Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Mongols, with the help of the Grand Fleet, attempted a takeover of Japan a couple of times, but failed after the fleet was destroyed at sea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Zheng He's fleet in the early 15th century had ships 122 meters long and 50 meters wide.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[34] A part of the fleet went all the way to the east coast of Africa.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

By the 1420s, China had 400 large 1350 smaller warships, as well as 3000 merchant ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[35] After the 1450s, Chinese policy changed, the country closed and the navy was allowed to decay.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Sailings farther than coastal waters were banned.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[36] War jonks were in use until the 19th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Armed with cannons, they were able to hold sides against the Europeans.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Koreans had had a navy since the 6th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

They developed an armored turtle ship for naval warfare against the Japanese in the late 16th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The reason for this cannon-equipped ship's success in hand-to-hand combat was that its entrapment was impossible.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[37] River and coastal ships were built from fast-growing pines and Chinese spear fir.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Camphor wood was used for bulkheads and rudder.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Oceanic junks were built from teak sourced from Annam of Vietnam conquered by the Chinese.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Much timber was needed for ships and logging in the Annam forests caused the population to rise in revolt.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[38] Polynesians have had to make long sea voyages of up to thousands of kilometres to reach the Pacific islands.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Polynesians have left just over 3000 years ago from Southeast Asia to the sea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The original inhabitants of the island of Taiwan are genetically the closest relatives of the Polynesians.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[40] Probably Polynesian ships have been canoes similar to the double-hulled catamarans or three-hulled trimarans used in the area today.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

They may have had a deck built over the trunks and included a canopy or hut.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the Middle Ages Settlement to Scandinavia followed the retreat of ice at the end of the most recent ice age.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The first comers have been seal hunters, which has required the ability to move in the waters.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Apparently canoe-type vessels made of leather and wood hull have been used.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The oldest known Nordic boats made of wood is the Hjortspring boat, discovered in 19th century Denmark.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It is 21 metres long in total, with an internal dimension of 13 metres and timed to the 3rd century BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Remains of three boats made of boards have been found in Ferriby, England, the longest of which has been 15 feet long.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Ferriby's boats are dated to 2000—1600 BCE.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Björke's boat, which has been found in Sweden, is dated back to the 4th century and it's about time evolved.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Both the Björke boat and the Hjortspring boat have used slime seams, which then became a significant feature of ships in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea throughout the Middle Ages.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[41] The Roman historian Tacitus mentions around the year 100 that the Scandinavian ships are similar in stern and bow.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1863, a large boat, the Nydam boat, dated by dendrology to the 3rd century, was discovered in the Nydam bog at Slesvig.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It measures 22.8 metres in length and 3.26 metres wide.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship is made of oak planks into a slime seam.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The base is round shaped, so it has been rickety, which has been repaired by holding around 1000kg of stones on the bottom.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The arches are tied sowith rope to the elevations made on the boards.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 6th century, the bottom of the ship became a U-landscape.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[42] In early images the sails are depicted with a diagonal pattern.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The durability of the tab fabric used as sail material when wet was poor, so diagonal reinforcements were sewn into the sails.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[43] A large number of Viking ships have survived, such as Oseberglaiva and Gokstad's ship.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Knarri was a Viking cargo ship of vertical and bow design.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Viking ships were measured by the number of pairs of rowers.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The longest had 30—40 benches and were called “Långskepp” or “Draakki”.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The length in these has been up to 80 metres.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Viking ships' bow ornaments and stern dragonhead decorations were removable and were forbidden to be worn on the home coast.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The off-board shield, of the kind found on Gokstad's ship, appears to have been used only in a show nature.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[44] The Viking ships were hulled by a keel tree, from which the inward-turning stern and bow flanks rose.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

At the stern, the steering oar was on the right side, from which the designation is also starboard or styyrboard (Swedish styr=steer).


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

A helm crank was attached to the steering oar.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[45] The lime board was nailed or may also be said to be riveted, that is, the nails came through and were struck on the other side, reading the joint.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[46] The Hanseatic League saw the development of its own type of ship, the koggi, characterised by a rudder hinged on the stern rim.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Of such rudders is the oldest image preserved in the church of Fide on Gotland from the beginning of the 13th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[47] The koggi was high-altitude and deep-swimming, giving it a lot of cargo.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The deep-traversed vessel led to the fact that previously landlocked cities along the banks of the rivers moved closer to the sea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

High ships helped defend against pirates.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Koggi could be fitted with castels, i.e., defense-suited turrets at the bow and stern.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The castels later became part of the trunk.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The mast was relatively in the centre, which made creativity difficult, but the draught of the hull and tapering of the bow and stern underwater improved sailing characteristics.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the late 14th century, the koggin was supplanted by a larger type of ship, the sleeve, which as a ship was very similar to the Mediterranean carrack.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[48] In the Mediterranean, Latin sail came into use in the 8th century under the influence of the Arabs.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Latin sail was also capable of sailing from the front slope to a blowing upwind.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[49] The Latian sail became the most common sail for hundreds of years in the Mediterranean, but around 1300 the largest ships began to use more crude sail.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[50] Around 1000, Arab ships came with a rudder instead of a steering oar.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The rudder, introduced from China, was articulated to the aft rim.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

From the stern ran ropes on either side of the ship and the rudder was turned by pulling from the rope.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The rudder was a more robust solution in the open sea than the steering oar.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[51] Ships had been built inside the outside in the Mediterranean until the 10th century, i.e. first the ships and then the arches.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In Italy, ships began to be built in a new way, first arches and then board planks were attached to these, thus achieving a firmer structure and larger ships could be made.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The organisation of the work of the shipyards also brought down the price of ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Venice had about 3,000 merchant ships in 1400 and 11,000 men served in its galleys.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The other sea power was Genoa.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Genoese ships sailed the Atlantic coast and traded with England and Flanders.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Genoese also began searching for a sea road to India in the late 13th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Genoese brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set out in 1291 via the Strait of Gibraltar towards India with two galleys, but they disappeared on the voyage.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[52] [53] In 1268, King Louis IX of France ordered ships from Venice and Genoa for his crusade.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Dimensional records of these sailing ships have survived.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Venetian ships were 25.8 metres long, had a width of 6.45 metres and a board height of 6.6 metres.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[54] Galleys were not only used as warships, but also as cargo ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Their advantage was speed over sailing ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

There were galley slaves as rowers.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Slaves could be used as cargo ships were not required to have skilled maneuvers like Greek warships with bow jubilee walls.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The galleys also had Latin sails.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[55] East Rome used a triad called a dromon for warfare.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Its weapon was Greek fire.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[56] Carrack developed in the Mediterranean at the end of the 14th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It had a crude sail in the larger mast and behind it a Latin sail in mesan mast.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[57] Later the carracks were made three-masted, with a small fokka in front.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship's hull included the fore and aft castels.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship was very similar to the sleeve developed from the kogg with the difference that the carrack was made with butt seams.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The carrack was such a sturdy vessel that cannons could be placed on its decks.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[58] Prince Henry the Sailor of Portugal took part in the takeover of Ceuta with his father.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The intention was to gain control of the trade in gold coming across the Sahara with camel caravans.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Ceuta was taken, but the gold trade was not taken over.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Henry began dreaming of sailing to the south of the Sahara and acquiring gold from there.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Henrik lived in Sagres, the southwestern tip of Portugal, and the nearby town of Lagos, where maritime experts gathered.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Encouraged by Henrik, a ship was developed, a caraveller for expeditions.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Compared to the carrack, the caravel is flat-tailed, smaller, narrower and faster-traversed.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It used Latin sails, as the ability to creative was an important attribute on these voyages.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[59] The west coast of Africa began to be advanced southwards.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Henry sent several expeditions on the voyage, which always proceeded further.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1434, Gil Eanes sailed past Cabo Bojador.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1444, the Senegal River was reached and the first cargo of gold could be brought.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Portuguese used oak, such as iron oaks, for keel and rudder to build ships, and pine, for example pinja for arches and planking.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[60] Shipbuilding from voyages of discovery to steamers Christopher Columbus and Magalhaes made their voyages of discovery on ships, caraques and caravells still representing the medieval shipbuilding tradition.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ships were small, 20—30 feet long and 6—7 feet wide, like, for example, the Santa Maria, which carried a cargo of about 80 toneladas (80 barrels of wine), Columbus's flagship.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[61] In the age of sailing ships the tonnage of ships was reported differently from today, for example in England the unit of measurement “long ton” was used.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

A hundred years later, the ships were already larger, with more sails.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The voyages of discovery brought in new countries such as France, England and the Netherlands in competition for overseas trade.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Karak developed into a bigger type of ship, the galeon, which was later called the galleon.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The galleon was characterised by a deck bridge extending over the bow.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The galleons were equipped with cannons.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

For example, the well-known English ship Henry Grace à Dieu of 1545 was equipped with 184 small guns.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[62] These ships carried several ship-reinforcing gundecks.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Royal Navy's classification system gives some insights into the size of ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The method of rigging, which developed in the 16th century, remained roughly similar until the end of the use of sailing ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Some construct drawings from the late 16th century have survived from the English ship designer Mathew Baker.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding sought to replicate the structures of ships that proved to be good sailors.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[63] Spain initially received wood material, pine and oak from its homeland.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 17th century, ship construction moved from the remote north coast to Bilbao.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Around the same time, the Spanish began building ships in Havana, with mahogany as the material.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[64] In warfare, galleys and galeasses, galleys with sails, which were used in abundance, especially in the Mediterranean, were preserved.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Battle of Lepanto, fought in 1571, between the Turks and Christians, is the largest naval battle fought by ships of the galley and galeasse type in history.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Much depictions of the ships have survived of the battle won by Christians.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The length of the longest galeass is cited as 145 feet.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the Galeasses, the cannons positioned in the bow pointed forward as well as to the side.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Galleys were built until the late 18th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[65] When in the 16th century Europeans began to make more extensive ocean voyages, at the same time, almost constant mutual war began in Europe.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The interim peace agreements did not apply to seas outside Europe.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

An example of this is Caribbean piracy, which is why oceanic merchant ships and warships did little to differ.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 17th century the technical development of ships was limited, but many images, miniature models and whole ships have survived from that period.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The era was characterized by the lavish decoration of ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

An example of this is the English Prince Royal from 1610, built by Phineas Pett.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[67] In France, Cardinal Richelieu commissioned ships from Holland as models for French carvers.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Well-known books on ships of the era include the book 'Livro de Traças de Carpintaria' by the Spaniard Manoel Fernandez of 1619 [68] and the work 'Architectura Navalis' by German Joseph Furttenbach from 1629.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[69] In the 16th century, Portugal and Spain dominated the oceans.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

1580 King Philip II of Spain also became ruler of Portugal.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

1588 Philip II ordered his fleet known as the Invincible Armada to invade England.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Only half of the ships and a third of the men returned from the fleet.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Philip II also gained control of the Netherlands, but found himself in war with the Protestant north.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The northern part declared independence under the name United Provinces, roughly equivalent in area to present-day Holland.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

1607 The Dutch fleet attacked in the Battle of Gibraltar after the Spanish fleet was attacked and destroyed by it.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

When the English additionally practiced politics in which they sought to capture Spanish treasure ships in the seas, then Spanish power gradually crumbled.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

England and Holland emerged as new maritime powers.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Swedish fleet was twice the size of the English fleet in 1610, but its forces were committed to the wars fought in the Baltic Sea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[71] The Dutch built lighter, faster and lower-swimming ships than the English or French.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The lightness caused defeat in artillery duels.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Dutch shipbuilding skills had been exploited by Sweden, among others, inviting Dutch masters to their own shipyards.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The most famous student of Dutch shipbuilding skills was Tsar Peter the Great in 1697.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[72] Thanks to East Asian trade, in the 17th century, Holland became the richest country in Europe.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The trade had been organised with the help of trading companies, the largest of which were the Dutch and English trading companies and these had quasi-governmental rights to wage even wars.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 18th century, the importance of Holland as a maritime power began to decline as it no longer prospered in competition with England.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[73] The Dutch type of ship, the Flat, developed in the 17th century for Baltic sailing.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

By the 17th century, the Dutch had 10,000 merchant ships and control of Baltic trade had passed to them from the Hanseatic League.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

55% of all ships passing through the Danish Straits were Dutch.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Danes collected duty on these ships based on the carrying capacity of the ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The size of the Øresund customs duty levied in Helsingør was based on the carrying capacity of the ships, which was calculated by measuring the width of the vessel at the centre ship.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

To reduce tariffs, merchants built their ships with heavily reclining flanks.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[74] Holland is an almost treeless country and oak was imported from the Rhine as shipbuilding wood.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 17th century, wood had to be sourced from Norway and the Baltic Sea region, including regions belonging to Sweden, such as Estonia and Livonia.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Dutch ships used a lot of pine, creating more need for maintenance.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Dutch also began to use wind-powered sawmills to produce rigs.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[75] The Sovereign of the Seas was an English warship completed in 1637 and commissioned by King Charles I.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It was one of the largest ships of its time, with a keel length of 127, a width of 48 and a draught of 23.5 feet.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It was also the most glorious ship of its time, decorated with gold and cost 10 times more than a regular ship.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship had 100 guns.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Warships had been fitted with a straight transom until the early 16th century, but a round stern was made on this ship, which only above the water's surface was straightened into a transom.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This structure became typical of English warships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[76] Increasing the size of the ships also led to accidents, most famously Vasa.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

However, this was not the only accident due to instability, so the abject increase in size was abandoned in the 17th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Swedish admiral Fredrik af Chapman (1721—1808) began to study the structure of ships that proved to be good sailors.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

He found mathematical regularities in the structures, among which developed a method of calculation for determining the most advantageous shape, proportions, and immersion of a ship's hull.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[77] In 1653, an order was issued by the Admiralty of England that ships must fight in line, therefore queuing, for full power to be given full power by full-flanked artillery fire.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This required practice and alignment of ships' structures so that they travelled roughly as fast.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ships were divided into classes, the first class ship had over 90 guns, the second over 80 and the third had more than 54 guns.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

These largest ships were considered solid enough for line battles and were called liner ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

There were six classes in all, and officers' salaries were paid according to this classification.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[78] England had begun to have a shortage of oak as early as the 16th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The curved wooden sections of ships were made of natural curves of trees or trees were bent into curves when young.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Beech was used in ship interiors.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Pine was used as mast trees, but a sufficiently straight, long and firm pine was not obtained from England, so wood was imported from the Baltics.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The tallest masts had a length of 36 meters and these were jointed to be made as a composite structure from several soiros.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

There was a lot of wood needed for one ship.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

For example, Nelson's Victory ship consumed timber in an amount that claimed more than 30 hectares of oak forest.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

On the planting of oak forests, Parliament passed an Act 1668.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

From these, wood was obtained for the Navy in the late 18th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[79] In terms of wood and tar, the Baltic Sea was important to Western European shipbuilders as far as Spain and Portugal.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

To secure land supplies, England sent its fleet nearly 20 times to the Baltic between 1658 and 1814.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

England imported strobus pine as a mast tree from colonies in North America as well.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1762, an order was issued in the settlements that pines more than 60 cm in diameter must be reserved for the navy.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This provoked bitterness in the local inhabitants and contributed to the secession efforts of the settlements.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The 1775 Congress of the Colonies banned the export of timber to England, hampering the operations of the English Navy during the American Revolutionary War.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[80] In France, under Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the rebuilding of the fleet began.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Initially he also ordered ships from Holland like Richelieu's.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Under Colbert's leadership, French shipbuilding skills rose to fame.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

A diary of 1663 by Samuel Pepys, secretary of the English Admiralty, notes French ships as being better platforms for cannons and faster sailors.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

On a naval visit in 1672 to Spithead, the French Superbe attracted great attention and was ordered by the king to copy it.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The replica was given the name Harwich and was considered so successful that nine more were built similar.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

French ships were also built to be suitable for warfare in the low-wind Mediterranean against galleys.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Because of this, the ships were fitted with cannons in the bow and stern.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[81] In the 1680s, the French adopted a new type of ship, the kits, or baljute, and equipped it with bogey cannons, so as a warship it was called a bogey knit.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Mörssär was capable of firing bombs four times heavier than the cannons of its time.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[82] The French began importing wood from Canada as early as the 17th century and also built ships in Quebec until 1763.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[83] Historical ship type names are quite confusing and may be based on both hull and rigging.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In his book “Architectura Navalis mercatoria”, Chapman divides ships that visited northern European ports in 1768 into five classes according to the hull.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

These classes include the frigate, häckbåt, pink (apparently the successor to the flöit), and vessels without a bow galleon katti and park.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[84] The Dutch built fast and graceful single-masted yachts used as dispatchers and reconnaissance vessels in the 17th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Ships built for the amusement of burghers also began to be called yachts.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1660, the city of Amsterdam donated to Charles II, King of England, a yacht with a coffee sail.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The king built an entire fleet of these and organised sailing races between them and created the concept of yachting racing sailing.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[85] The small vessel with coffee and focal sail developed from the Dutch yacht was called the cutter. In the 18th century, North America comes as a new shipbuilding country.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

There developed a schooner (schooner).


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The first was built in 1713 in Massasgustt.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The clipper is mentioned as far back as 1746 and was used as a privateer ship, for contraband, as a slave ship, and later in the United States Navy.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[86] A brigantine or brig is a two-masted vessel with high brig masts built in several parts and at least at the top with raw sails.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The frigate and smaller corvette are warships that, during sailing ships, meant medium general ships of the fleet.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 18th century, they became increasingly important to navies.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[87] Shebek (eng.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

xebec) is a very fast-moving vessel in the Mediterranean developed by the Barbariesques in the 17th century for piracy as well as a cargo ship.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Spanish and French copy these ships into their fleets to defeat the pirates.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Later, these graceful ships were also copied by Russians.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Shebek's bow has a galleon that resembles a bumper.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Initially, shebeks were rigged with Latin sails, but later they also used crude sails.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[88] Loggert (eng lugger, Swedish: loggert, French for chasse-marée) is a two- or three-masted coastal vessel with quadrangular sail which was mainly used for fishing in Brittany and the North Sea coast.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The fast ship was also used by smugglers, which is why they were introduced by French customs in the 18th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

During the Napoleonic Wars they were developed into privateer ships equipped with cannons.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[89] Time of steamboats The use of sails in river ships was difficult and often had to be hauled from the shore.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The introduction of the steam engine on river ships was a response to a clear need.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

First it was made by French marquis Claude François Jouffroy d'Abbans in 1783 on a Pyroscaphe steamboat, then 1789 in the United States by John Fitch and the following year by the Scots Patrick Miller and William Symington.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

However, the power of the first steam engines was not sufficient for actual operation.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Symington built a canal tug powered by a steam engine in 1803, the first steam vessel to be in commercial use.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[91] After a year of use, beach owners were banned from using the vessel by claiming its waves were damaging the beaches.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

A breakthrough in the use of steam to power the ships was the ship built by American Robert Fulton.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Fulton had been test-driving at Charlotte Dundas and versed in the inventions of John Fitch.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[92] In this 1807 North River Steamboat (Clermont) steamboat built on the Hudson River, an 18-horsepower steam engine manufactured by the Watt and Boulton mill was placed.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

On her first 12-hour voyage, the ship achieved an average speed of 4.7 knots.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

For the same journey, the river burrs used four days.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In five years, there were already more than half a hundred steam ships in US coastal and river traffic.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Commercial steamboat operations in England were initiated by the PS Comet ship built by Henry Bell.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1815 there were already twenty steam-powered ships in England.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In Finland, the first steam ship was Ilmarinen 1833.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1819, the first steam-assisted ship, the SS Savannah, which therefore also had sails, crossed the Atlantic.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

With just steam, the voyage was made in the 1830s, although that vessel, the SS Sirius (1837), was fitted with sails.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Mere steam wasn't trusted until the late 19th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[93] The first ironclad steamer was PS Aaron Manby, which in 1822 sailed from England to Paris.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[94] The problems faced by early steam ships were poor seafaring duration and the abundant consumption of coal.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The first improvement in steam engines was the use of high-pressure boilers, which dropped coal consumption to one-third.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Another improvement was two-stage expansion, with which consumption fell by almost half more.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The screw-like propeller is an old idea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

American inventor David Bushnell designed the 1775 wooden submarine Turtle with hand-operated screw-like propellers.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[95] Among the oldest patents is Joseph Bramah's from 1785.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[96] For propeller use, the power of the steam engines was not yet sufficient.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The first working propeller was built by Josef Ressel in Trieste, Austria-Hungary and obtained a patent for it in 1827 in Austria-Hungary.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

1836 received a patent for two propellers: a track propeller by John Ericsson (1803—1889) of Sweden and a screw propeller by Francis Pettit Smith, an Englishman.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Isambard Kingdom Brunel built in 1843 the first propeller-driven ship, the SS Great Britain, to cross the Atlantic.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship was 98.2 feet long.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

However, the Navy was increasingly sceptical about the propellers.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1845, in a competition organised by the British Admiralty, propeller and wing flatships of the same power pulled each other.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Smith's propeller was capable of pulling the receiving steamer at a speed of 2.8 knots.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Subsequently, suspicion of the propellers went away.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The propellers and steam engines were now so powerful that the wooden hull of the ships could no longer stand.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

For this problem of strength, iron was taken to the aid.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Iron plates had begun to be rolled in the 1780s and the first iron vessel was built as early as 1787.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Iron was brittle, however, and until the 1870s ships were made of wood with iron reinforced.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

For example, clippers were made with iron arches, but with wood planking.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The planking could also be covered with iron plates like Nansen's Fram.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[97] After the middle of the 19th century, steamships became competitive with sailing ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Of the British merchant fleet in 1885, more than half passed by steam.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[98] Sailing ships were still developing, too, and experienced a small boom in the 1850s when the Americans developed a narrow-hulled and fast ship type, the clipper.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal gave steamships such a great advantage over clippers forced to circumnavigate Africa that sailing ships were left with the longest Australian and South American routes any longer.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The last development of sailing ships was the steel-hulled construction and reinforced masts, which kept sailing ships competitive over steam ships for some time to come.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[99] These sailing ships built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the Preussen or the seven-masted coffee schooner Thomas W. Lawson, were the largest sailing vessels.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The 1844 SS Great Britain ran solidly aground off Ireland, but was then derailed and repaired.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This convinced skeptics of the superiority of iron in the ship's building.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[100] As iron became the building material for ships, shipbuilding changed.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Isambard Kingdom Brunel built the large, 211 metre-long ironclad ship S/S Great Eastern in 1858, which, as the only one in the world, was equipped with both a wing pirate and a propeller.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The hull was by ironclad bulkheads divided into ten sections and had double-iron “planking”.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

There was 0.85 metres of space between the outer and inner wall of the side.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The ship also had sails.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

However, the large ship was an economic disaster, as its engine power was insufficient to guarantee maneuverability and its draught was so great that there were few possible ports.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[101] In 1865, steel began to be used, which could then be produced in large quantities.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The steel ships were assembled by riveting the plates to the hull with hot brass rites which, when cooled, compressed the tar-dipped sealing fabric placed between the plate and the hull.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Iron ships have to be protected from corrosion by careful painting.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Corrosion of nobler metals, for example a bronze propeller, is prevented by sacrificial metals.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In steel-built ships, the load is mainly on the bottom and deck.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This is why they began to use an indoor keel and a double bottom.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

There was a shift from the transverse support arches of wooden ships to longitudinal arches.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In warships, the use of steel led to an arms race spiral in the construction of armoured ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Initially, wooden ships were protected by armour, such as the French 12 cm plates iron-upholstered Gloire 1859.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Formed as the strongest sea power in the world after the Napoleonic Wars, England quickly responded with the 1860 iron-hulled Warrior ship, resembling the clippers of its time.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It had rear-loading cannons designed by Armstrong.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the American Civil War, new types of armoured ships were introduced, the CSS Virginia of the south and the USS Monitor to the north.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The structure of the latter was copied and formed from them the warships of the monitor type.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In these US ships, we can see a future trend forced by an increase in the power of the cannons.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 1853 naval battle related to the Crimean War, Sinop had already seen the potency of new large-calibre guns against wooden ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[102] Another weapon affecting the construction of warships was the 1866 introduced torpedo.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In Italy, the armoured ships Duilio and its sister ship Dandalo, designed by Benedetto Brini, were built in 1876, with 15-inch guns weighing 50 tons as main guns in rotating turrets.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The steam-powered ships were additionally fast.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the 1890s, Englishman William Henry White designed the Royal Sovereign-class armoured ships with high edges allowing rapid passage in rough shipping.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

These ships were fitted with 45 cm steel armor.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[103] The ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, which destroyed the 1905 Naval Battle of Tsushima by the Russian Empire Navy, were for the most part manufactured in England.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Russian ships were predominantly Russian-made, but at least the battleship Tsesarevits had been built in France. [104].


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Irish engineer Charles A. Parsons developed a steam turbine suitable for ship use.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The first turbine-powered yacht Turbinia was in trial service in 1893, but the problem proved to be cavitating the propellers slightly before full speed of 19.5 knots.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Admiralty was not interested in the new machine, which is why Parsons organised a demonstration at the 1897 Naval Parade.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Turbinia ship's propeller arrangement had been improved and now it was travelling at 34 knots, an unprecedented speed of.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Parson drove his ship between the warships at anchor, leaving one ship to follow after becoming ridiculed after falling considerably behind.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

As a result, the first turbine-powered destroyer HMS Viper was built.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

A steam turbine more vibrating than a steam engine came into use on war and passenger ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Dreadnought from 1906 was the first battleship equipped with a steam turbine and it ran at 23,000 horsepower at 21 knots.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The armament was mainly heavy artillery.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The torpedo hazard made long-range artillery battles a necessity.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the Naval Battle of Tsushima, for example, the Russians had opened fire 16 km away from the target due to a torpedo hazard.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[105] Modern shipbuilding technology Propulsion systems Rudolf Diesel built an 1897 working diesel engine.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This machine had better efficiency than that of the steam engine and its use quickly spread to large vehicles such as trains and ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Submarines began to use an internal combustion engine because they required a miniature source of power.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1896, construction began in the United States of America on a submarine designed by John Philip Holland, in which a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine and an additional electric motor for diving were placed.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Gasoline proved too dangerous, so submarines participating in World War I had diesel engines for traversing on the surface.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[106] Burmeister & Wain, a Danish shipyard and manufacturer of ship engines, had obtained exclusive rights to diesel engines in Denmark from Rudolf Diesel.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The shipyard completed the 1912 cargo ship M/S Selandia, the first diesel-powered vessel to cross the ocean.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It had a four-stroke engine.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Burmeister & Wain is today part of the MAN company under the name MAN B&W.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Nowadays, the main engine of the type of cargo ships is a two-stroke low-speed diesel engine powered by heavy fuel oil, an example of the largest mentioned Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Piston steam engines were used in ships until the Second World War, after which diesel engines have replaced them.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Steam turbine diesel engines replaced in passenger ships by the 1970s when burning oil in a steam boiler became too expensive.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The electric motor is superior to the diesel engine in terms of adjustability, which has led to the development of diesel-electric drivetrain, whereby generators rotated by diesel engines are used to develop electricity for the needs of actual electric driving mootters.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In this case, problems with vibration are reduced when several small diesel engines can be used.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

When using a helm propeller, better maneuverability is achieved.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In nuclear-powered ships, the steam turbine is still in use.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The world's first nuclear-powered ship was the US nuclear submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) 1955 and the first cargo ship was NS Savannah, laid into waters in 1962.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Soviet Union built the first nuclear-powered icebreaker under the name Lenin in 1959.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

It was, at the same time, the first nuclear-powered ship in civilian use.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The Soviets built several nuclear icebreakers, including the Arktika class and the Taimyr class.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

However, the use of nuclear power in wing ships has not progressed since the beginning.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

1906 the Waterman company in the United States began manufacturing outboard motors for use in small boats.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The most successful early outboard motor type was developed by Ole Evinrude and it entered the market in 1912.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Hull structures in the late 1920s Germany built battleships limited in size according to the Treaty of Versailles and therefore referred to by the English as “vest-pocket battleships, the well-known of which is the Admiral Graf Spee.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[107] These were the first ships to be built from blocks and largely used welding in assembling.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

During World War II, German submarines were able to destroy Allied merchant ships in large numbers.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In response to this loss in the United States, Henry J. Kaiser proposed standard ships, leading to the construction of liberty ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

These were steamships of simplified construction, the hull of which was made of blocks and the ships assembled by welding.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

This greatly intensified the building and at its fastest the ship was assembled in ten days.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

These ships with a carrying capacity of 14,000 tonnes were built in 1941—45 by 18 shipyards for a total of 2710.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The construction method was new and welding stresses caused problems.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In all, 12 ships were snapped at sea.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The cause was identified as a fragile fracture caused by the material's fracture sensitivity in cold waters, and the fracture was promoted by oversized cargoes.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Towards the end of the war, Victory ships began to be produced, which were slightly larger and sturdier.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

531 of these were built.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

After the war, welding became established as a method of assembly of ship hulls.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[108] In the late 20th century shipbuilding in shipyards has evolved into a final configuration that combines imported parts and components, even very large ones, such as whole hull blocks, superstructures or engines.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Heavy parts can be imported from a very long distance by water.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The size of cargo ships in particular is influenced by two significant canals, the Panama Canal opened in 1914 and the Suez Canal, where service began in 1867.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In particular, Panamax size rating is important for ship builders.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The size of ships operating in Finland is limited by the size of the Baltimax due to the Danish straits.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Structural Materials Steel has maintained its position as the main ship building material, but construction materials for ships and boats have diversified.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In boats, reinforced plastic and especially fiberglass reinforced have gained a large market.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Aluminum is made not only for boats, but also larger ships, especially fast-moving warships and passenger ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Titanium has also been used in the construction of submarines, as in the Russian Project 945 nuclear-powered submarines.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The manufacture of wooden boats has survived as a craft tradition, but is limited in quantity.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Types Of Vessels The most old cargo ship is a flatdeck ship of the sailing ship period.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the middle stages of the 19th century, a command and control bridge was formed amidships, where it possibly connected wing pirates.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Traditionally, the helm had been at the stern of the ship and a wooden deck was built there to protect the helmsman and the helm was raised higher.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

For practical reasons, a duck deck was needed for the bow.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[109] At the time when air transport was not yet highly developed, cargo liners also had passenger cabins.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The type cargo liner had a length of about 150 metres, a width of 18 metres and a draught of 8 metres.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Engine power was 4,000 horsepower on diesel machines.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The crew numbered about 50 to 60 people.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[110] “Three island vessel” was the designation for type cargo ships of bow mid and stern construction, for example Victory ships.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[111] This type of ship has mostly disappeared in the late 20th century and cargo ship holds are together and ships often have only one high deck structure.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Minimizing loading time has resulted in container ships and ro-ro ships being the most typical cargo ships today.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The first tank ships were built in the 1860s in England for a German subscriber.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In 1921, the 175-foot-long, 23-foot-wide tank ship SS William Rockefeller was built in the United States.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Supertankers began to be built in the 50s, with the first being the 236 metre long, 29-metre-wide “Tina Onassis” in 1953.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[112] A tug is a vessel used, for example, in ports to bring unwieldy cargo ships to berths.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The icebreaker is required in northern waters for year-round shipping.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The first was built 1871 in Hamburg.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In the early 20th century, these came with propellers for the bow as well.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[113] Ship-classification societies and maritime safety Maritime transport involves a lot of risks, both in terms of ship structures and shipping and pitfalls.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

As a result, systems for sharing risk have been developed early on.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

One of the oldest is the warranty agreements between merchants and shipping companies, where it was agreed that in case of loss of cargo, everyone should pay part of it, or if the cargo is received, the contracting parties, i.e. guarantors, get a share of the profit.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

The 1760s saw the emergence of insurance agencies and classification societies as neutral condition determiners of ships, among which such names as Lloyd's Register and Det Norske Veritas were known.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

If a ship fails to get approval from the classification agency, there is usually no insurance for the ship, at least not cheaply.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[114] Nowadays such an unchecked ship is not allowed out of port by the authorities.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Classification agencies have collected information on ship safety and have established requirements in terms of safety.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Gradually, this has led to almost all components and structures used on ships having to be approved by classification agencies.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Precise regulations reduce experimentation in ship structures or components.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Shipyard Small ships can be built on shore and pushed into the water, but as ships increase in size, other solutions have been forced to think about early on.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

In Egypt, which was part of Ancient Greece, large five- and six-rowings were built using a dry dock made of dammed canal.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Pool docks are also known to have been used by the Chinese in the 10th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

There is the first mention of 16th-century Italy of the floating dock.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Covered yards for the construction of ship hulls existed as early as the 17th century.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[115] A later common method is to build a ship on a wheeled platform that can be lowered with the vessel into the water along the rails as the ship itself remains floating.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Smaller ships can also be lifted into the waters by a large crane.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Shipyards are not only needed for shipbuilding, but also for ship repair and maintenance.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

At the time of the discoveries, the ships were accompanied by carpentry and materials needed for repair.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Big wooden sailing ships could be driven to the shore and tilted so much that the bottom boards could be replaced.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

[116] This ease of repair was one of the reasons for the abandonment of lime grazing in large sailing ships and switching to butt seams in the 15th century also in the North Sea and Baltic.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Marine industry worldwide South Korean shipyards build the most ships, with 51.2% market share in 2011.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Other major states in shipbuilding include China and Japan.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

See also Finnish marine industry History of icebreakers History of Technology Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Berg, Lasse| title = Dawn of Kalahari: how man became a human| location = Helsinki| publisher = Into Kustannus Oy| year = 2012| version = Initial work language Swedish: Gryning över Kalahari.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Translated by Toivanen, Rikka| id = ISBN 978-952-264-129-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kero, Reino ja Kujanen, Hannu (ed.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

) | title = From Kivaxe to information technology, social history of technology from the Stone Age to the present day | publisher = Turku: Department of History at the University of Turku | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-880-296-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Konttinen, Kyösti| title = When the ships were wood| location = Sorbifolia 43 (1) 2012| publisher = Dendrology| year = 2012| id = ISSN 0359-3568| page = 25}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Landels, J. G.| title = Ancient Engineering| publisher = Engineerörtieto Oy| year = 1985| version = Finlander, Charle| id = ISBN 951-794-205-2| page = 106}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Björn Landström| title = Ship: review of ship history from primitive raft to atomic-powered submarine| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1990| version = Initial work language Swedish: Skeppet: en översikt av skeppets history från den primitiva flotten till den atomdrivna ubåten med rekonstruktioner i ord och bilder.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

Translated by Vuorenroot, Martti.


Question: What year was insurance invented?

Shipbuilding

6. p| id = ISBN 951-1-11183-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Riimala, Erkki, ed.| title = Navis fennica, Finnish maritime history, part 1| publisher = WSOY| year = 1993| version = 1st book of four-part series| id = ISBN 951-0-18912-| access| access| date = Dec 30, 2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Willis, Sam| title = Fighting ship from ancient to 1750| location = London| publisher = Quercus Publishing Plc| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978 1 84724 880 0| accessdate = 2.12.2012}} References on topic elsewhere * Category:Key to screening Articles


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

HMS Highlander (pennant number H44) was a Havant-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy that served in World War II.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Manufacturing The Brazilian government ordered the ship from John I. Thornycroft and Company of Woolston under the name Jaguaribe.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship's keel was laid down on 28 September 1938.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 4 September 1939, the ship was redeemed by the British government and it was laid into the waters on 17 October 1939 as designated HMS Highlander.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship underwent modification work into a submarine anti-submarine ship to meet the needs of the Navy, after which it was completed on 18 March 1940.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] After service on completion of HMS Highlander</i>and some training of its crew in Portland, it sailed to Scapa Flow.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 11 April 1940, the ship joined Scapa Flow after reaching Home Fleet 9.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Attached to a destroyer squadron, with which it supported the Allied war effort off the coast of Norway.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship shielded convoy NP1 from the Clyde to Vestfjord the next day.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship's destination changed and it moved on 14 April to support the landings of Namsos.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 15 April, HMS Highlander separated from the convoy, after which it sailed for Liliesjona, where it came under air attack.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship was relieved of duty, after which it returned domestically to escort the next contingent.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 17 April, the ship ran aground in the Shetland Islands en route to Scapa Flow, causing its engine room to suffer damage and the destruction of sonar.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 20 April, the ship was transferred to the Hull shipyard for repairs.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] HMS Highlander returned to service on 19 May, when it sheltered HMS Renown from Tyne to Scapa Flow in conjunction with HMS Bulldog and HMS Ashanti.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship sheltered the aircraft carrier HMS Glorious to the Norwegian coast along with HMS Arrow and HMS Wren.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 28 May, it sheltered HMS Glorious back to Scapa Flowhu.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 31 May, HMS Highlander sheltered HMS Glorious and HMS Ark Royal en route from Clyde to Bardufoss on the Norwegian coast together with HMS Acasta, HMS Ardent, HMS Acheron and HMS Diana to provide cover against Allied evacuation (Operation Alphabet).


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 2 June, after the detachment reached its area of operation, HMS Highlander sheltered HMS Glorious, which received land-embarking aircraft.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 5 June, the ship disembarked to refuel at Harstad, after which it returned to cover for the aircraft carrier.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 8 June, HMS Highlander was transferred to HMS Ark Royal, where HMS Diana and HMS Acheron were already housed.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The destroyers shielded the aircraft carrier as well as associated troop carriers and cargo ships (Group II) domestically.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 12 June, HMS Highlander was transferred to the Western Route (), when it was tasked with supporting evacuations from the Bay of Biscay area.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship rescued the survivors of AMC HMS Scotstoun the next day and landed them ashore at Greenock.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 16 June, the ship evacuated British Transfer Army troops from St. Nazaire and on 25 June from St. Jean de Luz.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] HMS Highlander sheltered Convoy WS1, which departed from the Clyde on 29 June, together with HMS Harvester, HMS Volunteer and HMS Whirlwind.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship separated from the convoy the next day.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 16 July, the ship was fitted with a three-inch anti-aircraft cannon at Devonport.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 24 July, the ship returned to her squadron.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 5 August, HMS Highlander sheltered Convoy WS2, which departed Liverpool, together with HMS Harvester, HMS Havelock and HMS Hurricane.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 7 August, the ship separated from the convoy, returning to Liverpool.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 26 August 1940, HMS Highlander picked up survivors of the British merchant ship SS Yewcrest sunk by German Navy submarine U-37 ().


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[2] HMS Highlander shelled 14—15.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On the night of September Cherbourg along with the destroyers HMS Harvester, HMS Bulldog and HMS Beagle, after which the ship was transferred with the squadron to Liverpool.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[2] [1] HMS Highlander sheltered Convoy WS3, which departed from Liverpool on 3 October, together with destroyers HMS Harvester, HMS Havelock, HMS Hurricane, HMS Versatile, HMS Viscount and HMS Witherington.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 5 October, the ship separated from the convoy, returning to Liverpool.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 30 October, HMS Highlander was sunk by depth charge bombs in the north-west of Ireland, along with HMS Harvester, the SS Empress of Australia, which torpedoed submarine U-32 ().


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[2] [1] HMS Highlander sheltered Convoy WS4B, which departed from the Clyde on 18 November, together with Canadian Navy destroyers HMCS Ottawa, HMCS Skeena, HMCS Saguenay and HMCS St. Laurent.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 20 November, the ship separated from the convoy, returning to the Clyde.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 1 December, the ship sheltered the torpedoed HMCS Saguenay at Barrow-in-Furness at Vickers-Armstrong Shipyard.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 19 December, HMS Highlander sheltered Convoy WS5A along with HMS Harvester and HMS Vesper.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship separated from the convoy on 21 December, returning to the Clyde.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] 1941 HMS Highlander was deployed on 8 January 1941 as an anti-aircraft ship in the Gulf of Molfren to protect the assembling convoy WS5B together with HMS Harvester and HMS Wellington.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 12 January, the ship joined the convoy as it began its voyage.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 16 January, it separated from the convoy, returning to the Clyde.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 30 January, HMS Highlander was transferred to Vickers shipyard in Hebburn, from where it returned on 23 March, joining its escort group.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 26 March, the ship was transferred with the group to Gibraltar.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 6 April, HMS Highlander participated in the search for the German Navy battlecruisers Gneisenau and Scharnhorst off the Bay of Biscay together with Force H.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship was transferred to Freetown on 18.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Accompanied by the destroyer squadron as cover for convoys in the South Atlantic.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 26 April, the ship joined Convoy WS8A along with HMS Duncan and HMS Wishart to assist HMS Boreas.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 9 May, the ship separated from the convoy along with HMS Boreas.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 5 June, HMS Highlander sheltered Convoy WS8B together with HMS Boreas and HMS Wishart.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 8 June, the ship separated from the convoy, returning to Freetown.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 16 June, it protected Convoy WS9A along with HMS Vansittart, HMS Wild Swan, HMS Boreas, HMS Brilliant and HMS Velox.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 18 June, the ship separated from the convoy after it reached Freetown.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] HMS Highlander was transferred to Londonderry in August, continuing to protect Atlantic convoys there.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 31 August, the ship sheltered Convoy WS11, which departed from the Clyde, along with the cruiser HMS Cairo, the destroyers HMS Lively, HMS Cossack, HMS Legion, HMS Winchelsea, HMS Zulu, destroyer of the Dutch Navy.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Ms.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

With Isaac Sweers and Polish Navy destroyers ORP Piorun and ORP Garland.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 3 September, the ship separated from the convoy, returning to Londonderry.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 13 December, HMS Highlander sheltered HMS Duke of York, which carried Prime Minister Winston Churchill to Argentia, Newfoundland, together with HMS Faulknor, HMS Foresight, HMS Lightning and HMS Harvester.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 17 December, the ship parted ways with the rest of the destroyers, returning to Scapa Flowhu.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] 1942—1944 HMS Highlander was transferred in February 1942 to Green and Silley Weir shipyard in Tilbury for maintenance, during which time maritime surveillance radar Type 271 was fitted to the ship.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship returned to service on 18 March 4.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

As the lead ship of the escort group.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The group included the destroyer HMS Winchelsea and the corvettes HMS Anemone, HMS Asphodel and HMS Pennywort.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] HMS Highlander and her group sheltered several Atlantic convoys until it was transferred on 22 November to a shipyard in the Humber for maintenance.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 6 January 1943, the ship returned to her group.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] HMS Highlander would visit a shipyard at St. John's, Newfoundland in March, where damage received in the storm was repaired.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 18 March, the ship sheltered Convoy HX229, which came under attack from several U-boats.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

It dodged torpedo kits launched by both U-441 and U-608.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 10 April, HMS Highlander was attached to Escort Group B6 to protect Convoy ON176, which was targeted by U-boat Group Adler.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 21 April, with her own group, the ship sheltered Convoy HX234, which was targeted by U-boat Group Meisem.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] HMS Highlander was ordered in September to protect Mediterranean convoys.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship transferred to her mission along with the destroyers HMS Walker, HMS Westcott and HMS Winchelsea, and the corvettes HMS Abelia, HMS Asphodel, HMS Clover and HMS Pennywort.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship sheltered convoys KMS30 and OG95 domestically to Gibraltar.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] On 28 December, HMS Highlander was transferred to a shipyard at Troon, where the ship was converted into an anti-submarine equaliser by installing, among other things, a Hedgehog anti-submarine launcher on the site of the A cannon.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Preparation of the ship was delayed by a collision with a tug.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

It returned to service on 12 April 1944, when it was attached to Escort Group B6 to protect Convoy ON176.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] HMS Highlander was under training at Tobermory in May.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship was attached on June 4.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

To escort group to protect North Atlantic convoys.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

It was reassigned to Escort Group B2 in September to provide cover for Mid-Atlantic convoys.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] 1945 On 15 April 1945, HMS Highlander suffered severe damage when struck by ice.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship's bow broke below the waterline from a 20ft voyage and it temporarily lost its ability to exercise.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The corvette HMS Morpeth Castle assisted the ship until the tug Tenacity arrived.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship was towed to the Bay of Bulls in Newfoundland.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

It was taken on April 17 to the Bay of Bulls shipyard.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] HMS Highlander was transferred for finishing at St. John's, Newfoundland.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 24 July, the ship departed for Portsmouth, where it arrived on 29 July.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship was transferred to the North Sea for aircrew training until transferred in January 1946 to the reserve.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] HMS Highlander was placed on the removal list in February.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

On 27 May, the ship was sold to BISCO, who allocated the ship to Metal Industries for Charlestown, Fife.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

The ship arrived in May 1947 for scrapping.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

[1] Shipmasters William Alexander Dallmeyer DSO 1 January 1940 — 14 January 1941 Sidney Boucher 14 January 1941 — 31 July 1942 Edward Campbell Lacy Day 31 July 1942 — 26 August 1943 Colin William McMullen DSC 26 August — December 1943 Humphrey Edward Gregory Atkins March 13, 1944 — February 7, 1945 Martyn Butt Sherwood DSO February 7 — April 20, 1945 Humphrey Edward Gregory Atkins April 20 — August 28, 1945 Richard Edward Roe August 28, 1945 — Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = English, John| title = Amazon to Ivanhoe - British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s| location = Kendal| publisher = World Ship Society| year = 1993| id = ISBN 0-905617-64-9| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Whitley, M. J.| title=Destroyers of World War Two — an international encyclopedia| location = London| publisher = Arms and Armour| year = 1988| id = ISBN 0-85368-910-5| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardiner, Robert (ed.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

) | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922—1946| location = London, England| publisher = Conway Maritime Press| year = 1987| id = ISBN 0-85177-146-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Disk, James P.| title = The Royal Navy's Home Fleet in World War II| location = New York| publisher = Palgrave macmillan| year = 2003| id = ISBN 1-4039-1773-6| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Woodman, Richard| title = Arctic Convoys 1941—1945| location = South Yorkshire, England| publisher = Pen & Sword Maritime| year = 2007| id = ISBN 1-84415-611-7| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)


Question: When did HMS Ashanti exit service?

HMS Highlander (H44)

References Category:Royal Navy H-class destroyers Class:Ships made by Thornycroft Class:World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Cereals are seed plants belonging to grasses (Poaceae or Gramineae) which are grown or cultivated for their nutritional seeds, or grains.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Botanically, the grains are dry, single-seeded achenes.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Grain is the world's most important nutritional resource, as it is grown on Earth more than any other group of dietary plants.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

It also gives people more nutrition than any other group of nutrients.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

In some developing countries, poor people eat almost solely grain.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

In developed countries, grain accounts for a smaller share of human nutrition, but still significant.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Although there are differences in different types of cereals, their cultivation in principle is quite similar.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

All are annual grasses: with one sowing, one crop is obtained.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

There are often two types of cereals in cold regions: September and spring cereals.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Most of the nutritional content of cereals is carbohydrate, but they also contain a significant amount of protein, although its amino acid composition is not optimal for human nutrition.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Whole grain cereals is a good source of fiber, some useful fatty acids, vitamins and other trace elements.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

[1] The history of growing wheat from cereals goes back the longest: its cultivation is considered to have begun as early as 10,000 years ago.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Cultivation of cereals Spring cereals The benefits of spring cereals are that potential tillage can be done in spring, when land erosion does not occur in winter, or it is significantly less pronounced.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

[2] The downside is that in dry early summers the yield of spring cereals is inferior to that of autumn cereals.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

[3] Autumn Cereals The benefits of autumn cereals are that in dry early summers the harvest is better than that of spring cereals.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

[3] Autumn cereals become threshed faster than spring cereals, because a sufficient amount of heat can be recovered more quickly, as there is no need to wait for the field to dry out.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

The disadvantage is greater erosion compared to spring cereals, as possible tillage needs to be done in autumn [2] and winter yields loss.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Cereals Well-known varieties of spring cereals Spring wheat: Quarna, Demonstrant and Anniina Spring Rye: Juuso and Rogo Known autumn cereal varieties Autumn wheat: Ceylon, Skagen and Sw Magnifik Sep rye: Reetta, Kws Livado, Dankowskie Agat and Su Performer Sep barley: Matros Cereals Of the twelve most important crops in the world today, five are cereals: wheat, corn, rice, barley and sorghum.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

These five grain species provide more than half of the nutritional energy at mankind's disposal.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Cereals can be divided into two groups, depending on what is their main purpose of use.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Some of the cereals are used directly for human consumption, mainly bread cereals, while some are mainly used for animal feeding, i.e. feed cereals.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Bread cereals include wheat and rye, while maize, barley and oats are more used as feed cereals.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

The food crisis that has rocked the world since 2008 has been caused by the replacement of food derived from plants, especially cereals, with food of animal origin, rising oil prices and low funding to support farming.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

[4] If the whole world's grain crop were to be used only to feed people, the grain crop would be sufficient to feed all mankind perfectly.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

However, more than half of the world's grain crop is used for animal feed.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

In this case, its efficiency as human consumption drops, for example, in cattle to a tenth compared to that of human consumption of cereals as such.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Finnish cereals in Finland are mainly cultivated four types of cereals, namely barley (30% of cultivated area), oats (20%), wheat (6%) and rye (1%).


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

These areas, average yields per hectare and total yields in 2017 were as follows [5]: wheat 194,300 hectares, 4,130 kg/ha, total 802.0 million kg barley 358,300 hectares, 4,070 kg/ha, total 1,460.1 million kg oats 269,500 hectares, 3,760 kg/ha, for a total of 1,013.9 million kg rye 28,900 hectares, 3,920 kg/ha, a total of 113.5 million kg Although rye is an essential part of the Finnish diet, its willingness to grow is today weakened by the risk of cultivation.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Rye must be sown early (at the turn of August-September), so its pre-crop must be threshed early.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

In wet summers, rye sowing may cause compaction of arable land, adversely affecting both the growing condition of the land and the expected yields.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

In addition, its wintering depends on winter weather conditions.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Of the Finnish grain species, wheat and rye are counted as bread cereals, oats and barley as feed cereals according to their main use.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

In Finland, 80 per cent of rye, 39 per cent of wheat, 6 per cent of oats and less than 1 per cent of barley are used for human consumption.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

In this context, the use of cereals, mainly barley, for malt has not been counted as human consumption.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Finnish cereals use 76 per cent of oats, 62 per cent of barley, 44 per cent of wheat and 0.2 per cent of rye.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Rye's completely non-existent feed use is due to its poor suitability for animal consumption.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Fodder maize is also grown in Finland, but its share of arable land is very small.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Admittedly, the proportion of maize is projected to increase with climate change.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Although climatic conditions in the future would favour Finland as a maize growing area, a barrier to cultivation is its poor adaptation to the length of the day.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Maize requires more dark hours per day than Finland has during the growing season.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Maize is most commonly harvested in Finland for feed.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

In this case, the entire above-ground crop is harvested from corn.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Grain species of cereals, approximately in order of annual production: wheat or bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), temperate climate main grain rice (Oryza sativa), tropical climate main grain maize (Zea mays), North and South America and Africa's most used cereals; a lot including livestock as fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare), also sorghum used as malted barley (Sorghum bicolor), in Africa rye (Secale cereale), cold climate oats (Avena sativa), in cool crops and much also as livestock feed tephhe (Eragrostis tef), common in Ethiopia, but is rarely grown elsewhere in Native American rice (Zizania aquatica) spelt wheat (Triticum spelta), a close relative of wheat durum wheat (Triticum durum), a close relative of wheat grown predominantly in Mediterranean countries and used especially for making pastes for grain millet i.e. Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Italian pantahay or cob millet (Setaria italica) pearl millet, or Negro millet (Pennisetum glaucum) feather millet (Pennisetum sp.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

), Africa and Asia Occasionally, a few crops belonging to tribes other than grasses are sometimes included in cereals.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Such are buckwheat, quinoa and amaranth.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

However, they do not meet the definition of cereals, so they are so-called pseudo- or false cereals.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

There is also often talk of legumes, which refer to some cultivated pea crops, but even these do not meet the definition of cereals.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

The cereals in the name referred more to their nature as crops.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Cereals as an export product The total crop of cereals in Finland is approximately 3.5 to 4 billion kilograms, of which 400 to 600 million kilograms are exported to the world in a normal year.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Most exports are oats, which are exported, among other things, to the United States for horse feed.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

Barley is exported to Saudi Arabia, Syria and North Africa for feed use.


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

[6] Trace element content Trace element and vitamin B losses are highest in white wheat flour (table).


Question: Is it possible to grow sorghum in Finland?

Cereals

[7] Trace element content in flour compared to whole grain (unenriched flour): Sources * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Civil War was fought between the Senate of Finland, or the government, and troops led by the Finnish People's Delegation that had rebelled against it from 27 January — 15 May 1918.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

The armed forces of the Senate were white troops and the Finnish Red Guard, or Red Guards, as the People's Delegation.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

The army of the German Empire supported the Whites by capturing Helsinki, Lahti and other southern Finnish cities.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

Soviet-Russia supported the Reds by donating weapons to them.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

The Civil War was part of the state and social transformation in Europe caused by World War I.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

In 1917, World War I led to the dissolution of the Russian Empire and a political struggle for power, and eventually to the Russian Civil War.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

As a result of the collapse of Russia, a part of the Empire, the Grand Duchy of Finland, declared independence as Finland on 6 December 1917, but the intensification and dissolution of internal tensions within Finnish society led to the dissolution of state power within 1917 and a military crisis which resulted in the formation of two centres of power equipped with armed forces in the country.


Question: What kind of impact did the Finnish Civil War leave behind?

Finnish Civil War

[1] The crisis culminated at the end of January in 1918 with a civil war between the Reds and Whites.