Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The Caliph himself is a PhD in Qur'anic studies.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis scholars choose from contradictory scriptures that fit their own ideology and strategy, justifying violence, and they seek to circumvent the passages that urge peace and reconciliation.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis's rank-and-file soldiers, on the other hand, often don't know Islam's holy scriptures very well.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[70] The apocalypse Isis differs from other jihadist trends also in that in its ideology the apocalypse plays a big role.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[67] Isis emphasises the 'end of days' in its propaganda, in which 'Rome' marches its army at a loss against the Army of Islam in Dabiq, Syria, followed by Muslims taking Istanbul.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

After that, however, the anti-Messiah Dajjal, who arrived from Iran, is haunted by the Muslim army rippling Islam back to conquer Jerusalem.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

That's where the Prophet Jesus arrives at the last minute to lead Muslims to victory.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis has conquered the town of Dabiq and now says in its propaganda that they are waiting there for their enemy.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Since the Pope no longer has an army, “Rome” can be comprised of any army of infidels, such as the United States.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[69] Treatment of infidels Where al-Qaeda's goal has been to restore Muslim states and societies that have renounced their faith through violence, Wahhabists have traditionally advocated the killing of infidels.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis says Islamist organizations like al-Qaeda and Hamas are too moderate.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to Isis, God's commands should be carried out immediately and not over a long period of time.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis ideology says that all Islamists supporting secular or elected rule are infidels and deserve death.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[68] Establishment of a caliphate Isis seeks to establish a caliphate like the Muslims had in 632—661.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Under the caliphs who ruled at the time, Islam spread from humble starting points from the more distant regions of present-day Iran to the coast of present-day Libya.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis aims to spread its power, first to Jordan, Palestine and Lebanon, and eventually throughout the Islamic world.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[71] Isis has taken the establishment of a caliphate literally, unlike Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood and al-Qaeda, for whom the caliphate is either a spiritual idea or a newly distant future goal.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Because of Isis's relentless violence and self-proclaimed caliphate, all prominent jihadist theorists have condemned Isis as a misdoctrine.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[68] According to British Islamist leader Anjem Choudary, Isis has now, having established a caliphate, launched an onslaught of its duty on the non-Islamic countries of jihad.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The Caliphate seeks to sow terror in its enemy through brutal acts in order to accelerate victory and end the conflict.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Islamic law does not accept the borders of states and only allows peace treaties of no more than 10 years.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The Caliph must wage jihad at least once a year or he is a sinner.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Sending a representative of the caliphate to the United Nations, for example, is forbidden by Islamic law, as God is the sole authority.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[69] Idolatry according to Isis's Salafist ideology, idols must be destroyed.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis therefore eradicates images of worship from pre-Islamic times, as well as Islamic monuments and places of worship in the territories it occupies.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis also considers theological literature written after Muhammad to be unrelated to Islam and polluting and therefore disposing of old books.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[72] [73] Organisation The first leader of Isis is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who has been declared caliph.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

He has two deputy directors, one in charge of Syria and the other in charge of Iraq.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

These deputy directors are aided by at least 12 local leaders who report to their senior managers.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Many of the local leaders were military leaders under Saddam and are drawing on the military training they received now working for Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Al-Baghdadi is also aided by a leadership council whose members have access to the caliph himself.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

These advisers deal with religious disputes, order executions and monitor the realization of Isis doctrines in the areas it controls.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[74] According to some accounts, al-Baghdadi was seriously injured in an air raid in March 2015 and was replaced as leader by Abu Alaa al-Afri.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to the Iraqi Defense Ministry, al-Afri was killed in an airstrike in May 2015.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[75] Isis has created an effectively organised civil administration in its administrative area, which performs the ordinary functions of the state.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[76] An estimate by the CIA in autumn 2014 put the number of Isis fighters at 20000 − 31500.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[77] More recent information suggests that the estimate may be too low and the number of Isis fighters is probably at least 50,000 fighters.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[78] Fighters linked to the ranks of Isis take an oath to the caliph.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

“resigning” or running away from Isis and planning to return home violates that oath and may result in execution.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Many of those who left for Isis have been left 'prisoners' by the organisation, it can no longer leave its forces.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[79] Isis foreign fighters In 2014, according to a UN report, at least 15000 people have travelled from other countries to fight with Islamist forces in Syria and Iraq.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Foreign fighters have travelled to fight wars as many as in the previous 20 years combined.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[77] According to a 2015 report, 25000 foreigners had already joined various Islamist groups in Syria and Iraq.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[80] According to US intelligence experts who remained anonymous interviewed by The Washington Post, around 1,000 people travel to Syria each month to fight within the ranks of various factions.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

US intelligence bodies estimate more than 16,000 volunteer fighters have traveled to the region from 80 countries.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Most of the comers are from the Middle East and North Africa.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The largest volunteer force has come from Tunisia, with about 3000 fighters.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

About 2000 people have left Europe and a good hundred from the United States.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[81] According to data released by Swedish security police Säpo in November 2014, up to 300 Swedish citizens may be fighting in Isis forces, there are a hundred certain cases and 150 unconfirmed.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[82] Finnish members of Isis In August 2014, the protection police estimated that more than forty persons had left Finland for the war zone in Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

By far the most departures had gone into the ranks of the ISIS terrorist organization.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

75% of the departures had Finnish citizenship, the departures had sixteen different ethnicities, and their ages had varied between 18 and 50 years.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

People just over in their 20s make up the largest group.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Approximately 20-30% of those leaving are women.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[83] [84] According to data released by the Protection Police in February 2015, there were already more than 60 people who travelled to the conflict zone.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In March 2016, about 100 fighters had left Finland for Iraq and Syria to join the ranks of the ISIS terrorist organization, according to Foreign Minister Timo Soini.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Of them, about 20 had died.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[85] In April 2018, the figure was 80, of which about 20 women.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[84] Those who have left represent 18 different ethnicities.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

There are also children and entire families involved.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[86] Women who have left Finland have given birth to another ten children in the regions of Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[84] In addition to them, about 30 children have travelled to the area with their parents.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[84] Women also produce propaganda and recruit other women.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[84] According to a joint study conducted by the University of Helsinki and Tampere, the key reasons for leaving the conflict zone are experiences of hostility towards Muslims and views on world politics.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[87] Approximately 20 of those who have gone to combat zones have returned to Finland, according to the National Protection Police.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The protection police also anticipate some of the women who left will return to Finland with their children.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

It creates a new security conundrum, as radicalised parents can be expected to raise their children in line with Islamist ideology.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

It is known to the police that very young children have been raised to espouse the ideology of a terrorist organization, trained armed, even stung to enforce physical punishments.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[84] Discipline and control Isis closely controls the life of the caliphate and maintains fierce discipline.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

It spies on a human using a spy network [88] and cameras.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Intelligence as an intelligence unit for Isis is operated by Emni.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Action Action Against Enemy Soldiers Prisoner of War Incineration Isis released a sadistic video in February 2015 showing a kidnapped Jordanian fighter pilot being burned alive.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

As a result, thousands of people marched in Jordan against Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Jordan soon launched fierce aerial bombardment against Isis, saying the retaliatory strike was just beginning.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Even Abu Mohammad al-Maqdisi, a Jordanian jihadist preacher who inspired the activities of terrorist network al-Qaeda, stated that “no religion condones” Isis's atrocities.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[29] Use of chemical weapons In October 2014 it was reported that Isis has used chlorine gas against the Iraqi army.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The Washington Post newspaper said the information had been confirmed by doctors who treated the Iraqi soldiers, as well as an Iraqi Department of Homeland Security official.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The United States announced it was investigating the matter.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[89] [90] Representatives from Iraqi Kurdistan reported in October 2015 that Isis would have used mustard-gas in its grenade attacks against peshmerga fighters in northern Iraq in August 2015.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The news said the use of a chemical weapon would have been verified by blood tests taken from wounded fighters.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[91] Actions against civilians deemed infidels and enemies In the territories it has taken, Isis maintains strict discipline under Sharia law and invades people's homes to check that there is living according to the principles of Islam.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organization treats its opponents harshly, slays, imprisons, tortures, extorts protection money and humiliates.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis announces the creation of a rightwing Islamic state superior to previous states.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[92] The orders are enforced by Isis's “morality police” who have ordered floggings and amputations for offences such as smoking or theft, among other things.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Thieves have had hands cut off and smokers have fingers cut off.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Thirteen teenage boys have been sentenced to death for following a football match, according to a UN report.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[93] Men have been flogged in public places, in cases where they have posed with women whose dress Isis has deemed inappropriate.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Men have also been flogged for neglecting Friday prayers and trading during prayer moments.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Children have been pressured to turn their parents in and women have been executed in cases where they have been in contact with men that Isis does not accept.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Children have also been subjected to watching public executions and mutilations in squares.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[94] [95] According to the UN report “Rules of Terror - Life under Isis rule in Syria”, Isis has committed massive war crimes and crimes against humanity in Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to the report, Isis is committing acts such as massacres, executions and sex slavery.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Women also get pregnant against their will.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis has beheaded, shot or stoned men, women and children in public places in towns and villages across northeastern Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The mangled bodies of men have often been put on display as a warning to others of what will follow if not submit to Isis rule.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

There have been reports of executions in Aleppo, Raqqa, Idlib, Hasaka and Deir ez-Zor provinces.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[94] [96] During its first year in Syria, Isis executed a total of 3027 people, nearly 1800 of them civilians, and 74 of those sentenced to death in Syria were children.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

While many executed have been recorded as charges of blasphemy or espionage, sentences have also been handed out to Shia Muslims as well as those accused of sodomy or witchcraft.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Two underage boys were sentenced to death because they had eaten during Ramadan fasting “without religious justification.”


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to a UN report, jihadists have executed even children with developmental disabilities.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[97] There are no reliable figures from Iraq, but Isis is believed to have killed thousands of Iraqis, among them 1700 Shiite fighters in the Camp Speicher massacre in Tikrit.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[98] Persecution of religious and other minorities Isis forces people in the territories it controls under threat of death penalty, torture or mutilation to confess Islamic doctrines of faith, and to live according to the organisation's interpretation of Sunni sharia law.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

It engages in violence, particularly against Shia Muslims, indigenous people of Assyria, Chaldeans, Syrian-Armenian Christians, Jesides, Druuses, Shabaks and Mandelas.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[99] According to Amnesty International, Isis has committed ethnic cleansing of ethnic and religious minorities in northern Iraq on a “historic scale.”


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In its special report, Amnesty describes how Isis has “systematically targeted non-Arab and Sunni Muslim communities, killing and abducting hundreds, possibly thousands, and has forced more than 830,000 people to leave areas it had captured by 10 June 2014.”


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

These groups of people include Assyrian Christians, Turkmen Shiites, Shabachs, Yesids, Kakais, and Mandeans of Sabea who have lived together for centuries in the province of Nineveh.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Large parts of those areas are now under Isis control.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[100] [101] Sexual minorities are also persecuted by Isis and men caught and suspected of homosexual acts have been thrown, particularly from the roofs of high-rise buildings and subsequently stoned.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Videos of the events have been posted online.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[102] Persecutions of the Jesids Isis has launched a campaign of persecution against Iraq's Yesid minority.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organization has killed and abducted thousands of Jesides, as well as besieged hundreds of Jeside families.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In August 2014, as many as 50,000 Jesids were reported to have fled a jihadist attack.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

They had to live in caves and hunt animals to keep their lives.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to UN Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights Ivan Šimonović, the actions may meet the hallmarks of an attempted genocide.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[103] Persecution of Christians in Mosul by Isis offered either conversion, payment of compensation equivalent to protection money, [104] leaving the city, or ultimately death.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[105] Isis destroyed Christian shrines from the territories it conquered, among other things, by blowing up.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[106] In February 2015, Isis killed by beheading 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in Libya.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[107] Around the same time, Isis kidnapped 220 Assyrian Christians in Hasaka province in northeastern Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

It released 19 kidnapped for ransom the following week.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Isis has captured ten Christian villages from the Hasaka region.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Nearly 5000 people have fled the area for Kurdish or Syrian government-controlled areas.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[108] A video released in April 2015 shows the execution of 30 Ethiopian Christians in Fazzan, Libya, in territory controlled by the organisation.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The video also features a depiction of various branches of Christianity and footage of the destruction of several churches, altars and works of art in unknown locations.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[109] Pope Francis stated in July 2015 that the Middle East is undergoing genocide of Christians and called for an immediate end to the persecution of Christians.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

He has previously expressed concern about the situation of Christians, especially in areas conquered by Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In 2014, the Pope, together with Bartholomeos, Patriarch of Constantinople, appealed for the protection of Christians and other minorities in the Middle East.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[110] According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, a human rights organisation based in Syria, Isis sells women and girls it takes captive as slaves as spoils of war.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to information released by the organisation in August 2014, Isis has transported at least 300 captured women from Iraq to Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Most of them have belonged to the Jesid faith sect.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The women are said to have converted to Islam, allowing them to marry ISIS fighters.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The women are either allocated to fighters or are sold for a price of 1,000 dollars, or about 760 euros.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The youngest of them have been 14 years old.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

U.N. Human Rights Commissioner Navi Pillay says there have been systematic rapes and enslavement of people in Iraq.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[111] Girls as young as 13 have been taken away from their families to target atrocities, sexual violence and rape.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[95] In Isis's journal Dabiq, theological justifications for taking prisoners as wives or sex slaves have been laid out.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

“After the capture, women and children were distributed to the fighters involved in the takeover of Sindžar, after the fifth was taken as a khums tax to Islamic State.”


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

“The enslavement of infidel (kuffār) families and the admission of women as sex slaves is a very well established practice in Sharia, and whoever denies this or mocks it, he is guilty of ridicule of the Qur'an and the dictates of the Prophet.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

“[112] Massacres In late October 2014, a mass grave of 150 people in the city of Ramadi and a mass grave of 70 people was discovered on the trail of Isis in the city of Hit.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The slain are Sunni and all belong to the Albu Nimr tribe.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis jihadists are also Sunni.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Members of that tribe have been among the opponents of Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Those killed were mostly police officers or belonged to the Sahwa faction fighting Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[113] [114] Tortures and executions of journalists and aid workers The US-based SITE Intelligence Group has released three videos showing Isis executing US nationals James Foley on 19 August 2014 and Steven Sotloff on 2 September 2014, as well as British aid worker David Cawthorne Haines on 13 September 2014.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Reporter James Foley was abused and tortured by Isis fighters even months before he was beheaded.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to Foley's fellow prisoners, Foley was blindfolded because of his Americanism.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The detainees were dressed in orange attire to mimic the outfits of al-Qaida suspects held captive by the US at Guantanamo.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Foley was dangled for long periods with his head down by his ankles bandaged.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

He was beaten and allowed to starve, in addition, he was waterboarded, that is, caused the feeling of drowning by pouring water over his head.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Foley also had to experience fake executions.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[115] In addition to Westerners, Isis has executed at least 17 Iraqi journalists by October 2014.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[116] Execution videos The executioner appearing in Isis's English-language videos has been identified as Mohammed Emwazi, a Briton who uses the name Jihadi John in the media.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

With a British accent, the English-speaking Jihadi John in Isis's execution videos attracted a lot of media attention.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Emwazi had time before his identification to execute journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff and British aid worker David Haines.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[117] Subsequently, a video of the beheading of aid worker Alan Henning has been released, as well as a video showing 21 Syrian soldiers being beheaded and showing Emwazi standing holding the severed head of aid worker Peter Kassig.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Later, an execution video of the beheading of Japanese journalist Kenji Goto and military contractor Haruna Yukawa has been released.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In January 2015, a video was released showing a young boy shooting two men accused of being Russian spies.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[118] In the March 2015 video, another boy shoots a man accused of being a spy for Israel.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Classmates have identified the boy as originally from Toulouse and is believed to be 12 years old.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The man featured in the video threatening Jews in French has been unofficially identified as Sabri Essid, a collaborator of the jihadist Mohamed Merah who killed seven people in southern France in 2012.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The boy is believed to be his stepson.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[119] The use of child soldiers Isis uses child soldiers as part of its forces.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Training camps are held for child soldiers, where children have been in isolation for a month in some cases.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

They are taught violence-free interpretations of Islam and the use of weapons and explosive vests.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[120] On 4 July 2015, Isis released a video shot in the occupied city of Palmyra executing 25 people captured by the organisation.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Executioners are child soldiers.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The executions take place in a historic amphitheatre surrounded by hundreds of spectators.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[121] Actions towards their own fighters fighters linked to the ranks of Isis take an oath, the breach of which constitutes disobedience to the caliph.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The punishment may be death.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis threatens to kill its fighters if they leave the battlefields to return home.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In October 2014, it was reported that there are dozens of fighters joining the organisation in Syria and Iraq who would like to return to Britain but are practically held captive by Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[122] Between November and December 2014, Isis was reported to have killed 116 of its own foreign fighters because they wanted to return to their homes.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[123] According to a human rights activist based in Syria's Al-Mayadeen, Isis leadership has issued an order forcing HIV-positive fighters to become suicide bombers.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

There were reported to be at least 16 sufferers in August 2015.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The infestations have sparked panic among ISIS fighters.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[124] Destruction of ancient monuments Isis considers pre-Islam cultural heritage to be idolatry and therefore destroys precious ancient monuments in the territories it controls.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Since early 2015, Isis has been destroying artefacts from the Mosul museum and, according to the Iraqi government and local residents, the ruined towns of Nimrud and Hatra in northern Iraq.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis destroys those great ancient monuments that can't be dug up, and sells the smaller ones on the illegal art market.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Based on satellite images, Isis also collects ancient artifacts by digging them out of the ground itself.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[125] [126] Isis took over the town of al-Qarytain in August 2015, where the 4th-century monastery of St Elians was destroyed by clearing tractors.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[127] Relations with other groups Isis and its predecessors have been frequently referred to as Al-Qaeda in Iraq.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Initially al-Qaida-linked Isis was preceded and supported by many individual fighting Sunni groups.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In February 2014, Isis was sacked by Al Qaeda in Iraq because, against an order from the Al Qaeda leadership, it tried to attach itself to the local Al-Qaeda organisation Al-Nusra Front.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[128] Isis is competing with Al Qaeda for the leadership of the jihadist world.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[129] It is an organisation that is more active, brutal and steeper than Al-Qaeda, seeking global holy war and opposing the United States and its society in particular.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The US began acting in Iraq in the summer of 2014 against Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organization has fought against both the Iraqi and Syrian government because these are in Shiite hands.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis hates every state in the region and religions other than Sunni Islam.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[67] The Shiites are heretical in Isis's view.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[67] Saudi Arabia is alleged to have supported Isis, but the country disbanded the Isis cell that operated there and says the organisation are terrorists in disguise of religion.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[130] Saudi Arabia has been suggested to have an ambivalent attitude towards Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

On the one hand, the country is said to have supported Isis in its fight against Shiites denounced as infidels by the Saudis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

On the other hand, Saudi rulers now fear Isis is also seeking to oust the Saudi dynasty from Saudi rule.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[131] Isis has strong support in Saudi Arabia: in a poll by the Saudi Arabian newspaper Al-Hayat, 92 per cent of respondents considered Fathers to be in line with the values of Islam and Islamic law.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[132] Isis has also fought in the Syrian civil war against moderate rebels.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis has threatened to destroy the Hamas organization in Gaza.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[133] Solutions and incitement to attacks in Western countries A journalist from the US-based BuzzFeed interviewed people smugglers in Turkey who reported that Isis is infiltrating its fighters as Syrian refugees into European countries.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Fighters leave Turkish ports on ships across the Mediterranean to Italy and seek asylum in countries where you can get it easily, such as Germany or Sweden.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Members of the US Senate Intelligence Committee and the State of Defence confirmed they were aware of this.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The claims of a former Syrian security force member, then a US-backed ISIS operative who defected to the FSA and switched from it to Isis, cannot be considered credible.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[134] Isis has been suspected in Europe of forming “sleeper cells” ready for terrorist attacks.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Intelligence services believe these number around 20, with 120 to 180 members in France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[135] There are also cells in Sweden according to ISIS defectors.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[136] Isis members have posted a number of photographs on Twitter depicting the sights of Rome and Milan with a message written on a cardboard flag announcing the organisation's members” wait for the H-moment.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

“[137] British newspapers have reported that Isis is planning to send up to half a million illegal migrants to Europe from Libya as a 'psychological weapon'.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[138] [139] In 2016, Isis has been more active in inciting young Muslims living in the West to carry out murder attacks on civilians in their countries as the organisation itself has become overwhelmed in Iraq and Syria.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Since the attacks, Isis has generally claimed responsibility for the attacks, even if the organisation would not have had any knowledge of those who carried out the act before the attack.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[140] Terror attacks An Egyptian group linked to Isis has reportedly knocked down an Airbus A321-200 plane downed on 31 October 2015 with a can bomb.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[141] The plane of the disreputable Kolavia airline took off at 5.58 from Sharm el-Sheikh and crashed over the Sinai Desert.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

All of the plane's 224 passengers, most of them Russians, died in the crash.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[142] Turma was initially suspected of technical problems, but as the investigation proceeded, Russia too was forced to admit that the plane was downed as a result of the bombing.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[142] Isis has declared itself the perpetrator of the twin bombing in Lebanon in Hezbollah-controlled territory of southern Beirut on 12 November 2015.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[143] The attacks killed 43 people [144] and wounded more than 230 people.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[143] A bomb exploded in the Bourj al-Barajne district at 6:00pm during rush hour outside a bakery and a little later next to a nearby mosque.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[145] Initially five suicide bombers were supposed to take part in the attack, but one of the bombers never arrived in Lebanon, one was arrested and one failed to detonate his bomb belt.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[144] As a result of the attacks, authorities arrested seven Syrians and two Lebanese.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[144] According to the authorities, the perpetrators were initially intended to strike a Hezbollah hospital, but due to tight security measures, the target of attack changed.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[144] Isis is suspected of carrying out a series of terrorist attacks late in the evening of 13 November 2015 in France in Paris and its suburb of Saint-Denis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

It is estimated that at least 129 people died in them and 352 injured people have been taken to hospital, of them about 99 are in critical condition.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[146] [147] French President Francois Hollande considers Isis to be the perpetrator of the attacks after it came forward as the perpetrator of the attacks on social media.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[148] Isis came forward as the perpetrator of the Brussels bombings on 22 March 2016.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The bombings occurred at around 8 a.m. local time in the morning at Brussels airport and Maelbeek/Maalbeek metro station in central Brussels.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[149] Two explosions occurred at the check-in area for international flights near the American Airlines checkpoint and a third explosion at the Maelbeek/Maalbeek metro station.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Authorities closed the airport and subway.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

During the same morning hours, an unexploded suicide vest was found at the airport as well as a Kalašnikov assault rifle.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[150] According to Belgium's health minister, at least 14 people have been killed and 81 injured in explosions at the airport.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

At least 20 people have been killed in the bombing of the subway, according to figures from STIB, which operates the subway, and 55 have been injured, including ten critically.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[151] According to the Belgian federal prosecutor, all three explosions were terrorist attacks, and at least one of the two blasts at the airport was likely a suicide attack.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[152] Propaganda about an Islamist utopia The Islamist ISIS organisation produces far more propaganda than any other jihadist movement.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In its communications, the organisation focuses on attracting new members by presenting an Islamist utopia.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

An Islamist society is promised to be thriving and happy.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The images show laughing children and happiness; instead, only a very small part of the communication material is told about the organisation's cruelty, violence and punishments.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

For example, during a month-long follow-up period, Isis released more than 1,000 different pieces of information materials around the world, and there were also videos and photo narratives among them.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The vast majority of the material was sourced from the Iraq-Syrian region.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[153] Allies In October 2014, the Libyan Shura Council of Islamic Youth swore allegiance to the caliphate.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The group has about 800 fighters in Libya and operates mostly in eastern Libya's Bengas.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In late 2014, the group took control of the 100,000 population town of Darna.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[154] In February 2015, the group took over the small town of Nofaliya and soon targets in Sirt.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[155] In February 2015, Libyan Isis released its own video showing the beheading of 21 abducted Egyptian Coptic Christians in Libya.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[156] In October 2014, the Egyptian province of Sinai (formerly called Ansar Bait al-Maqdis) declared its allegiance to the caliphate.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The group operates in Egypt's Sinai.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[157] Some Afghan and Pakistani factions have sworn allegiance to Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[158] [159] A French tourist was beheaded in Algeria by a group that split from AQIM and joined Isis in September 2014.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The group has had no other activity to mention.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[159] Most of the commanders of the Caucasian Emirate in Chechnya and Dagenstan have sworn allegiance to Isis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[160] Nigerian Boko Haram has sworn allegiance to the caliphate.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[161] The attitude of foreign powers Due to the numerous contradictions in the activities of Isis, there are two concepts about the true religiosity of the organisation's leaders.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to one perception, Isis is dedicated to the establishment of an ultra-conservative Islamic state at any cost, and is therefore converting its religious doctrines as needed for practical reasons and making concessions to achieve its goal more effectively.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to another view, Isis's leaders are merely criminals or cynics who themselves do not believe in their own apocalyptic and puritanical rhetoric, but use religious symbols, laws, prophecy and features of the Islamic caliphate merely as ways to come to power and stay in power.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[162] Funding Isis controls significant oil fields and oil refineries in the territories it occupies and is one of the most prosperous terrorist organisations in history.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In September 2014, it was estimated that Isis is prospering through its oil revenues by more than €1 million daily.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[74] The organisation was said to have oil assets in possession of $2 billion.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

At the time, between 25,000 and 40,000 barrels of oil were pumped daily in Isis-controlled oil fields in northern Iraq.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis smuggles oil pumped out of Iraq since Saddam Hussein's days along smuggling routes [163] into Syria, Turkey, Iraqi Kurdistan and Iran.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[71] Isis's main oil-producing area was located in Iraq's Qayyarra in November 2015 and the eastern Syrian province of Deir ez-Zor.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[164] At the time, the Financial Times estimated the organisation's oil revenues at $1.4 million per day.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In a year, oil revenues accrue almost EUR 470 million.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[165] The US-led coalition has targeted bombings on Isis-held oil facilities.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The collapse of world oil prices has pushed down the organisation's revenues.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[29] Isis also acquires money through donations, bank robberies, drug trafficking, [164] smuggling and the sale of antiquities.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[166] Isis is alleged to be earning eight million dollars a month through extortion — the target of blackmail is the local business community.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis calls protection money itself a “revolution tax.”


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Failure to pay money can be retaliated with threats and violence.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[167] Isis had earned $65 million by October 2014 through hostage kidnappings.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

It held about 40% of the Iraqi country's wheat production as of October 2014.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organization has taken over the administration's grain warehouses and sells grain to the local population for its own bill.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[71] The Caliph has announced that Islamic State will adopt a metal-bearing monetary unit in order to transform the Islamic dinar's “tyrannical financial system”.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[168] In January 2015, cash from banks operating in the territories conquered by Isis was estimated to have been depleted.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

In Raqqa, Syria, Isis continued to pay salaries to fighters and public sector workers, but reports from the city suggested the organisation is having trouble maintaining services.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[29] Equipment Isis fighters are moderately equipped and capable of effective, disciplined warfare.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organization has progressively evolved from a terrorist organization to an increasingly effective paramilitary army adept at urban guerrilla warfare.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis has a fortune worth hundreds of millions of euros.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

The organization recruits fighters from all over the world.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Isis has received modern American armament as spoils of war from the Iraqi army.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[163] [169] Ammunition, which can consume tens of thousands a day during fighting, is bought by Isis on the black market.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

Arms dealers, whose client Isis is, buy ammunition from Isis's enemies, namely the Assad regime, the rebels fighting it, as well as Iraqis.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

According to one arms dealer, Isis could also buy Israeli products, but they are not readily available.


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

[170] Isis are known to possess the following types of military equipment: Infantry AK-47 assault rifle [171] AKM assault rifle [172] PKM machine gun [172] Dšk machine gun [171] Milkor MGL grenade machine gun [171] RPG-7 bazooka [171] M79 Part bazooka [171] M79 Part of the bazooka 1] HJ-8 anti-tank missile [171] 9M111 Fagot anti-tank missile [173] FIM-92 Stinger anti-aircraft missile [171] Strela-2 anti-aircraft missile [173] Vehicles M1 Abrams battle tank, used according to some sources against Kurds [174].


Question: How long did ISIS control areas in Syria?

Isis (organisation)

T-72 battle tank, in service an estimated 5 − 10 [171] T-55 battle tank, in service an estimated 30 [171] Humvee military vehicle [171] Artillery 130 mm cannon M-46 [171] M198 howitzer [171] BM-21 rocket launcher [175] ZU-23-2 anti-aircraft cannon [171] 37 mm automatic anti-aircraft cannon M/1939 61-K [173] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = McCants, William| title = ISIS and Revelation: Islamic State History, Strategy and Doomsday Vision | publisher = Terra Cognita| year = 2016 (initial work The Isis Apocalypse, 2015) | version = ( translation Kimmo Pietiläinen) | isbn = 978-952-5697-77-3}} References elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) *


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Nuclear power in Finland is produced by four operating nuclear power plant units producing about a quarter of the electricity used in Finland (2015).


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Two of the plant units are located in Olkiluoto, Satakunta, and the other two are located in Uusimaa in Loviisa.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Finland's fifth plant unit, Olkiluoto-3, is in the testing phase.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In 2010, three entities applied for a licence to build a nuclear power plant: Fennovoima, owned by Finnish industry and commercial companies and energy companies and E.ON, and Fortum and Teojian Voima TVO, owners of previous nuclear power plants.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

On 1 July 2010, the Parliament decided by a vote of 120 to 72 to grant permission to Industrial Voima to build one more nuclear power unit in Olkiluoto.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima also received approval by 121—71 votes to build a new nuclear power plant in Simo or Pyhäjoki.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[1] On 5 October 2011, Pyhäjoki was announced as the site of the nuclear power plant.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

History of nuclear power in Finland The idea of using nuclear energy was born at the Academy of Finland, on whose initiative the Government established the Energy Committee in 1955.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Under the guidance of Professor Erkki Laurila of TKK, it was to assess the need for atomic energy in Finland.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

After the rivers in northern Finland became harnessed, the Finnish government asked the International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA in 1961 to clarify the need for nuclear power in Finland.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Helsinki purchased the island of Granö, part of Sipoose, for the new nuclear power plant.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

It was speculated that a 150-250 megawatt nuclear power station could be connected to the power grid.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

However, the power station on Granö Island was never built.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Subsequently, a thermal power reactor developed by Swedish company ASEA-Atom, VTT and Finnatom was planned for the metropolitan area, which would have produced only district heat at 200 megawatts in the rock cave.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

ASEA had built a power station of this type in Huddinge, a suburb of Stockholm, in 1963.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

A small research reactor from General Dynamics was acquired for research use for TKK in the 1960s.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In 1961, Imatran Voima launched an international tender for a nuclear power plant on a turnkey basis.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The company wanted 1967 to order either the German AEG or the American Westinghouse reactor.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Soviet bid was considered incomplete.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

However, the State Council decided to drop the order based on the offers.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Minister of Industry Väinö Leskinen signed a goods exchange agreement in Moscow in 1969, which included an order for a nuclear power plant from the Soviet Union.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Novo Voronesh pressurized water reactor built in Loviisa was supplemented with Finnish engineering skills.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Security technology, automation and instrument systems were designed in Finland and acquired in the West.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant was commissioned in 1977, when Loviisa 1 was completed for power generation [5] [6].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Nuclear power plants In operation, four nuclear reactors are operational in Finland, producing about a quarter of the electricity used in Finland.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In addition, the small research reactor Triga (Triga Mark II) has been disbanded in Otaniemi, Espoo.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Radiation produced by the reactor is used in addition to research for boron neutron capture therapy used in the treatment of brain tumors.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Two of the nuclear reactors in power generation are located in Satakunta on the Olkiluoto island of Eurajoki, near Rauma.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Their owner is TVO, or Industrial Force.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Another two Fortum reactors are located in eastern Uusimaa in Loviisa on the island of Hästholmen.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Eura River Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) were manufactured by Swedish company Asea-Atom, the current Westinghouse Electric Company, part of the Japanese company Toshiba.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Loviisa pressurized water reactors (PWR) are from the output of the Soviet company Atomenergoexport.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The 1st Unit at Loviisa began power generation in February 1977 and 2nd Unit in November 1980.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Olkiluoto reactors were put into production use in 1979 and 1982.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In the 1960s, more nuclear power was to be built than it is today.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Power stations were ultimately not built anywhere near the numbers envisioned.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Labour and safety at work in Finland's nuclear power plants in 2013 worked 3715 people.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

No worker's dose exceeded limits deemed safe.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[8] A worker's radiation dose shall not exceed 100 millisieverts over five years.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In a single year, the dose should not exceed 50 millisieverts.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The highest annual dose per individual worker was just 8.6 millisieverts in 2013.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[8] The radiation dose of workers at Finnish nuclear power plants has decreased by around 70% during the decade 2004-2013.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[8] In 2002, the fifth plant unit Parliament authorised TVO to build Finland's fifth nuclear power plant unit, Olkiluoto-3, in Olkiluoto.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Previously, in September 1993, Parliament had knocked down a joint application by TVO and Imatran Voima to build additional nuclear power.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[9] The new power plant is supplied by the French company Framatome (now.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Arevan) and a consortium formed by the German company Siemens.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The unit was planned to be in production in spring 2009, but its completion has been delayed due to incompleteness in the design of the reactor islet systems and problems with the supplier's construction and contracting.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The new plant unit is technically a pressurized water reactor, the so-called third generation light water reactor under the model designation EPR.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

When completed, the power plant will be the largest unit in the world with electric power (1600 MW) and will also be the world's largest steam turbine if the 2×1750MW Taisha Nuclear Power Plant under construction in China, Shandong Province is not completed before Olkiluoto-3. [10].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Further construction The application was submitted by Fennovoima, Fortum and Industrial Voima.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

By decision in principle of 6 May 2010, the Government rejected Fortum's application and submitted to Parliament the construction of two new reactors [11].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Parliament granted the permits to Fennovoima and Industrial Voima on 1 July 2010.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Most enthusiastically of the parties, the Coalition and the Centre Party supported the new permits, the Greens and the PerusFinns were most enthusiastically opposed to the new permits.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Supporters of nuclear power projects say the goals of the Kyoto climate agreement will not be achieved without nuclear power.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

According to them, nuclear means can reduce Finland's dependence on fossil fuels and Russian imported electricity.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In addition, plant units completed in the fold of the 1970s and 1980s are becoming obsolete soon.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

On the other hand, in the energy debate, opponents of nuclear power stress that more nuclear power is not a necessity, but a choice, and that energy conservation and the development and deployment of renewable energy sources are more relevant to Finland's energy policy, among other things.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

With the completion of further construction, Finland will become the world's largest producer of nuclear waste per capita, according to environmental organisations.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[12] Fennovoima Fennovoima submitted his application for a decision in principle [13] to the State Council in January 2009.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima's goal was to build a new nuclear power plant in Finland, which will produce about 15% of Finland's electricity when completed.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Construction work on the plant would begin in 2012 and the plant would generate electricity from 2020 onwards for the next 60 years.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima planned to build a nuclear power plant with a maximum electrical power of 1800 MW.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima is owned by Voimashare Company SF (66%), which is largely owned by several municipal energy companies and a few industrial enterprises, and RAOS Voima Oy, a subsidiary of the Russian state nuclear power company Rosatom (34%).


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The EIA carried out by Fennovoima included the company's three alternative locations, Pyhäjoki, Ruotsinpyhtaa and Simo.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

According to the Fennovoima EIA, the project has no effects in any of the three locations that would prevent the project from being implemented.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[14] In February 2009, the Ministry of Employment and the Economy stated that the report covers the content requirements of the law.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima dropped Ruotsinpysta from his options in December 2009.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[15] On 5 October 2011, Pyhäjoki was chosen as the site for the new power station.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[16] Fennovoima initially chose two supplier options, namely Areva and Toshiba (Westinghouse) and three different reactor options mentioned in the 2010 Parliament Decision.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Since then, in 2013, Fennovoima switched to the Russian company Rosatom as plant supplier, which also became the largest shareholder of Fennovoima [17].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

At the beginning of March 2014, Fennovoima submitted an application to the Ministry of Employment and the Economy to supplement the existing Decision in principle on nuclear power construction and the matter was returned to Parliament [18].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In December 2014, Parliament approved the supplementation of the decision in principle by a vote of 115 to 74 [19].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In June 2015, Fennovoima submitted to the Ministry of Employment and the Economy a permit application for the construction of Hanhikivi 1 nuclear power plant [20].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fennovoima aims to launch the power plant in 2024 [21].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fortum Fortum carried out an environmental impact assessment in 2007-2008 with the aim of building a new plant unit in Loviisa on Hästholmen Island in the immediate vicinity of the existing power plants.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

With its nuclear power plant project, Fortum aims to implement an increase in carbon-free domestic electricity generation in line with its strategy.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The new unit in Loviisa is also intended to provide district heating for the needs of consumers in the metropolitan area.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In connection with the project, Fortum has explored the technical and financial possibilities of transferring heat generated by Loviisa 3 units to the district heating network in the metropolitan area.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

According to Fortum's plans, the decision to build Loviisa 3 would have been taken in the first half of the 2010s, but in spring 2010 the Government did not grant permission for the Fortum project.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The electrical power of the Loviisa 3 plant unit is planned to be 1000—1800MW.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[22] Industrial Voima Industrial Voima carried out an environmental impact assessment for the fourth nuclear power plant unit to be located in Olkiluoto, which would have an electrical output of 1000—1800MW.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The goal was to start construction in 2013 and the commissioning of the power plant around 2018.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[23] The EIA report was completed and submitted to the Ministry of Employment and the Economy on 14 February 2008.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[24] Parliament adopted a decision in principle on the construction of the fourth reactor in July 2010 [25].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In May 2015, TVO's Board of Directors decided to cancel the Olkiluoto 4 project due to delays in the construction of Olkiluoto 3 [26].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Legislation and supervision The Nuclear Energy Act in Finland on the use of nuclear power provides in the Nuclear Energy Act [27] as follows: 5 § The overall benefit of society.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The use of nuclear energy must be, taking into account its various effects, in the overall interest of society.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

6 a § Nuclear Waste Management.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Spent fuel from commercial reactors must not be exported abroad, but must be disposed of in Finland.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Fuel for research reactors can be exported overseas.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

7 a § Safety.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The safety of the use of nuclear energy must be maintained to as high a level as practicable by practical measures.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Section 6 mandates that no damage to people, the environment or property may be caused by the use of nuclear energy.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Other types of nuclear energy are illegal in Finland.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Compliance with the Nuclear Energy Act and other laws and regulations regarding nuclear energy is monitored both nationally and internationally.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The use of nuclear energy is permitted only with a special permit.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

However, for research and development activities in this field, such authorisation is not required, but even so the operator must notify STUK annually [28].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The construction of a nuclear power plant with a thermal output greater than 50 megawatts, as well as the construction of a nuclear waste disposal facility and certain other facilities for nuclear materials or nuclear waste, also requires a Government Decision in Principle, which shall be adopted also to be audited by Parliament.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Parliament may approve or revoke the Government Decision in Principle as such.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[29] The Criminal Code on the misuse of nuclear energy can be prosecuted in Finland for the crime of using nuclear energy.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[30] The manufacture, import, possession, use, and attempt of nuclear weapons is prohibited by the Criminal Code, and the person responsible for this shall be charged with the crime of nuclear detonation.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[31] Supervision Nuclear responsibility is defined in the Nuclear Responsibility Act of 8 June 1972/484, the implementation of which is supervised by STUK and the Ministry of Employment and the Economy (TEM).


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Ministry of Employment and the Economy (TEM) is responsible for the supreme supervision of nuclear energy and the use of nuclear energy in Finland.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Ministry prepares legislation in this area and takes care of its implementation.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

As a representative of Finland, TEM participates in the preparation of international nuclear agreements.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

TEM oversees the management of nuclear waste in Finland and manages the State Nuclear Waste Fund collected from fees added to the price of nuclear electricity.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

TEM represents Finland in Euratom, the IAEA and the OECD Atomic Energy Agency (NEA), as well as the Nordic Nuclear Safety Research Programme (NKS).


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The Radiation and Nuclear Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) is an authority independent of plant operators and policymakers overseeing the design and operation of nuclear power plants.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Other countries have equivalent nuclear safety supervisors.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) is a European Union nuclear power community with authority powers.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

It monitors the use of nuclear power within the European Union.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is the United Nations nuclear energy agency that monitors the use of nuclear technology and nuclear materials internationally.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

It has the right of surveillance in all signatory countries to the NPT.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

All independent states in the world are covered by the NPT except Pakistan, India and Israel.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Stress tests following the Fukushima accident As a result of the Fukushima accident, which began in 2011, STUK assessed the fermenting facilities and spent fuel storage facilities in Loviisa and Olkiluoto as well as the plant unit under construction in Olkiluoto at the end of December 2011.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

According to STUK, the planning for all weather events was not sufficient according to the current understanding.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[32] The owner of a nuclear facility located in Finland shall have unlimited liability for damage caused in Finland.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Unlimited liability has been in place since 2012.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[33] If a nuclear facility located in Finland causes damage outside Finland, the maximum liability amount is approximately EUR 700 million [34].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The most serious nuclear accident in the world by the end of 2008 has been the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in Ukraine in 1986, the economic cost of which has been estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[35] Fuel and waste from existing plants Nuclear fuel imported 64 tonnes of uranium worth EUR 51 million in 2008.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

36% of imports were from Russia, 34% from Sweden and 30% from elsewhere.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[36] 2017 uranium was imported from Australia, Kazakhstan, Canada and Russia [37].


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Nuclear power plants accumulate 70 tonnes of spent nuclear fuel and other power plant waste between 250 and 300m³ per year.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

As the power plant runs out of operation, 40000m³ of power waste is generated.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In uranium producing countries, 1000 tonnes of extraction waste and five tonnes of tailings are generated per tonne of fuel.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[38] Mining of raw materials in Finland The Ministry of Trade and Industry (CCI) adopted a decision on the uranium submission to the border of Eno and Kontiolahti on 10 October 2006.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The decision gives the French company Cogema (Compagnic Générale des Matières Nucléaires, now Areva) the right to explore for uranium and other ores.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The decision does not warrant test mining or trial enrichment.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The claim is valid for five years.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In Eno and Kontiolahti, the company obtained claim rights to 18 territories.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Their total area is about 1500 hectares.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

The takeover areas are being searched for uranium and thorium.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Support for nuclear power in Finland YLE commissioned four similar surveys between 2008 and 2010 to measure Finnish citizens' attitudes towards new nuclear power projects following the fifth nuclear power plant.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Opposition to additional nuclear power ranged between 48 and 55 percent and support between 34 and 38 percent.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[39] According to an opinion poll produced by the EU in early 2008, Finns are among the most enthusiastic supporters of nuclear power in the EU: 61% of responding Finns supported generating electricity by nuclear power, compared to 44% for EU citizens.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

In a poll three years earlier, the EU average was 37%.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[40] Among the Finnish political parties, the Coalition is in favour of further construction of nuclear power.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[41] In August 2009, Minister of Finance, President of the Coalition, Jyrki Katainen, said that he wanted to issue nuclear power licenses to all three applicants.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[42] The Centre has agreed to approve additional construction of nuclear power.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[43] The Greens, [44] the Left Alliance [45] and the RKP [46] oppose it.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Previously, the Finnish people were opposed to nuclear power, [47] but in their 2011 parliamentary election programme they expressed their support for it.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[48] The Christian Democrats [49] and the SDP [50] have left their positions open.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Candidates in the 2007 parliamentary elections were more nuclear negative than Finns on average.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

More than half opposed the construction of a sixth nuclear power plant, and supporters of construction accounted for a good 40 per cent of candidates.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

On average, one third of Finns were opposed to construction at the time, and nearly 60% of Finns supported the construction of the project.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

[51] Power generation from nuclear power plants in Finland See also Nuclear Power Discussion History of Nuclear power Energy in Finland Sources On the topic elsewhere Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Yle Living Archives.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

Energy Industry's Nuclear Reactions Blog.


Question: When was nuclear power introduced in Finland?

Nuclear power in Finland

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscans were a people of antiquity in central Italian Etruria in the region of present-day Tuscany.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The distinctive high culture of the Etruscans prevailed from about the year 900 to the first century BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscans did not form a unitary state; instead, Etruscan society was based on city-states.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The exact origins of the Etruscans are still shrouded in obscurity.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The first phase of Etruscan culture was the Villanova culture in the 9th century.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Etruscan power in Italy was at its greatest in the late 5th century BCE, when even Rome possibly had Etruscan kings.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Thereafter, the Etruscans began to suffer losses to the Greeks, Gauls and Romans.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Romans eventually conquered all of Etruria, and the Etruscans merged with the Romans by the beginning of the period.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The most visible surviving evidence of the Etruscans are their extensive cemeteries.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Sarcophagi, drawings and murals have been found in the Etruscans in particular.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

There is a considerable amount of Greek influences in Etruscan culture.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

They spoke an Etruscan language, which has no relatives in the languages spoken today.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

History Origins and Designations There are different understandings of the origins of the Etruscan population, and the archaeological material has not settled the matter either.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Herodotus mentioned the Etruscans as having left Lydia, but according to Dionysios Halicarnassolaise, they were the indigenous people of Italy.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

It is also considered possible that the Etruscan culture emerged in the year 1000 BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

around the time, as the thyrhenes from Asia Minor gradually blended into the indigenous population.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[1] [2] According to Thukydides, the Etruscans ('Tyrrheenes') were the inhabitants of the coastal island of Lemnos in Asia Minor.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The 5th century BCE is known to have been spoken on the island.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

language, which is the only known related language of the Etruscan language.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[3] In the 19th century, a theory was put forward that the Etruscans would have entered Italy from the north.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The theory was based on the fact that there were common features in the customs and objects of the regions north of the Villanova period Alps.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

However, this theory no longer has much support today.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[4] The Greeks used the Etruscan designation tyrrhēnoi, “tyrrheens” or “thyranes” [3], and the Roman designations etrusci and tusci.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[1] [5] According to the Romans, the Etruscans referred to themselves as rasenna.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

However, the word apparently meant 'public' or 'belonging to the state' in Etruscan language, but not a folk name.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[6] Bronze Age and Villanova culture 900—700 BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Italian peninsula prevailed during the late Bronze Age between the 10th and 9th centuries BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

a unified sub-apennine culture, from which regional cultures developed during the transition to the Iron Age.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In Etruria, settlement began moving as early as the late Bronze Age from the plains to the hills where they later developed into Etruscan towns.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[3] The first phase of the culture of the region between Florence and Rome to be identified as Etruscan was the Villanova culture, beginning around 900 BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[7] The Orientalising period and the heyday of the Etruscans from the Villanova stage developed into a stigmatised Etruscan culture with the so-called Orientalising Period in the late 7th century.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

With the phase, Etruscan culture rose to a new flourish.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscans engaged in active trade with the Greeks, but at the same time had to combat the expansion of these into their territory.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Greeks bought cereals, agricultural products and metal in particular from Etruria.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

With trade, imported goods and artisans flowed into Etruria, and the region became prosperous.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

It allowed Etruscan cities to increase their power in Italy and the island of Corsica.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[8] Along with Greek culture, Etruscan culture is the most important of the pre-Roman cultures in Italy, and it transmitted a great deal of Greek influences to Italy.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[1] [7] Evolution of city-states Etruscan society was based on city-states.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Their development is possibly waged from aristocratic monarchy to the 5th century BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

through the dictatorial phase of the second half to aristocratic democracy.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[9] The city-states were originally ruled by Etruscan kings (lucumos), whose power passed over time partly into the hands of the upper class.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[10] City-states could sometimes allied themselves with each other during wars, but they also warred against each other.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

According to Roman sources, 12 leading Etruscan cities formed a union, the Dodecapolis, whose leaders gathered annually at the Volsinii.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[9] However, the cooperation of confederations may have been limited to religious life.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[1] City-states confederations are also reported to have existed in Campania in the south and Italy in the north.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[4] Roman Etrusive rule Rome was in the 5th century BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

according to Roman historiography under Etrusive rule.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscan Tarquinius Priscus, whose son or grandson Tarquinius Superbus, was peacefully ascended to become the fifth king of Rome, and at the same time the last Etruscan king.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The period of Etrusive rule was a time of heyday in Rome.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[11] The Etruscans developed Rome both by building its centre and by developing trade.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The city's drainage system, Cloaca Maxima, is built by the Etruscans.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Near the Forum was the Etruscan trading quarter Vicus Tuscus.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Like Etruria, the Etruscan kings raised a privileged ruling class in Rome, the patricians.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscans and patricians banded together against the lower social classes.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[12] Eventually, however, Etrusive rule and kingship in Rome ended when the Romans grew tired of the tyrannical leadership of King Tarquinius Superbus.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[13] Romance of the Etruscans prosperous in the Mediterranean trade saw its greatest power in Italy at the end of the 5th century BCE, but it began to decline in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

with the losses suffered to the Greeks and the galls.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[11] The Romans conquered 396 BC.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Vejin and during the next century also other important Etruscan cities.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Etruscan cities were unable from their feuding alliance until it was too late.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[1] Roman policy included that territories taken under control were allowed to retain the peculiarities of their own language and culture.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

It allowed Etruscan culture and language to survive all the way to the first century BCE.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

until.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

At the conclusion of the Allied War in the 80s BC.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

the Etruscans gained Roman civil rights, along with other peoples of Italy.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Thereafter until 30 BC.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Until the Etruscans were, to their detriment, in the internal wars of Rome on the wrong side.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[14] The Etruscans were almost completely romanized by the beginning of the period.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[1] No Etruscan inscriptions or typical graves have been found from the beginning of the period.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In Rome, though even after that, there were Etruscan and Etruscan divination priests.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[15] The region and cities The core area of the Etruscans was Etruria on present-day Tuscany, and at its widest extent their territory stretched from the Po River to Campania.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In the north came the Celts and in the south the Greek settlements.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Etruria was formed from a fragmented group of city-states united by language, religion and social conditions.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[1] The main Etruscan towns from south to north (with their current names) were Veji, Cerveteri, Tarquinia, Vulci, Vetulonia, Roselle, Populonia, Orvieto, Perugia, Chiusi, Cortona, Arezzo, Volterra and Fiesole.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[16] At the head of the Etruscan region of northern Italy was Felsina (now.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Bologna).


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In Campania, the main seat of the Etruscans was Capua.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[17] The areas of the city-states varied considerably.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

In the south, the centres were dense, leaving areas small too.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

The Volterra area had more space, but the terrain was less lucrative.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[16] The largest city in terms of area was Veji, with 242 hectares.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

[16] The ancient population figure of Etruria is difficult to estimate, as the settlements of the major centres have not survived.


Question: Who were the Etruscans?

Etruscans

Attempts have been made to estimate the number of inhabitants based on, for example, the number of graves or the number of men of calling age.