Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

They frequently visited Éric Rohmer's film club, for whose magazine Truffaut wrote his first article, a critique of Jean Renoir's film Rules of the Game.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut started in April 1950 as Elle's editor and also wrote for other magazines.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[3] In October of the same year, he enlisted in the army, but regretted his decision very soon.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[1] He sought for the next two years to get out of the military and also served time in prison for an attempted desertion.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Due to Bazin and some political connections, Truffaut was discharged from military service in February 1952.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[3] With Bazin's assistance, Truffaut soon became a well-known critic, writing for Cahiers du cinéma and Arts-Lettres-Spectacles.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

His best-known article is “Une Certaine tendance du cinéma française” published in Cahiers du cinéma cinéma in January 1954, in which he attacked old-line French film directors and screenwriters.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Around the same time, Truffaut introduced his auteur theory, in which he emphasized the director's position behind the film's artistic look.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[1] Career as a filmmaker From short films to breakthrough films, Truffaut's first directorial job was the short film Une visite (1955), but his artistic breakthrough was Vints (1957), which was also the first film of his own production company, Les Films du Carosse.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[1] During the peak period of the new wave of French cinema in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Truffaut made several notable films.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

His first full-length film was 400 Pranks (1959).


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

It became a sensation at the Cannes Film Festival, where Truffaut won the best director award.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The film stars Jean-Pierre Léaud, who plays the character of Antoine Doinel.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[1] The professional relationship between Léaud and Truffaut was exceptional, with Truffaut effectively acting as Léaud's surrogate father in the same way that Bazin had acted with Truffaut.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[5] Truffaut's second feature-length film was Shoot the Pianist (1960), adapted from the crime novel by David Goodis.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[1] It was his most experimental film, and in it he sought to fade away from gangster cinema with its genre conventions.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

In the film, its pace and feel change many times.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The film, which is elusive to viewers, didn't fare well in theaters.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] Truffaut had long been planning a film about Henri-Pierre Roché's novel Jules and Jim.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

A film of the same name was completed in 1962.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

That same year, Truffaut directed the Antoine Doinel section for the anthology film Love at the age of 20.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[1] Soft Skin (1964), which told of infidelity, was considered a failure at one time, but its appreciation has risen since a restoration in the 2000s.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[1] The English-language Fahrenheit 451 (1966), based on a novel by Ray Bradbury, was mired in a difficult and protracted production process.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

In the same year 1966, a book about Hitchcock, made by Truffaut, appeared, based on a lengthy interview with Alfred Hitchcock that he did in 1962.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The book and Truffaut's previous articles on Hitchcock were influential in the British director's worldwide reputation as an auteur.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Around the same time, Truffaut was finishing his next Antoine Doinel film Stolen Kisses (1968).


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[1] In this film, the cinema chain is partnered by a female actor with Jean-Pierre Léaud: Claude Jade is now partnered with Léaud in the role of Christine Darbon.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

She later became Doinel's wife: Stolen Kisses (1968), Young Couple (1970), Love with Runaways (1979).


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

In April 1968, she celebrated an engagement to Claude Jade.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut split from Claude Jade, 16 years her junior, just before her wedding day in June.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

One of the scenes in the Stolen Kisses film was filmed in front of the closed doors of the Cinémathèque française and was dedicated to Henri Langlois.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

During the filming of the film, Truffaut had campaigned for Langlois and the Film Archive while government ministers were in the process of replacing Langlois with a candidate of his choice.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] Busy 1960s and 1970s gear miniature|Film director François Truffaut in 1963.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Thanks to the success of Stolen Kisses, Truffaut was next able to direct a more productively demanding film.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The Wizard of the Mississippi (1969) was based on a novel by Cornell Woolrich, whose events were relocated by Truffaut from New Orleans to Réunion Island.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

By the time the film's weak ratings became clear, Truffaut was already shooting a film based on true events about the Wolf child of Aveyron (1970) of Aveyron.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Financing it proved difficult, but eventually United Artists left to support the project.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut decided to play the role of Jean Inard himself.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The film was the first joint production between Truffaut and cinematographer Néstor Almendros.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] Truffaut continued to be busy after Domesticated, as he was already filming his next film in Paris, even though Tame had not even been released yet.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The Young Couple (1970) was the third Antoine Doinel film: Antoine (Jean-Pierre Léaud) and Christine (Claude Jade) are now a couple.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut had shot four films in just over two years, and he began to be emotionally and physically exhausted.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

In addition, his relationship with Catherine Deneuve ended in the autumn of 1970, leading to severe depression and sleep problems.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut found solace in Henri-Pierre Roché's novel Les Deux Anglaises et le Continent.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

He decided to shoot a movie about it and skip plans for a sabbatical year.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Filming began in the spring of 1971, and The Women of England was complete in November.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut went on almost immediately to his next film, the comedy Daddy's Girl (1972).


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] From the success of American Night to the late 1970s While cutting her film English Women Truffaut noticed the big sets that had been erected a couple of years earlier.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

He had long wanted to make a film about filmmaking and now believed he had found a suitable place.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

She had started working on the script in the summer of 1971 with Jean-Louis Richard and returned to it after Isi's Girl.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

American Night (1973), which takes its name from the cinematic technique of shooting night scenes in daylight, was a major success, winning the 1974 Bafta for Best Film and the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film, among others.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] After the success of American Night, Truffaut was able to take some time off from the film business.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

During her two-year absence, she, among other things, spent more time with her two daughters.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut decided in late 1974 that his next film would be an adaptation of a biography of Victor Hugo's daughter Adèle.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

After Adele's story (1975), she immediately began shooting the film Pocket Money (1976).


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

A doctor ordered Truffaut to rest after the film was completed, but Steven Spielberg wanted him to star in his next film The Third Degree Connection.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] In the United States, Truffaut scripted his next film Man Who Loved Women (1977), based partly on his experiences and that of his old friend Michel Fermaud.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut moved on after the film to deal with death in the Green Room (1978).


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

It was based on a series of short stories by Henry James and told of a man who was unable to forget the dead.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Several interior shots of the film, produced in the fall of 1977, were shot by candlelight.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] The Green Room did not prosper, and around the same time Truffaut's health was running out and his production company was running out of funds.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

He needed a blockbuster movie and returned to the Antoine Doinel theme.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Filmed with a fast schedule and a small budget, Love on the Fugitives (1979) brought desired success with ticket hatches: in the story, Antoine Doinel (Jean-Pierre Léaud) is about to leave his wife Christine (Claude Jade) and their mutual son.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut himself, however, was not happy with the film.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] Last films in the 1980s Production of The Last Metro film (1980) began in January 1980.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

For that, Truffaut and Suzanne Schiffman had gone through archives and history books, as well as other historical sources.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The film is set in World War II and Paris, where, due to curfew, it wasn't worth being late for the last subway.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] The Last Subway was an expensive film for Truffaut's own production company.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Its budget was nearly double that of the rest of his productions.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The film ran into trouble when the German co-producers withdrew their support from it.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut eventually received support from Gaumont, the film's distributor, the production organisation SFP, and the television channel TF1.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[6] Over a million people saw it in Paris alone, and it received ten French César awards (among them best film and directing).


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] In a departure from the last subway, The Fateful Woman (1981) was filmed quickly and on a small budget.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

It had been inspired by Truffaut's relationship with Catherine Deneuve.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

To Truffaut's relief, the film was very successful, which allowed him to take a break before his next film, which premiered in August 1983, Long Weekend.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] Truffaut was on August 12, 1983, working with screenwriter Claude de Givray when he suffered a sickness attack.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Doctors discovered a brain tumour, which was successfully operated on the following month.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

During 1984, Truffaut continued to design a few film projects.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

However, his condition deteriorated and he was re-admitted to hospital, where he died on 21 October 1984.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[4] Private life Truffaut was married from 1957 to 1965 to Madeleine Morgenstern.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

They had two children Laura and Eva.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The girls had been named after Otto Preminger's film Laura and Joseph Losey's film Eve [7].


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Vunna 1968 she celebrated in April an engagement to young actor Claude Jade (Stolen Kisses, Young Couple, Love on Runaways).


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

However, he split from Jade even before their wedding day in June.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Later, Truffaut and Claude Jade become close friends.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

She lovingly referred to Claude Jade, 16 years younger than herself, as her “third daughter.”


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut had his third child with actress Fanny Ardant.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Josephine was born just a year before Truffaut died.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[8] Style and Meaning François Truffaut was one of the main background influences in the emergence of the so-called French New Wave: [9] He took his film-theoretical ideas into practice in the first-born film of 400 pranks, wrote the story of Jean-Luc Godard's film The Last Breath, and produced The Paris of Jacques Rivette's film belongs to us.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[5] Several directors have said they were inspired by Truffaut.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Woody Allen and Wes Anderson have told us he was the most important influencer in his career.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Jonathan Demme has said the film Shoot the Pianist showed him a whole new kind of cinematic dimension.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

According to Demme, he decided to become a film director after meeting in 1967 with Truffaut.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[10] Truffaut was traditional as a director, unlike, for example, Godard in constant change.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[11] Truffaut was telling the story, while Godard used the story only as an excuse.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Differences of vision between the directors eventually caused conflicts between them as well.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

They had long been friends, but their friendship was severed when Godard attacked American Night.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[10] They exchanged several letters in which Godard, who was a supporter of Maoism, claimed Truffaut had misplaced his artistic integrity.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Godard felt that the film was supposed to serve the revolution, but Truffaut's humanist message was completely at odds with political militarism.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut, in turn, in a lengthy counterpart, accused Godard of hypocrisy and selfishness.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[12] Truffaut's production was diverse.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The body of the production are Antoine Doinel films with autobiographical ingredients.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[11] The films show influences particularly from Jean Renoir's Impressionism and Alfred Hitchcock.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[11] Renoir's warm-hearted humanism can be seen in films such as Jules and Jim, Undomesticated and The Last Subway.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The influences most characteristic of Hitchock's films can be seen in films like Shoot the Pianist, The Bride Wore Black and The Long Weekend.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The soft skin exhibits influences from both paragons.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

The cut and music have similarities to Hitchcock's films, but the theme has many of Renoir's humanist traits.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[5] In addition to works based on his own subjects, Truffaut also directed several so-called genre films, including the science fiction film Fahrenheit 451 and the suspense film Bride Wore in Black.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[13] In his writings, Truffaut criticised film adaptations made by others.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

He himself adapted into film the novels of William Irish, Henri de la Roche, Ray Bradbury, David Goodis and Henry James.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

He developed his own style of adaptation, in which, according to Peter von Bagh, he managed to adapt the works at the same time loosely, but on the other hand, fully reflecting the writer's word.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[14] Truffaut's male characters have often been left immature.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

They redirect their youth energy and determination towards seeking sex.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Female characters, meanwhile, are often strong-willed and raised on a kind of pedestal.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Women in Truffaut's films make men act.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Truffaut's only films dealing with children were 400 Pranks, Undomesticated and Pocket Money.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[5] However, she said she enjoys photographing children.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

According to Truffaut, “there are no small things in terms of childhood.”


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

[14] Production Filmography (as director) Finnish books Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Movies| others = Translated by Eija Pokkinen and Sakari Toiviain| location = Helsinki| publisher = Love-books| year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-835-059-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Hitchcock| others = Translated by Markku Koski| location = Helsinki| publisher = love-books| year = 1983| id = ISBN 951-835-078-7}} Awards and nominations Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Armstrong, Richard & Charity, Tom & Hughes, Lloyd & Winter, Jessica| title = The Rough Guide to Film| location = London| publisher = Rough Guides| year = 2007| isbn = 978-1-84353-408-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bagh, Peter von| title = Movie history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2001| isbn = 951-1-14868-0}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Elsewhere “Interview François Truffaut”, Extensive interview of Cahiers du cinéma magazine in Finnish, Projection 3/1983 p. 4—23.


Question: What is François Truffaut's most significant work?

Francois Truffaut

Category:77.4 Cinematography Category:French film directors Category:Film theorists Category:BAFTA award winners Category:Those born in 1932 Category:Those who died in 1984


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Rome (or, Politeia tōn Rhōmaiōn;; “Empire of the Romans”), was the eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived after the collapse of the western part in the 4th century, and whose reign lasted more than a thousand years right up to 1453.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine identity was a combination of Romanism, Greek (Hellenistic) culture, and Orthodox Christianity.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantium considered until the last to represent the legacy of the Imperial Roman Empire in the Christian form created by Emperor Constantine the Great.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[1] [2] [3] [4] The name Byzantine Empire is derived from the earlier name Byzantion, the capital of the empire, Constantinople.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The denomination is purely historiographical and was developed in the 16th century.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The inhabitants of the kingdom themselves saw themselves as Romans (rhomaioi) until the end, and the denomination remained in use in Greece until the 19th century.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The name Byzantium was used in Western Europe mainly because of the desire to distinguish that medieval kingdom gradually separated from Late Antiquity Rome in historiography from both Ancient Rome and Greece, which were often viewed ideally in the 15th—18th centuries.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[2] [3] [4] The beginning of the Byzantine Empire and the end of the ancient Roman Empire can be placed in several ways.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

One beginning can be considered the year 330, when Constantine the Great founded Constantinople on the site of the city of Byzantion.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Another possibility is to use as a starting point the time of Emperor Theodosius I at the end of the 3rd century, when the dichotomy of the Roman Empire became definitive.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Today, most scholars use the name Byzantine only from the time of Emperor Justinian I from the early 5th century onwards.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[4] [3] Definitively Byzantium can be considered to have changed as a political organization to one distinct from the ancient Roman Empire as a result of changes in the 6th century.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[5] Latin remained the governing language of the kingdom until the 6th century, when it was superseded by the Greek language spoken by the majority.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Initially, the Byzantine Empire included all the coasts of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In the 6th century, it lost much of its territory to the Arabs, after which it encompassed only Anatolia and part of the Balkans.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom experienced periods of rise and fall, but remained a major power in the Mediterranean region until the 12th century.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom was temporarily divided after the Fourth Crusade and was definitively destroyed when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[6] However, Byzantine cultural heritage still lives on, for example, in the Orthodox Church and its monasteries.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[7] Byzantium is studied from classical philology in the late 19th century by a differentiated subject called Byzantinistics.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[2] History of the Origin of Eastern Rome A separate Eastern Roman administrative region arose when Emperor Diocletian split the Roman Empire in two in 293.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The reason for the division was that the vast kingdom had become difficult to control.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Diocletian created a system of tetrarchy with two emperors (augustus), one in the west and the other in the east, and each with a junior ruler companion, or “sub-emperor” (caesar).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[8] This separation of powers continued right up until Emperor Constantine the Great became ruler of the entire empire in 324.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Constantine chose as his new capital the city of Byzantion, a former colony of Megara, and the city was renamed Constantinople (Constantinoupolis, “City of Constantinos”).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The location of the town was seen as strategically pivotal as it was possible to keep connections both west and east of it.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

With the transfer of the capital, the administrative institutions that operated in Rome, such as the Senate, were transferred as such to Constantinople.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, numerous construction programs were started in the city and it was equipped with stronger walls.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[8] [9] Constantine's other reforms included the reform of the monetary system and the introduction of solidus, separation of military and civil administration, and reform of rural administration.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The army was reformed so that the troops of the border provinces were separated from the Emperor's reserves, which could be moved to problematic frontier areas if necessary.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Constantine was the first Christian emperor and supported Christianity in many ways, but traditional pagan religion was allowed alongside Christianity until the late 3rd century, practically for longer.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[8] [9] In 364, the dichotomy of the kingdom deepened when it was divided between Valentianian, who had control of the western part, and Valens, who gained control of the eastern part.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom was definitively split in two in 395 when Theodosius I divided the kingdom among his sons: [10] at that time Arcadius ruled in the east and Honorius in the west.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

From now on, eastern and western Rome is usually spoken.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The early years (approx.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

4th century) Western Rome crumbled in the 4th century with the Germanic conquests.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Germanic settling in the west weakened the position of Emperor of the West, and the Empire ceased in 476 when Odovakar, the Gothic chieftain who had seized power, did not assume the rank of emperor, but returned the title that had taken as a formality to Constantinople.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Continuing the tradition of the Roman Empire, the eastern part of the empire was spared much of the Germanic invasion and colonisation due to its stronger economy and defences, among other things.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The rebuilding of the walls of Constantinople initiated by Theodosius was completed in 413.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The walls came to last for a thousand years until the Ottoman Conquest.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[8] In the early years of Byzantium, the Christian church grew stronger.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

On the other hand, time was marked by disputes over the correct interpretation of the doctrine.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The two main disputes concerning the Byzantine Church in particular were the dispute over Areioism in the early 3rd century and the dispute over Nestorioism in the early 4th-century.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Areiolism was condemned at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea in 325, Nestorioism at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Ephesus in 431.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In turn, as a counter-reaction to Nestorioism, the Monophysite movement emerged, condemned at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Kcracdon in 451.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Also, the emperor was often forced to take positions on heresy disputes, thus bringing the relationship between the Church and the Emperor closer.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[8] Leo I (as emperor 457—474) was the first emperor to receive the crown, according to Roman tradition, not from a warlord, but from the Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[11] Zenon, who was from Isauria, married Ariadne, Leo's daughter, and they had a son who rose to emperor under the name Leo II in 474.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Upon the death of Leo II, Zenon became emperor.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

To reclaim Italy, he allied himself with Teoderik of the Ostrogoths, who subsequently ruled as the commandholder of Italy.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine succession to power included that if the emperor died without leaving descendants, the augusta-appointed empress had the power to choose a successor for him.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Augustas were allowed to be several and Augusta was allowed to be a relative other than a consort of the emperor.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Thus, upon Zenon's death, in 491 his consort Ariadne appointed Anastasios I, a wealthy courtier (as emperor until 518), as emperor.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[8] [12] Anastasios laid a favourable foundation for the country's economy.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

He promoted East trade and industry.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Silk was transported overland via Persia or from India by sea to Byzantine territory, where craftsmen made silk cloth.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[12] The reign of Justinian I (early 5th century) Under Emperor Justinian I (527—565), the political and military position of Eastern Rome became established.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Often the medieval Byzantine period is calculated to begin precisely with his time.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[8] The emperors of Constantinople had never agreed to consider Western Roman territories lost, but only temporarily as territories outside the Emperor's direct rule.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Attempts were made to reincorporate them into the kingdom, and in this was also met with occasional and partial success.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Under Justinian, the kingdom fought against Persia, the Goths and the Vandals, as well as recapturing large parts of the Italian peninsula, the coast of North Africa, and Spain.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[13] Behind these victories was largely the warlord Belisarius.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Furthermore, in 532, he signed a peace treaty with Khosrau I, the ruler of Persia.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Nika Rebellion of 532 in Constantinople resulted in the execution of an estimated 30,000 rebels.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Historian Prokopios' work The Secret History tells of the resistance faced by the Emperor's policies.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Belisarius succeeded in recapturing North Africa from the Vandals in 533, and by 548 the local tribes had been subjugated.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

There was war in Italy against the Eastern Goths.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The expedition came ashore in Sicily, but failed to break the resistance until 540, when Ravenna, the capital of the Eastern Goths, was overrun.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[13] Wars against Persia continued until 561, when the peace treaty was extended.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The wars continued in 565—591.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] The so-called Justinian plague struck Byzantium in 542.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Many scientists believe the disease has taken off from China [14].


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

It spread across Asia to Egypt, from where it was transported by grain ships to Constantinople.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

According to the contemporaneous Prokopios, the disease would have killed 10,000 people daily, [15], but is now considered a more likely casualty rate of 5000 persons per day.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Half of the city's population is estimated to have died of


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Justinian is reported to have contracted the plague himself, but cured of it.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Reforming the Laws under Justinian, Roman laws were compiled and rewritten under John the Cappadocian as the Corpus iuris civilis law collection.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

It consisted of three different parts, the Digesta (or Pandektai), the Institutiones Iustiniani and the Codex Iustinianus (repetitae praelectionis), with the addition of a fourth volume, Novellae (constitutiones), containing later enacted laws.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Collections of laws formed the basis of all of Byzantine later legislation.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[16] Religion policy Justinian quarreled with Jews, Gentiles, and various Christian sects such as Manicheans, Monophysites and Nestorians.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Partly for practical reasons and partly out of an effort to eradicate pagan religiosity, Justinian closed Athens's illustrious school of philosophers in 529.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Christian culture began to gain ground, but traditional Greco-Roman culture had its adherents, such as the natural philosopher Johannes Filoponos.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The gem of the emperor's great building program was Constantinople's new cathedral Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Justinian's successors (late 5th century) Justinian's successors were unable to counter new external threats.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Italian peninsula was lost to the Langobards in the late 5th century, the Slavs took over the Balkans, and Persia in turn Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In addition, the high taxes required to maintain the kingdom caused internal discontent.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[13] The dynasty of Heracleus (610—711) Fokas (as emperor 602—610), considered a tyrant, assassinated Emperor Maurikios.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Khosrau II of Persia used this as a reason for taking Anatolia.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The exarch of Carthage, Heraclius the Elder, sent his son Heracleios, who was subsequently crowned emperor, to retake Constantinople.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Three years after this, the Persians took Damascus and Jerusalem.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

A counterattack by Heraclius destroyed the main force of the Persians at the Battle of Nineveh.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Heraclius was emperor in 610—641.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

War with Persia resumed in 603; this so-called Byzantine—Sassanid war consumed both Byzantine and Persian forces.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Persians took over Syria, Palestine and Egypt.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The war lasted until 628, when Heraclius defeated the Persians.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Thus Byzantium managed to recapture the territories for some time.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

However, weakened by war, it was unable to resist the Arabs who embraced Islam, who, some twenty years after the Persians, conquered all these territories, and later all of North Africa, under Caliph Omar.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In 636, Byzantium suffered a decisive defeat to the Muslims at the Battle of Jarmuk.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Of particular importance was the loss of Egypt, as it had been the granary of the kingdom and a major source of tax revenue.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] [13] During the time of Heracleus, Greek became the official language of Byzantium, which was reflected in the emperor beginning to use the title basileus instead of Augustus in Latin, and the kingdom became more unified in culture and religion.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In the southern provinces occupied by Muslims, monophysitism was prevalent, contrasting with Orthodox Christianity as defined by the Kcracdon Ecclesiastical Assembly.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

To reconcile the dispute between the Kcracdonians and the Monophysites, Heracleitos proposed monoteletism as a solution.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

By 642, the central regions of the Monophysite faith had been conquered by Muslims.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[13] The Arabs, who now controlled Syria and Palestine, sent raiding expeditions into Anatolia and in 674—678 besieged Constantinople.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Repeated raiding expeditions into Anatolia forced Byzantium to organise a fiefdom system (thema system) in which land was distributed in exchange for military service.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Troop transfers from the Balkans allowed the Slavs to advance further south, for which reason many village communities shrank and fortified themselves.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The emergence of the casars in the 670s drove the Bolgars to the south of the Danube.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In 681, Emperor Constantine IV signed a peace treaty with the Bolgar Khan Aspharukh.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Prior to this, the local Slavic tribes had at least nominally recognized Byzantine rule.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Constans II (as emperor 641—668) continued the policy of favouring monoteletism initiated by his grandfather Heracleios, which provoked strong opposition.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The most strident opponents of the monk Maksimos Homologetes and Pope Martinus I were imprisoned and exiled.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Constans probably fell out of favour in the capital and moved to Syracuse, where he was assassinated.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Justinian II (as emperor 685—695 and 705—711) ruled with tyrannical grips and imposed harsh taxes.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

He was forced to abdicate the crown in 695 and went into exile first to the Casars, then to the Bolgars.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In 698, Carthage was overrun by the Arabs.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Thus Byzantium had definitively lost all territories of North Africa.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Justinian II returned to Constantinople with the help of Khan Tervel in 705 and seized power back for himself.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In his second term, he took bloody revenge on his enemies, and in 711 he was overthrown with the support of the cassars.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

He was succeeded by Philippikos (as emperor 711—713).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Arabs besieged Constantinople for a second time in 717—718.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] The political and territorial changes of the 6th century brought about the fact that the kingdom, as a political organisation, was no longer a memory.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Therefore, Byzantium can be considered to have changed definitively from the old Roman Empire to a separate one within the 6th century.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[5] Period of iconoclasm (717—843), Leon III (as emperor 717—741) seized power in 717.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

He successfully fought against the Arabs and defeated these in 740.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

With the reign of Leon, iconoclasm, or pictorial grandeur, was triggered by this denial of icons and the respect paid to them.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Also, Constantinos V (as emperor 741—775) adopted an iconoclastic stance towards the end of his term.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

One of the reasons for the emergence of a stance against icons was the rise of Islam and the successful conquests of the Arabs: the Byzantines may have thought that the Muslims who opposed the images were therefore doing something right.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruption of Santorini in 726, added to the idea that Byzantium was punished for some cause.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The icon ban led to rebellion, as well as the destruction of many products of Byzantine art.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Iconoclasm, however, mostly affected the court, the top officials and the top clergy, not so much the ordinary people.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[13] [17] In 798, a woman, Empress Irene (Eirene), stepped on the throne for the first time.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In the West, it could be considered that the Western Roman throne had remained vacant.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In 800, the Pope crowned the Frankish king Charles the Great as Roman Emperor.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The West thus had an emperor after a hiatus of more than three hundred years, and Byzantium was no longer the sole heir to the Roman Empire; the crowning of Charles the Great was considered an open challenge in Byzantium.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[17] Under the influence of Empress Irene, the 7th Ecumenical Ecclesiastical Conference held in Nikaia decided in 787 that icons were to be venerated but not worshiped.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Leo V reinstated iconoclasm into force in 813, as the ban on images was considered to be against the backdrop of victories made in wars.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[17] Theodora II allowed icons in 843 with the support of Patriarch Methodios, and the ecclesiastical assembly confirmed the decision of the Ecumenical Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Iconoclasm and the dispute between Pope Nicholas I and Patriarch Fotios further deepened the divide between the churches of the East and West.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Golden Age (ca.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

850—1050) during the Byzantine Golden Age can be considered the time of the so-called Macedonian dynasty between 867 and 1056.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

During the dynasty Byzantium succeeded in building a great power again, reclaiming lands which had been conquered by the Arabs in the east and the Slavs in the Balkans.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Southern Italy was also conquered, and Emperor John I Tzimiskes extended the fighting all the way to Jerusalem.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In 1014, Emperor Basileios II (as emperor 976—1025) overthrew Bulgaria.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Due to victorious wars and strong rulers, Byzantium was strong both militarily and economically, with the capital Constantinople a glorious focal point of culture and power.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Trade and craftsmanship flourished, new schools were established in Constantinople, interest in ancient culture and philosophy rekindled, and secular literature and other culture revived.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, Byzantine civilization also spread to areas of neighboring peoples.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[17] [18] [19] The Byzantine—Arab Wars saw a successful takeover of Crete from the Arabs temporarily in 843, but the emperors failed to prevent the Muslims from taking Sicily and Sardinia for a bit by 902.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

On the other hand, victories were also experienced, such as the Battle of Damietta in 856.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Muslims often allied themselves with the Paulician faith sect living in the eastern provinces, which was persecuted as a heretic.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Basileios I (as emperor 867—886) succeeded in ending the sect's rule.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Russ attempted to plunder Constantinople in 860.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

On the occasion of a new attempt, they were beaten back in 941 under the leadership of John Kurkuas.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

He achieved other noteworthy victories, such as swapping the image of Edessa for Muslim prisoners.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In the latter half of the 9th century, the Empire expanded again north into Syria, recapturing Crete and Cyprus, as well as occupying the territory of Antioch.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine troops advanced as far as the gates of Jerusalem.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[17] Wars against the Bulgars, Tsar Simeon I the Great of Bulgaria defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Bulgaryphon in 896, which forced Byzantium to pay tax to Bulgaria.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Later, Emperor Constantine VII married Simeon's daughter.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Romanos I suffered defeat at the Battle of Anchialus in 917, after which the Bulgars extended their war expeditions all the way to Corinth.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

After Simeon's death in 927, Byzantine position improved in the Balkans.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Basileios II achieved a decisive victory over Bulgaria in 1014 at the Battle of Kleidion.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom gained a new ally from the newly established shadow state when Basileios's sister was married to Vladimir the Great, the ruler of Kiev.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, yet another new heresy spread from the north, the dualistic doctrine of the Bogomiles, which had been influenced by the Paulicians.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The doctrine gained popularity, especially in Bulgaria, but it also spread among the Byzantine upper class.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] Wars against the Seljuks, Normans and Petsenegs In 1054, relations between the Orthodox and Catholic Church were broken for good (the Great Schism).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, Byzantium was threatened by new dangers: the Seljuks in Asia Minor, the Petsenegs in the north, and the Normans in Italy.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan thoroughly defeated the Byzantine army and took Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes prisoner.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, Byzantium lost almost all of Asia Minor and its best agricultural areas.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In addition to this, Byzantium lost Italian territories to the Normans and Balkan Petsenegs by 1081.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The mayhem after Manzikert ended in 1081 with the capture of power by Alexios Komnenos (as emperor 1081—1118).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

He reorganised the army and regained important territories from the Seljuks.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Alexios also had to fight the Normans.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

One of the most dangerous Normans was Robert Guiscard.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantium lost southern Italy to the Normans by 1100.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Alexios also sought to suppress the movement of the Bogomiles.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The time of the Crusades (1097—1261), as a result of Alexios's request for assistance to the west, was triggered in 1097 by the First Crusade, allowing Nikaia to be recaptured.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The intervals between the Byzantines and the crusaders were never warm, and both sides were suspicious of each other.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Alexios's work was continued by his son John and grandson Manuel.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The lost Balkan and Asia Minor territories were recovered.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Komnenos dynasty ended in the reign of Andronikos Komnenos in 1185.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Komnenoks was succeeded by the weaker Angelosten dynasty.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In an effort to gain support from the West, Byzantium ceded significant trading rights to western merchants.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, Venice in particular gained dominance at sea and in trade in the region, weakening Byzantium's own positions.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Venice gradually gained considerable political influence as well.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Crusaders, on the other hand, meddled in the affairs of the formerly Byzantine sphere of influence from the kingdoms they established in the surroundings of Jerusalem.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] In the 1170s, relations between Byzantium and Venice became strained.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

1182 in Constantinople there was a massacre of Western Europeans, especially Italian, merchants in connection with Andronikos Komnenos's coup d'état.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The goal was to weaken the influence of western merchants.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

1192, however, Byzantium concluded trade treaties with Pisa and Genoa.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

As a result of the events, the anti-Byzantine alliance in the west grew stronger.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [10] The Fourth Crusade and the Byzantine division of Venice gained its revenge through the Fourth Crusade.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The crusade had initially been supposed to be directed towards Egypt, but it eventually ended up, led by Venice, taking Constantinople in order to strengthen Venice's position in commerce in the region.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The crusaders took Constantinople on 12 April 1204 and plundered the city, receiving a huge spoil of war, as wealth had been amassed in the city for a thousand years without having been overrun once during that time.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] After Byzantium was defeated, the Crusaders established in the Byzantine core region, in the surroundings of Constantinople and on the territory of present-day Greece, a Latin Empire whose emperor became Balduin I of Flanders.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Several vassal states were under the Empire: the Principality of Akhaia in the Peloponnese, the Duchy of Naksos in the Aegean archipelago, the Kingdom of Thessalonica in northern Greece, and the Duchy of Athens in central Greece.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] Byzantine heritage was continued by the states located around the Latin Empire: the Empire of Nikaia, ruled by the House of Laskaris; the Empire of Trebizond, ruled by the Komnenos; and the Despotate of Epirus, ruled by the Angelos.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

All three states sought to recapture Constantinople and sought support in the west from Venice's opponents, above all Genoa.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Under Theodoros Laskaris, Nikaia gradually gained control under other states.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In 1261, Nikaia recaptured Constantinople under Michael Palaiologos (as Emperor Michael VIII).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The ruler family of Palaiologos founded by Michael became the last of the kingdom.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine End Times (1261—1461) The reincarnated Byzantium took over the Peloponnese under Michael and emerged for a time as a politically significant player.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Negotiations for the unification of the churches of the East and West began in the latter half of the 13th century, and the issue was discussed at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Lyon in 1274. At that time, Emperor Michael VIII would have been willing to accept unification in order to obtain military assistance from the West.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

However, the reunification did not materialize due to public opposition.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[20] At the same time, Charlemagne of Anjou planned to take over Byzantium with the support of the Pope.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Rise of the Ottoman Empire The threat to the Ottoman Empire also began to rise gradually, and the last two centuries of the Empire were mostly a retreat from under the Ottoman Empire.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Turkic Ottoman people gradually occupied territories in Asia Minor from the 1280s onwards.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Brusa found itself overrun in 1326, Ephesus in 1328, Nicea in 1329, and Nicomedeia and Bithynia in 1337.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [10] In its final years, Byzantium continued to negotiate with the West for the unification of the churches of the East and West in order to obtain military aid.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[20] Reunification was already supported by many members of the High Council and some of the clergy, but the monasteries and the majority of the population continued to oppose it.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Along with the external threat, the Empire also suffered from internal strife within the ruler family, as well as social and religious disagreements.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

John VI Kantakuzenos rose to become power aspirant and emperor (as emperor 1347—1354).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

A hesycastic movement based on mystical contemplation developed within monastic communities, which also connected itself to politics by opposing Western influence and the unification of churches.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In politics, hesycasm manifested itself as the so-called palamism espoused by Gregorios Palamas.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The movement gained popularity, and Kantakuzenos also embraced the movement's views.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Hesycasm became the official position of the Byzantine Church in 1351.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [7] Thrace was overrun by the Ottoman in the 1360s, Thessaloniki in 1387.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

From the recaptured Adrianoupolis in 1365, the Ottomans made their capital until 1453.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Asia Minor had been lost to the Ottomans practically entirely by the Ottoman takeover of the semi-autonomous region of Philadelfia in 1390.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Coinciding with the Ottoman conquests, the Serbs took advantage of the opportunity and took over Albania, Eastern Macedonia and Thessaly.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

However, the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman in the 1389 Battle of Kosovo Polje and also, with victories over the Hungarians and Bulgars, gradually took over the entire Balkans.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [10] By the fall of Byzantium by the entry into the 15th century Byzantine territory had shrunk to cover almost solely the city of Constantinople, Thessaloniki, the region of the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea), as well as some islands in the Aegean Sea (e.g.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Lesbos and Limnos).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Regions separate from Constantinople were practically independent and only nominally and by tradition part of the kingdom.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] [21] The city of Thessaloniki ceded itself to the possession of the Venetians in 1423.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Ottoman took over the city in 1430 and massacred the entire population and the Venetian soldiers who were in the city.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Constantinople was besieged between 1397 and 1402 by the Ottomanian Sultan Bayezid I.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Manuel II toured Europe seeking aid to Byzantium.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The kingdom was saved after the invasion of Ottoman territories by the Mongols at the same time.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Ottoman power soon revived.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Sultan Murad II in turn besieged Constantinople in 1422.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Thessaloniki was taken by the Ottoman people in 1430.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] Now Emperor John VIII Palaiologos sought help from the West and therefore approved the unification of the churches at the Ecclesiastical Assembly of Florence in 1439.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

A crusade of Hungarians and Latins, the so-called Varna Crusade, was organised against the Ottoman, but it ended in disaster for Christians at the Battle of Varna in 1444.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The unification of the churches was finally declared effective in Constantinople in 1452.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[10] However, it did little to materialise in practice due to public opposition.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The end of the Byzantine Empire came in 1453.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

On April 2, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II began the siege of Constantinople, which lasted almost two months.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The emperor sent requests for help to the West, but no help came.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire was definitively defeated on 29 May when the Ottoman took the city by storming.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The last emperor, Constantinos XI Palaiologos, fell in battle against the Turks.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The last European part of Byzantium, the Despotate of the Morea was overthrown in 1460 with the takeover of Mistra.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Ottoman took over even the last knackles of the kingdom when the Empire of Trebizond was overthrown in 1461.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[18] The causes of Byzantine decadence as the cause of the Empire's decline in its final centuries were not merely armed conflict, although the takeover of Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade spurred decadence.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The state was left by many serious grievances: the concentration of ownership in the hands of the few and the activities of these grandees against the interest of the state; the tension between rich and poor; the reduction of the armed force and its concentration in the hands of foreign mercenaries; the abandonment of its own navy; and leaning on the Genoa fleet, as well as the repeated depreciation of the value of money and the resulting distrust of financiers.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[22] In Enlightenment historiography, Byzantium was often seen as a degenerate aftershow of idealized ancient Rome.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The same attitude has persisted for a long time before modern research.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The causes of political and cultural decadence have included despotic autocracy, bureaucratic administrative machinery, constant intrigues and corruption, orientalism, social stagnation and enveloping into patterns, as well as mystical religious mentality and religious fanaticism.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[3] [5] [23] [24] The Byzantine scholar John Haldon recalls, however, that Byzantine society and culture were in fact very dynamic, the efficient machinery of government was possibly one of the reasons for the long age of the Empire, and that Byzantium, for example, was no more corrupt than any other societies of the time.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[3] [24] Byzantine heritage Byzantine cultural heritage continues to live on in the Orthodox Church and its monasteries.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The culture of antiquity mediated in the West through Byzantium contributed significantly to the genesis and development of the Renaissance, as manuscripts of ancient literature moved with Byzantine refugees to the West even before Constantinople fell.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[7] [24] The Ottoman Empire took Constantinople as its capital and inherited many aspects of Byzantine culture in its culture and, among other things, in its building art.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Russia, in turn, inherited the role of patron of the Orthodox Church, the title of emperor, as well as the emblem of the House of Palailogos, the two-headed eagle, after the marriage of Sophia, the last emperor's niece, to Ivan III.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Ivan IV became the first Russian emperor, or tsar.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Since the 16th century, Russia has often considered itself the heir to Byzantium and the third Rome.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[25] [23] [26] Geography, Economy, Peoples and Languages At birth, Byzantium was formed of three distinct and very different geographical regions: Asia Minor, namely Anatolia, the Balkans, and the Levant (Middle East and Egypt).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The sea both separated and connected these areas to each other.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The land area is characterised by coastal plains, highlands, as well as mountain ranges.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The main industry of Byzantium as well as the Roman Empire was farming.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Farming was concentrated in coastal areas, while more cattle husbandry was practiced in the high plains.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Egypt's importance as a producer of both grain and tax revenues was very high.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Other prosperous provinces included Syria, Mesopotamia, Euphratensis, Osroene, Phoenicia, Palestine and Cilicia.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

As a result of the loss of these areas, state revenues are estimated to have dropped by a quarter.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[27] Administratively, the territory of the empire had been divided into Peruvian provinces of the ancient Roman Empire.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In the 6th century, the division was replaced by a new division into so-called themes (thema).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Each theme was commanded by strategos, who also oversaw the civil and economic management of their region.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[28] As the boundaries of the kingdom changed, the theme lodge was also changed.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Some of the most central cities to Byzantium were (with the Empire at its most extensive under Emperor Justinian I), in addition to the capital Constantinople, Rome, Ravenna, Naples and Syracuse in Italy; Alexandria and Carthage in Africa; Thessaloniki and Athens in the Balkans; Antioch, Nicea, Ephesus, Ankara, Seleukia, Caesarea, Melitene, Seleukia and Trebizond in Asia Minor; Herson in Crimea; and Jerusalem, Emesa and Damascus in the Levant.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Of these, Constantinople, Thessaloniki, Ravenna and Carthage were the capitals of the prefectures and Constantinople, Rome, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem were the seat of the patriarchates.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[27] In the Middle Ages, Greco-Roman urban culture regressed.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

From the old polis centers moved to the more easily defensible hills around the fortifications (castro).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The capital, Constantinople, formed as the only major urban center.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[4] All cities depended on the countryside of their immediate surroundings.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Transportation of products by land was expensive and cumbersome, and therefore water transportation was more central.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Only cities with a port managed to develop into major centers of trade.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantium inherited the road network of ancient Rome, but the maintenance of roads gradually deteriorated considerably.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[27] Road transport was operated by cursus publicus, a state transportation and horse exchange system.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[29] Byzantium was a multinational kingdom thanks in part to its geographical scope.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In addition to the Greeks, especially in its early centuries, the kingdom included Latin-speaking populations, Syrians, Egyptians, Armenians, Slavs, Albanians, Bulgars and Jews.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The population was united by the Greek language and, in the early centuries, also Latin, which was spoken not only in Italy and the Balkans, but especially in coastal areas.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Latin served as the official language until 620 and was especially used as the language of legislation.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Subsequently, the importance of the Greek language as the maintainer of Romanism grew and the population became increasingly Greek.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Greekness was accentuated above all by the kingdom's loss of much of its territory over the centuries.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[1] [30] The administration of the Emperor Byzantine Empire continued the Roman Empire without historical breaks.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[5] The emperor was an autocrat ruler who was seen to receive his power directly from God and was appointed by God.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Despite this, it was also seen that it was possible to overthrow the emperor if it was God's will.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Power was often disputed, with coups also taking place as a result.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[3] The most prominent ruler lineages of Byzantium were: ruler family of Leo (457—518) Heracleius ruler family (610—711) Isaurian ruler family (717—802) Amorian, or Phrygian ruler family (820—867) Macedonian ruler family (867—867) 1056) Komnenos ruler family of the Angelotes (1185—1204) The ruler family of Laskaris (1204—1261) The ruler family of the Palaiologos (1261—1453) The Senate and officials The Senate in Constantinople continued the legacy of the Roman Senate.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Senate of Constantinople originally consisted of 300 senators, but later the number grew to thousands.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Senators held the hereditary title clarissimus.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Other senatorial positions included illustris and spectabilis.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The position of senators was primarily based on land ownership.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The senatorial mastery played a significant part in fostering the old Greco-Roman cultural heritage.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[31] The Byzantine system of government was complex and included a number of different posts and titles, forming a strict hierarchy of officials.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Senators originally had exclusive authority over the highest offices in both the capital and the provinces.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

As time passed, the importance of belonging to the old senatorial statute diminished, as posts in the emperor's court were also determined meritocratically, along with pedigree background.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Acting at the emperor's court gradually formed as the most significant path to social exaltation.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

At the same time, the conflict of interests between the central government in Constantinople and the land-owning upper class, among other things, in the enforcement of taxation in the provinces grew, leading to civil wars as well.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[31] The army of the Byzantine Empire evolved from the army of the Roman Empire that preceded it.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The army changed under Emperor Diocletian from traditional heavy legions to encompassing more cavalry.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine army was famous for its heavy catafraction cavalry.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Eastern Roman army was later reorganized under Emperor Heracleios according to the new themed system.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The war force consisted of both volunteers and men received through taxation tethered militaries.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[28] Foreign mercenaries became more common over time.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The highest-paid soldiers were cavalry with bows washed from men of the Turkish-Tatar peoples of Central Asia.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The element of this first-strike force in the tactic was first to barge at the enemy, shoot and retreat.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The art of archery on horseback is extremely difficult to achieve, but was mastered by Turkish nomadic tribes.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The most famous and secret weapon of Byzantium was the Greek fire, very significant in the world of that time, with its deterrent effect.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In the 1070s, the Byzantine army experienced a crushing defeat at the Battle of Manzikert, from which it never recovered.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Taxation One key function of the bureaucratic administrative apparatus was the collection of taxation for the central power.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[19] Byzantine taxation was based on both the land tax and the strict control of land property required by him, and on the intellectual tax.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In the beginning, the land and intellectual tax had been combined so that taxation took into account the number of able-bodied persons a given land (capitatio-jugation principle).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Later, land tax (canon) and spirit tax (kapnikon, “home stove”) were separated.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In addition to these taxes, various additional taxes were required by the state for, among other things, public works and domestication.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Over time, the system evolved to become complex and also corrupt.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[32] Beginning in the 12th century, taxation rights (pronoia) began to be allocated to private people in respect of certain territories as well.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Initially, rights were granted only to members of the ruling Komnenos family.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Under the influence of the Crusades and the western feudal system, rights began to be distributed more widely in the 13th century.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, the portion of tax revenue received by the state decreased while the financial burden caused by the upper class increased.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

As a result, the land began to be charged rent to peasants as well.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

As the kingdom's land area contracted as a result of the conquests, the importance of the taxation of commerce (kommerkion) increased in the late Byzantine times.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[32] From the 13th century onwards, the emperors of the House of Palaiologos, who ruled, were in trouble as the Byzantine economy weakened and did not invent healing medicines for it, but rather spurred the downhill pace of the economy.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

For example, Italians had been granted trade advantages that meant a reduction in state customs revenues.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

However, export production of luxury goods was able to continue.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Silk, gold brocade, jewelry and other arts and crafts products were made.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

However, the state intervened in these through taxation and restrictions, which benefited the Italians.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine government kept the domestic consumer sides, but at the same time weakened the economics of export companies.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Employment of the subjects was also taken care of, but it undermined the profitability of companies because there were too many wage earners.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Emperors of the House of Palaiologos increasingly resorted to degrading money to get the state finances in order.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Eventually the Crown Jewels were also sold, which were replaced with fake stones.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

It has been said that Byzantium's long struggle to die was primarily a state economic tragedy.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[33] Culture Byzantine culture was very Constantinopole-centric.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[4] Byzantine literature was initially essentially a Christian-coloured continuation of ancient Greek literature, and no clear boundary between ancient and Byzantine literature can be drawn.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

During the 5th and 6th centuries, the weight of theological literature increased and the volume of secular literature contracted.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Secular literature flowed beginning in the 8th century as ancient literary traditions began to be revived, rising between 1000—1200 to its highest heyday.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[19] Byzantine art was conservative and respected tradition.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

After the pictorial strife, the art of painting became schematic.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In the last centuries of Byzantium, high-level art was again created outside Constantinople.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Western influence increased and art took on more diverse forms.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[19] Of great note are the miniatures adorning the manuscripts.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The main monuments of building art are the Hagia Sophia, or the Church of the Holy Wisdom in Constantinople (built 532—537), which was through medieval Christendom the largest church, and the Basilica di San Marco in Venice.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine art still lives on in the church art of the Orthodox Church.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Church was a major player, and Christianity was a central part of Byzantine culture and society.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In the Empire, no clear boundary was made between state and church.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

The relationship between church and state was described as harmonious, i.e., “symphony” or “harmony”.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Church and state saw themselves together as defenders of Orthodoxy, or orthodox Christian faith.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[34] [35] [36] The Byzantine period saw the development of those liturgical forms that are still in use throughout the Orthodox Church.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[37] The two main features of Byzantine philosophy were Hellenistic rationalism and Christian tradition.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[7] Byzantine philosophy was characterised by a close association with Christian worldview and theology, but drew much influence and thought from ancient Greek philosophical texts, particularly from Plato, Aristotle, and the Neo-Platonists.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Drawing the line between Byzantine philosophy and ancient philosophy, as well as Byzantine philosophy and theology, is not straightforward after all.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[38] On the other hand, from Byzantine philosophy, it is also possible to distinguish the further development of ancient thought as detached from Christian thought.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

[39] For the purposes of the calculation of time, the kingdom had its own, the so-called Byzantine calculation of time.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Castrén, Sponge| title = New ancient history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-1-21594-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Freeman, Charles| title = Egypt, Greece in Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004| version=Second Edition| id=ISBN 0-19-926364-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

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Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gibbon, Edward| title = The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire| publisher = Worldsworth Classics of World Literature| year = 1998| version=28 selected chapters| id = ISBN 978-1-85326-499-3}} Hakkarainen, Mika: “Byzantine culture sources”.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lamberg, Marko & Lahtinen, Anu & Niiranen, Susanna (ed.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

) | title = Middle Ages key| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2009| version = Finnish Literature Society Editorials 1203| id = ISBN 978-951-746-953-1| page = 353-364}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haldon, John| title = Byzantine history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2010| version = (Byzantium: A History, 2000.)


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Translation: Kaisa Sivenius| id = ISBN 978-952-495-097-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Toropainen, Ritva (ed.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

) | title = Windows in Byzantine| location = Oulu| publisher = University of Oulu | year = 2003| version = Oulu University Library Publications 54| id = ISBN 951-42-7059-2| format = [online version]}} References Literature in Finnish Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Diehl, Charles| title = Byzantium: a time of greatness and decay| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book| year = 1929}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haldon, John F.| title = Byzantine history| others = Translated by Kaisa Sivenius| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2010| version = Initial work: Byzantium History (Tempus 2000).


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Edited by Mika Hakkarainen| isbn = 951-662-959-8}} In English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kazhdan, Alexander & Constable, Giles| title = People and Power in Byzantium.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

An Introduction to Modern Byzantium Studies| publisher = Dumbarton Oaks| year = 1982| id = ISBN 0884021033| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mango, Cyril| title= Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome| publisher = Scribner| year = 1980| id = ISBN 0684167689| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Norwich, John Julius| title = Byzantium (3 volumes) | publisher = Viking| year = 1991| id = ISBN 0-394-53778-5, ISBN 0-394-53779-3 and ISBN 0-679-41650-1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ostrogorsky, Georg| title= History of the Byzantine State| publisher = Rutgers University Press| year = 1969| id = ISBN 0-8135-1198-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

On topic elsewhere.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Site from Eastern Rome.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Project for historical and archaeological inventory of Byzantine sites.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

Austrian Academy of Sciences.


Question: When was the Byzantine Empire established?

Byzantine Empire

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Platonism is a philosophical school based on the ideas of the most prominent philosopher of antiquity, Plato.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Platonism originally lived in the Academy founded by Plato in Athens.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Later Platonism, in its various forms, can be seen as various attempts at interpretation of Plato's original philosophy, with different accents.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Platonism is typically divided into three periods: Early Platonism, Middle Platonism, and Neo-Platonism.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Introduction The basic ontological idea of Platonism is that reality is merely a reflection of a higher reality.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Expressed in another way, it is based on the idea that universals (anything that can be derived from particles, that is, individual entities) exist independently of the particles.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Thus some particular single tree missing a branch or two that is perhaps living or possibly dead, and having the initials of lovers engraved on its trunk, is different from the universal and eternal idea of the Tree.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

Using the concept of an idea, everyone is able to combine imperfect individual trees, Reflections of the Tree, into being related to each other.


Question: Where was Platonism founded?

Platonism

In cosmology, Platonism was based on Plato's Timaios dialog that the universe had been created by a demiurg, the “craftsman”, or creator god, as the best possible world according to model images of the eternal reality of ideas.