Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[117] Finland is a sparsely populated country, so traffic is low on average.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Regarding traffic volumes, the road network is comprehensive and in good condition, although some of the busiest highways and major thoroughfares in urban areas are problematic from a road safety point of view.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In addition, the condition of the lower road network has sparked debate.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Rail transport miniature|upright=0.9|Pendolino train of the VR group.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The Finnish network is operated by the Finnish Transport Agency, which is the railway authority, which is subordinate to the Ministry of Transport and Communications.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The length of the line operated in Finland is 5944 km, of which 3073 km is electrified [118].


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The only permanent operator of passenger transport on the state rail network is the state company VR.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Approximately one quarter (26% in 2015) of Finnish freight transport passes by rail in terms of traffic, i.e. in tonne-kilometres [119].


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Air transport to Finland is flown by about 26 international airlines.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finland's largest airline is Finnair, mainly owned by the state.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finland has 27 airports, the largest being Helsinki-Vantaa Airport in Vantaa.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[120] In 2016, 10% of Finland's exports, measured by value, were transported by air, 6% of imports.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[121] Shipping by sea passes up to 90% of Finland's exports and 70% of imports, measured by quantity.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[122] The largest port in Finland by tonnage is the port of Sköldvik in Porvoo.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The largest of the public ports are the Port of Hamina-Kotka, the Port of Helsinki, the Port of Naantali and the Port of Kokkola.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[123] The largest ports in mainland Finland by passenger traffic are the Port of Helsinki, the Port of Turku, the Port of Naantali and the Port of Vaasa.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[124] The largest passenger shipping companies operating to Helsinki and Turku are Viking Line and Estonian company Tallink (whose business names include the Finnish Silja Line).


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In addition, services from Finland include Vaasa to Umeå Wasaline, Helsinki—Tallinn Eckerö Line and Linda Line Express, and between Mariehamn and Stockholm Birka Line.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The popularity of shipping is increased by possible tax-free sales on ships passing through Åland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In Finland, the Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications is responsible for the functioning of water transport.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Population miniature|Approximately four out of five Finns live in built-up areas.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[125] The picture shows the center of Lahti.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

About 5.5 million people live in Finland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The population crossed the four million mark in 1950, the five million mark in 1991, and the five-and-a-half million mark in 2016.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[126] Finland has a relatively low population density, averaging over 18 people per square kilometre.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

More than a third of Finland's territory is north of the northern Arctic Circle, but most of the population lives in the south.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The metropolitan area of over one million inhabitants is Finland's most significant growth centre, and the Tampere, Turku and Oulu regions have also grown strongly.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In 2015, Finland had 749 agglomerations with 85% of the population living, but the area of built-up areas was only a good 2% of Finland's land area.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[127] In 2012, the population center of Finland, or Weber point, was located on Hauho, Hämeenlinna (61.17 degrees north latitude and 24.67 degrees east longitude).


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[128] The share of the population migrating from abroad to Finland is among the lowest in the EU countries, although it has risen significantly since 1990.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Four percent of the country's population are citizens of other countries, a large percentage of them are Estonian or Russian citizens.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[129] The majority of citizens of other countries live in the metropolitan area and other major cities.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finland is moving most to other EU countries.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[130] Sweden has traditionally been the single most popular destination country for the Finnish diaspora; during the 1960s and 1970s, massive migration to Sweden reduced the population of Finland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[131] Age and gender distribution of the population The population of Finland is divided by age and sex, with Finns under 55 years of age outnumbering men than women.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In age groups older than this, again, women outnumber men.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In the age group 20 to 54 years, men are 43200 persons, or 3.6% more than women.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[132] Population groups Population by nationality 31.12.2017: [133] Finnish citizens 95.47 percent (5263678) citizens 0.93 percent (51539) citizens 0.53 percent (29183) citizens 0.21 percent (11729) citizens 0.16 percent (8742) citizens 0.15 percent (8018) citizens 0.14 percent (7533) citizens 0.12 percent (6677) citizens 0.11 percent (5792) citizens 0.10% (5603) of the population of Finland were foreign nationals 4.5%, and 6.8% were foreign-born.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[134] Languages According to the Constitution of Finland, the national languages of the country are Finnish and Swedish.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[135] Finnish is spoken as the mother tongue by 88.0% and Swedish by 5.2% of the population.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[136] Along with Estonia and Hungary, Finland is one of three independent states with Finno-Ugric language.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The Swedish-speaking population is concentrated on the southern coast and the coastal region of Ostrobothnia and Åland Islands.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Other minority languages traditionally spoken in Finland include the three Sami languages Inari Sami, Northern Sami and Skoltan Sami (as a mother tongue in total around 1900), and Romani language (see.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish Roma), Tatar (see.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish Tatars) and Finnish Sign Language.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The smallest language belonging to traditional minority languages in the country is Finnish-Swedish Sign Language (approximately 150 users).


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The right of the Sami and Romani and other groups to maintain and develop their own language and culture is safeguarded in the Constitution, but only the Sámi languages are usually counted as an official minority language.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Only Estonian speaking residents who have immigrated from Estonia since the late 20th century are considered to be Estonian speakers.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

There were around 35,000 Russian-speakers living in Finland in the early 2000s, mostly those coming from the migration that began in the 1990s.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Since the early 1990s, Somalis in Finland have grown from practically zero to a significant minority.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

As a result of increased immigration, at least 41 languages have more than 1000 speakers in Finland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[137] Population by language Largest language groups at the end of 2017: [138] substitute language1.Suomi48487612.Sweden2890523.Russia771774. viro495905.arabia264676.somali200077.english196268.kurdi13327 surrogate language9.persia1209010.china1182511.albania1039112.vietnam987213. thai940314.spanja777015.turkki773916.German6183 Religions Christianity arrived in Finland in the 12th century [139], but rural folk faith retained features dating back to the pre-Christian period until the 19th century.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

At the end of 2017, 70.9% of the people belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Church.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[140] The second largest denomination is the Orthodox Church, comprising 1.1% of its affiliates.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In the Constitution of Finland, the Lutheran Church has a special status [141] and there is also a special law [142] on the Orthodox Church and they have a status comparable to the state religion in some respects, but freedom of religion is safeguarded by law.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[143] [144] At the end of 2017, the number of non-denominations was 26.3%.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[140] Health in Finland The Public Health Act prescribes public health work to the municipality.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The work is divided into medical care and preventive health care.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Each municipality is required to provide certain basic health services, which, however, are not specified in detail.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The municipality must have a health centre and possible branch offices for medical services.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Due to the high cost of health care, several municipalities have created joint municipal associations for public health work.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The municipality can also handle health services by purchasing services from another municipality or private service provider.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[84] Expectant mothers have free healthcare and a “maternity kit” containing either money or basic baby necessities such as clothes, diapers and baby bottles.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

A third opt for money over a kit of supplies.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[145] Families with children under 17 also receive grants from the state.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Children receive free health and dental care until the age of 18.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Largest municipalities in Finland's largest municipalities Error: Invalid time.. LocateCity PopulationNumber of townsNumber of inhabitants 1.11.2.12.3.13.4.14.5.15.6.16.7.17.8.18.9.19.10.20.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Education in Finland is a legislative compulsory education for 7-16 year olds.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The majority start at the age of seven typically start nine-year primary school.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

After primary education, the most popular secondary education choices for young people are vocational undergraduate and secondary school, which typically take two to four years to complete.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Municipalities control primary schools, secondary schools and some of the vocational colleges in their area.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[147] The higher education system is divided into universities and polytechnics.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Universities are tasked with the highest level of teaching and research in their respective fields.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Vocationally-oriented training is additionally given in polytechnics, which are owned by municipalities and private foundations.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Funding for higher education is determined by performance agreements with the Ministry of Education, which specify the degree objectives of the college.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The higher education system has been regionally decentralised in order to guarantee equal access to education in different parts of the country.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The language of instruction in higher education institutions is predominantly Finnish, but there is also a Swedish-speaking university and polytechnic education for the needs of the Swedish-speaking population.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Colleges also offer instruction in foreign languages, mainly English.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Teaching is free up to university level, and students also receive study money, housing allowance and government-guaranteed loans.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Internationally, the percentage of graduates in the age category is high.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The main degree in universities is a master's or master's degree, the polytechnics in turn a polytechnic degree, which is equated in most contexts with a lower university degree.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

It takes an average of 5.1 years of effective working time to complete a higher university degree, but students work extends the total time spent on their studies.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[148] The majority of Finns who attended primary school are very familiar with English and a little Swedish.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish and Swedish are taught to all Finns as a mother tongue or foreign language.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In addition, German has been studied in high schools quite commonly.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The averages of 15 year old school students in Finland were one of the highest in one PISA study.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The success of Finns in the PISA exams has been explained by the National Science and Mathematics Programme (LUMA) launched in 1996, the good performance of even the weakest schoolchildren and equality in education despite the socio-economic background of the family.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[149] The best performing among Finnish universities in international comparisons is the University of Helsinki, which according to one assessment made in 2015 is the 76th best university in the world.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[150] Culture In a broad sense, Finland has been in the realm of Western culture for almost all of its history.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Culture has been centrally influenced by the Western Christian tradition in its Catholic and Protestant forms.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish culture was influenced by its old age especially from Germany and Sweden, part of which Finland was part of for about 700 years.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Early on, the regions of Eastern Finland and Karelia also came to influence from the Russian-Orthodox cultural region.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Later Finnish culture has been heavily influenced by American and international popular culture.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finns themselves are often happy to sketch their culture with things like sauna, guts and proximity to nature.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish culture has had divisions geographically and by population group, but cultures have since strongly merged.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Minorities maintain their own cultural traits, notable as the subcultures of the Sami, Roma and Finnish-Swedes.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Since the urbanization of the country is late to reverse, a large proportion of Finns have a bond with the countryside.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finns who have moved to larger population centres, for example, often spend their leisure time in the countryside, especially by watercourses.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Literature Finnish books have been written in Finland on the creation and introduction of the literary language since the 16th century, until the 19th century, although mainly only religious literature and legal texts.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Mikael Agricola is considered the father of Finnish literary language and Finnish literature.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The country's national poet is Johan Ludvig Runeberg, whose most famous work is the stories of Ensign Stool.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Elias Lönnrot, who compiled the Finnish national epic Kalevala, started the tradition of fiction in Finnish by compiling a book on Karelian folk songs.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The founder of Romanesque literature in Finnish was Aleksis Kivi with his Seven Brothers, which appeared in 1870.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

He was followed by Juhani Aho, among others, and Minna Canth, who focused his attention on social grievances.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

On the poetry side, Eino Leino developed a gallelight-influenced, national-romantic style.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

F.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

E. Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939, especially for his depictions of the rural population.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

After World War II, books by Mika Waltari and Tove Jansson became very popular abroad as well.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In Swedish poetry, early 20th century modernists such as Edith Södergran and Elmer Diktonius achieved international attention.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish-language poetry switched to modernism after World War II as its main names including Paavo Haavikko and later Pentti Saarikoski.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Väinö Linna described the years of fate of the nation from new perspectives in his novels The Unknown Soldier and Here Under the North Star.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Kalle Päätalo, Veikko Huovinen and Arto Paasilinna were popular with a wide circle of readers.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Known contemporary writers include Jari Tervo, Kari Hotakainen, and numerous decharists.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Historical novels are also a popular genre in Finland, represented by artists such as Kaari Utrio and Laila Hirvisaari.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The Finlandia Prize for Best Novel is awarded annually.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Music Folk music Early Finnish music includes Kalevalan tunes and traditional instruments for the national instrument kantele, as well as various flutes and horns.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In the 18th and 19th century, a popular folk instrument became the violin, with which the game annals played European-style dance tunes.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Art Music Finnish national anthem is a Maamme song composed by Fredrik Pacius.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The Finnish national composer is Jean Sibelius, whose most famous composition for Finns is Finlandia.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finland has been called the 'great power of art music' because through the system of music schools and conservatories built after World War II, Finland has become a large number of world-class art musicians in proportion to the population: conductors such as Esa-Pekka Salonen, Osmo Vänskä and Mikko Franck; opera singers such as Karita Mattila, Soile Isokoski, Martti Talvela and Matti Salminen, soloists such as Olli Mustonen and Pekka Kuusisto, and composers such as Einojuhani Rautavaara, Magnus Lindberg and Kaija Saariaho.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish art music began to emerge at the end of classicism.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The most notable composer of this era was Bernhard Henrik Crusell.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

A key influence in the early Romanticism period was the German-born Fredrik Pacius, now referred to as the “Father of Finnish Music”.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Aino Ackté founded the Savonlinna Opera Festival in 1913.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

From the 19th century until the Second World War, the central stylistic direction of Finnish art music was late Romanticism and especially national romanticism, whose frontman was Jean Sibelius.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The influence of Sibelius, who is widely known internationally, on Finnish music life was considerable.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The first Finnish modernists, including Väinö Raitio and Aarre Merikanto influenced by Impressionism and Expressionism, emerged in the music scene in the 1920s.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In the 1950s, the so-called Second Wave of Modernism was beached in Finland, which practiced 12-tone systems, serialization, and timbre and field techniques.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Erik Bergman was one of the pioneers.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The 1970s saw the beginning of the renaissance of Finnish opera with the traditional operas of Aulis Sallisen and Joonas Kokkonen.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

On the other hand, young composers and musicians brought European radical modernism to Finland, among others, in the circle of the “Korvat open” association, with the central names Saariaho, Lindberg and Salonen.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Popular music thumbnail image|Upright|Värtina.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Iskelmämusic came to Finland in the 1920s.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Popular singers have included Olavi Virta, Tapio Rautavaara, Juha Vainio, Katri Helena and Jari Sillanpää.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The concept of Finnish rock was born into popular music in the 1970s, whose most famous representatives include Hurriganes, Juice Leskinen, Eppu Normal and Dingo.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish rock groups have been pursuing popularity with foreign audiences since the 1970s, but positive reviews received by Wigwam, for example, did not lead to a breakthrough.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The first band to receive short-term success abroad was Hanoi Rocks.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Starting in the late 1990s, Finnish popular music has enjoyed wider success abroad.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Of the machine music bands Bomfunk MC's scored one single that was successful in Central Europe and Darude two.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Rock group The Rasmus, along with metal music bands HIM, Nightwish, Sonata Arctica, Children of Bodom and Stratovarius, have released albums which have enjoyed success across the world.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Apocalyptica, which plays metal on cellos, has also gained popularity.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Värtina, a folk music ensemble representing world music, has also been successful abroad.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish hardcore punk has also done well abroad, for example Healthy Hands.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The Eurovision Song Contests won 2006 won Lord with his song “Hard Rock Hallelujah” [152].


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Theatre The oldest Finnish language professional theatre, the Finnish National Theatre, was founded in 1872.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[153] There are about 56 theatres in Finland whose activities are supported by public funds, for example the City Theatres in Helsinki, Turku and Kuopio.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In addition, there are 107 professional theatres and numerous amateur theatres in Finland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Summer theatre activity is brisk.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Fine art in Finland has been the subject of objects characterised as art since the Stone Age, exemplified by rock paintings and animal figures such as Huittinen's elk head.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Examples of metal jewellery and tableware, decorated weapons, wooden objects and textiles have survived from the Iron Age.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[154] Finnish art experienced its golden age in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Famous Finnish artists of the era include Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Albert Edelfelt, Pekka Halonen, Tyko Sallisinen, Juho Rissanen, Ellen Thesleff, Helene Schjerfbeck, Magnus Enckell, and Hugo Simberg.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Well-known sculptors include Wäinö Aaltonen, Eila Hiltunen and Laila Puinen.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Contemporary artists internationally known include visual artist Hannu Väisänen, [155] video artist Eija-Liisa Ahtila [156] and illustrator Tom of Finland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[157] Helsinki includes the Ateneum Art Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma and the Sinebrychoff Art Museum, as well as the private Amos Anderson Art Museum.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Both Turku Art Museum and Tampere Art Museum have considerable art collections.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The more northerly notable art museums are represented by the Oulu Art Museum, the Kemi Art Museum, the Aine Art Museum and the Rovaniemi Art Museum.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Architecture and design Before the 19th century, most houses in Finland were built of wood.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Stone churches as well as castles have been preserved from the Middle Ages.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[158] The most notable of Finland's old church buildings is Turku Cathedral, which is the only Gothic type cathedral in Finland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[158] In Finland, the largest construction work was undertaken in the whole of the 18th century in the Swedish Empire when the Viapori sea fortress began to be built off Helsinki.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[159] Baroque squares were built at the heart of the islands' fortifications, and a number of the most significant stone houses in Finland of the 18th century have been preserved in Suomenlinna.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[160] A new era of architecture began in Finland in the 19th century when Helsinki, which was destroyed by fire, began to be built.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The main architect of the works was the German Carl Ludvig Engel.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[161] The Empire style developed its original direction in Finland, as neoclassical features from both the east and the west came to the country.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[162] [163] At the end of the 19th century, Art Nouveau and National Romanticism fell through.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[164] In Finland, national romanticism introduced materials, wood and natural stone (especially granite) from the homeland, as well as decorative motifs found in plant and animal kingdom.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish architecture first came to international knowledge when the Finnish pavilion, designed by Eliel Saarinen, Herman Gesellius and Armas Lindgren, received widespread attention.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[165] The most significant mainline in the early years of independence was functionalism adopted in the 1930s.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[166] The most central figure in functionalism was Alvar Aalto, widely regarded as the most significant architect in Finnish history.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[167] Due to the urbanization of Finland in the 1970s, a typical family already lived in an apartment building in the city.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[168] Top architecture was represented by many public buildings, such as Reima Pietilä's Dipoli in Otaniemi, Helsinki.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[169] Architecture began to develop more diverse in the 1980s and often the buildings emphasised the individuality of the building site.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[170] Film The first Finnish drama film was Salavinanburners in 1907.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Film experienced a boom in Finland when Erkki Karu founded the film company Suomi-Film in 1919.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The oldest fully preserved Finnish drama film is Olli's apprentice years from 1920.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The first Finnish film to be shown abroad is Anna-Liisa, completed in 1922, and was also shown in Sweden.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The first sound film fully completed with Finnish power was Tukkiboy' Bride was completed in 1931.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In 1933, Karu, who left Suomi-Film, founded the new film company Suomen Filmiteollisuus.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In 1936, the company reached the same level with Suomi-Film, which had managed the Finnish film industry alone.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[171] Some well-known actors of the time included Ansa Ikonen and Tauno Palo, who maintained their popularity until the 1950s.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

During World War II (1939—1945), a large number of patriotic-pathoxic drama films were produced in Finland, as well as reality-escape epoch films and comedies such as SF's Waltz of the Kobble.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In particular, a favourite on the big screen of the 1940s was Lea Joutseno, who starred in Valentin Vaala's brisk comedy films, among others.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

After the war, graduates included Vaalan Loviisa — the young mistress of Niskavuori and Humanti in Suviyöä.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Erik Blomberg's White Deer (1952) was honoured at the Cannes Film Festival.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Under the direction of Esa Pakarinen and Reino Helismaa, the so-called rillumarei film was presented in the early 1950s.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Disliked by critics, loved by the people.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Ten years after the end of the war, a film based on Väinö Linna's novel of the same name was completed.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[171] The film was directed by Edvin Laine and remains the most watched film ever in Finnish cinemas [172].


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Well-known Finnish filmmakers include actor and screenwriter Spede Pasanen, whose most popular creations are the Uuno Turhapuro film series, and film director Aki Kaurismäki, who has garnered international acclaim.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Kaurismäki Male With No Past is one of the most internationally successful films in Finnish cinema history.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

It was Oscar-nominated and won the Grand Prix of the Cannes Film Festival.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Towards the end of the first decade of the 21st century, Finnish animations also increased their popularity around the world.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

About 370 newspapers and 5500 magazines are published in Finland each year.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[173] 14000 books are published per year.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[173] The most read daily newspaper in Finland is Helsingin Sanomat, with a circulation of 234258 in 2017.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[174] The magazine has an average of 859000 readers.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[175] Sanoma, publisher of Helsingin Sanomat, is the leading communications group in the Nordic countries, whose other newspapers in Finland include Ilta-Sanomat and Taloussanomat.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Another of the major contributors to advertising-funded communications in Finland, Alma Media, publishes more than 30 newspapers, including Aamulehti, Iltalehti and Kauppalehti.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The activities of the governmental communications company Yleisradio are published under a separate YLE tax.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finland's largest commercial television channel is MTV3, founded in 1957 and owned by Swedish company Bonnier.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The most listened to radio channel in Finland is Yle Radio Finland [176].


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The most popular commercial radio channel is Radio Nova [177] [178].


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Sports Finland has achieved the most Olympic gold and Olympic medals in relation to the population of the state [179].


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The Finnish national game is baseball developed by Lauri Pihkala, but the most popular sport today is ice hockey.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[180] The most competitive enthusiasts are with football.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[181] Popular forms of exercise include jogging, swimming, home gymnastics and gym training [182].


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In the 1920s, Finnish runners Paavo Nurmi, Hannes Kolehmainen and Ville Ritola were among the best runners of their time.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Nurmi remains one of the most successful athletes in Olympic history with her nine gold Olympic medals.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In the 1920s, Claes Thunberg dominated speed skating.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In the 1950s, Veikko Hakulisen became one of the all-time ski athletes.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In the 1970s runner Lasse Virén achieved a total of four golds in two Olympics.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Rower Pertti Karppinen achieved three consecutive golds at the Olympic Games from 1976 to 1984.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In the 1980s Matti Nykänen won Olympic gold in ski jumping four times and Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi in cross-country skiing three times.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[183] [184] Major success in motorsport has been achieved by the four-time world champion Tommi Mäkinen in rally and Mika Häkkinen, a two-time world champion in Formula One.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Other successful athletes have included ice hockey players Jari Kurri and Teemu Selänne, biathlon Kaisa Mäkäräinen, alpine skiers Kalle Palander and Tanja Poutiainen, and footballer Jari Litmanen.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

[183] [184] See also Finnish regional division Finnish holidays Finnish cuisine Finnish national symbols Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bonsdorff, Bengt von etc.| title = History of Finnish art | location = Espoo| publisher = Schildt| year = 1998| isbn = 951-50-0920-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haapala, Pertti| title = When society broke up.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finland 1914—1920| location = Helsinki| publisher = Print centr| year = 1995| isbn = 951-37-1532-9}} Haapala, Pertti: Many truths.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

In Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hoppu, Tuomas et al.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

(ed.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

) | title = Tampere 1918| location = Tampere| publisher = Vapriikki| year = 2008| isbn = 978-951-609-369-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haggren, Georg etc.| title = Traces of Our Ancience.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Pre-history of Finland from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2015| isbn = 978-952-495-363-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Helander, William & Rista, Simo| title = Finnish construction| location = Helsinki| publisher = Book group| year = 1987| isbn = 951-26-2656-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Honkanen, Tarja, etc.| title = Society Winds 9| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2006| isbn = 951-1-19066-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| | author = Jussila, Osmo| title = Grand Duchy of Finland 1809—1917| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| isbn = 951-0-29500-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jussila, Osmo| title = Great Myths of Finnish History | location = Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| is7| is7| bn = 978-951-0- 33103-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Jutikkala, Eino & Pirinen, Far| title = History of Finland| publisher = WSOY| year = 2002| isbn = 951-0-27217-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Klinge, Matti| title = Emperor's English | location = Espoo| publisher = Schildt| year = 1997| version = Translated by Marketta Klinge| isbn = 951-50-0682-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kohi, Antti, etc.| title = Forum 4.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Turning points in Finnish history| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2006| isbn = 951-1-21237-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Meinander, Henrik| title = History of Finland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Lines, structures, turning points| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2006| version=( Finland history.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Linjer, structurer, vändpunkter, 2006.)


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Translated by Paula Autio| isbn=951-0-30809-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka, Marko| title = Time of Terror.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finland's restless years 1917—1921| location = Helsinki| publisher = Thought | year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-20-7051-0}}.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Statistics Finland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vares, Vesa| title = King's Authors.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Finnish monarchy 1917—1919.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Myth and reality| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| isbn = 951-0-23228-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Virrankoski, Pentti| title = History of Finland.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Country and people through times| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literatures| year = 2012| isbn = 978-952-222-377-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo & Tiitta, Allan (ed.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

) | title = Finland through times| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1992| isbn = 951-1-11078-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Zetterberg, Seppo (ed.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

) | title = Petty Giant of Finnish History | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2003| isbn = 951-0-27365-1}} References on the topic elsewhere Administration.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

The others.


Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

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Question: What mineral is most found in Petsamo?

Finland

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. . * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Arimaa is a two-player strategic board game.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

It can be played with the same instruments as chess, but it is not a chess variant.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

It has proved difficult for computers to succeed in Arimaa.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The history of Arimaa was developed by Omar Syed, an Indian engineer living in the United States.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Syed's inspiration was Garri Kasparov's defeat to the Deep Blue chess computer.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

He wanted to develop a game in which computers would be no match for a human due to their sheer computing power, but which would also be simple enough for his four-year-old son Aamir to understand (Arimaa is named after Aamir — it's Aamir backwards with one letter A added to the front).


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Syed published the rules of the arimaa in 2002.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

He also promised that whoever develops a computer program that plays Arimaa, which beats the world's top three human players in three-game matches, will receive a prize of ten thousand dollars.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The prize will be awarded if the win occurs before 2020.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Rules Arimaa is played on a chessboard-like 8×8 pane board whose four squares, c3, f3, c6 and f6 are trap squares.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Each player, gold and silver, has sixteen pieces.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Listed from strongest to weakest, the pieces are: elephant (), camel (), two horses (), two dogs (), two cats (), and eight hares ().


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

When using chess pieces, these correspond in order to the king, queen, towers, messengers, steeds and soldiers.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The purpose of the game is to get your own rabbit to the other side of the board, the opponent's home row, i.e. the goal.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Gold wins by moving its hare to the eighth row of the board, silver wins by moving its hare to the first row of the board.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

However, since it is difficult to move hares when the board is full of pieces, the indirect objective is to hit the opponent's pieces by pushing or pulling them into the trap screens.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

At the beginning of the game, the board is empty.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Gold begins by placing all sixteen of its pieces in any order of its choice on the first and second rows.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Silver considers the order of the pieces in gold and then places his own pieces on rows seven and eight.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The image on the right shows one possible starting order.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Once the pieces are laid out on the board, the gold begins its first move.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The transfer consists of at least one and at most four steps.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

With each step, the player can move one of his or her own pieces to the left, right, forward, or backward of one square.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Hares cannot take a step back; otherwise all pieces move with each other in the same way.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Transfer steps can be centered on a single piece or split across several pieces in any order.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The move must change the game situation: for example, a player cannot take one step forward with a piece and then one back thus practically bypassing the entire move.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Another image, also from the game shown above [1], helps explain the remaining rules.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A player can use two steps to move their opponent's piece with their own, stronger piece, which is next to the opponent's piece.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

For example, a dog may move a cat or hare, but not another dog, horse, camel or elephant.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The stronger piece may pull or push the weaker pieces next to them.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

When pulled, the stronger piece (puller) moves to the empty box and the weaker (retractable) moves to the box where the stronger piece was.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The opponent's hares can also be moved backwards, even if they cannot do so themselves.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The silver elephant in the screen d5 could move to d4, c5 or e5 and pull the golden horse from d6 to d5.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

When pushed, the weaker piece is moved to the empty box next to it and the stronger piece moves to the box where the weaker piece was.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A golden elephant in d3 could push a silver hare from d2 to e2 and then move on to d2 itself.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A rabbit couldn't be pushed into d1, c2, or d3 because these panes aren't empty.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Dragging and pushing need not take place away from or towards the opponent's piece; a pull or push in the shape of the letter L is allowed.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Own buttons cannot be pulled or pushed.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The button also cannot pull and push at the same time.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

For example, a golden elephant cannot simultaneously both push a silver hare from d2 to e2 and pull a silver hare from c3 to d3.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

An elephant cannot be pulled or pushed, as no piece is stronger than it.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The piece next to the opponent's stronger piece (in any of the four main air directions) is frozen (engl.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

frozen), if there is also no button next to it.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Also, a frozen piece freezes an opponent's even weaker piece.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The silver hare in a7 is frozen, but the hare in d2 can move, as there is another silver piece next to it.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In the same way, the golden hare in b7 is also frozen but the golden cat in c1 is not.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Dogs in a6 and b6 do not freeze each other, as they are equally strong.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The elephant never freezes, because nothing is stronger than it, but it can still be subjected to blockades (from the English Wiki Library).


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A piece that falls into the trap box is struck and gets out of play unless there is another piece of its own next to the trap screen (in one of the four main air directions).


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

If the silver is on transfer shift in the accompanying game, he can knock the golden horse out of the d6 by pushing it into c6 with his elephant in d5.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A piece in the trap box will also be struck if the own pieces next to it move away.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Therefore, if, for example, a silver hare from c4 and a silver horse from c2 move away, voluntarily or pulled or pushed by an opponent, the silver hare in c3 will be beaten.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A piece may voluntarily move to the trap screen even if it gets beaten.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The second step of pulling can also be performed even if the pulling button is struck on its first step.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Silver could, for example, move his hare from f4 to g4 and then the horse from f2 to f3, at which point the horse becomes beaten, and still pull the golden hare from f1 to f2 as part of his move.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

If there was a turn of gold in the game described, he would win by three strides.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

First, a dog in a6 would push the rabbit from a7 to a8.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In A7, the dog would release a hare from freezing in b7, which would move to b8, winning.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The game can end in other ways than a hare getting to his goal.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

On 1 July 2008, the rules were changed so that a draw is practically no longer possible.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

If, at the beginning of their turn, a player cannot pass, or if all possible moves result in the same position being repeated a third time, he loses by immobilization.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

If the player's all hares have been eaten, he loses by elimination.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A move that results in the loss of the last hare of its own wins if it also beats the opponent's last hare, even if its own hare would be beaten with an earlier step.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Instead, it loses even if it results in immobilization of the opponent, as does immobilizing the opponent if, as a result of the move, the opponent's hare is left in the goal.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

If the opponent's hare during the same move is both pushed or pulled into its line of goals and removed from there, either by drag or shoving, play continues.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Strategy and Tactics Since hitting is only possible by getting the opponent's piece in a trap box (e.g. c6), in the adjacent squares (c5, b6, d6, c7) he has no pieces and on the other hand only from such a box a piece can fall into a trap box, the control of these squares is important.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The elephant next to the trap screen makes it impossible to hit this trap, as the elephant cannot be pulled or pushed.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Two pieces of any type in neighboring squares protect the trap for the duration of the move, unless the opponent's pieces are perfectly optimally located.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

At the outset, each manages the traps of their respective fielders, but as the game progresses, a competition develops for control of the trap screens, which makes it possible to even make all four traps around each player's pieces and thus temporarily impossible to hit.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

As a rule, it is also worthwhile to keep your pieces closely spaced, as your own pieces caught in each other are never frozen — a rabbit releases a piece frozen by the opponent's elephant as it moves next to it.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A piece separated from the rest easily gets first frozen and then beaten.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The elephant is an exception in this regard, as it cannot be frozen.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The elephant is a very important piece, taking at least one step on average in about every second move.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

To ensure mobility, it is worth keeping fairly in the middle so that it can make it next to any trap in one turn to secure it from the middle twelve panes of the board.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A good rule of thumb is to aim to attack exactly one value lower piece and beware one value upper ones.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The dog, according to this, aims close to the opponent's cats and away from his horses.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Similarly, if it is possible to freeze the opponent's horse (and then seek to carry into a trap) as well with a camel as with an elephant, it is worth using a camel for this.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Some of the elephant's power is wasted with the horse; on the other side of the board it would possibly be capable of attacking the camellias.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Experience has shown that it is worth attacking an elephant early in the game, while cats are generally not worth moving beyond the third row.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

There are no such clear guidelines for other pieces.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Depending on the starting position and style of play, horses are also often attacked and the camel is kept in defensive positions while fighting the opponent's horses while still being careful not to fall prey to the elephant.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The task of dogs is perhaps the most initial position dependent.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Although the goal of the game is to get the rabbit to the goal, it is usually not worth advancing at the start because it is easy prey and it can't retreat.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

There are eight hares, however, and advancing to release, say, a camel or a horse can be justified even at the risk of being beaten.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

On the hare, advancing makes the most sense with edged columns.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The aforementioned features of the buttons are attributed to some degree of stabilization of the initial positions used.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In the below, gold still uses its most commonly used inventor (right. Toby Hudson) the symmetric “99of9" set-up, and silver matches the style currently favoured by top players with a symmetry breaking opening.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

This is customary, as silver can react to the initial position of gold by putting its own pieces on the board, which is a very closely fitting compensation for the fact that gold is now in the transfer shift.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The difference in the number of games won by different colors is not statistically significant As mentioned above, it is worth the elephant to be in the middle, as well as hares in the back row and on the edge column.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Cats and dogs should stay safe; however, to control their own traps, they may well be used.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Horses must be in attack capability.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In the early days of the game, all hares were normally in the back row, but today two of them are almost always on edge-shaped columns.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

This is not so much the reason that they are so badly needed there, but that the more valuable piece is not worth putting on these worst screens, the middle squares of the back row are released for more important use and the defence remains united.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

It is not appropriate to move the button behind the trap, unlike horses, so that when the elephant takes one central square, in addition to the other central screen, boxes b2 and g2 remain from the front row for the use of horses which gold places in them.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The camel needs to watch out for the elephant in the early game, and you can leave it in the back row too.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Here, however, it is at the front and the only hares in the front row are on the edges.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Cats and dogs are on squares c2, d1, e1 and f2.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Their order almost doesn't matter, the original 99of9 was like this, but the same name is used equally, is behind traps then cats or dogs.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In silver's initial setup, the front row has four hares in the front row and a camel on the flank.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Silver places its elephants in a different column than gold — if they were facing each other, then gold would gain an easy advantage by moving its elephant all the way, blocking the opponent.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

As the game evolves, the initial setups have become more established like these: if gold were to use an asymmetric opening, silver could react to this; the same would not apply the other way around.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The most common gold opening moves are elephant three squares forward and horse one of the same side or elephant two and each horse one.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

This longer opening theory hardly comes to arima, for the reasons given below.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Inability of computers Many components make arimaa difficult for computer programs.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Since so much effort has gone into developing strong computer chess programs, it is important to understand why techniques that work in chess are not as effective in arimaa.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The best chess programs use raw computing power (brute-force technique) as well as an evaluation function weighting material balance.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Chess programs study extremely many moves, but compared to humans, their judging ability as to which one concludes a move sequence is winning is poor unless one player has more pieces than the other.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The ARIMA programs work on the same principle, but the results are not as good in practice.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

When brute-force search is used in Arimaa, search depth is limited by the huge number of possible moves per shift.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In Arimaa, a player has almost as many options per step as he has in chess per move.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Thus, a chess program seeking a depth of 16 half-moves sees eight turns in chess, but only two moves (eight shifts) in arimaa.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The depth of Brute-Force search in chess is nearly doubled by using alpha-beta qualifier, which allows a program to determine some move is superior to another without going through all the extension options of the weaker move.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

If an opponent can crush some move with some particular counter-move, other counter-moves are pointless to explore and the search can be cut off, increasing the search speed significantly.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In Arimaa, however, the transfer shift changes every four steps, which reduces the number of cut-off transfers described above in the Transfer by Transfer search.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Admittedly, rational moves can almost always be transferred by several combinations of steps, which makes it more reasonable to choose for brute-force calculation, and thus also for alpha-beta qualification, as a base unit (ply) for the whole four-step move rather than a single step.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Rational moves that cannot be quickly discarded and for which alpha beta qualification is of little use, is estimated to be ten times that of chess in Arimaa.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The usefulness of alpha-beta pruning depends heavily on the order in which it transfers explores.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Good transfers need to be studied before bad transfers, so that bad transfers can be rejected more quickly.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In chess, for example, chess and beating in particular are often much better than other moves.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In ARIMA programs, alpha-beta qualifier does not provide a comparable benefit, as punches and goal threats are less common.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

By 2007, in scored games played on Arimaa.com, only three percent of moves resulted in hitting, significantly less than in chess, where 19 percent of moves are punches.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In most arimaa such situations, especially at the beginning of a game where there are many pieces on the board, a skilled player can avoid losing pieces for at least two shifts.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Compared to chess, arimaa allows both players to delay punches longer.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The median of the innings of the first batter in chess is 6, while in arimaa it is only turn 12.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In Arimaa, the struggle is more positional than in chess and its idea is to try to make strokes inevitable in the future.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

This makes it important to be able, regardless of the material, to say which one is winning.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Thus, the strength of computers, the study of millions of drives, is not as significant as their weakness, the determination of the winning party by methods other than just materials.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

The weakness of Arimaa programs in unlocks is further highlighted when it is noted that the starting positions are available for players to choose from.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In chess, the starting position remains the same, so it is possible to make opening libraries for programs in advance, thanks to which they know the best lines and even make more than ten moves before starting to “think” independently.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

People learn unlocks, too, but they can do so more than computers.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

However, there are millions of possible opening stations in Arimaa, so the programs initially had no opening library at all.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In recent years, certain principles have been learned in relation to opening stations, on the basis of which there are only some dozens of meaningful opening positions, which, too, are quite similar to each other.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

However, even after a pair of three moves, the four steps included in each move and the small differences in the opening positions are located differently in virtually every game, so memorizing the unlocks is not useful.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

As the game progresses, the exchanges and the progression of the hares make it more open and tactical.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In these situations, Arimaa programs have the advantage of being able to see tactical options that people don't notice.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

However, by playing conservatively, it is usually possible for people to avoid open positions and keep the game in strategic positions where computers can't excel.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Against a conservative player, unlocking a position is almost impossible, whereas in chess it is just difficult.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

A strongly defensive opponent can only be defeated by accumulating small, long-shot victories that computer programs don't understand very well.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

One technology used in computer chess but not working in arimaa is endgame databases.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Chess games sometimes end up in a situation ambiguous in terms of solution, with few pieces left: for example, king, steed and pawn versus king and rook.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Using retrospective analysis, it is possible to construct a complete table of correct transfers in such situations.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

All the program has to do is retrieve the correct transfer from the database instead of having to compute itself, which gives it an advantage against a human being.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Arimaa, on the other hand, only rarely ends up in the corresponding endgame.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Changing even-strength pieces is less common in arimaa than in chess, so when a lot of pieces have been struck, the situation is unclear only rarely.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In the average arimaa game, only eight beats are scored (seventeen in chess) and the best human players can often beat the best arimaa programs without losing a single piece as happened in the fifth game of the 2007 challenge match [2].


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Because the traditional techniques by which computers play board games work in arimaa in name only, Omar Syed wishes programmers would have to use artificial intelligence techniques to create a strong program that plays arima.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Several good playing techniques have been invented when developing world championship level chess programs, but these techniques are not artificial intelligence in nature.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Like Go, the best programs used in newer connectionist AI research and, for example, those that have proved best in backgammon, are clearly lost to programs using conventional programming technology.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Syed's goal is that the techniques developed to play arimaa would help AI research in general.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

So far the success in this field has been modest, in fact, the superiority of people compared to the programs has continuously only increased.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Syed admits that his human-versus-machine challenge relies on the difficulty of creating a strong program.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In the annual challenge, programs are run on standard, normal-powered home mics of Syed's choice as available from the store.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

It is not possible to participate in the challenge with programs that require expensive multiprocessor systems or hardware of its own kind, such as the Deep Blue chess computer, even though Deep Blue arimaa was inspired.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Machines with greater computing power can still be used in the development of programs.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Challenge History The Arimaa challenge has been played eight times so far.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Before the third match, Syed changed the challenge so that the program now had to, to reduce the mental pressure on human players, win two games out of three against all three of its human opponents.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Syed also sought external sponsor support to be able to arrange bigger prize totals.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

David Fotland, who is known for his Many Faces of Go [3], won the first five tournaments of Arimaa programmes.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Since then, the winning program has changed every year.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Of the prize money for the match, every year the program has clearly lost.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In 2007, the computer lost eight games out of nine, beating only a game in which the original human player had had to be switched to a weaker player.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

In one game [4], the computer lost even though the opponent had voluntarily given up his camel, which can be compared almost to the fact that in chess another player would give up his queen.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

So far, in each year, lower-scoring human players than the previous year have excelled against computers.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Mostly, the phenomenon can be explained by the fact that more and more players have learned how to play the game.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

However, the dominance of the best players compared to the weakest players who are still easily able to beat even the best programs has also increased.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

This would seem to suggest that the difference between humans and machines in Arimaa is growing in favor of humans.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Patent and Trademark Omar Syed initiated a patent application for arimaa in the United States on October 13, 2003, and approved on January 3, 2006.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Syed also holds a trademark in the United States for the name Arimaa.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Syed has stated that he does not wish to restrict the uncommercial use of Arimaa and has published a license called “The Arimaa Public License" [5] with the intention of “making Arimaa a public domain as much as possible, while still protecting the commercial possibilities of the game”.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Within the scope of this license are both a patent and a trademark.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

— free version is limited The English Wiki Library features the game's strategy and tactics.


Question: What are the pieces in the armaa game like?

Arimaa (game)

Category:Strategy board


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

The contact angle is the angle θ between the solid phase interface and the tangent of the liquid phase interface.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

According to the agreement, the contact angle is measured from the side of the liquid phase.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

When a liquid droplet is placed on a solid surface bounded by the gas phase, an interface between the three phases is formed.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

The interface moves until the interfacial surface stresses are balanced.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[1] For the equilibrium situation, we obtain the equation γ G S = γ L S + γ G L cos (θ) {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {GS} =\ gamma _ {LS} + {\ gamma _ {GL}\ cos (\ theta)}} where γ G S {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {GS}} is the surface tension between gas phase (G) and solid phase (S), γ L S {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {LS}} is between liquid phase (L) and solid phase surface tension and γ G L {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {GL}} surface tension between the gas phase and the liquid phase.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[1] The equation is known as Young's equation, and the angle θ is called Young's contact angle.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[2] With a contact angle of < 90°, cos θ > 0, the surface tension between the liquid phase and the solid phase γ L S {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {LS}} is less than the surface tension between the gas phase and the solid phase γ G S {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {GS}}.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

In this case, the liquid moisten the solid.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

If the contact angle is 0°, then the surface is perfectly moistened.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[1] At a contact angle > 90°, cos θ < 0, whereby the surface tension between the liquid phase and the solid phase γ L S {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {LS}} is greater than the surface tension between the gas phase and the solid phase γ G S {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {GS}}.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

In this case, the liquid does not moisten the solid.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[1] Contact angle hysteresis The three parameters of Young's equation γ G S {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {GS}}, γ L S {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {LS}} and γ G L {\ displaystyle\ gamma _ {GL}} define one contact angle θ.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

In practice, however, the space of a liquid droplet on a solid surface is not always equilibrium, and the measured contact angle does not always correspond to Young's contact angle θ.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[2] When the interface of three phases is in motion, the contact angle that is formed is called the dynamic contact angle.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

By measuring the contact angle as the liquid droplet is expanded and reduced, we obtain the advancing contact angle θ a {\ displaystyle\ theta _ {a}} (advancing contact angle) and the retreating contact angle θ r {\ displaystyle\ theta _ {r}} (receding contact angle).


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

The separation between these angles is called hysteresis H, H = θ a + θ r {\ displaystyle H=\ theta _ {a} +\ theta _ {r}} The hysteresis of the contact angle is considered to be caused by surface unevenness and/or heterogeneity.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

On ideal solid surfaces, hysteresis does not occur, and the measured contact angle corresponds to Young's contact angle θ.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[2] Contact angle in practice The magnitude of the contact angle depends on the properties of the substances in contact.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

If the liquid and the solid phase are similar (both hydrophobic or hydrophilic), the contact angle is small.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

If the liquid and solid phases are different from each other (one hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic), the contact angle is large.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

For example, the contact angles between water and many hydrocarbons, as well as TefloninTM (polytetrafluoroethylene), are large.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

When the water-surface contact angle θ > 150°, the surface is said to be superhydrophobic.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[1] When the contact angle between water and the surface θ < 10°, the surface is called superhydrophilic.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

Different surface materials with their properties are found, for example, on the leaves of plants.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

The leaves of some plants show superhydrophobicity, such as the leaves of cabbage (Brassica Oleracea), while the leaves of one of the petunia varieties (Ruellia Devosiana) are very hydrophilic.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[3] Self-cleaning surfaces are based on superhydrophobicity of the surface.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

Dirt sticks off the surface into a twisting drop of water.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[4] In the future, materials with a large contact angle may be used in anti-icing applications, for example.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[5] Measuring the contact angle There are numerous methods for measuring the contact angle.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

The most common of these is the droplet method.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

Other methods include Wilhelmy's plate method and capillary ascent method.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

[2] The table shows examples of contact angles of water and glycerin on different surfaces.


Question: What does the contact angle mean?

Contact angle

Contact angles [6] [7] [8] surface water glycerine FEP114.3°PP100.8°PDMS96.6°PTFE93.1°PS92.9°104°Pes81.2°PET67°Steel 51.2°Gold17.1°Glass15.6°28.5°Mica3.9°PMMA70.9°70.9°70.64° See also Surface tension Measuring contact angle Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Sources Category:Chemistry Category:Physics Class:Angle


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The Black Death was a pestilence that ravaged Europe and its neighbouring regions between 1346 and 1353, estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of the European population, or between 25 and 50 million people, and the same number in the Middle East and North Africa.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The majority of scientists today believe that the Black Death was caused by bubonic plague, which is spread by bites of black rat fleas.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

This perception has also received support from new DNA studies.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Pulmonary plague and some disease that has since disappeared have also been suspected to be the cause of the Black Death.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The Black Death began no later than 1346 in southern Russia, but it may have come there from China.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

It spread across the Black Sea to Constantinople and Alexandria, then throughout the Middle East and, in 1347, to the European port cities of Italy and France.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

From there, the epidemic spread over the next several years throughout Europe, last to the Christian parts of Russia in the 1350s.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Only a few countries like Iceland and Finland were spared the epidemic.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Depopulation caused by the Black Death caused major social and economic changes in Europe as the status of wages improved with labour shortages.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Epidemic Genesis Plague pandemics The Black Death was the first and most devastating epidemic of the second plague pandemic known in Europe.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

After that, new epidemics came, and the entire pandemic lasted until 1650—1722.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[1] Before the Black Death, bubonic plague had caused an epidemic known as Justinian's plague in 541—544.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[2] This epidemic had come apparently from Africa or China.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[2] [3] The first pandemic lasted until 767.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The third plague pandemic began in the 19th century, but was brought to a halt.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[1] Another plague pandemic The second plague pandemic possibly arose for two reasons.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The Mongols who conquered large parts of Eurasia were horse-driven warriors who formed a military and administrative network between all of Central Asia.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

They may have brought disease-carrying rodents from China along the steppes further west by the beginning of the 14th century.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Another reason for the start of the pandemic may have been climate change that began in the mid-13th century, which caused Central Asia to warm and dry up, with winds blowing from the Sahara, forcing rodents into circulation.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[4] The initial home of the Black Death The initial home of the Black Death is still disputed.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

According to some scientists, the epidemic left spreading from Central Asia and, according to others, China.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Bubonic plague is endemic in rodents, both in Central Asia and northern China.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

However, no mention of plague can be found in Chinese history books until the 1640s.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[5] The Chinese province of Hebei had a devastating plague in the 1330s, but it is not certain if it was a plague.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[6] In Central Asia, there are exceptionally many graves of Nestorian Christians in Issyk Kul from 1338 to 1339, with plague reported as the cause of death on some tombstones.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[7] The epidemic possibly began on the northwestern shores of the Caspian Sea and in the southern Russian region in the central parts of the Golden Orda state in spring 1346, as written by Russian chroniclers and Arab novelist Ibn al-Wardi.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

From there, the disease went on to spread to the Black Sea as well as southward along the country.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[8] To the north or to the west of the Black Sea, it did not spread from its initial home, as the Muslims of the Golden Orda had no trade relations or other contacts with the Christians living there.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[9] According to a genetic study published in 2010, all three known plague pademics, including the Black Death, would have arisen in China.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

To the west, the Black Death would have drifted along the Silk Road.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[3] Epidemic spread to Crimea In 1343, a Kipchak Mongol canon who had converted to Islam shortly before attacked the city of Kaffa, located on the Crimean peninsula, to drive the Genoese people who inhabited it from their trading position.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

During the latter siege of 1345—1346, a plague broke out in the besiegers' forces.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[10] According to the account of the Piacenza Gabriele de Mussis, the Kipchaks used catapults to shoot the bodies of those killed from the plague over the wall to the Genoese base in order to weaken its defences by spreading disease.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

This is possible, but the besiegers who believed in miastheory would probably have expected the bodies to start smelling first to spread “bad air.”


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

However, fleas that spread the plague leave the colding body quickly, so the disease is more likely to spread to Kaffa along with rodents entering the city walls.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[11] The Italians who fled to Constantinople and Anatolia with their ships from Kaffa brought the plague to Constantinople probably in May 1347.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The epidemic began to appear in the city in July, and in the fall it raged in full force.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

People fleeing Constantinople spread the disease to other parts of the coast of Asia Minor and also to the European side of Constantinople.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In 1349, the disease reached the inland mountainous regions of Anatolia.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[12] From southern Russia, the disease had already spread to the Caucasus before that, and Azerbaijan experienced an epidemic in 1346—1347.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[13] To Africa and the Middle East to Alexandria, Egypt, the disease came in the early autumn of 1347 with a merchant ship either from Constantinople or directly from the Golden Orda, with whom Egypt traded much.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

From Alexandria, the epidemic began to spread along the Nile to the south and east and west.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In Gaza, the disease raged in the spring of 1348.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

To other parts of the Middle East like Aleppo and Baghdad, the disease soon came from different directions at once.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[14] In Arabia, pilgrims brought the disease to Mecca in 1348.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Jeddah, too, suffered from the epidemic, but Medina was spared.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The epidemic in South Arabia to Yemen came with the Yemeni king who returned from Egypt in 1351.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[15] [16] The disease had already spread to Libya from Alexandria, but to Tunisia it first came by ship from Messina, Sicily, and an epidemic began in the city of Tunis in the spring of 1348.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

To Morocco, the epidemic spread that same year along with the army of the ruler of Fès, which had attempted to invade Tunisia.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[17] The southern parts of Egypt the epidemic reached within a year and a half since it entered Alexandria.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Further south or into West Africa, the epidemic no longer spread.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In addition, the nomads of North Africa were almost completely spared from it, as rats and their fleas were not their bother.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[18] Europe was taken by surprise by the Black Death at a time when other pestilities such as smallpox had not plagued the continent for a long time.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[19] The population of Europe had remained flat for 50—100 years.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

All cultivable land was occupied, but the number of people had reached the carrying capacity of the continent, so deprivation and famine occurred frequently.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[20] It is not certain whether the Black Death came to Europe directly from Kaffa or through Constantinople.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The ships managed to carry the deadly disease over the long sea voyage because they had such large crews that there were enough survivors to guide the ship to port.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[21] In the late summer and autumn of 1347, the plague had reached southern and central Greece.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

However, the spread of the disease to Europe actually began from Italian ports in the autumn of 1347.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The disease of Messina in Sicily probably came in the second week of August and from there to French Marseille perhaps as early as September.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Refugees leaving Messina then infected all of Sicily in October—November and also Sardinia and Corsica in December.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

The disease reached the Italian mainland before the turn of the year.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

To Genoa, the infection was brought by three spice ships from Constantinople, and an epidemic was observed there in the last days of 1347.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In January 1348, the disease spread from the coastal city of Pisa to the rest of Tuscany.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

Ships arriving in Italy from the east spread the infection on their return voyage to many ports in the Adriatic, and in Venice an outbreak was detected on 25 January, meaning the disease had come there probably in late November.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[22] From Italy, the plague spread clockwise across Europe, first to France and Spain.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[23] To Spain, the disease came from at least three directions: from the south across the Strait of Gibraltar, from the north across the Pyrenees, and from Italy through the Balearic Islands to the port cities of Barcelona and Valencia on the east coast.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

King Alfonso XI of Castile died of the Black Death in March 1350 and was the only reigning monarch in Europe to die of the disease.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[24] From France, the disease spread north to England, Flanders, the Netherlands and Germany.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

To England, the disease spread in the summer of 1348 at the port of Weymouth, either from Normandy, further south France or as far south as Genoa.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[25] To Germany the plague came both through northern France and from Italy across the Alps.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[25] In the southern Balkans, an epidemic arrived in the autumn of 1347 possibly at once from the east and west.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

To the northern Balkans, disease arrived in late 1347 via Venice.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

In Hungary, on the banks of the Danube, the disease was detected in January 1349.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[26] In Bohemia the plague arrived in 1350.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[27] From the Nordic countries, the Black Death first arrived in Norway in the Oslo region probably in late 1348.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[25] To Denmark the disease came a short time later.


Question: Where did smallpox originate?

The Black Death

[28] In Iceland, the Black Death did not spread at all.