Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[29] [25] Sweden apparently arrived from the west in autumn 1349, but there are almost no descriptions of the disease's progression in the country.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

At Easter 1350, an epidemic was experienced in the Hanseatic town of Visby, which had come not over the Baltic Sea but along the southern coast of Sweden.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[30] The Black Death in Finland apparently left completely alone.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Some deserted farms are known from the following century, but it is not known if they were deserted due to the plague.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

At that time, Finland's population was only about 65,000 and settlement was sparse: there were only one or two small towns.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Finland was located in a remote location protected by the sea, and since trade with other countries was very limited, there was no opportunity for the disease to spread.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[31] The last reliable sightings of the plague are from the summer of 1353 from Moscow, but it probably continued to Kiev.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[25] Spread rate The Black Death spread by sea significantly faster than by land.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In the 14th century, a ship travelled an average of about 40 kilometres a day.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Across the country along the main trade roads, the Black Death had a spread rate of only about two kilometres per day and side roads less than a kilometre per day.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[32] The Black Death initially spread along trade routes to major urban centers with ships.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

First, the disease reached the Mediterranean port cities and towns along major navigable rivers, which also spread the disease then to each other along with their own ships.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The spread by sea was so rapid that authorities had no time to prepare for it.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In some fewer cases, the disease spread metastatically over rather long distances even by land, such as in France from Carcassonne to Bordeaux and in Italy from Pisa to certain landlocked cities.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

After reaching the coastal town, the pestilence first radiated to other towns in the region and from them, in turn, along with horse-drawn carriages and cargo horses, into the countryside.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Thus, the Black Death eventually spread to cover entire areas.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[33] Mentions of the epidemic The elites of the great cities, and by extension also chroniclers, often did not pay attention to the Black Death in the early stages of the epidemic, as it touched only the poor population of cities.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The plague epidemic was also silent for a long time because commerce with other cities did not suffer.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

From the arrival of the disease to its mention in the annals, it took about six weeks in villages, seven weeks in medium-sized towns and perhaps eight weeks in major cities.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[34] As the Black Death rises further north and eastward in Europe, descriptions of it become less frequent and less accurate at the same time.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[35] The disease began to be called the Black Death only centuries later.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[36] Contemporaries used other names for it, such as “great dying”, “plague/pestilence” or “first pestilence” [37].


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The current designation comes from the Latin words atra mors, where atra means not only black, but also terrible.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[36] [38] Disease picture Florentine writer Giovanni Boccaccio, who lived during the Black Death, described the symptoms of the disease in his introduction to Decamerone: Plague begins in a rat population spread by bites of fleas carrying the plague bacteria.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Within 10-14 days from the onset of the epidemic, rats have died so much that hungry fleas begin to look for a new host in humans.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

They bite a person and infect the plague.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The incubation period of the disease is 3-5 days, during which no symptoms appear.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

After beginning, the symptoms last for 3—5 days.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

On average, 24 days pass between the arrival of fleas carrying the disease and the deaths of the first people.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Into a rapidly progressing epidemic, the plague developed in the locality in about a week thereafter.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[39] The plague raged especially during the warm seasons.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In winter, the epidemic subsided, especially in cool areas, as fleas decreased and plague bacterial reproduction slowed.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[40] Causing Contemporaries' perceptions Contemporaries generally regarded plague as God's punishment for sinners.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[41] For example, Giovanni Villani, a Florentine chronicler who died of the plague himself in 1348, regarded the plague as divine punishment for the “lust for money, greed, and the vicious oppression of the poor” by the Florentines.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[42] Some believed the plague to be caused by “bad air”.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Ruto was also blamed on Jews, which is why the disease led to Holocaust persecutions in many places.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In Christian culture, the origin of the plague was considered satanic, causing cats often symbolising the devil to be eradicated in abundance, which nevertheless caused a proliferation of rats spreading the plague.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Some believed the reasons to have been astrological and the encounter of the planets caused the epidemic.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[41] Theory of Yersinia pestis Most scientists today consider bubonic plague caused by Yersinia pestis as the cause of the Black Death.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The disease is spread by the black-rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

A flea searches for humans when its host rat has died and infects the disease with its bite to its new host.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[43] It has also been suggested that the Black Death was spread from person to person also directly by fleas and lice, as the epidemic spread exceptionally rapidly only caused by rats.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[44] The plague bacterium was isolated only in1894, when the way it was spread was clarified.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[43] A study by McMaster University in Canada and the University of Tübingen in Germany found bacterial DNA isolated from the bones of up-excavated Black Death victims belonged precisely to Yersinia pestis.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The DNA of prehistoric Yersinia pestis bacteria differs only slightly from representatives of the same species that live today, and according to scientists, the impaired Black Death damage is not due to genetic changes in bacterial strains, but there must be other explanatory factors.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[45] Alternative theories Other forms of plague other than bubonic plague, as well as other bacteria or viruses altogether have been proposed as the cause of the Black Death.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[43] Englishman J. F.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

D. Shrewsbury (1971) and some subsequent researchers have suggested that the epidemic had been primary pleural plague or some altogether other, unknown disease.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[46] In the pleura, the plague bacterium enters the lungs, after which it can pass from one coughing person to another as a droplet infection through the air.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

However, a patient with pleural plague does not have time to spread the disease very effectively before they die.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Large-sized droplets also often remain in the throat and quickly cause a deadly blood crunch.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Pulmonary plague epidemics typically last only for a short period of time, unlike bubonic plague epidemics.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[47] [43] Between 10% and 25% of patients with bubonic plague develop secondary pulmonary plague.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Some Black Death contemporaries described “blood-coughing” victims, but most of the descriptions corresponded to the symptoms of bubonic fever.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Consequently, it is thought that cases of pleural plague were most often secondary.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[48] Cohn (2002) justified the theory of the virus as the causative agent of the disease through the very rapid progression of the epidemic, as well as the fact that since the beginning the epidemic became predominantly affecting children, adults had acquired immunity to it, suggesting viral disease.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[46] The human flea was presented as a plague spreader in the 20th century.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

French researchers speculated that the Moroccan plague epidemic of 1941 was also spread by human fleas under favorable climatic and housing conditions.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

However, the human flea has since been found to be a very ineffective plague spreader.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In human blood, unlike rat blood, there is almost never a sufficient amount of bacteria for a flea to become an infector after ingesting human blood.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Bubonic fever has also never been found to be transmitted from person to person by fleas.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[49] Twigg (1984) suggested that the Black Death might have been anthrax.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[50] Scott and Duncan (2001 and 2004) suggested the disease was a mutation of Ebola or Marburg, as the symptoms of the Black Death resembled those of them.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[51] According to Ole Benedictow (2010), alternative theories are united by the fact that they make untrue assumptions about, for example, the spread of plague and the presence of black rat in Europe.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[52] Protecting against plague Nobody knew how the plague spread, so there was no way to protect themselves from it.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

It was fairly commonly speculated that the plague was spread through the air.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Pope Clement VI, who lived in Avignon, France, protected himself from the plague at the urging of his doctor by keeping to himself indoors between two wildfires.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The purpose of the fire was to clear the air from toxic miasma, which was believed to be the cause of the diseases.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[53] Some carried with them small bags hanging around their necks filled with good-scented herbs.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The good smell was hoped to protect against the plague, which was thought to spread along with the foul-smelling, polluted air.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[41] The Flagellants were men and women who wandered in 50—300-person processions, whipping themselves to blood.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Self-praying was seen as indicating repentance for sins and thus promoting healing from the Black Death.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The Flagellants had been a movement dating back to the 9th century, but during the Black Death they began to be widely circulated, particularly in Germany and other parts of Central Europe.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The movement waned by 1350.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[54] [23] Very few arrivals were allowed into Milan in northern Italy.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The town was spared quite well: only three families fell ill and died, but their homes were boarded up so the disease did not spread.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[55] Mortality Estimates of the share of deaths in the Black Death in the European population have varied between 30% and 60%.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Death rates were generally not reliably statised.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Mortality statistics are available for only a few areas, and for countries as a whole only England.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

However, the number of deaths in some plague-affected areas can be reasonably reliably estimated on the basis of various statistics such as tax statistics.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In these areas, 50% to 70% of the population died, averaging 60%.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

This would mean that of Europe's 80-million population, 50 million died from the disease.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[56] A more conservative sometimes stated estimate of population loss in Europe and the Middle East is between 30% and 50%.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Of the European population, this amounted to 25 million, and the same number of people could be killed by the epidemic in Asia and North Africa.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In older literature, estimates are slightly lower.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[25] Mortality rates in Europe varied strongly from region to region.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In some localities almost all died, but other localities were spared from the disease altogether.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Florence, Venice, Paris, Hamburg, Bremen and Norway were particularly badly affected, where at least half the population died.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

A significant number of people were also reported to have died from the epidemic in Tunisia, Syria's Aleppo, Egypt and Gaza.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

On the other hand, for example, Nuremberg, parts of the Pyrenees, the central Balkans, Iceland and perhaps also Finland were almost completely spared from the epidemic.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Milan and parts of the Netherlands also got by quite a bit.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[57] According to some scholars, Bohemia and Poland also suffered little.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Most likely, however, countries suffered from the disease as much as the rest of Europe, and the old notion is because not much was written about the epidemic there.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

However, some chronicles contain descriptions of Bohemian towns depleted by disease.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[27] If Eastern Europe suffered a little less than the rest of Europe during the Black Death, it may have been because the plague bacteria had had time to become more harmless after first circulating elsewhere for many years.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Bohemia was additionally protected by mountains in three directions.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[58] Consequences First reactions The plague caused a huge shock when it came, and daily life came to a halt in many respects.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Farmers stopped ploughing and merchants closed their doors.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[59] Priests ceased to give last rites.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Also, the pre-festive funerals of the rich became jewel-free, with the deceased often simply thrown into a pit of earth.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[60] Some flocked to live in houses where no one had yet fallen ill, and isolated themselves from other people.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Others instead took to partying blithely.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Many fled the cities to the countryside.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[59] Subsequent epidemics Plague remained after the Black Death subsided to life in European rodent populations, and the pandemic continued cyclically.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Epidemics weaker than the Black Death were experienced over the following centuries in Europe and the rest of the world several dozen every five to twelve years, depending on the location.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The second epidemic began in the spring of 1361 and lasted for a year.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

It killed perhaps 20% of the population in Europe and particularly hard hit children and the landowner class.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The third epidemic in 1369 killed 10% to 15% of the population, and the following at most the same.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[61] Iceland, completely spared from the Black Death, experienced a severe plague epidemic in 1402.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[62] Depopulation As a result of the Black Death, the average lifespan of Europeans fell from 35—40 years to less than 20 years in the second half of the 14th century.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[63] The decline of the European population continued even after the epidemic.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

By the early 15th century, some estimates suggest that the continent's population had possibly fallen by as much as half, or even below, from the period before the epidemic.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

This decline was apparently partly due to the smaller plague epidemics that came after the Black Death.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Elderly people who survived the first plague epidemics survived the new epidemics better than young people.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[64] It was not until the middle of the 15th century that the European population began to rise again, and the level before the Black Death was reached in the early 16th century.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In the Middle East, a similar demographic recovery did not occur.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[65] Economic and social changes Depopulation brought economic changes because social mobility improved.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

For example, peasants' commitment to their traditional land holdings decreased because settlement became much thinner.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Thus conditions for serfs improved significantly; serfdom had specifically been based on the practically arbitrary and limitless deprivation of sharecroppers and farmworkers on the part of landlords.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The Black Death caused a huge labour shortage when in England, for example, up to a third of the previously farmed field went unused.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Thus, the wage-earners were able to demand even higher wages and lower rents, and this eventually led to the collapse of the system known as feudalism.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[67] [68] Land and mills could be taken to new useful uses, such as grazing land, instead of just grain farming.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[69] Old leaders such as governors, priests and intellectuals, with their laws and theories, fell out of favour, for they had failed to protect the people.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In addition, the rapacity of law enforcement caused anarchy.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[70] There was a momentary increase in demand for practitioners in some professions.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Gravediggers had not been paid at all in Florence, for example, before the epidemic, but the act became a new means of livelihood for many poor people during the epidemic.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The number of doctors also increased rapidly as many completely untrained people were admitted as doctors in high need.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[71] As professionals from various fields died en masse, the guilds made up the shortfall by taking more novices.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Out of practical compulsion, apprentices who had no family of their own within the profession began to be accepted into guilds as well.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Due to the expanded recruitment, some contemporaneous authors lamented the decline in the quality of work.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[72] People's diets changed from a cheap diet of cereals and beans to a more diverse one: more meat, butter, beer and wine began to be consumed.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

People were also better able to afford clothes and all sorts of goods for their home.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[73] Decreased the position of the Church The Catholic Church lost its credibility in the papal scandals, as people realised that religion did not prevent the spread of disease and the suffering of families.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The practice of religion also suffered as all priests died from many regions.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[74] Several religious movements emerged to compete with the church.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[75] A cult of new, poor saints was born, which the Church found difficult to accept.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[76] Many went on pilgrimage: for example, at the pope's urging, more than one million pilgrims came to Rome in 1350.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[77] Changes in education Universities lost a large proportion of their students, and five of the 30 universities in Europe dropped out altogether.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

On the other hand, due to the epidemic, many universities were expanded and new ones were quickly established to patch up the resulting disappearance of priests and other scholars.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The University of Florence and then many other universities in Italy added classical subjects to their studies.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

As a result of the decline of teachers proficient in Latin, the vernacular began to be used in educational institutions.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[78] Holocaust In some places Jews were accused of spreading the Black Death by poisoning wells, and this led to Holocaust persecutions.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[74] In most countries, the authorities were able to protect Jews from popular outrage, but due to the lack of adequate central government in Germany, many of the large Jewish community there were completely eradicated.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

As a result of the persecutions, many Jews fled to Poland and Russia.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[79] The development of medicine The Black Death had a great influence on the development of medicine.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The medicine, based on the doctrine of humorality that had been prevalent, proved ineffective against the plague and lost ground.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Until the 14th century, medical training had been theoretical and not based on clinical research and hypotheses.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

As a result of the Black Death, health care began to become more practical, and the scientific method became popular.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Surgeons stood up alongside doctors, and general knowledge of anatomy grew as autopsies became more frequent.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[80] Hygiene began to be paid attention, and in Italy immediately after the epidemic, the health laws and the established municipal health boards spread to other parts of Europe.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Initially health boards focused only on tackling new plague epidemics, but later their operations expanded to become more widespread.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[81] Posts of special plague doctors were also established.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[82] In 1374 no people suspected of suffering from the plague were allowed into Venice, and ship quarantines were introduced elsewhere.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

They didn't give full protection either, so plague epidemics continued.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[41] Technological progress The sudden shortage of cheap labour also led to the necessity of technological advancement, according to some, and even triggered the development that led to the Renaissance.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[83] Some scholars, such as David Herlihy, have given the Black Death credit for several inventions that became widespread in the Middle Ages.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

For example, since the Black Death killed a lot of working people, it was necessary to develop tools to get the work done with a smaller number of factors.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

However, according to some scientists, just after the Black Death, no technological advances in almost any field are noticeable; rather, most important inventions and reforms of the era were made before or centuries after the epidemic.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[84] Moreover, in the Islamic Middle East, the development was reversed to Europe, as the region declined for a long period of time in terms of economic, industrial and agricultural productivity.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[85] The impact on art The Black Death was a huge blow to the people of the Middle Ages, which was also reflected in culture.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In art began to emphasize depictions of death and horrors, sarcasm, but sometimes also hope.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Realism became a more popular genre than previously thought.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The lone sufferer on his deathbed became a common theme in paintings, and death was depicted as an angel or skeleton.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In the death dance, skeletons representing death were depicted dancing and gathering the dying to accompany them.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[86] Macabre depictions of decomposing bodies also came into art.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[87] Construction became more modest after the Black Death.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[86] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Benedictow, Be J.| title= The Black Death 1346—1353.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The Complete History| location = Woodbridge| publisher = The Boydell Press| year = 2004| id=ISBN 1-84383-214-3| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Benedictow, Be J.| title = What Disease Was Plague?


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

On the Controversy Over the Microbiological Identity of Plague Epidemics of the Past| location = Leiden| publisher = Brill| year = 2010| id = ISBN 9789004180024| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Briggs, Asa etc.| title = Solution Moments.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

100 events that changed our world| number = Black Death — 1347| location = Helsinki| publisher = Chosen pales| year = 1995| version = (When, Where, Why and How it Happened, 1993.)


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Finnish translation: Mervi Ovaska.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Authors of episodes about Finland: Seppo Aalto, Lauri Haataja, Allan Tiitta| id=ISBN 951-584-073-2| pages = 98—101}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gottfried, Robert S.| title= The Black Death.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe| location = New York & London| publisher = Robert Hale| year = 1983| id = ISBN 0-7090-1299-3| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Herlihy, David| title = The Black Death and the Transformation of the West| publisher = Harvard University Press| year = 1997 (based on essays written in 1985) | id = ISBN 0-674-07613-3}} Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) References Literature Kallionpage, Mikko: Ars moriendi, the Black Death and the macabre tradition.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karttunen, Laura & Niemi, Juhani & Pasternack, Amos (ed.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

) | title = Arts and Diseases.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Expeditions on the contact surfaces of disease and culture| location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere University Press| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-44-6988-6}} On topic elsewhere Category:92 European history class:13th century Category:Middle Ages Category:Epidemics Category:Screening key articles


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Rhetoric (;, “The Art of Rhetoric “) is the main work in the field of rhetoric by Aristotle.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[1] It places public speaking among other intellectual pursuits of its time.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle writes in favour of rhetoric and wants to restore its reputation because Plato had strongly attacked it in his writings.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

History Rhetoric has apparently emerged over a longer period of time.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Its earliest parts may date from the first Athenian period of Aristotle, when this was active in Plato's Academy.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Later parts again seem to have arisen during Aristotle's absence from Athens, as well as during his second Athenian period, when he was at the head of the Peripatetic school of Lykeion; the work refers to some events set around that time.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

The rhetoric may have included the body of Aristotle's repeated lectures on rhetoric.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

In content, Rhetoric seems to precede Aristotle's theory of syllogistics.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[1] Aristotle also wrote other works dealing with rhetoric.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle's dialogues have included a work on Speechmanship, or Grylos (Peri rhētorikēs ē Grylos), in which this seems to still present Plato's Gorgias that rhetoric cannot be a skill.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Two manuals on rhetoric, the Summary of Manuals (Tekhnōn synagōgē) and the Summary of the Handbook of Theodekte (Tekhnēs tēs Theodektou synagōgē), have also been put in Aristotle's name.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

None of these three works have survived into modern times.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[1] Content Definition of rhetoric According to Aristotle's definition, “rhetoric is the ability to perceive the context of each thing persuasive”.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[2] By this definition, he puts the rhetorical enterprise at the center of coming up with persuasive arguments.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

He thus sets his rhetoric separate from the sophists mocked by Plato, for whom all that mattered was the outcome.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

For Aristotle, therefore, rhetoric was more an architectural (focused on process) than a productive (outcome focused) skill.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle's treatises on rhetoric attempt to systematically present rhetoric as such human skill.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

He distinguished three causes that induce persuasiveness of speech: the speech itself (logos), the character of the speaker (ethos), and the speaker's state of mind or expression of emotions (pathos).


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Logos include language usage and word choices when forming an argument.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Ethos focuses on the extent to which the speaker's persona is capable of persuading the audience that he or she is credible.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Pathos involves the extent to which the speaker puts his own emotions into play and tries to appeal to the feelings of the listeners to win them over.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle wrote that rhetoric was needed for truth to always prevail.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

In his view, “truth and justice are always inherently stronger than their opposites, so if decisions are not as they should, then the reason for defeat is necessarily in the speakers themselves, which is reproachable”.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Although Aristotle favoured when talking about the logo, logical argumentations based on reason, he also acknowledged that not all people are able to always follow such chains of evidence.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Because of this, skills in rhetoric are also needed.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle also divides rhetoric into three parts: political, legal, and representational (epideictic).


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Political speeches deal with which measures should or should not be taken in the future.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Legal speeches seek to find out the truth about measures taken in the past.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Performing speeches focus on praising or blaming some person or thing in the present.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

The split meant that there were also a number of speaking situations in practical life where argumentation based on actually philosophical truth was not even needed.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

This was another reason why rhetoric was needed, according to Aristotle: it was useful in speaking appealing to listeners in other situations as well.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Books Rhetoric consists of three books: Book I deals with the meaning, fundamentals and basic concepts of rhetoric, and the relationship of rhetoric to other sciences and the arts.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Speeches are broken down into three types: political, legal and presenting.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle gives advice on what things a speaker should know when speaking on various topics.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

For example, when talking about war and peace, the speaker should know the resources of the city, what kind of troops are deployed and how much more can be obtained.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Similarly, one must know the forces of neighboring cities, the history of warfare in the city and neighboring cities, as well as the likelihood of war with different cities


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[3] In addition, Aristotle discusses the nature of exhortation and warning speeches (political speech), indictment and defence speeches (legal speech), as well as speeches on virtue, vice, noble and ugly (performing speech) and the considerations to be taken into account therein.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[3] Book II deals mainly with logo, etho, and patho.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

When dealing with the logo, Aristotle works out the things necessary for logical persuasion.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Such are the example (which corresponds to induction), principle (general statement of objection), enthymema (which is a kind of syllogism), and exploitation of opposites.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[4] In dealing with the ethos, Aristotle describes various human natures, in relation to character traits (virtues and vices), emotions, age, social status, and happiness experienced at birth and living.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

The young he describes as eager, the old often disillusioned and cautious, and the middle-aged as a cache of these.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

He then briefly describes the effect of good and bad things produced by chance, wealth, as well as power on the character of people.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[4] In dealing with Patho, Aristotle describes various emotions and their evocation in the listeners.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

The emotions, he says, are those “because of which people, changed, end up with different solutions.”


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

In this case, one can ask what kind of state of mind caused the feeling, to whom the feeling is known, and what was the cause of the feeling.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

When you master all of these, a feeling can be made.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Of emotions, Aristotle deals with indignation, calmness, keeping, hating, fear, courage, shame, shamelessness, favoritism, lack of popularity, pity, indignation, envy, joy, competitiveness, and contempt.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[4] Book III deals with style doctrine.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Its first chapters deal with good expression.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle notes that good speech should be clear, that is, it should clarify more than obscure things, as well as appropriate, that is, not too modest, but also not too exaggerating.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Clarity in speech is obtained through the use of common nouns and verbs, by observing correctness, and avoiding factors that bring rigidity, such as long connecting words.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

The text should be natural both written and read.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

In prose performance it was necessary to avoid the poetry form, but the text was still not allowed to be completely rhythmic.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Likewise, parts of the text should be of appropriate length — avoiding too long parts, but also too short parts that just seem to rush too much.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Important matters are not to be handled too lightly, which would seem like sluggishness, nor bland things too solemnly, which would seem comical.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Last but not least, as a means of expression, Aristotle emphasised the spirit of speech, which was obtained, among other things, by using metaphors in speech and by making the matter perceptive to the listener.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[5] The remainder of the book deals with the order of the parts of speech.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

The main thing in all the speech was to have two parts, the first of which indicates what was going to be talked about (presentation), and the second presents the evidence (persuasion).


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

This can be compared to a calculation task, which has a task layout first and then a proving one.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

These were regarded by Aristotle as necessary parts, although most speeches, such as court speeches, had four parts: the introduction, the presentation of the case, the persuasion (including comparing competing claims and refuting the opposing party's arguments), and the closing words.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle then describes in more detail the structure of the introduction, commentary and evidence, the correct moment of the questions, and the final words.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

[5] Quotes “One should not mislead the judge by making him feel anger, envy or pity.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

This would be the same as falsifying a measure one intends to use.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Classica series.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Translated by Paavo Hohti and Päivi Myllykoski.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Explanations prepared by Juha Sihvola.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

3rd edition 2005| id = ISBN 951-662-702-1}} Additional translations and textual works of Aristotle: The Art of Rhetoric.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Oxford Classical Texts| id = ISBN 9780198145578}} Original text in Greek.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

) | title = Essays on Aristotle's Rhetoric| location = Berkeley & Los Angeles & London| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1996}} On topic elsewhere Work Aristotle:.


Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Rhetoric (Aristotle)

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Question: How does Aristotle define rhetoric?

Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Change entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Category:Aristotle's Works Category:Books on rhetoric


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

BTS (also known as Bangtan Boys, Bulletproof Boy Scouts and Beyond the Scene,, Bangtan Sonyeondan) is a South Korean seven-person k-pop band.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band debuted on June 13, 2013 with their song “No More Dream”, after which they have released ten Korean-language albums and one Japanese-language studio album.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

BTS is the most successful South Korean band internationally, and is known for its intricate choreographies, wide exposure on social media, and active fan base known as ARMY, among other things.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band consists of four vocalists and three rappers and features pop and rap music influenced by several genres.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

BTS has won a total of 15 awards at the Melon Music Awards Gala and the same amount at the Mnet Asian Music Awards.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Additionally, as the first South Korean band, the band has won the American Music Award for Favorite Social Artist in 2018, the Billboard Music Award for Top Social Artist in 2017 and 2018, and two BBC Radio1 Teen Awards in 2018.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

BTS has also made history as the first South Korean band to sell gold in the United States.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[1] In addition, the album Love Yourself: Tear, released in 2018, reached 1st place on the Billboard 200 list, as did the album's new version, Love Yourself: Answer.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[2] BTS is well known for its activity on social media, and the band, among other things, posts various videos on their YouTube channel BANGTANTV.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

According to financial magazine Forbes, BTS was Twitter's most internally shared artist in March 2016, [3] and in October of the same year Billboard listed the band first on its list of the Top Social 50.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[4] In June 2017, Time named them among the 25 most influential people on the internet.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[5] In November, Guinness World Records, meanwhile, revealed the band had set a world record as the most prominent band on Twitter, and a month later they were noted to be the most shared and liked public figures of 2017 on Twitter.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Worldwide, the band had been shared or liked 502 million times.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[6] In 2018, BTS was awarded by President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in for their cultural services to the Republic of Korea.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[7] In August of the same year, as UNICEF goodwill ambassadors, the band members gave a speech to the United Nations.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[8] BTS is the first South Korean Grammy nominee.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The category is “Best Album Packaging,” and the nomination is for the album Love Yourself: Tear.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

History Prior to its debut, BTS's first members were recruited to Big Hit Entertainment as trainees using the company's performance songs in 2010 and 2011, and the original line-up underwent many changes before the band's official members were chosen in 2012.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Already six months before its debut, BTS began not only marketing itself but also forging a relationship with its would-be fans through Twitter, video blogs and fancafe publications.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

They also released cover songs to Youtube and SoundCloud.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The final members of BTS ended up in the band in various ways.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

RM, the first member of the band and subsequently also the leader, was an underground rapper who was self-invited by the company to audition in 2010.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Shortly thereafter, another underground rapper Suga in turn applied to the company as producer and street dancer J-Hope to further her career as a dancer.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Jin, the fourth member of the band, was a film arts student who was invited to audition straight from the street.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

At the same time, a 14-year-old Jungkook, pursued by no fewer than seven labels, arrived as a trainee, who had appeared in the television singing competition Superstar K. After him, V and Jimin were still joined by the band.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

V had been there for his friend in audition songs organised by Big Hit, after a company representative had urged him to perform, too.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The last member of the band, Jimin, who was studying at an art high school at the time, in turn applied to audition, encouraged by his dance teacher.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

He was apprenticed for just eight months before the band's debut.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In typical fashion, BTS's rehearsal time included assisting, background dancing, and playing small roles in music videos.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[9] None of the band members are originally from Seoul, and at the beginning of their career they lived together in an apartment where all seven boys shared the same bedroom.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[10] 2013-2014: Debut, 2 Cool 4 Skool, O! RUL8, 2? , Skool Luv Affair and Dark & Wild BTS debuted on June 12, 2013 with the single “No More Dream”, and their first album, 2 Cool 4 Skool, was released at the same time.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band's music was very hip hop oriented at the time and the style of later albums more serious and dark-talking.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album won several Best New Artist awards, including the 2013 Melon Music Awards, Golden Disc Awards, and in 2014 Seoul Music Awards.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album was the first part of the band's so-called school trilogy.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On September 11, BTS released the second part of their trilogy, a mini-album called O! RUL8, 2?.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album contained a total of ten tracks.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band also appeared on their own variety show, SBS-MTV's Rookie King Channel BangTans.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The premise of the show was based on a non-existent broadcast station called “Channel Bangtan”, where members parodied well-known South Korean shows like VJ Special Forces and MasterChef Korea.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The programme premiered on September 3, 2013 and contained a total of eight episodes.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The final part of the school trilogy, the mini-album Skool Luv Affair, was released on February 12, 2014.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The music video for the album's title single “Boy In Luv” was released around the same time.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

At best, the album rose to third place on the chart on the Billboard World Albums Chart


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In June, BTS participated in the Bridge to Korea festival in Russia, and at the event the band members judged a K-pop cover dance competition as well as performing for 10,000 spectators.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band also participated in KCON held in Los Angeles with Girls' Generation and other South Korean artists on August 10, 2014.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On August 19, BTS released their first full-length studio album Dark & Wild and a music video for the album's title track “Danger”.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album was very successful, though its second title track, “War of Hormone”, also received criticism for its lyric considered misogynous.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Record label Big Hit Entertainment regretted the issue in June 2016.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[11] In December, BTS released their first Japanese-language album Wake Up.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

It contained mostly Japanese-language versions of their songs, but also the new songs “Wake Up” and “The Stars” originally written in Japanese.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

At the 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards Gala, BTS was nominated in the categories “Best Dance Performance” and “UnionPay Song Of The Year”.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

They performed their song “Boy In Luv” at the gala, in addition to having a joint number with Block B.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In addition, BTS held an Asian tour from October to December, the 2014 BTS Live Trilogy — Episode II: The Red Bullet.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

During the tour, they performed in South Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, Japan and Thailand.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

2015: The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, World Tour and Growing Popularity In February 2015, BTS made their first Japan tour, Wake Up: Open Your Eyes.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

They performed for 25,000 fans in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On March 28, BTS held their second solo concert in South Korea, the BTS Live Trilogy — Episode 1: BTS Begins.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band's third EP, The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1, was released on May 29, 2015.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In June, US company Fuse TV listed it as one of the best albums of the year to date.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In May 2015, the album's title single “I Need U” won first place on SBS MTV's music show The Show.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In June, BTS released their fourth Japanese-language single “For You” while releasing the song's music video.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The single climbed to the top of Oricon's daytime charts selling 42,611 copies in its first day.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On June 23, BTS released a music video for their song “Dope ()”, which had been released on the album The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

It became BTS's first music video to break the 100 million views limit on YouTube.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

With it, “Dope ()” rose to 3rd place on the chart on the Billboard World Albums Chart, although the song itself had already been released two months earlier.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Meanwhile, BTS was on their first world tour, 2015 Live Trilogy Episode: The Red Bullet, which was a follow-up to the band's previous Asian appearances.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band toured Malaysia, South America, Australia and the United States, among other places, concluding the tour eventually reaching Hong Kong on 29 August.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

BTS also participated in the Summer Sonic Festival tour of Japan, performing August 15 in Tokyo and the 16th in Osaka.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On November 30, BTS released a new album, The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 2, which reached the album charts on the Billboard 200.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[2] They also held a three-day cosert at the time, The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: On Stage, where they performed the album's title single “Run” for the first time.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

At the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards, BTS received the “Best World Performer” award in recognition of their worldwide fan community.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

They also performed the song “Run” and briefly performed with Got7.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In December, the band released a Japanese-language version of the song “I Need U”.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

2016: The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever, Youth and Wings BTS released their sixth Japanese-language single “Run” on March 15, 2016.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In the same month they released the compilation album The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever, which, like its predecessor, made it onto the Billboard 200 Album [2] and also won the Album of the Year award at the Melon Music Awards.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In May, they performed on two dates at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena in Seoul for a total of 24,000 fans.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band then embarked on an Asian tour 2016 with BTS LIVE The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage: Epilogue, which was sold out with 144,000 concert tickets.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

BTS was also headlining at KCONs in Los Angeles and New York between June and July 2016.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On September 7, 2016, the band released their second Japanese-language studio album Youth selling over 44,000 copies on its first day of release.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On October 10, BTS released their second full-length studio album, Wings, as the title single “Blood Sweat & Tears”.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album achieved sales of over half a million copies in its first week, and the music video for the song “Blood Sweat & Tears” reached over six million views on YouTube within 24 hours of release thus the most viewed K-pop video in 24 hours ever.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album also hurtled to 26th place on the chart on the Billboard 200, which was a record-good K-pop album ranking.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Wings also reached the UK Official Album Chart, thus making it the first k-pop performance on the chart.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In November, BTS held a large fan meeting at the Gocheok Sky Dome.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

All 38,000 tickets were sold.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On November 18, BTS announced their upcoming world tour.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On the same day, the band won the Album of the Year award for their album The Most Beautiful Moment in Life: Young Forever Melon at the Music Awards Gala.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In December, BTS won the Artist of the Year award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards Gala thus becoming the first artist to win the award not from the country's major record labels (S.M., YG and JYP).


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

2017: You'll Never Walk Alone and Love Yourself Her In February 2017, the band embarked on their second world tour, carrying the name Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The tour went to Chile, Brazil, the United States, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Hong Kong and Australia, among others.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

That same month, BTS released a new version of their album Wings under the name You'll Never Walk Alone.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Over 700,000 pre-orders were made for the album, which contained four new songs.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The song “Spring Day” topped 15th place on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 list.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The song's music video received over nine million views within 24 hours, thus breaking BTS's previous record with the song “Blood, Sweat & Tears”.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

However, the new record was broken a week later when the band released a music video for their song “Not Today”: the song received over 10 million views within 24 hours.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In May, BTS won the Top Social Artist award at the Billboard Music Awards.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

They beat Justin Bieber, Selena Gomez and Ariana Grande, among others, with their spoils of more than 300 million votes.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In June, Time named them among the 25 most influential people on the internet.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[5] In July BTS announced that although they are known by the names Bangtan Sonyeondan and Bangtan Boys, they can now also be referred to as Beyond The Scene.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

At the same time, they released their new logo, as well as a dedicated logo dedicated to their fans, A.R.M.Y.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On September 18, the band released their fifth mini album Love Yourself 'Her'.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album contained 11 tracks, two of which were only available on physical disc.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album track “Best Of Me” was in the making of The Chainsmokers' Andrew Taggart.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album's single “DNA” made it to 67th place on the list on the Billboard Hot 100, which was the band's first ranking on that list.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album itself ranked seventh on the list of the Billboard 200.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[2] In addition, the album had a total of 1,051,546 pre-orders by the band, making it the first K-pop band to pre-order more than one million copies.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

According to the monthly Gaon Chart, Love Yourself 'Her' was the best-selling album in September with sales of 1,203,533 copies by October 14, making it the best-selling album on the Gaon Chart in 16 years.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The album ranked number 11 on Finland's official list, and YleX added “DNA” to their playlist.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On December 6, BTS released a Japanese-language album containing Japanese-language versions of songs from the Love Yourself 'Her' album and a new Japanese-language single “Crystal Snow”.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band performed on Jimmy Kimmel Live!


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

a mini-concert organised by the talk show on 15 November and visited the programme itself at a later date.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band also performed at the American Music Awards Gala on November 19 and The Ellen DeGeneres Show talk show on 27.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

on Nov.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[12] BTS emerged as the most followed person in South Korea on Twitter on November 13 after breaking the 10 million follower limit.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

On November 24, a music video and remix of “MIC Drop (Steve Aoki Remix)” was released.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The song additionally features a number of English passages in which Desiinger has helped.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The song reached 28th place on the chart on the Billboard Hot 100.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[2] In December, the band won the Artist of the Year award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards Gala for the second time in a row.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[13] 2018: Love Yourself 'Tear' On May 18, 2018, the Love Yourself 'Tear' album was released along with the music video for the song “Fake Love”.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The song sold gold in the United States and ranked 10th on the list on the Billboard Hot 100.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In May, BTS won an additional repeat of the Billboard Music Award for Top Social Artist.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[14] On August 28, BTS released their new single “IDOL”, whose music video was viewed within 24 hours a record 45 million times.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band performed the song on several US television shows including The Late Night With Jimmy Fallon, America's Got Talent and Good Morning America.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Later, the band also released a remix of the song with Nicki Minaj.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

In October, BTS appeared in a Time magazine cover story for the magazine titlelisting them as “Next Generation Leaders”.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[15] In the same month, they visited the UK for the first time, performing at The Graham Norton Show and The O2 Arena as part of their Love Yourself world tour.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

A tour visiting the United States, Asia and Europe began in August 2018 and will end in April 2019.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

At the Melon Music Awards Gala held on December 1, BTS won a total of seven awards, including Artist of the Year, Album of the Year, and Best Rap/Hip Hop Song of the Year.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[16] In the same month, at the three-day Mnet Asian Music Awards Gala held in South Korea, Japan and Hong Kong, the band won nine awards, including Artist of the Year and Album of the Year.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

[17] Members BTS is a seven-person band consisting of four vocalists and three rappers.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The band is led by its lead rapper RM.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

All members of the band dance, but J-Hope, Jimin, V, and Jungkook are the band's principal dancers.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

The group's dance director is J-Hope.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

Discography Studio Albums (in Japanese) Youth (2016) (in Japanese) • Reissue: You'll Never Walk Alone (2017) FACE YOURSELF (2018) Love Yourself 'Tear' (2018) Love Yourself 'Answer' (2018) Compilation albums (in Japanese) The Most Beautiful Moment In Life: Young Forever (2016) The Best of Bodan Shonendan -Japan Edition- (2017) (in Japanese) The Best of Bangtan Sonyeondan -Korea Edition- (2017) EPs Reissue: Skool Luv Affair Special Addition (2014) Singles Albums Singles No More Dream (2013) We Are Bulletproof Pt.


Question: What was South Korea's biggest company, according to the latest Forbes list?

BTS (band)

2 (2013) N.O (2013) (Boy In Luv) (2014) (Just One Day) (2014) Danger (2014) (War of Hormone) (2014) No More Dream (2014) (in Japanese) Boy In Luv (2014) (in Japanese) Danger (2014) (in Japanese) I U (2015) Japanese) (Dope) ( 2015) Run (2015) I Need U (2015) (in Japanese) Run (2016) (in Japanese) Epilogue: Young Forever (2016) (Fire) (2016) Save ME (2016) (Blood Sweat & Tears) (2016) (Spring Day) (2017) Not Today (2017) Blood, Sweat & Tears (2017) DNA (2017)) MIC Drop Remix (2017) FAKE LOVE (2018) IDOL (2018) Collaborated Tours & Concerts Korean, Japanese and Asian Tours 2014 BTS Live Trilogy-Episode II: The Red Bullet (2014) BTS Live Trilogy Episode I: BTS Begins (2015) BTS's First Japan Tour-Wake Up: Open Your Eyes ( 2015) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage (2015) World Tours 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet (2015) The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage: Epilogue (2016) 2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour (2017) Love Yourself World Tour (2018) Also participated in concerts KCON: Los Angeles (2014) KCON: Abu Dhabi, Paris, Newark and Los Angeles (2016) KCON: Mexico City (2017) Music Bank World Tour: Singapore (2017) Sources from the subject elsewhere The Boy Band “Trend” Global Category:South Korean hip hop groups Category:South Korean boy bands


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

Women's suffrage is an economic and political reform that gives women the right to vote.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

However, suffrage did not always mean being eligible for election, that is, allowing women to stand for election.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

New Zealand was the first to give women the right to vote in 1893.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

Limited suffrage and eligibility for election were granted in Australia in 1902, which however only applied to the white population.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

[1] Finland, as the third in the world and first in Europe, gave women the right to vote in 1906 as part of universal and equal suffrage.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

At the same time, women were also allowed the right to stand for election and in 1907 the world's first female parliamentarians were elected to Parliament.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

[2] In Soviet Russia, women's suffrage was enacted in the October Revolution of 1917.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

[3] In the United States, women's suffrage was in the New Jersey State Constitution as early as 1776, but was repealed in 1807.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

Later, women gained the right to vote in the United States in 1920.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

[4] In France, the Paris Commune gave women the right to vote in 1871, but the decision was reversed when the commune fell.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

[5] Of European countries, Switzerland gave women the right to vote only in 1971 and Liechtenstein last in Europe in 1984.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

[4] In some Swiss cantons, women's suffrage had been denied until the early 1990s.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

[6] In 2015, there is virtually no other country in the world where women's suffrage is completely prohibited by law, after Saudi Arabia gave women the right to stand in local elections [7].


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

However, this does not include states where voting is generally not held (and therefore men are not allowed to vote either).


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

The Pope to be elected in Vatican elections is chosen among male delegates on religious grounds.


Question: When did women have the right to vote in Finland?

Women's suffrage

See also History of Suffrage in Finland Timeline of the history of women's suffrage Sources on topic elsewhere Category:Female Class:Suffrage Class:Key articles on screening


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

Mäkitupa means a tenement in the territory of a farm, a little tupa, which usually did not include more mention of the area of cultivation, unlike croft.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

[1] The inhabitants were referred to as hilly whites (in dialects also hill cottagers or cottagers).


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

[2] They belonged to the unordered population of Finland.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

The system was in use from the late 18th century until the Crofter Act in the early 20th century.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

The hilly workers generally worked as a wage in outside jobs, and made up a substantial portion of the rural labour reserve.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

[3] General legislation came in 1762, when the housemasters were obliged to build a farm in the area of their married or married wages.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

The effort was to promote birth rates and access to labour by improving the housing conditions of the agricultural working population.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

The rented hill house usually comprised only a small house.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

Farmland was not part of the agreement at all or very little of it.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

The hilly pals made their living mainly by outside jobs: forestry and utilities, occasional work with housemates, or as craftsmen.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

Labor relations were often seasonal.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

In addition, the Mäkitupalainen had to pay the rancher the rent of the tuva as a work obligation, taxvärk.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

[4] Mäkitupia was the highest number in the western and southwestern parts of Finland.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

[3] In the Establishment society, the form of housing also determined social status: the hilly people were perceived as the lower social classes, scarce above the vagrant population.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

In spirit and church books, hill-smokers were distinguished, for example, from housemates, crofters, craftsmen and vagrants.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

Poor livelihood Often confused with each other whipping and crofts.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

However, in addition to housing, croft mostly contained quite reasonable acreage and provided essentially better opportunities for self-sufficiency.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

The crofters might even have had salaries.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

Due to poor self-sufficiency and scarce livelihoods, the hilly smokers were sensitive to leaving to become emigrants.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

They didn't have much to lose in their homeland and were attracted by the wider bread of the target country, as well as the oft-offered own farmland.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

The possibility of redemption of hikitupalais farms The Mäkitupalais and crofter issue emerged as a significant problem in the late 19th century, as the status of rented ranchers and the conditions of housing may have been unduly onerous.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

To this predicament was promised help by the emerging labour movement, which received strong support from the hill-smokers.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

Crofters have traditionally been regarded as the movement's main support group in rural areas, but research suggests that this was precisely the inhabitants of the hill tups.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

The hill-smoked issue was not resolved until 1919 with the so-called Crofter Exemption Act, giving hilly smokers the opportunity to redeem the facilities for themselves.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

Under the Lex Kallio Act, the unordered could acquire additional land for themselves.


Question: What does it mean?

Mäkitupalainen

[3] Between 1919 and 1937, hik tups were redeemed as independents for a total of 45170.


Question: What does hilly tupa mean?

Mäkitupalainen

[1] See also lampuot selfish crofter parasite (society) victualman maid renki Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Halmesvirta, Ojala, Roiko-Jokela, Vilkuna| title = History Dictionary | publisher = Gummerus.


Question: What does hilly tupa mean?

Mäkitupalainen

Jyväskylä | year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-20-5089-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = New Encyclopedia of Gummerus, part 3| publisher = Gummerus.


Question: What does hilly tupa mean?

Mäkitupalainen

Helsinki| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-20-2923-5}} References Category:Finnish settlement and social history Category:Regulation-society Category:History of agriculture Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

Louhisaari () is a manor castle located in Askais in the area of present-day Masku Municipality in Southwest Finland.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

The main building and the side buildings are surrounded by an English-style park, and the complex forms one of the best preserved manor farms in Finland.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

The main building and side buildings have been completed in 1655.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

Louhisaari belonged to the Fleming family from about 1450 until 1791 and to the Mannerheim family from 1795 until 1903.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

It is the birthplace of Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim of Finland.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

In 1961, the manor ended up being owned by the Finnish State and under the control of the Ancient Scientific Commission, the current Museum Office.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[1] The main building with its side buildings was restored and opened as a museum decorated to the public on June 1, 1967.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[2] Louhisaari Manor and its two families Louhisaari Manor has been a major landowner in the area, in addition to the main estate the complex included several side farms.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[1] The area of the main farm in the 1930s was approximately 770 hectares.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[1] Louhisaari also had crofts; in 1900 there were eighteen.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[1] The history of the manor includes two notable noble families: the Flemings, who owned Louhisaari from about 1450 until 1791, or about 340 years, and the Mannerheim family, who held the estate for a rich hundred years from 1795 until 1903.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[3] The first Fleming owner was Magnus Fleming, a squire of Finnish origin, who married Elin Korke, the earliest known owner of the estate.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[4] The Fleming family gave up the estate when the heirs of the court junkie Herman Klaunpoika Fleming (1734—1789), referred to as the “last rich Fleming”, were forced to sell Louhisaari a couple of years after his death due to Fleming's debts.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[5] The first Mannerheim-related owner was the Swedish-born Major and Count Carl Erik Mannerheim [6] and the last Freeholder Vilhelmina Mannerheim (1836—1905), who was the sister of Marshal Mannerheim's father.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[7] The surroundings when approaching Louhisaari opens up much the same view as in the late 1650s: a long wooden alley leads to the manor and at its end opens the main house, the so-called “courtyard of honour”, which is bounded by symmetrical side buildings and a fence ().


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[4] [8] Louhisaari's courtyard of honour is, in accordance with its French ancestors, harshly rugged, that is, devoid of any plantations.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[8] The courtyard is sandy and was originally bounded from the inlet direction by a wall at the end of the siding buildings, of which remains are still visible.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[9] Later a new wall was built a little more away from the buildings, its place marked by the boundary of the existing yard sand and lawn.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[9] The site of the third wall was located even further away from the present iron fence.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[9] The fence was built in the 1960s, the design is taken from Swedish fences.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[9] The space between the main building and the side buildings was also closed by walls, which are now replaced by a fence.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[9] Louhisaarentie, or connecting road 1932 between Askaisten Church and Louhisaari, has a long length of two kilometres and makes a 90 degree turn at the so-called Temple Bend.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] No records of roadside tree plantings from the 17th century have survived and assumptions about the original trees are based on the value of the Louhisaari estate and the general ideals of the 17th century.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] On their basis, oak trees would have originally been planted in Louhisaari.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] A travel description from 1757 has mentioned that there are no oaks on the estate, although they beautify the landscape and are utility trees for shipbuilding.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] The same travelogue says that the oaks of a manor house in Nousiais had been taken during the Great Wrath (1700—1721), so the oaks of Louhisaari could have experienced the same fate.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] Also during the great hunger years, the winter between 1696 and 1697 was exceptionally cold and the original tree could have frostbitten then.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] Nowadays there are very old oaks on the side of Louhisaarentis at Tempelinbend and also other landscaped points, the age of which has not been studied, and there are old landscaped pines along the road.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] Birch trees were planted between the church and the manor house no later than 1810 or 1820, when Vendla Sofia Mannerheim also renovated Louhisaari's garden.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] Today there is no wooden alley between the Temple Bend and the church.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] The current birch alley leading from the temple bend to the estate has been planted in the 1960s when the estate had come into state ownership.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[10] Main Building The main building of the manor house, completed in 1655, is one of Finland's few castles influenced by Italian Palladian architecture.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

There are only two mansions built according to the architectural doctrines of the High Noble in Finland: Louhisaari and the slightly younger Suur-Sarvilahti Manor, which is stylistically Dutch classicism.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[11] Louhisaari's main building and side buildings were built by Herman Klaunpoika Fleming.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[4] At the same time, Fleming also built Askaiste Church Manor as a chapel church.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[12] The three-storey stone castle is brickwork, plastered and whitewashed, with the uppermost part of the stone foot being rectangular hewn sandstone. [13].


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

The facades are tightly symmetrical [13] The roof clad with Paanui is a high so-called Dutch roof or hipped roof with curved lappings.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[13] The roof has roof triangles on each of the four sides, [13] and a console row beneath the cornice — there are no other facade decorations besides the portal.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[13] The building's current windows are in Rococo style, with the exception of the lowest floor being 16-pane.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[13] The entrance to the castle is highlighted by a spectacular portal carved out of stone, styled like the portals made at the same time to Stockholm.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[9] The author was Johan Wendestam, a Stockholm stonemason.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[9] The stone of the portal is grey-green Gotland sandstone and the writing slab at the top is of red limestone.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[13] The present exterior door is from the 1960s, the model was the 17th century main door of Askaiste Church, the lock is from the 17th century.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[9] The castle originally had only one exterior door for security reasons, the second door was made to the northwest end for use by service people only in the 19th century.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[14] All floors of the building have the same division of rooms: two walls parallel to the end walls of the building divide the floors into three parts, the central part is located on the courtyard side with the entrance hall and halls, and on the park side a chamber or drawing room.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[13] In the eastern corner of the building there is a main staircase leading from the basement to the attic.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[13] The second staircase is a spiral staircase used by service members, located near the south corner.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[13] There are two exceptions to the room division: the ballroom on the third floor, which has two rooms on the lower floors and the Count's vestibule on the second floor, whose space on the first floor belongs to the entrance hall and the hall on the third.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[13] [15] The layers of the three-storey stone castle each had its own use.


Question: Who built the quarry island?

Louhisaari Manor

[16] The lowest floor was the economy space and used by the service people, the rooms on the floor have also been used as storage and storage facilities.