Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[28] Since the time of Lönnrot, Kalevala and Pohjola have been attempted to locate Kalevala and Pohjola on a map, and several theories have been put forward as to their location.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

According to some scholars, the question is immaterial, and Pohjola is mythical in its foundation.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Some scholars, however, see in Kalevala references to actual places.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Elias Lönnrot placed the North East of the White Sea.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[29] The Book of the Land of Topelius reckons that Väinölä was located on the southern shore of Ladoga and on the northern shore of Lake Ladoga.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

The sea of Kalevala was circumnavigable from the western side or carried by water, as is the case in the plunder of Sampo.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[30] Pohjola has also been located in places such as Lapland, Satakunta and Southern Ostrobothnia.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

These placements have been justified by place names found in Kalevala.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

For example, it has been observed that the name Louhi is densely found in northern Karelia.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

According to scholars, however, the nomenclature of the poems may have changed over time as stories spread from singer and region to region.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

It has also been suggested that there have been several Nordic countries, as the name has always been associated with others, hostile groups or tribes.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

According to Matti Klinge, Kalevala was located in northern Estonia and southwestern Finland, and Pohjola in Satakunta and eastern Sweden.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

The sea linking these, which does not exist in Karelia, is much on display in folk poems.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[29] National and political significance Kalevala became a hallmark of the nation's past, nationality, language and culture for the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in the 19th century.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

A Finnish identity began to be built on it, which was still on a tenuous basis at the time.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

The work brought Finland's small and unknown people to the consciousness of other Europeans.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[31] Kalevala maintained its nationalist significance well into the 20th century.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[32] Kalevala has been used for political, ideological and cultural purposes since its appearance, and the work has been harnessed at different times and depending on different business cycles to serve different ideas.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

The Kalevala has been the subject of a hegemonic struggle over who it and the Kalevalan cultural heritage belong to, and who or which group most correctly interprets it.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

In the early 20th century, efforts were made to incorporate Kalevala as an integral part of the cultural activities of the working people.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

In the 1930s, various political fronts reinforced their ideological interpretations of the epic.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

In the political struggle that began after World War II over the heritage of Finnish national culture played a central role in Kalevala's interpretations.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Kalevala has also played a part in cooperation between Finland and the Soviet Union in the form of film.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Regionally politically, the heritage of the Kalevalan world is sometimes articulated with regions, the building of their identity and their business life.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[33] Kalevala has justified belligerence (for example, the Ice March: And we will rise Kullervo in revenge) and peace (for example, the Confessors of Humanity).


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Kalevala has also inspired neo-Pagans, especially groups like the Uko Faith inspired by the national romanticism of the early 20th century.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

However, contemporary neo-pagans are more critical of the Kalevala, preferring to study the authentic folk poems behind it.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[34] Cultural influence Art and literature Kalevala has had a great influence on Finnish art, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

It has inspired literature, music and figurative art alike.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Kalevala has been influenced by Aleksis Kivi, Eino Leino, Juhani Aho, Robert Kajanus, Jean Sibelius, Oskari Merikanto, Erkki Melartin, Leevi Madetoja, Uuno Klami and, above all, Akseli Gallén-Kallela.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Kalevala has inspired many writers outside Finland as well, among them Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and J. R.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

R.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Tolkien.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[35] Kristian Huitula's comic adaptation Kalevala (2000) contains all 50 poems by Kalevala with the original poetry measure.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[36] Music Kalevala has been of interest to composers since its appearance, and its influence has remained steady for decades.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

In 2008, there were already around 500 Kalevala-themed compositions.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[37] The first major Kalevala-themed composition was the Kullervo Overture by Filip von Schantz, premiered in 1860 in Helsinki.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[37] The first Kalevala Oopera in Finnish and at the same time the first opera in Finnish was Oskar Merikanto's Miss Pohja (1898), which sought to involve all the key events of Kalevala.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[38] Jean Sibelius made extensive use of Kalevala.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

His works include Kullervo (1892), Lemminkäinen series, Pohjola's daughter, Tapiola and Luotar.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[39] Uuno Klam's Kalevala series premiered in December 1933.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[40] The most notable work associated with the theme made in the 1940s was the Kanteletar song series by Yrjö Kilpinen.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

The most famous Kalevala compositions of the next decade include Ahti Sonninen's song series Taivahan takas and Jouko Tolonen's Notku young virgin.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[41] Einojuhani Rautavaara created three notable Kalevala works between 1975 and 1985.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[42] Aulis Sallisin, among others, composed an opera of the same name inspired by Aleksis Kivi's play Kullervo, which even became an international success.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[43] In Finnish popular music, Kalevala themes have shifted especially to metal music, the most famous example of the band Amorphis.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[44] Television and films The first serious project of a Kalevala-themed film was born in 1919, but the plans of Finnish Film Art remained unimplemented.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

The first filmatizations from Häidenvietto Karelia Poetry (1921) and Kalevala lands (1935) were ethnological documentary films with material derived from the Kalevalan tradition.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[45] Häidenetto in Karelian poetry is generally considered to be the first Finnish film composed.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

It also attracted attention and was even a reasonable audience success.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[46] Although it attracted positive publicity, it received no followers and remained Kalevalaseura's only film.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Wedding in the Karelian poetry lands focuses on one subject, but Kaleva lands are a cross-section of the customs of the Kalevaans living in Karelia.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[47] The first actual Kalevala filmatization was the Finnish-Soviet collaborative film Sampo (1959).


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[48] The best known animated versions are Reino Niiniranna's Kalevala (1975) and Riitta Nelimarka and Jaakko Seeck's six-part Story of Sampo (1971—1974).


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[49] Paavo Haaviko's well-known work “Iron Age” was loosely based on Kalevala.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[50] Newer adaptations Kai Nieminen wrote Kalevala 1999 (Finnish Literature Society, 1999) in celebration of the 150th anniversary of New Kalevala.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

According to the author, the work is an attempt to open the locks of old language and dialectical expression so that the contemporary reader can access the work without resorting to explanations.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[51] Crafts Kalevala has also been used as an inspiration for crafts, as well as the Kalevala CAL quilt known as the Finland 100 project.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Translations of Kalevala had already been translated into 61 languages by 2010.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[52] Among the first it was translated into Swedish (1841, New Kalevala 1864—1868), French (1845/1867), Russian (1847/1889), German (1852), Hungarian (1871), English (1868, 1888, 1907, 1963, 1989) and Estonian (1891—1898).


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[53] [54] Although the language of the original poems underlying Kalevala is predominantly Karelian, an actual Karelian translation of the work was obtained only in 2009 when the Karelian Language Society published a translation by Zinaida Dubinina into aunus karelia.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[55] Among the mystics, Kalevala contains valuable information about the old beliefs and myths of the Finns and Karelians.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

This information can be utilized by researchers and laypeople alike.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Based on Kalevala, advanced assumptions and thought games have also been developed (e.g. Timo Heikkilä's studies).


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Kalevala, at least, is also illustrated by Ior Bock's work on the saga of the Bock family, which features names familiar from Kalevala, although the story itself does not coincide with Kalevala.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[56] Pekka Ervast published in 1916 the book The Key of Kalevala.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

In the book, the Kalevala is treated as a holy book, enclosing in itself the knowledge and experience of great knowers and wise men.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

The Kalevala Key interprets the Kalevala from aspects such as mystery knowledge, inner chastity doctrine, and magic.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

According to Ervasti's interpretation of the holy trinity of creative deities in Kalevala, the names Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen and Väinämöinen are used.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

[57] See also Starter Big oak Kalevala persons Väinölä or Kalevala Country Kalealamitta Sampo Suur-Kalevala Pohjola Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aho, Kalevi| title = Kalevala Cultural History| number = Kalevala and Finnish art music| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literary Literary | year = 2008| version = Edited by Ulla Piela, Seppo Knuuttila and Pekka Laaksonen| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}}} Immonen, Kari & Kallioniemi, Kari & Kärki, Kimi & Laine, Kimmo & Salmi, Hannu: Kalewhale to popular culture.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala Cultural History| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2008| version = Edited by Ulla Piela, Seppo Knuuttila and Pekka Laaksonen| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Laaksonen, Pekka| title = Symbols of Finns| number = How did Kalevala become a national epic? | location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Atena| year = 2005| version = Edited by Tero Halonen and Laura Aro| isbn = 951-796-394-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Piela, Ulla & Knuuttila, Seppo & Laaksonen, Pekka| title = Kalevala cultural history| location = Helsinki publisher = Finnish Literature Society | year = 2008| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society, 1179| isbn = 978-952-222-007-3}} References Literature Kalevala editions Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = Illustrated and designed by Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

22nd edition (1st edition 1922) | isbn = 978-951-0-24270-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1982 (5th edition 1994) | version = Pre-and back title: Juhla-Kalevala and Akseli Gallen-Kallevala Art.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Compiled and created as an epic by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Photos and decoration: Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Photo essays and delivery: Avi Gallen-Kallela.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

The layout of the work is based on Koru-Kalevala, published in 1922 by Akseli Gallen-Kallela.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

2nd edition| isbn = 951-0-11253-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1999| version = Created by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Hannu Väisänen| isbn = 951-1-16061-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2005| version = Compiled by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Editories of the Finnish Literature Society 14 (31st edition) | isbn = 951-746-669-2}} Elias Lönnrot.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Aarno Karimo and Hugo Otava.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Huddersfield: Pellervo club, 1953.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Mukaelmia Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kunnas, Mauri & Kunnas, Tarja| title = Dogs Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1992 (15th edition 2007) | isbn = 951-1-12244-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mäkinen, Kirsti| title = Finnish children's Kalevala| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2002| version = Narrated by Kirsti Mäkinen.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Illustrated by Pirkko-Liisa Surojegin| isbn = 951-1-17468-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nieminen, Kai| title = Kalevala.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Nyt| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2011| version = Kai Nieminen based on the 1849 Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

2nd Revised Edition.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Renewed facility from Kalevala 1999.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society, 1326| isbn = 978-952-222-295-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pottonen, Risto| title = Kalevala Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Books on Demand| year = 2009| isbn = 978-952-498-748-6}}, replace with {{ cite book| author = Rintala, Aulis| title = Kalevala in Finnish | location = Tampere| publisher = Pilot-cost| year = 2006| version = Edited by Aulis Rintala| isbn = 952-464-408-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tolkien, J. R.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

R.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

(ed.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Fliegler, Verlyn) | title = Kullervo story| others = Translated by Juva, Kersti, Kankaanpää, Jaakko & Martin, Alice| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2016| version = (The Story of Kullervo, 2015, written 1912—1914.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

) | id = ISBN 978-951-0-41845-1}} Change literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Anttonen, Pertti & Kuusu, Matti| title = Kalevala-Lipas| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1999| version = New institution (1st institution 1985).


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Editorials of the Finnish Literary Society, 740| isbn = 951-746-045-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heikkinen, Reijo| title = Kalevalainen natua| publisher = Arcticmedia| year = 2009| version = Images Hannu Hautala| isbn = 978-951-98612-5-8} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Raimo| title = Kalevala Dictionary| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| isbn = 978-951-1-23222-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Kalevala and guide to reading it| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finn Literary Society | year = 2015| version = Charts, editorial work: Liisa Kaski| isbn = 978-952-222-579-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ojanperä, Riitta (ed.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

) | title = Kalevala in pictures| location = Helsinki| publisher = State Art Museum, Ateneum Art Museum| year = 2009| version = Ateneum publications, 55| isbn = 978-951-53-3154-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pentikäinen, Juha| title = Kalevala Mythology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1987| isbn = 951-662-403-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Piela, Ulla & Knuuttila, Seppo & Kupiainen, Tarja (ed.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

) | title = Kalevalan good and obscenity| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 1999| version = Editorials of the Finnish Literature Society, 746| id = ISBN 951-746-089-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siikala, Anna-Leena| title = Mythology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literatures| year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-393-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turunen, Aimo| title = Kalevala Dictionar| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Literature Follow| year = 1949}} On topic elsewhere (Kalevalaseura) Kalevala site for schoolchildren — and others (Kalevalaseura) (Project Gutenberg) Kalewala or wanhoja Karelian poems from the ancient times of the Finnish people.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Appeared in 1835 Old Kalevala.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Digital copy of the song from the National Library.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Information package, Finnish Literature Society, 1998.


Question: When was Kalevala written?

Kalevala

Yle Living Archive * Category:Creation fables Category:Books of the 1830s Category:Key articles of screening Category:The works of Elias Lönnrot


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

Gorgot ('terrifying') were female monsters in Greek mythology with sharp teeth and snakes with their hair.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

Whoever looked them straight in the eye turned to stone.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

In ancient art, gorgos were depicted as women with grotesque features on their faces, who may have had golden wings, boar tusks and metal mauling claws.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

Homer speaks only of one gorgo with his head on the shield of Pallas Athena.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

[1] Also on Agamemnon's shield was depicted the head of Gorgo, [2] which was quite a popular subject in antiquity.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

Hesiodos increases the number of gorgos to three—Stheino (powerful), Euryale (long-stepped) and Medusa (queen) —and tells them to be daughters of Forkys and Keto.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

Their home was at the furthest edge of the western sea — Libya, according to later authors.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

[3] Apollodoros supports Hesiodos in that only Medusa was mortal but the other two sisters were immortal.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

According to his description, all the gorgos were snake-haired, and if any one of them looked, turned to stone.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

[4] In Euripidee's play, Gorgo is mentioned as a monster born by Gaia, who was created to help the Titans fight against the gods of Olympus but was slain by Pallas Athena.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

[5] According to Ovidius, only Medusa had snakes in her hair after Pallas Athena cursed her.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

Medusa had slept in this temple with Poseidon, who had lusted after Medusa because of her golden hair, and therefore Pallas Athene turned her golden kuts into snakes.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

[6] Perseus and Medusa King Polydektes of Serifos sent Perseus to retrieve Medusa's head as a wedding present to Hippodameia.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

Perseus received a shiny shield from Pallas Athena that would allow him to look at Medusa without petrifying himself, Hermes gave him a sickle and the nymphs outfitted him with winged sandals, a bag and a helmet that made Hadee invisible.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

Perseus sought out the gorgos, gazing through the reflection of their shields, and met them from sleeping.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

Quickly he cut off Medusa's head, and the giant Khrysaor and the flying horse Pegasos emerged from the wound.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

The remaining gorgos began a furious pursuit, but Perseus managed to escape using his helmet.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

The head of Medusa, which he took with him, gave to Pallas Athena, who placed it in his aigise, a kind of shield.


Question: What were the gorgos?

Gorgot

[4] Sources Category:Fable Creatures of Greek Mythology


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The lake is a uniform area of water bounded by terrain forms separate from the sea.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The water in the lake does not flow in a certain direction, at least not continuously.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[1] Standing water smaller than the lake is a pond and flowing bodies of water include rivers and streams.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Most lakes are unsalted.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Salt lakes are called salt lakes.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Usually a river leads into the lake and descends from it.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Some of the lakes get their water from sources.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Special cases include lakes under glaciers, for example Vostok in Antarctica.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

In unparched lakes, water is eliminated only by evaporation.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Therefore, they are often very salty.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

These include the world's saltiest lakes Dead Sea and Iso Salt Lake and the Caspian Sea, the world's largest lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Such lakes are often below sea level.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Number of Lakes Estimating the number of lakes is complicated by the lack of a precise size definition for the lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Finland has 187888 lakes or ponds with an area of at least 0.05 hectares.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Of these lakes, about 56,000 are over a hectare and about 2600 are over a square kilometer.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The total area of the Finnish lakes is 32600 square kilometers.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The average depth of the lakes in Finland is about six meters and their joint volume is about 235 cubic kilometers, a quarter of that of Ladoga.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[3] The lakes cover 1.8% of the Earth's land surface, or 2.7 million square kilometres.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The total number of lakes on the planet is more than ten million.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

There are 254 lakes over 500 square kilometres, of which 190 are freshwater and 64 are salty.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[4] The Finnish geographer J. G. Granö (1882—1956) defined the lake as having a water basin of at least 200 metres long.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[5] Later in Finland, a water pool with a diameter of at least 200 metres was considered to be a lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[6] People use sections in the name of water pools, despite the definitions of “lake” and “pond”, very differently.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Types of lakes The genesis of a lake requires some kind of pit or pressure.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Lakes can be classified based on the way this pit is generated.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The lakes are divided into two main groups, rock pools and blockade basins.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Rock pools are bedrock depressions.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The lakes formed in them are often deep and long-lived.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Tectonic lakes whose pit has arisen as a consequence of plate tectonics, i.e., bedrock displacements.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Lake basins exist in sinkholes, mountain ranges warps, and burial sinks.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Such a lake is, for example, the Helvetinjärvi of Ruovesi [2] and the Dead Sea in the grave shed.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Karst lakes are lakes eroded into limestone in karst areas.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[4] Wear basins in the mountains are the results of glacier consumption.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[4] Volcanic lakes whose weight has been created in the crater or blast hole of a volcano extinguished as a result of volcanic activity on Earth.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Lakes born into meteorite craters.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Such a lake is, for example, Lappajärvi.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Blockade pools have arisen in low-lying terrain sites where water outflow is blocked by soil bulk materials or glacier.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

In general, they are quite shallow and thus short-lived lakes.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Glacier lakes are formed by glacier meltwaters.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Lakes caused by landslides whose basin is dammed by a landslide.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Lakes dammed by lava flow in volcanic areas.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Lakes created by the Ice Age have arisen from pressures consumed by heavy ice mass or other formations caused by ice age.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Water latch in them moraine back or ridge.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Finnish lakes are mostly spawned by the Ice Age.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

For example, Saimaa and Vesijärvi are patomas of Salpausselä.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Ridge pit lakes, or suppa lakes, are clear-forest source lakes.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Flood lakes have arisen as the damming of an earthen barrier into the lowlands of the floodplain.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Such are lagoons blocked by riparian waters and streaks created on the bends of the river.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[4] Artificial lakes are man-made.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The development of lakes As geological formations, lakes are somewhat short-lived, as they are gradually filled with soils, sediments or blinds brought to them by rivers, and the threshold behind which they are dammed is also worn, especially from the beginning of the lower river.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

However, a short time has passed since the end of the most recent ice age that many of the lakes that were created then still remain.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

This is why the planet has the greatest number of lakes in those areas that were covered by glaciation at the time, such as Fennoscandia and Canada, and in some mountains such as the Alps.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[4] People have also dried the lakes for farmland, or lake droughts.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

As a result of land uplift, lakes in Finland become more expensive.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The heaviest tilt is on the coast of Ostrobothnia and weakens towards the southeast.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The inclination is observed so that on the north and northwest shore the bottom becomes visible, on the south and southeast shore the water in turn rises.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Stumps have also been found on the bottoms of dried lakes, indicating woodland that sometimes grew at the site, but as a result of the tilting the trees have become submerged.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[7] Often the lake receives its water from the rivers and its water flows down the river into the sea.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Such a lake is referred to as a downstream lake, that is, a flowthrough lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Its opposite is an impasse lake, from which water is exited by evaporation and possibly by seeping through the soil.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The umpire lake, which enters water along the river, is the terminus lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The terminal lake is a typical lake of arid regions, or arids.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

A lake with a bottom lower than the surface of the groundwater surrounding the basin is referred to as an aquifer lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[4] There are also lakes into which water is absorbed from the sea, river or another lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

For example, water from Vesijärvi flows into Päijänne through the ridge.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] The flow-through lake is an enlargement of the river marsh.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Its hydrologic water balance is affected by the flows of incoming and outgoing rivers and the amount of water that rains and evaporates from the lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Such a lake stores water from abundant rainfall and smoothes river flows as it gradually donates its water through its discharge point, a bone mouth.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

For example, Päijänne equalises the flow of Kymijoki.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

An insolent terminal lake is created when the river descends into an overgrown valley.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Its water balance is highly variable and water elevation variations large.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The terminal lake may dry up almost completely from time to time.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

This happens in many salt-rich lakes during dry periods and in some cold-climate lakes when the water freezes.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Salt Lakes Salt lakes form their own group of lakes with water densities greater than normal lake water.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Salinity may be very high.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

It is caused by high evaporation in lakes of steppe and desert regions, among other things.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The Great Salt Lake in Utah, US, has a 23 per cent salinity and 24 per cent in the Dead Sea.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Some of the lakes are saline, such as Lake Eyre in Australia.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[4] The salinity of lake water can also be caused by seawater filtering into the lake through the soil.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

This often happens in lagoons and in sea bays dammed into pools.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Seawater can sometimes flow over shallow shore weather as well.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The composition of the salt depends on the minerals contained in the soil and bedrock surrounding the lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Big Salt Lake and the Dead Sea are rich in salts of hydrochloric acid, or chlorides, some Canadian lakes contain salts of sulfuric acid, or sulfates, and some US lakes contain many salts of carbonate acid, or carbonates.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] The Caspian Sea is a large lake with different salinity in different parts of the lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The unsalted water from the rivers that fall on it reduces salinity.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

On the other hand, salinity lowers water's freezing point.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

In Tibet the water temperature of the ice-free lake has been measured at −11°C and in southern Siberia at −30°C.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] There are generally no vertical flows in a salt lake, as the underwater is saltier and denser than surface water.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Such lakes are called meromictic.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Underwater is often oxygen-free and contains a lot of hydrogen sulfide.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Because hydrogen sulfide binds to the black benthic loam, the flora and fauna of the base are very scarce.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] If very little river water enters an incomparable salt lake from time to time, its shores are covered between by water, between salt marsh.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Such lakes exist in North Africa, Central Asia and Australia along the edges of deserts.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

These intermittent lakes are known by several names.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

They are referred to as sebkha, takyr or salar (esp.).


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

When the lake is a bladder lined with salt, it is referred to as chott (French).


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] Biota Each lake forms its own small ecosystem.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Many species of organisms live in and near the lakes, after all, it is a moist and often nutrient-rich soil for plants.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Plants are eaten by animals and continue to be eaten by other animals


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Larger vertebrate animals such as waterfowl and fish also live in the lakes.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Among invertebrates can be cited as examples of plant and zooplankton, as well as benthic animals.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The biological function of lakes is considered based on phytoplankton production.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Lakes are divided into two main types: low-yielding, i.e., oligotrophic and high-yielding, or eutrophic lakes.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

In practice, the amount of production is measured by examining how much carbon is communicated by algae in a given unit of time.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] [4] Natural lakes are normally low yielding, i.e. phytoplankton production is low in them.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

For example, it can be caused by nutrient scarcity or nutrient unilateral.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Since the lake produces little organic mass, little oxygen is needed for its decomposition.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Since the oxygen situation is good, salmonids prevail in the lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Water in an oligotrophic lake is typically clear and the lake has little riparian vegetation.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] [4] Lakes under the influence of culture are often high yielding.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

They produce a lot of leafy green algae.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

A lot of oxygen is consumed in the biodegradation of this mass, which is why the lake's underwater is either oxygen-free or low-oxygen.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The hallmarks of the eutrophic lake are the extensive riparian zone, lush vegetation of the shore, silt bottom, water stained by algae, and abundant fish population.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[2] [4] The two main types described above have several subtypes, among which humic, or dystrophic lakes, are common in Finland.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Their water comes from the swamp and is coloured brown by humus.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Often, minerogenic, organogenic or chemical sediments are deposited on the bottom of such a lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The most common minerogenic sediment is clay.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Organogenic sediment is mud formed from humus, detritus loam deposited from the remains of organisms, diatoms and cutine silt.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Chemical sediments include lime sludge, lake ore, and salt deposits in arid areas.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

[4] The limnology of lakes is of paramount importance to the lake ecosystem, especially in Finnish conditions, is all-autumn and spring full cycles.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Full circulation means that the stratified water in the lake mixes vertically.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

This equalizes oxygen and nutrient levels in the lake.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

During the winter, oxygen from the lake's underwater is often consumed to oxidize organic matter.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Full circulation is based on density differences due to different water temperatures.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Cold water tends to press towards the bottom and warm to rise upwards.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Vertical mixing in summer and winter is poor, as surface water in summer is warmer than underwater due to solar heating.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Similarly, in winter, heavy four-degree water has sunk to the bottom with a surface temperature of 0°C (four-degree water is heaviest due to the water's exceptional thermal expansion).


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

In spring, full circulation occurs during or before ice melts.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The sun begins to heat cold surface waters until the temperature of the entire water mass is around 4°C and mixing is possible.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

In autumn, full circulation occurs when the surface layer of the lake cools down more strongly than the underwater.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Autumn full cycle lasts longer than spring and its timing varies.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The lake where full circulation occurs twice a year is dimictic.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Similarly, a lake that mixes once a year is called monomictic and more often intermingling polymictic.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The amictic lake is never mixed and oligomictic only rarely, in exceptional circumstances.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

The mixing of an oligomictic lake can be triggered, for example, by cold rain or a strong wind.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Threats Modern lakes are threatened by modern intensive agriculture, industry and human settlement.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

Agricultural runoff eutrophicates and industries pollute and acidify the waters.


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

In some parts of the world, desertification is also a threat to lakes (for example, Lake Aral, whose area is overwhelmed by the wind of the sky).


Question: Which lake areas are united in Hämeenlinna?

Lake

World's Largest Lakes Caspian Sea 371000 km² (salt lake) Lake Huron Lake Michigan Upper Lake (Lake Superior) 82103 km² Lake Victoria 69485 km² Lake Tanganyika 32893 km² Lake Baikal 31500 km² (world's deepest lake) Big Bear Lake 31328 km² Lake Njassa (Lake Nyasa) 28880 km² Big Slave Lake 28568 km² Europe's largest lakes Ladoga (Russia) 17700km² Sonic (Russia) 9800km² Kuibyshev reservoir 6450km² Vänern (Sweden) 5585km² Rybinsk reservoir 4550km² Saimaa (Finland) 4400km² Lake Peipsi (Estonia and Russia) 3555km² Tsimlyansk reservoir (Russia) 2700km² Finland's largest lakes Saimaa 4380 km2 [8] Päijänne 1081 km2 Inarijärvi (Ânarjärvi) 1040 km2 Oulujärvi 928 km2 Pielinen 870 km2 Pihlajavesi (Saimaa) 713 km2 Orivesi (Saimaa) 601 km2 Haukivesi 562 km2 Keitele 494 km2 Kallavesi 473 km2 View also List of the world's largest lakes List of the world's deepest lakes Watercourse List of Finnish waterways Main lake Sources On topic elsewhere (www.ymparisto.fi) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

René Descartes (Latinized form Renatus Cartesius; 31 March 1596, La Haye en Touraine — 11 February 1650, Stockholm), was a noted French philosopher, mathematician, writer and scholar who has been called the founder of New Age philosophy.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

[1] He was a rationalist who systematically sought to doubt everything possible.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

His goal was to find a sure base for sure information.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes established 17th-century continental rationalism, later represented by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes' most famous idea is Cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”).


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

His thinking is combined with Cartesian dualism.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes was a prominent mathematician.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In his treatise Geometry Descartes developed analytic geometry and paved the way for modern mathematics.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes' analytic geometry forms a bridge between algebra and geometry.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The usual frame of analytic geometry, the rectangular coordinate system, is named after Descartes as the Cartesian coordinate system, although Descartes himself did not use the coordinate system.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The young Descartes was encouraged to pursue a scholarly career by Catholic Cardinal Bérulle.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

[2] Descartes placed firsthand consideration, preconditions free of inquiry, and reason in a ruler position past prestige, tradition, and religion.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

His books were subsequently placed on the list of banned books.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

For his most prolific period, Descartes lived in Holland.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Life Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine (now Descartes), Indre-et-Loire, France.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

His parents were Joachim Descartes, Parliamentary Counsellor of Rennes, who belonged to the lower civil service nobles, and Jeanne Brochard.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes was the third child of these.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

When he was a year old, his mother died of tuberculosis.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

His father remarried, but he himself grew up with his grandmother in La Haye.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

His father wanted to bestow on him the best education possible.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

At the age of eleven, Descartes began studies at the Jesuit-run Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand in La Flèche.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The school's teaching was based on aristotelic-tomistic scholastics.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes later criticised just such a philosophy, but still always showed respect for his old school and its teachers.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

After graduating in 1614, Descartes continued to study at the University of Poitiers, obtaining the rank of backalaureate and licentiate in legal science in 1616.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

However, he never acted in the field of law.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In 1618 he entered the service of Morits Oranian, commandholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

His goal was to see the world and find the truth.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In the sciences, however, he was disappointed.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

After all the studies, he only felt even more plagued by doubts and aware of his ignorance.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes wrote himself of his youth: “I left the study of textbooks altogether.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Having decided that I was not looking for anything other than the kind of information that I can find about myself or in the great book of the world, I spent the rest of my adolescence travelling, seeing court and war people, and socialising with people of different character and coming from different circumstances, to acquire various experiences and to try myself in situations set by fate and to look at things that offer everywhere so that it is useful to me "[3].


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Around this time he met Isaac Beeckman, who was among the defenders of the new mathematical-mechanistic worldview.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

This intensified Descartes' interest in mathematics and physics.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

On 10 November 1619, while traveling in Germany and thinking of applying mathematics to solving problems in physics, Descartes had a vision in a dream through which he “discovered the marvelous foundation of science”.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

This became a major turn in the life of the young Descartes and the basis of his analytical geometry.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

He devoted the rest of his life to the study of this connection between mathematics and nature.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

His goal was to develop an entirely new science, a mathematical general method that would provide a general solution for all possible equations [4].


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

However, Descartes also continued to tour around Europe.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

He was involved, among other things, in the conquest of Prague in the Thirty Years' War in 1620.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In 1622 Descartes returned to France, and spent the next few years in Paris and also elsewhere in Europe.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

He was present at the 1627 siege of La Rochelle.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

He emigrated to Holland in 1628, where he lived, often changing his residence until 1649.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

He engaged in extensive correspondence with Marin Mersenne, among others.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In 1633 Galileo Galilei was condemned by the Catholic Church, and Descartes abandoned his plans to publish his treatise on the World, that is, a treatise on light, which he had been working on for the previous four years.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The work included his theory of nature ranging from tiny particles to stars.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes stated that if Galilei's solar-centric universe was wrong in the Church's view, then his theories were also “false” because they proved Galilei's theories correct.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Although Descartes never married, he served as father to his illegitimate daughter Francine, who was born in 1635 and baptised on 7 August that year.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Francine died in 1640.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes continued to publish works on mathematics and philosophy for the rest of his life.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In 1643, Cartesian philosophy was condemned at the University of Utrecht, and Descartes began his long correspondence with Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In 1647, the King of France granted him a pension.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In 1649, Descartes travelled to Sweden to teach the young, 22-year-old Queen Kristiina.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

This wanted Descartes not only to be his teacher but also as his advisor in establishing the Academy of Sciences.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The trip was ultimately a disappointment for Descartes.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Kristiina did not accept what was taught without criticism.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes died in Stockholm on 11 February in 1650.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The cause of his death was pneumonia.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes was accustomed to sleeping for a long time and retreating often to meditate on the oven pan.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In Sweden, not only the northern winter but also Kristiina's insistence on studying philosophy very early in the morning.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Correspondence between Descartes and his doctor has sometimes been interpreted as suggesting that he may have died of arsenic poisoning.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

[5] As Descartes was a Catholic in a Protestant country, he was buried mainly in a cemetery for unbaptized children in the church of Adolf Fredrik in Stockholm.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Later, his secular remains were transferred to France and buried in the church of Sainte-Geneviève-du-Mont in Paris.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In the church of Adolf Fredrik there is a monument erected in his honour in the 18th century.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In 1667, the Catholic Church annexed Descartes' works to its list of forbidden books.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

During the French Revolution, his remains were going to be transferred to the Panthéon in Paris, among other great French thinkers, but the project did not materialise.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Eventually, Descartes' tomb was moved to the church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In 1802, Descartes' birthplace took as its new name La Haye - Descartes.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In 1967, it was shortened to the name Descartes.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Today, Descartes' tomb is in the church of Saint Germain-des-Pres in Paris.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Philosophy Descartes is often regarded as the first modern thinker who provided a philosophical framework for the emerging natural sciences.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In his work Contemplations on First Philosophy, he sought to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that can be known to be true without any doubt.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

To get to this, he tapped into methodological skepticism: he wanted to doubt all ideas that could be doubted.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Among the skeptics of antiquity, Descartes distinguished himself in that he sought to find a basis for the natural sciences, while skeptics tended to refrain from any utterance of its ilk.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

[6] Descartes gave an example of dreaming: in a dream, human senses perceive sensory stimuli that appear real but do not actually exist.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Thus a person cannot actually rely on the information given by the senses as truth.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes also made the so-called wax argument.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

He imagined a piece of wax: his senses tell him it has certain properties, such as shape, texture, size, color, smell, and so on.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

However, when the wax is introduced into the fire, these properties change perfectly.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Yet it seems to be the same thing, a piece of wax, albeit the information provided by the senses says that all its properties are different.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

This way we cannot use the senses if we are to figure out the true nature of wax — instead we must use our reason.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The most famous of Descartes' instruments of suspicion is probably the so-called Cartesian demon.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes did not consider the observation to be a reliable source of information about subject-independent reality, since it is possible that there is some kind of vicious omnipotent demon, a deceiving god (lat.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

deus deceptor), which yields to the subject its observations which give a completely erroneous picture of reality.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Similarly, a demon may hypnotize us into believing false calculations are correct, so even mathematical truths may not be true.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes came to the conclusion that, despite everything, one thing is certain: at least the mental self of the subject must exist, because there must be something of a demon.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The mind has to exist because some people doubt the testimony given by the senses.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

This has become Descartes' famous statement: Cogito ergo sum, that is, I think, I am (exist).


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes thus came to the conclusion that he could not doubt unless he existed as a subject, but on the other hand his own body could be a dream or visual illusion.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The mind, according to Descartes, cannot be material because the existence of matter is less certain than that of the thinking subject.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Fortunately, however, a good God couldn't mislead people, so a body exists too.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes thus thought that the division of mind and body should, on this basis, be obvious to all rationally minded people.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes' duplicitous doctrine of body and mind is referred to as Cartesian dualism.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

According to him, mind and body communicate with each other via the pineal gland; however, how this then happens remains unclear.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

However, Descartes came to this conclusion on its basis because there is not a single unnecessary part of the human body, and Descartes did not know that the pineal gland had any function.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Thus the pineal gland got the function and the soul the channeling environment it needed.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

[7] Descartes accepted only deduction from data acquisition methods.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Halfway through the contemplations, he also claims to have proved the existence of a benevolent God through ontological testimony.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

On this basis, Descartes derived the principle of veracitas dei, according to which a benevolent and truthful God does not give false observations or otherwise deceive him.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

This is how the senses provided valid evidence.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes' argument is flimsy, however, because his conception of God derives from previous experiences and senses he had rejected in the past.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The problem is called the Cartesian circle: Descartes proved the existence of God by having a bright and clear idea of God, and the reliability of bright and clear thoughts by the fact that God's existence and truthfulness guarantees them.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes wrote little about ethics.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The majority is contained in his and Elisabeth's correspondence.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes advocated a kind of combination of Stoic virtue ethics and Epicurean pleasure ethics.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

According to him, virtue brings the highest level of pleasure.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Mathematics and Physics Descartes studied a lot of nature, even though he was a rationalist.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

He said that “nature can be defined through numbers” and sought to identify matter with the geometric dimension.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descarte is considered by mathematicians to be very significant above all as a developer of analytic geometry.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In Descartes' time, geometry, which deals with straights and patterns, and algebra, which deals with numbers, were entirely separate areas of mathematics.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes showed how many problems in geometry can be transformed into the language of algebra, into equations between large ones present in a problem, and solved by means of algebra.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes developed the symbolism of algebra somewhat as it still exists today.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

However, a rectangular coordinate system called the Cartesian coordinate system Descartes did not use.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes' way of determining the tangent directives of curves is one important step towards actual differential calculus.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The method used by Descartes resembles that of analysis previously put forward by Francois Viète.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

However, Descartes, in his own words, was not familiar with this work, although the accuracy of the matter is still disputed.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Instead, it is certain that, based on the methods used by ancient Greek mathematicians, he developed his own, more general and better method, which soon superseded Viète's method.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes' theory provided the basis for the differential and integral calculus actually invented by Newton and Leibniz.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes' three laws of motion were: A song remains in the same state until another piece changes its state when it collides with it.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

The total volume of movement remains the same as the tracks collide.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

From the continuity of movement, one can derive the originator of the movement and the general cause, that is, God.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Descartes also promoted optics.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

For example, he showed by a geometric construct that utilized the law of refraction, or the law of light beam refraction, that the angular radius of a rainbow is 42°.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Works thumbnail image|200px|Principles of Philosophy cover page from the 1685 edition.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Introduction to Music Doctrine (Musicae compendium) (1618) Private thoughts (Cogitationes privatae) Hobby of a good mindset (Studium bonae mentis) Instructions for the use of reason: useful and clear rules guided by us in the study of truth (Regulae ad directionem ingenii, Règles utiles et claires pour la direction de l'Esprit en la recherche de la Vérité) (1628) The world, that is, a treatise on light (Le Monde ou traité de la lumière) Man (L'Homme) Performance of the Method.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Optics.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Meteorology.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Geometry.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

(Discours de la Méthode pour bien conduire sa raison, & chercher la vérité dans les sciences, plus la Dioptrique, les Météores et la Géométrie, qui sont des essais de cette Méthode) (1637) Contemplations on First Philosophy.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Objections.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Answers.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

(Meditationes de prima philosophia.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Objectiones.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Responsiones.)


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

(1641) The study of truth by natural light (La Recherche de la vérité par la lumière naturelle) Letter to Voetius (Epistola ad Voetium) (1643) Principles of philosophy (Principia philosophiae) (1644) Letter of defence to the Utrecht city rave (Querela apologetica ad amplissimum magistratum Ultrajectinum) (1645) Preliminary observations on the birth of animals (Primae cogitationes circa generationem animalium) (1646) Description du corps humain (1647) Notae in programma (1648) Soul movements Passions de l'âme) (1649) Conversation with Burman (Entretien avec Burma) (1648) The birth of peace (Naissance de la paix) See also Occasionalism Descartes Prize Sources Literature Finnish works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works 1: Private ideas; Reason instructions; Method presentation; Optics; Letters 1619—1640| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2001| version = (Cogitationes privatæ; Regulæ ad directionem ingenii; Discours de la méthode; Dioptrique.)


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Translated by Sami Jansson: Explanations prepared by Tuomo Aho, Sami Jansson, Timo Kaitaro and Mikko Yrjöniso.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Introduction by Lilli Alanen| id = ISBN 951-662-805-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works 2: Contemplations on First Philosophy; Letters 1640—1641| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2002| version = Explanations by Tuomo Aho and Mikko Yrjönsuorship.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Introduction by Lilli Alanen| id = ISBN 951-662-848-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works III: Principles of Philosophy; Study of Truth with Natural Light; Notes on a Programme Declaration; Letters 1641-1645| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2003| version = Explanation and explanations by Mikko Yrjöniso and others. Introduction by Mikko Yrjönsuuri| id = ISBN 951-662-874-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works IV: Movements of the soul; Description of the human body; Fetal development; Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth; Letters 1646-1650; Birth of peace| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2005| version = Explanated by Timo Kaitaro et al. Introduction by Martina Reuter| id = ISBN 951-662-914-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Works and letters| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| version = (Method presentation, 1637; Metaphysical contemplations, 1641; Mind Movements 1649; Letters .)


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Translated by J. A. Hollo.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

2nd edition (1st edition 1956).


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Quality books| id = ISBN 951-0-19441-7}} Change literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Baillet, Adrien| title = La vie de Monsieur Descartes suivi de Abrégé de la vie de M. Baillet par Bernard de La Monnoye| location = Paris| publisher = Malassis| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-2-84990-203-5}} Reuter, Martina: Rationalism and Matter.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korkman, Petter & Mikko Yrjönsuura (ed.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

) | title = History of Philosophy| publisher = Helsinki: Gaudeamus| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-662-708-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Toulmin, Stephen| title= Kosmopolis: How a new age wasted the heritage of humanism| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| version=( Cosmopolis: The hidden agenda of modernity, 1990.)


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Translated by Matti Kinnunen| id = ISBN 951-0-22647-5}} On the topic elsewhere Encyclopedia articles entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Philosophy Works: text, concordances and frequency lists Project Gutenberg Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

(in Finnish) Translations.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

(Notes to Metaphysical Contemplations.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

In opposition, “The Honourable Englishman”, i.e., Thomas Hobbes.)


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Finnish. Timo Vuorio so & thus 4/1996, 10—17.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Change Markku Roinila:.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

University Journal 6/1996.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Tuomas Aho:.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

so & thus 4/1996.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Markku Roinila: so & thus 4/1996.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Arno Forsius:.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Knuuttila, Simo:.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

so & thus 4/1996.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Juhana Lemetti:.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Historical reviews 12/2001.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Juhana Lemetti:.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Historical reviews 10/2002.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

Vesa Oittinen:.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

(Estimate of the Works 1 collection) so & thus 3/2001. Yle Living Archive.


Question: How is Cartesioism defined?

Descartes

* Category:Those born in 1596 Class:Those who died in 1650 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (,), or Pakistan (,), is a state in South Asia.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Its neighbours include India to the east, Iran to the southwest, Afghanistan to the west and China to the northeast.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The capital of the country is Islamabad.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The northern part of Pakistan lies in the Himalayan Mountains and is bounded on the south by the Arabian Sea.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Pakistan is the sixth largest country in the world by population and one of the countries with nuclear weapons.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Pakistan emerged with Muslims wanting an Islamic state in the Indian subcontinent and has been in several conflicts with Hindu-majority India since then.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Geography Pakistan is divided into three geographical regions: the Northern Highlands, the Belutšistan Plateau, and the Indus River Valley, formed approximately of the Punjab and Sindh regions.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Beginning in China, the Indus River runs through Pakistan and dips into the Arabian Sea.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The Punjab name means land of five streams, these five streams are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej besides the Indus, which runs mostly on the Indian side.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[1] The northern and western regions of Pakistan are mountainous.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

To the north lie the Pakistani part of Hindu Kush and the Himalayas.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Pakistani-held areas in Kashmir include some of the world's highest mountains, including K2.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In the southeast, Pakistan's border with India runs through the Thar desert.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Western Belutchistan on the Iran-Afghanistan border is a desert uplands surrounded by low mountain ranges.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Punjab province and part of Sindh is fertile and important agricultural land.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[1] Pakistan's climate is dominated by the Asian monsoon phenomenon.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The country has three seasons: the cold season from October to February, the hot season from February to June, and the rainy season from June to October.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[2] Pakistan has 14 national parks [3] Vegetation and fauna are particularly diverse in the mountainous parts of the country, where wildlife moves in alpine meadows, shrublands and forests of temperate climate.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In these difficult areas, for example, snow leopards are encountered.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The forests of the Himalayan fringe hills remain mostly scrub in some places, and medium-sized herbivores such as gorals live on them.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Wild vegetation from the Indus Valley has been eradicated from beneath the plantations, but such animals as rabbits and jackals have adapted to the environment.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In total, 188 species of mammals, 174 species of reptiles, 16 species of amphibians, 525 species of fish and 666 species of birds are estimated to live in Pakistan, some of which are migratory birds.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[4] Natural disasters in the Quetta region have included devastating earthquakes in 1931, 1935 and 1991.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[1] In October 2005, Pakistan was hit by a devastating earthquake.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[5] In 2010, floods caused by monsoon rains affected the lives of millions of people.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[6] History Early Civilizations One of the oldest civilizations in the world, the Indus culture prevailed in present-day Pakistan at least 5000 years ago.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Remains of farming, domesticated animals and pots made with dreija have been found in the Balukistan region, part of Pakistan.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The remains of two big cities of their own time, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, show signs of advanced technology, urban planning and water management.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

They are related to Harappan culture (2500-1600 BCE.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

) [7] Since then Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs, Afghans and Turks have come to the region as immigrants and conquerors.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] The town of Taksila in Punjab, along the Silk Road between the Indus and Hydaspes rivers developed as a centre of culture and economy.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

It was founded in the 5th century BCE.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

and flourished from the 10th to the 4th century jaa.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[9] India was invaded by the Arabs in the 7th century, and many other Muslim peoples were then invaded over the centuries.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Led by the young Muhammad bin Qasim, the Umaijads took Sindh in 711 and established a Muslim state there.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In the 13th century, Turkish conquerors established the Delhi Sultanate.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

By the 15th century, largely Islamic-dominated India was fragmented.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

There was a violent change of power in Delhi: more than half of the sultans ended their reign as victims of assassination.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[10] [11] The Great Mogul Empire and the period of colonial rule the Great Mogul Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The British began to dominate the area in the 18th century.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] In 1526—1707, present-day Pakistan and part of India became part of the Grand Mogul Empire.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The strongest of the Grand Mogul rulers was Akbar, who tolerated various religions.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[12] Vasco da Gama discovered in the late 15th century a sea road to India.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In the 16th century, Europeans began to establish settlements along the coast of the country.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

They eventually began fighting with each other for Indian ownership.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In the Great Colonial War of 1753—1763, England defeated France and by 1853 conquered all of India except for a few small coastal areas that were still under French or Portuguese control.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

British India was controlled by the British East Indies Trading Company.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[13] By the mid-19th century, the territories of present-day Pakistan were held by the British Trading Company.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In the early 19th century, Sindh was ruled by Muslim Talpur chiefs who were subjugated to Britain in 1843.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

After the Moguls overthrew power in Punjab had been taken by the Sikhs.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The British waged two wars against them, with the latter ending in 1847 they gained control of Punjab and Kashmir.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[14] Further south in India, the Great Sepoy Rebellion of 1857—1858 occurred, which was brutally defeated by the English.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[15] Soldiers recruited from Punjab fought on the British side to defeat the rebellion.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[14] Although India was not an independent state, in 1876 it was declared an empire, and Queen Victoria became its empress.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

After him, the kings of Great Britain were similarly emperors of India until 1947.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

India was granted self-governing rights, but still no colonial grandfathers in India.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The independence movement grimmed into the country starting in the mid-19th century.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[16] Independent Pakistan Dominio of Pakistan became independent on 14 August 1947 from the British.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

British India was divided into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan, in connection with which eight million Muslims, or so-called Muhajir refugees, migrated to Pakistan from India.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[17] The name Pakistan was formed from the front letters of the names of the provinces in the region.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[18] Initially known as East Pakistan, Bangladesh was part of Pakistan until 1971, although it was east of India.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

It became independent with Indian support after its own war of independence.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[19] India and Pakistan (as well as China) have been arguing over Kashmir for years.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

India and Pakistan fought war over the region in 1947, 1965 and 1971.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[19] The country's politics have varied periods of military dictatorship and civilian rule.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In 1977, General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq seized power from President Zulfikar Bhutto.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Zia banned parties, introduced Islamic law and hanged Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on charges of murdering one of his political opponents.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

After the 1984 referendum, martial law was withdrawn and Zia ruled until his death, until 1988.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

After Zia, the country was ruled by short-term governments.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The 1988 election was won by Benazir Bhutto of the Pakistan Peoples Party.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

He was dismissed as incapable and corrupt in 1990.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In the ensuing election, Nawaz Sharif's Muslim League was won.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Sharif was dismissed in 1993, after which Bhutto returned as prime minister.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In the 1997 elections, Sharif returned to power.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In 1998, Pakistan responded to India's nuclear tests with its own series of six tests and faced an embargo and arms embargo.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Sharif tried to dismiss army commander Pervez Musharraf, who seized power bloodlessly on October 12, 1999.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Musharraf formally became president on 20 June 2001.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[20] Musharraf, alongside the United States, joined the war on terror and gained international acceptance.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

When Abdul Qadeer Khan, the head of Pakistan's nuclear bomb program, was revealed in early 2004 to have passed nuclear technology to Iran, North Korea and Libya, no greater international response ensued.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Pakistan was again admitted as a member of the Commonwealth in May 2004.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[20] Musharraf survived numerous attempts at hijacking and formed a cache of military and civilian government.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

He continued alongside his presidential post as commander of the army and organised a 2002 referendum to appoint him president for a further five years.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

After the election, he appointed a government led by Zafarullah Jamal from a variety of self-supporting groups.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In autumn 2007, Bhutto, an opposition leader in exile in Dubai, returned to Pakistan.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

He was murdered in December 2007.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[20] In November 2007, Musharraf declared martial law in the country again, nominally due to the violence.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The Supreme Court was just about to examine the legality of his election.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Due to the long-running state of emergency, Pakistan was again excluded from its activities by the Commonwealth.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[21] In the June 2008 election, opposition parties Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won and jointly began Musharraf's impeachment.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

On 18 August 2008, he announced his resignation.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Bhutto's widow, Asif Ali Zardari, was chosen to succeed Musharraf.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[20] After losing an important ally in Musharraf's war on terror, the United States expanded its war in Afghanistan to the Pakistani side, carrying out airstrikes on the ground using unmanned aircraft as well as a special forces strike on Angoor Ada in Waziristan in September 2008.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In exchange for abundant civilian casualties, Pakistan blocked U.S. servicing of Afghan forces.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[22] In May 2011, US special forces killed Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[23] Politics and Administration The head of state of Pakistan is the president who, according to the constitution introduced in 1999, is elected by a college of electors consisting of the Senate, the National Assembly and the parliaments of the four provinces.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The president doesn't have that much political power, but he is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The president's term is five years.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In 2013, Mamnoon Hussain was elected president.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[24] He succeeded Asif Ali Zardari in the position, who was elected president in 2008.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] The Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of the President, a hundred-seat Senate whose seats are divided between the provinces, the capital and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and the 342-seat National Assembly.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In both chambers, just under a fifth of seats are reserved for women and religious minorities.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Senators term is six years, with some always changing every three years.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The term of the National Assembly is five years.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The government is appointed by the president at the suggestion of the


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] The most prominent political factions are: Pakistan Peoples Party (PPPP), led by Bilawal Bhutto Zardari.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In the parliament elected in 2013, it has 31 seats in the lower house and 44 in the Senate.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The Pakistan Muslim League (N), PML-N, the party led by Nawaz Sharif has 126 seats in the lower house, 14 in the Senate.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] The armed forces, comprising 1.5 million men, have significant influence in Pakistani politics.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Thirty— 40% of the budget is spent on Army expenses and the value of the armed forces' business is estimated to be about six billion dollars, according to estimates.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[25] Pakistan's nuclear weapons program was initiated in 1972 by the then Minister of Energy, future President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The program gained momentum after India's nuclear tests.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In 1985 Pakistan was capable of producing weapons-grade uranium, and in 1986 it was speculated to have produced enough material for a nuclear weapon.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In 1998, Pakistan announced it had conducted six successful nuclear tests.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Pakistan is estimated to have produced enough material for 24 to 55 nuclear warheads.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[26] Human rights Pakistan laws allow for death sentence.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The death sentence can be imposed on representatives of minority religions for blasphemy.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[27] Presidents Iskander Mirza 23 March 1956 — 27 October 1958 Mohammad Ajub Khan (Military Junta) 27 October 1958 — 25 March 1969 Yahya Khan (Military Junta) 25 March 1969 — 20 December 1971 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 20 December 1971 — 13 August 1973 Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry 13 August 1973 — 16 September 1978 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Military Junta) 16 September 1978 — 17 August 1988 Ghulam Ishaq Khan 17 August 1988 — 18 July 1993 Wasim Sajjad (v.t.)


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

18 July 1993 — 14 November 1993 Faruq Leghari 14 November 1993 — 2 December 1997 Wasim Sajjad (v.t.)


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

2 December 1997 — 1 January 1998 Muhammad Rafiq Tarar 1 January 1998 — 20 June 2001 Pervez Musharraf (military junta) 20 June 2001 — 18 August 2008 Muhammad Mian Soomro (v.t.)


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

August 18, 2008 — September 9, 2008 Asif Ali Zardari September 9, 2008 - September 8, 2013 Mamnoon Hussain September 9, 2013 — The administrative division of Pakistan is divided into provinces, territories and Pakistani-administered areas in disputed Kashmir.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[28] Provinces: Territories: Pakistan Capital Territory Pakistan-administered parts of Kashmir: Azad Kashmir Gilgit-Baltistan Economy Pakistan is a poor and undeveloped country that has suffered for decades of domestic political disputes and on the paucity of foreign investment.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

From 2001 to 2007, however, poverty in the country decreased.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] Economically, Pakistan has been somewhat more successful than India, with only 13% of the population living below the poverty line, compared to almost a third in India.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

In 2006, the World Bank estimated that Pakistan was one of the fastest economic reformers.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[29] Pakistan has some of the most drastic inflation in the world, at over 13% in 2010.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] Half of the population still lives on agriculture, but agriculture accounts for one fifth of the economy.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Most of the land, however, is owned by large ranchers.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Approximately 26% of the area is under cultivation and is irrigated by one of the most extensive irrigation systems in the world.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Still, the country is forced to rely on food imports.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

It exports rice, fish, fruits and vegetables and imports wheat, cotton and vegetable oil.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[30] The land has some oil, but it is only enough to meet half of the need.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The use of imported energy adds to the state's economic misery.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Pakistan's most significant natural resources are farmland, water, hydroelectric power and natural gas.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[30] Traffic in Pakistan is 148 aerodromes, fifteen of which have runways more than three kilometres long.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

There are almost 7800km of railway.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The main ports are Karachi's two ports Karachi Port and Muhammad Bin Qasim Port.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] The most affordable, although not always very comfortable way to move from city to city are buses.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

There are many companies and several cities have many bus stations.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[31] Population In July 2011, Pakistan's population was estimated at around 187 million, the sixth largest in the world.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The population grows by 1.573% per year.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

36% of Pakistanis live in an urban environment.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] The most spoken languages in Pakistan are Pandzabi, spoken by 48% of the population, Sindhi by 12%, Siraiki 10%, Pashtu 8% and Urdu by 8%.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The most common religions are Sunnism 75% and Shiite 20%.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] Of the ethnic groups, the largest is Punjabs, comprising 44.7% of the population.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Patans make up 15.4%, Sindhs 14%, sariaks 8.4% and muhajirs 7.6%.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] Urdu and English are official languages, English is the lingua franca of Pakistan's civilisation.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[8] Urdu is almost the same as Hindi.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Also Punjabi shares very much the same traits and vocabulary with Hindi.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Baltic (Tibetan:)


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[32] In 2007, it was estimated that approximately 0.1% of the adult population were carriers of HIV, a total of about 96000 people.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The number of annual AIDS deaths was on the rise.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The ARVT medication would have needed about 20,000 people, but it was received by only a fraction of them, about 600.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[33] Culture Since the majority of Pakistanis are Muslims, pork is not eaten and the fasting month of Ramadan is reflected in the food culture.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Traditional dishes have a lot of spices and spice mixes.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Common side dishes include rice and lentils.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Green tea is offered at almost all meals.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[32] Poetry is the most important literary form, and the great poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz (1911—1984) is commemorated with a national holiday.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[32] Law and Justice Up to 80% of women in Pakistani prisons are convicted of rape accusations they have been unable to prove correct.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

False rape accusation is punishable in Pakistan by stoning, raping or jail.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The testimony of four eye-seeing adult Muslim men is required to prove rape if the perpetrator does not admit to the act.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Women and non-Muslims are unfit to be witnesses.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

[34] Education Pakistan's primary education is in crisis and 2011 has been declared the Year of Education.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

Although the Constitution guarantees a basic education for everyone, a large number of children do not attend school, and even those who get to school, all learn even the basics.


Question: What is Pakistan's Independence Day?

Pakistan

The inefficiency of schools is illustrated by the fact that half of 6 to 16-year-olds attending school cannot even read a full sentence and only a third are capable of reading an entire story.