Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

The whole game system cup is played as a play-offs and pairings are drawn, although the qualifying round is played regionally so that the travel costs of small clubs do not increase too much.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

The first and second rounds were previously played divided into northern and southern match pairs, but this was abandoned after the 1997—98 season.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

The home team is settled by lot.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

At the end of the match, the rematch was played at the away team's ground.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

Clubs may also agree with each other to arrange an extension of the match, as well as a possible penalty shootout.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

In rematches this is always the case, in the past it was common to even play numerous rematches.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

The Cup begins in August, when an additional qualifying round is held for teams playing at low league levels.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

Almost any member club of the English Football Association, or FA, can take part in this round, where the basics are in order.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

This is followed by a pre-round round, four qualifying rounds and six rounds of the cup proper, as well as the semi-finals and final.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

All teams playing in the English Premier League and The Football League series are allowed to participate, as are clubs outside the league, provided they have participated in the FA Trophy or FA Vase in the previous season and play in one of the league the following season.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

The club must also have a stadium that meets the dimensions.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

The semi-finals are played on neutral pitches.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

The final has been normally played at London's Wembley Stadium, but due to renovations between 2001 and 2006 the match was played at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales, which was the first time the final was played anywhere other than England.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

Prior to Wembley, other stadiums were also in use.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

The winner of the cup qualifies for the first round of the Europa League.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

However, if the winner qualifies for the Champions League via their Premier League placement, the Europa League place will go to the team that lost the final.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

If both runners-up qualify for the Champions League, the next team in the Premier League will receive a Europa League place.


Question: What is the FA Cup?

FA Cup

Statistics on FA Cup finals 10 most successful teams On the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Paul Klebnikov (, June 3, 1963, New York — July 9, 2004, Moscow) was an economic journalist and writer of Russian background.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

He worked for ten years at financial magazine Forbes and published two books.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Before his death, he worked as editor of the Russian version of the financial magazine Forbes.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Paul Klebnikov was assassinated in Moscow in 2004.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Background, study and family Paul Klebnikov was born in the United States into an emigrant family of Russian background who had fled the consequences of the October Revolution from Russia to the United States in 1918.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

His great-grandfather was Rear Admiral Arkadi Nebolsin, who was killed by the Matruses who rose to revolt during the revolution.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[1] Paul Klebnikov's grandmother, Ekaterina Nebolsina, ran a Russian children's charity based in New York and her father Georgi Klebnikov worked as a department director for the United Nations Simultaneous Interpreters.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In 1984, Paul graduated from the University of California (Berkeley) majoring in economic policy.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[2] He received his doctorate at the London School of Economics.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In 1987-88, Klebnikov lectured at the European Institute in London.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[3] He knew not only English and Russian languages but also French and Italian.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In September, in 1991, Paul Klebnikov married Helen “Musa” Train.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

The couple had three children.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[2] Journalist and writer career In 1989 Paul started working for Forbes, an American magazine specialising in the financial sector.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

As a journalist, Paul specialized in writing specifically about Russian big companies.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[1] In his articles, he wrote frequently about the post-Soviet privatization process and corruption.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In 1996, Forbes published an article published by Paul Klebnikov with the title “Godfather of the Kremlin?”.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In his article, Klebnikov wrote about oligarch Boris Berezovsky and compared his activities to the Sicilian Mafia.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Klebnikov accused the influential oligarch of charges including extortion, money laundering, collaborating with the Chechen mafia and ordering contract killings.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In the article, Berezovsky's name was also attached to the 1996 murder of journalist Vladislav Listyev.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

After the article was published, Paul Klebnikov received several death threats and retreated to a writing break in Paris.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[2] The article led to Boris Berezovski bringing an action against Forbes in the High Court in London in December 1996.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In his suit, Berezovski accused Forbes of disseminating unsubstantiated information and demanded damages from the magazine and the removal of the article.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

The legal process took as many as six years, but in a 2003 resolution, the court required Forbes to remove only the part about Vladislav Listyev's murder from the online version of the article.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[4] The edited article is still readable on the Forbes pages.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[5] Written production During the judicial process Paul Klebnikov wrote the book “Godfather of the Kremlin: Boris Berezovsky and the Looting of Russia”, reportedly based in part on President Boris Yeltsin's former bodyguard Aleksander Korzhakov for interviews.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[1] In his book published in 2000, Klebnikov describes the privatization process undertaken under President Boris Yeltsin as the “robbery of the century” and details the corruption of Russian business circles, with a particular focus on Boris Berezovsky.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[6] The book received mixed reception.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[2] In the West it was described as “rich in detail” [6], but in Russia a large proportion of journalists criticised it, claiming it relied too much on claims by former employees of the security services.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[2] The FSB ex-agent Aleksandr Litvinenko, who was associated with Boris Berezovsky, accused Paul Klebnikov of being “commissioned by the Russian Security Service” in his own book “Lubyanka criminal group”.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[7] Originally published in English, the book has been translated into at least Russian, German, French, Polish and Hungarian languages.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In 2003, Paul Klebnikov published his second book: “Conversation with a Barbarian: Interviews with a Chechen Field Commander on Banditry and Islam”.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

The book is based on an extensive interview with Khozh-Ahmed Noukhayev, the leader of Chechen separatists, which lasted about 15 hours.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[8] In his interview, Noukhayev describes his conceptions of Islam and Chechene society.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

The book also features Klebnikov's own commentaries.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In 2003, Klebnikov was named the first editor-in-chief of the Russian version of the financial magazine Forbes.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[2] Since Klebnikov's wife and children did not want to move to Russia, Paul only made Pest a one-year contract.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Only four issues of the magazine had time to appear before Klebnikov was assassinated.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Murder Paul Klebnikov was shot on the evening of June 9, 2004, outside the exit of Forbes' Moscow editorial office.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[2] The shooting occurred from a passing VAZ-2115 passenger car with three people inside.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Four bullets hit Klebnikov in the chest, abdomen and head.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Before he died, Klebnikov had time to tell him he didn't recognize the shooters by appearance and doesn't know the cause of the shooting.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Klebnikov was taken by ambulance to a Muscovite hospital but failed to save him.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

The ambulance carrying Klebnikov did not have an oxygen mask and the lift carrying him to the hospital's emergency department went out of order.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Paul Klebnikov perished in a hospital elevator.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[9] Murder Investigations and Trial The authorities investigating the murder identified the incident as a hit-killing.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[10] Forbes wrote that the murder must have been related to Klebnikov's work.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[11] There have been a number of different speculations about the motives for the murder.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

According to the authorities' investigations, the murder would have been planned by Khozh-Akhmed Nukhayev, leading figures in the Chechen separatist movement and would have been carried out by Chechny-born Kazbek Dukuzov, Musa Vakhayev and Fail Sadretdinov.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Investigators say the motive for the murder would have been Klebnikov's book published in 2003.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Dukuzov and Vahayev were also charged with the attempted murder of Moscowite businessman Alexei Pitshugin, a year earlier.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[12] However, in May 2006, all suspects were acquitted by a court jury decision.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Klebnikov's relatives appealed the decision and the case went to the Russian Supreme Court, which reversed the lapse in the charges.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Among the members of the trio, Sadretdinov was later sentenced to nine years' imprisonment in connection with another murder case.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In 2007, U.S. President George W. Bush appealed to Russian President Vladimir Putin to speed up investigations.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[13] Vakhayev and Dukuzov were wanted for interrogations in the same year, but could not be reached for delivery to court.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[12] Gradually the legal process faded.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[14] In June 2009, the Russian authorities reopened investigations.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

In light of the new information, Nukhayev was no longer considered the mastermind of the murder, but it was believed that he had a stake in what happened.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[15] An international warrant is in force for Nukhayev.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Estimates of the motives for the murder of Paul Klebnikov have been presented in different contexts with a number of different motives.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

With his book “The Godfather of the Kremlin”, he reportedly angered at least businessman Boris Berezovsky, who is reported to have been extremely angry when the book appeared.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[16] On the other hand, Klebnikov also wrote revelations about the actions of several other influential oligarchs at the time.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

The motive for the murder has also been suggested to be the revenge of Chechene separatists for Klebnikov's “Conversation with a Barbarian”.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

A list of “The Hundred Richest Persons in Russia” published in the Russian version of the financial magazine Forbes in 2004 has also been suspected as one motive.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Several individuals who ended up on the list were reportedly unhappy that their wealth was disclosed on their list by a magazine editored by Klebnikov.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

[17] A new book in the process of Klebnikov's work has also been suggested as the motive for the murder, in which he was supposed to expose, among other things, the embezzlement of the state budget in Chechnya.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

This motive would be supported, for example, by the fact that Jan Sergun, the ex-Chechen prime minister who served as the source of information for Klebnikov's book, was assassinated just a couple of weeks after Klebnikov's murder.


Question: Where was Paul Klebnikov born?

Paul Klebnikov

Sources Category:Forbes Category:Russian journalists Category:Russian writers Category:Russian homicide victims Category:People born in 1963 Class:Those who died in 2004


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Häme Castle is one of the medieval kingdom castles of Finland.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The castle currently housed as a museum is located in the town of Hämeenlinna on the banks of Vanajavesi, about 12 metres above the current water level.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The exact date of construction of the castle is unclear; however, it was built in the late 13th century.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The first mention of it is from 1308.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

In the first phase, the castle consisted of a grey-stone camp caste and a perimeter wall.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Later in the 13th and 15th centuries it was elevated by bricks rarely used in Finland during the Middle Ages.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

In 1634, Häme Castle lost its status as a centre of administration, and by the end of the 17th century it fell into decline as Swedish foreign policy began to focus on the southern side of the Baltic Sea.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

After the Great Wrath, it was made the main depot, and in the 1770s it was modified into a fortress under the bastion system.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The Russian Empire recaptured the castle in 1808 without battle and soon turned it into a prison.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Restoration of the castle did not begin until the 1950s, with prisoners being moved out of the main castle in 1953 and the ring wall in 1972.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Repair work on the main castle was completed in 1979, when it was also opened to the public.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The perimeter walls were brought in order in 1988.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

History Construction The exact date of foundation of Häme Castle is unclear, and in literature the date of its construction has varied between 1229 and 1372.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

In the earliest research literature, the construction of the castle was linked to the Earl of Birger.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[1] According to the Office of Museums, the decision to build the castle took place after Birger's “crusade” in Häme, and construction began no later than the end of the 13th century.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[2] The castle is in any case first mentioned in documents from 1308.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[3] Different estimates of the castle's early construction phases have also been given.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

According to a long-prevailing conception, the earliest form of the castle comprised a grey-stone camp castel and surrounding it a perimeter wall with three corner towers.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The brick building phase, according to this timing, would have lasted from the mid-14th century to the mid-15th century.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[4] However, historian Knut Drake suggested in 2001 that the greystone castle did not begin to be built until 1372 and prior to this there would have been only log furnishings.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Drake made his conclusions about the new, younger timing of the Swedish Tre Kronor castle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

According to Drake, the brick fort phase would not have begun until 1472.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[5] The brick castle stage is significant because brick was a relatively rare building material in medieval Finland.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[2] At this stage of construction, the greystone structure was elevated by brick walls.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The brick allowed for more elaborate vaulting than barrel vaults and Gothic decorative forms.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[4] Brick began to dominate the entire castle yard, as older greystone surfaces were replaced by brick.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

At the same time the castle was divided into two parts like Turku Castle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The ground floor was occupied by all, and the second floor was reserved for the commandholder and his court.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[6] As a defence and garrison castle, the castle was built as a border castle, but its importance as a border castle was lost as early as 1323 when the Peace of Nutäsaari moved the Swedish border further away from the castle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Even after that, the building continued to be a major defence base, as it was located at the intersection of nationally important roads.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[7] Häme Castle was allowed to be fairly undisturbed in the 13th and 14th centuries, although the castles of Turku and Vyborg, for example, came under siege when power changed in the country.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

After the Novgorodian invasion of 1311, the next threat to be reckoned with was the late 15th century Ivan III's Principality of Moscow, garrisoned for war.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The castle found itself in concrete danger when, following the failed Vyborg bang of 1495, Russians invaded as far as Häme.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[8] At the beginning of the 16th century, Häme Castle was a place of court holding similar to the castles of Turku and Vyborg.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Åke Yrjänänpoika Totti became the commandholder of Häme Castle in 1508 and became the most influential commandholder in Finland during that time.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

He received at the castle the Swedish regent, Svante Niilonpoja.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Åke Yrjänänpoika was still living in Häme Castle in 1520 when Sten Sture the Younger's widow, Kristina Gyllenstierna, surrendered with the siege forces of King Christian II of Denmark on condition that she would have Häme Castle and Kokemäenkartano as her widowed residence.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Kristian's forces then entered the castle and executed Åke Göraninpoja.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

However, Häme Castle passed as early as 1522 as part of a large fiefdom to Admiral Søren Norby.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

However, the castle reverted back to Sweden without battle when the Danes were forced to surrender after the Swedes besieged both Turku Castle and Kuusisto Episcopal Castle in 1523.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[8] During the period of Gustav Vasa, the character of the castle changed, and it became the centre of the accounts and all the surplus belonged to the Crown.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

In 1559, Gustav Vasa sent two round gun turrets, or rondells, to the castle built by Henrik von Cöllen.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[8] The main castle also underwent some repairs to make it presentable.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[9] By the end of the 16th century, however, the castle had begun to fall into disrepair; in 1587, a scribe marked that it had not been inhabited for three years.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Most of the south tower collapsed in an explosion in 1599.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

It was likely to be repaired soon, and in 1606, Erik Hare, who was named castle-master, clearly restored the castle's defensive readiness.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[10] Gustav II Adolf visited the reformed castle in 1614.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Subsequently, the great hall of the castle has been called the “King's Hall”.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[9] When the Land Lordship was established in 1634, Häme Castle lost its status as an administrative centre.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

There was a significant change in the surroundings of the castle in 1639 when the settlement north of it received city rights as a town called Hämeenlinna, founded by Peter Brahe.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[9] During the 17th century, Swedish foreign policy shifted south of the Baltic Sea, and the castle fell into decadence.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The condition was exacerbated by a fire in 1659.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

By the outbreak of the Great Northern War in 1700, the castle had fallen badly into disrepair.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Attempts were made to improve its defensive condition, but its defensive capabilities were found in 1713 to be weak.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The troops left the castle before the enemies entered towards Pälkäne, and the castle was held by the Russians from 1713—1721.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The Russians slightly improved the defensive condition of the castle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[11] After Isonviha, Häme Castle was made the main depot of the Finnish army, or place d'armes.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[11] The main castle was made into a grain warehouse on this occasion and a new crown bakery was built for use by the military.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[2] The layout of the main castle was modified, and it received its current outfit.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The wing sections between the towers were elevated, leaving the south and east towers under the roof structures.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

In the War of the Hats of 1741—1743, the Russians again occupied the castle without battle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

New repair work did not begin after this until the 1770s.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[12] At the behest of King Gustav III, the settlement of the town of Hämeenlinna was moved to its present place and the restoration of the castle began.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[2] The castle began to be developed as a fortress, and ramparts and moats were built around it according to the bastion system.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

In addition, the main guard was built in the area, the west ring wall building with various dikes, and crew sleeping and kitchen facilities were placed in the northern perimeter wall building.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[13] From prison to museum, Häme Castle surrendered during the Finnish War, on 6 March 1808, without battle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The castle was subsequently subjugated under Russian military rule.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Häme Castle had long also been used as a prison, but in the early days of Russian rule it was made into a crown prison with nearly 300 prisoners housed in the main castle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

At the same time, the castle continued to be used as a grain store as well.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The castle was reworked as a whole into a prison in 1837 according to drawings by Carl Ludvig Engel.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Major changes were also made to the immediate surroundings of the castle: a drainage facility was built on the western side in 1839 based on plans by Anders Fredrik Granstedt, and in 1871 a county jail according to plans by Ludvig Isak Lindqvist.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[12] In 1881, Finland's only women's discipline room was placed in Häme Castle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[13] As a women's prison, the castle operated until 1953 (main castle) and 1972 (ring wall buildings).


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The castle had a rather unfortunate reputation among female prisoners: even in 1944, every female prisoner who remained silent began to speak at the interrogation everything they knew — if leaving to Häme Castle came at the cost of keeping quiet.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[14] Likewise, Ida Aalle-Teljo, who was in Häme Castle for political reasons between 1919 and 1922, tells quite creepy things about prison in her memoirs.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Restoration of Häme Castle was proposed several times, but it was not until 1953 that prisoners were moved away from the main castle to begin investigations.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Restoration of the main castle was difficult because it had been altered several times and used for a long time.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[12] The restoration plan was drawn up by Professor Nils Erik Wickberg.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[4] The restoration of the main castle was completed in 1979, during which some of the premises were reconstructed.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The pre-castle and its surroundings were restored after the main castle and efforts were made to bring them into a pre-1870s state.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Their restoration was completed in 1988.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[12] The main castle was opened to the public on 4 April 1979 and the ring walls in 1988.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[13] Today the castle operates as a museum under the Office of Museums and its premises are rented for various occasions.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[15] On the territory of the castle and its immediate vicinity are also the Prison Museum, the Military History Museum Museo Militaria and the historical museum of the city of Hämeenlinna, whose basic exhibition is in the castle's main castle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The castle became a topic in Hämeenlinna again in autumn 2007 when an article was published on the poor modern condition of the castle in Hämeen Sanomat.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

In the worst condition are the castle ramparts, which are in danger of collapse.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

In addition, the lower part of the turret is banned from use because rainwater enters the structures of the tower and stones falling from the walls make the site unsafe.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The reason for the deteriorating condition is the lack of money available for repairs and maintenance.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[16] In December 2007, the Office of Museums received EUR 1.5 million from the State for repair work.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Most of the money is spent on repairs in Tamminiemi and Olavinlinna, but money is also coming to Häme Castle.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[17] Renovations The moat has been renovated over several summers in the 2010s.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The previous renovation took place in the 1980s, when error solutions were made.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Part of the tomb has not previously been restored and information is hoped to be found about the old supporting structures of the moat, including the bunches of trees on which the walls have been supported.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

[18] [19] Linnanniemi Museum Area Häme Castle forms the Museum Area with Museo Militaria, the Prison Museum and the Hämeenlinna City Historical Museum, the Linnanniemi Museum Area, which has its own parking and signposts.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

The visitor also has the option to purchase a joint ticket to all four museums.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardberg, C. J. & Welin, Per-Olof| title = Medieval Castles in Finland| others = Translated by Savolainen, Irma| location = Helsinki| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1993| isbn = 951-1-11992-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Koskinen, Pekka| title = Fortification of Häme Castle in Gustavian time 1772-1808| location = Tampere| publisher = Tampere University Press| year = 2007| version = dissertation | isbn = 978-951-44-6919-0| format = [online version] (pdf) | access9.date = 21.date 2013}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mikkola, Terhi & Vilkuna, Anna-Maria (ed.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

) | title = At Home Within the Stone Walls| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Finnish Society for Medieval Archaeology| year = 2003| version = Archaeologia Medii Aevi Finlandiae VII| isbn = 951-96801-3-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Putkonen, Lauri| title = Built Häme| location = Helsinki| publisher = Building information| year = 2003| isbn = 951-682-717-9}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gardberg, C. J.| title = Stone and wood.


Question: What material is Häme Castle built of?

Häme Castle

Castles, estates and churches in Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Publishing company Otava| year = 2002| isbn = 951-1-17423-1}} On topic elsewhere Web archive 2013 Category:Finnish castles Category:Finnish linnalänit Category:Hämeenlinna museums Category:Screening key articles Category:History of Hämeenlinna Category:Museum Office Museums Category:Linnanniemi


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Viking Age is a period related to the prehistory of the Nordic countries, marked by Viking raiding and conquests.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The plunder of Lindisfarne Abbey in 793 and the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 has often been regarded as the starting shot of Viking expeditions.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Once these year numbers have been changed to round numbers, a timing of 800—1050 has been obtained.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In reality, of course, it is misleading to date an era like the Viking Age with the accuracy of a year or even a decade.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Source material The Viking society was known for writing skills and used runic writing, which had been developed in the North Germanic cultural sphere even before the Viking Age.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

However, runic inscription was used mostly for religious purposes, as well as for counting and calendar entries; no documents or notes are known to have been drawn up.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Society operated on an oral basis, so the Vikings left almost no literary imprint on themselves.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

[1] Saga literature based on oral stories about the Viking Age did not emerge in Iceland until centuries after the end of the Viking Age.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Nevertheless, the sagas are the best written material describing Viking society and culture, although many of their determinations of time and place are vague.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Information has also been preserved from the poems of the court poets employed by the kings, the skalds.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

[1] The source material that is more detailed in time and locally than the sagas are Western chronicles and annals, which, though mostly, depict the ravages of Viking raiding and eradicating expeditions.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Information has survived from the British Isles, the Frankish Empire and, for example, in the annals of the Benedictine monasteries of Fulda and Xanten.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Apart from these entries, a few texts characterised as historiography have survived about the Vikings, the most extensive and significant of which is the History of the Bishops of Hamburg (Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum) written by Adam the Bremen of 1075.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Also notable is the Russian Chronicle of Nestor, compiled in the 12th century, describing the Vikings' part in the genesis of the Russian states.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In addition to these, there are also a few Oriental sources, such as the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII's (913—959) book on state administration (De Administrando Imperio), which describes Viking expeditions on Russian rivers.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The knowledge of written sources has already been largely utilised, but archaeology is constantly revealing new information about Viking society.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

[1] Overview of History The Viking Age was defined by a set of social, cultural, economic, military and political development processes and series of events.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

These developed gradually as the 7th and 8th centuries wore on, and faded away partly as early as the 9th century, partly only in the 10th and 12th centuries.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Such Viking Age phenomena included: Plundering and conquests in the British Isles and around the North Sea: Sporadic looting in the 7th century, from the 860s until the early 9th century the aspiration for permanent conquests.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

There was a new phase of conquest in the British Isles in the early 10th century, Ireland and Scotland by Norse invasions in the 12th century.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Buoyant commerce: In the 7th century, towns such as Birka in central Sweden emerged in Scandinavia.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Most of these ancient cities were deserted in the 9th century.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In the late 9th century, there was a wave of establishment of new cities (e.g. Lund and Sigtuna).


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

These towns, founded as bases of royal power and church, have survived to the present day.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Movement along the river routes of the Viking East in Russia: Scandinavians were around Ladoga already in the 7th century, where they founded Aldeigjuborg, the oldest city in modern Russia.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

From the 8th century there are records of Scandinavians in the Byzantine Empire as traders and on raiding expeditions.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Swedish Vikings established Russia's predecessor, the kingdom of Kievan Rus', in the 880s.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Vikings established several towns there, but they assimilated into the local population there by the mid-9th century, causing the vibrant eastern trade of the Vikings to wane in the late 9th century, but close relations between the Swedish and Russian principalities remained even after this.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Birth of unitary kingdoms: some form of unitary state was formed in Danish territory perhaps as early as the 6th or 7th century, but more clearly in the late 9th century.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Similar developments also occurred in Norway and around 1000 in more fragmented Sweden.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The spread of Christianity: true since the late 9th century, but to some extent even earlier.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Expeditions of discovery in the North Atlantic: colonization of Iceland and the Faroe Islands in the 8th century.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In the 10th century, settlements were established in Greenland and momentarily even on the east coast of Canada.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Object culture characteristic of the Viking Age: best known types of weapons and jewellery as well as decorative styles based on archaeological finds.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Viking settlements and expeditions Vikings drove their expeditions for the same reasons that have always motivated adventurers: new lands, riches and fame.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The dearth of farmland easily became a problem in Scandinavia, especially in Norway, driving people to become emigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries as well.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

It has often been speculated that the typical Viking expedition was a well-nourished younger son of a family who had fallen out of inheritance when the eldest son inherited the family estate, and who hoped to find land and property for himself.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Inhabitants of Swedish territory (East Scandinavians) Inhabitants of Swedish territory, such as the Göthans and Sveans, made war and fiscal expeditions to the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea perhaps as early as the 5th century.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Their passage headed across the Baltic Sea and into Russia following two big rivers.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The “Swedes” established Aldeigjuborg on the shore of Ladoga to control the water route of the Olhava River.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In the upper reaches of the river, they established a Rurik castle on the shore of Lake Ilmajärvi and made it the dominant trading centre of the two freeways leading to the south.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Another route ran along the Dnieper to Kiev, where another centre was established, and onwards to the Black Sea.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

At the end of the route was located the Byzantine capital Constantinople (Viking Miklagård).


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Another route, the Volgan-Baltic River Route, took a nearly 4000 km journey from the Volga to the Caspian Sea, beyond which caravan routes to Baghdad ran.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

To the south, the Scandinavians were especially drawn by silver, which was obtained from the silver mines of the Islamic world.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In return, they traded furs and slaves, which were obtained as booty or gifts from Slavic peoples.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The barter easily turned into looting.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Vikings made war expeditions even against the mighty Constantinople in 860 and again in 907.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Although both attacks were repulsed, the latter of them persuaded the Byzantine emperor to offer trading rights to the North men in exchange for peace.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Later, a Scandinavian bodyguard, the famous Shadow Guard, was also employed by the emperor.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The inhabitants of the Danish territory (southern Scandinavians) When the “Swedes” headed east, the “Danes”, or Dans, looked south.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Their influence was most strongly felt in England and in the Frankish Empire ruled by Charles the Great.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Franks were at first start powerful enough to repel the invasions, but in 843 the kingdom was divided between three rival heirs, and the Northmen seized the opportunity.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

On Easter Day 845, the Vikings invaded Paris after travelling 100 miles upriver up the River Seine.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

From 850 onward, the “Danes” changed their tactics from swift strikes to conquest-type warfare.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

They began wintering on the lands they had conquered, and operated from the bases they established on the river mouths.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The next stage in development was extensive settlement, and in 865 the first of many Danish armies arrived in England.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

By this time, the country had split into half a dozen rival kingdoms, and were not strong enough to resist the intruders.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

By 880, only the southern kingdom of Wessex under its king, Alfred the Great, remained to resist any expansion effort.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

By then more than half of England was under the control of the “Danes”, and they left their imprint on language and law in the region.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The conquests of the “Danes” in England served as a permanent base for raiding expeditions to France, until in 911 King Charles III decided to offer Viking leader Rollo (Hrolf) land from the mouth of the River Seine in exchange for repelling rival Viking forces.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Rollo stuck to the treaty, and within a short time the Northmen became Normans, converting to Christianity and speaking French.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Duke William the Conqueror of Normandy, a descendant of Rollo in the sixth generation, conquered England in 1066.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Inhabitants of Norwegian territory (Western Scandinavians) When the “Danes” conquered kingdoms, the “Norwegians” concentrated on exploring less charted areas.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Most of their looting was concentrated in Scotland, and especially Ireland, where their coastal bases gradually developed into the country's first cities: Dublin, Wexford, Waterford and Limerick being founded by Northmen.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

They also colonized the Isle of Man, the Orkney Islands, the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

According to tradition, in 860 two separate groups, one on their way to the Hebrides and the other to the Faroe Islands, drifted off their course and discovered a pre-existing unknown island.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The news spread quickly, and soon within a decade settlers began arriving to take over the empty land.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Within the next century, Iceland developed into an independent kingdom with a people's assembly called allting.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

By the end of the 10th century Iceland already had 60000 inhabitants, a quarter of Norway's population.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

When all usable grazing land was taken from Iceland, the dares began to look for new lands to settle.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In the late 9th century, Erik the Red, convicted of murder in Norway and Iceland, travelled 725 km west to search for a country whose existence had been rumoured for several years.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Land was found, and in order to attract settlers, he gave the thrusting landmass the appealing name Greenland (green land).


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In the early Greenland settlements of Scandinavians, by 980, several hundred colonists farming land and catching whales and walruses.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

A settler straying from his route also observed low hills on the horizon which were too south to be Greenland.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

His story inspired Erik the Red's son, Leif Eriksson, to search for this mysterious land.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Finally, in 1001, Europeans ascended the American mainland for probably the first time, when Leif arrived first on Baffin Island and then at L'Anse aux Meadows near the northernmost tip of Newfoundland.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The area was given the name Vinland (in ancient Norse, vin meant field or keto).


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

However, the settlers who arrived after Leif received a hostile reception from the native inhabitants (possibly Inuit or Algonquin Indians), and all 250 settlers were driven back to Greenland after three years.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Thereafter, Greenlanders made short tree-searching trips to the area.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The last memory-written excursion was made in 1347.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Viking Age long-distance trade The centres of trade included Haithabu (or Hedeby in present-day Germany) Kaupang (on the west bank of the Oslo Fjord) Birka (present-day Björkö west of Stockholm) Aldeigjuborg (present-day Staraja Ladoga on the southern shore of Ladoga in Russia) Rurik Castle (present day Staraja Ladoga on the southern shore of Lake Ladoga, Russia) Novgorod on the shore of Lake Air in Russia) Gnjozdovo (present-day Smolensk on the banks of the Dnieper River in Russia) (Ancient Scandinavian: Smaleskya) Kœnugarðr (present-day Kiev is the capital of Ukraine) Jorvik (present-day York in central England) The trade products of the Vikings included furs and weapons they traded for things like fabrics, silver and glass containers.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The inhabitants of the territory of Denmark made trips, especially to the Netherlands and Belgium to France.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In 911, King Charles the Simple of France gave the mouth area of the Seine, the County of Rouen, then called Normandy, to Rollo, a Viking chief, so that the Vikings would have stopped looting and protect Inner France against the other Vikings.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In the 10th century, some of the Normandy descendants of the Vikings took control of territories from southern Italy, where the Kingdom of Sicily known as the Norman arose.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

England (Viking Danelagen, Danelaw).


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The looting of Lindisfarne Abbey in 793 is considered to be the beginning of the Viking Age.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Vikings formed York (Jorvik of the Vikings) at the site of Old Eboracum.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Sven Haarabeard of Denmark was the conqueror of England from 1013—1014 and king of Denmark from 986 to 1014.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

His son Knuut II the Great was King of England 1014—1035 and King of Denmark 1018—1035, as well as holding Southern Norway from 1028 to 1035.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Normandy (Norman) William the Conqueror, a descendant of Rollo, conquered England in 1066th even to Spain, North Africa and Italy like the Norwegian Vikings the inhabitants of the Norwegian territory made trips to Scotland to Ireland.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

At the site of collecting Viking slaves, Dublin (Dyflinn of the Vikings) arose.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Vikings also dominated Limerick and Cork.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

To the White Sea to the Vepsas.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The land of the Vepsäs they called Bjarmaland.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Residents of the Swedish region made trips, especially to the east (Austvegr), across the Baltic Sea to Russia.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Aldeigjuborg was founded by the Vikings in 753.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Sometime around 862, Rurik established kingdoms around Novgorod's predecessor and Kiev which, after many stages, contributed to the birth of Russia.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

To the Dnieper.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Vikings founded Kiev (Kjönugård of the Vikings).


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Along the Dnieper, we also went across the Black Sea to the Byzantine capital Constantinople (Viking Miklagård).


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Along the Gulf of Finland to the Volga to the Bolgar Empire and even (across the Caspian Sea) all the way to Baghdad.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Viking Age of Finland In Finland, the Viking Age was an Iron Age period that followed the Meroving Age and preceded the Crusade Age.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Following Scandinavian research, the Viking Age in Finland is also timed around 800—1050.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

However, many archaeologists have begun to favour the Viking Age Deadline year 1025.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The latter number of years more accurately dates the time when Crusader-era jewellery types came into use.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In archaeological discovery material, the Viking Age is determined by certain types of jewellery and weapons.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The latter are widespread international types, but there is also a local “Finnish” stamp on women's jewellery.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The discovery materials come mostly from the crest, although archaeological research on the habitations is also progressing gradually.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Viking Age cakes are known mostly in Southwest Finland, Satakunta, Häme, Southern Savo and Ladoga Karelia.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In addition, in the wilderness areas of central, northern and eastern Finland, the number of archaeological discoveries is more abundant than before.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

This is due to settling or the spread of metal objects and new burial customs among the fisherman-hunter population that inhabit the wildernesses.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

In the Western Udelia and Southern Ostrobothnia, gale finds disappear during the Viking Age, although merovingian discoveries in these areas are abundant.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

There is no consensus among the study as to whether this means deserting areas or adopting new burial habits.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Also in Åland, the same loss of discovery material occurs at the end of the Viking Age.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

With the exception of the Scandinavian Åland, the population of the Kalmisto regions can mainly be regarded as linguistic and genetic ancestors of the present Finns and Karelians.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Populations in wilderness areas probably have at least a partial connection with the current Sami population.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Farming and animal husbandry were the basic means of livelihood, although, of course, hunting and fishing were also of great importance.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Fur hunting in wilderness areas was evidently lively.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The fur trade connected the territory of Finland to a trade network maintained by Vikings.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Arms and silver were procured for Finland, among other things.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

It is possible that people from the territory of Finland have taken part in Viking expeditions and moved further away from the Baltic Sea.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The wealth accumulated by trading is told by silver coin treasures.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Today it is considered likely that the relations of the inhabitants of Finland with the Scandinavians were relatively peaceful.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The use of castle mountains apparently only became common in the late Viking Age and the Crusader period (10th and 12th centuries), testifying to the increased threat of external invasion.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Viking expeditions to Finland The Vikings also carried out raiding expeditions to Finland, of which historical indications have remained.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Later, Olavi St., who was elevated to King of Norway, is reported to have plundered the southern coast of Finland in 1008 on his Baltic Sea Viking expedition.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The raiding expedition ended with the Battle of Herdaler, where Olavi and his men were ambushed by the Finns, losing several men.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

However, Olavi, with his remaining men, was able to return to his ships as the storm rose at the same time.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Despite this, Olavi ordered the ships to be mobilized sailing along the coast.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The Finns are reported to have set out in pursuit and advanced the same distance along land as Olavi advanced with his ships.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

However, Olav and his men managed to get away eventually.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The scene of the battle is uncertain, but it is suspected that it may have taken place somewhere in Uusimaa.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

[2] [3] The runestones contain a few inscriptions of persons killed in Finland.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The runestone GS 13 in Gävle, Sweden, tells the story of a person named Egil having died on a plunder to Häme sometime in the early 10th century.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The expedition was led by a chief named Freygeirr.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

According to the runestone text, it was erected by Egil in memory of his brother Brúsi.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Runestone G 319 has also been erected in Finland in memory of a person named Auðvaldr, who died in the early 13th century.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

The runestone U 582, which was located in the Swedish church of Söderby-Karl, but later lost, was erected by Bjôrn and Ígulfríðr in memory of their son Ótryggr, who was killed in Finland.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

See also Prehistory of Finland Viking Age in Latvia Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hentilä, Seppo; Krötzl, Christian; Puzzle, Panu| title = Nordic history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-37-3614-8}} References Literature by Ahola, Joonas & Frog with Clive Tolley (eds.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

): Fibula, Fabula, Fact — The Viking Age in Finland.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Studia Fennica Historica 18.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2014.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

ISBN 978-952-222-603-7.


Question: Where was the saga literature born?

Viking Age

On topic elsewhere — juniper .net Studies on Rurik Castle {{Country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size= | name = | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

In Korean names, the surname comes first, meaning the surname is Kim and the given name is Jong-un.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Kim Jong-un (/im dn/,; born 8 January 1984 [1] [2]) is a North Korean leader.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

He is the son of the late leader Kim Jong-il and his spouse Ko Young-hee, a four-star general in the North Korean army, [3] marshal (wonsu) [4], vice-president of the National Defense Commission [5] and chairman and former secretary of the Korean Labor Party.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Additional names used by the North Korean state about him are Brilliant Comrade, Great Successor and the undisputed leader of the People, Army and Party.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[6] Kim Jong-un emerged as ruler of his country upon the death of his father Kim Jong-il on 17 December 2011, and was formally appointed grand leader on 29 December 2011.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Kim studied in the 1990s in Switzerland.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[7] [8] According to Cheong Seong Chang, an analyst specialising in North Korea, Kim Jong-un has the potential to emerge as a strong and relentless leader.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[9] However, according to an unnamed source interviewed by Reuters, Kim Jong-un was forced to share his power with his aunt's husband, Jang Sung-taek, and the military.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[10] Kim Jong-un was not known to the Western world until he was in his 20s, [7] and he is still quite mysterious as a person.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[9] [11] [12] [13] Jang Song-thaek (Chang Sung-taek) was deposed in early December 2013, and his aides were executed.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[14] Kim has since executed some of his relatives and many officials who had disobeyed his orders.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[15] [16] Kim Jong-un is the first of North Korean leaders to have emerged since the country's founding.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Forbes listed Jong-un as the 46th most influential person in the world for 2013.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[17] Kim made his first foreign visit since his ascension to the North Korean leadership (2011), heading to Beijing in March 2018.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[18] Childhood and Adolescence Kim Jong-un is the youngest of Kim Jong-il's three sons.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[19] His mother is a Japanese-born former dancer.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[20] Kim was born in 1984.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[1] [2] The date of birth has also been declared by North Korean authorities as 8 January 1984.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Kim Jong-un has studied until 1998 using a pseudonym in Switzerland at the Bern International School.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[21] Former classmates have convinced Kim that he also studied at the Liebefeld-Steinhylzl school.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

While at school, Kim had told his friend Joao Micaelo that he was the heir to the North Korean dictator, Micaelo at the time did not buy the claim.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[8] Micaelo characterizes Kim's life like that as luxurious.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Among other things, he says Kim had a private chef.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

According to one teacher, Kim had once arrived at the school in an armored Mercedes-Benz with his bodyguards.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[8] Kim's sister Kim Yo-jong is in a high position in Korea, a member of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea as well as, as of October 2017, a Politburo deputy and possibly served as her brother's deputy in 2014 when he became ill.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[22] Those involved with Kim characterised her as a shy child.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[8] He performed poorly at school, which was the reason for his transfer from the Bern International School to the public German-language school in Liebefeld-Steinhl.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[8] Despite his restraint, Kim was described as an avid basketball and downhill skiing enthusiast who admired basketball player Michael Jordan.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[21] Kim stayed in Switzerland until the turn of the millennium, when, according to classmates, he disappeared.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[8] The North Korean ambassador to Switzerland is reported to have had close relations with him.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[8] Almost nothing is known about Kim, and before 2010, in the only photograph seen in the Western world, she was 11 years old.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[7] [23] Other photographs of Kim were not obtained until June 2010 while she was attending a school in Switzerland.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Soon after, he was introduced to the North Korean people and received posts.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

On September 27, 2010, he received the military rank of daejang, [24] which would be equivalent to a four-star general in the United States.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[25] Rise to power Kim Jong-un emerged as leader of North Korea upon the death of his father Kim Jong-il on 17 December 2011.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Initially, Kim Jong-un's eldest brother Kim Jong-nam had been planned to succeed his father, but plans changed in 2001 after he sought a fake passport to Japan to visit Tokyo Disneyland.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[26] According to Kim Jong-il's former chef Kenji Fujimoto, Kim Jong-un's elder brother Kim Jong-chun, in turn, was sidelined as heir to power because he was too feminine, while Kim Jong-un is like an expression of his father.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[27] However, Kim Jong-un has once, at the age of 18, questioned the legitimacy of the sorry state of his people.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[27] Korean leader Kim Jong-il suffered a stroke in August 2008.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

In June 2009, it was reported that Kim Jong-un had been given the additional name of “Brilliant Comrade”.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

This was speculated to be related to the initiation of a cult of persons concerning him.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[28] At that time, he was also alleged to have made a secret trip to China to meet with leaders.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

In the summer of 2010, Kim was introduced to the North Korean people and was given posts in North Korea.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Father Kim Jong-il asked staff at North Korean embassies to plead for loyalty to his son.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

On September 27, 2010, Kim was awarded the military rank of daejang equivalent to a general.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[29] The next day, a rare meeting of the Workers' Party of Korea took place, where he was appointed vice-chairman of the National Defence Committee and a member of the Central Committee


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[30] Kim Jong-un is believed to have shown himself at a party meeting.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[31] Kim Jong-un publicly displayed himself in January 2011 in a hair law, which is only allowed to be worn by the country's leader in North Korea.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[32] An anonymous government source told the Chosun Ilbo newspaper that wearing a hair cap is a sign that Kim Jong-un has achieved almost the same status as his father.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[32] Kim Jong-un made an appearance on 10 October 2010 along with his father at the 65th anniversary of the Workers' Party.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

The foreign press was allowed to attend the celebrations without prior permission, which in a country like North Korea is very extraordinary.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[33] According to official information, Kim Jong-un's father Kim Jong-il died on 17 December 2011 of a heart attack on a train in North Korea.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[34] Power passed to Kim Jong-un, although at that point, according to some analysts, Kim Jong-un was still too inexperienced to rule North Korea.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Power was thought to temporarily pass to Kim Jong-il's brother-in-law Jang Sung-taek.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[35] An unnamed source with close ties to both Pyongyang and Beijing confirmed to Reuters on 21 December 2011 that Kim Jong-un would have to share his power with Jang Sung-taek and the military for the time being.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

However, according to the source, the military leadership has asserted its loyalty to Kim Jong-un.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[10] Kim was officially named Kim Jong-il's successor as Great Leader on 29 December 2011, after a period of mourning for Kim Jong-il's death had ended.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[36] Propaganda portrait is being built Like his father in the past, Kim Jong-un's character has also begun to be propped up with propaganda in North Korea.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

He reportedly has no military experience whatsoever, but has been described as a military genius who devised his first war strategies as early as the age of 16.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[37] In July 2012, he appointed himself marshal.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[38] Executions of opponents Since coming to power, Kim Jong-un has executed dozens of senior officials and their relatives.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[39] [40] [41] Many times the reason for executions has been to resist the orders of the leader.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[42] He executed his uncle Jang Sung-taek in late 2013.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[43] This is believed to have been related to the internal struggle of the elite over the coal industry [44] or other infighting.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Dissatisfied with the regime, Defence Minister Hyon Yong-Chol, who dozed off at the meeting, was executed for treason.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[45] Probably in May 2015, Deputy Prime Minister Choe Yong-Gon was executed, who had criticised the forestry policies supported by the leader.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[46] [47] Mr Kim's close aide Choe Rjong-hae has disappeared from the list of prominent figures.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[48] The executions have been attributed either to the uncertainty of young Kim's position, [49] infighting or his desire to further assert his strong position.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Defections The execution of the leader's uncle in 2013 caused great fear in the leadership of the party.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

Many high-ranking members of the party-elite defected in 2015.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[50] This was considered to mean a decline in the leader's popularity.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[51] [52] Nuclear threats On 7 March 2013, North Korea threatened the United States with a “preventative” nuclear attack, [53] and Kim Jong-un threatened to bomb the South Korean island of Baengnyeongdo, where naval clashes had previously occurred.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[54] North Korea has revealed its plans to bomb major US cities such as Los Angeles and Washington, D.C.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[55] In May 2016, Kim Jong-un said he would be willing to normalize the country's relations with states hostile to it and respond with nuclear weapons only to the nuclear threat.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[56] In his 2018 New Year's speech, Kim said that North Korea must mass-produce nuclear warheads and ballistic missiles.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

He also threatened the US by stating that the “nuclear button” will always be on his desk.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[57] On June 12, 2018, Kim met with U.S. President Donald Trump at a summit in Singapore.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

The meeting was a historic first meeting between the heads of countries.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

The meeting had been preceded by tension between the two countries over North Korea's missile tests the previous year.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

The Singapore summit focused on easing tensions and denuclearization.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

At the end of the meeting, Trump and Kim signed a document stating that North Korea commits to denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[58] Human rights violations Kim Jong-un commits numerous human rights violations, [59] [60] [61] and e.g.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

U.N. human rights investigator Marzuki Darusman has called for him and some other senior North Korean officials to be prosecuted for crimes against humanity.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[62] Kim Jong-un, among other things, is responsible for the famine and poverty experienced by his citizens, and North Korea is simultaneously devoting huge resources to developing nuclear weapons.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[62] Private life According to North Korean TV, Kim got married in July 2012.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

The spouse's name is Ri Sol-Ju.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[63] The couple have one child, daughter Kim Ju-ae.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

According to South Korean magazine records, Kim's previous girlfriend was possibly executed in August 2013.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[64] Health In 2009, it was announced that Kim Jong-un is diabetic and suffers from hypertension.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[65] [66] He is also a smoker, although he has launched an anti-smoking campaign.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[67] [68] He has gained 40 pounds during his time in power.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[69] Kim Jong-un suffers from insomnia and is paranoid about his personal safety.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[69] The physique of Kim Jong-un is 170 centimeters tall [70] and weighs 130 kilograms.


Question: Who was Koren?

Kim Jong-un

[69] Sources Category:Rulers Class:Dictators Category:North Korean politicians Category:Kim Il-sung family Class:Living persons Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Les Indes galantes is a ballet opera composed by Jean-Philippe Rameau consisting of a prologue and four acts.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Each act () is a separate little story with no plot connection to the other shows.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The work's libretto was written by Louis Fuzelier.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Les Indes galantes was premiered at the Royal Academy of Music in Paris (Académie Royale de Musique, now the Paris Opera) on 23 August 1735.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Genesis of the Opera In 1725, the French Mississippi trading company, the Compagnie du Mississippi, brought Agapit Chicagou, chief of the Mitchigamea tribe, and five other chiefs for a visit to France.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The chiefs' travel program included an oath of allegiance to the Sun King and a hare-busting with the king.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The Chiefs performed three dances at the Theatre Italien in Paris: peace, war and victory dances.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Inspired by the performance, Rameau composed the rondo “Les Sauvages” for harpsichord, and published it a couple of years later as part of the two-series collection “Nouvelles Suites de Pièces de Clavecin” (1726/1727).


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Rameau used the music of the rondo in the great peace pipe dance of the opera Les Indes galantes.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

At the premiere, the work consisted of only the first two acts besides the prologue, but already for the third performance the composer added a 3rd act (“Les Fleurs”).


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Les Fleurs received fierce criticism, and the hero's dressing up as a woman was considered absurd.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Rameau made a new version of the show, in which the entire plot and almost all the music had been swapped.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The 4th act “Les Sauvages”, set in North America, was attached to the opera in a show on 10 March 1736.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

[1] Les Indes galantes is Rameau's most successful opera, as it was performed at the Paris Opera until 1773 a total of 320 times.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Persons Prologue Hebé, Goddess of Youth — soprano (premiered by Mademoiselle Eremans) L' Amour, god of love — soprano, trouser role (mademoiselle Petitpas) Bellone, goddess of war — baritone, hamerrole (Monsieur Cuignier) Hebé troupe, Bellona's troupe, amorines — choir and dancers 1st act “Le Turc généreux” Emilie — soprano (Marie Pélissier) Valère — haute-contre (Pierre Jélyotte) Osman — baritone (Jean Dun “fils”) sailors, African slaves — choir and dancers 2nd act “Les Incas du Pérou “Phani-Palla, Princess — soprano (Marie Antier) Dom Carlos, Spanish officer — haute-contre (Pierre Jélyotte) Huascar, Inca king — baritone (Claude-Louis-Dominique Chassé de Chinais) Incas, sacrificial priests and priestesses, Peruvians — choir and dancers 3rd act “Les Fleurs” Fatime, slave of Tacmas — soprano (mademoiselle Petitpas) Zaïre, Ali's slave — soprano (mademoiselle Eremans) Tacmas, Persian prince — haute-contre (Denis-François Tribou) Ali, Tacmas' favourite — baritone (N.N.)


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

slaves, concubines — choir and dancers 4th act “Les Sauvages” Zima, Indian princess — soprano (Marie Pélissier) Adario, Indian chief — taille (Louis-Antoine Cuvillier) Damon, French officer — haute-contre (Pierre Jélyotte) Don Alvar, Spanish officer — baritone (Jean Dun “fils”) Indians, French and Spanish colonizers — choir and dancers Synopsis Prologue The venue is the palace of Hebé, the goddess of youth.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Hebé invites Europe's youth to sing and dance.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Young lovers from France, Italy, Spain and Poland arrive and begin the festivities.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The goddess of war Bellone invades the party with her entourage and invites the young men to war.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The plot twist may be motivated by the War of the Polish Succession, which has raged in Europe at the time of the work's composition.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Hebé invites Cupid (L'Amour) who descends from heaven with the amorines.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Together, L'Amour and Hebé send cupids behind distant seas in search of love outside Europe.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Le Turc généreux The first act of “The Magnanimous Turk” is set on an island in the Indian Ocean where power is held by a Turkish Pasha, Osman.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The venue is the garden bordering the sea at Osman Palace.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The main character, Emilie, a young French maiden, has been forced to divorce her beloved Valère.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The privateers have captured Emilie and sold her to Osman as a slave.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Osman pressures Emilie to surrender to his mistress.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Osman exits the garden, and the sea and sky turn dark.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Starts a storm.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Through the thud of the storm, Emilie hears the screaming of people in distress at sea.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

After the storm ceases, some sailors are washed ashore and are struck in chains, as they too become slaves to Osman.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Emilie goes to the beach hoping to meet her compatriots and recognizes Valère among the sailors.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The lovers rejoice in their reunion but mourn their fate in slavery.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Osman arrives and says Valère is guilty and that he intends to take revenge on this by the same measure.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Emilie is horrified, but Osman frees both her and Valère.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

In doing so, he repays the fact that Valère once released Osman from captivity in France.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

After a general frolic, Osman donates ships to Valère which are loaded full of gifts and the lovers go home together.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The second part of Les Incas du Pérou The work takes place in Peru, in a desert bordered by ash-covered volcanoes.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

A great celebration of the sun is about to begin.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Inca princess Phani loves Spanish conqueror Dom Carlo.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

In addition to Carlos, the Inca king Huascar, (who has a historical paragon of the same name), also loves Phan.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Carlos accuses Phan of hesitation but Phani defends herself, citing her blood ties and apologizes for her hesitation.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The lovers ponder how to save Phani from the cruel solar cult.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Phani urges Carlos to leave but return later to save him.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

After Carlos leaves, Huascar discovers Phan has been left alone and comes to claim Phan as his own, as the sun god himself has informed Huascar that they are meant to be together.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Phani is suspicious of divine revelation, and Huascar becomes vehement, accusing Phan of having his faith corrupted by love for the conqueror.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Just before the Sun Feast begins, Huascar gives his confidant a secret mission to cause a volcanic eruption during the Sun's feast.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The celebration begins, and in the middle of it all the earth begins to reason, and the volcano spews fire and smoke.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The Peruvian mob disperses in escape terror, but Huascar stops Phan.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

The earthquake seems to have ceased.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Huascar claims the volcanic eruption as a juicy sign that Phan must submit to his will.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Carlos arrives to save Phan.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

and at the same time the volcanic eruption begins again, flying into the air a huge boulder of rock under which Huascar crushes.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Les Fleurs The third act is set in Persia, in the garden of Ali's palace where you prepare for a feast of flowers.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Prince Tacmas loves his favourite Ali's slave mother, Zaïre, and has come, in a woman's disguise, to Ali's palace to observe Zaïre.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Ali notices Tacmas, and Tacmas tells him of his love.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Ali, on the other hand, is in love with Tacmas's slave, Fatime, who soon arrives dressed as a Polish male slave.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Fatime and Zaïre profess to love each other's owners, whereupon the men exchange slaves, and all four happily join in a feast of flowers.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Les Sauvages The final act takes place in a North American deciduous forest where Native Americans and French and Spanish colonizers have gathered to celebrate a grand peace pipe celebration.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Indian chief Adario greets his warriors and invites them to a peace feast.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

But the celebration is overshadowed by concern, as Adario fears his racing suitors: both French officer Damon and Spanish officer Don Alvar have fallen in love with Adario's chosen one, Princess Zima.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Damon and Alvar squabble over Zima, but Zima dismisses both, Alvar as too fervent and passionate and Damon in turn too dilute.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Zima and Adario get each other, and everyone celebrates together for a big peace pipe celebration.


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Les Indes galantes in Finland premiered in Finland the Finnish opera Les Indes galantes was performed at the Helsinki Music Centre on 16 April 2013 under the title Wild Love — Les Indes galantes produced by the Sibelius Academy Opera [2] and performed in addition to the students of the Sibelius Academy in Finland Dancers from the National Opera Ballet School and the production choir Les Chanteurs Galants [3].


Question: Who has written the libretto of Les Indes galantes?

Les Indes galantes

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Baroque operas Category:French operas Category:Musical works of the 1730s


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Letter chess is a form of chess in which players are, as a rule, physically located in different locations.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Another distinguishing feature of letter chess is the long contemplation periods, which are measured in days.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

At its most typical contemplation time is 50 days per ten moves, or some variants of this.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

For example, letter chess is played on postcards, email or otherwise via the internet.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

History of Letter Chess Letter Chess is a game that has been played as its own kind of chess for nearly a thousand years.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

As early as the 12th century, some form of letter-chess matches were played.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

There are accounts of this from Meissenburg and other scholars.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The match between London and Edinburgh in 1824 is considered to be the first “official” letter chess match, although as early as 1804 a letter game was played in Holland with transfers held (ICCF Gold).


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The first known and documented letter chess game on the New Continent has been played in the United States between the New York Chess Club and the Washington Chess Club in the early part of the 19th century.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The game's notes were found in caches in the archive nearly two centuries later.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The first letter chess match played by a Finnish chess club was a struggle between Helsinki Chess Club and Tartu Chess Club, played in 1890.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The first Finnish team match was played in 1909 between HSK and Vyborg Chess Club.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

On a personal level, the first tournament was the New Finland Letter Game Tournament in 1924.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

It was won by Paavo Lihtonen, and the very young Eero Böök was elevated to the third category on the basis of the tournament.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Competitive activity rapidly buoyed and during World War II several tournaments were held on the front.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The first regular tournaments began in the 1950s, organised by Finnish Chess and the Finnish Chess Federation.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Organized activities began when the Finnish Kirjeshakkiliito was founded in 1961.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

In the same year, the union's membership magazine, Letters Chess, appeared, initially under the name Information Journal.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

In 2011, the World Letter Chess Championship was won by Finnish Pertti Lehikoinen.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

[1] [2] Letter Chess Organisations At the international level, the umbrella organisation of Letter Chess is the International Federation of Letters Chess ().


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The ICCF determines tournament rules, organizes tournaments, classifies players, and awards titles related to letter chess all the way from world champion onwards.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The Finnish Kirjeshakkiliitto ry is a member organisation of the ICCF and performs similar positions at national level.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

There have been 60 Finnish championship tournaments.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The Finnish Kirjeshakkiliitto ry is also a member organisation of the Finnish Central Chess Federation.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Tournaments played in the ICCF as well as the Finnish Kirjeshakkiliito district are played under their own name.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

On the Internet you can find a number of servers offering a gaming platform, the distinctive feature of which is that there play under the protection of name brands.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Letter chess transfers into Internet-based Letter chess gaming has experienced major upheavals in the 1990s and especially during the transition to the 21st century.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The prevalence of computers and email were among the first major cataclysmic considerations.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

There was a shift from playing with postcards to email gaming.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

However, this involved problems of its own, mainly in the form of the “disappearance” of emails and the resulting disagreements between players.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Email gambling remained quite a short-lived intermediate stage before switching, with the help of the internet, to what is known as server gaming.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

As a form of play, this one has punched itself through and established itself in quite a short period of time.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

In the game format, transfers are made via the Internet to the organizing organisation's gaming platform, or server.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

The advantages of the game format include the effortlessness of forwarding transfers, automatic maintenance of game protocols, and automatic calculation of contemplation times, and there is also no mutual disagreement between players about transfers or contemplation times.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Finnish letter chess has also moved to this modern form of play around 2003-04.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

A server provided by ICCF is used as a gaming platform.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Almost all tournament activity has shifted to server-based.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Although there are still those who like to indulge in letter chess with their name on postcards or letters.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

For them, the Finnish Kirjeshakkiliitto ry organizes their own tournaments, even up to the Finnish championship level especially on the senior side.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Similarly, there are some postal tournaments revolving around the ICCF circuit.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Letter Chess and Computers The coming and prevalence of computers and the Internet brought letter chess enthusiasts a new, faster option to realize their hobby.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

As a result of the new way of playing, Letter Chess has undergone changes in the form of its gaming platform and transfer methods, among other things.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Computers, databases and chess programs have revolutionized gaming itself as well.


Question: Who won the world title in letters chess in 2011?

The letters chess

Chess-related opening theories, the opening collections, have also moved to electronic form and are readily available as near-complete opening libraries.