Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mechanization proceeded in factories, agriculture, transportation and homes.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Initially, the power to spin the machines was provided by steam engines, and then internal combustion engines and electricity.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Information clearance became real-time electronic, too.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Electricity and transistors were used to implement a programmable machine, which had been attempted to do as mechanical as well as slightly better with electron tubes.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The technology enabled us to drastically change the environment.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The benefits were not distributed fairly and the side effects could be dangerous, so society was forced by legislation to create limits on the exploitation of technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Man and technology Human beings have created an environment limited and partially protected from the rest of nature by using his tools and working methods, the habitats he builds, and through the collaborative activities he utilizes.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This activity has been practiced by early humans for so long, over a million years, that it has had time to influence human evolution, an example of which is often cited by the human hand's skill in making tools.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[2] As a result of this adaptation phenomenon, for which biologists use the term parallel evolution or coevolution, man has become a prisoner of his technique: he can no longer survive in nature without his technique.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Benjamin Franklin defined man as being a tool-wielding animal.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[3] With the increase in biological knowledge, it is now necessary to specify that when it began to be methodically manufactured tools, the animal became human.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[4] The main stages of technical development Technical progress can be divided into three phases: [5] The technique of coincidence describes a stage whose initial step involves a chimpanzee breaking nuts on a stone.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Early humans have not systematically been able to transfer their technical skill to posterity and many things have had to be invented several times.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The small number of populations has also made it difficult to transfer information, because the talent might die before others learn the same skills.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The transition from fist-slapper to stone axe has already been a significant development.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Inventions follow the laws of probability as to what humans in nature might run into with time.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This slow phase of development begins in the early Stone Age and lasts for a million years.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Craftsman Technique phase began in the Late Stone Age, when divisions of labour began to form.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Some people know how to do things better than others, which breeds commerce when someone sews clothes and others bring them food.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The transfer of competence to the next generation will be ensured by apprentices, however, without further development of technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Farming begins.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The artisan technique stage began a few ten thousand years ago and several ancient cultures developed during it.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Man understands that the art of making shoes is something unnatural.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Its origin is not in the animal kingdom.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

People's contacts with other human communities through commerce multiply and so do the ideas that pass on.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Engineering engineering is tied to the development of natural science thought.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Archimedes already gave an example of the importance of design work.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The engineering engineering phase began to form slowly at the end of the Middle Ages and reached its heyday when design began to utilize the results of natural science.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Invention in a craftsman society produces tools, not machines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Machines need to be designed and you need an engineer for that


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

By strict definition, the first machine representing the third stage of the technology is a weaving machine developed by Roberts in 1822—30, as it is the first independently operating machine to independently make someone's product.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The technician engineer stands out in it as a executive-skilled man.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Prehistoric Time Information about inventions in the prehistoric period are based on archaeological material.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mainly stone artifacts have survived from the Stone Age as its name suggests, but most likely then more wood, bone and leather have been used to make needy items.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

These materials have not survived like rocky ones.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The tools preserved in archaeological material are also important for understanding fields other than engineering, as the technology used speaks volumes about society in general.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the prehistoric period in the Acheuli culture, possibly as early as about 1.5 million years ago, the upright human, or an even earlier human species, preceded modern humans, learned to control fire.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[6] There are remnants of stone tools such as fist punches from 2.5 million years ago.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[7] Convenient human tools have been found in places where the stone species in question does not exist nearby, where it is inferred that the species carried stone tools with it.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This is a sign of methodfulness that current chimpanzees can't.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[8] Fire has been used 400,000 years ago to harden wooden spearheads.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Since man began to cook food by fire, it is not exactly known.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This invention played a great role in nutrition, since a greater proportion of cooked food could be used to benefit.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[9] The Acheuli technique, which emerged in the early Stone Age, was used for a very long time, up to 100,000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

until.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the Acheul technique, only a few objects were made out of stone, in addition to fist-punchers, skinning knives.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[10] The method of hunting for humans has been to track the animal without giving it a rest break for so long that man has reached the close sight of the animal that had caught up and killed it with an impact spear (manger).


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The impact spears were used by a Heidelberg human.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The fatigue tactic is also considered to be the cause of a person's ability to sweat and hairlessness, as effective cooling has been required.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Stone axes have been around for over 200,000 years.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Clothing people have been wearing for over 100000 years.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There are traces of the rishumas dating back 400,000 years.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Neanderthal man already knew how to make dwellings from animal fleets and also make clothes from them, with which it was possible to expand the settlement northwards.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[11] Humans have an evolutionary tendency to learn language, but languages are the result of cultural evolution, i.e. the evolution of learned skills.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the Stone Age, human development began to be influenced by both evolutions in parallel.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[8] The larynx of a vertical human has corresponded in structure to that of a two-year-old modern human, and most likely an upright person has been able to speak in some way.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The larynx of an earlier convenienthuman was still similar to that of a chimpanzee, which can learn hand signs, but not speak.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

If spoken by an upright human, the species is likely to have used a Jonkian pre-language (engl.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

proto-language), like a pidgin language, without clear grammar.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[12] Grammar can be considered the first computer invention of man.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

It has opened up a world of limitless expression of thoughts to man.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[13] This has happened apparently 45000 years ago.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[14] Modern humans left the Horn of Africa about 80,000 years ago to migrate towards Asia.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Making fire by developing sufficient ignition heat for kindling by rubbing two trees opposite each other is an ingenious invention and made probably 40-50 thousand years ago.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[15] Around 40000 years ago, some kind of cultural revolution began, which can be seen as a considerable enrichment of archaeological material.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The objects found have been elaborately crafted and have even been decorated, which tells us that a craftsman society has begun to develop.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The bow and arrow are at least 15000 years old.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Starting farming The end of the Ice Age over 10,000 years ago caused the climate in the Middle East to become drier.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Around this time, the first groups of people began to engage in farming, as evidenced by the archaeological discoveries of the village of Tall Abu Huraira.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Farmers stayed longer in place and dwellings were made more long-lived.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The new way of life required better food storage methods.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This need gave rise to the art of potter, of which the oldest marks are 12,000 old.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Fabrics have been used to make rudimentary looms as far back as 8000 years ago.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[16] The oldest surviving fishing net is the Antrean net, timed to the period around 8300 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There are archaeological indications of the use of copper metal dating back to 8000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

and at first small jewelry was forged from it.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Equally old small pieces of gold and silver are known.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[17] In the late period of the prehistoric period, some more permanent buildings emerged.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The fittings of Ötz, a frozen mummy found in the Alps, are a good example of the dexterity of people who lived more than 5,000 years ago.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The prehistoric period saw the development of a technical basis for early high cultures.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Early high cultures Emergence of cultures The emergence of early high cultures has been a prerequisite for the emergence of productive agriculture, which gave people more time to develop technological solutions.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Agricultural productivity was highest on the banks of flooded rivers such as the Nile River, the Twin Stream Country rivers, the Indus River and the Yellow River.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The surplus produced by farming has increased the size of human communities, developed division of labour and stimulated commerce.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The oldest high culture is considered to be the Ubaid culture that existed in the dual stream country.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The aura began to be used from 3000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In Babylonia, which increased the yield rate as weeds were reduced and soil nutrients were better obtained for circulation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A bull was harnessed to pull the plow, which, as a ruminant, is easier to feed than a horse.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

From a twin-stream country, technical inventions were transmitted to the Nile region, where an ancient Egyptian culture that had flourished for about 3000 years, emerged, protected by the Sahara Desert.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[18] Irrigation system developed in riverside cultures and increased cropland.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Flood water was learned to store in reservoirs and still use after the flood.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

With the development of the shaduf, a lever intended for water lifting by the Egyptians, water could be raised into the upper fields.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Irrigation systems developed extensive, and the longest canal in Mesopotamia was about 100 kilometres and 100 metres wide.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The need for irrigation systems in Mesopotamia was increased by the drying up of some rivers descending into the Persian Gulf due to climate change around 3500 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Egypt is estimated to have lived in 5000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

with the onset of primitive agriculture about 100000 people.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The population grew rapidly, and in 3000 BC.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

there were already about a million inhabitants.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During the Roman period there were about 4 million inhabitants, and the population began to grow only in the new age.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[19] Commerce and transport Great ships began to be built on the banks of the Nile as well as the Euphrates.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Vessels large enough helped trade develop and expand governance.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

For the needs of trade and administration, the Sumerians developed the use of accounting and accounts.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Chapter keeping had previously been practiced with bones and sticks into which burrows were hollowed out to indicate numbers.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In Sumer, stones in a bag began to be used initially, then marker blocks made of clay for counting.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[20] The number of symbols of various marker stones, such as lamb or bread, increased by more than a thousand.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first step to writing skill was the use of seals to identify persons and secure contracts around 4000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

On a roll seal, the emblem was printed on clay.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The next step was the replacement of the marker stones by drawing with a sharp stick, an “arrowhead” their shapes as contract to the clay used, and the writing skills had emerged.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[21] The development of writing skills reflects the needs arising within a tight-knit community for justice, with the earliest known texts being tax lists and supplications for tax deductions.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Texts were written on papyrus and could with little effort be transported and archived.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Temples initially served as confidant men and custodians of treaties in commerce, but the status of temples gradually strengthened and became the administrative centers of the city-states [22].


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Standards of weights and dimensions arose, known is, for example, the unit of weight talent.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[23] In Sumer, no money was in use, but pricing was done in silver, the unit of measurement of the weight of which was a shekel.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[24] The Egyptians also had at their disposal a calendar and a sundial.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[25] There are indications of the manufacture of faience dating from around 4000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

To make faience, furnaces have had to be built in which a sufficiently high temperature is achieved, and at the same time conditions have been created for the separation of metals from the ore.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Lapis lazuli jewelry has been popular in Egypt as well as the Twin Power Country, where this material came through commerce.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Glass was first produced in 2000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In dual-current country.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[26] The genesis of the wheel is usually associated with the 400s BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mesopotamia, where it was used in pottery.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

It arrived in Egypt accompanied by the conquistadors when they attacked with their horse harnesses.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[27] From dictionary to pronunciation, Sumerian arrow-editorial is considered to be the oldest writing system.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Egyptian hieroglyphs are almost as old, around 3000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

births.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[28] Both writing systems were originally dictionary systems based on pictorial writing.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The images were quickly reduced to characters.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The arrow editorial developed as early as 2700 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Hyphentyping system, but dictionary marks remained too.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[29] In the dictionary, each character has its counterword, whereby people with writing skills must know thousands of characters.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The number of byte characters is significantly less than words and learning to write easier.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the dictionary, the language can change without changing characters.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Sumer was taken over in 2005 BC.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Elamites who founded Babylonia.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Arrowhead signs now began to be written in the Akkadian language.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A similar phenomenon has also occurred since the advent of Chinese writing characters in Japanese language writing.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In Japanese, words bend, in which case the dictionary system has had to be supplemented with syllable writing.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

It's hard to abandon the dictionary when it guarantees the dominance of the learned.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There has been no abandonment of hieroglyphs, arrow editorial, or Chinese spelling characters, although the syllable or voice-writing system is considerably easier to learn.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[30] A step in the direction of pronunciation was made by mercenaries who spoke Semitic languages in Egypt, whose writing has been found at a site called Wadi el-Hol in Sinai.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[31] The inscription dates from about the century 1900 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The pronunciation system was transmitted through Phoenician lettering between 800 and 500 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

to the Greek literal.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In their beginnings, the Greeks added vowels to the letter comprising mere consonants.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Through the Greeks, letters passed to the Etruscans and from them to the Romans.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[32] Use of metals The old designations Stone Age, Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age are based on the best blade materials found from each era.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The transition from one season to another took place in stages.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The oldest high cultures emerged in the Stone Age and entered the Bronze Age as they were already flourishing.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Early copper artifacts had been made from copper metal inclusions found by forging.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The year 4000 BC.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

around the time the separation of copper from ore by heating was learned, and dating to 3500 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

there are already casting molds.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The year 3000 BC.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

At the time of the twin-current country it was invented to mix copper in the process of smelting tin stone and produced a more usable material, bronze.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mining and metal industries were practiced in populated areas from 3000 to BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

already in abundance.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[33] No copper or tin is found in the soil of Egypt, and the Egyptians are known to have conquered territories from Sinai as well as southern Lower Nubia in the early dynastic period, where copper is found.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[34] Iron was known as early as gold and copper, for example 3000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Pearls made of meteorite iron have been found in Egyptian tombs.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Iron making was invented by the Hittites around 1500 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Making iron was more difficult due to the higher temperature requirement.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

After learning the manufacture of wrought iron in addition to cast iron, as well as heat treatments such as hardening and emission annealing to make iron ductile and hard, iron became the superior material for weapons and various tools.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The prevalence of iron in the soil helped the spread of its use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Hittites were able for some centuries to hold a monopoly on iron manufacture.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Tutankhamonin (1336 BC.—1327 BC)


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

a railway dagger has been found in the grave, which has once been very valuable.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[35] The results of the 7000 year history of metal manufacturing are the basis of modern technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[36] Construction of burnt bricks was done in 3500 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In dual-stream land, and these enabled urban construction.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[37] As cities grew and populations increased, there began to be sufficient resources for major construction projects, for which the ancient Egyptians in particular are renowned.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Construction and project management professionals have been required to build the pyramids, some of whom are even known by names such as Imhotep.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Good surveying skills have been required in the placement of buildings according to air directions.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

One person's technical skills have hardly been enough to build an entire pyramid; it is the result of orderly cooperation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There have been a lot of people involved in the construction of the Great Pyramid, up to 100,000 people.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The law of Hammurabi was written around 2000 in the dual-current country, and these laws already determine the responsibility of the author if the house made to the other falls.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In Mesopotamia, a vaulted arch structure was used for the year 3000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

around.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Crete was in use as early as 2000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

paved streets, as well as sewers.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[38] The area of the Indus stream The Indus culture had predecessors in the area, as evidenced by excavations at the Mehrgarh site.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The actual Indus culture emerged in 2600 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which belonged to the culture, were developed, built on a checkerboard basis.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Most houses had private bathrooms and sewerage.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Indus culture traded with the peoples of the Twin Stream Country, as attested by the seals found.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Indus culture created a writing system which, however, cannot yet be read because the language is not known.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Cotton was used to make cloth and clothing using looms.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The oldest known uniform system of measurements is known from Mohenjo-Daro.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[39] Aryan nomadic peoples from the north conquered the region in 1800 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

After the Aryans, Ancient India developed, first with Vedic culture, then the Gupta Empire considered to be the heyday of classical India, resulting in the development of astronomy and medicine.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 3rd century, metal processing was able to make steel which was exported to Arab countries for the manufacture of damask steel swords.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The concept of zero introduced by Aryabhata, and its method of notation have been inherited through the Islamic people who invaded western India in the 10th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[40] Zero has two meanings, it can indicate the result of the calculation (for example, 1-1=0) or it indicates an empty place (for example, 101) in the notation of numbers called the spatial system.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Babylonians already had the use of zero in the place system and the Indian invention was to use zero in both meanings.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[41] Ancient China Ancient China developed separately from Europe.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The culture emerged there around 4000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The period of Chinese dynasties began in 2100 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

From the Xia dynasty and continued until the 13th century, when the Mongols conquered the region.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The writing system was developed in the 21st century BCE, and the oldest surviving inscriptions date from the period 1500—1200 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During the Mongol period in the 14th century, Marco Polo visited China and awareness of China's developed culture spread to Europe.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Contact with the West China had already existed earlier, for example in the 6th century through Buddhist monks such as Xuanzang.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Chinese also made sea voyages, and the most famous seafarer is Zheng He.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Through the Silk Road, Chinese inventions such as gunpowder and compass spread to Europe, but technology was also moved in the other direction, for example, from crops to sorghum.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Iron in China was used as cast iron while wrought iron was used elsewhere, apparently due to the lower melting point of the ferrous alloy and the beams in use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[42] Until the Middle Ages technology moved from China to the West, but already at the beginning of the New Age the still life had changed, and Western ideas such as the screw migrated to the Chinese.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[43] Other ancient cultures The development of technology was influenced by ancient cultures other than those described above, such as the Minoan culture and Mycenaean culture that preceded the Greeks and the Phoenicians who spread technical knowledge due to their trade.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Within the sphere of Chinese culture, the cultures of Japan and Korea developed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[44] Ancient Greece The attitude of the Ancient Greeks to technology was duplicitous.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In production and commerce, the technique was applied abundantly.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Well-known are amphoras developed for the transport of oils and wines, and ceramics made especially intricately.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In farming, a plow with an iron tip was introduced.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Despite this, the most respected citizens were theorists who were fascinated by the development of various ideas, theorems and mathematics.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Instead, applying these to practice did little to intrigue them.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The reason was largely the structure of Greek society, where production work belonged to slaves.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Natural philosophy, sometimes considered a precursor to science, originated in Greece during the year 1000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

around.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

It was then that mathematics, geometry and the property of fire began to be considered.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Aristotle is well known for this, but he too exploited Thaleen (600 BCE)


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

previous thoughts.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Pythagorean (582—500 BCE)


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

the school developed the basics of geometry, after which came to Euclide (about 300 BCE.)


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

works.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Demokritos (circa 470 BCE)


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

contemplated the atomic essence of matter.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[45] [46] The culture of Greece and the Aegean was characterised by significant trade with Egyptians as well as with the peoples of the north, which is marked by jewellery made from Baltic amber found in Greece.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Coins were minted to promote commerce.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The war success against the Persians was largely based on the fleet.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[47] Thales taught seafarers orienteering with the help of stars, and Thalee's pupil Anaksimandros drew the first then known map of the world.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 7th century, the first threeweights were built.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, a unified Hellenic culture emerged with direct effects on later Western culture.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[48] Technological progress was at its fastest in the Hellenistic period.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Heron Alexandrian (circa 10—70) developed the first steam engines (a rotary steam turbine), cranes, a rectangular measuring device called a dioptra, presses, a fountain and many other devices.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[49] Records of these have survived in Heron's own writings, such as Pneumatiká, which describes, among other things, the organ and the fire syringe.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In Automatopoietike (Finnish. 'Automatic manufacture') multiplies moving miniature models and dolls.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Mekhaniká work describes pillars, fleece arrangements, winch, screw, lever and wedge.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[50] With their constant warfare, the Greeks developed a variety of war technologies, known of which is the incinerator, invented by Archimedes.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The most famous of Archimedes's machines is the Archimedes screw.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[51] Galenos (130—210) developed the principles of medicine that were applied for a thousand years.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Calculation methods were used, among other things, to calculate the calibers of throwing machines, but this formula was based more on experience than on understanding physical majors.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

While advances in the development of mechanical machinery were, these were not much used to raise people's standard of living.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[52] However, the importance of Greek science and engineering to later developments was significant as theories and skills moved through the Romans to Europe.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[53] A concentration of science and engineering was formed in Alexandria when King Ptolemy I established a library there in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

An institution dedicated to the creation of knowledge was established in connection with the Library of Alexandria Museion.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Ptolemy III ordered everyone visiting the city to hand over their books to be copied.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The library's first attendant, Zenodotos Ephesus, arranged the books in alphabetical order.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In terms of information management, alphabetizing was an important invention.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the Chinese writing system, the organization of information is done according to the number of horizontal and vertical lines contained in the writing characters.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Kallimakhos Kyreneläinen, Zenodotos' successor, began cataloguing the library and divided the authors into dozens of subjects, of which an alphabetized list was drawn up.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

He thus initiated the development of indexing methods.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[54] Rome Romans are not considered great developers of technology, but the more successful they were as users of technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Romans took advantage of many of the inventions of the Greeks and Etruscans.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Etruscans built vaulted arches, which are then became emblematic in the buildings of the Romans.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The vaulted arch was a well-known structure in Mesopotamia, but was not used by the Greeks.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The pantheon is a good example of Roman dome construction.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The use of cement originated in the eastern parts of the empire and was used to make durable aqueducts and arch bridges.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Romans were proud of their technical skill.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Many emperors became known for the buildings completed in their reign.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Claudius (10 BC.—54) completed the major construction work on the port of Ostia, and they made it better for Rome to have the grain imports necessary for Rome.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Trajan's forum is even more of a tourist attraction, as are the spas of Caracalla.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Romans became skilled executors of major building projects.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Well-known Roman engineers include Frontinus, who was in charge of Rome's water supply between 97 and 104.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

He oversaw the construction of 400-mile-long aqueducts.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In addition, he wrote a book entitled De Aquis on water systems and his own technological vision.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[55] Rome also had a drainage system in use, most famously the main sewer Cloaca Maxima.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The baths had an underfloor heating system in use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Roads, for example Via Appia, were made sustainable.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The road network was being built in all parts of the kingdom and at its widest, there were 90000 km of major roads.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Roads were able to control a vast empire.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[56] Telecommunications are important in the management of a great kingdom.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Emperor Augustus established an organised postal service at the disposal of the administration, which was called the Cursus publicus.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

It was based on positions placed at regular intervals where horses were changed or a break could be taken.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There is a map of the postal network known as Tabula Peutingeriana.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The service provided express transport operated by horses and slower transport by ox.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first messenger service networks had been used by the Persians.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[57] For faster communication of information, a telegraph based on light signs was in use, of which the historian Polybios in 200 BCE mentions.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The system is also told by historian Sextus Julius Africanus in the 200th century, when it was still in use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In this optical telegraph, the letters had a two-digit code prescribed in the table and the numbers were transmitted either by the number of torches or impressions.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Such messaging was used in the war and the towers used for it are depicted in reliefs on the column of Trajan.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[58] The Romans made skilful use of standardization and organisation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

By emphasizing the use of traditional structures, technical skill could be passed on.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first known book on the technique is De Architectura, written by Marcus Vitruvius Pollo around the year 15.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The book was still used by Renaissance builders.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The book is based on experience and is intended for people who did not consider the physical underpinnings of the book's many rules of thumb.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The book also discusses construction values and beauty ideals.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[59] More than 3000 election ads written on walls have been found in Pompeii.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Following Rome's transition from republic to emperor rule, cities still elected officials such as the Edil.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Written election ads are about the prevalence of literacy and civil society.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Alphabet-based pronunciation from the Etruscans and Greeks had, easily learned, increased the pool of literacy and contributed to the emergence of civil society.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[60] In Roman times, mills were run either by flowing water, a donkey, or by slaves using hand mills.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The widespread use of slave labor is seen as the reason that labor-saving machines were not developed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Many engineering solutions used by the Romans, such as the forged nail and the watermill, were inherited to the Middle Ages, although a lot of them, such as the use of cement, were missing or appear to have been missing in the early Middle Ages.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Roman vaulted arch structures were of great importance to Western architecture.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[61] The Precolbian Technique of the American continent America was apparently inhabited at several stages from Asia through Alaska with the arrival of the first humans for 40—50 thousand years and the last 11—10000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

then.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During the Ice Age, sea levels were lower than today, allowing easy crossing of the Bering Strait.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Since the land connection was broken, the development of precolumbian technology has occurred without connection to the Old World.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

However, the main features of the development have been very similar.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

People who came through Siberia have brought with them their early techniques, such as hand axes and clothing.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Initially, big game has been hunted, as in the Clovis culture, which has its characteristic spearhead type.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Apparently, with these, the atlatl aid was already used for spinning the spear.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Another known hunting weapon dates to around the year 4000 BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

developed bola, in which stones were tied to both ends of the belt.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The bola was thrown at the animal's feet, causing it to fall over.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

After climate change and extinction hunting, farming had to be developed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Known as crops are maize and potato.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Corn began to be cultivated about 7000 years ago.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Artificial irrigation systems were used by the Incas and Mayans.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The development of farming gave rise to larger settlements and allowed large construction projects.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The year 2000 BC.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The oldest pyramidal temples in the New World have been built.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Of metals, precious metals were learned, of which platinum was specialized, as well as copper and bronze, but iron was unknown before Columbus arrived.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The construction technique used a lie vault, in which walls stacked from limestone slowly converged so that they could eventually be joined by a single stone from the top.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Mayans used mortar.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Incas developed the administration of their kingdom and built an extensive road network and postal system for it.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

By the time the Spanish arrived, the road network was in better shape than roads in the Old World.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[62] The Incas could not write, but to store numbers, they made knots in bundles of ropes of different colors.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As in Sumer, the art of calculation was more paramount to civilization, as the Inca state is read as, writing skills.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[63] Middle Ages Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 with the Germanic invasion, and many states formed in Europe which, especially in the early Middle Ages, did not leave behind such magnificent objects and inscriptions as the earlier cultures.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The breakup of Rome occurred gradually, and many Germans acquired a Roman education.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 200th century, half of the officers of the Roman legions were Germanic.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During the Internationalmigrations, the European population declined and the economy regressed, making it difficult to develop technology and also to maintain existing technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Roman era buildings and roads began to fall into disrepair.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Germans retained many Roman institutions, such as Roman law.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Latin was preserved as a cultural language with the help of the church.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In particular, Eastern Rome, or the Byzantine Empire, continued to nurture the legacy of antiquity, and also had links with the East.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In Constantinople, the church of Hagia Sophia was consecrated in 537, with its dome rising 56 meters from the floor.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Eastern Rome, as a state, was righteous and ruled by mono-powers, which had already halted the scientific development of the Hellenic period in Alexandria when it was conquered by the Islamists in the 6th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A vast collection of ancient literature fell into the possession of the conquerors, which ended up in a university founded in Baghdad.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[64] The unity of the Mediterranean came to an end with the Arab conquest of Spain in the 7th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Islamic culture flourished in the 8th—900 centuries.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A school of mathematics was born in Baghdad, from which the terms algebra and algorithm are inherited.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[65] The Byzantine Empire was destroyed after the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[66] Through Byzantium, European farming introduced the iron-reinforced plough developed by the Romans, which the Slavs had begun to use as early as the 5th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The plough could be used to process moist silt soils common in Europe, which were also fertile.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The fields were ploughed by oxen until, thanks to the “unhung” harnesses and horseshoes invented in the 8th century, a horse could be used to draw the plow, which provided greater power and faster passage.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

By these means, the efficiency of farming rose even by half.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

With the introduction of tidal farming as well, an agricultural revolution was brought about.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This productive surplus was able to start extensive church building work in all parts of Europe.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[67] The use of hydroelectric power continued to increase, and flour mills became more common.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

According to a land book prepared by William the Conqueror, almost 6000 flour mills were operating in England in 1085.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 8th century, an eccentric was attached to the mill to produce straight-line movement used in forges, saws and pumps.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Windmills are known to have been used in Persia as early as the 6th century BCE.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

These operate around the vertical axis of the wheels.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The idea for the windmill possibly came from crusaders in the 12th century, but the European horizontal around-axis technology may also be invented in Europe.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[68] The most efficiently low-lying windmills are able to exploit wind in low-lying coastal areas, which led to a great deal of exploitation of windmills in the Netherlands and Denmark.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During the Middle Ages trade was also carried out with Arabia and Central Asia, and technical solutions were also imported, along with silk and other supplies, such as a crossbow, a rudder attached to its tail rim, gunpowder, paper, and book printing technology based on metal plates.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

They were likely developed in China.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[67] Byzantium continued Mediterranean shipbuilding skills, and the Vikings developed shipbuilding skills in the north.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[69] The acceleration of technological progress towards the end of the Middle Ages saw the stabilisation of European state conditions around 1000.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In Europe there was a network created by the Catholic Church across state borders.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Some of the monks developed into experts in construction, and were also quoted as promoters of secular building projects.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Construction experts moved technology from one country to another.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Some of the most handsome results of church construction is Gothic architecture, in which vaulted arches were developed at their peak.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[70] Attitudes towards work began to change as cities grew again and the bourgeoisie developed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Christian church respected the equality of the people and slavery declined.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

On the other hand, greed was considered a sin, and many rich burghers tried to gain acceptance by building churches.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Professionals evolved and began to protect their competencies.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[71] Through Byzantium, a stirrup came into use to help the horseman deal with heavy weapons such as blankets.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This and armour had considerable significance for warfare and the emergence of knighthoods.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

For carrying heavy armored soldiers, knights, their own breeds of horses were refined.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The armoured knight defeated the infantryman, but was himself vulnerable to the crossbow and war spear.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Especially around the year 1050, the development of firearms in China began to slowly change the ways of warfare.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 13th century, a counterweight catapult was developed in Europe [72] and bronze cannons began to be cast in the 14th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[73] Medieval trade was dominated by Venice in the Mediterranean and by the Hanseatic League from the Baltic to the North Sea.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Hanseatic ships, koggit was made with slime seams like Viking ships.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Venetians developed shipbuilding by beginning to make first hull and arch trees, and only then bulkheads according to the Mediterranean tradition with equilibrium seams, having previously made first bulkheads and then arched trees adapted to them.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In this way, the ships were made stronger and their size could be increased.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In 1400, Venice had about 3000 ships in its merchant navy.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The break of the Silk Road into hostilities with the Islamists led to attempts to find a sea way to India.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first vessel to be considered ocean-worthy was a caravel, which, equipped with Latin sails, was capable of creativity.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[74] At the turn of 1200 and 1300 figures, merchants in northern Italy developed double accounting, a method invention of information administratively significant and in use even today.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[75] The period between 1250 and 1350 produced many inventions utilizing mechanics.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

These included tools for spinning and weaving, and watches operated by weights.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In shipping, a compass was introduced.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Spectacles were developed in northern Italy in the 1280s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The development of mechanics in the Middle Ages has contributed to the background for the mechanistic ideas of the New Age and the cracks in the Christian worldview leading to the Renaissance.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[76] Especially at the end of the Middle Ages, in 1436, the printing technique of bulk letters invented by Gutenberg contributed to the extensive social upheavals that occurred in the new age, as it allowed the communication of information at a much lower cost than before and without copying errors.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The printing press is also considered the beginning of a new age.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

From the point of view of technology, the Middle Ages in Europe were still an era of artisan engineering, when knowledge was growing, but it was not known to be shaped as modern technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Although the Islamic Ibn al-Haitham had already written a work on optics in the Middle Ages stressing the importance of experiments, the development of technology and sciences withered away in the Islamic world at the end of the Middle Ages.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 13th century, the English Franciscan friar Roger Bacon began to study Islamic science and technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Islamic scholars had deposited and translated ancient writings.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Islamic world traded with India and China, transferring knowledge from there, for example the concept of zero invented by Indian mathematicians and Arabic numerals.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[77] New Age The development of technological thinking In the development of societies, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the discovery of the Americas by Columbus form turning points.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

From the point of view of the history of technology, technological advances that began in the Middle Ages continued to slow acceleration until


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In northern Italy in the 15th century, the Renaissance freed people's thinking and created people like Leonardo da Vinci who love invention and respectful of mathematics.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mutual competition between prosperous northern Italian city-states for influence and pretentiousness led one to larger buildings than the other, such as the great dome of Florence Cathedral designed by Filippo Brunelleschi.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There was competition for the best makers, and therefore the craftsmen moved from town to city, taking know-how with them.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Leon Battista Alberti wrote De re Aedificatoria, a book on architecture in 1452, whose influence spread quickly and widely thanks to the art of printing.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Subsequently, builders capable of reading had a professional advantage over the illiterate.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[78] The Renaissance brought ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle, Ptolemy and Galenos to glory again.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

However, these theories had errors such as the faster fall of a heavy body than a light one.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The second was a vacuum denied by Aristotle.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Proving the existence of a vacuum added to the contradiction of doctrines, leading to doubts about classical natural philosophy.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Suspicion led to scientific theories that relied more on observation and mathematics than abstract thought.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The new trend veered towards a condensing interaction between science and technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The church, however, adhered firmly to the country-centric view of Ptolemy.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Copernicus (1473—1543) showed Earth to be one of the planets orbiting the Sun.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Johannes Kepler (1571—1630) determined the elliptical course of the planets based on accurate astronomical observations made by Tyko Brahe (1546—1601).


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As a result of these, mechanistic worldview and empirical science began to supplant Platonic notions of nature.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

By 1700, Descartes (1596—1650) and Isaac Newton (1642—1727) had shown convincingly the Sun to be the center of the solar system and that the extraterrestrial universe obeys simple mechanical laws.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Descartes even claimed all animals to be machines, but still separated spirit from matter.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Andreas Vesalius (1514—1564) and William Harvey (1578—1657) superseded Galenos' medicine by conducting detailed autopsies and physiological studies, showing the human body obeyed the laws of nature.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[79] La Mettrie published the 1742 book The Human Machine (L'homme machine).


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Philosophical reflection on the relations of spirit and matter still continued, exemplified by Physicalism.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The change in science that began in the 16th century is said to be a revolution in science


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[80] 16th century technical ideas were developed by William Gilbert (1540—1603) by promoting knowledge of magnetism and Georgius Agricola (1494—1555), who published the book De re metallica on mining.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Machinery builders began to be prepared to absorb results from experiments because knowledge based on reality was found to be economically lucrative.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

An example is the great enthusiasm for steam, which led to a steam engine developed by Thomas Savery in 1698.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[81] In experimental science, engineering and science align.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

For example, an observational technique, or telescope, was first developed, which was still improved by Galileo Galilei (1564—1642) before he could make his famous discoveries on the moons of planets.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Many new scientific discoveries were driven by advances in technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Pendulum clocks were more accurate, helping to measure speed and acceleration.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The tests for measuring air pressure and vacuum by Giambattista della Porta (1536—1605), Evangelista Torricelli (1608—1647) and Otto von Guericke (1602—1686) required working air pumps and tight chambers.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Galileo, who came into conflict with the Church over his writings, was the first to attempt to apply science as an aid to the development of technology by beginning to apply mathematics in mechanics to predict the behavior of paragraphs.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Galileo sought to understand the phenomena he studied, which was an important step in the direction of the technical sciences.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[80] [82] In the history of mathematics in the 18th century, rapid development began.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The mathematical basis for physics and technology was laid by Joseph Lagrange (1736—1813), Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749—1827), and Joseph Fourier (1768—1830).


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The microscope as an invention contributed to the development of life sciences.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Chemistry, as a science, had remained in the conception of Aristotle and the alchemists, where earth, air, fire and water were the basic elements.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Around the 1770s, chemistry began the greatest upheaval in its history.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Within a few dozen years, the perception of the elements changed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Instead of the phlogiston theory, chemists began to advocate an oxygen-based combustion theory.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The change was largely due to the work of one person, Lavoisier.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[83] In the technical exploitation of chemistry, the production of Amedeo Avogadro was also important.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Science became a useful tool for technology after Sadi Carnot (1796—1832) developed thermodynamics and James Clerk Maxwell published his ideas on the relationship between electricity and magnetism.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[84] Tidal wave of mechanization Technology was not the initiator of the industrial revolution that began in mid-18th century England.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Social and trade reasons, such as liberation from mercantilism, were motivated.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mercantilism was a term coined in the critical sense by Adam Smith (1723-1790).


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In his book “The Prosperity of Nations”, Smith recounts the example of the production of knob needles in a 10-person workshop, where by rearrangement of work and division of labour, where each worker concentrated on only one stage of work, labour productivity could be increased from a couple of ten to 48,000 knob needles per day.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[85] The Industrial Revolution is worth seeing more as an era than an event of significance from a technological point of view.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mechanisation had begun in the Middle Ages and continued into the New Age.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Glass and weaving industries grew in the 16th century in the Venice region.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mining technology evolved.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The use of hydro-powered wicker hammers, the remnants of which can be seen in Fagervik, for example, expanded.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1650s a systematic conversion of rivers began in England to be navigable due to the need for transport needed for commerce.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The peak period of the canal system was 1770—1830, after which transports began to move to the railroads.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Industrial Revolution unleashed the obstacles that previously held back the change of technology and technology, especially the steam engine, spinning machine, weaving machine, and the opening of coal and iron resources, played a major role in the progress of the Industrial Revolution.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[86] [87] The steam engine had been invented at the end of the 17th century, and its main use was to pump water from mines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Easy ores reaching the surface of the earth had quickly been used up and mines had to be made deeper and deeper.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Deeper mines, on the other hand, quickly filled with water if it wasn't pumped out.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The commercial steam engine used in the mines had been built by Thomas Newcomen (1663—1729).


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The efficiency of the machine was poor, in that steam condensed in the cylinder, but it was nevertheless superior to the horse circling the hoop, which had previously been used to spin the pump.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

James Watt (1736—1819) added an external condenser and a second cylinder to the machine to suck steam from the larger cylinder at the end of the stroke to the condenser to liquefy.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Watt improved the power of the steam engine to about three times and, together with Matthew Boulton, occupied the market with machinery from the company he founded in 1775.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The company's steam engines triggered a tidal wave of mechanization.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Methods of making machinery also evolved.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Henry Maudslay (1771—1831) designed a lathe around 1800 to make steel parts more accurately than before.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Maudsley also developed machinery manufacturing precision and was the first to standardize screw and nut size.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[88] Cotton cloth, which had gained much demand at the start of wider imports in the 17th century from India, played a large role in technological advances.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The beginning of the development of weaving is considered to be the flying shuttle invented by John Kay in 1733, which doubled the speed of weaving.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The trade policy safeguard decision to ban cotton cloth imports in the 18th century to protect European weavers raised the development pressure on the productivity of spinning and weaving.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Richard Arkwright (1732—1792) and John Kay (a different person from the inventor of the flying shuttle) patented a spinning machine in 1769 that produced more durable yarn than the spinning Jenny.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

It was quite an ingenious system of rollers and shafts, powered by energy imported from the exterior, initially by horses, then by hydroelectric and later by steam.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Edmund Cartwright mechanised the looms and launched a wave of development of weaving machines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As fabrics became more degraded, the need for cotton raw material increased.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Confederate States of the United States may have started producing cotton from the early 19th century when Eli Whitney invented a method of cleaning cotton homes that suited American cotton grade.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This began the prosperity and development of the Confederate States of the United States towards the American Civil War.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[89] Legal issues related to machinery Watt and Boulton's company had obtained a patent for its steam engine, which prevented further development until the patents lapsed in 1800.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

After this, steam engines began to develop and spread outside England as well.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Watt's machines were still low-pressure machines from which reasonably little power was obtained, but in 1802 Richard Trevithick (1771—1833) built a small, but very efficient mine pump with a high-pressure steam engine in use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Raising the pressure greatly increased power and by 1804, 50 pieces had already been made of these machines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As a result of the use of high pressure, steam boiler explosions led to the development of safety equipment technology such as overpressure valves and insurance companies began to require these.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

It was only at the end of the 19th century that pressure vessel design methods became more standardised and structural steels evolved largely from boiler explosions.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The steam engine development work took mechanical engineering skills forward by great leaps and bounds and brought in still continuing trends, including the significant role of private companies as drivers of technical progress, the status of patents as a source of income for inventors, and the safety structures required by outside parties.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[88] A “privilege procedure” resembling a patent was the sovereign's right to give a monopoly over the manufacture of a particular commodity.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The oldest actual patent laws were the Venice Patent Act of 1474, but even more than a century earlier, both Italy and Bohemia had begun to give exclusive rights to equipment and arrangements, especially in mining.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This guaranteed the creator of innovation for a fixed period of time the privilege of exploiting the invention.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The oldest direct predecessor to current patent practice is a law in Great Britain enacted in 1624, the Statute of Monopolies, which restricted the monarch's right to grant monopolies.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[90] Under the law reform, the monopoly was only allowed to be given to actual inventors of new products or manufacturing methods.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This evolved into modern patent laws recognizing the inventor and the right of the inventor to have protection for his invention.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first Finnish patent was granted in autonomous Finland in 1842.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[91] Patent laws aim to protect the inventor, but they also easily stop development, as was already observed with the patent relating to Watt's steam engine technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, machine builders were aware of each other's work and some had served as apprentices to others, allowing knowledge to move along a communal path.