Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Both dances were vocal dances and the dancers were in a circuit formation, although in carole the form was freer ranging from circuit to chain.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

In Rondo, the circuit danced in circles and the direction always changed as a new stanza began.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

According to Grocheio, the rondo was danced at all festive occasions.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

[1] Other dances of the era were: Carole Ductia Estampie (istampitta) Farandole Rondeau (branle) based on Sastarello Trotto Farandole, the space use of later dances, while their steps are from rondeau (also known as branle).


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

The earliest dances were often danced outdoors.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

There is no further information on the movement language of the dances of the period, as little written material has survived.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

There was a musical change at Estampie (12th century), as it formed a closed entity with a beginning, middle and end.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

In it, too, the direction of performance changed towards the audience (house hosts).


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Renaissance dances from the Renaissance period have been preserved with some dance guides written by Thoinot Arbeau (Orchésographie) and Fabritio Caroso, among others.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Therefore, it is possible to restore Renaissance dances a little more accurately than medieval dances.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Dances of the era include: Allemande (almain) — 16th century Basse danse (bassadance, “low dance”) — 15th century Burgundian basse danse: processional Italian basse danse: pattern dance Branle (bransle) Canario Courante — 16th century Dompe Gaillarde — 16th century Lavolta (volta), a variation of gaillarde — 16th century Tourdion, fast gaillarde Morris dance Pavane — 16th century Spagnoletta Stick cross Zarabanda In 15th-century Italy, the dance platform changed to a flat marble floor, bringing a new level of precision into the use of the forefoot.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

The dance steps used ascents and descents on top of the headache, the flexibility of which was called aiere and the ascent movement and descent itself as movimento.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

They were accompanied by a small torso rotational movement (maniera) from the shoulders.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

In Italy, dances were divided into two groups: danza took place in the same rhythm and ballo rhythms were more than one.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Four main rhythms were in use in 15th-century Italy: bassa danza, quadinaria, salterello and piva.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Of these, bassa danza was the slowest and piva fastest.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Ballo was supposed to have at least two of them, but often even all four were used.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Italian Domenico di Ferrara defines three strands as prerequisites for good dance skills: misura, memoria and compartimento di terrano.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Misura is a form of proportionality or harmony important to Renaissance thought.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Memoria means not only the simple memorization of steps and patterns, but also to perceive the ensemble of the dance.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Compartimento di terrano is the proportionation of your own movement to the available space.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

The basic forms of early Renaissance dances were chain dance, processional dance, dance of two (danse à deux), and pattern dance.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

The steps were simple and the hand movements were not specifically defined, but they were natural to dance.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

There was no specific emotional expression or mime included in them, but were “pure dancing”.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Baroque Dances to Baroque is timed by John Playford's book The Dancing Master, which introduces English country dances.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Its first edition appeared in 1651 and was followed by a further 17 more establishments, the last of which dates from 1726.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

In the guides, tunes are given to the dances, but the dances themselves are described summarily.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

The instructions are apparently aimed at those who already know how to dance.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Usually, the dance forms danced at the French court in the 17th century are treated as Baroque dances.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

These include: Bourrée Canary Chaconne (French) Courante Entrée grave Forlana Gavotti Gigue Coure Menuetti Musette Passacaglia Passepied Rigaudon Sarabande Tambourin French dance styles were also danced in England, but there developed its own style: the dances of the hornpipe of the early 19th century in the early 19th century women's clothing favored light, and for dance came an additional pace and jumps.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Can-can English country dances Polonesi Katrilli Scotch reel Contra dances [2] mid-19th century dances In 1844 there was an actual polka craze and all the 'important' people danced meaning dance was an integral part of communal life.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

In women's clothing, hoop skirts were used, to which any swivel dances fit well.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Five step waltz Polkka Sottiisi Two step Waltz Dances from the end of the 19th century to the late 19th century, dance enthusiasm subsided and dance masters tried to invent more and more complex dances to maintain their status.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Turnyr replaced hoop skirts.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Ragtime music began to infiltrate dance music.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Cakewalk Krakoviak Masurkka Racket Redowa Waltz Ragtime Dances Foxtrot Maxixe One step Tango Waltz 1920s Dances 1920s A young generation who no longer had to go to work immediately to support a family emerged and energetic young people emerged dances.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Black bottom Charleston Foxtrot Shag Waltz Dances of the 1930s-40s Black culture influences and swing music also entered the dances of the white population.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

Big Apple dance Foxtrot Lindy hop (got its name from Charles Lindbergh's flight across the Atlantic) Swing Waltz Step Among other things, lindy hop and tap were the basis for jazz dance.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

See also Dance Ballet Ballet Technique Sources on topic elsewhere Päivi Miettunen:.


Question: When was lindy hop developed?

Historical dance

. Greywits January 2, 1999.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Amino acids are organic compounds with both an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) associated with the same molecule.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

[1] The amino group is alkaline and the carboxyl group is acidic.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Amino acids polymerize into polypeptides.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

When the length of the polypeptide chain exceeds 50, it is usually started to be called a protein.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

There are 20 amino acids necessary for humans, 11 of which the body can make itself.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The remaining nine essential amino acids must be obtained from nutrition.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

In cells, amino acids are made guided by enzymes.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Chemical properties Amino acids most commonly occur at physiological pH (pH7.4) as bi-ions, whereby the carboxyl group is negatively charged and the amino group is positively charged.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

If the amino group of an amino acid has bound a hydrogen atom donated by the carboxyl group of the same amino acid, the event is called internal salt formation.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The Coo−-group thus formed can then act as the base, and the NH3+ group as the acid.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Since an amino acid is both an acid and a base, it is referred to as an amfolytic compound.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Amino acids can polymerize, causing them to form peptides.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

In this case, the amino acids are related to each other in the condensation reaction of the peptide bonds.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

All proteins are formed from several dozen, even hundreds or thousands of polymerized amino acids (polypeptide).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Twenty different alpha amino acids are commonly found as structural components of proteins — however, not all species are involved in every protein, and in some cases, an amino acid in the peptide chain can convert to another 20 abnormalities.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The amino acids in the proteins are optically active and all L-isomers, except for the simplest amino acid, glycine, which has two hydrogen atoms joined to the alpha-carbon atom in addition to the amino and carboxyl group.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Amino acids hold together above 100°C as proteins are broken down.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Cysteine at 175—178°C and glutamine at 185—186°C are first degraded, and amino acids only begin to boil above 200°C.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

[2] Grouping of amino acids The main biochemical property of amino acids is their hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity and acidity or alkalinity.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

All acidic and basic amino acids are hydrophilic.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

These properties are important in alpha helices of proteins and protein folding, among others.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

What is also significant in metabolism is what specific groups or atoms the amino acid contains.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Special group/characteristic basehydrophobicUnreservedhydrophilic acid-nitrogenous1histidine, arginine, lysine tryptophan asparagine, glutamine−sulfurous−methionine cysteine, homocysteine−double acid2−−−−aspartic acid, glutamic acid—aromatic acid Niniphenylalanine, tryptophan, Tyrosine−alcohol−−serine, threonine−no special groups−glycine, leucine3, isoleucine3, valine3, alanine, proline 4−−1 in addition to the alpha-amino group 2 Two carboxyl groups 3 contain a methyl group 4 The amino group of proline is part of the five-ring and secondary Structures Structures and abbreviations for those 20 amino acids corresponding to some genetic code.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

L-Alanine (Ala/A) L-Arginine (Arg/R) L-Aspartic (Asn/N) L-Aspartic Acid (Asp/D) L-Cysteine (Cys/C) L-Glutamic Acid (Glu/E) L-Glutamine (Gln/Q) Glycine (Gly/G) L-Histidine (His/H) L-Glycine (His/H) L-Histidine (His/H) L-Glycine (Gly/G) L-Histidine (His/H) L-Glycine (His/H) L-Leucine (Leu/L) L-Lysine (Leu/L) L-Lysine ( Lys/K) L-Methionine (Met/M) L-Phenylalanine (Phe/F) L-Proline (Pro/P) L-Serine (Ser/S) L-Threonine (Thr/T) L-Tryptophan (Trp/W) L-Tyrosine (Tyr/Y) L-Valine (Val/V) Biological role The body has up to dozens of amino acids, but only twenty amino acids are matched by some combination of three base pairs in the genetic code of DNA.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

All amino acids encoded by DNA are so-called alpha-amino acids, where the amine and carboxyl group join the same carbon.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Alpha amino acids are key molecules in biochemistry.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

In addition, amino acids have distinct L and D forms, but all amino acids in the body are L-amino acids.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Some of the amino acids in the human body can change into each other.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

However, among them there are eight essential amino acids that man cannot make from others, but must be obtained in sufficient quantities from nutrition.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Some hormones are oligopeptides composed of a few amino acids.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

For example, oxytocin, which initiates the contraction of the uterus and mammary tubules, consists of nine amino acids.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Vasopressin, which in turn is involved in regulating blood pressure, is also built from nine amino acids.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

There is a difference in the amino acid chains of oxytocin and vasopressin by the amount of one amino acid, which, however, has a decisive effect on their functioning in the human body.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

A key hormone in regulating sugar metabolism, insulin is a hormone formed from 51 amino acids.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Essential amino acids An essential amino acid is an amino acid that the organism itself cannot make from other substances, in which case it must obtain them from nutrition.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The list of essential amino acids varies by species.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

For different animal species, the list of essential amino acids is different and the need must be taken into account in the manufacture of feed.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

[3] [4] [5] The boundary between essential and non-essential amino acids may be unclear because the body can make amino acids from other amino acids.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The sulfurous amino acids methionine and homocysteine can be made from each other but not simpler substances.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Similarly, cysteine can be made from homocysteine, but not from simpler substances.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Thus, sulfurous amino acids are sometimes treated as a single group.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

There are 9 amino acids necessary for humans: histidine, tryptophan, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

[6] Manufacturing In cells, amino acids are prepared under the control of enzymes.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Animals receive a portion of amino acids from plant food.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Man knows how to produce some of the amino acids they need in their body, but eight amino acids a person needs to get ready from nutrition.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Bacteria, yeast and plants are capable of producing all the amino acids they need themselves.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Chemically, amino acids can be prepared from halogenic acids by a substitution reaction with ammonia, replacing the halogen group by an amino group.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The reaction occurs at about 50 degrees and needs ammonia and hydrochloric acid.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Amino acids are also generated from aldehydes by ammonia and hydrogen cyanic.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

[7] Abbreviations and naming logic Three-letter abbreviations are obtained from English names so that always at least the first two letters in a three-letter abbreviation correspond to the first letters of the full name (two or three; e.g., phenylalanine, eng.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Phenylalanine, the three-letter abbreviation is Phe) except in the case of isoleucine, where the abbreviation is “Ile” rather than, for example, “Iso” or “Isl” (Ile emphasises that isoleucine is specifically for isomeeri leusine.)


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Since there are 26 pieces of the English alphabet and 20 common amino acids, single-letter abbreviations are obtained slightly more complex than three-letter as follows; Amino acids are given single-letter abbreviations in order from simplest (lowest) to most complex, meaning the fact that the simplest get names according to the initial letter in English, the more complex ones most often either by the second initial letter (e.g. R is arginine, which is therefore more complex than alanine A) or onomatopoetically, i.e., according to pronunciation (phenylalanine (Phenylalanine) is F rather than P because proline is smaller (body and three carbon atoms) than phenylalanine (which has a phenyl group attached to the methyl group i.e. 6 carbon atoms) that is, P is already reserved, and since the second initial H is already reserved for histidine, which is smaller (the 5-ring is smaller than the 6-ring of phenylalanine)).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

This arrangement of increasing complexity yields the names G (glycine), A (alanine), V (valine), L (leucine), I (isoleucine), P (proline), C (cysteine or “Cystein” in English), M (methionine), S (serine), T (threonine) and H (histidine), i.e. of the most 20 amino acids.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Phenylalanine in the Finnish language, on the other hand, is “Phenylalanine” in English, whose “Phe” beginning is pronounced [fe], and has received its F abbreviation (paragraph 3., according to pronunciation).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

According to the second initial letter, the more complex amino acids arginine R (alanine, aspartate and asparagine more complex), tyrosine Y (threonine, T, more complex) are named after the initial letter.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The second initials of other amino acids have already been used, so they cannot be named in this way.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Onatopoetically, phenylalanine F, (P meaning proline, as well as H, histidine are lower than “</b>Ph enylalanine”, or phenylalanine), and glutamine (Glutamine, Q; G and L are simpler than glutamine, and Q resembles G in pronunciation).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The 5 remaining amino acids are aspartate (D, aspartate), glutamate (E, glutamate), the amide derivatives of these two asparagine (N, asparagine) and glutamine (Q, glutamine, which was already named onomatopoetically), lysine (K, lysine) and the most complex of the amino acids, namely tryptophan (W, tryptophan).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The difference between apartate and glutamate is that the carbon chain of glutamate is longer at one carbon than aspartate, so likewise glutamate (E) is next to aspartate (D) in the alphabet (B is unused, but C is the acronym for cysteine (cysteine), so the pair cannot be B and C but D and E are used instead glutamate and aspartate as abbreviations).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Asparagine (an amide derivative of aspartate), despite its side chain nitrogen (oxygen holding), is neutral (as is glutamine), so the abbreviation N can be remembered from Neutral.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Lysine K (Lycine) is more complex than the above-named N and E, so L (leucine), Y (tyrosine), C (cysteine), I (isoleucine), N and E (asparagine and glutamate) have already been used; K is the unused letter closest to L in the alphabet (K is before Lemp—M is lowercase). methionine ID).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Tryptophan is the most complex of the amino acids, and the carbon chain of its side chain phenyl ring and one side of the five-ring form a W-shaped pattern, so it gains the tail end of the alphabet from the letter W to its acronym.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Mnemonic of amino acids with single-letter abbreviations Amino acids can be divided into groups in more ways according to their side chain properties.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

One method of grouping by side chains [8], each individual group by increasing size, (for example GAVLI; sizes G<A<V<L = I, leucine and isoleucine are isomers) is Aliphatic (straight chain) (G) AVLI.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The number of carbons in the side chains (0), 1, 3, 4 → (G) AVLI 1344, glycine is in brackets because it therefore does not have carbon chain Aromatic FYW; phenylalanine F = alanine + phenyl group; Y = tyrosine = F + -OH (i.e. phenol), W i.e. tryptophan is (from its side chain) Attached to the methyl group heterocyclic 5-ring adhered to the phenyl group, i.e., sum F + 5-ring.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

All three are aromatic.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

(Also, the side chain of histidine is aromatic (since the heterocyclic of the side chain, i.e., in this case the nitrogen-containing 5-ring is planar, its all atoms are sp2-hybridized, and it has an odd number (3) of electron pairs with p-orbitals of atoms in the ring, i.e., available for delocalized for π-bonds; thus it satisfies the three requirements of aromaticity, even if not containing a phenyl group) [9], Sulfur-containing CM; in cysteine the sum of carbon and sulfur is 2, in methionine it is 4 → CM24 (CityMarket24).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Cysteine makes sulfur bridges in proteins (C has terminal -SH, i.e. thiol group), methionine does not form sulfur bridges, which can also remember that in cysteine sulfur is terminal, i.e. terminal, methionine is not terminal but as the penultimate part of the four-part chain.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Alcohols ST; in each, the hydroxyl group is attached to the first (side chain) carbon attached to the alpha carbon.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The serine (S) side chain has one carbon, two carbons in the side chain of threonine (T) → ST1 (gas station) or ST112 (the number 1 comes from the hydroxyl group being attached to the 1. carbon in each side chain, 1 and 2 are the numbers of carbons) Positively charged K (H) R. Histidine (H) (which is also aromatic) the side chain is not positively charged at physiological pH, but as the pH decreases slightly its charge becomes more positive.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

All three (lysine K, histidine H and arginine R) have 4 carbon atoms in the side chain, nitrogen atoms again lysine have 1, histidine 2 and arginine 3 → K (H) R1234, where 1, 2 and 3 are the amounts of nitrogen in the side chain, 4 again is the amount of carbon, which is all the same.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Negatively charged amino acids DE and these amide derivative amino acids NQ; DENQ.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The negative charge comes at physiological pH from the carboxyl group that has donated its proton (pKa for carboxylic acids is about 5), leaving a carboxylate anion remaining.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

In the amide group, on the other hand, the C=O bond remains, but the negatively charged oxygen has been replaced by the amino group (-NH2), so there is no negative charge at physiological pH but the side chain is neutral.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Glutamate and glutamine (E and Q) have one more carbon (3 pieces) than aspartate and asparagine (2 pcs, D and N) → DENQ23 (ag); aspartate is D and glutamate E, asparagin N and glutamine Q).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

Note that DENQ goes alphabetically as does ag, 23 again in numerical order.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

P, that is, proline does not belong to any of these groups; it is cyclic but not aromatic, in addition to which nitrogen and alpha-carbon of the amino acid body are involved as part of the ring unlike any other amino acid; although neutral and the “side chain” contains only carbon, it is neither aliphatic nor aromatic.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

G, or glycine, is in brackets because it also has no aliphatic carbon chain but hydrogen alone, making it the simplest (smallest) amino acid.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

H, or histidine, is also in parentheses because it is not positively charged at physiological pH on average; it is only when pH falls below 6.0 with more than 50% probability that the histidine side chain is positively charged.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

When putting groups sequentially, the following mnemonic is obtained (when G, P and H are included) (G) AVLI1344-FYW (P) -CM24-ST112-K (H) R1234-DENQ23 (ag).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

So 1 of ST1 does not describe the amount of carbon, as does 1, 2 or 3 of KHR1234, but 1 of ST1 is the location of the hydroxyl group in the side chain, the number of carbons is 1 and 2 (ST112).


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

KHR 1, 2 and 3 again describe the amount of nitrogen in the side chain, 4 being the number of carbons which is constant.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

The 2 and 4 of CM24 therefore describe the sum of carbon and sulfur; in cysteine (sulfur bridges), sulfur is at the end of the chain, in methionine again penultimate.


Question: What is the most common amino acid?

Amino acids

See also Proteinogenic amino acid Amino acid chain Amino acid synthesis Sources on topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Tattooing is the decoration of the skin with indelible patterns, especially by injecting dye into the skin.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[1] The word tattoo comes from the Tahitian language word tatau, to denote [2].


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

A tattoo is a form of body modification and body art.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

History It is impossible to accurately date the history of tattoos, but tattoos have been known in different cultures around the world for millennia.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

For example, the best-preserved Stone Age human body in the world, Ötz, a 5300-year-old iceman found in the Alps in 1991, had tattoos.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In Japan, tattooing has a long tradition.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In modern-day Japan, tattoos are often associated with the criminal Yakuza, whose members often have tattoos covering almost their entire body, causing root and root to hide under clothing.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In Europe, tattoos were practiced by Celts for example.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Tattoos returned to Europe with discoverers in the 17th and 18th centuries.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

The sailors allowed the natives to tattoo themselves and brought tattooed natives to Europe as well.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In the 19th century, tattoos were in fashion among European royalty; for example, King Frederik of Denmark had a tattoo.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In the 1920s, the popularity of tattoos declined in the Western world, and they were mainly practised by criminals and sailors.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Re-tattoos began to rise in popularity in the 1960s and 70s.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In the 1990s, tattooing even became a trend.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In this case, the so-called tribal patterns came into fashion.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

They are usually black, with exactly no unpresented patterns.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Other popular image subjects included so-called old-school images, namely traditional roses, panthers and others showing clear patterns, as well as so-called black and grey images.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Finland's first official tattoo shops were opened in 1987.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Tattoo as a means of marking and punishment The tattoo is also marked in different countries, among others, soldiers, prostitutes and prisoners.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In Nazi Germany, for example, concentration camp prisoners were marked with number tattoos.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

During World War II, German SS soldiers were tagged by tattooing their blood type on their hand.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Irezumi was a penal tattoo performed on a criminal convicted in Japan during the feudal period.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[3] A knowledgeable person could read the person's criminal history from the arm tattoo and even the unfamiliar could immediately see that it was a convicted and punished criminal.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Irezumi gave his bearer the permanent criminal stigma and often led the tattooed to drift outside society, into a full-time criminal.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Tattoo Making A Thumble|Tattoo Making The earliest tattoos were probably done with a sharp needle.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In Japan and many other countries, tattooing is still often done today with a sharp bamboo spike.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

When tattooing, the needle sinks to a depth of up to two millimeters.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Today, tattoos are made in Western countries using a purpose-designed electronic tattoo machine.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

It was invented by Samuel O'Reilly in 1891 and its operating principle today is almost similar to its early days, meaning electromagnetic coils move the needle rapidly back and forth.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

A tattoo can be of any shape or size, from just a point to a tattoo covering the entire body.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

The price of a tattoo is determined by its size, the number of different colors and the time required to make it, that is, a small and quickly made pattern will be cheaper than a large and detailed picture.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Tattoo colours fade over the years, especially in direct sunlight.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

To keep the colors of the tattoo bright, tattoos should be re-colored by the tattooist every 10—15 years.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

However, the fading of the tattoo and the “softening” of the details and contours of the image is very individual and tied to what place the tattoo is in.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Where one person's tattoo lasts 20 years to look good, the other person's image can fade after five years.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Using sunscreen in summer is recommended if the tattoo is in such a place that it is exposed to a lot of sun scorching.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

The tattoo image may be designed by yourself, or in the tattoo shop, select the desired image from the model folders.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Many shops design the image according to the customer's wishes, and it is usually worth devoting some time and effort to create sketches and plans for a better outcome.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

On the skin you need to draw or reproduce a transfer image of the contour before tattooing.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

During the layout of a transfer image or a sketch drawn directly on the skin, the tattooed skin area should be kept in the most natural position to avoid distortion due to skin elongation.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

During the tattoo itself, the skin again needs to be stretched specifically so that the color sticks better, the needle goes to the correct depth, and the needle does not “stick” to the skin.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

With age and pregnancy, the skin may stretch or shrink, especially in the abdominal region, which also causes the tattoo to become elongated or shrunk.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

If, as a result of heavy weight fluctuations, the tattoo becomes scarred or stretched areas, from which the color has disappeared almost completely, however, such points can be easily corrected afterwards.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Anyway, doing tattoos on healed scars is most often successful.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

A tattoo is a great way to cover and fade old scars, burns and other smaller or larger skin defects.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

When doing a tattoo, the skin usually gets used to the tattoo needle quickly, but if the image is large and takes time to do it, the tattooed spot may eventually start to ache.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Experiencing pain is once again very individual, and the painfulness of taking a tattoo also depends very much on the part of the body on which the tattoo is being done.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Perceivable pain can also be affected if several human nerve pathways are near the place to be tattooed.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Tattoo Health Risks Tattoo Wound Inflammation A tattoo is an open wound and heals depending on skin type within two to five weeks.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Mycobacteria in tattoo colors Tattoo dyes can contain bacteria that cause skin infections even if the needle and tattoo machine are sterilized.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Studies in the EU have often found mycobacteria in tattoo colours.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Mycobacterial infections have been obtained from at least gray (country of origin unknown) and dark brown (country of origin China) tattoo colour.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Reports of infection outbreaks have been published from Spain, France, Germany and Australia.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

has been studied.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[4] Mycobacterium chelonar, Mycobacterium haemophilum and Mycobacterium lentiflavum have been cultured in the epidemics mentioned in those epidemics.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[4] Heavy metals for tattoo colours in the EU there is a list of chemical substances which may not contain or have an impurity limit specified in tattoo colours.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

For example, for barium, this limit is 50 ppm of impurity.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

However, it only applies to impurity, and barium may be abundant in tattoo colour because barium sulfate is approved as a permitted tattoo colour.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

For other heavy metals, such as chromium and mercury, there are also pollutant limits defined within the EU.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[4] There is no control over tattoo colours in Finland, according to the Safety and Chemicals Agency Tukes, there is no control over chemicals placed under the skin in Finland.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

According to the latest Danish research, tattoo dyes can contain almost any substance from carcinogens to heavy metals.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[5] Of the tattoo dyes studied, more than 20% were clearly assessed as cancer hazardous.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Previous studies of colours have found carcinogenic and allergenic substances, as well as toxins such as uranium and arsenic.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[6] In Sweden, limits have been set on the permissible substances in tattoo colours.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In Finland, too, the authorities want to sort this out.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Finland has regulated what substances may be contained in paints, but regulations do not limit what can be injected under the skin.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

It has been assumed that the sector polices itself well enough.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Tattoo shops rely on their own suppliers and don't ask questions about the dangerousness of dyes.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[7] No tattoo colours have been approved to date by the United States Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authority FDA.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[8] The EU Working Group recommends, among other things, that regulations be drawn up on tattoo pigments and vocational training for tattooists should be organised in the EU.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[9] Ethics Finnish law does not directly prohibit making a tattoo for a person under 18 years of age.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[10] [11] In some shops tattoos are not made for minors at all, sometimes at least written permission from the parents is required and in some movements the parent must accompany the tattooed youth.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Also, not all movements agree to implement all proposals, for example a tattoo on the face or offensive patterns [12].


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

There are also very many nerves on the surface of the face, which can easily be damaged when making a picture.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Many especially older individuals do not approve of tattoos.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

In some cases, especially in customer service jobs, this can become an obstacle to getting a job, for example, if the tattoo happens to be in a prominent place.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

According to a study published in 2008 in the journal Tattoo Removal Archives of Dermatology, one wants to get rid of tattoos at a later age because they are perceived to belong to a past life and adolescence.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

About a quarter of US citizens between the ages of 18 and 30 have a tattoo.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

An estimated around a fifth of those who have a tattoo are unhappy with their tattoo, but only six per cent choose to have their skin pattern removed.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Two-thirds of tattoo removers are women.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

The reason why women remove their tattoos more sensitively than men is the feeling of shame or negative remarks, as well as the difficulty of covering the tattoo with clothing.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[13] According to researchers, women's tattoos are still not accepted in the same way as men's tattoos.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

This, in their view, is also hinted at by the fact that women still take their tattoos in protected places.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

[14] Small tattoos can be removed by cutting the skin off the tattoo.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

After that, the skin around it is stretched and sewn with stitches closed.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

For a picture about the size of the palm, the skin can be stretched, but the larger tattoos need a skin graft from the body on the one hand and a much more demanding surgical operation.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Surgery allows you to completely remove the tattoo, but as a result, a scar is always left on the skin.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Another way to remove a tattoo is to “grind” the skin with a carbon dioxide laser.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

The results depend on how deep the ink is in the skin.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

With a carbon dioxide laser, only evenly made tattoos can be removed, so tattoos made with spikes need to be removed in another way.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

The carbon dioxide laser leaves a scar on the skin that might be bad.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

The color laser is the most effective and expensive of the removal methods, because for each different color removal you need their own equipment and they are rare.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Tattoos are removed mainly by private hospitals and invariably the price of tattoo removal is several times that of taking it.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

For someone bored with their tattoo, the easiest way is to have a new tattoo on it.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

New tattoo methods using dyes familiar from the cosmetic industry are under development.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

The tattoo color is encapsulated in polymer beads the size of a few micrometers.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Tattoo removal requires only one laser treatment, in which the bead around the color breaks, causing the color to drain into the cells and disintegrate on its own.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

UV tattoos It is also possible to commission tattoos that shine under UV light, with special ink made for it and available in many different colours under the skin.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

UV tattoos are practically almost invisible in sunlight, but can be combined with ordinary tattoos into one large whole.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Although, a tattoo machine can leave small scars on the skin.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

UV lights where tattoos appear exist in many nightclubs, for example.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Several UV inks have been suspected to be carcinogens, as well as allergens.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Known side effects of UV ink include itching and rash.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Due to possible side effects and difficulties in the working phase, many tattooists refuse to work with UV inks.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

See also Henna (dye) Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Belitz-Henriksson, Jenny| title = Woman's skin: 32 stories about tattoos | location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-951-31-7077-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hemingson, Vince| title = Tattoos: Body Art Handbook | location = Helsinki| publisher = readme.fi| year = 2009| version = (Tattoo design directory: The essential reference for body art, 2009.)


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Translation: Johanna Virtanen| id = ISBN 978-952-220-189-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juntunen, Juho| title = Tattooed | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-0-29522-1}} Citation error, replace with {cite ite book| author = Lahti, Pirkko & Pettinen, Aira| title = Walking Picture Book: Study of prisoners' tattoos | location = Helsinki| publisher = Correctional Education Center| year = 1985| id = ISBN 951-46-9304-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Swedish, Jari| title = Cosmetic disorders?


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Stories about Finnish tattoo| location = Joensuu| publisher = Ilias| year = 2001| id = ISBN 952-5309-31-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Watkins, Jack| title = Tattoo: Symbols and their meanings | location = Helsinki| publisher = Minerva| year = 2011| version = (Tattoo: Symbols and meanings, 2010.)


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Translated by Teemu Leminen| id = ISBN 978-952-492449-8}} On the topic elsewhere.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Health Library. Allergy and asthma association. Catherine Katla.


Question: Where was Finland's first tattoo studio opened?

tattooing

Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Philip II (, 382—336 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[1]) was King of Macedonia from 359—336 BCE.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Filippos united fragmented Macedonia into a powerful kingdom and reformed its army.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

He gained under his rule the surrounding territories such as Thrace, Thessaly and also the Greek city-states.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Before his death, he had been planning an attack against the Persian Empire.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[2] His son Alexander the Great carried out his father's plan and took over the whole Persian Empire and more.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Filippos rose to power in 359 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

after seizing power from his brother Perdikka's minor son Amynthaa, whose regent Filippos had briefly served as regent.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

He rose thanks to his war expeditions to become archont of Thessaly and in 338 BCE.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

After the Battle of Khaironeia to the leadership of the Corinthian Union of Greek city-states.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Filippos was assassinated in 336 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

An extensive conspiracy is suspected to have been behind the murder.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

The youth of Filippos was in 383 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

born the son of King Amyntas III and Eurydike.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Eurydike probably belonged to the former kingline of the Macedonian province of Lynkestis.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[3] After the father died, Philip's eldest brother Alexander II became king.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

As the situation in Macedonia was extremely difficult, Alexander II had to send Philip as a hostage, first to Illyria and later to Thebes, one of the most powerful cities in Greece.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[1] As a hostage, Filippos stayed with a friend of the warlord Epameinonda, Pammenee, a Theban politician.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

The young prince certainly got a lot of influences when he was a guest of the Thebans.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Probably Filippos learned there about Greek warfare [1] and the political life of Greek city-states.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[4] Of these he later had much use.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Alexander II was assassinated in 368 BC, and Philip's other brother Perdikkas III was elevated to the throne.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Since Perdikkas was still a minor, Ptolemy of Aloros was chosen as his guardian, in whose hands the real power came to lie.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[1] When he came of age, Perdikkas slew Ptolemy and took power into his own hands.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

He had Philip restored soon back to Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[4] Filippos seizes power as Filippos ascended the throne after Perdikkas and four thousand soldiers had died in 360 BCE in a war expedition against the Illyrians.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

According to Julianus Justine, Filippos was allowed to act as regent for Perdikkas's minor son Amynta, but later seized power for himself.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

According to other sources, Filippos was proclaimed king immediately after the death of Perdikkas.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Justinus, on the other hand, argues that Perdikkas was murdered, which, however, is considered unlikely.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[5] Many others sought the Macedonian kingship.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

The most dangerous of the aspirants to the throne was Argaios, who received support from Athens.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

He went ashore in the port city of Methone and was aided by three thousand Athenian mercenaries, with whom he marched towards Macedonia's old capital Aigai (present-day Vergina).


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos gathered the available troops and after being surprised by the Athenians beat them.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[1] [6] The throne was also claimed by a certain Pausanias, who was supported by the Thracians.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

However, Philip managed to bribe the Thracians.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The tribes of Paionia north of Macedonia were also intending to attack, but they too were bribed by Filippos to gain free rein against Argaios.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[6] In 358 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos learned that Agis, king of the Paionians, had died.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Now Filippos invaded Paionia in turn, defeating the Paionians so thoroughly that they were never again a danger to Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[7] All that remained was the Illyrian king Bardylis, whose forces had defeated and killed Philip's brother Perdika a couple of years earlier.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Against Bardyl, Filippos assembled an army of 10,000 infantrymen and 600 horsemen.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

This attempted to negotiate with Philip, who was not willing to negotiate peace unless the Illyrians surrendered the towns they had previously occupied.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In the summer of 358 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Illyrians were defeated by Philip's forces at the Battle of Heracleia Lynkestis.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

More than 7000 Illyrians were killed in the battle.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[8] After the battle, the Illyrians agreed to Philip's peace terms, under which they would cede the towns of western Macedonia in their possession.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[9] After defeating all his enemies, Filippos was easily held in control of all of Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Traditionally, the king ruled Macedonia proper from the city of Pella.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The smaller Macedonian provinces to the west along the Illyrian border (Lynkestis, Orestis, Elimiotis and Tymfaia) had hitherto been more or less independent.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The noblemen of the provinceswere taken to the court of the king in Pella, and the children of important nobles were raised with the king's children (partly as hostages).


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos also brought the provinces more firmly under his rule by entering into important marriages.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos contracted in 357 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

by marriage to Olympia, the daughter of the king of Epirus.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[1] Filippos had also gained control over important mines on the Illyrian frontier and in Thrace, with the precious metals produced by which he became one of the wealthiest and most influential rulers of the entire Greek world.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[10] The war in Thessaly against the tyrant Iason of Ferai was in the 370s BCE.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

attempted to regain control of Thessaly, south of Macedonia, but had not succeeded.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Iason's followers had continued attempts to subjugate all of Thessaly.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Initially Thebes as the then Greek superpower had hindered them, but by the 350s, with Thebes overthrown, Ferai had begun to expand again.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Thessalians were allied politically to the union, with an archont elected as its leader.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos made his first war expeditions to Thessaly in 358, capturing at that time probably the province of Perrhaebia, which was located in the border region between Macedonia and Thessaly.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Around the same time, Filippos married a certain Thessalian native of the city of Larissa, Filinna.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Larissians resisted Ferai's attempts at expansion and certainly saw Philip as a potential ally.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[11] In 353 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos received an invitation to come and assist the Thessalians in their war against Ferai.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Ferai had made Fokis as his ally.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos easily defeated the Phocian army of 7,000 soldiers.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Soon, the Phocian Onomarkhos arrived in Thessaly with a large army and defeated Philip in battle twice.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Philip was forced to return to Macedonia, but is reported to have said that he did not escape, but retreated to strike back with greater force.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[11] In 352 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

He returned and, after a siege, took the port city of Ferai, Pagasai.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In their distress, the Feraians again called Onomarkhus for help.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Phocians arrived with a force of 20,000 infantry soldiers and 500 horsemen.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Feraians themselves numbered perhaps about 2,000 troops.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos convened the Thessalians and demanded that they ally with them.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Thessalians chose Philip as their archontic.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The post was for life, but in reality Thessaly then became part of Macedonia for the next 150 years.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Macedonians and Thessalians led by Philip faced the forces of Ferai and Fochis in the so-called Battle of Crocus Field.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Philip had the same amount of infantry as his opponents, but he had superiority in the cavalry.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The army consisted of perhaps about 3,000 cavalry soldiers.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Philip's cavalry proved superior in the battle, in which 6000 Phocians lost their lives.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Onomarikos fell in battle, and over 3000 Fochislas were taken prisoner.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

On Philip's orders, the Phocian prisoners of war were executed by drowning.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[12] Ferai surrendered after the battle to Philip.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[13] Ferai leaders were allowed to leave the city with their 2000 mercenaries.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[14] Third Holy War The so-called Third Holy War had begun in 356 BC, when the Phocians had taken funds from the temples of Delphi to defend themselves against Theban aggression.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Athens and Sparta had sided with the Phocians against Thebes.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Thessalians also warred on the side of Thebes, and Philip, as archont of Thessaly, found it difficult not to get involved in the war.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos stressed to his soldiers the religious nature of war and ordered them to put laurel wreaths on their heads.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[15] After the Battle of Crocus Field in 352 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos marched south, but Phochish and Aferaic mercenaries defended the Thermopylai Pass, through which Philip would have to attack.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Phocian allies Athens and Sparta also sent reinforcements, with 5000 troops from the Athenians before Filippo by sea.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Seeing the troops facing, Filippos decided not to attack and returned to Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[16] War against Athens, the town of Amfipolis Amphipolii was located in the eastern part of the Khalkidike peninsula along the Strymon River.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Athenians had once founded the city, but had lost it following the implosion of the Athenian Empire during the Peloponnesian War.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Amphipolis was located in a strategically important location because its territory was the only place from which one could easily cross Strymon in its lower reaches.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Important mines, coveted by Filippos, were also located in the area.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

With Philip's ascension to the Macedonian throne in 359 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Amphipolis had a garrison sent by Perdika to defend the city against the Athenians.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

However, Philip had to give up the city because of the hopeless situation in Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In 357 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos had already secured Macedonia firmly in his power.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

He tried to persuade the inhabitants of Amphipol to ally with him, but opinions had changed and the city had become a democracy.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

However, some of the city's inhabitants were prepared to support Filippo, but they were disappointed when he had withdrawn the Macedonian garrison.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos began besieging the city.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

After many years of feud, the Amphipolites were forced to send a request for help to Athens.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[17] However, Amphipolis was not helped by the Athenians.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos sent a letter to the Athenians promising to cede the city to Athens after taking it.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

A snippet has also been preserved in the history of Theopompos that the Athenians tried to persuade Filippo to surrender Amphipolis to them against Philip receiving the city of Pydna.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Eventually, however, the Athenians realised that Philip had no intention of surrendering Amphipolis to them.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Athens and Macedonia thus drifted into war with each other.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[18] Early in the war, the Athenians used the island of Thásos as their base and attempted to disrupt Philip's actions.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

However, the Athenians' attempts were minimal and did not inflict any losses on Philip.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Khares, the commander of the Athenians, operated with 20 ships to Amphipolis nearby and struck a small group of Macedonian subordinate mercenaries in the battle.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In addition, the Athenian Navy attempted to put Macedonia under embargo.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Important export products for Macedonia were wood and pitch.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In total, 40 talents per year were accrued to the king.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Macedonia itself did not have a navy, but Macedonian pirates were active all the way up to Euboia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Probably the Athenian fleet was too small to get anything done.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[18] A new phase in the war between Philip and Athens began when Khares captured the city of Sestos on the Khersonese in 352 BCE.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Also, King Kersobleptes of eastern Thrace made peace with the Athenians.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Athens thus gained free rein against Filippo.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Probably Kersobleptes had noticed the growing power of Philip and decided to ally with Athens against Filippo.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

However, Filippos acted quickly, and already in November of the same year he was besieging the fortress near Perinthos.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Athenians feared that Filippos would gain control over the whole of Hellespontos and be able to block vital grain shipments to Athens from the Black Sea.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Athenians decided to send an army of 40 ships and citizens against Filippo, but word was soon received that Filippos had fallen ill, and no fleet was sent.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[19] Finally, the year 351 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

in September, the Athenians sent a small fleet of mercenaries to Khersonese.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

At the same time, Demosthenee's first Filipino speech” is timed.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Demosthenes was only 35 years old at the time, but already known as a speechwriter.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

However, he never had much influence in Athens.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Demosthenes would have preferred to send an army and navy made up of citizens.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In reality, Athens did not have the resources it would have needed to stop Philip.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[20] The takeover of Khalkidike by Filippos resumed military operations in 349 BCE.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

by attacking the cities of the Khalkidike Peninsula.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The cities of Khalkidike were allied with each other, and the most important of these was Olynthos.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In total, there were 32 cities, among them Anthemos, Poteidaia and Stageira.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[20] A request for assistance was sent to Athens by the Khalkidikans in July 349 BCE.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

By September of the following year, however, Filippos had captured all the towns of Khalkidike.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The takeover of Olynthos was left in last place.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The smallest towns surrendered to Philip after the larger cities had been recaptured following a siege.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Olynthos was overrun after a siege of a couple of months.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Three so-called Olynthosaian speeches have survived from Demosthenee, in which he tried to persuade the Athenians to send aid to the Olynthoslais.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

However, this did not happen.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The fate of the Olynthoslates was cruel: the population of the city was taken as slaves to Macedonia, and the city itself was destroyed.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Other towns that had not surrendered to Philip were also destroyed.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos inhabited the Khalkidike region with Macedonians.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[21] Peace with Athens and the End of the Holy War In 347 BC


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Athenians and Filippos were already ready for peace.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The so-called Peace of Philocrates was concluded in 346 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

At Philip's insistence, the peace treaty also included an alliance between Athens and Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The parties were also allowed to keep the territories they controlled at the time the peace treaty was written.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

It was only for Fok and Alo that Filippos insisted on being allowed to act as he saw fit.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Athenians renounced their claims to Amphipolis as well.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos marched in 346 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Through Thermopylai to Focis.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Fearful of war fatigue, the Phocians surrendered to Philip, who was thus honoured to end the holy war that had been going on for ten years.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

At the very beginning, Filippos ceded to the Boiotians the cities occupied by the Phocians.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos also decided that the Amphictyonic Union protecting the shrine of Delphi was allowed to decide the fate of the Phochisans.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In general, death penalties had been condemned for pillaging temples, and the Phocians could not expect very gentle treatment from the union.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Athenians and Spartans, as allies of the Phocians, were also in danger of being subjected to a holy war declared by the union.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Amphictyonic Union decided that Filippos would receive the two votes previously belonging to Fokis at the meetings of the union.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

As archont of Thessaly, Filippos was also able to influence the voices of the Thessalians.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The union eventually decided that the towns of Fokis would be broken up and the inhabitants would be settled in small villages.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The Phocians also had to pay back the treasures they stole.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[22] There is no precise record of the Greek city-states being minted on the actions of Philip over the next few years.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Probably he fought in the northern parts of his kingdom.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In 345 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

he was in present-day Albania and in 342 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

with armies in Thrace.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In 341 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

he founded a city in Filippopoli in Thrace (present-day Plovdiv).


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In the following winter, Filippos began besieging Byzantion and Perintho on the shores of the Sea of Marmara.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

To his surprise, Philip received an army sent by Artaxerxes III, King of Persia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

For the first time since Xerxes I's war expedition, a Persian army invaded Europe.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

At the same time, Filippos threatened Athenian grain imports from the Black Sea.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

When Filippos was still capturing 200 ships in a cargo of grain, the Athenians declared war.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Philip had no choice but to end the siege of the cities.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Eventually, Persia got even more pressure from Thebes to declare war on Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[23] In 338 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Athenian Demosthenes had brought about an anti-Macedonian alliance.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos invaded Greece and defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Khaironeia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In the same year, the Union of Corinth was established, which included all Greek city-states except Sparta.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The leader of the union (hegemon) became Filippos.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[23] [24] [25] In 337 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos put forward a war expedition against Persia, one of the objectives of which was to liberate Greek cities on the coast of Asia Minor.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

He sent troops to Lesser Asia under Parmenion and Attalos in the spring of 336 BCE.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[26] Death of Philip In 337 BC


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos found himself a new wife, the Macedonian Cleopatra, who was the niece of Attalos of Macedon.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

According to one interpretation, Filippos married Cleopatra because influential Macedonians such as Attalos and his father-in-law Parmenion demanded it.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

On the other hand, nothing is known of Attalos until 337 BCE, and apparently his prestige only increased after Filippos married Cleopatra.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[27] Cleopatra deposed Olympia as Philip's favourite wife.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

On the occasion of Cleopatra and Philip's wedding, Attalos said he wished Philip a legitimate heir at last.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

This was, of course, an insult to the firstborn son Alexander (later Alexander the Great, or Alexander III) and Olympia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The wedding turned into a brawl, and eventually Filippos threatened to kill Alexander.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Olympias fled to Molossia and Alexander left somewhere in Illyria.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

There was a danger that Alexander would proclaim himself a rival king.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Eventually the dispute was resolved and Alexander returned to Pella.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Filippos obtained a marriage between Alexander of Molossia and his own daughter Cleopatra (who was a niece of Alexander of Molossia).


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[28] The background to Philip's murder is complex.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

It is reported that Attalos was a friend of a young Pausania.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

This Pausanias had told Attalos that a certain Pausanias Orestilainen mocked him.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

A friend of Attalos planned to die valiantly because of this.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

This was the case in 336 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In the battle fought in Illyria.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Attalos avenged his friend's death by getting another Pausania drunk and allowing his servants to rape her.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

According to Justinus, Attalos himself would have raped Pausania.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The year 336 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

In the spring, Attalos was appointed to command the army to be sent to Asia Lesser with Parmenion.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Philip was reluctant to condemn Attatalo, and therefore Pausanias directed his vengeance towards the king.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[27] Filippos was assassinated during the post-wedding contests of Alexander and Cleopatra of Molossia in the autumn of 336 BCE.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The murderer was Pausanias.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

There is suspected to have been a much wider conspiracy plot in the background.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Alexander and Olympia are also suspected to have been partners in this conspiracy.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Shortly after Philip's death, Alexander III was proclaimed king.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[29] Philip's army Before Filippo, the Macedonian army was poorly armed and of poor quality.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

After the defeat suffered by Perdikka, it was also quantitatively small.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

Unlike the Greek states, the Macedonian infantry did not have a military tradition, but consisted mostly of peasants armed with field tools.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

During his reign, Filippos reformed the army so that it became the best of the entire Greek world.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

[30] The pride of the Macedonian army was its heavy cavalry, made up of Macedonian landowners.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

They were considered comrades (hetairoi) of the king.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The cavalry was organized into an escadrone (ilai).


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

At the beginning of Philip's career, the cavalry strength was about 600, possibly only 200.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

By the time he died, there were already over 3,000.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philip II of England

The cavalry fought in wedge formation.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[31] Infantry soldiers were referred to as pezhetairoi.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Soldiers were also put on training in peacetime.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

The infantry soldiers formed a phalang, and their weapons were six-foot Sarisa spears.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Sarisa has sometimes been claimed to be an invention of Philip.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Philip's intention was to bring about a military force that would remain to strike the famous phalang of Thebes.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

From the front, the phalange was almost invincible.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

At the time of Philip's death, the army numbered about 37,000 infantry soldiers.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[32] The army included other units, primarily from areas controlled by Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

For example, Thessalian cavalry was used.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Thessaly was famous for its horses.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

The army also included mercenaries from Greek city-states.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[33] During the Third Holy War, Filippos experienced his greatest defeat when he encountered an enemy with catapults.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Subsequently, the Macedonian army was equipped with the best siege machines of its time.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Polyeidos Thessalian, Philippos's chief engineer, developed a new type of catapult (catapeitai Makedonikoi) capable of firing stones and heavy arrows further than before.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[34] The family of Philip Philip had a large number of wives, and there is not even a certainty as to the identity of all.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

The most important wife, however, was Olympias, with whom Filippos had one son, Alexander the Great.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Olympias was not Macedonian but sister of Alexander, King of Epirus.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Filippos and Olympias married at least before 357 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

They also had a daughter Cleopatra.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[35] In addition to Olympia, Philip's wives were: [35] Fila of the province of Elimiotis.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

His father was Derdas, ruler of Elimiotis.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Help from Illyria.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

With Audata, Filippos had a daughter, Kynane, who married the deposed Amyntas IV.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Filinna Larissa from the city of Thessaly.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

With Filinna, Filippos had a daughter Thessalonike and a son Filippos Arridaios, who after the death of Alexander the Great became king of Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Nikesipolis (Νικησίπολις) from the Thessalian city of Ferai.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Meda (Μήδα) was the daughter of Kothela, king of the Getes living north of Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Cleopatra Eyrydike (Κλεοπάτρα Ευρυδικη), niece of Attalos, whom Filippos married shortly before his death.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Historian Junianus Justinus mentions one son, Karanos, who would have been Alexander the Great's half-brother.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Justinus is considered unreliable and no other sources can be found on Karano.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[36] Filippos as a person, Filippo is characterised as very tough and coarse in manners, but at the same time a very intelligent, powerful and capable ruler.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

He was very brave, always fighting in the front row with his troops and leading his troops from the front.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

He also knew how to deal with people and act diplomatically if necessary.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

He was a skilled organiser and knew how to apply the novelties of war technique and tactics to his own army and make it a power-maker of his time.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

It was precisely to him that Macedonia emerged from a semi-barbaric, backward kingdom to the local superpower of its time.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[38] Some flying phrases have been put in Philip's name: Another very famous saying that has been put in Philip's mouth: Ancient sources Ancient historians Theopompos Chhioslainen wrote 58 books of Philip, who dealt mainly with Philip reign.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

The work was completed in 324 BC.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

The work also dealt with many other events of the time, geography, culture and religion.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Marcus Junianus Justine's summary of Philippica, Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV has survived to the present day.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Several fragments of Philippica have also survived.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[39] Another important source covering the reign of Philip is the world history of Diodoros the Sicilian.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[40] Speeches by the Athenian reetors Demosthene and his political opponent Aeskhine, who influenced the period of Philip, have survived to the present day, providing further details in some cases of events not mentioned by Justinus and Diodoros.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Other sources include Atthis of Philokhoros, Strategemata of Polyainos, travel descriptions to Pausania, and biographies of Plutarchus.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

[41] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bosworth, A. B.| title= Conquest and Empire.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

The Reign of Alexander the Great| location = Cambridge| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1993| id=ISBN 0-521-40679-X| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Philippos II

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Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cawkwell, George| title= Philip of Macedon| location = London| publisher = Faber & Faber| year = 1978| id=ISBN 0-571-10958-6| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gabriel, Richard A.| title = Philip II of Macedonia.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Greater Than Alexander| location = Washington, D.C| publisher = Potomac Books| year = 2010| id = ISBN 1597975192| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hammond, N.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

G. L.| title = Alexander the Great.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

King, Commander and Statesman| location = Bristol| publisher = Bristol Classical Press| year = 1994| id = ISBN 1-85399-068-X| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roisman, Joseph & Worthington, Ian| title = A Companion to Ancient Macedonia| location = New York| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| year = 2011| id = ISBN 144435163X| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| year = 2011| id = ISBN 144435163X| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

References On topic elsewhere.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Livius.org Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Philippos II

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What did Filippos II die of?

Philippos II

Category:Kings of Macedonia Category:Homicide victims


Question: What does khoros mean?

Khoros

The Khoros (meaning group of dancers, choir) was a team that danced and sang in religious (Dionysia, for example) and other celebrations of the Greeks in front of a festive audience.


Question: What does khoros mean?

Khoros

From these dances and songs, a special art form developed, the so-called choral rhythm.


Question: What does khoros mean?

Khoros

The song (khoros song or choral song) of the Greek khoros was monophonic.


Question: What does khoros mean?

Khoros

The accompaniment was kitharan or flute playing.


Question: What does khoros mean?

Khoros

Khoros can also mean chorus of Greek plays.


Question: What does khoros mean?

Khoros

The name koregi (), on the other hand, is referred to as either the director of the choir or the person who published the choir's pursuit and stage equipment.


Question: What does khoros mean?

Khoros

In Athens, for example, contributing to the cost of play festivities was enacted as a duty for wealthy citizens.


Question: What does khoros mean?

Khoros

Category:Ancient Greek Theatre Category:Ancient Greek Religion Category:Ancient music


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Mammals (Mammalia) are flat-tempered, vertebrate animals that usually give birth to live chicks.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

The mothers feed the chicks with milk secreted by the mammary glands through structures called the mammary glands.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

A characteristic feature of mammals, namely lactating from the old name, is also that during the gestation period oxygen and nutrients are transferred to the fetus through the placenta from the mother's body.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Other typical features include sweat glands, a coat of hair covering the skin, three middle ear bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup), four legs, an isocortex region in the brain [1], and a lower jaw consisting of one bone.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

In mammals, the muscular diaphragm separates the heart, lungs and other organs from the abdominal cavity, while in other vertebrates the diaphragm is either membranous or absent at all.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Most mammals have teeth specialized in different food types.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Mammals also have a four-compartment heart, double and complete blood supply, as well as unlike other vertebrates their (fully developed) red blood cells lack a nucleus.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

[2] [3] [4] Furthermore, mammals have only a left curving aortic arch, while birds have right-curving and fish, reptiles and amphibians have aortic arches curving in both directions.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

[5] Mammals differ from all other vertebrates in particular in that they give birth to live chicks, i.e., are viviparous, while birds and (most) reptiles lay eggs.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

This is often seen as a mammal-binding trait; however, it is not entirely absolute, as five species in the order of beaked animals belonging to mammals lay eggs.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

In addition, the category of mammals includes a number of other groups that can be divided into two parts based on the mode of reproduction.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

For marsupials (Metatheria), the initial development of the fetus occurs inside the mother, after which the fetus enters a special pouch, where it develops for the rest of the time.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Marsupials, like beaked animals, are typical of the Australian fauna.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

In placental mammals (Eutheria), development occurs longer in the womb.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Mammals evolved from Therapsida class synapsids that lived about 200 million years ago.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Carl von Linné coined the name for the class of mammals in 1798 after first classifying plants based on their reproductive organs, and continued along the same line to classify animals, drawing attention to the nipples, or nipples (lat.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

mammae).


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Diversity Although there are few mammals in terms of species compared to other animal groups, mammals include a highly variegated array of animals adapted to different conditions and habitats.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

According to the third edition of the book Mammal Species of the World (2005), which relies on the foundational works of mammalian research, 5416 mammal species live in the world.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

[6] In the earlier, second edition (1993), there were only 4629 species.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

[6] Species are divided among 29 orders, the largest of which in species terms is the rodent sect with 2277 species.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

[6] About 4000 prehistoric and extinct mammal species are known.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

[7] Mammals have adapted to both aquatic and terrestrial life, or both simultaneously — seals, otters and hippos as examples of these.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

The majority of mammals live on four legs on the ground surface, but nearly one-fifth of them have flight ability (bats) or slightly more limited splicing ability (kaguans, gliding squirrels).


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Some species, such as contians, again live underground and only come to the ground surface intermittently.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Among squirrels and monkeys, you can find species that live mostly in trees.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

The world's largest mammal is the blue whale, which can weigh 220 tonnes and be more than 30 metres in length.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

[8] Of the terrestrial mammals, the largest is the African elephant, measuring about 3.5 metres in height and 6.6 tonnes in weight.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Already extinct on land, Indricotherium weighed three times as much on the African elephant.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

The smallest mammals include the Etruscan-headed and pork snout bat, which weigh between two and three grams.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

The lifespan of mammals ranges from less than a year (headwaters) to nearly 200 years (Greenland whale).


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Mammals include animals active both during the day and at night, which use meat, plants or insects as food.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Some mammals, such as humans and rats, are omnivores, that is, do not specialize in any particular food type.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Evolution and taxonomy Evolution Origin and evolution to the end of the Jurassic period The evolution of mammals began about 200 million years ago with Cynodontia synapsidas of the order Therapsida that lived in the Triassic.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

In reptiles, the lower jaw consists of several bones, but with Therapsida synapsids, the number of bones gradually decreased together and the bones transitioned into middle ear bones.


Question: How many bones does a bear have?

Mammals

Cynodontia synapses had specialised teeth like mammals: anterior, angular, intermediate and molars.