Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The energy requirements of a small and low-mobile dog can be less than 200 kilocalories per day, while the energy requirements of a 50-pound and active dog can exceed 3000 kilocalories.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Obesity afflicts many modern companion dogs especially in old age.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[31] Substances toxic to dogs Many foods harmless to humans can be fatally toxic to the dog.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Foods and food items unsuitable for a dog include chocolate because of the theobromine it contains, xylitol (in chewing gum and sweets), Australian nut, avocado, raisins and grapes, onion and garlic, bun dough, alcohol, some mushrooms, dairy products and coffee.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Also, some houseplants and medicines for humans can be poisonous to the dog, and cooked bones, as well as chicken or pig bones, can damage its stomach.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[32] Health Dog diseases and ailments include atopy, epilepsy, ulbow joint growth disorder, hip joint growth disorder, patellaluxation, digestive disorders, heart disease and outdoor parasites.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[33] Breeding of dogs has caused hereditary or structural defects in some breeds that impair their health.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

For example, certain breeds of dogs have difficulty reproducing and giving birth normally, and others have breathing problems and chronic pain.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[34] Dogs are protected by vaccination against the most significant and dangerous infectious diseases.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

In Finland, puppies are first vaccinated with the triple vaccine against the plague virus, infectious hepatitis and parvovirus, followed by rabies.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[35] Dogs are neutered and sterilized to prevent regeneration and to treat and prevent disease.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

In the United States, cutting is more common than in Europe and is already done there as a puppy.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[36] The basic care of the dog includes regular care of fur, eyes, ears, nails and teeth.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[37] Behavior Behavior The three main categories of canine behavior are innate behaviors, learned behavior, and trained behavior.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog's behaviour still resembles that of a wild wolf in many respects.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[38] However, a dog has more emotional intelligence than a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and as much as an infant.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[39] [40] The congenital behaviour of the dog is determined by the lineage, which also, for the most part, determines the dog's entire behaviour.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Some of the congenital behavioural features are already visible as a puppy, such as the habit of urinating and defecating when the mother licks the puppy, or the use of the front paws when sucking the neck.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

In later stages of life, for example, the habit of spinning in circles before going to bed and scratching the ground after defecation will be highlighted.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog is largely driven by instincts that determine the animal's behaviour in a situation it has never been in before.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog's instinct functions are ennobled with experience and exercise.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Puppies hone their reactions, skills and body control through play.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[41] The dog develops its learned behaviour between 3 and 12 weeks of age in its so-called socialization period.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

That's when it learns to react to things like its siblings, other dogs, people, smells, sounds and visions.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[42] In training, congenital and learned behavior of the dog is either amplified or suppressed.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

It is useless for a dog to try to teach a behavior where there is no congenital or learned at all, or to which the dog has no hereditary predisposition.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The skills gained in training are not inherited from parents to puppies, but trainability is heritable and usually shows up in puppies as well.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[43] Dog specimens are not identical in behaviour, even in the same litter.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Behavioral differences are influenced by individuals' gene differences, differences in socialization, and differences in training methods.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[44] You spent the dog behind all acts is one or more spent, which can be divided into seduced entities.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[45] Food intake is activated when the dog becomes hungry.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Components of this unit include hunting instinct, catch instinct, trace instinct, exploration instinct and pick-up.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Behaviors initiated by foraging activity in the dog include retrieving trace tracking and flatulence, running, localizing and finding out the smell of prey, pointing before prey jumping, killing, dragging away, and swift prey eating.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[46] The reproductive seductive system comprises the sex drive and the nurturing of offspring.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

When a male dog smells a female in heat, its sex drive kicks in.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog follows the smell and copulates if the female is ready for it.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Mating involves foreplay characteristic of a dog, in which dogs sniff at each other and run around.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The nurturing instinct is only with the dog, not the male like the wolf has.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[47] The escape complex involves the dog's way, depending on the situation, to either let the comer close and even contact, or to escape or attack.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Forms of escape behaviour include running away, avoiding, hiding or pretending to be dead.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Close to it is a catching instinct, which causes the dog to attack a person running away from itself more easily than a stationary one.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Escape is also a way for the dog to try to get free, for example by biting a leash or tearing wound bandages.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[48] Aggression seductions include the formation and observance of the order of precedence within the herd and between foreign dogs in the dog.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

A dog usually automatically admits a human as a superior, but maintaining status requires the human to have the ability to retain authority over the dog as it grows.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The ensemble also includes turf use, where a dog aggressively defends its own turf from invaders.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog also defends other members of its flock from enemies.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[49] Exercise and activity activity causes the dog to feel an intense need to extract energy for movement or some kind of work.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Through the play message, young dogs learn all the important behaviors.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog retains its playfulness until relatively old.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

For example, a guard instinct causes a dog to tell his herd mates about strangers approaching the habitat by barking.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[50] Surrogate functions When a dog is affected by two conflicting instincts in the same situation, the dog may develop a surrogate function.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

These include wandering or howling around the house alone when left alone, or smearing the interior due to frustration.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[51] Communication The dog communicates with a variety of facial expressions, gestures and different signals.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

A tame dog communicates pretty much the same way as a wolf.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[53] A dog's emotional state is described by positions such as its tail, ears and lips, body position, vocalization and eye contact.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[54] A horizontal tail means that the dog is satisfied.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

A straight up tail shows increased attentiveness or arousal.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

A tail pulled between the hind legs indicates reservation or fear.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[55] Erect ears show confidence, attentiveness and interest.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Ears pulled to the side or back indicate hesitation and uncertainty.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[56] The dog shows off its canines while being aggressive.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The corners of the mouth in the normal position indicate feeling confident, and the corners of the mouth in the front position indicate depression or distrust.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The corners of the mouth pulled behind signify fear, a sense of defeat or defenselessness.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[57] The dog barks for various reasons, sometimes aggressively, sometimes as an invitation or expression of cheerfulness.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

A steady growl is often an expression of dissatisfaction or aggression, a growl of varying heights an expression of pleasure.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[58] The dog makes eye contact, for example, when asking his handler for directions or when thirsty or tired.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[59] The dog also communicates by urination.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

From the urine marks left by the dog, other dogs find out if it is familiar or foreign, sick or healthy, satiated or hungry, or possibly a bitch in heat.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Urination is also a strong sexual stimulus for both female and male dogs.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[60] The dog may show submission or dominance by his behavior.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Submissive behavior can be active or passive.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Active submission the dog shows with a low gait, pulling the ears behind and even a supine throw.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Gestures included in passive submission, such as lying down and crawling, tell of defenselessness and helplessness.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[61] The dog uses soothing signals to prevent confrontations.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

These include licking the face (or human hands), poking with the muzzle, taking the muzzle between the jaws, turning the head away, or raising the front paw.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[62] When a dog is afraid, wants to protect itself or defend itself, it can, for example, escape or protect itself by means of a repellent look, crouching or pressing into a corner.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog's defensive behaviour includes, for example, threatening with showing teeth, shivering, biting, lying attack, attacking, thumping with front paws, barking, spinning or solidification.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[63] Breeds The dog has been used for various tasks.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Gradually, breeding has resulted in differentiation of breeds of dogs that are psychically and physically fit for different tasks.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

There are several hundred breeds of dogs in the world that have a breed definition adopted by one of the country's central organizations.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The current FCI (Fédération Cynologique Internationale) breed grouping roughly divides dog breeds by purpose into 10 groups: [64] Sheep and Cattle Dogs (FCI 1) Pinschers, Schnauzers, Moloss-type and Swiss Shepherd Dogs (FCI 2) Terriers (FCI 3) Dachshunds (FCI 4) Spitz and primitive dogs (FCI 5) Driving and tracing dogs (FCI 6) Chicken dogs (FCI 7) Water dogs, retrievers and upward dogs (FCI 8) Society dogs and dwarf dogs (FCI 9) Greyhounds (FCI 10) Certain traits have been achieved through breeding dogs of very different views and sizes.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Dogs have different ears, tails and muzzles.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

A dog can be lup-eared like hounds, upright eared like a German Shepherd, fold-eared like a bum or rose-eared like many greyhounds.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

There are also a myriad of different color and fur variants.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Mixed breed dogs are crossbreeds of two or more breeds.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

You can't predict the appearance, character or behaviour of a mixed-breed puppy with the same certainty as a purebred puppy.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The most popular dog breeds in Finland are the Finnish hound, German Shepherd, Labrador, Golden Retriever, Grey Elk and Finnish Lapphound.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[65] Use As a Operating Dog A use dog is a dog or dog breed used by a human being for some work or useful task and not just as a companion dog.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Dogs are suitable for a wide range of utility tasks, as several breeds of dogs are obedient, loyal to their master, and easy to train.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Dogs excel at utility tasks due to their precise sense of smell and hearing, running speed and chewing power, for example.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[66] Common use dogs include watchdog, protection dog, shepherd dog, hunting dog, rescue dog, sled dog, police dog, customs dog, border dog, war dog, drug dog, bomb dog, guide dog, helper dog, hearing dog and buddy dog.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[66] As a pet and a hobby, the most important function of a dog today is to act as a companion to a human.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Dogs are called man's best friend.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog has been found to play a great role in reducing stress and blood pressure, for example.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

There are differences in activity levels between dog breeds.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

As a rule of thumb, the more stigmatized the breed is breeded to work together with a human (for example, shepherd dogs and retrievers) the more it also needs work and attention from its owner.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog can be activated even in domestic conditions, but stimulation for both the dog and the host is provided by different species to engage with the dog.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The best known of these are: Obedience Training or Toko Dog Training Agility Service Dog Racing Greyhound Racing Water Rescue Dog Show Guy Dog Dance Rescue Dog Action Hunting Cave Hunting Blood Training As Food In Western countries, dog meat is a food taboo meaning it is unacceptable to eat, but in some Asian countries dog is a popular food.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

In China, especially in certain provinces, dog is commonly eaten.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[67] Also in Vietnam, dog meat is a popular food that is believed to bring good luck.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Dog meat is estimated to be the fourth most popular meat species in the South Korean market after pig, beef and chicken.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[68] Dog meat has a strong taste and smell.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

It is strongly seasoned and often served with alcohol.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Especially popular in Korea is dog meat soup.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The best thing for a dog is up to a year old.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Edible dogs are bred in orchards or collected from the countryside.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[69] [70] [71] Keeping a dog The dog buyer often has to make changes to their home when acquiring a dog, as the dog may try to run away, chew furniture or eat toxic substances.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[72] Dog skin and fur are washed and brushed regularly, and the dog's health is monitored daily.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The dog is vaccinated against infectious diseases and can be cut to prevent unplanned litters.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[73] By training the dog is made to be intidy and obedient and to behave as desired.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[74] The dog's basic necessities include a food cup, drinking cup, name tag, collar and leash, and bed.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Toys activate the dog mentally and physically.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

A microchip can be fitted to the dog as a means of identification.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Other common dog accessories include a transport cage for travel, a dog backpack for carrying items, a dog coat for cold weather, flotation vests, and paw guards.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[75] Environmental impact Swedish Radio's current affairs programme Verkligheten studied that a pet dog causes even more CO2 emissions than a passenger car.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

The reason lies in dog food, which to a large extent consists of meat.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Dry food can have a meat content of 40 per cent, for example.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

According to a report on the radio programme, for every kilogram of meat, at least ten kilograms of carbon dioxide are released


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[76] Dangerousness A dog bite can cause tissue damage or bacterial infection.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

In Finland, for example, an estimated 40000 dog bites occur annually (1996).


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Most commonly in Finland are bitten by a German Shepherd and a Rottweiler.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[77] Not only a bite, but also dog licking or mucosal contact can infect a person with a harmful bacteria.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

All serious cases have involved capnocytophaga canimorsus.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

It is transmitted in five percent of dog bites.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

However, serious infections a person receives from a dog only rarely, and in Finland there are approximately one or two dog licks or bites that require intensive care or fatal per year.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

[78] Symbols and fables The dog represents vigilance and loyalty.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

It is left to it in stories and fairy tales to warn people of impending dangers.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

According to one old lore, a dog saved a sleeping child from a deadly bite attack from a viper.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

In Ancient Greek mythology, the huge three-headed dog Kerberos is described as the guardian of the gates of the underworld and its two-headed and snake-tailed brother Orthos watches over Geryon's cattle.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

In Scandinavian mythology, the dog demon Garm is known, who would be freed from chains when Ragnarök dawns.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

In some places, dogs have been sacrificed for the dead in order to serve as guides for the deceased in the afterlife.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

See also Dog Outdoors List of famous dogs Dog hair spinning Dog Breeder Dog Park Rescue Dog Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fogle, Bruce| title = Dogs| others = Translated by Mäki-Kihniä, Nina | publisher = Readme.fi | year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-220192-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gerritsen, Resi & Haak, Ruud & Prins, Simon| title = Basics of Dog Behavior| others = Translated by Lustig, Elina| publisher = Lemon Cost| year = 2017 (initial work 2013) | id = ISBN 978-952- 5701-48-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pietiläinen, Petri| title = Dogs English.


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Folklore and history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish literature| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-222-540-5}} Kaija Unhola: Life with a dog: Finnish dog hobby before and now (2014).


Question: When have they started refining Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

Petri Pietiläinen: World History of Dogs (2013).


Question: When have they started breeding Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

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Question: When have they started breeding Great Dane Dogs?

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Question: When have they started breeding Great Dane Dogs?

doggy

* Category:Domestic animals Category:Meat-producing animals Category:Utility animals Category:Juhdat Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

Poland-Lithuania, more formally the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania (), was between 1569 and 1795 a major state located in Central and Eastern Europe, created when the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a confederation.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

[1] The confederation has also been referred to as the Republic of Both People () in historiography, which, however, was not born until 1967 when Leon Lech Beynar wrote under the pseudonym Paweł Jasienica a three-volume book series entitled Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów [2].


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

As a republic, this monarchist state was therefore called because the country nobility had considerable power in the Riksdag, reinforced by the formed liberum veto, that is, the veto power of any individual Reichstag over the adoption of the present motion.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

Despite the name, the position of Poland and Lithuania in the confederation was not equal; Lithuania's status declined over time.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

The deterioration was concretely visible from the transfer of conquered territories from the east controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the control of the Kingdom of Poland.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

Compared to Poland, Lithuania was lower in its own population base.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

History The birth of the Federation had been preceded by a long period of personal unions: since 1446, the King of Poland had been the Grand Duke of Lithuania.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

[3] The actual confederation was formed from the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by the Treaty of Lublin on 1 July 1569.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

The genesis of the confederation was the great achievement of Sigismund II, the last king of the Jagello dynasty.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

Upon his death in 1572, the country was for three years without a head of state.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

It was then that the statesmanship arose, called in Polish historiography the First Republic (Rzeczpospolita) or more specifically the noble republic (Rzeczpospolita szlachecka).


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

This is to emphasise the democracy of the monarchist regime of an independent Poland that preceded the partitions of Poland.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

The nobility was allowed to elect the king by voting.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

This elected monarch assumed the duties of both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

A joint representative council was also elected for the monarchist confederation, as well as the Senate.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

In Poland-Lithuania Lithuania managed to maintain its own law, administration, budget and military, [4] though gradually the focus of power shifted more and more to Poland.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

Despite Polish-Lithuanian cooperation, the Russian Empire managed to take control of territories from Ukraine.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

The period of the First Republic ended with the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

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Question: Why was Poland-Lithuania called a republic?

Poland-Lithuania

Category:History of Lithuania Category:Former states and state formations of Poland Category:History of Latvia Category:History of Belarus Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Civil War was fought between the Senate of Finland, or the government, and troops led by the Finnish People's Delegation that had rebelled against it from 27 January — 15 May 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The armed forces of the Senate were white troops and the Finnish Red Guard, or Red Guards, as the People's Delegation.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The army of the German Empire supported the Whites by capturing Helsinki, Lahti and other southern Finnish cities.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Soviet-Russia supported the Reds by donating weapons to them.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Civil War was part of the state and social transformation in Europe caused by World War I.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 1917, World War I led to the dissolution of the Russian Empire and a political struggle for power, and eventually to the Russian Civil War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

As a result of the collapse of Russia, a part of the Empire, the Grand Duchy of Finland, declared independence as Finland on 6 December 1917, but the intensification and dissolution of internal tensions within Finnish society led to the dissolution of state power within 1917 and a military crisis which resulted in the formation of two centres of power equipped with armed forces in the country.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[1] The crisis culminated at the end of January in 1918 with a civil war between the Reds and Whites.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds ruled Southern Finland, the Whites controlled Central and Northern Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The military strength of both sides was about 80,000 troops.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Whites arrived to be supported by an additional 13,000 soldiers strong force of the German army.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Russia supported the Reds mainly by handing over weapons to the Red Guards.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The settlement battles of the war took place in March—April 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Battle of Tampere began on 16 March and ended on 6 April C.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

To the victory of the white forces led by G. Mannerheim.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On 3 April, the German Army's Baltic Division under Major General Rüdiger von der Goltz had come ashore in southern Finland with a strength of about 13,000 troops, taking Helsinki, Lahti and other southern Finnish cities during the same month.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of April, the Whites still took Vyborg.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds offensive phase, which began in February 1918, ended in almost total failure [2].


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Germany's entry into the Finnish Civil War shortened the war and saved, among other things, Helsinki from devastating battles.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[3] The civil war ended with the victory of the white Finnish and German army.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Russia's reign ended in Finland, but the country passed into the reign of Imperial Germany for the remainder of World War I.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

After Germany lost the Great War, the independence gained by the Finns in December 1917 took full effect.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In this case, projects to transform Finland into a Kingdom were also abandoned; the country became a republican democracy with the contribution of the Western Great Powers of Europe.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[4] The civil war is the most conflicting event in Finnish history, whose effects on Finnish and Finnish society have been exceptionally long lasting.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

As is often the case with infighting within nations, there was widespread terror during and after the war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

While the war effort was underway, both sides committed political terror and brutality.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

As the war wore on at the hands of the Reds, 1424 whites died executed, 4 died in a prison camp.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

At the hands of the Whites, 7370 Reds died executed, 11652 died in a prison camp, most after the war effort had already ended, as the capture and execution of Red or Red suspects continued on a large scale even after the last combatants surrendered.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[5] In total, the civil war claimed about 38,000 casualties.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[6] Some 75% of them were Reds, most killed in executions during the war and after the end of the war in prison camps from starvation and disease.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the actual combat action, nearly equal numbers of both red and white died.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Of the terror victims, a minority were white, and Russian citizens were also executed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The other casualties of the war were mainly German and Russian soldiers fallen in the fighting.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[7] The civil war deepened the divide of the Finnish people.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The winning party considered the worst material in society to have risen, with Russian support, to revolt against the legitimate government, so those who lost were largely viewed as criminals.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, the outcome of World War I strengthened the position of moderate and broad-based national thought oriented populations in society.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

This allowed for slow defragmentation among populations.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[8] War designations The war has been given different names reflecting the power political and social tendencies of different historical times as well as ideological emphases.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The most coloured names in this regard include the Revolutionary War, the Class War, the Red Rebellion, and the Crofter Revolt.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

More balanced names include Civil War, Revolution, Rebellion and Brotherly War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The most neutral expressions are the War of 1918 (in Finland), the Finnish War 1918, the events of 1918 or, to paraphrase Veijo Merta, the events of spring 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Revolution was one of the first appointments of the 1918 war on the side of the People's Delegation.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Party also called the war a class war and a rebellion.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the freedom fight name was used, for example, in obituaries and funerals of Red Guards.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war name was commonly used on both sides of the front during the war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Whites additionally used the names Red Rebellion and Rebellion.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the late stages of the war and beyond, the victors” side began to emphasize the national nature of the war as a war of liberation against Russia and the Reds it supported.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[9] In part of historical research, the war is now mainly referred to as the Civil War, which is also better suited to international practice.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Although it is artificial and developed to suit the needs of the historiography of the moment.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war term describes the nature of war neutrally (cf.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

the Revolutionary War, Class War) and include foreign powers involvement in the war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the use of the term freedom war has experienced a subtle renaissance in Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[10] [11] [12] The Roots of War Fundamentals In the 19th century, the Grand Duchy of Finland became industrialised, economic and political activities became vacant and the population grew.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

This changed the structure of the prevailing legal society and created conflicts.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The internal dominance of the enactments changed as the peasants and bourgeoisie grew stronger.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, the most significant change was the growth of non-regulated populations, the number of land and industrial working people and the rise of self-worth, socialism, nationalism and also liberalism as their tools.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish labour movement emerged at the end of the 19th century from the foundations of folk and revival movements, with the slow but steady progress of mental and material conditions.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The labour movement acquired a national character under the influence of Fennomania, and its breakthrough was significantly promoted by the Great Strike that broke out in Russia and Finland in 1905.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Subsequently, the radical parliamentary reform in Finland in 1906 did not reduce social tensions, as the Russian Emperor and the Finns mutual conflicts prevented the full functioning of the parliament between 1907 and 1916.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The influence of the regulation system thus continued until 1917, and the Finnish political system was in an unsettled state of change.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

This slowed down the implementation of social reforms and sharpened the attitudes of working people.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

With the Russification periods 1899—1916 (years of repression) and the intensification of Finnish nation-thinking, efforts to detach Finland from Russia and also to achieve state independence increased.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition to peaceful resistance and action, activism in favour of armed resistance arose in the country and the ice cap movement with it.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[13] The decisive factor behind the 1918 war was the increased internal instability in the Russian Empire since the beginning of the 20th century, most strongly influenced by World War I.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Great War had led to an internal crisis in Russia and the fragmentation of the entire empire, as well as the creation of a wide power vacuum and a struggle for power.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[14] With the dissolution of Russia in the Revolutions of March and November 1917, Finland first fragmented state power.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Together, these caused a political, economic and military crisis in the country and eventually led to the breakdown of Finnish society as a whole.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[15] The Bolsheviks led by Lenin who sought power in Saint Petersburg, with their support and demands, pressed the Finnish labour movement to carry out the revolution.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[16] The Bolsheviks in Finland were in close contact with the Russian Bolsheviks, and the Finns helped the Russian Bolsheviks hold their secret meetings in Finland, where the ohrana activities of Russian intelligence were not as effective as in Russia.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[17] [18] However, the Russian revolutions of 1917 did not spread and were not separately spread to Finland; the country was immediately within their sphere of influence as part of Russia.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, the process of disintegration of society and the struggle for power were simultaneous and similar in the mother country and Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

They were mainly due to the same circumstances [19] The German Empire was another superpower besides Russia, whose takeover plans and economic interests in Eastern Europe influenced events in Finland between 1917 and 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish ice cap movement was part of German plans.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Activists in Finland planned to extract the country from Russia using German bayonets and ice hangers.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the 1917 situation of World War I, the German leadership decided to support the Bolsheviks financially, as well as to promote the relocation of Lenin and some other Bolsheviks from exile in Switzerland to Saint Petersburg in April.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The hope was that Lenin would seize power in Russia and renounce the war, which in turn would free Germany from a heavy two-front war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, Germany contributed two ways to the emergence of civil war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[20] Divided people As a result of the long-established social system in the country, the Finnish people were divided in two economically, socially and politically.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The division is described by counterparts: weathers—raffish, independent—unindependent and ownership—non-owning population, employers—workers, civility—"people”, upper class—lower class.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Industrial capitalism increased the standard of living of working people steadily from the late 19th century onwards, but on the other hand the standard of living of the upper class increased more.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

As the Emperor's rule broke in 1917, Finland did not develop national unity in order to develop the country as well as to create a new internal order.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Instead, social division led to fierce domestic political infighting and the emergence of the so-called dual power that preceded the civil war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The dispute took advantage of Finland's dependence on Russia, and the power struggle was linked to the internal Russian crisis and the war between Germany and Russia as a question of Finnish control.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The pursuit of Finnish sovereign independence was one of the few objectives on which the Finns were finally unanimous.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, the goal was drowned out under internal power disputes.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[21] The internal struggle for power and the breakdown of society during 1917 was reflected by many phenomena.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

These included unwillingness and inability to make political compromise, as well as the food and unemployment crisis and resulting unrest.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Problems with working conditions and local democracy, including working-time legislation and the lack of universal and equal suffrage in municipal elections, caused rife strikes in industry and agriculture, eventually joining the struggle for state power.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

When, since March, there was no ordinary-keeping power jointly accepted by different groups of power in Finland, the upper layer of society began to establish their own ordinances (later.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

patronage municipalities) and the working population of the Ordinary Guards (later.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Red Guards).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Their arming and radicalization, especially during the Great Strike of November 1917, fuelled fear, threat thinking and political violence in the country, and also altered power relations within power groups.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

During the winter of 1917—1918, both within the labour movement and the conservatives and bourgeoisie, decision-making power shifted from moderate circles to soldiers and armed troops (the so-called armed fortresses of Southern Finland and Southern Ostrobothnia), eventually leading to military conflict.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[22] Pre-war events March Revolution The drug of freedom Emperor Nicholas II relinquished power on 15 March 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In Russia, power was taken by the Duma and the provisional government imposed by it.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the Grand Duchy of Finland, the second and at the same time last period of Russification ended on 20 March with the manifesto of the so-called March of the Provisional Government, which restored the situation between Finland and the mother country to a time before the reign of Nikolai Bobrikov.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

For the first time, the Finnish Parliament gained the dominance that had been imposed on it in 1906.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On 26 March, on the basis of the SDP's electoral victory in the 1916 parliamentary elections, a Tokai Senate was appointed to the country, with six socialists and six non-socialists as its members.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate program included efforts to expand democracy and the removal of a temporary government veto.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Furthermore, the aim was to develop municipal democracy and working conditions, including working time laws and social insurance, and the enactment of the Compulsory Education and Religious Freedom Act.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The conservatives (RKP, Old Finns and Young Finns “swallows”), as well as other bourgeois, non-socialists (liberal NuorFinns “sparrows” and the Agrarian League), welcomed the bourgeoisie of the provisional government and the fall of the quasi-dictatorial empress and to the end of the repressive period.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The future seemed to increase opportunities for the diversification and development of entrepreneurship and economic activities.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Despite the bourgeoisie nature of the Provisional Government, from the perspective of the labour movement, the development was even more cataclysmic; the power of the Socialist-majority parliament grew and regulations that limited the workforce's activities, including the ban on strikes, barriers to freedom of speech and print, fell.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The working population seemed to finally have the opportunity to achieve a position already belonging to its population in society.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[23] The Year of Fears and Hopes, however, the narcotic and positive outlook of liberation remained short-lived.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Finland's domestic political situation deteriorated, and the breakdown of society that began in March proceeded at an accelerating pace.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the broad picture, the Finns of 1917 were “at the interface” where the legal society was becoming a more democratic civil society.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On the one hand, traditions and attitudes of the old system were still prevalent, but on the other hand, with the spread of popular thinking, the inequalities of the regulation system previously considered natural were no longer accepted.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 1917, the new system was still looking for its way, and the direction of development became a major subject of controversy and struggle.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The change and its momentum began to frighten conservatives and non-socialists alike.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

For the labor movement, development looked too slow.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The cataclysmic shift from enactment power to parliamentarianism and universal suffrage caused by the 1905 Great Strike influenced the actions of both the working people and the bourgeoisie in 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The workers' circle did not want a repeat of the “Tsarist setback” of 1908—1916, and on the other hand, in 1905 it had also been learned that revolution may have been the quickest path to “progress”.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The loss of state (enacted) power faced by conservatives and burghers in 1906 was not concreted until the March 1917 Revolution and then the situation threatened to lead to a decline in economic power as well.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[24] In terms of the economy, the situation of both the industrial working population and industrial employers deteriorated significantly during 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 1914—1916, the First World War caused a positive “war boom” in Finnish economic life, which clearly strengthened the economy of not only employers but also workers.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The March Revolution collapsed this development, causing unemployment and strong inflation.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The sudden deterioration of the working people's finances, coupled with the deteriorating food situation, created uncertainty and fear in the workers, laying the groundwork for strike movement and other unrest.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[25] The Senate of Tokai formed a weak government from the Tokoi Senate.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The fundamental problem was that neither the social democrats nor the burghers participated fully in the government.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Due to a power dispute between power groups and fear of political careers becoming scarred, the best forces of the SDP and the non-socialists were not included.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The politically advantageous situation long awaited by the Socialists, despite the majority in Parliament, could not be exploited because the working population lacked economic power.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The burghers had economic power, but they pursued a bourgeois majority parliament and senate as an extension.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[26] The weak political position of the Tokai Senate and later the Svinhufvud Senate characterised the dissolution of state power in 1917—1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The power lost by the Russian emperor in March 1917 was dispersed in several directions: in addition to the Provisional Government, the Senate of Finland, Parliament and other administrations, power was transferred to a significant extent on the street to workers' and military councils, strike organisations and mass rallies, as well as employers for active interest groups.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[27] Crisis blanks During its short life cycle, the Tokai Senate had to contend with at least four problems: the strike movements of spring 1917, food shortages and Finland's position in relation to Russia, and the question of ordinal power.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate survived fairly little of the strike crafting that began in April—May 1917 in industry and agriculture.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The main requirement of working people in strikes was an eight-hour working day.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

There was also a desire for wage increases to offset rising inflation.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The strikes were resolved mostly through negotiations between employers and workers, and mainly for the benefit of workers.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The outcome of the dispute elevated working people's self-esteem and faith in mass power, but embittered employers over economic losses and unrest associated with the strikes.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the labourers had used Russian soldiers in some places as support for their demands.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The upheaval caused by the March Revolution increased the mass power of the working population significantly also through the increased organization of workers; from late 1916 to the end of 1917, the number of members of the Finnish Vocational Organisation more than quadrupled to about 160,000.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The employer side was also organized, in the autumn of 1917 the Finnish Employers Confederation and the Confederation of Agricultural Producers were established.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[28] Frontier prices had been imposed for food as early as 1914 and in 1917 food shortages continued to worsen as imports of bread grain from Russia collapsed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Mainly because of that, a food law was enacted in Finland (2 June 1917), under which the state had the right to confiscate excess food stocks and distribute them for public use.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, the enforcement and implementation of the Act was left completely halfway, resulting in higher food prices and some supply disappearing into bootlegging due to food inventory inspections, seizures and border prices required by law.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[29] However, food shortages were mainly grain shortages and specifically a price crisis for the poorest part of the population affected by unemployment.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the bread shortages could be offset by other products because bread grain accounted for 10— 20% of the average family's food consumption.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Food products were on the cards, queued up and were periodically in short supply, but large-scale hunger was not seen in southern Finland until the 1918 war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[29] [30] However, the issue developed into a political issue between the working people and the producers and the producers, where “the fear of starvation was a punk”.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Many agricultural producers saw food confiscations and inventory inspections as socialist class policies encroaching on private ownership, and urban working populations in particular were embittered by expensive bootlegging, food export trade to Saint Petersburg, among others, and perception, that there was something deliberate about the trouble.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The provocative news coverage of the newspaper press also played a large part in the escalation of moods as the year 1917 wore on.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[31] [32] [33] Power Law The struggle for power to Nicholas II, Grand Duke of Finland, has been considered to have passed to the provisional Russian government after the March 1917 Revolution.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, its position was uncertain throughout its short life cycle, and ultimately unclear with regard to Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the revolutionary situation, as the internal disintegration of Russia progressed due to war and infighting, the composition of the government changed several times and on the other hand the power of local regional councils and committees increased.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[34] The Russian Provisional Government was to function until the Russian Constituent National Assembly would decide on the country's future statesmanship.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The restoration of autonomy and the extension of self-government in Finland just before the Russification periods, and finally the realization of full independence, were essentially the objectives of all parties in 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Due to infighting and social unrest, conservatives began to hesitate to increase the power of the socialist-majority parliament.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Social Democrats, for their part, are seeking to expand the country's independence and, by means of it, as a follow-up to the political victories of spring and early summer, their domestic political power.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The SDP initially sought cooperation with the Provisional Government on the issue and sought support from the Russian parties for their plans, but ultimately received positive backlash only from the Bolsheviks led by Lenin.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin was planning a coup as early as the summer of 1917 and supported the intentions of the Socialists as they contributed to weakening the position of the Provisional Government.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[35] Two lines arose in the Tokoi Senate to resolve the issue of supreme power in Finland: Lex Tulenheimo named after Senator Antti Tulenheimo, who was responsible for judicial affairs, and the idea of transferring power to parliament, matured within the SDP.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

According to Lex Tulenheimo, the provisional government's power over Finland would have been transferred mostly to the Senate.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the mother country, it would have been decided on the convening, opening and disbanding of the Riksdag, as well as military affairs and foreign policy.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Power Law, on the other hand, sought to concentrate most of the power in the Finnish parliament, and Russia would have had more to say in foreign policy and military matters.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

One cornerstone of the power bill was the wish for changes in the makeup of the interim government or its overthrow.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In Lex Tulenheimo's parliamentary proceedings, the contents of the bill were completely transformed into parliamentary authority, thus becoming a power law.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

It was adopted in parliament in an emotive vote of Socialists, partly Agrarian and bourgeois independents (e.g.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

activists) by votes on 18 July 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Parliamentary Powers Act was staunchly opposed by Conservative MPs, with some lodging calls to resign from parliament.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[36] However, Aleksandr Kerenski, who rose to head the Provisional Government in Russia, did not accept the power law.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

He strengthened military forces in Finland, as well as dissolving parliament on 31 July.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Early parliamentary elections were ordered to take place in October 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the summer of 1917, Finland acquired a new meaning for Russia.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition to and instead of being a supplier of food and goods, the land became a military outpost of the city of St. Petersburg, which could not be abandoned.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[37] The short story of Tokoi's broad-based Senate in Finland ended 13—17.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

on August 1, with key socialist senators resigning from it, and from 1 to 2.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the early parliamentary elections on October, the SDP suffered an electoral defeat and remained in opposition.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Instead of increasing power, the working population lost the political strength it had gained in the spring of 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

When the SDP remained out of the Senate, workers' attitudes sharply sharply sharply sharply and faith in the solutions to key everyday problems such as food shortages diminished.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Conversely, the political role of the labor movement changed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish conservatives who opposed the Power Act took advantage of the decision of the interim government to domestic political advantage and cooperated with the Russians in drafting and adopting the dissolution manifesto of parliament.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The bourgeois Minister-Secretary of State Carl Enckell was active in Saint Petersburg, promoting the dominance of his own political background group.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, the pendulum of power politics shifted sharply from left to right.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The dispute over supreme power linked the internal power crises of Finland and the mother country more closely to each other, with the Finnish socialists and burghers taking advantage of the so-called “St Petersburg card”.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[38] Eventually, both political power groups, both conservatives and socialists, lost in the “power law conflict”, because as a result, a parliamentary power vacuum was created in Finland during a very critical period of internal politics, which continued from early August until early November 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Due to the dissolution of parliament, the country had neither a politically strong government nor a parliament that could have effectively intervened in the increasingly deteriorating domestic political developments.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Symptomatic was that the first victim of the 1917—1918 crisis, a laborer on picket duty, died instantly in August from a bullet fired by police in Ypäja's agricultural unrest.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[39] [40] October Revolution and November Grand Strike Bolsheviks toppled the Provisional Government under Lenin in the October Revolution on 7 November 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

At the same time, the Finnish parliament and parliamentary power were getting back on their feet again.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, the country was at that point more internally divided than it was in March 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Within the SDP, ways of restoring state power to the working population were considered and the Conservatives held firm on the dominance they had regained, which also appeared to be threatened by the renewed Russian subversion.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The non-socialist-majority parliament met for the first time after the elections on 1 November and approved the establishment of a state administrator in the country on 9 November, but the leadership model of three state administrators (Alkio, Svinhufvud, Tokoi) was unable to be implemented.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

By the beginning of November, two different policy options had been formed for the Labour Movement and the Social Democratic Party: parliamentary work or starting a revolution.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The SDP, which remained in opposition, put forward its own We Demand programme instead of the state government, calling for social reforms, the abolition of patronage municipalities, the passage of a previous power law and the annulment of the results of the October parliamentary elections.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The programme was not approved by the non-Socialists, and on 12 November it was decided that it was not even taken up for consideration in parliament because the motion did not meet “formal requirements” in the Speaker's view.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[41] Fourteen-hour revolution Since November 1917 at the latest, Jukka Rahja, Eino Rahja and Adolf Taimi of the St. Petersburg Bolsheviks in both Helsinki and Saint Petersburg began to grow.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

For the Bolsheviks, as for the Provisional Government, Finland was an important part of Russia, whose control had a bipolar effect.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

After the “Days of July”, the country and the warmen there had become a support base for Lenin in the direction of Saint Petersburg, and on the other hand Finland served as a buffer area against Germany.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Social Democrats, on the other hand, considered requesting a manifesto implementing Finnish state independence from Soviet Russia on 10 November, but the unclear situation in Saint Petersburg prevented the intention.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[42] Lenin encouraged the Finnish Social Democrats to make a revolution: “Rise up, rise without delay and take power into the hands of the organised working people.” [16] [43] Finland's “reluctant revolutionaries” did not follow the Bolshevik calls for subversion, but balanced the various options in between.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[44] [45] In the autumn of 1917, Lenin, while hiding in Helsinki, had worked out his plans for the SDP, so that the arrival of the November subversion was partly known to the Finns, but no plans for cooperation with the Bolsheviks had been drawn up in advance.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The change of power in Saint Petersburg provided new opportunities for action for the Socialists after the autumn disappointments, but the leadership of the SDP and members of the parliamentary group were predominantly moderate.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The revolution gained support mainly in part of the trade organisation, in the new Workers' Guards and the Parliament of Workers' Organizations in Helsinki.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Bolshevik claims additionally lacked a real base, as their position in St. Petersburg was very precarious.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin was forced to request and transfer loyal troops who had been in Finland for assistance to the capital.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[34] [46] [47] At the headquarters of the Bolsheviks Helsinki Council, the present Presidential Palace, a pre-revolutionary meeting was held on November 8, 1917, in which three Russian communists were present: Pavlo Dybenko, A.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

L. Seinman and Ivar Smilga, as well as Jukka Rahja, a Bolshevik from Saint Petersburg and, in addition to them, seven Finnish Social Democrats; Kullervo Manner, K. H. Wiik, Edvard Gylling, Matti Turkia, Pietikäinen, Torniainen and Otto Wille Kuusinen.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

After a long negotiation and pressure from the Russian Bolsheviks on the Finns, the Finnish socialists promised to follow the example of the Russian Bolsheviks and engage in armed revolution.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Russian Bolsheviks promised to supply the necessary weapons.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

As the leading body of the revolution, the leaders of the Social Democrats and the Finnish Professional Association (SAJ) established the Labour Revolutionary Central Council on 9 November 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Central Council came members from the Red Guards, the Parliament of Workers' Organizations in Helsinki, the party leadership and the Professional Organisation and Social Democratic Parliamentary Group.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Kullervo Manner was elected chairman and Yrjö Sirola as secretary.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[48] [49] [50] Evert Huttunen and George Sirola were sent by the Workers' Revolutionary Central Council to Saint Petersburg to deliver a comrade salute to the new Soviet government.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In St. Petersburg, Lenin asked them when the Finns would undertake a revolution.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Huttunen and Sirola could not give a clear answer to this.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

They also met other Soviet leaders, including Stalin, Trotsky and Sinovyev.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[51] Lenin pledged his full support for the Finnish Revolution and promised the Russian Baltic Fleet would be freely available if necessary.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin urged the Finnish socialists to start a general strike to sever links with Saint Petersburg so that troops detachments loyal to Kerensk could not be moved to Saint Petersburg.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[52] [53] The Labour Revolutionary Central Council voted on 12 November, after the We Demand programme was overthrown, by 18—8 votes against taking power.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On 14 November, the Central Council and the Finnish Professional Association declared a general strike in Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Within a couple of days, 85,000 workers were on strike and key localities in southern Finland were under the control of local strike committees.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The SDP had adopted a strict class battle line.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[54] [55] The success of the general strike sharply increased calls for a final take on power and on 16 November 1917, the Revolutionary Central Council decided, by a vote of 14—11, to start a revolution after all.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, the directors elected to the executive committee, the commissioners, refused.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On the same day, yet another vote was held, concluding by a vote of 13—12 not to start a revolution.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

It was decided to end the general strike at 24pm on 19 November.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[56] Shattered Mirror The November strike was a major refraction point in many respects.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Decisions taken during the strike deepened the divide of the Finnish labour movement into a revolutionary minority and a moderate, pro-parliamentary majority.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, after the strike, the line draw was not absolute for some key SDP party leaders, so power relations could yet change on a case-by-case basis.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, in the alleyway running of the Great Strike, the party leadership partially lost its authority and ability to control the labour movement and its various currents.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Moderates received back-up from the rest of the parliament when the eight-hour workday and municipal laws were passed on November 16, 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the working population attributed it to have happened purely because of the pressure of a major strike.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Laws had been enacted as early as 14 July 1917, but the question of supreme power in Finland had postponed their final adoption.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[57] [58] The cancellation of the Finnish revolution was a disappointment for Lenin and the Bolsheviks.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In November—December, Lenin lost faith in the SDP's desire and ability to carry out the capture supporting the October Revolution in Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[59] [60] The Great Strike had definitively revealed the line differences between Russian-Bolshevist and Finnish-social democratic policies.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

After a period of disappointment, Lenin tried to rely in his plans on the far-left of the Finnish labour movement and the Finnish Bolsheviks in Saint Petersburg seeking to influence labor organizations directly, bypassing the leadership of the SDP.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[61] In Finland, the general strike broke the rest of the unity that remained between the Socialists and the burghers.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The aggression of the strike erupted into political violence; a total of 16 people numbered as non-socialists were killed by the Workers' Guards.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, 14 Patronymen and 4 Workers' Order Guards perished in the skirmishes of the strike.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

By the late summer of 1917, the power vacuum had been filled and Finland had ended up on a path with an internal struggle looming at the end of it.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[62] Independence Sixth of December The non-socialist parties hoped to be able to reduce the influence of the Bolsheviks in the country and to control the left with their parliamentary majority.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, on 15 November 1917, the Finnish Parliament declared itself the holder of supreme power in the country.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On 27 November, the bourgeois Svinhufvud Senate led by P.E.Svinhufvud, which has also been called the Independence Senate, was formed in the country, and on 6 December 1917, the parliament passed the Senate's motion for the Declaration of Independence of Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[63] In a mirror image to the July 1917 power bill vote, the Socialists voted against a motion in the bourgeois Senate in December and drafted their own motion as a declaration of independence.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[64] The fact that the Declaration of Independence had to be voted on can be seen as a natural consequence of past events and infighting, in which the question of independence had become part of the internal wrangling among Finns.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In Finland, the Declaration of Independence of December 1917 did not attract much attention.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In fact, the idea and demand for full state independence emerged in Finland partly because of the power struggle described above in 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Finns had planned either only the restoration of the pre-1899 situation and the extension of autonomy, or the annexation of the country as a principality to Germany or Sweden.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[65] Thus, the emergence of independent Finland was not the culmination of a long, “methodical” historical development.