Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

[20] Administration and Territorial Division The Sydney Urban Area is divided into over 650 postcode areas (“suburbs”) and governed as 40 local government areas (LGA).


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

A single local government area might include up to 44 postcode areas.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

[21] [22] In the same way as London is the City of London, also in Sydney the City of Sydney (“City of Sydney”) covers only the most central parts of the big city.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

It has an area of 26 square kilometers.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

[23] Attractions Sydney Opera House and the grandiose Harbour Bridge are located on the edge of the city centre.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Just off them is the Borough of Rocks, Sydney's Old Town.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

In the middle of the city is the atmospheric Hyde Park, on the edge of which is the National Museum of Australia.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

You can explore the history of Australia at the museum.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Darling Harbour is a harbour area with plenty of restaurants and souvenir shops on its edge.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

In the harbour is located the large Sydney Aquarium, where you can explore e.g.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

sharks, aquatic pigtails and fish living on coral reefs.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Bondi Beach is the most famous of the city's beaches.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

It is a bus ride from central Sydney.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Swimmers should watch out for strong waves and currents — the beach is best suited for surfers.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

There are also a few smaller sunbeaches next to Bondi Beach, such as Tamarama Beach.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

In North Sydney lies Manly Beach.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Lifeguards at Bondi Beach have also been made into their own program, Bondi Rescue.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

In Koala Park, Australia's own animal species are exhibited, including koala, kangaroo, vompatti, Australian penguin, kookaburra, meaning big plough, dingo and casuar.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

The zoo is located within a moderate train or bus ride from Sydney.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Culture Sydney hosts a number of festivals each year, the largest being the Sydney Festive Weeks in January.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

[24] Two major daily newspapers appear in the city, The Sydney Morning Herald and The Daily Telegraph.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

[25] Both national broadcasters (ABC and SBS) have their headquarters in Sydney, [26] [27] There are also three commercial television channels operating in the city.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Sports Rugby is one of Sydney's most popular sports.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

City will be home to nine of the 16 teams in Australia's main series.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Of the football teams, the Sydney Swans play in the country's main league and Sydney FC in the A series.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Sydney hosted the Summer Olympics in 2000.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Many sports venues such as Stadium Australia were built to accommodate 110,000 spectators.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

[1] At the 2015 Cricket World Cup (Cricket World Cup), the semifinals were played in Sydney.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

[28] Basketball national series are played by the men's Sydney Kings and the women's Sydney Uni Flames.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

A netball team (Swifts), an ABL level baseball team (Sydney Blue Sox), a ground hockey team (Waratahs) and two ice hockey teams (Penrith Bears and Sydney Ice Dogs) also operate in the city.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Twin cities Sydney has six twinning cities Nagoya, Japan Wellington, New Zealand Portsmouth, England Canton, China Florence, Italy San Francisco, United States Sources On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was Sydney founded?

Sydney

Information and news about Sydney and Australia The online magazine of the Finnish community in Australia Google Maps Terra Gallery Information, photos and video pockets * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The Siege of Leningrad () was a military operation conducted during World War II in which the Battle of Leningrad (now known as the


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Saint Petersburg) land links with the rest of the Soviet Union were severed.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The siege began on 8 September 1941, when the German Northern Army Group reached the shore of Ladoga east of Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The Germans' cordon was broken on 18 January 1943, when the Red Army pounded German troops from the shore of Ladoga and opened a permanent land connection to the city.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

According to the second method of calculation, the siege did not end until 27 January 1944 when the German forces were driven 60 to 100 km from the city to the Laukaanriver.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

During the siege, at least 641,000 people died in the city, according to some estimates up to more than 800,000.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

About half a million victims of the siege are buried in the Piskarjov cemetery just outside Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Those who survived the siege have been referred to as blokadnik (блокадник).


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

[1] Leningrad was the first city to be awarded the title of Hero City of the Soviet Union in 1945.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

[2] German advance 1941 In Operation Barbarossa, which began in June 1941, the Germans advanced swiftly across the Baltic states occupied by the Soviet Red Army and western Russia as far as Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In July 1941, the German Northern Army Group crossed the Velijaja River some 230 kilometres south of Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The river belonged to the Pskov Fortress District, which was part of the Soviet defensive position, namely the Stalin Line.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The German Army and the Waffen-SS captured Lyyssinä at the neck of the Neva River east of Leningrad on 8 September 1941.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

This severed the city's land connections with the rest of the Soviet Union.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Finnish advance 1941 At the beginning of the Continuation War, the Finnish army invaded the Soviet Union in July 1941.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Finland recaptured the territories it lost in the Winter War on the Karelian Isthmus and crossed the pre-Winter War border when straightening the front line between Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Thus, Finland occupied the bulges of Kirksalo and Valkeasaari.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Finland stopped at Stalin's line in Leningrad's northern defensive zone, the Karelian fortress zone, in early September as the fighting subsided mostly into a war of positions.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

After the Soviet Union transferred reinforcements from the Finnish block against the Germans, the advance of the German Northern Army Group also practically stopped.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

North of Lake Ladoga, the Finns occupied most of Soviet East Karelia, and captured a bridgehead about 10 kilometres deep from the Syväri River to the east of the Syväri Power Plant.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The Germans, despite their attempts, were unable to get there from the south.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

This left about 100 kilometres of the eastern bank of Ladoga in the possession of the Red Army, which was of great importance to Leningrad as the Germans decided to abandon the attempt to take the city and embark on a siege.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

By early November, Leningrad was almost completely blockaded and rail and other supply links to the city had been cut apart from the Road of Life which ran on Ladoga.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The entire population of Leningrad was organized to fortify the city and support the 200,000 troops who defended it.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Stalling the offensive into a siege in November—December 1941, the takeover of the capital Moscow was assigned as the main objective of German warfare.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

With this change, in the winter of 1941, the Germans abandoned the attempt to conquer Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The Moscow takeover failed.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In 1942, Germany's main objectives were south of Moscow.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The goal was to advance to the Caucasus due to the protracted war economy, raw materials and oil.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The imperfect ring of siege in Leningrad caused great hardship and a humanitarian catastrophe for the Russians.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Effects of the siege, the Nazi regime in Germany had no intention of taking care of the living conditions of the inhabitants of Leningrad, had it conquered the city.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Also planned was the complete destruction of the city of Leningrad and the industry in the surrounding area.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Even before the start of the siege, there were very few foodstuffs in Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In early September 1941, food was as follows: [3] flour for 14 days grain for 23 days meat for 19 days fat and sugar for 21 days During the siege food and fuel were rationed.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

During the winter of 1941—1942, the town had no running water, heating and no public transport, and electricity was only received intermittently.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

At the lowest rate of food prescribed per person was 125 grams of bread per day.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated from the city along the Way of


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

During the summer, people were transported on rafts and in winter trucks travelled along the plowed ice road under constant enemy fire.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

[2] The city's factories and power plants were kept running.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The city's two million residents barely survived beyond the first winter of blockade.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The following year, the food situation was facilitated by food cultivated in the town.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Soviet counterattacks Soviet attacks to break the siege ring in the spring of 1942 relieved pressure on Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

However, the offensive ended in defeat and the entire Second Strike Army, commanded by Andrei Vlasov, was lost in April.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In the summer, Adolf Hitler ordered Marshal Erich von Manstein, who had just taken Sevastopol, to take Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In late August, just a couple of weeks before the Germans attacked, the Olhava Front began another attempt to break the siege.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

This attempt, too, failed, and the 2nd Strike Army was destroyed.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Fighting the attack consumed German troops, and as the situation along the direction of Stalingrad worsened, the OKH suspended the attack.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

By this time, all additional civilians had already been evacuated from the city.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In January 1943, the Leningrad Front in the west and the Olhava Front in the east began a massive offensive to liberate the city.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In Operation Spark, troops from the Leningrad and Olhava Front attacked the Germans as General Georgi Žukov coordinated the fronts.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In about a week, a ten-kilometer strip was captured on the shore of Ladoga.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The Leningrad and Olhava fronts faced off on January 18, 1943, opening a land connection with the besieged city and the siege basically ended.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

However, the attacks did not achieve further objectives.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

After April, the front remained in place until the end of the year.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

It was not until the Winter Offensive initiated by the Red Army in mid-January 1944 that the Germans were expelled from their fortified Leningrad—Moscow highway, effectively ending the 872-day-long siege of Leningrad on 27 January.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Finland's contribution to the siege of Leningrad Traditionally, both Finnish and foreign historiography has held that Finland did not actively participate in the siege of Leningrad, even though Finnish troops formed the northern part of the siege ring between Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

[4] In 2016, Pekka Visuri, an adjunct professor at the National Defence School, called this notion a national myth.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

[5] Russian historian Nikolai Baryshnikov also represents an opposing point of view, but he has also dealt with the Winter War as a Soviet defensive war to prevent a Finnish invasion.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

[4] The rationale for seeing the siege as a purely German operation is given as follows: the Finnish forces stopped in the Leningrad defensive zone despite repeated requests and demands from the Germans, likely at least because of the losses tenacious Because of the resistance it would have become intolerable Finnish aircraft did not bomb the city as the Germans were not allowed to bring their own ground forces to the Finnish anti-Leningrad front, so the Red Army could concentrate its forces south of the city against the Germans.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

On the other hand, Finland crossed the old border before the Winter War on the Karelian Isthmus, correcting the bends of Kirsalo and Mainila.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In the autumn of 1942, the Finnish-German-Italian Naval Detachment K attempted to capture Operation Suhosaari in the south of Lake Ladoga in Brazil, thus cutting off the Way of Life.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

In addition, Naval Detachment K twice mined the Leningrad convoy route and sank warships as well as one supply barge during its operations.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

[6] Map of the siege of Leningrad Oblast.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

There were five Soviet armies in the siege area, with a strength of about 200,000 troops.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adamovich, Ales & Granin, Daniil (compiled) | title = Siege of Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Fates in the besieged city| location = Helsinki Jyväskylä | publisher = Minerva| year = 2008| version = (Blokadnaâ kniga.)


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Päivi Paju| id = ISBN 978-952-492-173-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Glantz, David M.| title = 900 Days of Horror.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Siege of Leningrad 1941—1944| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2007| version=( The Siege of Leningrad 1941—1944:900 Days of Terror, 2001.)


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Translated by Jouni Estuar| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7052-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reid, Anna| title = Leningrad.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Tragedy of besieged city 1941—1944| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2013| version = (Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941—1944, 2011.)


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

Translated by Arto Hälä| id = ISBN 978-951-0-38537-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rintala, Sponge| title = Leningrad Fate Symphony.


Question: When did the Siege of Leningrad begin?

Siege of Leningrad

The story of a city and its inhabitants besieged by Germans and Finns| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1968}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seppälä, Helge| title = Leningrad Blockade 1941—1944: Victory of tragedy | location = Helsinki Saint Petersburg | publisher = Johan Beckman Institute| year = 2003| id = ISBN 952-5412-18-0}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

China's history goes back thousands of years and has fundamentally influenced the development of the culture of humanity as a whole.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[1] Chinese culture is mostly self-born and the Chinese give great importance to the history of their country.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[2] An unequivocal answer to what is China's beginning is difficult to give.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

Significantly earlier than the Chinese state is the Chinese cultural circle.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

Its early days can be traced back thousands of years, when a unified dynastic empire began to form from the tribal states.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

Before the beginning of the Imperial period, the history of Chinese culture is largely the history of these several tribes.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

The concept of a unified China arose after the Qin dynasty unified roughly the entire present territory of China under its rule in the 200th century BCE.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[3] Earth's history is often divided into different time periods.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

In terms of socio-economic formations, China's history can be divided into three main periods, for example.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

Early period until the formation of a unified empire 221 BCE.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

until, the early emperor period until the end of the Tang Dynasty, and the later emperor period from the Song Dynasty onwards.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

The latest period includes the remainder of the emperor's rule and the times of the Republic and the People's Republic.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[2] There are several modes of division, but it is often clearest to divide a country's history chronologically by dynasty eras, as well as those of the New Age Republic of China and the still-continuous People's Republic of China.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[3] Early Period Prehistory Early humans inhabited some evidence suggests that during the Pleistocene period older than the area of present-day China, about two million years ago, but evidence for this is incomplete.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[4] Certain information has been obtained from the Middle Pleistocene period, approximately half a million years ago.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

From this period, a fossil of a Peking human belonging to the Homo erectus group has been found in a cave near Beijing.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

Peking man knew how to use fire and was capable of making simple stone tools.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[4] [5] [6] Modern humans spread to China no later than the younger Pleistocene period, about 80,000 years ago, but modern humans may have lived in the region even before this.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[4] The Neolithic period began in China probably around 9000 years ago, when humans were no longer merely hunter-gatherers.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

Humans began to cultivate plants and domesticate animals gradually over a long period of time.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

Farming and cattle husbandry, according to the conception of the moment, have developed independently on the territory of China, regardless of the development of West Asia.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

Already in the Neolithic period, a Chinese cultural entity began to develop.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[7] At least three distinct cultural regions were affected in the Neolithic period, with centers located in northern China in the middle stages of the Yellow River and the Wei River Valley, the lower reaches of the Yangtze Valley and its surrounding coasts, and the coast of southeast China.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[7] The most notable cultures of the Neolithic period were the Longshan culture located along the Yangtze and the northern Yangshao culture.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[7] [5] [6] The earliest evidence of rice cultivation is from the northern part of the country, the region of the Longshan culture on the coast of East China.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

People kept pigs and dogs as their domestic animals, and water buffalo was also likely domesticated.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[7] In the area of the Yangshao culture, which was located in the central part of northern China, notable crops were cob millet and grain millet, which were well suited to the climate of the region before the time of artificial irrigation.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[7] During the Yangshao culture, crop farming was also practiced.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

Silk butterfly larvae and hemp were also grown.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

A notable archaeological site of the Yangshao culture is the Stone Age village of Banpo near the present city of Xi'an.


Question: When did the Song Dynasty make a difference?

History of China

[5] To the beginning of the Bronze Age, around the year 2000 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

upon entering the social structure, class differences had appeared.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The settlements were enlarged and the villages were surrounded by walls.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In addition to stone, bone, and clay pots, metal manufacturing was already known.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

There are literary sources from that era onwards, but many of them are clearly fable.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[8] Mythological characters include divine ruler Yellow Emperor and farming developer Shen Nong.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[8] [6] First Dynasties According to lore, the first dynasty of China was around 2100 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

started Xia Dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

However, no verifiable written sources have been found for its time.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[9] No written documents from Xia or the subsequent Shang dynasty have survived.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The earliest texts about these dynasties were not written until the first century BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

in the beginning, that is, many hundreds of years after the Xia and Shang periods.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[8] In the absence of evidence, there was long doubt as to whether dynasties had even existed in reality.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[10] In traditional Chinese histories, the existence of the Xia dynasty has never been suspected, but one of the possible capitals of the Xia period was discovered in the 1950s during archaeological excavations in Henan Province, a Bronze Age residential area of Erlitou.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[11] Subsequent findings have revealed remnants of the Xia civilization in places mentioned in ancient Chinese texts.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[12] Remains of the Shang dynasty that followed the Xia dynasty were found in Henan Province, near Anyang city in 1899, when fragments of bone were revealed beneath layers of soil taken by the flood when the Yuan River flooded.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[10] [13] The characters were interpreted in the 1920s as writings from the time of the Shang Dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In later excavations, more bones with plotwriting have been found.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[10] [13] Radiocarbon dating has allowed to date the earliest inscriptions to around 1500 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[14] According to tradition, the first king of the Shang dynasty overthrew the Xia dynasty around 1750 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Based on sketch inscriptions and other archaeological discoveries, some understanding of China during the Shang Dynasty has been reached.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The rulers of the dynasty had a region covering roughly the Yellow River plain and the eastern Wei River plain.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The territory ruled by the dynasty is likely to have fluctuated over time, but its sphere of influence has certainly extended further.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[10] A notable feature of the Shang period has been the development of bronze casting skills.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[10] [13] [15] Kings of the Shang period were god-kings with connections to higher powers.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[10] [16] [17] Drawing marks on bone inscriptions from the Shang Dynasty era are the first Chinese writing characters.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[18] Zhou Dynasty Western Zhou Shang Dynasty dominance rose to be threatened by the Zhou tribe located in the western borderlands of the kingdom.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[19] The central seat of Zhou power was located in the valley of the Wei River, in the area of present-day Shaanxi, near Xi'an.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[20] [19] [21] The Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties partially overlapped, but their centers of power were located in different parts of the Yellow River valley.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

They were theocratic Bronze Age states where the king gained his power from his religious significance.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[9] In the early days of the rule of the Zhou dynasty, a feudal system began to develop in which lands were fiefed between members of one's own clan and allied clans.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The area under their own direct control of the Zhou princes encompassed parts of the territories of present-day Shaanxi and Henan.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[19] [22] Thus, the Zhou king's power effectively consisted of a capital under his direct control, as well as several vassal states paying tax to the Zhou king.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The power of the Zhou king was based on the fact that he was in a divine position recognized by the fiefdoms as supreme lord.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[19] [22] The purpose of the system was to strengthen the power of the Zhou ruler, but later kings were no longer able to distribute new fiefdoms to their vassals, resulting in vassals beginning to identify with their own territory and no longer loyal to the Zhou regime.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[18] A number of independent small states emerged from the fiefdoms over time, fighting for power among themselves.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[23] [24] The vassals of the Zhou dynasty became increasingly dissatisfied and the king found it increasingly difficult to maintain his power.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The kingdom was also threatened by bow-equipped horse nomads roaming the steppes of Central Asia, who formed a fast-movement fighting force and caused considerable unrest in Central Asia in the 8th century BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[24] During the reign of King Youu in 781—771 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

the king's prestige was already so weak that no vassals came to their aid when barbarian tribes attacked Zhou's power center from the west and massacred King Youu.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[24] [22] Eastern Zhou King You's successor King Ping moved the nation's capital to the eastern center of power, near present-day Luoyang.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[22] [25] The latter period of the Zhou Dynasty period is therefore referred to as Eastern Zhou.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[26] [25] During the Eastern Zhou dynasty, the Zhou king no longer had much power, but the dynasty survived for another five hundred years.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[26] [25] The religious position of the Zhou king was so strong that their symbolic status remained.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[19] A characteristic feature of the Eastern Zhou era was the infighting of fiefdom rulers fighting with each other.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[25] The Eastern Zhou era is normally divided into two parts, the first of which is called the Spring-Autumn period (770—464 BCE.)


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

and for the period of states fighting the latter (463—222 BCE).


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[26] [21] [27] At the beginning of the Eastern Zhou era, the present territory of China had been divided into about 100 states of varying sizes, which only nominally recognized the overdomination of the Zhou dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[25] [27] Among the fiefdom states of the Zhou dynasty, there were about a dozen larger states that competed with each other and gradually merged the smaller states into themselves.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[26] The most powerful of these were Qi, located in the Shandong region to the east, and Jin and Qin, inland, as well as Chu in the Yangtze Valley and Yan to the north.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[25] [26] The entire Eastern Zhou era was very troubled as the states waged war with each other.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

However, for long periods of time there was no major change in power relations as the states entered into different alliances among themselves.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[28] [29] Change did not occur until 453 BCE, when the Jin state disintegrated and the three new kingdoms of Zhao, Wei and Han emerged.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[27] In the closing stages of the Struggling State period, the Seven Kingdoms of Qin, Qi, Yan, Chu, Zhao, Wei, and Han, sought to elevate themselves to the dominions of China.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[27] As the era progressed, even the formal veneration of the Zhou kings had already disappeared.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[30] The era of the fighting states was characterized by ruthless infighting, but the era saw great developments in agricultural productivity and ironmaking skills.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Part of the reason for the development was the arms race between states as increasingly powerful weapons were being made from iron and steel.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Agricultural production increased as irrigation systems were developed and canals were dug, as well as the construction of large dams to move river beds.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

States also shielded themselves against each other by heavy defensive walls.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[30] [27] Despite constant wars, the era was the birth time of Chinese culture and has also been called the Hundred Schools Period.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The classical literature and literary language of China and the endemic major doctrinal directions of Confucianism and Taoism originated.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[31] Notable philosophers included Confucius and Laozi, a developer of Taoism.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[32] [33] [34] Early Emperor Qin Dynasty Relative to other Chinese states, the Qin State benefited from its western position, as it was not surrounded by other Chinese states, allowing it to expand westward at the expense of barbarian tribes.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The most significant factor in the strengthening of the Qin state was the country's more efficient system of government based on a legalistic ideology, a major developer of which was Shang Yang, an adviser to Xiao, ruler of Qin state.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The administration of the Qin state was based on draconian laws and increasing agricultural productivity.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Agricultural development was also aided by sparsely populated land and fertile soil.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Labor was also lured from other Chinese states by promising farmers land, tax exemption and exemption from war service.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

However, the standard of living of the peasants was not allowed to rise higher than what it took to stay alive.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[35] [29] Shang Yang's reforms were intended to break the power of the country's superiors and create opportunities for the continuation of the policy of conquest.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[35] [29] When Xiao died in 338 BC.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Shang Yang was executed by his successor, but future rulers continued to rule according to the model of government created by Shang Yang.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[35] Qin expanded westward at the expense of the barbarian states in 316 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

and a decade.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

at the end of the Qin state defeated the Chu State army, after which it was by far the most powerful Chinese state.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[29] [35] The Qin state gained ultimate supremacy over the other Chinese states of the Struggling States era following King Zheng's ascension to the country's throne.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

During his time, conquests were resumed and over the years 230-221 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

during the course of the rest of the states subservient to Qin rule.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

King Zheng changed his name to Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

For the first time, most of present-day China had been united under a single ruler.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[36] [27] [37] The Qin dynasty faced challenges from unification, as different parts of the country were not unified.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

There were linguistic differences in the regions and the embroidery marks were different.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Administrative modes, units of measurement and monetary units also varied.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The departments had to be unified and linguistic differences eliminated to facilitate tax collection and administration.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[38] The road network of a country of enormous magnitude also needed to be improved in order to hold the kingdom together and make the movement of military forces more effortless.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The Qin dynasty began a major road construction project from the northern Liaodong Gulf to southern China.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The road network connected various parts of the country to the capital Xianyang.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[37] [39] Administratively, the country was divided into provinces, with a military governor and a landlord in charge of civil affairs appointed at the head.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

A third official was appointed to oversee their administrative activities.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

This system of government created by the Qin dynasty survived as the model of governance of Imperial China for over 2000 years.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[39] [40] The name of the Qin dynasty also derives from the Western language word Chinese.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[40] The regime of the Qin dynasty was based on legalistic doctrines and the voices of Confucian scholars were silenced and many who opposed the ideology of legalism were executed.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In 213 BC.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Emperor Shi Huangdi burned all books of the kingdom, except for the imperial collection and those that dealt with practical doctrines such as agriculture.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[41] [42] By burning the books, civilization could be confined to only a small number of scholars in government, so that legalistic doctrines would not be challenged by the ordinary people.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[43] [44] The external threat to the Qin dynasty was formed by the nomadic peoples of the north, the most powerful of which were the Xiongnus.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[45] [40] The Great Wall of China began to be built on the northern borders of the kingdom, the first parts of which had been built by the northernmost Chinese states in the era of already fighting states.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The walls were combined during the Qin dynasty into a single entity, extending from Gansu, the northwestern corner of the country east, all the way to the seashore.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[39] The huge battering project required the labour input of hundreds of thousands of people and it consumed a huge amount of resources and put a strain on the country's economy.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[37] [39] [43] The dynasty founded by Qin Shi Huangdi did not last much longer after him after the Emperor died in 210 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

A terracotta army comprising thousands of statues was placed to guard his mausoleum.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[43] [39] Shortly after the emperor's death, the Qin dynasty was mired in internal power struggles.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The peasant population also began to revolt and the former feudal superiority began to claim back their powers.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The revolts spread kingdom-wide and in 206 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Liu Bang of low descent took over the last Qin emperor and declared himself the first emperor of the Han dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[43] [39] Han Dynasty Western Han Dynasty founder Liu Bang of the Han dynasty assumed his ruler name Gao Zu and he moved the capital of the kingdom to Chang'an.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[46] [47] The Han dynasty had to reform the legalistic model of governance inherited from the Qin dynasty as its first work.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The ideology of legalism remained, but their power was restored to the feudal supremacy.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

This soon led to the emergence of smaller Han dynasty internal fiefdom states that competed with each other and also sought independence.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[48] [49] The Han dynasty, in its early days, had to fight feudal princes for half a century before successfully overthrowing the princes in 154 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[46] [49] During the Han period, Confucianism became established as a state ideology and many Confucian scholars gained prominent positions as officials.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[49] [50] The ban on book-keeping imposed in the Qin period was lifted by the Han dynasty and many historical works emerged during the Han period.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[51] The development of literature was also influenced by the invention of new material, paper.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[52] Han culture also left its mark on the name of China's current main population, the Han Chinese.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[40] The Xiongnus who threatened from the direction of the North posed a threat to the Han dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The Xiongnut also posed a threat to other nomadic peoples and was sent by Emperor Wu, considered the most prominent of the Han dynasty, during his reign in 140-87 BCE.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Expeditions to Central Asia in search of allies in the wars against the Xiongnu.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

As a more far-reaching consequence, Chinese expeditions succeeded in spreading the influence of the Han dynasty deeper into Central Asia.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[53] [54] Due to the relations established by Chinese expeditions in Central Asia, a trade route known as the Silk Road began to form in the Han period between China and the Roman Empire.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[49] In the Han period silk began to be exported from the country to the west and the trade route threatened by the Xiongnu had to be secured, allowing the Great Wall of China further and deeper to the west.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[40] [53] Direct contact with Rome did not arise in the Han period; the Silk Road consisted of successive commercial routes.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Along the way, the Parthians cut off the route to keep the trade monopoly for themselves.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[54] [44] Taxes collected from the people rather than commerce were the most significant source of income for the state.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In 2, the Han dynasty conducted a census, according to which the kingdom had 57 million inhabitants.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The most significant taxes collected from the people were the land tax and the life coinage.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[55] [44] Following the death of the longtime Emperor Wu in 87 BC.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The court of the Han dynasty was mired in internal strife and court intrigues and the time of several weak emperors.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The Wang clan emerged most powerful, whose member Wang Mang served as regent of the minor emperor and overthrew him from power in 9 share.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the new Xin dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[56] [57] [58] [46] Xin Dynasty After coming to power, Wang Mang sought to restore the economy of the country, which had been brought to a chaotic state by major construction projects and wars.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Tax collection was intensified, gold reserves were confiscated, and many sectors of production were monopolized under state control.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Wang Mang set about pruning the rights of the high lordship, depriving the fiefdom princes of their positions and the lands were redistributed to poor peasants.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[56] [59] [58] Wang Mang's actions raised widespread opposition among the upper class.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

discontent was further compounded by natural disasters during the Xin Dynasty, when floods afflicting the kingdom caused famines and massive migrations.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The situation led to unrest which was further fanned by members of the deposed Han dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

At the end of the unrest, Wang Mang was slain and Liu Xiu, who led the rebellion, declared himself emperor in 25, restoring the Han dynasty to power.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[59] [60] [57] Eastern Han Dynasty After the Han Dynasty returned to power, the capital of the country was moved from Chang'an to Luoyang, which is why the second half of the dynasty is called the Eastern Han Dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[56] [59] In the Eastern Han period, the dynasty's power declined relative to the Western Han period.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The dynasty returned to power with the support of the feudal superiority and they exerted great influence over the Han regime.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The Eastern Han ended general conscription, as a large infantry army was expensive to maintain and was useless in wars against the fast-moving Xiongnu.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Abandoning conscription only strengthened feudalization.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[56] During the Eastern Han dynasty, the threat of the Xiongnu to the Chinese was eliminated, facilitated by the internal dispersion of the Xiongnu.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

However, it was replaced by the threat posed by other nomadic tribes, especially the Qiang tribe, along the northern borders of the country.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

As the wars dragged on, the feudal superiority began forming their own wage armies to protect their possessions.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[56] The feudal superiority began to form their own administrative units and they began to function with disregard for the central administration of the dynasty and the kingdom began to disperse.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[56] [40] [61] The ineffective central government was further weakened by intrigues within the court.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The dynasty did not have a strong emperor, as between the years 88-220 all of the last nine emperors of the dynasty rose to power as early as minors.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In the absence of a strong emperor, dowager empresses and court puppets raced from power.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[59] After the confusion, the eunuch general Cao Cao emerged as a strong military leader, who gained control of the northern parts of the kingdom and proclaimed himself protector of the child emperor.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[56] [62] He also attempted to seize the southern parts of the country under his rule, but failed in his attempt after two other military leaders allied against him.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The period of the Han dynasty was finally over when the last emperor of the dynasty abdicated the crown in favor of Cao Cao's heir Cao Pei.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

This declared the new Wei dynasty established and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Wei state in 221.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Soon the other two warlords were doing the same.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

To the northwest, Shu Han State emerged and to the southeast Wu State.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[56] [62] [59] Age of Divide Three Kingdoms The most characteristic feature of the era was the division between north and south.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The North was ruled by non-Chinese dynasties whose reigns often fell short.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In the south, power was held by Han Chinese.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[63] After the collapse of the Han dynasty, Chinese territory was divided into three independently operating political centers.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

To the north would lie Wei, to the southwest Shu Han and to the northwest Wu.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[64] [65] The period of these three kingdoms fell short and filled with bloody clashes and political conspiracies.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[65] After the fall of the Han dynasty, the imperial institutions and political, economic and cultural unity it left as a legacy declined.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] The most powerful of the three kingdoms was the Wei state, which even it did not actually hold real political power.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

With the collapse of the central government of the Han dynasty, large landowners and aristocratic clans survived decades of unrest under the cover of their own private armies.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[65] The great landowners only grew stronger as the peasant population was hit hardest by incessantly ongoing wars, leaving them forced to offer their services to the great landowners.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[64] The most powerful of the Three Kingdoms, Wei defeated Shu Han under his rule in 263.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Shortly after this, the Cao lineage that ruled the Wei state also fell.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The ruler family was not overthrown by external enemies, but power at the court of the country had been increased by the influential Sima lineage, whose member Sima Zhao seized power into his own hands.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

He proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Jin dynasty in 265.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[65] [67] [66] Western Jin Dynasty The early days of the history of the Jin dynasty founded by Sima Zhao have been called the Western Jin Dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Luoyang served as its capital.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[67] [63] The Sima clan temporarily managed to unify the country again by conquering the Wu Kingdom in 280.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] [67] King Sima Yan briefly managed to establish a relatively stable administration, and contacts were established with the Southeast Asian states of Funan and Chenla, as well as the kingdoms of Central Asia.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

However, the period of unity fell short.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[68] [67] Following the death of King Sima Yan in 289, the princes of the Sima clan began a ruthless power struggle among themselves.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Large numbers of members of barbarian tribes living in the north were recruited into the country's army, among whom influential military leaders rose.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Infighting and the absence of a functioning central government paralyzed the Jin Empire, something the barbarian tribes of the north took advantage of and invaded the country.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] [67] Barbarian tribes conquered the northern and western regions of the kingdom and the capital Chang'an, and the remnants of the Jin dynasty went into exile south across the Yangtze River.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Around a million subjects and many notable genera moved along with them.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The Jin dynasty established its new capital at Jiankang, at which point the dynasty began to be known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[63] [69] Many leading warlords of the barbarian peoples established their own kingdoms on the ripples of territories ruled by the Western Jin dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] The Sixteen Kingdoms The most characteristic feature of the post-Han dynasty period is that the northern parts of China were left in the possession of non-Chinese peoples and the south held power by the Han Chinese.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] [63] The era between 304 and 439 is referred to as the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, when the country disintegrated into several short-lived kingdoms.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[70] [66] Often they were led by a military leader and the states were devoid of genuine social order.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] The conquistador peoples had no literary language, which is why their rule was dependent from the beginning on the writing skills of the Chinese elite.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Barbarian peoples also lacked the farming technical skills and irrigation equipment that the Chinese had.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The conquistador peoples were entirely dependent on the achievements of the higher culture of the defeated people, and Chinese culture did not disappear, but was embraced by the conquistadors.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[71] After the Eastern Jin dynasty fled south, the north was ruled by the Xiongnus, but their rule was threatened by the Xianbi people, who had split into Eastern and Western branches.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

For decades, the Xiangnut suffered internal disintegration and power struggles, which eventually led to the destruction of the kingdom.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Eastern members of the Xianbi people, or Murong tribe, invaded the region from the east and Tibetan tanguts from the west.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The Tanguts were then able to expand their territory significantly and by 381 its control included almost all of northern China.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Nor was the Tanguti Empire long-lived; however, in its attempt to further expand its kingdom towards the south, it experienced a crushing defeat after which it was no longer able to quash the internal rebellions of the fragmented tribes of its kingdom.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[72] The region broke up again into numerous short-lived states and after this period of turmoil became the Tuoba people, who founded the Northern Wei dynasty in 386.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[72] [66] Northern and Southern dynasties Tuoba rulers established the Northern Wei state in northern China in 386.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[73] [66] [74] Northern Wei was the first of the so-called northern and southern dynasties.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] The rulers of the Tuoba state understood that the kingdom would only hold together with the help of Chinese officials.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

From Buddhism that arrived in China at the end of the Han period, efforts were made to establish a state religion and a factor uniting peoples.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Initially, efforts were made to preserve the traditional tribal system and religious traditions of the Tuoba people.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[73] [66] Chinese culture supplanted the Tuoba culture over time.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In 494, the capital was moved from Pingcheng to Luoyang and all officials were required to dress in Chinese style and use the Chinese language alone.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

This caused rebellion among the Tuobaylyss and the country eventually disintegrated into a military rebellion.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Northern Wei split in two into the more pro-Chinese Eastern Wei and the more Tuobaian Western Wei, in 534.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[73] [66] [74] Neither remained a long-lived state.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In the west, a crowded supreme seized power and established Northern Zhou in 557.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In the east, the Chinese supremacy ejected the Wei Emperor from power and established Northern Qi in 550.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The northern Zhou succeeded in 577 to conquer Northern Qi and unify the northern parts of China under their rule.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[73] [66] In the south, the Eastern Jin dynasty ruled its kingdom from Jiankang for about a hundred years, from 317 to 420.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] The Jin Dynasty, which fled from the north, had been followed by about a million people who came empty-handed to their new homeland.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

For landowners, this knew cheap labor and the intensification of private armies.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The Eastern Jin was also marked by conflicts between the more old Southerners and the overlords who fled the North, as immigrants brought neo-Taoist ideas along which did not coincide with traditional perceptions of the South.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[75] The Eastern Jin dynasty eventually fell into its own internal power struggles.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] In 420, military leader Liu Yu deposed the last Jin emperor and declared the Liu Song dynasty established, but that too quickly degenerated.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

This was followed by the Southern Qi dynasty in 479 to 501, the Liang dynasty in 501-556, and the Chen dynasty in 557-589.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The successors of the Eastern Jin dynasty are collectively referred to as Southern Dynasties.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[66] [76] The whole era of dispersal brought a period in China when new ideas and doctrines could spread freely.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The status of traditional Confucianism declined after the fall of the Han dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

A new foothold was given by Buddhism, a new religion spread to China, as well as endemic neo-Taoism.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

With Buddhism firmly established as China's power religion from the 3rd century onwards, it gained support among both northern barbarians and civilisation.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[77] [78] [79] Thousands of Buddhist temples rose especially in the northern parts of the country.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Technical progress also progressed in the period of dispersal.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The glazing technology involved in the manufacture of porcelain developed, with the development of agricultural implements and the introduction of fertilizers, yields from the fields increased.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

One of the products of the era is tea, the cultivation of which began in the period of dispersal.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[77] Sui Dynasty China's 400-year period of disintegration ended with the Sui dynasty united the fragmented states under the control of yet another emperor.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The founder of the Sui dynasty was Yang Jian, a high-ranking official of the Northern Zhou dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Due to court intrigues, he was enthroned as a child emperor and soon afterwards proclaimed himself emperor of the new Sui dynasty in 581.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[80] [81] After rising to power, he assumed his ruler name of Wendi and began construction work on the new capital Daxing, near present-day Xi'an.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[81] [82] The main external threats of the Sui dynasty came from the Turkic peoples from the north.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Turkic power had been dispersed into the Western Turkic, which held power in Central Asia, and the Eastern Turkic Khanate, which ruled territories north of the Sui dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Emperor Wendi took advantage of the dispersal and allied himself with the western Turkic state.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[80] [81] Defenses in the north also had to be strengthened and the Sui dynasty began repair work on the Great Wall of China.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[81] In the late 580s, the Sui dynasty was strong enough to attack the southern dynasties.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In 589, the Sui dynasty, as the last southern Chinese dynasty, overthrew the Chen Dynasty and disposed of its capital Jiankang.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[81] [82] [83] China, after the overthrow of the Chen dynasty, was once again united under the rule of a single ruler.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In southern China, Sui rule aroused the greatest opposition, but the rebelling southern noble families were bloody defeated.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[82] [83] Behind the success of the Sui dynasty was the administrative, military and economic order developed during the Northern Wei Dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[84] As his most significant project during the Sui dynasty, the Emperor's Canal was built.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Its main function was to enable the transport of grain from the south to important centers in the north.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The vicinity of the capital could not produce everything needed, so commodities had to be imported from a long distance.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[82] [85] When completed, the channel network was over 2000 kilometres long.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[83] The existing channel between the Huai River and the Yangtze was improved and a major canal connected the Yangtze and the Yellow River.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Canal networks connected Luoyang in the south and present-day Hangzhou and Beijing in the north.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[85] [83] Canal construction was carried out by forced labour and involved 5,5 million people.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The work was obliged to participate in the work of all men aged 15-50 years.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[85] According to a source work from the era, 2 million people died at work.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[80] The canal was completed during the second Sui emperor, Yang Di, in the early 6th century.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[80] The importance of the canal to China's economic development and unity has been considerable.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[82] Major urban construction projects, expansion works of the Great Wall of China, and construction work on the Emperor's Canal were carried out with the forced labor required of the people, which did not make the Sui emperors popular.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[85] Emperor Yang Di expanded the vkingdom in the south as far as the southern parts of present-day Vietnam and also in Central Asia significant trade routes were restored under the influence of the dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

From 611 to 614, Yang Di organized several war expeditions in the direction of Korea.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[80] Wars also required forced labour, which further burdened the population.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

All war expeditions against the Korean Koguryo state failed and produced great losses.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[82] [83] In order to finance wars, a forced tax on nobles was also enacted, which decreased the popularity of the Sui Emperor in the eyes of the exalted.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[82] Uprisings and the machinations of the exalted lordship of the land led to Li Yuan, a military leader of the exalted family who was related to both the Sui dynasty and the Eastern Turks, in 617, taking over Chang'an, the country's western capital.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The following year, he took over the rest of the Sui dynasty territories and proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Tang dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[83] [80] The rule of the Sui dynasty eventually lasted only 37 years, but sei the base for the Tang dynasty, one of the great dynasties in Chinese history.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[82] [85] The Tang dynasty after the rise to power of the Tang dynasty lasted several more years before the kingdom was pacified and the power of the Tang dynasty established itself.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[86] [87] Gao Zu, the first Tang emperor, was deposed from power by his own son Li Shim in 626.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[88] [89] Li Shimin took Taizong as his emperor name.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

He is considered one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[88] [90] The first Tang emperors largely left the Sui period administrative system in effect and further developed it.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The emperor was the monospace and he oversaw the central government, which was formed of bodies performing various functions.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The county-level administration was overseen by the central government of the kingdom, which oversaw the filling of the highest county-level posts.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[87] During the Taizong period, the central government was consolidated and the feudal nobility were allowed to collect tax from the territories they controlled, but they had neither administrative nor jurisdiction.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[90] Administration thus became more bureaucratic during the Tang period, with the most qualified being elected to administrative posts on the basis of governmental degrees, rather than the office being inherited among members of the ruling feudal nobility.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[90] [91] The obtaining of governmental degrees was in principle possible for all, but in reality most of the recipients belonged to a higher or lower class of civil service.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[90] The system of land distribution developed in the early Tang period during the Gao Zu period, such that every man of the age of majority in the kingdom was given control of cultivable land for life, most of which had to be returned to the state upon death.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In return, farmers were required to pay their taxes in grain or cloth and perform war service and other prescribed day jobs, normally 20 days a year.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The taxation system was the same in principles for rich and poor, but day jobs could be exchanged for taxes or vice versa.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Merchants and residents of cities were also exempt from taxes.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Taxes collected from the peasant population were the main source of income for the state, so the State had to ensure that the people fulfilled their tax obligations by regular censuses.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[87] Under Gao Zu, religious freedom was restricted, but under Tai Zong the restrictions were lifted.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[88] Tai Zong advocated Confucianism, as this was the paradigm of learned officials in particular.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[91] However, he was also a supporter of Buddhism, as he understood the threat posed by the Buddhist community, which may have undermined social order.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[90] An important ceremonial role was also granted to Taoist monks.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

These three orientations played an important role in the state ideology of the Tang period.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[88] At the beginning of the Tang period, the main external threat was formed by the Eastern Turks who invaded from the northwestern frontier.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The Chinese benefited from the dispersal of the Eastern Turks, whereby the Uyghurs and TölöTurks subjugated by these broke away from the influence of the Eastern Turks.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[91] [92] The Chinese defeated the threat posed by the Eastern Turks during the Taizong period by 630, partly with the assistance of the Uyghurs.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[92] [82] The Uyghurs became a major ally for the Chinese over the following centuries.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[92] On the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Highlands, the Tuyuhun people who lived in the area of modern Qinghai were also forced to recognize Chinese rule during Taizong's reign.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In the mid-6th century, the Tang dynasty's power extended all the way to the rear of the Pamir Mountains.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[91] The Korean Koguryo was also successfully subjugated under Chinese rule after several war expeditions, by 668.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[91] [92] In Central Asia, the Tang dynasty competed for influence with Tibetans and Arabs.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

For good, the Tang dynasty lost its power over the far west after the Battle of Tlas in 751.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[93] [91] [89] At the same time, a new Nanzhao kingdom of the Thai people formed in the southern parts of the kingdom in what is now Yunnan, defeating the Chinese army.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[94] [91] [89] Emperor Taizong died in 649 and was succeeded in power by his son Gaozong, who ruled until 683.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Subsequently, Wu Zetian, the only female empress in Chinese history, rose to power.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

This had been in Emperor Taizong's harem as a concubine in low rank.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

After Taizong died, Gaozong took Wu Zetian as his wife and he soon rose to become empress, deposing the legitimate empress.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Wu Zetian was, alongside Gaozong, a real power user and upon the emperor's death, he ascended the throne himself after various court intrigues.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[95] [96] [89] Empress Wu is portrayed as a ruthless ruler, but she was also an able politician.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

He was out of favour with the upper civil service class, but was won over by the lower civil service class.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In his term, officials were elected on the basis of degrees, rather than by inherited status.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[95] [96] In religions, he favored Buddhism in particular.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

During his time, the Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an and the huge Buddha images of the Longmen Caves were built, as well as several Buddhist temples throughout the kingdom were built.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[95] The preference for Buddhism turned Confucian officials against Empress Wu.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[97] He was ousted from power in 705, when he was 80 years old.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

His grandson Li Longji played a significant role in the coup.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

After mixed years, this ascended the throne himself in 712 as emperor title Xuanzong.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[97] [98] Xuanzong ruled the country for more than 40 years and in his period Tang culture flourished and a period of prosperity and prosperity lived in the kingdom.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[89] During his time, the canal system was improved, the taxation system was reformed, which enabled tax revenues to increase and the Buddhist monks to be forced back into productive activities.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[98] [97] [89] In the latter part of his reign, Xuanzong's rule was interfered with his concubine Yang Guifei.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

This was a great crush of the emperor and he was able to pursue the interests of his own family.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In 752, Guifei's cousin Yang Guozhong was appointed prime minister of the kingdom.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[98] [97] An Lushan, a prominent warlord, had been in the circle of the previous prime minister and he was also in favour of the emperor and Yang Guifei.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[94] [99] He felt his own position threatened after Yang Guozhong's appointment.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

An Lushan had about 200,000 soldiers under his command, which was almost half of the entire Tang army.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[99] An Lushan rose in open revolt in and within a few months his forces took over all of eastern China, including the capital Chang'an, in 756.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Emperor Xuanzong was forced to flee to Sichuan with the court with him.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

On the run, forces previously loyal to the emperor saw Yang Guifei and Yang Guozhong guilty of the situation and demanded their execution, to which the emperor had to agree.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Xuanzong himself relinquished power in favor of his son Su Zong.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[99] [94] Su Zong allied with the Uyghurs and rulers of other western countries against An Lushan.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Far from allying with the Chinese to save the Tang dynasty, the Uyghurs were also allying themselves to the weakness of the Chinese.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[99] [94] With the help of the Uyghurs, An Lushan rebellion was defeated in 763 and the capital was recaptured, at the same time the Uyghurs looting the reconquered territories, but the Tang regime was powerless in the face of this.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[100] An Lushan himself was no longer to see the end of the rebellion, for he was murdered by his son in 757.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[99] [94] An Lushan Rebellion was the turning point of the Tang dynasty's reign.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The dynasty was not defeated, but it weakened so significantly that it no longer returned to its former glory, although it remained in power for about 150 years.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[101] [102] [82] In the west, the Chinese were threatened by Tibetans and in the northwest by the Uyghurs.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The Uighurs in particular benefited from the weakness of the Chinese, who were able to charge large tariffs for passing through their territory.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[100] [101] The northern parts of the Tang Dynasty empire had been the most central area for tax collection in the country before the rebellion, but as a result of the revolt millions of peasants had fled their displaced areas or died.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[101] [103] The administration became increasingly dependent on revenue from southern China.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

To make up the shortfall, the state enacted a new land tax and property tax and took control of the salt monopoly.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[101] The last strong emperor of the Tang dynasty was Xianzong, who came to power in 805.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

During his time, administrative and economic reforms were undertaken and a few successful war expeditions were carried out, restoring social order and still seeing a hint of former glory.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Xuanzong was murdered by eunuchs who undertook a secret plot in 820.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[94] [88] An equally strong emperor for the Tang dynasty did not come again.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

As the economic situation tightened, Emperor Wuzong, who supported Taoism, directed his persecution on Buddhists in 840.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

40,000 monasteries were closed and their properties confiscated.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Buddhism revived under the succeeding emperors, but it never again returned to its former grandiose status in China.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In contrast, the foreign religions Zarathustranism, Manichaeism and Nestoriism also subjected to persecution disappeared from China.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[104] [100] The Uyghurs were also subjected to persecution after the overthrow of the Uyghur Kingdom by the Kyrgyzis in 840.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[100] The final destruction of the Tang dynasty originated with the drought that hit the Henan region in 874, when the population of the region rose in a revolt led by Huang Chao.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The forces under his leadership took over the capital Chang'an and Luoyang.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[88] [105] The rebellion was defeated in 883, but the Tang dynasty was no longer able to restore its power; local military leaders continued to operate independently.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[106] [105] Formally in power there was a Tang emperor for another couple of decades, although they were in reality minor puppet rulers of the warlords.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[107] The last Tang emperor was overthrown in 907, when Zhu Wen, who had served him and formerly belonged to Huang Chao's camp, was brought to power, who declared himself the first emperor of the later Liang dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[107] [108] Late Emperor Period Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The period after the fall of the Tang dynasty in Chinese history is referred to as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

During this period, Northern China was ruled by five short-lived dynasties that followed each other and southern China had been divided into several small states operating independently.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[109] [108] [110] [111] [112] The era lasted only half a century.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

All northern dynasties remained in power for an average of ten years and were eventually defeated in internal strife.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In the south, the states lived with each other relatively peacefully.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[111] The dynasties that ruled from the north were the later Liang dynasty in 907—923, the later Tang dynasty from 923 to 936, the later Jin dynasty 936—946, the later Han dynasty 947—950, and the later Zhou dynasty 951—960.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[108] [112] Despite dispersion, the economy and farming methods developed, commerce was brisk, and the use of paper money became more widespread.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The art of bookprinting developed, enabling the spread of literature to both scholars and laymen.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[108] [110] In the series of dynasties, the sixth was the Song dynasty, which evolved into a dynasty unifying China.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In 960, upon the death of the emperor of the later Zhou dynasty, the child ruler who succeeded him was dethroned as a result of a rebellion.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The warlord Taizu proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Song dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[108] [113] [111] Song Dynasty The beginning of the reign of the Northern Song Song dynasty has been regarded as a transformation of the Chinese Empire.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Its administration relied firstly on civil servants instead of the earlier ruling nobility.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

During the Song period, the status of Confucianism as a state ideology was strengthened.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[111] [114] [115] Instead of military rule, Taizu, the dynasty's first emperor, strengthened the country's civilian administration, despite the fact that he himself had come to power supported by his military forces.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The emperor understood the military threat coming from the army, and prominent warlords were persuaded to abandon their duties in exchange for a large reward.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[116] [117] Emperor Taizu significantly reduced the country's army, despite the fact that the country was threatened on its northern borders by the Liao kingdom of the Kitans and the Xi Xia kingdom of the Tanguts in the northwest.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[115] [111] In this way, the Song dynasty accepted its military weakness, to counter the internal threat posed by the army.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[117] The Song dynasty directed its expansion efforts primarily southwards, where under Taizu's successor Taizong, it took over the last Southern Chinese Empire by the end of the 970s.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[117] [111] The threat from the barbarian peoples who threatened from the North was aimed at countering by bribing them to become peaceful.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[116] [117] In 1004, the Liao dynasty of the Kitans advanced as far as Kaifeng, the capital of the Song dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[118] The threat posed by the Kitans was only lifted when the Song Emperor agreed to pay the Liao dynasty a large annual coercive tax.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[118] [119] In 1044, the Song dynasty tended to pay a similar forced tax to Xi Xia of the Tanguts as well, realizing that the Song dynasty army was incapable of defending against Tangutian cavalry.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[118] For the Liao dynasty, the forced tax paid by the Song Emperor was the most significant source of income and it allowed the Liao dynasty to flourish.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[111] Taizu's followers no longer followed this policy regarding the army, as the Song rulers did not trust their northern neighbors.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

By 1040, the country's army was more than 1.3 million men in strength, who were kept in readiness on the borders of the kingdom.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[116] [111] Inflated administrative and military costs, as well as bribes paid to barbarian peoples, drove the country into economic difficulties.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Due to government spending, the people were particularly burdened by the collected forced taxes that sought to cover expenses.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[116] [120] When Emperor Shenzong rose to power in 1068, he appointed Wang Anshin as his main advisor.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

This led to the creation of a major reform programme to improve the living conditions of the farmer population, which would increase production and thus lead to a strengthening of the state economy.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[121] Wang Anshi's reforms included government loans to farmers at the lowest interest rates and the establishment of a marketing system whereby the state could regulate the prices of products.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The duty of day work was abolished and replaced by a tax on income and property, meant to equalise the disparities between rich and poor.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Commercial shipping was promoted, with the growth of foreign trade and adjusted customs duties increasing state tax revenues.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

The army was also developed and general conscription was again introduced.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Out of the traps of the reforms, government spending fell by almost half, but opposition from old officials and grand ranchers increased discontent among the elite.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Wang Anshi's most prominent patron Emperor Shenzong died in 1085, and Wang Anshi himself the following year.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Some reforms were left behind him in effect.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Wang Anshi has remained one of the great political and economic reformers in Chinese history, although he could not solve all the dynasty's economic problems.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[121] [120] During the Song dynasty period, economy, industry and technology developed by great leaps and bounds.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[120] Important factors were the development of agricultural methods and new crops, as rapidly imported rice from the direction of Kampuchea gave two and three harvests per year in the warmer regions of the south.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[122] During the Song period, conditions in the northern parts of the country were uneasy, driving the inhabitants south in large numbers.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

In the early 12th century, the country's population was 100 million.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

More than half of them lived south of the Yangtze River, thus making the southern regions the most economically important region for the Song dynasty.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

According to historical sources, most of the country's revenue was collected from the southeastern provinces.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[122] The reforms of the Song dynasty also included improving transport links, which also developed commerce.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Kaifeng, the capital of the dynasty, developed into a major center of transportation and commerce.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[122] [119] Its population grew to over one million, and many other towns in the south also grew equally large.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[120] Trading was developed by the increasing prevalence of the use of paper money, as carrying copper coins was cumbersome and often dangerous.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

[122] Paper money also developed as part of the Song period due to the foreign policy of the northern parts, as the dynasty feared its northern neighbours would collect the coins and melt them down for reuse.


Question: When was the Song dynasty affected?

History of China

Many times the value of the metal contained in the coins was greater than the face value of the coin.