Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Military commissariats should not be confused with political commissars (politruks) of the military.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[51] A political commissar was placed in each Red Army unit with the power to overturn decisions of unit commanders if they contradicted Communist Party principles.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Although this inevitably rendered the command system ineffective, the party leadership found it important to control the officer corps, which, as the civil war progressed, included more and more officers from the former Imperial Army.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[52] In the Russian Civil War of 1918—1920, the Red Army fought against white counter-revolutionary armies and Poland, and was also used to suppress internal revolts.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

By the end of the war, nearly five million men were serving in the Red Army.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Prior to the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army waged war against Japan and Finland, among others.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Of these, the Winter War against Finland in particular attracted a lot of attention in the Western world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[53] When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the strength of the Red Army was estimated at 1.5 million men.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

It was weakened by political purges and was badly caught by the attack.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

During the first weeks of war, practically the entire Soviet air force was razed to the fields and hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers were motivated into huge mots.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[54] At the time of the Great Patriotic War, 15—20 million officers and soldiers were recruited into the Red Army, of whom 7—10 million were killed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[55] Red Army soldiers who were captured by the Germans were often executed directly in the field or transported to prison camps in inhumane conditions.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

They were also killed in extermination camps as part of the Holocaust.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The portion of prisoners released at the end of the war was not much better, as surrender was punishable either by execution or by years of forced labour in Siberia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In invading Germany, Red Army soldiers also committed countless war crimes: looting, extermination, and rape of German women.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[56] After the war won and the fall of Berlin, renowned respect for the Red Army and its prestige rose considerably in Soviet society.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The final step on the road from revolutionary arms corps to state permanent army was taken in 1946 when the “Invincible Red Army” was transformed into the armed forces of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[57] After the war, troops were demobilized and the strength of the army was reduced to an estimated five million.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Units of the Soviet Army, which had liberated Eastern European countries from German rule, remained ashore as occupying forces.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

It led to these countries becoming members of the socialist bloc and, in effect, satellite states of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The largest number of Soviet army troops were deployed in the German Democratic Republic to counter the threat of NATO troops.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[58] During the Cold War, the Soviet Union devoted a great deal of resources to develop nuclear weapons of its military, especially ballistic missiles and nuclear submarines.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Conflicts were resolved only through so-called proxy wars, in which the United States and the Soviet Union supported governments or rebel movements as needed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[14] In 1979, however, the Soviet Army intervened directly in the civil war in Afghanistan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The goal of the Soviet Union was to support a secular regime friendly to it, threatened by Muslim guerrillas.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The United States and Pakistan supported the guerrillas financially and with military equipment, including supplying them with American Stinger anti-aircraft missiles intended to fight the air supremacy of Soviet forces.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Mikhail Gorbachev finally withdrew troops from the country in 1988.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Red Army was dissolved in 1991 at the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its assets were distributed among successor states.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Most of the army, including the majority of the nuclear missile forces, were attached to the Army of the Russian Federation.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Troops stationed in Eastern Europe were withdrawn between 1991 and 1994.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Space program The Soviet space program was based on research carried out alone by Russian teacher Konstantin Tsiolkovsky from the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

He was the first to study the possibility of spaceflight mathematically.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

He did relatively little experimental research, but still developed methods such as rocket control, liquid propellants, and the principle of a multi-stage rocket.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

As early as 1921, the Soviet state began funding rocket research from the budget of the armed forces.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Gird research groups developed rockets starting in the mid-1920s.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the 1930s, Sergei Korolyov rose to the head of rocket research, but he fell into captivity due to purges by the armed forces.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

During World War II, research in the field of rockets focused on ground force rockets and aircraft rocket propulsion.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[59] Under Korolyov's leadership, the Soviet Union developed the first intercontinental missile in the 1950s that would have been able to carry a nuclear weapon to the United States.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The R-7 missile was first launched on 21 August 1957.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Both the Soviet Union and the United States announced in 1955 that they planned to launch a satellite during the International Geophysical Year (1957—1958).


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

After the successful test launch of the missile, the first satellite Sputnik 1 was quickly built and launched on 4 October 1957.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

As part of the rocket programme, the Baikonur Cosmodrome was built in the Tiuratam area.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[59] Economy The Soviet economy was a planned economy in which Marxist-Leninist socialism was implemented.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the Soviet Constitution, the goal of the economic system and society as a whole said communism, that is, a classless, socially egalitarian society based on joint ownership of the means of production.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Communism was not considered to have been achieved in the Soviet Union; ideologically the status quo was seen as a kind of transition to a new society.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Officially, the Soviet Union lived the stage of dictatorship of the proletariat in the transition to communism.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, according to widespread perception, the issue was rather a dictatorship of the party-elites, which may have played a role in the collapse of the entire system.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

According to the constitution, the principle of communism was “to each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”, but as long as communism was unattainable, the principle was “to each according to his abilities, to each according to his contribution”, which referred to the attempt to pay wages according to the labor input.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[60] The Soviet Union was rapidly industrialized soon after its founding, accompanied by intense urbanization.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Livelihoods went from agriculture-intensive to industrial-intensive.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

After World War II, a significant role was played by the reconstruction of the European-side part of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The amount of Soviet industrial production grew to be the largest in Europe and the second largest in the world, but the average standard of living still lagged behind that of the Western, as the Soviet Union was also the third most abundant country in the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the Soviet Union, private ownership of the means of production, land and natural resources had been abolished.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The accepted forms of ownership were state ownership, or so-called pan-national ownership, and cooperative ownership.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In addition, people were entitled to private property: they owned the consumer goods they bought, received or inherited as gifts.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The countrymen also had private ownership of animals and small vegetable orchards.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

By the 1970s, pan-national ownership included almost all industry and financial activities, and efforts were made to further increase the proportion, as pan-national ownership was considered the most advanced form of collective ownership in Soviet ideology.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Cooperatives existed mainly in agriculture as common farms known as kolhoos, as well as in some handicrafts.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[61] The main part of Soviet production arose in collective production, but on a small scale also in private.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

During the first 10 years of the Soviet state, private peasants and artisans formed the main part of the population.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, Soviet production was systematically directed in a collective direction, especially during the Stalin period also through violent coercive measures.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Still, small-scale private production was permitted in the Soviet Union throughout its existence, such as watchmakers, cobblers, painters and other similar practitioners.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Doctors also held private receptions.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, private individuals were not allowed to hire workers, as this was considered, according to Marx's doctrines, a deprivation of foreign work.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[62] The economy was managed according to a centralised plan, which left individual production units with little autonomous power to decide.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

There were three levels of plans: long-term, five-year and annual plans were made.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The planning body of the Federal Republics of the USSR, Gosplan, determined the quantitative and qualitative goals of the national economy, that is, norms.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

These objectives were divided both regionally and by industry and all the way up to each factory or other production unit.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The profit made by the production facilities was distributed to several parties.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The main part of the state spent on its own budget, but part of the profit remained on production facilities.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Production plants spent their share on repairs, production development, stimulus funds and funds for regional economic development.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[63] According to Albania, which opposed the Soviet Union, in practice, the activities of Soviet enterprises were very similar to capitalist corporations.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[64] Socialists in the West also criticised the system, naming it state capitalism.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[45] The monetary unit of the Soviet Union was also the ruble and its sub-unit kopeck in use in the Russian Empire.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

One ruble was equivalent to a hundred kopecks worth.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the ruble as its currency has been used by Belarus and Russia


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Other Soviet republics have adopted different-denominated monetary units since independence.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[62] After winning the civil war and intervention, Soviet Russia pursued a new economic policy, the NEP (Новая экономическая Политика, Novaya Ekonomitšeskaya Politika), which required stable monetary conditions due to private investment.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Soviet Union stabilized monetary conditions in 1924 by tying the ruble to the gold standard and exchanging 50,000 Soviet Russian rubles, sovznak (совзнак) for one new ruble.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Another period of inflation dated back to World War II.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In 1947, monetary conditions were stabilized by cutting deposits.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[65] The Soviet ruble was not an internationally convertible currency and was not allowed to be exported.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Efforts were made to keep its value stable, but in practice the country's indebtedness to the West caused the growth of the black market.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[66] The gold ruble was also called the currency ruble.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Although it had an international quotation, it was not freely convertible.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Electrification programme The electrification programme was provided by GOELRO (Gosudarstvennaya kommisja po elektrifikatsii Rossii), the State Committee for Electrification of Russia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

It comes amid a move by Soviet-Russia to embark on a major industrialisation programme to catch up with the gap compared to Western countries.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[67] The goal of GOELRO was not so much to create heavy industry, but to improve labour productivity through electrification.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In many sectors of the national economy, human and animal labour could be replaced by electricity.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

A wider exploitation of coal grades, peat, timber and gas of low heat value was sought, locally including oil shale.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[67] The plan encompassed both a sectoral and region-specific implementation plan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

To this end, the Nationwide Plan was divided into seven regional basic plans: Northern, Medium-Industrial, Southern, Volga Stem, Urals, Caucasus, and Western Siberia-Turkestan Plan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[67] GOELRO was already planned from the start on a statutory basis, so its implementation would be guaranteed by a centralised economic plan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

GOELRO became the first comprehensive state plan of Soviet-Russia and the Soviet Union and served as a paragon for the State Plan (GOSPLAN), which organised the five-year planning of the entire national economy.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

GOELRO as a State Committee was dissolved already in June 1921, after which its work was continued by GOSPLAN.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[68] The first volume A of GOELRO became completed by 1926.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The goal was to restore reduced production in the Civil War.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

By 1935, construction related objectives had been accomplished.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Heavy electrotechnical import substitution industries also developed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

1923 Elektrosila delivered the first four 7.5 MW turbines to Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

By the middle of the 1930s, Elektrozavod (электрозавод) and Dinamo (Динамо) had already been established in Moscow, Krasnyi kotelšchik (Красный котельщик) and Taganrog, Turbogeneratornyi zavod imeni S. M. Kirova (Турбоик) генераторный завод имени С. М. Кирова) to Kharkov.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Since 1934, the Soviet Union was self-sufficient in the construction of power equipment.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Prisoner labour was also used for extensive industrialisation, and capital goods were acquired by exporting grain abroad.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the mid-1930s, grain exports led to famine along the Volga and especially in Ukraine, where millions of people died.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[68] Industry As foreign trade was relatively small, heavy industry played a large role in the economic life of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In its final phase, the country was responsible for about 20% of the world's industrial production.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[69] Major aircraft manufacturers included Tupolev, Ilyushin and Antonov, car manufacturers included VAZ (Lada), GAZ (Volga) and AZLK (Moskvich).


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The industry was organized into large combinates with the task of processing a particular raw material up to the end products.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In general, the combinates were the main employers in their own region, stamping the entire region.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[65] The Soviet Union had large natural resources, but were mostly elusive in the northern parts of Siberia and the Kola Peninsula.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Much of the industry served military production and hardly participated in civilian production.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

This hampered the transfer of advances in military engineering to other production life.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In addition, the scientific research, centered around the USSR Academy of Sciences, in itself very high quality, had little contact with technology, which slowed down the development of technology.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[70] One problem of the Soviet industry was the focus on quantity.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Production facilities were evaluated mainly on production figures, which hampered quality development.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Furthermore, designers tended to raise performance requirements based on past performance, which is why a breakthrough in productivity would essentially only have raised the performance standard for the following year.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Furthermore, it has been speculated that an ideological viewpoint prevented productivity raising.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Separation of labor was not a real possibility, even if automation had reduced the need for work.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In addition, the influential military-industrial sector sought to produce convenient, simple devices, which may have created mental resistance to advanced automation and information technology.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[71] In terms of natural resources, the Soviet Union was one of the richest countries in the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Major natural resources included oil, natural gas, coal, diamonds, several minerals, and wood.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The exploitation of natural resources was complicated in part by their location in hard-to-reach areas of Siberia and the Kola Peninsula.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was also criticized for wasting non-renewable natural resources.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[72] The most significant export products were oil, natural gas and timber.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The economy achieved, especially through oil exports, a reasonable standard of living for citizens.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The high proportion of the military industry left the development of some consumables at the back end, and compared to developed Western countries, for example, many western automobile brands, but tights and gum also gained no less than cult status in comparison of systems.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[32] Agriculture The most grained land areas of the Soviet Union were located in the western part of the country in Belarus, Ukraine and southern Russia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

North of these areas began a coniferous forest zone, on the north side of which there was infertile hare.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the east, the terrain gradually changed from steppe to semi-desert and eventually desert.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

These areas require irrigation to allow farming.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The best agricultural lands were therefore located in the deciduous forest zone, and especially in the former steppes, with black soil of the same grade in grain quality as in the US Central West.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

On the coasts of the Caspian and Black Sea there were small areas of leather-leafed plants suitable for fruit growing.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[73] [74] Soviet agriculture was realised by co-owned farms, which were either cooperative colhoses or state-owned sovhooses.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the Sovhooses, farm workers, like industrial laborers, were paid and enjoyed similar social benefits.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In general, sovhooses were specialised in a particular field of production, and their machinery and fertilizers were of better quality than in colhoses.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Kolhooses were formally owned by farm labourers and had the right to sell a share exceeding production quotas in the food market.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The standard of living of farm workers in knocks was determined by the economic situation of kolkhos.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In addition, each farmworker usually had an area of about half an acre for his own personal farming and small livestock.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Although the area of these regions was minimal compared to the whole, they produced a very large proportion of Soviet agricultural production.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[75] [45] Partly this was due to the large amount of labour in private production and the feed and grazing land made available by the state farms to the private.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[76] The Soviet Union was capable of growing grain for the needs of its own population, but before Khrushchev's time, disappearances caused mass slaughters when forage grain had to be used for human consumption.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

During the Khrushchev period, the necessary grain began to be purchased abroad, mainly in the West, which constantly strained the national economy.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The most important grain was wheat, but barley, rye, oats and rice were also cultivated.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Attempts to grow corn in the Khrushchev period failed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[77] The cultivation of root crops and vegetables was common in the European parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Important crops included potato, cabbage, swede, turnip and onion.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the late days of the country, large-scale construction work on greenhouses made it possible that tomato and cucumber were mostly available in population centres throughout the year.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Sugar beet, cotton, sunflower and other industrial raw material crops were cultivated in semi-deserts under the cover of artificial irrigation.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

After World War II, hemp and flax cultivation slowly regressed in the growing areas of these plants in the Caucasus and the Baltics.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[78] Grosia was the centre of tea cultivation, while Moldova was responsible for the most part of pan-allied fruit production.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Tobacco was mostly grown in southern Russia and the Caucasus, but the Soviet Union still had to import much of the tobacco it consumed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[79] Livestock husbandry was given much attention in the Soviet Union, as the production of meat, eggs and milk was a visible way to raise the standard of living of the population.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Part of the production was provided by industrialised special establishments, which were neither sovhoose nor colkhoses, and produced most of the eggs and chicken meat.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Livestock farming was also the main form of agriculture outside the actual agricultural area.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, it was not particularly productive.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In Finland, for example, the productivity of dairy cattle was about double the Soviet average.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

One problem was the lack of crowded feed, which feeding cotton and sunflower seeds was not enough to compensate for.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[80] [45] Fishing Fishing was a major part of Soviet food production, and in the 1970s—1980s the country had the second largest fishing fleet in the world after Japan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Most of the catch was caught in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Specifically, efforts were made to develop fisheries in the Pacific Ocean, as the best fishing grounds in the Atlantic remained within fishing zones declared by various states.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Attempts were also made to solve the problem by expanding fish farming and inland fisheries in the 1980s.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[81] Many fish species important to the Soviet Union suffer from pollution, dehydration and overfishing.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[82] Forestry in the Soviet Union accounted for a quarter of the world's forest resources and 60% of coniferous timber resources.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The forest area was 747 million hectares and the tree area was 80 billion m³, of which conifers 84%.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Forests covered 38% of the land area.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Annual growth was 800 million m³, approximately 500 million m³ in forests covered by logging operations.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The area of support for forestry was the taiga zone.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the Urals and to the west were pine, spruce and birch as the main tree species, larch, pine, sembra pine, spruce, plantain and birch in the east.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The most common tree species was larch (28 billion m³ in total).


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Of the forest resources, 83% were located in areas east of the Urals, but only 35% of logging occurred there.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[83] The focus of logging was shifting all the time from the Urals to the east.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Total logging totaled 390 million m³.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the European part of the country, too much felling had been carried out for a long time, so the purchase of wood had to be reduced there since the 1960s.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Deciduous trees still formed a reserve that could be increasingly exploited.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The logging was mostly done in open logging, and forest management was low compared to timber use.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[45] Problems with production control The Soviet Union was grappling with the productive problems of an all-encompassing planned economy.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In a market economy, the formation of prices on the basis of supply and demand allows production decisions to be decentralized to be made efficiently: production of products running low on the market increases and the oversupplied falls solely through price signals, without anyone having to feel the overall situation of the production system.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In a planned economy like the Soviet Union, manufacturers of products do not make decisions about half the prices as well as on production volumes.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Instead, they were decided by an economic planning bureaucracy of mammoth proportions in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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At the top of the bureaucracy was the Supreme Economic Council


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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It was governed by numerous councils, committees and agencies at the federal, state republics and local levels with overlapping powers.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[84] Economic planners in central agencies found it very difficult to perceive both the economy as a whole and the local conditions of production.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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For example, in the late 80s, the State Central Economic Planning Agency Gosplan in Moscow already imposed 200,000 different prices and set production quotas for 70,000 products.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[84] On the other hand, for example, the Izhora factory received 70 official operating instructions per year from nine different state committees, two economic committees and four economic councils.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[85] Consequent to ongoing production optimization difficulties resulting in undersupply in one and overproduction in others.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Matches, plastic bags, underwear, shoes and fruit were some of the product categories famous for their difficult availability.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[84] On the other hand, large batches of silk ties or Italian vermouth could suddenly arrive in remote rural stores.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[86] In long production chains, similar production problems led to bottlenecks and delays in the absence of critical parts.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the planned economy of the Soviet Union, there was no common option for a market economy to buy, at a higher cost, express delivery from a critical part, except abroad, whatever was done, but foreign trade decisions had to be circulated through Moscow's clerical apparatus, often through more agencies.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

As a result of the problems, workers and expensive machinery investments often stood idle or operated at underperformance.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

On the other hand, the designers of the products also had optimization problems: if, for example, you make an engine less fuel-consuming by making it harder to assemble, which is saving more critical: labor or fuel?


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In a market economy, price signals solve problems like this, but in a planned economy, the price set by central management does not necessarily reflect the scarcity of a commodity, at least not locally.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The designers also had a problem with measuring results.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Although exceeds of production quotas were rewarded at the level of both factories and workers, it was necessary to measure the results one way or another.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The development of suitable metrics proved to be one of the main problems in the planned economy and could not be solved satisfactorily throughout the existence of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

For example, in oil exploration, results were measured in meters of hole drilled: as a result, Soviet oil drilling equipment drilled plenty of deep, relatively low-yielding oil sources, rather than focusing only on the most promising deposits.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The production phase measured annual production, rather than the total lifetime production of an oil source.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Because of this, oil production facilities began pumping water into oil deposits thus momentarily increasing production volumes but depleting the total production of the deposit.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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As a result, by 1980, crude oil pumped from Soviet sources contained an average of half water.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the metal industry, tonnes of production were measured, resulting in unnecessarily strong parts being used for machinery.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Nikita Khrushchev is reported to have moaned ″Our heavy engineering industry produces the heaviest machinery in the world”.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

A Muscovite candelabra factory started to produce ever-heavier candelabras until they began to tear off roofs with their weight.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

One metric used in the garment industry was the number of items of clothing.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

When another woolen clothing factory was ordered to produce 80,000 caps and sweaters, it only produced caps because they were smaller and therefore cheaper and faster to manufacture.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[87] [85] Quality Soviet products suffered from ongoing quality problems, exacerbated by lack of competition.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Consumers often had the opportunity to purchase furniture, televisions, cars, etc., of only one factory, and even if there were alternatives, the popularity of the products with consumers was not a measure of success, but only the achievement and exceeding of production quotas.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Consequently, manufacturers had little motivation to develop quality, and most consumer goods lost out to Western variants in design and quality, sometimes even dangerously.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In 1987, a Muscovite newspaper reported that of 28056 fires in the city in 1986, as many as 40% were caused by corrupted televisions.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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A Kuibychev television factory, meanwhile, had time to produce a set of 49,000 faulty television sets before anyone intervened.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[84] On the other hand, the heavy engineering industries, the weapons industry, the aerospace industry and the space programme were capable of producing world-class products.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[84] For example, Soviet-made electric locomotives and nuclear reactors still in use in Finland proved to be competitive and durable.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Agriculture Agriculture was one of the priorities of the Soviet economy, as the country struggled with constant underproduction for a long time.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Despite the fact that up to a third of the workforce worked in farming, the Soviet Union was forced to import large quantities of cereals and other foodstuffs from abroad, including from the United States, which in turn desperately needed buyers for its massive overproduction.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[88] Soviet agriculture produced only 80% of the output of the United States, although Soviet agriculture employed eight times the labor force and received a quarter of the country's total capital investment, or five times as much as in the United States.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In 1980, Gregory Grossman, an expert on Soviet economics at Berkeley, assessed Soviet agriculture as follows: “Organisation is wrong, prices are wrong, tools are wrong.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Actually, it's all wrong”.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In particular, inefficiency plagued the country's immense collectivized agricultural industry.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Small private farming, given the circumstances, was very effective: 2% to 3% of the Soviet land was occupied by private small farming, but it was enough to produce 25% of the agricultural products of the whole country, mainly vegetables, fruits, meat and milk. [89].


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Environmental devastation The worst environmental problems are the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, the scrap of the nuclear-powered fleet in the Murmansk Arctic, neglect related to the disposal of nuclear waste in Chelyabinsk, the aftermath of nuclear weapons tests in the Novaya Zemlja Arctic, Norilsk and Petsamo nickel production in the Arctic, problems related to drilling and transportation of petroleum and natural gas, for example in the Komi Republic and the Caspian region, the drying up of Lake Aral due to diversion of water from the rivers falling into it, in cotton-growing areas Vegetable poisons used in Central Asia, and by and large the resources spent on war technology, as well as low energy prices.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[43] Population Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was home to nearly 300 million people and was the third largest country in the world in terms of population.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The most densely populated were especially the western and southern parts.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The largest population group was formed by Russians; other major folk groups included Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Belarusians, Kazaks, Azeris, Armenians, Tajiks, Georgians, Moldovans, Lithuanians, Turkmen, Kyrgyzis, Latvians and Estonians.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[90] Languages in the Soviet Union all languages were equal according to the Federal Constitution and in different republics and territories the local language was the official language.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The own constitutions of some Soviet republics (such as the Georgian SNT) recognized the local language as the only official one.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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However, Russian was effectively the official language throughout the country alongside local languages, and was taught in schools as a compulsory subject for everyone.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[91] Social and health security in the Soviet Union every citizen had the right to state-organized health and social services.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the Soviet Union, social security was the basis of state-owned enterprises, which provided for their employees children's day care, free recreational holidays and inexpensive food, and provided for the payment of pensions after the end of employment.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Unemployment was a practically unknown concept.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, health and social security deteriorated in all Soviet republics that had gained independence.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[92] Religion After the 1917 Revolution V.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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I. Lenin separated the church from the state and the school from the church.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The Constitution provided that freedom of religion and atheist propaganda prevails in the country.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[93] In the Soviet Union, the number of adherents of denominations was not recorded, but by far the largest religion was the Orthodox Church.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Most of the grandmothers were Orthodox, but there were also Catholics living in the very western parts of the country, especially in Lithuania and Ukraine.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The second largest denomination was Islam, with adherents especially in the Soviet republics of the Turkestan region, the Caucasus and also in the Autonomous Republic of Tatarstan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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On the territory of the Soviet Union there were also persons belonging to other Christian churches, such as Lutherans, mainly in Estonia and Latvia and near the Finnish border in Inkerinmaa.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[93] Initially, the Bolsheviks viewed religion as a harmless superstition, which gradually as science progressed would disappear.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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However, in 1921 attitudes changed and the party adopted the new principles of “combative atheism” and “combative materialism”, on the basis of which an extensive anti-religious propaganda campaign was started.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The Union of the Fighting Wicked performed work on the dissemination of atheism.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[94] From 1926 to 1932, the organization's membership steadily increased from 87,000 to 5.6 million members.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[94] However, based on the results of the 1937 census, 57% of Soviets still classified themselves as believers.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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As a result, Stalin implemented extensive purges in the League of the Wicked for the excessively slow eradication of religion.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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During World War II, the Orthodox Church in particular was included in the anti-German war effort, and the persecution of religions diluted.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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As a continuation of the work of the Union of the Fighting Wicked, which ceased operations in 1943, the Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge, or Znanie (,), was founded in 1947.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[94] Sports Soviet athletes performed very well in many sports, and in areas such as hockey, volleyball, wrestling, gymnastics and weightlifting the country was almost completely superior for decades.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[95] The Soviet Union first participated in the Olympic Games in 1952 in Helsinki, and in total the Soviet Union collected 473 gold, 376 silver and 355 bronze from the Olympics.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[96] The 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow, but most Western countries boycotted the competitions in protest at Soviet actions in Afghanistan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Similarly, the Soviet Union, with its allied reputation, boycotted the next staged Los Angeles Games.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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When the Soviet Union dissolved, athletes from 12 countries that separated from it competed at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics as a united team, often referred to as the Commonwealth of Independent States team, even though Georgia was not part of the CIS at the time (however, the country was a member from 1993 to 2008).


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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That team also competed at that year's Winter Olympics in Albertville.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Where in the Summer Games athletes came from all 11 then CIS Member States and Georgia, so in the Winter Games the athletes of the team came from only six former Soviet republics, namely Armenia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Russia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were not part of the CIS and immediately competed at the 1992 Olympics as their respective teams.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Most international federations count Russia as the successor state of the Soviet Union, but many other former Soviet republics have also continued to thrive in their own strong sports, such as Lithuania in basketball, for example.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Especially in team sports, this has meant tightening competition: for example, not only Russia but four former Soviet republics participated in ice hockey's 2006 World Cup competitions: Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Football Although the Soviet Union did not top the fourth place in the Football World Cup competitions in 1966, the country nevertheless won the 1960 European Championship, and in later years it received three silvers in addition to two Olympic golds and two Olympic bronzes.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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At club level, Dynamo Kiev won the European Cup Winners' Cup twice and Dynamo Tbilisi once.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Dynamo Moscow also qualified for the final of the same cup.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The backdrop to Dynamo Kiev's success and the Soviet Union's 1988 European Championship silver was Ukrainian coach Valery Lobanovski and the way he developed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Basketball In international basketball, the Soviet Union was the nearly equally clear runner-up behind the United States, which dominated the sport, winning two Olympic gold medals and finishing runner-up for medals at each entry time.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the Basketball World Cup competitions, success was equally good, with the Soviet Union being a three-time world champion.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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European championships the country collected a total of as many as 14.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[97] Ice hockey The Soviet Union dominated international hockey for years by far, winning eight Olympic gold medals (the last of which admittedly under the Olympic flag) and 22 world championships.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In both the Olympics and World Cup competitions, the country finished runners-up for medals at each entry time, winning a total of 10 Olympic and 34 World Championship medals.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

According to the national team's reds playing outfits, Finland began to be called the Soviet representative team “Punakonee”.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Often regarded as the best team of its time at club level, CSKA Moscow won the European Cup 20 times and Krylja Sovetov of the same city once.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[98] Volleyball The USSR men's volleyball team remains the most successful volleyball team in the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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It won no fewer than three Olympic gold medals, six World Cup golds, as well as twelve times European Championship gold and four times the World Cup.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In addition, the team achieved eleven more medals from the values competitions.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Among the team's most famous players were Viljar Loor, Oleg Moliboga, and Yuri Sapega.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The team was coached by, among others, Vyatšeslav Platonov, who later in his career also coached in Finland.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[99] Transport Huge distances and the location of important natural resources in difficult, roadless neighborhoods placed great demands on the transport network.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Freight costs accounted for 20% of the national income of the USSR.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The flatness of the ground facilitated the construction of transport links, but the climate and soil caused difficulties: frosts, the amount of snow, the spring and autumn cycle period, floods, permafrost, Siberian marshes and sand from desert areas made it expensive to build connections.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The lack of gravel in the vast plains hampered road construction.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[100] In 1987, there were 146100 km of railways in the Soviet Union (the second highest number in the world after the United States), of which 51700 km were electrified, and approximately 1.6 million km of roads, of which approximately 1.2 million km of durable paved.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[101] The western parts of the country were the most traffically-developed, the rail network was the densest and the roadworks of the highest standard, but river and pipeline transport low.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

As we went east and north, factors such as pipeline transportation of oil and gas, railroads were constantly being built, and roadways were improved.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The transport network in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the Far East was long underserved; the Siberian line was overloaded and road and river traffic were undeveloped.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The northernmost neighborhoods were reserved for air connections.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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There were relatively few cars in the country, and most of them were trucks.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The subways had been built in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov, Minsk, Gorky, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku and Tashkent.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[59] The Soviet Union was one of the leading maritime countries in the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The country had 60 substantial ports, the largest being Novorossiysk base for tank ships in the Black and Azov Seas, as well as Odessa (20 million tonnes) and Batumi, in the Caspian Sea (mainly for oil shipments) Astrahan and Baku, on the Baltic Sea Leningrad (14 million tonnes), Riga, Ventspils and Klaipeda, in the Pacific Oceans of Vladivostok and Nahodka, as well as in the northern Arctic Ocean Arkhangelsk and the only unglaciated major port of Murmansk.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the 1980s, the Soviet merchant fleet consisted of 1600—1700 ships sailing under the Soviet flag.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[102] [59] In air travel, the Soviet Union was one of the main influencers.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Soviet Aeroflot was the largest airline in the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Aeroflot is considered to have had its beginnings on 9 February 1923, when the Soviet Civil Aviation Council was established.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The name was introduced on 25 February 1932.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The airline was state-owned and had the emblem characteristic of the Soviet Union with a sickle and hammer, fitted with a wing.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, passenger services in Russia were reorganised on 28 July 1992, and Aeroflot became 51% state-owned and 49% employee-owned Russian airline.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the same year, the service began to be developed and Airbus A310-300 aircraft were acquired from Airbus.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In 1994, Aeroflot acquired Boeing 767-300ER and Ilyushin Il-96-300 aircraft for long-distance flights.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Today, Aeroflot is still one of the world's leading airlines, and as a memory of Soviet times, the company still has a sickle and hammer in its logo.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[59] Tourism Tourism was popular in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[103] However, the vast majority was domestic tourism, although foreigners, especially from allied countries of the Soviet Union, also went on group tours organised by the Inturist each year.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Passenger train services were extensive and travel by train was advantageous.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The most popular tourist destinations were Sochi, Crimea, Batumi, Odessa and others, as well as the major cities of Moscow and Leningrad.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[104] One could not move from the Soviet Union to another state without authorisation from the authorities.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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To and from the country were allowed to travel on a visa obtained by the authorities.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Soviet Union closely supervised the country and emigration, and did not allow travel without official authorization from the authorities.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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However, marrying a foreigner, starting in the 1970s at the latest, gave the right to move to the homeland of the spouse, but at the same time the immigrant lost his Soviet citizenship.


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[62] Moving to Earth was almost as tricky as emigrating.


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The move required permission from the authorities, which was allowed to apply to the embassy.


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Residents of SEV countries were able to enter the country more easily than others.


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It could take up to several years for citizens of other states to obtain a permit.


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[62] Culture At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian culture was in a fervent state of creation that permeated all sectors of culture.


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The season is called the Russian-Soviet avant-garde or Silver Age.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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After the revolution, artists enthusiastically participated in the reform work of the new socialist society.


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Acting for communist ends include Vladimir Mayakovsky and Maksim Gorki.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Bolshevik leaders, however, did not appreciate modernist avant-garde art.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The avant-garde ran out of time by the early 1930s at the latest, when socialist realism became the only officially accepted art trend applied to all arts.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The idea of socialist realism was a realistic form and socialist content.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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At the same time, artists' unions of various fields controlled by the Communist Party were ordered to regulate art life.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[105] Socialist realism was introduced at the Conference of the Soviet Writers' Union in 1934, after which it became the official and only accepted art trend in the country.


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Its father is often cited as the author Maksim Gorki, whose novel Mother (1907, Finnish 1944) is considered an archetype of socialist realism.


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The art of some 19th century realists, for example Peredvižniks (“Wanderers”), Jacques-Louis David and Ilya Repin, has also been considered paragons.


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[2] Literature and theatre were popular in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Soviet music also prospered outside the country's borders, and not only in socialist countries, but also in the West.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Well-known Soviet composers included Dmitry Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Especially during Josif Stalin's rule, composers' freedom of expression was restricted and the works were to conform to the official Communist Party line.


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[95] Artists were encouraged to favor positive tones in their art.


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Criticism of socialist society was not allowed to be made.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Art criticism also came to favor the ideas of socialist realism.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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For example, if characters created by an artist were found to be too “pessimistic” in the opinion of the Communists, the result was a hand-out course and possibly problems in the artist's career.


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[95] Maksim Gorki, Nobel laureate Mikhail Šolohov, Alexei Tolstoy and Vladimir Mayakovsky emerged as big names in Soviet literature.


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Although socialist realism became almost the only officially accepted trend, some writers such as Mikhail Bulgakov, Boris Pasternak and Andrei Platonov continued the traditional Russian literary tradition.


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Russian emigrant writers abroad were represented by Nobel laureate Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin and Vladimir Nabokov, among others.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Aleksandr Solženitsyn wrote about his experiences in the prison camp and therefore got into trouble.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[106] The principles of socialist realism were also ordered to be followed in the allied countries of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In them, however, art policy was freer than in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the art of socialist countries of Eastern Europe, person-worship and narrow party affiliation was evident at its strongest in 1945—1953.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[97] According to the socialist realism method, the function of art is to serve the revolution and the construction of socialism by being popular and party affiliated.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Many times this entailed portraying workers as exemplary heroes.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Musically, sublime “positive” finales were favoured.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The leaders were placed in the art of painting at the center of the people.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The intention was to elevate the status of the laborer by presenting his life, work and leisure time in admirable form.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[95] The influence of Bolshevik leader Andrei Ždanov on Soviet cultural life was great.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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A trend known by his name, Ždanovism demanded from all artists the adherence to narrow party loyalty.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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It still defined, until the late 1950s, the limits of acceptable cultural production in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[2] Informal culture After Stalin's death, cultural life experienced a brief freer period during the shelter weather, until at the end of Nikita Khrushchev's reign it began to solidify again.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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When Western art was forbidden, quite widespread, though incongruous, trends in so-called informal art emerged in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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However, they had no chance of success because dissidents were not allowed to publish their art.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[95] In the Soviet Union, publishing was closely controlled to suppress opposition.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Because of this, many banned books were hand-copied and circulated hand to hand as wax or photocopies, so-called samizdat publications.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Some dissidents, such as writer Aleksandr Solženitsyn and artist Ilya Kabakov, became world famous.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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During the regime of Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, the party granted more freedoms to artists.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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However, socialist realism lasted until the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union as the official regulatory system of culture.


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[107] Today, the heritage of Soviet art and culture is being assessed in a new way when forbidden fields of culture are also taken into account.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The art heritage of the socialist period can be explored, for example, in a Soviet-era sculpture park in Lithuania.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Propaganda Soviets carried out information activities counted as propaganda throughout its existence, but the content and style of propaganda varied drastically depending on items and time.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Effective propaganda was made possible by factors such as the country's undemocraticism and the concentration of information.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Media freedom was lacking, and there were no authorised alternative channels of information beyond media directly managed or closely controlled by the state, unlike those in the West.


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[108] Questioning information from above was even criminal.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In Soviet propaganda, all Western countries, including bourgeois liberal democracies, were often labeled as fascist, warmongering and undemocratic.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[109] The vast majority of people in Western countries were reported to be living in poverty and destitution.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The global fear of Nazism and fascism created by World War II was exploited by claiming that Western countries resemble fascist systems, but the Soviet Union is the equal and peaceful home of various nations, the opposite of everything that the Nazis and Fascists had stood for.


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This propaganda also influenced many left-wing elements in the West, who often believed, at least in part, propagandistic claims about the Soviet Union as onnela and saw the West as corrupted.


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[110] Anti-Western propaganda was mainly directed towards Eastern European countries and its own people.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Propaganda was produced to the West, presenting the Soviet Union as a fortune and the pinnacle of development, where human rights, equality and living standards were the best in the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the Soviet Union, however, limited humorous critical communication of information about one's own country and its problems was also allowed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Important examples of this were the pile-magazine Krokodil and Radio Yerevan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Symbols of emblems commonly used in the Soviet Union were the red star of the revolution, as well as the sickle and hammer.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The flag of the Soviet Union featured a yellow star depicting progress, on a red background depicting revolutionalism and socialism, and a sickle of farm workers and a hammer of industrial workers connected together.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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It was also once an emblem of international socialism, but is mainly remembered as the emblem of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[111] Soviet cinema The Soviet Union was also one of the largest film countries — Lenin once said cinema was the most important art of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Film expression flourished artistically, especially during the silent film era, before Stalinist cultural politics rose to dominance.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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After Stalin's death, the film industry gradually began producing non-propaganda films as well, and it flourished, particularly in the 1970s.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[112] The Panzer Ship Potemkin, directed by Sergei Eisenstein, is often named as the “national film” of the Soviet Union, which was not only successful propaganda but also technically and artistically advanced.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The film was only to be part of a series of films recounting the events of 1905, but is best remembered as an independent film.


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Other Eisenstein classics include Strike, October commemorating the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, and Ivan the Terrible series specifically referring to the dictatorship of Stalin and therefore cosolting the author.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Masters of early Soviet cinema were additionally Dziga Vertov, Oleksandr Dovženko, Mikhail Romm and Vsevolod Pudovkin.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[112] Soviet cinema was also very successful abroad, both in the Eastern and Western countries.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The most successful internationally successful filmmaker, although not officially recognised in his country, was Andrei Tarkovski, who won the Grand Prix of the Cannes Film Festival, among others.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Tarkovsky himself said that he loved his country, which was also evident in his films.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[113] A comparatively large number of films were produced in the Soviet Union, and the budget was large.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the 1970s, only in Hollywood did filmmakers have access to budgets as big as those in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In practice, the state saw to it that the perpetrators got everything they needed, if the Cultural Board agreed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Characteristic of the training of film makers was that anyone cinematically gifted could be admitted to state film schools and trained for the profession with government support.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The largest film production company in the Soviet Union was Mosfilm.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[112] The most enduring aspect of Soviet cinema is that of art enthusiasts, although the chances of seeing these films have diminished since the Soviet state ceased to exist.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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For more than 40 years after the war, Helsinki had a Soviet-owned cinema with many films from Germany as war reparations.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[114] [113] Cults of persons: Lenin and Stalin Vladimir Ilyich Lenin formed around the first person cult of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Partly against Lenin's will, he soon came to be regarded as a “good tsar”, modest and folksy, but at the same time the creator of a new just system.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Until his death, Lenin was able to prevent this cult born among the people from ending up being part of official party propaganda.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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However, immediately upon his death, this Christ-like Savior-Lenin was made part of the official party's Lenin cult, although many party leaders, including Lenin's widow Nadežda Krupskaya, opposed it.


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The first step in this canonization of Lenin was the decision to embalm his body and place it in a mausoleum in Red Square.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Already in 1924, Saint Petersburg's name was changed to Leningrad, and the first huge Lenin statues were erected in Stalingrad in 1925 and Leningrad in front of the Finnish train station in 1926.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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After Lenin's death, Stalin sought as quickly as possible to present himself as a continuator of Lenin's work.


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Stalin's cult of personnel reached its full measure in the 1930s.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Various levels of government competed with the naming of production facilities, villages, theatres and other institutions after Stalin.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Coming into the 1940s, the Soviet map featured other city names derived from Stalin in addition to Stalingrad.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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To its new peak, the cult of personnel rose again after the victorious Great Patriotic War.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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For example, in the film “The Overthrow of Berlin”, Stalin was shown alone studying war maps and plotting Hitler's defeat.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Stalin's cult of personnel did not last long after the dictator's death.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In 1956 Khrushchev informed the stunned party leadership that Stalin had abused his power and unnecessarily subjugated Soviet citizens.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Soon, Stalin's body was removed from Lenin's mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin wall.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Oxidentalism in the Soviet Union regarding the censorship associated with libraries and publishing was systematic.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Western journals, for example, and almost all literature on contemporary culture in the West, were forbidden.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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However, Western material moved to the Soviet Union by private road and, among other things, to Tallinn via Finnish television.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The state propaganda of the West during the Cold War, and later advertisements for big business as well, created the perception of Western countries as free and happy societies.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[97] Already in Tsarist Russia there was a cultural fashion trend of orientalism, namely admiration for orientalism.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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As a counter-tendency in the Soviet Union, along with socialist officialdom, an admiration for Westernization, developed, an admiration for Westernization, an


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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This was reflected in the desire to acquire Western consumer goods that were considered to be of better quality than domestic products.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Oxidentalism also manifested itself in the admiration of Western art directions and popular culture, for example the English band The Beatles.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Admiration for Westernization was part of the everyday life of Soviet informal culture down to the Secretary-General: ordinary citizens collected plastic bags of branded goods, but Brezhnev western cars.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[97] Interest in Western countries extended from the Beatles to other culture as well.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Many western films toured in the Komsomol as video copy.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the 1960s, listening to and possessing Western pop music albums was illegal in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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However, they entered the country accompanied by Western tourists, and reportedly no Soviet citizen was punished for buying or owning them.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the 1970s, the Soviet state record label Melodija began releasing its own editions of Western pop records.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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They could sometimes have been censored; for example, the Soviet version of the LP disc might have lacked a song that did not please the Soviet authorities.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[115] Education in the Soviet Union was strongly believed in education and science, as well as the social progress they made.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The children were obliged to attend an eight-school year long middle school.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Those seeking to attend colleges and universities attended middle school for two more years, increasing the length of middle school to a ten-year period.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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This was practically equivalent to high school, kimnaas, which were unsuited to the egalitarian socialist ideology in the country.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Literacy rates changed over the years.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Until the early 1930s it was around 70%, [116] but under Stalin, literacy became more common.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Before the breakup in the Soviet Union, literacy was extremely close to one hundred percent.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[117] The higher education institutions of the Soviet Union were divided into universities and institutes, which were institutions of higher education in one field.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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There were several major universities in the country, including Moscow University, but most of the higher education took place in the ministries' own specialized institutes.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Despite this, it was the universities that were the most prestigious educational institutions, with strict competition for admission.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Study in Soviet universities was free, and students were paid student aid.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In particular, the level of research in science and mathematics was high and in many areas the absolute top of the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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However, this was not fully reflected in the applied technique.


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[118] Holidays dateFinnish nameLocal name1.


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JanuaryNew Year's Dayновый год23.


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FebruaryRed Army Dayдень Советской Армии и Военно-морского флота8.


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MarchInternational Women's DayМеждународный женский ДеньApril (shifting) Easterпасха1.


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May May Day (or celebration of spring and work) Праздник весны и труда9.


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May Victorydayдень Победы12.


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MayDay of the Cosmonauts Dayдень космонавтики7.


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OctoberConstitution DayThe Day of the United Kingdom.


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NovemberDay of the October RevolutionsGодовщина Великой октябрьской социалистической революции See also Socialism Communism Russia Russian History Russian Empire List of wars of the Soviet Union Cold War Warsaw Pact 1991 Commonwealth of Independent States Eurasian Union Sources Book sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Birnbaum, Immanuel| title = USSR history| others = Translated by Markku Mannila| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakala, Matti ja editorial council| title = The Great Encyclopedia of Home 9| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1977| id = ISBN 951-35-1280-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Helanterä, Antti ja Tynkkynen, Veli-Pekkanen | title = For Geography Russia can noth| publisher = Thought Books| year = 1. p. 2002.


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- 2nd p. 2003.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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- 3. p. 2003| id = ISBN 951-20-6228-3}} Hovi K. — Niitemaa, V.: History of the Baltics.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Kapuscinski, Ryszard: Empire.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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ISBN 952-471-075-7 (nid.).


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Kirkinen, H.: Russian and Soviet history.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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ISBN 951-1-08450-X.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Leitzinger, Antero: Former Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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ISBN 952-9752-00-8.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lewin, Moshe| title = Soviet century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like and Finnish Peace Defenders | year = 2006| id = ISBN 952-471-808-1}} Luntinen, P.: The formation of the Russian Empire.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Moynahan, Brian: The Russian Century.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Soviet Union through the eyes of Finns, Suomi—Soviet Union Society, 1978, ISBN 951-95467-0-7.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Soviet Union in the 80's.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Finnish-Soviet Society, News Agency Novosti (APN), 1981, ISBN 951-95467-2-3.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Spleen, Ville: The mission of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Helsinki: Russian and Eastern European Institute, 2002, ISBN 951-707-099-3 Section, M.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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(ed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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): Soviet Union: Answers to Finns' Questions, Suomi—Soviet Society 1973.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Ryasanovchech, Nikolai: A history of Russia.