Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Platonian science consisted of dialectical thought experiments.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Although, according to Plato's thinking, only real knowledge could be obtained from eternal ideas, however, knowledge could also be approached through general beliefs dialectically — people had a very wide range of beliefs about things, but dialectics could be used to find what is always the same in them, i.e. immutable kernel.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

There was both a synthetic and analytic side to Platonic dialectics, manifested in conceptual analysis (dihairesis).


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Synthetic dialectics sought precisely the common denominators of concepts, their eternal and immutable core.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Analytical dialectics, on the other hand, chopped concepts into parts to find out what parts they consist of.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Platonism didn't include experimental science.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

In terms of ideas, hypotheses were presented that could be verified by examples.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

This is equivalent to a form of deduction, where ideas were filtered from available information.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

History Early Platonism after Plato's death in 348 BCE.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The leadership of the academy passed to Plato's nephew Speusippus.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

He was followed by Xenocrates, Polemon, Krantor and Krates.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

In the Academy that followed Plato, the Old Academy largely followed Plato's doctrines without major additions or changes.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Later Platonism, however, began to involve dogmatism, which would have been alienated by Plato and especially his paragon Socrates.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Later, during the Middle Academy, a skeptical reaction against dogmaticism arose.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The trend is called academic skepticism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

As a result, the Academy returned to dialecticism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The Middle Academy was founded by Arkesilaos, drawing influences from, among other things, Pyrrhonic skepticism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Arkesilaos also used Plato's early dialogues about Socrates as a model for his philosophy, and wanted to “stop making solutions” (epokhē inherited pantō).


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The period of skepticism continued during the ensuing, so-called New Academy founded by Carneade.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Like Socrates, neither did the heads of the Middle and New Academy write anything.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Instead of dogmatic student sums, they emphasized dialectics and allowed participants in debates to use their own sense.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The true nature of the scepticism applied by the Middle and New Academy has been much debated, but it seems to have arisen as a counter reaction to the strong dogmaticism of Stoicism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Middle Platonism Middle Platonism refers to the doctrinal systems related to Plato's teachings, which influenced the years around 130 BCE, between the birth of Antiokhos Askalon, and 204 Jaa., the birth of Plotinos, the founder of Neo-Platonism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Middle Platonism can be viewed in many questions as having foreshadowed Neo-Platonism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Antiokhos, who served at the head of the Academy from 79—78 BCE, wanted to restore the Academy to the doctrines of Plato and the Old Academy philosophers.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

In reality, school returned to dogmaticism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Key teachings of Antiochus were that Platonic ideas are ideas in the divine sense; as well as doctrines concerning demiurgy (lower creator god) and the world soul (the physical world as a living, soulful being).


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

These doctrines provided a framework upon which both other Middle Platonists and later Platonists could base their thinking.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Since the Academy had been destroyed in 88 BCE, Platonist doctrine began to disperse both geographically and doctrinally.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

In many issues, the period of Middle Platonism began to mix influences from dogmatic aristotelism and Stoicism on the one hand, mystic-religious Pythagoreanism and Theosophy on the other.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Like the Stoics, Platonians had a negative view of Epicuroism, but also cynics.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Middle Platonism formed the basis for the philosophy of Plutarchus and Cicero, among others.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Philo's Alexandrian, a later Middle Platonist, combined Stoic and Platonic philosophy with Jewish writings with allegorical interpretations of the Septuagint.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Plutarchus, Numenios, and Albinos (considered by some scholars to be the same person as Alkinous) were Middle Platonians who embraced Plato's cosmology of Timaios, as well as the ideas of the One and the Dyad (the twin), the world soul, various parts of the soul, and the essence of God and the gods.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Neo-Platonism Neo-Platonism emerged in the 200th century from Middle Platonism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The era was characterized by the search for and perceiving one Truth.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Therefore, various philosophical ideas were sought to harmonize.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

It can be said that Neo-Platonism has been influenced by all the great philosophical schools of antiquity, especially Platonism, Aristotelism and Stoicism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The instigator of Neo-Platonism can be considered Ammonios Sakkas, and its most prominent representative and actual doctrinal father from Plotino.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Notable later Neo-Platonics included Porphyrios, Proklos, Iamblikhos, Hypatia, as well as Damascus, who was the last teacher of Neo-Platonism in Athens.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Practically throughout the remainder of the Plato Academy was neo-Platonic, with neo-Platonics acting at the head of the school in its final years.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Neo-Platonian philosophers wrote numerous commentaries on Plato's works.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Neo-Platonism can be seen as representing a natural continuum of Platonism from old Platonism and Middle Platonism, rather than a radically born new branch — already Middle Platonism contained many of the emphases that Neo-Platonism actually made known.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Platonism in the Middle Ages After Christianity attained significant status, many Christians were influenced by Middle and Neo-Platonism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Platonians include, among others, the Church Fathers Origenes and Augustine.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The most prominent and influential Christian neo-Platonic was a 4th-century influenced author known as Pseudo-Dionysios Areopagita.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

His works have been significant to both Eastern and Western Christianity and widely influenced thought in the Middle Ages.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

John Scotus Eriugena's 8th-century translation of one of his works was widely used.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Medieval scholastics sought to link ancient Greek thought with Christianity and the Bible.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Initially, the Skolasticians tried to interpret Christianity in the light of Platonism, but the focus later shifted to aristotelism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

This was also evident in the development of the universal controversy of the Middle Ages, with a shift away from hand thealism towards conceptualism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Interpreting Plato's teachings was hampered by the fact that scholars did not have access to Plato's works, with some exceptions, such as parts of Timaios.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Plato was known mostly through Aristotle.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

However, his writings did not give an entirely correct picture of Plato's teachings.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Plato's works were reintroduced to the West after the overthrow of Byzantium, when Byzantine philosophers fled to the West.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

One of the most notable in this work was Georgios Gemistos Plethon.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Platonism in the New Age in Renaissance Italy, Neo-Platonism was resurrected by Marsilio Ficino, Medicit and Sandro Botticelli, among others.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

It was not until the 18th and 19th centuries that Plato's thinking began to be interpreted from a clean slate from Plato's own dialogues without the interpretative traditions that emerged over the centuries.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Among other things, Thomas Taylor wrote widely on Platonism and translated almost the entire production of Plato into English.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Neo-Platonism has also influenced some contemporary Christian theologians.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Platonic realism/idealism The most central element of Plato's philosophical system was his idea doctrine, or dualistic ontology.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Plato's goal was to define what were the general concepts that are the subject of thought when a person thinks.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

It was clear to him that they could not be objects of the senses because they were in a constant state of change.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Because of this, they had to be objects conceived through understanding, which were immutable and could serve as objects of science and knowledge.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Each such thing was eidos, or idea, general concept.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

It follows that there was an eidos for all things called by some common name.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Thus universal was not just hen, “oneness”, as the Eleans said, or just polla, “moneus”, as Heracleitus said, but hen kai polla, “oneness and moneus”.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

In Plato's ontology, reality was thus divided into two sides: the intelligible and conceivable reality of “ideas”, and the sensable reality.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Plato saw sensing reality and all things in it as imperfect copies of ideas of intelligible reality.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

These ideas are immutable and complete and can only be conceived by reason and understanding, that is, the capacity of the mind which does not include the use of the senses or imagination.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Based on this, it seems that Plato considered philosophy to be a form of disarming reality, the search for certain and eternal things hidden and wrapped in the changing and earthly.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The task of philosophy was to strip down and elevate this changing and earthly veil towards the most supreme idea, which includes all other inferior ideas, and where there is nothing that could be approached by the senses.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Individual ideas are merely postulative concepts that can only be given a real base through higher assumptions.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Therefore, also the measure of all things is God, not a single person, as Protagoras had said.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Plato presents his works The State in Books VI and VII several grammatics to explain his views on reality: these include the solar parable, the famous cave comparison, and the divided jana.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Together, these parables elucidate a complex and in some respects difficult doctrine: there is some kind of Idea of Goodness (which has been interpreted in many places as Plato's God), which is the ultimate knowledge that illuminates all other forms (i.e., universal: abstract types and attributes), and from which all other ideas get downvoted.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

This Idea of Goodness does this in the same way that the sun illuminates, or makes visible and in that way “gives birth” to, things in the sensory world.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The things we perceive in the sensory world bear only a faint resemblance to the definitively real ideas that exist in the world of ideas.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Thus, they are thus as if shadow images projected on the wall of the cave by the sun, of which only outlines can be observed, and which merely represent the shapes (ideas) that pass past the cave doorway, that is, reality outside the cave.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

We can imagine that all things in the universe are as if presented with a single thread describing the amount of reality in them: this line is divided once in the middle in two, and then the two parts have been divided again in the middle in two.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The first dichotomy represents the division between the idea world and the sense world.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The corresponding division is made for the born halves: the janas representing the sensory world are divided into parts that represent “real things” on the one hand, and shadows and reflections on the other.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Similarly, the jana representing the world of ideas is divided into sections representing, on the one hand, the first principles and the most common ideas, and, on the other, the “reflected” ideas derived from them.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Plato applied his idea to politics as well.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

A form of government derived from such a philosophy is one in which hereditary social classes are strictly prescribed and demarcated, all arts are mostly suppressed for the public good, the size of the city and social classes is defined by mathematical formulas, the right to procreate is determined by a draw, and racial hygiene is carried out in secret from the people by plotting in this draw.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

There has been debate over the extent to which such a model of governance is actually connected to the philosophy otherwise presented in the work.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

The view presented by Plato can be found even earlier also in Zarathustra's thinking: he calls these worlds as Minu (world of ideas) and Giti (sense world).


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Like Plato, Zarathustra also introduced an ideal state, he used it to be referred to as Shahrivar (ideal city).


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

It is uncertain which affected which and to what extent.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Although Zarathustra lived long before Plato, his writings have often been altered afterwards.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

See also Aristotelism Gnosticism Plato Commentaries on Platonic Love Sources Anthon, Charles:, 1853.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Thesleff, Holger: “Plato and Platonism” in Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Korkman, Petter & Mikko Yrjönlarge (ed.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

) | title = Developments in the History of Philosophy| publisher = Helsinki: Gaudeamus| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-662-708-0}} On topic elsewhere entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy * Category:Key to screening articles


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Risto Heikki Ryti [1] (3 February 1889, Huittinen — 25 October 1956, Helsinki) was a politician of the National Progress Party, Prime Minister of the Winter War and the fifth President of the Republic of Finland.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

He was also an MP, Governor of the Bank of Finland 1924—1943 (on leave of absence from 1939) and 1944—1945, and twice Minister of Finance.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti was a jurist by training and also served as a lawyer.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti is the only Finnish president who has not been commander-in-chief of the defence force for a day.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Kyösti Kallio handed over the commander-in-chief by defence force to the commander, Field Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim at the start of the Winter War in 1939, and it reverted to the donor institution after Mannerheim became Ryti's successor in 1944.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti's presidency was timed by World War II and the Continuation War.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In order for a peace treaty with the Soviet Union to be written, Ryti took the blame for allying with Germany on his own and resigned the post of president in Mannerheim's favour.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

After the war, Ryti was sentenced in a court-martial guilt trial to a discipline room for ten years, but was pardoned by President Paasikivi in 1949.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In Yle's Great Finns programme (2004), Finns were allowed to vote for the largest Finns.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Risto Ryti finished second in the voting behind Mannerheim.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti had not been selected as a candidate by the Estate; instead, he rose as a “black horse” to popularity.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Childhood and Adolescence Years Risto Ryti's childhood home was a 410 hectare estate in Satakunta on the banks of Loimijoki, Huittinen in Loimankylä.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

There were 50 cattle in the barn.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Risto's father, Karl Evert Mauriala, had moved there when he got married.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The farm was called Ryti.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

At that time, it was quite common for a farm name to be taken as a surname.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

So did Ristos's father.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Evert Ryti co-founded a horse breeding association and livestock inspection association in the locality, a peat stuffing factory and a dairy.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

He had a rambling saw himself and he was doing logging deals.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[2] Risto's mother, Ida Vivika Rytti, o.s. Junttila, had seven sons and three daughters to take care of.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ida Ryti belonged to the prosperous Junttila peasant family.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

His sister was the mistress of Nikkilä Manor and brother Huittinen's crown vouti.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The hillbillies were closely related to the experiencers Äimälös and Aejmelaeus.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[2] When the village teacher was not given discipline at the school and the IDA hostess was invited there to investigate the boys' impotence, Risto was taken out of school after a couple of weeks of school.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ida mother persuaded her neighbor, the director of the People's College M.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

A. Knaapisen to give Risto private lessons.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Even before the incident at the school, Knaapinen had taught Risto for two years.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Although Knaapine agreed that the boy should have been allowed to attend school with the other children, Risto's mother didn't care about that.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Knaapise had his own hurries, so the intervals between private lessons sometimes became long and Risto had overlong homework, which the boy nevertheless survived commendably.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Even so well that at the age of ten he was admitted directly to the second grade of the Pori Lyceum.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[3] As a student, Risto Ryti wrote at the age of 17 in 1906 and began studies at the Faculty of Law at the University of Helsinki.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

He earned his higher law degree in three years, 1909.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[4] [5] Career as a lawyer Since Ryti was too young to sit on the boards when he graduated, he and his senior lawyer colleague established a law firm in Rauma.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

At this point, his client became farming advisor Alfred Kordelin.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti was elected to the boards of several Kordelin-owned shops and groups.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Risto Ryti is also credited with the fact that Kordel in his will stipulated his fortune for the promotion of Finnish culture.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[6] Along with his law practice, Ryti studied and obtained the rank of deputy magistrate in 1912.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[5] In due course Ryti was able to sit in the district under Kyander, judge of the Eura Judicial Court [7], while studying in the midst of the district hurries, graduating as a Bachelor of both rights in 1914.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[5] In the same year 1914 he was with his fellow auscultant Eric Serlachius in England in London for a few months studying maritime law [5].


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

On this trip he made the acquaintance of his future wife, Eric Serlachius' sister and Gerda, daughter of the legal scholar Julian Serlachius.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

After returning to Finland, Eric and Risto founded Serlachius & Ryti, the law firm Serlachius & Ryti in Helsinki, and Gerda was hired as a branch manager for them.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[7] Ryti served as legal counsel to grand donor Alfred Kordelin.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti was a director of Kaupa Oy of Finland from 1919 to 1921.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[5] Risto Ryti and Gerda Serlachius married in 1916.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Their children included Henrik Ryti (1916—2002), professor of thermodynamics and machine science; Niilo Ryti, professor of paper technology (1917—1997); and Eva Saxén, licentiate of medicine (o.s. Ryti, 1922—2009).


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[8] Political career Ryti was MP of the Progress Party 1919—1924 and 1927—1929, Minister of Finance 1921—1924, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Bank of Finland 1924—1939 and 1944—1945, and Presidential candidate of the Progress Party 1925, Prime Minister 1939—1940 and President of the Republic 1940—1944.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[5] From very early youth, Ryti was considered intelligent and talented.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Especially after the Civil War, he was very strongly liberal and white and opposed both Soviet socialism and National Socialism which was rising in Germany.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti was a Young Finnish, subsequently a Progressive Party and also an Anglophile in his views.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The King of Britain awarded him the 1934 Commander's Badge of the Order of Victoria (Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, K.C.V.O.)


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

for its great merits in favour of Finnish-English relations.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[5] Ryti also belonged to the Freemasons.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[9] Ryti had witnessed Mommila's bloodworks in 1917 when Alfred Kordelin was slain by Russian matruses.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti and his wife were also being killed, but they managed to escape.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The blood acts of Mommila — as well as the grand strike of 1905 — have been considered to have had an influence on Ryti's reserved attitude towards the left and radical popular movements.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Contrary to the line of K. J. Ståhlberg, among others, he opposed the abolition of the death penalty and amnesty of rebel prisoners in parliament after the civil war.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The fact that four of his brothers had participated in the civil war on the white side and one of them, Niilo, fell in Ikaalis, also played a part in Ryti's attitude.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[10] After taking over as Governor of the Bank of Finland by the Minister of Finance in the Government of Kyösti Kallio, Ryti supported the ideas put forward by Bertil Ohlin in 1923 and quickly aimed at stabilizing the value of the mark.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The hard-mark policy led to Ryti holding on to the sterling bond meaning the gold standard for so long that the real interest rate in Finland rose and the recession deepened, causing forced auctions, snags and right-wing radicalism.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

He apparently underestimated the rigidity of the labour market, which is why the adjustment of prices and wages to competitive levels was only painfully slow.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Due to the depression of the 1930s, which began in 1929, Finland did not abandon the sterling bond until 1931.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The pound was the reserve currency for world trade equivalent to the current dollar at the time, thus keeping the pound in the gold standard.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti's economic policies were extremely liberal.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

He believed in the ideas of Anders Chydenius and regarded any form of state intervention in economic life as evil and counterproductive.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

His general anti-socialism, and the extremist examples seen at the same time in the Soviet Union and Germany, certainly also contributed to the emergence of his economic policy principles.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[9] The strict economic policies implemented under Risto Ryti caused great resentment, especially among the agricultural population.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Its harshest critic emerged as Yrjö Jahnsson, a professor of national economics at the University of Technology, a supporter of Keynesian economic policy, who recommended lowering the interest rate by increasing the Bank of Finland's banknote issuance and increasing government spending to stimulate the economy.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

This would see unemployment fall, domestic consumption would increase, and farmers would get their produce better traded.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti, however, considered it most important to achieve confidence in international money markets because, in his view, Finland, as a young independent state and a country experiencing a bloody civil war, was not a very attractive destination for lending or foreign investment.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In 1931, Finland's net foreign debt had grown to almost 50% of annual GDP.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Thus, Finland, under Ryti's leadership, made a determined move to short its debts, including loans taken from the United States in the early 1920s.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

When Finland, as the only country, in December 1932, received full repayment of its loans to the United States, this provided a very large propaganda advantage in view of later credit facilities.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Foreign debts were being paid off so diligently that Finland was practically debt-free in 1939; net debt was no longer 1% of GDP.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The greatest merit of Ryti's economic policy was the shorter shorter time in Finland than in the rest of Europe and its success was crucial to the solid support of the SDP's strong man, Chairman of the Banking Councillors in Parliament, Väinö Tanner.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[11] Winter War 1939—1940 When the Soviet Union began unexpectedly bombing Finland on 30 November 1939, the state leadership saw it necessary to have Ryti as Prime Minister.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Even the collective pressure of Kallio and Mannerheim did not want to persuade him to agree to the task before they invoked Ryti's sense of duty to their country.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti served as Prime Minister for the duration of the Winter War and, due to the repeated ill health of President Kyösti Kallio, was increasingly forced to carry out presidential duties as well.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Reluctantly, at the wish of other leading politicians, mainly Paasikivi, Ryti acquiesced as a presidential candidate when Kallio announced that he had become permanently prevented from performing his presidential duties in the autumn of 1940.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

As normal presidential electorate elections were not considered to be possible due to martial law, an emergency law was enacted under which the 1937 Electors elected the President for the duration of what was left of Kallio's term, that is, until 1 March 1943.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In this election, Ryti received 288 votes out of 300 on 19 December 1940 [12] and also became the holder of the post on the same day when Kallio died.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[13] Continuation War 1941—1944 Winter War ended on 13 March 1940.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The Germans told Finland that the Soviet Union had expressed to them that they were still intending to conquer Finland, but as recently as March 1941 Ryti wrote in his diary that our country should remain “outside the great power showdowns”.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti explained the situation to the government on 9 June 1941, according to his diary, as follows: “If war now arises between Germany and Russia, it may be to the advantage of the whole world.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Germany is the only country capable of defeating Russia, or at least greatly weakening it, and is probably not to the detriment of the world, even if Germany would weaken in that game.” [14] On 22 June 1941 Germany and its allies invaded the Soviet Union (Finland had surrendered to the Germans. deployed 10 airfields, there were 70 German warships in our ports and in northern Finland there were 200,000 German troops in attack positions.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Finnish troops had also been subjected to German command.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

see.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Arvi Korhonen's “Barbarossasuplan ja Finland”, Porvoo 1961).


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

On June 25, 1941, the Soviets began bombing Finnish cities, at which point Finland considered itself involved in the war and began recapturing lost territories (and still a “leeway for peace negotiations”).


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In a radio speech on 26 June 1941, Ryti said “our peace-loving people have been again subjected to a brutal attack by an eternal enemy, but Finland has at its side the military forces of the Greater German Reich under the command of its brilliant leader Reich Chancellor Hitler.” [15] Ryti stated that Finns felt no hatred towards the peoples of the Soviet Union who had suffered much suffered and lived under oppression, but also felt that the Finns did not have to mourn Molotov and companions becoming “victims of their own shakal policy”.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[16] Ryti said Finland was fighting a separate war and did not agree to visit Hitler, but Hitler came on a surprise visit for Mannerheim's 75th birthday on 4 June 1942.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti found Hitler to be a “warmly knowledgeable, heartfelt, well-meaning, sensitive person” in his private life as well as having sympathy for the Finns [14] but maintained his distaste for his public role and National Socialism.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In the wake of Hitler, Finland arrived in late July 1942 for a visit by Heinrich Himmler, the Gestapo chief of the German secret police, who met Ryti at the president's leisure residence in Tamminiemi.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

There is no definite information on the content of Ryti and Himmler's conversations, but they probably sidestep at least the Jewish issue as Ryti labelled Himmler in his diary as “an extremely strident anti-Semite”.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[17] Due to the war, the Electors of 1937 also conducted a presidential election in 1943 [12] in which Risto Ryti was re-elected President under the Special Act.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

As the mandate of the electors elected six years earlier had expired, exceptionally, the length of the term of office was limited to two years.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[18] Ryti followed daily in great detail the developments of the military situation on various fronts, but he intervened in military decisions only when they were also of exceptional political importance.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[19] When the evacuation of Karelians arose as an appropriate issue, the Western Finnish economists Ryti, Tanner and Paasikivi considered settling Karelians in other parts of Finland so costly that they supported the option of staying in their home regions if they wished to stay in their home regions Territory to be ceded to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[20] The Ribbentrop Pact of 14 July 1943 Ryti wrote that he was certain of Germany's loss.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In the spring of 1944, he foresaw a major Soviet offensive coming along the Karelian Stock.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In June, following the Normandy landings, the Soviets wanted to hasten the conquest of Finland in order to thereby release troops in a race towards Berlin.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In the spring of 1944, Germany three times presented Finland with a federation treaty, but each time Ryti rebuffed it.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

There were several factors behind it: Italy had switched sides.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Hungary insisted on being allowed to use its armed forces only for anti-partisan operations behind the Eastern Front.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

To this Germany responded by overthrowing the Hungarian government.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Romania remained in an alliance relationship with the help of Ion Antonescu's exclusive rule.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Finland's desire to disengage itself from the war alongside Germany was, in this framework, an even tougher piece for Germany to swallow.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Finland's negotiations for peace with the Soviet Union starting in January irritated Germany.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The German senior management was also unnerved by the writings of Finnish media.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Helsingin Sanomat had published an article criticising Britain's air war, a group of professors in the Finnish Social Democrats protested that Germany was “evacuating” Tartu University collections, and the Finnish-Swedish press also published articles urging peace.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

On 19 April 1944 Hitler banned the export of weapons to Finland.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In this case, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop offered militarily crowded Finland a treaty of alliance that would guarantee German supplies to Finland, but would promise that Finland would not make a separate peace but would continue the war to the end alongside Germany.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Germany's defeat was already assured at the time, so the treaty would have prevented Finland from detaching itself from the war if necessary.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

It is claimed that Ryti, as a jurist, would have invented to sign the contract in his own name so that he could release Finland from the treaty with his resignation — Suomihan would not be a party to the agreement.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

On the other hand, Ryti would rather have found some other solution, but Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim and Prime Minister Edwin Linkomies were in favour of the treaty.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti flew to meet Mannerheim, talked to him, and then considered it on his own until he ended up signing this so-called Ribbentrop Treaty in his own name, even though he well knew it could lead to a death sentence once the war was over.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti would have liked to take the Ribbentrop deal to parliament but could not do so because the agreement would not have been approved by parliament.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[21] This was an agreement concluded by the legal institutions of Finland, the President of the Republic and the Government, that Finland will not make a separate peace independently of Germany.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

This was not, however, an act binding Finland as a state, because under the then form of government, only Parliament could decide on war and peace.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The President of the Republic was merely the operational head of foreign policy alongside parliament on this issue.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

When Ryti resigned, Ryti's letter to Hitler also lost its binding over the new President of the Republic.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[21] Ryti's letter promoted the German grain and arms supplies that had already begun.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

German military support did not arrive in time for settlement battles, but it must be borne in mind that the Gulf of Vyborg was still hard fought in early August.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

German ground forces participated in the fighting there.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Anti-tank guns obtained from Germany were important in settlement battles.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The Kuhlmey flight department that came from the Baltics to Immola even before Ryti's letter was effective.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In June—July 1944, Finland managed to repel a major Soviet offensive, albeit with the greatest casualties.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Based on an understanding reached in Tehran on 1 December 1943, Josif Stalin abandoned the attempt to defeat Finland and, in his own interests, significantly moved troops against Germany in order to reach Berlin before the Western powers.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Finland committed a total of 56 Soviet divisions in June 1944.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Stalin understood that the West significantly supported Finland at the political level.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

He made no attempt to challenge the Salpal Line, which would likely have led to a strong U.S. and British response.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The United States might have reduced its so-called lend-and-lease aid to Stalin, who no longer wanted another crisis with Western powers because of Finland.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[22] Ryti's resignation Ryti resigned his presidential office on 1 August 1944, notifying it by letter sent to the Council of State, thus transferring the duties of President of the Republic for four days to Prime Minister Linkommies.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Mannerheim, by a special law enacted on 4 August, entered the presidential office.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[23] He considered the contract concluded by Ryti to have been invalid.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Finland concluded an armistice with the Soviet Union in early September 1944.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Mannerheim characterized Ryti's procedure at the signing of the Ribbentrop Pact as a citizen's feat (en medborgerlig bragd).


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[24] Ryti returned to the position of Governor of the Bank of Finland (1944—1945).


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The war guilty verdict against Ryti was also brought at the insistence of the Allied Control Commission (effectively the Soviet Union), by way of derogation from the prohibition of retroactive criminal legislature, under the War Guilty Act provided for in the Constitutional Order.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

According to a new study by Hannu Rautkallio and Lasse Lehtinen, Justice Minister Urho Kekkonen played a large part in drafting the War Guilt Act, and Kekkonen also blackmailed his party's chairman of the Agrarian League, Viljami Kalliokoski, into resigning by threatening to sue him to a court martial.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

On the same basis, others were also judged guilty of war.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The trial of guilt in Läätytalo, mainly under the influence of Paasikivi and Kekkonen, caused that Finland itself had judged the defendants to be guilty of war before the Allies could make demands for a foreign trial.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The major war crimes trials did not take place in Nuremberg until 1946.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

At trial, Ryti was sentenced to ten years in a discipline room.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Our own court-martial trial may have saved the condemned from tougher Allied punishments, but other views suggested that this was essentially just a matter of domestic politics.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

There were no significant international precedents concerning the practice of sentencing in the Second World War when the court-martial was practiced in Finland.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti himself wrote in his diary: “In fact, the trial, moreover, is formed into a peculiar play, in which the participants represent not themselves and their own concepts of law, but something completely different.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The real prosecutor in this matter is not the Finnish government, but the government of a foreign country.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The real defendants are not the people who are accused here, but the defendant is the Finnish people.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

And the real purpose of this trial is not to atone for the public sense of law violated by the defendants by their actions by sentencing them to punishments, but for the Finnish court by its decision to declare Finland an aggressor in the war and the continuation of the wrongful war, in which case the opposing party would prove to be a peace-loving, wrong-stricken victim of an unwarranted attack.”


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[25] Ryti eventually had to serve his sentence in prison for more than three years until Paasikivi pardoned him in 1949, despite vocal objections from Finnish communists and the Soviet press.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti then never returned to politics again, but spent his final years away from the public eye at his home in Kaivopuisto, Helsinki.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

He had time to begin writing his memoirs, but the work was left unfinished.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Just a few months before his death, in May 1956, Ryti was conferred an honorary doctorate in political science at the University of Helsinki.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti, due to his illness, was unable to arrive at the banquet, but was represented by members of his family.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

His last voyage, escorted by large popular forces, was a case of national significance, although official Finland was forced to keep quiet about it for fear of the Soviet Union.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Finnish communists and the Soviet press reacted sharply to a speech given by Ryti's friend, Professor Lauri Puntila at the blessing ceremony, in which he defended the political solutions Ryti made during the war.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti is buried in Hietaniemi, Helsinki: U25-13-5.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

From time to time in Finland there is a debate about honoring war guilty parties, as military guilty trials and sentences were contrary to Finnish jurisprudence.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

It is often said that there is no need to restore their honour because they have never lost it among the Finnish common people.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[26] This argument avoids the fact that as historiography and perception live with the times, it is not necessary to retroactively renew court rulings.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

On the other hand, historical research brings up all the time allegations about Finland's secret preparation for a war of aggression alongside Germany.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti and Eugenics During his tenure as president in the spring of 1943, Ryti stated in conversation with representatives of the Population Union that, along with increasing the population, the union should also pay attention to improving its quality.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

He found it justified to prevent the reproduction of “physically and psychologically inferior people” by sterilizing them.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[27] At that time, the Forced Sterilization Act was already in force in Finland (1935−1970), under which thousands of mentally disabled, deaf people, or people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder were forcibly sterilized.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[28] Remembering Risto Ryti is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki, where there is also his grave monument.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In the same tomb rests Ryti, Ryti's wife, Gerda Ryti.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti's birthkeeper Huittinen has remembered him in many ways.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Huittinen Museum has a section dedicated to Risto Ryti and the main street running through the town is named Risto Ryti Street.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The Risto Ryti Hall, a concert and conference space, is located in the Kuninen Education and Cultural Centre.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Huittinen medieval church park has a statue of Risto Ryti, unveiled in 1979, designed by sculptor Kauko Räike.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Additionally, there is a memorial at the site of his birth home


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[29] The most famous of Ryti's monuments is the Risto Ryti monument, designed by sculptor Veikko Myller, unveiled in 1994 in Helsinki.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Abstract sculpture once created a great stir and its erection was resisted even by collecting names.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The adress opposing the monument yielded the names of more than 140 Finnish influencers.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

However, the sculpture of the miller was unveiled as consistent with the original plan in the Hesperian Park.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[30] Plaques related to Ryti's activities and life can be found in four different places in Helsinki.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In Kulosaari there is a street, an alley and a park named after him.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[30] There are also several monuments in the school town of Risto Ryti in Pori.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The Pori Lyceum has a relief designed by sculptor Kauko Räikke.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In addition, two memorial plaques associated with Ryti can be found in the city.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[31] In 2009, a sculpture designed by sculptor Sofia Saari was unveiled.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The square in front of the statue has been named Risto Ryti Square.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[32] Rauma has a plaque in the wall of the house where Ryti started his legal career.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

[31] In 1993, the Risto Ryti Society was founded in Helsinki to cherish Ryti's memory and promote knowledge of his life's work.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

The State Railways heavy freight train locomotive Tr1 was named “Risto” after President Ryti.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Ryti Governments Ryti I Government: 1 December 1939 — 27 March 1940 (118 days) Ryti II Government: 27 March 1940 — 19 December 1940 (268 days) Ryti presidencies 1st term: 19 December 1940 — 1 March 1943 (elected for the remainder of Kyösti Kallio) 2. period: 1 March 1943 — 1 August 1944 (resigning to merge political and military leadership and citing his faltering health, but effectively due to Ryti—Ribbentrop Pact) Governments appointed by Ryti Prime MinisterGovernment Jukka Rangell1941—1943Rangelledwin Linkomies1943—1944Linkomies Sources Moments of Solution: Speeches by the President of the Republic.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Otava, 1941.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Risto Ryti — commemorative book of the fifth President of the Republic of Finland.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Huddersfield: Otava 1956.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Jokisipilä, Markku: Brothers-in-arms or allies?


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Finland, Hitler's German Covenant Treaty Requirements and the Rytin-Ribbetrop Pact.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

SKS, Helsinki.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

in 2004.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Spinman, Edwin: Difficult time.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

3rd edition.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Helsinki: Otava.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

in 1970.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Manninen, Ohto — Rumpunen, Kauko I.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

(ed.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

): “We are fighting our own separate war”: The diaries of Risto Ryti 1940—1944.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Huddersfield: Edita 2006.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

ISBN 951-37-4520-1.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Puntila, L.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

A.: Risto Ryti: storm-time president.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

In Presidents of the Republic of Finland (8th edition, ed.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Matti Kuri), p. 121−144.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Porvoo: WSOY 1965.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Seppinen, Jukka: Hitler, Stalin and Finland.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Minerva, 2009.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Seppinen, Jukka: To the Paasikivi era.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Jyväskylä in 2001.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Skyö, Kyösti: No other glory: Risto Ryti's alley-run 1939—1945.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Helsinki: Book Group 1971.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Soini, Georgi| title = Like Peter with a charcoal white: Stages of military guilt 1944—1949| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava | year = 1956}} Soini, George: Second act — what about the third?


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Later stages of the war guilt case.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Hämeenlinna: Karisto 1968.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Tanner, Väinö: Finland's road to peace 1943—44.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Huddersfield: January 1952.


Question: Who was the President of Finland during the Continuation War?

Risto Ryti

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Turtola, Martti| title = Risto Ryti: Life for the Motherland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-1-11783-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virkkunen, Sakari| title = Ryti: Stormtime presidential| publisher = Otava 1985| year = | version = 3rd edition| id = ISBN 951-1-08557-3}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hannu Rautkallio| title = Risto Ryti: Wartime memoirs 1939—1944| location = Espoo| publisher = Paasilinna| year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-5856-55-2}} On the topic Elsewhere Memories, Helsingin Sanomat Living Archive, Broadcasting Category:Persons of World War II Category:Helsinki City Councillors Class:Finland 1939—1945 Class:Finnish Presidents Category:Prime Ministers of Finland Category:MPs Category:Governors of the Bank of Finland Category:Finnish finance ministers Category:National Progress Party politicians Category:Finnish Freemasons Category:People born in 1889 Class:Those who died in 1956 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

North American Indians were originally a group of indigenous peoples living in diverse environments whose ancestors arrived in the Americas probably in the Stone Age from East Asia.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

In history, the many times shamanistic religion associated with the connection of the spirit world and nature, with its various sacrificial and other rituals, was important to most Native American peoples [1].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

The rituals were believed to ensure the availability of game and crops in accordance with the old Stone Age tradition.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Instead, the methods of acquiring alimony, settlement solidity, belligerence, and attitudes towards wealth varied considerably from region to region.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

The arrival of Europeans who developed their techniques further in the 17th and 18th centuries nearly virtually wiped out the Native American peoples who lived in the Stone Age and their culture by the end of the 19th century.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Momentarily, however, European influences gave rise to new cultures, the most notable being the bison hunting culture influenced in the Great Plains region and based on the use of steeds.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Within three centuries, the majority of Native Americans died from diseases infected by Europeans, against which they lacked immunity.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Also, the wars reduced the numbers of Native Americans and the ripples of numerous different tribes merged with each other in Native American reserves established by the United States government across the country.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Later, towards the end of the 20th century, the status of Native Americans has improved again and their population has embarked on rapid growth.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

The route of passage and time of arrival of Native Americans in North America's first inhabitants remain under debate.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Some researchers believe the migration began more than 40,000 years ago, but most research results suggest that settlement spread across the continent about 15,000 years ago.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

The first group migration is believed to have occurred from Asia to North America through the Bering Strait.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Discoveries in Siberia suggest that the rapid warming of the end of the last glacial period played a decisive role in the emergence of the first settlement.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

The conclusion is reinforced by numerous cultural ties linking Siberia's Stone Age communities to the first communities in America.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

[2] According to one theory, the first settlers of the Americas were the Solutreans who inhabited the southwestern coastal regions of Europe, who migrated from the territory of present-day France and Spain along the Atlantic route along the edge of the ice.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

[3] [4] Most of the original inhabitants of North America are classified as so-called Amerindians who migrated to the continent in the first groups.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Athabascan speaking na dene peoples such as the Apaches and Navajo living in northwestern Canada and the southwestern United States came to the Americas later.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Northern Eskimos, Aleuts and Yupiks have traditionally been seen as a non-Native American third group to arrive on the continent last [5].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

There are probably about 500 Native American languages spoken in the United States and Canada.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

[5] A growing number of researchers believe that the settlers of America arrived in small groups and became trapped on the Alaskan side.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

[6] As a guarantee of survival, they skillfully exploited all possible game and vegetable food.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

Archaeological research suggests that ancient Native Americans hunted big game, as arrowheads from the ancient Clovis culture have been found between mammoths and mastodonts bones excavated from several states.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

[7] Permanent settlements were built haphazardly in different areas, where groups running after game dispersed over the generations.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

[8] Native American population In the following millennia, the number of Native Americans increased especially after the beginning of farming.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

The number of Indians living north of present-day Mexico in North America around 1500 has been estimated at 1—16 million [9].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

The lowest estimate is that 750000 lived in the territory of the present United States and about 250,000 in Canada, plus some in Alaska [10].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

According to one estimate, there would have been more than two million Indians in the early 16th century and the number would have dropped rapidly due to disease to 1.5 million [11].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

According to these estimates, the oft-presented roughly 6—8 million Indians would have required a completely different society to include the southeastern parts of North America.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

The population was densest in farming areas as well as on beaches, near lakes and in river valleys.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

North American Indians

[10] Particularly densely populated areas included California, the Northwest Coast, some farming areas in the southwest, and the forested eastern region.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Harvta settlement was in the subarctic and arctic regions, as well as in the Great Plains and Great Basin. [12] [13].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

For example, the Columbia River plateau had an average population density of 0.01 to 1 as/100 km2 [12].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The number of Indians was at its lowest point just after the end of the Indian Wars between 1890 and 1910, when the reading was below 250,000 [10].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

According to a census taken in 1980, there were at least 1.5 million U.S. and Canadian Indians and descendants of whites and Native Americans and the 2010 census puts the number of Indians at nearly three million.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[14] By the 1970s, another 0.33 million Indians knew the language of their own people, but many languages were disappearing.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[11] North American Cultural Areas Northern Forest Territories This cultural area belongs mainly to Canada.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The so-called subarctic region was home to an abundance of Indians of different tribes.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The peoples living closest to the Eskimos had adopted some of the customs of these, but as a whole, Native American cultures differed significantly from that of the Eskimos.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Moose and caribou were the main game animals.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The pen plants remained in certain catching areas.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The canoe was the main means of transport and snowshoes were indispensable during winter fishing trips.The religion of the Northern Indians was animism, in which the Sages sought to come into contact with the spirit world to ward off accidents threatening the village.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[15] The Indians of the Subarctic region are divided into two major language groups, the Algonkinian to the east and the Athabascan languages to the west.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Early migrations resulted in many Algonkins migrating during the first half of the 10th century either to the Great Lakes region east or along the ocean shore to South Carolina.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

They include, but are not limited to, the Mahicans of the Hudson Bay and Hudson River, the Delaware and Shawnees that spread over large areas, and the creet and ojibwas living west of the Upper Lake.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Nowadays, peoples are mainly united by linguistic relatives.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Some of the Athabascas roamed the Rocky Mountains all the way to present-day New Mexico.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The Apache and Navajo are best known for them [16] Eastern Forest Area The Indians of the Eastern Forest region began construction of earth mounds even before the beginning of the period.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Influenced east of the Mississippi River, the Hopewell tradition focused on the surroundings of present-day Ohio and the complex burial ceremonies, farming as well as the trade network that stretched as far as the Rocky Mountains were the most characteristic features of the Hopewell cult.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Farming allowed the population to settle in fixed villages.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[17] In the same era, the profession of mound builders specialised in and around increasingly large mound structures, high-cultural Indian towns whose stylistic direction mimicked the pyramids of Mesoamerica.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The largest and best known of these cities was Cahokia, located in the Illinois Territory, which surpassed in size most metropolises of that time.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

For exactly unknown reason, Cahokia was deserted by 1350.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[18] Northeast Forested Area Of the livelihoods of Native Americans who spread out into the Northeast and Eastern Forested Areas of the United States, the most important was farming except in the northernmost areas where cultivation was limited due to the brevity of the annual growing season.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Hunting and the collection of Native American rice was also common.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Almost all of the Indians in the area were Iroquoian-speaking or Algonkinese.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The Iroquois lived in large villages, which, according to common custom, were protected by sturdy pile equipment.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The villages were formed of long houses that accommodated a large number of inhabitants.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The Algonkins, on the other hand, predominantly used wigwams.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[19] A special position among the Indians farming the land was the Iroquois League of Lake Erie and Ontario and the Saint Lawrence River region, which as the only Native American group north of Mexico formed a political union in the 16th century.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Under the clampdown on European settlements, the Iroquois League was unable to function as a peace alliance but resorted to the use of military force to destroy tribes outside their alliance.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

As a result of these attacks, many peoples who lived as neighbors to the Iroquois east of the Great Lakes were forced to leave their living circles as early as the 17th century.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[20] The Algonkin peoples, which gave way to English colonial settlement and the Iroquois, initially allied with the French, and rose in 1763 in rebellion against British strongholds led by Pontiac, the Ottawi chief.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[21] Later, Joseph Brant of the Mohawks and Tecumseh of the Shawnee assembled a major Indian alliance against the United States, but, like Pontiac, they failed in destroying the settler.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[22] Southeast Forest Area The most famous peoples of this cultural area were the Cherokee, Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The Cherokee spoke an Iroquois dialect; the other three were of the Muskogee language group.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Natchezes who lived in the southwestern parts of the present-day state of Mississippi are counted as consumables within the same cultural group.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The roots of the Natchezes dated back to Mississippi culture, where large temple mounds in Olmeek and Mayan style were characterized.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[23] The Natchezes were assimilated into neighbouring peoples during the 18th century as a result of wars against the French.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Many other tribes in the Southeast Cultural District also disappeared before the 19th century.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The Cherokee, Choctaws, Creeks, and Chickasaws traversed the trail of tears by 1840 and migrated to the Oklahoma Indian Territory by U.S. order.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[24] Native Americans who lived on the Prairie Plains were either farmers of the Missouri River environment or bison hunters of the western short-wall prairie.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Even before the mid-17th century, the short-wall prairie was almost uninhabited.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Tribes living on the fringes of the plains made hunting expeditions there on foot in pursuit of bison, but did not live there.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[25] The arrival of Europeans changed the culture of the region, as horses from the south and firearms from the east enabled mobile nomadic life on the backs of the steeds.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The teepee settlement proliferated due to its easy demolition and the camp site could be changed in an instant.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The increase in steeds caused many tribes to leave farming.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Crow't, Comanche, Blackfeet and Sioux, among others, went on to become full-time bison hunters.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Even many creet abandoned the northern forests and opted for the riding bison hunter's way of life.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[26] From the early 19th century onward, many Native American wars were fought on the plains.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Sometimes the cause of war was enough to satisfy the desire for variation or belligerent glory, but often wars were also associated with blood casts.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[27] As U.S. immigrant settlement spread westward in the late 1830s, many tribes forgot their mutual strife and allied themselves against the Americans.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[28] The California gold rush, which began in the middle of the century, added to the problems between the Plains Indians and the settlers.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The wars of the following decades against the United States brought to the fore many Native American leaders that went down in history.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Such included Red Cloud of the Sioux, Mad Horse and Sitting Bull, among others.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[29] The resistance of the Prairies Indians effectively ended in the 1870s, although individual battles were still fought in the following decades.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

After the United States had eradicated nearly all bison from the Plains, Native Americans had to abandon their plains culture and submit to living in the reservation assigned to them [30].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The Southwest Territory Native Americans of the Southwest Territory include the so-called Pueblo Indians (= village) of Arizona and New Mexico.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Their culture descended primarily from the well-studied prehistoric Anasazi culture, where communities built irrigation canals for their crops and were able to shorten the growing season of their crops through a variety of different methods.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[31] Pueblo villages are formed of groups of houses that were embankments built together.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The actual pueblos live mainly along the Rio Grande and on their western side lived Hopi Indians who represented the same culture.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The Spanish expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado mistreated the silverware upon discovering the settlement of these in the summer of 1540.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[32] As a result of migration from Canada, the Apache and Navajo settled in the environment of the pueblos during the 14th—17th centuries, and adopted the farming of these.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Later, both nations posed a permanent threat to peaceful pueblos, and made war against Mexico and the United States during the 19th century.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[33] Western Mountain Area This cultural region encompasses the Great Deeplands of the Rocky Mountains.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The communities of Fremont culture that affected in and around Utah disappeared as a result of major climate changes before 1500, and their place was filled by the Shoshons, Utets, and Paiutes of the Uto-Asteek language.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[34] European settlers used the derogatory name diggers (rooters) from the deep Indians because these were hunter-gatherers and dug roots out of the land for sustenance.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[35] The horse culture that spread in the 18th century sharply divided the deep tribes in two and the northernmost and southernmost communities adopted the tepees and equestrian culture of the Plains Indians.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

With the advent of horses, the belligerence of the Deep Northerners and Easterners increased and along with raiding, they engaged in the slave trade, which they had adopted from the Spanish in the south.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[36] Native Americans of the Northern High Plains and British Columbia were originally fishermen who lived in large villages along the rivers.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

During the summer, the inhabitants of the villages dispersed into the mountains in small groups for foraging and hunting.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The style of housing in this cultural precinct varied depending on the residential area.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The northernmost peoples used semi-underground settlements where no more than two families lived.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[37] The huts of the communities that lived closer to the plains resembled the wigwams of the Eastern Forest Indians.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Of the peoples of the uplands, the most famous were the nez percet and the salishs.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

During the 18th century, the easternmost groups possessed many features of the culture of the northern plains and in the early 19th century the tribes of the highlands had more horses than the tribes of the northern plains.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[38] The Highlands Indians lived long isolated from Europeans and were not charted until 1805-1806, when the Lewis and Clark expedition crossed the highlands and sailed down the Columbia River to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[39] Northwest Coast Northwest Coast tribes tribes such as the Tlingites, sharks, chinooks and kwakius lived by fishing, mainly salmon fishing.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

They were more short in stature than other mainland Indians and their houses resembled those of repairmen on the northeast coast of Asia.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[40] Northwest Coast Indians normally acquired property not for economic gain, but for social prestige.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

They present their imagination-rich lore, among other things, with skillful woodcuts in canoes, coffins, household supplies and especially totem poles.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

With the arrival of European traders to the northwest coast, the Chinooks developed a special trade language, a mixture of words more commonly used by local tribes and by the French and English.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[41] The use of the language extended to Alaska in the north and California in the south.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[42] California Indians California was the most densely populated area in North America even before the beginning of the period.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The area was linguistically very fragmented, as its inhabitants consisted of many different language families.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Societies were often highly developed, tribes led by chiefs.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The size and quality of villages and buildings varied depending on whereabouts.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[43] The Chumash and other peoples of the coastal regions originally lived by fishing.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Inland Indians harvested food crops and many tribes depended on acorns and horse chestnuts (Aesculus californica). [44].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Farming was rare with tobacco being the only plant to be cultivated.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Coastal areas were rainy, with the northeast inland being dry steppe and desert.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[45] In the 18th century, the advent of the Spanish, and later the California gold rush of the 1850s, rapidly reduced the numbers of Native Americans.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Pestilence, deportations from lands, and deliberate killing resulted in the deaths of an estimated 180,000 California Indians by 1880.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[46] North American Indians in the 21st Century In 2010, there were 565 federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States whose rights to self-government are essentially the same as those of U.S. states.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

More than a third of the nearly three million Indians in the United States live in the California, Arizona and Oklahoma region.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

In 2010, the most populous Native American peoples in the United States were the Cherokee and Navajo. [47].


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

The casino economy, which began in the 1980s, has significantly improved the economic status of many tribes, but especially the education and earnings of Indians living on the reservation remain at a low level.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Over the past several decades, Native American traditional religions have revived and annual POW-WOW events are held across North America.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[48] Of the Indian communities in Canada, the creet are the largest Native American peoples in population.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[49] A third of Canada's indigenous peoples live on rural reservations.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Exclusively in British Columbia, there are hundreds of small reserves along the Pacific coast.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Of the cities, Native American settlement is most concentrated in Vancouver, Edmonton, and Winnipeg.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

[50] Domestic literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eva Lips| title = Indians| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1978| id = ISBN 951-35-1526-5| language = english | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dee Brown| title = Dee Brown| title = Bury my heart in Wounded Kneehen| publisher = Otava| year = 1973| id = 951-1-00675-4| language = english | format = [Bury My Heart in Wounded Knee]}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Gilbert Legay| title = Indianatlas| publisher = WSOY| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-0-20440-4 | language = english | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rani-Henrik Andersson & Markku Henriksson| title = Indians — North American Indigenous History | publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2010| id = 978-952-495-162-3| format = [Indians] (HTML) | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Coe, Michael| title= Atlas of Ancient America| publisher = Facts on File| year = 1986| id=ISBN 978-0816011995Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fagan, Brian| title = Long Summer: Human History and Climate Change| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7595-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Henriksson, Markku| title = Native Americans| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1985| id = ISBN 951-662-385-9| language = english | accessdate = 12.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mann, Charles| title = 1491, America before Columbus| location = Helsinki| publisher = Into kustannus Oy| id = 2011| version = 1491| = ISBN 978-952-264-076-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Simms, Steven R.| title= Ancient People of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau| publisher = Left Coast Press| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-1-59874-296-1Sctranlusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stanford, Dennis & Bradley, Bruce A.| title=Across Atlantic Ice| publisher = Univ of California Press| year = 2012| id=ISBN 978-0-520-22783-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America


Question: What part of North America do the Navajo live in?

Native Americans of North America

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