Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

There are approximately 300 copies of Mahatma letters between 1870—1900.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Blavatsky has been claimed to have written most of them himself [57], but some scholars believe that there are too many differences in the handwriting and style of the letters for them to be considered written by the same person.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[58] According to Blavatsky, all religions underlie esoteric doctrine, which was in ancient times spread around the world.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Today it is, according to him, to be found complete only in a few underground libraries under the control of the spiritual brotherhood.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Some of this doctrine is set out in the ancient book of Dzyan, of whose poems he explained part of in his works Unveiled Isis and the Secret Doctrine.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[59] [60] The origin of the universe manifested according to this doctrine is the deity power that has flowed out of the absolute, or Parabrahman, Logos.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

It manifests itself as a trinity in such a way that the first, the Father-Mother, is the root of all things, the second, that is, the Son, begins the duality of life and form, and the third is world sense, parts of which are human monads.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Each galaxy and solar system has its own smaller Logos.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The sense of the universe manifests itself externally as Fohat, a force that encapsulates shapes and puts into motion the cosmic law of development.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[59] Life manifests itself on a material level through various natural kingdoms, which include mineral, plant, animal and humanity.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Reincarnated monads evolve through these forms, guided by the law of karma to consistently higher degrees.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The Earth goes through seven different manifestations, or manvantara, so that in the first three seasons it condenses from ethereal to solid until, during the fourth (i.e., current) period, development becomes reversed again.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[59] The world is influenced by the Brotherhood of Masters, or those ordained to esoteric wisdom, or the so-called White Brotherhood, headed by the Logos of our Solar System, and below this a hierarchy of creatures comprising the Dhyan chohans, coumaaras, buddhas, mahachohans, chohans and masters.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Blavatsky mentioned several masters who have included such names as Buddha, Zarathustra, Jesus, Pythagoras and Christian Rosenkreutz.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The evolution of humanity is divided into seven root races, which in turn are divided into several sub-races.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[60] Present humanity represents the fifth, Aryan, root race and has already entered an upward, spiritualising arc of development.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The churn of root races occurs through natural disasters comprising subsidence and uplifts of continents, and can last for hundreds of thousands of years.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Each root race goes through four periods, namely yuga, which are satya yuga, treta yuga, dvapara yuga and kali yuga.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The current humanity is currently living kali yuga, which began in 3102 BCE.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[60] Man is a microcosm, and the development of different planetary periods has their own equivalents in man, for example, senses and different levels and characteristics of consciousness.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

In man, one can thus distinguish the seven principes which are ātma, meaning omnipresent spirit, buddhi meaning spiritual soul, manas, or human soul, kāma rūpa meaning lust or emotional body, linga sharīra, or double side of physical body, or astral body, prāna meaning breath of life in a living being and sthūla sharīra, meaning physical body.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

During the fourth root race, humanity still had a functioning “third eye”, or mental vision, whose physical organ is now atrophied and known as the pineal gland.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[60] The mental development of monads occurs through the law of karma, but the human individual can accelerate his own development by living the morally correct life.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Praying in its usual sense is idolatry because the gods of exoteric religions (such as Jehovah) are limited, created beings.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Man, on the other hand, should strive to act in harmony with his own divine self, namely Ātma-buddhi-manas.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[61] At the death of man, the three lowest principles are destroyed and the top four continue on to the kāma loka, which corresponds to the purgatory of Catholicism or Haade of ancient mythology.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The Ātma-buddhi-manas then detach from the kāma rūpa and continues to devakhān, or heaven, where it remains for 1000—1500 years.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

After this it is reincarnated into the world.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[62] Blavatsky did not consider the doctrines he presented to be complete or absolute, but regarded Theosophy as one of the ends of the study of nature's unexplained laws.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[63] A number of perspectives on the causes of the genesis and spread of Theosophy have been presented.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Blavatsky's influences have been cited as bringing Oriental philosophy to the West, opposing Christianity, converting Hindus to Buddhism through syncretistic doctrine, liberating India and other Asian peoples from colonial rule, introducing new models of explanation on spiritist phenomena creation, as well as lastly Blavatsky's personal reasons, perhaps related to the “sins of youth” he mentioned in some letters, for which he had a need to atone.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[64] Anticolonial suspicions were aroused especially by the Hindu reform movement Arya Samaj, with whom the Theosophical Society was in alliance in 1878—82.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[65] To his friend and parapsychology researcher A.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

In a letter to N. Aksakov, Blavatsky proved his influence in India by writing about how “dumb donkeys” Theosophists are and how he can lead them in the direction they want.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[66] It has also been considered whether there was a political idea behind Theosophy.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

It is known that in his youth Blavatsky had moved in radical liberal-nationalist circles, but he apparently never had any clear socio-political line.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[67] For a long time he was very negative towards socialism and anarchism, but changed his mind in the 1880s, calling Besant's leftist activities “practical theosophy”.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[67] According to Mikael Niinimäki, on the one hand, there was a certain core theosophy in which Blavatsky seriously believed, and on the other, the “propagandistic” teaching presented in public, which varied at different times according to needs and roles.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Although there are different understandings of the factors that contributed to the emergence of Theosophical doctrine, it is generally considered clear that its popularity was related to the rivalry between the natural-science world perception of the late 19th century and conservative Christianity.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

For many thinkers, Christianity, which seemed incompatible with science, was not enough.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

On the other hand, the materialistic worldview evoked a sense of insecurity in many people.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[68] Personality As a child, Helena was reported to have been warm-hearted and gentle, although she could abruptly break out.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Her parents were particularly troubled by the fact that Helena preferred to play with the servants' children than her peers.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[69] Moreover, even as a child, he was inclined to experience various strange phenomena.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[70] [71] Helena's aunt Nadezhda Fadeyev wrote about her niece: Those who met Blavatsky described her above all with the adjectives intelligent, genuine and vigorous.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

His good sides mention openness, cheerfulness and loyalty to friends, and he was regarded as a witty conversationalist.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

On the other hand, many were offended by his unwavering, fierceness, coarseness and bluntness, and he often stunned socialites with his use of language.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[72] According to H. S. Olcott, Blavatsky acquired countless friends but often lost sight of them becoming personal enemies.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

He often made someone feel like he was unique and his only real friends.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Olcott suspected that Blavatsky felt that he and other ordinary people were nothing more than “peasants in a game of chess, whom he did not very much love from the heart base.” [73] In his work he was said to be tireless, never satisfied and always promoting some idea.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

William Butler Yeats wrote to his friend from Blavatsky: “He is the most humane person alive.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

She is like an old peasant woman and has devoted her whole life to just sitting in her large chair with a pen in her hand.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

For years, he's been writing 12 hours a day.” Despite the many accusations of cheating, Blavatsky was considered by many to be an uncommonly genuine human being.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The American artist Edmund Russel wrote of Blavatsky: “She loathed all pretentiousness and yet she was crowned queen of charlatans.” [74] Although the vegetarian diet today belongs to Theosophical ideals, Blavatsky did not follow one or demand it of others.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

He was overweight and also smoked a lot.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

He is also mentioned to have used hashish and opium when he was younger, as well as a drink like soma which was intended to assist him in his clairvoyance.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[75] Alcohol he reportedly did not consume at all.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Nor is there any evidence of the use of hash from his later years.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[76] Alter ego Blavatsky is known to have experienced personality divisions from time to time, of which, among other things, he wrote to his sister: “And it was at this time that I began to feel a strange duality.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Several times a day I feel that apart from me, there is someone else, completely separate from me, present in my body.” Some scholars have considered this alter ego the same as that of John King, who appeared in several spiritist contexts through Blavatsky, who later in Blavatsky's mind transformed into the master Morya of Theosophy.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[77] Also, several Theosophists such as W. B. Yeats were convinced of Blavatsky's normal awareness of the existence of an independent trance persona as an explanation for master words.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

According to Colonel Olcott, when Blavatsky wrote, he may have been 'taken' by three different individuals.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[78] Allegations of Blavatsky's previous links to spiritism were known to scholars.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Some claimed Blavatsky had privately revealed to them that it was just a wink trick [79], but he never admitted such a thing publicly.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Blavatsky, for example, was alleged to produce text or an image on paper with the power of his mind [80], materialise objects in a closed box and letters into the air.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[40] The best known individual charges of sham against Blavatsky are the so-called Hodgson Report by the Society for Psychic Research, the Coulombie case linked to it, as well as the V.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

S. Solovyov's work A Modern Priestess of Isis (1893).


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[81] Blavatsky's teachings have been of interest to scholars up to the present days.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Numerous biographies and memoirs have been written about him, as well as studies advocating and criticising his teachings.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

In many countries, theosophists and their opponents have alternately written books refuting each other's claims.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[82] The Coulombie Affair, known as the Coulombie Affair, the dispute between Helena Blavatsky and Emma and Alexis Coulomb originated in May 1884.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Apparently, a long-running discord between the Coulombs and the Theosophists of Madras finally led to the expulsion and dismissal of Coulombs from the Theosophical Society, as well as several accusations, including wiretapping, libel, and attempted blackmail.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[83] At the same time, a number of constructions made for Blavatsky's private premises were uncovered, which, according to Coulombie, had been made at Blavatsky's request to carry out various scams.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[84] However, members of the Theosophical Society did not believe the claims, and instead blamed the Coulombs for building sliding plates and drainage doors.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[41] According to them, Emma Coulomb had the opportunity to do this because she acted as housekeeper in Blavatsky's absence, so she had the keys to all the premises of the club.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Doubts were further supported by the fact that Coulombs had the entire upstairs of the club's headquarters at his own disposal while Blavatsky was staying in Europe.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Furthermore, the Theosophists, based on their studies, considered the structures to be quite new, and it was not possible to open or close the secret doors easily and silently.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[81] [84] A few months later, on September 21, 1884, an article appeared in The Times stating that Blavatsky was an impostor.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The evidence included letters handed over to Christian College Magazine by Emma Coulomb, which she claimed were written by Blavatsky.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Some of the letters contained, among other things, instructions for the Coulombs to carry out various scams.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Blavatsky, who was staying in Germany at the time, wrote a letter to the Times denying that he had written the letters claimed by Coulombs and went on a trip back to India.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

In Cairo, he stopped to collect evidence against Emma Coulomb that was intended to destroy his credibility in a possible trial.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[85] In December 1884, Richard Hodgson of the Society for Psychical Research arrived in Adyar with the intention of familiarising himself with the alleged paranormal phenomena that took place with the Society.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Hodgson spent three months in Adyar, during which time he interviewed eyewitnesses and other witnesses, as well as examining structures made to the headquarters.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Hodgson also gained possession of some of Coulombie's letters, as well as other documents which he sent to England for examination.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The study was done by handwriting expert F.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

G. Netherclift, whose conclusion was that all five letters examined were written by the same person (according to Hodgson, Blavatsky).


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[86] Hodgson wrote a 200-page report on his investigations in which he accused Blavatsky of being an extremely versatile and skilled con man.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[87] Hodgson's report was long considered a model example of psychic research.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[88] However, a report of paragraph by paragraph refuting studies has subsequently been published.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[89] Among these, for example, A.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

E. Waterman (right. Walter A. Carrithers, Jr.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Orbituary: The Hodgson report is Madame Blavatsky 1885—1960 (1963) [89] and, often quoted in the study, [90] by Vernon Harrison's J'Accuse (1986).


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[88] Waterman, among others, demonstrated serious flaws in documenting the study of the Coulombie letters.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[86] Elliot Coues demonstrably later bought the letters for himself, but for some reason never used them in his attack on Blavatsky.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

In Harrison's view, the reason for this was apparently that Coues knew the letters were forgeries, or at least strongly suspected it.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[88] Later letters destroyed either Coues or his heirs.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[91] V.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

S. Solovyov Russian writer Vsevolod Solovyov became acquainted with Blavatsky in Paris in 1884, and quickly became a favourer of Theosophy.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

He was about to start promoting Theosophy in Russia and told the SPR Blavatsky's master, Morya, had appeared to him.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

He wrote about the case in a Russian scientific publication on 1 July 1884: “The circumstances in which the phenomenon took place in its smallest details, carefully inspected by myself, leave me not the slightest doubt as to its authenticity.” [81] Solovyov, however, abruptly swirled his position in in 1886.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

According to some, the reason was the Hodgson Report, which appeared in December 1885, in which Blavatsky was regarded as an impostor.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Solovyov also recanted his earlier speeches about the appearance of the champion, treating the incident as a hallucination.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[92] However, correspondence with Blavatsky did not cease altogether.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Two years after Blavatsky's death, in 1893 Solovyov published a book critical of Blavatsky, A Modern Priestess of Isis.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

In his book, he presented not only his own views on Blavatsky, but also his letters, perhaps the most famous of which is titled “My Confession”.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

In the letter, written in a dramatic tone, Blavatsky said she “hated her husband, loved one man deeply but still more occult science.”


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[93] Other 'confessions' are not so clear, but it can be concluded from the letter that he decorated his Theosophical propaganda with 'psychic experiments' and the mysticism that astonished the audience, but also that he sincerely believed that he was an emissary of the Oriental Mahatmas.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[94] Many Theosophical authors, however, have doubted the authenticity of the letter.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Immediately after the work appeared, Blavatsky's sister Vera Zhelihovsky wrote her own equivalent to the book, H. P. Blavatsky and a Modern Priest of Truth.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

According to Blavatsky's biographer John Symond, there is no proof of the existence of the letter in question other than Solovyov's word.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[95] Mikael Niinimäki, for his part, considers the letter genuine, based on the testimony of Solovyov.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[96] W. E. Coleman American spiritualist William Emmette Coleman vehemently attacked Blavatsky after his death.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

In her writing The Sources of Madame Blavatsky's Writings (1895), Coleman said she had found more than 2000 passages copied from other works in the Hunless Isis without proper references.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

He listed some of the works used in his writing, as well as the numbers of quotations taken from them.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

He further claimed Blavatsky had made a number of errors in the spelling of Tibetan and Sanskrit words, as well as borrowing all teachings of Theosophy from other books, doctrinal directions, or authority figures.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

According to Coleman, much of the Theosophical Dictionary had also been copied from other sources.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[97] In his writing in the Critical Historical Review of The Theosophical Society (1893), Coleman listed several of Blavatsky's supposed hoaxes, the individuals involved in them, as well as a brief description of the execution.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

He claimed that in the closing stages all persons within the Theosophical Society's inner circle were involved in or at the very least were aware of the hoaxes, and that Blavatsky himself had written all the mahatma letters.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

For the letters that appeared after Blavatsky's death, he held responsible W.Q.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Judge.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[98] Coleman, however, did not provide any evidence for his claims in his writing but said he would set them out in his forthcoming book, which nevertheless never appeared.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[95] According to some, the cause was the San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which destroyed Coleman's library and notes.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[99] Coleman died three years later.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Mikael Niinimäki (1979) confirms plagiarism claims in the Theosophical dictionary to be true for at least four major works.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[78] However, he finds evidence of Blavatsky's tendency towards trance and autowriting convincing and considers that opponents of Theosophy have not taken this into account.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[78] Several Theosophical writers have questioned Coleman's claims.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

According to Blavatsky's biographer Sylvia Cranston, his research assistant found only six out of 70 alleged plagiarists, which Coleman said had been taken from Alexander Winchell's book World life.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[100] Coleman's claims have also been studied by Theosophist and historian Michael Gomes, who argues that the claims are not true but almost every quotation in the Veilless Isis is marked one way or another (there are some 2400 references in the work).


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[95] Influence Helena Blavatsky was one of the founding members of the Theosophical Society.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Today the club comprises about 40000 members and has 60 national sections across the world.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The Theosophical movement has strongly influenced the emergence of the new age movement, which has embraced several concepts made famous by Blavatsky.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[101] Blavatsky was a very prolific writer.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

His main works were The Veilless Isis and The Secret Doctrine, both of which contained two volumes.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Other writings by Blavatsky have been compiled in a 14-volume book series Collected Writings, edited by Blavatsky's relative Boris de Zirkoff (1902—1981) [102] In addition, a lot of correspondence, excerpts from Blavatsky's notebook, documents, drawings, concepts of writings, magazine articles and photos.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[103] Blavatsky inspired a number of artists, musicians and writers in his time.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Some of them included William Butler Yeats, George W. Russell and Charles Johnston, who are considered some of the revivalists of Irish literature.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Yeats and Johnston also met Blavatsky and subsequently set up a lodge in Dublin.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[104] Mohandas Gandhi became acquainted with the Bhagavad Gita through the Theosophists, and Blavatsky's work The Key to Theosophy had a great influence on his thinking.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[105] Some other social reformers such as Herbert Burrows, Edward Carpenter and Annie Besant were also influenced by Theosophy, and Besant became President of the International Theosophical Society after Olcott.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Blavatsky's longtime friend and associate Colonel H. S. Olcott is known as a revivalist of Buddhism, and the date of his death is a national holiday in Sri Lanka.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[106] The Anthroposophical Movement, founded by Rudolf Steiner, is influenced by Blavatsky's teachings.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The concept of the Aryan race was adopted into the ariosophy developed at the turn of the 20th century, which in turn is suspected to have influenced the Nazi cause.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[107] Blavatsky's works have influenced the following leaders, thinkers, scientists, writers, artists, and musicians: L. Frank Baum [108] Carter Blake [104] Sir William Crookes [104] Thomas Edison [108] [109] Camille Flammarion [104] Mahatma Gandhi [104] 104] James Joyce [110] Wassily Kandinsky [108] Krishnamurti [108] Henry Miller [111] Piet Mondrian [108] Jawaharlal Nehru [65] Boris Pasternak [104] Elvis Presley [74] Nicholas Roerich [104] George W. Russell [104] Aleksandr Skrjabin [104] Swami Sivab Anananda [112] Rudolf Steiner [108] Alfred Russel Wallace [104] William Butler Yeats [104] Works Finnish works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Key to Theosophy: A clear representation in the form of questions and answers about the doctrine of chastity, science and philosophy of which to study for the Theosophical Society was founded| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ruusu-cross Literary Society: Blavatsky-Looshi| year = 1991| version = 4th Finnish edition (1st edition 1906) | id = ISBN 951-95932-9-2}} The Voice of Silence and other selected snippets from the Golden Rules Book, 1908.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Secret Doctrine: The Combination of Science, Religion and Philosophy.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Part one, Birth| location = Joensuu| publisher = Theosophical bookstore | year = 1910—13| version=( The secret doctrine: The synthesis of science, religion, and philosophy.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Vol 1, Cosmogenesis, 1888.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

From the sixth English edition, translated by V. H. V.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[Väinö Valvanne] and P. E.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[Pekka Ervast]}} Narratives: 1: Mysterious Tribes; In the Blue Mountains, 1915.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Part two, Human birth| location = Joensuu| publisher = Theosophical bookstore | year = 1917| version=( The secret doctrine: The synthesis of science, religion, and philosophy.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Vol 1, Anthropogenesis, 1888.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[Väinö Valvanne] and P. E.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[Pekka Ervast]}} Roots of Church and Freemasonry celebrations, 1924.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Secret Doctrine: Part 2, 1937.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Secret Doctrine: Part Two, Second Book, Fourth Volume: Prehistoric Symbolism of World Religions, 1940.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Secret Doctrine Part Two, 1946.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Some pleadings on the occult philosophy of life, Part III of the Secret Doctrine, 1958.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The Esoteric Nature of the Gospels, 1963.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

A Few Practical Guidelines for Everyday Life, 1964.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

What is occult?


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

in 1975.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-99051-6-2.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Herring of Light (Articles by H. P. Blavatsky), 1975.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-99315-0-3.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Veils Isis: Part 1: Science| location = Helsinki| publisher = Rose-Cross Literary Society | year = 1984| version=( Isis unveiled, 1877.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Translator: Sirkka Estonia| id = ISBN 951-9376-40-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Veils Isis: 2nd part: Science| location = Helsinki| publisher = Rose Cross Literary Society | year = 1984| version = (Isis unveiled, 1877.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Translators: Sirkka Virolainen, Timo Nurminen and Heli Makkonen| id = ISBN 951-9376-42-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Hunnuton Isis: Part 3: Theologia| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ruusu-cross Literary Society | year = 1985| version = (Isis unveiled, 1877.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Translators: Sirkka Virolainen, Timo Nurminen and Heli Makkonen| id = ISBN 951-9376-42-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Hunnuton Isis: Part 4: Theologia| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ruusu-cross Literary Society | year = 1985| version = (Isis unveiled, 1877.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Translated by Timo Nurminen| id = ISBN 951-9376-43-7}} The Secret Doctrine.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Part 3, Chapters 28—38, 1986.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-95662-4-4.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Secret doctrine.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Part 3, Chapters 1—16, 1987.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-95662-7-9.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-95662-4-4.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Secret doctrine.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Part 3, Chapters 39—51, 1987.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-95662-5-2.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Secret doctrine.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Part 3, Explanations for Some Oral Teachings, 1987.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-95662-6-0.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Secret doctrine.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Part 3, Chapters 17—27, 1988.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-95662-8-7.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Secret Doctrine: The Combination of Science, Religion and Philosophy.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Part one, Birth| location = Helsing| publisher = Rose-Cross Literary Society| year = 1988| version=( The secret doctrine: The synthesis of science, religion, and philosophy.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Vol 1, Cosmogenesis, 1888.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

From the sixth English edition, translated by V. H. V.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[Väinö Valvanne] and P. E.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[Pekka Ervast].


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

3rd edition.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Initial work in Helsinki: Theosophical Bookshop and Publishing, 1917| id = ISBN 951-9376-46-1}} The Secret Doctrine: Index, 1992.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-95663-3-3.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

H. P. Blavatsky's letters to Prince A.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

M. Dondukov-Korsakov, 1993.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-9834-00-4.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Secret Science and Cryptographers: A Writing Series, 1993.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-8901-57-0.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Theosophical Dictionary, 1994.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-9413-66-9.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Esoteric Guidelines I, II and III, 1998.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 951-97699-0-0.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

H. P. Blavatsky's Teachings for the Inner Group, namely his Personal Students (1890—1891) 2nd Revised and Enlarged Edition, 1999.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-9834-16-0.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Wisdom of the Gods: Writings of H. P. Blavatsky, 1999.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-9834-16-0.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Practical occult.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Corrected edition from an edition published by Blavatsky-looshi ry in 1973.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Biocost: Blavatsky-looshi, 2001.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-5132-32-3.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Part Two, Human Birth| location = Jorvas| publisher = Rose-Cross Literary Society| year = 2003| version=( The secret doctrine: The synthesis of science, religion, and philosophy.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Vol 1, Anthropogenesis, 1888.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[Väinö Valvanne] and P. E.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

[Pekka Ervast].


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Look-out edition.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Initial work in Helsinki: Theosophical Bookshop and Publishing Store, 1917| id = ISBN 952-9603-40-1}} The Bewitched Life, 2003.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-5132-52-8.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Chapter Seven, 2003.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-5132-53-6.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The Structure of Inner Man, 2003


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-5132-42-0.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

People of the Blue Mountains, 2004.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-5132-59-5.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Glossary of Egyptian Mythology, 2006.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-5132-83-8.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Kabbalah Dictionary, 2006.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 952-5132-79-X.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Dictionary of Indian Philosophy, 2007.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 978-952-5132-86-1.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Atlantis: The Lost Continent, 2008.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 978-952-5728-02-6.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Occult Stories, 2008.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

ISBN 978-952-9834-55-6.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Untranslated Works of Dreams, 1888 Gems from the East: A Birthday Book of Precepts and Axioms, 1890 From the Caves and Jungles of Hindostan, 1892 A Modern Panarion: A Collection of Fugitive Fragments from the Pen of H. P. Blavatsky, 1895 Sources Citation error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Murphet, Howard| title = When the day comes: Helena Petrovna Blavatsky biography| others = Translated by Kaija Holstikko| location = Vilppula| publisher = Manness| year = 1997| version = (When daylight comes, first edition 1975) | id = ISBN 952-9834-13-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niinimäki, Mikael| title = Roots of Theosophy | location = Village| publisher = Kustannus Oy Rajadata| year = 1979| version = Based on the author's master's thesis 'Historical-phenomenological study of the birth stages of the theosophical movement' | id = ISBN 951-95527-0-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = H. P. Blavatsky| title = Secret Doctrine.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

First part| location = Helsing| publisher = Rose-Cross Literary Society| year = 1988| version = (The secret doctrine, 1888.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The 6th English edition was translated by V. H. V. and P. E. 3rd edition.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Initial work in Helsinki: Theosophical Bookshop and Publishing, 1917| id = ISBN 951-9376-46-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = H. P. Blavatsky| title = Secret Doctrine.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Second part| location = Jorvas| publisher = Rose-Cross Literary Society| year = 2003| version=( The secret doctrine, 1888.)


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

The 6th English edition was translated by V. H. V. and P. E. Väisedition.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

1st edition published by Theosophical Bookshop and Publishing, 1917| id = ISBN 952-9603-40-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = H. P. Blavatsky| title = Theosophy key| location = Helsinki| publisher = Rose-Cross Literary Society: Blavatsky-Looshi| year = 1991| version = 4. p. (1st ed. 1906) | id = ISBN 951-95932-9-2}} References on the topic elsewhere.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Theosfia.net.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Lahti Minerva Association. Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

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Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

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Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Biographies and memoirs of Alice Leighton Cleather:, 1923.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

A.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

P. Sinnet:, 1886.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

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Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

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Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Charles J. Ryan:, 1937.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Blavatskyarchives.com.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What year did H. P. Blavatsky move to the United States?

H. P. Blavatsky

Category:Theosophists Category:Occultists Category:Spiritual teachers Class:Born in 1831 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Joint stock company Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens (since 1933 Kone ja Terä Oy, also called Tampereen Konetehdas) was a Finnish engineering company based in Tampere, which manufactured ships and railway wagons, among other things.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Starting in the 1930s, it also became known as a manufacturer of bicycles.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Operations begin The company was founded in 1897 by engineer Theodor Sommers, architect Arthur af Hällström and engineer Elis Waldens.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

They opened a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10 in July 1897.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The tech shop sold electrical and plumbing supplies, as well as bicycles, among other things.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Repair work was carried out in the engineering workshop and electrical and plumbing works.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The company started building new premises in the Tammela district on lots leased from the City of Tampere that summer.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The workshop buildings and foundry and the machine shop, located at Tammela Park Street 13—21, were completed in 1898.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

[1] In December 1898, the company started as a business name was transformed into a limited liability company called Sommers, af Hällström and Waldens.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

However, it was commonly known as the Tampere machinery factory.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The new company immediately received a lot of orders, but in 1898 it also experienced a series of misfortunes when the ill-fated repair of the Harvaluoto sawmill machinery and the Lahtis wing flatship brought great additional costs to the company.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

[1] The company's technical trade was discontinued in 1899 and in the future it concentrated on engineering operations.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

In the same year, the company also began construction of steamships, first completed in the spring of 1899 the steamer Alli.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

During the period of economic decline in the early 20th century, the company was threatened with the closure of operations, but it could continue to operate with an additional capital of 20,000 marks arranged by bank manager Nils Idman, who was the company's auditor.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

[1] The company expands its activities to shipbuilding and railway carriage manufacturing The company's position improved as the Russo-Japanese War of 1904—1905 produced orders from the Russian Army.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

On the shipbuilding side, the company received an extra price of 7000 marks under contract for the passenger steamer Pohjola, built in 1904, after the ship was found to be faster in a test run than had originally been agreed.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

In 1900, the production of railway carriages for the State Railways was also started, and for that purpose a brick wagon verge was built in Tammela for which there was a rail link from the Tampere railway yard.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

However, the number of wagon orders could vary sharply in different years and furthermore fierce competition between different wagon manufacturers dropped profits to a minimum.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

In 1905, the Finnish companies that made railcars concluded an agreement whereby they divided the manufacturing quotas between themselves.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens section became 70 wagons per year.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

After the grand strike of 1905, the Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens machine shop had a few strikes; in 1907 the woodworkers were on strike and in April—May 1908 there was a strike and a lockout of employers covering almost the entire Finnish metal industry.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

In 1911, the company ran into trouble over an embezzlement case involving bank manager Nils Idman, who chaired its board of trustees.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Idman had obtained the right to take short-term loans from the company's assets and after he filed bankruptcy it was discovered that Idman had taken two bearer notes against the company's assets.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The payment of these liabilities deprived the company's reserve funds, accumulated profits and some share capital.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

However, the company's operations could continue when it received loans from banks against the company's preferred shares.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

World War Brings Large Orders for Military Goods The outbreak of World War I in 1914 initially caused cancellations of orders at the engine shop of Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens and to reduce the working week to four days.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Soon, however, large orders for military equipment placed by the Russian Army changed the situation so that the years 1915 and 1916 were the most successful in the company's history.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The company's exports to Russia increased by 50 per cent as it supplied bomb lathes, saws and saw blades for use by the Russian military.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The company was able to buy back the shares it had given away from the banks in connection with the Idman case and in 1916 it also bought the rental plots of its factory buildings from the city of Tampere.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

[2] The Russian March Revolution of 1917 ended orders for military goods and thereafter Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens faced production contractions and redundancies.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The Finnish Civil War did not stop the company's machine shop operations for a long time, as the factory buildings in Tammela suffered only minor damage during the Battle of Tampere.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

[2] The construction of ships ends In 1925, the passenger ship Hämeenlinna was completed, which was the last ship made by Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The company gave up its shipyard located in Naistenlahti and demolished the warehouse buildings that had been there.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The manufacture of railway carriages also ended in 1916, as the State Railways subsequently acquired its wagons from its own Pasila machine shop.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

In 1927, production at Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens was on hold due to a seven-month lockout in the metal industry from May to December.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

In the autumn of 1929, the passenger ship Kuru, built by the company 1914—1915, capsized in a storm at Näsijärvi.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

In the ensuing trial, the company was found not guilty of the incident, as the Kuru ship's superstructures had later been added against the warnings of the ship's original designer engineer, John Grönblom.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Kuru was the largest of the ships built by Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

As a manufacturer of bicycles, the economic depression that began in 1929 led to changes in the company's operations.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Orders for saw machinery decreased as production in the sawmill industry decreased and construction activity fell silent.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The same situation was also in the manufacture of agricultural machinery.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens reduced employees and shortened the working week so that in 1930 the number of employees in the company had been reduced from 150 to 36.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The company began looking for new products and initially explored the manufacture of car bodies between 1931 and 1933.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

However, this production had to cease unprofitable.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

[3] The company now began to focus on manufacturing bicycles, which was started in 1933.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Almost 10000 pieces of bicycle frames were made in 1935 and the annexe completed the following year became facilities for the bicycle section.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

In this context, the company's name was also changed to Kone ja Terä Oy, although the old name continued to be referred to in all the company's printed products.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Kone and Blade manufactured Jaguar, Tammer and Beast brand bicycles.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

By the late 1930s, the company's number of employees rose to 275.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

[3] The machine and the former carriage workshop of Blade were destroyed by fire in January 1938 so that only the outer walls of the building were preserved.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The building, which was repaired after the fire, was then leased as a gas station for use by Gulf Oil Co. Ltd. and the company acquired additional space by continuing with its new factory building, completed in 1936.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Shortly before the start of World War II, demand for Kone and Blade bicycles plummeted as cheaper bikes began to be produced from abroad.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

However, purchases of bicycles left in storage by the Finnish military, as well as bicycle orders, helped in this situation.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

[3] War years After the start of the Winter War, Kone and Terä's machinery department were almost completely relocated from Tampere to the premises of Ensi Oy's shoe factory located near Orivesi railway station.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The production of munitions was then started in Oriveti and in Tampere mainly the manufacture of bicycles for the defence forces.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

During the Continuation War, Kone and Terä manufactured artillery ammunition at Tammela premises as well as further bicycles for use by the military.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The company's premises were further expanded in 1942 and 1944.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

War reparations and waning activity After the war, Kone and Blade initially focused on war reparations work starting in 1945.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The company manufactured perimeter saw machines, conveyors and saw blades.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

The manufacture of bicycles was also resumed.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

Kone ja Terä Oy employed more than 400 employees in 1955.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

However, tightening competition began to give the company problems again and its operations ended in bankruptcy in 1967.


Question: When did Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens open a technical shop and machine shop in Hämeenkatu 10?

Sommers, af Hällström & Waldens

[4] [5] Sources Category:Machine manufacturers Category:Finnish metal manufacturing companies Category:History of Tampere Category:Former Finnish industrial enterprises Category:Tammela (Tampere)


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Berlin (, [bˈˈliːn],) is the capital of Germany and one of the states of Germany.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

With around 3.4 million inhabitants, it is also Germany's largest and the second largest city in the European Union after London.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[1] Unlike some other urban areas (for example, Greater Paris with a population of about 12 million), in Berlin, the official city boundaries and the actual boundaries of an urban-built area correspond quite well to each other.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

However, the more loosely defined Berlin metropolitan area continues far into the environment and is home to around 4.4 to 5.9 million people depending on the definition of the region.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[2] [3] According to Eurostat, the metropolitan area has a population of around five million (2012).


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[4] With its internationally renowned cultural institutions, universities and events, Berlin is one of the most important scientific and cultural centres in Europe.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

As the capital of the EU's most populous member country, it is also an influential political centre and an important transport hub.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In addition, the city is known for its vibrant nightlife and international and free-spirited atmosphere, which attracts especially young migrants.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Despite its capital status, Berlin is not Germany's most important city in all respects: for example, the country's financial and air transport hub is Frankfurt am Main, the most prosperous city is the port city Hamburg, and the most significant technology hub is Munich.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Established in the early 13th century, Berlin was elevated to the capital of Prussia in 1701 and the reunified German Empire in 1871.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

After World War II, the city was divided into occupation sectors, of which, under the control of the United States, Britain, and France, were formed West Berlin and Soviet-controlled East Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The Federal Republic of Germany had designated Bonn only as its provisional capital with the aim of the same as the declaration of the German Democratic Republic, meaning both would have had the same city, all of Berlin, but its supreme decision-making power still remained with the four occupying powers.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

They gave up their rights in 1990 when Germany reunified and Berlin once again became the capital of Germany and one of Europe's busiest developing metropolises.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Geography Berlin is located in eastern Germany about 70km from the Polish border.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The town is entirely surrounded by the state of Brandenburg and thus forms an enclave.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The maximum length of the region in the east—west direction is 45km and 38km in the north-south direction.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[5] The area is shaped by the Ice Age and, with its abundant forests and lakes, it resembles Finnish conditions to some extent.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Of the area is water 6.7%, forest 18.3%, recreational areas 11.9% and agricultural use 4.2%.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[5] The town is born on the side of the River Spree, which, after splitting the centre, connects to Havel in the western part of the city.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The latter river is in the Berlin region rather a series of lakes, the largest of which is the Wannsee.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The terrain is quite flat; the highest peaks are the Großer Müggelberg (115.4m) as well as the Teufelsberg (120.1m) piled from World War II rubble.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Climate The climate of the Berlin region is an intermediate form of marine and continental climate, an intermediate climate.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Winters tend to be predominantly dark, rainy and snowless.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Usually, however, snow cover covers the ground for a few days at a time several times during the winter.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Winter is short in Finnish terms, reminiscent of the dark late autumn of southern Finland.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Winter quickly switches to a sparkly green flowering spring in late March.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Trees usually enter the leaf during April.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In the spring, the weather is usually clear with low winds.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

May can already be calculated in Finnish terms as a summer month in favour of temperatures.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The warmest summer months are July and August, when heat days are normally up to one-third of days.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Daytime temperatures above 35 degrees are almost every year, and late summer thunderstorms and heavy rains are quite different in intensity from their Finnish counterparts.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Typically, in September, the drop in temperatures is noticed for the first time, when heat periods stop completely.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In October, the weather begins to become cloudier and more volatile normally in autumn as temperatures continue to drop.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The rushing period of trees is October-November.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

December-January are the most volatile of all months, with polar winds and abundant rainy days occurring.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The administrative division Berlin is divided into 12 administrative districts (), with their own, local elected administration and limited autonomy (see.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

below).


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

They each have such a large population that they would be major cities in their own right.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The current administrative division came into existence in 2001, when the number of administrative regions was almost halved.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The administrative areas are further divided into boroughs (), of which there are a total of 96.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Of these, too, a few have over 100,000 inhabitants.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Unlike administrative districts created by purely administrative decisions, boroughs tend to be regions formed over a long period of time with their own history and their own character.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Therefore, in everyday life, the division of boroughs is more important than the division of administrative areas, even if the boroughs do not have any actual administrative significance.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Population of the administrative district Nov 30, 2010 [6] Area (km²) [7] Population density (as/km²) Mitte33317239,4708218Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg269,92420,1613065Pankow370 488103,0703449Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf320 32264,7204870Spandau225 96391,202444Steglitz-Zehlendorf295 806102,5002812Tempelhof-Schöneberg336 28253,1006263Neukölln311 82444,9306806Treptow-Köpenick242 574168,4201399Marzahn-Hellersdorf249 95661,7804048Lichtenberg261 41752,2904963Reinickendorf241 49089,4802726 Old Territorial Division Before 2001 until 1920, there had been 20 regions.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

During the Berlin divide (1945—1990), 12 of them belonged to West Berlin and eight belonged to East Berlin as follows: West Berlin: United States occupation zone: Kreuzberg Neukölln Schöneberg Steglitz Tempelhof Zehlendorf British occupation zone: Charlottenburg Spandau Tiergarten Wilmersdorf French Occupation Zone: Reinickendorf Wedding East Berlin Soviet Occupation Zone: Friedrichshain Köpenick Lichtenberg Mitte Pankow Prenzlauer Berg Treptow Weißensee History Early History To justify archaeological excavations, Berlin and its sister city Cölln have arisen around the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

These two population centres were located opposite each other in the capex of the river Spree: Berlin on the east side of the river, Cölln on the island in its centre, namely the Spreeinsel.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The official age of the city of Berlin is calculated from a document dated 1237, which admittedly only mentions Cölln — the first mention of Berlin itself dates from 1244.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

From its old Slavic centre Spandau further up the river Spree received city rights in 1232 and Berlin apparently around the same time.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The towns fared relatively well as market towns between the 12th and 13th centuries, and entered into a union in 1307.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In 1360 Berlin-Cölln joined the Hanseatic League.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[8] Berlin and Cölln, as Hanseatic cities, traded throughout the Baltic Sea and were relatively independent of the princes who ruled Brandenburg.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[8] [9] Between 1415 and 1417, King Sigismund of Germany fiefed Mark Brandenburg to Count Fredrik, who became Elector of Brandenburg.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Fredrik belonged to the House of Hohenzollerns, which remained in power until 1918.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

When internal unrest broke out in Berlin and Cölln between artisans and patrician families, the new Elector took the opportunity to subjugate the cities to his power in 1442.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[10] Fredrik combined the cities of Berlin and Cölln and made them a court residence city, so the accession was forced to give up its free Hanseatic city status.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The Elector's castle was built on Spreeinsel in the middle of Cölln.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[9] [11] At the time of the Reformation, Berlin adopted the Lutheran doctrine of the faith in 1539.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[11] During the Thirty Years' War (1618—1648) Berlin and Cölln were badly affected.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The town was looted several times, and up to half of its 12,000 residents were killed.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

After the war, during the reign of the “Great Elector” Fredrik Vilhelm, however, the city quickly recovered and began to grow strongly.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Fredrik Vilhelm fortified Berlin and Cölln and founded three daughter towns west of the federal city: Friedrichswerder, Friedrichsstadt and Dorotheenstadt.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Through these new towns, the great Elector built the linden boulevard Unter den Linden.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[12] Centre of the Kingdom of Prussia In 1701, Elector Frederick I of Brandenburg was crowned King of Prussia, and the Elector of Brandenburg was transformed into the Kingdom of Prussia.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Frederick I united Berlin, Cölln, Friedrichswerder, Friedrichsstadt and Dorotheenstadt, thus creating a new Greater Berlin, which became the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In the first half of the 18th century, the old defensive walls of Berlin-Cölln were demolished and the new city was surrounded by a customs wall and customs gates.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The most representative of these was the neoclassical Brandenburg Gate, which has later become one of Berlin's most famous symbols and attractions.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[13] During the 18th century, Prussia rose to become one of the great states of Europe, and Berlin grew to become the second largest city of the German-Roman Empire immediately after Vienna.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[14] With the help of major construction projects, Berlin was shaped into a representative capital for Prussia.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[15] Frederick I rebuilt the old Royal Palace into a magnificent Baroque palace.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Unter den Linden became the city's parade street, along which rose royal palaces and plush public buildings.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[9] In 1806, Napoleonic troops conquered Prussia and Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Napoleon held a spectacular parade in the city and transported the four-harness statue of the Brandenburg Gate to Paris.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Seven years later, after Napoleon imploded, the four-harness was returned to Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[16] The 19th century was a period of strong growth in Berlin, during the century the population of the city increased more than tenfold.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The first railway link between Berlin and Potsdam was built in 1838.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[14] Berlin experienced intense and rapid industrialization.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The growth was driven in particular by textile production and the machinery and iron industries.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

From the middle of the century onward, the electrical and chemical industries intensified.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Berlin, the capital of the German Empire, became the capital of the new German Empire in 1871.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[17] The establishment of the Reich Central Bank in Berlin also brought financiers with it to the capital.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Berlin's cultural life grew even further, and Berlin began to be talked about, for example, as the theatrical metropolis of Europe.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Berlin's strong growth also caused social and economic problems.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Due to an increase in population and traffic, in 1896 a subway began to be built, as well as local train services to suburban areas.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Rentals began to be built nearby downtown to make it possible to rent low-cost housing for workers.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[18] World War I led to famine in Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[17] In the winter of 1916—1917, 150000 people were in need of food assistance.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Strikes broke out in the city.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

When the war ended in 1918, Emperor William II resigned.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[17] As the capital of the Weimar Republic, Socialist Philipp Scheidemann and communist Karl Liebknecht declared the city a republic after the October Revolution.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In the following months, numerous street battles took place in the city between different factions.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In December 1918, the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD) was founded in Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In January 1919, the party attempted to capture power in the so-called Spartacist Rebellion, which failed.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

On 15 January 1919 Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were killed.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[19] A year later, in March 1920, Wolfgang Kapp, founder of the right-wing Deutsche Vaterlandspartei, in turn attempted to overthrow the government.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The Berlin barrack people joined his forces and took over the government building.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The government of the Weimar Republic had already left Berlin by that time.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

However, a general strike prevented the coup from succeeding.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[19] On October 1, 1920, Greater Berlin was created, with seven other cities, 59 villages and 27 estate estates annexed to Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

At that time Greater Berlin had 3804048 inhabitants.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[19] With the improvement of the economic emergency of the next few years of the 1920s, starting in 1924, the Golden Age of Berlin began.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Berlin became one of Europe's largest industrial cities and cultural centres.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Local train services were electrified in 1924, when Tempelhof Airport was also introduced.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[19] New infrastructure was necessary to meet the needs of four million inhabitants.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

A brief heyday ended with a global economic crisis in 1929.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In the same year, the National Socialist Party gained its first seats in the city's parliament.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[19] Centre of the Third Reich Adolf Hitler, leader of the National Socialist Party, which came to power in 1933, wanted to build Berlin his new capital, Welthauptstadt Germania.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Much of the town was to be demolished and rebuilt.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

With the construction work, living space would have been acquired for those left homeless by expelling Jews from the city.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The closest concentration camp was Oranienburg/Sachsenhausen, located 35 km away in the small town of Oranienburg.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[20] Construction projects were interrupted due to World War II.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Berlin was bombed 363 times by the Western Allies between 1940 and 1945.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[21] From November 1943 to March 1944, the city was subjected to its own bombing campaign.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Berlin served as the last stage of war in Europe when Red Army troops reached it in April 1945.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

There was a fierce battle for the town and, among other things, the Reichstag House fell into ruin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[22] A divided Berlin After World War II, Germany was divided into four occupation zones administered by the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Remaining inside the Soviet zone, Berlin was also divided into four parts between these states: West Berlin was administered by the Western powers, East Berlin by the Soviet Union.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The Soviet Union effectively resigned itself from the joint administration of the occupying powers in 1948, failing to recognise the election of Social Democrat Ernst Reuter as mayor and installing its own mayor in its own zone.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

From June 1948 to May 1949, the Soviet Union held West Berlin under siege by cutting off all land connections and also limiting access to electricity and gas.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

From this blockade of Berlin, the city survived thanks to a massive air bridge arranged by the Western Allies.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[23] The situation became even more problematic with the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany from the western zones of Germany in 1949 and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) from the Soviet zone.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The GDR considered Berlin to be its capital; in practice, though only East Berlin served as its capital.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The Federal Republic of Germany, for its part, regarded Berlin as its own state, as the western part of the city was practically.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Among the winning powers, Berlin's legal status was also controversial.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

According to the Western Allies interpretation, in all of Berlin, the supreme power was exercised by four occupying powers and neither Germany; the Soviet Union, in turn, held that East Berlin came under the control of the GDR and that the state of occupation continued only in West Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[24] Until 1961 it was possible to move freely between West and East Berlin, although the border between the Germans was tightly guarded elsewhere.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

As more and more East Berliners and East Germans fled to the West through West Berlin, the GDR built the Berlin Wall in 1961, which it used to isolate West Berlin from East Berlin and the GDR.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The Berlin Wall divided the city in two until 1989, when the GDR lifted travel restrictions on its citizens.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The fall of the Berlin Wall was a huge symbolic event and a starting shot for the collapse of Europe's socialist state systems.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In 1990, the year of the demolition of the Wall, the four occupying powers ceded their tenure to Berlin to a united Germany in what is known as the Two Plus Four Treaty (officially in English, the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany).


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[25] The capital of a united Germany as a result of the reunification of the Germans, Berlin also became yet another city.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

On 20 June 1991, the German Bundestag decided, with only a slight difference in votes, to move from Bonn to Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

However, it was not until 1999 that the German Bundestag and the government were able to move from Bonn to Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[26] Since reunification, Berlin has been much built and renovated, causing the city to be even called “Europe's largest construction site”.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[27] The city's economy has not improved as hoped; instead, the city has been on the brink of bankruptcy.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[28] Population In December 2008 the population of Berlin was 3431473 inhabitants.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[29] Berlin has a long tradition as a city of immigration, and its population is highly variegated in ethnic backgrounds.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Other stigmatizing features today include secularisation and the proportional over-representation of those who represent alternative lifestyles, such as gays and lesbians.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[30] [31] [32] [33] The city also attracts an abundance of artists as well as people who value alternative life and individualistic values with its liberal lifestyle, modern zeitgeist and low cost of living levels.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[34] [35] Population development Initially, Berlin's population developed slowly, and the city was not very significant on the German scale.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In 1500 the population of Berlin and Cölln was only 12000, and in the 17th century it was still halved, among other things, as a result of the Thirty Years' War.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Elector Fredrik Vilhelm, however, initiated an active immigration policy, inviting a large number of French Huguenots to the city, among others, who were persecuted in their homeland because of their faith.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The population turned to strong growth and by 1709 rose to around 55000 people.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Later industrialisation, as well as the rise of Berlin as the capital of a united German Empire, further accelerated growth, and in 1877 the limit of one million inhabitants was already crossed.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

A major municipal annexation in 1920, with numerous neighbouring towns and municipalities annexed to Berlin, brought the population by one time to 3.8 million and Berlin to the largest city in continental Europe.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

At its height, the population in 1943 visited about 4.3 million, but as a result of World War II it temporarily decreased to 2.8 million.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

After the war, with Berlin split in two, East Berlin steadily lost residents to West Berlin until the Berlin Wall was built in 1961.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Subsequently, the population to West Berlin was boosted by immigrants from southern Europe and Turkey, among others.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

In turn, guest workers from Vietnam arrived in East Berlin.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

The fall of the wall in 1989 increased the turnover of the population.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

Although more than a million people have moved out of the city since then, newcomers — among them people from Eastern Europe, partly of German background — have kept the population relatively stable at 3.4 million know.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[36] [37] For most of the 1990s and the 2000s the birth rate was lower than the mortality rate, and only migration gains prevented the city's population from declining.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

More people were born again in 2007 and 2008 than died.


Question: How many zoos will there be in Germany in 2019?

Berlin

[38] Population composition The inhabitants of Berlin today represent a total of 195 different nationalities.