Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Although often read into the characters of existentialism, Heidegger himself distinguished his thinking from Sartre's existentialism in his book Brief über den Humanismus (1946), Finnish.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Letter on Humanism (2000).


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Jaspers' views highlight existentialism's proximity to psychological and psychiatric problems, which he also worked on.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The theme of freedom is important to Jaspers, and he considered, for example, the implications of modern science, technology, and lifestyle on individual freedom, and strongly criticized the totalitarian systems of his own time, including in Germany.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Existentialism as a movement was made famous between the 1930s and 1960s by French writer-philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

According to Sartre, “existence precedes essence”, by which he meant that man has no predetermined essence determining his morality, manner, or thinking.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Each person is free to choose their values and at the same time is forced to do so.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

According to Sartre, since there is no essence, people are determined by their actions and choices and on that basis they must also be judged.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Sartre introduced the distinction made by Martin Heidegger to being authentic and inauthentic.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

For Sartre, being a person is authentic when he defines himself and his goals and inauthentic when he allows others to define them.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Simone de Beauvoir, in her existentialist philosophy, reviewed her existence as a woman and criticized the way she sees a woman as “the other gender”.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Sartre was an atheist and the idea of a god did not fit his existentialism, but philosophers such as Karl Jaspers and Gabriel Marcel developed Søren Kierkegaard following Christian variations of existentialism where being authentic is seen as following a Christian way of life.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Existentialism spread from philosophy to literature as well.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Existentialist themes in literature were addressed by artists such as Albert Camus (Bystander, 1941), the beatniks, Hermann Hesse (Arosusi, 1928; Demian; The Vanishing Summer), and Sartre himself (Loathing, 1938).


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The main features of his existentialism Sartre outlined in his essay L'Existentialisme est un humanisme (1946), translated as Existentialismikin on Humanism (Finnish 1965).


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Historical Background Themes concerning the existence of the individual have been central throughout the history of philosophy.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Examples can be seen Socrates and his life, the teachings of Gautama Buddha, the books of the Biblical Preacher and Job, the Church Father Augustine and his Confession, the writings of Mulla Sadra, and the Contemplations of René Descartes.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Thinkers who emphasized individual freedom, such as the politicians who followed John Locke, have emphasized individual autonomy and self-determination past the state that determines individual life.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Although political philosophy such as this has not been existentialist in nature, it provided the basis for existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The unfinished notes by Blaise Pascal were published in the 1670s under the name Mindings.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In the work, he depicted several of the central themes of existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

He held that without God, life would be mindless and miserable.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

People might have created obstacles and overcome them just to escape boredom.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

This would all eventually become mind-blowing because everyone would eventually die sometime.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

For Pascal, this was a good enough reason to reject atheism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In its current 20th century defined form, existentialism emerged, inspired by Søren Kierkegaard, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and German philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

It became popular in the middle of the 20th century with the advent of French writer-philosophers Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Gabriel Marcel pursued a theological form of existentialism, giving rise above all to Christian existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Other theological existentialists include Paul Tillich, Rudolf Bultmann, Miguel de Unamuno, Thomas Hora, and Martin Buber.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Christian existentialism was also developed by Nikolai Berdyayev.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Arthur Schopenhauer are also notable background influencers, though not predecessors, of existentialism, since the philosophies of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche emerged to oppose the ideas of Hegel and Schopenhauer.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche The first philosophers considered central to existentialism are Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, although neither used the term “existentialism”.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Like Pascal, they were interested in how people hid the meaninglessness of life and diverted attention from boredom.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

However, they wrote, in contrast to Pascal, that people can create and change the core values and beliefs of their lives.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche wrote that human nature and identity vary depending on the kind of values and beliefs people hold.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

[2] [3] Objective truths (like mathematical truths) are important, but the human experience no one outside can ever truly understand.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Great individuals invent their own values and create conditions for their own actions.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Kierkegaard's Knight of the Faith and Nietzschen Übermensch are examples of persons defining the nature of their own existence.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Pascal, on the other hand, did not think that human nature and identity would be defined through people's free choices.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche died too early to have had time to participate in the existentialist movement of the 20th century.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

As philosophers, they were unique, and their works and influence are not limited to existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

They have also been seen against the backdrop of many other intellectual movements such as postmodernism, nihilism, and many trends in psychology.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

This makes it uncertain whether they would have supported existentialism in its 20th century form or accepted Sartre's version of it.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Despite everything, their works underlie later existentialist developments.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Heidegger and German Existentialism One of the first German existentialists was Karl Jaspers.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Jaspers recognized the importance of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche and sought to build the “Existenz” philosophy around the two.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Martin Heidegger, who was influenced by Jaspers and phenomenologist Edmund Husserl, wrote his most significant work Being and Time, which postulated Dasein, an individual formed in his temporality and interprets existence in time.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Dasein is often conceived as a human subject, but Heidegger denied the Cartesian subject-object/mind-body dualism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Although existentialists see Heidegger as a major part of the movement, he vehemently denied being an existentialist in the Sartrelian sense and responded to Sartre in his book Letter to Humanism, denying his own philosophy is existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Sartre, Camus and French existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre is perhaps the most celebrated existentialist, and one of the few who has accepted the label as an existentialist.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Sartre developed his own version of existentialist philosophy under the influence of Husserl and Heidegger.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

L'être et le néant (“Being and Not Being”) is perhaps his most significant work on existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Sartre was able to express his thoughts in a variety of ways, including philosophical essays, lectures, novels, and plays.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Closed Doors (Huis-clos, 1944) and Ingust (La Nausée, 1938) are other of his acclaimed works.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In the 1960s, Sartre sought to combine existentialism and Marxism in his book Critique de la raison dialectique (“Critique of Dialectical Reason”, 1960).


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Albert Camus was friends with Sartre before their intermediate break.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

He wrote several works on existentialist themes, including The Bystander (L'Étranger, 1942), The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942), and The Rebelling Man (L'Homme Révolté, 1951).


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

He, like many others, rejected the stigma of an existentialist and considered his works to be absurd.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In the myth of Sisyphus, he uses an analogy to Greek myth to demonstrate the futility of existence.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In the myth, Sisyphus is condemned to scroll a rock uphill for eternity — when he reaches the mountaintop, the stone rolls back down.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Camus considers such an existence to be mind-boggling, but he believes Sisyphus will eventually find meaning and purpose for his mission simply by constantly participating in it.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Critic Martin Esslin remarked in his book Theatre of the Absurd that modern playwrights such as Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, Jean Genet and Arthur Adamov had adopted the existentialist view that man is an absurd creation detached devoid of real in the relevant universe.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Esslin pointed out that many of these playwrights presented the ideas of existentialism better than Sartre and Camus did in their own plays.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Many of these playwrights designated as “absurdists”, however, denied affiliations with existentialism and were often staunchly unphilosophical (for example, Ionesco often said he identified himself with 'pataphysics or surrealism, for instance) rather than existentialism).


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

[4] Simone de Beauvoir, Sarte's longtime life partner, wrote in her works such as The Second Gender (Le Deuxième Sexe, 1949) and Pour Une Morale de l'Ambiguïté (1947), about feminist and existentialist ethics.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Maurice Merleau-Ponty, known for his phenomenology, can also be seen as an existentialist.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

His understanding of Husserl's phenomenology ran deeper than that of many other existentialists.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Merleau-Ponty's work Humanisme et terreur, essai sur le problème communiste (1947) greatly influenced Sartree.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Dostoevsky, Kafka and Literary Existentialism Many writers who are not generally considered philosophers have also had much influence on the genesis and development of existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

They include, above all, the Czech Franz Kafka and the Russian Fyodor Dostoevsky.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Kafka often portrayed surreal and alienated characters striving against hopelessness and absurdity, most famously in his works Makeover (1915) and Lawsuit (1925).


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The prose section of Dostoevsky's Basement Grove (1864) has been said to be “the first existentialist novel”.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

It tells the story of a man who fails to integrate into society and is unhappy with the identities he has created for himself.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Many of Dostoevsky's novels, such as Crime and Punishment (1866), contain themes central to existentialism, but at the same time deny claims of existentialism, such as Nietzsche's ideas of the superhuman.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In crime and punishment, the protagonist Raskolnikov develops away from existentialist ideas and beliefs towards more traditional Christian views.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The 20th century saw a revival of existentialism in many fields of art.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In fiction literature, Hermann Hessen Arosusi (1928) was based on ideas that existed in Kierkegaard's work Either/Or (1843).


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Jack Kerouac and the poets of the beat generation embraced existentialist ideas.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Art house films began quoting and referring to existentialist thinkers and thoughts.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Existentialist literature was often seen as a mid-1950s phenomenon lasting into the late 1970s.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Most of the notable writers were either French or hailed from the French colonies.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In his biography of Väinö Linna, Professor Yrjö Varpio stresses that existentialist themes are a key part of Linna's early production (Black Love, Goal) and, perhaps somewhat surprisingly, also in the most famous works The Unknown Soldier and Here Under the North Star.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

[5] Early works deal specifically with “classic” existentialist topics such as the search for meaning of life in the midst of a value vacuum, the existence of God and the absurd and painful aspects of love.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

According to Varpio, Linna was inspired not only by Dostoevsky but also from Sartre, whose plays after the war were performed in Tampere and Helsinki.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Like Varpio, Linna herself stressed that the Unknown Soldier and Here Under the North Star series are also about portraying the life force of a human individual within a certain historical framework.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Existentialism after the 1970s Postmodern thinking came to the popularity of many in the 1970s and beyond and many postmodern works also deal with themes typical of existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Among others, such books as Philip K. Dick's The Bounty Hunter, Michael Szymczyk's Toilet the Novel, and Chuck Palahniuk's Fight Club distort the line between reality and impressions, while incorporating existentialist themes.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The core ideas of existentialism Existence precedes essence The central claim of existentialism is that existence precedes essence, that is, the existence of the human individual is first and more fundamental than any meaning that can be attributed to human life: man determines his own their reality and the purpose of their lives.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

This reverses the other way the more traditional view that philosophy's most central function was to answer the question “what is a human being?”


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

— that is, “what is the essence of man?”


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

— and whose goal was to derive from this how people should live.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Thus existentialism differs from the rationalist tradition of Western philosophy in that it rejects the idea that the most certain and primary reality is rational consciousness.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

René Descartes believed that man was capable of doubting the existence of all but thinking consciousness (“cogito ergo sum”).


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Thus the reality of it was more certain than the reality of anything else.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Existentialism consciously rejects this attitude, viewing instead that, as conscious beings, humans always find themselves already in the world, in some situation and with some history, and cannot imagine the world as non-existent.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

This attitude is inner-born and an integral part of consciousness.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In other words, the ultimate, certain and undeniable reality is not a thinking consciousness but, according to Heidegger, “being in the world.”


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

This is a radicalisation of the idea of intentionality, which originated from Franz Brentano and Edmund Husserl.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

According to it, consciousness, at its most reduced, is always an awareness of something.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Reason as a defense against anxiety Existentialists position themselves against rationalism and positivism in their emphasis on action, freedom, and decision-making as fundamental.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

They deny that human beings are primarily rational.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Instead, existentialists turn their gaze to where people find meanings.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Existentialists suggest that people actually make choices according to what is meaningful to them, not according to what makes sense.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The rejection of reason as a source of meaning is a common theme of existentialist thought, as is the worry, unease and fear we experience when faced with our own radical freedom and awareness of death.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Kierkegaard saw rationality as a mechanism by which people face their inherent unease, their fear of being in the world.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

If I can believe that I am rational and also everyone else is rational, then I have no reason to fear nor be uneasy for my own freedom.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Sartre saw reason as a form of “bad faith”, an attempt by the self to impose structuralism on the world of phenomena — the “other” — that is irrational and haphazard in its foundations.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

According to Sartre, rationality and other forms of “bad faith” prevent us from finding meaning in freedom.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

By trying to suppress our feelings of unease and fear, we limit ourselves to the sphere of everyday experience, at the same time giving up our freedom and submitting in one form or another to the power of the “other”.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The absurd Camus believed in the same tone that society and religion falsely teach people that the “other” has order and structure.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

[6] He held that in the clash of an individual's “consciousness” yearning for order and an “other” devoid of order, a third factor arises: the “absurd”.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

As a result, existentialism tends to see human beings as subjects in an indifferent, unbiased, often ambiguous and absurd universe where meaning is not provided by any natural order.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Order, on the other hand, can be created, albeit temporarily and erratically, by human actions and interpretations.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

During the literary modernist movement of the 20th century, writers began to portray dystopian societies, and surreal and absurd situations in parallel realities.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

This trend appeared in parallel with the existentialist movement.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

An existentialist view of God Existentialists are divided into those who, like Kierkegaard, view the ultimate question of existence as related to the relationship between man and God, and those who accept Nietzsche's declaration of “God's death”.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In any case, theological existentialism, advocated by Paul Tillich, Gabriel Marcel and Martin Buber among others, shares many of the same principles and themes with atheistic existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In theological existentialism, belief in God is a personal choice made based on faith, desire, or experience.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In the same way that atheist existentialists are free to choose not to believe, theistic existentialists are free to choose faith in God and could, despite doubts, believe that God exists and good.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The third kind of existentialism is agnostic existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Also, an agnostic attitude is a choice.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Agnostic existentialists do not pretend to know or not know whether there is any larger plan, but consider knowing one to be impossible for human minds, or at least that it has not yet been discovered.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The effort to find evidence of God's existence would be impossible or futile.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Instead, he recognizes that the greatest truth is the one on which he chooses to act.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Like Christian existentialists, agnostics believe in the subjectivity of existence.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Criticism of Existentialism Herbert Marcuse criticized existentialism, particularly Sartre's work Being and Non-Being, for projecting certain characteristics of living in a modern, oppressive society, such as being concerned and irrelevant, into the nature of existence to itself: “As far as existentialism is a philosophical doctrine, it remains an idealistic doctrine: it hypothesizes certain historical situations of human existence into ontological and metaphysical characteristics.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Thus existentialism becomes part of the very ideology it attacks, and its radicalism is merely imaginary”.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

[7] Sartre responded to the Marxist critique of existentialism in his essay Existentialism on Humanism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Martin Heidegger criticized Sartre's existentialism in his book Letter to Humanism: Theodor Adorno, in turn, criticized the philosophy behind Heidegger's existentialism in his book Jargon der Eigentlichkeit (“The Jargon of Authenticity”, 1964), focusing particularly on this for language use.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

He regarded Heidegger's thinking as a mystifying ideology of advanced industrial society and its power structures.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Roger Scruton argued in his book From Descartes to Wittgenstein that both Heidegger's concept of inauthenticity and Sartre's concept of bad faith are inconsistent; both deny belief in universal morality but still speak of these concepts, as if all were bound to tolerate them: This can be seen as a general argument against all relativism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Sartre replied that bad and good faith do not represent moral ideas, but are instead ways of being.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Logical empirists such as Rudolf Carnap and Alfred J. Ayer have argued that the verb “to be” regularly fools existentialists in their analysis of “existence”.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

The verb is attached as a predicate, and the use of a word without a predicate is mindless.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Logical empirists, on the other hand, stated, in the same way as in refuting the ontological proof like Immanuel Kant, that existence is not a property.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Well-known existentialists Philosophers Simone de Beauvoir Nikolai Berdjayev Henri Bergson Albert Camus Emil Ciora William A. Earle José Ortega y Gasset Martin Heidegger rebuffed the designation 'existentialist', but his ideas influenced Sartree, Jaspers and to many other existentialists Karl Jaspers Hans Jonas Walter Kaufmann Søren Kierkegaard lived before the existentialist movement got its start, and he would likely have rejected many of Sartre's views.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Yet he was one of the first philosophers to address questions of human existence in a way that makes him a precursor to Sartrean existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Ladislav Klíma Emmanuel Levinas Gabriel Marcel Friedrich Nietzsche, like Kierkegaard, lived before the emergence of the existentialist movement, and his views differ in many ways from modern existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

In many ways, however, he is a pioneer of later existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Paul Ricoeur, existentialist in his earlier works that preceded hermeneutics Jean-Paul Sartre Lev Shestov Max Stirner, an egoist, lived before the emergence of the existentialist movement, but can be seen, like Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, as the precursor of existentialism Miguel de Unamuno Peter Wessel Zapffe Psychologists Ernest Becker Ludwig Binswanger Medard Boss Frantz Fanon Viktor Frankl Thomas Hora R.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

D. Laing Abraham H. Maslow Rollo May Theodore Shanks Fritz Perls Otto Rank Irvin D. Yalom Theologians Martin Buber Rudolf Bultmann Samuel Kuhn David Layton John Macquarrie Gabriel Marcel Paul Tillich Other writers Colin Wilson See also Meaning of Life Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Appignanesi, Richard| title = What do existentialists| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2008| version=( What do existentialists believe? , 2006.)


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Translated by Susanna Tuomi-Giddings| id = ISBN 978-951-1-21645-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lehtinen, Torsti| title = Existentialism: Philosophy of Liberty| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookworks| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-625-723-2}} Replacement error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Saarinen, Esa| title = Sartre: Philosophy of fear, loathing and choice| location = Tampere| publisher = Fanzine| year = 1983| id = ISBN 951-9287-02-7}} Saarinen, Esa: Phenomenology and Existentialism.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

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Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

English. Outi Astiainen.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

so & thus 1/1995, 5—11.


Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

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Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

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Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

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Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

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Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

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Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

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Question: How is existentialism defined?

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Question: How is existentialism defined?

Existentialism

Category:Schools of Philosophy Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who was Dionysios Halikarnasslainen?

Atticism

Atticism or Attican style was a rhetorical style direction that originated in the first century BCE.


Question: Who was Dionysios Halikarnasslainen?

Atticism

It can also be used to refer to word choices and forms that were typical of this stylistic direction.


Question: Who was Dionysios Halikarnasslainen?

Atticism

Atticism is described as a return to classical expression as a counterexample to the pretentious Asiatic style of Hellenistic, Sophistic rhetoric, returning to regard Attican speakers as its paragons, particularly Lysia, Demosthene, and Thukydide.


Question: Who was Dionysios Halikarnasslainen?

Atticism

The goals of Atticism defined the style in its heyday period by Dionysios Halikarnassolainen.


Question: Who was Dionysios Halikarnasslainen?

Atticism

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, Paavo & Pietti-Castrén, Leena| title = Ancient Handbook | publisher = Otava| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-1-12387-4}} Literature Kailaheimo, Markku: “Atticism and Stoic Rhetoric”.


Question: Who was Dionysios Halikarnasslainen?

Atticism

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kailaheimo, Markku| title = Brutus - stoic essays| publisher = Bookcover| year = 2016| id = ISBN 978-952-7142-62-2}} Category:Ancient Greek literature


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

An e-tobacco or e-cigarette is a technical device through which a nicotine-laced vapor is usually inhaled.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

E-tobacco differs significantly from a traditional cigarette in that e-tobacco is not smoked.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

Since no combustion occurs in it, it does not produce smoke, cage, tar, or other harmful combustion compounds.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

E-tobacco also does not contain tobacco.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[1] [2] [3] The device has also been referred to as an electronic nicotine dispenser.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[4] Principle of operation E-tobacco may resemble a cigarette in appearance, but models have evolved continuously more and more in a direction different from traditional cigarettes.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[5] The device consists of a battery, a pre-filled or self-filled liquid tank and a vaporizer, i.e. an atomizer, which heats the liquid that enters there into vapor. Depending on the model, the vaporization of the liquid occurs either by pressing a button or automatically sucking In connection. Liquids used to form steam consist mainly of propylene glycol and/or glycerin, as well as flavoring substances.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

Both nicotine-free liquids and nicotine liquids of varying strengths are available.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[6] [7] E-tobacco users The user base of e-tobacco consists primarily of smokers seeking to reduce or quit smoking and former smokers.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

Regular use of e-cigarettes without a previous smoking background is marginal among both adults and adolescents.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] For example, according to a statistical report published by the ASH in England in 2015, three-fifths of the adult population using e-cigarettes in the UK are smokers, two-fifths former smokers.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

In the former group, e-cigarettes are mainly used to reduce smoking, in the latter to stop smoking.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[23] Among young people, regular use of e-cigarettes is rare, according to ASH.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

Weekly e-cigarettes reported being used by 0.5% of British youngsters with use restricted primarily to young people with a smoking background.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[24] The use of e-cigarettes is also strongly linked to the smoking background in Finland.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

According to THL, all around three per cent of Finns aged 15 to 65 use e-cigarettes, of which the proportion of non-smokers is “practically non-existent.”


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[25] E-cigarette use among Finnish youth varies by age and gender.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

According to the 2015 Youth Health Case Survey, in the youngest age group (12 years old), “current e-cigarette use was very rare.”


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

At most, e-cigarettes were used by 18-year-old boys, 3.5% of whom reported using e-cigarettes on a daily basis.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[26] According to THL, experimentation and use of e-cigarettes was “low among those who did not smoke or snort.”


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[27] In a 2015 survey conducted by Heli Kaartinen for her thesis, only two out of 692 e-cigarette users had not smoked before acquainting themselves with e-cigarettes.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

E-cigarettes were used as a smoking cessation aid.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[28] In a 2015 survey conducted by e-cigarette company PaulIsland among its user base, 97.1% reported that they had smoked before switching to e-cigarettes.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

87.6% of respondents said they had switched to electric tobacco in order to quit smoking, and in addition, 79.2% of all respondents said they had tried to quit smoking earlier by other means.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[29] E-tobacco has been feared to attract non-smoking young people to tobacco experiments.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

The hypothesis has been supported by research conducted among Hawaiian youth between 2013-2014, according to which young people who tried e-cigarettes subsequently tried smoking more often than average.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[30] The study has received criticism from experts including that it does not show a causal relationship between e-cigarette use and tobacco experimentation, but rather that the same young people might have tried smoking even without e-cigarettes: tobacco and nicotine products interested young people are typically known to try many different options.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

There has also been criticism of the fact that e-cigarette 'use' and 'smoking' already counted as one trial session.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

The number of people who smoke regularly remained effectively unchanged throughout the study period.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[31] [32] Many experts, for example, em. According to ASH in England, the evidence to date gives no indication that e-cigarettes are attracting non-smoking youngsters to smoking.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

In contrast, ASH notes a decline in smoking among young people since e-cigarettes went on the market.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[33] A similar trend has also been observed, for example, in the United States and France.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

A sharper downward trend in smoking has also occurred simultaneously among the adult population.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

The displacing effect of e-cigarettes among smokers has been speculated as an explanatory factor.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[34] [35] [36] [37] [38] By a general estimate, there are between 20 and 40 million e-smokers worldwide.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

The number is believed to exceed 55 million e-tobacco users in 2021.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[39] [40] E-Tobacco in Finland In July 2008, the Finnish pharmaceutical institution banned the sale of nicotinic e-tobacco products in Finland due to the classification of nicotine-containing products as medicinal products.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[41] In February 2011, the Vantaa District Court acquitted a man who ordered nicotine-containing e-tobacco products without a prescription on the grounds that the prescription was not needed because the single doses were so small.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

As a result, Customs handed over the e-tobacco orders it had stopped to their subscribers.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[42] [43] With the amendment of the Tobacco Act, which came into force on 1 January 2012, e-tobacco advertising was banned on the internet.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[44] The regulation of the age limit of the Tobacco Act also applies to electric tobacco devices and nicotine-free liquids used in them.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

Nicotine-containing liquids are covered by the Medicines Act.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[45] Electric tobacco and nicotine-free liquid used therein may be sold in Finland.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

In August 2016, a new Tobacco Act came into force, under which e-cigarettes were also admitted.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

The law equates the sale and marketing of e-cigarettes with tobacco and the products themselves are regulated in a variety of ways.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

Ordering e-tobacco products from abroad is prohibited under the new law.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

For internal sales in Finland, nicotine liquids may be sold in bottles of up to 10ml with a maximum permissible nicotine content of 20mg/ml.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

Nicotine liquids and e-cigarettes are sold in specialty stores as well as regular markets, kiosks and gas stations.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

Nicotine liquids from abroad may be imported from a trip lasting at least 24 hours up to 10ml, the maximum strength of which was not specified by the new law.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[46] Health Effects According to Antero Heloma, Chief Medical Officer of the Department of Health and Welfare (THL), it is very likely that e-tobacco is not as harmful as regular tobacco.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

THL, as an institution, has not proposed banning e-tobacco, but recommends using traditional nicotine replacement products and detoxification drugs in smoking cessation.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

[47] [48] [49] E-tobacco can explode because of the lithium batteries in it.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-tobacco

An explosion can cause serious injury or even loss of vision [50], a hole in the palate and burns [51].


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Explosive e-tobacco can also start a fire [52].


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Especially the so-called. 'Mechanical' electric tobacco is more dangerous than ordinary ones because they lack temperature and current limiting components and protection against short circuits.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[53] Similar problems have also occurred in other devices using lithium batteries, such as mobile phones.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

In the case of e-cigarettes, problem situations typically involve user error, e.g. the use of the wrong charging device.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Serious personal injury is rare.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

In the United States, for example, two cases of serious burns related to e-cigarettes were reported between 2009 and 2014.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[51] [54] Some substances harmful to health have been found in e-tobacco, but significantly less than in regular cigarettes.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[12] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] The debate on health risks has occurred, in particular regarding carcinogenic nitrosamines found in e-tobacco and the 2009 discovery of diethylene glycol by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Nitrosamines have been found per millilitre (incl. multiple single doses), on average, one thousandth of the amount of nitrosamine contained in one cigarette.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

The amount is not considered harmful to health.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Similar levels of nitrosamine occur, for example, in nicotine replacement products already in approved use.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[61] [62] [63] [64] The diethylene glycol deposit, on the other hand, has proved to be an isolated exceptional case, i.e.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

that substance has not been found in other laboratory tests.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Neither did ko.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

as such, there was no health risk from the finding.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[65] Diacetyl, which gives the flavour of butter and cream, has also been found in a number of sweet-tasting electric tobacco liquids and whose prolonged inhalation in large quantities may cause a lung disease called bronchiolitis obliterans (so-called popcorn lung).


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Average diacetyl concentrations in these liquids exceed the strictest safety limits but remain on average one-hundredth of the diacetyl excess from tobacco.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Smoking has not been found to cause em. illness.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

In e-cigarette liquids, efforts are made to get rid of the use of diacetyl altogether.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[66] [67] [68] According to a research report published in August 2013 by Drexel University in the United States, which aggregated research on e-tobacco, no harmful substances have been found in e-tobacco liquids or vapor.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[69] In a 2011 study published in the journal Chest, e-tobacco use was found to have at least mild and temporarily debilitating effects on airway function.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

However, according to the researchers, those statistically observable effects are not necessarily of clinical significance.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[70] [71] [72] According to a study published in February 2013 in the journal Inhalation Toxicology, e-tobacco use causes no material changes in the user's immediate lung function.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[73] No acute effects of e-tobacco use on the user's heart function (Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center 2012) or blood count (Food and Chemical Toxicology 2012) have been observed, as opposed to smoking.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[74] [75] According to a report published by the English Health Agency (PHE) in 2015, e-cigarettes are 95% safer than regular cigarettes and also an effective aid in quitting smoking.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[76] E-tobacco has not been found to release essential quantities of harmful substances into its environment and does not produce at all the most harmful form of passive smoking, the so-called bysmoke (“side vapor” in the case of e-tobacco), which is produced when the cigarette burns itself between sucks.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

E-tobacco produces vapor only when sucking, so no unfiltered vapor is released into the environment in the user's own body.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[12] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] E-tobacco as a smoking cessation aid In its 2008 opinion, the WHO considers it possible that e-tobacco assists in smoking cessation, but cannot be marketed for that purpose until it has accumulated scientific knowledge display.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[48] Subsequently, there have been a number of studies and user surveys on this issue that e-tobacco has been beneficial both in reducing smoking and quitting it.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[13] [14] [84] [15] [85] [16] [86] [17] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] The exception is made up by a study published at the University of California in February 2016 that concluded that e-tobacco would not have a significant positive effect on smoking cessation.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[94] However, the study has been widely criticized for incorrect research methods and misleading conclusions.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[95] [96] According to an international survey of over 19000 e-tobacco users published in 2014 in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 81% of respondents had gotten rid of tobacco by replacing it with e-cigarettes.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

The 19 percent of e-cigarette users who still smoke had reduced their smoking from an average of twenty cigarettes to four cigarettes a day.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[97] [98] In a survey conducted by Heli Kaartinen for his thesis among the user base of e-cigarettes, 94% of respondents had quit smoking after switching to e-cigarettes.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Those who continued to smoke alongside e-cigarettes were also “low and sporadic, one-off.”


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[28] In an e-tobacco survey conducted by e-cigarette company PaulSaari in 2015, 83.7% of respondents said they had stopped smoking or reduced it using e-tobacco.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[29] Their own group of e-cigarettes is constituted by smokers who use e-cigarettes and cigarettes side-by-side.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Typically, co-use reduces smoking to a considerable extent.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

For example, according to the 2014 French Health Barometer, 80% of those who used cigarettes and e-cigarettes side-by-side had reduced their smoking by an average of 8.9 cigarettes a day.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[21] [99] According to the 2015 Eurobarometer, there were a total of about four million smokers in Europe who quit smoking through the use of e-cigarettes and around five million smokers who had reduced their smoking.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[100] In April 2016, the British Royal College of Physicians published an extensive report on e-cigarettes and other nicotine products that do not contain tobacco.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

E-cigarettes are more popular than nicotine replacement products and more effective at quitting smoking, according to the report.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Health risks are estimated to be “barely more than five per cent of the health risks of smoking and may be significantly lower than this.”


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Nor have e-cigarettes attracted non-smokers to smoking or regular use of e-cigarettes.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

The user base is almost entirely limited before e-cigarette use to smokers who use e-cigarettes to quit smoking and reduce the harm of smoking.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Because of these reasons, smokers should be encouraged to switch from tobacco to e-cigarettes.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

[101] Sources On the topic elsewhere Helsingin sanomat 1.12.2016.


Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

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Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

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Question: When is the definition of desing invented?

E-Tobacco

Category:Tobacco Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

A heart melting accident is a nuclear accident in which the temperature of nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor rises so high that the fuel begins to melt.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The fuel in the reactor is referred to as the reactor core, which is where the name of the accident type comes from.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Radiation and Nuclear Nuclear Nuclear Safety Authority regulations use the more general term serious reactor accident, where a significant part of the fuel loses its original structure, but therefore does not necessarily melt [1].


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

A heart melting accident can occur if there is a sudden increase in reactor power (as at Chernobyl) or if heart cooling is lost (as at Three Mile Island and Fukushima).


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

In ordinary light water reactors, the risk of an accident caused by an increase in power is extremely low.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Greater risks are associated with loss of cooling.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The reactor still produces residual heat after the chain reaction is stopped.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Failure to remove residual heat from the reactor could overheat and melt.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The loss of cooling can be reduced to two basic cases: the cooling water will leak away, or heat transfer from the primary circuit will not work, causing the cooling water to gradually boil away through the safety valves.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Modern nuclear reactors have safety systems developed to prevent accidents and limit their consequences.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The function of the containment is to prevent radioactive materials from entering the environment in the event of an accident.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[2] Accident progression If the reactor is not cooled, the fuel will heat up due to residual heat.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

At temperatures above 1000°C, protective shells for fuel rods made of zirconium begin to react chemically with water vapor.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

A lot of heat is generated in the reaction, which further accelerates the heating of the fuel.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

When the fuel temperature exceeds 2000°C, the reactor core begins to melt.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Depending on the type of reactor, this will take at least an hour from the initial event of the accident, likely several hours if there is no major leak in the primary circuit.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Melting is likely to occur in stages because the lower part of the heart is colder than the top, so the molten material that drains downwards solidifies and then melts again under the influence of residual heat.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[3] Gradually, the heart melt drains to the bottom of the reactor pressure vessel.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

After that, the bottom of the pressure vessel begins to heat up.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

In some reactors, the outer surface of the pressure vessel bottom can be cooled with water to prevent the pressure vessel from melting.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

In Loviisa's reactors, the cooling of the outer surface is done by water generated by the melting of the containment ice condensers.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

If external cooling is not successful, the bottom of the pressure vessel will melt into a burst and the heart melt will discharge into the containment.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[3] In controlling a heart melting accident, the main task is to prevent the decay of the containment structure, because then radioactive materials would be released into the environment.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

If a reactor pressure vessel bursts when there is high pressure in the reactor, the containment pressure can quickly rise to such a degree that the containment is damaged.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Therefore, the primary circuit depressurization valves are aimed at making them reliable enough to be opened in any accident.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[3] If there is water on the floor of the containment building when the pressure vessel bursts, the heart melt will drain into the pool of water, resulting in a so-called steam explosion.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

It means that hot heart melt is depleted, a lot of heat is transferred from the droplets very quickly to water, and when boiling water, a large amount of steam is created in a short time.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

This causes a pressure spike of a few milliseconds that can break up the containment.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[4] On the other hand, the drain of the heart melt into the pool of water effectively cools the heart melt.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

If, on the other hand, there is no cooling water in the containment, then the hot heart melt can come into contact with concrete floors and walls.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

In this case, the concrete begins to melt, and the heart melt penetrates the concrete, potentially compromising the integrity of the containment.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[3] This is playfully referred to as the China phenomenon.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

In new reactors, it is aimed at blocking it with the help of a heart catcher.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

At high temperatures, protective shells on fuel rods made of zirconium react chemically with water vapor.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

In the reaction, hydrogen is generated, which is released into the containment.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

If hydrogen is able to mix with air, a hydrogen fire or even an explosion could occur which could break the containment.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

This is aimed at preventing either by filling the containment with nitrogen, such as Olkiluoto 1 and 2, in which case the absence of oxygen prevents hydrogen fires, or by removing hydrogen with recombinators.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[3] During a heart melting accident, hot fuel boils water first in the reactor and later in the containment building.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The generated steam gradually increases the pressure in the containment.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

If the pressure is not reduced, the containment can eventually break due to overpressure, as was the case with the second unit at Fukushima [5].


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

An effort is made to reduce the pressure in the containment by injecting cold water into it with a spray system or letting steam out through the filters.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[3] As nuclear fuel heats up, radioactive fission products are released from it.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The most easily released substances are xenon, iodine and caesium.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The release of other fission products requires higher temperatures.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

During a heart melting accident, fission products enter the containment from the reactor.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Fission products in particulate form gradually end up in containment water pools or floor surfaces, but gaseous fission products remain in containment airspace.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

If the containment is broken or leaked, some of these fission products can enter the environment.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[3] Probability There have been five heart melting accidents at civilian nuclear power plants (Chernobyl, Three Mile Island and three reactors at Fukushima).


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

By March 2018, 17516 reactor years have accumulated in the history of nuclear power [6].


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Thus, historically, the calculated probability of a heart melting accident has been one case per 3500 years of reactor operation.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Since the accidents, efforts have been made to improve the safety of nuclear power.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

According to probabilistic safety analyses, estimates of the likelihood of a heart melting accident typically range from once every 1000 to 100,000 years.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

In Finland, STUK insists that the probability of a heart melting accident with a new reactor must be less than once every 100,000 years.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[7] Legacy reactors are allowed a lower level of safety.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

According to 2015 analyses, the calculated probability of a heart melting accident is once 59000 per year for Loviisa 1, once 110,000 years for Olkiluoto 1 and once 330000 for Olkiluoto 3 [8].


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Known accidents The first heart melting accident at a nuclear power plant for energy production occurred at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in the United States in 1979, when about one-third of the fuel in a nuclear reactor melted due to multiple simultaneous failures and operator failures as a result.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The accident caused no damage to people or to the environment as the containment building remained intact.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

However, the reactor was damaged beyond repair.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[9] The most serious nuclear power plant accident in history occurred in spring 1986 in the Soviet Union on the territory of present-day Ukraine.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The accident at the Chernobyl power plant's four reactor was caused by known safety deficiencies in the RBMK-type reactor and the use in violation of safety regulations.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The accident resulted from a large radioactive emission due to the lack of containment around the reactor and because the long-running fire was spreading radioactive materials into the atmosphere.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Several dozen workers died of radiation sickness.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

More than a hundred thousand people were evacuated.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Computationally, it has been estimated that the accident would cause about four thousand additional cancer deaths in the coming decades.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[9] [10] In March 2011, a series of serious accidents occurred at the Fukushima I plant in Japan, in which three reactor cores almost completely melted.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The accidents were prompted by an earthquake on March 11, which triggered a tsunami.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

An emergency shutdown of the reactors worked as planned in the earthquake, but the tsunami destroyed the electricity supply and damaged backup power generators, resulting in overheating of the reactors.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[11] The containment lines could not withstand the accident.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Radioactive emissions accounted for about one-tenth of those from Chernobyl.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Radiation doses were left low because about 170,000 people were evacuated from surrounding areas.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

[12] Other accidents that occurred.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Partial melting of the heart has been part of an accident at a nuclear reactor in the following cases: Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, 12 December 1952 BORAX-I, Idaho Falls, Idaho, United States, 22 July 1954 Experimental Breeder Reactor I, Acro, Idaho, United States, November 29, 1955 Sodium Reactor Experiment — Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Simi Hills, California, United States, July 26, 1959 SL-1, Idaho Falls, Idaho, United States, January 3, 1961 SNAP8 Experimental Reactor — Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Simi Hills , California, United States, 1964 NS Lenin, February 1965 Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station, Frenchtown Charter Township, Michigan, United States, October 5, 1966 NS Lenin, 1966—1967 SNAP8 Developmental Reactor — Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Simi Hills, California, United States, 1969 Heart melting accident in popular culture In popular culture, the heart melting accident is sometimes referred to as the China phenomenon.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The idea behind the designation is that molten nuclear fuel would melt a hole in the reactor as well as the floor of a power plant building, drilling all the way to China.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

This is an exaggeration of the potential effects of the accident.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Furthermore, as a result of gravity, no material drilling into the earth could theoretically sink deeper than the centre of the Earth.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The term was made famous by the 1979 book of the same name and the film depicted according to it.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

The fictional accident is almost identical to the Harrisburg accident, which occurred just a couple of weeks after the film's premiere.


Question: What is the most famous heart melting accident?

Heart melting accident

Sources Category:Nuclear accidents


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis, also ISIS and IS ((IS), “ad-daula al-Islāmiyya”, Islamic State) or ISIL and Daesh is a jihadist organization operating in northern Iraq and Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis controlled parts of Syria and Iraq between 2014 and 2017.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

On 29 June 2014, the organisation established a caliphate based on Islamic Sharia law in the region.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organisation is headed by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who is appointed caliph.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The basis of Isis waging holy war is in Salafism and Wahhabism.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis is known worldwide for its brutal treatment of opponents and terrorism.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Many states in the world are seeking to defeat Isis because they see it as a global threat.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Formerly part of al-Qaeda, Isis split from al-Qaeda in February 2014 [1] and declared itself an “Islamic State” and a caliphate.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In 2016—17, Isis lost substantially its territory.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

By December 2017, the territories it recaptured in Iraq and Syria had been recaptured almost entirely from Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The name Name Isis is an abbreviation of the English name for the “Islamic State in Iraq and Syria”.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In the United States, the name ISIL has also been used</b>which is an acronym for “the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant”.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The Finnish Protection Police also uses the ISIL acronym in its communications.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[2] On 29 June 2014, the organisation announced its new name Islamic State (, abbreviation IS), but in Finnish the abbreviation ISIS or ISIS is most often used.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The designation “Islamic State” is confusing in general communication because it can lead to the perception that a new internationally recognised state has emerged.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The designation also misleads because there are several Islamic states in the world, that is, states whose political ideology is based on Islam.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[3] The ISIS organisation has threatened to cut the language from anyone who publicly uses the Arabic acronym daesh from the organisation.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The abbreviation resembles the Arabic word das, “pedal, step” [4].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

History Background The history of Isis began in 1999 when Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi, a young Jordanian jihadist, travelled to Kandahar, Afghanistan to meet with al-Qaida leaders.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Zarqawi wanted to foment revolution in Iraq and Syria and needed money and supporters for his purpose.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Zarqawi, a Sunni Muslim, particularly disliked Shiites.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Osama bin Laden and other al Qaeda leaders did not invite Zarqawi as their member because of his extreme views, but they still started working together.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[5] After the fall of Al Qaeda in Iraq in Afghanistan in 2001, Zarqawi fled with his group to Iraq and began building his secret network there.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Zarqawi's group known as “Single-Deity and Jihad” began carrying out strikes against US troops occupying the country, as well as Shiites.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The group was accepted into al-Qaeda in 2004, and thus became Al Qaeda in Iraq.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[6] The organization attacked troops and Iraqi civilians of the US-led coalition with explosives, suicide bombings and beheadings of hostages.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

They are working to pressure foreign troops and companies to leave Iraq, get Iraqis to stop supporting the U.S. and Iraqi government, and attract more members.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[7] Declaring an Islamic State, Zarqawi fervently wanted to establish an Islamic caliphate, but al-Qaida's leadership trumped him, urging Zarqawi to seek popular support first and avoid excessive violence.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Zarqawi was just about to declare an Islamic State when he was killed by the United States on June 7, 2006.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Al-Qaeda in Iraq finally declared an Islamic state on 15 October 2006, thereby carrying out the last wish of its leader.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

As their nominal leader, they appointed Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, who until then had been unknown even to jihadists.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[8] However, the real leader of the organisation was Abu Ayyub al-Masri, who led al-Qaeda in Iraq after Zarqawi's death.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[9] The new Islamic State's relationship with al-Qaeda was initially unclear, and it did not mention its parent organization in public.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organization announced that Al Qaeda in Iraq no longer existed, but was part of Islamic State.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[10] Because the Islamic State declaration had not been asked permission from al-Qaeda, its leaders were angry and considered the declaration premature.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Al-Qaeda's leadership and other jihadists were also concerned that Islamic State lacked popular support or legitimate authority in the areas it controlled.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Publicly, however, al Qaeda supported the establishment of the Islamic State.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[11] Islamic State introduced its own flag in January 2007.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

It is the black flag of the Prophet Muhammad with the Muslim creed and the seal of the prophet.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[12] Masri proved to be a bad leader.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

He believed in the end of the world and that Islamic State would have been a true state.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[13] With its violent activities against civilians and other insurgents, Islamic State also caused criticism among other jihadists.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[14] In March 2007, the organization published the principles to be followed by all subjects of Islamic State.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The 19-point list banned, among other things, anything secular, ordered Jews and Christians to pay a protection tax, and declared Shiites infidels.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The penalties were very harsh.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

At the same time, the organization sought to carry out the responsibilities of the right state in its territory, even though it did not possess cities.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[15] Islamic State lost all territories under its control by 2010.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In April, the United States massacred the organisation's two senior leaders and over the next few months killed or imprisoned more than 30 more.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organisation elected Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its new leader.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[16] Abu Bakr initially established himself at the head of the organisation and subsequently began to revive the activities of the collapsed Islamic State.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organisation created a strategy that included such things as uniting jihadists under the same program, improving living conditions for people in controlled areas, and a media strategy.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[17] Expanding into Syria and renamed Isis Organisation began to operate in Syria as well.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

There, it drifted into feuds with its local branch, the al-Nusra rebel group.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[18] In April 2013, the organization took the name Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) and announced that al-Nusra was part of it.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

But al-Nusra pledged allegiance to al Qaeda, which began calling for Islamic State to withdraw from Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In February 2014, al Qaeda publicly severed its relationship with Islamic State.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[19] By early 2014, Isis was consolidating its grip on eastern Syria and had already acquired a huge war treasury from the oil fields, taxes and spoils of war it had conquered.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Al-Nusra fighters and foreign fighters joined it in the thousands.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Syria's ruler, Bašar al-Assad, had left Isis alone, as it threatened Assad's own opponents.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[20] Moreover, the international community did not yet intervene in 2012-14 in the growth of Isis, which contributed to its expansion and strengthening.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[21] For example, according to Mika Aaltola, programme director at the Foreign Policy Institute, Barack Obama's reluctance to intervene in Syria supported the rise of Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[22] There has been a certain reluctance in the US to intervene in Isis's actions in Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

For example, Thomas Friedman, a foreign columnist for The New York Times, an authoritative, close to Democrats, has proposed supplying weapons to Isis in 2015 and questioned President Trump's actions against the organisation in Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Behind this logic is that Isis is fighting the Syrian government, Iranian forces, Hezbollah and Russia.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Friedman compares Isis to the Afghan mujahideen that the U.S. supported in the 1980s.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[23] [24] Declaration of Caliphate In June 2014, Isis captured the city of Mosul without much resistance, thus dominating the area stretching from Mosul to Aleppo, Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In late June, the organization declared an Islamic caliphate, whose caliph was the head of the organization, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[25] Territorial conquests Isis controlled an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, or about the size of Belgium, in Iraq and Syria in the summer of 2014.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

An estimated 8 million individuals live in the Isis-controlled territory.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[26] Isis expanded its territory in Syria significantly in 2013, and in mid-2014 controlled much of Syria's rebel areas.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In Iraq, in addition to ground attacks, Isis has carried out many bomb attacks against Shiites.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The group, made up of a few hundred, has grown quite rapidly over the years and has trained many foreigners as fighters.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to different estimates, Isis would have at least 5,000 and perhaps even tens of thousands of fighters.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In the 2014 Iraq crisis, Isis sought in early June to retake Baghdad [27] and bring Iraq under its rule.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis gained control of the city of Karma, fought in Baquba and operated right on the outskirts of Baghdad [28].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Fighting with the Kurds As of September 2014, the Battle of Kobanê was underway in the north of Syria, where Isis besieged and attempted to seize the town of Kobanê in Syrian Kurdistan.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

However, the city's strategic importance to Isis was in question.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

At the end of four months of fighting, Kurdish fighters forced Isis to withdraw in January.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The fighting had important symbolic significance for the Kurds, as it united fragmented Kurdish groups.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights estimates that up to two thousand ISIS fighters fell in Kobanê.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[29] At the same time as Western attention was focused on Kobanêe near the border with Nato-country Turkey, Isis forces took almost the entirety of Iraq's Anbar province and advanced to Abu Ghraib, [30] a district and town in the western part of Baghdad province.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

On November 15, 2014, Iraqi government forces recaptured the town of Baiji 250 kilometres north of Baghdad, breaking Isis's months-long blockade around the oil refinery.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[31] In late December 2014, Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga fighters recaptured part of the strategically significant town of Sinjar from Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

At the end of January, Iraq announced it had liberated Diyala province from Isis control.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Syrian government forces recaptured areas of Deir al-Zor province from Isis and Kurdish forces recaptured areas from Isis in Hasaka, northeastern Syria, near the Iraqi border.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[29] Isis territory at its widest In early February 2015, a US-led international coalition had succeeded in halting Isis expansion.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organisation has been forced to backtrack in some of the areas it has taken over.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to US data, a total of around 6000 Isis jihadists have been killed in fighting between August 2014 and January 2015 and up to half of Isis's top commanders have been killed.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[29] Isis reported to have infiltrated 4000 fighters in Europe in January 2015.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In April 2015, Isis advanced close to Damascus [32], and fought in the Jarmuk refugee camp with Palestinians.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

On May 17, 2015, ISIS overran Ramadi, the capital of Iraq's Anbarin province.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[33] On 22 May, the organization had taken control of the Syrian city of Palmyra.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis was feared to destroy the site's archaeological site, as it had done to ancient monuments in Iraq.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

It also gained control of the last Iraq—Syria border crossing at Tunef.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[34] More than a hundred people were killed when Isis forces attacked several military checkposts and police targets in Egypt's Sinai on 1 July 2015.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The Egyptian branch of Isis, Sinai Province, has claimed responsibility for the attacks.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[35] More than 60 Islamist rebels were killed in Egyptian army airstrikes and ground operations in North Sinai on 5 July 2015.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[36] In August 2015, the internationally recognised Libyan government asked Arab countries to carry out air strikes against Isis in the coastal city of Sirte.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In a statement, the US, France, Germany, Britain, Italy and Spain condemned Isis's actions in Sirte, saying Isis has shelled tightly populated areas as well as terrorising the population with indiscriminate violence.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[37] To the defeat of Isis in Syria and Iraq, on 18 August 2015, the US announced that it had killed in an air strike in Iraq the number two commander of Isis, Fadhil Ahmad al-Hayal, who was also known as Hajji Mutazz.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[38] In the same month, the country announced successful airstrikes on the Organization's weapons depots [39].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Air strikes begun by Russia in September 2015 also targeted Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

On the other hand, they benefited the organisation in targeting mostly other rebels [40].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In November 2015, the Kurds took Sinjar, under cover of US air support, from Isis, causing Isis's supply road between Mosul and Raqqa to be cut off.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[41] Isis lost the city of Ramadi in Iraq at the end of December.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[39] Isis lowered the wages of those in Raqqa as fighters on the side.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[42] The Syrian government turned its war effort more against Isis in February, which the organisation retaliated with bombings.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[43] Isis retaliated for the losses it suffered with bombings also outside Iraq and Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis carried out the 2015-2016 attacks in Paris, Ankara and Brussels.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

With the help of Russian airstrikes, the Syrian Army recaptured Palmyra from Isis [44] on 25 March 2016.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis second-in-command was killed by the US [45].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis lost its major supply route to Turkey in April 2015.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[46] In April 2016, Isis had military strength at its lowest level in two years [47].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organisation faced growing funding difficulties [48] and not many Arab youths believed Isis would win [49].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In mid-May 2016, Isis no longer controlled half of the territories previously captured in Iraq [50].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

But Isis had gained ground in fragmented, civil war-torn Libya [51].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In early June 2016, the Syrian army, Kurds and other rebels were advancing towards Isis capital Raqqa.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[52] Isis had fallen to defeat, but it was still fighting capable.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis had been surrounded in Falluja, [44] which had been a major Sunni insurgency city since 2003.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis was expected to fiercely defend Mosul and Falluja.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

On 4 June, the Syrian Army captured “Bulldozer”, a giant Isis executioner [53].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis's second most named person, chief spokesman Abu Mohammed al-Adnani was killed in Aleppo, Syria, at the end of August 2016.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

For his slaying, both the United States and Russia declared responsibility.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[54] On 15 October, Syrian rebel militia FSA forces captured the small town of Dabiq with Turkish support.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis says the city in its briefing as the site of the final battle in accordance with Muhammad's prophecy [55].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Battle of Mosul The Iraqi army, militias and Kurdish fighters invaded Isis controlled Mosul on 17 October 2016 [56] [57].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The Kurdish peshmergas and Iraqi special forces advanced to the eastern outskirts of the city in a couple of weeks [58].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

U.S. and Iraqi air forces helped Iraqi and Kurdish ground forces.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis took large numbers of civilians as human shields.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Despite the severe hammering, within a few months, Iraqi arms forces overran the western part of the city.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In the early spring of 2017, Iraq also invaded the western half of Mosul.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

At least 1,000 Iraqi soldiers, thousands of ISIS fighters and about 8,000 civilians were killed in the fighting.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Some 700,000 civilians fled Mosul.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis persevered for a long time in the Old City, but in the summer of 2017 the defence imploded there too.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In October 2017, Iraq overran nearby Hawija.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Because the leaders had abandoned ISIS fighters and food from them at the end, hundreds of them surrendered [59].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Battle of Raqqa The Iraqi army recaptured the town of Hawija from Isis — UN: tens of thousands of civilians still trapped as anti-Isis Syrian rebels attacked in early November toward Isis's capital Raqqa.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[60] [61] In the following months, Kurdish and Arab forces advanced towards Raqqa in different parts.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In Raqa itself, troops entered between May and June.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Around midsummer Isis was also in moti in Raqqa, with the capital moved to the Iraq-Syria border.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

At the same time, Syrian Army forces recaptured areas from Isis [62].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis lost badly ruined Raqqa on 17 October 2017.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Defeating Isis, Kurdish forces in Syria and Iraq continued their attacks on Isis territory from October to November, with the support of air forces from various quarters.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

On 3 November, the Syrian side of deir ez-Zor and the city of al-Qaim on the Iraqi side just off the border [63] [64] [65] [65] collapsed.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

This heralded the implosion of Isis or a shift in focus from the caliphate of Iraq and Syria to terrorism and possibly other areas of the world.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In December 2017, Iraq's prime minister declared the war against Isis over.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[66] Ideology Peru in the Qur'an The ideology of Isis is based on Sunni Islamic Wahhabism, which places emphasis on literal interpretation of the Qur'an without regard to context.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[67] It originated in Arabia in the 18th century [67] and is today the dominant religion of Saudi Arabia.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis spreads Wahhabi texts and uses Saudi Arabian Wahhabist books in the schools it controls.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[68] According to Isis theology scholar Professor Bernard Haykel, Isis's religious ideology is based on the very earliest Islam, in which respect they are even more old than the Wahhabists.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Wahhabists have been restrained by the fact that they have been surrounded by other Muslims, but Isis considers all other Muslims to be infidels too and treats them as such.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The war doctrines of Isis are taken as such from interpretations of Qur'anic verses and the first wars of conquest in the time of the Prophet Muhammad.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

These early norms of war included enslavement, crucifixions, beheadings, and subjugation of infidels.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis has reinstated such harsh practices laid down in early texts, which later disappeared from Islam and which modern-day moderate Muslims no longer consider essential to their religion.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[69] The leaders of Isis are well versed in the Qur'an as well as the hadiths and their medieval interpretations, which form a very broad whole.