Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[153] There are about 56 theatres in Finland whose activities are supported by public funds, for example the City Theatres in Helsinki, Turku and Kuopio.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In addition, Finland has 107 professional theatres and numerous hobbyist theatres.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Summer theatre activity is brisk.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Fine art in Finland has been the subject of objects characterised as art since the Stone Age, exemplified by rock paintings and animal figures such as Huittinen's elk head.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Examples of metal jewellery and tableware, decorated weapons, wooden objects and textiles have survived from the Iron Age.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[154] Finnish art experienced its golden age in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Famous Finnish artists of the era include Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Albert Edelfelt, Pekka Halonen, Tyko Sallinen, Juho Rissanen, Ellen Thesleff, Helene Schjerfbeck, Magnus Enckell, and Hugo Simberg.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Well-known sculptors include Wäinö Aaltonen, Eila Hiltunen and Laila Puinen.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Contemporary artists internationally known include visual artist Hannu Väisänen, [155] video artist Eija-Liisa Ahtila [156] and illustrator Tom of Finland.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[157] Helsinki includes the Ateneum Art Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma and the Sinebrychoff Art Museum, as well as the private Amos Anderson Art Museum.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Both the Turku Art Museum and the Tampere Art Museum have considerable art collections.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The more northerly notable art museums are represented by the Oulu Art Museum, the Kemi Art Museum, the Aine Art Museum and the Rovaniemi Art Museum.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Architecture and design Before the 19th century, most of the houses in Finland were built of wood.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Stone churches as well as castles have been preserved from the Middle Ages.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[158] The most notable of Finland's old church buildings is Turku Cathedral, which is the only Gothic type cathedral in Finland.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[158] In Finland, the largest construction work was undertaken in the whole of the 18th century in the Swedish Empire when the Viapori Sea Fortress began to be built off Helsinki.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[159] Baroque squares were built at the heart of the islands' fortifications, and a number of the most significant stone houses in Finland of the 18th century have been preserved in Suomenlinna.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[160] A new era of architecture began in Finland in the 19th century when Helsinki, which was destroyed by fire, began to be built.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The main architect of the works was the German Carl Ludvig Engel.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[161] The Empire style developed its original direction in Finland, as neoclassical features from both the east and the west came to the country.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[162] [163] At the end of the 19th century, Art Nouveau and National Romanticism fell through.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[164] In Finland, national romanticism introduced materials, wood and natural stone (especially granite) from the homeland, as well as decorative motifs found in plant and animal kingdom.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Finnish architecture first came to international knowledge when the Finnish pavilion, designed by Eliel Saarinen, Herman Gesellius and Armas Lindgren, received widespread attention.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[165] The most significant mainline in the early years of independence was functionalism adopted in the 1930s.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[166] The most central figure in functionalism was Alvar Aalto, widely regarded as the most significant architect in Finnish history.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[167] Due to the urbanization of Finland in the 1970s, a typical family already lived in an apartment building in the city.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[168] Top architecture was represented by many public buildings, such as Reima Pietilä's Dipoli in Otaniemi, Helsinki.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[169] Architecture began to develop more diverse in the 1980s and often the buildings emphasised the individuality of the building site.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[170] Film The first Finnish drama film was Salavinanburners in 1907.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Film experienced a boom in Finland when Erkki Karu founded the film company Suomi-Film in 1919.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The oldest fully preserved Finnish drama film is Olli's apprentice years from 1920.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The first Finnish film to be shown abroad is Anna-Liisa, completed in 1922, and was also shown in Sweden.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The first sound film fully completed with Finnish power was Tukkiboy' Bride was completed in 1931.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In 1933, Karu, who left Suomi-Film, founded the new film company Suomen Filmiteollisuus.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In 1936, the company reached the same level with Suomi-Film, which had managed the Finnish film industry alone.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[171] Some well-known actors of the time included Ansa Ikonen and Tauno Palo, who maintained their popularity until the 1950s.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

During World War II (1939—1945), a large number of patriotic-pathoxic drama films were produced in Finland, as well as reality-escape epoch films and comedies such as SF's Waltz of the Kobble.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In particular, a favourite on the big screen of the 1940s was Lea Joutseno, who starred in Valentin Vaala's brisk comedy films, among others.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

After the war, graduates included Vaalan Loviisa — the young mistress of Niskavuori and Humanti in Suviyöä.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Erik Blomberg's White Deer (1952) was honoured at the Cannes Film Festival.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Under the direction of Esa Pakarinen and Reino Helismaa, the so-called rillumarei film was presented in the early 1950s.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Disliked by critics, loved by the people.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Ten years after the end of the war, a film based on Väinö Linna's novel of the same name was completed.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[171] The film was directed by Edvin Laine and remains the most watched film ever in Finnish cinemas [172].


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Well-known Finnish filmmakers include actor and screenwriter Spede Pasanen, whose most popular creations are the Uuno Turhapuro film series, and film director Aki Kaurismäki, who has garnered international acclaim.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Kaurismäki Male Without a Past is one of the most internationally successful films in Finnish cinema history.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

It was Oscar-nominated and won the Grand Prix of the Cannes Film Festival.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Towards the end of the first decade of the 21st century, Finnish animations also increased their popularity around the world.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

About 370 newspapers and 5500 magazines are published in Finland each year.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[173] 14000 books are published per year.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[173] The most read daily newspaper in Finland is Helsingin Sanomat, with a circulation of 234258 in 2017.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[174] The magazine has an average of 859000 readers.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[175] Sanoma, publisher of Helsingin Sanomat, is the leading communications group in the Nordic countries, whose other newspapers in Finland include Ilta-Sanomat and Taloussanoat.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Another of the major contributors to advertising-funded communications in Finland, Alma Media, publishes more than 30 newspapers, including Aamulehti, Iltalehti and Kauppalehti.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The activities of the governmental communications company Yleisradio are published under a separate YLE tax.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Finland's largest commercial television channel is MTV3, founded in 1957 and owned by Swedish company Bonnier.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The most listened to radio channel in Finland is Yle Radio Finland [176].


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The most popular commercial radio channel is Radio Nova [177] [178].


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Sports Finland has achieved the most Olympic gold and Olympic medals in relation to the population of the state [179].


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The Finnish national game is baseball developed by Lauri Pihkala, but the most popular sport today is ice hockey.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[180] The most competitive enthusiasts are with football.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[181] Popular forms of exercise include jogging, swimming, home gymnastics and gym training [182].


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In the 1920s, Finnish runners Paavo Nurmi, Hannes Kolehmainen and Ville Ritola were among the best runners of their time.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Nurmi remains one of the most successful athletes in Olympic history with her nine gold Olympic medals.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In the 1920s, Claes Thunberg dominated speed skating.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In the 1950s, Veikko Hakulisen became one of the all-time ski athletes.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In the 1970s runner Lasse Virén achieved a total of four golds in two Olympics.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Rower Pertti Karppinen achieved three consecutive golds at the Olympic Games from 1976 to 1984.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In the 1980s Matti Nykänen won Olympic gold in ski jumping four times and Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi in cross-country skiing three times.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[183] [184] Major success in motorsport has been achieved by the four-time world champion Tommi Mäkinen in rally and Mika Häkkinen, a two-time world champion in Formula One.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Other successful athletes have included ice hockey players Jari Kurri and Teemu Selänne, biathlon Kaisa Mäkäräinen, alpine skiers Kalle Palander and Tanja Poutiainen, and footballer Jari Litmanen.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

[183] [184] See also Finnish regional division Finnish holidays Finnish cuisine Finnish national symbols Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bonsdorff, Bengt von etc.| title = History of Finnish art | location = Espoo| publisher = Schildt| year = 1998| isbn = 951-50-0920-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haapala, Pertti| title = When society broke up.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Finland 1914—1920| location = Helsinki| publisher = Print centr| year = 1995| isbn = 951-37-1532-9}} Haapala, Pertti: Many truths.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hoppu, Tuomas et al.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

(ed.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

) | title = Tampere 1918| location = Tampere| publisher = Vapriikki| year = 2008| isbn = 978-951-609-369-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haggren, Georg etc.| title = Traces of Our Ancience.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Pre-history of Finland from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-495-363-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Helander, William & Rista, Simo| title = Finnish construction| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book group| year = 1987| isbn = 951-26-2656-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Honkanen, Tarja, etc.| title = Society Winds 9| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2006| isbn = 951-1-19066-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| | author = Jussila, Osmo| title = Grand Duchy of Finland 1809—1917| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| isbn = 951-0-29500-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo| title = The Great Myths of Finnish History| location = Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| is7| bn = 978-951-0- 33103-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jutikkala, Eino & Pirinen, Far| title = History of Finland| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| isbn = 951-0-27217-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Klinge, Matti| title = Emperor's English | location = Espoo| publisher = Schildt| year = 1997| version = Translated by Marketta Klinge| isbn = 951-50-0682-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kohi, Antti, etc.| title = Forum 4.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Turning points in Finnish history| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2006| isbn = 951-1-21237-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meinander, Henrik| title = History of Finland.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Lines, structures, turning points| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2006| version=( Finland history.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Linjer, structurer, vändpunkter, 2006.)


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Translated by Paula Autio| isbn=951-0-30809-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka, Marko| title = Time of Terror.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Finland's restless years 1917—1921| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought | year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-20-7051-0}}.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Statistics Finland.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vares, Vesa| title = King's Authors.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Finnish monarchy 1917—1919.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Myth and reality| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| isbn = 951-0-23228-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Country and people through times| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literatures| year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-377-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo & Tiitta, Allan (ed.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

) | title = Finland through times| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1992| isbn = 951-1-11078-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

) | title = Petty Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| isbn = 951-0-27365-1}} References on the topic elsewhere Administration.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

The others.


Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

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Question: Who has invented the names of cities in Finland?

Finland

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. . * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

A bus or bus (from the Latin word omnibus' for all '[1]) is a large car used to transport several people and in long-distance transport, usually also freight from one place to another.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

According to Finnish law, a bus refers to a vehicle intended for the transport of more than eight passengers.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Less than sixteen passenger buses are referred to as minibus or minibus.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

History and development of passenger numbers The horse-drawn city bus was first introduced in Paris in 1662.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[2] It was developed by Blaise Pascal and his partners, but was only in operation for a few years.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The line wagon entered service in 1812 in French Bordeaux and then in Paris in 1827, London in 1829 and New York in 1830.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Horse-drawn travel carriages became common in continental European countries in the first half of the 19th century.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Mostly they conveyed traffic between cities, but they were also used for traffic within major cities.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

However, in inter-locality transport, their importance declined as rail transport developed.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[3] The Swedish Post Office organised the country's first diligence line between Stockholm and Ystad in 1830.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Along with the post office, passengers were carried on the line.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

However, the line was discontinued unprofitable in 1835.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

However, some years later some private entrepreneurs began to engage in transporting passengers by horse-drawn travel carriages, and the Swedish Post Office also started carrying passengers again, along with the post office.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The last postal ligence line in Sweden was abolished in 1888 following the transfer of mail transport to the railway, but in rural Sweden the last private horse-drawn lines were not abolished until 1911.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[4] In Finland, reportedly the first attempt to start liner services took place in 1827, when Johan von Julin, a Turku-based industrialist, organised a diligence or stagecoach service between Helsinki and Turku.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Apparently the line carrying only goods did not pay off, but ten years later the St. Petersburg businessman William Henry Stuckey started a passenger liner from St. Petersburg to Helsinki and on to Turku.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In addition to the driver and conductor, the diligence wagons, pulled by three horses, had facilities for four passengers and cargo goods.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The journey from St. Petersburg to Helsinki was in 48 hours.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

This line, too, ended unprofitable, and subsequent line experiments were not made until the late 19th century.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[5] In Helsinki, HKL's predecessor Helsinki Tramway and Omnibus company HRO started 1888 horse omnibus services and 1936 bus services.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

At the time, passengers were often carried not only inside but also on the roof.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

From horse-drawn to motor cars Motorised buses were introduced in the early 20th century.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In Finland, technician J. L. Stenroos began to arrange car bus services between Uusikaupunki and Turku in the summer of 1905.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The purchase of the car was financed by several New Town merchants and shipowners.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

However, the 14-passenger seat and 24-horsepower “automobile omnibus” ordered from Germany suffered repeated engine damage, always taking months at a time to repair.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Throughout the summer of 1906, Stenroos was engaged in urban transport in Turku by car, but after initial enthusiasm this activity faded too.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Eventually, the car was sold in 1907 to St. Petersburg, where passenger numbers were enough for profitable operations.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[5] [6] In Helsinki, bus services were first tried under the business name M.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

At the initiative of G. Stenius during 1907 the Töölö—Haaga road junction.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

However, the Stoewer brand [7] car proved to be too weak in design and was still sold that same year to Stockmann where it was converted into a truck.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[8] The third serious attempt to start a regular bus service took place in Kotka in 1913, when three businessmen from that country acquired an Arbenz-branded car in Switzerland to drive the line between the centre of Kotka and Hovinsaari, as well as charter runs until the arrival of winter.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Traffic was resumed again in the spring of 1914, but the outbreak of the First World War interrupted the activity that had begun quite promisingly and this car was sold to Russia too.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[7] Kaarlo Leander, a businessman from Tampere, bought two used double-decker buses in Germany in 1920 with the intention of starting urban transport in Tampere, but this too remained only a business.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[9] Apparently bus transport has been tried in Finland by more parties than has been known to date in the 1910s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

According to historian Tapani Mauranen, even in these early attempts, most of the features that later became the foundation stones of the liner were evident: transport between rural and city services, further connections between railways and ships, intra-urban transport and automobile tourism use.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

It is also noted that, like the first buses of the 1920s, the vehicles in use were not built from lorries, but were made from the outset for passenger transport.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[10] The most important type of public transport from bus transport The wider bus service began in Finland in the 1920s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The operation began with about 20-seat buses.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Mixed cars carrying cargo and passengers were also used.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Buses were owned by private entrepreneurs, multi-owner companies, state (Postilinjat) and municipalities (Helsinki, Tampere, Turku and Eno).


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The liner was also operated by a few cooperatives, the last of which was operated until the 1980s by Saimaa Osuus-Auto from Lappeenranta.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[11] The Association of Bus Operators (now Bus Federation) was established in 1928 as a link and a front organisation for bus operators.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

When it was found that customers faced many problems in using the services provided by bus services, the idea arose to establish a network of stations in Finland, like a railway institution, for passengers and freight brokerage.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The first bus stations were established in 1929 in Tampere and Hämeenlinna for Shell and Nobel Standard (later Esso) service stations.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The first buildings specifically designed as a bus station were Vyborg Bus Station in 1932 and Lappeenranta Bus Station in 1933.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

At the beginning of 1933, Oy Matkahuolto Ab was established to centrally manage station operations throughout the country.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In 1939 there were 36 bus stations under the management of the company and an additional 56 agent offices across the country.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[12] Due to its flexibility and affordability, the evolving bus service quickly rendered the age-old Kestievar facility redundant.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

A distinctive feature of the inter-world war period were the so-called market shifts, in which rural residents brought their products to urban squares for sale.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In this way, inland steamboat traffic gained a competitor from bus services.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The buses, carrying almost everything conceivable, from milk thong to pig carcasses — even live animals — arrived in the city in the morning and made their return journey around 2pm in the afternoon.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

On top of that, you can even say that the buses carried passengers along with the goods.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[13] During Prohibition, the rampant smuggling of the deer bore little to the extent of bus transport; buses carried some of the most modest entrepreneurs in the industry and those who acquired the substance for their own needs.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Consequently, buses were also regularly checked on the roads by the police, for which occasional pirtu drivers were arrested every now and then.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[14] The buses were initially pickup trucks, with the platform flanked by longitudinal benches.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In fancier cars, a canvas roof was tuned above the stage to accommodate metal tubing.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The sides of the canvas roof may have had drop-down fabric roller blinds for protection against road dust, rain, or sun.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The next development was the walls made of sheet metal or plywood of “suflet baskets” with small windows coated with transparent celluloid.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In the buses were shoved from behind the car along a removable ladder.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In the late 1920s, box baskets with glass windows and padded, forward-looking seats began to be built.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[5] The earliest buses were most often the Ford of the Model T.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[15] The basic type of Finnish bus from the 1930s to the 1950s was a two-door bodywork with a two-leaf folding door on the front door and a so-called sedan door hinged from its front edge.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Luggage was carried mainly in the rear of the cabin.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

When there started to be so many passengers and stuff that not everyone could fit inside the car, stuff was also loaded onto the roof rack and on top of the car's rear bumper around the spare wheel.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Buses also often carried bicycles, for which wheel hooks were attached to the rear wall of the bodywork.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[16] The body-bearing structure was made of wood over the body of the car and the body plates were attached to the rack with bolts or rivets.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Platforms specifically designed for bus use, where the car's centre of gravity was brought lower, began to enter the market in the late 1930s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Cars specifically intended for urban and commuter transport were used until the post-war years only in the Helsinki Metropolitan Region and Tampere.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Most of the bus fleet represented US brands (e.g.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Reo, Chevrolet and Studebaker), but also the share of Swedish Volvo and Finnish Sisu increased during the 1930s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[17] Bus transport became the most important form of public transport in Finland in a short time after passing the passenger transport of rail transport in 1937, when 90% of Finland's roads were already estimated to be covered by regular bus services.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The Tampere bus station, inaugurated in 1938, was the largest in the Nordic countries when it was completed.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In the 1930s, buses increasingly began to run charter rides, all the way down to foreign countries.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[18] In 1939, five of the largest bus companies in Finland were Savonlina Oy (81 cars), Someron Linja Oy (71), Tampereen Läntäauto Oy (65), Vyborg Businauto Oy (50) and Väinö Paunu (45).


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The number of companies that owned more than 20 buses, in addition to the previous ones, was 13 at the time.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[19] Buses in the War During the Winter and Continuation War, much of the buses were put into use by the Defence Forces.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Of these, almost all were converted into ambulances by removing the seats and constructing racks for stretchers in their place.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The buses, which were converted into ambulances, were painted in protective dye — terrain colors in summer and white paint in winter — and equipped with large size Red Cross insignia.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

A few buses were also used at the front for other purposes, for example as radio and measuring stations.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

During the mobilization of Autumn 1939 and the Winter War, a total of 1185 buses were taken for the army.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

During the Continuation War, about the same number of cars were taken for the Defence Forces as in the Winter War, around 600 cars were allocated to the Home Front traffic run by the authorities and just under 500 buses were left standing.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Much of the buses introduced by the Army were returned to their owners during the Station War of 1942—1943.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[20] With regard to cars left on the home front, the problems were overloading of cars resulting from a shortage of equipment and traffic restrictions and the inconvenience caused by the use of fuels that replaced petrol.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Several buses were destroyed at the front and most of the cars returned to their original owners after the Continuation War — partly even during the war — had suffered severe damage due to strenuous operation and inadequate maintenance.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[17] Compensation for damaged cars did not cover the reduction in the value of the cars or their refurbishment costs.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Shortages of spare parts, tyres and fuel hampered bus services throughout the late 1940s and not enough new fleet was obtained to replace the old, often worn out cars.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

However, already in 1949, the pre-war level of bus transport was reached and exceeded.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

As access to liquid fuels became easier, carbon monoxide lines—a folksy designation for the large-size gas generator of a car running on wood gas—could be dispensed with during 1947—1948.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[20] In the post-war period in the late 1940s and 1950s, new bus brands that came on the market included, for example, Finnish Vanaja, Swedish Scania, and British-based Austin, Bedford and Leyland, replacing previous US brands.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

During the period of automobile import rationing, British car brands played quite a considerable role in bus services as well.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Import rationing of bus platforms was dismantled in 1957, after which Swedish companies Volvo and Scania emerged as overwhelmingly dominant bus brands.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[21] Traditional cam buses were virtually completely removed from service by the end of the 1950s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The diesel engine supplanted the petrol engine to power new buses even before the middle of the same decade.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[22] Manufacturing of Vanaja cars ended in the early 1970s and Leyland exited as the last British brand from the market at the end of the same decade.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[23] Another Finnish manufacturer, Sisu, also abandoned production of bus platforms in the mid-1980s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

As the height of buses increased, in the 1960s, a luggage compartment began to be built in cars between the axles under the floor, allowing roof racks where luggage had been exposed to dust, rain and dirt could gradually be abandoned.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Around the same time bike hooks also disappeared from buses.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Even earlier, there was a whole car wide trunk made under the rear row of seats.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The bus superstructure saw a shift from wood to steel during the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Lahti Autokori Oy built the first aluminium bus body in 1967, but did not give up wooden bodies for good until 1973.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Lavian Autokori Oy was the last Finnish body factory to build wooden bodies until 1982.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[22] From the 1920s to the 1960s, bus services expanded heavily and the bus network made at that time has remained largely unchanged to this day.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

By the 1950s, slower standard shifts were no longer sufficient for passengers; they wanted speed and so the operators started express shift services that catered to travel between larger cities.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Although express shifts were started on faster roads, driving on old routes has continued to be run with at least a few shifts offerings.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Operators operated express shifts until the late 1970s with their “better” cars, until models designed specifically for this use were put into production by bodyworks.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Since the 1960s, the increased transport of schoolchildren made it possible, despite the desertion of remote areas and the prevalence of passenger cars, that much of the countryside remained subject to regular bus services, which was of great importance even for the elderly without their own car for the population.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[13] In the 1980s, the decline in passengers that plagued bus services hit fast shifts, when the Bus Union and the companies that ran the most important express shifts decided to produce this form of service by establishing the ExpressBus system in 1991.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The most visible part of the new system was the uniform layout and equipment level of the cars of all associated companies.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[24] In the second half of the 1960s, migration from rural to cities rose to unprecedented proportions and urban structure dispersed as new suburbs often emerged from far-flung urban centres.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

While bus service in rural areas declined, urban and commuter rail and the need for suitable equipment increased.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

For example, the number of cars at the City of Tampere Transport Department almost doubled between 1970 and 1974 at the same time as the city's population rose sharply and the focus of settlement shifted to Hervana and other new neighborhoods.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[25] As Finns began to have more and more leisure time and became more prosperous in tourism, subscription drives increased in the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Tourist traffic by buses to Sweden and other Nordic countries and further to Central Europe increased after new car ferries entered service between Finland and Sweden in 1959.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Around the same time, bus tourism to the Soviet Union also began, evolving into outright “vodka tourism” at times during the 1970s and 1980s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The development of tourist buses in Finland was limited not only by the different clientele structure and smaller markets compared to Central Europe, but also by the authorities, especially some officials of the Ministry of Transport.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

When double-decker buses began to be used in Sweden in the late 1960s, in Finland they were prohibited by law until the end of 1989.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The requirement to operate liner services as a condition for obtaining charter rights was repealed in the mid-1990s, after which many smaller bus companies could abandon the often unprofitable lines and concentrate on operating exclusively charter services.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[26] At the end of 1999, there were a total of 9449 buses in the Finnish Vehicle Registry.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Of the individual annual models, the highest number of buses registered in the register at that time in 1989 (581 copies), the second most on the register were 1988 buses (580 copies) and the third highest number of 1987 cars (552 copies).


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

During 1999, 537 buses were registered in Finland.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The oldest bus registered in Finland at the end of 1999 was the 1925 model.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

On the other hand, for example, from the period to the Depression of the 1930s and the war years 1940—1947, there was not a single bus on the register.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[27] In the case of bus transport, passenger numbers, especially for local and standard rail services, have decreased since the 1970s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The growth of passenger numbers has accelerated in the 1990s and early 2000s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In the 1990s, passenger numbers were taxed by an increase in motoring caused by the boom.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Since 2002, stronger reductions have been attributed to an easing of car taxation, which has increased motoring and reduced the use of other forms of travel.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Shifts have been reduced and ticket prices increased as passengers dwindle, but not nearly at the same rate.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Some cities, including Vaasa and Jyväskylä, have successfully tried to reduce ticket prices.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

This has increased the use of public transport, especially by schoolchildren and students.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Of the larger cities, the passenger roof has plagued every other city except the metropolitan area.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In the metropolitan area, the height of service levels, congestion, good rail service levels and well-designed urban structure have kept user numbers growing.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

However, automobilisation and the sprawl of urban structures into environmental municipalities, as well as the savings course of municipal finances, pose a threat to public transport in the metropolitan area.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Technology Buses most often have a diesel engine.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Gasoline-powered buses are also in use in some countries.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Nowadays, natural gas buses and LPG buses have also become common.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

They are more environmentally friendly than diesel buses.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In some places around the world, trolleybuses powered by electricity are used.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In trolleybuses — or “trollies” — the propulsion is provided by electrical wires running above the bus as in trams.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Small buses are built on the bottom of vans, while large ones are built on the foundations of heavy trucks.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Buses consume diesel oil depending on the type of car and the type of traffic being driven between 20 and 55 litres/100 km.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Fuel yards express shift buses consume 20 l/100 km in good conditions and articulated cars in stopping urban transport 55 l/100 km.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In large buses, the engine is usually located in the rear of the car.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

One of the first manufacturers to use the rear-engine design was the German company Mercedes-Benz in the 1950s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

This type of construction became the first to become common in urban and commuter cars because it allowed to reduce the floor height of the car and thus streamline customer service.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The engine located behind can be in the car longitudinally or transversely.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[28] In smaller cars, the engine is again at the front of the car, which was common in large buses until the 1980s.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

There have been two types of front-engined buses: in the bulldog model, the engine and driver's seat are on top of the front axle, in the so-called moment type again together with the front door on the front axle.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The latter type is more practical from the point of view of the driver fund.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[22] In the 1970s, a very common construction solution became the central part of the car, the so-called lying engine (“mahuri)” placed under the floor, thus making noise in the car cabin less.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Volvo and Leyland had brought their own mid-engined models to market as early as 1952, but such cars remained sparse in number, partly due to technical problems.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The mid-engine was also used in their own designs by Sisu and Vanaja.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[28] However, this engine type has become less common in recent years; Volvo stopped producing mid-engined bus platforms in 2009.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[29] In the 1970s and 1980s it was quite common for old bus bodywork to be dismantled, chassis and engine refurbished, and new bodywork built over the chassis.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

From the 1970s onwards, buses began to differentiate by purpose into their own types.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

To replace traditional cars built primarily for standard shifts, cars tailored for city and commuter traffic, express and charter services began to be needed at the same time that most of the standard shifts began to have already done their job.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In the 1990s, a low-floor bus with the engine trailing the car was established as a city car.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The main challenge in the development of city cars is as easy and smooth mobility as possible for passengers.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Fast shifts also play an important role in the transport of freight, requiring large cargo compartments.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Available on highest-loaded fast shifts, cars have cargo space up to a full car in the rear.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Temporary passenger transport for charter runs is the top product in the bus industry and require their own specially equipped fleet.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The traditional rural standard bus is already practically a lost type of bus and the still remaining rural shifts are driven mainly by minibuses.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[30] In Finland, according to the Vehicle Regulation, which entered into force at the beginning of 1993, the maximum permissible speed of a bus is 80 km/h.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

However, a bus is allowed to run at 100 km per hour if it is approved for use in roadworthiness at a higher driving speed, has anti-lock brakes, seatbelts in all seats and a 100 km/h emblem on the rear of the car and is not equipped with standing passengers.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The use of seat belts on the bus is mandatory if they are fitted to the car.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

No seatbelts are required on a bus that is not used for driving speeds greater than 80 km/h (mainly urban and commuter buses, as well as old cars).


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Several major cities such as Tampere, Stockholm and Tallinn use two-section articulated buses, which usually accommodate around 100 passengers.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Large articulated buses as well as double joints can accommodate up to 200 passengers, but they require a special permit.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

However, Tampere has not acquired new articulated buses since the beginning of the 2000s due to the proliferation of Lahti Scala bogie buses.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The articulated buses have also been rejected by Helsinki.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The technology of articulated buses is more expensive than normal buses and do not have very many extra seats compared to the much more affordable bogie buses.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

There are also so-called midibuses, of which there have been two in Tampere and a couple of tracks in Helsinki.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

They are short and often operate on service lines.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The average age of buses in Finland is 10.6 years and about 500 new buses enter service each year.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The new buses will come for charter services, express and local services in major urban areas.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Older cars drive less lucrative rural school and standard shifts.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

After 11 to 20 years of their introduction, buses are often removed from the company's fleet through sale or scrapping.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Only a few cars specialising in buses have operated in Finland.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[31] Old cars end up on individuals and poorer countries.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

When about 200 decommissioned buses were shipped in one run from Finland to Angola in 1988, the incident crossed the news threshold for Ilta-Sanomat.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[31] In the 1990s, used buses were exported in abundance to the Baltic States and Russia.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Many sports clubs have also acquired buses withdrawn from regular service for their own use.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Decommissioned buses have also been converted into camper vans, horse-hauled trucks and so-called gig buses, leaving them transformation-tested as trucks.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[32] Importance of buses in the transport network Many small towns and villages that were owned by railway until recent decades are now operated only by buses.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Bus routes complement the railways by providing connections to localities that are not accessible by train.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

In the past, there were so many passengers that trains and buses competed bloodily and their terminals were located far apart.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Nowadays, with the passenger ceiling brought by motoring, it has been forced to increase cooperation and take advantage of the good aspects of both modes of transport.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Interchanges between long-distance trains and long-distance buses have been facilitated by the construction of travel hubs.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Types of shifts The standard shift is a shift in rural and between cities, stopping at smaller villages and, if necessary, at all stops along the route.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[33] The length of standard mountain routes varies from 10 km to even less than 200 km.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The largest user groups on standard shifts are schoolchildren and commuters, so shifts are timed according to the needs of these groups.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Cargo is also carried on standard shifts.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Standard shifts are run either by low-floor toiletless buses intended for it or by old charter cars.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Express shifts are run between medium and big cities, stopping only at marked express stop stops.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

[33] Depending on the company, the cars are quite new and are usually equipped with toilets.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

The express shift carries cargo in addition to passengers.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Special express shifts can also run on long intervals that drive faster and as directly as possible to the end point without stopping in smaller towns along the route.


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

Bus companies and joint ventures ExpressBus — marketing consortium of express bus companies Matkahuolto — Onnibus.com, a service and marketing company owned by bus companies — low-cost bus company PoriExpress — marketing consortium of low-cost bus companies Private buses car enterprises Municipal companies and business institutions Helsinki Region Transport Tampere City Transport Turun Känkiliikenne Oy Porin Lines Oy See also Transport Transport Department Bus station Bus Driver Public transport Seka- auto Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kurkinen, Jari| title = History of the Finnish Car Body Industry| location = Helsinki| publisher = Autobody Industry ry| year = 2001| id = ISBN 978-952-91-3987-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Levy, Kimmo (ed .


Question: What is an Omnibus?

Bus

) | title = Road aces: bus 100 years in Finland (Mobilia yearbook 2005) | location = Kangasala| publisher = Mobilia| year = 2005}} References elsewhere Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The United States Constitution is the supreme legislation of the United States and the oldest still valid written constitution of a major sovereign state.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

[1] It was approved by a constitutional convention meeting in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

It united the then thirteen states of the United States, which previously operated as a considerably looser federation of states under Confederate articles.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The United States Constitution has been the model for several states' own constitutions, and is reminiscent of the principle of universality imposed by the French Revolution, which was popular in the constitutions of its time.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

In the preface to the Constitution, the purpose of U.S. existence is summed up in six principles, which are society, justice, peace, security, federation, and liberty.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

[2] The original Constitution can be viewed at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

History The road to Philadelphia As the United States sought statesmanship after independence from the future mode of governing the country were two prominent parties: supporters of a strong central government on the one hand and a loose confederation on the other.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Initially, decisions for all states were agreed at meetings of state representatives along the lines of state treaties.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Beginning in 1780, advocates of a powerful government often proposed negotiations to establish a more permanent system.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

New York had taken the initiative in 1782 and Massachusetts in 1785, but nothing happened.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

In 1785, Maryland and Virginia were mired in a dispute over traffic on the Potomac River and Chesapeake Gulf, which George Washington was personally interested in.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

It was deemed necessary to sort out the commercial regulations at once in order and the Virginia Legislature summoned the states' delegates to a meeting in Annapolis in 1786.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Delegates from only five states arrived at the Annapolis convention, but included New York, whose delegates included Washington's former adjutant, hard-core centrist Alexander Hamilton.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The course of the meeting soon spiralled out of control from a mere trade regulation meeting into a general debate on federal control.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Strategic wisdom seemed to call for a dispersal of the meeting and prompt holding of a new larger meeting.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Hamilton wrote a resolution that included this decision as well.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Soon, all states except Rhode Island were preparing to send their delegates to the Grand Convention in Philadelphia in May 1787.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

[3] Convention in Philadelphia “A contradictory or weak solution does not live up to its purpose and ultimately does not gain public support,” wrote Hamilton, at the time of the Philadelphia convention, to Washington.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

He proposed electing a “governor” for the United States, which in turn would appoint the governors of the states.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

These would have absolute veto power on states' legislation.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

This was too much for most members of the convention and the proposal was rebuffed.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Hamilton, who had been instrumental in convening the meeting, said that “this New Yorker gentleman has all been thanked and no one supported.”


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Although Jefferson and Adams were in Europe for the duration of the convention, and other notable personalities were also missing, gave Washington and Franklin's quite formal involvement to the occasion prestige and solemnity.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

A total of 73 delegates had been named, but 55 showed up.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Of these, only eight had been in the process of signing the Declaration of Independence.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

There were a lot of young delegates in the crowd.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The first session was held on May 25, 1787 and Washington was unanimously elected as chairman.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Initially, the goal of the meeting was merely to amend the Articles of Confederacy, which then dominated interstate governance, but it soon ended up drafting new rules to replace them.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

A Virginia proposal was taken as a starting point: a bicameral parliament with members of each chamber divided according to the number of free population.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The smaller states were now fearful of remaining in control of generous populations and presented a counter-proposal: a unicameral parliament, with voting taking place by state.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

With this so-called. New Jersey's plan had no turnaround chances.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

However, it contained a section stating that “decisions of the Congress of the United States” are “the supreme law of the states [...]”.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

This became the foundational pillars of the federal system.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

[3] Three Compromises The debate over the plans got so heated that representatives of small states threatened to go home.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

A special committee headed by Franklin saved the convention by devising a “grand compromise”: to the lower chamber, delegates were allocated according to population, to the upper chamber each state received an equal number of delegates.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The correct allocation of seats in the lower chamber among the states required censuses, so the Constitution of the United States still enforced an article on how to organize them.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Northern states preferred to ignore slaves in the distribution of seats, the South was willing to agree to this only in terms of taxation, which would also be distributed by population.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Another so-called three-fifths compromise arose to resolve the situation: three white citizens equivalent to five black slaves, both in terms of taxes and distribution of seats.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

A third compromise was necessary before the proposal was finalised.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Business circles wanted a simple majority to be sufficient for regulations on trade.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The Confederate States of America were only able to agree to this when they were promised a permanent ban on export fees and a 20-year ban on interference in the slave trade.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The three major compromises have received the most attention over time.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

However, the point of view ignores the fact that on most issues the delegates were unanimous.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Judges were appointed to their posts for life.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The terms of office of MPs became two, six for senators and four years for the president.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Elections of senators and president were ordered to be indirect, directly representing the people meant only the Chamber of Deputies.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Since then, senatorial elections have been converted to direct election.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The constitution enshrined the tri-division of power first in the world, and between the states the so-called principle of checks and balances, according to which branches of state government control and balance each other's actions.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The president runs the government, but is bound to obey the laws.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Congress enacts the laws, but only with the approval of the president.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Judges are chosen by the president, but only with the approval of the Senate.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Judges impose sentences, but the president has the right of clemency.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Later, it has yet to become the principle that the Supreme Court oversees legislative work by deciding the constitutionality of laws.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

[3] Living Document The Constitution was written as an open document so as to permit the making of additions to it.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

In practice, additions can also mean repealing statutes.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The first ten amendments are a list of civil rights.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The Constituent Convention did a historically radical and pivotal act of establishing a system of government for a nation of free citizens in the midst of aristocratically controlled monarchies skeptical of the whole republic idea.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Although the Constitution contained restrictions on democracy, there was a strong democratic side to it, which John Adams saw as essential to any system of free government.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

For the constitution to be good it would have to be “short and ambiguous,” said Napoleon.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Very likely he had the US Constitution in mind.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

The document was deliberately drafted in such general terms that the central government could take the rights held by the States as their own when the crisis or historical change so required.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

This allowed later mm.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

forcing the end of racial segregation in the Confederate States.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

[3] Authors Alexander Hamilton Richard Hofstadter John Jay Terry Jordan Charles Kesler James Madison John Marshall Thomas Paine Articles of the Constitution Preface: Opinion on Purpose First Article: Legislative Power Second Article: Executive Article Three: Jurisdiction Article Four: The Privileges of the States and Their Limits Article Fifth: Amendments to the Constitution Article Sixth: Federal Privileges Article Seventh: Ratification Constitutional Amendments There have subsequently been 27 Amendments to the Constitution ().


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

Of these, the first ten are referred to as the Bill of Rights.


Question: When was the USA based law written?

United States Constitution

See also First Amendment to the Constitution Migration Sources * Constitution Category:Key Articles on Screening


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

The Battle of Vehkajärvi was fought during the Finnish Civil War on 26 February 1918 in Vehkajärvi, the keeper of Kuhmalahti.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

There were about 500 Red Guards in the village, against whom the Whites attacked for fear of their attack on the Kuhmoiste church village.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

The Reds were expelled after the surprise attack; however, the Whites did not stay in Vehkajärvi permanently.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

The Reds then refocused their forces in the village and struck Kuhmois on 10 March, with the intention of advancing later via Jämsä to the strategically important Haapamäki circuit.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Background The occupation of Vehkajärvi and Kuhmoinen The support for the labour movement was greatest in Kuhmalahti in Vehkajärvi, which was occupied by the Reds in the early days of the war.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Among the immediate keepers had arrived, among others, a company of the Red Guards in Valkeakoski and a detachment of the Uusimaa Red Guards assembled further afield in Hyvinkää.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

The food supply of about 500 Red Guards who settled in Vehkajärvi produced problems, causing looting, especially those from elsewhere.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Gustav Estlin, who served as a sniper in the old people, served as chief of the Reds in Vehkajärvi.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[1] [2] In turn, the Whites took over the church village of Kuhmoinen, located about twenty kilometres northeast of Lake Vehkajärvi.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

The Reds attacking from the south from the direction of the Padas River attempted to take the village from the forces of Jaeger Captain Mauri Rantasalo on 20—21.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

on February, but were forced to pull back.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[3] The next day, an 80-man detachment led by the Estonian officer Hans Kalmi arrived in Kuhmois, which he had formed a little earlier with Lauri Pihkala and Niilo Sigelli from the Tuomarniemi Forest School in Ähtär.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

A few days later, Kalm's I Battalion, part of the North Häme Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Leonard Bergström, was assigned to Kalm's command, with which his own division was merged.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

The battalion initially had a strength of about 300—350 men.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[4] Kalm attack plan Although the Reds did not have any new provisions immediately after the failed attack on Kuhmois, Kalm decided to prevent it to attack Vehkajärvi.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

According to the plan, the Reds will be diverted from the direction of the Kuhmoiste by advancing troops, but the actual attack will be made with their backs from the west.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Kalm committed two companies to the operation, of which he commanded a detachment hooked south of Lake Vehkajärvi himself.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[5] The attack was prepared by a reconnaissance expedition the day before, personally led by Kalm.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Local residents were told the Whites were soon planning to attack from the direction of the Kuhmoinen.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

The intention was that the information would also go to the reds.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[5] On the highway between Vehkajärvi and Kuhmoinen, the department captured a Red patrol.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Kalm himself shot two Red Guards and sent a third to Vehkajärvi to tell how he and his troops plan to attack the next day and kill the rest of the Reds as well.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[1] The Battle of the White Offensive kicked off in the early morning of 26 February, when a diversionary detachment advancing from the east and north drew the attention of the Reds.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Gustav Estlin ordered a large load mast in the village to move to safety to the west of the village, unaware that a company led by Kalm had just reached positions along the road leading to Kangasa, near Vehkajärvi Church.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

According to Kalm's account, the foremost horses of the loadmast were shot immediately after the church hill, causing the road to close and those coming aft slid down the hill slumping into a single cluster.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[5] Descriptions of a battle lasting at least three hours vary widely.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

According to the information provided by the Red People's Delegation a couple of days later, the clash ended in total defeat for the Whites.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

According to them, the Reds lost only a few men, while the Whites retreated and carried their fallen away with thirteen horses.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

According to Kalmi, the Reds immediately went on a ferocious escape and Lauri Pihkala wrote afterwards about the unrestrained escape of the Reds who had been on the run.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Niilo Sigell, also involved in the battle, said that the Reds fought tenaciously and mentions how “braves were met on both sides”.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[5] The White diversionary detachment, which attacked from the direction of the church village, also managed in several places to surprise the Reds almost completely, although they had the knowledge of the arrival of the enemy.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

The Red Kalm, who had been staying at the keeper's house, commanded out and ordered them executed.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

However, the Reds who were in blockades eventually managed to withdraw from Vehkajärvi in the direction of Padasjoki, Kangasala and Orivesi.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[1] According to a commemorative publication of the Valkeakoski Workers' Association published in 1923, whites attacked Vehkajärvi from the east at three o'clock in the early hours of the morning, when they surprised an outpost of the Reds, which was about a kilometre away from the village.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Edvard Nieminen, who was involved in the battle himself, says that about 100 Reds mostly from Valkeakoski remained in the blockades, from which, after a 12-hour battle, they managed to break out through the ice of Vehkajärvi.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[6] Five women of the Valkeakoski Workers' Association who were Red Cross nurses disappeared in connection with the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

It was later discovered that they had been taken prisoner immediately after the battle began, after which the white people transported the women via Seinäjoki to Kemi.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[7] As the Reds fled, their load was left in the hands of the Whites.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Among other things, a large amount of food was loaded onto the carts, with which whites fared well into March.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[5] Traces of the battle can still be seen, at least in the wall of the former keeper's magazine on church hill, with numerous bullet holes.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[8] Losses, tombs and monuments in the Battle of Vehkajärvi only four whites fell.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

Reds were estimated to have died between 40 and 50, most of them surrendered or wounded executed by Whites.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[1] [5] Among them were 18 men of the Valkeakoski Red Guards, whose bodies were transported after a week and a half to Valkeakoski and buried at Pavilionginmäki in a grand hero funeral on 17 March.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[7] In 1946, the deceased were transferred to a mass grave located at Valkeakoski Cemetery.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[9] In Vehkajärvi Cemetery there is a mass grave of 13 unknown reds who fell in battle with memorials.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[10] After the battle, the Whites did not occupy Vehkajärvi, but retreated back to the Kuhmoiste church village after the end of the battle.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

The Reds, in turn, began concentrating troops at Vehkajärvi in a couple of weeks for the attack on Kuhmois.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[5] After the Battle of Kuhmoinen on 10 March, the Whites launched their own major offensive a week later and, after the Reds backed down, occupied Kuhmalahti 21.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

on March.


Question: Who won the Battle of Hyvinkää?

Battle of Vehkajärvi

[1] Sources Category:Häme Front Battles Category:Kuhmalahti Class:History of Pirkanmaa


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta (,) or Lakedaimon () was an ancient Greek city and city-state (polis).


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

It was located along the Eurotas River in the province of Lakonia, or Lakedaimonia (), in the southern part of the Peloponnese peninsula.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[1] [2] [3] [4] Today, the town of Spárd is located on the site of the town.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The old name of the town was derived from its mythical founder Lakedaimon.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The territory under the rule of the Spartan city-state later encompassed not only Lakonia but also Messenia.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The name Lakedaimon has been used to refer to a region consisting of the city of Sparta and towns under its rule; today Sparta can mean both.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[5] There was a major centre near Sparta as early as the Mycenaean Bronze Age between the 14th and 13th centuries BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The city was one of the leading Greek city-states around the period 700—500 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[6] It led the so-called Peloponnesian Federation, which included many other Greek cities.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

During the Peloponnesian War of 431—404 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta's main enemy was Athens, with whom Sparta fought for Greek supremacy.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

After winning the war, Sparta again briefly gained the lead among the Greek city-states.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta lost its dominance in 371 BC, when its military might was definitively defeated.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The Doorite Sparta was the most typical of Greece's supremacy states: a city-state whose form of government was ultimately downright oligarchic.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

However, the Spartan state order, the enactment of which according to tradition is associated with the name of Lykurgos, was the result of a long development.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[7] Sparta was a self-contained urban and military state, famous for its harsh and one-sided military education and army.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Its business life was dominated by farming and animal husbandry.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta did not engage in much commerce, nor did it have a mentionable craft industry or a significant contribution to the development of Greek cultural life.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[7] The name of Sparta often still symbolizes the “Spartan” simple and harsh way of life, as well as heroism and military glory.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[8] History Prehistory and mythology The area of Sparta has been inhabited no later than the Neolithic Stone Age.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The Bronze Age, and especially the Mycenaean period, around 1400—1200 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

it developed into a major centre.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[9] In Greek mythology set in the Mycenaean period, the founder of Sparta was Lakedaimon, who was the son of Zeus.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[9] His consort was the daughter of the Eurotas river god Najadinymph Sparte.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[10] In myths, the city of Sparta appears as one of the three most significant centres of the Peloponnese, along with Mycene and Pylos.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta was the seat of King Menelaus and this consort, Helena, known for its beauty, where Mycenaea was ruled by Menelaus' elder brother Agamemnon.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Both were key warlords in the Trojan War, which originated when Paris took Helena with him to Troy.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

According to the narratives, the reign of the House of Menelaus lasted two more generations after the Trojan War.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Thereafter, the Doorese conquerors who arrived from the north, presented as descendants of Heracles, conquered the Peloponnese.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] The location of Mycenaean Sparta or the administrative centre of Lakonia at all is not entirely clear.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In the past, it has often been assumed to have been located at Therapne about three kilometres east-southeast of the site of ancient Sparta.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

A complex of buildings known as Menelaion has been found there, including a Mycenaean palace and a settlement.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The palace had been built in the 15th century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In antiquity, the site of Menelaion was a shrine dedicated to Menelaus and Helena, as the site was considered the burial site for these.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] [12] On the other hand, Pellana has also been proposed as Mycenaean Sparta some 30 km north of Sparta.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

It has been found there as far back as the Early Helladic Period around 2500 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

originated settlement and graves, and might also be the site of a palace.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] [13] Between 2010 and 2015, a Mycenaean palace was excavated from Ágios Vasíleios about 12 kilometres south-southeast of Sparta.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Research suggests it had been built around the 14th—14th century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[14] In the 13th century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

most of Sparta's Mycenaean settlements were destroyed like other Mycenaean centres.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

It is generally assumed that (somewhat in accordance with myths) the Doorites who arrived from the north conquered the Lakonian plain and Sparta around 950 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

from.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[2] In Spartan myths, Eurysthenes and Prokles appear as leaders of these.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

These serve as progenitors of Sparta's two king genera, the Agiads and the Eurypontids.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] Only Sparta and Amyklai seem to have remained continuously inhabited throughout the so-called dark centuries of Greece following the cultural breakdown.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] Archaic Period In the course of time, the Spartans took over all of Lakonia and subjugated the native inhabitants of the region, of whom the Spartans made slaves, heloths.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta initially consisted of four villages with names such as Pitana, Limnai, Mesoa and Kynosura.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Roughly 7th-century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

halfway through, the nearby village of Amyklai was also annexed to Sparta.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta seems to have been ruled by some sort of military elite at the time.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[3] [9] [11] 7th-century BCE


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

towards the end Sparta began expansion beyond the Lakonian Plain as well.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Around the year 720 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

it conquered the province of Messenia in the so-called First Messenian War.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The inhabitants of Messenia were also made heloths; the group of helots thereafter consisted mainly of Messenians.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

As Sparta's longtime main opponent in the Peloponnese, Argos was formed, which had held the lead in the region since the end of the Mycenaean period.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In 669/668 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

the Spartans suffered defeat to Argos at the Battle of Hysiai.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The Messenians rebelled against Spartan rule around the years 648—631 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In the same century, Sparta also significantly reformed its statesmanship and laws, and the problems faced by the state may have been the cause of this.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] The reform of the Spartan statesmanship is attached to the name of Lykurgos, but the timing of this was uncertain even in antiquity.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

He may have lived in the 8th or 7th century BCE, but the statesmanship put in his name would not appear to have arisen until the late 6th century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[15] In the 6th century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The Spartan army also adopted hoplite tactics.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] In the Archaic period, Sparta, like other Greek city-states, participated in establishing settlements.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Its settlements included Taras [11] and Thera, both founded in the 7th century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Still in the 7th—5th centuries BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta participated in Greek cultural life, and the city produced ceramics, bronze works and ivory carvings, among others, which were also exported elsewhere.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Some of the artisans of that time appear to have been Spartan citizens.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In addition, artisans and artists from other parts of Greece moved to the city.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

However, everything changed relatively quickly around the year 525 BCE, when trading elsewhere effectively ceased altogether.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[2] The same phenomenon can also be seen in the literature.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Still in the 6th century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Tyrtaios, regarded as the city's national poet, lived in Sparta, who was writing patriotic poetry at the time of the Messenian Wars.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In the same century, Alkman, who moved there from elsewhere, lived in Sparta, who is considered the founder of the choir.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

With the exception of these two poets of the Archaic period, ancient Sparta has almost left no marks in ancient literature.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta rose among the leading Greek states in the 5th century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

It sought to conquer Arkadia and fought here especially with its most prominent city Tegea.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In 550 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta suffered a defeat to Tegea, but defeated this around 530 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In 546/545 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta also eventually defeated Argos in the so-called Battle of 300, taking Kynuria, among others, which was located between Lakonia and Argol.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Contrary to the Heloths, with the new conquests, the so-called Perioics who lived in the frontier areas annexed to Lakonia remained free, but did not gain Spartan civil rights.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

At its widest extent, Spartan rule had an area of about 8500 square kilometers, making it the largest of the Greek city-states.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[9] During its hegemony, Sparta also sought to interfere with Boiotia and Samos, among others (525 BCE.)


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

affairs.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] In Athens, the Spartans were aided in 510 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

to overthrow the tyranny of the sons of Peisistratos.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[9] The Spartans also made military expeditions as far as North Africa and Sicily.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] The significance of Sparta in that period is also informed by the fact that Kroise, king of Lydia, entered into an alliance with it.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

5th century BCE


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

towards the end Sparta was already seeking to expand by alliance rather than warring.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In 505 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

it founded the Peloponnese Federation, to which it was until 500 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

By the time received a number of allied subjects, [2] most notable Corinth, Elis and Tegea.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The union survived all the way to 365 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

up to.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[9] The allies were other opponents of Argos, allowing Sparta to exploit its position as Argos's main enemy.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] When King Xerxes I of Persia invaded Greece, Sparta was seen as the clear leader of the Greeks in the Persian Wars that followed.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta aided Athens, although late for the Battle of Marathon still in 490 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

During the second invasion of the Persians in 480—479 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Spartan warlords often served as commanders of the entire Hellenic warforce.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] At the Battle of Thermopylai in 480 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The famous army of 300 Spartans as well as these allies fought against the superior Persian army under King Leonida.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In the classical period after the Persian Wars, Sparta's leadership in the Greek world began to wane.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Under Athenian leadership, the Delos Maritime Union was established, which soon became a rival to the Sparta-led alliance.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

As a result, Sparta and Athens positioned themselves as the main opponents of power political, and were also seen ideologically as opposites of each other.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta increasingly turned inward towards the harsh lifestyle for which it has become known, and the city was relatively isolated from the rest of the world.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

One example was not only the disconnect of trade and cultural links, but also the use of iron money unfit elsewhere.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[2] At the same time around 480—460 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta also suffered another rebellion by the helots.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[9] Tegea rebelled against Spartan rule in 473—471 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In 464 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

the earthquake killed a large number of Spartans, in connection with which the Messenians also rose up again in revolt.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

After the Third Messenian War, the Athenians colonized Messenians in Naupaktos.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The Athenian and Spartan intervals deteriorated in the middle of the 4th century, and between 460 BCE and 445 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

the cities fought against each other in what is known as the First Peloponnese War.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The early phase of the war is usually referred to as the War of Arkhidamos, after the Spartan king Arkhidamos.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The war ended with no clear winner.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In the Peloponnesian War proper, which began in 431 BCE, Sparta warred with its allies Corinth and Thebes against Athens.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In 404 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta won Athens with the support of its allies and financed by the Persians.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[9] With the outcome of the Peloponnese Wars, Sparta gained a lead among the Greek city-states for a short time.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[9] It tried to conquer the Greek cities of Ionia from Persian rule.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

However, Athens, as well as Thebes and Corinth, who had turned enemies of Sparta, started the Corinthian War against Sparta in 395 BCE, instigated by Persia.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The war ended in 387 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

with no clear winner.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The Persian king acted as the guarantor of peace in Antalkida, which ended the war.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta soon drifted into war with Thebes and in 371 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The Thebans defeated the Spartans at the Battle of Leuktra, marking the end of Sparta's military might once and for all.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[2] During the Theban hegemony that followed, the Thebans destroyed the Spartan Empire and freed Messenia and Arkadia from Spartan rule under Epameinonda.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In 362 BC.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

The Thebans defeated the Spartans again at the Battle of Mantineia.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Humiliated by these defeats, Sparta took no part in the struggle of Athens and Thebes against Philip II of Macedon and was the only Greek city not to participate in the League of Corinth established by Philip.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta attempted to rebel against Macedonia in 331 BC, but suffered defeat in the ensuing Battle of Megalopolii.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Hellenistic and Roman Period In the Hellenistic period, Sparta regressed and its population decreased considerably.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[4] As a result, its capacity for military action in accordance with its former reputation was also gone.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[11] In the 200th century BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

Sparta tried yet to increase its power and laid against Macedonia, but the city came under siege by the army of Pyrrhus in 272 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

At the same time, Sparta was weakening from within in attempts to reform its society.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

[2] Macedonia and the new superpower of the Peloponnese, the Akhaian alliance, defeated Sparta at the Battle of Sellasia in 222 BCE.


Question: Was there a temple dedicated to Hera in Mantineia?

Sparta

In 195 BC.