Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[10] On 25 July, HMS Renown was as part of the fleet that bombarded Sabang and later that year sheltered the assault carried out by the support ships and bombarded Nicobars 17—19.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

on October.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

During the formation of the British Pacific Fleet, HMS Renown remained in the renamed Eastern Fleet as part of 3.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Battleship pennant.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

The ship was under maintenance in Durban from December 1944 to February 1945, after which in March the ship was called home.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

During maintenance, torpedo tubes were removed from the ship and three foremost twin-tube 4.5-inch guns on each side of the bow.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[8] On 14 April, HMS Renown arrived at Scapa Flow and was attached to the Home Fleet.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

On 15 May, however, the ship was transferred to reserve and some of its armament was removed in July, when the six forward 4.5-inch gun turrets, as well as all light anti-aircraft guns, were moved ashore.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[10] After the war, HMS Renown was transferred in October 1946 to the C-Class Reserve, the lowest possible state of readiness, where it remained until its removal list on 1 June 1948.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

HMS Renown was sold to Metal Industries for scrapping in 1948.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

On 3 August, the ship was towed from Devonport to Faslane for scrapping.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

[2] [10] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Whitley M J| title=Battleships of World War Two - an international encyclopedia| location = London| publisher = Arms and Armour| year= 1998| id = ISBN 1-85409-386-X| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Coward B R| title = Battleships & Battlecruisers of the Royal Navy since 1861| location = Runnymede, England| publisher = Ian Allan Ltd| year = 1986| id = ISBN 0-7110-1573-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardiner Er Robert ( ed.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

) | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906—1921| location = London, England| publisher = Conway Maritime Press| year = 1985| id = ISBN 0-85177-245-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)


Question: When was HMS Renown completed?

HMS Renown (1916)

References Elsewhere Category:Renown-class battlecruisers Category:Fairfield-made ships Class:World War I battlecruisers of the United Kingdom Category:World War II battlecruisers of the United Kingdom


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

A research problem is a task set up and taken to answer in a particular study, appropriately delineated from the point of view of the subject of research, from which information is produced.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

In scientific research, it is hoped that the knowledge produced would be new.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[1] The research problem may be descriptive in nature or in the form of a question, or it may present a hypothesis that is being tested in the study.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[2] It is also referred to as research question [3] and research task with slightly different aspects.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

A closely delineated research problem can be conceived as more limited than the more commonly defined research task [4].


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

Not everyone uses any of the concepts mentioned.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

For example, Jari Metsämuuronen uses the subject of qualitative research when describing the concept of research topic.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

The topic of research is approached through a specific methodology.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[5] When reporting a study or a plan for it, the research problem is usually presented in the introduction.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

The introduction provides the reader with the necessary information about the background and key characteristics of the research problem.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[6] Limiting the research problem Thesis guidance and research guides often place a strong emphasis on the appropriate delineation of the research problem.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

Partly the issue is scheduling work and other resource management.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

On the other hand, it can also be about assessing what kind of entity a novice researcher (student) is able to manage and meaningfully handle.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[7] Cropping can help you find a firsthand interesting and manageable perspective.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[8] The delineation must be clearly expressed when writing about the study.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[9] Sometimes the demarcation can become overemphasized.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[10] Research Commitments Setting a research problem in a particular way usually implies a commitment to some paradigm of research.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

In this case, the scientist takes into account certain assumptions about the methodology of research, knowledge and humanity, the nature of the ultimately present reality, the ontology.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[11] [12] The formulation of the research problem can also locate research at the center of several competing paradigms.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[13] More dynamic perceptions of the research problem In developing work research, which is interventionist, that is transformational and combining several methodological approaches as needed, the research problem is defined more dynamically, for example as “objectives and open” working hypotheses which are modified when current activity is analysed and changes are planned, i.e. interventions.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

The approach emphasizes that working hypotheses become concretized as the process progresses.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

The working hypothesis can be concretized, for example, as new tools and the development of ways to use them.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[14] Action research can refer to a development project whose object is, for example, the development of one's own work.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

In this case, the research problem is not fixed at the beginning of the study, but manifests itself as specific questions about what elements of his work the researcher wants to improve, why and in what ways.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

Development occurs by organizing interventions, that is, by changing the object of the study.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

An important part of the whole is the description of how the researcher implements the cycle of development linking action and reflection, as well as data collection and analysis during them.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

In addition to the individual level, action research may include a broader entity, group, or an entire working community exploring and developing their activities.


Question: How is the methodology defined?

Research problem

[15] [16] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alkula, Tapani, Pöntinen, Seppo & Ylöstalo, Pekka| title = Quantitative Methods| location = Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-0-19286-4}} Citation replace error, with {{cite book| author = Anttila, Pirkko| title = Examination and Knowledge Acquisition | location = Hamina| publisher = Academy| year = 2000| id = ISBN 952-5978-00-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eco, Umberto| title = Demonstration of erudition, i.e. how to do a thesis | location = Tampere | publisher = Equipoise| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-9066-29-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Engeström, Georgi| title = Developing Job Survey: Basics, Results and Challenges| location = Helsinki| publisher = Administrative Development Centre| year = 1995| id = ISBN 952-5959 2-41-8} } Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eskola, Jari & Suoranta, Juha| title = Introduction to qualitative research| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise | year = 2001| version = 5th edition| id = ISBN 951-768-035-x}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gunter, author = Gunter, Barrie| title = Media research methods: measuring audiences, reactions and impact| location = London| publisher = SAGE| year = 2000| id = ISBN 0-7619-5659-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hirsjärvi, Sirkka, Remes, Pirkko & Sajavaara, Paula| title = Explore and write| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 2009| version = 15th revised edition| id = ISBN 978-951-31-4836-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Luostarinen, Heikki & Väiverronen, Esa| title = TextEaters: literacy in social literature| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise| year = 1991| id = ISBN 951-9066-43-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = McNiff, Jean & Whitehead, Jack| title = Doing and writing action research| location = London| publisher = Sage| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-1-84787-175-6}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Metsämuuronen, Jari| title = Basics of Qualitative Research| location = Helsinki| publisher = International Methelp| year = 2008| version = 3rd revised edition| id = ISBN 978-952-5372-24-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Metsämuuronen, Jari| title = Basics of conducting research in human sciences: researchers| location = Helsinki| publisher = International Methelp| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-5372-25-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rowan, Juhani| title = Study problems solve| location = Lahhti| publisher = Soceda| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-9291-04-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rautkallio, Hannu| title = Moscow Diary 1989-1993: reflections for the 21st century| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-31-1541-1545-4| page = 69}} References Category:Research


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

The Helsinki Stock Exchange, or Nasdaq Helsinki, is a Finnish securities marketplace where securities brokers trade shares, options, warrants and bonds, among other things.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

The Helsinki Stock Exchange was founded in 1912 and today belongs to the Swedish OMX Group.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

OMX passed into the ownership of US-based Nasdaq through a 2007 transaction and in 2008 formed NASDAQ OMX Group.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

Its predecessor, the Helsinki Stock Exchange Association, was founded in 1862.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

The old stock market house on Fabianinkatu, completed in 1912, was designed by architect Lars Sonck.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

In the 1990s, stock trading turned electronic, after which brokers left the house.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

The house still houses the NASDAQ Helsinki office space.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

In addition, the building also houses a restaurant and a traditional Stock Exchange Club.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

Since 2 October 2006, the listed shares have been divided into three groups by market value: Large Cap (Large Cap), Medium (Mid Cap) and Small Cap (Small Cap).


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

At the same time, a common Nordic list was formed, which also includes Swedish and Danish companies on the same list.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

The OMXH, OMXH CAP and OMX Helsinki 25 indices describe the overall development of the stock exchange take into account the aggregate price performance of all trades.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

In the CAP index, the highest possible weighting of an individual share is 10 per cent, and only the 25 most traded companies are taken into account in the OMX Helsinki 25 index.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

[1] Nasdaq Helsinki has also maintained the First North Finland marketplace for growth companies since April 4, 2011.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

[2] Trades made on the Helsinki Stock Exchange are exempt from the transfer of funds tax which must be carried out on trades made outside the exchange.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

[3] In April 2006, the Stock Exchange announced that it was divesting its tranches, and since September 25, 2006, individual shares have been traded.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

[4] The shares are trading continuously from approximately 10 a.m. to 6:20 p.m.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

Continued trading is preceded by the opening auction and is followed by a closing auction, at the close of which at 6:30pm will be determined by the closing price of the share's day.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

Reporting of contract deals is possible until 7 p.m.


Question: When was the Helsinki Stock Exchange opened?

Helsinki Stock Exchange

[5] [6] See also List of companies listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange OTC list Brokerage list I-list NM-lista Sources on the topic elsewhere The predecessor of the exchange: Category:Securities exchanges * Stock exchange category:NASDAQ OMX Group Category:Screening key articles


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The Hummer H3 is the second smallest and last Hummer model in external design.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The SUV-model car was introduced in 2005.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

In the United States, it entered the market in May 2005, clearly increasing overall sales figures for Hummers.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

Initially, the model was only manufactured in Shreveport, Louisiana and the cars were all left in North America.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

In early 2007, General Motors also introduced the H3, to be produced at the Struandale plant in South Africa, which will be sold around the world.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

In Europe, the new model went on sale in April 2007 and the right-hand drive model also became available in the same summer.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The North American model uses a lot of common parts with Chevrolet Colorado and GMC Canyon.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The model also exists the H3X model introduced in 2006 in Detroit, which differs from the normal model in terms of accessories.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The H3's concept car model was a pick-up; however, the production model became a station wagon.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The South African-made version differs in many ways from North American.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

Among other things, the shapes of light bumps and bumpers are different.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

Similarly, fenders, for example, have been widened to cover tyres better and meet the conditions laid down by legislation in some countries.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

In March 2007, the H3 with right-hand drive was also introduced in the UK.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

It is manufactured in South Africa and will be offered in Australia and Japan, in addition to the UK.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

Technology For the first time in the Hummer, it is possible to choose a five-speed manual transmission or a four-speed automatic (Hydra-Matic 4L60) as a transmission.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

All-wheel drive operates fully electronically.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The equipment also includes GM's Stabilitrak stability control system.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

In the United States, the 3.5-litre Atlas engine is powered by the engine.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

3.5 (Atlas) — 220 hp @ 5,600 rpm, 305 Nm @ 2,800 rpm The South African-made version uses a 3.7-litre R5 model Vortec engine.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The peak engine power is 180 kW (224 hp).


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

3.7 (Vortec) — 180 kW (224 hp) @ 5,600 rpm, 328 Nm @ 4,600 rpm Dimensions compared to the H2 model, the H3 is 39 millimetres shorter, 171 millimetres lower and 73 millimetres narrower.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The car is not much longer than a normal sedan model car, so it can also move in urban traffic.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

The turning circle is indicated as 11.3 meters.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

However, the terrain features are Hummer-style, with a ground clearance of 216 millimeters.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

Despite its small size, the H3 is able to wade in deeper water than its older brother, the Hummer H2.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

According to GM, the H3 is capable of advancing in water 407 millimeters deep at 32 km/h and 610 millimeters deep water at 8 km/h.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

Since the wheels are positioned right at the corners of the body, there is a pitch angle in front of 37.5 degrees and behind 34.6 degrees.


Question: What was HUMMER's first SUV model?

Hummer H3

Category:Hummer Class:J segment cars


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

The enlargement of the European Union refers to the accession of new Member States to the European Union.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

This process began with the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) by six states in 1951.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

This was followed by the creation of the European Community, which in 1993 became the European Union.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Since then, the number of EU member states has increased.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Today there are 27 member countries.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

The ECSC was founded by the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, Germany (West Germany) and France.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

The first enlargement occurred when the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark joined the Community in 1973, Norway rejected membership at that time in a referendum.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Britain's entry into the community had been delayed because of French President Charles de Gaulle's reluctance.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

A referendum on membership of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and Norway was held in France in 1972; 68.32% of voters supported the countries joining the EEC.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Of the Mediterranean countries, Greece joined in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

The former East Germany became a member in 1990 when it was merged into the Federal Republic of Germany.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

After the end of the Cold War, Austria, Sweden and Finland were also joined in 1995 by Norway again rejecting membership in a referendum.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Ten Member States joined the Union at once in 2004 when Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Estonia were admitted, along with Malta and Cyprus.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

In the countries that joined in 2004, a referendum on membership was held during 2003; the referendums voted as follows: — 8 March (53.65% in favour of membership, 61% participation) — 23 March (89.66% in favour of membership, 55.37% participation) — 12. April (83.76% in favour of membership, 45% participation) — 10—11.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

May (91.04% supported membership, 63.3% participation) — 16—17.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

May (92.46% supported membership, 52.15% participation) — 7—8.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

June (77.41% supported membership, 58.82% participation) — 13-14.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

June (77.33% in favour of membership, participation) — 14 September (66.9% in favour of membership, 63% participation) to 20 September (67% supported membership, 72.53% participation) in Cyprus and 15 then EU member countries, the accession treaty was ratified in Parliament.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

In 2007, Romania and Bulgaria became members of the Union.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Possible future enlargements The following countries have been recognised as official candidates for membership: (28 April 2009) (17 June 2010) (17 December 2010) (22 December 2009) Other Western Balkan countries have been recognised as potential applicant countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo The criteria for accession to the European Union must meet the economic and political requirements referred to as the Copenhagen criteria (according to the 1993 Copenhagen meeting).


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

The criteria include a stable democratic government that respects the law, and demands on issues such as human rights, economic life and the environment.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Under the Maastricht Treaty, the European Parliament and all Member States must approve enlargements.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Any European state could theoretically apply for EU membership when the European Parliament and the European Commission would either approve or reject the application.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

If the application is approved, accession discussions will begin.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

In order to accept the application, the State must: [1] Be a “European State” Respect freedom, democracy, human rights and law.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

In order to gain membership of the European Union, a state must: Meets the criteria laid down in Copenhagen in 1993: Democracy, law, human rights and protection of minorities are stable.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

The trade economy must be functional and stable, and the state must be prepared to trade with the EU.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

The state must be prepared to comply with membership obligations and EU rules.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

In December 1995, the European Commission in Madrid added to the accession criteria the state's commitment to the administrative structures required by the EU.


Question: When did Estonia join the EU?

Enlargement of the EU

Sources * On topic elsewhere


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The European Coal and Steel Community (abbreviation ECSC, [1]) was a consortium of six Western European countries formed in 1951.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The basic idea was that if a state cannot freely obtain coal and steel, it would also not be able to launch a war.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The base of the European Coal and Steel Community was formed by the short-term OEEC established to distribute Marshall aid.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

In 1967, the ECSC institutions were merged into the common institutions of the European Communities.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The ECSC Treaty had a period of 50 years and expired on 23 July 2002.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

Establishment After the end of World War II, a huge challenge in Europe was to establish real solidarity among the countries that fought war with each other and to create a common basis for economic development to raise living standards.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The original idea was that these objectives would be achieved by transferring decision-making authority over the development of the coal and steel industries in these countries to a supranational body.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The struggle for access to coal and steel had been a major part of the rivalry between European countries, especially France and Germany.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

Joint management might end competition once and for all and create an opportunity to make better use of resources.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

This particular idea was first put forward by the then French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman at a press conference on 9 May 1950.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

His statement is understood to have been the beginning of the European Union and therefore 9 May has been chosen as the date of the annual Europe Day.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

In 1951, six countries, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, France and West Germany seized on the proposal and agreed to organise their heavy industry, the most important industry for the arms industry, into the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) on a common basis.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

To this end, they transferred some of their national sovereignty to a common European authority, but only in well-defined areas.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

This model has subsequently been followed in other European Union activities.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The ECSC was established by the Treaty of Paris signed on 18 April 1951.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The original signatories to the agreement were: German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer on behalf of the Crown Prince of Belgium Paul van Zeeland, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Joseph Meurice, Minister of Foreign Trade, on behalf of the President of France Robert Schuman, Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Schuman of the President of Italy on behalf of the Minister for Foreign Affairs Carlo Sforza, for the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Minister for Foreign Affairs Joseph Bech, on behalf of the Queen of the Netherlands, Minister for Foreign Affairs Dirk Stikker and Minister for Economy J. R.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

M.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

Van den Brink.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The content of the agreement with the ECSC created a common coal and steel market.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

The Community's task was to ensure access to coal and steel products, ensure fair market access by all Member States, ensure price transparency, create suitable conditions for production development and prevent overuse of mineral resources, improve industrial workers living and working conditions, modernizing production, preventing discrimination against buyers, producers and consumers, eliminating duties, quota restrictions and trade charges.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

For the development of these things, coal and steel production is paid to the common budget.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

It is the only European tax in existence.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

State aid to the coal and steel industries was prohibited in principle by the ECSC.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

In some cases, State aid was permitted to facilitate the cessation of production or for social costs, but had to obtain the consent of the ECSC.


Question: When is the European Coal and Steel Community established?

European Coal and Steel Community

Sources on the topic elsewhere (in Finnish) Category:Energy in the European Union Category:Disbanded international organisations


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The roots of the Russian state date back to the Kiev kingdom born in the Viking Age, which emerged as the most powerful of the urban fortresses controlled by the Varjags in the late 8th century.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The so-called Rurik dynasty of the Varjags ruled Russia continuously until 1598.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The fifteen years of turmoil that followed this saw one more shadow ruler, Vasily IV (1606—1610).


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

In 1613, the Reich Assembly elected Michael of Romanov ancestry as Tsar of Russia.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The Romanovs ruled Russia all the way to early 1917.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

In the same year, the Communist Party came to power and the old social order was fractured, after which the country's leaders are no longer referred to as rulers.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The title of ruler of Russia In the Middle Ages, rulers of Russians were called princes and grand princes.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

In the 15th century, the title of tsar came into use.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Tsar derives as a word from the Latin term caesar.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

For the Russian monarch, the title was taken from Byzantium after Russia declared itself the “Third Rome” and a continuation of the Eastern Roman tradition.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

As a term, tsar remained the word of the Slavic cultural circle, while the German language region used the “Kaiser” variant that led to the term “Kaiser” in the Finnish language, and in other European languages the word derived from the Latin stock word “imperator”.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Following Peter I's expanded and westernized Russia in the early 18th century, Russia was declared a great power and the Empire's ruler Peter the Great Father of the Fatherland and Emperor of the All Russiyland "(Vserossiysky Imperator)”.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

From now on, Russia's rulers should be talked about as emperor of Russia.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The title “tsar” remained unchanged, but not as the tsar of Russia, but of numerous other regions.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

These included Tsar of Kasan, Tsar of Astrakan, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar Kersoneson of Tauria, among other titles.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

To Russians, he was and still is colloquially a tsar, and there is practically no distinction between the term “emperor” and “tsar” in Russia.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

In Finland, the Russian Emperor ruled within the constitutional constraints of the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which is why in Finland, along with the Emperor, he was also referred to as Grand Duke of Finland to emphasize the autonomy of Finland and the distinction between Russian common law and the Grand Duchy of Finland between autonomy.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The status of the ruler, the ruler of Russia was an autocrat.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

In practice, this meant that the subjects of the monarch had no prescribed right to exercise power.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

At the same time, the safeguards of the law against the arbitrary power of predominance


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

[1] The reason for this can be found in long-term historical developments and a culture that has taken shape.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The Grand Princes and Princes of Novgorod, Kiev and also Moscow kept much of the important fur trade and also other commerce under the control of the ruler.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Thus, Russia did not form a powerful prosperous bourgeoisie trading like Europe, claiming rights for itself.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Nor did the superiors constitute a unified enactment that would have brought a counterweight to the autocrat, but for a long time each served his own prince.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

[2] The example of the Mongols and Tatars also influenced the status of the Russian ruler.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Khan was a despot, at times capricious, above people's lives and fortunes.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The centralized administration of the Golden Orda was at the same time very effective and served as a natural example for the princes of Moscow.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

The victories achieved by the Turkish Sultan's unbridled terror also reinforced the image of the success of a culture of ruthless discipline.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

When Novgorod deviated from this in the direction of European city freedom, it was eradicated by torture, burning and rape.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

[3] When Ivan III married Princess Sofia Palaigos of Constantinople and Constantinople fell, Moscow was referred to in Russia as the second Constantinople.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Ivan IV “the Terrible” thus took upon himself the title of Tsar (Caesar) to emphasise this connection and the fact that he was directly responsible to God.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

[4] He was given reason to remain a spiritual leader on the Byzantine model as well.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

At the same time, the Tsar of the Second Byzantium, the Third Rome, as the sole Christian (Orthodox) ruler, was obliged to world domination and imperialism.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

[5] It should be noted that the additional name “Terrible” of the ruler in Russia is “Ankara” (ven.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Groznyi).


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

[6] In Russia, the additional name of Ivan lacks the negative tone associated with the regime of terror, and the name “Ankara” has sometimes been understood as fatherly harsh.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Later, Soviet leader Josif Stalin in particular is known for his admiration for Iivana.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Stalin sought grounds for his own terror from Ivan's actions.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

[7] Peter I the Great Europeanised backward Russia in many ways.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

He reformed the administration and the army and set about building a new capital city, St. Petersburg.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

New ideas such as enlightened autocracy also gradually arrived in Russia.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

They coexisted with the old model depending on the will of the ruler.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Catherine II and Alexander II are known for their free-spirited reform spirit.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

Serfdom, for example, was not abolished until Alexander's time in 1861.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

His predecessor Nicholas I and successor Alexander III were again well-known supporters of discipline and Russia renowned in their day for a harsh police state.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

List of rulers Ancient princes of Kiev Novgorod Princes of Kiev and Grand Dukes Askold and Dir (842-842) Oleg the Wise (882—912) Igor (912—945) Olga (945—962) Svyatoslav (962—972) Yaropolk (962—972) 72—980) Vladimir I (980—1015) Svyatopolk I ( 1015—1019) Yaroslav I the Wise (1019—1054) Izyaslav (1054—1073, 1076—1078) Svyatoslav II (1073—1076) Vsevolod I (1078—1093) Svyatopolk II (1093—1113) Vladimir Monomah (1113—1125) Mstislav (1125—1125) Jaropolk II (1132—1139) Vyacheslav I (1139, 1151—1154) Vsevolod II (1139 —1146) Igor II (1146) Izjaslav II (1146—1154) George I (1149—1151, 1155—1157) Rostislav (1154—1167) Izyaslav III (1155—1162) Mstislav II (1167—1169) Gleb I (1169, 1170—1162) Vladimir II Mstislavich (1171) Michael I (1171) Roman I (1171—1173, 1175—1177) Vsevolod III ( 1173) Rurik (1173, 1180—1182, 1194—1202, 1203—1205, 1206, 1207—1210) Yaroslav II, (1174—1175, 1180) Svyatoslav III (1173, 1176—1180, 1181—1194) Ingvar I (1202, 1214) Roman II (1203-1205) Rostislav II (1204—1206) Vsevolod IV (1206—1212) Mstislav III (1214—1223) Vladimir III (1223—1235) Izyaslav IV (1235—1236) Yaroslav III (1236—1238, 1246) Michael II (1238—1239, 1241—1246) Rostislav III (1239) Daniel I (1239—1240) Princes and Grand Dukes Andrei I (1168—1175) Kaael I (1175—1176) Vsevolod III (1176—1212) Yuri II (1212—1216 and 1218—1238) Konstantin I (1216—1218) Yaroslav II (1238—1246) Svyatoslav III (1246—1249) Andrei II (1249—1252) Alexander Nevsky (1252—1263) Yaroslav III (1263—1271) Vasily Yaroslavich (1272—1277) (1277—1294) Andrei III (1294—1304) Mikhail Yaroslavich (1304—1318) Princes and Grand Dukes of Moscow Daniel (1283—1303) Yuri (1303—1325) Ivan I (1325—1341) Semjon (1341—1353) Ivan II (1353—1359) Dimitri (1359—1389) Vasily I (1389—1425) 1425—1462) Ivan III (Ivan the Great) (1462—1505) — first All-Russian ruler — marrying the niece of the last Emperor of Byzantium Vasily III (1505—1533) Ivan IV “Terrible” (1533—1547) Russian tsars Rurik dynasty Ivan IV “Terrible” (1547—1584) Fyodor I (1584—1598) Time of mayhem Boris Godunov (1598—1605) Fyodor II (1605) Vale-Dmitry I (1605—1606) Vasily IV (1606—1610) Vale-Dmitry II (1607—1610) Vale-Dmitry III (1611—1612) interregnum, multiple power victories 1610-1613 Vasa genus Romanov genus Russian emperors Romanov House All rulers until Until 1917, it has been considered to belong to the Romanov dynasty, although technically Peter III and all emperors starting with Paul I were of Holstein-Gottorp lineage, while Catherine I, Ivan VI and Catherine II belonged entirely to other lineages.


Question: How many rulers have there been during the Russian Empire?

Rulers of Russia

See also Soviet leader Russian President Sources Russia 1 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The Irish Republican Army or IRA (comes from the English name Irish Republican Army [1]) was a terrorist organisation of Irish nationalists who, from 1920, fought against the British for Irish self-government or independence.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

After 1922 it continued to operate in Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, following the adoption of Irish self-government.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

In its history, the IRA has split many times.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The current “new IRA” is a successor to the “old IRA”, which grew in strength in the 1960s.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Since 2005, the organization has refrained from armed activity and has been disarming.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The most famous contemporary IRA is the Provisional IRA, which carried out a large number of bomb attacks in the 1970−1990s.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA does not have a generally accepted Irish name, however I sometimes use the phrase Óglaigh na hÉireann, Volunteers of Ireland.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

As the Irish Republican Army considers this to be its own name, also in Irish-speaking contexts the organisation is called an Ti.R.A.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The political wing of the IRA is the Sinn Féin party.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Some small groups that broke away from the IRA have continued armed resistance.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA's history with the IRA emerged in 1920 when Irish volunteers waged a guerrilla war in rural Ireland against British forces, which began in 1919.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

As a result, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George offered the Irish nationalists who entered the War of Independence a solution whereby Ireland would remain a British dominion, i.e., gain the same status with Canada and Australia.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Irish independence fighter Michael Collins signed an agreement offered by the British government, which was approved by the Irish in their own parliament, Dáil Éireann.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

However, Eamon de Valera and his supporters did not accept the treaty, resulting in a bloody civil war between the Free States who supported the treaty and the republicans who opposed it.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The Free-Stateers who contented themselves with the Dominion won the war and the republicans who demanded independence developed into an IRA specialising in direct action.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

In the Irish Free State meaning dominion, the Old IRA could not accept British sovereignty, which was reflected in the fact that Irish parliamentarians had to swear an oath of allegiance to the British Crown.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

In the Irish Free State, Northern Ireland, which remained in control of the Protestant Unionist majority, was not considered viable, but was thought to collapse within two decades.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Eamon de Valera left direct action.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

After being elected to the British Parliament, he went to the House of Commons without taking an oath of allegiance to the British Crown.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Since then, he also declared 1949 the Irish Free State a republic independent of Britain, thus severing the state bond with Great Britain.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The Northern Ireland problem remained unresolved.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The Republic of Ireland also faced societal problems.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Because of the open issue in Northern Ireland, the focus of IRA activities shifted more and more clearly there.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Before the new rise of the IRA began at the end of the 1960s, it already had time to nearly abolish itself.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The so-called Frontier War Expedition (The Border Campaign), which dates to the turn of the 1950s-60s, had until then been the organisation's last effort, after which it announced it was abandoning armed struggle.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The New IRA at the end of the 1960s Catholics began demanding equal rights in Northern Ireland through demonstrations.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

This led to clashes with the Protestants and eventually also the provinces to pacify with the imported British troops.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Outnumbered Catholics turned to IRA veterans for help.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA again emerged as a major force, now specifically in Northern Ireland.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The left-wing radicalism of the 1960s had considerable influence on the new IRA, even to the extent that at the end of 1969 the organisation was ready to abandon armed struggle once and for all, to end its boycott of the Irish MP, and to take part in elections.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

However, Catholics were not in this position, but felt that the IRA needed to protect Catholics in the north from the arbitrariness of Protestant terrorists.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

They left the 1970 Ard-Fheis (General Assembly) the “official” IRA led by Cathal Goulding and set up their own “Provisional” wing which continued direct action against the Unionists and the British.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The Official IRA ended violence 1972−1973.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

For a long time, the Provisional IRA carried out bloody bomb attacks and waged guerrilla warfare in Armagh.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The Provisional IRA gained many members when 14 civilians were massacred by British soldiers on Blood Sunday in Derry.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA now extended its bombings to Great Britain and beyond.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA sought a reconciliation in Sunningdale, but resumed its strike.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA and loyalist/unionist organisations took serious revenge.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Many IRA members were taken prisoner.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

These started what is known as a “dirty protest” in the prison, toeing the walls of their cells with excrement, demanding the status of a political prisoner.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The prisoners expanded their protest into a hunger strike in which death in 1981 many, Bobby Sands.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The South Armagh Brigade of the Provisional IRA waged guerrilla warfare and engaged in mm smuggling operations.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

In the early 1970s, Gerry Adams and others began a “ballot box and bullet” policy, seeking to drive IRA affairs not only through violence but also politics.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA received arms aid from the US Irish and Libya, among others.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

It also extorted conservation money.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Sinn Féin Sinn Féin is a party in the Republic of Ireland founded 1905, said to be the parliamentary wing of the IRA.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Sinn Féin supports the annexation of Ulster, Northern Ireland belonging to Britain, into the Republic of Ireland.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Sinn Féin politicians such as chairman Gerry Adams are also activists involved in IRA activities, either in terror or, at their most peaceful, human rights demonstrations.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The split of the IRA into an official and provisional wing at the turn of the 1960s-1970s also led to a similar split in Sinn Féin.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The left-wing “Official Sinn Féin” led by Cathal Goulding changed to “Labour Sinn Féin” (Official Sinn Féin → Sinn Féin Workers' Party → Workers' Party, from which the new party Democratic Left later broke away) and focused heavily on politics, abandoning the armed struggle altogether .


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The Ideology and Mindset of the IRA The official ideology of the IRA basically reverts to the republicanism of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, on which the French Revolution had a strong influence.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

In practice, however, the unrest of 1798 led to violence between Protestants and Catholics, although the ideologues were often Protestants themselves and emphasized secular nationalism that transcends religious boundaries.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

US aid A significant portion of IRA funding has always come from American Irish circles.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The Irish colonists and their descendants are a major pressure group in the United States that has, among other things, gained nationalist Irish historiography a practically official status in the history teaching of US schools.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA's relationship with the Republic of Ireland The Old IRA viewed the Irish Free State — and then the Republic of Ireland — with suspicion, committing murders of police officers and officers, among other things.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Because the IRA considers itself to represent the so-called. “the first Dáil” (the first composition of the Irish Parliament, Dáil Éireann, before Collins signed the peace treaty with Britain), it does not in principle recognise the existing Republic of Ireland as a real republic, but only as the “26 Counties”.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA advocates the creation of an ideal, united Republic of Ireland.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

In practice, however, the IRA has long sought to avoid conflict with authorities in the Republic of Ireland, although bank robberies that served the organisation's funding, for example, have meant clashes.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Most recently in Adare (Áth Dara), IRA men killed an Irish policeman, Detective Jerry McCabe (Gearóid Mac Cába), in the middle of a bank robbery in 1996.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

The IRA's attempts to end the armed struggle and move through its political wing, Sinn Féin, into permanently peaceful arenas are problematic in that every time the IRA has attempted this, it has been chipped in by some radical group declared to be a genuine, real, better IRA, which has continued armed struggle.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Well-known IRA Gerry Adams - Sinn Fein chairman Brendan Behan - was caught with an explosive batch and found himself in a British breeding facility.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Since then, Behan became a bilingual writer.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Mairéad Farrell - the leading female organisers of the so-called sleazy protest of the early 1980s.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

In 1988 Farrell and two other IRA scouts were killed by SAS special forces in Gibraltar.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Cathal Goulding - led the so-called Official IRA out of armed struggle and turned it into a parliamentary party.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

However, the part of the IRA that believed in violence continued to fight.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Goulding died in 1998.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Martin McGuinness as Thomas Murphy in the IRA from 1969 to 1998.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Probably the head of the IRA's South Armagh section, IRA chief of staff.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Widely known by the name “Slab”.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Seán Mac Stiofáin Danny Morrison Máirtín Ó Cadhain - an IRA man interned in the Curragh of Kildare in the war years, then the greatest Irish-language writer of the 20th century.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Bobby Sands - An IRA active who perished in the hunger strike of the early 1980s.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Seán South - initially active in the Irish-language movement, which applied to the IRA.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Died on the battlefield during a frontier war expedition of the turn of the 1950s-60s.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Séamus Twomey Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the IRA founded?

Irish Republican Army

Category:Ireland Category:Northern Ireland Category:Paramilitary organisations Category:Terrorist organisations Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is Mr. Bungle's most famous song?

OU818

OU818 is a cassette-only self-publishing album from the band Mr. Bungle.


Question: What is Mr. Bungle's most famous song?

OU818

It's a collecting interest these days.


Question: What is Mr. Bungle's most famous song?

OU818

With the exception of the first track (which was only the intro to the record), all tracks were re-recorded in 1990—1991 and all but the tracks “Mr. Nice Guy” and “OHUE818" were released on the band's first-born album.


Question: What is Mr. Bungle's most famous song?

OU818

A version of “Mr. Nice Guy” was recorded during the recording sessions for the debut album and is free to download from the bunglefever.com website.


Question: What is Mr. Bungle's most famous song?

OU818

The album title is a parody of Van Halen's OU812 album.


Question: What is Mr. Bungle's most famous song?

OU818

Some of the songs can be downloaded for free on the band's homepage.


Question: What is Mr. Bungle's most famous song?

OU818

Tracks “OHUE818" (sometimes named “Intro” or “OU818") — 1:19 “Squeeze Me Macaroni” — 4:18 “Slowly Growing Deaf” — 5:32 “The Girls Of Porn” — 6:08 “Love Is A Fist” — 3:46 “Mr. Nice Guy” — 8:18 Musicians Mike Patton — vocals Trevor Dunn — bass Trey Spruance — Kitso ara Danny Heifetz — drums Clinton 'Bär' McKinnon — saxophone Theo Lengyel — saxophone David Bryson — producer, mixing Category:1989 albums Category:Mr. Bungle albums


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Drayson Bowman (born March 8, 1989) is an American former professional ice hockey striker who plays for NHL club Montreal Canadiens.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He has previously played for the Carolina Hurricanes, who booked Bowman as the 72nd player in the 2007 reserve.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

As a junior, Bowman played four seasons for the WHL team Spokane Chiefs.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He won the Memorial Cup with the Chiefs in 2008 and was named to the WHL's second constellation field in 2009.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

His pro career began in the 2009-2010 season when he played for Carolina's AHL affiliate teams the Albany River Rats and Charlotte Checkers.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

At international level, Bowman has represented the United States at the 2009 World Under-20 Championship.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Career Junior Career Spokane Chiefs booked Bowman to the WHL in eighth.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He debuted for the Chiefs in four games in the 2004-05 season, of which, however, he spent the majority of which on the lower league ladder Kijhl team Kimberley Dynamiters.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In 47 games at Dynamiters, he scored 29 goals and a total of 59 points.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He was named the Eddie Mountain Division Rookie of the Year.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman joined the Chiefs altogether for the 2005-06 season, scoring 34 points (17+17) in 72 games (the 17th-most points by a rookie on the WHL points exchange).


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He was named Rookie of the Year.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The Chiefs finished in last place in the Western Confrency, failing to qualify for the playoffs.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman began the 2006-07 season as the ninth-best ranked promise in the WHL.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He played in the CHL's Best Promises match.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

By midway through the season, Bowman was listed as the 44th player for North American players.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He improved his scoring tally, scoring 24 goals and 43 points in 61 games.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He first played the WHL playoffs after the Chiefs finished fourth in the U.S.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In Division.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In six playoff games, Bowman logged power-ups of 2+5=7.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The Chiefs were knocked out after the first round by Everett Silvertips.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Prior to the NHL's 2007 reserve opportunity, Bowman had risen to number 36 in preseason assessments for North American fielders.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman was eventually booked by the Carolina Hurricanes at number 72.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

After his reserve, Bowman took part in his first NHL training camp in September 2007, but returned to Spokane to play at the junior level.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In his third full season playing in the WHL, Bowman was the top point man on his team, scoring 82 points in 66 games.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

With his 42 goals, he finished in the league's shared fourth place.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman scored the most points for his team in the playoffs as well, striking out 20 points in 21 games.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The Chiefs won the Ed Chynoweth Cup, or WHL championship.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

With the cover of the league championship, the Chiefs gained participated in the Memorial Cup in Kitchener, Ontario.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In the opening game of the tournament, Bowman struck a hat-trick in overtime in a 5-4 won match against the Belleville Bulls.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman was tagged with a goal in all four games of the tournament.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He scored the winning goals in both matches against Kitchener Rangers.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The Chiefs and Rangers faced off in the group stage and finals.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The Chiefs won in the Memorial Cup final with Kitchener goals 4-1.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In the four games he played, Bowman scored six goals with which to win the goal exchange.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In the points exchange, he finished third with his eight points behind Kitchener Rangers players Justin Azevedo and Matt Halischuk.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In addition, Bowman was named to the Constellation Field of the Memorial Cup.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

After success in the Memorial Cup, on July 31, 2008, Bowman signed a three-year rookie contract with the Carolina Hurricanes for $2.06 million.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

During his final season at the Chiefs, Bowman played from 2008 to 2009.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He was named, along with Jared Spurgeon and Seth Compton, as alternate captains behind Justin McCrae.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman was named the WHL and CHL Player of the Week after scoring 12 points in three games in the week ending February 1, 2009.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The following month, he re-earned the title of Player of the Week by scoring eight points in two games in the week ending March 15, 2009.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He scored 47 goals during the season, which finished fourth on the league goal exchange.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In addition, he set a points record in his junior career after improving his previous season's points tally by one.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He was, for the second year in a row, the top point man on his team.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He was named to the second constellation field along with teammate goalkeeper Dustin Tokarski.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman and the Chiefs were unable to defend their WHL and CHL championships as the team lost in the seventh game of the second round to the Vancouver Giants.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Spokane's drip ended Bowman's junior career.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He left the Chiefs as the team's all-time fifth leading scorer with 136 hits.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Pat Falloon, who has scored the most goals for the Chiefs, has only ten more hits.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In addition, he has 114 assists in 269 games and a total of 250 points.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Pro Career After his last season playing in the WHL, Bowman was called up to Carolina in the middle of their playoff run.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Carolina advanced all the way to the Eastern Confrenence Finals, where the Pittsburgh Penguins knocked it outright in four games.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The following season, Bowman played for Carolina's AHL-playing affiliate club Albany River Rats.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He immediately scored his first professional goal on his debut in Albany on 3 October 2009 as the team lost 6-3 to Manchester Monarchs.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In the middle of the season, Bowman was called up by Carolina and he made his debut in the NHL on January 16, 2010.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He played ten minutes and shot once per goal as Carolina lost the Reading 5-3 to the Atlanta Thrashers.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman returned to the AHL and Albany, from where he was called back up to the NHL on March 24 due to an injury to Tuomo Ruutu.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

During his NHL deployment, Bowman scored his first and second NHL goals on April 6 behind the back of Tampa Bay Lightning goalie Antero Niittymäki as Carolina defeated Tampa Bay on goals 8-5.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The match was the seventh of a career for Bowman in the NHL.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

During the 2009-10 season, he scored two goals in nine games and played an average of 12 minutes per match.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

During Bowman's first NHL deployment, Carolina head coach Paul Maurice praised him as having good hands and brilliant playing intellect.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Carolina finished as the 11th team in the Eastern Confrency, failing to qualify for the playoffs.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman returned to the River Rats to play the playoffs.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In 56 games of the regular season, he scored 17 goals and 32 points.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He was 31st in the rookie point exchanges and 10th.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The River Rats' intra-team points exchange.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman scored nine points in eight playoff games.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He finished fifth in the rookie points exchange and was the player who scored the most points for the River Rats.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The Hershey Bears knocked out the River Rats in the second round.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman played again in Carolina's training camp from 2010 to 2011, but returned for a month to the AHL.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

With Carolina changing the farm team, Bowman moved on to new co-ed club Charlotte Checkers.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He scored 30 points in 51 games for the 10th-ranked Charlotte team.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He was called up to the NHL on March 10, 2011.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He played 23 games for Carolina during the remainder of the 2010-2011 season, logging one assist point in his account.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

On average, he accrued ice time for 10 minutes in a match.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Carolina failed to make the playoffs so it returned Bowman back to the AHL to play a playoff game with Charlotte.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He scored in 15 games with power-ups of 2+6=8.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Charlotte dropped confrenence in the finals to the Binghamton Senators.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Bowman remained in Charlotte for the start of the 2011-12 season after his failed training camp at Carolina.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In November 2011, he was called up for a five-day stint at Carolina.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The following month, he was called up again and scored two goals in a match against the Vancouver Canucks on December 15, 2011.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The goals were his first in the NHL in more than a year and eight months.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He then received two more NHL deployments before the end of the season.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In 37 NHL games, Bowman scored 13 points at Carolina and in the AHL at Charlotte, he played 42 games scoring 26 points.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

During the summer season, Bowman did not sign a longer contract with Carolina to remain a restricted free agent when his contract ran out.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Playing for the first time an entire season in the NHL in 2013-2014, Bowman moved on to become a free agent, after which he signed a try out contract in training camp on September 2, 2014.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

On October 2, Bowman signed a one-year, two-way contract with Montreal.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

With the national team, Bowman was named to the United States national team for the 2009 World Youth Championships in Ottawa, Ontario.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

He joined the national team along with his early Chiefs teammates Tyler Johnson and Mitchell Wahl.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In his first game against Germany, Bowman's name was made public as goalscorer twice.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

In the six games he played in the tournament, Bowman scored three goals and had one assist, scoring a total of four points, finishing fifth as the team finished fifth.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The United States lost 5-3 to the Slovak team in the quarter-finals.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

The United States defeated the Czech Republic in overtime 3-2 in a match for fifth place in the tournament.


Question: Where did Drayson Bowman start his pro career?

Drayson Bowman

Category:Born in 1989 Class:Living persons Category:United States ice hockey players Category:Players booked by the Carolina Hurricanes


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Valencia (Valencian: València) is the third largest city in Spain, located in the east of the country, on the shores of the Gulf of Valencia, part of the Mediterranean Sea, in the autonomous community of the same name (,).


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

The population of the town is about 790000 [1].


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

The metropolitan area has a population of 1.6 million (2012).


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

[2] The population of the province (,) is approximately 2.6 million (2013).


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

[3] Valencia's most famous food is la paella valenciana.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Paella is a rice dish originating in the Valencian region, traditionally using local vegetables and rabbit and chicken meat.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Especially outside the Valencian region, you can find many different versions using seafood, among other things.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Valencia is home to the port of Valencia, one of the busiest in the Mediterranean.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Geography and climate Valencia is located on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea at the mouth of the Turia River.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

[4] According to the Köppen climate classification, the climate of Valencia is a subtropical steppe climate, BSk.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

The warmest month of the year is August, with the coldest January.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

[5] History Already the ancient Romans knew the city of Valencia.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

It was taken by the Visigoths in 413, the Moors in 714.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

During the Spanish Civil War, it was the capital of the republicans from 1936 to 1939.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

[4] Attractions One of Valencia's most important and at the same time newest attractions is the Ciutat de les Arts i de les Ciències, Valencia Arts and Sciences Centre, completed in 2004.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

This is a large leisure complex comprising e.g.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

an ocean center, a science center, an IMAX cinema, as well as a theater.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

A lot of international conferences in different fields are also held on the premises of the Science Centre.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Llotja de la Seda (esp.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Lonja de la Seda), a silk selling site from the 15th century, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Sports Valencia CF is the city's most prominent football club.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

The club is known, especially as a further processor of Argentine great promises.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Its local opponent is Levante UD.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Another well-known club is the basketball club Valencia BC.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

The Valencia Circuit (officially called Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo), a motor circuit completed in 1999, is also located in Cheste near the city of Valencia.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

The track is run in mm.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

MotoGP Series Sectionals.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

In 2008, a Formula One Series sectionalist European Grand Prix was run in Valencia for the first time on a street circuit built in the city centre.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

Transport Valencia Airport is located 8 km west of the city.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

The high-speed railway AVE connects Valencia with the country's capital Madrid.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

AVE trains use a railway station named after painter Joaquín Sorolla at the Estació de València-Joaquín Sorolla.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

[6] Pictures Plaça de l'Ajuntament Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències Llotja de la Seda Catedral de València Palau de la Música de València Mercat Central Porta de Serrans Palau del Marqués de Dosaigües (Museu de Ceràmica) Jardí del Túria Bioparc Sources On topic elsewhere (in Catalan) (in Spanish) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

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Question: Where is the largest known IMAX theater?

Valencia

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Positive disintegration is a theory of individuals' personality development developed by Polish psychiatrist and psychologist Kazimierz Dąbrowski (1902—1980) based on his life's work.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The theoretical frame of reference created by Dąbrowski differs from mainstream psychology in that it considers psychological pressure and anxiety as essential to an individual's mental growth.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

These disintegrative processes are thus seen as a positive point.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Individuals who do not go through positive disintegration during their lives remain in a state of primary integration throughout their lives.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

According to Dąbrowski, a proportion of people have so much developmental potential that they can develop an individual personality.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Strong developmental potential anticipates an individual experiencing mental crises integral to personality development.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Sensory sensitivity and higher-than-medium response to sensory stimuli are intrinsically linked to the developmental potential of the individual, since, according to Dąbrowski, substantial responses to stimuli imply a greater modifying capacity than the average level of the nervous system.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The remarkable deformability of the nervous system thus enables and contributes to the mental development of the individual.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The theory differs from several other theories in developmental psychology also in that it does not assume that the vast majority of people would progress through all levels.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Positive disintegration theory is not a level theory, and levels do not correlate with an individual's age.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Dąbrowski's theory Dąbrowski developed a theory of positive disintegration based on his life's work, clinical and academic work.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Dąbrowski's theory of personality development emphasizes some key characteristics: Personality is not an innate, universal trait, but rather the individual is responsible for its creation and formulation itself, so that the personality corresponds to and reflects the individual's own minute (the personality of formatting).


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Personality development is the result of utilizing an individual's developmental potential (oversize response of the nervous system to stimuli and the so-called self-directed factor).


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Personality development potential varies in humans, and not everyone has sufficient developmental potential to create a unique personality.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The development potential is distributed in the population according to the normal distribution.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Dąbrowski modeled the continuum of manifestations of rates of development in a population using multi-leveling.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Developmental potential causes recurrent crises as an individual climbs to the upper levels of development.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

These crises are characterised by intense anxiety and depressive episodes, known as psychoneuroses.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Crises incur (positive) disintegration.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

In order for the individual's personality to develop, there are innate and primary integrations based on individual instincts and community — values based on primitive instincts and adopted from the community around the individual and<u data-parsoid='{"stx":"html","dsr":[3012,3036,3,4]}'> <i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[3015,3032,2,2]}'>thought patterns, more broadly the worldview — must first unravel.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

It was this process that Dąbrowski called positive disintegration.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The hierarchical value base formed as an individual's personality develops (some values are more important than others in a conflict situation) and the primitive emotional responses it causes are a critical part of the process of developing individual personality and autonomy.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

It should be noted that it is precisely the central role of emotions as a factor guiding an individual that differs significantly from most other psychological theories.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Emotional reactions guide the individual to develop their personality towards an “ideal personality” or “goal state”.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Ideal personality is a self-directed and innate standard for the individual.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

It describes the kind of personality state that an individual through the development of their personality ultimately aspires to.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The individual must figure out his or her own minutes and form choices regarding their existence and purpose, which emphasize the higher and closest aspects of the individual self and, accordingly, dampen the lower and more distant aspects of the self.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

These choices must manifest precisely the ideal personality of the individual in order for the individual's personality to evolve (towards the goal state).


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The accumulation of individual knowledge and experiences and self-psychotherapy are essential factors in the development of the individual.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Factors influencing the development of personality, Dąbrowski concluded, based on his own observations, that the majority of people live their lives in a state of “primary integration”.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Mainly biological impulses (the first factor) and the uncritical acceptance and sympathy (second factor) of influences and attitudes in the social environment guide people in the state.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Dąbrowski named this space as the first level.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

He found that at this level, individuals did not embody their environmentally influenced free personality genuinely.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The self-expression of individuals left at the level is thus limited and has been modified by the first and second factors.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The first factor channels different forms of a person's energy and talent into egoistic, or selfish, action that reflects instincts and biological ego.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The focus of the action motivated by the first factor is on survival and promoting one's own status.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

A person may use their talent in antisocial or asocial ways and for similar purposes.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

For example, Dąbrowski classified criminals as those left at the bottom of the first tier because they embody this type of selfish behaviour and pursue only their own interests at the expense of others.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Another factor, the social environment, i.e. milieu and group pressure together, in turn, limit individual expression and creativity because they guide individuals within a group towards a collective worldview that binds them together.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

On the other hand, they also restrain unique expressions and ideas that diverge from the mainstream of individuals.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The second factor externalizes the values and morals of persons, that is, conscience.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Behaviour and creativity are directed towards forms that adhere to and support the social environment that already exists.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Expectations are shaped by social forces rather than allowing them to take shape freely.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

“My mother says we need to take care of our yard well, because we want to show passers-by that we are decent citizens.”


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Since a person's conscience is governed by an external context arising from the social environment, he acts ethically if the standards of the community are ethical.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

However, if a community becomes corrupted, members left under the strong influence of another factor will not question or oppose unethical standards.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Such a development is extremely dangerous because it can lead to mass hysteria engulfing the community.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The phenomenon was central to the chain of events leading up to the extensive genocides of Nazi Germany, among others.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Dąbrowski saw process-like socialization as leading to a mechanical and robotic society without a flourishing individuality within a community.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

For example, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, who was one of the developers of general systems theory, has described a similar course of development in the context of mainstreaming.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Individual reactions are not unique, but based on social contexts (“I cry at funerals and laugh at weddings because everyone else does it”).


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Remarkably, according to Dąbrowski, individuals primarily motivated by another factor represent a substantial majority of the population.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Dąbrowski named the first and second authors as the first level of the ensemble.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

He felt that factors broadly influenced the functioning of society.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

For example, the competitive landscape that often prevails in the corporate world means that many CEOs act mostly motivated by the first factor — they must be willing to sacrifice others to further their own (corporate) position.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Politics, the education system, and the media also favor individuals actively marketing themselves, but do not necessarily encourage genuine introspection or individuality (= another factor).


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Violations might also be justified on social grounds: “I drive speeding because others do it too.”


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

On the other hand, for example, a soldier can explain his actions by simply stating that he followed orders.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

In this case, the values and morals outsourced to the community free the individual from personal responsibility.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Dąbrowski also described a group of people who were not captured by the first level formed by the first and second authors.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

According to Dąbrowski, these people break away from the automatic, mechanical and socialized lifestyle leading to outdoor reading and memorization, which he called negative regulation.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

They experience personal disintegrations (“degradations”) as a result.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

According to Dąbrowski, it is precisely such disintegrations that play a key part in the process of developing personality.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Personal crises challenge a persons current state (or “state of things”) — the status quo — and cause them to review and evaluate, for example, themselves, ideas, their ideas, their goals.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

If the development process, or series of disintegrations, continues, these people will eventually develop an individual, conscious and critically assessed hierarchical value base.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

This process Dąbrowski called, in turn, positive regulation.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

In this case, people begin to experience the world through the value base they have developed, thereby breaking away once and for all from context-dependent behaviour and values and morals outsourced to communities, and begin to adhere to and implement their own authentic, independent of their environment and from within their personality.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

With a stable value base, man experiences another integration, in Dąbrowski's words, reflecting this time a fully autonomous and embedded authentic personality.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Breaking away from the first level and moving to higher levels often results in a person becoming a person specifically looking for solutions and a creative person.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

The disappearance of conflicts caused by the environment and individuals' differing expectations (“inner peace”) frees up the energy to live itself and act for the realization of one's own values.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

They begin to use their talents and creativity in accordance with their values in different ways — through art and politics, for example — and implement their now formed authentic personality.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Developmental Potential Significant personality development is often observed in people with significant developmental potential.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Developmental potential is basically formed by genetic characteristics that are manifested in interactions with the environment.


Question: In what year is collective intelligence developed?

Positive disintegration

Developmental potential contains many factors contributing to it, but it is influenced by three characteristics in particular: a heightened nervous system response to stimuli expressed as sensory and/or emotional hypersensitivity, a person's particular abilities and talents, and the person's strong need and striving towards the development of an individual, authentic personality.