Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Lagerborg, however, expanded on Freud's notion in his assessment that happy feelings might also give rise to art and not just inhibited and unmet needs.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[11] The first Finnish psychoanalyst was Yrjö Kulovesi from Tampere.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Since the early 1920s, he had begun to become familiar with psychoanalytic writings, particularly Freud's texts, and he travelled v.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

1924 to Vienna for educational analysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

He would have preferred Freud to doctrine, but this directed him to Eduard Hitschmann.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Analysis fell short, and the following year Freud directed him to Paul Federn's reception.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

After returning to Finland in early 1926, Kulovesi became increasingly focused on psychoanalytic treatment of neuroses, publishing a considerable number of writings in both domestic and foreign publications.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

He participated in the founding of the Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Society in 1931.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Kulovesi participated in the Great Literary War of the 1920s—30s, where e.g.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

theologians and right-wing cultural critics, along with the rest of the leftism, criticised psychoanalysis rather inexpertly.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Encouraged by Erik Ahlman, he published the first book-form work on psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[12] Kulovesi did not have time to train himself followers, although at least Stig Björk had inquired about training.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Kulwater died v.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

in 1943.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[13] Tatu Vaaskivi, who fought on the left front of the Book War, dealt with in his three flying books — F.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

E. Sillanpää: Life and Works (1937), Rebellion of Instincts: The Crisis of Modern Man (1937) and The Shadow of Tomorrow: The Tragedy of the West (1938) — and in his other writings psychoanalysis as inexpertly as opponents of psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Before his death, Vaaskivi began to distance himself from the work of critics and horrified his psychoanalytic writings.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

However, he was one of the foremost pioneers of the study of psychoanalytic literature in Finland.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[14] World War II cut off the development of psychoanalysis in Finland, and after the war there were no analysts in the country.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The nearest training site was Stockholm, and Finnish analysts began to apply for training there as well as Switzerland.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

People who travelled to Sweden e.g.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Stig Björk v.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

1948, Tapio Nousiainen 1950, Pentti Ikonen 1951 and Veikko Tähkä 1953, Switzerland e.g.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Martti Siirala.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

They have played an important role in the reformation of Finnish psychiatry and the activities of the Finnish Psychoanalytical Association.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Nousiainen was the first to start reception activities in Helsinki in 1953.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis was in Finland for a long time in cost-policy offside.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The first translation of Freud appeared only in 1954: Psychopathology of Our Everyday Life.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

In 1962, an autobiographical treatise was published in joint volume with an overview by Stig Björk.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Erkki Puranen translated e.g.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Introduction to psychoanalysis and interpretation of dreams.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The current Finnish concepts are largely developed by Purase and Kulovesi.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

In the 1980—90s Mirja Rutanen translated Freud's cultural analytical works (e.g.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Totem and Taboo, Introduction to Narcissism and Other Essays) and Markus Lång in the 21st century.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Other publishing and translation activities have also developed activity.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Finnish psychoanalytic associations have their own series of publications.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

In the early 1950s, gatherings began to be held in Helsinki to address psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theories.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Initially, there were only a few participants.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The organizer of the gatherings was the Association for the Promotion of Psychoanalysis (Martti Paloheimo, Veikko Tähkä and Gunvor Vuoristo) founded in 1952.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Participants included not only doctors and psychologists, but also theologians, social workers and others. The aim of the Promotion Association was to undertake analyst training according to the requirements of the International Psychoanalytic Association (IPV), but since the “purebound” psychoanalysis represented by IPV did not interest all psychoanalysis enthusiasts in the late 1950s, the Finnish movement was divided: in 1958 saw the establishment of the Therapeia Foundation, which is not under IPV.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The foundation began to train e.g.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

psychoanalysts, but held the title until 1979 as “analytical psychotherapist”.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The Foundation's pioneers include Martti Siirala, Kauko Kaila and Allan Johansson, and they are interested above all in the application of psychoanalysis to the treatment of psychoses.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Because of this, efforts have been made to relate psychoanalytic knowledge and practice.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The Therapeia Foundation has a more multi-level background than that of the IPV associations: in addition to Freud, existential analysis, Martin Heidegger's philosophy, theology, anthropological medicine, community pathology research and others. [15] IPV adopted a national study group in Finland in 1965, which was the beginning of the Finnish study group To the Psychoanalytic Association (SPY).


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The petition had been signed by all IPV analysts working in Finland at the time: Stig Björk, Henrik Carpelan, Pentti Ikonen, Allan Johansson, Tapio Nousiainen, Eero Rechardt, L.-J. Schalin, Veikko Tähkä and Gunvor Vuoristo (Johansson subsequently moved to Therapeia).


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

For the historic first course (started 1965) participated in e.g.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Kalle Achté, Yrjö O. Alanen and Tor-Björn Hägglund.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

SPY was admitted as an associate member of IPV in 1967 and as an independent member association in 1969.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

SPY and the Therapeia Foundation are separate associations and their collaboration has been limited — mostly in schizophrenia research (Yrjö O. Alanen) and pediatric psychotherapy.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[16] Personality and its Development According to Freud's original psychoanalysis, childhood is the most critical stage for personality development.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Freud shocked people of the Victorian period by claiming that even a small child strives for sexual pleasure.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Freud, though, defined sexuality much more broadly (psychosexual conception): in his view, sexuality is the kind of activity that produces bodily pleasure, not merely pleasure obtained through the genitals.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

According to Freudian conception, the manifestation of a child's sexuality appears among others


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

in displays of tenderness and in seeking displays of tenderness.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The structures of the psyche Freud divided the mind into three layers: the unconscious, the pre-conscious, and the conscious.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The most important of them is the unconscious, because there are the things and desires stored there.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The opposite of the unconscious is the conscious part of the mind, which comprises all that man is aware of at a given moment.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Between them is pre-conscious, in which memories and emotions are stored, which, if necessary, can return to consciousness.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

To refine the levels of consciousness, Freud also developed the structural elements of the psyche: the seductive base, the overself and the self.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

That is, a spent base (lat.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

id, saks.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

das Es) In the completely unconscious area, the 'it', that is, a seductive base containing mainly primitive seduces.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

It works entirely on the basis of pleasure and is the only part of the psyche that is already in the newborn.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

There are rebuffed memories and thoughts on the seductive base that might cause problems.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

In the newborn, no other parts of the psyche have yet developed, so it is completely on the spendthrift base and works only in order to get pleasure - i.e.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

on the basis of pleasure, in which the tense is aimed at reducing.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Overself (lat.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

superego, saks.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

das Über-Ich) The Overself works at all levels of the mind.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

It begins to take shape during the oedipal phase, when the child is forced to begin to accept environmental constraints and adopt social norms.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Overself limits the pleasure seeking impulses of the seductive base and includes human perceptions of what is right and wrong.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Also, the self-ideal is located in the overhead.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Environment and upbringing have a very large impact on the development of the overself.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

A very harsh oversight can result in a quiet withdrawing character who is always afraid of doing the wrong thing and does not feel accepted.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

On the other hand, too weak to be overly can cause arrogance and self-centeredness, making it difficult for a person to understand and take other people into account.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

I (lat.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ego, saks.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

das Ich) When a child begins to realize that he is a being separate from the mother and when the first thoughts of his own begin to form, the development of the self becomes possible.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The task of the self is to act as a mediator between the base and the overself.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

It tries to contain the greatest impulses of the feast base and, on the other hand, withstands the excessive moralization of the overself.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

I try to look primarily for balanced, realistic solutions and compromises - although at the same time trying to preserve the already adopted concept of the ideal-ego self.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

If there is too strong conflict between different levels, I will try to reduce the conflict through defenses, i.e. defence mechanisms.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The power relations of these three structural elements of the psyche are important for the preservation of mental health.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Freud himself did not want to draw precise boundaries between them; he stressed that they were dynamic forces in a constant state of change.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalytic psychotherapy Central to psychoanalytic psychotherapy is the disclosure of unconscious mental processes.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalytic therapy aims to increase the patient's self-awareness and help him accept his personality more comprehensively.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is stigmatistically individual psychology, developmental psychology, and dynamic psychology: psychoanalysis looks at the development of personality, and the structure of the mind involves independent forces acting on one another.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis assumes that neuroses are caused by early interaction disorders, traumas, conflicting feints and desires, and rebuffed (e.g., childhood) experiences.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Treatment aims to make the experiences, desires and desires that the patient rejects aware so that he or she can accept them and learn to live with them.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

On the other hand, psychoanalysis does not seek to influence congenital neurological disorders, since the effects of treatment are based on allowing the patient and the psychoanalyst to ally and jointly explore a part of the psyche that has been rebuffed from the awareness of early interaction disorders because of.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Freud did not consider it possible to treat psychoanalytically psychotic people because he assumed they were incapable of forming a transference relationship with their analyst.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Later, psychoanalysis has also been used in the treatment of psychotic patients.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysts consider psychological development possible even after childhood and adolescence, and this is based on the notion that psychoanalytic methods can be used to treat children, adolescents and adults alike.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is of great importance to the current perception of the human mind, and is also a theory of cultural historical significance.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Admittedly, it has faced intense criticism from the early 20th century, primarily because of its alleged unscientificity.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Criticism of psychoanalysis Scientific criticism Psychoanalytic theory has been criticized for being unscientific, as criticism directed at the theory is claimed to be disputed by means of psychoanalysis by stating it as a counteraction.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

However, such reproach is not directed at the actual treatment practices of psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[17] The problem has been considered that it is difficult to empirically test the effect of therapy outside the psychoanalytic treatment situation, and there has also been no consensus in the scientific community on the effectiveness of therapy.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[18] However, the treatment situation (patient-analyst interaction) can be studied, for example through recordings of therapy sessions.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[19] According to Karl Popper, the most difficult problem with the theory of psychoanalysis is that most of what it claims are not verifiable (or unverifiable) by scientific methods.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[20] However, Popper's criticism has been criticised by Adolf Grünbaum for describing the theory of psychoanalysis in it incorrectly.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[21] Popper invoked the so-called non-subversion justification, although Freud had pointed out as early as 1937 that misinterpretations are rejected in psychoanalysis if evidence gives reason to do so.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[22] Also Burrhus Skinner has argued that Freud did not use his theory of psychoanalysis to create theorems and testable hypotheses, but if there was any connection between the theory and empirical observations, the connection occurred by altering the theory afterwards so that it would no longer be so blatantly contradicting your findings.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Skinner also claims Freud did not operationalise and test his ideas about behaviour, although they were empirically verifiable claims, but used a lot of metaphors and anecdotes from his own childhood and from other people in his environment.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[23] According to Frankel, the theory of psychoanalysis rests on the idea of presenting strongly repressed memories, even though clinical evidence is nonexistent or weak.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

According to Frankel, memory research does not support psychoanalysis's notion of memory.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Frankel also goes through the methodological weaknesses of publications advocating psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[24] Pope, too, has highlighted views on the methodological weaknesses of psychoanalytic studies, arguing that they often create false memories of childhood traumas, and do not take into account the effect of suggestion.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[25] In 2004, an international team of researchers concluded that psychoanalytic therapy outcomes are poorer than those of some other therapies.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[26] The Helsinki Psychotherapy Study (2010), which used a follow-up period of five years, found psychoanalysis to be the most influential of the therapies studied.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[27] According to Matti Brumer, psychoanalysis is not suitable for congenital neurological problems such as autism and Asperger's syndrome, [28] but psychoanalysis has not been developed for the treatment of such problems.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Despite this, even these diseases can be described metapsychologically.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Criticism of psychoanalysis in the Soviet Union Psychoanalysis, or “Freudism” (), was rebuffed in the Soviet Union on ideological grounds.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Two psychoanalytic factions had emerged in Russia shortly after World War I, with Aleksandr Lurija establishing a psychoanalytic association in Kazan in 1922 and Mosche Wolff and Ivan Yermakov in Moscow, but their activities ceased after 1928, and Josif Stalin after coming to power psychoanalysis was labeled reactionary.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Also V.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

I. Lenin had taken a negative view of psychoanalysis: “Freud's theory today is also kind of a fashion quirk.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

— — I do not inspire confidence by those who contemplate gender issues as sensitively and persistently as an Indian fakir staring at his navel.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

It seems to me that the abundance of gender theories, those while still are mostly hypotheses, in addition to often arbitrary hypotheses, is due to personal needs.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

It is precisely out of a desire to seek a defence from bourgeois morality for their own abnormal or extravagant sex life and to beg for tolerance towards oneself.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

I am disgusted by such disguised respect for bourgeois morality as much as the examination of gender matters as a pleasure hobby.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

“[29] Thus, in the training of Soviet psychologists, psychoanalysis — along with behaviorism — was condemned as bourgeois and reactionary: “Freudism is among the most reactionary products of the imperialism period of bourgeois ideology.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The Freudian doctrine of dark subconscious forces that supposedly guide man from the inside, making him a helpless plaything maneuvered by instinctive animalistic seductions, embodies the fear of the bourgeoisie in the face of societal quakes, a distrust of consciousness.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

— — And here, just as behaviorists see the proportion of consciousness as negligible, consciousness is disparaged in different ways.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

“[30] It was only after the collapse of communism that psychoanalysts could start practicing their profession in the territory of the former Soviet Union.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Lawsuits against Psychoanalysts At least a few legal cases have been brought against psychoanalysts, leaving the court to weigh the validity of therapy methods on a more general level.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[31] [32] In Mondavi's case, the therapist inflicted false memories on his patient, who then accused his father of abuse resulting in the father losing his job among other things.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Jo Freud noticed how common exploitation fantasies are during the analysis: at first he believed exploitation occurred in significant quantities, but soon realised that depictions often do not depict objective reality but serve other purposes.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Defense of Psychoanalysis Matti Brummer says that in the human image of psychoanalysis, childhood does not almost entirely define the rest of a person's life.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis also sees man as constantly evolving, and therefore treatment of the mind is possible.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

If childhood defined the rest of life, psychoanalytic attempts at treatment would also be doomed.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalytic therapy, on the contrary, is aimed at triggering stagnant mental developmental processes.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[33] Psychoanalytic therapy follows a scientific procedure: presenting hypotheses and, if necessary, revising them.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[34] Applicants of psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis has had a broad influence on Western culture and human sciences, [35] and its influence can be seen in the work of many artists and scholars: Theodor W. Adorno Woody Allen Louis Althusser Gregory Bateson Eric Berne Eugen Bleuler Ernst Bloch André Breton Luis Buñuel Judith Butler Salvador Dalí Jacques Derrida Federico Fellini Michel Foucault Peter Gay Alfred Hitchcock Siri Hustvedt Eric Richard Kandel Julia Kristeva Bronisław Malinowski Thomas Mann Herbert Marcuse Maurice Merleau-Ponty Fritz Perls Jukka Relander Paul Ricœur Carl Rogers Arthur Schnitzler Juha Siltala Dan Steinbock Italo Svevo Jouko Tyre Wim Wenders Susanna Välimäki Slavoj Žižek Schools of Psychoanalysis Egopsychology Classical psychoanalytic theory Neuropsychoanalysis Object relationship theory See also Norberto R. Keppe Attachment relationship theory Narcissism Projective identification Projection (psychology) Psychodynamic psychology Defense mechanism Identification Depth psychology Transference Free Association Spent Sources Literature Bateman, Anthony & Holmes, Jeremy.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

An Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Contemporary Theory and Practice.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

in 1995.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Brummer, M., Enckell, H.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

(ed.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

) | title = Psychotherapy for children and adolescents 2005| publisher = WSOY, Helsinki| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-0-28674-5}} Carlberg, Gunnar.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Dynamisk utvecklingsppsychologist.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

in 2001.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 91-27-04287-1 Fisher, Seymor — Greenberg, Roger P. 1996: Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

John Wiley, New York.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 0-471-57855-X Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fuechtner, Veronika| title = Berlin Psychoanalytic: Psychoanalysis and Culture in Weimar Republic Germany and Beyond| location = Berkeley| publisher = University of California Press| year = 2011| isbn = 978-0-520-25837-2}} Freud, Anna 1969: Means of protection of the self.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Translated by Kai Kaila.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Weilin+Göös, Espoo.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

[Das Ich und die Abwehrmechanismen.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Freud, Sigmund| title = Introduction to psychoanalysis| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1981| version = (Translated from Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse, 1915—1917, and Neue Folge der Vorlesungen zinfur Einfur Uhrung die Psychoanalyse, 1932.)


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Translated by Erkki Puranen.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

3rd edition (1st edition 1964) | id = ISBN 951-20-2208-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Freud, Sigmund| title = Sorrow and melancholy and other writings | location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise | year = 2005| version = Translated by Markus Lång| id = ISBN 95| 1-768-147-X}} Gomez, Lavinia 2005: The Freud wars: An introduction to the philosophy of psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Routledge, London.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 978-1-58391-711-4 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grünbaum, Adolf| title = The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique| location = Berkeley| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1984}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haley, Jay| title = Strategies of the Psychotherapy| publisher = New York: Grune & Stratton| year = 1963}} Idea, Juhani 1994: You spent or spirit.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Early stages of psychoanalysis in Finland.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

University Weight, Helsinki.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 951-570-188-0 Ihanus, Juhani 2000: Receptions: Therapeia 40 years.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Therapeia Foundation, Helsinki.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 951-97393-2-7 Ikonen, Pentti 2000: Psychoanalytic Treatises.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Publications of the Youth Psychotherapy Foundation, 10.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Youth Sychotherapy Foundation, Helsinki.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 951-96690-7-8 ISSN Ikonen, Pentti 2004: Psychoanalytic Treatises 2.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Publications of the Youth Psychotherapy Foundation, 11.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 952-99300-1-1 ISSN Johansson, Per Magnus 1999: Freuds psychoanalys.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

I. Utgångspunkter.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

II.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Arvtagare i Sverige.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Daidalos, Gothenburg.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 91-7173-120-2 Juutilainen, Minna — Takalo, Ari (ed.)


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

2009: Following in Freud's footsteps.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Artwork, Helsinki.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 978-951-851-235-9 Kulovesi, George 1933: Psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Otava, Helsinki.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Laine, Aira — Parland, Helena — Roos, Esa (ed.)


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

1997: Pioneers of psychoanalysis in Finland.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The Finnish Psychoanalytic Association, Helsinki.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 952-90-8961-9 Lång, Markus 2004: Psychoanalysis and its application to music research.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

University of Helsinki, Helsinki.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 952-10-2197-7 ISSN Mills, Jon (ed.)


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

2004: Rereading Freud: Psychoanalysis through Philosophy.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

State University of New York Press, Albany.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 0-7914-6047-9 Ollinheimo, Ari — Vuorinen, Risto 1999: Metapsychology and the Suggestion Argument: A Reply to Grünbaum's Critique of Psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium, 53.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Finnish Academy of Sciences, Helsinki.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 951-653-297-7 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Popper, Karl| title = Guesses and Refutations: Growth of Scientific Knowled| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1995| version=( Conjectures and Refutations.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, 1963.)


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Translated by Eero Eerola| isbn = 951-662-625-4}} Roazen, Paul 2002: The Trauma of Freud: Controversies in Psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 0-7658-0112-4 Rorty, Richard 1986: Freud and Moral Reflection.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

— Pragmatism's Freud: The Moral Disposition of Psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychiatry and the Humanities, 9 (ed.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Joseph H. Smith & William Kerrigan), pp 1—27.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 0-8018-3324-8 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roudinesco, Elisabeth| title = Why is psychoanalysis still needed? | location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2000| version=( Pourquoi la psychanalyse? , 1999.)


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Translated by Kaisa Sivenius| id = ISBN 951-662-816-8}} Schwartz, Joseph 1999: Cassandra's Daughter: A History of Psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Allan Lane, London.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 0-7139-9158-5 Silvonen, Jussi 1992: Psychic 'stage' and misunderstanding of psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychology, 27 (3), 208-217 Silvonen, Jussi (1995) Psychic “stage” and therapeutic praxis - controversy over the object of psychoanalysis.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Psychotherapy 1/95, 45-51 Winter Road, Vesa 2006: The Freudian unconscious in the context of the cognitive orientation.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 952-92-0495-7 Räkä, Veikko 1997: Building the Mind and Psychoanalytic Treatment.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

3rd edition 2001.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

ISBN 951-0-21974-6 On the topic elsewhere....


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

Doctoral dissertation, University of Helsinki, 27.10.2007.


Question: Who developed psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Galilei's moons are Jupiter's four largest moons.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

They appear as points of light already on theatrical darlings and circulate near Jupiter.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Galilei's moons include the volcanic Io, the icy grit-filled Europa, dark Ganymedes with darker and lighter areas, and the cratered Kallisto.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The moons were discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The inner moons have more rock than the outer ones and are dense as outer planetary moons.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

History of the discovery of moons Galileo Galilei discovered with his telescope on 7 January 1610 the four largest moons of Jupiter.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Galileo observed the motion of the moons over several days and understood them to orbit around Jupiter.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

This discovery supported Nikolaus Copernicus' solar-centric worldview and showed that not everything revolves around the Earth.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Galileo initially referred to his discovery as Cosmica Sidera, in honour of the then Duke of Tuscany Cosimo II de' Medici.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

At the Duke's suggestion, he began to use the name Medicea Sidera (“Medici stars”), after the Duke and his three brothers.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The discovery was published in the journal Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610, two months after the sighting.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

In his own notes, Galileo used atomic numbers I, II, III and IV from the moons, counting away from Jupiter.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

In 1614 the German Simon Marius published his study Mundus Jovialis, in which he claimed to have discovered moons as early as Galileo and used the names Io, Europa, Ganymedes and Kallisto from them.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

According to Galileo, this was plagiarism; however, the names proposed by Marius remained in use.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Later, it has been claimed that Chinese astronomer Gan De could have discovered the moons as early as 362 BCE, almost two millennia earlier than Galileo.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The moons of Galilei may also have been known to ancient peoples: the Babylonian god Mardukin, who was also a designation for Jupiter, was said to have four dogs.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The Egyptian sky god Hathor, whose name was also used from Jupiter, also had four sons.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Galilei's moons would be easily detectable to a person with ordinary vision unless they were obscured in the brightness of Jupiter.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

It is theoretically possible that a bristled researcher would be able to see the moons with the naked eye, but it is up to conjecture as to whether ancient peoples were able to do so.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Observations made from the ground by telescopes by the end of the 19th century saw the moons include their colours: orange-red, bright white, bluish and frosted white.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

[1] Galilei moons Io Main article: Io Jupiter's innermost, orange moon Io is volcanic because Jupiter's attraction bursts and heats Io's mantle.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The yellow-orange color is due to sulfur compounds.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Unlike other Jupiter moons, there is no ice on Io.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Some of the volcano's eruptive material is eschewing from Io's gravitational field and is thought to be rained down on the surface of the small moon Amalthea.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Io's movements in Jupiter's magnetic field alter the radio radiation emitted by the planet.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Europa Main article: Europa Europa is a white-light brown, rather flat, icy ball covered by gaps.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Beneath the ice about 10—15 km thick, there is a sea about one hundred kilometres deep and an iron silicate core.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Jupiter's gravitational pull has had a strong impact on this moon as well.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

It has been speculated that there could be life in Europa's iced sea.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Ganymedes Main article: Ganymedes Ganymedes is covered by darker and lighter areas.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

A large circular dark area brings to mind the seas of the moon.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The darker areas are probably the molten matter that came off the surface of this month.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Craters are visible on Ganymedes, suggesting the lunar surface has rerouted more slowly than Ion and Europa.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The moon has a magnetic field and a thin oxygen gas ring.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Kallisto Main article: The surface of Kallisto Kallisto is filled with craters.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

It is geologically old, the surface has not regenerated since cratering.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The moon has an asteroid impact point formed by nested rings called Valhalla.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

About the moons of Galilei The moons of Galilei counting away from Jupiter are: nameTrack radius (km) Track radius of Jupiter radiusRotation (days) Diameter (km) Mass (kg) Io421 8005,91,7736438,93×1022Europa671 1009,43,5531224,8×1022Ganymedes1 070 40015,07,1652621,48×1023Tilt1 882 70026,416,69481,08×1023 Name densityInterior structural silicate fractionOther 3,53100% sulfur compounds, silicate, 900 km radius iron core Europa3,0185-100% small iron core?


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

silicate, water layersGanyMedes1,9443—73 %Tilce1,8342—66% 40% ice, 60% rock Jupiter's magnetic field extends to Jupiter's innermost moons strong.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

This causes radiation on the surface of the moons that is deadly intense on the surface of Io and Europa [2].


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The trajectory resonance of Galilei moons Galilei's moons are interchangeably in trajectory resonance.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The best known resonance is the flat ratio of the rotation times of Io, Europa and Ganymedee 1:2:4, i.e., the ratio of angular frequencies 1:1/2:1 /4.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

One mathematical way of expressing the ratio of Io and Europa rotation times is n I o − 2 ⋅ n E u r o p a = 0 {\ displaystyle n_ {\ rm {Io}} -2\ cdot n_ {\ rm {Europa}} =0} where n is angular frequency, reverse number of rotation time, i.e. 1/rotation time.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

But, strictly speaking, the twisting of the point closest to Ion Jupiter, is also involved.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

n I o − 2 ⋅ n E u r o p a + ω I o = 0 {\ displaystyle n_ {\ rm {Io}} -2\ cdot n_ {\ rm {Europa}} + {\ dot {\ omega}} _ {\ rm {Io}} =0} ω I o {\ displaystyle {\ dot {\ omega}} _ {\ rm {Io}}}, that is, omega-io is the angular frequency of the rotation of the point closest to Ion Jupiter.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

There is also a known relationship between the mutual positions, longitudes of the moons Φ L {\ displaystyle\ Phi _ {L}} = λ I o − 3 ⋅ λ E u + 2 ⋅ λ G a {\ displaystyle =\ lambda _ {\ rm {Io}} -3\ cdot\ lambda _ {\ rm {Eu}} +2\ cdot\ lambda _ {\ rm {Ga}}} = 180 {\ displaystyle =180^ {\ circ}} where λ {\ displaystyle\ lambda} is longitude, the position of the moon with respect to the Jupiter-solar line.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The genesis of the Galilei moons Jupiter's innermost moons are thought to have arisen similarly to the Solar System, but at the site of the central star was Jupiter, which in its birthdays glowed hot as gas flowed into it from the initial solar nebula via a spinner of gas.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

This gas pile had metal-dust-cooling, from which the moons condensed as these hits by colliding with each other grew bigger and bigger with time.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

The friction of gas falling on Jupiter warmed the planet to a red-glow.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Jupiter is claimed to have been ten times larger than it is today and shrunk to its present in about ten million years.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

At the beginning, Jupiter had a radiative force of up to 0.01 Suns, and after a million years about one millionth of the Sun's radiation.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

In the density distribution of Jupiter's moons, the innermost moon Io is densest, Europa slightly less frequent, and Ganymedes and Kallisto even fewer.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

According to this, Io or Europa corresponds to the density of bodies in the asteroid belt.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

According to one theory, the density distribution can be explained by the fact that in the days of the birth of the moons, Jupiter shone like a small star, and melted Io's ice, but left a lot of ice on the outer moons.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

According to another view, Jupiter's moons were heated by asteroid collisions, which occurred at Io near Jupiter more than in other Jupiter moons.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Because of these collisions, the rocks and ice of Ganymedes sorted into different layers because Ganymedes got hot enough, but Callisto didn't sort.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Io's lack of ice may be influenced by the moon's being near Jupiter, resulting in a large heating effect of tidal forces.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Amalthea on the inside of Io's track, which is sparse ice with a density of 0.84 g/cm³, does not fit into this picture.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

A small body like Amalthea is not affected by tidal forces as strong as large Jupiter moons.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Today, Jupiter's moons are thought to have formed quite late in a thinning early solar nebula, which produced a rather slowly accumulating, rather cool spinner of gas around Jupiter.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

[4] [5] The tracks of Jupiter's moons have rotational resonances as in the Solar System, and thus the same type of distance distribution as in the Solar System.


Question: Who found the Moon?

Galilei moons

Sources on the topic in the rest of Category:Moons of Jupiter


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The Mini is a small passenger car produced in 1959—2000.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The original Mini was designed by Alec Issigonis for the British Motor Corporation.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The Mini was manufactured in Birmingham under two names, Austin Mini and Morris Mini.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

In addition to its compact size, the Mini has become famous through car sports, movies and television series.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The characteristic Mini was designed because the fuel crisis caused by the Suez Crisis pushed up the price of petrol and thus made German small cars (made by Messerschmitt among others) popular in Britain.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Britain's car industry was to remain bulldozed by German imported cars.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

As much passenger space as possible was designed in the Mini for the smallest possible exterior dimensions.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

For example, rubber cone elements were used as suspension, requiring extremely little space.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The car was supposed to be cheap to manufacture, so it used the already existing BMC factory A-series base engine with only minor modifications.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The luggage compartment was maximized by making the tailgate downward opening, allowing the car to drive in emergency mode with the hatch open (with the load hanging partially outside).


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The doors had two-part windows that slid horizontally, thus making room for large storage cases at the bottom of the doors.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

In the oldest models, door hinges were to save space on the outside.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The car's speedometer was located in the middle of the dashboard, so reversing the steering from the English left lane model to the right lane was relatively easily successful, as there was no need to modify the dashboard in any way.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Right at the end of the 1960s, a Clubman version was introduced, with a cam shaped like a more modern one compared to the traditional Mini.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Model series Mk I—Mk VII Although the basic design and body design of the Mini remained almost the same throughout its manufacturing history, in line with the changes made, the model will be divided into different subversions.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The following list shows the main changes.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Mark I Mini: 1959—1967 In 1962, the names of the models were harmonized and the Austin Seven was now the Austin Mini.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

In 1964, the rubber cone suspension specially designed by Alex Moulton for the Mini was replaced by another one, also designed by Moulton for BMC, Hydrolastic.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

With this system, the suspension of the car was obtained softer, but it also increased weight and manufacturing costs.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

In October 1965, a four-stage automatic transmission designed by Automotive Products (AP) came on the accessory list, which became known as the Mini-Matic.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Mk II Mini: The 1967—1970 Mk II Mini received a redesigned front grille, this remained unchanged from its model until the end of manufacture.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The car also received a larger rear window, as well as a multitude of smaller cosmetic changes.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Between 1967 and 1970, 429,000 copies of the Mk II Mini were produced.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Mk III and successors: The bodywork of the 1969—2000 Mk III Mini received so many modifications that the manufacturer's body code ADO15 was changed to ADO20.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Illogically, the code is the same as the sister model on Clubman.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The most visible change was larger doors whose hinges had been moved to hide.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

At the insistence of buyers, the sliding side glasses on the doors were changed to be carved.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The Hydrolastic suspension system was abandoned and the original rubber cone made a comeback.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The manufacture of the Mini at the original Morris factory in Cowley was discontinued, while abandoning the use of Austin and Morris badges and the cars were now called mere Mines.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

In the late 1970s, Italian automaker Innocenti introduced the Innocenti 90 and 120 models designed by Bertone's office, which were hatchback body designs based on the Mini.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The factory also manufactured the Mini Cooper's Italian counterpart, the Innocenti De Tomaso.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

At the end of the 1960s, the Mini was still enjoying popularity among buyers, but the model was already beginning to age and new models had entered the market from competitors.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Meanwhile, BLMC's development work to replace the Mini with a new model pedaled in place.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The discontinuation of the manufacture of the Mini came to the surface again in 1980, with the introduction of the new Austin Mini-Metro.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Although manufacturing of the Mini continued alongside Metro, its manufacturing volumes declined as British Leyland and its successor Rover Group concentrated marketing volumes in the small car segment in favour of Metro.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

1981 was the Mini's final year in the top ten of Britain's best-selling cars — its ranking was ninth while Metro was ranked number five.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The Mk III (November 1969—1974) received drawable side windows to the side doors as well as concealed door hinges.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

However, these reforms were not introduced into stage and parcel designs.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The rear side windows increased in size and the taillights were changed to bigger sizes.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Mk IV (1976—1984) The front sled suspensions came with vibration and noise-reducing rubber pushers and the rear sled pushings were redesigned to be bigger.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

A reversing light was added to connect with the taillights.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Mk V (1984—1990): All models came standard with 210 millimeter disc brakes.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The bodywork came with plastic spreads flanking wheel openings.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Mk VI (1990—1996): The placement of the engine mounting lugs was changed further forward to allow the 1,275 cubic centimetre engine to be placed in the engine compartment.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

This was equipped with an SU HIF carburetor or, from 1991, single-point injection.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The 1.0-litre (998 cc) engine was dropped out of the range.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The bonnet opening mechanism moved to the interior of the car in 1992.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Mk VII (1996—2000): Last version; as changes to previous ones, the technology side featured two-point injection of fuel, as well as a shift of the radiator to the bow side of the car.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Indoors, the goods shelf was replaced by a dashboard and an airbag was provided for the driver.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Mini in Finland Mini was sold by two importers.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Austin Min was represented by Oy Veho AB and Morris Minin Oy Voimavaunu AB [1].


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Sales of the Mini were driven hard by its automotive sports success, [1] especially as more powerful models also became available to ordinary motorists.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

In 1971, imports of the Mini passed in its entirety to Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus AB, a manufacturer of SISU trucks, when Veho relinquished its representation in Austin and Voimavaunu ceased operations.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

However, Mini's best days were already unhelpfully behind us.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The mini was still imported until the fold of the 1980s.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The Mini had a total of 1,384 cars in the Finnish Vehicle Registry at the end of 1999 (Austin/BMC/Morris).


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Mini in car sports At Rally, the success of the Mini was based on driving characteristics, not power.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

The mini's small size allowed for higher cornering speeds than larger cars.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

[1] Monte Carlo Rally Wins (driver/co-driver): 1964 — Paddy Hopkirk/Henry Liddon — (Mini Cooper S) 1965 — Timo Mäkinen/Paul Easter — (Mini Cooper S) 1967 — Rauno Aaltonen/Henry Liddon — (Mini Cooper S) Mini in popular culture Mr. Bean's personal vehicle is a light green Morris Mini.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

In the film Medusa's network, the character Marie Helena Kreutz, played by Franka Potente, drives a Mini.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

In the film Boisterous Robbery, the thugs drive Mines to run away.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

In the movie The Man Who Thought Too Much Bill Murray's character is driving around in a scene with Mini.


Question: How many car body models are there?

Mini

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Key articles of screening Category:British car brands Category:1950s cars class:1960s cars class:1970s cars class:1980s cars class:1990s cars class:2000-decade cars


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek is a science fiction novel created by Gene Roddenberry.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The first Star Trek television series began to be aired in 1966, after which several television series, films and books have been made into the same fictional world.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek television series are set in the future and usually tell about space travel and the dangers they face.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek is one of the most popular and well-known brands in science fiction, which has created or disseminated several fictional concepts for general use, such as warp drive, holodeck and teleportation.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The original Star Trek television series “Star Trek: The Original Series, ST: TOS, TOS”, has been followed to date by five follow-up television series and thirteen feature films.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Production of the original television series, planned for five years, was already discontinued after three seasons of production because its ratings were deemed to have been inadequate.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

It was only in retrospect that it was discovered that the show was garnering audiences in the very age range that advertisers had been reaching for.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The animated Star Trek television series (“Star Trek: The Animated Series”, ST: TAS, TAS) aired from 1973 to 1974.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Voice actors comprised most of the standard actors in the original series, but overall the series has remained fairly unknown, and not all fans or screenwriters count its events in the official Star Trek historiography with the exception of one recounting Spock's youth years episodes of “Yesteryear”.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

In Finland, Kolmoschannel aired the TAS series after the original 1960s television series in the late 1980s.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek—the new generation of Star Trek—the new generation (Star Trek: The Next Generation, ST: TNG, TNG, 1987—1994) is set about a hundred years away from the events of the original series, and its character differs considerably from the single-minded adventures of the original series.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The series is still about the crew of the Spaceship Enterprise — the ship is already the fifth Federation starship of the same name.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The main characters in the series are Captain Jean-Luc Picard (Patrick Stewart) as well as the science officer and lieutenant commander, the android Data (Brent Spiner).


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (ST: DS9, DS9, 1993—1999) began with production of TNG still underway and continued in parallel with it for a year.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The series deviates from the used formula and is set instead of a starship at a space station called Deep Space Nine near the planet Bajor.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Bajor is recovering from the Cardassian occupation, and the Federation arrives on the scene on peacekeeping missions.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

However, the remote space station becomes important to the Federation when a stable wormhole is found near Bajor.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek: Voyager Star Trek: Voyager (1995—2001) began after TNG ended and production thus continued in parallel with DS9.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The series is again set aboard a spaceship, U.S.S.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

For Voyager, who ends up a 70,000 light-year journey from home on the other side of the Milky Way and begins its perilous journey towards Earth.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The Voyager crew consists of about 150 people, half of whom are Starfleet Academy visitors and the other half are rebels, and the crews have to work through their differences in order to cope with the long journey home.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

A woman, Captain Kathryn Janeway (Kate Mulgrew), was chosen as the protagonist of the series for the first time in Star Trek history.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Other protagonists in the series include former rebel unit leader, Commander Chakotay (Robert Beltran), Head of Operations, half-clingone B'Elanna Torres (Roxann Dawson), security officer, Vulcan Tuvok (Tim Russ), helmsman Tom Paris (Rober Duncan McNeill), station hologram doctor (Robert Picardo), Ensign Harry Kim (Garrett Wang) and additional passengers Talaxian Neelix (Ethan Phillips) and ocampa Kes (Jennifer Lien).


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Borgi Seven of nine (Jeri Ryan) replaced Kes in the fourth season of production.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

In Finland, Nelonen aired the first 49 episodes of the series in the 1990s and the MTV3 Scifi channel began airing it in early August 2008.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The Star Trek: Enterprise Enterprise television series underwent four seasons of production between 2001 and 2005.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The series is set in time before the original 1960s television series and takes place ten years before the founding of the United Federation of Planets, with humanity taking its first steps outside the solar system (the first Enterprise is humanity's first to warp factor 5 capable of ship).


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

In its third airing season, the series' name was changed to Star Trek: Enterprise, but it failed to improve ratings, which were lower than any of the then-current Star Trek series.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

This was the most significant reason for the series' discontinuation in the spring of 2005.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

In Finland, the series was aired by MTV3 Scifi beginning in spring 2009 on weekday evenings at 19:00.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek: Discovery In November 2015, a new television series, Star Trek: Discovery, was announced.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The series is scheduled to air in the fall of 2017 on CBS's CBS All Access streaming service, with the Netflix service showing it outside the United States.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The series is set at a time before the original series and after the events of the Enterprise series.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek films Star Trek: Space Travel (1979) Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) Star Trek III: The Return of Spock (1984) Star Trek IV: Homecoming (1986) Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989) Star Trek VI — Unknown Earth (1991) Star Trek — Generations (1994) Star Trek — First Connection (1996) Star Trek — Rebellion (1998) Star Trek: Nemesis (2002) Star Trek (2009) Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) Star Trek Beyond (2016) The Future of Star Trek: The Premature End of the Star Trek: Enterprise television series in Spring 2005, as well as the 2002 Star The low returns of Trek: Nemesis put the future of the brand at stake.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Former lead figure of the Star Trek brand, Rick Berman said in 2006 that making Star Trek would be put on hiatus for a few years and will no longer be involved in producing the series.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

In November 2015, television channel CBS announced that a brand new Star Trek series would begin in 2017.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

In the United States, the series will spin on the CBS channel's own streaming service All Access and elsewhere in the world with episodes available to view on Netflix within 24 hours of the US premiere.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The new Star Trek series is being worked on by Bryan Fuller, known as the creator of the Hannibal series, along with Alex Kurtzman, who started his career on Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

[1] The eleventh Star Trek film, which came out in 2009, was directed by J. J. Abrams.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Leonard Nimoy was seen playing the role of old Spock, and in addition, the young Spock was played by Zachary Quinto.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Other roles in the film include Anton Yelchin, who plays the young Pavel Chekov, and Zoe Saldana, who plays the young communications officer Uhura.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

William Shatner does not appear in the film.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

[2] The film began a new “time line” creating an alternate future in the Star Trek universe.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

A sequel to the film, Star Trek Into Darkness, appeared in 2013 and the third volume, Star Trek Beyond, premiered in July 2016.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

On Star Trek DVD All Star Trek series and films have been released on DVDs.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

In addition, all films and the original 1960s television series have been released in blu-ray versions.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The original television series was also released in HD-DVD format.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Listed below are available Star Trek season boxes and movie DVDs and briefly commented on e.g.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

the situation of their Finnish subtitles.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

However, the listed DVDs are not the only ones available, as various themed sets of Star Trek episodes have also been released.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

All episodes of the original series are also available as R1 releases in two-episode packages released prior to the season boxes.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Two versions of the films are available except for the first: a single-disc version and a two-disc version containing documentaries, commentary tracks, etc.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

There is no such thing as a two-disc director's version of the first film (Director's Edition), with which the film for the first time is released complete and finished.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The earlier theatrical version and TV version did not live up to the director's wishes, and the story suffered in many respects.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Contrary to common practice, the Director's Edition is shorter than the theatrical version, but nevertheless more complete with a story.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

On Blu-ray, in turn, a theatrical version of the first film was released.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek - The Original Series (three boxes R1, R2; R2 with Finnish subtitles) Star Trek - The Animated Series (one box R1, R2; in R2 version with Finnish subtitles) Star Trek: The Next Generation (seven boxes R1, R2; no Finnish subtitles) Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (seven boxes R1, R2; no Finnish subtitles) Star Trek: Voyager (seven boxes R1, R2; no Finnish subtitles) Enterprise (four boxes R1, R2; no Finnish subtitles) Star Trek: The Motion Picture (R1DE, R2DE; in R2 version Finnish subtitles) Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (R1, R1SE, R2, R2SE; in R2 version with Finnish subtitles) Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (R1, R1SE, R2, R2SE; in the R2 version with Finnish subtitles) Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (R1, R1SE, R1SE, 2, R2SE; in the R2 version with Finnish subtitles) Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (R1, R1SE, R2, R2SE; in R2 version with Finnish subtitles) Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (R1, R1SE, R2, R2SE; in the R2 version with Finnish subtitles) Star Trek: Generations (R1, R1SE, R2, R2SE; in the R2 version, Finnish) subtitles in Star Trek: First Contact (R1, R1SE, R2, R2SE; in R2 version with Finnish subtitles) Star Trek: Insurrection (R1, R1SE, R2, R2SE; in R2 version with Finnish subtitles) Star Trek: Nemesis (R1, R1SE, R2, R2SE; in R2 version with Finnish subtitles) Other topics related DVD releases worth mentioning include Amongst: Trekkies Trekkies 2 These are documentaries about Trek fans aka trekkers run by Denise Crosby (Tasha Yar, New Generation).


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Mind Meld — Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime Mind Meld is a conversation filmed in the garden of Leonard Nimoy's household in which William Shatner and Nimoy discuss not only Star Trek, but the pros and cons of their lives (divorces, substance abuse problems, etc.) Star Trek on Blu-ray Star Trek - The Original Series, production seasons 1—3 Star Trek: The Next Generation, production seasons 1—7' Star Trek: Enterprise, production seasons 1—2 Star Trek: The Motion Picture Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home Star Trek V: The Final Frontier Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country Star Trek: Generations Star Trek: First Contact Star Trek: Insurrection Star Trek: Nemesis Star Trek Star Trek Into Darkness Comics Space Travel — Star trek, Finland appeared in 15 issues between 1974—1975.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

[3] Star Trek, 7 issues published in Finland between 1981 and 1982.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek: The Next Generation, 5 issues published in Finland between 1990 and 1991.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

[4] Parodies Humor ensemble Lapinlahti Birds made a series of Sixty-triggered skits parodying Star Trek under the name “Täkkasleigh”.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

In it, the Earth has exploded and eight people who survived the destruction are trying to search for a new home planet for themselves.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Over the course of the trip, they have developed a new language where only the first letter is said of words.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

These skits made famous the saying EVVK.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Millions of songs have been downloaded from the internet by science fiction films called Star Wreck.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

The protagonist of the films is the smug, commanding Captain Pirk.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Video Games The series has been made into several video games for consoles and computers including strategy, action, and role-playing games.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Star Trek: 25th Anniversary Star Trek: Armada Star Trek: Armada II Star Trek: Judgment Rites Star Trek Voyager: Elite Force Star Trek: Voyager Elite Force: Virtual Voyager Star Trek: Online See also Ferengi procurement rules Star Wreck Sources elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who created the Star Trek television series?

Star Trek

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The Battle of the Berezina River (,) was a battle between forces of the French and Russian Empire 26.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

— 29 November 1812 on the Berezina River (now the territory of Belarus).


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

At the Battle of Napoleon's Grande Armée was threatened with total destruction.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Despite the harsh winter, the shelter weather had eroded the ice of the river, so that it did not even carry a footman [1].


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Napoleon skillfully managed to distract the Russians and build bridges at Studjanka, as well as crossing Berezina with battle-capable troops.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The background of the battle after the Battle of Tarutino, Napoleon left Moscow on the Old Kalugant Road.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The Grande Armée had over 90,000 soldiers and 569 cannons and thousands of wagons.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

First marched by the Marshal of France, the cavalry led by Joachim Murat, King of Naples, then Napoleon and the Guard.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais marched in the middle and French Marshal Michel Ney commanded the afterforce with Marshal Édouard Mortiern of France and his Guards [2].


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

After a couple of days, Napoleon turned to the right, but the commander of the army of the Russian Empire, General Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, had closed the new Kalugants.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Napoleon thus had to retreat towards Smolensk along the old post road, along which no replenishment for the army had been expected, as they had already been cleared on the offensive journey to Moscow.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

After the Battle of Mаlojaroslаvets on 24 October (J: 12 October), Kutuzov accompanied Napoleon with his main army.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

In retreat, the Grande Armée came under constant harassment attacks from Cossacks, partisans and peasants.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The troops of Nicholas-Charles Oudinot and Claude Carra-Saint-Cyr of the French army had been sent to attack Petersburg.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

At Polotsk, Cavalry General Pyotr Wittgenstein thwarted the French's intentions.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The main armies of Napoleon and Kutuzov rustled at Vyasma () on 3 November (J: 22 October), Elnja () on 5 November (J: 24 October), Dorogobuž () on 7 November (J: 26 October), on the Vop River () on 9 November (J: 28 October), Duhobshchina (9 - 10 November (J: 28 - 29. October) [3].


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Upon reaching Dorogobuž, Napoleon's army was calculated to have about 50,000 men capable of fighting [4].


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Napoleon's army was at Smolensk from 9 to 14 November (J: 28 October - 2 November).


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The city had been destroyed and there was no resupply for the army.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Napoleon continued his journey towards Vilnius.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The combat capable army had been reduced to 40000 men and was followed by a horde of about 20,000 people (civilians, wounded and stragglers).


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The Russians attacked at Krasnyjn () on 16 November (J: 4 November).


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Over the course of two days, the French lost 14,000 men fallen, wounded and prisoners.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Marshal Ney found himself isolated from the rest of the army and had to cross the Dnieper north of Krasnyj.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The ice failed and only 900 out of 6000 men made it to the resistance beach.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Ney joined the retreating Napoleonic forces at Orša [).


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

For the Russians, blood forces were coming to the front, Admiral Pavel Chechagov, the commander of the Danube Army, approached from the southwest.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

He managed to conquer Minsk, where the warehouses of Napleon were located.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Chechagov reached Borisov, crossed Berezina, and captured the city from the French on 22 November.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Cavalry kernral Pyotr Wittgenstein continued to advance from Polotsk towards Berezina.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

On the way, his force was reinforced by units of the Finnish Army Corps sent from Riga.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Wittgenstein approached Berezina from the north.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

“People's War” French sources mention as outside fighting forces mainly Cossacks.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

They do, however, work closely with the partisans.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Russian sources highlight organised partisan activity as well as the very brutal killing of French soldiers by peasants.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Partisan activities led to e.g.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Aleksandr Figner, Denis Davydov, Aleksandr Seslavin and Nikolai Kudašev, They were all officers of the Russian Regular Army who had been authorized to form detachments of soldiers and volunteers of the Regular Army in order to harass and destroy the French as well as their warehouses [5].


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The fighting terrain from the town of Borisov () by road is about 25 kilometers southeast of the village of Studjanka ().


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The entire area is relatively flat terrain with only the smallest differences in elevation.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Between Borisov and Studjanka there is forest and the river is far from the road.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

At Studjanka, Berezinai runs right next door and the width of the river at this point is about 27 meters.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The Vastarandah has a relatively hard-bottomed swamp makeup measuring a few hundred metres before the village of Bryl ().


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Parties of battle French I Army Corps: Commander French Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout II Army Corps: Commander French Marshal Nicholas-Charles Oudinot III Army Corps: Commander Michel Ney IV Army Corps: Commander Viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais IX Army Corps: Commander French Marshal Claude-Victor Perrin Russians Army of the Danube: Commander Admiral Pavel Chechagov I Infantry Army Corps: Commander General of Cavalry Pyotr Wittgenstein Combat events in the town of Borisov on the east bank of Berezina Oudinot got pushed west of the Chechagov River on 23 November.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Crossing Berezina, Chechagov disposed of the bridge.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Napoleon gave Oudinot the order to distract Chechagov.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Oudinot moved his troops a good distance south from Borisov and began forest clearing.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

At the same time, he stationed his cannon and troops in position.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Chechagov believed Oudinot was preparing a crossing and moved his forces against Oudinot to the west of the river.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Napoleon arrived with his main force at Borisov probably on 24 November.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The French had found a suitable crossing point at Studjanka, which could only be reached by roads from Borisov.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

With his election, Napoleon wanted to delay Wittgenstein approaching from the north.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Fortunately for Napoleon, the general carrying his bridge-building and pioneer supplies had not disposed of his loadmast under previous orders.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

In all, about 400 pioneers built two bridges wading in icy water.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

One bridge was intended for crossing soldiers and civilians, and the other for artillery and load masts.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

During the construction of the bridges, Victor and Davout held off the Russians with lie attacks.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Oudinot and his 11,000 men crossed the Berezina on 26 November and moved on to the west bank.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The meager Russian troops on the beach were pushed out.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Victor fortified himself on the east bank to protect the river crossing.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Napoleon himself crossed the Berezina on 27 November with the Guard.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Civilians tried to penetrate the bridges, but Victor's soldiers blocked access.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

On 28 November, Chechagov realized his mistake and turned his forces north as Wittgenstein and Kutuzov began an attack on the French.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The Russians targeted their artillery fire on the bridges and had to be constantly repaired.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Davout and Viceroy Eugéne crossed the Berezina, on whose west bank, Oudinot and Ney fought a growing Russian force.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Oudinot was wounded and Ney took command of the Army Corps.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Wittgenstein's cannons caused great devastation in the civilians awaiting the crossing, who set out to rush to the bridges, breaking one of them.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

People got caught up in water.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Victor waited until midnight and, on 29 November, forcibly crossed Berezina with his remaining troops.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Napoleon ordered the bridges of the same road to be burned despite the large number of civilians who were still on the bridge and on the east bank.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Civilians were left unprotected at the feet of Cossacks and many of them were killed.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Assessment of losses French, Russian and English historians [6] have presented differing loss figures.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Below are the smallest and largest estimates of historians.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Between 10,000 and 25000 soldiers and 10,000 to 40000 civilians were killed or wounded on the French side.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Between 6,000 and 15,000 were killed or wounded on the Russian side.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

After the Battle of Berezina, Napoleon's Russian war expedition was practically over.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

At Smarhon (), Napoleon handed over the leadership of the army to Murat and left for Paris himself on 2 December.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

The losses in the Russian war expedition were staggering.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

By the time the French reached Poland, it is thought that only 50,000 men survived from the original population of nearly 600000. [7].


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Several historians have given even very much lower estimates.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Winter and fighting was heavy for the Russians as well.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Kutuzov had replenished his army and by the time he left Tarutino he had about 97000 men and 662 cannons.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Upon reaching Vilnius, the army numbered about 27,000 men and 237 cannons. [8].


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Sources On the topic Elsewhere Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mikaberidze, Alexander| title = Napoleon's Great Escape: The Battle of the Berezina| location = London| publisher = Pen and Sword| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-1-84415-920-8| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: What led to the Battle of Berezina?

Battle of Berezina (1812)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fillion, Sub| title = La Bérézina racontée par ceux qui l'ont vécue: 26, 27, 28 et 29 novembre 1812'| publisher = France-Empire| year = 2005| id = ISBN 978-2-7048-1011-6| language = (in Fin French) | page = 322}} Category:1812 Category:Napoleonic battles of wars Class:Russian battles Class:French battles


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

HMS Amazon (pennant number F169) was a Type 21 frigate of the British Royal Navy.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

Manufacture The ship was ordered on 26 March 1969 from Vosper Thornycroft, Southampton.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

Its keel was laid down on 6 November 1969 at Woolston Dockyard and the ship was laid into the waters on 26 April 1971, godparents of Princess Anne [1].


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

The ship was completed on 11 May 1974.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

[2] Service on HMS Amazon was sparked by a 1977 fire while it was serving in the Far East, raising the question of the safety of the use of aluminium on warships.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

[3] During the Falklands War, the ship served in the Persian Gulf, from where it returned to the British Isles in late June 1982 [4].


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

Fractures were found in its hull in the mid-1980s, which were repaired by welding and at the same time the durability of the ship's structures was increased.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

On the same occasion, noise generated by the ship's hull was reduced and an Exocet missile launch pad was installed on its forward deck.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

The ship was withdrawn from service and sold to Pakistan on 30 September 1993, but without the Exocet and Sea Cat missiles.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

The Pakistan Navy renamed the ship Babur.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

The ship was fitted with Chinese-made LY 60N missiles to replace the Exocet missiles.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

The electronics equipment was modified by replacing the Type 992 air surveillance radar with Signal's DA08 radar.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

Self-protection was augmented by the installation of Mk36 SRBOC self-protective throwers.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardiner, Robert (ed.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

) | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947—1995| location = London, England| publisher = Conway Maritime Press| year = 1995| id = ISBN 0-85177-605-1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Marriott Leo| title= Royal Navy Frigates 1945—1983| location = London, England| publisher = Ian Allan Ltd| year = 1983| id = ISBN 0-7110-1322-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lippiett, John| title = Modern Combat Ships 5: Type 21| location = London, England| publisher = Ian Allan Ltd| year = 1990| id = ISBN 0-7110-1903-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)


Question: When was HMS Amazon completed?

HMS Amazon (F169)

References Category:Royal Navy Type 21 frigates


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Athens (,) is the capital of Greece and at the same time the largest city in the country.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

It is also the capital of the Attica region.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

[1] [2] The city of Athens proper forms the municipality of the same name (Δήμος Αθηναίων, Dímos Athinaíon) and is the administrative center of the Central Athens regional unit.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The municipality covers an area of 38.964 square kilometers and a population of 664046.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

[1] [2] The Athens Metropolitan Region additionally consists of four other regional units, the regional units of North Athens, South Athens, Western Athens and Piraeus, and may also include a large part of the municipalities of the regional units of East Attica and West Attica, totaling about 60 municipalities.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The total area of the metropolitan area is 2928,717 and the population is 3737550 (in 2011).


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

In addition, there are about 500,000 immigrants living in the region whose status is not permanent.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The Athens Metropolitan Area is extremely densely populated, its population density is about 20000 inhabitants/km².


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The metropolis of Athens is growing and spreading out, facing both north and east.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Athens is the center of Greek politics, economy, business world, industry and culture.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

In antiquity, Athens controlled the rest of Attica and was one of the leading city-states of Greece.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The Western concept of democracy and philosophy originate from the city.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The name of Athens derives from the Greek goddess Pallas Athena.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Meaning of the name According to lore, the name of Athens is derived from the rivalry between the Greek gods Athena and Poseidon.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Poseidon and Athene competed to see which one would be allowed to serve as the city's patron god.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

They decided that whichever one would give the city the best gift would win.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Poseidon punctured the source for the Acropolis and Athena created an olive tree whose oil could be used for many different purposes, including lighting.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Oil was a valuable gift to the citizens, so Athene prevailed and the city was named Athens in her honor.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

[3] The ancient Greek name of the city is plural (“Athens”), like many other names of ancient Greek and Roman cities.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

This can still be seen in the names of many languages for Athens, for example Latin Athenae, Spanish Atenas, and in English Athens.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The plurality might be due, for example, to the fact that Athens was born as several villages merged.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Geography Athens is located in mainland Greece on the southern edge of the Attica peninsula.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The town spreads out on the Attica Plateau, with Mount Ymittós or Hymettos on the east side, Pentéli or Pentelikon mountain on the northeast side, Mount Párnitha- or Parnes on the north side, and the Aigáleo and Poíkilo Mountains on the west side.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

In the southwest, the urban area extends into the Saronic Gulf.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

On the plateau in the territory of the city lie several hills, the most famous of which is the Acropolis, the castle mountain of ancient Athens.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Other hills include the Areiopagi, Filopáppou (Filopappos) and Pnyks adjacent to the Acropolis, and Lykavittós (Lykabettos) northeast of the Acropolis.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The valleys of the Ilisós and Kifisós rivers are located in the western parts of Athens.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The old centre of Athens, the current Old Town of Pláka and the Monastirák District, lies to the east, northeast and north of the Acropolis.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

After Athens became the capital of Greece, a new city plan was planned for the city, the central feature of which became the triangular area north of the old centre, bordered by Stadíou, Peiraiós and Ermoú Streets.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Within it is the arrondissement of Psyrí.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

At the corners of the eastern side of the triangle are the central squares Sýntagma and Omónoia.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Around this old centre are the neighbourhoods Thiseío, Makrygiánni, Akadimía, Exárcheia, Kolonáki and Mets, as well as areas of the National Garden and Záppeio Park.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

Today, Greater Athens is spread over the entire area of the plateau, complicating the future expansion of the city.


Question: When was Athens founded?

Athens

The city's rapid growth in the 20th century and the accompanying increase in industry and automobile traffic have caused serious environmental problems, including smog and water system pollution.