Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[67] There has also been a lot of stir in the media about whether to film Twilight - Dawn into two or even three different parts.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[68] [69] However, director Condon has signed a contract together with Summit Entertainment to shoot a two-part film.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[70] Summit Entertainment has also formalized that the film will be a two-part.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[67] There have also been a lot of different positions on the creation of Renesmee, because it will be very difficult to create Renesmee.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[71] [72] [73] Screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg says that not everyone is going to be happy with the main cast of the film series.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[74] As Summit formalized the making of the film, it also formalized that the entire Cullen family is returning for the final two-part film with the same cast as before, including Billy Burke's.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[67] Filming for the film is expected to begin on Oct.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[75] Reception Sales Success The Lure series of books has sold over 50 million copies worldwide, [3] [4] and is emerging as the best-selling book series of all time.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[5] In the United States alone, the first three books in the series have sold a total of over 8.5 million copies.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[76] Books have reached several bestseller lists.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

For example, New Moon stayed on the New York Times list for more than 50 weeks, [77] and the first three books in the series stayed a total of more than 143 weeks on the same list.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[38] In its first week on sale, Doubt sold nearly 250,000 copies, [41] and reached the top spot in USA Today's sales list, knocking the seventh part of the Harry Potter book series Deathly Hallows.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[5] The initial edition of Dawn of the fourth volume was 3.2 million and sold over 1.3 million copies during its first day on sale, [1] which was a record for its publisher.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[76] Overall, Dawn sold 6.1 million copies during 2008.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[78] According to USA Today, the four volumes of the series were the best-selling books of 2008 in the United States, [79] and Meyer's publisher estimates his books sold 22 million copies that year, [80] while Publishers Weekly says the books sold 27.5 million copies in 2008.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[78] Meyer is the first author to have captured the top four positions in USA Today's list.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[80] The book series has also been popular in Finland and, for example, the first edition of Uusiku sold out at a record pace.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[16] The first edition of Doubt also sold out quickly.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[81] Reviews From critics the series has received a wide range of reviews.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

Time magazine critic Lev Grossman cited the series as somewhat reminiscent of fanfiction, but nonetheless praised it and compared its quality to the Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings book series.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[38] According to him, readers wanted not only to read about the world of the series, but to live there.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[38] In an interview with USA Weekend magazine, writer Stephen King shared his opinion on the series.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

According to him, Meyer cannot write and “certainly isn't good.”


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[82] In Finland, Porti's Marianna Leikomaa rated the series as very low and Toni Jerrman of the Star Wanderer placed the books at number one on the list of “the most abysmal popular vampire series”.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[83] [84] The first book The Decoy received a mixed reception.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

For example, Kirkus Reviews cited the book as being far from perfect, criticizing Edward for being too Byronic, and viewing Bella as a character whose “attraction is based on magic, not the person himself.”


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[85] However, the site believed their love story would appeal well to admirers of the genre.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[85] Booklist liked the piece, but criticized it for being too lax in the plot.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[85] An equally mixed reception was received by the New Moon.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

The avidbookreader.com website gave the book a grade of C+, called it a minor disappointment and rated the book as the best points of its beginning and end.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[86] The site's critic considered it a mistake to leave the Cullens' vampire family in a small part and criticized Bella as the weakest and most annoying character in the series.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[86] Norah Piehl of Teenreads.com considered the work to be long-winded, but believed it would make admirers of the series look forward to the next part.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[87] Doubt also received a mixed reception.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

The LoveVampires website considered the piece very good, giving it four stars out of five, but mentioned adult readers might become disgusted with the “angst-filled teen romance.”


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[88] School Library Journal's Anne Rouyer praised the piece for Meyer's “effective and intense” portrayal of first love.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

However, he considered the story of newborn vampires to feel added afterwards and mentioned werewolves and vampire birth stories as slowing down the novel.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[89] The critic from Dearauthor gave Doubt a grade of C- and called it a further disappointment.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[90] Blast Magazine's Kellan Rice criticized Doubt as well as Bella's character as sexist.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[91] Dawn received a mainly negative reception from critics.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

Entertainment Weekly's Jennifer Reese gave it a grade of D, criticized its plot twists as outlandish and found the pregnant Bella a hard-to-relate, even terrifying character.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[92] The Independent magazine's reviewer found the depiction of Bella's mundane life apt, as well as the Edward family's backstories, as intelligent, but criticised the book as highly sexist and regarded Bella as a weak character who “lives to serve men and suffer”.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[93] In a review for the Newsok website, critic Sara Rose believed Dawn would please admirers of the series, but mentioned casual readers might be disappointed by its meager action.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[94] According to Entertainment Weekly, many admirers of the series were disappointed with Dawn.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[95] Awards The book series has received some accolades and awards.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

The first volume of Lure, for example, was among other things the New York Times editorial's pick as the best book of the year and Publishers Weekly's list of the best books for young people in 2005.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[96] That same year, Publishers Weekly selected Meyer as one of the year's most promising new writers.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[97] Doubt was a nominee for the Whitney Award to writers belonging to the Church of Latter-day Saints in the category of Best Love Novel/Women's Literature in 2007.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[98] Despite the negative reception it received, Dawn won the British Book Award in 2009.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[99] In the same year, it also won the Children's Choice Award for Book of the Year chosen by teenagers, and Meyer himself was chosen author of the year.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[100] The book series additionally won the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Best Book in 2009.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[101] Influence With its great popularity and avid admirers, Temptation is said to have created a so-called “Twilight phenomenon” around him, which has been compared to J. K. Rowling and the Pottermania caused by his Harry Potter book series.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[102] [38] The book series has been thought to be “the new Harry Potter”.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[5] Meyer himself has downplayed comparisons to Rowling, but considered the devotion of admirers of both series to be similar.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[103] The lure has garnered a lot of popularity, a large number of avid admirers and widespread support, for example, on the internet, where several sites are dedicated to it.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[102] Originally aimed at young adults, the series has been adopted by people of all ages.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[102] Admirers of the lure express themselves in many ways.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

According to Time magazine, based on the series, they write their own stories for the internet, dress up as its characters and have set up decoy themed ensembles.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[38] The magazine cites Meyer's public appearances as drawing multi-thousand-headed audiences.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[38] According to Times Online, Allure has inspired its readers to read other works as well, for example Emily Brontë's novel Wuthering Ridge, often mentioned in the book series.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[104] US President Barack Obama has been reading the Lure book series together with his elder daughter Malia, according to US Weekly magazine.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[105] American singer Kelly Clarkson has described herself as a great admirer of the book series and has written a song based on the New Moon book.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[106] Actress Emily Osment has complimented the series and considers Allure one of her favorite books.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[107] In large part thanks to her Lure book series, Stephenie Meyer reached number 26 in 2009 on a list of the world's most influential public figures compiled by financial magazine Forbes.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[108] Forks Lure is set in the US city of Forks in the US state of Washington, where the popularity of the series has increased tourism: [109] admirers have arrived to visit the “hometown” of the characters in the book series from all corners of the United States, as well as from abroad such as Germany, Ireland , all the way from Spain and Australia.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[110] On average, around 8000 tourists visit Forks per month.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[111] Forks stores sell Decoy themed merchandise, [109] and several of its restaurants sell themed foods related to the series.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[111] The townspeople also organise decoy tours in Forks and surrounding areas.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[109] Admirers of the series have also, in partnership with Infinite Jewelry Co and the West Olympic Peninsula Betterment Association, organised a campaign to preserve Forks' old high school, an important venue for books.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

[112] In honor of the Decoy series, Forks celebrates the annual Stephenie Meyer Day on September 13, the birthday of the series protagonist Bella Swan.


Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

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Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

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Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

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Lure (book series)

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Lure (book series)


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Lure (book series)

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Question: How many languages has the Makeover novel been translated into?

Lure (book series)

Category:84 Narrative literature * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

The Halkokar skirmish was a battle fought off Kokkola during the Crimean War on 7 June 1854.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

In addition to the Finnish military department, it involved a volunteer force of one hundred men, formed by Anders Donner, a Kokkolan trade advisor.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

[1] [2] Finnish volunteers had in place n.s.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

seal guns that were capable of firing longer than many Russian carbines.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

Seal catcher Matts Kankkonen had reportedly taken aim and said: “Jag ska ta han med cigarren”, meaning: “Let me catch that man with a cigar.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

Before the arrival of the British, two Russian companies had come to the aid of Vaasa.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

The information from Oulu and Raahe about the destruction works carried out by the British fleet had led the Kokkolans to be prepared for this battle.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

Nine boats were lowered into the waters from HMS Vulture and HMS Odin, some equipped with cannons.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

Beached on Halkokar by one boat, Lieutenant Wise and Lieutenant Burton demanded the surrender of the ships and non-existent ferry in the harbour, as well as property servicing the Russian Empire fleet, to the British.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

Mayor Roos and trade adviser Donner, with help from sea captain Wiklund, who served as interpreter, rebuffed the claim.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

The British set out to attack.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

Led by General A. J. von Wendt, the defenders knocked down a fake fence erected between the magazines and began firing.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

The strait had been cut off by erecting trees, and it seemed out to sea that the waterway would end.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

In addition, a kettinki had been pulled to prevent them from entering the shore of Kokkola by Polttimoniemi.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

As the invasion invasion failed, HMS Odin and HMS Vulture opened cannon fire, but it failed to reach the defenders.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

According to diary entries from the ship doctor Edward Cree of HMS Odin, the British had not expected the Finns to be able to defend themselves and later heard two Russian regiments had come to their aid.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

According to diary entries, the defenders had opened fire between the trading magazines by knocking down the ferry fences that had been built on it for surprise and defence.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

In addition to rifles, the British were also shelled with two field guns.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

The landing boats were forced to retreat despite returning fire.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

A boat equipped with a gun from HMS Vulture, carrying 20 men, was hit.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

Personal losses for the British were three officers and fifteen matruses as fallen and three officers and 31 matruses as prisoners.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

The defenders' spoils of war were left with one barcasse, whose crew had to be captured.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

The population took spoils of war and enjoyed the wine they received as spoils of war.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

The Cossacks were under the influence of alcohol for another day and were unable to properly care for their horses.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

The victory culminated into a folk holiday.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

Today the barcass is owned by the K. H. Renlund Museum in Kokkola and placed in a purpose-built building in the English Park, where it can be inspected through the windows of the entire wall.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

Barcass cannons and flag were once given to Russia.


Question: Why did the Vesikoske skirmish take place?

Halkokar skirmish

[3] Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Oolanni War Category:Kokkola Class:1854 Class:History of Central Ostrobothnia


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The history of officer training in Finland comprises the training of officers in the region that has been opposed to the independent Finnish state, both during the times of Swedish and Russian rule and Finnish independence.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The first officer school in Finland was the Haapaniemi Cadet School founded by Yrjö Maunu Sprengtporten and operated in Kuopio in 1780 and in Rantasalmi from 1781 to 1819.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The Finnish Cadet School was based in Hamina and trained officers for the needs of the Russian Empire.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

It was disbanded in 1903 as a result of various orders issued during the I repressive period.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

After independence, until 1992, the Finnish officer training was divided into three schools: the Cadet School, which gave basic training (founded 1919), the Military School which gave the general staff officer training (founded 1924), and the one that gave pre-officer and advanced training to the Battle School (founded 1927).


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

All of these schools were consolidated from the beginning of 1993 into the College of National Defence, one large college providing college-level officer training.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The Supreme Officer Training Haapaniemi Cadet School (1779—1819) The commander of the Savo Brigade, Colonel Georg Magnus Sprengtporten () had taken an initiative on 20 March 1779 to the King of Sweden to establish a war school in order to satisfy the officer needs of the forces in Savo and Karelia.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Consequently, the Haapaniemi War School started operating on 1 August 1780 in Kuopio.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

On 1 May 1781, the school was transferred to Haapaniemi's place to the keeper of Rantasalmi.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In 1791, the name of the school was changed to Haapaniemi Kadettikoulu, and under this name it operated until 1808, when the school's activities ended with the outbreak of the Finnish War.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The name of the school was changed in 1812 to Haapaniemi Field Measurement School, when the school returned to operation after the war.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

It continued to operate in the same premises of the Cadet School, initially training cartographers and, from 3 April 1816, again officers.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The school premises burned down on 27 September 1818, and this was one of the reasons for the school's eventual abolition on 27 May 1819.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Of the 210 completed cadets, 130 of the 210 completed cadets participated in the Finnish War, of whom 8 were downed and 34 wounded


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

After the war, there were about 50 serving in Sweden, 34 in Finland and 10 Hapaniemeni in Russia.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Later they became land lords, generals, senators and state counsellors.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The majority remained as officers and the remainder as civil servants.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Sprengtporten had a pragmatic way of training and had personally organised officer training at his own expense before the establishment of the Haapaniemi War School.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Sprengtporten, however, resigned from the service of the Swedish army as early as 1779 and defected to Russian service during actions 1808—1809 as the first Governor-General of Finland.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The most famous Haapaniemi is probably Finland's first military pedagogue, Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Möller, who served at the Haapaniemi Cadet School from 1779 to 1800.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

As head of the school, he served 1782—1800 and again as a teacher 1812—1814.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Möller gained a reputation, which spanned the entire Swedish Empire, as an accomplished pedagogue and exemplary breeder of cadets.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Admission requirements for Haapaniemi cadet school in 1783 nobility (not necessity) 13—15 years of age Knowledge of catechism good indoor literacy avoidant writing skills and four counts passing entrance exam and subjects fortress doctrine artillery mathematics drawing cursive theology moral doctrine history geography riding fencing French, Russian and German languages Education therefore also included extensive general education, and not just war doctrine.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The pupils and teachers of the Finnish Kadet School (1821—1903) The students and teachers of the Haapaniemi Field Measurement School (also referred to as the Finnish Topographer School of Haapaniemi) were transferred in 1819 to Hamina, where on 5 March 1821 the Finnish Kadet School (Hamina Cadet School) was founded.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The Finnish Cadet School trained officers for the service of the Russian Empire, so teaching took place in Russian, but later partly also in Swedish.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

From 1843 to 1863, Lieutenant-Generals Johan Munck (23 November 1843—1855), Otto Leonard von Blom (12 November 1855—1858) and Carl Mauritz Martinau (12 May 1858 — 29 March 1863) served as successive leaders of the Finnish Cadet School.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The Finnish Cadet School was renowned for its severe choke and spartan conditions.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

For example, the young Gustaf Mannerheim, who studied at the school from 1882 to 1886, was expelled from the school when he could not tolerate what he thought was the absurd, pointless and useless inhuman discipline of the Finnish Cadet School run by Carl Enckell.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Of the 1611 cadets who began their studies, 960 received their final certificate.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Of these graduates, 181 later attained the rank of general and 153 the rank of colonel.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In civilian fields, educators from the Finnish Cadet School served as Ministerial Secretaries, Assistant to the Governor-General, Senators and Governors.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

A few also excelled in the fields of science and art.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The cadet school was usually entered between the ages of 9 and 10.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Every year 40 children of Finnish civilisation were admitted.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The school had a preparatory class and four general classes to teach general education subjects and languages.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Three theory-oriented special classes taught military skills and finally earned degrees in tactics, military history, artillery doctrine, fortress doctrine, warplant doctrine, war laws, statutes, and Russian language.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

After completing these classes at the Cadet School, the cadet was admitted to the Imperial Alexander University without taking entrance exams.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The demise of Finland's own army, which began in the repressive periods, was also reflected in the difficulty of the Finnish Cadet School's operations.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Regulations hampering operation of various schools had dropped the number of aspirants to study in 1903, when Major General Oscar Enckell, head of the Cadet School, proposed abolishing the school and begged for resignation from the army.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Both of these requests were granted, and the last day order was signed on 19 January 1905.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The former cadets founded the Finnish Cadet Club in 1908, which later transferred the intellectual heritage of the Finnish Cadet School to the future Cadet School.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Among Hamina's cadets, some continued their careers in the Finnish Army.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Of these cadets, one attained the rank of Marshal of Finland, 28 generals and 36 colonels.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The most famous is probably Marshal Mannerheim of Finland, who, after his dismissal, went on to study at the Military Academy in Saint Petersburg, where he graduated, General of Artillery Vilho Nenonen and Lieutenant-General Hannes Ignatius.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Early stages of independent Finnish officer training (1917—1920) After the abolition of the oppressive periods, military and officer training in the Finnish Army could not be obtained as in the Russian army or alternatively in other European countries.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Russia was an excluded option, and Finns' eyes turned to Germany.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

An ice cap movement was born.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Thus, 1895 Finns received military and/or officer training in Germany.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In the autumn of 1917, 60 Jääkäers arrived in Finland, beginning to organise the base of the Finnish army, training patronage municipalities.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

However, there were not enough ice patronage for every patronage, so there was a need to quickly arrange patrol and platoon leader training for ordinary patrons.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The need for platoon and squad leaders grew, especially with conscription abolished at the beginning of the century, taking effect in early 1918.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The first officer training in independent Finland took place at Vimpel School, which lasted from 28 December 1917 to 13 January 1918.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The teachers of the Vimpel War School were ten icemen.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

On 12 January 1918, based on the experience of the Vimpel School, it was decided to hold an even larger military training course in which 700 patronage municipalities would be given underpatrol and squad leader training.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The first pupils arrived on 26 January, just a couple of days before the war began.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In February—March, the number of pupils at Vöyr School increased as they were removed from the front.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

J. H. Heiskanen, captain of the school, served as the head of the school.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

From 10 March 1918, schoolchildren from Vöyr participated as a 700-man strong battalion called the “Vöyr Guards”, which experienced heavy losses in the fighting.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

However, the Vöyr Guard was dissolved by order of Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim prior to the takeover of Tampere, so as not to lose the minor underpavement.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The tradition of Vöyr School was continued by the now-defunct National Defence College.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

After the war, various officer temporary courses were organised, the most famous of which is probably the Vyborg Officer Coke Course, or the Markovilla Course, whose programme became the hull for future reserve officer training.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The course began on 1 April 1920 under the guidance of the ice captain Kotti Sundberg and numbered 143 pupils.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Military College Courses Abroad After independence and the war, Finland had a shortage of general staff officers, and the country did not have its own war college to train them.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

General Staff Officers were trained in the victorious states of World War I, mainly France and Italy.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The strict conditions imposed by Oscar Enckell, the Chief of the General Staff, for admission to a foreign study secondment, produced problems for education.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Language skills were also an issue; very few Finnish officers knew French or Italian.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In addition, the fragmentation of the Finnish officer corps produced problems, as there were several categories of personnel from completely different backgrounds and with different levels of training: those trained in Russia, Jaeger officers trained in Germany and directly from civilian to active duty officers in the Finnish Civil War ascended.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In particular, Jaeger officers who rose to high values felt that they were discriminated against by former Russian Army officers when distributing training places.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Admission to a foreign study trip was conditional on the maximum rank of captain, being single and adequate school education.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

For married young ice majors and lieutenant-colonels, these terms were impossible.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

There was also a political question in which country the war higher education would take place, since the Jaeger officers were politically oriented more towards Germany than the entente states.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The war college course in Germany was a politically sensitive matter, because the peace treaty had forbidden Germany from teaching this kind, and furthermore, official Finland had already severed its German relations with Germany after the collapse of the Empire.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

However, the Jakeers continued to be sympathetic to Germany.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Young Major Paavo Sivén, who was part of tribal activists, organised two military college courses for Finnish ice officers in Germany with private funding in 1921—1923 and 1923—1925.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The General Staff Officer Diploms for pupils of the first course in Berlin was approved by the Director of the Jääkärikanry General Aarne Sihvo in 1926 as equivalent to the two-year line of the General Department of the Military School, but the diplomas of the latter course were no longer accordingly accepted.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The examination of eligibility for diplomas for participants in the second course went all the way to the Supreme Court.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Diplomas were finally confirmed only in early 1930.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In all, 13 Finnish officers completed their war college studies in Berlin.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

After the Jääkärikiri crisis was resolved, Finland also sent Jaeger officers of higher rank to foreign war colleges as students.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

A total of 46 Finnish officers, including later commanders of the defence forces Erich Heinrichs and Aarne Sihvo studied at the French and Italian war colleges.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

However, the Cadet School (1919—1992) of Temporary Courses did not qualify as a solver for officer shortage.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

On 4 January 1919, a committee headed by a former pupil of the Finnish Cadet School, Major General Hannes Ignatius, was set up to plan a “war instruction”.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The work of the committee was rapid and the new Finnish Cadet School began operation on 25 January 1919.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The cadet school was located in Helsinki and the duration was initially set at one and a half years.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

From 1930 onwards, the length was two years, from 1962 onwards two and a half, from 1978 three and four years since 1991.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The weapons species and defence branch schools were responsible for weapons species training for future cadets and defence branches.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Naval cadets received their training in full at the Cadet School until 1930 and Air Force cadets until 1929.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In 1930, applicants to the Cadet School were required to be under 25 years of age, matriculated, of good repute, fit for the weapon sport in terms of his physique and health, and fit for promotion as a reserve officer, but these requirements were loosely interpreted.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The intake of students to the Cadet School was trickiest in the late 1940s, when, because of this, courses were started twice a year.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Since then, the situation has improved, and today there are between 400 and 500 applicants each year, of whom about 130 are selected to pursue studies aimed at a master's degree.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

[1] Until 1993, the cadet school provided initial officer training until its annexation to the new National Defence College.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In 1993, the name of the Cadet School was changed to Undergraduate Division, with Cadet Courses serving as its basic units.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Since then, the name of the Undergraduate Division has been changed back to the Traditional Cadet School.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The cadet school was located between 1919 and 1923 in the present-day Natural History Museum on the corner of Arkadiankatu and Nervanderinkatu.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The building had previously served as a Russian kimnae.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Subsequently, the Kadet School operated in Munkkiniemi, Helsinki, from 1923 to 1940 and in Santahamina from 1940 onwards.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

From 1941 to 1952, the school was renamed the Ground War School.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The first director of the cadet school was Colonel Viktor Rafael Schauman.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The first three directors until 1925 were former pupils of the Finnish Cadet School.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Jaeger officers served as the heads of the Cadet School until, since 1945, there has been a cadet officer as the head of the school.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The first cadet officer to serve as head of the Cadet School (1945—1950) was Colonel Yrjö Armas Valhama.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

A total of 469 cadet officers fell during the Finnish wars, or 18.5% of the total number of cadets.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

At the Independent Cadet School, 8440 cadets began its studies in 74 years.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Fighting School (1927—1992) The Battle School, founded in 1927, initially held courses for company chiefs and platoon leaders.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In addition, there were orienting courses and major courses.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The founders of the school were the teacher of tactics at the Cadet School, Jaeger Major Hannes Olkkonen, who was also the first head of the school.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The combat school taught practical military training and joint operation of weapons species.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

[2] The school was based in Markoville, located northeast of Vyborg.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The building had previously housed the capitulant school responsible for the training of the loyalty sub-officers, which was attached to the Combat School under the name of the Loyalty Sub-Officer Section.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

[2] The combat school continued to operate after the war, first in Santahamina, then in Hamina and since 1949 in Tuusula.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

General Commander Courses (Pre-Officer Course), Captain Courses and Lieutenant Courses (Infantry Chief Officer Course, until 1962) were held at the school.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The pre-officer course was taken by those officers who did not attend the College of War, while the Captain and Lieutenant Course was taken by all infantry officers.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

[2] The combat school was disbanded on December 31, 1992.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Its activities are continued by the pre-officer course of the Postgraduate Division of the School of National Defence.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

[2] War College (1923—1992) For higher officer training in Independent Finland, a military college was ordered to be established as early as 1919.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

However, in the precarious circumstances of that time, the school was not started, but instead several officers, among them Jaeger Major A.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

E. Martola, sent to study at foreign war colleges.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The project to establish the school resurfaced in 1923. At that time a committee was set up to consider further training of officers.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The committee's report, completed in May 1923, suggested the establishment of a war college, with justifications including the need for the development of original tactics.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

At the same time there was an Inspector of Artillery, Colonel V.P.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Nenonen took the initiative to organize higher military engineering teaching at the University of Technology.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

This initiative led to a quick result.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In the autumn of 1923, 18 officers began their studies at the University of Technology.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The establishment of an actual war college gained new momentum when the Defence Revision Committee made a strong statement in favour of providing higher military training in April 1924.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The petition led to the Council of State almost immediately issuing a motion to establish a temporary war college.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The Sotakorkeakoulu began operations in Helsinki on 3 November 1924 in the former Uusimaa Sniper Battalion barracks at Liisankatu 1.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Colonel Aarne Sihvo, who was himself studying at the Italian War College, was appointed head of the school.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The acting head of the school was thus initially Major General Nenonen as his deputy General Staff Major Martola.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

By the way, the school's tenured teachers were all foreigners at first: from Sweden, Italy, France and Great Britain.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Thirty-four officers were commanded for the first course.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In addition, beginning in the autumn of 1925, those who started their studies at the University of Technology continued them at the University of War.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Prior to World War II, 370 General Staff Officers were trained at the War College in 15 courses of the General Department, five in the Military Engineering Department, two Naval War Division and one Air War Division course.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

(Abroad, mainly in Sweden, Germany, France and Italy, had additionally completed equivalent studies with 46 officers).


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Courses were generally two-year, but courses in the Military Engineering Department were four years in length.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Except for the first course, officers were admitted to the course through the entrance examination.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The faculty of the University of War became Finnish quickly when qualified officers who had taken the course could be inducted as teachers.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The military college was tenured in 1930.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The operations of the War College restarted after the war in 1946.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The school's organization became established as a division into three defensive branch lines, each with a general and technical direction of study.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The length of the general course course was two years and the technical course was three years.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Courses started biennially; the technical course first studied technical and natural science subjects for one year, and then participated for two years mainly in general course of study.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In 1946—1993, a total of 1564 General Staff Officer degrees were awarded at the University of War, 1188 of them in general and 376 in technical studies.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

In 1985, the Department of Military Science was incorporated into the organisation of the University of War.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

It had been established in 1971 to combine the War Historical Office, the War Archives, the War Museum and the Central Library of Military Science, as well as research in the field of strategy.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

From 1960 onwards, national national defence courses for persons of social importance operate in connection with the Military College.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The College of War has also run senior officer courses intended as advanced training for General Staff Officers.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

After the abolition of the University of War, its training mission is continued by the Postgraduate Diploma Division of the National Defence School.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The General Staff Officer's Degree now consists of a year-long pre-officer course, conducted by all officers, and a subsequent year-long General Staff Officer Course, where admission is based on student success in the pre-officer course.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The National Defence School (1993—) The functions of the Cadet School, the School of War and the Combat School are continued by the National Defence School, established in 1993.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The undergraduate degrees of the School of National Defence are Bachelor's and Master's degrees in War Science, as well as postgraduate degrees of General Staff Officer and PhD.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

College Officers Officers who replaced the Old Sub-Officer Corps in 1974 were trained until 1989 at the Pavement College.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Since 1992, there were university officers graduating from the National Defence College.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

The last college officer course was completed in 2003.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Reserve Officers The first Reserve Officer Course was organized in 1920.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

It was preceded by the Markoville Wiipur Officers' School, which operated from 1918 to 1920.


Question: Who was Finland's first general?

History of officer training in Finland

Sources Category:National Defence School Category:Finnish military history


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Nobility (nobility) is a concept belonging to the European legal society.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

It means a layer of society privileged by descent, land holdings and, in some respects, also by merit.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Phenomena such as nobility, aristocracy, have appeared in many other cultures as well.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

In the Middle Ages and early New Ages, European nobility was first and foremost a landowner and military ordinance, and subsequently also a higher civil servant (clerical nobility).


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The nobility is usually divided into several classes, from the overlord to the lowly nobility.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Nobility nowadays In most countries, nobility has lost their privileges under the influence of the Enlightenment period as society moved from monarchy to democracy.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

In Germany, change occurred with the Weimar Republic in 1919, in Austria the nobility lost its privileges in 1920, in Italy in 1946, in Poland 1918 (and again in 1945), and in Russia 1917.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

In Norway, the nobility was abolished in 1815, and the Danish nobility lost its privileges in 1849.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Subsequently, nobility has been mainly symbolic in nature.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The Finnish nobility, despite the republican form of government, has not really been abolished, although it has lost its special status and all its privileges.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[1] [2] There are no official nobles or nobles in independent Finland, and thus no nobility values are conferred in Finland, but rather the ideology of nobility is maintained and pursued by private persons and families who maintain e.g.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

nobility calendar.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Genera and persons belonging to the Finnish nobility are listed in the nobility calendar.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

In addition, Finland is home to members of European noble families whose lineages are not registered in the Finnish Order House.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

In Sweden and Finland, the superior and chairman of the nobility have been appointed as a land marshal.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Birth and Rights of the Nobility The nobility previously enjoyed privileges, usually hereditary, imposed by law or the right of inheritance.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The newfangled nobility originated in the Middle Ages in connection with the fiefdom.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The nobility arose from subjects loyal to the monarch, who received tax exempts and fiefdoms as their reward.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Initially, nobility was a matter of personal value and tax exemption, but subsequently it evolved into a hereditary one, and thus a nobility ordinance arose.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Land nobility refers to that part of the nobility whose economic and political status is based on extensive land holdings.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[3] The European nobility adopted many things from clan tradition.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Admittedly, most countries rejected the central practice of clan tradition that all clan members must be consulted in decision-making.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Instead, the seniorate principle developed that the lineage is represented by its oldest male member.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Strictly interpreted, this also evolved into primogeniture, according to which the rank of nobility was inherited only by the eldest son of the family.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

If primogeniture was not applied, the number of nobility could gradually increase to a large number.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Thus, the Polish inhabitants were nobles at most almost 10%.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[4] Also in Spain there were proportionately more nobles than in other countries.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The large number of nobles often led to the lower nobility being quite poor and living like an ordinary people.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Stages of nobility by country France The first actual noble families, or old nobility (), arose during the time of Charles the Great from knighthood and high military officials who were traditionally members of old feudal families.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

With the establishment of the nobility, the king initially sought to consolidate kingship and the organization of land and territorial administration.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Thus, the Marquess (French.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

marquis, latin.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

marchis) rank dates back to the days of Charlemagne's regime.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Crusades led by the feudal superiors of the Early Middle Ages and later the nobility originated in France and contributed to strengthening the position of the early nobility through fiefdoms and high office appointments.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The French court label is in use in other European courtiers.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The language of the nobility has been the French language in the court of Europe.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

In France, the nobility as well as the clergy lost all their privileges by a decision of the National Assembly on 4 August 1789.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The nobility in England in England is held by those belonging to the high nobility (nobility, peers), namely dukes, marquesses, earls (counts), viscounts (viscount) and barons.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Along with this they had until the 1999 Reform the right to sit as members of the House of Lords, the House of Lords.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

This value and the land property belonging to it goes by inheritance only to the eldest son.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The lower nobility (gentry) comprises baronets and knights (knights) using the title Sir above the cross name.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

British nobility, like continental Europe, does not form a separate precisely delineated enactment; the rank of nobility is held only by the head of the family.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The nobility of Finland Historical nobility in Sweden and in Finland Sweden The nobility statute began to form from the Alsnö Rule (1279/80) issued by King Maunu Ladonluko, which granted personal ralling, i.e. tax exemption, to those who performed mounted service.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

These persons were referred to as freemen, or rälssimmies (frälsemän).


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

This oldest nobility in Sweden and Finland has in later centuries been referred to as uradeln or självadeln — its representatives did not necessarily have a letter of appointment, but the position was based on mounted service and the publishing of horseman's equipment.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Armour and weapons were valuable in the Middle Ages, so few could afford them.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

In Finland, nobility legislation, or rails, began to take shape with the Swedish rule that followed the crusades and coastal colonization in the 13th to 13th centuries.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The Finnish Great Peasants of Moisioi were forced to give up their positions as a result of the new powers and their estates fell into the ownership of the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Mainly Finnish ralssi consisted of Swedish and German genera.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

It has been concluded from the structures of the Tilus that practically no Finnish great peasant was able to ascend the rails.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Although the top among them were a few Finnish names (Hyvämpi, Minimivalta), then these eventually disappeared.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[5] The medieval position was essentially personal and not heritable, although in practice many families belonged to the rails from generation to generation.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Already in the 14th century, Sweden and Finland recognised the inheritance of the rump status.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[6] The practice continued in Sweden as such until the 15th century, when Sten Sture the Elder and his followers began to distribute “letters of appellation or rafter”, usually for some service.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Borrowed from the German language, the concept of nobility did not come into use in Sweden until the 16th century.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[6] From the 16th century onwards, the Rälssistation was allowed to keep a cheque which was unable to perform mounted service.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

King Eerik XIV established the nobility titles of count and free-lord in 1561.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The nobility gained great privileges, especially over land ownership and posts, and became the most influential enactment in the Riksdag [6].


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Gustav II Adolf founded the Swedish Order of the Order in 1625, which united the nobility into an organised community, and issued the Order of the Order of Knights in 1626.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The intention was that the oldest families would receive their first ordinal numbers in the Order House, this was done for Counts, Free Lords and Knights, but due to problems with the testimony, the numbers of all 92 noble families were drawn.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

During Queen Kristiina's time, a large number of new nobility titles were granted to Sweden.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

King Charles XI also honored lively, for he wished to consolidate the king's power through new lineages, at the expense of the 'old' lineages.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The nobles were quite an indebted population group in the 17th century.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

They easily gained debt against their large holdings.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Later in the 18th century, ownership of land was also allowed for peasants and nobility property could be transferred to merchants and wealthy peasants.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Nobility in Finland since the 19th century, nobility values that have come from Sweden to Finland are inherited as a rule to every child of a male nobility, but the values of female nobles are not inherited to their descendants.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

When Russia took over Finland in 1809, the previous Swedish laws remained unchanged.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The decree privileges of 1723 remained in effect.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Already at the end of the 19th century, their many main points were repealed, and the parliamentary reform of 1906 abolished the Reichstag.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

However, prominent politicians, university men and businessmen were notified until the 20th century, the last with a Finnish-language name.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The 1919 form of government prohibited granting nobility or other hereditary values.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

However, it was not until 1995, when the fundamental rights of the form of government were reformed, that the last regulatory privileges still formally in force, although long before that had become almost irrelevant, were repealed.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[1] The Order of the Order of the Order (156/1918, with amendments to 1919) is still a valid law.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The following classes have been mentioned in the order of knighthood: Prince: the rank has been awarded only one time, to Governor-General Menschikoff in 1833, but this genus has been extinguished.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Count: of the eleven genera, there are only four surviving, Creutz, Armfelt, Aminoff and Berg Freeman: 63 genera have received the rank, of which 25 Knight (knighthood class, noble families numbers 1—73, merged into the armed class in 1863) Lord (so-called gunman class, Swedish svenneklassen) The community is referred to as knighthood and nobility in the order of knighthood.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

In the noble assembly, the classes are spoken as follows: Gentlemen of high nobility Counts and Free Lords; Gentlemen of noble origin Knights and Noblemen.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The noble assembly meets every three years.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The nobility in Sweden since the 19th century in the Swedish Riksdag had its own enactment until 1866, when Sweden switched to a two-chamber system.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[7] Subsequently, the Swedish Order of the Order no longer functioned as a state statute, but until 2003 it continued to have the status of a public law entity, provided for by a special Order of the Order of the Order of the Order of the Order.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[8] When Sweden's new form of government came into effect in 1975, the king lost his right to grant new nobility titles.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Before now, this right had not been exercised for decades; the last person to be noble in Sweden was the explorer Sven Hedin in 1902.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[7] However, some lineages have been introduced into the Swedish Order on the basis of nobility granted in ancient times until the end of the 20th century.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The law on the privileges of the nobility, established in 1723, was only finally repealed in 2003, but long before that it had practically lost all meaning.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[9] The Order of the Order continues to exist as an organisation, but in the same context by law it lost its public body status.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[10] The Order of the Order of the Order of 1866 was not repealed, but various modifications were made.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[9] At the same time, it also lost the nature of a public act and is no longer valid only as a charter for an organisation which became private law.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

[8] The rank of nobility became established in Sweden: Duke (with one exception only close relatives of the monarch) Count Freelord or Baron Knight, in use since the Middle Ages, its importance has varied, was absorbed in the mid-19th century into the lordship class.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Lord, a title-less nobleman who was called “lord” The nobility in Russia had the following values in use: Prince Count Baron Old Nobility, Pajars Lord, Rumpless Heritable Nobility Lord, Title-less Personal, Not Heritable Nobility Count and Baron the title was introduced during the time of Peter the Great.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The title of Baron was also shared among successful businessmen.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

The old nobility regarded the barons as slightly inferior.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Members of the Tsarist family held the title of Grand Duke.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

In Russia, it was customary for the title of father to be inherited to all children, unlike in France and England.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Several Russian knights were accompanied by a rank of nobility that was personal or hereditary.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

See also Rälssi Country nobility Clergy bourgeoisie Peasants Sources on the topic elsewhere.


Question: What does the Count's job duties include?

Nobility

Category:Nobility Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Arrajärvi [1] [2] is a lake located in Lahti and Iit in Päijät-Häme.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

It separates from the Kymi river marsh to the south, and there it forms a lake-like dilation of the river.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[2] [1] Lahti part of the lake used to belong to Nastola.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Geographical information The area of the lake is 990 hectares, or 9.9 square kilometers.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

It is 8.9 kilometers long and 3.0 kilometers wide.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The northern end of the lake is open to the river and is considered to start at the line between Black Pine and the mouth of the Savioja on the coast of Kymenkä in Inkerinmaa.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The lake protrudes from the main stream of the Kymenjoki towards the south, past Karjusaari and through the narrow Strait, where the southern lake part of the lake begins.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

In the southern part, the Kilpisaari cape divides the lake into two bays.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Soilahti, which is 2.4 kilometres long, and a three-kilometre long lake section ending in Säkäkä is pushed north.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[2] [1] The lake has been calculated to have seven islands.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

They have a combined area of 18 hectares, which is about 1.8% of the total area of the lake.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Of the islands, Karjusaari, Puustellinsaari and Sepänsaari are over hectares, while the other four are over the size of an aria.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Other islands include Kaijakivi and Inkerinsaari in the north, Paskosaari off Tuisalasaari and a fourth island still north of Tuisalasaari off Kaalmaanpohja.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[2] [1] The lake has been created and depth maps have been published.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

It has a volume of 29 million cubic meters, or 0.029 cubic kilometers.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The average depth of the lake is 2.9 meters, and the maximum depth is 9.0 meters.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The deepest point is located between Paskosaari and Sepänsaari.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Elsewhere the lake is quite shallow.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[2] [1] The length of the shoreline of the lake is 44 kilometres, of which the total length of the islands' shoreline is 5 km.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The beaches are quite steep except for arable areas and marshy areas bordering them.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The beaches of Ingerland and south of it are steep.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Tiirinmaa hill rises more than 50 metres above the water level.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

On the western shore of the lake are the villages of Metsäkylä and Säuuku


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The settlement of villages and other areas is sparsely populated.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

There are 16 fixed settlements along the beaches, and there are about 140 second homes between farms [3].


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

There will be roads from connecting road 3136 and other connecting roads 14501, 14092, 14501, 14502, 14097, and 14504.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

In the middle stages of the lake, the municipal border between Lahti and Iiti runs from Savioja.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

It bisects the lake in a north-south direction and turns in the south between Kilpisaari and Puusellinsaari to the Arra River.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[2] [1] [4] Rationing The lake has a water level elevation of 74.1 meters above sea level.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The lake is rationed so that the water level level has been set at limits of 73.93 metres and 74.13 metres above sea level.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Rationing is mainly handled by the Mankala Power Plant at the mouth of Kirkkojärvi, but water supply to Arrajärvi is also rationed from above at Vuolenkoski Power Station.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The rapids at Mankala were harnessed in 1950 by the Mankala Power Station, and harnessing raised the water level downstream by eight metres.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Judging by the nomenclature of Lake Arra, the water level fluctuations in the lake have been large.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The Great Kilpisaari is a cape in the present lake and Karjusaari has been cazzled to the mainland.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The high water level was also denied by the plains of the beach, which are distinguished by the shadow image of the Citizen Map Place [5].


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[1] [3] Recreational Values Water quality Harnessing the river Kymijoki and rationing of water levels and flow has reduced water turnover in Lake Arra.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Field ditches and sparsely populated effluents have been slowly eutrophicating the shores of Lake Arra and in some places have begun to become overgrown.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

There has been recent research on water quality.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The phosphorus content of surface water in the Southern Lake Basin has ranged from 20 to 50 micrograms per litre of water (μg/L) in summer and the 2009—2013 summer average has been 48 μg/L and winter averages of 22 μg/L.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

These values make the lake lush.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

However, phosphorus concentrations exceed the limit avon 50 μg/L at times, making the lake classified as very lush.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Near Karjusaari, where the flushing effect of the River Kymi is clearly felt, values have been lower.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

There, the summer average of surface water phosphorus content has been 21 μg/L and the winter average of 8 μg/L.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Water temperature deposition occurs in the lake's draughts and, in addition, oxygen deprivation.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Low oxygen levels have been measured in both winter and summer until the 1970s.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

In particular, during the 1980s to 1990s, this has raised the close phosphorus concentrations at the bottom above surface water values.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The typical water concentrations have been satisfactory.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The 2010—2013 nitrogen concentrations off Sepänsaari have averaged 725 μg/L, but off Karjusaari it has been only 524 μg/L.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[3] Natural values Natura 2000 areas have been established in the Lake Arra area where protected areas include rock cliff areas and eutrophicated bay bottoms.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The western part of the lake also runs a ridge section, with Veljestenharju and Puustellinsaari forming a site of landscape and vegetative interest.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[3] A week-long net test fishery in August 2013 yielded 52% roach, 32% perch and 7% leach.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Other species included pike, kiisk, walleye, bream, pasuri, gunpowder, lathe, and shoemaker.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

When species were classified based on mass there were 41 per cent roach, 27 per cent perch, 12 per cent walleye and 6 per cent clanch.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

According to the survey, toutain, whitefish and matte are also occasionally obtained from the lake.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The shell has been obtained during test trawling.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Repeated plantings have been carried out in the lake between 2005 and 2011.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

In them, lake whisk and plankton were planted, but most walleye.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[3] Canoeing on the lake is traversed by the paddling route indicated in the provincial formula.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[3] Water system relations The lake is located in the Kymijoki river basin (water area number 14) in the Pyhäjärvi Region (14.1) of the Kymijoki Region (14.12), of which the lake belongs to the Mankala Arrajärvi Region (14.122).


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[6] The lake receives most of its water from the Kymi river flowing past, but there is also significant water coming from the Arra River basin (14.16) and its own catchment area.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The lake's catchment area has a magnitude of 375.25 square kilometers, of which the lake's own surface area makes up only 2.6%.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The direct connection to the River Kymi and the drainage drainage basin shorten the calculated delay of the lake's water to 83 days. [3].


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[6] In the surrounding area of Lake Arra, bordered on the south by Salpausselkä, there are six lakes or ponds over hectares which descend directly or indirectly into the lake.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The most noticeable are Kotojärvi (62 ha), which descends to the southern end, and Selkojärvi (58 ha) and Haramaanjärvi (66 ha) which descend through the chain.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The latter are still small ponds Petkellammi (3 ha) and Ymmyriäispond (3 ha).


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

From the north side of Veljestenharju descend to the eastern shore of the lake Veljestenlammi (2 ha) and Äijänlammi, up to a common ditch.


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

The Arra River descending to the western shore of the lake is the lower river of Lake Sylvöjärvi (231 ha).


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

Its upper reaches include Salajärvi (810 ha) and Ruuhijärvi (573 ha).


Question: What is the area of Lake Arra?

Lake Arra

[6] Sources Category:Pyhäjärvi Region Category:Lahti Lakes Category:Lakes of Iiti Category:Nastola


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Devletlu İsmetlu Mahpeyker Kösem Valide Sultan Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri (1590 — 2 September 1651), better known as Kösem Sultan, was the favourite wife of the harem of the Sultan Ahmed I of the Ottoman Empire and the mother of two later sultans, the valide sultan.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Kösem Sultan served as official ruler twice and was the second woman during Ottoman history to legally rule the empire.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Kösem Sultan was one of the most prominent figures of the Women Sultanate's time, wielding power in public administration for about 30 years.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[1] As the wife of the Sultan, Kösem was Greek or Bosnian by birth, possibly named Anastasia or Nasya.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[2] Some sources report that he would have been abducted from Greece to Bosnia, whose governor had introduced him to Ahmed I.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[3] Ahmed was the same age as Kösem.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

In any case, he was brought into Ahmed I's harem at the age of about 15 and converted to the faith of Islam.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[4] In 1612, the Ambassador to Venice described Kösem as follows: “——a beautiful and intelligent and multifaceted woman who sings magnificently, for which reason the Sultan loves her greatly— —Not that everyone respects her, but she is listened to in some things and she is the favorite of the sultan, who wants to keep him by his side all the time.” Four years later, another Venetian diplomat's description showed Kösem as having accumulated an increasing amount of prestige: “He can do whatever he wants to the Sultan, whose heart he owns perfectly, and nothing is denied to him”.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

The diplomat further pointed out that Kösem very wisely kept himself from interfering in every issue, since the Sultan did not want to give the impression that it was possible for women to lead, as his father had once been.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[5] Kösem bore Ahmed I four sons and three daughters.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

His two sons, Murat and Ibrahim, later became sultans, as did grandson Mehmed.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[1] Kösem's daughters Ayşe Sultan and Fatma Sultan are known for their numerous political marriages; Ayşe married six times and Fatma seven times during his life.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[6] After converting to the faith of Islam, Kösem received the new name Mahpeyker (“Moon shaped”, i.e.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

curvy).


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

There are different versions of the background of the name Kösem.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

He is reported to have been very beautiful and his skin “smooth and hairless”, and therefore would have received the name Kösem (Köse= “Hairless, beardless”).


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[4] On the other hand, the Ottoman Turkish words Kösem/Kösemen also meant leader, an independent person.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

In Kösem, in any case, both intellect and beauty were united, and she proceeded past the other women in Ahmed I's harem to become the sultan's wife.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[1] On the throne, Kösem accumulated much influence and political say already during her husband's lifetime.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

When Ahmed I died at the age of 27 in 1617, Kösem supported his brother Mustafa I as his heir to the throne.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Kösem allied himself with the Janitsars, which guaranteed him the support of this institution that had emerged as a powerful political factor.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

As ruler, the reign of the weak Mustafa lasted less than a year, during which time Kösem practically led the kingdom.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Suffering from mental problems, Mustafa was derailed from the throne, a setback for Kösem.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Next ascended to the throne was Osman II, who was the son of Ahmed I with his second wife.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

During this period, Kösem remained a controlled sideline from the administration, but, as with Mustafa, he retained his valuable position as valide sultan, as neither sultan had a surviving mother.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[7] [2] Osman II was derailed and executed in 1622, and afterwards Mustafa I returned to power.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

After Mustafa's brief reign, Murat IV, the fourteen-year-old son of Ahmed I and Kösem ascended to the throne.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Kösem proclaimed himself official ruler until his son would reach the age of majority.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[1] When Murat IV reached the age of majority at the age of 20, he succeeded in transferring power into his own hands from both the Janitsars and his mother.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

She was able to rule independently and was in this sense the exception of the women's sultanate and also well throughout the era of weak sultans of the 17th century.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[8] In the Ottoman Empire, the practice of executing his brother was to be executed by the Sultan who came to power.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

The emergence of the custom had been greatly influenced by the Ottoman interregnum, a period in the 15th century when Sultan Bayezid I's sons fought for power and the kingdom had no undisputed ruler for eleven years.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

However, Murat listened to Kösem as an advisor, and Kösem managed to spare Ibrahim I, who became Sultan upon Murat's death.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Murat died of cirrhosis of the liver in 1640 and lived, like his father, only 27 years old.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

However, Ibrahim was an uncertain ruler; he had been forced to live in grounded and incessant fear of death ever since Murat had his brother killed.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

He was neurotic, suffering from headaches and panic attacks and proved, down to time, his task unfit for his mental health.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

The first few years of his rule went well, but as time passed, Kösem again took over as the actual ruler.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

His rival was Grand Vizier Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pashša, whom the Sultan himself liked.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Kösem allied himself against the Grand Vizier to court Ibrahim to deal with the spirit healer Cinci Hoca he had brought and vizier Sultanzade Semiz Mehmed Pasha.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

The trio ceaselessly criticized the grand vizier, who asked several times to be allowed to resign.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Ibrahim did not admit the resignation, but eventually sacked Mustafa Pasha himself in January 1644, after which he was executed.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[2] [9] [10] As time passed, Kösem lost the ability to control his unstable son, whose regime began to degenerate.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Ibrahim spent more and more time among his concubines, whom he continually elevated to the prestigious status of hasek, granting them lands and fortunes.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

After marrying his favourite Telli Hasek, he ordered the floors of Ibrahim Pasha's palace to be paved with sable skins and given to Telli Hasek.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

The palace's staggering spending of money and increasing depravity angered the people.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Finally, the Janitsars and some of the members of the ulama rose in rebellion in 1648.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

However, Ibrahim refused to accept his dismissal, which unnerved the Janitsars.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[10] [11] According to many historians, Kösem authorized the Janitsars to execute his son, forced by a long-running and escalated political process.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[12] [2] According to Leslie P. Peirce, however, Kösem was already well prepared to get rid of his son, who during his disastrous reign had destroyed many of the feats of his elder brother Murat IV.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

In his earlier letter, Kösem had written to Grand Vizier Tezkereci Ahmed Pasha, who was in office about Ibrahim, as follows: “In the end, he will not leave me any more than you alive.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

He's going to lose control over the government.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

The whole society is in ruins.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Put him out of office immediately.” [13] Ahmed Pasha was strangled, and his remains dismembered in front of a crowd on 8 August 1648.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

He received, due to what happened, the posthumous additional name Hezarpare, “of a thousand pieces”.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

On 18 August, Ibrahim was strangled on the orders of the new Grand Vizier and with officials testifying.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Next raised to power was the then six-year-old Mehmed IV, who was the son of Ibrahim and grandson of Kösem.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

After the underage Mehmed became ruler, Kösem was again able to declare himself official ruler.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[1] [11] Death Kösem had capable enemies in the court women of Topkapi.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Ibrahim's wife and Mehmed IV's mother Turhan Sultan, who was Kösem's daughter, heard Kösem's plan to exchange Mehmed IV for his brother Süleyman.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Kösem planned to kill Mehmed IV and his mother and got over the leadership of the Janitsars.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Turhan Sultan did not lag behind Kösem in plotting skills and, in defense of himself and his son, arranged Kösem's assassination.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[2] Members of the palace bodyguard strangled Kösem with curtain cords on 2 September 1651.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Her body was moved from Topkap to the old palace of Eski Saray and buried in the mausoleum of her husband Ahmed I.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[1] Also buried in the same mausoleum are their children Murat IV and Ayşe Sultan and forty other members of the ruler family.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[14] Inheritance Kösem Sultan was one of the richest persons in the kingdom, and he spent his funds profusely on philanthropy.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Among other things, he published the excavation of irrigation systems in Egypt and supported the poor in Mecca.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

He also built public buildings with his funds, such as the caravan balm and the Valide Han Mosque along Istanbul's Old Market, as well as the Friday Mosque in Üsküdar.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[15] According to the preserved image, he is regarded in Turkey as a magnanimous, generous and very intelligent person.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[1] However, his legacy and rule was not merely positive, as his time was a time of fierce infighting and intrigue.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

Furthermore, the sacking and slaying of Kara Mustafa Pasha, a competent Grand Vizier, derailed the Ottoman Empire into prolonged chaos and disarray.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

In the 12 years that followed, 18 men served as Grand Vizier, of whom four were executed and 11 had to be dismissed.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[16] Kösem is a popular and romanticized subject in contemporary Turkish entertainment, and novels have been written about him, made operas, and filmed films and television series.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

More recent ones include the 2010 film Mahpeyker - Kösem Sultan and the television series Muhtesem Yüzyil: Kösem, which began in 2015.


Question: When did Kösem Sultan die?

Kösem Sultan

[17] [18] The opera Kösem Sultan, performed in Izmir, tells the development story of how a young innocent girl becomes a schemer driven by hatred and lust for power.