Question: What is the area of Día?

Día

[6] Excursions are made to the island from Crete, [18] departing from the ports of Iraklion and Goúves.


Question: What is the area of Día?

Día

[6] On the Día it is possible, for example, to dive [8], swim and barbecue.


Question: What is the area of Día?

Día

[18] There are wrecks of aircraft and ships in the waters of the Día.


Question: What is the area of Día?

Día

[8] Sources Explicit use of et al.


Question: What is the area of Día?

Día

in: |author= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hanna, Nick| title = Crete| location = Cologne, Germany| publisher = Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH| year = 2000| version = Engl.


Question: What is the area of Día?

Día

Original work: Globetrotter Travel Guide Crete, Finland. Roinila, Maija| id = ISBN 3-8290-3261-7}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:41.585 Greece Category:Chersónisos Category:Cretan Islands Category:Greek Natura Regions


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The Battle of Taginae (also the Battle of Busta Gallorum [2]) was fought in the summer of 552 in central Italy.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

In the battle, the Eastern Roman warlord Narses defeated an army led by King Totila of the Ostrogoths.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The battle was decisive, as it broke the power of the Ostrogoths in Italy and paved the way for the Romans to conquest the entire peninsula.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[3] The only source on the battle is by the contemporaneous historian Prokopios.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[4] Since 535, the Eastern Roman Empire had been waging war against the Italian Ostrogoths.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The Romans, under the warlord Belisarius, had captured much of Italy by 540, but in 541 Totila, who was elected king of the Goths, recaptured almost all the lost territories.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

In 551, the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I appointed the eunuch Narses in command of the expedition and sent him to defeat Totila.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The forces of Narses invaded Italy in 552 and encountered Totila's army in late June or early July near the present town of Gualdo Tadino in Umbria in central Italy.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Narses's troops took up defensive positions and repelled a Gothic cavalry attack, after which the Gothic army broke and fled in turmoil.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

According to Prokopios, 6000 Goths were killed, including their king Totila.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Background Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I had in 535 declared war on the Ostrogoths and sent the warlord Belisarius to take over Sicily and Italy.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Belisarius' forces recaptured Sicily by the end of 535, and the following year the Romans invaded Italy.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Rome surrendered in December 536, and in 540 Belisarius recaptured Ravenna, the capital of the Goths.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The outcome of the war already seemed certain, but then Belisarius was forced to return back to Constantinople, and the Goths were able to recover from their losses.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

In 541, the Goths elected Totila as their new king, defeating Eastern Roman forces and recapturing almost all of Italy for the Goths.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Belisarius returned to Italy in 544 but failed to turn the situation again in the Romans' favour.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Totila took over Rome in 546, lost it the following year, but retook it in 550.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Belisarius left Italy in 549, and the following year Emperor Justinian appointed his cousin Germanus, who nevertheless died in the autumn of the same year, to command the Italian expedition.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

In 551 Justinian appointed the eunuch and imperial chamberlain (praepositus sacri cubiculi) Narses to lead an Italian war expedition.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[5] Narses was already old at the time, but he was an accomplished warlord and led troops in Italy in the 530s.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[6] Narses left Constantinople in spring 551 to join the warlord John at Salona.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The army of Narses consisted of about 20000—25000 men, including a large number of foreign allied troops; 6000 langobards that King Audoin had sent to help the Romans; 4000 Heruls as their commanders Philemuth and Aruth; 400 Gepids; and a group of Huns.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

In addition, the army included soldiers recruited by Narses from Thrace and Illyricum and Persian horsemen who had defected to the Romans, [6] [7] commanded by Kavadh, the grandson of King Kavadh I of Persia, who as a child was involved in a conspiracy against King Khosrauta and later had to flee to Justinian.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[8] The army of Narses left Salona for northern Italy in spring 552.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Totila had allowed the Franks to take control of much of the Po River valley and sent his best troops to Verona to slow down the Romans, but Narses avoided them by marching near the coast.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[9] In June 552, Narses's forces reached Ravenna, where their army was joined by reinforcements led by magister militums Justinus and Valerianus.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Narses stayed in Ravenna for nine days until he decided to continue the march south.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

He left at Ravenna a garrison led by Justinus and left the city towards Rome.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

On the way, he had to pass Ariminum (present-day Rimini), which had been held by the Goths.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

According to the contemporaneous historian Prokopios, Narses's goal was to confront Totila's forces in battle as soon as possible.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[7] Upon hearing of the invasion of Narses forces, Totila and his troops left Rome and marched to face Narses in battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

During the 17years' war, the Goths army had suffered heavy losses and Totila had had to strengthen its ranks with runaway slaves and farmers.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Many of the soldiers of the Gothic forces were also defectors from the Eastern Roman army.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Unpaid wages and Totila's habit of treating captured soldiers well caused many Eastern Romans to move into the ranks of Totila's troops.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Prokopios does not state the size of Totila's army, but current estimates move between 16,000 and 20,000 men.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[10] [11] [9] Totila's troops camped near the village of Taginae (or Tadinum) along the Via Flaminia near the present-day town of Gualdo Tadino in Umbria, central Italy.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[2] Narses's troops camped about 20km from the camp of the Goths near a place called Busta Gallorum (), [7] which was located near Sentinum, where the Romans visited in 295 BCE.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The battle of the Sentinum against the Etruscans and the Galls.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[12] Events before the battle Narses decided to group his army in defensive positions and wait for the Goths to attack.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

He chose a point from the Via Flaminia, a local road to the Apennines that followed the valley of the small Bono River, as the site of the battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The place was slightly higher than the surrounding difficult valley, and furthermore it was sheltered from the left by a small hill.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[6] Narses urged Totila to either make peace with the Romans, for the situation of the Goths was hopeless, or to name a day for the battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[6] Totila rebuffed peace talks, but suggested that the battle should take place in eight days.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Narses, however, did not trust him and instead grouped his army in combat positions.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

On the morning of the next day, Totila brought his entire army to the scene.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[13] [7] The only route to the back of the Roman army was the path that went around a small hill to the left of the Romans.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Narses sent 50 men during the night to take over the route.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The Goths tried several times the next morning to seize the path by sending cavalry to attack the Romans, but the narrow route and difficult terrain helped the Romans repel the attacks.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[13] There was a certain Paulus who Narses rewarded by taking him as his bodyguard.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[7] Armies grouped against each other.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

On the side of the Romans, the forces of the Langobards, Heruls, and Gepids, perhaps numbering about 9000—10000 in total, were footed, and were grouped on a sloping slope to the center of the army.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

On both wings of the army, armed cavalry troops of bows and covers were settled.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The left wing was commanded by Narses and the warlord John, and consisted of the best troops in the army, as well as the Huns.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The right wing was commanded by Valerianus, Dagisthaeus and another John, with the remainder of the Roman cavalry in command.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

4000 archers settled in front of both wings and another 1500 horsemen behind the left wing.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

According to Prokopios, 500 of these were to serve as a reserve and, after all, had to hook the enemy's back if the Gothic infantry attacked the centre or wings of the Romans.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The Goths grouped their armies probably similarly: infantry in the center and cavalry in the flanks.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[6] Totila went with his army and encouraged his men into battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[14] Narses did the same, still presenting rewards which would be awarded to soldiers who had shown their bravery after battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[7] However, neither side started the fight.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Totila apparently tried to delay the battle, as 2000 horsemen of the Goths had not yet arrived at the scene of the battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

According to Prokopios, Totila donned his armor decorated with gold and rode between armies to show off his horsemanship skills.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[13] Totila also tried to open negotiations with the Romans, but Narses rebuffed the proposal.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[7] Prokopios also tells how a Roman soldier named Coccas, who had defected to the Goths, challenged any Roman to a duel.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The challenge was taken up by Anzalas, an Armenian who served in the Narses Bodyguard Guard.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Both men got on horseback and charged towards each other.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Coccas aimed his spear towards his opponent, but at the last minute Anzalas swerved and struck his spear at Coccas, who fell dead to the ground.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The event drew cheers from the Romans' army.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[14] At midday, Totila's waiting 2000 horsemen arrived, and he ordered his army to withdraw to eat at his camp, where he changed the equipment of a regular soldier.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

According to Prokopios, Totila hoped the retreat of the Goths would cause the vigilance of the Romans to indulge, thereby giving the opportunity for a surprise attack.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Narses, however, told his men to remain in their positions and eat their lunch also in place.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

After a short time, the Goths returned with reinforcements and found the Romans waiting for them.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[13] [7] Totila moved his army out of the group and now placed his entire cavalry in one large line and the infantry behind these, so that the cavalry could withdraw to infantry shelters if necessary.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

It is clear from the commentary of Prokopios that most of the Gothic army consisted of cavalry and that their infantry was considered irrelevant and unreliable.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Narses realized that the Goths were about to launch a massive attack against the center of the Roman army.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

He ordered the archers of both wings to move to the sites and regroup so that the Roman army was shaped like a crescent moon.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[7] The archers also settled on higher terrain beyond the reach of the Gothic horsemen ready to fire at enemy flanks when these would attack.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[13] The battle The battle itself probably did not last long, but Prokopios praises the bravery of both sides.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[15] Totila ordered his troops to use only their blankets and abandon his bow and other weapons.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

As one large force, the cavalry of the Goths attacked the centre of the Romans and suffered some losses from archers' arrows.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The spearmen in the centre of the Roman army held their ground, and the cavalry of the Goths were forced to retreat.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

It is not known whether the 1,000 horsemen on the Romans' left flank were sent to hook their backs from the Goths, but in any case the entire line of the Roman army began to advance.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The Gothic forces broke and went on the run.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The Gothic cavalry did not retreat to the infantry shelters but barged straight through these and caused further losses and confusion, causing the entire Goth army to turn in a shambles escape.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Roman cavalry drove the fleeing Goths from behind in a great frenzy and killed many.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

According to Prokopios, 6000 Goths were killed in the battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[13] Totila himself fled with five warriors as pursuers with the same number of Roman horsemen who did not know who the pursuers were.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Before evening, the Romans got close enough, at which point Totila was mortally wounded by a Gepididic warrior with his spear.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

However, the Goths got away and buried Totila near a place called Caprae (perhaps present-day Caprara) some 15km from the site of the battle.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Prokopios also narrates another version of Totila's death.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

According to it, Totila was mortally wounded by an arrow during the battle and had to withdraw from the battle, causing the escape of the Goth forces.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

The Romans only realised Totila was dead when a Gothic woman showed them his grave.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[15] They dug up Totila's body to be sure of his death, and then buried him again.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[16] After the battle, the Goths who survived the battle chose Teja, Totila's closest man, as their new king.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Narses, in turn, marched south and took over Rome.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

He then laid siege to the city of Cumae, where the Goths held the financial resources of their state.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Teja sprinted with his army to the aid of the city, but the Goths were defeated in October 552 by Narses's forces in a battle on Mount Mons Lactarius in Campania (present-day Monti Lattari).


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Teja and many of his men were killed in battle, and Narses allowed the Goths after all to leave Italy peacefully.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Teja's death ended organized Ostrogothic resistance in Italy, though some skirmishes were still fought until 555.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[17] In 554, Narses defeated the Alemanns and Franks who were still invading Italy at the Battle of Volturn.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[9] [18] However, the last city held by the Goths, Verona, did not surrender until 561.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

[5] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Evans, James Allan| title= The age of Justinian: the circumstances of imperial power| publisher = Routledge| year = 2000| id=ISBN 978-0-415-23726-0| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

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Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haldon, John| title= The Byzantine wars| publisher = The History Press| year = 2008| id=ISBN 978-0-7524-4565-6| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hughes, Ian| title= Belisarius: The last Roman general| publisher = Westholme Publishing| year = 2009| id=ISBN 978-1-59416-085-1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jacobsen, Torsten Cumberland| title= The Gothic War: Rome's final conflict in the West| publisher = Westholme Publishing| year = 2009| id=ISBN 978-1-59416-084-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only use for File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kazhdan, Alexander P.| title= The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1991| id=ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kohn, George C.| title= Dictionary of wars| publisher = Infobase Publishing| year = 2007| id = ISBN 9780816065776| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Martindale, John Robert & Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin & Morris, John| title = The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: A.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

D.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

527—641| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1992| id = ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sandler, Stanley| title=Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia| publisher = ABC-CLIO| year = 2002| id=ISBN 9781576073445| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Treadgold, Warren| title= A history of the Byzantine state and society| publisher = Stanford University press| year = 1997| id=ISBN 0-8047-2630-2| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

References Ancient literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Procopius| title = History of the wars: Books 7.36—8| publisher = Harvard University Press| year = 1928| version=Loeb Classical Library.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Translated into English by H. B. Dewing| id = ISBN 978-0-674-99239-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How long did the Battle of Taginae last?

Battle of Taginae

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| page = 353—389}} Category:92 European History Category:552 Category:Byzantine Battles Category:Italian history


Question: Who was Thailand's first ruler?

List of rulers of Thailand

This is a list of kings of Thailand (Thai.


Question: Who was Thailand's first ruler?

List of rulers of Thailand

It is also known as the first child of the United States.


Question: Who was Thailand's first ruler?

List of rulers of Thailand

List is in chronological order of Sukhothai Kingdom Phra Ruang dynasty (1239—1368,1368—1438) Kingdom of Ayutthaya Uthong First dynasty (1350—1370) First dynasty of Suphannaphumi (1370—1388) Second dynasty of Uthong (1388—1409) Second Suphannaphumi Dynasty (1409—1569) Sukhothai Dynasty (1569—1629) Prasat Thong Dynasty (1630—1688) Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty (1688—1767) Kingdom of Thonburi Thonburi Dynasty (1768—1782) Kingdom of Rattanakos (present-day Thailand) Chakri- dynasty (1782—) * Thailand


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Erkki Sakari Tuomioja (born 1 July 1946, Helsinki) is a Finnish social democratic politician.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Finland from 2000 to 2007 and from 2011 to 2015.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

From 1999 to 2000 he was Minister of Trade and Industry.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

As an MP, he has served from 1970 to 1979 as well as since 1991.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[1] Tuomoja holds a Doctor of Political Science and Economist.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Tuomioja is Vice-President of the Paasikivi Society and a member of the Helsinki Osuuskauppa Elanto Representative Council.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[1] He is also a member of the Attac, the Friendship Society of the Arab Peoples, the Finnish Union for Nature Conservation, the Hundred Committees Union, the Freedom to Choose Unlike movement and the Finnish Historical Society.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Tuomioja is an adjunct professor of political history at the University


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

He is the author of several works on foreign policy and political history.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[2] Tuomioja is also a founding member of Historians Without Borders, an organization founded in 2015, and has served as its board chairman ever since.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[3] Background Erkki Tuomioja's father was a politician, Governor of the Bank of Finland and Prime Minister Sakari Tuomioja, who belonged to the National Progress Party and later the League of Libertarians.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

His father was Editor-in-Chief of Helsingin Sanomat and former Progress Party MP Walto W. Tuomioja.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[4] Tuomioja's mother was the author Vappu Tuomioja o.s. Wuolijoki.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Vappu Tuomioja's parents were Sulo Wuolijoki, an SDP MP, and Hella Wuolijoki, a writer, General Manager of Yleisradio and MP for SKDL.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[4] As a sixteen-year-old high school student, Judgments was already in the national public eye in 1963 after winning the top prize in the television Double or Receipt quiz as the subject of international politics after World War II.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[5] In 1969, in an incitement trial related to Erik Schüller, Verdicts received a prison sentence of one year and two months, which was however completely overturned by the Court of Appeal.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[6] Political career As a youth, Tuomioja was known as a neo-left cultural radical [7] whose social activities began as early as the 1960s in the Teen League and the Student Union of the University of Helsinki, to which he was elected as a Social Democrat in 1967.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Between 1966 and 1970 Tuomioja worked as a TV journalist.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

He was elected to the Helsinki City Council in the 1968 municipal election.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Tuomioja graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from the University of Helsinki in 1971 and economics from the Helsinki School of Economics in 1974.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

He later received his doctorate in political sciences from the University of Helsinki in 1996 with the subject Pekka Kuusen's social policy [4], and was appointed docent in political history.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[1] Tuomioja was elected MP from the Social Democrat lists in 1970.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

He held the position until 1979, when he took over as Deputy Mayor of the Helsinki Real Estate Office.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

One of the reasons for Tuomioja's 12-year absence from the politics of the day was, according to his own later view, that by the mid-1970s a very stale political climate had been poisoned and frozen by the Taisists [4] [8], so that Tuomioja did not return to Parliament until in the 1991 election.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Tuomioja served as Second Vice-President of the Social Democratic Parliamentary Group from 1991 to 1996 and Chairman 1996—1999, and Chairman of the Grand Committee 1995—1999.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

He was elected Minister of Trade and Industry in Paavo Lipponen II government in 1999.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

The following year, Tuomioja rose to become Foreign Minister, replacing President-elect Tarja Halonen.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

He also held his seat after the parliamentary elections of 2003.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

The verdicts belong to the Committee for Hundred, a British-style peace organisation at its base and set up as an uncommitted West in exchange for the Defenders of Peace, which was close to the Communists and People's Democrats.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

In the 1970s Tuomioja served as president of the Hundred Committees Union and editor of the journal “Nuclear” (1977—1991).


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Despite his peace-business background, Veromioja has not challenged national national defense.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

At the end of the conscript period, Tuomioja served as an additional library corporal in the Guards Battalion [4] at the Central Military Library.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

for which he gained the rank of corporal and has since been promoted to Staff Sergeant in the Reserve [4].


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

In his 1993 book from Flower Power to the Kekkono, the Verdicts revealed that in 1972 the Zavidovo Memorandum of President Kekkonen's conversation with Soviet party leader Leonid Brezhnev was leaked into the public domain.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

However, it is not known which of the ministers or others responsible originally leaked the memo to Judgment.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Tuomioja has been a candidate for the presidency of the SDP several times, the first time in 1991 when Ulf Sundqvist was elected as Pertti Paasio's successor.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

For the second time, he gave his consent in 2002, when Paavo Lipponen became chairman.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

For the third time, he competed in 2005 with Eero Heinäluoma and also received endorsements at the party conference from laps who criticised excessive ay-bonding.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

In 2008 he stood for the fourth time as a candidate for the presidency, [9] but lost the decisive second vote to Jutta Urpalainen by a vote of 218—132.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[10] Political line strokes Tuomioja was one of the key Finnish activist influencers of the 1960s.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

His specialty was international and educational affairs.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Tuomioja has served almost all of his time as an MP on the Foreign Affairs Committee and has written a number of books and articles critical of economic integration and globalisation.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

In the 1970s, he opposed the then EEC free trade agreement, but supported Finland's accession to the European Union before a referendum in 1994.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

As Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tuomioja has been actively involved in addressing globalisation issues and has been the Finnish leader of the Helsinki Process on Globalisation Management.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[11] In the SDP, Tuomioja has actively participated in the debate on party line and policy.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

He has championed the Nordic broad-based welfare state and criticised liberal economic policies aimed at cutting public services.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Within the party, he has been seen as belonging to its left.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

In 2008 Tuomioja participated in the debate on the renewal of the party and traditions by suggesting that the nullified May Day march tradition can be abandoned.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Tuomioja also said he opposed the merger of the Left Alliance and the SDP, referring to the Stalinist wing of the Left Alliance, which does not want in the SDP and which the SDP does not want in the party.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[12] In the spring of 2009, Mr Tuomioja expressed exceptional criticism of Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Verdicts wrote on his blog that Berlusconi is not just a disgrace to his native Italy, but to Europe as a whole.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[13] The Middle East at the European Union Foreign Affairs Council, where Tuomioja has represented Finland from 2000 to 2007 and 2011, has seen the Middle East on the agenda of almost every meeting.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

The verdicts have visited every country in the region frequently and supported peace efforts.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Finland's presidency of the EU came at the time of the Lebanon War, when Tuomioja was active, mainly with French support, to obtain a truce between Hezbollah and Israel.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Finland's crisis management funds were increased with the surprising situation and, like France, Finland participated in the stabilization of southern Lebanon mainly by builder pioneers, since Israel, under the leadership of Dan Halutz, organised bombings of bridges, road crossings, communications and against water utilities.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

The issue that affected relations with Israel in the judgment was the 2002 ban on the export of gas sensors to Israel.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Israel was a country at war according to Finnish foreign policy policy, to which neither military equipment nor dual-use supplies should be exported.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

As a result, thousands of spam emails entered Tuomioja's email, which Tuomioja believed had originated in Israeli foreign ministries.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[14] Trade relations with Israel were otherwise normal.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

United States Verdicts is known as a critic of US politics and a critic of Donald Trump.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[15] Suomen Kuvalehti and Helsingin Sanomat have criticised President Tarja Halo and also Erkki Tuomioja as Minister of Foreign Affairs for the cooling of Finland's relations with the United States.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

In 2006, U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was reported to have been angered by Tuomioja when, as Secretary of State of the European Union, she quizzed answers on CIA detention flights and torture of terrorist suspects.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

The meeting reportedly ended in a “reasonably heated exchange of words.”


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[16] Written production Tuomioja was awarded the 2006 Tieto-Finlandia Prize for Hella Wuolijoki, originally written in English, Hävähdys red (in the initial language A Delicate Shade of Pink).


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

The work is a double biography of Hella Wuolijoki and her sister Salme Pekkala.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Tuomioja's previous production includes biographies of K. H. Wiiki, Sakari Tuomioja and Pekka Kuusen, and the book on Finnish foreign policy Anno 2004.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

In 2010, Jaan Tõnisson, a biography of Jaan Tõnisson, a member of the Estonian signatories, and Estonian Independence appeared from Tuomoja.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Verdicts is also a hard-working online publisher, and her homepage has sparked a series of public debates.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Private life Erkki Tuomioja's spouse has been journalist Marja-Helena Rajala, Bachelor of Economics since 1978.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

The couple live on Mechelininkatu in Töölö, Helsinki, and in summer at Tuusula Rantatie [17].


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

They have no children [17] .The doomer is suggested to have had an affair with Tarja Halonen in the mid-1970s.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[18] Physical education student Tuomoja had to leave basketball due to a wrist injury.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

In running, he has won silver and bronze in the 3000 metres hurdle from the European Championships for the age men, where his record is 10.52.6.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

In the marathon he has run in a time of 2 hours and 59 minutes.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[19] [20] Erkki Tuomioja has represented Helsingin Jyry since 1968 in athletics.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Judgments has told me he is an atheist.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[21] [22] The Union of Freethinkers awarded Tuomioja the Väinö Voipio Prize in 2008.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

According to the award grounds, Tuomioja promoted secularism in questioning the teaching of theology at the university, as well as in provoking reflection on the place of religion in society when publicly bringing up his atheism.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[23] Mr Verdicja has also said that he felt bad conscience when he was foreign minister in calming the stir caused by the Muhammad cartoons.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[21] In 2017 Tuomioja appeared in Tiusu's music video Finland is a police state.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[24] Confessions of Tieto-Finlandia, 2006.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[25] Honorary Doctorate in Social Sciences, University of Turku, 2013.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[26] Honorary doctorate in the field of international humanitarian law, University of Palestine, 2013.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[27] Grand Cross of Merit of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with a star and shoulder ribbon, 2017.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

[28] Works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Intactful Peace March| location = Helsinki| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1967}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = (ed.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

) | title = White Power Africa| publisher = Tamm| year = 1969| isbn = Publication=Helsinki}} (Exclamation point series) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Oil game| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 1970}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finland and EEC| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1971}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= K. H. Wiik: Independence man and internationalist.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Biography by 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1979| isbn = 951-30-4962-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Criticism of Alternative Democracy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1980| isbn = 951-1-05837-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = & Jansson, Jan-Magnus| title = Future Shade| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 1981| isbn = 951-30-5205-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = K. H. Wiik: Party Secretary and Opposition Socialist.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Biography 1918—1946| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 1982| isbn = 951-30-5722-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Sakari Tuomioja, Finnish mediator| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tammi| year = 1986, 3rd revised and supplemented edition 2007| isbn = 951-951-30 -6676-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Helsinki, Capital of Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 1988| version = Photos: Veikko Rinne| isbn = 951-30-7160-X}} Citation error, replace title with {{cite book| = European Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Get and ice| year = 1989| isbn = 951-8916-19-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Europe and the Nordic Fringe| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Committee for Europe| year = 1991}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish Peace Movement background and future| location = Kuopio| publisher = Snellman Institute| year = 1991| isbn = 951-842-102-1}} (Snellman Institute B series 27) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Flower Vallka | location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 1993| isbn = 951-31-3| 0273 -4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Travel Guide to the Referendum | location = Labour Civilization Union| publisher = Helsinki| year = 1994| isbn = 951-701-392-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Pekka Kuusu: Alcohol politician, social politician, humanitypolitic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 1996| isbn = 951-31-0903-8}} (Ph.D. dissertation: University of Helsinki) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Markka vai euro?


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Will Finland join the European Economic and Monetary Union? | location = Helsinki| publisher = European Committee| year = 1997| isbn = 951-97624-0-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = What kind of Europe? | location = Helsinki| publisher = European Committee| year = 1998| isbn = 951-97624-1-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish Foreign and Security Policy anno 2004| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2004| isbn = 951-31-3041-X}} Citation replace error with {{cite book| title = Hella Wuolijoki and her sister Salme Pekkala at the service of revolution| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tamm| year = 2006| isbn = 951-31-3693-0}} Citation error, replace title with {{cite book| = Jaan Tõnisson and Estonian Independence | location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2010| isbn = 978-951-31-5731-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = There are still rumihs in it: Political diaries 1991—1994| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 2014| version = Edited by Veli-Pekka Leppänen| isbn = 997|isbn = 8-951-31- 7555-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= I thought I was pretty damning: Political diaries 1995—1997| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 2016| version = Edited by Veli-Pekka Leppänen| isbn = 978-951-31-8751-4}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| k| title = No injuries from yesterday: Political diaries 1998—2000| location = Helsinki| publisher = Tambi| year = 2016| version = Edited by Veli-Pekka Leppänen| isbn = 978-951-31-9852-7}} Sources References elsewhere Metsämäki, Mikko: Ylioppilaslehti.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

May 26, 2010.


Question: Which party's MP was Hella Wuolijoki?

Erkki Tuomioja

Category:Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Finland Category:City of Helsinki Councillors Category:Finnish historians Category:Current MPs Category:Finnish ministers of foreign affairs Category:Finnish television journalists Category:Finnish editors-in-chief Category:Born in 1946 Class:Living Persons Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Bernadotte is a ruler family of French origin that has ruled Sweden starting in 1818 and Norway from 1818 to 1905.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The current head of the genus is King Charles XVI Gustaf.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The founder of the House of Kings was Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte of France, who was elected heir to the throne by the Swedish Riksdag after King Charles XIII.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The Bernadottets have been monarchs for a couple of hundred years, and during that time Sweden has gone from an autocratic constitutional monarchy to a ceremonial kingship.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

History Bernadotte genus in France The earliest known member of the genus is Joandou du Poey, who married on 5 July 1615 Germaine de Bernadotte, who in partial ownership had a house called “de Bernadotte” in Pau.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

[1] The surname originated from this house name.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

[2] Germaine was the daughter of Jean de Layus and Estébène de Butleret and she had apparently taken her surname from this house she inherited.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The son of Joandou du Poey and Germaine de Bernadotte was Pierre du Poey, who was also known as Pierre de Bernadotte.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Pierre's son was Jean du Poey (1649—1698), who later adopted the name Bernadotte altogether.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

His son from his second marriage was Jean de Bernadotte (1683—1760), who married in 1707 Marie du Pucheu (1686−1773).


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

[3] Their son was Jean Henri Bernadotte (1711—1780).


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

[4] Jean Henri Bernadotte, procurator of Pau, and Jeanne de Saint-Vincent (1728−1809) married on 20 February 1754 [5] and had a son named Jean Bernadotte on 26 January 1764, who used the name Jean Baptiste () to distinguish himself from his elder brother Jean.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte grew up in Pau, Béarn like his ancestors.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Against the wishes of the family, he did not want to continue his father's profession, instead planning a military career.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

After his father died, he enlisted in September 1780 in the early Marines of the French Army in the Royal-la-Marine Regiment, stationed at Corsica.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Bernadotte would have remained in the sub-officer rank had it not been for the French Revolution, but eventually in 1792 he was promoted to sub-lieutenant.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

With the Revolutionary Wars, he eventually progressed all the way to general.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Despite his conflicting terms with Napoleon, he nevertheless belonged to his close circle.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

In 1798, he married Bernhardine Eugenie Desirée Clary, the daughter of a wealthy silk maker and businessman in Sceaux, Maine, whose sister again married Napoleon's elder brother Joseph Bonaparte.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

When Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804, he promoted Bernadotte to Marshal of France.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The genus “Bernadotte” splits in two into the old and new lineages.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Descendants of André Bernadotte (d. 1680), the elder brother of Jean-Baptiste's grandfather, still live a bourgeois life in France.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The younger line split, too.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The descendants of Jean Baptiste's older brother, Jean de Bernadotte, Baron of Bernadotte (1754−1813), inherited the rank of baron, castle and estate in the Province of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

This free-lordship line was extinguished in 1966, so no more remains of the new line of the House of Bernadotte.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The rise to power of the House of Bernadotte with the loss-making Finnish War (1808−1809), Sweden was mired in a domestic political crisis.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

In the spring 1809 coup, Gustav IV Adolf was deposed and his descendants lost the right to the Swedish crown.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Charles XIII, the deposed king's uncle, was crowned king, but as this was childless, in July 1809 the Swedish Statute Riksdag elected the Danish prince Charles August af Augustenborg as heir to the throne, who nevertheless died already in May 1810 only a few months into Sweden after his arrival and his inauguration as crown prince.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Even around this time, French Emperor Napoleon I and his relatives and allies controlled much of continental Europe.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The Reichstag decided to elect such a king that Napoleon would accept.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte was known to the Swedes as the commander of the French army honourably in the Danish War, so he had wider support in the enactments.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Finally, on 21 August 1810, they elected Bernadotte, who was then in the position of Prince of Pontecorvo, as heir to the throne.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

On 5 November, the status of heir to the throne was confirmed upon Bernadotte's arrival in Sweden.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

At the same time, King Charles XIII adopted Bernadotte under the monarch name Charles John (Karl Johan).


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

From adoption, Bernadotte served as regent of Sweden.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

In 1813, he severed the rest of his ties with France when Sweden joined an anti-Napoleonic alliance.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

In the summer of 1814, Sweden, under Bernadotte, invaded Norway, which it managed to force into a personal union.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

When Charles XIII died on 5 February 1818, the dynasty of the Holstein-Gottorp family that had ruled Sweden since 1751 was brought to an end.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Bernadotte was crowned King of Sweden under the monarch name Charles XIV John and King of Norway under the monarch name Charles III.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

He ruled until his death on 8 March 1844.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The Bernadotte rulers' marriages Charles XIV son of John, Crown Prince Oscar I, married Josefina af Leuchtenberg, daughter of Eugène de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Eugène de Beauharnais's stepfather was Napoleon Bonaparte.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Oscar I knew Swedish, but he was an ethnic Frenchman born in France who married a Frenchman.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

So Oscar I's children were still French.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Oscar I's son, Crown Prince Charles XV, married Lovisa, Princess of the Netherlands, who belonged to the Dutch Orania-Nassau ruler line.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

His father was Prince Fredrik of the Netherlands, who from his father's side was Orania-Nassau and from his mother's side a Prussian Hohenzollern.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Although Lovisa is known in Sweden through her father as Lovisa av Nederländerna (“Lovisa Netherlanderna”), three of her grandparents were from German ruler families.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Princess Louise, daughter of King Charles XV and Queen Lovisa, married Frederick VIII, King of Denmark, thus unifying the kinghouses of Sweden and Denmark.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Oscar II wanted to strengthen Sweden's relations with Germany, so his son Crown Prince Gustav V married Princess Victoria of Baden in 1881.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Victoria was the daughter of Gustav IV Adolf's grandson and a descendant of Gustavus Vasa, so thus the Bernadotte lineage was also genealogically linked to previous ruler genera of Sweden, Vasa and Holstein-Gottorp.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Juristically, the Bernadottet belong to the Holstein-Gottorp lineage due to an adoption by Charles XIII.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The political alliance nature was brought by the fact that Victoria was a cousin of the German emperor, William II.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The Swedish-Norwegian Personal Union lasted until 1905.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Haakon VII, who was a great-great-great-great-granddaughter of Charles XV and great-great-great-granddaughter of Charles XIV John, was elected king of the then independent Kingdom of Norway.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Thus, the kinghouses of Sweden and Norway are related to each other, although the latter belongs to the German genus “Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg”, to which both the Kingdom House of Denmark and the Holstein-Gottorp genus belong.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Gustav V's son, Crown Prince Gustaf VI Adolf married in 1907 a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, Princess Margaret of Connaught.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Margaret was, through her mother, a second cousin of the German Emperor William II.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Their son, the inheritance prince Gustav Adolf, married in 1932 to Sibylla, a German princess of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha family.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Succession Prince Gustav Adolf died as early as 1947 and his father, or crown prince, became king in 1950.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Gustav VI Adolf's second marriage to Queen Victoria's great-granddaughter Lady Louise Mountbatten, by birth Princess of Battenberg, was childless.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

King Gustav VI Adolf died in 1973.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Inheritance Prince Gustav Adolf's cuopus and only son, King Charles XVI Gustaf, married in 1976 to German Silvia Sommerlath.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

This was the first time that a Bernadotte ruler married a bourgeoise.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Although a year earlier, Charlemagne's sister Princess Christina was the first member of the House of Kingdoms to marry a non-commoner.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

By that time, members of the monarch house who had married morganatically, or disorderly, had lost their right of succession to the throne and their royal titles (see.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

hereinafter referred to as Bernadotte af Wisborg).


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

In 1980, first-born rather than maleness became the basis for succession to the throne.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Consequently, the Swedish crown is inherited by Prince Carl Philip rather than Crown Princess Victoria.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Crown Princess Victoria (born 1977) married Daniel Westling on 19 June 2010.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

This was the second time a member of the House of Kings had entered into what is known as a bourgeois marriage.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

It was also the first time that a future Bernadotte ruler entered into a marriage with a Swede.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

On 24 February 2012, a daughter, Princess Estelle of Heritage, was born to Victoria and Prince Daniel.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Genealogically speaking, Estelle is only a quarter of “royal blood” in her lineage, but the Swedish court has also undergone a similar change in marrying culture as in other European monarchies.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Bernadotte Kings of Sweden In parentheses years of reign.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Charles XIV John (1818—1844) Oskar I (1844—1859) Charles XV (1859—1872) Oskar II (1872—1907) Gustav V (1907—1950) Gustav VI Adolf (1950—1973) Charles XVI Gustaf (1973—) The current heir to the throne is Crown Princess Victoria, followed by Princess Victoria in succession Estelle, Prince Oscar, Prince Carl Philip, Prince Alexander, Prince Gabriel, Princess Madeleine, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas and Princess Adrienne.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Bernadotte Kings of Norway 1818—1844: Charles III John 1844—1859: Oscar I 1859—1872: Charles IV 1872—1905: Oscar II Bernadotte af Wisborg Bernadotte af Wisborg comprising former Swedish princes and their descendants.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The surname tells of the nobility rank of the Count of Wisborg, which since 1892 has been granted by the Grand Duke of Luxembourg.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Bernadotte af Wisborgs are not royalty, but introduted nobles.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

There are four original Counts of Wisborg and all of them have lost their right to the Swedish crown because of a morganatic, or disorderly, marriage.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Oscar Bernadotte (1859—1953) was the second son of Oscar II, King of Sweden.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

He entered into a morganatic marriage and lost his royal titles on 15 March 1888.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

He and his wife received the new titles of Prince and Princess of Bernadotte on their wedding day.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

However, it has never been decided whether these are nobility values or merely informal respectable titles of the kind later granted in the Kingdom House.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

His uncle Grand Duke Adolf of Luxembourg granted him the hereditary rank of Count of Wisborg.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Oscar Bernadotte was, from previous royal rank, Duke of Gotland, so the rank of Count of Wisborg apparently comes according to the Gotland stronghold of Visborg.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Lennart Bernadotte (1909—2004) was the only son of Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

He married morganatically and lost his royal titles on 11 March 1932.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg awarded him the rank of Count of Wisborg on 2 July 1951.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Lennart Bernadotte used the self-designation Prince Lennart Bernadotte, but this was never acknowledged by King Charles XVI Gustaf.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Sigvard Bernadotte (1907—2002) was the second son of King Gustav VI Adolf.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

He married morganatically and lost his royal titles on 8 March 1934.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Sigvard Bernadotte unilaterally restored to himself the rank of Prince of Sweden on 28 May 1983, but this was never recognized by King Charles XVI Gustaf.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Carl Johan Bernadotte (1916—2012) was the fourth son of King Gustav VI Adolf.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

He married morganatically and lost his royal titles on 19 February 1946.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

She was the last surviving great-grandchild of Queen Victoria.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Count Carl Johan was for several years president of the “Association of Unintroduced Nobles” (Ointroducerad Adels Förening).


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The descendants of these four former princes have inherited in the male line the rank of Count of Wisborg.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The form of speaking in use is Count Bernadotte af Wisborg.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

The most famous member of the Bernadotte af Wisborg family is Oscar Bernadotte's son Count Folke Bernadotte, who served as UN peace mediator during the Arab—Israeli conflict of 1947−1948 until he was killed by Zionist militants.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Several members of the Bernadotte af Wisborg family attended the wedding of Crown Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

[6] These members of the genus include: Countess Marianne Bernadotte af Wisborg, Sigvard's widow Count Michael Bernadotte af Wisborg, son of Sigvard, consort is Countess Christine Bernadotte af Wisborg, daughter is Countess Kajsa Bernadotte af Wisborg, married to Countess Gunilla Bernadotte af Wisborg Countess Bettina Bernadotte af Wisborg, daughter of Lennart, married to Philipp Haug Count Björn Bernadotte af Wisborg, son of Lennart, married to Countess Sandra Bernadotte af Wisborg Count Bertil Bernadotte af Wisborg, son of Folke, spouse is Countess Jill Bernadotte af Wisborg.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Carl Bernadotte (1911—2003), Count of Bernadotte, married morganatically and lost his royal titles in 6 July 1937.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

On the same day, his fresh brother-in-law King Leopold III of Belgium annexed him to the Belgian nobility by giving him the rank of Prince of Bernadotte, which included the right to the rank of count inherited in the male line.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Carl Bernadotte had only one child, daughter Madeleine Ingeborg Ella Astrid Elsa Bernadotte (now.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Madeleine Kogevinas); the rank of countess was inherited to her, but her children cannot inherit it.


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Elgklou, Lars| title = Bernadotte family story| others = Translated by Margit Salmenoja| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Arvi A. Karisto Oy| year = 1981| isbn = 951-23-1749-4}} Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Norlin, Arne| title = Familjen Bernadotte: Makten, myterna, människorna| publisher = Fischer & Co.| year = 2015| isbn = 978-91-86597-96-2}} On topic elsewhere (family tree of Bernadotte and other Nordic ruler genera).


Question: Are the members of the Nassau family nobles?

Bernadotte

Expedia.fi Category:Swedish rulers Category:Key articles in screening


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Ancient philosophy refers to the philosophy practiced in Ancient Greece and Rome.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Classical Greek philosophy was oriented first and foremost towards human reason, virtue, research conducted by inquiries and the search for the basics of things.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

It was based on Greek ideals, where the most important thing was the development of virtue and a good life in the Greek city-state, the polis.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The period of ancient philosophy is often divided into periods of pre-socratic philosophy, classical Greek philosophy (above all, Socrates and Socratics, Plato, Aristotle), Hellenistic philosophy, and Roman Imperial philosophy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Greek philosophy laid the groundwork for modern science and philosophy in many ways.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

There are clear unbroken lines running from early Greek philosophy to early Islamic philosophy, medieval philosophy, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment period, and contemporary critical sciences.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

History Pre-socratic philosophy The history of Western philosophy began in Greece in Asia Minor in the Greek settlements of the Ionian coast around the year 600 BCE.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[1] On this first so-called. In the “pre-socratic” era, Greek philosophy was primarily a philosophy of nature — thinkers sought an “elemental” or a kind of fundamental principle (arche) from which everything has been formed, and sought to explain the natural phenomena they have observed and discover the laws that prevailed in nature.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[2] [3] The “father” of such philosophy is often regarded as Thale.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In addition to him, notable natural philosophers included Pythagoras, Eleans Parmenides and Zenon Elean, Heracleitus, Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the atomists Leukippos and Democritos.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[2] [3] Historian Diogenes Laertios has divided the genesis of Greek philosophy into two origins, Ionian and Italian philosophy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[4] The words' philosophy 'and' philosopher 'are considered to have originated in the Pythagorean circle.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[5] However, pre-philosophical thought existed before this in Egypt, among others, and in Semitic and Babylonian cultures.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In Egypt and Mesopotamia, mathematics and astrology were particularly dabbled, and Zarathustranism was influenced in Persia.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Several prominent thinkers and authors were influenced in these cultures, and many early Greek philosophers were in contact with at least some of the spirits of Egyptian and Babylonian thought.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In addition to these, Greek thought was influenced by old Greek literature, such as Homeros and Hesiodos, and a tradition associated with the mythical singer Orpheus (Orphilism).


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[2] [3] The pre-democratics, however, added at least one new element that distinguished their thinking from all of their predecessors.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

For the first time in history, more than just dogmatic claims about the order of the world can be found in their writings — instead, they made various rationally reasoned arguments in favor of different models of world explanation.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Thales and other natural philosophers sought to detach themselves from mythological world explanations, and instead seek to observe nature and explain its workings rationally.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[2] [3] In addition to explaining the genesis of the world, this period also developed a reflection on more general philosophical questions.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Such questions included questions about the oneness and moneity of reality, finity and infinity, divisibility and atomicity, mutability and persistence, and problems of biases and factual human perception.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Parmenide played a great role in shaping the actual philosophical problems.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

For him, rationality meant, above all, the non-contradiction of the conclusions made.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In his pursuit of non-contradiction, as the first philosopher, he came to a strong conflict with everyday experiences.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Parmenidee's pupil Zenon Elean continued this work, presenting a number of paradoxes that forced questioning either the logic used or the everyday experience.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Heraclitus, on the other hand, solved the problem by stating that reality itself is contradictory.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

He said everything in the world flows, while real information is only obtained from immutable things.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Classical Greek Philosophy Under the influence of Sophists and Socrates, philosophical reflection turned from natural philosophy to matters relating to people's soul lives.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[2] The second era and heyday of the history of Greek philosophy can be considered its classical period, which lasted from Socrate to Aristotle around the years 430—320 BCE.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

During this period, Plato and Aristotle built their philosophical systems dealing with all facets of the world riddle, and developed philosophy in a predominantly idealistic direction.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Athens served as the center of philosophy of the era.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Socrates became one of the most prominent icons of Western philosophy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

His most notable legacies to Western thought have been his use of the Socratic method of questioning, as well as questioning everything.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Socrates also taught several prominent Greek philosophers, whose founding doctrinal directions later developed into almost all the major schools of Greek philosophy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[2] The most prominent of Socrates' pupils was Plato.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In Socratic terms, the word 'philosophy' acquired the meaning in which it is used today — it included the quest for wisdom, awareness, and the pursuit of critical knowledge.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

However, Socrates's thinking and action shocked several prominent figures of his day, and he was sentenced to death.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Many also ridiculed Socrates for not understanding why wisdom should be pursued for its own sake if it did not directly benefit society.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Socrates did not write anything himself, so everything that is known about him comes mostly from Plato's writings.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

By Plato's time, Greek philosophers had asked all the significant philosophical questions that have been the subject of consideration in Western philosophy since then.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Because of this, it is commonly said that the whole of Western philosophy would be nothing more than a set of fringe remarks to Plato's works.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[6] [7] Plato founded his famous Academy around the year 385 BCE.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Plato's most notable pupil was Aristotle, and the most prominent followers of the Academy at the head of Ksenocrates and Arkesilaos.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Aristotle's importance may have been even greater than Platonian.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[7] His philosophical and natural science treatises laid the groundwork for Western science until the beginning of the Renaissance.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Especially in the Middle Ages, his works were the basis of almost all teaching besides the Bible.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Therefore, the term of several disciplines must be withdrawn from Aristotle, and several sciences may consider him, if not actual, at least as his spiritual founder and master of doctrine.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Aristotle founded the Peripatetic school of Lykeion around the year 335 BCE.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

His most notable successor was Theophrastos.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Although the thinking and works of Plato and Aristotle are linked together in many ways, they also differ considerably both in style and in the issues they deal with.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Plato wrote a number of philosophical dialogues, usually presenting Socrates as one of the debaters (the so-called Socratic dialogue).


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Although Plato's earliest dialogues mostly deal with different methods of knowledge discovery, and later dialogues on justice and practical ethics, his best-known works nevertheless presented an overall philosophical view of metaphysics, ethics, order, knowledge, and of human life.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Plato's main idea was that knowledge gained through the senses is always incomplete and impure, and that only the human soul is capable of approaching “real” knowledge.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Only the soul can have knowledge of eternal ideas, the true essences of things, of which the world we perceive is only an impure copy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

This doctrine of ideas has clearly developed at the base of the thinking of Parmenide and Heracleitus.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Plato can be seen as both an idealist and a rationalist.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[2] Aristotle, on the other hand, put more value on knowledge gained through the senses.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Like Plato, he did not want to distinguish the world with reason into a separate plane of existence, but considered the material world to be perceived with senses to be an authentic reality, from which real knowledge can be obtained.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

He can be considered, if not modern, at least as an empirist of his own time.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Thus Aristotle laid the foundations of what centuries later developed into the scientific method.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The greatest importance of his extensive production lies in the diverse depiction and classification of various aspects of reality, which was based on both logical reasoning and the collection of extensive observations.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[2] In addition to the mentioned philosophers, the philosophy of the time was significantly influenced by the school of cynics, whose founder Antisthenes was also a pupil of Socrates.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Other notable cynics included Diogenes, known as a cask dweller, as well as Krates.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The philosophy of the school was pessimistic and naturalistic.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Antisthenes derived from Socrates the principle that the ultimate purpose of existence is virtue, not pleasure.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Knowledge was conceived purely as a practical activity, the development of virtue.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Therefore, the school abandoned scientific research and almost everything the Greeks understood by education.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Stoicism developed at the bottom of cynicism a little later.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In addition to the cynical school, other Socratic schools included the Cyrene, Megaran, dialectical and Elijac schools.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Hellenistic philosophy in the third era of Greek philosophy, the Hellenistic period (about the year 300 BCE.)


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

philosophy's main research focus was ethics.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Hellenistic philosophers considered it most important to present how a person can achieve happiness and a balanced life and control the emotions brought about by things outside of man himself, such as desires and fears.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Schools born and influenced in this period included Stoicism, Epicurolism, and Skepticism.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

These schools were dogged by similar ethical dilemmas and each offered their own response to detachment from emotion.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Stoicism developed to the bottom of cynicism.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The founder of the school, Zenon Chitionite, drew much influence from Antisthene and Diogene in particular.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The Stoics taught the achievement of peace of mind through the restraint of emotions and living in harmony with a reality whose events people are incapable of directly controlling.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

However, they believed divine providence was in the end of the day the refuge of men.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Epicurolism established by Epicurus is often put in opposition to Stoicism.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In contrast to the Stoics, the Epicuroans did not believe in providence.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Epicurolism developed at the base of the materialist atomist and thus followed the doctrines of Democritos.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

According to the Epicurans, peace of mind followed above all from avoiding pain, as well as the elimination of the gods and fear of death.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

According to them, the task of humans in a haphazard world was merely to seek pleasures and friendship, however given reasonableness.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In practice, Epicurolism may have been very ascetic.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The school of skeptics was divided between what was called Pyrrhonist skepticism and the academic skepticism that influenced Plato's Academy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Skeptics denied the legitimacy of our beliefs above all, and held that we should therefore refrain from criticisms (epokhē).


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Greek philosophical skepticism originated in Pyrrhonic, but has also been seen in the background of Socrates' thinking as it appears in Plato's dialogues.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The Academy turned to skepticism during the Arkesilaos period.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Another well-known Academy skeptic was Karneades.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Considered the founder of Pyrrhonism, Ainesidemos resigned from the Academy and felt he had restored genuine skeptical thinking.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The most famous representative of pyrrhonism is Sekstos Empeirikos.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[8] [9] These three main Hellenistic schools were united by the fact that they viewed happiness (eudaimonia) as consisting of attaining peace of mind (ataraxia).


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

They considered that a happy and peaceful life requires a person to have a correct understanding of reality.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The essential difference between schools was in the perception of information.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The Stoics and the Epicuroans were positive about the possibility of acquiring knowledge, but their perception of reality and human intellectual abilities nonetheless differed completely.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Understanding of the ultimate nature and function of the world, and living according to it, led to peace of mind, according to them.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Skeptics, on the other hand, disputed both Stoic and Epicuroists' positive perception of the acquisition of knowledge and held that man cannot know anything.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

However, this correct understanding of reality, that is, knowledge of the impossibility of knowing, led to a similarly sought outcome, namely peace of mind.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

According to traditional interpretation, in this era the philosophical power of creation waned.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Many have seen the evolution from Thalee to Aristotle as if to constant progress, and the slow decadence of post-Aristotle development.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[7] This is because, after Plato and Aristotle, few presented very original views on the workings of the universe for several hundred years—instead, as already stated, Western philosophy was largely built on a foundation they set well beyond the Middle Ages.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The same is true to some extent for the sciences in general.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Exceptions are found in systematic and axiomatic natural sciences and other special sciences, for example in mathematics, geography and astronomy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Notable naturalists of that time included, for example, the astronomers Klaudios Ptolemy, Eratosthenes and Aristarkhos, the geometrician Eucleides, the number theorist Diophantos, the physicists Archimedes and Heron, and the general genius Poseidonios.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In the later period, various mystical tendencies influenced by oriental philosophy, such as Theosophy and Gnosticism, were also empowered, which have been considered to have rapaced the foundations laid down by philosophy which adhered to pure sense.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The problem with estimating the era, however, is that there have been no significant surviving writings from post-Aristotle philosophers from Plotino, who lived before the 200th century.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The best picture of the thinking of the era is given mainly by the works of Cicero, Seneca, Lucretius, Sekstos Empeirikos and Plutarchus and the quotations in them.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[7] Imperial Philosophy In the Imperial era, the major centres of philosophy were naturally the capital of the kingdom Rome, where the most prominent Greek scholars of the time were influenced, Athens, the old capital of philosophy, and famous for its natural science research Alexandria, although it had suffered great damage in connection with the takeover of the city by the Romans.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[10] The Romans are not generally considered to have brought a significant independent additional contribution to Greek philosophy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[7] Roman philosophers were content mainly to comment on the works of Greek philosophers, and to build on the foundation they set.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The philosophy of the Romans also focused more on rhetoric, practical philosophy, and other knowledge and skills useful in state life.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

However, the Romans had a great influence in passing on Greek philosophy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

They popularized Greek thought and developed the Latin terminology of philosophy, which has been widely used in later philosophy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[11] Romans were first and foremost interested in individual-centered ethics, which had played an important role already in Hellenistic philosophy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[12] Of the philosophical schools, the Romans particularly favoured Stoicism because it was oriented towards ethics and was eclectic in nature, allowing its adherence to menus, without the adherent having to completely abandon other views.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Epicurolism was another popular philosophical school.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The popularity of Stoicism and Epicuroism has also been explained by the fact that during the Imperial era conditions in Rome were often troubled and the morals of the kingdom began to decay.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Stoicism and Epicurolism taught to counterbalance the preservation of peace of mind and sublime ethics.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The most prominent Roman moralists and philosophers of life were Cicero, an eclectic in philosophy, Seneca, the stoically-minded Seneca, the philosophic emperor Marcus Aurelius and Epictetos, the Epicuroan ethical materialist Lucretius, and the “last Roman” Boëthius influenced by Plato.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Under Emperor Hadrian, the so-called Second Sophism period began, when classical sophism was imitated by giving Greek speeches on classical subjects.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In 176, Marcus Aurelius established four professorships in the field of philosophy in Athens.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

These were professorships of Platonism, Stoicism, Aristotelism, and Epicuroism.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Thus Athens can be considered to have located a kind of philosophical “university”.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[10] In the 21st century divide.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The mysticism of the East began to spread to Rome.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In this case, a Neo-Platonian doctrinal direction arose from the confluence of Greek philosophy and oriental theosophical contemplation.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Neo-Platonism interpreted Plato's teachings in a very new way and taught mystical unification with cosmic oneness.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Neo-Platonists held that perfection and happiness, seen as synonymous, could be achieved already in this life through philosophical contemplation.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The most prominent Neo-Platonic was Plotinos, and other Neo-Platonians included Iamblikhos, Chalkidios and Simplikios, among others.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Pythagoreanism was also reborn as Neo-Pythagoreanism.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Towards the Middle Ages in Europe, the spread of Christianity across the Roman Empire marked the end of the period of Hellenistic philosophy and a direction towards medieval philosophy.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

In the early years of Christianity, the relationship between Christianity and philosophy was widely debated.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Some theologians strongly opposed philosophy and felt Christianity supplanted it, while some defended philosophy and utilized it in sharpening theological arguments.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[13] In the early part of the Christian period, attitudes towards philosophy were more positive in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire than in the western parts, but ca.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

From the 4th century onwards, the situation was reversed.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Emperor Justinian I ordered the Athenian Philosophy School to be closed in 529.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[13] The ban was partly based on religious reasons, but partly on Justinian's desire to eliminate Athens as a rival to Constantinople.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[10] However, despite the attitude towards antiquity, heritage also appeared unnoticed through general education and the concepts and terminology available.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[13] The first Christian church fathers, such as Justine the Martyr, Clemens Alexandrian, Origenes, and Augustine, were thoroughbreds of ancient philosophy, and combined Platonism and Neo-Platonism with the theology of Christianity, among others.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

Along with Platonism, the most significant school for the development of Christian theology was Stoicism.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

The theology also utilized the concepts of Aristotelian logic.


Question: Did late antiquity make a difference in Finland?

Ancient philosophy

[14] Among others, Clemens Alexandrian was among those who took it upon himself to defend the achievements of ancient philosophy against attacks.