Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

As a soldier, Vuorela was quite brave and he demonstrated his expertise on several long distance patrol trips, directed deep into the enemy's back.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Vuorela, who fought as a lieutenant in the Continuation War, took an important role in the final stages of the war when he saved his superior Hannula from certain death after Soviet troops attacked their command post in the early stages of a major attack.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Vuorela was promoted to First Lieutenant at the end of the Continuation War and after the war he continued as assistant to Vilho Hannula, who had been transferred to the General Staff Supervisory Office.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

At Hannula's request, Vuorela began investigating, in the run-up to the 1948 elections, SKP's connections behind the eastern border.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

The secret project was eventually revealed to be a coup d'état by the Finnish department of the KGB in which President Paasikivi himself was in danger.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

The secret project was eventually prevented, mainly thanks to Vuorela.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Lauri Ylinen Lauri Ylinen: Lauri, who lived in the village of Sahanpää, participated in the civil war on the Red side.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Lauri found a good friend for himself almost half his junior Peka, and they fought the whole war side by side.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Lauri was wounded at the end of the war in the Battle of Tampere and was captured by the Whites.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

However, Lauri avoided a death sentence when Alanen, the host of his Ylisten neighbouring farm, testified on behalf of Lauri that Lauri would be forcibly recruited into the Red Guards after the war broke out.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Like many others, Lauri participated in the Winter War.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Lauri encountered his good friend Peka at the front, who had nevertheless survived the executions of civil war.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Lauri and Peka's force was led by Lieutenant Vilho Hannula, who fought on the White side in the civil war, who saved Pekka from death.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Pekka and Lauri encounter a Soviet commissioner trying to escape at the end of the war and his adjutant.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

The commissioner tried to trick Lauri and Pekka, but the commissioner was suspicious of Lauri.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Before Lauri could do anything, the commissioner shot Lauri.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Lauri was wounded in the situation and spent the rest of the war in a field hospital.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

With the onset of the Continuation War, Lauri was attached to Major Bror Örnklo to command Jääkär Regiment 69, made up of former Red Guards and their descendants.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Despite his injury sustained in the Winter War, Lauri was able to serve as a scribe in the regiment.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Alongside Lauri in the Continuation War, his friends Pekka and Vilho and Lauri's eldest son Onni also fought.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Lauri served in the staff tent of Vilho, who was promoted to captain, as a scribe in late 1944 at the start of a major Russian offensive.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

A surprise attack was made against Vilho's command tent, in which Vilho was wounded but nevertheless survived while Lieutenant Jukka Vuorela took his chief to safety.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Lauri, however, was not so lucky, but was killed by Russian bullets.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Lauri's son, Onni was also killed during the same battle.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Bror Örnkloo Bror Örnkloo is a character appearing in the Continuation War High Tension magazine.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Örnkloo, a glacier officer from a small town on the West Coast, was given command in the Continuation War by the JR 69-combat detachment, which was considered a penal regiment, made up of former National Soda Reds he hated.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

As a soldier, Örnkloo was inept and his earlier combat deployments consisted of secondary duties in the Winter War.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Örnkloo thirsted for glory and was not dazzled to pursue it at the risk of the lives of his subordinates.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Örnkloo falls with his loyal subordinate Sergeant Major Pohjosen during the great exploitation phase of the end of the Continuation War when their attempt to escape from a Russian command post fails.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Sources Elsewhere Janne Suominen: Aviisi 12/2005.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Tero Mielonen:.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Kvaak.fi on October 4, 2008.


Question: How do you earn the Mannerheim Cross?

High tension of Finnish wars

Category:High tension Category:Finnish comics


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

The naal (Vulpes lagopus, formerly Alopex lagopus [1]) is a canine predator living in the northern hemisphere tundra.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

In Scandinavia and Finland, naal lives in the fell and mountain areas above the tree line.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

In Finland, naal is classified as extremely endangered.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

In appearance and size The naali is a dog animal smaller than a fox.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Body length ranges from 55 to 65 centimeters, tail length 30—35 centimeters and weight between 2.5 and 8kg [2].


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

The height of the naal at the withers is about 30centimeters.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Nale has two colouration forms, of which the polar fur is entirely white in winter and brown-grey in summer.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

With a blue-fox, the fur is dark bluish-gray throughout the year.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

The characteristic feature of the naal is precisely this bushy and white winter coat, which not only protects it, has also proved itself to be one of the reasons for the decline of the species.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

It is also said to be the warmest coat of hair in the world.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

The ears of the naal are short and round-headed so as not to burn easily.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Distribution Naali lives in the northern polar region of Canada, Alaska, Russia, the peripheral parts of Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Scandinavia and Finland.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[3] [1] The species has been additionally planted in the Aleutes.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[3] Nales are also bred as fur animals, in which case they are referred to as blue-fox.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Lifestyles Naali is at its most active in obscure areas, when it comes out in search of food.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Its main food is fell bulbs and, to some extent, moles as well.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

In years when there are few small rodents, the fry has to settle for things like birds, their eggs and chicks, as well as berries and scavengers.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

The nal lives alone or in pairs, but can be accompanied by “helpers”, as in foxes.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

With the start of the breeding season in February, a pair of nails establish territory, which they maintain for the duration of the fledging season and whose boundaries they mark with odor marks.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

The naal makes its nest dungeons above the birch line in sand mounds or stone quarries.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

The gestation period of naal is approximately 51—53 days.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Towards the end of May, a naal couple gives birth to 2—4 cubs.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Chicks remain near the nest in early autumn.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Nal has been found to be capable of interbreeding with fox (Vulpes vulpes) [1].


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Endangerment The situation of the species is poor, especially in Scandinavia and Finland.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Globally, however, navel is not endangered.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

According to a report published in 2008, the population of naal is gradually strengthening in the Nordic countries.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

In Finland, Sweden and Norway, there are about 215 individuals living in Finland, Sweden and Norway, according to the report.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[4] In Finland, the navel is classified as extremely endangered.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[5] As a popular fur animal, the naal was hunted almost to extinction in Finland in the 20th century.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Until the early 20th century, the species was abundant in Lapland, and in the winter of 1908—1909, naves migrated as far as the southern coast of the country.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[6] Naali was pacified in Finland in 1940, but nevertheless the strain has not recovered.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[6] The naali remains the most endangered mammal species in Finland.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

The population varies sharply depending on the presence of lemmings and other rodents, but the size of the total population was estimated at around 10 individuals in Finland in 2004, 6 to 12 adult individuals in 2010, [5] 20 naals were observed in 2016 [7].


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Reliable and at the same time the first sightings of a wild nave in years were sightings in northeastern Lapland in early 2010, when game camera images were obtained.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[8] [9] [10] However, later DNA tests showed that the individual in question had escaped from a fur orchard.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[11] Alarmingly, no female nesting has been observed in Finland for more than a decade.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

The last confirmed nesting took place in 1996 at Paistunturi, Utsjoki.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

In Finland, the navel faces competition from the larger fox for food and especially for nesting sites, while on the high fells of Sweden and Norway, foxes do not thrive.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

Attempts have been made to improve the life chances of the naal by hunting foxes, as well as providing the females with scavengers and other nourishment.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[12] [13] In Norway and Sweden, females are fed with dog food, which has contributed to the growth of the stock.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[7] The survival of the birds is also hampered by the fact that they no longer have enough of the challenges of reindeer killed by wolves and wolverines.


Question: What animal is a navel?

Naali

[6] Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Canine animals Category:Fur animals Category:Swedish Provincial Animals Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Naivism (childish, sincere, natural) is an art trend often practiced by self-taught artists.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] Naivism has been considered to have been a counter-reaction to the theoreticism and aesthetization of post-Impressionism art trends.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] An original immediacy and genuine instinctive expression that would be independent of art education were desired in art.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] The stylistic direction that emerged in Western Europe spread throughout the 20th century to the rest of the world.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

In Finland, naivism became known in the 1960—1970's.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] [3] In Sweden too, naivism is relatively popular.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] Early stages of naivism The same type of art made by amateurs existed as early as the Middle Ages, but the style began to gain appreciation in avant-garde circles [1] in the 1910s.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Modernists had broken the rules of art and brought new quality criteria to which naivists fit.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The advent of naivism had also been heralded by Paul Gauguin's interest in primitive art and reduced expression in the 1890s.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[3] [4] Stylistic features in Naivism are childproperty.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The works are often dreamy and close to surrealism [5] with fantasy subjects.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Topics are most often telling and relate to the author's life, such as memories, dreams or dreams.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] Floral and animal motifs, which were the least prestigious genres in academy art, are also common.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[6] The overall impression is most often funny or optimistic.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[5] Along with humour there may be gentle social criticism.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] The works are rich in decorative and colourful details in the manner of the empty space cranks.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[5] Details are depicted as equivalent, while trained artists aim for a synthesis in which some elements dominate.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

In a flood of equals, the whole becomes unreal in a way, even though the goal has originally been to portray the subject in accurate reality.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] The formative language of paintings is formulaic and rigid, for example persons are often presented frontally, that is, seen directly from the front.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The proportions may be arbitrary or apply a value perspective.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] [6] Central or aerial perspective is rarely used.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[5] Paintings are often based on an outline that delineates bright color surfaces.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[6] Naivism as an art direction It is claimed that naivists already form a loose school, and thus their art has become academic.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

One may ask, “If one knows that you are naively, can one no longer be naive and thus naively?” Naivism is not a unified style, nor is it a group of artists.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] Naivism can be understood as an art trend, but also as outsider or marginal art like folk art and hobbyist art.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

What distinguishes naivism from enthusiast art, however, is that the goal of most devotees is a non-naivist handprint.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

In Finland, the most famous naivists are professional artists and there are few actual naivist works in hobbyist exhibitions.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[5] Naivism differs from folk art in that folk art is the patterning of objects of status and use.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Naivism, on the other hand, is applied in works of art such as paintings and sculptures.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Naivism has also been compared to the art of children and natural peoples.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] However, the images made by children reflect their respective stages of development and change with age.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Naivist expression, on the other hand, is often maintained in a similar manner.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[6] Also, primitive art resembles naivism only superficially.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The primitive art of non-European natural peoples and prehistoric times has magical and mythological content, in contrast to naivism.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Both representational and abstract and ornamental forms have symbolic meanings and ritual purpose, and can transfer tradition along the lines of writing.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Also, the subjects differ from naivism.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Subjects of primitive sculptures usually include ancestors, gods, and other cult figures.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[7] Naivism has influenced later art trends such as art bruti and Finnish ITE art.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] Naivism in different countries in Europe The birthplace of the stylistic direction in France The first naivist to receive recognition was Henri Rousseau, a French customs man who was discovered by art modernists.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

He became, in a way, the progenitor of modern naivists.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[3] Rousseau's favourite subjects were jungle landscapes, for which he applied for a model of the botanical garden and plant books.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Rousseau is also known for landscapes with a human being in the foreground.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[8] Rousseau's paintings had plenty of precise detail, but also a coherent grip.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

From other French naivists who painted usually intimate and firsthand subjects, his works involved psychological and social ideas.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Rousseau regularly put his paintings on display in the salon of the Independents in Paris.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

In the audience, the paintings provoked amusement, but Edgar Degas and Paul Gauguin were interested in them.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Later, the ranks of admirers were joined by Pablo Picasso and the poet Guillaume Apollinaire.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] In addition to them, one of the most ardent advocates of the naivists was Wilhelm Uhde (1874—1947), a German art appraiser and art dealer.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] Other talented naivists were found in great numbers in the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Many of them had been enthusiast painters.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[3] At an older age, those who started art have often ended up as naivists.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] [5] A particularly large number of naivists were found in the genesis of the style in France.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Along with Rousseau and Séraphine Louis, André Bauchant and Camille Bombois [1] were early found naivists.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[3] Séraphine Louis, who worked as a cleaner, concentrated on painting large-sized bouquets of flowers and fruits.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] André Bauchant's paintings often had ingredients from mythology and ancient history.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Along with imagined historical and biblical subjects, the paintings are rich in flowers and plants.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Bauchant had worked as a gardener and maptoonist before starting to paint at the age of 46.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

His paintings were first exhibited at the Autumn Salon held to counterbalance the Official Salon in Paris in 1920.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] [9] The son of a river skipper [2] Camille Bombois was known for his circus themes.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

He had participated in wrestling matches before becoming a strongman for a travelling circus.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

In 1907, Bombois granted his wish and moved to Paris, where he worked by day on the railways and at night in the print of a newspaper moving heavy rolls of paper.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

He still had time to paint a lot.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Bombois's wife had once, in his absence, been able to sell several of his paintings, after which Bombois decided to leave his night job.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

He sold his paintings on the sidewalks of Montmartre, where Wilhelm Uhde, the art dealer who found Seraphine Louis and Rousseau, also saw them.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Bombois' first exhibition was in 1937.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Criticisms compared Bombois to Rousseau, though there was less fantasy in his work.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Bombois' paintings had strong contrasts, including black, bright red, blue and pink colors.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Relying on his own experiences, along with circus themes, he painted landscapes featuring fishermen.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[10] Alfred Wallis, a fisherman from Cornwall in England, was also among the naivists found in the 1920s—1930s.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Wallis began painting as a “club” in 1922 after the death of his wife of 21 years older.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Many of his paintings are map-like in their perspectivelessness.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Wallis painted seascapes and sailing ships from memory because after the advent of steamships it was not possible to paint views from the model.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Wallis's works came into public view after two artists saw them in St Ives, where Wallis lived at the time.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[12] [13] Wallis's painting The Hold House on Port Mear Square Island in Port Mear Beach is a good example of his map-like use of perspective.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The painting is a view from St Ives.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The peculiarly shaped house seen in the middle stages is included in several paintings by Wallis.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Its paragon was close to Wallis's own home.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The house is always depicted as seen from the same direction, but the rest of the landscape is composed in a map-like manner highlighting what seemed appropriate.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Above is a rock meme known as The Island.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[11] Eastern Europe Many naivists have also been found in Eastern Europe, such as Croatian Ivan Generalić (1914—1992).


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[1] Strong naivist schools exist in many countries, including Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] For example, the long tradition of Bulgarian naivists dates back to folk art several centuries old.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[14] The Estonian Centre for Naivist and Outsider Art is the Kondas Centre in Viljandi, founded in 2003.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

It is dedicated to the country's most famous naivist, Paul Kondas (1900—1985).


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[15] Exhibitions of naivist works, such as the Bratislava Triennalet, have been organized in increasing abundance since the 1960s-1970s.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

A little later, international naivism centers and museums were established, especially in the 1980s and 1990s.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

National museums and galleries have sprung up, especially in Yugoslavia, Poland, France and Hungary.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[16] Naivism in the United States Naivism has been a particularly popular art direction.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Naivists are also referred to there as folksy or primitive painters.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] Along with the most famous Grandma Moses, there have been many other naivist painters.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[4] Among the first naivists in the United States was Edward Hicks, who worked as a carriage and house painter, in the early part of the 19th century.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Hicks's paintings depicting animals and station wagon life have plenty of detail, but also clarity of form.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Joseph Pickett (1848—1918), who served as an itinerant carpenter, painted detailed landscapes.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Early naivists also included descriptors of poorness subjects and black life.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Morris Hirschfield (1872—1946), who began painting at the age of over 60, made large decorative paintings depicting nude women and wildlife.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] John Kane (1860—1934) was born in Scotland to an Irish family and immigrated to the United States at the age of 19.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

He worked in Pennsylvania as a mixed laborer, on the railroads, in a steel mill, and in the mines until he was crippled, but continued to work on the railroad.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

He took up painting train cars and started drawing.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

He began in 1910 painting pictures on abandoned building plates.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

He was awarded a prize at the prestigious Carnegie International art competition in 1927, after which he continued to paint primitive landscapes and self-portraits.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

John Kane's Self-Portrait from 1929 is in the collections of MoMA, New York.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[17] [18] His paintings were also seen in a touring exhibition showcasing American art in Helsinki in 1954.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[19] [20] The most famous American naivist Grandma Moses began painting at the age of over 70 in the 1930s.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Moses favoured landscapes depicted from a bird's eye view, with a lot of detail somewhat in the manner of Pieter Brueghel.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Moses's paintings are characterised by a childlike confident trouble-free spirit, which has been described as the mood of eternal Christmas Eve.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Having lived to be more than 100, Moses wrote his memoirs at the age of 92.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] Naivism in Finland The creativity and artist belonging to everyone was already talked about in the 1960s.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Among other things, it was considered that technical professionalism is merely an agreed game rule that can be changed.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

An international exhibition of naivist art at the Ateneum in 1972 increased interest and changed attitudes favourable to naivism, [21] and thereafter there were plenty of exhibitions of naivism.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[3] The earliest naivists had been Sulho Sipilä, Vilho Lampi and Håkan Brunberg.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Sipilä, who served as a captain in the fleet, painted warm cityscapes and personal and interior pictures alongside his work.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Vilho Lammi has naivism in carefully described Ostrobothian themes of the last years.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The more intensely naivist Håkan Brunberg painted hilarious and cheerfully coloured cityscapes as well as other landscapes with crowds of people and a childlike feel.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[2] With the rise of style, naivists emerged most among professional artists.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Thoughtful naivism has been present in paintings by Pirkko Lepistö and Saara Tikka, among others.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Naivist art had already been done before by artists such as Alice Kaira [21] and Andreas Alariesto.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[3] [5] Anxious feelings have also been expressed naively, as in the paintings of Pirkko Valo and Kalervo Palsa.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Similarly, naivist, often humorous sculptures were made, such as sculptor Hannu Riikonen.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[5] [21] Musician Martti Innanen [22] and Alice Kaira are also known for his naivist works.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[5] Furthermore, naivist features have been seen in the production of Alpo Jaakola and Inari Krohn [3].


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Collections of naivist art in Finland, the Oulu Art Museum houses the collection of naivist art by the Heinäsen Art Foundation, which includes paintings, drawings and sculptures from 44 artists.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The oldest work in the collection is a painting by Pukkilan Hilma Koivisto from 1920.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Nearly forty works depicting country life have been recorded from Padasjokelan Enni Idi.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[23] The Amos Anderson Art Museum and the Gallup Foundation of Finland also have a collection of naivist art.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[16] The collection of the Gallup Foundation in Finland started 30 years ago with the acquisition of Martti Innanen's painting.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

The collection includes around 500 works by 100 artists including Enni Id, Alice Kaira and Nikolai Lehto.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Most of the collection represents Finnish naivism of the 1980s and 1990s, but as a supplement there are Russian and Baltic naivism.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[24] There are works by private naivists such as Andreas Alariesto, Enni Idi and Alpo Jaakola as home or permanent exhibitions.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

[16] Naivist Paintings Unknown Painter from Pernambuco, Brazil, Landscape.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Niko Pirosmani (1862—1918), Still Life, 1900.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Literature by Marie-Christine Hugonot: La peinture naïve en France, un art vivant.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Sous le Vent.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Paris, 1981.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

See also ITE art Art brut Folk art Primitive art Enthusiast art Sources on topic elsewhere Exhibitions, a grand review of naivist art held annually in summer by the Naivists in Iittala Foundation.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

JOY to Finland, NAIVISTS in Varkaus - Finland's largest exhibition of Finnish naivists at the Arts Centre Väinölä in the summer.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

International Triennial of Self-Taught Art in Bratislava.


Question: What does naivism mean?

Naivism

Museums and Collections, Oulu Art Museum * Category:70.9 General art history Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Soviet Union (abbreviation NL [1];), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (; abbreviation SNTL [1], ven.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

СССР [1], SSSR [1]) was a socialist state dominated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1991.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The predecessor of the Soviet Union was Soviet Russia, born of the October Revolution.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was one of the winning states of World War II.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union was the world's second superpower and had the second largest gross domestic product in the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In 1991, the Soviet Union was the largest country in the world by area (22.4 million square kilometers) and the third largest in terms of population (almost 300 million inhabitants).


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The capital of the Soviet Union was Moscow.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Soviet Union consisted of Soviet republics, the number of which varied.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the late days of the Soviet Union there were fifteen.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Baltic states became independent in August 1991, and the remaining 12 Soviet republics agreed among themselves to abolish the Soviet Union on 8 December 1991.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev announced his resignation from office on 25 December 1991, as the state he led no longer existed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Eleven former Soviet republics formed a regional organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States, after the dissolution.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The international law successor state of the Soviet Union became the largest state to exist as a Soviet republic, Russia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was a permanent member of the UN Security Council.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In addition to the Soviet Union, the Soviet republics of Ukraine and Belarus also belonged to the United Nations.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[2] The name Soviet Union dates back to the tradition of workers' councils () in the Russian Empire, through which Bolsheviks and the socialist movement as a whole in Russia organise their decision-making in an inclusive manner.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The name of the councils survived as the name of the local governments, regions, councils of republics and parliaments of the Soviet Union, such that the country's parliament became the Supreme Council in the 1936 Constitution.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

History Early stages Social unrest, saturation with authoritarian emperor rule, combat fatigue caused by World War I and the long-simmering need for change finally led to the 1917 implosion of Imperial Russia and the February Revolution.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The interim government led by the Duma soon fell when the Bolshevit Party assumed a dominant position under its leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in the October Revolution.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In connection with the October Revolution, a civil war broke out in Russia between the reds and whites.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Both further sought to keep Russia united and fought against the nationalists of the former parts of the Russian Empire seeking independence.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

On the same occasion, several small states broke away from Russia, including Finland and Poland.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Reds won the civil war, after which conditions calmed down so much that it was possible, under the leadership of Soviet-Russia, to establish a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics by the 1922 Constitution.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[3] On 30 December 1922, Russia and the Soviet republics of Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia, which had separated from it after the revolution, merged into the Soviet Union, becoming the first socialist state in the world to seek communism.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the same year, the Armoured Ship Potemkin, a Soviet national film directed by Lenin's court director Sergei Eisenstein, was also completed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Film played a major role in a country where illiteracy was widespread.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

After civil war-communism during the civil war, the government began to allow private enterprising alongside nationalised industry.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The seizure of hundreds in rural areas was replaced by a tax.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, the underdevelopment of industrial production led to severe inflation and market speculation, resulting in a shortage of food in cities.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In its early days, the Soviet Union was considerably weaker than the Empire militarily and sought to avoid conflict.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Military and economic growth of the Soviet Union began in the 1930s under Stalin's regime.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[4] Stalin's period After Lenin's death in January 1924, the troika Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev rose to power.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

There was a power struggle within the party between Lev Trotsky of the left, Nikolai Buharin of the right and Josif Stalin of the centre.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Trotsky's left-opposition stance aimed, in accordance with the principle of continuous revolution, that the revolution would spread uninterrupted to other countries.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In practice, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic had lost the opportunity for a series of revolutions in central Eastern Europe and Central Europe after the failure of the Spartacist rebellion in Germany of 1919 and when the Poles had repelled the invasion of Warsaw and obtained the Second Peace of Riga, which guaranteed Poland as an independent bourgeois republic.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Stalin was more prepared to proceed according to Buharin's “Socialism in One Country” principle, which meant, from the position of broad-based world revolutionism, an intensive development of the Russian economy.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[5] This effectively included the modernization of the land, the main points of which were the industrialization program and the collectivization of agriculture into sovhoes and colkhoses to finance it.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Through Lenin's NEP program, the prosperous peasant class, the kulaks, resisted collectivization and were allowed to experience state retaliation: forced relocation to Asia, expropriations and executions.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In economic life, market forces were replaced by centralist five-year planning for the national economy.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Stalin also developed military might.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Already in the 1930s, the Soviet Union became one of the most militarily powerful countries in the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[6] Stalin intensified Soviet totalitarianism by strengthening the state police (Czeka and NKVD).


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

He also carried out extensive purges in the 1930s known as Stalin's persecutions, in which, for example, almost the entire former leadership was deposed and executed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Even tens of millions of people were sent to prison camps (GULAG), liquidated, or they simply disappeared.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Despite this, the Soviet Union developed in the years before the war into a powerful industrial power.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[7] Europe was generally prepared for war in the 1930s, despite the opposing efforts of the League of Nations, which was considered weak.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Maksim Litvinov, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR in the League of Nations, opposed the efforts of Italy, Japan and Germany, at the same time trying to balance the growth of German power in Europe with a federal policy, primarily with France, which, because of the Popular Front policy, was political prerequisites.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Another way for the Soviet Union to try to resist Italy and Germany was to participate in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Comintern, a collaborative organization of world communist parties supporting Soviet foreign policy, was involved.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

As the entente cordiale did not work effectively enough for the Soviet Union against Germany, the Soviets finally decided to acquire time to equip themselves for war against Germany by allying with the latter in August 1939.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The alliance was the result of British-Franco-Soviet military negotiations in which the Western powers did not pledge a significant number of divisions for the fight against Germany should war break out.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

World War II Time Shortly before the start of World War II, on August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union unexpectedly entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

It later emerged that the agreement was also accompanied by a secret additional protocol on the division of interests between countries in Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea region.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

According to it, the Soviet sphere of interest included Finland and the Baltic states, among others.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In early September of the same year, Germany and the Soviet Union started a war against Poland.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Germany quickly occupied the country except for its eastern part, which was conquered by the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

At the end of November, the Soviets invaded Finland and began the Winter War in an effort to conquer Finland in accordance with the division of interests.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

To start the war, the Soviets staged the so-called. Mainila's shots to justify the attack to win it international approval.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The invasion of Finland was not successful, but the Soviet Union was able to annex territories belonging to Finland in Karelia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the summer of 1940, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed the Baltic States, and in the same year Bessarabia, which had belonged to Romania, was annexed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Soviet Union planned a new war against Finland, but Hitler, despite Molotov's pleas, was no longer willing to do so.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, the Soviets continued to plan the war effort and the positioning of troops in anticipation of a new offensive.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In 1941, Germany went to war against the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the early stages, the Soviet Union was forced to retreat against a materially superior Germany, suffering huge male losses in Belarus, among others.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Western Allies, mainly the United States, substantially supported the Soviet war effort by supplying it with war material.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Germans remaining in the mot at Stalingrad in February 1943 decisively changed the course of the war.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

During the war years, the Soviet Union developed militarily into one of the strongest states in the world.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In 1945, World War II ended with German defeat and Allied victory.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[8] The Eastern Front is referred to as the war effort that took place during World War II, mainly in Eastern Europe.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The designation is used in parallel with the Western Front, which was located in Western Europe.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

On the Eastern Front, facing each other were Germany with its allies and the Soviet Union between June 1941 and May 1945.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Events on the Eastern Front had many consequences: the Soviet Union emerged as an industrial and military superpower for nearly 50 years; Germany was divided into British, Soviet, French and US occupation zones, and later the Federal Republic of Germany; and the German Democratic to the Republic, and Berlin was continuously occupied.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Many Eastern and Central European countries were also occupied, effectively becoming Soviet-controlled popular democracies.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In addition, Polish state territory moved 200 km westward to previously German-held territories.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

World War II also led to a continued U.S. military presence in Western and Central Europe to counter the Soviet threat.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[9] During World War II, the Soviet Union also waged war against Finland, declaring war on Japan in the very final stages of World War II.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the Paris Peace Treaty, the Soviet Union received territories from Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Finland.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was also left with the Baltic states annexed to it as early as 1940 and, after the war, part of East Prussia, which had belonged to Germany, the Kaliningrad region and the South Sakhalin and Kuril, which had belonged to Japan, were annexed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Besides, the Soviet Union annexed most of eastern central Europe into its circle of interest.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The losing Germany of the war was divided into four occupation zones, one belonging to the Soviet Union, the others to the Western Allies.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The original plan to govern Germany jointly was scrapped in 1946—1947 as the intervals between East and West became tighter.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[10] With Japan, the Soviet Union never concluded a peace treaty, and the dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands continues even today between Russia and Japan.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[9] Cold War Stalin died in 1953, and after him in the Soviet leadership came Nikita Khrushchev.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

A period of de-escalation in domestic politics followed, and many of those convicted of betrayal under Stalin received a reputational restoration.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Khrushchev, however, was criticised especially for the inefficiency of the financial leadership, and the management troika Leonid Brezhnev, Nikolai Podgornyi and Alexei Kosygin took over.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

As a longtime foreign minister, Andrei Gromyko was influenced.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Cold War also contrasted two ideological worlds.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The West saw the states of the East as undemocratic, authoritarian communist dictatorships, and the East respectively, the states of the West as bourgeois imperialists and disenfranchisers.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In both cases, the propaganda of the state apparatus influenced public opinion and made ideologies — communism and capitalism — powerfully negative and emotional; at the same time, links with actual political and economic theories were severed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[11] After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States struggled for hegemony during the Cold War.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The battle was fought through several so-called proxy wars, that is, entities allied with different parties waged war with each other in their respective territories, with the Soviet Union and the US supporting their own camp.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, no direct war was ever fought, apparently due to the bulky nuclear reserves of both.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[12] The atmosphere of the Cold War led to numerous conflicts, some of them armed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Proxy wars were fought in Vietnam, Angola, Korea and Afghanistan, among others.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

These wars were not directly opposed by the great powers, but often the forces of one superpower and a state on the side of the other bloc.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[11] In Latin America, the United States undermined, either secretly or publicly, governments it considered too leftist (Chile and Allende, Guatemala and Arbenz, for example).


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

A form of proxy war was waged against the Sandinist government in Nicaragua with the help of mercenaries.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Direct warfare against Cuba was abandoned after the Bay of Pigs fiasco.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Many smaller Caribbean island nations were also occupied from time to time.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[11] Eastern European countries were in turn under strict Soviet surveillance policies.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Any uprisings or deviations from the Kremlin line were quickly suppressed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The most famous repressions were the overthrow of the Hungarian uprising and the occupation of Czechoslovakia that ended the Prague Spring.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[13] During the Cold War, both superpowers sought to incorporate new states into their spheres of interest.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, the most central topic of US-Soviet rivalry was military power, and nuclear weapons in particular emerged as central.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

They were closely associated with the development of nuclear energy to produce nuclear weapons material and advances in military rocket technology, so-called nuclear missiles.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

From the 1950s until the end of the Cold War, there was a balance of terror between the two superpowers, with each side capable of inflicting such devastation on the other side if necessary that nuclear aggression would have been practically suicidal.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Thus, nuclear weapons were considered to have safeguard a long, but freezing period of peace.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[14] End of the Soviet Union Elderly party leaders Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko perished in the early 1980s one after another.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Eventually, in March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the most prominent position of the Soviet Union, as the country was effectively run by the Politburo, the political commission of the party.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Gorbachev initiated a policy of reform that became known under the names “perestroika” (″rebuilding”), “glasnost” (″openness”) and “uskorenije” (″accelerating”).


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The political climate was freed up and the rigorous economic planning under Brezhnev was relaxed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

But instead of improving the system, the reforms only added to its instability.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

As censorship loosened, the media quickly dug up national and economic problems that had been covered up for a long time.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Silenced issues such as poor housing conditions, food shortages, alcoholism, widespread pollution and steadily rising mortality rates received greater attention all the time.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Atrocities during Stalin's regime also became public.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Old and reformist circles clashed drastically, and Gorbachev, who balanced between extremes, ran into trouble trying to control the process he initiated himself.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

[15] In 1988, Gorbachev declared that the Soviet Union would reject the so-called Brezhnev Doctrine and allow democratic reforms in Eastern Europe.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The intention was to strengthen the Soviet Union, which had begun menacingly from its Nazi unions, but the state could not withstand the reforms.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

This led, starting in 1989, to a whole series of power changes in Europe.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The revolutions were mostly peaceful with the exception of Romania.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

They led to the collapse of communism's dominance in Europe.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Within the Soviet Union, however, Gorbachev's regime had come under great suspicion and criticism from the Soviet leadership, especially among the old ones.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, Boris Yeltsin, a Democrat who won parliamentary elections in 1989 in Russia, was the most famous critic of Gorbachev, who opposed the old people in particular.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In March 1991, the first and last referendum in the country's history was held in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

On December 24, 1990, following a proposal by the delegates of the Soviet People's Congress, Soviet citizens were asked if they wanted to maintain the Soviet Union as a reformed federation of independent republics that would guarantee people of all nationalities the same rights and freedoms.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In the March referendum, 113512812, or 77.85% of the electorate, voted for the reformed Federation of Soviet Socialist Republics.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, the result of the referendum was buried in other problems, and mainly in infighting between Gorbachev and Yeltsin, which intensified as the spring wore on.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Old Ones persuaded Gorbachev to their side at the end of 1990, but failed to defeat the Baltic rebellions in the bloody clashes of January 1991 in which dozens were killed.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

In August 1991, a group of hardline communists under Vice President Gennady Janayev attempted to pull off a coup.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

They wanted to prevent further dispersing and destabilizing changes in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

During the coup, Gorbachev was imprisoned for three days in the Crimean peninsula in his state holiday home.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

However, the hijacking boiled down to size as Boris Yeltsin gathered citizens and soldiers on his side to oppose the coup.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Emergency Committee, which took power, represented the supreme legal authority: in addition to the vice president, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Defense, the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Chairman of the KGB, the Vice-President of the Defence Council and the Chief of the Presidential Office were members of the Emergency Committee.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Gorbachev regained his nominal position as President of the Soviet Union, but he found that public opinion and the power apparatus had shifted fully to support Yeltsin.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

The Baltic states declared independence.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Ukraine also voted for independence in December, despite having previously agreed to remain in the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

On December 8, the leaders of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia met, established the CIS, and denied the existence of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In the end, Gorbachev had to bend to this decision, and he resigned on 25 December 1991.


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The next day, the Soviet Union ceased to exist.


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[16] After the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation inherited the status of the Soviet Union, but economically and politically weakened.


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In 2009, the majority of Russians thought the dissolution of the Soviet Union was an accident.


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16% of Russians supported the restoration of the Soviet Union in its original form.


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[17] Among the parties, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, founded on the ruins of the NKP, has pushed for the re-establishment of the Soviet Union and the councils on a voluntary basis.


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[18] Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the status of socialism as the official cause of the states has diminished worldwide.


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In 1990, the German Democratic Republic was annexed into the Federal Republic of Germany.


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Yugoslavia broke up in 1991.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Today, the most prominent state in the world calling itself socialist is the People's Republic of China.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Other well-known states calling themselves socialist include Cuba and Vietnam.


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[19] Governance and Politics The Supreme Command of the Soviet Union was a socialist federal state in which supreme power lay with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (NKP).


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[20] The one-party system was justified by three main arguments: Historical reasons, namely the Bolsheviks being left without allies in the Russian Civil War, and the absence of opposing social classes — means of production and land assets nationalised — and high turnout.


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During the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s, the country began to move towards a multi-party system, the likes of which, however, were never created.


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Since the time of Stalin, the supreme power of the Soviet Union rested with the head of the NKP, that is, the Secretary-General of the Central Committee, commonly referred to as Leader of the Soviet Union.


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[21] However, Lenin is generally regarded as the first leader of the Soviet Union, although he was not General Secretary of the Communist Party, but served as President of the Council of People's Commissars, i.e., effectively Prime Minister from 1917 to 1922.


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The Soviet Union also had an official head of state whose powers were lower than those of the Secretary-General of the NKP Central Committee.


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The President of the Executive Central Committee of the Congress of the Soviet Union, since 1938 the President of the Bureau of the Supreme Soviet was appointed Head of State.


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[21] The actual office of president was not introduced in the Soviet Union until May 1989, when the posts of Soviet leader and head of state were merged into a unified presidential post.


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From 1977 onwards Leonid Brežnev served as both General Secretary and Head of State of the Communist Party, as did after him Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko and, since 1988, Mikhail Gorbachev.


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Soviet leaders 1917—1922 — Vladimir Ilyich Lenin 1922—1953 — Josif Stalin 1953—1955 — Georgi Malenkov 1955—1964 — Nikita Khrushchev 1964—1982 — Leonid Brezhnev 1982—1984 — Yuri Andropov 1984—1985 — Konstantin Chernenko 1985—1991 — Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union heads of state 1917 — Lev Kamenev 1917—1919 — Yakov Sverdlov 1919—1946 — Mikhail Kalinin 1946—1953 — Nikolai Švernik 1953—1960 — Kliment Vorošilov 1960—1964 — Leonid Brezhnev 1964—1965 — Anastas Mikojan 1965—1977 — Nikolai Podgornyi 1977—1982 — Leonid Brezhnev 1985—1977 2—1983 — Vasily Kuznetsov 1983—1984 — Yuri Andropov 1984 — Vasily Kuznetsov 1984—1985 — Konstantin Chernenko 1985 — Vasily Kuznetsov 1985—1988 — Andrei Gromyko 1988—1991 — Mikhail Gorbachev Government and People's Representative Council of the Soviet Government headed by the Council of Ministers chairman, who was elected by an internal party vote.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Over the course of Soviet history, prime ministers changed frequently, and they did not have significant political power.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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According to the constitution, it was up to the Council of Ministers and its chairman to implement the decisions of the party.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[22] In practice, the Parliament of the Soviet Union consisted of representatives and supporters of the only party, the Communist Party.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[23] Parliament was divided into different councils of ministers, each with its own domains and functions.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Key parliamentary influencers were senior figures in the party, such as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (which held supreme power), the President of the Council of Ministers (the “Prime Minister”), and the President of the Bureau of the Supreme Soviet.


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Parliament met in the Moscow Kremlin.


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[24] The Supreme Soviet was the supreme governing body of the Soviet Union over which the Central Committee of the Communist Party had key influence.


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It was bicameral, with both chambers (the Federation Council and the Council of Nationalities) having equal power.


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In 1989, each chamber had 750 members and each had a term of four years.


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The Presidium handled the day-to-day functions of the Supreme Council when it was not convened.


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[25] In practice, until perestroika, the Supreme Council was subordinate to the Politburo and had no real power.


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As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate, the Supreme Council considered the Republics' declarations of sovereignty in a decision it adopted in October 1990 to be illegal.


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On 26 December 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union was


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Each Soviet republic had its own local government, which decided local matters.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In local government, the top administrative bodies were the Regional Court and the Executive Council.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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There was also a People's Court with a three-year term in the administration.


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The local government district also included the Workers' and Peasants' Council.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The People's Court and the Workers' and Peasants' Council were elected by the voters.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The Workers' and Peasants' Council was empowered to elect members of the Territorial Court and Executive Council.


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[26] Multiple lists of candidates were not allowed, but in a secret election there was an option to vote against a candidate as well, and therefore the selection of a suitable candidate had to be carried out carefully.


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In the 1960s, for example, 55% of the members of district councils were members of the Communist Party.


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[27] [28] High turnout rates in local government elections, often over 99%, raised suspicion of the integrity of the elections.


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Foreign Policy Main articles: Warsaw Pact and SEV After World War II, Soviet foreign policy sought to ensure internal security, especially by maintaining a system of interests in Eastern Europe, and increasing influence in developing countries.


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The Soviet Union also sought peaceful coexistence with Western countries.


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It maintained diplomatic relations with most of the world's states and was a permanent member of the UN Security Council.


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The founding members of the UN were also Belarus and Ukraine, although these did not have a de facto foreign policy of their own.


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[29] The Soviet Union established the anti-NATO Warsaw Pact in 1955, joined by all Eastern Bloc countries except Yugoslavia.


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Members of the military alliance undertook to defend each other if necessary, should one or more Member States come under attack.


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The Warsaw Pact was largely led from Moscow and supported by Soviet troops stationed in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic.


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[30] From 1949 to 1991, the Soviet Union was a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.


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The SEV was an economic community of socialist states and a competitor to the European Economic Community.


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Initially, the SEV was essentially a Soviet counterbet to Marshall aid, but it later acquired contrasting features.


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The developed industrialized countries of eastern central Europe, before the rest of Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic, played the role of net contributor economically.


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The SEV was particularly important for Cuba, which managed to make up for decades for the lack of Western markets resulting from the American economic blockade.


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[31] The SEV organization sought to achieve all decisions by consensus.


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Members did not have a separate veto; in the event of disagreement, they could opt out of projects they did not want to participate in.


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Decisions so made satisfied everyone, but not everyone committed to them.


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This was one of the main weaknesses of SEV, along with the markedly different industrial development rates of the Member States.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The SEV was generally regarded in the West as a weak economic union and was not at the level of the European Economic Community.


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[32] In the 1980s, full members of SEV were East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Cuba, the Soviet Union, Vietnam, Mongolia and Romania.


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[33] The Federation was dissolved in 1991 following the abandonment of a socialist planned economy by the end of the Cold War.


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Internal Security for the Internal Security of the USSR was a commission subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior NKVD, heir to the notorious Volunteer Troop-leaning Czech Republic (ВЧК), which was disbanded in 1922.


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Beginning in 1954 operated from the ministry at least ostensibly independent of the KGB.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The KGB was the State Security Police of the Soviet Union from 1954 to 1991.


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Its job was to handle external security and intelligence, except military intelligence, which belonged to the GRU.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The KGB's domain was roughly equivalent to the US CIA and the FBI's counterintelligence division, but the KGB also included, for example, the Soviet Border Guard.


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With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the FSB was established in Russia as the successor to the Soviet KGB.


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In Belarus, the security police still operate under the KGB name.


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[34] Fatalities According to the calculations of political scientist Radolph Rummel, a total of 62 million people died during the establishment of the Soviet Union and its predecessor Soviet Russia and during the period of power from 1917 to 1991.


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Rummel calculated that to include about 39.5 million deaths in concentration camps, about 8.3 million killed in acts of terrorism, about 7.8 million killed in forced famines, and about 4.3 million killed in rides (engl.


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deportation) dead.


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In the post-World War II period, only about 15.6 million of the deaths are scheduled, and only about 6.9 million of the deaths in the post-Stalin period.


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The figures do not include those killed in World War II battles.


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[35] According to history professor Norman Naimark, Stalin executed nearly a million Soviet citizens.


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[36] Civil War (1917)


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3,284,000 terror 750,000 concentration camps 34,000 forced famine 2,500,000 New Economic Policy (1923) total.


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2,200,000 Collectivization (1929) in total.


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11,440,000 terror 1,733,000 ride-out deaths 1,400,000 concentration camps 3,306,000 forced famine 5,000,000 Great Terror (1936) total.


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4,345,000 terror 1,000,000 ride deaths 65,000 concentration camps 3,280,000 Before World War II (1939) total.


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5,104,000 terror 1,932,000 ride deaths 283,000 concentration camps 2,889,000 Second World War (1941) total.


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13,053,000 terror 1,257,000 ride-hailing deaths 1,036,000 concentration camps 10,761,000 After World War II (1946) total.


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15,613,000 terror 1,376,000 ride-hailing deaths 1,557,000 concentration camps 12,348,000 since Stalin (1954) total.


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6,872,000 terror 250,000 ride deaths 8000 concentration camps 6,613,000 [35] Geography The Soviet Union was the largest nation in the world by area, encompassing territories from both Europe and Asia.


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The western part of the Soviet Union belonged to Eastern Europe, but three-quarters of the area was located in Asia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In total, the Soviet Union included about one-sixth of the total area of the world, exactly 22400000 square kilometers.


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There were 11 time zones in the Soviet Union.


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The major residential areas were concentrated mainly in Europe, but also in Southwest Asia.


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Harvi settlement was in Siberia and other parts of the Northeast and Northern Soviet Union.


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[37] [38] The northernmost area of the Soviet Union was Chelyuskin Cape, with its northernmost point at 77° 45' N latitude.


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If the islands are included, the northernmost corner was the Fligell headland on Rudolf Island (81° 50' north latitude).


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The southernmost tip was found in the Turkmenian Soviet Socialist Republic, the village of Childuhter near Kushka.


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The easternmost point was on Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait (169° 02' west longitude) and the westernmost in the Gulf of Gdańsk in the Baltic Sea (16° 08' east longitude).


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The northernmost and southernmost points had a distance of almost 5000 km, and the easternmost and westernmost points had a distance of almost 10,000 km.


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[38] [39] The Soviet Union had a total of 12 border neighbours: Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.


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The length of the borders totaled more than 60000 kilometers.


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3/4 of the borders were common with the socialist states of the time.


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There were maritime boundaries on 13 seashore beaches belonging to the Northern Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.


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2/3 of the borders of the Soviet Union were maritime boundary.


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[38] [40] The highest point in the Soviet Union was Pik Kommunizma, located in the Pamir Mountains, with a height of 7495 m. The largest river in the Soviet Union was the Yenisei, which is the largest river descending into the Arctic Ocean in the North.


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Its length is 5539 km.


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On the European side, the largest river in the Soviet Union was the Volga, which is the longest and most abundant river in Europe.


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The length of the Volga is 3685 kilometers.


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Other notable rivers included the Ob, Lena, Ural and Amur.


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Today, Pik Kommunizma is called Ismail Samani, and is located in Tajikistan; the aforementioned rivers are mainly located on Russian territory.


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Elevation ratios in the Soviet Union ranged from mountainous to flat lowlands.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The largest number of mountain ranges were in the northern and eastern parts of the Soviet Union, while the southern and western parts had more plains.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Among the largest lakes in Soviet territory were Lake Aral, Lake Ladoga, Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal.


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[38] [40] Climate Soviet Union extended into three climatic zones: cold, temperate and subtropical zones.


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The coldest temperatures in winter were normally below −30°C and the warmest temperatures were above +30°C in summer.


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The lowest temperatures were measured in the northern parts of Siberia, where the cold record fell below as low as −70°C.


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The warmest areas were in Uzbekistan, where temperatures were above +50°C.


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[38] [41] The lowest temperature (−71.1 °C) was measured in 1964 in Oimjakon, Yikutia.


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The warmest value on the territory of the Soviet Union again was obtained on July 29, 1983 on the territory of Turkmenistan — +51.7 °C.


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Urbanization The Soviet Union was already remarkably extensive in terms of area and natural resources at its birth.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The largest cities in Russia in the 19th century were St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw and Kharkiv.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[42] Later Warsaw became the capital of independent Poland, and Russian-speaking Kharkiv in Ukraine was overshadowed by the growing economic centre Kiev.


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Peter, transformed into Leningrad, retained its idiosyncrasies, but became industrialized, and a large number of civilisation moved abroad.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Moscow became the capital of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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World War II shifted the focus of the economy towards the east anyway, where resources seemed inexhaustible.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The peculiarity of the urban structure in the Soviet Union became, partly due to the abundant supply of energy, long distances and economic interdependence of regions far from each other.


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Many towns were even born without the surrounding rural settlement to secure an adequate food supply for the city.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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This kept the regions more strictly dependent on Central Command, but was even fatal when the Soviet Union fell apart when necessities suddenly had to be imported from abroad.


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[43] The largest cities at the end of the Soviet Union numbered a total of 23 million cities in 1989, about half of them on the territory of the Russian SFNT.


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The three largest cities were Moscow with 8.8 million, Leningrad with 4.4 million, and Kiev with 2.6 million inhabitants.


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Other millionaire cities included Alma-Ata, Baku, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Gorky, Kharkiv, Yerevan, Kazan, Kuibyshev, Minsk, Novosibirsk, Odessa, Omsk, Perm, Rostov, Sverdlovsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Chelyabinsk and Ufa.


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Notable cities with less than a million inhabitants included Chișinău, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Riga, Tallinn, Vilnius, Vladivostok and Volgograd, among others.


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[44] [45] Enlargement The original Soviet Union encompassed the Soviet republics of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia.


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Later, the autonomous Soviet republics of Kazahstan and Kyrgyz were detached from the Russian SFNT, which became republics of their own within the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In 1925, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were peacefully joined the Soviet Union, from which in 1929 Tajikistan was separated.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In 1936, Transcaucasia was divided between the republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Grosia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In 1940, the Karelian-Finnish SNT was established in East Karelia, to which some of the territories conquered from Finland in the Winter War were annexed.


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It was top its own republic, but was annexed in 1956 into the Russian SFNT and demoted to the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[46] The Soviet Union expanded especially in the 1940s during the period of Stalin's rule.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In 1940, the Baltic republics Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were annexed to the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Around the same time, the Soviet Union occupied territories from Finland and Japan, the Kaliningrad Oblast from Germany, the territories of Moldavia and western Ukraine from Romania, and eastern Poland, among others.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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These territories were annexed by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The Tannu-Tuva People's Republic from Central Asia joined the Soviet Union on 11 October 1944.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[47] [48] The borders of the Soviet Union remained the same until the 1990s, when the state began to disintegrate.


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Dissolution began in 1990, when parts of the Soviet republics became independent.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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During 1991, most of the Soviet republics seceded from the union and formed their own independent states.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The rest of the Soviet republics became independent in December 1991, when the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The administrative division of the Soviet Union consisted of 15 different republics, namely Soviet republics.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Each Soviet republic had its own communist party and internal governing bodies with the exception of the largest Soviet republic, Russia, which had no administration of its own.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The center of state administration was located in Moscow, the capital of the Russian SFNT, which was also the capital of the entire state.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Each Soviet republic had its own capital, where internal administration buildings were located.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[49] The Soviet republics had partial right of self-government.


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According to the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Soviet republics had the right to secede from the Soviet Union, and the law applied in 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Some of the Soviet republics had their own administrative division, consisting of autonomous Soviet republics.


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The most autonomous Soviet republics were in Russia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Autonomous Soviet republics did not gain independence when the Soviet Union dissolved.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[26] Army The first Soviet state army was the Red Army of the Workers and Peasants, which was called the Red Army.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The Red Army was founded on 23 February 1918 in the Russian Civil War as the Army of the Red Guards.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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After the Reds won the civil war in 1921, it became the Soviet Army.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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February 23 was an important national holiday in the Soviet Union, later also celebrated as Red Army Day.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Lev Trotsky, who served as both the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in charge of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the War People's Commissar in charge of the Minister of Defence from 1918 to 1924, is widely regarded as the founder of the Red Army.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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[50] When founded, the Red Army was based on volunteerism and was unfamiliar with military values or troop-section symbols.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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The officers were democratically elected.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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On 29 May 1918, however, men aged 18—40 were made conscripted.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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In order to carry out a major recruiting operation, regional military commissariats responsible for calling boards (военный комиссариат, военкомат; vojenkomat) were established.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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They served in this function and under this name right up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.