Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[9] A man realized his dream of a skyscraper in the United States.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

In 1949—1951, he designed two high-rise buildings in downtown Chicago at 860-880 Lake Shore Drive.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

The 26-story houses were the first multi-story residential buildings made of steel and glass in the United States.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[8] Mies' glass Seagram Building, which he designed with Johnson, has been a paragon of many skyscrapers of the same style.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[3] Particularly in the latter stages of his career, Male received several major awards.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

In 1959 he was awarded the British Gold Medal, the 1960 AIA Gold Medal and in 1963 as the first architect the Presidential Medal of Freedom.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Among Mies' last work was the Berlin-based Neue Nationalgalerie.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[6] Private life The man married in April 1913 to Ada Bruhn.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

They moved to Werder outside Berlin.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Three children were born to them, Dorotea (1914), Marianne (1915) and Waltraut (1917).


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Ludwig and Ada's union was difficult, and they moved apart in 1921 but did not officially separate.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

The man changed his name in the process.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Mies' friend Lilly Reich took care of Ada and the children after Male had moved to the United States.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[1] The Mies family were considered “the family of an enemy colonist” in Nazi Germany and were discriminated against.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

After the war, Ada and the children moved from country to country until Ada's health deteriorated.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

He died of cancer in 1951.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[7] Although the Man almost had no contact with his daughters since his move to the United States, all of the daughters later emigrated to the United States.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[10] In 1958, arthritis forced Mies to use a wheelchair and crutches for the rest of his life.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

From 1966 Male battled esophageal cancer, and he died of pneumonia on August 17, 1969.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

His body was cremated, and he was buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[11] Meaning Men is considered, alongside Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier, to be the most outstanding architect of the 20th century.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Characteristic of Mies's buildings is simplicity of form, but on the other hand, careful design of details.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

The man often said, “God is in the details.”


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[12] The most notable buildings in Mies' European career are the Barcelona Pavilion and Villa Tugendhat and, for example, ArtNews critic A. James Speyer has called them “the most remarkable of modern architecture and the most beautiful buildings of a generation”.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

In the United States, Mies' major works include the Seagram Building and the Illinois Institute of Technology's Crown Hall, which Mies himself considered his favorite building.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[12] The importance of Mies to the formation of modern architecture has been seen as so important that Villa Tugendhat has been selected to the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

ICOMOS has called Villa Tugendhat the most significant residential building of its time.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

[13] Sources Literature Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Moffett, Marian & Fazio, Michael & Wodehouse, Lawrence| title= A World History of Architecture| location = London| publisher = Laurence King Publishing| year = 2003| id = ISBN 1-85669-353-8| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate = 27.8.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tietz, Jürgen| title = History of Modern Architecture | others = Translated by Eskelinen, Heikki; Kilpeläinen, Tapani| location = Königswinter| publisher = Ullmann| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-3-8331-4736-4}} References Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

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Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

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Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

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Question: What did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe die of?

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Category:German architects Category:American architects Category:American designers Category:People born in 1886 Class:Those who died in 1969 Category:72.9 History of architecture Category:Key articles of screening Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Pope (,, pápas) is the Bishop of Rome, supreme spiritual leader of the Catholic Church and head of the Vatican.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to the Catholic Church's conception, he is the commandment holder of Christ on earth and, according to the dogma established in 1870, infallible in speaking ex officio () on matters of faith.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope is elected by a meeting of cardinals, or conclave.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The current pope is Francis, who was elected to office in spring 2013.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope's secular power is limited today, but beyond spiritual leadership, he is a major moral leader for more than a billion Catholics, and his opinions are noted even if Vatican City itself has no significant military or political power.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope is considered the successor of the apostle Peter.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

This gives him certain special privileges within the Catholic Church, which are justified both by the Bible and by the Church's lineage.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope lives in the Apostolic Palace next door to St. Peter's Basilica, but travels a lot.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Today, before being elected, the pope must have practically served as a priest of the Catholic Church, after which he has been elevated to bishop, possibly including archbishop.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Subsequently, he has been elevated to a cardinal by the then pope, the highest title in the Catholic Church immediately after his papacy.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Since his elevation to cardinal, he has been elected pope in the conclave.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Although the canonical law of the Catholic Church places no formal requirements on the Pope other than the sacrament of male gender and confirmation, it is practically clear that only a cardinal can be elected pope in the conclave.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the Middle Ages, the Pope was at times the most powerful man in the Christian world and above kings and emperors.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Of the papal titles, the four most popular are John (23), Benedictus (16), Gregory (16) and Clement (14).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[1] Of the Popes, 80 are venerated as a saint and 9 as blissful.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[1] Three popes have been given the additional name “Great”: Saint Leo I (died 461), Saint Gregory I (540—604), and Saint Nicholas I (died 867).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[1] [2] [3] [4] Saint Peter and Saint Gertrude the Great are venerated as patron saints of the popes.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[5] History Beginning of the Papacy There are different views on who was the first pope in history.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Catholic Church considers the handover of the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven to the Apostle Peter as a sign of his proclamation as head of all other apostles and the first Bishop of Rome, namely the Pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

It is written on the inner edge of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica: Tu es Petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam et tibi dabo claves regni caelorum [6] (in Finnish You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

I am giving you the keys to the kingdom of heaven) as Jesus is reported to have said to Peter according to the Gospel of Matthew [7].


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Most critical views do not question this passage in the Bible or its events, but question Peter's position as head of the Congregation in Rome and thus as Pope as well.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Three critical questions are usually asked: [6] What historical evidence is there that Peter has even been in the city of Rome?


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

How is it known that he died there martyrdom?


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Can we provide evidence that the apostle Peter was indeed the first bishop of the city of Rome, or the pope?


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

There have been a wide range of answers to the questions.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to the most critical estimates, Peter never visited the city of Rome in his life, in which case he could not be the first Bishop of Rome and therefore the papacy cannot be justified by him.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

An answer to any of the three questions presented cannot be found in the Bible because the New Testament does not tell of the final stages of the life of the Apostle Peter.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Despite this, the tradition of Peter's martyrdom in Rome is probably true.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[8] During Pope Pius XII's tenure as pope, excavations were carried out under St. Peter's Basilica in the 1950s resulting in the discovery of a tomb monument.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Next to it are scribbled the words in Greek: Peter is here.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

At the site where the burial monument was found, the early cemetery of Emperor Nero was located, where some of the Christians executed in persecution were buried.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Bones were also found at the site and, in its briefing, the Vatican City State stated that it was 'at the highest probability' the earthly remains of the Apostle Prince.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Not everyone agrees with Vatican City, as, according to the most critical scholars, “there was an expectation that bones would be found in the cemetery.”


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[9] In addition to secular evidence, the Bible, according to some scholars, gives indirect indications of Peter's stay in Rome, although, however, does not directly state the final stages of the apostle prince's life.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[10] For example, at the end of the First Epistle of Peter it says: “A greeting shall be sent to you by the congregation in Babylon, chosen as you, and my son Mark.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

“[11] [10] If it is assumed that Peter wrote the letter himself — although several scholars question this [10] — as well as Babylon being the pseudonym of Rome, it is likely that Peter was in Rome at the time.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the Bible, the name Babylon rarely referred to the city of Babylon itself, but instead meant the decadent world cities.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[10] In this case, it would be assumed that it would be Rome.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

This claim is also supported by the mention of Mark's name, as church historians mention this having been in Rome as Peter's interpreter.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[10] Thus, on the basis of the tomb monument and bone finds, one can answer the first and second questions and assume that Peter was actually in Rome and the martyrdom of the deceased.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

To the third question, modern research answers no.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[9] Probably the Roman congregation arose even before 50 [12], that is, before the arrival of Paul and Peter in the city.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In this case, the parishes lacked episcopal posts, as the parish order gradually evolved towards more uniform forms.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The post of bishop as the leader of the congregation developed in Asia Minor from where it slowly spread elsewhere and arrived in Rome around the year 160.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

On this basis, one cannot speak of Peter as the first pope, nor even as the head of the Roman Congregation.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The early church and the rise of papacy the special status of the Bishop of Rome among other bishops began to be outlined in the middle of the third century, when Cyprianus, a North African bishop in particular, and Firmilianos, from Asia Lesser, emphasised the connection between the apostles, between episcopal office and orthodoxy.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[13] The reason precisely for the special status of the Bishop of Rome was, in the early stages of Christendom, the location of the parish in the capital


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The location influenced the importance of the parish, but even in the first centuries it did not guarantee the Roman congregation a special status among other parishes in the empire.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

It was not until political factors began to influence the church, with the establishment of Christianity as the official religion of the kingdom in 380, that the importance of the town where the parish was located increased considerably.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[13] Although the Roman congregation increased its prestige, the importance and status of the Congregation of Constantinople became even more entrenched when the capital of the Roman Empire moved from Rome to Constantinople.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[13] Therefore, in the Christian sense, the prestige enjoyed by the Roman congregation was rather due to the fact that the Roman congregation was regarded as consecrated by the blood of several martyrs.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[13] Leo I the Great was pope from 440—461.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

He developed the idea of “Primus inter pares” (“first among his peers”).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

This meant the superiority of the Bishop of Rome over other bishops.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

As pope, he strongly developed theological justifications for papacy, and during his time established the notion of papal supremacy within the Church.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[14] Leo I therefore considered the papal seat to enjoy the legitimacy given by God.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[15] According to Leo I, the handover of the keys of the kingdom of heaven and the words of Jesus to the apostle Peter also applied to other leaders of the Roman congregation.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to Leo I, handing over the keys to the kingdom of heaven to the apostle Peter meant elevating this above the other apostles.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Similarly, Leo considered the bishops of Rome, or popes, that he considered Peter's successors, to be above other bishops.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[16] The appeal to theology for the position of the pope deliberately differed from the demands of the Patriarchs of Constantinople, based mostly on political grounds.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[16] The Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III also supported Leo I's claim to papal supremacy within the Church by siding with Leo in the dispute between him and the Bishop of Arles.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[16] As a result of the dispute, the Emperor decreed that the apostle Peter had been granted the office of supreme judge as well as supreme administrative authority in the Church, [17] as well as the highest teaching post.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[18] [16] Leo I was also the first to make a claim to papal infallibility, basing his claim on the Bible.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[19] According to the views of Christianity of the East, the city of Rome was only one of five patriarchates in equal measure, and thus the power of the Bishop of Rome was no higher than the other bishops.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[15] The honorary position of the Pope was recognised in the East, but at the same time the supreme decision-making power was considered to be vested in the ecumenical assemblies and not to the pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[15] In the Middle Ages, however, the power of the Papacy and at the same time the central government of the Catholic Church was quite limited until the 9th century.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In this case, the reform movements of the monastic establishment, especially the so-called Cluny movement, began to stress the Pope's position as a guarantee man of ecclesiastical and spiritual oneness.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The first man on the papal seat to represent the reform movement in Cluny was Gregory VII.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[20] Gregory VII believed that the Papal See had complete rule over both the Church and the whole world.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[21] Gregory VII draws up 27 theses for his own use, according to which, for example, the Church of Rome is never mistaken, nor can it, according to the testimony of the Bible, ever be mistaken.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Only the Pope may convene an ecclesiastical assembly.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Only he can impose bishops and dismiss them.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Only he can change his own sentences.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

No one can judge him.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Only he can approve amendments to the Church Act.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

He can fire emperors.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

He can free his subjects from the oath of allegiance.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

All princes must kiss the feet of the pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

One sign of the growth of papal power was the division of the Church into two, Eastern Orthodox and Western Catholic in 1054 (the Great Schism).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Technically the cause was a dispute over the so-called filioque addition in the creed, but in practice the larger problem was the dispute over the mutual prestige and power of the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[22] In the Middle Ages, Papal power was also justified by the so-called Constantine Deed of Gift.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

However, it in the 15th century was shown to be a forgery made around the time of the emergence of the Church State.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to the deed of gift, Emperor Constantine would have ceded to Pope Sylvester I and his successors power in Rome and Western Roman cities.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[23] This was the so-called St. Peter's legacy.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In addition, according to the document, the Pope would have been given the regalia of the emperor and to the priests the rank of senator.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[23] Constantine would have left only East Rome, according to the deed of gift.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to the deed of gift, the reason for the donation was the advice on Christianity given by the Pope to the Emperor.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Pope had also baptized him, according to the deed of gift


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[23] The Catholic Church did not admit the deed of gift as a forgery until the 19th century.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[23] Until the 10th century, the appointment of popes was responsible for the senior clergy of the Roman province, but the selection was also influenced by secular leaders.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In 1059, cardinals were named as electors, and in 1179 the cardinals' votes were ordered to be equally weighty in the election.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In principle, any man who is baptized can be elected pope, but since the election of Pope Urbanus VI in 1378, the pope has always been chosen from among the cardinals.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the 8 January 1198 conclave, yet another pope was elected, taking the title of Innocentius III.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Even today he is regarded throughout the Middle Ages and by some as the greatest pope of all time.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[24] The new pope interpreted himself as being directly substitute for Christ, greater than man, lesser than God, and thus higher than kings and entitled to command all.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

On his rise to lead the Catholic Church, Innocentius III was commanded by the most powerful organisation of the Middle Ages.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[24] The church resembled a state more than a religious modern church; it had its own laws, legislatures, courts, lawyers, prisons, and the best organized and efficient administrative apparatus in Europe.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[24] Innocentius III was the leader of all Europe, because after the death of the emperor of the Holy German-Roman Empire, he did not have a single sufficiently powerful rival.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope's political advice was followed in France, England, Denmark, Hungary as well as in Bohemia.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[24] It was not until the late Middle Ages, after the captivity of Avignon and the subsequent Great Schism, that the bishops of Rome attained ubiquitous control over the ecclesiastical administration of the Western Church, although the supreme decision-making power was maintained in principle through ecclesiastical assemblies under the leadership of the popes.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the New Age, the great secular power and wealth of the Pope led to some abuses.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Popes did not always behave as required for their office.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

These popes did not live in celibacy, but may have had several children and mistresses.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Some also sold and bought episcopal posts.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

These irregularities, real and partly imagined, were a partial cause of the Reformation and hence also the emergence of Protestant churches: Martti Luther Finland vehemently discounted the papacy and opposed the concentration of power in one person.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Papacy in the New Age Papacy in the New Age comprises the history of the papacy from the 15th century to the present day.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

During the New Age papacy, a number of events significant to the history of the papacy and also the history of the Catholic Church took place, such as the Reformation, in which Protestant churches were born.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Similarly, the new-age papacy also includes, for example, the conflict between the development of science and society with the papacy and the modernising world, as well as science.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the new era, the papacy also evolved, especially during the nineteenth century papacy, from a secular prince-bishopric to a more spiritual institution.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Papacy from 19th century to modern period The development of papal power since the 19th century the power of the popes has changed considerably, always changing in a more spiritual direction.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

After Pius VI lost the Church State to Napoleon, the secular power of the popes turned into decline.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the 19th century, the Church State remained standing no longer with the military support of some European states, and the papal seat was thus not at all an impartial spiritual element in world politics.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The situation changed greatly when the Church State was militarily annexed to the newly unified Italy.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The incident caused the Vatican's imprisonment, that is, a dispute between the Pope and the Italian state, but at the same time it freed the Pope from his ties to the Church State.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope was no longer head of state, and the pope was thus not as dependent on secular politics as he once was.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The annexation of the church state to Italy was a very important event for the development of papal power.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Industrialization, on the other hand, made the Pope globally known.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Railways developed through industrialisation and the development of other transport links and means facilitated travel between different continents and enabled global meetings such as the First Ecclesiastical Assembly of the Vatican.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

At the same time, through train connections, devout Catholics could travel to the Vatican compound and make pilgrimages there.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Lateran Treaties of 1929 ended the Vatican's imprisonment and quarrel with the Italian state.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

At the same time, the pope once again became head of state.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Pope, however, was not as dependent on support from foreign powers as he was in the time of the Church State.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the 20th century, the Papal See remained, in most cases, officially neutral between disputes between the various states.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

With the advent of the 21st century, the papacy became an increasingly spiritual institution and in modern times it enjoyed widespread appreciation and support around the world.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In modern times, the Pope is an important moral influence, and his opinions are widely listened to.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The clash between the papacy and the modernising world One of the most important events in terms of the development of the papacy in the 19th and 20th centuries included a clash between the papacy and the modernized world, cooling the conservative papacy's relations with the modernizing world.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The election of deeply religious pious cardinals as pope in the first half of the 19th century was likely to exacerbate the old papal seat's dispute with the reforming world.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Leo XII, for example, was very reactionary and devoid of proper sense of proportion, [25] which is why, among other things, he stopped giving smallpox vaccinations in the Church State as well as excluding Roman Jews in the ghetto.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[26] Similarly, hopes of changing the Church State's old priest-led system of government experienced a clampdown in the early 19th century, because while reformist popes may have attempted to reform the old Church State, their successors quickly reversed these reforms.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

For example, Pope Gregory XVI cancelled the reforms of his predecessor Pius VIII, which had attempted to modernize the Church State.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Church State was considered one of the most backward countries in Europe during the papacy of Gregory XVI.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[27] At the same time, Gregory XVI gave his support to various measures restricting freedom of expression across Europe, as the Church State was militarily dependent on the support provided by these European states.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Gregory XVI condemned freedom of expression, among other things, in his circular Mirari vos: Another circular deepening the divide between the papacy and the modernising world was drawn up during Pius IX's papal term in 1864, and made famous by the Syllabus errorum, a catalogue of errors attached to it.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the list, the pope condemned eighty modern causes he considered heretics, including freedom of conscience, Protestantism, civil marriage, as well as socialism.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[28] [29] Syllabus errorum classified heresies into ten different groups: [28] Pantheism, naturalism, strident rationalism Moderate rationalism Indifferentism Socialism, communism, secret societies, biblical societies, priestly liberal associations Errors concerning the Church Errors on natural and Christian ethics Errors on marriage Errors on the secular power of the Pope Errors of modern liberalism The eightieth paragraph of the list condemned the claim that “the Pope of Rome could and that he should come to terms with progress, libertarianism, and modern culture”.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[28] The appointment of the finding as heresy created a deep divide between the old papacy and a renewing Europe.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

It was not until 1878—1903 that Pope Leo XIII, who reigned in 1878—1903, took the first steps to re-evaluate the modernising world.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

This he did with his circular Rerum novarum, in which modern society was no longer rebuffed.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[30] Although, Pius X, the successor of Leo XIII, required all priests to swear not to support modernism.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the same period of Pius X, the so-called “papal secret police” was established, looking for pro-modernism priests and bishops.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

However, relations between the pope and the modernising world warmed under Pius X's successors, but it was not until the 1960s that the persecution of modernism and the sharp separation of science from theology ceased.


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Pope

During Paul VI, several Catholic professors of theology were allowed to teach at their universities, although their views may differ from the official views of the Catholic Church, [31] but under John Paul II some Catholic theologians have been deprived of permission to teach their own views.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[31] By coming to the present day, however, the papacy has changed considerably from the time of Gregory XVI, and as science developed, for example, John Paul II was forced to state, among other things, that “the theory of evolution is more than a hypothesis.


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Pope

“[32] The Second Vatican Council gives direction to the Second Vatican Church Conference convened by Pope John XXIII, who ruled in the 1960s, was a very significant event for the Catholic Church and is among the most significant events for the Catholic Church in the 20th century.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[33] The ecclesiastical assembly caused a reversal in the Catholic Church's attitude towards other Christian churches and denominations.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[33] Likewise, as a result of the Ecclesiastical Conference, the Catholic Church's perception of itself changed, as well as its perception of a


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Pope

[33] In particular, the latter change was very significant because the papacy had been marked by the conflict of the papacy of the Papacy with science and modernism in the whole new period and was clearly visible, especially in the politics of the popes who ruled in the 19th and 20th centuries.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Second Vatican Council differed greatly from the previous ecclesiastical assemblies, as that ecclesiastical assembly greatly reformed the Catholic Church, which was considered archaic.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

For example, 90 years before the start of the Second Vatican Church Conference, the First Vatican Church had not reformed the Catholic Church but strengthened the power of the Pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[33] Furthermore, the documents prepared at the Second Vatican Council of Ecclesiastics sought to be adopted by means of compromise solutions with the greatest possible voting majorities, [33] in contrast to, for example, the First Vatican Council, where Pope Pius IX had opposed several compromises and carried through the will of the Pope despite great opposition.


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Pope

Among the results of the Second Vatican Council of Ecclesiastics were sixteen approved documents.


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Pope

[34] Four documentaries called the Constitution were of particular importance: [34] a dogmatic institution on the liturgy the dogmatic denunciation of a dogmatic institution on a church in today's world The Ecclesiastical Assembly the decisions adopted also included nine decrites relating to social modes of communication, the Catholic Eastern Churches, ecumenism, bishops, the education of priests, rules, lay apostolates, and priests and missionary work.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[34] The Ecclesiastical Assembly also adopted three opinions on Christian upbringing, non-Christian denominations and religious freedom.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[34] The Second Vatican Council also urged Catholics to cooperate as well as discussion with religions other than just Christianity.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[34] In relation to the document of the Ecclesiastical Assembly, a statement was also published in which the Church dissociated itself from anti-Semitism.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[34] The Ecclesiastical Assembly also took a line different from the First Vatican Council, accepting religious freedom by appealing to human dignity as well as the Christian concept of faith.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[34] The position differed greatly from the proclamations of Pope Pius IX during the First Vatican Council, by which the Papal Court had, less than a century ago, declared its opposition to religious freedom by naming it heresy.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[35] From John Paul II to the present day, Pope John Paul II had ruled the Catholic Church for nearly twenty-seven years from 1978 until his death.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

His pontificate had been the longest since Pius IX, who served as pope for thirty-one years, who was pope from 1846 to 1878.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

John Paul II, as pope, was a powerful and singular personality, leading the church more conservatively and tightly than his predecessors.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

For example, during his time as pope, he appointed bishops to important episcopal seats singularly and in some places also against the general will of local dioceses, [36] in 1995 declared the issues of female priesthood exhausted [37] while declaring that “the Church has none prestige to give priestly consecration to women”, and also required all church members to stick to this settlement.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[37] John Paul II was also the first pope to appear profusely in the media.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

With his powerful and prominent appearances, he gained much media exposure in the world, and during his long tenure he became an important morale influencer.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

John Paul II's importance in the implosion of communism in Eastern Europe, especially in Poland, was particularly great.


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Pope

[38] Joseph Alois Ratzinger was elected in the 2005 conclave to succeed John Paul II after four ballots.


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Pope

He adopted Benedict XVI as his papacy title; as Cardinal, Ratzinger was regarded as a leading figure in the conservative wing of the Catholic Church, which stressed the purity of doctrine, opposed contraception, denounced homosexuality, female priesthood and radical feminism, and opposed debate over priestly celibacy elimination.


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Pope

Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Archbishop of Buenos Aires, was elected in a conclave on 13 March 2013, after five rounds of voting, to succeed Benedict XVI.


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Pope

He took as his papal name Franciscus Franciscus of Assisi.


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Pope

He is a native of Argentina and the first pope from outside Europe in centuries.


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Pope

Pontificates of the Popes The current Pope Francis is, according to the official count, ordinal number 266.


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Pope

The removals of popes deemed worthless in hindsight, counterpopes, and popes uncertain in the historicity of the early centuries make it difficult to accurately ascertain the actual ordinal number.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Popes' terms in office have lasted about seven-and-a-half years on average, but ranged from weeks to tens of years.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Benedict IX, on the other hand, was in the 10th century as pope for three different terms.


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Pope

The main problem with enumerating popes, however, stems from the popes in power at the same time in the Middle Ages.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

There are no unambiguous criteria for determining popes and counter-popes.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope is usually very old when he ascends to office.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

John Paul II, for example, was at 58 the youngest to be elected pope since Pius IX, who was elected pope at the age of 54 in 1846.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Pope Benedict XVI was 78 years old at the time of his election.


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Pope

The current Pope Francis was 76 years old at the time of his election.


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Pope

The youngest to become pope was only about 22 years old at the time of his appointment.


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Pope

His extraordinary youth is epitomised by a lineage that he would have been only 12 years old.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

St Peter's through 35 years is considered to be the longest pontificate, though both the beginning and ending years of his term are legendary rather than historic.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Critical historians also dispute the idea that Peter had served as Bishop of Rome at all.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to the official Vatican list, the longest-reigning popes are: Saint Peter (approximately 33—68, 35 years) Pius IX (1846—1878, 32 years) John Paul II (1978—2005, 27 years) Leo XIII (1878—1903, 25 years).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The shortest pontificates are less straightforward to determine, as some popes who ruled for very little time were considered counter-popes in their time, and their names were not included in the Catholic Church's official list of popes.


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Pope

Dioscorus, for example, died 22 days after his election.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Of the popes who ruled in the 20th century, John Paul I died on his 34th day of reign.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Of the official popes, the shortest pope in power is Urbanus VII, who had time to be in office for 13 days.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Prior to the election of John Paul II of Poland, all popes from over 450 years had been Italian.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The previous non-Italian pope had been the Dutchman Hadrian VI, who was pope from 1522—1523.


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Pope

Of the popes elected after John Paul II, Benedict XVI is German and the current Pope Francis hails from Argentina.


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Pope

Papal nepotism The great power of the popes in both spiritual and secular matters also added to some abuses.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Since the papal office allowed great financial benefits to the relatives of the reigning pope at any given time, they did not want to give up their perks after the Pope's death.


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Pope

The solution to this was the cardinal neposis system, whereby the reigning pope appointed one of his relatives as cardinal.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

This custom of popes appointing their relatives as cardinal nepos originated in the Middle Ages, and the custom reached its peak in the 16th and 17th century.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[39] From the Avignon captivity of the popes until Innocentius XII's anti-nepotism Romanum decet pontificem bulla published in 1692, the Popes without cardinal nepos were a distinct exception.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Likewise, all the popes who had ruled cardinals during the Renaissance wore cardinal nepos, usually their half-brothers or nephews.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[40] The cardinal nepos were in their time very influential figures within the Church, and the cardinal nepos was the unofficial head of the College of Cardinals.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[41] The appointment of cardinal nepostes based on nepotism later proved to be an anomalous system, leading to it being phased out in the 17th century.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[41] The institution of cardinal nephews lasted for more than seven centuries all the way from the 10th century to the 18th century.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The history of cardinal nepos was closely related to the history of the papacy, and the situation of cardinal nepos generally reflected that of the then papacy as well.


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Pope

For example, during strong cardinal nepos, it could be established with great certainty that the reigning pope was weak in power and thus maneuverable by his cardinal nepos.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[42] The position and its grounds The Catholic Church justifies the papacy with the Bible.


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Pope

It quotes several Bible verses in support of its position, most importantly the passage in the Gospel of Matthew in which Jesus says to Peter, “You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church”, (Matt.


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Pope


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Name of Peter (kr.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Petros, aram.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Keefas) means rock.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Other passages include Luke 22:31 —32 and John 21:15 —17.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the view of some historians, the first actual pope was Leo I and considered by some to be Gregory I, for they exercised general ecclesiastical power considerably more than their predecessors.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope's position is dogmatic.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

It is defined over a long period of time.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The following attributes are attached to the Pope: Rights The Pope is the sovereign head of state of the Vatican City State, and he hereby enjoys all related rights in the territory of his power.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope has the right to appoint bishops and cardinals, but normally he only accepts appointments.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope may declare a person or thing to be put in a curse.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In this case, a person is considered not to belong to the church and cannot participate in the communion (excommunication).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope may also make a statement “ex cathedra”.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In making a statement, the Pope is infallible in religious matters.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The First Vatican Ecumenical Consil, under Pope Pius IX, decided in 1870 that the Pope is infallible in matters which he has recited ex cathedra (in Finnish from the Episcopal Court, in the sense of “officially”).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[43] At the first Ecclesiastical Conference of the Vatican, the matter was defined as follows: In the Ex cathedra situation, the pope must be on the verge of determining the question of faith or morality in his official position as head of the universal church, not merely his own, private theologian.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In addition, the idea he dogmatizes must be generally accepted in the church.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to the Church, in this situation, the pope is protected by the Holy Spirit from making mistakes.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

However, the Vatican I Council did not accurately define the conditions for when a pope may be considered to have spoken ex cathedra, which has led to certain options for interpretation.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In practice, many popes, despite their right, have avoided making statements ex cathedra, as this would also bind their successors theologically or followers would either have to reinterpret the decisions of their predecessors or possibly even make opposing decisions, which would undermine the credibility of the catholic church tradition alongside bible interpretation.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

There are differing views on which of the decisions made by the pope fall within the realm of infallibility.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

However, it is generally accepted that the dogma proclaimed by Pope Pius IX in 1854 regarding the unoriginal birth of the Virgin Mary and the dogma proclaimed by Pope Pius XII in 1950 regarding the admission of the Virgin Mary into heaven were infallible statements.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Many see as cases of papal infallibility such as previous Christological statements, the dogmatic definition of infallibility itself, Pope Leo XIII's declaration of void of priestly consecration in the Anglican denomination of 1896, and Pope John Paul II's declaration of the impossibility of female priesthood dating back to 1994.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Pope and Political Power Papal ecclesiastical administration, the Holy See (Latin: Sancta Sedes) is the legal entity that governs the Vatican City State and is involved in international treaties.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Holy See also holds observer status at the UN.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[44] In statesmanship, the Vatican City State is a theocracy and, according to Article 1 of the State Constitution, the supreme legislative, executive and judicial power in the Vatican City State is vested in the Pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[45] Vatican City is therefore a monarchy governed in absolute terms.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope is simultaneously both head of Vatican City State and head of the Catholic Church.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Despite the limited political weight of Vatican City City itself, the pope holds numerous international influence, and as the official spiritual leader of about a billion Catholics, he himself also carries political weight.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Pope John Paul II, for example, took numerous positions in politics during his term, in addition to making several trips to various countries and meeting with world political leadership, including U.S. President George W. Bush.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Pope John Paul II appeared much in the media compared to his predecessors, and he made the Papal See even more famous in the world.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope's influence is the fact that John Paul II's visit to communist Poland caused an outright popular movement following the pope, and the Pope was noted as a major threat all the way to the Soviet Union.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[46] The Pope and Moral Power The Pope is the moral and spiritual leader for the world's roughly 1 billion Catholics, so his opinions are taken seriously.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Even if popes do not have outright political or military power, they can still influence many major policy issues.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Even in the first half of the 20th century, the moral influence of the popes was undermined, as illustrated, for example, by Josif Stalin's 1935 alleged question to Pierre Laval, the French foreign minister: “How many divisions does the Pope have?” [47] A few decades later, John Paul II contributed decisively to the fall of communism in Poland, causing him to be listed in the Soviet Union as a clear threat.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to an Italian police account, it was the KGB who was behind the 1981 assassination attempt on John Paul II by Turkish Mehmet Ali Ağca.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[48] Many feel that the newly ruled popes have been conservative.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

John Paul II, for example, opposed female priesthood and contraception, among other things.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The next pope continued the line of his predecessor.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Some critics oppose John Paul II's new additional name, John Paul II the Great, which the Vatican has used about him lately, as they felt the pope's conservative stance slowed, among other things, the fight against AIDS as well as the fight against poverty overpopulation while promoting.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Pope Benedict XVI was considered conservative and uninterested in reform.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope continued along the same line as his predecessor John Paul II in relation to contraception and the female priesthood.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Some experts think it would have been worthwhile for the pope to choose Pius as his name, [49] as this would indicate the pope's conservative position.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The name Benedictus probably comes from the fact that Benedict XV was one of the popes who ruled for the shortest period of the 20th century.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Death, resignation from office and election of a new pope Resignation From office The Pope can resign from office, but this happens extremely rarely.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Pope Benedict XVI announced his resignation on 28 February 2013 citing health reasons. [50].


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Before Benedict XVI, the previous Pope to have resigned was Gregory XII in 1415.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

However, the resignation of Gregory XII was truly reluctant and pressured by the Great Schism with the advent of the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Pisa and Konstanz in 1409.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The last pope to voluntarily resign from office was Celestinus V in 1294.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to certain Catholic views, resignation is dangerous because it allows the rise of counter-popes.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Death Usually the pope changes only after the previous pope dies.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The orders on the death of the pope have been precise and shaped over the centuries.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

When the pope dies, his closest aides gather in the pope's room.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

One high official, a camerlengo, or papal chamberlain, knocks the pope on the forehead with a small silver hammer and calls him three times by his baptismal name.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

If the pope does not react, the camerlengo will write a death certificate.


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Pope

The pope's ring, a fisherman's ring referring to Peter, is removed from his finger.


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Pope

Next, the pope's apartment will be emptied and sealed.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

This tradition, dating back to the Middle Ages, aims to prevent anyone else from impersonating the pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

No one has a business in the apartment before the election of a new pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Roman church bells ring to mark death and prayers are read in front of St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The bronze doors leading to the Vatican will be closed and will not be opened until a new pope is elected.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Popes who ruled more recently have died in the Apostolic Palace next to St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Traditionally, the declaration of the deceased has taken place without ceremonies, for example, after the death of John Paul I, the Vatican sent a clear and simple press release: “Pope dead” (“Pope dead”).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

John Paul II's death was briefed by text message and email sent to reporters.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

At the death of the pope, the Catholic Church enters the sedisvak deck ('free seat'), often referred to somewhat inaccurately as an interregnum (“between reigns”).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

With the Holy See empty, several senior Vatican officials automatically lose their posts.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Power formally passes to the College of Cardinals, and preparations are being made for the election of a new pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Upon the Pope's death, the camerlengo breaks the papal lead seal and disposes of the gold fisherman's ring in the presence of witnesses.


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Pope

After John Paul II died, this ritual took place a good week after the funeral.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope's body will be put on display in St. Peter's Basilica.


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Pope

Funerals are usually held after 4—6 days.


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Pope

The official mourning period lasts nine days.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The mourning period ends with Mass.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The Choice Conclave is a meeting of cardinals appointed by the Pope in the Catholic Church, at which they elect a new head of the church, namely the pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Eligible to vote are cardinals who were under 80 when the papal seat became vacant.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Because of the absolute dominance of the pope, ecclesiastical changes are possible only after the death of the pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

During his term as papacy, or pontificate, each pope pursues such policies as he wishes, and only the reigning pope has the opportunity to decide the content of that policy.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

It is impossible to dismiss the pope from office, [51] so in practice the pope is able to pursue the policies he wants right up to the end of his life.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

However, papal power ceases to exist as soon as the ruling pope passes away.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In this case, the Catholic Church finds itself in a sedisvak, that is, a state where the pope's episcopal seat is empty.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Papal power then passes to the College of Cardinals, that is, an entity formed by cardinals.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Nominally, the supreme power after the death of the pope is held by a cardinal chamberlain named camerlengo, whose task is taken to organise the papal invasion, or conclave.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The conclave is practically the only situation in which cardinals can tangibly change the course of papal politics.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Conclaves tend to see a desire for change among cardinals; a diplomatic pope is followed by a religious pope and a longtime pope by a short-term pope.


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Pope

[51] For this reason, cardinals who were close to the previous pope do not necessarily have a chance in the conclave; rather, the college often seeks to seek a candidate distinctive from the previous pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[51] Predicting the course of a conclave is often difficult, and the conclave does not necessarily end up with solutions that seem obvious.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Often elections produce surprises of some sort in its choices, as illustrated by the saying used in Rome: “whoever goes to the conclave as pope comes out as a cardinal.”


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Pope

[52] The unpredictability of choice is heightened in some places by the need for a new pope to win over a two-thirds majority of cardinals, and since the College of Cardinals is usually divided on the papal question, it is difficult for advance favourites to gather the necessary support together.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[52] Dissenting cardinals often find themselves in search of compromise candidates that satisfy different parties.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[52] Titles The denomination Pope is used instead of the full title which reads: Bishop of Rome, Deputy of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Head and Supreme Shepherd of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Priimas of Italy, Archbishop of the Roman Church Province and metropolitta, ruler of the Vatican City State, servant of the servants of God.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In Latin, these titles are: Episcopus Romanus, Vicarius Christi, Successor principis apostolorum, Caput universalis ecclesiae, Pontifex Maximus, Primatus Italiae, Archiepiscopus ac metropolitanus provinciae ecclesiasticae Romanae, Princeps sui iuris civitatis Vaticanae, Servus The orum dei.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The title Patriarcha Occidentis, “Patriarch of the West” was removed from the official list of titles in March 2006.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The word pope is originally based on the Greek word πάπ (π) ας, “pappas” (father), from which the Latin form “papa” arose.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The word has entered Finnish through Swedish (“påve”).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In Greece and Russia, priests are still referred to by the word “pap [p] a [s]”, and the word is also related to the Finnish word “priest”.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The pope (papa) is still one of the titles of the head of some churches other than the Catholic Church, especially in the so-called Oriental Churches (see, for example, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria) and the title of the Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Theodoros II.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Insignia and emblems Triregnum, papal three-tiered tiara.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The newly ruled popes have not used this.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Papal Wand.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

A wand with a crucifix on the end.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Pallium.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Fabric ribbon.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The image of the golden and silver key.


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Pope

Annulus piscatoris, or fisherman's ring.


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Pope

A gold ring engraved with the pope's name on it.


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Pope

Photo of St. Petersburg on a boat throwing his nets into the water.


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Pope

Umbracullum.


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Pope

Golden-red-striped daybreak.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Sedia gestatoria.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

A carrying chair carried by twelve men (palafrenieri).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Stern were two assistants carrying whips (flabella) made of ostrich feather.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

No longer in use, the Pope is currently moving by car.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

There are numerous beliefs and legends associated with the papacy regarding the position of the Papacy and the various popes.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Pope Johanna It is claimed that one of the popes would, after his election, have been revealed to be a woman.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Pope Johanna's reign is placed in most stories between 855—858.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The story may have been a satire that later became a legend and, in the opinion of some, true.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Historiologists generally do not believe Pope Johanna was a historical person.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[53] The first mentions of John date back only to the 13th century.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[53] Some consider a still extant marble chair whose seat contains a hole as telling evidence of a female pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

It is claimed that the chair in question ensured the sex of the papal candidates in post-Pope Johanna times, but in reality the chair probably dates from ancient times from a Roman bathhouse.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[53] Another piece of evidence has been offered a statue in Siena Cathedral, whose nameplate at one time read: 'Pope John VIII, an Englishwoman. '


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[53] Admittedly, Clement VIII changed the title of the statue to “Pope Zechariah” in the 16th century.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

One alleged piece of evidence is also a sculpture showing a woman and a child at the site where Pope Johanna is alleged to have given birth.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[53] John XXIII and conspiracy theories According to some conspiracy theorists, John XXIII, prior to becoming pope, had joined the Rose-Cross Masons and thus abandoned his Christian faith before becoming pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[54] Thus, under canonical law, John XXIII could not have been elected pope in the 1958 conclave, with the result that the papal seat would have been empty upon the death of Pius XII in 1958, and none of his successors would have been a proper pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Several contemporary counter-popes have justified their declaration to be counter-popes with precisely this argument.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Furthermore, according to some conspiracy theorists, John XXIII would have eclipsed apparitions from the Virgin Mary related to the future.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[55] Possibly this is also related to the claim circulated on the internet in the 1990s that John XXIII's diary contained prophecies about the future, including knowledge of the Second Coming of Jesus in the City of New York in 2000.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[56] John XXIII had a diary, but there is no evidence whatsoever that it actually contained prophecies about the future.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[57] Assassination of John Paul I Some believe that Pope John Paul I (as Pope 1978) was assassinated by the Vatican because it considered him too reformist.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to the official explanation, the pope's medications had not been taken care of.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The death of John Paul I very soon after his election (on his 34th day of reign) has, of course, sparked much speculation about a conspiracy formed against the Pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Six years after John Paul I's death, David Yallop published his book In God's Name.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

In the book, Yallop suggested that there was an assassination behind the Pope's death, and that John Paul I's death was linked to his desire for reform in the Vatican.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

According to the book, the pope intervened in the abuses of the Vatican bank, in addition to which he also planned to move aside a few leading cardinals who, according to the book, had mafia links and relationships with Freemasons.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Yallop also named in his book the main culprit of the murder, which, according to him, was committed by poisoning the pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

As the soul of the conspiracy, Yallop considered Cardinal Secretary of State Jean Villot'a, who was reportedly not on good terms with the new pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Among other popes, the Counterpapaavi has been proclaimed pope but not officially recognized by the pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

The leader of the Jesuits is referred to as the “black pope” because the Jesuits' outfit is a black robe.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Since during the early Church the title “papa” was also used for ecclesiastical leaders other than the Bishop of Rome, today the title of Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Alexandria is also “Pope of all Africa”.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

[58] Similarly, the title of Patriarch of the Monophysite Church of Alexandria, or Patriarch of the Coptic Church, also holds the title of Pope.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

See also List of popes Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heininen, Simo| title = Larger than man.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

History of the papacy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| isbn = 951-37-4184-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jan Aarts| title = Pope | publisher = Booklet | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-600-765-1}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Kaarlo Arffman| title = Christianity| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-37-4183-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = José Orlandis| title = History of the Catholic Church | publisher = Okeanos oy| year = 1999| id = ISBN 952-9804-05-9}}, replace with {{ cite book| author = mm.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Ulla-Maria Arola| title = History of Christendom | publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-0-19113-2}} Science Picture magazine, for example, journals number 15/2005, pages 46-53 and 15/2002 pages 22—29.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Helsingin Sanomat, for example March 3, 2006 in the journal Foreign Affairs section.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Smith, Homer.


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Man and His Gods (1952) References Literature Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion, edited by Robert Wuthnow (London, Routledge, 1998), keywords' Italy ', by Alberto Melloni (r. 399—404),' Papacy ', by Michael Bordeaux (r. 655—658).


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Glove, Jussi| title = Substitutes for Christ on Earth?


Question: Who decided the first pope?

Pope

History of the papacy from the apostle Peter to John Paul another| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2005| isbn = 951-746-719-2}} Category:Ecclesiastical posts * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

A Series of Lousy Coincidences (television series)

A Series of Unfortunate Events, also known as Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, is a black-humor Netflix series.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[1] It is based on Lemony Snicket's Series of Miserable Coincidences.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[2] The first season of the series was released on Netflix on January 13, 2017.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[3] The eight episodes of the first season relate to the first four parts of a series of Miserable Coincidences.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[4] [5] The ten-episode second production season covers parts 5—9 of the book series and the third season the remaining four parts.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[6] Actors Production In November 2014, Netflix and Paramount Television announced that they were planning a television series based on the Sordid Coincidences series.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

Daniel Handler, creator of the book series, is also serving as a producer for the television series.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[7] In September 2015, the attachment of Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis to the series development team was announced.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[8] Later in January 2016, Hudis left the development team and no successor has been named to replace him.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[9] Filming for the series began in May 2016.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[10] In January 2017, Handler confirmed that he was working on a script for the series' second season.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[6] A little later in April it was confirmed that the series had received an order for a third season as well.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[11] Neil Patrick Harris has confirmed the third season will remain the last of the series.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

[12] Production seasons Awards and nominations Sources on the topic elsewhere Please use a more specific IMDb template.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

See the documentation for available templates.


Question: Is Lemony Snicket's Series of Lousy Coincidences based on true events?

Category:Netflix originals Category:A series of miserable coincidences Category:Television series based on novels Category:American television series


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

A word class is a group that includes different categories of words.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Words are divided into verbs, nomines, and inflectional words, among others.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Managing word classes is useful both for learning foreign languages and for comparing different texts.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

The division is based on the way words inflect — for example, the verb inflects in tenses, while nominit in place forms.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Verbs Verbs express things to do, to be, to feel and to happen.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In addition, verbs reveal the perpetrator and provide information about the time of occurrence and, for example, whether the speaker is making an assertion, commandment, or wish.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In terms of sentence structure, the central function of a verb is to act as a predicate, that is, the core of the sentence.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Personality forms Verbs inflect in personality forms.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

With personal-form verbs, active and passive forms.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In the person ending of the active form, you can see if the perpetrator is me, you, him, us, you or them.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In passive, the author is not mentioned.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

unit = one.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

| plural = mon.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

| persona = p. | active = act.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

| passive = pass.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Timeforms Verbs also inflect to tenses.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In Finnish, verbs have four tense forms: precesens, imperfecti, perfecti, and pluskvamperfect.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

The precesens describes the present and the future, while the imperfect—perfect—perfect—and pluskvamperfect the past.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In perfect and plus, one word is not enough, but in addition, there is always a need to be verb.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

I'm (precesens) excited because I jumped (imperfect*) with a parachute.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

I've wanted (perfect) for a long time to do it, but I had been afraid of (pluskvamperfect) trying.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Nominit Nouns Nouns are the most important words in the language.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Basic nouns can be searched by question words which and who.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Nouns inflect in rank forms.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In many languages there is an article in front of the noun, for example in English a or the.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Nouns are either generic names or erect names.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

A generic name is a common designation for any object, thing, or phenomenon.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Common names are written in Finnish with a lowercase initial.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Erect names is the own name of a particular person, animal, work or place.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Erect names are written with a capital letter.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Nouns designate: Things People Animals Places Objects Functions Feelings Properties Adjectives The adjective answers the question of what kind.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Adjectives describe and bring out opinions and influence the mood of the text.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Some of them are positive (good, successful) or negative (bad, unsuccessful).


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In Finland, the adjective inflects in place forms.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In other languages, it can also be inflected, for example, according to genus, or genus.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Adjectives can be inflected not only in rank forms, but also in reference forms.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

The adjective as such is positive, that is, basic.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

The greater degree is expressed by the comparative and superlative.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

The comparative id above e (evil, pah<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[3978,3985,3,3]}'>e</b>mpi), but in all words it is not so, as in the adjective awesome.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

In some adjectives, the word changes as in the adjective good.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Pronouns Pronouns combine words into sentences.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Certain pronomics require a correlate, that is, the word or thing to which the prononym refers.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

You have to be careful with every and whatnot pronouns.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Which refers to the previous word, which again to the entire preceding sentence.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Personal pronouns: me, you, he, we, you, they Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, that, these, those, those Inquiring pronouns: who, what, which Relative pronouns: which, which Other pronouns: self, another, someone, one, one, other, everyone, each, each, both, both, None, nothing, few, many, multiple Numerals Numerals are number words that express quantity and order.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Numerals are divided into base numbers and ordinal numbers.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Basic figures tell the number and answer the question of how many.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Ordinal figures express order and belly into the question of how many.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Reading words from one to ten are usually written in text in letters, as are flat numbers (one hundred, million).


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Large numbers are usually denoted by numbers.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Even if a reading word is written in numerals, the inflection suffix must be written in letters (14:nteen).


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Positional forms Nomineja can bend in position forms.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

The Finnish language has 15 positional forms, or inflection forms.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

The position format is recognized by the surrogate terminal at the end of a word: book<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[6054,6063,3,3]}'>as.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

The plural symbol -i- is located between the word and the substitute terminal: car<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[6143,6150,3,3]}'>i</b>sta.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Uninflected words Adverbs Adverbs indicate time (tomorrow), place (here), meet (slowly) and quantity (much).


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Abverb mitigates or amplifies the message: “Asterix and Obelix are always friends”.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Some of the adverbs have a few forms of inflection: here, here, here.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Some adverbs also bend in comparative forms: quickly, faster, fastest.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

You can make an abverb out of an adjective by attaching a -sti conductor to it: fast => fast.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Adpositions Adpositions resemble adverbs, but are used in conjunction with nomini: before the holiday, without you, under the house, with you.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Other adpositions include: on, next to, by, after.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Attachment particles Attachment particles reinforce or mitigate the message: Do your homework!


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

I do them well!


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Attachment particles include: -kin, -can/even, -pa/s.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

There are no extra letters between the attachment particle and the word: Come + pa here = Come here!


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

The attachment particle can change the meaning of an entire sentence: Tintti is<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[8362,8371,3,3]}'>kin Milou's best friend Tintti<b data-parsoid='{"dsr":[8398,8407,3,3]}'>kin is Milou's best friend.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Conjunctions Conjunctions Conjunctions are used to connect words and phrases to each other: Indiana Jones is a professor, though he searches for treasures.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Conjunctions are divided into assimilation and subordination conjunctions: assimilation conjunctions: and, both, that is, or, but, but, for, as well as that, either-or, and subordinate conjunctions: to, to, because, when, if, even, until, if, unless, unless Exclaim words Exclaim words are often used for example, in an emotional state indicator and greeting.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

Exclamation words include huh, kauk, moi, stop, ai, oops, bam, pläts, iik, hui, röyh, nam, maiskis, klup, uits, auts, hello.


Question: How many classes of words are there in Finnish?

Word class

See also Morpheme Sources * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Maria de' Medici (from the French called Marie de Médicis; 26 April 1575, Florence — 3 July 1642, Cologne) was Queen of France from 1600 until 1610.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

She was the Queen Mother right up until her death.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Family Maria was the sixth child in the family of Frans I de' Medici (1541—1587), Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Archduchess Johanna of Austria (1548—1578).


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

She married Henry IV, King of France, on 16 December 1600 in Lyon.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

He was an expert in ballet, a collector, and his support of the arts helped the development of the arts.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Maria was close friends with artists from her birth city, Florence.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

He had received instruction in drawing from Jacopo Ligozzi.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Children were born from marriage: Louis XIII (1601—1643), King of France, Élisabet (1602—1644), Queen of Spain, consort of Philip IV, Christine (1606—1663), Duchess of Savoy, consort of Duke Victor-Amédée, Nicolas (1607—1611), disabled child who died young, Gaston (1608—1660) , Duke of Orléans, Henriette-Marie (1609—1669), Queen of England and consort of Charles I.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The marriage between Queen Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici corresponded above all to the interests of the King of France's monarch family and finances.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The Medici family, who owned the bank of the King of France, promised 600,000 gold ecu as a dowry, and for this Mary received the name “Great Banker” in the mouth of the people.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Maria de' Medici soon became pregnant, giving birth to the dauphin Louis on 27 September 1601, and giving the king cause for contentment.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The Kingdom, which had been waiting for the birth of the dauphin, was also rejoiced, as more than forty years had passed since the birth of the previous dauphin.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Maria continued to play the role of an exemplary spouse and bore several descendants to the king.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Maria de' Medici didn't always get along with her spouse Henry IV.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

She was very jealous by nature and did not condone her husband's female adventures.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Henry IV required his wife to mingle with his mistresses and refused to give his wife any funds which she would gladly have used for expenditure required by the Queen's position.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Maria would like to be anointed queen, but for one reason or another the event was postponed.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

On 13 May 1610, however, the coronation took place in the Basilica of Saint-Denise near Paris.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The Queen completed her solemn entry into Paris.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The next day Henry IV was killed.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Regent When King Henry IV died on 14 May 1610, Maria de' Medici took over the regent government in the name of her son Louis XIII.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The king was only nine years old and too young to rule.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Maria went into French politics.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

She began by choosing for herself her husband's former advisers, but after a short time she fired her advisers.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

As regent, powerless before the nobility of her own country, and likewise with regard to European neighbours, she could only make a visible nest difference to the policies her husband followed, namely the recapture of France's lost greatness.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

First, he had to make peace with Spain, and it came to fruition in 1615 when two marriages were made between the kinghouses of the countries.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Mary's daughter Elisabeth married Philip, an infantan of Spain, and her son Louis married Anne of Spain's infenten.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The policy pursued by the Dowager Queen aroused plenty of discontent.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

On the other hand, Protestants were alarmed by Mary's rapprochement with Philip III, King of Catholic Spain.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Maria also had Italians as her close advisers, and it was the xenophobia of the French that targeted them.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The French believed Italian advisers would ruin France.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Taking advantage of the weakness of the regent government, the kingdom's most exalted nobles, under Condé (Henri II de Bourbon, Governor of Burgundy, 3rd Prince of Condé, Duke of Montmorency, Albret, Enghien and Bellerade, and Par of France), rebelled against Maria de' Medici in order to gain economic Compensation.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

As the years passed, after Marian had expelled her own son, a black legend about Maria de' Medici gradually emerged.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Back then, there was talk of immense preference for Italian favourites, the financial profligacy caused by the profligacy of the dowager queen and her entourage.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

There was also talk of Maria's corrupt regime.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Mary and her son, the king, had comparatively poor understanding of each other.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Louis XIII perceived his mother's behaviour as self-humiliating, and in 1617 he staged a coup d'état and murdered Concino Concini, who had been the mother's main adviser.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

After gaining power for himself, Louis XIII drove his mother into internal exile to Blois Castle.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Political and culturelli return In 1619, the dowager queen left her golden captivity and raised a rebellion against the king, her own son.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

This is known as the “War Between Mother and Son”.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Cardinal Richelieu makes the first act of reconciliation in Angoulême, which will lead to the conflict becoming more frequent.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

But the dowager queen was not satisfied and revived the war by allying with the high nobles of the kingdom.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

It was “The Second Mother and Son War.”


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The accession of the nobility soon experienced defeat at the Battle of Pont-de-Cé.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The victorious king forgave his mother and princes.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Aware of the situation, the king stated that he would not be able to rely on events to calm down as long as the dowager queen was in internal exile.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The monarch allowed her mother to return to court.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The Dowager Queen returned to Paris, where she concentrated on the construction of the Luxembourg Palace.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

After the death of Luynes in 1622, Maria began a return to political life.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Richelieu's role was instrumental in improving mother-son relations.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

He even convinced the Dowager Queen to return as a member of the King's Council.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The exile Maria de' Medici continued to be a member of the King's Council, and as such she followed Cardinal Richelieu's advice.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

He had himself introduced the cardinal as minister to the king.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Even later, Maria did not observe the increase in power of her protégé.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

When she finally realized it, she severed her relationship with the Cardinal and tried by all means to depose him.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

He still did not know the king as a person, as he believed he could quite effortlessly bring the cardinal king out of favour.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

On the famous Day of the Nose Drawing (Jounée des Dupes) on 12 November 1630, the cardinal remained in his place as central minister, and Mary had to reconcile with this.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The Dowager Queen eventually decided to retire from court.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

He was deemed too conniving by the king and transported Gompiégne to the palace.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

From there Maria eloped to Brussels in 1631, where she lamented her fate.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The Dowager Queen sought refuge from France's enemies.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

However, in doing so, she lost the status of Queen of France, and thus her pension.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

The end of Maria de' Medici is sad.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

For years he travelled from one European court to another, in Germany and England, but he could never return to France.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

He died as a refugee at Rubens's birthhome in 1642 a few months before Richelieu.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Sources and literature Delorme, Philippe; Marie de Médicis, Histoire des Reines de France, Ed.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Pygmalion, 1999.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Dubost, J.-Fr.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

; La France italienne, Paris, Aubier, 1997.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Kirchhoff, Elisabeth; Rois et Reines de France.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Also includes Mémoires de Commines.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

in 1996.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

La France de la monarchie absolue, 1610—1715/[publ.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

par] L'histoire; introd.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

et bibliogr.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Commentée par Joël Cornette.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

- Paris: Ed.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

du Seuil, 1997 Leblanc-Ginet, Henri; Histoire des Rois de France.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Éditions Moréna et Actualités de l'Histoire, 1997.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Les Rois de France.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Judocus.


Question: When was Maria de' Medici born?

Maria de' Medici

Paris 1989 Pacht-Bassani, P. (et al.