Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Furious by this treatment, dark-skinned sailors began planning a rebellion in the first half of 1910, electing João Cândido Felisberto, an experienced voyager later also known as the “Black Admiral”, as their leader.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

In mid-November, a sailor was sentenced to be flogged with 250 strikes in front of his comrades, a violation of the law.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The punishment was extended even after the man had lost consciousness.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The incident brought the sailors who planned the rebellion into a frenzy, and although they were not ready for their uprising from that sit-in, preparations were accelerated and the actual events originated earlier than had been planned; 21—22.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

on Nov.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

At that time numerous upserees and the captain were murdered, the rest of the officer was forced off the ship.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

British engineers who had passed with the ship since its completion were taken hostage.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Subsequently, the rebellion spread to São Paulo, Deodoro and Bahia.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

During the rebellion, discipline was not loosened on ships; daily exercises resumed, and Felisberto ordered all liquor to be thrown overboard.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Although the crews of Brazilian torpedo boats remained loyal to the government, and ground forces moved to protect the presidential castle and the coast, neither of these was to stop the insurgents.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The main problem for the management team was that many of the men responsible for the defence of the port of Rio de Janeiro had sympathies with the rebels.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Possible bombing raids on Rio de Janeiro forced the Brazilian People's Congress to agree to the rebel demands, which included the abolition of floggings, better living conditions and amnesty for all rebels.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The government also issued official apologies and declared its remorse.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

This led to the end of the mutiny on 26 November, when command of the four ships involved was handed back to the Navy.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

In 1913, Minas Geraes transported Brazilian Foreign Minister Lauro Müller to the United States as a counterweight to the visit of United States Secretary of State Elihu Root seven years earlier.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

World War I Although World War I was not fought on Brazilian soil, it had a crushing effect on the country's economy.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Coffee and rubber prices plummeted, as during wartime there was weak demand for rubber, and Great Britain did not allow coffee imports into Europe because all merchant ships were reserved for “more important products”.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

In addition to this, coffee exports to the Central Powers were declared contraband, so every Brazilian cargo travelling towards them was subject to investigation and seizure.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Even the arrival of cargo bound for some neutral countries was blocked, so that coffee would certainly not get through anywhere.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Despite these restrictions, Brazil officially declared its neutrality on 4 August 1914.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

However, it was tilted to the Circum-Powers for the first three years of the war because of its bulky merchant fleet.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

After merchants amused in the circumpolar powers, Brazilian ships began operating the emptied trade routes.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Because of their actions, the ships were in danger of being attacked by German U-boats, and after Germany declared unrestricted anti-submarine warfare in February 1917, several Brazilian ships were sunk, driving the country close to declaration of war.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Brazil renounced its neutrality in the warfare between the United States and Germany on 1 June 1917, but did not declare war.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Meanwhile, German merchant ships in Brazilian ports, 45 pieces in all, were surrounded and overrun.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Most of these were unusable due to sabotage and discarding.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

On 28 June, Brazil revoked its neutrality over all the central and circumferential powers, but still did not declare war.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

With this move, Brazilian merchant ships could voyage in convoys of the Circum-Powers.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Brazilian marine forces were deployed to patrol the southern Atlantic with French, British and US navies, although none of Brazil's naval units had the capabilities required to combat submarines, and its ships were presumably not supposed to encounter any threat beyond its own territorial waters, as Brazil had still not declared war on the central powers.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

In any case, on 18 October, yet another Brazilian merchant ship sank in Spain, and eight days later Brazil declared war.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Brazil offered Minas Geraes and São Paulo to the British Grand Fleet, but the honour was refused, as both ships were in poor condition and behind their time.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

As an example of the poor condition of the ships, fourteen of São Paulo's eighteen steam boilers ceased operations as it voyaged for overhaul to New York in June 1918.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Interwar Period Work with São Paulo was completed on January 17, 1920, and it returned to Brazil.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

On July 15, Minas Geraes set out toward New York for his own healing.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

August 22, 1920—4.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Between October 1921, the ship underwent a major class overhaul, not least in terms of her armament.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

In July 1922, Minas Geraes joined the aid of São Paulo in defeating the First Revolução Tenentista Rebellion, in which the military garrison of Rio de Janeiro had begun bombarding the city.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

São Paulo shelled the base, and after a short interval, the rebels surrendered.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Minas Geraes never fired once.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

In 1924, Minas Geraes was involved in another uprising, but remained on the side of the government.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

First Lieutenant Hercolino Cascardo, seven lieutenants and other persons guided São Paulo to the Rio de Janeiro port on 4 November 1924.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Their goal was to force the government to release prisoners who had participated in the 1922 revolts and were now being held on the prison ship Cuibaba, but their demands were not persuaded.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

As a result, São Paulo's steam boilers were heated, and it “steamed menacingly” around Minas Gerae, trying to lure this into its rebellion.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

However, São Paulo failed to seduce beyond one of its old torpedo boat projects.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Its rebellious crew, angry at Minas Geraes' unwillingness to join them, shelled the ship, resulting in Minas Geraes' cook being wounded.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The rebels then sailed away from the port, exchanging shots with the bases that flanked the trip and set their course for Montevideo, Uruguay.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The capacitors broke down en route, and São Paulo reached Montevideo on 10 November, proceeding at a pace of only 17 kilometres per hour.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The mutinous crew members came ashore and were granted asylum, while others again hoisted the Brazilian flag in the salko.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Between June 1931 and 1935, Minas Geraes was completely rebuilt and modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Base.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Its old coal and oil system was replaced by one using only oil for its fuel, and all 18 of the original Babcock and Wilcox boilers were removed and replaced by six new Thornycroft boilers.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The former 1st Boiler Room and twelve coal depots were converted to reservoirs for oil storage, the upper coal stores were completely removed.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

In addition, the dynamos in Minas Gerae were replaced by new turbo generators.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

World War II and later phases Like World War I, Brazil remained neutral through the early years of World War II.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

However, German attacks on Brazilian merchant ships forced the state to the Allied side: Brazil declared war on 21 August 1942 and participated in the war effort from 31 August.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Except for the three destroyers that went waterlogged in 1940, as well as four submarines from the interwar period, were Brazilian warships badly behind the date, consisting mostly of pre-World War I ships.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Fleet mainstays Minas Geraes, São Paulo, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul were all over thirty years old.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Although Minas Gerae was still being improved between 1939 and '43, it was still too old and unfit to be actively involved in the war.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Instead, the dreadnought was anchored off Salvador and used as floating artillery for the duration of the war.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Minas Geraes stood idle for most of the rest of their time.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Although decommissioned on 16 May 1952, the ship served as the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Brazilian Naval Forces until 17 December of the same year.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Minas Geraes was wiped from the naval register on 31 December and sold to an Italian ship landing company, SA Cantiere Navale de Santa Maria.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The ship was taken under tow on 1 March 1954, and arrived at Genoa on 22 April.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

The old dreadnought, which had served for over forty years, was dismantled for scrap later that year.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Sources Andrews, George Reid (2004).


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Afro-Latin America, 1800—2000.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

ISBN 0195152328.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

OCLC.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds (1980).


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922—1946].


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

ISBN 0870219138.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

OCLC.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds (1984).


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906—1921.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

ISBN 0870219073.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

OCLC.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Miller, David (2001).


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Illustrated Directory of Warships of the World: From 1860 to the Present.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Osceola: MBI Publishing Company.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

ISBN 0760311277.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

OCLC.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Scheina, Robert L.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Latin America's Wars.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Washington, D.C.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

: Brassey's.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

ISBN 1574884522.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

OCLC.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Naval Warfare, 1815—1914.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

London and New York: Routledge.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

ISBN 0415214785.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

OCLC.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Smallman, Shawn C.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Fear & Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 1889—1954.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

ISBN 0807853593.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

OCLC.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Tupper, Admiral Sir Reginald G.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

O.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Reminiscences.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

London: Jarrold & Sons.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

OCLC.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Whitley, M.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

C.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Battleships of World War Two.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

ISBN 155750184X.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

OCLC.


Question: When was Mineas Geraes lowered into the waters?

Minas Geraes

References Category:Minas Geraes class battleships Class:Armstrong-made ships Class:Brazilian World War II battleships


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

A lightning war (,) refers to a rapid attack through defensive lines to cripple enemy fighting units.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The attack is epitomised by its ferocity, surprise and the seamless cooperation of the gun species.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The principle of lightning war was first articulated by English General J.F.C.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Fuller, and was first applied at the Battle of Amiens in 1918.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The lightning war theory was developed into its final form by German war theorists and war leaders after World War I in the early part of the 20th century.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The theory was based on the “revolutionary” notions put forward by the famous war theorist Carl von Clausewitz in his book On Warfare (Vom Kriege) in the mid-19th century, for example of the use of cavalry.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Tanks can be considered the 20th century equivalent of cavalry, both in terms of use and measure.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Later, some of the power of the rapid strike capability has been replaced by ground combat aircraft in World War II and, after World War II, in addition to combat helicopters.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Lightning War Theory The basic idea of a lightning attack is to create a clear focus for the attack, i.e. smash enemy lines at a few points with simultaneous artillery concentrations and airstrikes.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

After the fire surprise begins, armoured wedges penetrate enemy defensive lines, destroying and clearing a gap in the defences.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Simultaneously, artillery starts blockading (so-called barrier fire) areas behind the breaking points, and the air force makes ferocious strikes at enemy depth against convoys, artillery positions, troop assembly areas and maintenance.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

These measures cause panic and the so-called domino phenomenon in enemy defenses, causing the defenses to collapse.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

In this case, even an underpowered attacker can destroy and cripple enemy armies.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

At Amiens in 1918, British forces quickly reached a decisive breakthrough without massive losses such as the 1916 Somme Offensive.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

However, the idea of lightning war fell to little attention in its native Britain after World War I, and the lightning war doctrine was developed into its present form by the Germans, who were banned by the Treaty of Versailles, among other things, the armoured weapon species, but developed their tactics The Treaty of Rapallo started with the help of Soviet Russia, then also the Soviet Union and Germany.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The Panzer Corps trained on Soviet territory in Kazan.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The idea of flexible use of armor factions behind enemy lines was put forward by Heinz Guderian.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Guderian suggested that armoured groupings should advance forward from breaking points, capturing enemy areas and causing mayhem by movement and fire in enemy armies (cavalry used to be used before armour for slightly this sort of action).


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The eventual destruction of the defensive lines would remain a concern for the infantry.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

This tactic, combined with flexible cooperation of weapons species, demonstrated its functionality in World War II.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

However, initiating a lightning attack involves a lot of risks, which can be greatly reduced by proper reconnaissance of attack careers, and as preparedness as best as possible for all possible adversity.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Yet attack is always a degree of gambling, where luck also matters.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Lightning war in practice Lightning war was first seen in World War I, but not really until World War II.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The world wars were epitomised by the then mass armies, from which a war of consumption ensued, in which the nation's resources were directed entirely at the service of the war industry, as well as relentless strikes against the entire enemy people (ideologies).


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Thus, several million men were involved in the lightning attacks, as well as an untold number of other equipment such as cannons, tanks and aircraft.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

With the technology at the time, it was quite a challenge for logistics.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

There have been a few conflicts in modern times that have either featured lightning warlike features or have been entirely integrable to the concept (the Iraq War).


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

World War II Germany's success in World War II was partly based on its superior war-leadership.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Western European countries got to notice Germany had changed the whole warfare as much as firearms did in its time.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The western parts of Europe tended to bend rapidly in succession in the face of German armour.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

On September 1, 1939, the Poles were the first to encounter the then most powerful warplane in the world and the resistance of the Polish army folded within weeks.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

In the summer of 1940, Germany invaded France via Belgium and the Netherlands, capturing strategic points with paratroops, through which the Panzer Corps was able to evade the French's strong defensive lines.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The French and British colonist armies had armour but were not centralised as they were in Germany, instead placed in infantry divisions.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Ewald von Kleist and Heinz Guderian, who served as architects of the attack, found themselves almost on a joyride through the French countryside.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The infantry followed up to a week behind to occupy the recaptured territories.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

France surrendered on 22 June.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

With the western parts of Europe freezing under Germany and the failure to occupy England, Adolf Hitler turned his gaze to the east; preparations for Operation Barbarossa began.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

This time it was the Soviet Union, the world's biggest industrial powers, a country with its immeasurable natural resources and human reserves.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

This tells of the gamble that Hitler and the German war leadership took, but it also speaks to the lessons learned and the possibility that even an underpowered army can break the will to fight a superior opponent.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

From the Eastern Front, history was left with the greatest victories (and losses) in world history, as well as motto battles.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Shortly after the war began in the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, lightning warfare experts Kleist and Guderian engaged almost all of Ukraine and the Russian armies there with their fast armoured armies.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

As a result, hundreds of thousands of men died and about one million men were captured.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Immeasurable amounts of material remained on the battlefield, the Soviet Union was on its knees, and the world was gasping for breath in the face of this unimaginable victory.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Activities on the Eastern Front were well illustrated by the fact that the Germans at the forefront of Guderia demanded that the Panzer Corps not be broken up into smaller units, and to have mobile as long as fuel and ammunition is sufficient.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The Red Army, in turn, dispersed its armour superior in quantity and quality into smaller and less effective detachments alongside the infantry.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Such a tactic, of course, requires immense organizational ability and incredible performance from maintenance.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Germany failed in maintenance with known consequences.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The Western Allies also learned the doctrine of lightning war.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Due to their superior logistics, the Western Allies were able to take France very quickly in 1944.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The absolute prerequisite for success in a lightning war is air supremacy.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

If the enemy has air supremacy, it is capable of destroying the attacker's advancing armour wedges from the air and cutting off the attacker's supply routes.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

In this case, the attack quickly stops and is punchable back.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Modern version In modern times, the design and implementation of lightning attack has become much more complicated with the advent of technology.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

However, the basic idea remains the same, only efficiency, accuracy and speed are further improved.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The US military's “shock and awe” doctrine is an application of lightning war.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The phrase “Speed is life” is used in the Israeli military.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

One aspect of lightning warfare is that almost one in three of the frontline soldiers are knocked down or maimed.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

This share has been able to lower the United States with technology and artillery and bombardment preparations, which however, particularly in urban areas, can lead to large civilian losses.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

In the air war, due to high use, equipment wears out very quickly without actual damage to the enemy, this was observed, among other things, in Israel's so-called Six-Day War.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Since then, through the structure of aircraft equipment, there have been efforts to modularize maintenance, efforts have been made to get rid of the afterburners of jet engines, etc.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

In this way, the depreciation of the stock can be maintained at a reasonable level.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

A well-known example of modern lightning warfare is the Iraq War, in which the Coalition began a massive air campaign against Iraq, with the goal of destroying Army leadership, communications and supply links.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

There was excellent success in that.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Flexibility thinking is integrated into current Western technology warfare as far as possible.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Information travels from mobile ground units through Central Command very quickly to the Air Force, which can come to support ground forces in a few minutes.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Attacks in three dimensions across the country can be timed with a precision of seconds.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Enemy movements can be reacted in an instant and deliver counter-strikes quickly and accurately to their destination.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Through computer networks, modern war can be led from the other side of the globe.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Modern lightning warfare is illustrated by the short duration of war, the complete crippling of the enemy army's will to fight, the minimal losses of its own troops and civilians, and the shorthand and localism of the fighting.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Defending against lightning war Defending against lightning warfare is very difficult, as the attack proceeds quickly and ferociously, and if the attacker has effective logistics, the attack heads can advance tens or hundreds of kilometres before the attack culminates.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Because the frequency of fire is enormous, no static structure can withstand nor prevent an attack.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The old principle of changing mode at time and receding before the culmination of the attack becomes problematic, especially if the attacker uses paratroopers to strike against the defender's back, because it is difficult to define the “interchangeable” mode.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

One way to defend yourself is air supremacy — which controls the sky, can also control the ground, and attack wedges can be destroyed by air.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Because lightning war armies are heavily mechanised and lean heavily on motorized maintenance, they are tied to roads and maintenance careers.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Attack routes are therefore pre-predictable: they follow the lines of major roads and railways.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

In defense, pioneer action is very important: bracketing, blocking movement, fortifying and promoting one's own movement.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Combat actions take place along and near traffic routes, therefore defence forces should be grouped as flexibly as possible so that they have the most accessible routes of action, both with delay in view of their own back and in view of counterattack to traffic routes.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The front line should be as flexible as possible and equipped with delay, not defence, in mind.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

In combat, instead of active resistance, the main focus should be on delaying and promoting the culmination of the attack.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Combat actions should be directed primarily against the tips of the attack wedges rather than their flanks and thus transform the advancing armor wedges into motes.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

In this case, there is a risk that the attacker will lose his tank after the fuel is exhausted.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

In World War II, the Germans lost more tanks due to running out of fuel than to any other reason.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The importance of special forces and guerrilla activities acting on the back of the attack is highlighted.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

The guerrillas are tasked with cutting off and destroying enemy logistics: supply convoys and depots, message centers, as well as attack enemy command centers.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

Once the movement has stopped, it can be destroyed.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

A counterattack against a culminated armour wedge usually turns the attack into a mayhem escape.


Question: What does lightning war mean?

Lightning war

See also List of military operations Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alan Clark| title= Barbaro| publisher = Quill| year = 1985| id= ISBN 0-688-04268-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Peter McCarthy&Mike Syron| title = Panzerkrieg| publisher = Robinson| year = 2002| id = ISBN 1-84119-800-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paul Carell| title = March to Russia| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1964}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paul Carell| title = Scorched Earth| publisher = Gumher = Gumher Merus| year = 1967}} Category:Warfare Strategy Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The battles of Antrea were fought during the Finnish Civil War from 11 February to 25 April 1918 in the Keepers of Antrea and Jääske located on the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[1] The fighting was concentrated along the Karelian line between the Kavantsaari and Hannila railway stations and the nearby villages of Ahvola and Pullila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The intention of the Reds was to advance to the White-held Antrea railway station, which was an important junction station for the line from Vyborg to Joensuu and the Petersburg-Hiitola line.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The fiercest fighting took place in Ahvola, which in turn was a strategically important crossroads along the road from Vyborg to Imatra.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Along with the battles of Tampere, Vyborg and Rautu, the battles of Antrea were the bloodiest in the civil war.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Approximately 300 men fell from each side and in addition both lost several hundred wounded.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

General, the Antrean Front was part of a total of 75 km long front stretching from Joutseno on the shore of Saimaa up to 30 kilometres east of the Karelian track to the Heinjoki keeper.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[2] Military action in the direction of Antrea stopped in place as early as the end of February, after which nine weeks of station war-style fighting took place in the area.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Therefore, the battles of Ahvola in particular have been called the “Verdun of Finland” according to the Battle of Verdun of World War I, which was a ten-month-long stationary war phase on the Western Front.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[3] Due to the proximity of St. Petersburg, the Red side also fought in the early stages a large number of volunteers from Soviet Russia, but their numbers did not become as significant as in the Battle of Raudu, which took place near the border.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On the Karelian line, a major role was played by armoured trains of both sides controlling the interval between Kavantsaari and Hannila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In addition, both had aircraft at their disposal and Antrea Airport, established by the Whites in March, is considered the birthplace of the Finnish Air Force.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[4] The fighting at Antrea ended “unresolved” at the end of April when the Whites launched their own major offensive to recapture Vyborg.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Instead of the Karelian line, they now circled from its west side to the Saint Petersburg track in the south through the Heinjoki River, and the Reds withdrew to Vyborg at the same time.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[5] The battle sites Kavantsaari and Hannila Kavantsaari and Hannila are located approximately 20—25 kilometres north of Vyborg along the Karelian track.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The more southerly Kavantsar was held by the Reds and the Whites in turn had taken over Hannila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The five-kilometre section of track between the railway stations was controlled by armoured trains, so no heavy infantry fighting took place along the line.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Armoured trains, on the other hand, made attacks on opposing positions and their cannons also shelled enemies who had been staying further away from the track.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[6] The headquarters and base of the Red Antrean Front served in the Kavantsaari station area.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In addition, the Reds had occupied the village of Syvälahti, located a couple of kilometres northwest of Kavantsaari.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Along with the railway, the road between Vyborg and Antrea also passed through Kavantsaari.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[6] Pullila Pullila village was located just off Kavantsaari about five kilometres east of the railway, along the road from Vyborg to the church village of Antrea.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The village remained until the end in the possession of the Reds despite several attacks by the Whites.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The main battles took place on 5 March and on 13 April, where the Whites managed to surprise the Reds barricaded on the slope of Pullilanmäki.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In addition, smaller battles took place in Alanoskua, located five kilometres southeast of Pullila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[6] Ahvola Ahvola was a strategically important village belonging to the keeper of Jääske, located about four kilometres west of the Karelian track and the Vyborg-Imatra road west of Hannila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

It also crosses the road leading to the church village of Antrea via Hannila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The crossing point was of great importance to both sides and the fiercest fighting in the Antrea front block took place in Ahvola, where an average of twenty men per day fell for over two months.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[7] According to Captain Aarne Sihvo, who was the commander of the Whites, Ahvola was a matter of honour for whites and the village was held at any price.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[5] At the start of the fighting, Ahvola was held by a patronage force commanded by Edmund Heimolainen.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The tribesman himself had no military training whatsoever, although he later succeeded in his promotion to ensign.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On 11 February, the Reds took over the village, while the Whites fled across the open open in the direction of Hannila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

After receiving reinforcements, the Whites recaptured the village the next day and the Reds made yet another counterattack a day later, after which the front line at Ahvola took position until the end of the fighting.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The Whites were in their own positions on the slopes of the wooded hills surrounding Ahvola and the nearby villages of Seitsola and Oravala, with the reds attacking them from the west.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The attacks always began at the same time around 9 a.m., and ended in the evening after dusk descended.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The Whites, on the other hand, exchanged their men in line every morning and evening at 7 a.m.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, the troops were accommodated in villages located several kilometres away, so due to the distance folded on foot, the “working days” often stretched as long as 15 hours.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The Whites also made some breakthrough attempts at the villages of Kilpeenjoki and Syvälahti, held by the Reds at the end of February.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[8] [9] [10] Parties The White Army Karelian Group fighting on the White Antrean Front was initially commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Herman Wärnhjelm, who was however ousted from his post as early as 12 February, [11] when he would have withdrawn the troops north of Vuoksi.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Wärnhjelm, who had been transferred to Sortavala's back officer, was replaced by Jääkär Captain Aarne Sihvo, whose appointment as Commander-in-Chief C.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

G.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

E. Mannerheim confirmed when he visited Antrea 23.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

on Feb.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[3] In Ahvola, the White forces were initially commanded by Edmund Heimolainen, who had no military training, and after him Captain Aleksander Pell, commander of Sortavala's patronage.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On 24 February he was exchanged for Mountemaster Oskar Kuula and Pell was reassigned as Company Chief to the Satakunta Front.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The reorganizations carried out by Mannerheim on the same occasion also included the reassignment of the elderly Colonel Adolf Aminoff as chief of the Mikkeli patronage district.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

He was replaced by Georg Elfvengren as chief of the I Battalion, which was stationed at Ora, east of Pullila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Both Kuula and Elfvegren were, like Mannerheim, old officers of the Imperial Russian Army, which in turn did not please the icemen.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[12] The first White forces on the Antrean front were local patrons and soon a so-called group of Russian islanders who fled Vyborg also arrived.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In addition to the Jakeers and Patronymen, conscripts were sent to the front, however some of whom were supporters of the Reds and therefore unreliable.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

They were deployed in lieu of combat tasks, among other things, fortress construction work.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The Whites initially suffered from crew shortages, but as March wore on they received resupplies, among whom there were also sub-officers who graduated from the Vöyr War School and the Pietarsaari Artillery School.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[5] Whites serviced their troops by rail from Sortavala and Joensuu directions.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[3] The General Staff of the Karelian Front was based on a staff train stationed at Antrea railway station.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Also operating in the station area include a field hospital, field post office, military home, front newspaper, Engineer Corps installations, and weapons and intendenture departments.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The chief of staff was Captain Woldemar Hägglund.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[5] Reserve troop training sites were established in Hiitola, Sortavala, Savonlinna and Käkisalme, among others.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[2] The writer Ilmari Kianto served as the White war correspondent on the Antrean front.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[13] The Red Antrea belonged to the Eastern Front of the Reds, whose command of the Antrean Front Block was A.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Backman.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[3] His deputy chief was apparently also Nestor Blom, who commanded Pullila's forces.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[14] [15] In addition to the Karelian Red Guards, mostly assembled from the Vyborg region, the Reds from Uudeltamaa participated in the fighting.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Among other things, the Red Guards in Helsinki on the front was the famous company of Jyry, one of the elite Reds forces.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[16] Its chief Hjalmar Marttinen fell in Kavantsaare in early March, after which Adam Malm, known as a wrestler, was appointed.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[17] In total, Jyry's company lost at least five fallen and dozens wounded in the fighting at Antrea.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[18] The Malmin I Company, assembled from the Red Guards of the Helsinki Keeper, was involved in the battles at Pullila and Syvälahti with a force of at least 250 men.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In addition to Malmi, who was the keeper of Helsinki at the time, it also had men from the Red Guards of Käpylä, Pakila, Tikkurila and Hämeenkylä.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[19] In March, Red Guards were sent to Antrea in the Kauka of Mäntsälä and Hyvinkää.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[20] In addition, the Female Guard of the Vyborg Signalling Company was also present at the front, which took part in the battles of Pullila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[21] Russian volunteers for the Antrean Front came at least from Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Siberia, but these forces were already disembarked in mid-March following the entry into force of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty established by Soviet-Russia and Germany.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[22] The short distance of Vyborg facilitated the maintenance of the Reds fighting in the direction of Antrea, as well as weapons and ammunition replenishment.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The war effort was directed from the Red Guards Eastern Front HQ located in Vyborg, but the Reds also established a local base in the village of Kavantsaare, with the headquarters accommodating the Kavantsaari estate.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The male strength of the Reds rose to more than 4,000 men at the end of March.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, they constantly had problems equipping troops.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Factory workers' outfits were poorly suited to front conditions and the Reds were even forced to give up some of the off-road gains they had made when there were no tents in place for overnight stays.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The fallen and wounded were transported to Vyborg, where a military hospital had been established.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

More than 500 people served in medical duties, among whom there were also Red Cross nurses.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[3] The main Reds force was in Ahvola, where some 2,000 Red Guards and Russian volunteers advanced in February.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, the advance was already stalled after a few clashes, and subsequent attacks did not lead to a breakthrough.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The power of the Reds was weakened by the simultaneous protection of the vital Helsinki track, which tied a significant number of men to the west of Vyborg.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[3] After capturing Kavant Island, the Reds began their assault on Antrea on 9 February.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The objective was to take over the line from Vuoksenniska to Lake Lake Käkisalmi north of Antrea.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The attack was carried out by the Red Guards of the Lappeenranta region, which had advanced from the west, and the Vyborg Red Guards who attacked the Karelian line.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, the attack on Lappeenranta stopped almost immediately 10 km away at Joutseno and the advance along Antrea also ended after less than a week on 15 February.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The Whites had about 1,000 men in Antrea at the time.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[23] With the general attack launched on 21 February, the Reds struck on a significantly wider front towards Antrea with a force of four separate detachments.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In addition to the directions of Joutseno and Vyborg, an advance was now made to Antrea also from the central and eastern parts of the Isthmus with a total force of 4,000 men.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, this time the main attack took place from the south along the Karelian Track.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The attack was supposed to start from every direction at the same time, but in reality the troops all went out on different dates.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The main attack did not get underway until 26 February, when the Whites had been conducting their own strikes all along facing the Red Lines.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, even this time the attack did not achieve its objective; all troops stopped after a few days already.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Because of this, the Red HQ in Helsinki found the general offensive of the Karelian Front inconclusive and ordered it to be stopped on 28 February.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, the Vyborg Staff ignored the order, but continued on their own war efforts, which now, however, had essentially turned into a war of positions.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Because of this, the new general offensive, which began on 10 March, no longer had much effect on the war effort on the Antrean Front.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The last Reds major offensive was launched on 20 March, but even that stopped already after two days and the war of positions continued as it was.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[23] Military action The retreat of the Whites to Antrea, assembled from the patrons of the Isthmus, tried before the war began to take control of Vyborg on 23 January.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

After the operation failed, they initially fled to the Gulf of Vyborg to the Russian Island and thence, under Colonel Adolf Aminoff, on 26 January via Säiniö and Kämärä at Lake Suomajärvi towards the north and Antrea, where the force arrived two days later.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[24] The patrons of Antrea, Räisälä and Käkisalmi Joensuu had already taken over the positions of Kavantsaari and Antrea on the previous day 27.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

on Jan.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[2] Initial fighting After the actual start of the Civil War, the patrons still remaining in the Vyborg region also began a retreat towards Antrea.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On January 31, they blew up a railway bridge located nearby Tali Station 10 kilometres north of Vyborg.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

24 hours later, the Reds repaired the bridge and took control of Tal without a fight.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The next day, the Reds advanced to Karisalmi railway station and finally on 9 February captured the Kavantsaari railway station.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The next day, the Whites recaptured Kavant Island, but only a 70-man strong force was unable to hold it when the Reds after 24 hours attacked the station with a battalion-strong detachment.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

After the Reds blockaded the station from three directions, Jakeer Viljo Paloheimo the Whites ordered the Whites to withdraw.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On 11 February, the Reds also attacked the Hannila railway station north of Kavantsaari and the villages of Ahvola and Seitsola to its west.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The Reds took Ahvola and Seitsola, but the Whites managed to hold Hannila, having come to the aid of an armoured train in the last moments, which because of this gained the nickname “The Savior of Karelia”.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

If not only Ahvola, the Whites had also lost Hannila, they would have had to withdraw to the north of Vuoksi and the situation on the Antrean front would have changed substantially.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[6] On 12 February, the White artillery bombarded Seistola village from Hannila and the Reds were eventually forced to retreat less than 10 kilometres to the southwest to the Kilpe River.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The next day, however, Colonel Herman Wärnhjelm, who commanded the Whites, deemed the situation difficult enough that he ordered his troops to withdraw from Hannila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, Captain Aarne Sihvo, who was subordinate to him, disobeyed the order, but launched attacks against Ahvola and Kavantsaari.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The Whites managed to take Ahvola, where the Reds still made an unsuccessful counterattack the next day.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In Kavantsaare, white armoured train cannon fire hit the locomotive of the Red Armoured Train, the station building, as well as the Kavantsaare estate which served as the headquarters of the HQ; however, the Whites were unable to take the railway station.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In the following days, the Reds lost a considerable part of their strength when first the St. Petersburg Volunteer Regiment, as well as a little later the regiments of the Moscow and Pavlov War College, left the front.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On 18 February, a further so-called Siberian regiment left Antrea.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[6] White Commander-in-Chief C.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

G.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

E. Mannerheim visited Antrea on 23 February, when he confirmed the appointment of Aarne Sihvo as the new commander of the Antrea Front in place of Wärnhjelm, who had been dismissed from the position.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

At the same time, Mannerheim issued his famous Killer Whale Day Orders at the Antrea railway station.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In it, he set East Karelia as the goal of Finland's geographical region, promising not to put his sword in a sheath until the Bolsheviks have been expelled from both Finland and Viena Karelia.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, Captain Sihvo doubted the political wisdom of the day order issued.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

During his visit, Mannerheim also detailed the unclear command relationships of the Antrea frontal block, which had been in critical situation, and exchanged officers in command positions.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[25] On the same day, the Whites made a further attack according to plans drawn up by Mannerheim, but only gained control of the hamlets of Turn and Heinjoki 30 kilometres to the east of the track, led by Mounted Master Aito Husso.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

As the Reds continued their own attacks, ordered Captain Aleksander Pell, who commanded Ahvola's forces, the next day, for all his men to retreat to Antrea, but Sihvo apparently made him spin his decision and thus saved the situation.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The solution was put to the fault of Pell's nerves, but the most significant reason for his decision was that the Whites were also forced to commit their small forces to Rautu in the eastern part of the Isthmus at the same time.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

A detachment led by Georg Elfvengren [12] had been sent from Antrea and a couple of days before the visit of Mannerheim, nearly 300 more men had moved to Rautu.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[26] 23—24.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On February, the Whites tried unsuccessfully to take the villages of Kilpeennoja and Syvälahti as well, after which the fighting essentially turned into a war of positions.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[5] The position war phase on 26 February, the Puans launched their general attack also in the direction of Antrea.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Fierce battles were fought for control of the village of Ahvola for the next fortnight, with the Reds attacking White defensive positions almost daily until 12 March.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

They were now also accompanied by an abundance of Russian Baltic Fleet matruuses.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[6] After the turn of March there was also fighting five kilometres over the village of Pullila east of Kavantsaari, where the Whites attacked at least 5.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

on March.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[27] On 10 March, a White armoured train attacked from Hannila towards Kavant Island.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

It proceeded to the destroyed Putkoisenjoki railway bridge, which was located halfway through the stations, where, however, a Reds armoured train was met.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Three days later, the Reds repaired the bridge, after which the Whites sent a patrol on their way to destroy the bridge again.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Blowing up the bridge failed and the Reds were able to use their armoured train to attack Hannila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Supported by infantry advancing by road, the Reds force was eventually forced to retreat back to Kilpe River and Deep Bay.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On 15 March, the Whites again attempted to retake Pullila and four days later the Reds suffered further bad losses in the battle in the village of Alanoskua.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On 20 March, the Reds” last all-Karelian front-wide general attack was launched, but, like the previous ones, it too quickly stalled.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[6] However, the Whites lost Ahvola Hauhianmäki and part of Suninmäki, having to withdraw one kilometre southwest to Oravala.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Subsequently, the front was fought for the next three weeks, with the exception of a couple of single attacks again, only a position war.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[5] On 23 March, the Reds armoured train Ukrainski Revolutsija made a daring attack on Hannila, stopping just 250 yards from the positions of the Whites.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

For 20 minutes, gunfire was fired from the train with cannons and machine guns, but after the fire paused, the Whites managed to score a hit on the armoured train's ammunition carriage.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, Ukrainski Revolutsija managed to withdraw, supported by Armoured Train 4.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The next day, the Whites strung through a flank to the village of Näälä south of Kavantsaari, with the intention of cutting the track and the Reds' connections to Vyborg, but the attack was repulsed.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The rescuer of Karelia, a white armoured train, shelled the Reds positions still at least south of Hannila at Kanniko 13.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

april.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[6] On the same day, the Whites took over the strategically important hill of Pullila, when they managed to surprise the Red reservists holding positions on the southwestern slope and members of the Vyborg Women's Guard, eight of whom fell in the battle.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[21] However, the village of Pullila still remained in the possession of the Reds.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[19] In mid-April, Mannerheim visited the Antrean front for the second time, where he visited Suninmäki in Ahvola under the guidance of Paavo Sivén and compared the battle sites with the Western Front of the First World War under way at the same time.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[5] On 23 April, the Whites launched their own major offensive with the objective of recapturing Vyborg.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, according to the plan drawn up by Mannerheim, the attack took place instead of the Karelian track from deep reds from the Heinjoki River towards the Saint Petersburg Track and from there on to Vyborg.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[28] With the launch of the White attack, the Reds in the direction of Antrea were also ordered to withdraw to aid the defences of Vyborg.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Thus the Whites regained control of Kavantsaari on 24 April and from Ahvola the Reds withdrew 24 hours later.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[29] Leaving Kavant Island, the Reds set fire to the station buildings as well as about 300 freight wagons, among them richly loaded with ammunition and explosives.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[6] Air operations The Whites established Antrea Airport in March, located at the southern end of Lake Päähk.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On 25 March, Air Detachment II led by Danish lieutenant Knud von Clauson-Kaas, comprising two DFW C.V reconnaissance aircraft imported from Germany, arrived on the scene.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

However, it did not participate in the war effort.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

10—11 a.m.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On April, a Stetin M-9 flying boat arrived in Antrea from Russia, along with two Nieuport 10 reconnaissance aircraft and two Nieuport 11 fighter jets.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The machines were organized for the Whites by Russian captain Aleksander Krasein, who later remained in Finnish army service under the name Alexander Toikka.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

In addition to him, five other airmen who supported the Russian White Army defected to Finland.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The Russians began combat flights on 13 April, when the Reds were bombed on the section of track between Kavantsaari and Hannila.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Three days later, the Aviation Division of the Karelian Army Corps was formed from the Russian aircraft, which, after one week, was merged into Air Division II under the orders of Mannerheim.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

After the Civil War it was moved to Utt in Kouvola.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[30] On the Antrean front, the Reds had two Nieuport airboats operating from the ice of Pantsarlahti in Vyborg, with three Russian pilots as pilots.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

At first, they made reconnaissance flights and, like the whites, also dropped propaganda leaflets.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The first bombing flight was made on 23 February, when four bombs were dropped on Hannila Station.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

One hit close to their own positions, but three others fell on their targets.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

Another reconnaissance and bombing flight was made on 2 March, when a bomb dropped on Hannila Station destroyed one building.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

On 8 March, bombs were unsuccessfully dropped on Antrea and another on 17 March two bombs were dropped near the power plant at Linnankoski, which was located on Imatra.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[30] Monuments Memorials to the battles of the Atrea Front have been erected at least in Ahvola.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[31] In addition, the Antrean Cemetery contains a monument to Antreans fallen during the battles of the Civil War and subsequent Viena expeditions, designed by architect Wäinö Keinänen.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[32] [33] There is also a memorial plaque at the southern end of Lake Päähk.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[4] Other The Garden of Death, composed by composer Leevi Madetoja between 1918 and 1921, is dedicated to his brother Yrjö Madetoja (born 1885), who was executed by the Reds in Kavantsaare.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

The deaths of George and Toivo Kuula, who relied on close friends of Leevi Madeoja, are also reflected in his 1918 Sinfonia No 2.


Question: Why was there a battle in Antrea?

Battles of Antrea

[34] [35] Sources Category:Battles of the Karelian Front Category:Antrea Class:Jääski Class:History of ceded territories


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

During the turmoil that followed the end of World War I, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was a communist regime that came to power in Hungary from 21 March to 1 August 1919.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Hungarian Communist Party, led by Béla Kun, had come to power following the collapse of the Republic of Mihály Károlyi.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Soviet Republic, too, soon ran into trouble due to economic and external threats.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Its support was eaten by the failure of reforms and the terror directed at opponents of the Soviet Republic.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Soviet government was finally forced to resign on 1 August 1919 as Romanian troops advanced towards the capital Budapest.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

After Soviet rule, Miklós Horthy, who was appointed state administrator, eventually came to power.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Background Hungary had as part of Austria-Hungary suffered defeat in World War I.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

In October 1918, the so-called Chrysanthemum Revolution had broken out in Hungary and revolutionary soldiers took over the country's cities and countryside.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The last major gesture of the dual monarchy was the signing of the Armistice Agreement on 3 November.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Austria was declared a republic on 12 November and Hungary an independent republic on 16 November.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Count Mihály Károlyi, whose government, which enjoyed great popular popularity, called for rapid peace, universal suffrage and other social reforms, rose to the country's prime minister.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The government also hoped to prevent minority nationalities such as Slovaks, Serbs and Romanians from being seceded from Hungary.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

However, the country faced a number of difficulties.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The economy had collapsed and the perimeter powers that won the war were on the side of minority citizenships.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Towards the end of 1918, the Czechs occupied Slovakia, Romania Transsylvania and the eastern part of the Hungarian Tasano, and the Serbs occupied Bácska and Baanate.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The territorial losses were a considerable prestige boost to the Károlyii government.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

[1] The Hungarian Communist Party had been founded on November 24, 1918.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

It was run by Jewish-born newspaperman Béla Kun.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Béla Kun had been a prisoner of war in Russia and he had met Vladimir Lenin.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The ideological model was obtained from the German and Austrian labour movements.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Communists believed in the poor-fisted revolution of Europe as a whole, and eventually a world revolution.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Hungary was seen as part of the chain of events leading up to this.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The founders of the party were mainly former Social Democrats.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The party began to gain support first, especially in the capital's factory workers district, and eventually also in rural areas of the country.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Supporters of the party began to set up councils of workers, peasants and soldiers.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

[1] Károly was made President of Hungary on 11 January 1919.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Károlyi's biggest reform project was land reform, that is, the disposal of large farms and the division to small ranchers.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Attempts were made to curb the growing popularity of the Communists by vanquishing Béla Kun and about half a hundred other Communists.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Both projects failed.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The communist activities continued and land reform did not proceed.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Peasants began to whale large farms on their own.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The final blow to Károlyi wasthe requirement of circumference powers (the so-called. Notes of Vix) on 20 March 1919 on the neutral zone to be established on Hungary's border with Romania.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

A response from Hungary was already demanded the next day.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Hungarian government announced that it would not accept the demand but would resign.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Social Democrats and Communists decided to take power in their hands and unite into a single party.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

On 21 March, Károlyi resigned and handed over power to the Revolutionary Government Council, which designated Hungary as a Soviet republic.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

[1] Soviet Republic The situation in Europe in 1919 seemed to go according to the plans of the Communists.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Red Army was advancing towards Romania in Ukraine, a Soviet republic had been declared in Bavaria and the situation seemed to develop in favour of the labour movement in Austria as well.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

new decrees were quickly issued to establish a new socialist society.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Elections to the National Assembly of local councils and councils were held in April 1919, with candidates coming from only one list.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Companies with more than 20 employees in industrial, mining, commercial and transportation companies, as well as banks and insurance companies were nationalized.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Large and medium-sized farms were confiscated and agricultural cooperatives were established on them.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The schools were transferred from the authority of the church to the state and the church also lost some of its lands.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The courts were replaced by revolutionary courts of lay magistrates.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

To establish the armed forces, Soviet-Russian assistance was requested.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Many former officers also joined the new army.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Soviet Republic was seen as the best chance to expel foreign powers from Hungary and the Soviet Republic also rebuffed the Vixen note.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Overseas, there was some confusion about the turn of events.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Circum-Powers had gathered for the Paris Peace Conference, where Woodrow Wilson of the United States and David Lloyd George of Great Britain blamed France for the outbreak of the situation because of its excessive demands on Hungary.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Reflecting their territorial claims, Romania and Czechoslovakia decided to take action.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Romanian troops advanced across the border at Unakr on 16 April, and the Czechs a little later.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

[2] The situation in the Soviet Republic was unsettled.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Promising developments at the start of the year had not materialized.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Bavarian Soviet Republic had been defeated, the Red Army had not reached Hungary and the Austrian Revolution did not break out either.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

However, the Hungarian Red Army undertook a counterattack in May 1919 with the goal of establishing contact with the Russian Red Army.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Victories were made over the Czechs and the Hungarians advanced into Slovakia.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Eventually, however, they bent to pressure from the Circum-Powers to return to their starting positions, thus undermining the morale of the army.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The invitations and still-persistent food shortages ate in turn the support of the Soviet Republic among the people.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Land reform had also become very unpopular.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Social Democrats began to demand the resignation of the Communists, to which the supporters of the Soviet Republic responded with terror.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Approximately 500 persons were estimated to have been killed.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

In the French-occupied part of Hungary, a counter-government and a national army were established in Szeged, with Rear Admiral Miklós Horthy rising to the head.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The increasingly desperate Soviet regime launched an anti-Romanian counterattack on 20 July, which failed miserably.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

A couple of days later, the Romanians crossed the Tisza River.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

On 1 August, the Soviet regime announced his resignation and Béla Kun fled to Austria.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

A little later, Romanian troops took over the capital Budapest.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

[2] The consequences of the collapse of Soviet rule were held by some social democrats for a week, but power was soon transferred by a coup to the right.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Horthy's national army soon emerged as the most significant force factor, whose organisation had been largely responsible for Gyula Gömbös.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Large-scale white terror ensued, during which an estimated 5000 persons were killed.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

70,000 were passported into concentration camps and thousands fled abroad.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Terror attracted criticism abroad, but Horthy did not rush to contain it.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

On 16 November, Horthy rode with his troops to Budapest, from which the Romanians had slightly earlier withdrawn.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

Eventually, elections boycotted by the Social Democrats were held, which were won by the National Small Farmer Party and the Christian National Party.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

No agreement was reached on the new Hungarian statesmanship after the Soviet Republic, whereby, as a compromise of sorts, Horthy was appointed registrar exercising the rights vested in the king on 1 March 1920.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Peace of Trianon was signed on June 4, 1920.


Question: How long was the Hungarian Soviet Republic in operation?

Hungarian Soviet Republic

[3] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juhani Huotari and Olli Vehviläinen| title = Hungary - Country, People, History| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-746-252-2}} References Category:Hungarian History Category:1919


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Native Americans is a traditional denomination that unites the indigenous peoples of the Americas and the people descended from them.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The Native American designation dates to Christopher Columbus, who upon arriving in the Caribbean islands believed he had come to India and began referring to natives as indios.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, Aleuts, Yupiks, and Inuits have traditionally been excluded from the concept of Indians, but in recent years this practice has mostly been abandoned.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Ethnologically, there is no factor that unites all Native American populations: There were major differences in Native American native languages, cultures, social systems, livelihoods, and religions.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The American continent, prior to the advent of Europeans, had both centrally governed empires and small communities of wandering hunter-gatherers.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Most Native American tribes, however, lived with the arrival of Europeans into the Stone Age.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[1] However, technological inventions such as iron and traction animals appeared throughout the Americas only with the advent of Europeans.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The entry of Europeans into the American continent proved disastrous for the Indians.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Initially, relations based on commerce became hostile and Europeans militarily subjugated many Native American societies.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The greatest disaster was caused by the epidemics of disease that came with Europeans, against which the Indians had no resistance.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Many Native American peoples and tribes were completely lost, and throughout the Americas, the lives of several Native Americans were still marked by marginalization and poverty.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

History Origin of Native Americans The first group of Indians is believed to have passed through the Bering Strait, which lies between Siberia and Alaska, at least 14,000 years ago.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

According to the most commonly used theory, these people spread out from Alaska to other parts of the Americas along an “ice corridor” created after the Cordillieers and Laurentian glaciers ruptured loose from each other.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[2] A second wave of migration followed around the year 11500 BCE.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Some researchers believe the Indians came from Siberia along a land bridge and then paddled south along the ice-free coastline.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Coated with marine mammal skins, the wooden-hulled boats were quite seaworthy and could carry even a heavy cargo.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

These first human groups to arrive in North America are known by the common name of the Paleotians, and the Clovis culture based on arrowhead conformity took shape from their tracks.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[3] The third larger group of immigrants that arrived after the Paleoinians are classified as Na-Dene Indians.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

They were Athabascan-speaking peoples, which included the Apache and the Navajo.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The last groups to cross the Bering Strait were ancestors of the Eskimos and Aleuts.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[4] According to DNA studies, about two-thirds of Native American lineages have come from East Asians.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

One-third have come from the ancient North Zeurasian population, which has since disappeared after interbreeding with other populations.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

This population also gave their genes to Europeans, with the result that a genetic link has been observed between Native Americans and Europeans.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[5] According to one older theory, some of the ancestors of the Native Americans who first arrived may have been the Solutreans who inhabited the southwestern coastal regions of Europe, who came to the Americas from France and Spain along the Atlantic route along the edge of the ice.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[6] Many disputed archaeological finds strongly suggest that humans may have inhabited the Americas as early as about 40000—20,000 years ago.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Some researchers have found connections of the earliest American populations with natives of Australia and Melanesia.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[7] The oldest skeleton finds are about 10000 years old.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[6] New DNA mapping is expected to refine human dispersal history on the American continent as well.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

However, some organisations representing indigenous peoples have expressed disbelief about these studies for fear of jeopardizing peoples own origin reports.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[8] Native American population numbers prior to historical time Estimates of the number of Native Americans before Columbus differ much, and figures by early scholars are very summary.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

It was not until 1928 that the first accurate estimate was obtained.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

At the time, James Mooney, an ethnographer of the Smithsonian Institute, went through documents from the early colonies and came to the conclusion that there were about 1.15 million Native Americans living in North America in 1491.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[9] However, later scholars have estimated that approximately 25 million Indians lived exclusively in central Mexico and the Aztec Empire around the time of Columbus.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

According to this claim, Central Mexico was the most densely populated region in the world.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Around 5—12 million Indians are believed to have lived in the Brazilian region in the same era.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[10] Research results by anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns gave the American Indian population at the end of the 15th century at 90—110 million.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

A UN estimate from 1999 put the total world population at the beginning of the 16th century at 500 million people.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[11] By the middle of the 17th century, more than 80% of Native Americans are thought to have died from infectious diseases brought by Europeans.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

In the same era, epidemics are believed to have killed one in five people in the world, and according to one study result, this was “the highest death rate in human history.”


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[11] North America The culture and society of North American Indians varied considerably from region to region.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Many Native American peoples lived scattered and hunted, fished as well as collected useful crops.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Some embraced farming and lived in large fortified villages.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Settlement was densest in areas where farming or fishing were the main means of livelihood.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Notable North American cultures that cultivated the land included the Pueblo-Indians culture of the southwestern United States, the Iroquois alliance of the eastern Great Lakes region, and even before the Europeans came, the lost tradition of mound builders of the Mississippi River Basin's eastern woodland.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Highly developed chief-led tribes also existed in the Northwest Territory as well as California.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The culture of the Prairie Indians emerged in its final form only with the contribution of the horses that came with the Europeans.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The great internationals migrations of the early 10th century led Native Americans to seek new habitation lands even in far-flung areas.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Some of the Great Basin Indians moved south and became asteeks.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Apache and Navajo migrated from Canada all the way to New Mexico. [12].


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Common to all Native American cultures in North America is the god concept of the “great spirit”, which, having created the world, no longer interferes with human fates.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The sun, moon and stars were important deities.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Also, anything unusual like never-before-seen animals was believed to involve supernatural power.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Almost all Indians felt a spirit of patronage that was personal to some and common to some.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Contact with the world of spirits passed through the Sages.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

In large areas, Indians feared the lives of the deceased.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[13] The entry of Europeans into the Americas eradicated most of the Native American cultures.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The Indians who lost their power in the wake of wars and disease were forced to emigrate from their original settlements from the eastern parts of the continent to the west by order of the United States government.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

In the 20th century, the number of Indians began to slowly grow and the culture to some extent revive.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[14] High Cultures of Central America in the area of present-day Ciudad de México developed around 1800—1200 before the beginning of the period a more developed and diverse culture than the North American Native American cultures, whose development involved several peoples.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Of great importance to this genesis of the high culture of the meecks was the development of corn cultivation.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Maize gave a large harvest with relatively little labor and made it possible to achieve higher population density.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

[15] Development led to the emergence of many powerful civilizations.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

One such was Teotihuacán, founded an estimated 100 years BCE.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

During the first centuries of our time, the culture of Teotihuacán reached the peak of its heyday.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

The Olmeecs and other Mesoamerican societies pioneered mathematics and astronomy, as well as developed the pictorial writing inherited to peoples in later years.


Question: How many years has Teotihuacán been inhabited?

Indians

Mesoamericans also invented several different ways of writing and created a 365-day calendar that was more accurate than European contemporaries versions.