Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

Paul also founded Liberty PAC, a lobbying organization whose purpose is to support pro-free economy, freedom, and constitutionalism candidates at the state and federal levels.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

Following the presidential campaign, Paul and his supporters held a “Rally for the Republic” shadow gathering at the same time (August 31 — September 2, 2008) when the Republican Party Party Convention officially named McCain as their presidential candidate.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

Approximately 12000 people attended the Rally for the Republic gathering.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

On September 10, 2008, Paul announced at a joint press conference that he would support all four non-major party candidates.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

These were Chuck Baldwin, Bob Barr, Cynthia McKinney and Ralph Nader.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[10] At the same time, he announced his refusal to support McCain.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[11] Later, Paul appeared on the CNN channel The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer along with Ralph Nader.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

They presented four main points on which Paul and the four candidates agree.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

Those things are ending imperialism, including the Iraq war, respecting privacy (repealing the Patriot Act, among other things), balancing the state budget, and taking the central bank under political guidance.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[12] The 2012 presidential campaign of Ron Paul was nominated for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2012 election.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[13] Of those seeking the Republican nomination, he had the second highest amount of time to raise campaign money, at $31 million at the end of January 2012.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[14] Paul gained less prominence in the media than others seeking the nomination.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[15] [16] In May Paul announced that he would stop campaigning.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[1] He finally got behind him by 190 votes against Romney's 2061 votes.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[17] In the 2016 presidential election, Paul received one elective vote in the 2016 election from a Texan elector who voted for him in protest over Donald Trump, who had a voting majority in the state.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[18] Family and private life Ron Paul is a doctor by civil profession.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

Paul and Carol Wells married on February 1, 1957, at Dormont Presbyterian Church.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

They have five children (Ronnie, Lori, Rand, Robert and Joy) who were baptized as Episcopalians.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[2] They also have 18 grandchildren and one great-great-grandchild.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

Three of the children are doctors: Robert is a general practitioner, Joy is an obstetrician and gynecologist, and Rand is an ophthalmologist.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

Ron Paul supported his children financially during their studies and forbade them from taking out a tax-subsidized student loan.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

[19] Rand Paul, who has stated that he is a member of the Tea Party movement, [20] has founded the Kentucky Taxpayers Alliance.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

He was elected from Kentucky in late 2010 to the Senate, where he began in January 2011.


Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

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Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

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Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

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Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

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Question: Where was Ron Paul born?

Ron Paul

Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives Class:American presidential candidates Category:American Republican politicians Category:People born in 1935 Class:Living persons


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging is a method of execution in which the executable is hung hanging by a rope loop from his neck.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The hanging structure is called the gallows.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

A greased rope with a tightening noose is used for execution.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The death of the executable follows from either a broken neck or asphyxiation.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The neck breaks when the executable falls on the rope and the unstretched rope jerks at the end of the length.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

A broken neck causes instant death.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Suffocation is a slower and more painful way of death and mainly the result of a failed hanging.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

A hanging structure can hold more than one person at the same time.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging events have been organised in a show-like manner in history that the event has been witnessed by the public.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

History Hanging as a method of execution is ancient and reportedly of Persian origin.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In Europe, the first known cases are from the international trek period.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In the Middle Ages, those to be hanged were dropped off ladders.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Sometimes beneath the feet of the hanged was a pyre which, on its return, imploded or the victim would drop from the log himself onto the pyre to hasten his death.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The practice began in Britain in 1241, when the nobleman's son William Maurice was hanged for piracy.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

[1] Due to the indignity of hanging, the soldiers were shot unless the issue was of espionage or traitor.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In particular, much attention was paid to the slow and painful passing of those hanged in former England through the use of things such as the short drop, tight knots and rough ropes.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

That's when the hangman kicked, chugged and struggled for up to half an hour before he died.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Especially the hanging of women garnered a large audience.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

At the execution site, a tax was levied on the crowds of people peddling beer and other things, the executioner received a share of the proceeds.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Thus, he had the motivation to stage a spectacular execution.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The grounds for hanging sentences in England were light.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

By the 18th century, there were already about 200 crimes in the country punishable by hanging.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In 1823 their number was dropped below one hundred.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

[2] Often judgment was imposed on the poor on the basis of mere suspicion.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The wealthier ones hired qualified lawyers or bribed themselves off.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging under the age of 15 was prohibited by law, but this was rarely observed.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

However, one rule was never broken: the hanging of pregnant women was postponed until they gave birth to their children.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Sometimes women sentenced to hang were allowed to live until the child no longer needed to be breastfed.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging was a common means of execution in witch hunts along with pyres.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In Finland, hanging was a common method of enforcing capital punishment during Swedish rule for those convicted of theft.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The Russian Penal Code provided for treason a hanging sentence.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The last person to be hanged in Finland was Jaeger activist Taavetti Lukkarinen, who was hanged in Oulu's Kontinkangas pine in 1916 after being convicted of treason.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

As a legal method of execution, Hanging execution can be performed in four different ways: hanging, short drop, standard drop, and long drop.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

From the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, a mechanized version was used in the United States, where the executable was not dropped, but with the help of rope jerked with the help of mob wheels to the upper flaps.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The method did not gain wider support, but its variant has been used in modern-day Iran, where a boom crane has been used for it.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Illegal, for example, hanging by a mob is called lynching and any method can be used.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging by a short fall or lift from the ground, because of the slow suffocation death, rather than a snapping of the neck, can be considered a particularly cruel method of execution.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Also, in a long fall, the executable may receive a neck injury resulting in paralysis, in which case death occurs slowly while the victim suffers a strangulation; in a long fall, it may also occur that the executioner's head comes off.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging When the hangman is hung by a rope, the weight of the body tightens the loop around the neck and squeezes the trachea into the blockade.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The victim dies slowly by suffocation, but if the loop squeezes the blood vessels in the neck into a blockage, unconsciousness quickly follows.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

[3] Death usually comes within 10—20 minutes and is caused by suffocation.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In executions carried out, prisoners have been found to be rhyming for only a short time before falling unconscious.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Death is, in any case, more painful than in either drop execution.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Short drop In a short drop, the executable is placed on top of a cart, horse, or some other instrument such as a chair with a loop around the neck, after which the support is removed from under the executable.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

A ladder was commonly used to force the executable himself to climb high enough before putting the loop.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

As with hanging, the executable dies slowly from strangulation, which lasts 10—20 minutes before the heart stops.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Prior to 1850, short fall was the most common method of hanging and remains the most common method of committing suicide and illegal lynchings, as it does not need to count the fall distances required for a long drop.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

War criminal Karl Hermann Frank was executed with a variation in which the executable is raised around the chest by means of a rope tied around the chest to the top of a column of about 3 meters.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The loop around the neck is attached to the hook at the end of the column.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

When the top holding rope is loosened, the executable falls on the loop.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

A film shot of Frank's execution shows that he didn't suffer when he was executed.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Standard drop Standard drop began to be used from 1866.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Its medical grounds were announced by the Irish physician Samuel Haughton.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In it, the executable is dropped at a standard distance of 1.2—1.8 meters (4—6 feet).


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The method quickly spread to countries where an English-derived legal system was in place.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The method was considered the short fall to be the most humane because it aimed at breaking the neck of the executable and the consequent paralysis and immobility (as well as probable unconsciousness).


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The method was used to execute war criminals held by the United States, and the weakness of the method became apparent in the execution of Joachim von Ribbentrop when he was in the log 20 minutes before his death.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

[4] Long drop In a long drop introduced in England in the 19th century, the victim initially stands on top of a hatch on a wooden platform.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

When the hatch is opened, the executable dies from a broken neck caused by the fall.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

To ensure this, the noose knot is placed under the chin.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

To prevent the executable's head from coming off, he or she is weighed and measured to determine the height of the drop.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The calculated long drop was developed by English executioner William Marwood in 1872.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The length of the rope was calculated so that the force it would inflict on the neck would be about 5600 newtons.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

After 1913, when other variables were taken into account, the force was lowered to a lower 4400 N. The method involves tightening the rope at the end of the drop to excurse the head backwards while the rest of the body still continues to travel.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

This causes the neck to break normally between vertebrae C2 and C3, causing what is known as a 'hanging fracture' (Hangman's fracture) and damage to the spinal cord (Ruth Ellis's autopsy protocol found the interval between the vertebrae increased to about five centimetres [5]).


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

This causes ocular unconsciousness and the cessation of the breathing reflex.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The executable eventually dies unconscious of asphyxiation; because of this, the executable is left hanging for an hour.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The executable does not have time to feel anything at the end of the drop, as the event lasts between 0.02 and 0.03 seconds.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

[6] The most famous user of this method was the English executioner Albert Pierrepoint.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The effectiveness of the method in breaking the neck is informed by the event where Pierrepoint was executing a German spy during World War II.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Unsuccessful attempts at hangings in the United States are known to many events where hanging is unsuccessful and as a result those convicted may have been pardoned.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Among the most famous cases is the attempted execution of John Smith in England in 1705.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Smith hung on as an extension of the rope for up to 15 minutes without suffocating and those present began to resist what had happened and Smith was pardoned.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

[7] Another similar event occurred on 23 February 1885 in England when John Lee had been sentenced to be hanged for murder.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Despite confirmations, the hatch of the noose platform became jammed three times and Lee's sentence was commuted to a life sentence, from which he walked free in 1907.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

It has later been speculated that the hatch was jammed by a warped board; the cause of the warping of the board is believed to be the fact that a very large prison priest stood on it, each time at the same point, during the executions, who was not present during the experiments with the device defined as routine work.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The Fairport Convention band made an album on the subject in 1971 with John Babbacombe Lee.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In Iran in October 2013, a man hanged for drug offences was found to be alive, although there had been time to declare him dead after being hanged.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

[8] The case was considered internationally.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Modern times Usage and Legality in various countries in the United States hanging is used as a means of execution only in the states of Washington and New Hampshire and even in them only as a secondary means.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

So far, the last hanging sentence was enforced in the United States in 1996 (Billy Bailey).


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The method is the only method of fulfilling a death sentence in Japan, although it is rarely sentenced to death in the country.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

The last time anyone hanged in India was 2004


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In the Islamic world, hanging is a common means of execution and is used in Malaysia, Singapore and Iran.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging is, along with firing squad, the most common method of execution.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

In the Islamic world, hanging is usually done with a short drop; in Iran, those convicted are hanged instead of dropping by railing them up with a crane.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging is authorised by the law of 60 countries (22 June 2012 as per the situation): Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Burma, Nauru, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South -Korea, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, USA, Zambia and Zimbabwe.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

[9] Executions by Saddam's regime in Iraq One of the most famous of those hanged in the 21st century is the former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, who was hanged on 30 December 2006.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Saddam Hussein's half-brother Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and former Iraqi Chief Justice Awad Hamed al-Bander were hanged on 15 January 2007.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Barzan al-Tikrit's head came off at the execution due to a fall too long.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

[10] Former Vice President of Iraq Taha Yassin Ramadan was hanged on 20 March 2007 and Ali Hasan al-Majid (“Kemicali-Ali”), a former adviser to the President of Iraq, on 25 January 2010.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Former Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz was sentenced to hang on 26 October 2010.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging as a method of suicide Hanging is a method of suicide in which the person himself places a noose on their neck and drops hanging on it.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

It can be considered one of the surest methods, along with the use of a firearm.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging is the most common means of suicide and is particularly common in countries where the acquisition and possession of firearms is strictly regulated.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Dying by hanging is painful and takes several minutes and a person is at an ever-increasing risk of severe and permanent brain damage if the rope fails or is removed before death.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Hanging accident Hypoxiphilia has caused many deaths.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Long neck scarves and other items of clothing around the neck can cause death when caught.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

For this reason, for example, cycling helmets and key bands around the neck have opening locks to prevent damage from happening.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

See also Hanging, tearing and dismemberment Guillotine Sources On the topic elsewhere The public execution of Karl Hermann Frank 1946 on the Pile (Youtube) The execution of Amon Göth, who was only successful on the third attempt.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

(Youtube).


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

On the second, the drop was too short.


Question: When was the guillotine started to be used?

Hanging

Category:Execution Methods Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor is a technical device used to produce and maintain nuclear reactions.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Fission reactors are especially used for power generation in nuclear power plants.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Other applications include research, generation of radiation (for example for radiotherapy), isotope preparation (e.g.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

for medical use), acting as a source of power for a vehicle (ship or submarine).


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Fusion reactors are not in operational use so far, but working experimental reactors have been made.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

History Civil nuclear engineering has its roots in technology developed for military purposes.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

As a result of nuclear weapons development projects in the 1950s, concentrated uranium and plutonium were needed, for the production of which the first reactors were built.Reference?


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The development of civilian nuclear reactors was most affected by the U.S. Nuclear Submarine Program, which aimed to develop a compact reactor to extend the operational life of submarines.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The boiling and pressurized water reactors developed during this program required concentrated uranium, which the United States had at its disposal in sufficient quantity thanks to the fortification capacity built for military purposes.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Capacity was sufficient until the 1970s, when a new fortification facility was opened in the Netherlands on the basis of the 1970 Almelo Agreement.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

However, the United States banned exports of fortified uranium until 1956.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Because of this, France and Britain initially developed gas-cooled reactors that can use natural uranium as their fuel.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The British Magnox model is still in use.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The first British commercial facility also produced plutonium for the needs of the weapons industry.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

In France, the last gas-cooled reactors closed in 1994.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Their development work was halted as early as 1969 in favor of pressurized water reactors.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Canada followed its own paths because it had at its disposal the capacity during the World War II weapons program for heavy water production.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The Canadian reactor utilized heavy water and natural uranium.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Two different types of civilian reactors were developed in the Soviet Union from 1954 onwards.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The first RBMK or so-called Chernobyl type has its own design and the second is similar to the US pressurized water reactor.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The NL's first pressurized water reactor was commissioned in 1964.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

[1] Nuclear power reactor In nuclear power plants, the reactor is tasked with generating heat from nuclear fuel.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

This is done by maintaining, regulating and controlling the chain reaction in the reactor, in which fission of atoms in the fuel (normally uranium but also thorium is possible) produces heat.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Power plant reactors are most commonly light-water reactors, either pressurized water or boiling water type.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

In addition, pressurized heavy water reactors have been built, especially in Canada and India.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Nuclear fuel is usually loaded into the reactor for a period of 3—5 years in connection with maintenance shutdowns, except for some types of reactors (e.g.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

CANDU and RBMK), which permit the exchange of fuel during the reactor's run.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

As the reactor is running, a fission chain reaction occurs in the fuel, which maintains itself.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Reactor adjustment occurs by controlling the neutron flux that maintains the chain reaction.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Reactor adjustment Staying running a light-water reactor requires three things: concentrated nuclear fuel that reacts with neutrons that cause fission retardant, which brakes neutrons so that they don't escape from the reactor without causing fission.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

You can compare this to a hearth where fuel, heat and oxygen are needed to sustain a fire.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

If even one is lost, the reaction is incapable of continuing.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The light water reactor is designed in such a way that when it operates, these three conditions are met root and root.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

For reactor adjustment, the reactor core may be removed or neutron absorbing control rods can be inserted during operation.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Thus, the power of the reactor can be selected from the freely designed power range and the energy production of the nuclear plant can be adjusted according to consumption.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

On the other hand, the reactor can be shut down at any time by pushing enough control rods into the reactor.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

It takes about a second to turn off.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The nature of a light-water reactor is that it is stable by itself, due to its physical properties.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Even if neither the operator nor automatics controlled the reactor, acceleration of the chain reaction for one reason or another would result in an increase in temperature that would cause thermal expansion in the fuel and vaporization in water acting as a retardant.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Since the chain reaction stays going only root and root, these are enough to contain the reaction.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

For this reason, it is physically impossible for a light-water reactor chain reaction to “spiral out of control”.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

[2] Types of reactors Nuclear reactors can be divided in several ways.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

One way is by purpose for research reactors, medical reactors, isotope production reactors, power plant reactors, ship reactors, space reactors, etc. Another way is according to the speed of neutrons to slow and fast reactors.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

In the vast majority of reactors, neutrons generated in fissions must be braked by a retardant so that too many don't escape the reactor without generating new fissions.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

In fast reactors, retardation is not done, but is otherwise ensured that the reaction continues, for example by using a more concentrated fuel.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The third way to divide reactors by retardant is mainly light water reactors, heavy water reactors and graphite slow motion reactors.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The fourth way to divide reactors is by cooling into gas-cooled and boiling and pressurized water reactors, among other things.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Most of the world's power plant reactors are light-water reactors, either pressurized water or boiling water type.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Here the reactors are classified according to the retardant.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Light Water Reactors The clear main component of nuclear power reactors is light water reactors.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

In particular, new power plants almost all have light-water reactors of two types: pressurized water reactor (,) boiling water reactor (BWR) Graphite slow motion reactors Mostly in Britain, gas-cooled, graphite slow motion reactors are used.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The RBMK reactor is a water-cooled graphite slow motion reactor used mostly in Russia.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

RBMK is infamed as the Chernobyl accident reactor.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The RBMK has a number of design flaws typical only of it that contributed to the accident.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

For example, unlike light-water reactors, it is not inherently stable in all power ranges, which at Chernobyl allowed the rapid power spike that triggered the accident.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

gas-cooled reactor (GCR) graphite slow motion water-cooled channel reactor (RBMK) liquid metal cooled reactor (LMR), is often used in utility reactors Heavy water reactors Canadian-developed CANDU can use natural uranium as its fuel, so uranium no fortification is required.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

On the other hand, the reactor needs almost as hard to produce heavy water.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

CANDU's fuel can be changed during reactor operation, making controlling nuclear materials trickier than light-water reactors.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (CANDU) Advanced reactors The world is exploring some advanced reactor types that are not yet in widespread use.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The most advanced is in the development of a rapid utility reactor.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

They have been used for power generation in countries such as Japan, as well as in France and Russia to produce power even today with a utility reactor.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The main advantage of a utility reactor is fuel economy: the reactor can produce from another cheap, common and otherwise unsuitable for nuclear reaction, such as U-238 isotope fissil material suitable for nuclear reaction, such as the PU-239 isotope for transmutation.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

In addition, the impact area, the probability of degradation, is also higher for a nuclide such as U-238 than in a light water reactor, for example.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

fast utility reactor fourth generation reactor fusion reactor No retardant is used in a fast reactor.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The operation of a fusion reactor is based on fusion instead of fission.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Generations of nuclear reactors The nuclear reactor generation division is used in nuclear power.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

First, second and third generation The second generation can be calculated to have begun in the early 1970s with the development of light-water reactors and the fuel fortification technology they require.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Second generation light-water reactors built in the 1980s and early 1990s make up the overwhelming majority of reactors in service.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The third generation reactors are approved and already in use plants that take advantage of the latest development.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

The biggest advances have been made in increasing the expected lifespan from about 40 to 60 years and in safety, particularly in reducing the consequences of serious accidents.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

[3] Fourth generation reactors Fourth generation reactors are under study.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Although they are not expected to be made available for commercial use before 2030, their research is being invested, as fusion power is not expected to be exploitable until mid-century.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

Many different types are the subject of research in terms of technology and policy, but in general the following can be said [3] Specific expectations of new technologies for recovery of new fuels (higher proportion of natural uranium, thorium) for the adequacy of uranium reserves improving and thereby extending the life cycle of nuclear power in general fuel recycling in the reactor to reduce the radioactivity of the final waste, its half-life, heat dissipation and the total amount of heat concomitant of so-called high-temperature reactors exploitation for more than electricity generation Technique requirements and problems construction of spent fuel reprocessing plants with much higher radiation levels in many parts of the fuel cycle where people also work In 2001 was established the Generation IV International Forum (GIF), an intergovernmental cooperation body, to coordinate the development of next-generation nuclear technology in countries.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

In 2009, 12 countries and the European Atomic Energy Community Euratom were members.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

[4] Reactor Types Ultra-high temperature reactor Supercritical water cooled reactor Melt salt reactor Double fluid reactor Benefit reactors Gas cooled fast reactor Sodium cooled fast reactor Melt metal cooled utility reactor Lead cooled fast reactor See also Nuclear power Sources Choppin et al.


Question: Where was the first nuclear reactor developed?

Nuclear reactor

:, Chapter 19th References Category:Nuclear Power Category:Nuclear Physics Category:Nuclear Reactor Types Category:Key Articles in Screening


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

This is a list of noble families in Finland.


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

In total, 357 genera have been introduced into the Finnish nobility, [1] of which 282 nobles, 63 free-lords, 11 counts and one princely.


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

148 genera have survived as male-line and 16 as female-line.


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

Of the surviving male-line lineages, there are four counts, 25 free-lords, and 119 nobles.


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

[1] The only princely family is already extinguished.


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

Apparently five of the genera represent the nobility of Old Finland.


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

[2] The genera representing different nobility values are numbered separately in order of introversion, first introduced in 1818 when the Order of Finland was founded.


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

Genera living in male lines are bold, extinguished from the male line but in the female line continue in italic, the rest completely extinguished in Finland.


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

Princely Menschikoff Counts Aminoff (No 5) Armfelt (No 4) Berg (No 11) Creutz (No 1) Cronhjelm af Hakunge (No 2) de Geer Till Tervik (No 3) Kuscheleff-Besborodko (No 10) Mannerheim (No 8) Stewen-Steinheil (No 7) van Suchtelen (No 6) Zakrewsky (No 9) Free-Lords von Alfthan (No 57) Aminoff (No 25) Armfelt (No 13) Bergenheim (No 54) Boije af Gennäs (No 20) von Bonsdorff (No 49) von Born (No 47) Bruun (No 56) Carpelan (No 19) Cedercreutz (No 6) Cederström (No 12) Cronstedt (No 50) de la Chapelle (No 39) Fleming af Liebelitz (No 1) af Forselles (No 53) Freedricksz (No 36) von Friesendorff (No 11) Gripenberg (No 48) Gyldenstolpe (No 31) von Haartman (No 35) von Hauff (No 42) von Hellens (No 61 ) Hisinger-Jägerskiöld (No 29) Hjerta (No 15) Hjärne (No 34) Indrenius-Zalewski (No 51) af Klercker (No 22) Klinckowström (No 17) von Knorring (No 9) von Kothen (No 16) Langenskiöld (No 45) Langhoff (No 63) Linder af Svartå (No.44) Lybecker (No 5) Mannerheim (No 18) Mellin (No 4) Molander (No 58) Munck (No 21) Nicolaij (No 30) von Nolcken (No 14) Palmén (No 55) Ramsay (No 40) Rehbinder (No 3) Rokassowskij (No 37) Rosenkampff (No 27) Rotkirch (No 32) Sacklen (No 41) af Ultén (No 43) Silfverhjelm (No 7) Stackelberg (No 10) Standertskjöld (No 52) Standertskjöld-Nordenstam (No.46) Stjerncrantz (No 8) Stjernvall (No 59) van Suchtelen (No 28) Tandefelt (No 26) von Troil (No. 24) Walleen (No 38) von Willebrand (No. No.23) by Willebrand (No. 33) by Willebrand (No 60) Wrede af Elimä (No 2) Yrjö-Koskinen (No 62) Nobles Adlercreutz (No 97) Adlerstjerna (No 198) Agricola (No 238) von Alfthan (No 240) Aminoff (No 36) von Ammondt (No 204) Antell (No 242) Armfelt) Arppe (No. 233) by Baumgarten (No 102) von Becker (No 52) Benzelstjerna (No 203) Bergenheim (No 201) Bergenstråle (No 109) Björkenheim (No 197) af Björkesten (No 270) af Björksten (No 216) von Blom (No 219) Blåfield (No 22) von Boehm (No 281) Boije af Gennäs (No 281) 1) von Boisman (No 184) von Bonsdorff (No 181) von Born (No 153) Bosin (No 49) Brakel (No 139) Brand (No 16) von Briskorn (No 174) Brummer (No 112) Brummer (No 268) Bruncrona (No 116) af Brunér (No 208) Brunow (No 56)) Bruun (No 234) from Burghausen (No 45) Bäck i Finland (No 15) von Böningh (No 205) Cederholm (No 266) von Cederwald (No 175) Charpentier (No 64) von Christierson (No 110) Clementeoff (No 132) von Collan (No 246) Conradi (No 144) Cronstedt (No 70) von Daehn No. 199) de Besche (No 94) De Carnall (No 71) de Carnall (No 129) De Geer (No 26) [3] de la Chapelle (No 47) De la Motte (No 23) Edelfelt (No 237) Edelheim (No 177) Edelsköld (No 178) Ehrenmalm (No. 111) Ehrenströpe (No 91) M (No 93) Ehrnrooth (No 73) Ehrnrooth (No 85) Ekbom (No 258) Ekestubbe (No 25) Eneberg (No 277) af Eehjelm (No 154) Eneskjöld (No 48) von Essen (No 58) Estlander (No 254) Estlander (No 274) Etholén (No 225) Etholén (No 226) von Etter (No 210) Falck (No 192) Falckenheim (No. 171) Fellman (No 275) Fellman (No 279) Feuerstern (No 179) von Fieandt (No 128) Finckenberg (No 8) Fischer (No 215) Fock (No 120) Forbes (No 11) af Forselles (No 143) Forsman (No 227) Fraser (No 59) Fredensköld (No 147)) Freidenfelt (No 80) of Frenckell (No 243) af Frosterus (No 249) Furuhjelm (No 146) Furumarck (No 67) Gadolin (No 245) af Gadolin (No 180) von Gertten (No 63) Glansentjerna (No 108) Godenhjelm (No 89) Granfelt (No 137) Gripenberg (No. 69) Gripenberg (No. 69) Grotenfelt (No 230) Grotenfelt (No. 76) Grönhagen (No 68) von Guvenius (No 248) Gyldenstolpe (No 40) Gyllenbögel (No 34) Gyllenhök (No 84) von Haartman (No 168) Hackman (No 247) von Hartmansdorff (No 122) von Hauswolff (No 125) Hedenberg (No 212) von Heideman No 196) af Hellen (No 257) von Hellens (No 173) af Heurlin (No 191) Hisinger (No 141) Hjulhammar (No 29) Hjärne (No 87) af Hällström (No 190) Hästesko af Målagård (No 14) Idestam (No 164) Indrenius (No 223) Jerlström (No 103) Jordan (No 21) von Julin (No 214) Jägerhorn af Spurila (No 5) Jägerhorn af Storby (No 19) Jägerskiöld (No 79) Järnefelt (No 42) af Klercker (No 72) Klick (No 118) Klingstedt (No 54) Knorring (No 66) [4] von Knorring (No 138) von Konow (No 151) von Kothen (No 74) Krabbe (No 158) 9) [4] von Kræmer (No. 133) Kuhlefelt (No 31) Kuhlman (No 185) Ladau (No 104) Lagerborg (No 105) Lagermarck (No 86) [4] Lagus (No 256) Langenskjöld (No 152) Lavonius (No 224) Lillienberg (No 100) Lilljebrunn (No 28) Lindcrantz (No 82) Lindelöf (No 260) Linder (No 193) af Lindfors (No 259) Lode (No 10) Mannerstråle (No 148) von Marquard (No 123) Martinau (No 229) Mechelin (No 252) Mechelin (No 265) af Meinander (No 255) von Minckwitz (No 251) Molander (No 236) Montgomery (No 134) Morian (No 124)) Munck af Fulkila (No. 6) Munsterhjelm (No 115) von Müller (No 172) [4] Möllersvärd (No 53) von Nandelstadh (No 228) Nassok (No 61) Nordenheim (No 195) Nordenskjöld (No 127) [5] Nordenstam (No 131) Nordenswan (No 157) Nordmann (No. 31) Norrmén (No 263) of Nottbeck (No. 221) by Numers (No 50) Nybom (No 280) Nyborg (No 269) Oker-Blom (No 239) Olivecreutz (No 126) Ollonberg (No 33) Palmén (No 250) Palmfelt (No 83) af Petersen (No 166) Pinello (No 135) Pipping (No 207) Pippingsköld No 165) Pistolekors (No. 30) von Platen (No 130) Pomell (No 186) von Post (No 55) [5] Procopé (No 262) Prytz (No 57) von Qvanten (No 41) Ramsay (No 17) von Rancken (No 167) von Rehausen (No 114) Reiher (No 62) Rhine (No 232) von Renteln (No 46) von Rettian Reuters (No.273) Reuterskjöld (No. 273) No 106) Ridderborg (No 99) Ridderstad (No 107) Ridderstorm (No 88) Riddersvärd (No 90) Roediger (No 218) von Rohr (No 65) Roos af Hjelmsäter (No 2) Rosenbröijer (No 187) Rosenlew (No 75) Rotkirch (No 12) Sacklen (No 202) Sanmark (No 271) Sass (No 202) Sanmark (No 271) 32) von Schantz (No 95) Schatelowitz (No 235) Schauman (No 96) Schildt (No 24) von Schoultz (No 206) von Schrowe (No 38) Schulman (No 13) af Schultén (No 163) Schützercrantz (No 140) Segercrantz (No 136) Segerstråle (No 156) Silfverswan (No 183) Snellman (No 241) Soisalon-Soininen (No 282) Spåre (No 9) Standertskjöld (No 158) Starck (No 18) af Stenhof (No 142) Stewen (No 209) von Sticht (No 160) Stierncreutz (No 35) Stjernschantz (No 101) Stjernvall (No. 17) Ståhlhane (No.27) Stålarm-Tawast ( No 189) Stålhammar (No 39) Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (No 7) Sölfverarm (No 20) Tandefelt (No 51) Taube (No 60) Tawast (No 3) Tawaststjerna (No 81) Teetgren (No 44) af Tengström (No 169) von Tesche (No 217) [4] Thesleff (No 182) von Thomsen (No 176) Tigerstedt (No 92) Toll (No 113) Toll (No 150) Torwigge (No 43) von Trapp (No 244) Tudeer (No 272) von Törne (No 121) Törngren (No 188) Törnqvist (No 222) Uggla (No 4) af Ursin (No 211) Wadenstierna (No 98) Wahlberg (No 278) Wahren (No 261) Walleen (No 170) Wallensköld (No 194) Wallenstjerna (No 77) Wallenstråle (No 145) [5] Wasastjerna (No 162) von Weissenberg (No 200) von Wendt (No 213) von Willebrand (No 119) von Winther (No 267) von Wright (No 149) von Wulffert (No. 220) Wuorenheimo (No. 276) Wärnhjelm (No 161) Yrjö-Koskinen (No 264) von Zansen (No. 155) Örn (No 253) Örnhjelm (No 78) Noble families living in Finland not introducted to the Finnish Order Kurki Lohjelm Rosenberg In addition, part of the nobility list of the Order is missing of the Finnish families whose representative has been awarded the title of inherited nobility for military merit by the Grand Duke of Finland during the period of autonomy.


Question: What was the only princely family in Finland?

List of noble families of Finland

These include: Löfving Sources Finnish Calendar of Nobles 2004 and 2007 (enligt Statistisk Handbok för FINLAND, Helsingfors, 1872) References and notes * Finnish nobility


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Berner Oy is a Finnish family company founded in 1883, which operates in several fields, owned by the Berner family.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

The company was founded by Norwegian Sören Berner, who came to Helsinki in the late 19th century to sell fish.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[1] The CEO is now Antti Korpiniemi.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[2] Berner Oy is divided into the following divisions: Agency, Consumer Products, Farmer's Berner, Machinery and Pro.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Berner has its own product development and production facilities in Heinävesi.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

In addition to Finland, Berner also has operations in Sweden and the Baltics.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

At the end of 2016, Berner Group employed 546 employees and the group's turnover was EUR 314.4 million.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[3] Despite the same surname, Minister of Transport and Communications Anne Berner has no links with Berner Oy or its owner family.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[4] Anne Berner's family originated in Switzerland, while Sören Berner, the founder of the Berner company, was Norwegian.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Berner Oy's ownership base Currently, 4th and 5th generation descendants of Sören Berner are involved in the operation of the family company.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[5] Technokemia Berner Oy develops and manufactures cosmetic and personal care products and professional washing and cleaning products in Finland.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Berner Oy is known for products such as Korrek autowax, XZ hair conditioners, LV and Herbina hygiene products and Tummel cream.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Cosmetic kits imported by Berner include Clarins, Gatineau and Sensai.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[6] Other manufacturing and importation Berner is also active in the product areas of hospital and laboratory supplies, veterinary supplies and phytosanitary products.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Berner owns Nokia's Footwear brand.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

The Berner Plant Protection and Horticulture Department represents conditioners for golf courses and other sports lawns.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Brands known to consumers include Cooper, GreenCare and Free.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Berner also imports machinery and chemicals, forklifts, plant protection products and fresh fruit for professional cleaning and property maintenance.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Berner produces Rajamäki vinegar products and imports Kikkoman soy sauce, among other things.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[6] Localities Berner Oy is headquartered in Herttoniemi, Helsinki.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

The company has its own factories in Heinävesi.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

The Heinävesi factory manufactures its own domestic hygiene and cosmetic products, Rajamäki vinegars, washing and cleaning products and home and garden pesticides.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

The factories also have subcontracting manufacturing.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Own brand product development and central purchasing activities of factories are located in Herttoniemi, Helsinki.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

The company's logistics centre is located in Viinikkala, Vantaa [7] [8] From the 1890s, Berner, which originated in Sillintuonni, expanded rapidly into various agency activities, both imports and exports.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Initially, Berner supplied rye flour and barley to beer breweries, and then expanded its grain business to import American wheat.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Upon the death of founder Sören Berner, management of the company initially passed to the widow Bertha Berner, who subsequently married Fritz Achilles, the firm's procurator.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Achilles also became the owner of the shop, and he strengthened Berner's trade relations, particularly with his birthland of Germany.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

From there, marzipan, licorice, raisins and various canned foods were imported to Finland.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Finnish crabs were exported to Germany, among other things.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[9] In the 1920s, Berner's export activities expanded to export paper to Egypt and Greece, among others.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

New import sectors included coffee and sugar.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Coffee was initially bought in Hamburg and Copenhagen, until Berner established its own links with Brazil.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

At one point, Paulig also bought his coffee through Berner.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[9] Berner established an automobile division in 1953 and entered into its first import contract with the US company Chrysler Corporation.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[10] The company was at one point the largest importer of automobiles in Finland.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

The car brands it represented included Chrysler, DeSoto, Honda, Plymouth and Simca, as well as German Magirus-Deutz trucks.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

In the early 1960s, Finland's best-selling car model was the Simca 1000, imported by Berner.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Imports of Japanese Honda began in 1968 with small N360 and N600 models.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

The company abandoned auto imports in 1976 and car representations passed to other players in the industry.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[9] [11] While working as a car retailer, Auto-Berner had car dealerships in Kouvola and Lappeenranta.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Berner Ltd sold the car business to West Auto in October 2012.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[12] In addition to its own product development and imports, Berner has also expanded its product range over the decades by purchasing companies or their brands.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

In the 1980s Berner acquired Facotek KY, which formed the Purity & Hygiene department, importing supplies and machinery for the cleaning industry.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

In 1990, technochemistry operations including Lasol and Masinol automotive chemicals and hospital infection products were purchased from Alko.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

In 1995 Berner acquired the Sareko Agro plant protection business as well as several Finnish brands.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

In 1998, Berner purchased Bergenheim cosmetics imports from Instrumentarium.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

In 2001, the sensitive skin LV product line was purchased from Unilever, as well as Swedish plant protection products wholesaler Gullviks.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

In 2004 Berner acquired ownership of the Herbina product line from Noiro as well as the Nokia Footwear brand.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Rajamäki vinegar was purchased from Altia in 2007, Konstrumed Oy 2009 to strengthen the activities of the Health and Research Department.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[3] Changes of management In 1941, Sören Berner & Co, which had been an open company until then, was transformed into a joint-stock company owned by Fritz Achilles and Sören's firstborn son Rolf Berner (1894—1978).


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

After the wars, Berner was blacklisted by the Allies after trading with Germany.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Fritz Achilles, who was appointed Consul General, was forced to leave the company and divest its shares, and 51-year-old Rolf Berner became the sole owner of the company.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[9] In 1958, trade advisor Rolf B. Berner transferred the operational management of the company to his firstborn son Harry Berner (1920—2010), but remained chairman of the board himself until his death in 1978, when Harry Berner and Erik Berner, the next elder of the brothers, took over to that position. 1922—2011) became CEO of the company.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

In the late 1980s, Harry and Erik focused on government work, and Harry's son George Berner (born 1948), representing the fourth generation, took over as CEO.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

[9] He retired on September 1, 2013 and Antti Korpiniemi, head of the plant protection and horticulture department, was appointed as the new CEO.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Sources on the subject elsewhere H. Brotherus: Berner 100 1883—1983.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Huddersfield in 1983.


Question: Is Oxygenol Berner Oy's own product?

Berner

Category:Finnish companies Category:Finnish industrial enterprises


Question: Where did Sparta get its name from?

Sparta

Sparta (,) or Lakedaimon () was an ancient Greek city and city-state (polis).


Question: Where did Sparta get its name from?

Sparta

It was located along the Eurotas River in the province of Lakonia, or Lakedaimonia (), in the southern part of the Peloponnese peninsula.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[1] [2] [3] [4] Today, the town of Spárd is located on the site of the town.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The old name of the town was derived from its mythical founder Lakedaimon.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The territory under the rule of the Spartan city-state later encompassed not only Lakonia but also Messenia.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The name Lakedaimon has been used to refer to a region consisting of the city of Sparta and towns under its rule; today Sparta can mean both.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[5] There was a major centre near Sparta as early as the Mycenaean Bronze Age between the 14th and 13th centuries BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The city was one of the leading Greek city-states around the period 700—500 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[6] It led the so-called Peloponnesian Federation, which included many other Greek cities.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

During the Peloponnesian War of 431—404 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta's main enemy was Athens, with whom Sparta fought for Greek supremacy.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

After winning the war, Sparta again briefly gained the lead among the Greek city-states.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta lost its dominance in 371 BC, when its military might was definitively overthrown.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Doorite Sparta was the most typical of Greece's supremacy states: a city-state whose form of government was ultimately downright oligarchic.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

However, the Spartan state order, the enactment of which according to tradition is associated with the name of Lykurgos, was the result of a long development.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[7] Sparta was a self-contained urban and military state, famous for its harsh and one-sided military education and army.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Its business life was dominated by farming and animal husbandry.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta did not engage in much commerce, nor did it have a mentionable craft industry or a significant contribution to the development of Greek cultural life.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[7] The name of Sparta often still symbolizes the “Spartan” simple and harsh way of life, as well as heroism and military glory.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[8] History Prehistory and mythology The area of Sparta has been inhabited no later than the Neolithic Stone Age.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Bronze Age, and especially the Mycenaean period, around 1400—1200 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

it developed into a major centre.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] In Greek mythology set in the Mycenaean period, the founder of Sparta was Lakedaimon, who was the son of Zeus.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] His consort was the daughter of the Eurotas river god Najadinymph Sparte.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[10] In myths, the city of Sparta appears as one of the three most significant centres of the Peloponnese, along with Mycene and Pylos.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta was the seat of King Menelaus and this consort, Helena, known for its beauty, where Mycenaea was ruled by Menelaus' elder brother Agamemnon.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Both were key warlords in the Trojan War, which originated when Paris took Helena with him to Troy.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

According to the narratives, the reign of the House of Menelaus lasted two more generations after the Trojan War.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Thereafter, the Doorese conquerors who arrived from the north, presented as descendants of Heracles, conquered the Peloponnese.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] The location of Mycenaean Sparta or the administrative centre of Lakonia at all is not entirely clear.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In the past, it has often been assumed to have been located at Therapne about three kilometres east-southeast of the site of ancient Sparta.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

A complex of buildings known as Menelaion has been found there, including a Mycenaean palace and a settlement.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The palace had been built in the 15th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In antiquity, the site of Menelaion was a shrine dedicated to Menelaus and Helena, as the site was considered the burial site for these.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] [12] On the other hand, Pellana has also been proposed as Mycenaean Sparta some 30 km north of Sparta.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

It has been found there as far back as the Early Helladic Period around 2500 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

originated settlement and graves, and might also be the site of a palace.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] [13] Between 2010 and 2015, a Mycenaean palace was excavated from Ágios Vasíleios about 12 kilometres south-southeast of Sparta.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Research suggests it had been built around the 14th—14th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[14] In the 13th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

most of Sparta's Mycenaean settlements were destroyed like other Mycenaean centres.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

It is generally assumed that (somewhat in accordance with myths) the Doorites, who arrived from the north, conquered the Lakonian plain and Sparta around 950 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

from.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[2] In Spartan myths, Eurysthenes and Prokles appear as leaders of these.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

These serve as the progenitors of Sparta's two king genera, the Agiads and the Eurypontids.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] Only Sparta and Amyklai seem to have remained continuously inhabited throughout the so-called dark centuries of Greece following the cultural breakdown.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] Archaic Period In the course of time, the Spartans took over all of Lakonia and subjugated the native inhabitants of the region, of whom the Spartans made slaves, heloths.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta initially consisted of four villages with names such as Pitana, Limnai, Mesoa and Kynosura.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Roughly 7th-century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

halfway through, the nearby village of Amyklai was also annexed to Sparta.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta seems to have been ruled by some sort of military elite at the time.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[3] [9] [11] 7th-century BCE


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

towards the end Sparta began expansion beyond the Lakonian Plain as well.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Around the year 720 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

it conquered the province of Messenia in the so-called First Messenian War.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The inhabitants of Messenia were also made heloths; the group of helots thereafter consisted mainly of Messenians.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

As Sparta's longtime main opponent in the Peloponnese, Argos was formed, which had held the lead in the region since the end of the Mycenaean period.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 669/668 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

the Spartans suffered defeat to Argos at the Battle of Hysiai.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Messenians rebelled against Spartan rule around the years 648—631 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In the same century, Sparta also significantly reformed its statesmanship and laws, and the problems faced by the state may have been the cause of this.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] The reform of the Spartan statesmanship is attached to the name of Lykurgos, but the timing of this was uncertain even in antiquity.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

He may have lived in the 8th or 7th century BCE, but the statesmanship put in his name would not appear to have arisen until the late 6th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[15] In the 6th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Spartan army also adopted hoplite tactics.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] In the Archaic period, Sparta, like other Greek city-states, participated in establishing settlements.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Its settlements included Taras [11] and Thera, both founded in the 7th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Still in the 7th—5th centuries BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta participated in Greek cultural life, and the city produced ceramics, bronze works and ivory carvings, among others, which were also exported elsewhere.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Some of the artisans of that time appear to have been Spartan citizens.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In addition, artisans and artists from other parts of Greece moved to the city.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

However, everything changed relatively quickly around the year 525 BCE, when trading elsewhere effectively ceased altogether.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[2] The same phenomenon can also be seen in the literature.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Still in the 6th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Tyrtaios, regarded as the city's national poet, lived in Sparta, who was writing patriotic poetry at the time of the Messenian Wars.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In the same century, Alkman, who moved there from elsewhere, lived in Sparta, who is considered to be the founder of the choir.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

With the exception of these two poets of the Archaic period, ancient Sparta has almost left no marks in ancient literature.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta rose among the leading Greek states in the 5th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

It sought to conquer Arkadia and fought here especially with its most prominent city Tegea.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 550 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta suffered a defeat to Tegea, but defeated this around 530 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 546/545 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta also eventually defeated Argos in the so-called Battle of 300, taking Kynuria, among others, which was located between Lakonia and Argol.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Contrary to the Heloths, with the new conquests, the so-called Perioics who lived in the frontier areas annexed to Lakonia remained free, but did not gain Spartan civil rights.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

At its widest extent, Spartan rule had an area of about 8500 square kilometers, making it the largest of the Greek city-states.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] During its hegemony, Sparta also sought to interfere with Boiotia and Samos, among others (525 BCE.)


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

affairs.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] In Athens, the Spartans were aided in 510 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

to overthrow the tyranny of the sons of Peisistratos.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] The Spartans also made military expeditions as far as North Africa and Sicily.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] The significance of Sparta in that period is also informed by the fact that King Croise of Lydia entered into an alliance with it.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

5th century BCE


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

towards the end Sparta was already seeking to expand by alliance rather than warring.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 505 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

it founded the Peloponnese Federation, to which it was until 500 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

By the time received several allied subjects, [2] most notable Corinth, Elis and Tegea.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The union survived all the way to 365 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

up to.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] The allies were other opponents of Argos, allowing Sparta to exploit its position as Argos's main enemy.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] When King Xerxes I of Persia invaded Greece, Sparta was seen as the clear leader of the Greeks in the Persian Wars that followed.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta aided Athens, although late for the Battle of Marathon still in 490 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

During the second invasion of the Persians in 480—479 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Spartan warlords often served as commanders of the entire Hellenic warforce.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] At the Battle of Thermopylai in 480 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The famous army of 300 Spartans as well as these allies fought against the superior Persian army under King Leonida.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In the classical period after the Persian Wars, Sparta's leadership in the Greek world began to wane.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Under Athenian leadership, the Delos Maritime Union was established, which soon became a rival to the Sparta-led alliance.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

As a result, Sparta and Athens positioned themselves as the main opponents of power political, and were also seen ideologically as opposites of each other.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta increasingly turned inward towards the harsh lifestyle for which it has become known, and the city was relatively isolated from the rest of the world.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

One example was not only the disconnect of trade and cultural links, but also the use of iron money unfit elsewhere.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[2] At the same time around 480—460 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta also suffered another rebellion by the helots.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] Tegea rebelled against Spartan rule in 473—471 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 464 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

the earthquake killed a large number of Spartans, in connection with which the Messenians also rose up again in revolt.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

After the Third Messenian War, the Athenians colonized Messenians in Naupaktos.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Athenian and Spartan intervals deteriorated in the middle of the 4th century, and between 460 BCE and 445 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

the cities fought against each other in what is known as the First Peloponnesian War.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The early phase of the war is usually referred to as the War of Arkhidamos, after the Spartan king Arkhidamos.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The war ended with no clear winner.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In the Peloponnesian War proper, which began in 431 BCE, Sparta warred with its allies Corinth and Thebes against Athens.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 404 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta won Athens with the support of its allies and financed by the Persians.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] With the outcome of the Peloponnesian Wars, Sparta gained a lead among the Greek city-states for a short time.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] It tried to conquer the Greek cities of Ionia from Persian rule.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

However, Athens, as well as Thebes and Corinth, who had turned enemies of Sparta, started the Corinthian War against Sparta in 395 BCE, instigated by Persia.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The war ended in 387 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

with no clear winner.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Persian king acted as the guarantor of peace in Antalkida, which ended the war.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta soon drifted into war with Thebes and in 371 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Thebans defeated the Spartans at the Battle of Leuktra, marking the end of Sparta's military might once and for all.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[2] During the Theban hegemony that followed, the Thebans destroyed the Spartan Empire and freed Messenia and Arkadia from Spartan rule under Epameinonda.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 362 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Thebans defeated the Spartans again at the Battle of Mantineia.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Humiliated by these defeats, Sparta took no part in the struggle of Athens and Thebes against Philip II of Macedon and was the only Greek city not to participate in the League of Corinth established by Philip.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta attempted to rebel against Macedonia in 331 BC, but suffered defeat in the ensuing Battle of Megalopolii.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Hellenistic and Roman Period In the Hellenistic period, Sparta regressed and its population decreased considerably.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[4] As a result, its capacity for military action in accordance with its former reputation was also gone.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[11] In the 200th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta tried yet to increase its power and laid against Macedonia, but the city came under siege by the army of Pyrrhus in 272 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

At the same time, Sparta was weakening from within in attempts to reform its society.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[2] Macedonia and the new superpower of the Peloponnese, the Akhaian alliance, defeated Sparta at the Battle of Sellasia in 222 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 195 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

the city lost its perioic territory.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[2] Philopoimen conquered Sparta in 188 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

and forced it into the union of Achaia.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Union of Achaia was defeated by the Roman Empire in 146 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

and annexed the Peloponnese as part of the Roman province of Achaea.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In the Roman period, Sparta revived as a city.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[2] In the 10th and 13th centuries divide.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

some of its classical period practices were aimed at reviving in a spirit of a kind of nostalgia.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Attempts were also made to develop the city as something of a centre for sport and body culture against the centre of philosophy education in Athens.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[16] In 267 share.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta survived the invasion of the Heruls, but was destroyed in an attack by the Visigoths led by Alarik in 395 Jaa.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Subsequently, the town was almost completely abandoned.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[2] Later history In the Byzantine Middle Ages, the settlement of the region moved to the nearby fortified city of Mystras, or Mistra, which was the most significant centre of the entire Peloponnese.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

By the time of the 13th century to the 19th century, former Sparta had shrunk to a small village in the shadow of Mystras.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

After Greece gained independence, King Otto issued an edict in 1834 that the settlement of Mystras had to be moved to the site of Sparta, and the name of the town would become the same as in ancient times.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In Modern Greek form, it is known as Spárti.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In the present day, Spárti is the administrative capital of the Lakonia regional unit and the centre of the economy, culture and farming of its neighbouring region.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Archaeological excavations of ancient Sparta, which have been carried out in and around the city's acropolis among others, began in 1892—1893.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

They were originally conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, or the United States Archaeological School, under the direction of C. Waldstein.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 1906—1910, 1924—1928 and 1949, excavations were continued by the British School at Athens, or the British archaeological school in Athens.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Since 1957 excavations have been carried out by the Greeks, as well as again by the British, among others, between 1992 and 1995.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[17] [18] Excavations have also been carried out elsewhere in the surrounding area, such as the Menelaion area, Amyklai and other sites of Mycenaean and antiquity.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Governance Statesmanship According to Spartan conception, the social order of the city had been imposed by King Lykurgos, timed to the 10th—7th centuries BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[4] In reality, it probably evolved gradually.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[7] The statesmanship reached its established form in the 6th century BCE, [4] but was still put in its entirety in the name of Lykurgos.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The core of the Spartan statesmanship was the so-called Great Rhetra, which Lykurgos was reported to have received from the oracle of Delphi.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

This too dates the statesmanship most likely to the 6th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

for the rest.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[15] In statesmanship, power had been shared between the Spartan kings, the Council, or Gerusian, ephors, and the People's Assembly, or apella.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The purpose must have been to balance power between monarchy, aristocracy oligarchy and democracy, as Aristotle saw it.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[15] Sparta had two kings who served as supreme priests, judges, and warlords.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The model of the two kings reverted to the fact that Sparta had emerged as a merger of several villages.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Kingship was heritable.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

One of the kings always belonged to the lineage of Agiads (Agiadai) and the other to the lineage of Eurypontids (Eurypontidai).


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

One of the kings supplied the casualties of the state, the other in turn served as supreme chief in the war.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[4] Kings also supervised each other.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The power of kings was greatest precisely as warlords.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] Gradually their power was curtailed, but the commander-in-chief was maintained.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Spartan kings have included Lykurgos, kings of the order Prokles and Eurysthenes, and Leonidas.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The focus of power was on the Council of Elders, the Gerusia, as well as the Civil Service of the Five Ephors, which gradually gained ever greater power.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Gerusia was composed of kings as well as 28 overlords chosen for life at least 60 years old, thus 30 men in total.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Gerusia had the high command of the state and always had veto power.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

It also served as the Supreme Court.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The proposals made by the Council were voted on by the People's Assembly at the apella, which included all Spartans aged 30 and over, therefore free men.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The People's Assembly had no right of initiative, but it elected the Gerusian members and ephors, as well as endorsing or rejecting, without debate, the things Gerusian presented to it.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The ephors changed annually and served as the executive body.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[4] Two of the ephores went to war with the king.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] Ephors were added to the system possibly only at a later stage during the time of King Theopompos.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[15] Eventually these gained all the power of inspection in the state.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[7] The most famous of the ephores is the Spartan philosopher Khilon (ca.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

500 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

), considered one of the Seven Sages of Greece.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta was considered a haven of olderness in Greece.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Statesmanship possibly contributed to the fact that the state was slow to make decisions, particularly with regard to its foreign policy.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] Society was also very authoritarian and totalitarian in practice.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The people lived clearly for the state.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In the old days, the state usually meant everything, the individual nothing, and this thinking had developed in Sparta to its peak.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Some have anachronistically suggested that Sparta would even have been the first communist state.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

However, this interpretation is unnecessarily simplified.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Army of Sparta was by far the best trained army in ancient Greece.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Always from the 5th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

3rd-century BCE


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

until the mids, the Spartan army caused fear and respect in its opponents.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta was the only Greek city-state to maintain a standing army.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The army was formed by the free men of the city, or Spartan citizens, who devoted their lives to military training and warring.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Spartan hoplites were equipped with long spears, circular shields marked with lambda letters, as well as helmets on the basis of which the helmets of Roman legionaries were later designed.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Spartan soldiers were also known for their long hair.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The soldiers were not equipped with strong armour like the hoplites of other Greek cities; their outfit was a blood-red chiton, which was considered the most manly in colour and, moreover, the blood stood out badly from it.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[19] The population of the Spartan people consisted of many different groups of people.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Spartan citizens were referred to as homoioi (equals) or spartiatai.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

These formed the Doorite upper class, who had come to the country as conquerors, and were the only full citizens.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

They got their livelihoods from their farms.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Under the Spartan state order, farmlands had been divided among citizens into equal parcels, which were not to be bought or sold.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In farming, all the work was done by state-owned helots (heilōtes), serfs.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

This oppressed group was formed from the original inhabitants of Lakonia and Messenia.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Heloots were also used as crews in the army.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Spartans had to fear all the time of the Heloths rebellion.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

On the other hand, the existence of helots freed citizens to devote themselves to life-long military training.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The third important group were the Perioiks (perioikoi), who were free but lacked Spartan civil rights.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Perioics lived in other Lakonian city-states; also the group's name suggests that they “lived around (Sparta)”.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

They were merchants, craftsmen and farmers, and thus operated in professions that were not considered suitable for free Spartans.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

There were equal numbers of Spartans and perioques in the Spartan army.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Other populations included mothakes, who were children of poor Spartans or children of a Spartan father and heloot mother who had received a Spartan upbringing; the skiritai, a group comparable to the perioikes, whose members lived in northern Lakonia along the Arkadian border; and neodamodeis who were exempt helots who had served in the Spartan army as hoplites.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

They were notably performed during the Peloponnesian War and the Persian War Expedition of Agesilaos.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Below Spartan citizens were other inferior groups such as hypomeiones (inferiors), tresantes (cowards) and nothoi (bastards).


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

One other group were the trophimoi, who were children of foreigners who had received a Spartan education.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[20] [5] There were people who had migrated from elsewhere in Sparta (xenoi), but especially later these were not as welcome as elsewhere in Greece, and these were met with great suspicion.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] The number of Spartan citizens decreased significantly during the historical period.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The proportion of women in the public is difficult to estimate, but they may have been the majority because men were always killed in battle and Spartans tended to kill boy children who did not meet the criteria prescribed by the law.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In the Archaic period, there were 9000 men of Spartan citizens.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 479 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

there were about 8000 of them, 5000 of whom took part in the Battle of Plataia.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

According to Herodotus, every Spartan who took part in the battle had seven helots with him as servants.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

This can be taken as an indication of the relative number of Spartans and helots.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

According to one estimate, Lakonia and Messenia were inhabited in the 4th century BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

55000 people, 18000 of whom were free citizens and members of their families.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Lakonia and Messenia would thus have been the least populated area in the Peloponnese.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[5] In 371 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sparta was able to send about 7000 more troops against Thebes.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

400 of them fell at the Battle of Leuktra.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

According to Aristotle, there were Spartans around the year 330 BCE.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

no more than a thousand.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In 244 BC.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

there were only 700 spartans left.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

One of the causes of Sparta's problems can be considered that strict social order and wars led to a decrease in the number of citizens and at the same time soldiers.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

As a result, soldiers came to be hired from other social classes, which nevertheless led to loyalty and other problems when there was no other social mobility in society to provide these soldiers.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

[9] Spartan citizens were divided into different age groups as follows: paides — paidiscoes aged 7—17 — Hebontes aged 18—19 — Gerontes aged 20—29 — Culture over 60 years of age Culture Spartan upbringing All male Spartans went through rigorous educational and an exercise program that became known as agoge.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Training included activities such as military skills, hunting, hiding, and dancing.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Spartan boy was only allowed to be in his home until the age of seven, but even before that he was raised in a peculiar way.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Babies weren't swaddled to allow body members to develop better.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

They were accustomed to the dark and loneliness.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

At the dinner table, neither whimsy nor tricks were allowed.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Boys were taught to speak briefly and nasevously.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

This kind of thing is called even more laconic speech.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

At the age of seven, boys were taken into state custody to attend boarding schools.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

They were divided into groups based on age.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The main thing was to learn to obey, endure and win.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The boys had their hair shaved and had any footwear confiscated.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

They walked in thin clothes and barefoot all year round.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

From the age of twelve, boys began to be given capes.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

On holidays, they were allowed to bathe.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The whip streaked at the minimum infringement.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Meals were intentionally scarce so that the boys would steal their food and learn cunning.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

If they were caught, they were flogged, not because they had stolen, but because they had been inept and caught.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Various manhood trials were held for the boys.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

A flogging ceremony was held at the shrine of Artemis Orthia, where, for example, cheese was to be stolen from the altar, watched by other young men with whips and staves as weapons.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Sometimes the experiment turned into an endurance test where aspirants might be flogged half to death.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

A remarkable experiment in manhood was crypteia (“slumming”), in which boys first had to hide for a certain period of time on their own in the countryside and then go hunting for the least suspicious-looking helots.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

At least one helot was to be killed.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In this way, efforts were made not only to provide military training, but also to nip heloot rebellions in the bud.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

The Gymnopaidiai was a celebration where naked youths performed war dances.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

In addition to body exercises, the boys were taught only to read, write and sing choral songs.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Choral singing promoted punctuality in the military corps.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Given the upbringing focused on physical exercises, it's no wonder the Spartans excelled at the Olympian Games.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Boarding schools, boys left at 18.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

They stayed until they were 20 with the heloths.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

After this, barracks life in military camps began.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

It lasted from the age of 20 until he was 30, after which the man was allowed to move in with his family.


Question: Where did Sparta get its name?

Sparta

Until the age of 60, the man belonged to the military corps.