Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The ANC, he said, had only begun armed struggle at the point when the government had prevented all forms of non-violent resistance.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[36] Towards change, during 1984 and 1985, South Africa drifted towards political chaos, which was further exacerbated by the country's deteriorating economic situation as the world price of gold, the country's main export product, turned to a decline and at the same time the price of imported oil increased.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The ANC sought to promote this mayhem, urging: “Make apartheid unworkable!


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Make the country impossible to govern!”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

During 1985, local government under the apartheid system in the country's black areas virtually disappeared altogether and various communal decision-making and executive bodies emerged instead, such as street committees, residents' associations and people's rights.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[38] Alongside the UDF, the Congress of South African Trade Unions COSATU, formed by more than 30 separate trade associations and more than 500,000 members, emerged as the most prominent opposition organisation within the country.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

COSATU acted for the core principles of the Freedom Charter and worked closely with the UDF.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

COSATU member organizations organized extensive strikes opposing apartheid and the number of working days lost in strikes tripled between 1983 and 1984 and further doubled over the following year.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[38] According to Adriaan Vlok, Minister of Land Law and Order, South Africa was on the threshold of “anarchy and bloody revolution” and Botha declared a state of public emergency in the country on the day of the funeral of a UDF activist murdered by police, Matthew Goniwe, on 21 July 1985.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Under the state of emergency law, police were given the right to detain people without charge for an indefinite period, without detainees having the right to a lawyer or without their family members being notified of the arrest.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The right of the government to censor the newspaper press and other mass media was further expanded.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Police officers and soldiers were stationed in the townships and about 8000 members of the UDF were arrested.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

According to one study, about 85% of detainees were tortured in prison.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Police use of firearms against demonstrations increased, with 100 deaths in clashes in 1984 and more than 500 in 1985.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[38] International pressure The hardening of the government's grip during the riots following the adoption of the constitution led to a widespread international storm of protest.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

During 1984—85, nearly 100 U.S. companies left South Africa and many transnational banks refused to lend to the country.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Botha sought reassurance that the country was on course for change, agreeing in 1986 to a Commonwealth appointed “Group of Notable Persons” () to visit the country, and allowed the group to also meet Mandela, who was in prison.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However, while the group was still in the country, Botha carried out military strikes on ANC and PAC military bases in Botswana, Zimbabwe and Zambia, extending an earlier regional state of emergency to the entire country.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The group deemed this a deliberate provocation and exited the country the same evening.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In its report, it recommended the Commonwealth impose broad and binding economic sanctions on South Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[39] The Nordic countries became major monetary and moral supporters of the ANC.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In February 1986, Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme gave a speech to hundreds of Swedish opponents of apartheid and prominent ANC leaders in which he stated that “apartheid cannot be reformed, it must be eradicated”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Many other Western powers initially had more reservations about condemning the apartheid system.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

By 1986, both US President Ronald Reagan, and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sought to implement a policy of “constructive cooperation” with the South African government and, among other things, vetoed UN imposed economic sanctions.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Reagan and Thatcher justified their view on South Africa's central role in preventing the spread of communism in southern Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Thatcher also declared the ANC a terrorist organisation.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However, civil opinion turned against the apartheid system and eventually the U.S. Senate in October 1986 placed South Africa under embargo, overriding President Ronald Reagan's veto.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[40] [41] The impact of the international embargo and internal unrest on the country's economy was devastating.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Investment in the country ceased while prices of imported goods rose significantly (for example 60% between 1986 and 1987).


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The country received no more loans from abroad and was forced to use a larger share of government funds to service old loans while the value of the rand plummeted.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The world price of gold, the country's main export product, had also been falling for ten years and was worth only half what it had been a decade earlier in 1988.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The worsening economic situation turned the country's business leaders, who previously had benefited from cheap labour created by apartheid, against Botha and the National Party.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[42] Defeat in Angola and independence of Namibia In his so-called Rubicon speech in August 1985, Botha unveiled the reforms he had previously promised.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The content of the speech fell short of what had been anticipated: it did not promise, for example, Mandela's release, as had been exhausted.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Botha was content to state only a fact that was already common knowledge: the Bantustan system of grand partheid had failed and unworkable.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[38] Despite the caution of reform, Botha came under growing criticism from the right wing of the political spectrum.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The Conservative Party of South Africa emerged as the main opposition party in the 1987 Parliament [43] and party chairman Andries Treurnicht tabled a motion of no confidence in the government in 1988 because the eradication of apartheid “has opened the doors to black power”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Membership numbers of Boer nationalist far-right organisations such as Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging also increased.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[44] The ANC's strategy of bringing the country out of control began to pay off: the number of strikes increased further and in 1988, on the 20th anniversary of the Soweto riots, COSATU staged the largest strike in the country's history, involving over 70% of the country's industrial workers.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The UDF began a programme to oust the governing bodies of the apartheid system and succeeded in creating more, among others, local committees, people's rights and youth groups, which, among other things, organised rent payment boycotts.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

By 1989, payment of rents in the townships had effectively ceased altogether.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

After the state of emergency law banned demonstrations, funerals for activists, often attended by tens of thousands of people prominently carrying the emblems of the UDF and ANC, emerged as a key form of protest.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Funerals often ended with tear gas grenades or other use of force by police officers.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[45] On December 30, 1988, Bantu Holomisa, commander of the “independent” Transkei Defence Force, seized power in the region.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The government rightly considered Holomisa to be a supporter of the ANC and suspected this of providing support and protection to the organisation in the Transkei region.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Furthermore, the overthrow of one homeland leader represented a threat to the leaders of other Bantustans, who were generally accused of colluding with the South African government.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The government sought an alliance especially with KwaZulu leader Mangosuthu Buthelez and supporters of his party Inkatha Freedom Party became a major executing political terror against ANC supporters.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

A total of 8577 people were killed in clashes between the ANC and Inkatha between 1984−1990.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[46] In 1988, the government suffered another significant defeat in addition to Transkei.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

South African forces in Angola were subjected to a blockade threat while fighting with Cuban troops and were forced to retreat south.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The Cuban forces' MiG fighters still gained air supremacy over the region from South Africa's obsolete French-made Mirage fighter jets and the government was forced to admit it could no longer safely maintain a military presence outside the country's borders.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Botha signed an agreement in August to withdraw South African troops from Angola and began negotiations for Namibia to become independent, leading to SWAPO's rise to power mass.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[47] [48] Negotiations begin After the country plunged into a stalemate in which the black opposition was unable by force to topple the white government, but the government also failed to eradicate the opposition, Botha decided to pursue the desired solution for the Nationalist Party by negotiation.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Under this new strategy, beginning in May 1988, a series of secret negotiations took place between government representatives and Nelson Mandela, culminating in a one-on-one meeting between Botha and Mandela in July 1989.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[49] The government's goal of creating tensions between the ANC's exiled leadership and Mandela failed.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

After a month, Botha, who despite a stroke he suffered in January had continued as president and been the target of growing criticism within his own party, was forced to resign after Frederik de Klerk and other ministers rose up against him.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[50] De Klerk became the new president and in the opening session of Parliament in February 1990 he announced that he would legitimise the PAC, the ANC and the Communist Party of South Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[51] De Klerk considered that the negotiations would be possible to achieve a better outcome for the white population of the country when they would be conducted while the government was still relatively strong militarily.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[52] Nelson Mandela and other ANC leaders were released shortly after this.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Under Mandela and de Klerk, a long and difficult process of negotiations began between the National Party and the ANC, leading to the country's first free, democratic elections in 1994, Mandela's ascension to the country's president and the eventual eradication of the apartheid system.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[53] Attitudes of the Reformed Church For historical reasons, Afrikaaners have seen themselves as an oppressed minority who have sought to remain faithful to God when surrounded by external enemies.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

This sense of threat from both the country's black majority and the politically and economically strong English-speaking group led Afrikaaner churches to develop racist views over the course of the 20th century that they have sought to defend theologically.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The Reformed Churches in South Africa had been involved in the rise of Afrikaaner nationalism since the early part of the century, and many of the church's priests were members of Broederbond, among others.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1954, the Church gave its final blessing to the apartheid system in a statement in which, among other things, it stated: [54] [55] When the apartheid system began to be challenged in the 70s and 80s, the Reformed churches were, as a rule, firmly in its favour, and the churches were as an obstacle to political reforms.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However, some of the priests in churches opposed the scheme, for example Beyers Naudé left his own white congregation in the late 1970s and joined the congregation of blacks.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

It was not until the World Federation of Reformed Churches declared apartheid a heresy in the early 1980s and its separation that South African churches began its support to decline within the Church.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1986, all congregations of churches were desegregated.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[54] Several other Christian denominations, particularly the Methodists and the Anglican Church, condemned the apartheid system.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The Council of Churches in South Africa, to which the Reformed Churches did not belong, was a vocal opponent of apartheid and its secretaries Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Beyers Naudé, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, were active in its abolition.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1988, the South African government organised a bomb attendant at Khotso House, the organisation's headquarters.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[56] The Grand Partheid Great Partheid was a massive socio-economic program whose purpose, according to Verwoerd, was to keep the black population out of areas inhabited by whites and thus save the white community from losing out.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Its central idea was that a complete separation of races from each other would lead to stability and order.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

It was believed that South African non-white populations would accept the situation of their own communities, as long as their contact with white South Africa was kept to a minimum.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

According to Verwoerd, Africans “should not want to integrate into the life of the European community, but to understand that in his own community all doors are open.”


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[57] Great Partheid was also intended to secure access to cheap labour and yet keep Africans out of cities by building factories along the borders of black tribal reservations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Although as early as 1956, the government-appointed Tomlinson Commission had concluded that tribal reserves could not support even under the best conditions than two-thirds of the black population, the government refused to reserve more territories for blacks and at the same time increased measures to impose blacks were moved to reserves from areas designated for whites.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[58] In 1963, the first tribal reservation renamed Bantustan, Transkei was declared an autonomous community and in 1976 “independent”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Efforts were made to bring other Bantustans independent, although they were even less viable than the Transkei.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Bophuthatswana, for example, consisted of 19 and KwaZulu 11 loose pieces of land, with farming areas reserved for whites between them.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The entire coastline of the country was also designated as a white area.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The final goal of the government was to transfer all Africans to become citizens of the Bantustans.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Based on the Group Areas Act, the whole of South Africa was divided into regions where only members of one ethnic group could live in each and all other groups had to move out of the region.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In practice, however, only blacks had to move.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

As early as 1954, the Sophiatown, Newclare and Martindale areas of Johannesburg were declared white and blacks were forced to leave their homes.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Afrikaaners moved to Sophiatown to replace 60,000 forcibly displaced blacks and it was renamed “Triumph” ().


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

During the Great Partheid, on behalf of the 1950s all the way to the mid 1980s, a total of 3.5 million black Africans were moved out of “white” areas in a process called “eradication of black spots”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Most of these blacks were already transferred to chronically overpopulated Bantustans in the past.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

With the help of the Bantustans, the South African government also succeeded in reducing expenses incurred by the “unproductive portion of the people”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Because black South Africans were relocated to their home countries, there was no need in “white South Africa” to provide them with services such as health care, electricity or water mains.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

White South Africa also didn't have to build housing for blacks.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Because of this, for example, not a single dwelling was built in black areas in Pretoria between 1967 and 1976.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

It is estimated that this policy led to a shortfall of over 140,000 homes in the country by the end of the 1970s.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

An average of 14 people lived in the four-room house in Soweto.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

By transferring people to Bantustans and later granting them independence or self-government, South Africa managed to nominally reduce the proportion of blacks in the country's population despite the high birth rate of blacks.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

At the same time, the population of Bantustans increased from 4.4 million people to 11 million people.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Population densities at home rose to alarming numbers.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

For example, 55 people per square kilometre lived in Transkei and 298 in Qwaqwa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In White South Africa, the population density of Kapmaa Province was 2 persons per km² at the same time.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The South African government maintained its grip on “self-governing” and “independent” homelands.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

It placed regions under control of leaders who were cooperative with Pretoria.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The regions' economy was also entirely dependent on South Africa and direct support made up a large part of their budgets.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Most South African security legislation was also in force in the regions until the homeland declared independence.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Bantustan rulers generally acted dictatorial and their rule was generally highly corrupt.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

By the end of the 1970s, the South African government began to notice the failure of the homeland system.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

According to the Riekert Commission report, set by the government in 1970, poverty in the homelands was so overwhelming that tens of thousands of people were left with no choice to survive but to move to major cities illegally.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[59] The cost of grand partheid to the state was also immense.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Transporting black Africans daily from their areas of residence to jobs often a hundred miles away required a huge amount of public transport.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Since wages for blacks were also considered artificially low, it was not possible to recover the actual cost of buses used for transportation to the workers; it was subsidized by the state with huge sums.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The bus subsidy received by KwandeBele was greater than domestic gross domestic product.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Great Partheid was also unable to keep blacks out of the big cities as intended but by the time the 1980s had doubled the number of black city dwellers.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Bantu Education The Bantu Education Act of 1953 ended support from all mission schools, which until then had taken care of much of the education of blacks.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However most of these schools passed to the government or ceased operations, only the Catholic Church and Adventist schools continued.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1959, the study of Africans in white colleges was also banned, with some exceptions, and their own separate colleges were established for Africans, people of color and Indians.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Bantu education was considered by the National Party to be a key cornerstone of the move towards a fully segregated society.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

According to Henrik Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs, Africans had to be taught their own cultural tradition, and the school system “must coach and teach people according to the possibilities of their lives.”


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The government regulated the content of Bantu education, and school books commonly contained such phrases as “Kafferi has stolen a knife, this kafferi is lazy”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[12] South Africa's school system was blatantly unfair.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Schools in White South Africa were Western level and education in them was free and compulsory.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Of black schools, 30% had no electricity, 25% lacked water mains and only half had sewerage.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

One-third of teachers in black schools were incompetent.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

For blacks, Indians and people of color, education also paid and was not compulsory.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The injustice of the education system elevated schools to a central area of black resistance.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The Soweto riots began with black students protesting against the use of Afrikaans in teaching and led to a 17-month wave of demonstrations in the country.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The entire school system became politicized and students shouted “Freedom now, education later” at the demonstrations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[28] A police state as a characteristic feature of the apartheid system was the struggle between the government and the opposition, in which the government responded to the opposition by enacting new legislation restricting civil rights and hardening what it used to defeat the opposition methods.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

As early as the 1950s, it became clear to the government that the country's non-white majority would not come to accept the apartheid regime and, in the event of resistance, was met with force.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

During the 1960s, the powers of the police and government were repeatedly increased, including in response to the riots caused by the Sharpeville massacre and the threat of Umkhonto we Sizwe.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The Eradication of Communism Act allowed resistance organizations to be declared illegal.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

It also allowed the ANC, PAC and the country's Communist Party to be driven into exile and a big chunk of their leaders jailed.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1963, police were given the right to detain anyone for up to 90 days at a time without charge (this was later increased to 180 days “to reduce paperwork”) and the right to see a lawyer.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

At the end of 90 days, the police could immediately arrest the same person again and repeat this arbitrarily.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The famous “Sobukwe section” was added to the law still that year, giving the Attorney General the right to extend court-ordered prison sentences for those convicted under the Eradication of Communism Act.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The only person detained under the section was PAC Chairman Robert Sobukwe.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Along with the legislation, the government set about building a vast security organization to monitor and root out resistance.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1963, the State Security Office () was established to coordinate the cooperation of the security police and military intelligence of the military.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

BOSS reported directly to the Prime Minister and its activities were classified.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In 1972, the State Security Council () was established to create a security policy strategy for the state and to act as an advisor to the Prime Minister.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Its members included the Chief (later President), Defence, Justice, Police and Foreign Ministers, as well as intelligence officials.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Combined Administrative Centers () were created to implement SSC decisions, led by army or police commanders and administered by a network of municipal officials, Post Office heads, fire chiefs and other officers.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[60] After the Soweto riots, a new security apparatus was started to be used against the opposition.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In the year following the riots, 21 people died in police custody and numerous others were tortured in prison.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Following the death of Steve Biko in connection with police questioning from severe brain damage, the government came under national and international pressure to conduct an internal investigation into the incident.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The final report of the official inquiry states Biko attacked police officers with a chair and sustained the injuries after falling as police officers tried to restrain him.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However, during the Truth Commission's interrogation 20 years later, the police officer who led Biko's interrogation, Major Harold Snyman, reported that his superior, Colonel Piet Goosen, had demanded that the actual events leading up to the death be concealed because they would have discredited the government.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In reality, Biko had died after being brutally beaten by police officers during interrogations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[61] The government of censorship limited information in South Africa from the mid-1950s onwards significantly.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

However, the government did not perform actual advance censorship, but instead the country had over 120 different acts and laws regulating what could be published without being prosecuted.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

This jungle of regulations and laws led to effective self-censorship of the press.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The most fundamental of apartheid censorship laws was the Eradication of Communism Act, which forbade magazines from publishing comments or photographs of persons who received a pot order, nor anything that was considered to promote the objectives of the banned organisations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Other laws prevented reporting on prisons in the country or the activities of the police and defence forces without the permission of those organizations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Based on this law, the country's press was not permitted to write about South Africa's ten-year-long war in Angola, as the government denied the existence of the troops.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Writing about the country's nuclear program, oil imports, and international economic sanctions was also prohibited, as was reporting on “key issues” () more specifically.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Based on security laws enacted by the government, it had the right to conduct searches on the editorial staff of any newspaper, detain newspapermen without trial, and the Attorney General could abolish any magazine at any cost, citing “national security”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Censorship laws were further tightened during the emergency laws.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

During protests in townships in the 1980s, police had the right to declare the area “troubled,” whereby all journalists and photographers had to immediately leave it under threat of arrest.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Despite censorship, some South African newspapers managed to report on the activities of the country's government also critically.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

John Vorster's government fell and Botha rose to become the country's prime minister when the Rand Daily Mail newspaper revealed in 1978 that Vorster and BOSS leader General van den Bergh had illegally used state funds to manipulate news media and attempted to buy foreign newspapers, among others, the Washington Star magazine.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[62] Special Units Craig Williamson, a former security policeman, told the Truth Commission in a statement that security forces were given orders to “stop dealing with resistance with silk gloves.”


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[63] The first special unit under the order was Koevoet (), established in 1979, to fight SWAPO in what was then South West Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Koevoet's 250 South African police officers and between 750 and 800 local ovambos became famous for brutal violence and torture of prisoners.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Koevoet's units competed for the number of rebels killed and suspected insurgents and received compensation from the government based on this.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[60] Special government departments also organised several assassination attempts on the leaders of the ANC and other resistance organisations outside South Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Between 1980 and 1984, the government carried out at least twelve operations of this nature on Lesotho, Swasiland and Zimbabwean soil, and also a bomb attack on the ANC headquarters in London.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The most prominent victim of the bombings was Ruth First, the wife of Joe Slovo, the secretary general of the SACP, who was killed by a letter bomb in 1982.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Although the South African government denied any part in the attentate, the truth was revealed in 1999 after Williamson petitioned for clemency from the Truth Commission.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Williamson told of his involvement in building and sending the bomb after receiving direct orders to do so from his superior Colonel Piet Goosen, who he knew would receive commands directly from the Minister of Police.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[64] Today there is disagreement as to how closely the supreme powers of the state were aware of the activities of special police units.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The minutes of SSC meetings often use terms such as “eliminate”, “neutralize”, “seek and destroy” or “permanently remove from society”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Participants of SSC meetings such as former foreign minister Pik Botha have suggested that the use of these terms did not mean that the government authorised the killings of anti-apartheid opponents, although acknowledging that they could thus be interpreted by the security forces.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The view of many former members of special units is different.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Eugene de Kock, who was active in Koevoet among others and later led the C1 Special Unit operating in Vlakplaas, took part in the bombing of the ANC's London headquarters.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

He named in his autobiography numerous generals and ministers who had contributed to the establishment of the Vlakplaas unit.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Williamson stressed to the Truth Commission the secret nature of the activities of the special units: “the eleventh commandment... was you shall not be caught.” [65] The Vlakplaas Unit was established in 1979 as a training ground where “converted” activists from the ANC and PAC, or chores, were trained in secret infiltration of operations and organizations.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Under Eugene de Kock's leadership in the mid-1980s, it became a hub for hijackings and political assassinations in the country, working with other security units to cover up government involvement in the killings of opposition leaders.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The most famous of Vlakplaas' operations was the murder of four UDF activists, Matthew Goniwe, Sparrow Mkhonto, Forth Calata and Sicelo Mhlawuli, or the so-called Cradock Foursome, in the summer of 1985.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[66] In 1987 and 1988, security forces carried out bomb attacks on the premises of COSATU and the South African Council of Churches (), although again the government denied any involvement in the attacks, blaming internal divisions within the anti-apartheid movement for them.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Ten years after the events, Law and Order Minister Adriaan Vlok confessed his involvement in the bombings to the Truth Commission and said he had acted on the president's orders.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

According to Vlok's testimony, Botha came to talk with him after an SSC meeting in August 1988.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

The president said SACC had been civil disobedient for a long time and something will be done about it.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

After a week, Botha informed Vlok that “Khotso House [SACC headquarters] should be rendered unusable”.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In accordance with the plan of the Vlok and security service management, the building was blown up on 31 August without any human casualties.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

President Botha congratulated Vlok at the next SSC meeting on completing the task.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[66] [67] Defence Minister Magnus Malan established one more state security body in 1987, the Office of Civil Cooperation (), whose role was to eliminate people identified as enemies of the state.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

In one of the organisation's operations, CCB agent Ferdinand Barnard murdered David Webster, a critic of the apartheid system and university teacher, in front of his home.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

[68] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Clark, Nancy L.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

& Worger, William H.| title = Seminar Studies in History: South Africa - The Rise and Fall of Apartheid| publisher = Pearson Education Limited| year = 2004| id = ISBN 0-582-41437-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nelson Mandela| title = Long road to freedom| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-0-20444-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Allister Sparks| title = Beyond the Miracle: Inside the New South Africa| publisher = University of Chicago Press| year = 2003| id = ISBN 0-226-76858-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Allister Sparks| title= Tomorrow is Another Country: The Inside Story of South Africa's Road To Change| publisher = University of Chicago Press| year = 1995| id = ISBN 0-226-76855-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rita M. Byrnes (ed.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

) | title= | publisher = Federal Research Division, Library of Congress| year = 1996}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) ) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Evans, Ivan.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Bureaucracy and Race: Native Administration in South Africa.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Berkeley: University of California Press, c1997 1997.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When was the Afrikaaners term coined?

apartheid

Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ivan Evan| title = Bureaucracy and Race - Native Administration in South Africa| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1997| id = ISBN 978-0-520-20651-9| format = [online version]}} Category:Key articles on screening Category:94 African history


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Democratic Kampuchea was a state located in the Cambodian region of Southeast Asia from 1975 to 1979.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

It originated when the Khmer Rouge was toppled in a civil war by the forces of Lon Nol, who had led the Khmer Republic.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

It lost most of Cambodia when Vietnam took over the country.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Democratic Kampuchea still maintained its official status as Cambodia's representative in international politics for a long time, including at the United Nations.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

History The Khmer Rouge's rise to power In 1970, Lon Nol had deposed Prince Norodom Sihanouk and established the Khmer Republic.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Sihanouk's supporters began demonstrating in the countryside, and Sihanouk allied himself with the Khmer Rouge.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[1] Soon the clashes escalated into a civil war.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[2] Although Sihanouk was the head of the royal government of the National Union of Kampuchea, such real power was held by the military leader Pol Pot.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[1] In April 1975, Phnom Penh fell, and the Khmer Rouge rose to power.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[3] Formation of democratic Kampuchea Immediately after their rise to power, the Khmer Rouge began transforming the country into a Maoist agricultural society.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Within days, the population of Phnom Penh and the major cities of the provinces was moved to the countryside.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

All the people were marched out of the cities, including the sick, the elderly and the frail.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Disobedience was usually followed by death.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[4] The Khmer Rouge believed that Cambodia's problems stemmed from colonial pistons, and therefore the country needed to return to a primitive agricultural society.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The new beginning was referred to as the “year zero”, and the Khmer Rouge abolished money, schools and newspapers.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[5] One of the reasons for clearing the cities was that Pol Pot wanted to destroy the enemy organizations that were washing up in the cities.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

As part of the evacuation, several Lon Nol officials, police officers and soldiers were killed.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

According to refugee sources, by the summer of 1975, the killing subsided, and many civil servants and the educated population were sent to be “retrained”.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

If they showed genuine remorse, they were put into forced labour.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

However, killings began again at the end of 1975.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Many of the victims were educated, such as teachers.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

No firearms were generally used to kill people, as there was a desire to save ammunition, and death sentences were handed down without any trial.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

People were killed for things like lazy work, stealing food, wearing jewellery, having sexual relations, grieving for deceased relatives and showing religiosity.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[6] Sihanouk was the first head of state of Democratic Kampuchea, although he had only apparent power.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Officially, the state became Democratic Kampuchea on January 5, 1975, when the new constitution was adopted.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

In April, Sihanouk resigned and was placed under house arrest.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[7] Khieu Samphan succeeded Sihanouk as head of state, although the real leaders remained in hiding until 1977.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Pol Pot was elected in November 1976 to Parliament, and the following month he became Prime Minister.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

It was not until September 1977 that Pol Pot, in a five-hour speech, recounted the existence of the Kampuchean Communist Party and its history.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[8] The fall of Democratic Kampuchea had been at the very beginning of border skirmishes with Vietnam.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

They eased momentarily, but began again in 1977.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Meanwhile, the Khmer Rouge attacked border villages in Thailand and Laos as well.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

In September, about 1,000 Vietnamese civilians were killed in a Khmer Rouge offensive.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The following month, the Vietnamese invaded the country under Defense Minister Võ Nguyên Giáp.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Although Giáp believed he had taught the Cambodians a lesson, Pol Pot declared victory when the Vietnamese backed down on Giáp's orders in January 1978.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[9] At the same time, Pol Pot's general Tal Mok was clearing the land.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The purge hit the eastern region hardest, which was considered the most moderate region.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

It was also the border region of Vietnam.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[4] In May 1978, So Phim led an uprising in the eastern region, after which the purges were ravaged.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

In November, Vorn Vet attempted a revolution, and soon there were tens of thousands of Cambodian refugees in Vietnam.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

In December 1978, Radio Hanoi announced the establishment of the National Liberation Front of Kampuchea.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

It included exiles who opposed Pol Pot.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

In Vietnam, it was decided shortly thereafter to initiate military action to oust the Khmer Rouge government.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

On 22 December, a force of 120,000 soldiers penetrated Cambodia.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The fighting lasted only 17 days, and Phnom Penh surrendered on 7 January 1979.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[9] Vietnam placed Cambodia at the head of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

However, it was not universally recognised; the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, was still Cambodia's official representative thereafter.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Martial law continued in the country for a long time, and by 1985 the Khmer Rouge had been driven out of the country into Thailand.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

In 1989, Vietnamese troops left the country.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[10] Society Division of population According to Pol Pot, Cambodia was divided before the revolution into five populations: peasants, laborers, burghers, capitalists and feudalists.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The Constitution of Democratic Kampuchea divided the people into laborers, peasants and “other workers of Kampuchea”.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The Khmer Rouge did not allow any kind of transition to change, as had been the case in China, for example, where local landowners and burghers were allowed to be involved in building a socialist society.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[11] People were also socially divided into politically dubious “new people” and trustworthy “old people”.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The first group included people driven out of the cities after the Khmer Rouge victory and the latter group included poor and lower-middle class peasants.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

“New people” were practically considered slave labor.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

They often had to move, working the heaviest jobs of all and in the most difficult conditions.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Separated from the rest of the people, they received the weakest rice lands, which is why the 1977 food shortage hit them hardest of all.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The “old people” were in a better position in practice and were allowed, for example, to stay in their home villages, but they too could be subjected to deprivation in some places.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[11] Religion, education and health in the country of the Constitution of the Democratic Campuchea had freedom of religion, but according to it all religions that were reactionary and detrimental to the state and to the people were prohibited.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Approximately 85% of the inhabitants of the country were Theravada Buddhists.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

During the civil war, Buddhist monks had still been accepted by the Khmer Rouge, of which there were between 400,000 and 60000 in the country.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

After the establishment of democratic Kampuchea, monks began to be persecuted and considered parasites of society.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Many were executed and forced into slave labor.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

In addition, temples and pagodas were destroyed or converted into warehouses or prisons.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

In addition to Buddhists, the country's Christian and Muslim minorities faced persecution.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The Roman Catholic Cathedral in Phnom Penh was completely destroyed and in addition many Christian and Muslim leaders were killed.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[11] Education and health care were decadent in Democratic Cambodia, as educated people were seen as enemies.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Many teachers and doctors were killed, and many retained their lives only by concealing their real identities.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The main function of the school establishment was the instillation of revolutionary values in children.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The facilities used for health care were really bad, and the people were mostly expected to rely on traditional plant or herbal medicines, which were often ineffective.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Only the high-ranking elite of the party and military had access to Western medicine and proper hospitals.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[11] Economy The Khmer Rouge's economic policy was somewhat reminiscent of China's Great Leap Forward and perhaps had also been influenced by it.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

In 1974, the Khmer Rouge formed a system in their controlled territories whereby peasants still owned their land and agricultural implements, but were nevertheless lent to the community.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The following year, private ownership was abolished and the crop became community property.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The Khmer Rouge sought economic self-sufficiency, and they abolished money.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Trading could only be done through barter trades.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Rice became the main instrument of barter transactions.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Foreign trade was almost completely abolished, although this too was slightly fought at the turn of 1976 and 1977.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The Khmer Rouge believed they were letting go of the productive power of the masses by putting the population to work in labor brigades.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Thanks to a nationwide irrigation network, it was hoped that rice crops would be obtained from the land throughout the year.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[11] However, democratic Kampuchea did not move to a complete agricultural society.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The civil war and the forced displacement of the population had ruined the industry.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The Khmer Rouge allowed some laborers to return back to the city to open a few factories.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The country was also believed in the invention ability and technical skill of the folk forces.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

The attitude is also evident in the country's coat of arms, as it too has a smoke-fuelled factory in addition to rice and irrigation canals.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

[11] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ray, Nick| title= Lonely Planet Cambodia| publisher = Lonely Planet| year = 2005| id=ISBN 9781740595254| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate = 9.1.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Russell, R. Ross (ed.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

) | title = Cambodia: A Country Study| location = Washington| publisher = GPO for the Library of Congress| year = 1987| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Country Studies US] | accessdate = 9.1.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sheehan, Sean & Cooke, Barbara| title = Cambodia| publisher = Marshall Cavendish| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-076202020| 712| language = Transclusion error : {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Why did the state of Kampuchsea fall in 1979?

Democratic Cambodia

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate = 9.1.2011}} References on topic elsewhere Category:Former Asian States Category:History of Cambodia Category:Communism in Asia Category:Communist states Category:Socialist states Category:93 History of Asia


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Republic of South Africa, or South Africa, is a republic in southern Africa, right at the southernmost tip of the African continent.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

It is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The state of Lesotho lies as an enclave within South Africa.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The climate of the country varies from region to region.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The western Cape Country has a Mediterranean climate, and the hinterland is steppe, where it rains in summer.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

There is a subtropical zone in KwaZulu-Natal.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South Africa can be considered a superpower on the African continent and has the second largest economy in Africa after Nigeria [1].


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country is among the world's leading exporters of minerals.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[2] Black African nationalists in particular refer to South Africa as Azania.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[3] Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela, among others, have described post-1994 democratic multicultural South Africa as a Rainbow State ().


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[4] Geography South Africa lies at the southern tip of the African continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Its shoreline is over 2500km long and stretches from the Namibian Desert to the subtropical region of Mozambique.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The shallow coastal strip is narrow for the most part, with a mountainous area towering behind it separating the coast from the inland highlands.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

By place, especially in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, the coastal lowland is wider.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[5] The soil in South Africa is exceptionally old and rich in mineral.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The foundation of the Earth was already part of the Gondwana continent, which 100—300 million years ago broke up into numerous parts, forming new continents like Africa.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Over the years that followed, geological, tectonic and volcanic processes, as well as erosion, shaped South Africa to the likeness of what is now.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[6] The most significant of South African mineral formations are the gold-containing Witwatersrand quartzite, the platinum-bearing Bushveld igneous rock complex, and carbon resources formed from Karoo sediments.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[7] There is a cold Antarctic Benguela stream in Earth's Atlantic-side marine area, whose plankton sustains rich fishing grounds.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

On the east coast, in turn, pass the warm sea currents of Mozambique and Agulhas.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Ocean currents significantly affect the climate of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[6] The country's main rivers are the Limpopo River on the border with Zimbabwe and the Oranje River and its tributary the Vaal, which flows from west to east and descends into the Atlantic at the border with Namibia.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The importance of the Oranje River, among other things, for farming in the dry central part of the country is great.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[6] South Africa's climate varies a lot from region to region.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The inland Great Karoo Plateau is arid steppe and turns northwestward as it slowly goes into the Kalahari Desert.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The southwestern parts of the country have a Mediterranean climate with rainy winters and hot, dry summers.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[6] Average Heat (°C) Urban SummerWinterCape Town20,012,6Durban23,617,0Johannesburg19,411,1Pretoria22,412,9Source:Lew Leppan: The South African Book of Records.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Cape Town, Don Nelson, 1999.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Nature South Africa has five different vegetation zones: fynbos, forest, karoo, grassy and savannah.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Fynbos vegetation zone is located in the southwestern parts of the country, and its species range consists mainly of heather, proteas and herbaceous plants belonging to the family Restionaceae.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[8] Although over a thousand native tree species grow in South Africa, large trees are quite rare in many parts of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

However, the country has extensive forests in the Knysna-Tsitsikamma region and the northeastern parts of the provinces of Mpumalanga and Limpopo, where the tree is composed of pine palms.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In the northern parts of the country, monkey bread trees also grow.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[8] The best known of South Africa's native animals are the so-called 'big five': elephant, lion, rhinoceros, leopard and kaffer buffalo, which live in bushveld and savanna areas.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Of the large felines, the lion's range is almost exclusively restricted to the country's national parks, but leopards are also found in a larger area in the southern Cape Country and northern parts of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The cheetah population is quite small and restricted to the northernmost parts of the country and nature parks.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

About 850 species of birds occur in South Africa, of which about 50 are endemic.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The best-known bird species are the ostrich, which is found almost all over the country, hornbells, cucumbers, and several species of eagle and vulture.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[9] Eight different species of whale occur in coastal waters of South Africa.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The most commonly observed of them is the black whale, which calves in coastal bay coves.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The species was once hunted to near extinction, but with conservation, its population has strengthened.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

There are more than 2000 species of fish in the territorial waters of the country, which is 16% of all fish species in the world.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The most commercially significant fish are sardines and hake.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[9] History Plenty of 10,000 years ago large areas of southern Africa prevailed the ancestral culture of the present ferns.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The life form of the ferns was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering, and they had formed strolling hunter groups of about 50—500 people.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[10] Around 2200 years ago, some Pan groups in the northern parts of present-day Botswana domesticated the first domesticated animals and began moving towards the south.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The new socioeconomic system they created has, in the circle of anthropologists, been called the Khoikhoi hunter nomadic.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[11] Bantu-speaking populations began arriving from East Africa in the area of present-day Transvaal as early as the 3rd century.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In the 16th century, the Nguni-tsongas already inhabited much of present-day South Africa, such as the coastal areas of Natal, and the northern half of the confluence of the Oranje and Vaalal rivers by the Sotho-tsongas.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

However, in the southernmost part of the country they were not spread out; only the Khoikhoi and San peoples were still inhabited there, and the area was very sparsely populated.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

By the time of the 18th century, the Nguni tsongas had split into numerous smaller ethnic groups such as the Zulus, Xhos and Swazis.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[12] Colonial era The first Boers settled on the Cape of Good Hope in the area of present-day Kapma in 1652.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The colony's population grew to 15,000 by the end of the century, and its area expanded even faster.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Many colonizers also migrated to the hinterland inhabited by the Sans and Khos.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The colonists skirmished constantly with the surrounding African tribes.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Between 1785 and 1795, 2000 men and women belonging to the San tribe died in these skirmishes and an additional 700 were put into slavery.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[13] In 1795, the British conquered Kapma as a strategic base against the French to control the sea road to the east.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[14] Between 1835 and 1843, about 12000 Boers embarked on the Great Hike towards the North.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The reasons for the migration included economic problems, armed conflict between the Xhos and the Boers, and especially dissatisfaction with British rule.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Voortrekkers felt that the British administration had not provided refuge against the Xhos, but had promoted equality between blacks and Caucasians and banned the slave trade in Kapma.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[15] [16] [17] In the late 18th century, political unrest arose among the northern Ngunis as a result of excessive population growth and commercial competition.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Ethnic clashes between the Nguns led to the emergence of a new kind of military and administrative system.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Under the leadership of Shaka Zulu called the Black Napoleon, a strong Zulu state emerged.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[18] By the middle of the 1820s, Shaka already controlled a kingdom of over 100,000 people, and his army numbered 40000 men.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[19] The Shaka conquests escaped a large number of populations that formed the so-called Mfecan movement () and whose effects were felt in Central and East Africa.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The state development of the various Bantu groups accelerated, and several new kingdoms such as Ndebele and Gaza emerged in Africa and the still existing Besotho (present-day Lesotho) and Swazi (present-day Swaziland).


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[18] Mfecane's period mayhem also allowed the Boers to spread further north, starting in the 1830s, laying the groundwork for the myth put forward during apartheid about moving the Boers into “empty land”.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[14] The Boer Wars The British forcibly annexed the Transvaal to their colony in 1877.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Boers protested forced annexation by rising up in rebellion of 1880 in December.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

At the Battle of Majuba Hill, the Boer forces divided into several small groups were beaten by the British forces, who suffered heavy losses.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The British government led by William Gladstone deemed the war forfeit and signed an armistice on 6 March.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The final peace treaty was signed on March 23, 1881.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Boers were granted self-government in the Transvaal under British control.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 1887, gold prospectors discovered the world's largest gold deposit on the Witwatersrand (“Randi”) ridge.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

After the discovery of gold, thousands of British colonists began rolling across the border from Kapma.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Afrikaaners became nervous about the uitlanders' presence and denied them the right to vote.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Transvaal issued an ultimatum in 1899 leading to war.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Oranje joined the Transvaal at that time.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Despite a well-started guerrilla war, in 1902 the Boers were forced to surrender to British forces.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Despite the defeat they suffered, they managed to retain their own language and culture and were able to gain political influence.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Union of South Africa came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the merger of four British colonies (Kapmaan, Natal, Transvaal and the Free State of Oranje) into a new independent British dominion.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Among the first key political issues facing the country were the transition of South West Africa (now Namibia) with a League of Nations mandate to control South Africa and the organization of status between blacks and whites in the country's cities.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[20] The government sought to address these issues with the Mines and Works Act 1911, which denied Africans most of the high-skilled mining works reserved for whites.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[21] In 1931, South Africa gained definitively independent state status by the Act of Westminster, but continued to remain a member of the Commonwealth.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 1961, the country seceded from the Commonwealth, but rejoined it in 1994.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

During the 1930s, the ethno-nationalist ideology known as Afrikaaner nationalism intensified, and the Pure-Doctrinal National Party (), founded by Daniel François Malan, who resigned from the National Party, emerged as its central implementer.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[22] Under the Second World War, the Afrikaaners were mired in a dispute over South Africa's participation in the war.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

However, Jan Smuts, who rose to become Prime Minister in 1939, took the country to war alongside Great Britain.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[22] Apartheid After World War II, the National Party, reunited for the 1948 elections, set out to campaign for a new policy it called apartheid.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The National Party also pledged to safeguard “the interests and job opportunities of white workers in white areas”, and its election campaign used slogans such as Swart gewar (black peril) and Die kaffer op sy plek (Kafferi where he belongs).


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The party won a parliamentary majority in the election, despite receiving less than half of the votes cast, and formed a government under Daniel François Malan.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[23] The apartheid system was developed during the 1950s through the enactment of numerous different laws.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

These laws were usually associated with some acute situation that threatened white supremacy, and their combined effects had not been considered.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Because of this, the laws caused numerous unwanted effects and conflicts that increasingly began to manifest as the 1960s wore on.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

For example, the purpose of Bantu teaching was to produce obedient African laborers who had been taught to believe that they were less deserving in society than the role of servant.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Instead, it produced young activists who realised they had nothing to lose by violently opposing the government.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[24] A key feature of the apartheid system was the so-called “grand partheid”.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In it, various racial groups sought to create their own independent homelands where they were to “develop independently”.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Ten homelands for blacks, or Bantustans, were established in South Africa.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Residential areas, buildings, services and public spaces were also classified by race.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Elsewhere in South Africa, the places of residence and jobs of blacks were accurately determined and they were to have passports.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Bantustans were unlivable, and more than half of South Africa's blacks lived outside them despite racial encroachment.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Yet from the 1970s onwards there were attempts to make them independent.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

As the first of these, Transkei declared independence in 1976, followed by Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In practice, their independence did not materialize, and the independence of any of them was not recognised by any state other than South Africa.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[25] [26] South Africa was separated from the United Nations due to racial ortho policy in 1974.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

It was admitted to membership again in 1994.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[27] The end of apartheid The resistance of the ANC and other organizations to apartheid policies grew over the decades, and eventually the country drifted into a stalemate where the black opposition was unable by force to topple the white government, but the government also failed to succeed to eradicate the opposition.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Frederik de Klerk, who became president of the country in 1989, felt that the foreign and domestic political situation required the opening of negotiations with organisations that opposed apartheid.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

He believed that by negotiation it would be possible to achieve a better outcome for the white population of the country if they were conducted while the government was still relatively strong militarily.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[28] After nearly three years of negotiations, the various parties managed to establish a conciliatory solution on the separation of powers and the date of the elections.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

During the negotiations, political violence in the country increased due to the activities of white, predominantly Afrikaaner nationalist far-right movements and the Inkatha Freedom Party.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In 1993, elections were held in the country, in which all ethnic groups were allowed to participate for the first time.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The election saw an ANC-led coalition rise to the leadership of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The ANC received 62.7% of the votes cast in the election, falling slightly short of the 2/3 majority required to amend the constitution.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The National Party became the second largest party in the country with 20.4% support.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

On May 9, South Africa's new parliament unanimously elected Nelson Mandela as the country's new president.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[29] Frene Ginwala was elected Speaker of the National Assembly of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[30] In 1995, the Government of National Unity appointed the Truth Commission () to investigate crimes during apartheid.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Commission heard testimony from victims of crime, and those who committed crimes for political reasons could apply to the Commission for clemency against a full honest confession.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[31] The Truth Commission is widely regarded as a successful attempt to unravel the country's traumatic political history.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[32] The Truth Commission was chaired by Desmond Tutu, Archbishop Emeritus of the Anglican Church of South Africa, who was awarded the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[33] Even after the abolition of apartheid, the difference in the standard of living of blacks and whites has not disappeared.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The standard of living of whites corresponds to the peak in industrialized countries but hardly the African average for blacks.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[34] Governance and Politics South Africa is a constitutional democracy with a three-tier model of government and an independent judiciary.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The administration is divided into national, provincial and local levels.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Consultative bodies of traditional African leaders also operate at both the country-wide and provincial level.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country's bicameral parliament is based in Cape Town.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The National Assembly () consists of 350—400 elected representatives elected for five-year terms.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In the National Assembly, the number of seats for different political parties is proportional to the number of votes received by a party in elections.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[35] The largest group in the parliament elected in 2009 is the ANC, which gained 264 seats.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

There were 67 representatives of the Democratic Party (DA), 30 for the People's Congress (COPE) and 18 for the Inkatha Freedom Party.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[36] In 2014, the ANC's majority was reduced, but it is still the largest party.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Similarly, DA's number of votes increased.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The People's Congress lost considerably seats.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[37] The second chamber of Parliament is the Council of Provinces (), consisting of 54 permanent members and 34 special delegates.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Each province in the country sends 10 representatives to the Council, 6 of whom are permanent members and 4 are special delegates, headed by the head of the province or a member of the provincial Legislative Council appointed by the head of the head.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Local government representatives are also permitted to participate in the work of the council.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

However, they are not allowed to vote.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[35] The head of state of South Africa is a president elected from among himself by the National Assembly for a period of five years, no more than two consecutive terms.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Previously, the president was essentially a representative and ceremonial person, but in 1984, when the office of prime minister was abolished, the president was made the head of the government and thus has significant power, but unlike presidents in general, he is answerable to parliament.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

This makes South Africa's statesmanship exceptional.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The government consists of a president, a vice president and 25 ministers.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The vice president and ministers are appointed by the president and may also dismiss them.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Only two ministers can be elected from outside the National Assembly.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[35] Bills to the National Assembly may be proposed by ministers and deputy ministers or members of the National Assembly committee.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Any bill can be considered by the National Assembly.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In the Council of Provinces, draft laws may be made by its members or committees, and laws may only relate to certain matters defined by the Constitution.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Bills approved by the National Assembly are sent to the Council of Provinces, which can reject the Act or propose amendments to it.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

In these cases, the National Assembly must reconsider the law and may choose to override the Council of Provinces by a 2/3 majority.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[35] Constitutional amendments required a 2/3 majority in the National Assembly and the support of six provinces in the Council of Provinces.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Amending the first chapter of the Constitution, which defines the fundamental values of the state, requires a 75% majority.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[35] Politics South Africa has been governed since the first free elections in 1994 by an ANC-led coalition with a majority in the National Assembly and controls eight of the country's nine provinces.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The ANC has managed to increase its popularity, with 62.7% support in the 1994 elections, 66.35% in the 1999 election and 69.69% in the 2004 election.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[38] However, 13 different parties are represented in the country's parliament.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[39] After Nelson Mandela left politics before the 1999 election, Thabo Mbeki, who was re-elected in 2004, became president of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Mbeki was at odds with his former vice president Jacob Zuma, who was elected to the ANC leadership in December 2007.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

On September 20, 2008, at the insistence of the ANC party leadership, Mbeki agreed to resign from the office of president before the end of his term [40], after charges driven by Mbeki against Zuma had been dismissed in court.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country's acting president until elections in April 2009 was Kgalema Motlanthe [41], after which Mr Zuma ascended to the leadership of the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Jacob Zuma is accused of corruption, and the National Congress decided in February 2018 to dismiss him, but he demands a lengthy resignation, to which again the National Congress would not agree to.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[42] The ANC's main allies have been the trade union movement COSATU and the Communist Party of South Africa (SACP), which has participated in the country's parliamentary elections from ANC candidate lists.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Tensions developed in relations between the allies in the early 2000s as COSATU and SACP demanded greater influence in deciding the country's economic policies.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[43] Disagreements led to the creation of a new party, Congress of the People (COPE), in the autumn of 2008, when supporters of former President Thabo Mbeki resigned from the ANC.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[44] The party challenged the ANC in the 2009 election with a programme that relies on strong economic growth and support for business.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[44] The party declares itself to be social democratic and that it belongs to the left.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[45] The Democratic Alliance (DA), founded in June 2000, has emerged as the main opposition party in the country, which arose from the alliance of the Democratic Party and the New Nationalist Party.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The DA was chaired until spring 2007 by Tony Leon, former chairman of the Democratic Party.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The DA has sought to increase its popularity among the country's black population, but has so far been unsuccessful.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Its adherence comes mainly from the white middle class.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[43] Since 1994, South African politics have been moderate.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

White right-wing parties such as the Conservative Party and the openly racist Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) have become marginalised.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The Afrikaaner nationalist Freedom Front plus pushing for the establishment of the Boer Volkstate has also failed to garner significant support.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Pan-African PAC has also performed poorly in elections.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[43] The country has been experiencing increasing protests since 2004, mostly against local government.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Some of them have been violent [46].


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The unrest stems from, among other things, lack of basic services such as water and housing and the growing income disparity between rich and poor [47] Foreign policy During the apartheid regime The most central objective of South Africa's foreign policy was to defend and protect white supremacy perpetuating the political system.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

As a result of this policy, the country was sidelined from international politics and eventually ended up in what is known as “isolation diplomacy.”


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

South Africa was separated from the United Nations (UN) by racial ortho policy in 1974.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

After the 1994 elections, the situation changed, the country was accepted as a member of the UN and it took a central role in African politics.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Mandela said creating a new foreign policy was key to building a new and prosperous country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[27] [48] South Africa's new foreign policy highlights the importance of the African continent and the centrality of South Africa in the political and economic future of the continent.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Thabo Mbeki's administration has implemented this policy through, among other things, SADC ().


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The country also joined the Organisation of African Unity in 1994.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

It has also been actively seeking to participate in the mediation of crises on the continent, including in Burundi and Zaire.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

While South Africa has made international efforts to promote human rights and democracy, it has nevertheless found itself haggling over its idealism for realpolitik reasons.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

For example, it has not wanted to get involved in the Zaire and Nigerian crises to secure good relations with these countries and has recognised Communist China over Taiwan for economic reasons.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[48] Recently, South Africa has been criticized for its reluctance to address Zimbabwe's worsening crisis and President Robert Mugabe's regime.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[49] Provinces Prior to 1994, South Africa had four provinces under the Union of South Africa: the Transvaal Province and the Free State Province of Oranje from the former Boer Republics, and the Province of Natal and Kapmaan from the old British settlements province.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

On the basis of suurapartheid policy, an additional ten “homelands” of blacks, or Bantustans, were established in the country.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[50] After apartheid, the Bantustans were annexed back to South Africa and the country was divided into nine new provinces: Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, Northwest Province and Western Cape.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The provinces are very diverse in size: The smallest but densely populated Gauteng is only about 17000km² in area and the largest, arid as well as sparsely populated in the Northern Cape at about 362000km².


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The third smallest province in terms of area, KwaZulu-Natal has the highest number of people and Gauteng with the second highest number of people.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Provinces also differ linguistically.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

About 80% of the population in the Eastern Cape speak Xhosa and in KwaZulu an equal proportion speak Zulu.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

Afrikaans is the most spoken language in and around Cape Town.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[50] Each province has its own regional administration, where legislative power is exercised by parliament and executive power rests with the executive council and the head of the province.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The size of provincial parliaments ranges from 30 to 50 people, with members elected for five-year terms.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The terms of office of the head of the province are limited to two.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The members of the Executive Council, who act as the provincial government, are appointed by the head.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[50] Defence Forces The South African National Defence Force () consists of four types of weapons: the Land Force, the Air Force, the Navy, and the Medical Services.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The headquarters of the Defence Force is located in Pretoria.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

The commander of the Armed Forces is appointed by the President from one of the four types of weapons, and the Secretary of Defense acts as his superior.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[51] In the mid-1990s, the country's army consisted of 95,000 soldiers from the former South African Defence Force () and Bantustan Defence Forces and 27000 fighters from former resistance movements.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

From the integration of these forces, the country's new national defence forces emerged.


Question: What is the area of Etleä-Africa?

South Africa

[51] By 2001, the reorganisation of the Defence Force had been completed, leaving 87000 posts in the Defence Force.