Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[84] Economic planners in central agencies found it very difficult to perceive both the economy as a whole and the local conditions of production.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

For example, in the late 80s, the State Central Economic Planning Agency Gosplan in Moscow already imposed 200,000 different prices and set production quotas for 70,000 products.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[84] On the other hand, for example, the Izhora factory received 70 official operating instructions per year from nine different state committees, two economic committees and four economic councils.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[85] Consequent to ongoing production optimization difficulties resulting in undersupply in one and overproduction in others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Matches, plastic bags, underwear, shoes and fruit were some of the product categories famous for their difficult availability.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[84] On the other hand, large batches of silk ties or Italian vermouth could suddenly arrive in remote rural stores.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[86] In long production chains, similar production problems led to bottlenecks and delays in the absence of critical parts.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the planned economy of the Soviet Union, there was no common option for a market economy to buy, at a higher cost, express delivery from a critical part, except abroad, whatever was done, but foreign trade decisions had to be circulated through Moscow's clerical apparatus, often through more agencies.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

As a result of the problems, workers and expensive machinery investments often stood idle or operated at underperformance.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

On the other hand, the designers of the products also had optimization problems: if, for example, you make an engine less fuel-consuming by making it harder to assemble, which is saving more critical: labor or fuel?


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In a market economy, price signals solve problems like this, but in a planned economy, the price set by central management does not necessarily reflect the scarcity of a commodity, at least not locally.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The designers also had a problem with measuring results.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Although exceeds of production quotas were rewarded at the level of both factories and workers, it was necessary to measure the results one way or another.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The development of suitable metrics proved to be one of the main problems in the planned economy and could not be solved satisfactorily throughout the existence of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

For example, in oil exploration, results were measured in meters of hole drilled: as a result, Soviet oil drilling equipment drilled plenty of deep, relatively low-yielding oil sources, rather than focusing only on the most promising deposits.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The production phase measured annual production, rather than the total lifetime production of an oil source.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Because of this, oil production facilities began pumping water into oil deposits thus momentarily increasing production volumes but depleting the total production of the deposit.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

As a result, by 1980, crude oil pumped from Soviet sources contained an average of half water.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the metal industry, tonnes of production were measured, resulting in unnecessarily strong parts being used for machinery.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Nikita Khrushchev is reported to have moaned ″Our heavy engineering industry produces the heaviest machinery in the world”.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

A Muscovite candelabra factory started to produce ever-heavier candelabras until they began to tear off roofs with their weight.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

One metric used in the garment industry was the number of items of clothing.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

When another woolen clothing factory was ordered to produce 80,000 caps and sweaters, it only produced caps because they were smaller and therefore cheaper and faster to manufacture.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[87] [85] Quality Soviet products suffered from ongoing quality problems, exacerbated by lack of competition.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Consumers often had the opportunity to purchase furniture, televisions, cars, etc., of only one factory, and even if there were alternatives, the popularity of the products with consumers was not a measure of success, but only the achievement and exceeding of production quotas.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Consequently, manufacturers had little motivation to develop quality, and most consumer goods lost out to Western variants in design and quality, sometimes even dangerously.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In 1987, a Muscovite newspaper reported that of 28056 fires in the city in 1986, as many as 40% were caused by corrupted televisions.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

A Kuibychev television factory, meanwhile, had time to produce a set of 49,000 faulty television sets before anyone intervened.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[84] On the other hand, the heavy engineering industries, the weapons industry, the aerospace industry and the space programme were capable of producing world-class products.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[84] For example, Soviet-made electric locomotives and nuclear reactors still in use in Finland proved to be competitive and durable.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Agriculture Agriculture was one of the priorities of the Soviet economy, as the country grappled with constant underproduction for a long time.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Despite the fact that up to a third of the workforce worked in farming, the Soviet Union was forced to import large quantities of cereals and other foodstuffs from abroad, including from the United States, which in turn desperately needed buyers for its massive overproduction.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[88] Soviet agriculture produced only 80% of the output of the United States, although Soviet agriculture employed eight times the labor force and received a quarter of the country's total capital investment, or five times as much as in the United States.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In 1980, Gregory Grossman, an expert on Soviet economics at Berkeley, assessed Soviet agriculture as follows: “Organisation is wrong, prices are wrong, tools are wrong.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Actually, it's all wrong”.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In particular, inefficiency plagued the country's immense collectivized agricultural industry.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Small private farming, given the circumstances, was very effective: 2% to 3% of the Soviet land was occupied by private small farming, but it was enough to produce 25% of the agricultural products of the whole country, mainly vegetables, fruits, meat and milk. [89].


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Environmental devastation The worst environmental problems are the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, the scrap of the nuclear-powered fleet in the Murmansk Arctic, neglect related to the disposal of nuclear waste in Chelyabinsk, the aftermath of nuclear weapons tests in the Novaya Zemlja Arctic, Norilsk and Petsamo nickel production in the Arctic, problems related to drilling and transportation of petroleum and natural gas, for example in the Komi Republic and the Caspian region, the drying up of Lake Aral due to diversion of water from the rivers falling into it, in cotton-growing areas Vegetable poisons used in Central Asia, and in general, resources spent on war technology, as well as low energy prices.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[43] Population Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was home to nearly 300 million people and was the third largest country in the world in terms of population.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The most densely populated were especially the western and southern parts.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The largest population group was formed by Russians; other major folk groups included Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Belarusians, Kazaks, Azeris, Armenians, Tajiks, Georgians, Moldovans, Lithuanians, Turkmen, Kyrgyzis, Latvians and Estonians.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[90] Languages in the Soviet Union all languages were equal according to the Federal Constitution and in different republics and territories the local language was the official language.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The own constitutions of some Soviet republics (such as the Georgian SNT) recognized the local language as the only official one.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, Russian was effectively the official language throughout the country alongside local languages and was taught in schools as a compulsory subject for everyone.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[91] Social and health security in the Soviet Union every citizen had the right to state-organized health and social services.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the Soviet Union, social security was the basis of state-owned enterprises, which provided for their employees children's day care, free recreational holidays and inexpensive food, and provided for the payment of pensions after the end of employment.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Unemployment was a practically unknown concept.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, health and social security deteriorated in all Soviet republics that had gained independence.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[92] Religion After the 1917 Revolution V.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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I. Lenin separated the church from the state and the school from the church.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The Constitution provided that freedom of religion and atheist propaganda prevails in the country.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[93] In the Soviet Union, the number of adherents of denominations was not recorded, but by far the largest religion was the Orthodox Church.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Most of the grandmothers were Orthodox, but there were also Catholics living in the very western parts of the country, especially in Lithuania and Ukraine.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The second largest denomination was Islam, with adherents especially in the Soviet republics of the Turkestan region, the Caucasus and also in the Autonomous Republic of Tatarstan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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On the territory of the Soviet Union there were also persons belonging to other Christian churches, such as Lutherans, mainly in Estonia and Latvia and near the Finnish border in Inkerinmaa.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[93] Initially, the Bolsheviks viewed religion as a harmless superstition, which gradually as science progressed would disappear.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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However, in 1921 attitudes changed and the party adopted the new principles of “combative atheism” and “combative materialism”, on the basis of which an extensive anti-religious propaganda campaign was started.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The Union of the Fighting Wicked performed work on the dissemination of atheism.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[94] From 1926 to 1932, the organization's membership steadily increased from 87,000 to 5.6 million members.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[94] However, based on the results of the 1937 census, 57% of Soviets still classified themselves as believers.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

As a result, Stalin implemented extensive purges in the League of the Wicked for the excessively slow eradication of religion.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

During World War II, the Orthodox Church in particular was included in the anti-German war effort, and the persecution of religions diluted.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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As a continuation of the work of the Union of the Fighting Wicked, which ceased operations in 1943, the Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge, or Znanie (,), was founded in 1947.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[94] Sports Soviet athletes performed very well in many sports, and in areas such as hockey, volleyball, wrestling, gymnastics and weightlifting the country was almost completely superior for decades.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[95] The Soviet Union first participated in the Olympic Games in 1952 in Helsinki, and in total the Soviet Union collected 473 gold, 376 silver and 355 bronze from the Olympics.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[96] The 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow, but most Western countries boycotted the competitions in protest at Soviet actions in Afghanistan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Similarly, the Soviet Union, with its allied reputation, boycotted the next staged Los Angeles Games.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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When the Soviet Union dissolved, athletes from 12 countries that separated from it competed at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics as a united team, often referred to as the Commonwealth of Independent States team, even though Georgia was not part of the CIS at the time (however, the country was a member from 1993 to 2008).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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That team also competed at that year's Winter Olympics in Albertville.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Where in the Summer Games athletes came from all 11 then CIS Member States and Georgia, so in the Winter Games the athletes of the team came from only six former Soviet republics, namely Armenia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Russia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were not part of the CIS and immediately competed at the 1992 Olympics as their respective teams.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Most international federations count Russia as the successor state of the Soviet Union, but many other former Soviet republics have also continued to thrive in their own strong sports, such as Lithuania in basketball, for example.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Especially in team sports, this has meant tightening competition: for example, not only Russia but four former Soviet republics participated in ice hockey's 2006 World Cup competitions: Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Football Although the Soviet Union did not top the fourth place in the Football World Cup competitions in 1966, the country nevertheless won the 1960 European Championship, and in later years it received three silvers in addition to two Olympic golds and two Olympic bronzes.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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At club level, Dynamo Kiev won the European Cup Winners' Cup twice and Dynamo Tbilisi once.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Dynamo Moscow also qualified for the final of the same cup.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The backdrop to Dynamo Kiev's success and the Soviet Union's 1988 European Championship silver was Ukrainian coach Valery Lobanovski and the way he developed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Basketball In international basketball, the Soviet Union was the nearly equally clear runner-up behind the United States, which dominated the sport, winning two Olympic gold medals and finishing runner-up for medals at each entry time.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In the Basketball World Cup competitions, success was equally good, with the Soviet Union being a three-time world champion.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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European championships the country collected a total of as many as 14.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[97] Ice hockey The Soviet Union dominated international hockey for years by far, winning eight Olympic gold medals (the last of which admittedly under the Olympic flag) and 22 world championships.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In both the Olympics and World Cup competitions, the country finished runners-up for medals at each entry time, winning a total of 10 Olympic and 34 World Championship medals.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

According to the national team's reds playing outfits, Finland began to be called the Soviet representative team “Punakonee”.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Often regarded as the best team of its time at club level, CSKA Moscow won the European Cup 20 times and Krylja Sovetov of the same city once.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[98] Volleyball The USSR men's volleyball team remains the most successful volleyball team in the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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It won no fewer than three Olympic gold medals, six World Cup golds, as well as twelve times European Championship gold and four times the World Cup.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In addition, the team achieved eleven more medals from the values competitions.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Among the team's most famous players were Viljar Loor, Oleg Moliboga, and Yuri Sapega.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The team was coached by, among others, Vyatšeslav Platonov, who later in his career also coached in Finland.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[99] Transport Huge distances and the location of important natural resources in difficult, roadless neighborhoods placed great demands on the transport network.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Freight costs accounted for 20% of the national income of the USSR.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The flatness of the ground facilitated the construction of transport links, but the climate and soil caused difficulties: frosts, the amount of snow, the spring and autumn cycle period, floods, permafrost, Siberian marshes and sand from desert areas made it expensive to build connections.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The lack of gravel in the vast plains hampered road construction.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[100] In 1987, there were 146100 km of railways in the Soviet Union (the second highest number in the world after the United States), of which 51700 km were electrified, and approximately 1.6 million km of roads, of which approximately 1.2 million kilometres were durable paved.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[101] The western parts of the country were the most traffically-developed, the rail network was the densest and the roadworks of the highest standard, but river and pipeline transport low.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

As we went east and north, factors such as pipeline transportation of oil and gas, railroads were constantly being built, and roadways were improved.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The transport network in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the Far East was long underserved; the Siberian line was overloaded and road and river traffic were undeveloped.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The northernmost neighborhoods were reserved for air connections.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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There were relatively few cars in the country, and most of them were trucks.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The subways had been built in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov, Minsk, Gorky, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku and Tashkent.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[59] The Soviet Union was one of the leading maritime countries in the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The country had 60 substantial ports, the largest being Novorossiysk base for tank ships in the Black and Azov Seas, as well as Odessa (20 million tonnes) and Batumi, in the Caspian Sea (mainly for oil shipments) Astrahan and Baku, on the Baltic Sea Leningrad (14 million tonnes), Riga, Ventspils and Klaipeda, in the Pacific Oceans of Vladivostok and Nahodka, as well as in the northern Arctic Ocean Arkhangelsk and the only unglaciated major port of Murmansk.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In the 1980s, the Soviet merchant fleet consisted of 1600—1700 ships sailing under the Soviet flag.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[102] [59] In air travel, the Soviet Union was one of the main influencers.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Soviet Aeroflot was the largest airline in the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Aeroflot is considered to have had its beginnings on 9 February 1923, when the Soviet Civil Aviation Council was established.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The name was introduced on 25 February 1932.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The airline was state-owned and had the emblem characteristic of the Soviet Union with a sickle and hammer, fitted with a wing.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, passenger services in Russia were reorganised on 28 July 1992, and Aeroflot became 51% state-owned and 49% employee-owned Russian airline.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In the same year, the service began to be developed and Airbus A310-300 aircraft were acquired from Airbus.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

In 1994, Aeroflot acquired Boeing 767-300ER and Ilyushin Il-96-300 aircraft for long-distance flights.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Today, Aeroflot is still one of the world's leading airlines, and as a memory of Soviet times, the company still has a sickle and hammer in its logo.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[59] Tourism Tourism was popular in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[103] However, the vast majority was domestic tourism, although foreigners, especially from allied countries of the Soviet Union, also went on group tours organised by the Inturist each year.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Passenger train services were extensive and travel by train was advantageous.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The most popular tourist destinations were Sochi, Crimea, Batumi, Odessa and others, as well as the major cities of Moscow and Leningrad.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[104] One could not move from the Soviet Union to another state without authorisation from the authorities.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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To and from the country were allowed to travel on a visa, which was obtained by the authorities.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The Soviet Union closely supervised the country and emigration, and did not allow travel without official authorization from the authorities.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

However, marrying a foreigner, starting in the 1970s at the latest, gave the right to move to the homeland of the spouse, but at the same time the immigrant lost his Soviet citizenship.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[62] Moving to Earth was almost as tricky as emigrating.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The move required permission from the authorities, which was allowed to apply to the embassy.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Residents of SEV countries were able to enter the country more easily than others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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It could take up to several years for citizens of other states to obtain a permit.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[62] Culture At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian culture was in a fervent state of creation that permeated all sectors of culture.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The season is called the Russian-Soviet avant-garde or Silver Age.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

After the revolution, artists enthusiastically participated in the reform work of the new socialist society.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Acting for communist ends include Vladimir Mayakovsky and Maksim Gorki.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Bolshevik leaders, however, did not appreciate modernist avant-garde art.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The avant-garde ran out of time by the early 1930s at the latest, when socialist realism became the only officially accepted art trend applied to all arts.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The idea of socialist realism was a realistic form and socialist content.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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At the same time, artists' unions of various fields controlled by the Communist Party were ordered to regulate art life.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[105] Socialist realism was introduced at the Soviet Writers' Union Conference in 1934, after which it became the official and only accepted art trend in the country.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Its father is often cited as the author Maksim Gorki, whose novel Mother (1907, Finnish 1944) is considered an archetype of socialist realism.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

The art of some 19th century realists, for example Peredvižniks (“Wanderers”), Jacques-Louis David and Ilya Repin, has also been considered paragons.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[2] Literature and theatre were popular in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Soviet music also prospered outside the country's borders, and not only in socialist countries, but also in the West.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Well-known Soviet composers included Dmitry Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Especially during Josif Stalin's rule, composers' freedom of expression was restricted and the works were to conform to the official Communist Party line.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[95] Artists were encouraged to favor positive tones in their art.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

Criticism of socialist society was not allowed to be made.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Art criticism also came to favor the ideas of socialist realism.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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For example, if characters created by an artist were found to be too “pessimistic” in the opinion of the Communists, the result was a hand-out course and possibly problems in the artist's career.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[95] Maksim Gorki, Nobel laureate Mikhail Šolohov, Alexei Tolstoy and Vladimir Mayakovsky emerged as big names in Soviet literature.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Although socialist realism became almost the only officially accepted trend, some writers such as Mikhail Bulgakov, Boris Pasternak and Andrei Platonov continued the traditional Russian literary tradition.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Russian emigrant writers abroad were represented by Nobel laureate Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin and Vladimir Nabokov, among others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Aleksandr Solženitsyn wrote about his experiences in the prison camp and therefore got into trouble.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[106] The principles of socialist realism were also ordered to be followed in the allied countries of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In them, however, art policy was freer than in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In the art of socialist countries of Eastern Europe, person-worship and narrow party affiliation was evident at its strongest in 1945—1953.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[97] According to the socialist realism method, the function of art is to serve the revolution and the construction of socialism by being popular and party affiliated.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Many times this entailed portraying workers as exemplary heroes.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Musically, sublime “positive” finales were favoured.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The leaders were placed in the art of painting at the center of the people.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The intention was to elevate the status of the laborer by presenting his life, work and leisure time in admirable form.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

Soviet

[95] The influence of Bolshevik leader Andrei Ždanov on Soviet cultural life was great.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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A trend known by his name, Ždanovism demanded from all artists the adherence to narrow party loyalty.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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It still defined, until the late 1950s, the limits of acceptable cultural production in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[2] Informal culture After Stalin's death, cultural life experienced a brief freer period during the shelter weather, until at the end of Nikita Khrushchev's reign it began to solidify again.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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When Western art was forbidden, quite widespread, though incongruous, trends in so-called informal art emerged in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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However, they had no chance of success because dissidents were not allowed to publish their art.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[95] In the Soviet Union, publishing was closely controlled to suppress opposition.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Because of this, many banned books were hand-copied and circulated hand to hand as wax or photocopies, so-called samizdat publications.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Some dissidents, such as writer Aleksandr Solženitsyn and artist Ilya Kabakov, became world famous.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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During the regime of Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, the party granted more freedoms to artists.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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However, socialist realism lasted until the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union as the official regulatory system of culture.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[107] Today, the heritage of Soviet art and culture is being assessed in a new way when forbidden fields of culture are also taken into account.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The art heritage of the socialist period can be explored, for example, in a Soviet-era sculpture park in Lithuania.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Propaganda Soviets carried out information activities counted as propaganda throughout its existence, but the content and style of propaganda varied drastically depending on items and time.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Effective propaganda was made possible by factors such as the country's undemocraticism and the concentration of information.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Media freedom was lacking, and there were no authorised alternative channels of information beyond media directly managed or closely controlled by the state, unlike those in the West.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[108] Questioning information from above was even criminal.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In Soviet propaganda, all Western countries, including bourgeois liberal democracies, were often branded as fascist, warmongering and undemocratic.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[109] The vast majority of people in Western countries were reported to be living in poverty and destitution.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The global fear of Nazism and fascism created by World War II was exploited by claiming that Western countries resemble fascist systems, but the Soviet Union is the equal and peaceful home of various nations, the opposite of everything that the Nazis and Fascists had stood for.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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This propaganda also influenced many left-wing elements in the West, who often believed, at least in part, propagandistic claims about the Soviet Union as onnela and saw the West as corrupted.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[110] Anti-Western propaganda was mainly directed towards Eastern European countries and its own people.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Propaganda was produced to the West, presenting the Soviet Union as a fortune and the pinnacle of development, where human rights, equality and living standards were the best in the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In the Soviet Union, however, limited humorous critical communication of information about one's own country and its problems was also allowed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Important examples of this were the pile-magazine Krokodil and Radio Yerevan.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Symbols of emblems commonly used in the Soviet Union were the red star of the revolution, as well as the sickle and hammer.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The flag of the Soviet Union featured a yellow star depicting progress, on a red background depicting revolutionalism and socialism, and a sickle of farm workers and a hammer of industrial workers connected together.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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It was also once an emblem of international socialism, but is mainly remembered as the emblem of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[111] Soviet cinema The Soviet Union was also one of the largest film countries — Lenin once said cinema was the most important art of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Film expression flourished artistically, especially during the silent film era, before Stalinist cultural politics rose to dominance.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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After Stalin's death, the film industry gradually began producing non-propaganda films as well, and it flourished, particularly in the 1970s.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[112] The Panzer Ship Potemkin, directed by Sergei Eisenstein, is often named as the “national film” of the Soviet Union, which was not only successful propaganda but also technically and artistically advanced.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The film was only to be part of a series of films recounting the events of 1905, but is best remembered as an independent film.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Other Eisenstein classics include Strike, October commemorating the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, and Ivan the Terrible series specifically referring to the dictatorship of Stalin and therefore cosolting the author.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Masters of early Soviet cinema were additionally Dziga Vertov, Oleksandr Dovženko, Mikhail Romm and Vsevolod Pudovkin.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[112] Soviet cinema was also very successful abroad, both in the Eastern and Western countries.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The most successful internationally successful filmmaker, although not officially recognised in his country, was Andrei Tarkovski, who won the Grand Prix of the Cannes Film Festival, among others.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Tarkovsky himself said that he loved his country, which was also evident in his films.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[113] Comparatively many films were produced in the Soviet Union, and the budget was large.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In the 1970s, only in Hollywood did filmmakers have access to budgets as big as those in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In practice, the state saw to it that the perpetrators got everything they needed, if the Cultural Board agreed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Characteristic of the training of film makers was that anyone cinematically gifted could be admitted to state film schools and trained for the profession with government support.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The largest film production company in the Soviet Union was Mosfilm.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[112] The most enduring aspect of Soviet cinema is that of art enthusiasts, although the chances of seeing these films have diminished since the Soviet state ceased.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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For more than 40 years after the war, Helsinki had a Soviet-owned cinema with a large number of films from Germany as war reparations.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[114] [113] Cults of persons: Lenin and Stalin Vladimir Ilyich Lenin formed around the first person cult of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Partly against Lenin's will, he soon came to be regarded as a “good tsar”, modest and folksy, but at the same time the creator of a new just system.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Until his death, Lenin was able to prevent this cult born among the people from ending up being part of official party propaganda.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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However, immediately upon his death, this Christ-like Savior-Lenin was made part of the official party's Lenin cult, although many party leaders, including Lenin's widow Nadežda Krupskaya, opposed it.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The first step in this canonization of Lenin was the decision to embalm his body and place it in a mausoleum in Red Square.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Already in 1924, Saint Petersburg's name was changed to Leningrad, and the first huge Lenin statues were erected in Stalingrad in 1925 and Leningrad in front of the Finnish train station in 1926.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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After Lenin's death, Stalin sought as quickly as possible to present himself as a continuator of Lenin's work.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Stalin's cult of personnel reached its full measure in the 1930s.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Various levels of government competed with the naming of production facilities, villages, theatres and other institutions after Stalin.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Coming into the 1940s, the Soviet map featured other city names derived from Stalin in addition to Stalingrad.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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To its new peak, the cult of personnel rose again after the victorious Great Patriotic War.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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For example, in the film “The Overthrow of Berlin”, Stalin was shown alone studying war maps and plotting Hitler's defeat.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Stalin's cult of personnel did not last long after the dictator's death.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In 1956 Khrushchev informed the stunned party leadership that Stalin had abused his power and unnecessarily subjugated Soviet citizens.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Soon, Stalin's body was removed from Lenin's mausoleum and buried in the Kremlin wall.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Oxidentalism in the Soviet Union regarding the censorship associated with libraries and publishing was systematic.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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For example, Western journals and almost all literature on contemporary culture in the West were forbidden.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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However, Western material moved to the Soviet Union by private road and, among other things, to Tallinn via Finnish television.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The state propaganda of the West during the Cold War, and later advertisements for big business as well, created the perception of Western countries as free and happy societies.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[97] Already in Tsarist Russia there was a cultural fashion trend of orientalism, namely admiration for orientalism.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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As a counter-tendency in the Soviet Union, along with socialist officialdom, an admiration for Westernization, developed, an admiration for Westernization, an


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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This was reflected in the desire to acquire Western consumer goods that were considered to be of better quality than domestic products.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Oxidentalism also manifested itself in the admiration of Western art directions and popular culture, for example the English band The Beatles.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Admiration for Westernization was part of the everyday life of Soviet informal culture down to the Secretary-General: ordinary citizens collected plastic bags of branded goods, but Brezhnev western cars.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[97] Interest in Western countries extended from the Beatles to other culture as well.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Many western films toured in the Komsomol as video copy.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In the 1960s, listening to and possessing Western pop music albums was illegal in the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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However, they entered the country accompanied by Western tourists, and reportedly no Soviet citizen was punished for buying or owning them.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In the 1970s, the Soviet state record label Melodija began releasing its own editions of Western pop records.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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They could sometimes have been censored; for example, the Soviet version of the LP disc might have lacked a song that did not please the Soviet authorities.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[115] Education in the Soviet Union was strongly believed in education and science, as well as the social progress they made.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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The children were obliged to attend an eight-school year long middle school.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Those seeking to attend colleges and universities attended middle school for two more years, increasing the length of middle school to a ten-year period.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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This was practically equivalent to high school, kimnaas, which were unsuited to the egalitarian socialist ideology in the country.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Literacy rates changed over the years.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Until the early 1930s it was around 70%, [116] but under Stalin, literacy became more common.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Before the breakup in the Soviet Union, literacy was extremely close to one hundred percent.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[117] The higher education institutions of the Soviet Union were divided into universities and institutes, which were institutions of higher education in one field.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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There were several major universities in the country, including Moscow University, but most of the higher education took place in the ministries' own specialized institutes.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Despite this, it was the universities that were the most prestigious educational institutions, with strict competition for admission.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Study in Soviet universities was free, and students were paid student aid.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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In particular, the level of research in science and mathematics was high and in many areas the absolute top of the world.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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However, this was not fully reflected in the applied technique.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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[118] Holidays dateFinnish nameLocal name1.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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JanuaryNew Year's Dayновый год23.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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FebruaryRed Army Dayдень Советской Армии и Военно-морского флота8.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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MarchInternational Women's DayМеждународный женский ДеньApril (shifting) Easterпасха1.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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May May Day (or celebration of spring and work) Праздник весны и труда9.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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May Victory Daysdayдень Победы12.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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MayDay of the Cosmonauts Dayдень космонавтики7.


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OctoberConstitution DayThe Day of the United Kingdom.


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NovemberDay of the October RevolutionsGодовщина Великой октябрьской социалистической революции See also Socialism Communism Russia Russian History Russian Empire List of Soviet wars Cold War Warsaw Pact Soviet coup attempt 1991 Commonwealth of Independent States Eurasian Union Sources Book sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Birnbaum, Immanuel| title = USSR history| others = Translated by Markku Mannila| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = Gummerus| year = 1966}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hakala, Matti ja editorial council| title = The Great Encyclopedia of Home 9| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1977| id = ISBN 951-35-1280-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Helanterä, Antti ja Tynkkynen, Veli-Pekkanen | title = For Geography Russia can noth| publisher = Thought Books| year = 1. p. 2002.


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- 2nd p. 2003.


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- 3. p. 2003| id = ISBN 951-20-6228-3}} Hovi K. — Niitemaa, V.: History of the Baltics.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Kapuscinski, Ryszard: Empire.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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ISBN 952-471-075-7 (nid.).


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Kirkinen, H.: Russian and Soviet history.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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ISBN 951-1-08450-X.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Leitzinger, Antero: Former Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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ISBN 952-9752-00-8.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lewin, Moshe| title = Soviet century| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like and Finnish Peace Defenders | year = 2006| id = ISBN 952-471-808-1}} Luntinen, P.: The formation of the Russian Empire.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Moynahan, Brian: The Russian Century.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Soviet Union through the eyes of Finns, Suomi—Soviet Union Society, 1978, ISBN 951-95467-0-7.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Soviet Union in the 80's.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Finnish-Soviet Society, News Agency Novosti (APN), 1981, ISBN 951-95467-2-3.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Spleen, Ville: The mission of the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Helsinki: Russian and Eastern European Institute, 2002, ISBN 951-707-099-3 Section, M.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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(ed.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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): Soviet Union: Answers to Finns' Questions, Suomi—Soviet Society 1973.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Ryasanovchech, Nikolai: A history of Russia.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roos, Jeja-Pekka| title = Social policy and welfare planning in the USSR | location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1974| id = ISBN 951-662-094-9}} References on the topic elsewhere Partly humorous a Soviet-themed site made in mind.


Question: In what year is the Soviet space program established?

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Similar site made by the group of authors of the previous site The list contains links to Internet sites that discuss the topic in more detail, as well as maps describing the territorial changes in Russia.


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Literature Jussila, Osmo: The Tragedy of the Soviet Union.


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From utopia to archipelago of prison camps.


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Otava, 2012.


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Luukkanen, Arto: Land of Councils.


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History of the Soviet Union 1917-1991.


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Edita, 2014 (16 January 2013) * Category:Key articles in screening Category:92 European history


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The history of Finnish theatre begins with the inauguration of the Academy of Turku in 1640.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

A theatre group assembled from students performed the German matriculation comedy Studentes and is the first known theatrical production in Finland.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[1] Finland's oldest professional theatre, Svenska Teatern, is located in Eroja, in the heart of Helsinki.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The theatre had its origins in 1827 when the first theatre building in Helsinki was completed.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The small wooden structure, located in the Esplanade Park around the present Mikonkatu, was designed by German-born Carl Ludvig Engel, who was the designs for much of the then Helsinki city centre.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The theatre did not have a permanent theatre troupe at the time, but around that time Helsinki was regularly visited by itinerant foreign theatre troupes, mostly on their way to or from Saint Petersburg.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Prior to the building of the theatre house, groups had performed in fences, warehouses and other modest spaces, such as Kamppi's old tobacco warehouse, which was popularly referred to as a “comedy barn”.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Theatre soon became popular entertainment, and Engel's theatre house became cramped.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The first domestic opera, Kung Karls jakt (The Hunt of Charles the King) was performed with dilettante power in 1852.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The performance spurred the project to build a new theatre house in Helsinki, which led to the birth of Nya Teatern in 1860.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

In the autumn of 1860, a new one was inaugurated, architect G.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

A theatre house drawn by T. Chiewitz and stood on the same site as the current Svenska Teatern.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The house was the first theatre house built of stone.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

At the inauguration ceremony on 28 November 1860, local amateurs performed a musical play based on the text of the native Zacharias Topelius the Princess of Kypro, composed by Fredrik Pacius.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The owner of the house, Nya Teaterhusaktiebolaget (New Theatre Limited Company), operated the theatre's operations from then on.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The company rented the house for both short and longer periods to Swedish-speaking theatre groups.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

However, the story of the Chiewitz Theatre House fell very short, as on the night against May 8 in 1863 the theatre was completely destroyed in a fierce fire.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Reconstruction work quickly got under way, and already in October 1866 the theatre building was inaugurated with a solemn concert.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Since then, Svenska Teatern has been based in the same building.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The year of the founding of Svenska Teatern is considered to be 1866, although theatrical activities had already existed on the same site.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

This time the designer of the building was St. Petersburg architect Nikolaj Benois.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

About six months later, Garantiföreningen för Svenska Teatern was founded, whose government even today runs the theatre.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

A regular acting guard was also hired in the spring of 1867, and since then operations have continued uninterrupted.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

In its first years, the theatre was called Nya Teatern (New Theatre).


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

After the establishment of the Finnish national stage in Helsinki in 1872, the theatre began to be called Svenska Teatern (Swedish Theatre) in 1887.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The beginning of the Finnish language professional theatre can be considered the premiere of Aleksis Kivi's Lea in 1869.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[2] The first Finnish language domestic professional theatre, the Finnish Theatre, was founded in May 1872 under the direction of Kaarlo Bergbom and premiered in Pori on 13 October 1872 [3].


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Even during the Kung Karls yakt, the possibility of bilingual domestic theatre presented by Topelius was debated, but towards the end of the 1860s the movement became divided according to language groups.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[4] The Finnish Theatre sought to implement a popular cultural line.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Nya Teattern emphasized more of an artistic side.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[5] The Theatre Museum was founded in 1962, [6] but the first exhibition did not open until 1963 [7].


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The Finnish Actors Union was founded in 1913.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[8] The season of itinerant theatre troupes in Finnish folklore expenditure can find features that are reminiscent of contemporary stage art.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

These include a saman's incantation, weddings and funerals, bear and elk finches, and a spring sowing feast.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[9] In the 17th century, enthusiast theatre flourished at Turku Academy.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[10] In the late 17th century, foreign touring theatres toured the rural towns of Sweden.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Some of these may have visited Turku, but there is no definite information.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The Great Northern War brought theatrical operations to a standstill for decades.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The first individual foreign performers are known from the 1730s.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[11] At the end of the 18th century Turku was already part of the touring programme of Swedish theatres.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The performance space served as the warehouse located on the Uusatori and later, in the 1810s, the upper floor of the tobacco factory yard building until the new theatre building was built.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[10] Swedish touring theatre prevailed in Finland from the 1760s until the 1870s.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Initially, a Swedish theatre troupe led by Carl Gottfried Seuerling visited Finland several times, Easter Turku, but also other cities.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

After the Finnish War, the group led by Seurling's widow, Margareta Seuerling, remained in Finland.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The group, touring Finnish cities, kept its headquarters in Turku.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Karl Gustav Bonuvier, who led the group from 1813, used the name Finska Teathern for his group.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Bonuvier's troupe built the first theatre building in Turku.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The troupe recruited its actors from Sweden, but in 1818 it was joined by Maria Silfva, a Turku, who is considered the first Finnish actress.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[12] During Silfva's husband, Carl Wilhelm Westerlund, the troupe made tours even small localities in Inner Finland.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

After Westerlund, the group continued to operate until 1854 [13] and first performed domestic drama in Porvoo on 2 February 1845, performing Runeberg's play Friaren från landet.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[14] Due to the small size of cities, theatrical activity was concentrated around market times in the 19th century.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Small entourages circled after the market from town to town.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The mid-19th century, in conjunction with the building period of the Society Rooms, saw a remarkable heyday of bourgeois enthusiast theatre.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[15] At the turn of the 1830s and 1840s, as a result of the improvement of the floorship traffic and theatre facilities, high-class groups from Stockholm and St. Petersburg began to make visits to Turku, Helsinki and Vyborg.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Stockholm theatres visited the cities during the winter seasons.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The German Court Theatre in Saint Petersburg made visits to Vyborg from the 1830s to the 1870s.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

In the late 19th century, the German Theatre in Tallinn was a standard guest in Helsinki.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[16] The first troupes composed of Finnish actors were founded in the early 1870s.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

They too were touring theatres in nature.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[17] National Theatre in Finnish social debate began to be interested in national theatre according to German prequels.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Such theatre was hoped to build a national identity as well as promote the language and literature of the people.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[18] The main stakeholders of the National Theatre include Zacharias Topelius and Fredrik Cygnaeus.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

In Topelius's formulas, the actors would at least initially be Swedish professionals living in Finland, but later perhaps Finnish actors also performing in Finnish.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[19] Between 1850 and 1853 the theatre houses in Helsinki, Turku and Vyborg were rented to Edvard Stjernström's Finska sällskapet group.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The group toured performing over the year in all of them.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[20] With a loan from Alexander II, a new theatre building was built in 1860 for the Eroja in Helsinki.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

A permanent cast, led by J. F. Högfedt, was attached to the new theatre house with one-year long contracts under the management board of directors running the theatre.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The house was also intended to train Finnish actors and a symphony orchestra.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[21] [20] However, the new theatre building was only able to operate for a few years when it burned down in the spring of 1863.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

A new theatre, Nya Teatern, was completed on the site in 1866.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

A Supporting Association was soon established in support of the theatre, whose members undertook to guarantee potential losses.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Through the association, the theatre's activities and repertoire were strongly linked to the learned and wealthy Helsinki audience.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[21] Finnish Theatre In 1869, Aleksis Kiven's Lea was performed in the Finnish language.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The lead was played by popular Swedish actress Charlotte Raa.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

This event is considered the beginning of Finnish language professional theatre [22] and was the first play in Finnish to be performed at the Helsinki Theatre Hall.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[23] The Finnish language had been heard before on the theatre stage.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

At least as early as 8 February 1833, when Maria Westerlund (Silfva) performed Finnish songs and text fragments in Helsinki in a performance Finska flickan eller Hittebarnet på Kyrkogården.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[13] Whole plays had also been performed with enthusiasts as early as the end of the 1840s.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[24] The first theatre composed of domestic actors can be considered to be the touring theatre run by Nya Teatern actor August Westermark between 1870 and 1872, which was called the New Finnish Pupil Theatre and later Unga Finska Teatern.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The theatre performed mainly in Swedish, but also had shows in Finnish.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Some of Westermark's cast members (e.g.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

August Aspegren, Aurora Toikka, Oskari Vilho) moved to the Finnish Theatre to be founded and formed the core force of its speech department.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[25] In the mid-19th century, experiments with vernacular theatre emerged in several European countries.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The cause also spread to Finland and pro-Finnish contemporaries demanded vernacular theatre.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Among the most important advocates of Finnish-language theatre was Kaarlo Bergbom.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Bergbom had already directed the Pennomanic Theatre in the 1860s at the Arkadia Society and the Evenings of the Finnish Society.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The Finnish Theatre was founded on 22 May 1872 under the leadership of Bergbom and his sister Emilie Bergbom and was maintained by the Supporting Association from the Pennomanic Circle.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Initially, the theatre operated as a touring theatre, performing in various localities all the way up to St. Petersburg.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

In 1875 the Arkadia Theatre was purchased as the home of the Finnish Theatre and in the 1880s the theatre began to perform mainly in Helsinki as its Finnish-speaking population grew at a rapid pace.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[26] The first theatre building Bonuvier's troupe reportedly built Finland's first actual theatre house in Turku in the 1810s near Åbo Svenska Teater's current office building.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Bonuvier's wooden theatre was destroyed in the Great Fire of Turku in 1827.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Erected on the site by city architect P.J.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The new wood-framed theatre was drawn by Gylich, where foreign visiting theatre tours performed in the 1830s fold.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[27] However, the creation of a new modern theatre house in the city had been awakened in the minds of the Turkic theatre lovers of that time, and Dr Nils Henrik Pinello and Abraham Kingelin, the trade counsellor, emerged as the most prominent figures in its implementation.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The decision to build was reached in 1836, and already on 21 January 1839 a new theatre house could be inaugurated for its purpose.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

The new theatre representing Neoclassicism was again designed by P.J.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Gylich and the facade was designed by C.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

L. Engel.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

In the early decades the theatre house served as a venue for numerous theatre tours, mainly arriving from Sweden, and later also visiting Finnish theatres.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

During the years 1894-1919, the theatre operated mainly as the theatre of Svenska Inhemska Teater, operating with domestic actors.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Turku Suomalainen Teatteri also started as a subtenant of the theatre in 1918-1928.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Today, this oldest theatre house still in use in Finland is a haven for Åbo Svenska Teater.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

[27] The theatre building, decorated in European style with gold elements, velvet curtains and red pluses, has been renovated several times, e.g.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

in 1881 after a fire raged in the house and in connection with the construction of the Hanseatic Quarter in the 1980s.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

During 2005, a massive and expensive piling groove was carried out to stop the subsidence of the building.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Theatre training in Finland has been provided by the following educational institutions Nya Teatern Pupil School (1866−1868) [28] Dramatiska föreningen Pupil School (1892−1894) [28] The Finnish National Theatre Pupil School (1904−1918) [28] Svenska Teaterns elevskola (later.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Svenska Teaterskolan, founded 1908) [28] Student School of Finnish Rural Theatre (1909−1911) [28] Finnish Stage College (1920−1940) [28] Finnish Theatre School (started 1943) [28] Tampere University Näty (started 1967) [28] University of the Arts Helsinki Theatre Academy (Finnish Theatre School) and Svenska Teaterskolan was merged in 1979 into Theatre Academy, which joined 2013 University of the Arts Helsinki) [28] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish Literature History 1: From pious songs to happy novel| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Literature Society | year = 1999| version = Editor-in-chief: Yrjö Varpio.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Edited by Yrjö Varpio and Liisi Huhtala| id = ISBN 951-717-886-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Finnish Theatre and Drama| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like| year = 2010| version = Edited by Mikko Olavi Seppälä and Katri Dankanen| isbn = 978-952-952-01-0147-3}} References On topic elsewhere.


Question: What was Finland's first theatre?

History of Finnish theatre

Category:Theatre in Finland Category:Cultural history of Finland


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The history of the National Coalition begins with the establishment of the party on 9 December 1918, when the Finnish Finns and those Young Finns who were still in favour of electing a German king as the head of state of Finland in October 1918.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

[1] Their goal was to make Finland a monarchy and at the same time consolidate predominance.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

However, the project to obtain a German king had lost its relevance following Germany's demise of World War I a month earlier in November 1918, as a result of which P. E. Svinhufvud, the regent who supported the German trend, was forced to resign.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

He was replaced as state administrator by the pro-Entente Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, who promoted Finland's relations with the winning sides of World War I, who carried out intervention against Soviet Russia also in East Karelia and the Northern Arctic Ocean.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The Coalition declares its ideology to be built on ingredients derived from conservatism, social reformism and liberalism.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The National Coalition was founded by the majority of the Finnish Party who supported the monarchy, as well as the monarchist minority of the Country People's Party and the nationalist-minded minority of the Nuorfinalainen Party.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

From the outset, the values espoused by the Coalition have remained largely the same: respect for predominance, nationalism, protection of property rights, economic interests, Christian ethics and social conscience.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

From its inception, the National Coalition has experienced competition between conservatism, social reformism, capitalism, nationalism and liberalism within the party.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

To consolidate predominance, the Coalition advocated fiscal tightening in order to expand the state apparatus and the armed forces.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Today, the Coalition has distanced itself quite far from its ideological base, but “home-religion-fatherland” remains, in practice, an important value base for the party.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The liberalisation of the Coalition is reflected by the creation of the Christian League by those who defend inherited values, mainly the Coalition Party, and the fact that many Liberal MPs, after the centrist cooperation had been avoided, moved to the National Coalition.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Early history The background of the party was in the Old Finnish movement and Fennomania of the period of autonomy.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

In 1918, the party was confirmed by the forces of the Young Finn Party which, in connection with the constitutional dispute, had supported the election of a German king.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

In addition to the Young Finns, some people's parties also came to the Coalition.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Former monarchists of Finnish-speaking parties founded the National Coalition Party in Helsinki on 9 December 1918, days after the republicans had founded the National Progress Party.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

At the founding meeting, over 600 party conference delegates gathered at the Old Student House elected Hugo Suolahti as the first President of the Coalition, [1] who held the position until 1920.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

A rising Finnish-speaking businessmen took over the Coalition in 1922.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Since then at the latest, the stresses of economic liberalism, social reformism and value conservatism within the party have varied.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

[2] Coalition in the 1930s the 1930s saw the soaring rise of nationalism and right-wing radicalism in European states, which also in Finland was visible as the Lapuan movement.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Many far-right Coalition activists and supporters were involved in it — in addition, there was an electoral alliance between the Coalition and the Patriotic People's Movement in the parliamentary elections.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

However, the majority of the Coalition, led by Paasikivi, decided to drive those close to the Patriotic People's Movement out of the party, not because of nationalism (which was more or less a common value for both parties), but because the radicals in question began to drive state capitalism, thus violating the basic idea of private ownership that the Coalition majority was not willing to haggle over.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The Lapua Movement, which started as a popular movement, ended with the Mäntsälä Rebellion and began to seek more parliamentary forms as the Patriotic People's Movement.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The Mäntsälä rebellion was bloodlessly brought to an end by the Coalition President P. E. Svinhufvud by giving a radio speech appealing for respect for the predominance, in which he urged the Lapuans to return peacefully to their home.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Coalition after World War II, the National Coalition renewed itself ideally beginning in the 1950s, through dynamic conservatism to individual-centered focus.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The party embraced a social market economy, “popular capitalism” based on small-ownership and private enterprise, and individual-centricity and pluralism, in addition to traditional Conservative values, thus seeking to become a so-called pan-party.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Until the 1970s, the Coalition was heavily a party of industry, capital circles and the grandeur class, but began its transformation from the 1960s onwards into a middle-class and clerical field gathering Conservatives.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

By the 1970s, civil servants and officeholders had already come out of their postwar pay pit, when their lobbying was no longer radical but conservative.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

From 1951 to 1965, the Coalition's evil rival for the votes of the bourgeoisie was the Finnish People's Party.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

As the social state exponentially expanded, the proportion of civil servants and functionaries in the total population was significantly higher from the 1970s onwards than in previous decades.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

In practice, the Coalition largely assumed the role that had been played by the Finnish People's Party, which had ceased operations in 1965.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Juha Rihtniemi was elected in 1965, only at the age of 37, as President of the Coalition.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Previously, he had been party secretary from 1959 to 1960.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Rihtniemi was younger than the concurrent Chairman of the Coalition Youth Federation, MP Mauri Seppä.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

As chairman he served until his surprising death, until 1971.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Harri Holkeri, who has been party secretary since 1965, was elected Rihtniemi's successor as president of the Coalition in 1971 at an exceptionally young age.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

In 1968, the Coalition was the largest party that did not go behind Kekkonen in the presidential election.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The Coalition installed bank manager Matti Virkkunen as its presidential candidate.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

A certain anti-collision led to the Coalition receiving a significant increase in the number of votes in that election, approximately 20% of the vote, compared with a long record of 15% for the Coalition in the past.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Due to a number of reasons, the Coalition also won in the 1970 parliamentary elections.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Some winning votes remained for the Coalition as early as the 1968 presidential elections, but Finland was just then intensely urbanising and small-bourgeois, and in 1970 there were plenty of middle-class voters on the move, from which the Coalition benefited.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Even after that, the Coalition never again sunk into a medium-sized party, but managed to remain first as one of the Big Four and then as one of the Big Three.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

It was in the 1970 elections that the Coalition thus grew from a medium-sized party to the second largest party in the country (1972 and 1975 with a scant fourth place).


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

In the 1979 parliamentary elections, support jumped more than 20 per cent, after which the Coalition has not lost its status as one of the big three parties.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The Renovationist Coalition sought to change its attitude towards President Urho Kekkonen and at the same time indirectly to dispel Soviet foreign policy suspicions of it as the governing party.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

This did not suit everyone, which is why the Constitutional People's Party was formed to highlight the contradiction caused by the election of Kekkonen as president for the years 1974—1978 without running a presidential election by declaring the matter by a 5/6 majority urgent and enacting a law different from the Constitution .


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

Coalers who sought change were said to be renovators.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

However, despite election victories, the Coalition was left in opposition until the 1987 parliamentary elections.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

It was an extraordinarily long period outside of “court eligibility.”


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

In the 1970s, the Coalition's programme was changed to be more attractive to the middle class and urban dwellers, bringing more emphasis on freedom and tolerance.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The Coalition began to break its bond with spades conservatism.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

At the same time, highly conservative-minded new small parties, such as the Christian Federation of Finland, sprang up, and rural conservatives began to become more grouped into the Centre Party.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The Coalition's ideological change caused those on the conservative side of spades to yearn for a better party, resulting in the 1950s, among others, the Christian League of Finland, which achieved parliamentary party status in the 1970s.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The parliamentary group was led by Antero Salmenkivi (1975—1979), Pentti Sillantaus (1979—1983), Matti Jaatinen (19831—984) and Ulla Puolanne (1984—1987).


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The Coalition emerges as the governing party Erkki Pystynen was elected President of Parliament in 1983.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

In 1987, the Coalition qualified as the governing party after 21 years in opposition.


Question: After how many years in opposition did the Coalition return to government after the 1987 parliamentary elections?

History of the National Coalition

The prime minister was Harri Holkeri, under whose blue-red government, Finland was plunged into perhaps the worst recession in its history.