses.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

A variation of more than 30 percent is not uncommon.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

The thickness of the patient considerably affects the dose used in the description.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In slender patients, a lower beam dose is sufficient to achieve diagnostic image quality.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

PA direction refers to the imaging of the X-ray tube on the side of the patient's back.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[50] [51] According to a UN global report, man receives an average of 0.4 mSv of radiation annually from all X-ray examinations.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In Finland, the corresponding figure is 0.5 mSv, according to a report by the Finnish Radiation Safety Authority.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Both figures lack isotope imaging, which are therefore not considered X-ray studies.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

In Finland, radiation from all X-ray studies covers approximately 13.5 percent of total radiation and worldwide average 14.2 percent of total human radiation dose.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Although more quantitatively ordinary X-rays are performed than computed tomography studies, so still the radiation dose from computed tomography studies makes a more significant contribution to the total beam dose than standard X-rays.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

[53] [103] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kragh, Helge| title = Quantum Generation| location = Helsinki| publisher = Terra Cognita| year = 2002| version = Translated by Kimmo Pietian | id = ISBN 952-5202-53-4| pages = 49, 50}} , replace with {{cite book| author = Möller E & Reif E| title = Pocket Atlas of Radiographic Positioning| number = 2-5| location = New York| publisher = Thieme| year = 2009| id=ISBN 978-3-13-107442-3| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who invented X-ray imaging?

Medical X-ray

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| accessdate = 1.7.2011| page = X—XII, 62, 88—158, 134, 144—148, 162—212, 228, 288}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = P. Vuoria, A. Karttunen, J. Pyhtinen & U. | title = X-ray instructions| location = Oulu| publisher = OY Ultima Thule| year = 1984| id = ISBN 951-9160-02-9| pages = 5, 8, 9, 13}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Soimakallio, Seppo — Kivisaari, Leena — Manninen, Hannu — Svedstöm, Erkki — Tervonen, Osmo| title = Radiology| location = Sink| publisher = WSOY| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-0 -29626-0| pages = 33, 34, 39—40, 72, 75, 78—80, 84, 89—91, 102, 316, 385, 297—299, 492, 521, 534—536, 584, 595—597}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rosberg, Jukka| title = Dental Radiology| location = Oulu| publisher = Oulu University Weight| year = 1997| id = ISBN 952-90-8753-5| pages = 10-13, 18—24, 92-93}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jantunen, Hanna — Kortelainen, Katherine — Lehkonen, Miia — Wood, Päivi| title = Radiation protection of staff and patients in medical radiation| location = Tampere| publisher = Hämeenlinna Offset team ky| year = 2006| version = Finnish Radiographers' Association ry| id = ISBN 951-98545-5-X| pages = 5, 9, 17—19 26—27}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Radiology Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The flag of Georgia is the national emblem of Georgia along with the coat of arms, motto, and national anthem.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

It was introduced on January 14, 2004, after a five-hundred-year hiatus.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

Previously, it was the flag of the medieval Georgian Kingdom.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The proportions of the flag are 100:147.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The history of the flag “Flag of the Five Crosses” has been used since at least the 13th century.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The central element of the flag is the Cross of St George (still in use on the flag of England) - St George is the patron saint of Georgia.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

[1] According to Georgian scientist Giorgi Gabeskiria, four additional crosses were added during the reign of Giorgi V, who had driven the Mongols from the country.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The new design was a variant of the Jerusalem Crosses used in the Crusades.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The crosses are said to have represented the five wounds of Christ.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

There has also been controversy over the possible Armenian origin of the flag.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The flag fell out of use later in the Middle Ages until it was resurrected by Georgian nationalists after the country's re-independence in 1991.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

A majority of Georgians supported the return of the flag, and Parliament made a law to change the flag in 1999.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

However, President Eduard Ševardnadze did not approve the law.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

Mikheil Saakashvili's opposition party adopted the flag as its symbol, and after the Georgian Roses Revolution, the flag was officially introduced.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The change also provoked opposition, as from the point of view of many, taking the banner of a political party as the national flag is undemocratic.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

Earlier flags of Georgia Independent Georgia (1918—1921, 1990—2004) During Georgia's brief independence, 1918—1921, a tricolor flag was introduced.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The designer of the flag is the painter Jakob Nikoladze, who won the competition to design it.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The flag was decommissioned when the Soviet Union took over the country but was reintroduced on 14 November 1990 after Georgia gained independence.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The flag lost popularity due to its association with the chaotic early 1990s.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

The burgundy color of the flag symbolizes good past and future times, black rule of Russians and white hope for peace.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

Soviet-Georgia (1921—1990) In the Soviet Union, the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic adopted several different versions of the Soviet flag.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

They had either the name of Georgia or a sickle, a hammer and a red star in a blue sun, as well as a blue bar.


Question: What colors are on the flag of Geogy?

Flag of Georgia

On topic elsewhere Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dorling Kinderley Limited, London| title = Big ticket book| others = Translated by Niina Mäki-Kihniä| publisher = The Bonnier Group| year = 2010| isbn = 978-952-220-281-9| accessdate = 20.12.2013| page = 175}} References Flag Category:State Flags


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

In mathematics, the term numberable is used to describe the number of embryos contained in a set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

If there are an infinite number of embryos in a set, the numberability indicates the quality of an infinite number.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

You can find out the differences in the size of infinite sets by comparing the numbers of embryos of the troops.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Although both sets are infinitely large, one set may contain significantly more embryos than the other set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

In this case, let's say it's a mightier bunch.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The term numberability was introduced by Georg Cantor, creator of mass doctrine, in his 1874 writing, and he proved by it the awesomeness of many troops to be the same as that of the set of natural numbers.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Comparison of infinite sets Some sets of numbers have an infinite number of embryos, so the usual calculation of the number by listing the elements of the set is not successful.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

However, the size of two infinite sets can be compared by forming the set of germ pairs from the embryos of each set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

For example, from sets with natural numbers and even natural numbers, one can form an embryo pair set with embryos {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8),.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

. . , (n, 2 n),.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

{\ displaystyle\ left\ {(1,2), (2,4), (3,6), (4,8),... , (n,2n),... \ right\}.}.}


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

In this set, the left pair is the embryo of the natural number and the right pair is the embryo of the even natural number.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Although there are an infinite number of embryos in each set, pairs can be formed from them, which will eventually involve all the embryos of both sets.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

From this it is concluded that the number of embryos is “the same”, although the number itself is not determined.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The previous example includes the paradox (see Galilei's paradox), which has fascinated mathematicians for another hundred years.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

How can even numbers be as many as natural numbers?


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Aren't even numbers half as many as natural numbers?


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

However, Cantor's thought play on pairing shows that each set of numbers is inexhaustible and for each embryo one can always find a pair in the other set of numbers.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

In the cases of infinite sets, the size of a set is called the awesomeness of a set as the difference from the size of finite sets.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The size of an infinite set is not numerically valued but its awesomeness is assessed by the reference set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The result of the comparison is that one set is just as awesome or more awesome than the other set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Troops can be placed in order of awesomeness through comparison.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

[1] Definition A set S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}} is numberable in two cases.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}} is numberable if its awesomeness is finite.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

For example, the Finnish alphabet is a numbering set because the alphabet can be counted (alphabetically) and there are a finite number of 29.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}} is numberably infinite if it is as awesome as that of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3,.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

...} {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {N} =\ {1,2,3,...\}} set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Pairing with the reference set N {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {N}} continues infinitely many times or remains unfinished, but for every element of the set S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}} suffices from the set N {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {N}} pair.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

If in the pairing process we notice that there are elements in the set S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}} that cannot be enumerated with elements of the set N {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {N}}, the set is called S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}} for overnumbering.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Intuitively, one thinks that among S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}} there are “more embryos” than among N {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {N}} meaning it is a mightier set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

For example, the set of real numbers R {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {R}} has been shown to be mightier than N {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {N}}, i.e., it is overnumberingly infinite.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

[2] Notation The awesomeness of the set S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}} is denoted in mathematics literature as either card (S) {\ displaystyle\ operatorname {card} (S)} or | S | {\ displaystyle |S|}.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The magnitude of the awesomeness of the troops is expressed by the Hebrew language alphabet {\ displaystyle\ aleph}, pronounced “alef”.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The awesomeness of the numberable set S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}}, as well as the set of natural numbers N {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {N}}, is denoted by the cardinal number card (S) = card (N) = 0 {\ displaystyle\ operatorname {card} (\ mathrm {S}) =\ operatorname {card} (\ mathbb {N}) =\ aleph _ {0}}.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The value of this is 0 = ∞ {\ displaystyle\ aleph _ {0} =\ infty} and is the smallest infinite cardinal number.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

[3] If the set is overnumberable, the awesomeness of the set is expressed by the cardinal numbers 1 {\ displaystyle\ aleph _ {1}} or 2 {\ displaystyle\ aleph _ {2}} or..., where the cardinal numbers are i = ∞ {\ displaystyle\ aleph _ {i} =\ infty} with different awesomeness depending on the quality of overnumberability.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The cardinal numbers have the order of magnitude 0 < 1 < 2 <.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

. {\ displaystyle\ aleph _ {0} <\ aleph _ {1} <\ aleph _ {2} <...}.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

[4] Determination of numberability as function description The formation of comparative pairs can be interpreted as forming the Cartesian input S × N {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}\ times\ mathbb {N}}, which can also be pronounced using function description.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Then a description of the studied set of numbers to the set of natural numbers f: S → N {\ displaystyle f\ colon\ mathrm {S}\ to\ mathbb {N}} would correspond to pairing such that the description f {\ displaystyle f} the embryos of the starting and goal set are pairs.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

If the description f {\ displaystyle f} is an injection, then the output set is numberable or numberably infinite.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

If the description is as much as a bijection, then the output set S {\ displaystyle\ mathrm {S}} is numberingly infinite.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

[5] Common Results Genuine subsets of numbering sets are also numberable.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

For example, if rational numbers are a numberable set, then its subset of integers is also numberable.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Also, a numbering number of numbered sets forms a numbering set as a Union.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

[5] Examples of numberable infinite sets Following the previous example, even positive numbers are a numberingly infinite set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Similarly, for example, the sets of integers (Z {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {Z}}), algebraic numbers and rational numbers (Q {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {Q}}) are numberable. [1].


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

By contrast, for example, the set of real numbers R {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {R}} is not numberable but overnumberable, that is, genuinely grander than any of the above.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Proof for integers The integers Z = {.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

. . , − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

...} {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {Z} =\ {..., -3, -2, -1,0,1,2,3,...\}} can be shown to be numberably an infinite set in the simple way presented by Cantor.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Although the set is infinite at “both ends”, enumeration of numbers can start from the middle of the number set: 0, 1, − 1, 2, − 2, 3, − 3, 4, − 4, − 4,.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

. {\ displaystyle 0,1, -1,2, -2,3, -3,4, -4,...} These re-grouped numbers are numbered by natural numbers as follows: 0 ↔ 1, − 1 ↔ 2, 2 ↔ 3, − 2 ↔ 4, 3 ↔ 5, − 3 ↔ 6,.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

. {\ displaystyle 0\ leftrightarrow 1, -1\ leftrightarrow 2,2\ leftrightarrow 3, -2\ leftrightarrow 4,3\ leftrightarrow 5, -3\ leftrightarrow 6,...} In this way, all integers are reached and can be combined in turn with one natural number when pairing is continued infinitely many times.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Based on this example, the integers are a numberingly infinite set of numbers, i.e., its awesomeness is 0 {\ displaystyle\ aleph _ {0}}.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The set of integers is numberably infinite also because it is a union of three numberable sets: Z = {.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

. . , − 3, − 2, − 1} {0} {1, 2, 3,.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

..} {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {Z} =\ {..., -3, -2, -1\}\ cup\ {0\}\ cup\ {1,2,3,...\}} [1] Proof for rational numbers The numberability of rational numbers is proven in the article awesomeness by the enumeration method introduced by Cantor.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Numberability can also be proved by the Union numberability of numberable subsets.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Let's divide the rational numbers into several subsets whose embryos always have the same denominators.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Such a subset is, for example, A k {\ displaystyle A_ {k}}, whose embryos have an integer k {\ displaystyle k} as the denominator: A k = {.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

. . , − 2 k, − 1 k, 0 k, 1 k, 2 k,.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

{\ displaystyle A_ {k} =\ {... , {\ frac {-2} {k}}, {\ frac {-1} {k}}, {\ frac {0} {k}}, {\ frac {1} {k}}, {\ frac {2} {k}},...\}.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

The set A k {\ displaystyle A_ {k}}, regardless of the value of k {\ displaystyle k}, is numberingly infinite because there are as many elements as the integers in the numerators of fractions.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

All rational numbers Q {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {Q}} are obtained as union of subsets A k {\ displaystyle A_ {k}} when k {\ displaystyle k} goes through all integers Z {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {Z}} Q = k `Z A k, {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {Q} =\ bigcup _ {k\ in\ mathbb {Z}} A_ {k},} where subsets are numberingly an infinite set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

[1] Cartesian inputs of numberable sets The proof of the Ration numbers is also similar in the proof of the numberability of the Cartesian inputs of two numbering sets.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

For example, the Cartesian input of two natural sets N × N {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {N}\ times\ mathbb {N}} is thus also a numberable set.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

In fact, all Cartesian inputs of numbering sets N × N ×.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

. . × N {\ displaystyle\ mathbb {N}\ times\ mathbb {N}\ times... \ times\ mathbb {N}} are numbering sets.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

Inventing the bijection f: N × N → N {\ displaystyle f\ colon\ mathbb {N}\ times\ mathbb {N}\ rightarrow\ mathbb {N}}, where f (k, n) = 2 k ⋅ (2 n + 1) − 1 {\ displaystyle f (k, n) =2^ {k}\ cdot (2n+1) -1} is the numberability after finding demonstrated.


Question: Who introduced the term numberability?

Numberable set

[1] [6] See also Overnumbering set of Awesomeness Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fuchs, Walter R.| title = Mathema| others = Translated by Mattila, Pekka| location = West German| publisher = Book group| year = 1968}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Barrow, John D.| title = Heaven of Chapters | others = Translated by Vilikko, Risto| location = Smedjebacken, Sweden| publisher = Art House| year = 1999| isbn = 951-884-231-0}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lipschutz, Seymour| title = Set Theory and Related Topics| publisher = McGraw-Hill| year = 1964| isbn = 0-07-037986-6}} Category:Mass Doctrine


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The basset hound is the most famous of the bassetrodes.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Unlike other bassets, the homeland of the hound is England, though it is processed from its French relatives.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The breed is popular as a peculiar companion dog in many countries.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Appearance Basset hound has a height at the withers of 33—38cm.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Due to its peculiar appearance, it can not be confused with any other breed of dog.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

It is low-limbed, oversized robust, long-bodied and loose-skinned.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

An escalated basset hound is a fairly large dog with only short legs.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The muzzle of the dog is wide.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The ears are really long, narrow and thin.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The tail is thick at the base and rises as the dog moves upright.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The flewing leather of the breed is processed to protect the dog from scratches in difficult terrain.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The look of the dog is sad and the essence is precious.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The hair is short and smooth.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Basset hound is most often three-colored black-white-brown.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Two-tone yellow-white is also plain, but any color of English hounds is acceptable.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Character and Behavior By nature, the basset hound is calm and benevolent.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Trainability is poor due to the dog's low desire to please and stubbornness, but the basset is easily bribed with food.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The hunting fetus in the breed remains.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The dog is often immersed in its own worlds.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

However, the Basset hound is friendly and sociable towards other dogs and humans.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Basset hound is not a particularly energetic breed, but likes outdoor activities.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

You can work with Basset, for example, tracing, where it gets to use its exact sense of smell.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Origin The early origins of the breed are unclear.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

One theory holds that the basset hound and the wedhound would be descended from the dogs of Saint Hubertus, from which the short-legged basset might have emerged as a result of mutation [1].


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

However, curve-limbed hounds have been used in France for centuries: the word bas signifies low.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The hunter may have followed the slow-moving basset on foot.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The breed was used mostly in small game hunting.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Normands of basset artés also crossed into England, where Sir John Everett Millais brought a basset hound called Model.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

From this began the breeding of the breed in England, where the dog population gradually began to grow.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The breed was recognised by the English Kennel Club in 1880.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Health In puppy stages, the dog's skeleton can be easily damaged, so drastic handling of the dog and jumping or walking the stairs should be avoided.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Basset hound is quite a highly processed breed, but relatively healthy in terms of appearance.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Diseases typical of Bassets include skin problems, ulna growth defect, abdominal dilation and twisting, and eye diseases.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

The eyelids are quite sensitive to inflammation.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Excess weight in a dog with a long back can also cause problems.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

As a long-eared breed, the basset hound also occurs with ear infections, so it is necessary to regularly monitor the ears.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

However, the breed is not particularly susceptible to ear infections.


Question: What is the height of the basset hound dogs at the withers?

Basset hound

Sources Tapio Eerola, Finnish dog breeds, Publishing company Tammi 1997 (Suomen Kennelliitto, pdf) References Category:FCI 6 Driving and tracing dogs Category:Hand dogs Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

Dualism (from the Latin word duo 'two') is the doctrine of dichotomy or dichotomy.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

In philosophy, dualism refers to the ambivalent notion of reality.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

In philosophy, more specifically ontology, dualism refers to the assumption of two independent initial bases, that is, substance.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

In general, this refers to the bifurcation of the world between spirit and matter.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

This is how René Descartes, among others, thought.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

The world can thus be thought of as having spirit as well as matter.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

Although traditionally the spiritual side has been thought to be related to a deity by some means, it can also include the abstract phenomena of the world without taking a position on whether something controls them or where antimatter originated.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

The abstractions can also count emotions as separated from physical reactions.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

The ambivalence of the world can therefore also be thought to extend to the opposite of feeling and reason.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

In philosophy of religion, dualism refers to the presumption of two equally original initial beings or initial forces, often good and evil.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

The opposite of dualism is monism, the doctrine of unity, and sometimes also pluralism, that is, the polydivisional concept of reality, the assumption of several initial bases.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

Physics and Metaphysics Western dualism has its roots in Ancient Greek thought as well as in scientific communities.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

In this case, the dualistic worldview was hardly questioned.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

The natural scientists of this time assumed in their statements the existence of antimatter, usually some kind of primordial force or deity, but indicated that they preferred to study matter.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

Within philosophy, the relationship between antimatter and matter has been the subject of debate for millennia; whether the substances are parallel or should one be assumed to be dominant, whether one of the substances is more original than the other, and whether they arose from each other or independently.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

In addition, there has been debate about their impact on each other.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

If the substances work at different levels, do they affect each other and how.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

This is how the terms physics and metaphysics originated to describe the difference between the study of matter and the study of antimatter.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

Aristotle soon used the denominations ontology (i.e., the study of existence and existing), as well as theology (i.e., the study of god and divine things, and questions relating to the divine).


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

These he addressed in his book Metaphysics.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

A very typical idealistic doctrine of world bifurcation is Plato's doctrine of ideas, in which immutable antimatter is elevated to the world's dominant asset.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

Although Plato speaks of two worlds, no doctrine directly is considered dualistic, as matter is seen in doctrine to be ostensible.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

Approaching the Middle Ages and the rise to power of the Church, antimatter acquired a strong Christian and deity-related stigma.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

The study and thinking of theology was strongly guided by the tomism of Thomas Aquinese.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

See also Cartesian Dualism Philosophy of Mind Vitalism On topic elsewhere entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Selin, Risto:.


Question: What is dualism?

Dualism (philosophy)

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Selin, Risto| title= | publisher = Helsinki: Astronomical Association Ursa| year = 2001| version = Ursa publications 81| id = ISBN 952-5329-19-4}} Category:Dualism Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The death penalty in Finland was in force for quite a long time, although it was not implemented after 1825 other than during war or martial law, most recently during the Continuation War in 1944.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Peaceful death penalty was finally removed from Finnish law in 1949 and wartime in 1972.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The period of Swedish rule In the Middle Ages, the enforcement of capital punishment varied a lot.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Killing, too, was often reconcilable with a fine.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Later, the Swedish law of 1734 imposed the death penalty for quite a number of offences, a few of which today are not considered a crime at all.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The death penalty was provided either as the only possibility or alternate with some lenient punishment, inter alia, blasphemy [1], witchcraft [2], treason [3], defamation against the king or his advisor [4], forgery of money [5], on bigamy [6], interfering with an animal [7], murder [8], murder [9], rape [10], theft of more than 100 talars from the church [11] and pedigree [12] during the Grand Duchy of Finland The law of 1734 remained in force in the Grand Duchy of Finland in the time of power.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

However, in 1825, shortly after coming to power, Emperor Nicholas I decreed, under his right of clemency, that from then on death sentences were to be carried out only if the convicted had committed a crime of state or the murder of an emperor or member of the imperial family.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Otherwise, those convicted had to be deported to Siberia instead.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

[13] This order was followed even by his successors until the entry into force of the Criminal Code of 1889, and therefore no executions were carried out in Finland.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Reportedly the last person executed in peacetime was Tahvo Putkonen, whose sentence was enforced on 8 July 1825.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Pieksäkeläinen Renki Tahvo Putkonen was convicted of male manslaughter.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The sentence came with a death sentence by neck severing and burial outside the churchyard, as well as fining 24silver talars for contempt of justice, drunkenness and breach of the sacred peace.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Subsequently, the abolitionists imposed were converted to deportation to Siberia.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

In 1889, a whole new penal code was enacted.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

It said the death penalty could still be sentenced for six offences.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

For treason, the murder of an empress, an inheritance prince, dowager empress or other member of the imperial family, as well as the head of state in friendship, it was the only possible punishment.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Alternatively, with the rest of the punishment, it could have been convicted of other murder, as well as the crime of majesty and treason.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

[14] By law, executions had to be carried out by beheading in the prison yard.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The punishment was therefore no longer enforced in public; the law stipulated which officials were to be present when the beheading occurred; no others were allowed to be present.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

[15] In practice, however, the death penalty was no longer applied at all, except in times of war.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Under Russia's law of war, military crimes could be sentenced to death.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The method of execution was either shooting or hanging.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The last person to be hanged in Finland has been activist Taavetti Lukkarinen, who was hanged in Oulu in 1916 for treason under Russian law of war.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

He was hanged not from the gallows but on a pine tree outside the city on Kontinkangas.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

1918 In independent Finland, the method of execution of the death penalty became established by firing squad.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

In connection with the war events of 1918, death penalties (executions) were carried out on both sides in total closer to 10,000.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The legality of death sentences was often questionable.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

On the white side, most of the rulings were delivered in express or field courts, whose jurisdiction had not been established by law but by authority from the local patronage or military command.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Similarly, on the red side, death sentences were issued by the People's and Revolutionary Courts, whose jurisdiction was not based on law.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Additional State Criminal Tribunals were set after the end of the war under a law enacted in the spring of 1918 to investigate the crimes of Red Prisoners, but the legality of the death sentences handed down by them too was questionable.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Most of the 555 death sentences handed down were handed down for complicity in the murders.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

For treason, the hallmark of which the revolution attempted by the Reds, was not punishable by the death penalty.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The hallmark of treason would have required Finland to have been at war, but Finland had not, in legal order, declared war on Russia.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

On the other hand, if Finland had been at war, the captured Russians would have to be treated as prisoners of war instead of shooting.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

1918—1939 The Criminal Code of 1889 remained in force even after Finland became independent, although its provisions on matters such as the crime of majesty and violence against members of the imperial family lost their relevance.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

In 1919, the Special Military Criminal Code for Military Persons was also enacted, which was repealed in 1984.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

It provided for the death penalty for the most egregious military crimes in section 30 or so.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

[16] In peacetime, however, no execution was carried out.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Public opinion rose strongly to oppose the death penalty called for communist politician Toivo Antikaise in the Turku Court of Appeal in 1935−1937, which also widely attracted international attention.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The prosecution demanded a death sentence for Antikaise for the 1922 murder of prisoner of war Antti Marjoniemi in East Karelia, allegedly committed by Antikainen.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

In response, more than 100,000 names were quickly collected in the pleading submitted to parliament opposing the death penalty.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

The abolitionists, whose leading figure became Professor Väinö Lassila, pleaded that capital punishment would not reduce crime but, on the contrary, intensify brutal and violent attitudes in Finland.


Question: What is the current punishment for treason in Finland in wartime?

Capital punishment in Finland

Among the signatories to the letter were several well-known artists, e.g.