Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Unknown history of ice keepers.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-16158-X.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen Jussi T. (1981): Red Guards War, parts I to II.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-859-071-0, ISBN 951-859-072-9.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen, Jussi T., Juhani Piilonen, Osmo Rinta-Tassi and Marja-Leena Salkola (1989): On one card.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-861-638-8.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Linnanmäki Eila (2005): Spanish disease in Finland.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Influenza epidemic of 1918—1920.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-716-8.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto ed.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

(1992—93): Years of independence 1917—1920, parts I to III.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-37-0730-X.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto (1993): Revolutionary War.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Magazine 2/1993, online Manninen Ohto (1995): War of Independence — as part of the Great War and the disintegration of the Russian Empire.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Aunesluoma, J. & Häikiö, M.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Atlass and Research Guide, p. 21—32.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-20174-x.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Turo (1982): Freedom struggle, civil war and rebellion.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

The nature of the battle in the war propaganda of the Whites in 1918.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-678-709-6.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Marjomaa Risto (2004): Beyond the World Revolution.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office 4/2004.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-46-6.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Mattila Jukka I.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

& Jarkko Kemppi (2007): Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-952-5485-03-5.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (1999): On the road to the Republic.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Ties break, p. 11—52.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-50-1055-1.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (2006): History of Finland.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Lines, structures, turning points.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-30809-9.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Meri, Veijo: Freedom will not be effortless: Finland 1870—1920, Otava, Helsinki, 1995, ISBN 951-1-13785-9 Millar James ed.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Red Guards.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Encyclopedia of Russian History, p. 1274.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 0-02-865907-4.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Numminen Jaakko ed.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

(1989): Lenin and Finland, Part II.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-860-402-9.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Paasivirta, Juhani: Finland in 1918, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1957 Paavolainen Jaakko (1966): Political violence in Finland 1918, 1 Red Terror.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1967): Political violence in Finland 1918, 2 White terror.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1971): Prison camps in Finland 1918.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-1015-5.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1974): Finnish national tragedy.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-2329-X.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Peltonen Ulla-Maija (2003): Places of Memory.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

For remembering and forgetting the 1918 Civil War.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-468-1.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Piilonen Juhani (1997): History of Sastamala 3, years 1860—1920.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-97691-0-2.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Polvinen, Tuomo: Russian Revolution and Finland.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

1—2, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1967-1971 Rasila Viljo (1968): Social background of civil war.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Oak.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Rautkallio Hannu (1977): Trading with Finnish independence.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-08492-1.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Roselius Aapo (2006): The War of Amateurs — Personal losses in front fighting in the Finnish Civil War 1918, publication series 1/2006 of the Prime Minister's Office.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-92-X Crawl Hannes (1918) The events of the Revolutionary Year.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Author, Helsinki 1918.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

The work digitised in the digital archive of the Labor Movement Library.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Räikkönen, Erkki: Svinhufvud and Independence Senate: features of the activities and stages of P. E. Svinhufvud and the Senate led by him in autumn 1917 and spring 1918, Otava, 1935 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salkola, Marja-Leena| title = Birth and Development of the Workers' Guards Red Guards 1917—1918 before the Civil War (dissertation) | publisher = Ministry of Education| year = 1985| version = Parts 1 and 2| id = ISBN 951-859-739-1, ISBN 951-859-740-5}}.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Salokangas Raimo (2003): What kind of independent Finland?


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Zetterberg, S.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Petty Giant of Finnish History, p. 597—613.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-27365-1.


Question: What effect did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Salomaa, Erkki: Yrjö Sirola, People's Culture, Kuopio, 1966 Suodenjoki Sami and Peltola Jarmo: The poor Finnish people break their chains.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Class, business and society from 1880 to 1918.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Left-wing labour movement in Pirkanmaa part 1., Tampere University Press, Tampere, 2007, ISBN 978-951-44-6832-2 Tanskanen Aatos (1978): Russians during the Finnish Civil War in 1918, Acta Universitatis Tamperensis SerA, vol 91, University of Tampere.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-44-0668-0.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Field Rights: Immediate Punitive Action in the Finnish Civil War 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2004| version = Dissertation, University of Tampere.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Bibliotheca historica 90| id = ISBN 951-746-651-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Time of Terror: The Restless Years in Finland 1917—1921| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-20-7051-0}} Citation replace error with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Executions of Female Rebels in Lahti 1918| publisher = self-publisher| year = 2007| id = ISBN 9789529988907}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Red fighting losses fallen 1918| location = Karjalohj| publisher = self-publish| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-99889-7-6}} Turunen Mirja (2005): Blood fields.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War killing works in North Kymenlaakso 1918.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-796-525-5.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Uola Mikko (1998): Against the wall only; motives for political violence in Finland 1917—1918.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-15440-0.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 1| publisher = Book| year = 1980| id = ISBN 9789512618286| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 543 p.} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 2| publisher = Book| year = 1981| id = ISBN 9789512620227| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 503 p.}} Vares Vesa (1993): How has it turned out the “white myth”?


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Helsingin Sanomat on 17 October 1993.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vares Vesa| title = Kingmakers.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish monarchy 1917—1919, myth and reality| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-0-23228-9| accessdate = 8.11.2015}} Vares Vesa (2009), From the King's Project to the Birth of a Republic.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

In: The Little Giant of the Civil War, ed.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T., WSOY, 2009 p. 376—394.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-35452-0.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Westerlund Lars ed.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Those killed in war conditions between 1914 and 1922.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office publication series 10/2004.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-52-0.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1986): Turning points in Finnish history.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-13745-6.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993a): Road to Tampere.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

WSOY ISBN 951-0-18897-2.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki ed.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

(1993b): The Hard Truth, the Year 1918 and National Science.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish Literature Society.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-717-768-2.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993c): Civil War.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Aikakirja 2/1993, online Ylikangas Heikki (2007): The hubs of Finnish history.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-32864-4.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huhta, Ilkka (ed.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

) | title = Civil War 1918 and church| location = Helsinki| publisher = Church Historical Society of Finland| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-5031-55-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Muilu, Heikki| title = Russian soldiers in white Finland| location = Jyväsky| publisher = Atena| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-796-624-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Wolffemales and little sucks.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War women prisoners in Hämeenlinna prison camp room no. 7| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6041-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Children at war 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| = 2014| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6939-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siironen, Miika| title = White.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Revolutionary War legacy| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-768-398-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siltala, Juha| title = Psychohistory| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-978-51-1-23795-2}} On the topic elsewhere (Archivistolaitos) — Online publication of the Department of Historical Science at the University of Tampere (Archivistolaitos) — Site of the Invalidien Remembrance Foundation of the Revolutionary War — Yle, 2018, National Library, National Library * Category:Relations between Finland and Russia Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are compounds that attach to cannabinoid receptors.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids in hemp create the intoxicating and medicinal effects of cannabis.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Some of the cannabinoids are endogenous, such as N-arachidonylethanolamine, or anandamide, and 2-arachidonylglycerol, or 2-AG.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids of the hemp plant and their pharmacology Although the chemistry of cannabis began to be studied more than 150 years ago, it was not until 1964 that pure delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-1-THC) was first succeeded in isolating from cannabis, [1] another called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Delta-9-THC or just THC.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

In 1970, it was found to be the most essential psychoactive component of hemp.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Subsequently, around 60 other ingredients have been able to be isolated from plants of the species Cannabis, called cannabinoids.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

No cannabinoids have been found so far in any other plant.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Overall, more than 400 chemicals have been isolated from hemp plants so far.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

However, the highly variable psychoactive effects of cannabis products have long dogged scientists.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

If THC were the only psychoactive component, the state of intoxication achieved by ingesting cannabis should be directly proportional in intensity to the THC content of cannabis ingested.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

However, cannabis products of different chemical composition also produce a qualitatively different state of intoxication, which does not always have a linear correlation with THC concentration.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

More headaches are caused by the discovery that the concentration of THC measured in the body and in the bloodstream does not fully reflect the subjective intensity and characteristics of cannabis intoxication.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

In addition to THC, other cannabinoids that have been found to have psychoactive effects as such or when combined with THC include CBD (cannabidiol) and CBN (cannabinol).


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

THC is a relatively potent psychoactive substance that causes very strong intoxication at doses of up to 1—2mg when administered intravenously (tested with THC synthesized under laboratory conditions).


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

However, the usual uses waste away much of the active ingredients.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

By smoking cannabis, it usually enters the body between 5% and 15% of the THC of the material being burned, depending on the person's incineration technique.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Even when eaten, there's almost no more psychoactive ingredients left.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

CBD and CBN have a relatively minor numbing or sedative effect at the doses at which an ordinary cannabis user may be expected to receive them in their body.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

In light of studies conducted in recent years, it appears that these substances potentiate some of the analgesic effects of THC, reduce some of the psychoactive effects of THC, and slow the onset of the effect of THC in doses that enter into that cannabis” average consumers” speaking.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

[2] [3] [4] CBD has additionally been found to be behind many medicinal effects of cannabis, for example, it has been found to reduce epileptic seizures, [5] help sufferers of chronic sleep deprivation, [6] reduce harmful muscle twitching.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

[6] [7] THC and CBD also act together with other psychoactive substances.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

THC has been found to slow down the function of most cells in the body and it explains some of the effects of cannabis.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Thus, for example, under the influence of cannabis, the absorption of alcoholic beverages is slower, as the ability of the stomach to transfer nutrients to the body has slowed down.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

The two cannabinoids have also been found to affect the metabolism and pharmacology of nicotine, sedatives, amphetamine, cocaine, opiates and many other psychoactive substances.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

The THC content in hemp inflorescence ranges from 0.001% in fibrous hemp up to 25% of the latest varieties processed at peak.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

However, averages can be considered to be just under 10% THC concentration at this time.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Natural and synthetic cannabinoids right|200px| Cannabinoid receptor-binding compounds can be divided based on their chemical structures into classical and non-classical cannabinoids, eicosanoids and numerous synthetic structures such as aminoalkyl indoles and diarylpyrazoles.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Classical cannabinoids are compounds isolated from hemp (Cannabis sativa) and their synthetic wiring.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Endogenous, or endocannabinoids (endocannabinoids), are eicosanoids in structure, i.e. arachidonic acid derivatives, such as anandamide, or N-arachidonylethanolamine and 2-arachidonylglycerol, or 2-AG.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids found in hemp Synthetic cannabinoids Synthetic cannabinoids have also been used as intoxicants.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

For example, JWH-018 is cannabis-like in its effects, but more potent as an intoxicant.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

[8] Cannabinoid receptors A naturally occurring (i.e. endogenous) neurotransmitter of cannabinoid receptors in humans and several other mammals is anandamide.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

[9] Its function is still unclear, but it is thought to be a fine-tuner of dopamine levels in the brain and many internal stimuli within the body, among other things.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

THC attaches to cannabinoid receptors only medium strength, but still slightly stronger than natural anandamide.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

THC acts in the cannabinoid receptor by accelerating the activity of the receptor, that is, an agonist.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

This has been identified as the primary cause of intoxication with cannabis.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

The low toxicity of cannabis is apparently due to very few cannabinoid receptors in the parts of the brain that control breathing and other necessary bodily functions.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

CB1 and the newly discovered subtype CB1A receptors are nearly identical in function, with CB1 receptor being the predominant cannabinoid receptor in the body, and CB1A occurrence being approximately 20% of the main type receptor volume.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

CB1 type receptors are mostly found in the central nervous system and sparsely in the peripheral nervous system.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

CB2 receptors, in turn, exist mainly in areas associated with immunity mechanisms in the lymph nodes and this type of receptor is responsible for the immunity-modifying properties of cannabis.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

CB1 thus acts as a main rule modifier of the central nervous system in cannabis.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

[10] Endogenous cannabinoid system The endogenous cannabinoid system comprises cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), a transport protein (anandamide transporter), and metabolic enzymes that inactivate endocannabinoids (FAAH and MGL).


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Endogenous cannabinoids, anandamide, and 2-AG are rapidly inactivated in the body when binding to specific transport proteins on the cell membrane.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Endogenous cannabinoids are transported inside the cell by facilitated diffusion.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

In the cell, they are metabolized by specific enzymes.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

The fatty acid amide hydrolase enzyme (FAAH) bound to the cell membrane catalyzes the hydrolysis of AEA to arachidonic acid and ethanolamine in the cell.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

2-AG, in turn, is degraded within the cell to arachidonic acid and glycerol enzymatically depending on conditions by either monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) or FAAH.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = School.M, Tuomisto.j| title = Pharmacology and Toxicology| publisher = Kustannus Oy Medicina| year = 2007, 7.p| id = ISBN 978-951-97316-2-9| accessdate = 18.09.2008}} References elsewhere in Päihdelinkki.fi Helsingin Sanomat 6.6.2014.


Question: Where are the cannabinoid receptors located?

Cannabinoids

Category:Key articles on screening


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms [1].


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Cells are divided into prokaryotes, that is, pre-nucleated and eukaryotes.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Pre-nucleated include mainly bacteria and authentic animal, fungal and plant cells.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Animal cells can be further divided into somatic cells and germ cells, that is, germ cells.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The cell was first discovered by Englishman Robert Hooke in 1665 and Dutchman Anton van Leeuwenhoek had seen the cell under a microscope around 1680 [1].


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

One cell can form an entire organism or they can form multicellular organisms or their organs.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Cells can multiply, that is, divide either mitotically or meiotically.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

[1] Cells can be very different sizes.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Usually their diameter varies between 0.01 and 0.1 millimeters, but for example some nerve cells may be more than a metre long.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The largest cells in humans include egg cells, nerve cells and muscle cells, and the smallest sperm cells and red blood cells.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The size of the skin cell is about 11—12 µm.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Human cells usually live for months or years, but cells on the inner surface of the gut and some white blood cells live only for days.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Nerve and muscle cells, on the other hand, are very long-lived and brain cells might live for more than a hundred years.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Cell structure The cell is distinguished from its environment by the cell membrane, as well as in plants, many protists, and most fungi and prokaryotes by a cell wall.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

A cell flame (cytoplasm) remains inside the cell membrane.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Most cellular metabolism takes place in the cell mass, where authentic nuclei also have multiple cell organs (cellular organelle) and nucleus.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The membranes of cellular organs delineate the contents of the cell into several different subcompartments, thereby keeping chemical reactions in different compartments separate from each other, and increasing the membrane surface area on the other.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Many sequence of events central to the function of a cell need a membrane surface between two different states to occur.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Pre-nucleated cells have neither cell organs separated by lipid membrane nor nucleus.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Plant and animal cells are very similar in structure, but plant cells have a cell wall as well as green particles, or chloroplasts, which are absent from animal cells.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Plant cells also have glyoxysomes where the glyoxylate cycle that occurs allows plants to synthesis glucose from fatty acids.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

In addition, in plant cells, the function of lysosomes is performed by vacuoles, that is, cavities, the volume of which in a mature plant cell can be up to 90% of the cell volume.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Cell inheritance factors are located in authentic nucleated cells in the nucleus isolated from the cellular fluid by the nucleus membrane.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The inheritance of pre-nucleated cells is packed into part of the cell fluid.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

This part is called the elementary, that is, nucleoid.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

[1] Cell membrane The cell is bounded by a cell membrane: a lipid toxic membrane, a large part of which is phospholipids: two fatty acids have been associated with glycerol and a hydrophilic (water-seeking, water-soluble) phosphate group.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The hydrophobic (water-forced) portions of fatty acids, poolless carbon chains, are oriented at the center of the membrane (see.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

hydrophobic interaction).


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

[2] The cell membrane surrounds the cell mucus and restricts the flow of substances into and out of the cell.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Fat-soluble substances can diffuse through the cell membrane, but hydrophilic ones need to pass through to reach a transport protein, channel protein, carrier protein, or pump protein that extends through the cell membrane.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

[3] [4] The cell membrane is rich in other membrane proteins, for example receptors and structural proteins, some of which permeate from both sides of the cell membrane, some from one side only.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

In membrane proteins there are also adhering carbohydrate components.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Cellulima Solulima, or cytoplasm, comprises all the basic matter between the cell membrane and the nucleus, as well as the organelles.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The cell mass is rich in proteins and RNA.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes of the cell mucus.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

[1] The ion content of the cell flame differs considerably from that surrounding the cell.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Sodium potassium pumps in the cell membrane of an animal cell continuously transport sodium away from the cell and potassium in.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The energy of ATP is required for this transport.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

As a result of ion concentration differences, cell fluid is negatively charged compared to the extracellular matrix (ECM).


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Reserve is a prerequisite for the functioning of nerve and other cells, and its loss leads to the death of the cell.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Plant, fungal, and bacterial cells do not have sodium potassium pumps; they have hydrogen pumps pumping hydrogen ions (protons) out of the cell, and the difference in concentration of hydrogen allows them to be transported secondarily active.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

[5] The nucleus In authentic organisms (eukaryotes), the nucleus is located in the cell mass and is surrounded by the nucleus membrane, or the nucleus enclosure.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The nucleus membrane is, like the cell membrane, a fatty acid double membrane.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Unlike the cell membrane, the nucleus membrane is not dense.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

It has a lot of nucleus pores through which messenger RNA (mRNA) and other molecules enter the cellular mucus.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The genes are located on the chromosomes of the nucleus encoded in DNA.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Cell Exoskeleton The cell exoskeleton The cell mass contains microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate strands.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Microtubules function in intracellular transport between the nucleus and the peripheral parts of the cell: dynein and kinesin motor proteins move along the microtubules, taking proteins tms.to other parts of the cell.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Microfilaments include e.g.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

muscle cell actin.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

As the muscle cell contracts, the overlapped arranged myosin molecules adhere to the actin molecule and pull actins slightly closer.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The consequence is a shortening of the muscle cell.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Similar actin-myosin interactions occur in other cells as well, but with less dramatic consequences.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Intermediate strands vary depending on cell type.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The components of the cell's exoskeleton work together, maintaining the shape of the cell.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

In addition, parts of the cell's exoskeleton act as structural components of intercellular junctions.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Membrane-structured cell organs Cell membrane - Nuclear enclosure - Mitochondrial - Green particle or chloroplast (only in plant cells) - Endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Extract vesicles - Endosomes - Lysosomes - Peroxisomes - Transport vesicles Membranous cell organs Centrioles - Ribosomes It - Glycogen - Fat Drops - Cilia Composition Living tissue more than 96% consists of four elements, which are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Other elements such as sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium and calcium are present at low concentrations of around 0.1% to 1.5%.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Generally, between 60 and 90 per cent of the cells are water.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The main organic compounds in cells include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Cell function Energy production The energy sources of cells are mainly carbohydrates and fatty acids.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

In authentic nucleated cells, fatty acids are chiefly cleaved by oxidation in β-oxidation in mitochondria, producing the reduced electron transporter coenzymes NADH and FADH2.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Carbohydrates are digested and modified first into glucose or its derivatives.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

In glycolysis of cell mass, they are converted to pyruvate, producing NADH and ATP.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Acetyl-coenzyme is formed from both pyruvate and fatty acid oxidation products, which is cleaved by oxidation in the mitochondrial citric acid cycle, creating carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

In the mitochondrial respiration chain, or electron transfer chain, produced in previous reactions of aerobic, oxygen-using cells, NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons, i.e. oxidize to NAD+ and FAD, reducing oxygen to water after a chain reaction.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

As a result, a proton concentration gradient is generated on different sides of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the matrix is more alkaline than the cell flame.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Protein channels, or ATP synthases, allow proton concentration to level off by making ADP and phosphate ATP with the same energy from the proton stream in nk.oxidative phosphorylation.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

ATP is the cell's basic energy currency used by enzymes for their reactions.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The downside of ATP is that it cannot be preserved in large quantities.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Endo- and exocytosis The cell takes substances from its environment by endocytosis, which can be divided into two: phagocytosis (“cell eating”) and pinocytosis (“cell drinking”).


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

In both events, molecules outside the cell attach to receptors on the cell membrane and cause cell membrane withdrawal to the well.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The pit deepens, and eventually the pit detaches inside the cell as an endosome and the cell membrane expires by attaching to the opposite edge.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The endosome connects in the cell with the lysosome.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

The lysosome contains enzymes that break down the contents of the endosome for use by the cell.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

An example of phagocytosis is when phagocyting cells (macrophages, neutrophils) eat bacteria and kill them inside.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Some bacteria for example tuberculosis and shigella can live inside the cell by inhibiting the fusion of the endosome and lysosome.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

After phagocytosis, the so-called late endosome is usually reconnected to the membrane by exocytosis, releasing the slag substances it contains into the intercellular space.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Exocytosis is the inverse for endocytosis.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Artificial cells US scientists were reported in 2010 to have developed an artificial cell as the first in the world.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

More specifically, this was a cell with an artificial genome, or DNA.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Scientists chemically developed the bacterium's DNA and attached it to a finished bacterium cell to replace the original DNA.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

[6] [7] Literature by Jyrki Heino and Matti Vuento: Cell Biology (WSOY, 2004, ISBN 951-0-28955-8) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sariola, Hannu| title = Life: Short learn| publisher = Helsinki: Duodecim| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-651-656-197-7}} Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alberts, Bruce et al.| title = Essential Cell Biology| location = New York| publisher = Garland Science| year = 2004| version=Second edition| id=ISBN 0-8153-3481-8| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: How many cells does a person have?

Cell

References On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The death penalty in Finland was in force for quite a long time, although it was not implemented after 1825 other than during war or martial law, most recently during the Continuation War in 1944.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Peaceful death penalty was definitively removed from Finnish law in 1949 and wartime in 1972.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The period of Swedish rule In the Middle Ages, the enforcement of capital punishment varied a lot.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Killing, too, was often reconcilable with a fine.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Later, the Swedish law of 1734 imposed the death penalty for quite a number of offences, a few of which today are not considered a crime at all.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The death penalty was provided either as the only possibility or alternate with some lenient punishment, inter alia, blasphemy [1], witchcraft [2], treason [3], defamation against the king or his advisor [4], forgery of money [5], on bigamy [6], interfering with an animal [7], murder [8], murder [9], rape [10], theft of more than 100 talars from the church [11] and pedigree [12] during the Grand Duchy of Finland The law of 1734 remained in force in the Grand Duchy of Finland in the time of power.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

However, in 1825, shortly after coming to power, Emperor Nicholas I decreed, under his right of clemency, that from then on death sentences were to be carried out only if the convicted had committed a crime of state or the murder of an emperor or member of the imperial family.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Otherwise, those convicted had to be deported to Siberia instead.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[13] This order was followed even by his successors until the entry into force of the Criminal Code of 1889, and therefore no executions were carried out in Finland.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Reportedly the last person executed in peacetime was Tahvo Putkonen, whose sentence was enforced on 8 July 1825.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Pieksäkeläinen Renki Tahvo Putkonen was convicted of male manslaughter.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The sentence came with a death sentence by neck severing and burial outside the churchyard, as well as fining 24silver talars for contempt of justice, drunkenness and breach of the sacred peace.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Subsequently, the abolitionists imposed were converted to deportation to Siberia.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In 1889, a whole new penal code was enacted.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

It said the death penalty could still be sentenced for six offences.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

For treason, the murder of an empress, an inheritance prince, dowager empress or other member of the imperial family, as well as the head of state in friendship, it was the only possible punishment.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Alternatively, with the rest of the punishment, it could have been convicted of other murder, as well as the crime of majesty and treason.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[14] By law, executions had to be carried out by beheading in the prison yard.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The punishment was therefore no longer enforced in public; the law stipulated which officials were to be present when the beheading occurred; no others were allowed to be present.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[15] In practice, however, the death penalty was no longer applied at all, except in times of war.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Under Russian law of war, military crimes could be sentenced to death.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The method of execution was either shooting or hanging.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The last person to be hanged in Finland has been activist Taavetti Lukkarinen, who was hanged in Oulu in 1916 for treason under Russian law of war.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

He was hanged not from the gallows but on a pine tree outside the city on Kontinkangas.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

1918 In independent Finland, the method of execution of the death penalty became established by firing squad.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In connection with the war events of 1918, death penalties (executions) were carried out on both sides in total closer to 10,000.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The legality of death sentences was often questionable.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

On the white side, most of the rulings were delivered in express or field courts, whose jurisdiction had not been established by law but by authority from the local patronage or military command.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Similarly, on the red side, death sentences were issued by the People's and Revolutionary Courts, whose jurisdiction was not based on law.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Additional State Criminal Tribunals were set after the end of the war under a law enacted in the spring of 1918 to investigate the crimes of Red Prisoners, but the legality of the death sentences handed down by them too was questionable.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Most of the 555 death sentences handed down were handed down for complicity in the murders.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

For treason, the hallmark of which the revolution attempted by the Reds, was not punishable by the death penalty.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The hallmark of treason would have required Finland to have been at war, but Finland had not, in legal order, declared war on Russia.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

On the other hand, if Finland had been at war, the captured Russians would have to be treated as prisoners of war instead of shooting.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

1918—1939 The Criminal Code of 1889 remained in force even after Finland became independent, although its provisions on matters such as the crime of majesty and violence against members of the imperial family lost their relevance.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In 1919, the Special Military Criminal Code for Military Persons was also enacted, which was repealed in 1984.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

It provided for the death penalty for the most egregious military crimes in section 30 or so.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[16] In peacetime, however, no executions were carried out.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Public opinion rose strongly to oppose the death penalty called for communist politician Toivo Antikaise in the Turku Court of Appeal in 1935−1937, which also widely attracted international attention.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The prosecution demanded a death sentence for Antikainen for the 1922 murder of prisoner of war Antti Marjoniemi in East Karelia, allegedly committed by Antikainen.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In response, more than 100,000 names were quickly collected in the pleading submitted to parliament opposing the death penalty.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The abolitionists, whose leading figure became Professor Väinö Lassila, pleaded that capital punishment would not reduce crime but, on the contrary, intensify brutal and violent attitudes in Finland.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Among the signatories to the letter were several well-known artists, e.g.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Aino Ackté, Elmer Diktonius, Leevi Madetoja, L. Onerva, Hagar Olsson, Olavi Paavolainen, Toivo Pekkanen, F.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

E. Sillanpää, Elli Tompuri, Elina Vaara, Katri Vala and Lauri Viljanen.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Other nominal signatories were Aino and Alvar Aalto, A.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

K. Cajander, Annie Furuhjelm, Lucina Hagman, Bruno Jalander, Niilo Liakka, Ester Ståhlberg, N.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

R. af Ursin and Edvard Westermarck.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Thanks to the pleading, a law on the death penalty called for by the political far-right was never adopted in Finland.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In fact, the Kivimäki government introduced a bill that would have restored over a hundred years as a dead letter in the penal code to the use of the peaceful death penalty for treason.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

At decisive reading in September 1936, however, Parliament narrowly rejected the law by a vote of 94—93.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[17] Antikainen, in turn, was sentenced to a life sentence of discipline; in addition, he received an eight-year discipline sentence for preparation of treason.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

He was released after the end of the Winter War at the insistence of the Soviet Union and handed over to the Soviet Union.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

During the 1939—1944 Winter and Continuation War, some 550 death penalties were enforced, perhaps 90% of which were given to spies and perpetrators of extermination.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

A total of 681 death sentences were handed down during the war; the overwhelming majority of those convicted were Soviet citizens.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[18] Under the interim law, punishments were enforced by firing.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In combat situations and in connection with them, the right to fire a superior for war cowardice was exercised some times.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

A well-known case is the execution of conscientious objector Arndt Pekurinen in the autumn of 1941.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[19] A big stir among the crew was caused by the execution of two soldiers convicted of desertion by the 7th Division Syvär in December1941 after their refusal to continue fighting due to fatigue and frost up to —40 degrees Celsius.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The case was a paragon of the execution scene of the 9th chapter of Väinö Linna's Unknown Soldier


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[20] [21] After the end of the wars, the case of Urpo Viinika, a doctor of medicine who had experienced a nervous breakdown, was also diligently pursued in the chaotic retreat of desertion and executed in the chaotic retreat of the Continuation War.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[22] According to Jukka Lindstedt, a doctor of law who studied death sentences during the wars, death penalties were tried in independent courts, so that the defendants had good legal protection in principle, unlike the system of many other countries.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

However, legal protection was undermined by the pressure exerted by military superiors and the State Police on the courts, the limitation of the possibility of appeal for the accused, and the restriction and complication of the use of the aide-de-camp, which in wartime were apparently considered normal measures.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In addition, discussion of capital punishment in the media was forbidden during the war.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In particular, the lack of an opportunity to appeal had an effect in practice; almost two-thirds of death sentences were carried out only by the decision of a tribunal (field or express court).


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The courts, on the other hand, generally do not appear to have had to bend in the face of pressure from military superiors or Valpo.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Two executions were carried out in clear violation of the law: in one case, the condemned was under 18 years of age, and in the other, the sentence was carried out while the judgment was still being processed by the condemned person's plea for mercy.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[23] At the time of the Helsinki Grand Bombings in February 1944, Parliament, after little debate, passed a change in the law that allowed the death sentence for property crimes as well, but none of the sentences were handed down under this.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[24] The most famous person sent by the Soviet Union to Finland as a desant was Kerttu Nuorteva, who was arrested in Helsinki in September 1942.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[25] The field court of the Helsinki Guardian District sentenced Nuorteva to death for espionage in November1943 and the court martial upheld the sentence in May1944.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

However, the death sentence imposed on Nuorteva was never enforced; he was released from prison under Article 20 of the Moscow Intermediate Peace Treaty and extradited as a Soviet citizen to the Soviet Union.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[26] Major Max von Hellens, who served as an intelligence officer during the Continuation War, was sentenced to death for war fraud in March 1943.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The basis for the conviction was the provision of classified information to the United States Military Attaché.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

von Hellens's plea for mercy was dismissed, but the sentence was not enforced due to U.S. pressure.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The fate of the plea for mercy made by his wife remained unresolved for more than a year and a half until the end of the war.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

von Hellens was released under Article 20 of the Moscow Intermediate Peace Treaty in September 1944 as a person acting for the benefit of the Allies.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[27] As the last woman in Finland, Martta Koskinen, convicted of treason, was executed in September1943.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The last person to be executed for a civil crime in Finland was Toivo Koljonen, convicted of six murders, who was shot in October1943.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The last person to be executed for a military crime was Private Olavi Laiho, who was shot on 2 September 1944 for treason and treason committed alone by deed.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[28] [29] Laiho, with a communist background, had spied for the Soviet Union since his escape and was active in the Turku Forest Guard.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The last death penalty in Finland was imposed and carried out on 3 September 1944, when three Russian desants were executed.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Postwar period, according to a change in the law in 1949, the death penalty could no longer be tried for a crime committed in peacetime.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

At the same time, a provision was introduced into law that a sentence of death imposed during martial law was changed, without a different decision, into a life sentence of discipline if it was unenforced when martial law ceased.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

At the time of this change of law in Parliament, no one called for the retention of the death penalty in peacetime.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Debate on the death penalty briefly grew in 1953 with the mass murder of Soso in Muhos and the murder of Kyllikki Saari and the double murder of Tulilahti in 1959.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Among other things, Eino Palovesi, then Minister of the Interior, advocated toughening penalties for violent crime in his speech at the Tulilahti victims.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[30] In 1972, the death penalty was removed from the penal system altogether.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[31] The government motion referred to the fact that public opinion, during the more than 20-year term of the law banning the peaceful death penalty, had increasingly positioned itself against the use of capital punishment under any circumstances.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[32] However, when the bill was being considered in Parliament, some of the SMP and Coalition MPs opposed the complete abolition of the wartime death penalty, as it still existed in Sweden (there the wartime death penalty was abolished a year later).


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

However, the counter-motion (by Veikko Vennamo) lost by a vote of 140—29.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Twenty-seven delegates were absent from the ballot and three abstentions voted.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In a parliamentary debate on the matter, the Coalition MP Eero Lattula appealed not only to the example of neighbouring countries, but also on the deterrent effect of the death penalty, because he felt that those planning, for example, war cowardice and desertion, seriously consider their actions. consequences.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

On the other hand, Lattula's fellow party member Juha Vikathmaa considered that negative measures such as the death penalty could not maintain the operational capacity of the defence forces and the will of the citizens to defend the national defence.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In the opinion of SKDL MP Anna-Liisa Jokinen, Finland may well be a frontrunner in banning the death penalty.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[33] [34] The last statement from an authoritative body in favour of capital punishment was heard in the spring of 1994, when the SMP MP Marita Jurva wished for the death penalty to be reinstated in the penal code for multiple murderers.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The claim was inspired by an incident in which three people were killed in Kotka by conscript fugitive Mika Muranen in April 1994.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Sporadic calls for the reintroduction of the death penalty into Finnish law have appeared even after this time, mainly in newspaper audiences in cases of mind-blowing homicides.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In an opinion poll conducted by Economic Survey1996, when no specific aggravated homicide was timely, 24% of respondents wanted to introduce the possibility of capital punishment for homicide.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Support was highest among the youngest age groups, among respondents under 35.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[35] In 1995, the ban on capital punishment was enshrined in the Constitution as part of the fundamental rights reform [36].


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

The same prohibition was also introduced into the new Constitution, which came into force in 2000.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[37] There are still isolated mentions of capital punishment in the law, but with the hierarchy and desuetudo basis outlined above, they do not apply.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

For example, the judicial arc provides for wrongful judgment: “If he does it intentionally, out of anger and malice, or for the sake of friendship, gift and profit, may he lose his office, without ever getting it back, may the damage also be reimbursed, and the gifts go to the paltry.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

If someone loses his life or honour because of such a wrongful judgment, may the judge lose his life or his honour because of his evil and malice.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

“[38] In November 2015, Jari Lindström, Minister for Labour and Labour in the Government of Sipilä (p.)


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

said on television's Kiosk program that he was willing to consider the death penalty for terrorists.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Lindström's statement was prompted by the terrorist attacks in Paris on 13 November 2015.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In a 2011 poll for MPs, Lindström had responded that he could consider the death penalty for perpetrators of extraordinarily cruel homicides.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

However, after being elected minister, Lindström announced that he would not be promoting the introduction of the death penalty in government.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

[39] Last executed Last executed in peacetime and last beheaded: Tahvo Putkonen 1825, beheaded for murder Last hanged: Taavetti Lukkarinen 1916, for treason under the Russian law of war Last executed for civil offence: Toivo Koljonen 1943, shot out of six for murder Last woman executed in Finland: Martta Koskinen 1943, shot for espionage and treason Last executed Finn: Private Olavi Laiho 1944, shot for desertion, espionage and treason Last executed in Finland and last shot: three Russians desanttia 1944, shot for espionage See also Death penalty Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kulomaa, Jukka & Nieminen, Jarmo (ed.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

) | title = Executed truth: summer 1944| publisher = Helsinki: Thought Books| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7772-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindstedt, Jukka| title = Executions - shootings.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In The Executed Truth: Summer 1944 p. 101—145| publisher = Helsinki: Thought Books | year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7772-4}} References on the topic elsewhere Yle 5.3.2016.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Act Abolishing the Death Penalty in 1972.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

In wiki material.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Referenced on 2/3/2011.


Question: When does the death sentence go out of use in Finland?

Capital punishment in Finland

Category:Death penalty by country Category:Finnish legal history


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Democracy, or popular power, is a state order or form of government based on the power of the people.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The basic idea of democracy is that the representatives of the governing power emerge from among the people and that the governing power carries out the will of the people.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[1] Democracy comes from the words demos (common people) and kratos (power, rule).


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[2] In political theory, democracy involves a small number of combinations of different statesmanship and also political philosophy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

It is considered an ordinary characteristic of democracy that the most important matters of state are decided either by the people themselves or by an institution elected by the people from among candidates competing on universal suffrage (parliament).


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In order for competitive elections to take place properly, there has normally been a need for freedom of expression and the press, as well as a degree of legal security.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Civilian control of the military has often been seen as a necessity to prevent both military dictatorship and military meddling in politics.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In some countries, democracy is based on the philosophical principle of equality rights.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The guiding principle of democracy is majority rule, although many democratic systems do not follow this rigidly — representative democracy is a more common form of democracy than direct democracy [3] and this generally seeks to safeguard minority rights from the threat picture so called” of the tyranny of the majority”.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Popular sovereignty is an ordinary, but not universal, supportive philosophy in establishing democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Democracy dates back to ancient India, ancient Greece [4] [5] and Rome, ancient Europe and North and South America, [6] but over time the images of democracy have significantly changed and created different trends.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Democracy has been called the “last form of statesmanship” and has spread significantly around the world.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[7] Although the term “democracy” is typically used in the context of a political state, the principles are also applicable to private organisations [8] and other groups.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Over the ages, suffrage has been expanded in many jurisdictions from relatively narrow groups (wealthy men of a particular ethnic group), but the issue has increasingly remained controversial regarding land areas subject to controversy, areas of significant immigration, and certain national groups exclusionary countries.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The United Nations has declared September 15 as International Day of Democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[9] Etymology The word democracy derives from the Ancient Greek word dēmocracy (), by which in modern times usually refers to popular power.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The word dēmocracy is formed from the initial part of dēmos (), “people”, [10] “mob”, “many” [11] and kratos () “command” or “power”.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[10] In Latin texts, the earliest mentions have been found in the 13th century.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[12] As in the previous paragraph, the Greek word dēmos is normally translated as “people.”


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Originally, however, dēmos did not mean the whole people.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The name dēmos may have been originally used for some regions of Attica.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Only later has it changed to signify the community formed by the native inhabitants of such an area.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The word dēmocracy may have meant the power of the poor who pursues the interests of the poor, as for example in the Politics of Aristotle (1279 b).


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In the modern era, the word democracy has become so full of positive side meanings that almost any form of government has been called democratic: for example, the monarchy of Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium and Scandinavian countries, the United States, Mexico and Latin Americans republics such as countries, as well as communist states such as the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[13] Democracy concept The concept of democracy has expanded much from antiquity because of the positive evocations attached to it.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

These include political freedom, equality and the right to participate.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Today, democracy is divided into different forms, and ideological differences already arise based on what kind of images are associated with democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The key hallmarks of democracy in empirical research are the fundamental political rights of citizens and the choice of decision-makers through competitive elections.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[14] There is no generally accepted definition of 'democracy', but evocations such as equality and justice reflect contemporary democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[15] Many people use the term “democracy” as shorthand for liberal democracy, which may include additional elements such as political pluralism, equality before the law, the right to appeal to elected authorities to redress grievances, legal protection, on civil rights, human rights, and non-government civil society.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In the United States, separation of powers is often referred to as a side feature, but in other countries such as the United Kingdom, parliamentary sovereignty is the dominant philosophy (although in general practice the independence of justice is maintained).


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In other cases, “democracy” is used to mean direct democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Forms of Democracy Representative democracy involves the election of government officers representing the people.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The most common mechanisms include the selection of a candidate by majority or number of votes.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Representatives may be elected to represent a particular region or constituency, or, with a proportional system, to represent the entire electorate, sometimes using a combination of the two in the selection.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy similar to the referendum.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Having chosen its representatives to act in its interests, it retains the freedom to act on its own discretion and in accordance with its mind.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

This is the hallmark of representative democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Parliamentary Democracy In a parliamentary democracy, members of the government are required to enjoy the trust of Parliament, unlike in other kinds of state systems where the head of state appoints the members of the government according to his own liking.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The power of government is exercised by the executive ministry, and the government is subject to amendments and balancing elements of the parliament elected by the people and legislating, as well as the subject of ongoing review.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] Liberal democracy A liberal democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the principle of legality.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

It is normally incensed by a constitution that emphasizes protection of the freedoms and rights of individuals and imposes restrictions on leaders where the will of the majority would be exercised against the rights of minorities (cts.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

civil rights).


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In a liberal democracy, participation is not a value in itself, but rather it is everyone's own business, whether he or she participates in politics, for example, by voting or not.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

What is essential is the possibility of individuals by voting to change those in power — in order to safeguard their own interests and freedoms.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The perception highlights the role that evaluates the politics of the media.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

People are seen in this tradition as individuals.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The concept of “people” or differences in class and culture does not play a big role.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The ultimate idea is to organise society through democracy in such a way that the freedom that characterizes the 'original' stateless state remains at the disposal of individuals as much as possible.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[24] Direct democracy Direct democracy is a political system in which citizens personally participate in decision-making without intermediaries or representatives.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Proponents of direct democracy argue that democracy is more than just a procedural, vote-related issue.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[25] Most direct democracies have taken the form of weak, relatively small communities, usually city-states, for example ancient Athens.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

However, the widespread use of referendums, encountered in a very large California organized community of more than 30 million people, is seen by some as akin to direct democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[26] In Switzerland, five million voters participate in decision-making in national referendums and initiatives two to four times a year; at the cantonal and municipal level, the instruments of direct democracy are also well established.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Socialist Democracy Socialist thought has several different views on democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Social democracy, democratic socialism and the dictatorship of the proletariat — normally put into action with Soviet democracy — are some examples.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Many democratic socialists and social democrats believe in a form of participatory democracy combined with representative democracy as well as workplace democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

There is hostility to what is commonly called “liberal democracy” among Marxist Orthodox.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

By this they simply refer to parliamentary democracy, often because of its centralized nature.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Because Marxists, Leninists and Trotskyists wanted to destroy the political elite of capitalist society, they believe in direct democracy implemented through the commune system or councils.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

This system basically proclaims itself as a Soviet democracy and, at first, a workplace democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

(See Democracy in Marxism) Anarchist Democracy Many anarchists accept direct democracy as the only form of democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Some anarchists oppose direct democracy, while others favor it.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon argued that the only acceptable form of direct democracy is one that recognises that majority decisions, despite the current consensus, are not binding on the minority.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[27] However, anarcho-communist Murray Bookchin criticized individual anarchists for opposing democracy [28] and says “majority rule” is consistent with anarchism.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[29] Some anarcho-communists oppose the majority nature of direct democracy, feeling that it can hamper individual freedom and opt for the preferred non-majority form of consensus democracy, which is consistent with Proudhon's stance of direct democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[30] Selective Democracy The process of selecting decision-makers through amortisation is sometimes said to be democracy without elections.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The point to this is that the elected represent the opinions and interests of the people on a large scale and the elected are more fair and even-handed than the elected clerk.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The practice was widespread in Athenian democracy and today is still used, among other things, in the United States when choosing a jury.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Because of the lack of real elections, there is no agreement everywhere on whether a lottery can be considered a democracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Consensus Democracy In consensus democracy, a simple majority is not sufficient for decision-making, but a different degree of consensus or qualified majority is required to do so.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Typically, this is an attempt to protect the rights of the minority from majority rule control.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In many countries, the amendment of the Constitution requires a qualified majority of at least a certain amount.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Interactive Democracy Interactive Democracy seeks to utilize information technology to engage voters in legislating.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

It provides a system for proposing new laws, prioritising proposals, clarifying through Parliament and bringing into force through a referendum.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Supranational Democracy The Treaty of Rome determined majority voting to be the main course of action for achieving decisions in the Council of Ministers of Europe.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

This system allocates votes to European Union member states partly by population, but has been heavily weighted in favour of smaller states.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

This may look like a form of representative democracy, but representatives of the Council may be appointed without being directly elected.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Some might look at it from the point of view that “individuals” democratically represent the states rather than the people, as in many other international organizations.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The democratic election of MEPs on the basis of universal suffrage may be seen as an example of a supranational democratic institution.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

History Early History One of the earliest mentions of democratic civilizations or sometimes alleged oligarchies was found in the republics of ancient India founded before 500 BCE.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

and before the birth of Gautama Buddha.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

These republics were known as mahaya dams and from these in Vajj state city of Vaishali (which today is Bihar, India) was developed into the world's first republic.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[32] Democratic Sangha, Gana and Panchayat systems were used in some of these republics: today the Panchayat system is still used in Indian villages.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Later in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Under Alexander the Great, the Greeks wrote about the Sabarcae and Sambastai states present in present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, whose “statesmanship was democratic and not glorious,” according to learned Greeks of that time.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[33] Antiquity First, the concept of democracy appeared in the political and philosophical thinking of Ancient Greece.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Philosopher Plato compared democracy, a system of “governed power”, to alternative systems of monarchy (individual power), oligarchy (power of a small elite class), and timocracy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[34] Although today the Athenian democracy had been a form of direct democracy by many, initially it had two characteristics different from modern democracy: firstly, the allocation of ordinary citizens (multi-choice) into government and judicial posts, [35] and secondly, the allocation of all a gathering of citizens.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

All male Athenian citizens were eligible to speak and vote in the People's Assembly, which enacted the city-state's laws, but political rights and citizenship were not given to women, slaves, nor metoiks.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Of the 250,000 inhabitants of Athens, only about 30000 were citizens, and of them, perhaps only 5000 may have attended one or more meetings of the People's Assembly on a regular basis.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Most officials and judges of the Athenian government were assigned to their office; only generals (strategists) and a few other officers were elected.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[36] Elections were held in the Roman Republic, but again women, slaves and a large foreign population were cut off from politics.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

More weight was given to the votes of the wealthy, and initially all high-ranking clerks came from the few families of overlords until the year 367 BCE.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

from the posts were open to all citizens.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[37] [38] The Middle Ages saw many forms of government in use in the Middle Ages that required universal voting.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Suffrage was often limited to only a small percentage of the population.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Several different electoral methods were in use then.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Different methods or systems used in history have included the election of Gopala in Bengal, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Allting in Iceland, the medieval Italian city-states, the Irish Tuatha system, medieval Novgorod and Pskov vetše of republics, districts of Scandinavia, assemblies of the Tyrolean and Swiss enactments, and elections for the 16th-century Japanese self-governing market town of Sakai.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

They were systems involving gatherings.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

However, the right to participate was often limited to a small portion of the population, so these could rather be classified as oligarchies.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In the Middle Ages, most areas were ruled by clergy or feudal overlords.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The development of England in England as the Magna Carta limited the king's power.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The De Montfort Parliament of 1265 was the first elected Parliament of England.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

It still met only at the invitation of the king, which depended entirely on his whimsical power: most commonly, Parliament was convened when the king needed more funds.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Following the Feminent Revolution of 1688, the English Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689, which established certain fundamental rights of citizens and increased the influence of Parliament.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[39] The right to vote remained even more the privilege of the upper-class minority, and therefore, even in 1780, less than 3% [39] of the population could vote in elections to Parliament.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

There were inconsistencies in the electoral justice system for historical reasons.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Thus, some old settlements almost deserted in the course of the times (so-called rotted merchant houses) still had the right to elect a representative to Parliament, while many of the newer towns that had grown larger did not.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Later suffrage was expanded degree by degree, parliament gradually gained more power and eventually the monarch became essentially just a figurehead of the kingdom.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[40] Iroquois Democracy was also implemented to a certain extent in human gangs and tribes such as the Iroquois Confederacy.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

However, in the Iroquois federation, only male members of certain clans were able to be leaders, and some clans were excluded from politics.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Only the oldest female members from the same clan were able to elect and depose the leaders.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

This excluded most of the population.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The interesting detail when making decisions is that it was not through voting that majority support was decided, but there had to be a consensus among the leaders.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[41] [42] Group societies, which normally comprise between 20 and 50 members, often have no leaders and decision-making is based on majority consensus.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

18th and 19th century Although the Founding Fathers did not describe the United States as a democracy, it has been described as the first liberal democracy on the grounds that its founders were united by a determination to build Americanism on the principles of freedom and equality.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[43] The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, enacted an elected government and safeguarded civil rights and liberties.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

However, in the colonial era before 1776, only adult white male wealth owners were able to vote; suffrage did not exist with slaves imported from Africa, neither free blacks nor women.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In the western frontier regions, democracy became a way of life with broad social, economic and political equality.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[44] On the other hand, democracy was not achieved in the border region, for example, Canada, Australia or Russia.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Before the 1840s, all wealth-based terms had been abolished, and almost all white adult male citizens gained the right to vote.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Voter turnout in elections at the federal, state and local levels ranged between 60 and 80 percent.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The system progressively evolved from Jeffersonian democracy to Jacksonian democracy and beyond.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

During the reconstruction of the Civil War (late 1860s), newly freed slaves became voting citizens (regarding men).


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In 1789, revolutionary France drafted the Declaration of Human Rights under which all male persons had the opportunity to vote in elections to the National Assembly, though this was short-lived.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[45] Liberal democracies were sparse and often short-lived before the second half of the 19th century.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Many different nations and regions have claimed to have been the first with universal suffrage.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The 20th century Transitions to liberal democracy have occurred in successive “waves of democracy”, variously as a result of wars, revolutions, decolonisation and economic circumstances.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

A gender-non-segregated unicameral People's Parliament, elected by universal suffrage, was introduced in 1906.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[46] In this case, Finland was still an autonomous Grand Duchy of Russia, and the Grand Duke had veto power over laws enacted by the People's Parliament.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The situation changed substantially with the 1917 revolution, as a result of which Finland became an independent republic.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

World War I and the breakup of the Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungary led to the creation of new nation states in Europe, and most of the new states were at least nominally democratic.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In the 1920s democracy flourished, but the Great Depression caused disillusionment and most countries in Europe, Latin America and Asia became strongman powers or dictatorships.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Fascism and dictatorships were rampant in Nazi Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal, as well as other undemocratic developed countries such as the Baltic and Balkan countries, Brazil, Cuba, China and Japan.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

At the same time, Josif Stalin also gained the status of dictator in the Soviet Union.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

Thus, the 1930s are known as the “Age of Dictators”.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

[47] In Western Europe, the peak of this trend was World War II.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The successful democratization of the western occupation zones of occupied Germany, Austria, Italy and Japan provided a model for the later theory of exchange of the system of government.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

However, most of Eastern Europe, among them the Soviet occupation zone in Germany, or the later German Democratic Republic, was forced into the undemocratic Soviet bloc.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The war was followed by decolonization, and again most newly independent states had nominally democratic constitutions.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In the decades following World War II, most western democratic nations had framework economies and advanced welfare societies that reflected the consensus among their electorate and parties.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

During the 1950s and 60s, economic growth was strong in both western and communist countries, but later deteriorated in state-run economies.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In the 1960s, much of the nation states were nominally democracies, although the majority of the world's population lived in states where electoral results were distorted, such as especially in communist countries and former colonies.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

The next wave of democratization brought with it considerable strides towards true liberal democracy for many nations.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

In the late 1970s, Spain, Portugal (1974), and in the early 1980s several other military dictatorships in South America (Argentina in 1983, Bolivia, Uruguay in 1984, Brazil in 1985- and Chile in the early 1990s) returned to civilian rule.


Question: How is democracy defined?

Democracy

By the mid to late 1980s, this example was followed by East and South Asian nations.