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* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Northern Ireland unrest (, 'inconvenience') was a violent struggle between pro-Irish and pro-British people in Northern Ireland between 1968 and 1998.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The worst situation was 1969—1976.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Scattered violence is still occurring.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, but its Catholics long wanted to annex the territory as part of the Republic of Ireland [1].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Protestants, in turn, wanted to retain the territory they called Ulster as part of Great Britain.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Protestants discriminated against Catholics in areas such as politics, job search, division of posts and housing.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This took Catholics to civil rights marches in 1968.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Protestant extremist organizations responded to these by attacking the marchers, and fully Protestant police by breaking up the activists' demonstrations.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Catholics began rioting violently.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

When violence between Protestants and Catholics spread throughout the country in August 1968, Britain sent its troops to Northern Ireland.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Because of this, the IRA was truly activated, leading to an escalating cycle of violence between the two sides in the early 1970s.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At times, serious unrest became almost civil war.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Both Ulster activists and the IRA carried out devastating bomb attacks and armed attacks.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In some places, the IRA fought guerrilla warfare and was capable of killing a lot of police and soldiers.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Ulster activists massacred a large number of Catholic civilians.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

While there was a definite religious dimension to the crisis, it was not a war of faith.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In a cycle of retaliation between different entities, more than 3600 people were killed [1] and tens of thousands were wounded.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Background Normally the cause of violence in Northern Ireland is considered to be a dispute over whether the region belongs to the UK or Ireland.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The English took over Ireland centuries ago.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

To secure takeovers, English and Scots settled in Ireland.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Reformation turned England Protestant, but Ireland remained Catholicism.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The British occupying Ireland were colonial hosts who took for themselves the best farmland from the Irish.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Nationalism rose in Ireland in the 19th century.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Ireland seceded from Great Britain in 1923 to become its own free state after a bloody civil war.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Six counties in Northern Ireland remained outside Ireland.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

2/3 of the population of Northern Ireland were Protestants.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

These generally advocated the preservation of the territory they called Ulster as part of Britain.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

They are called unionists, the most strident pro-British loyalists.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Many, primarily Catholics supported the annexation of the territory to Ireland.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

They are usually referred to as nationalists.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The extreme edge of nationalists is said to be republicans.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

As early as the 1920s, the Catholic Irish Republican Army wanted to annex the area to Ireland.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At the beginning, the IRA fought against the Irish government, which had accepted the partition of Ireland, but later renounced it.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Another reason for the crisis was economic and social discrimination against Catholics by unionists.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Thus, there has been a strong religious charge involved in the crisis, even though religion has not been the actual cause of the crisis.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Unionists stayed in power by legislating the constituencies so that they gained a majority and thus power in their hands.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Businessmen had many votes.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Thus, at least the administration and parliament of the largest municipalities remained with the Unionists for fifty years.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police in Northern Ireland consisted purely of Protestants.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Protestants did not take Catholics into public offices or many jobs in trade and industry.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Catholics were Protestants three times more often unemployed and living in the worst areas.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

[2] This caused a large number of Catholics to move out of the country in the 1950s.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Unionist politician and Nobel laureate David Trimble called discrimination a “cold house for Catholics” [3] Between Protestants and Catholics remained cool.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA armed campaign and civil rights movement, the IRA began rearming in the early 1950s, but suffered divisions.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA began a guerrilla war at the end of 1956, attacking police stations in Northern Ireland.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The government responded to this “border war” by arresting hundreds of suspected IRA activists.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

IRA activity waned considerably already by 1958, but continued until early 1962.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Among other things, the IRA campaign was plagued by a lack of civilian support.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Even if the IRA's armed campaign failed, it further alienated unionists from Catholics.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The UPA was founded in 1956 by Protestant fundamentalists and loyalists, whose purpose was to defend Ulster against the IRA.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The party's founders later included well-known politicians Ian Paisley, Desmond Boal, Noel Doherty and Billy Spence.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In the 1960s, Catholics formed a civil rights organization that began the campaign in 1964.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

There were some Protestants in the civil rights movement, too.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Ulster activists Catholics celebrated the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rebellion in April 1966.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

It and the civil rights movement raised undue fear in unionists about the rise of the IRA and the desire to take retaliatory measures.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In April 1966, the staunchly anti-Catholic unionist Ian Paisley founded the Ulster Constitution Defence Committee and its paramilitary wing the UPV; Paisley said the IRA threatened to grow stronger again.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Paisley felt the Catholic Church got involved in politics, supporting the IRA.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Paisley also thought the moderate unionists sitting in government were too soft.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Around the same time, the Ulster Volunteer Force UVF was founded by the same people; in 1966, the Ulster Volunteer Force attacked IRA activists with firewood.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Demonstrations by Catholics and retaliation by police and loyalists The civil rights movement NICRA called for the correction of voting, recruitment and housing policies, and the abolition of the paramilitary B-Specials Special Police [4].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Terence O'Neill, a moderate unionist who emerged as Prime Minister, supported the changes but was met with a backlash from hardline unionist Conservatives such as Ian Paisley.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Thus O'Neill's government fell into the unpopularity of both strident Unionists and republicans.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Students were radicalised in Northern Ireland, too, in the “mad year” of 1968.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

DHAC-movement caravan resident John Wilson, who opposed Derry's housing policy, closed a road for 48 hours with his caravan.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The civil rights organization NICRA held its first march from Coalisland to Duncannon on August 24, 1968.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Although the marchers were stopped by police and counter-protesters known as Paisleyans showed up, yet this demonstration went peacefully.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Disregarding the government's ban, the next civil rights march took place in Derry on 5 October 1968.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Before the event could begin, police arrived at the scene.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police officers dispersed the illegal demonstration by beating demonstrators and bystanders men, women and children blindlessly with batons [5].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

100 persons were injured.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The targets of the violence included Labour MPs, of whom Gerry Fitt was carried with his head bleeding into an ambulance.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On the other hand, the rioters used incendiary bombs and set fire to the fire truck [6].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Later, the more drastic “People's Democracy” movement organized demonstrations.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 9 October, supporters of Ian Paisley stopped a demonstration in Belfast aimed at police brutality in Derry.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Paisley and Bunting and their supporters also turned up for a demonstration in Armagh on 30 November, but later found themselves detained for some time.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 4 December Loyalists and marchers clashed at Dungannon.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In November, Terence O Neill announced that he was acquiescing to some of the demands of the civil rights movement.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 4 January 1969, a march started by Catholic activists on New Year's Day 1969 from Belfast to Derry was ambushed.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

200 Loyalists, among them B-Specials absent from their work, used iron bars, sticks, bottles, stones, etc. In their attack on the bridge, 13 marchers were hospitalized.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The marchers felt the police did not intervene effectively in the events.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

There was another attack in the Protestant area of Derry.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police forced their way into the homes of Catholics in Derry's Bogside.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

There were riots in the following days especially in Derry and Newry.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Loyalist Bombs Loyalist organisations UVF and UPV carried out a number of bomb attacks in April 1969 with the intention of scrolling them to the cause of the IRA [7].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 19 April 1969, due to rioting, a Catholic was badly beaten in his home by police.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Her daughters were also targets of violence.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 14 June, a 67-year-old man, who died the next day, was beaten by police in the Dungiven street riots.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

He became the first fatality of the unrest.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

A moderate, O'Neill retired from the post of Prime Minister in April 1969.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

When the IRA began operating again in 1969, it had few old weapons at its disposal.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

[2] Derry and Belfast unrest 1969 Protestants organised a march of the “Apprentice Boys” fraternity in Derry on 12 August.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The route flanked from near the Irish Quarter of the Bogside.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Pro-Irish nationalists threw stones and nails at the marchers.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This led to rustles among nationalists and loyalists.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The low-numbered police were incapable and/or unwilling to prevent rioting.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Soon, incendiary bombs rained down on ill-equipped police from the roof, enough to the point that dozens of police officers sustained injuries.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Most of the Catholic Bogside rebelled.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police returned to the Bogside with armored vehicles, water cannons and CS gas.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Hundreds of nationalists pounced on the police so much that the riot lasted a couple of days.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On August 14, the police deployed reservist police officers equipped with firearms as “B-Specials” (USC), prompting fears of mass murder in Catholics.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In a few places, B-Specials fired at protesters.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Even Scarman's report, which defends the police action as appropriate but inadequate, cites the B-Specials' links to loyalists.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On the evening of the same day, the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland asked Great Britain for an army in Derry.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The army was ordered to distinguish between police and rioters.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Even then, Protestants generally regarded the army as neutral, only a few opposed that too.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At least 350 police officers were seriously wounded.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Soon after this, pro-Irish people staged protests in Belfast and elsewhere.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

What happened in Belfast was a pogrom against Catholics.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Some led to incidents with police and attacks on police stations.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Loyalists penetrated Protestant quarters, burning dozens of homes and business apartments.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Homes of Protestants were also destroyed.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

A few thousand people were driven away and/or fled.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Armed battles took place between nationalists and loyalists, as well as nationalists and police.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In some cases, the police supported loyalists e.g.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

by not showing up.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In one instance, police shelled a residential block from an armoured car with machine gun fire.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In a few places, police fired at the rioters.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Irish Prime Minister Jack Lynch blamed the Northern Ireland police.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

From 14 August, British troops were ordered to Derry, but these did not try to reach the Bogside, calming the riots.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland was assigned to the command of the British Army.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At Falls Curfew the Irish Republican Army now began to defend Catholic areas against Protestants violence.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA was able to block access to some areas, for example “Free Derry”.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Violence continued and increased from 1970 to 1972.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On 11 October, a couple of civilians defending Ulster were shot dead by police, and a British soldier was killed by a UVF activist.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In early June 1970, there was an incident dubbed the Falls Curfew, in which Protestant youths first threw guns at British soldiers seeking weapons among others.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

with stones.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

A minor incident escalated into a riot.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Activists from the Official IRA began throwing self-made hand grenades at soldiers.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Soon firefights were ongoing between British soldiers and some 60—90 members of the Official IRA.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The military continued to fire CS gas canisters.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Canisters went through roofs and windows into houses.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Civilians began to leave the area.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

After about four hours of fighting, the army blockaded an area of 3,000 dwellings for arrests.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The riot and gunfire continued for hours more and the final shots were fired the next morning.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The military searched about 1,000 homes and killed four civilians during the entire operation.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Sixty civilians and 15 soldiers were maimed.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The incident at Falls Curfew appreciably worsened the intervals between the Catholic working class and the British Army, and the army was no longer neutral.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

So the IRA increased its support among the working class.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On the other hand, the incident drove the Provisional and Official IRA into strife.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Official IRA accused the Provisional IRA of starting the firefight and leaving the Official IRA under attack by Army troops.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The following year, rival IRAs retaliated against each other with weapons.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In June 1971, two civilians and three soldiers were shot dead by the army, further exacerbating the crisis [8].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In August 1971, the Army began an extensive detention operation, which it referred to as “Operation Demetritus”.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This drove even moderately moderate nationalists away from cooperating with the state.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In December 1971, the Nationalists declared a region of Derry under self-government as “Free Derry”.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Bloody Sunday saw a significant increase in the popularity of the IRA when 2 young men were killed in one incident by British soldiers.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Eleven civilians were killed by British paratroops in 1971 at Ballmurphy in August.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Official IRA began carrying out its bombings of 1971 on 11 December 1971.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

On Blood Sunday, 30 January 1972, British paratroops at a civil rights demonstration in the Bogside of Derry shot at rioters fleeing from behind, killing 14 and wounding 13.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This provoked huge anger among the Irish and many new members joined the Provisional IRA.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Meanwhile, the Marxist, official IRA concluded a ceasefire, but still operated in 1973.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In 1972, the IRA began waging guerrilla warfare especially in South Armagh.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The British government attempted to negotiate with the Provisional IRA many times in 1972 and 1973.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Police, loyalist and army violence and operations against IRA-occupied territories drove the Provisional IRA to launch a bomb campaign in 1972.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Great Britain transferred direct control of Northern Ireland in 1972.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In the same year, the British Army recaptured “Free Derry” in “Operation Motorman”.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

But while the IRA sought to report these bombings to area residents by telephone, they often killed and wounded scores of bystanders.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Violence in Northern Ireland peaked in 1972, when 500 were killed, half civilians.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Ulster Defence League UDF came into being in response to IRA action.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

An attempt at the end of 1973 to create peace, the Sunningdale Agreement, fell to opposition from a unionist bloc led by Ian Paisley.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

1975 was one of the bloodiest.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Violence still killed hundreds in 1976.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The “Long War” IRA began carrying out bomb attacks in England in 1973 [9].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Convicted IRA activists were denied the rights of a political prisoner in 1976.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

As early as 1976, imprisoned IRA activists began a dirty protest toiling the walls of their cells with excrement.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Violence by guards was commonplace in Long Kesh Prison [10].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This protest eventually expanded into hunger strikes in which more than ten IRA activists were killed.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The most famous of these was Bobby Sands.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Many perpetrators of violence were sides and unlike the poor working class [11].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Various combat organizations e.g.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA, UDF and UVF were engaged in obtaining money e.g.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

by donations from foreign countries, legal transactions, collection of protection money, smuggling and other crime, and the enemies even cooperated with each other [12].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In the 1970s, the Irish Government's actions against the IRA were loose and the country did not effectively control its border with Northern Ireland [13].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

A saturation with violence began to appear in the ranks of both Protestants and Catholics in the mid-1970s.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In 1977, Gerry Adams of the IRA created a tactic in which the IRA operated both in politics and with arms as a “ballot and bullet" [14].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA smuggled goods across the border in one direction and another [15] in an effort to obtain money in this way.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Illegal border crossings were in a difficult area and too few customs authorities [16].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

When the military set up various roadblocks, the IRA cleaned them away.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Otherwise, there were problems with the enforcement of the law on both sides of the border due to the reluctance of the civil authorities [17].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

These provided no evidence to the security forces of the actions of suspected IRA members [17].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA held its lodge in the city of Dundalk in Ireland [16].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The towering Marxist INLA carried out many devastating bomb attacks in the early and mid-1980s.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA also continued its bomb campaign, as did loyalist factions.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Both acquire weapons from abroad.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The British Army secretly supported loyalist groups, advising these, among other things, on the selection of targets.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

This saved lives, but on the other hand, the military sometimes advised murdering the innocent as well.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The INLA broke in two in 1986 when the IPLO broke away from it.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The war between the two weakened the INLA decisively.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The IRA waged active guerrilla warfare in South Armegh in the early years of the 1990s.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Peace Process Great Britain and Ireland began pushing for a political settlement [18].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Thatcher government agreed in 1985 on the status of Northern Ireland.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

By the early 1990s, support for extremist organisations began to decline on both sides, although discrimination against Catholics continued in employment [19].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Sinn Fein's Gerry Adams and the SDLP's John Hume initiated a peace initiative in 1993 [20] [21].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The process was significantly promoted by Irish Prime Minister Albert Reynolds [22], who persuaded the republicans away from violence and into negotiations.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In the early 1990s, the UDA and UVF accelerated the killing of Catholic civilians.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

There was a temporary ceasefire for some time as early as 1994.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In 1998, a tentative agreement was reached.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

The Provisional IRA ceased its armed activities in 2005 and disbanded itself in 2008.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Fragmented violence Even as old-knee activists made peace, some small extremist groups still continued violence.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

These included the Real IRA and Continuity IRA, as well as some loyalist organisations.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Partly these were merely criminal organisations fighting each other over areas of activity [23].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

At times violence continued for days at a time in Belfast [24].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Parties to the war The war has been fought by various terrorist organisations, including the nationalist IRA (Irish Republican Army) and unionist/loyalist UVF (Ulster Volunteer Forces) and UDA (Ulster Defence Association).


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

In addition, the RUC (Royal Ulster Constabulary), the paramilitary police of Northern Ireland, as well as the British armed forces, have also participated in the war.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Victims of Ireland's unrest since the 1960s until 2001 have claimed 3523 casualties.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Of these, most lost their lives in Northern Ireland, but unrest elsewhere in Europe has claimed casualties as well.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Apart from Ireland, the most victims have come in Britain.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Deaths due to unrest from 1969 to 2001 to 2055 by republican groups (e.g.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

IRA) on account of 1020 unionist/loyalist groups (e.g.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

UVF and UDA) due to 368 British and Irish security officials due to 80 unknown factors Backgrounds of victims 1857 civilians 1121 members of the security forces (mainly UK Army soldiers and RUC police officers) 394 members of the republican forces 151 members of unionist/loyalist forces Most casualties are claimed by unrest in Belfast and the counties of Armagh and Tyrone [25].


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Victims annually [26] Other victims, torts etc.


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adams, James| title = Terrorism| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1987| version = (The financing of terror, 1986.)


Question: Are Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland in contention?

Unrest in Northern Ireland

Translated by Ilkka Rekiaro| id = ISBN 951-1-09369-X}} Implacable, Simopekka Nuortamo, Otava 1991, ISBN 951-1-11586-3 Sources on the topic elsewhere * Category:Politics of Northern Ireland Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Henry George “Harry” Ferguson (4 November 1884 — 25 October 1960) was an Irish engineer and inventor, best known for his achievements as a developer of the modern tractor.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In addition, he was the first Irishman to produce his own aircraft and fly it, and he is also known for being a motorsport couple.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The first four-wheel-drive Formula One class racing car, the Ferguson P99, was developed by Ferguson Research Ltd.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

by.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Today, his name lives on in the context of the Massey Ferguson brand.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Biography Beginning of a career Harry Ferguson was born into an eleven-child farming family in Growell, near the town of Dromore, in County Down, Northern Ireland.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

[1] In 1902, Harry moved from the farm to work for a company owned by his brother Joe, engaged in maintenance and repairs of bicycles and automobiles.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

While working as a mechanic, he gained a spark for aeronautics, inspired by the entourages that organised air shows, he gained a spark for aviation.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In 1904, he began racing on a motorcycle.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Aviation Harry Ferguson became the first Irishman to fly by plane and the first person to take to the Irish skies when, on 31 December 1909, he boarded a flight in a single-plane aircraft he had made himself.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Powered by the aircraft was powered by a 35-horsepower J.A.P. engine.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

[2] [3] Agricultural Equipment Design After drifting into disagreements with his brother over the safety and future of flying, Harry decided to continue developing flying on his own.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

He tested his aircraft further during 1911 and 1912 until abandoning its further development.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Harry had founded May Street Motor Co in 1911, which sold Maxwell, Star and Vauxhall passenger cars as well as Overtime tractors.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In 1912, the company's name was changed to Harry Ferguson Limited.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Harry Ferguson sought to eliminate the problems that arose when using a tractor and plough like a horse-drawn plow, separate from each other.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

He introduced in 1917 from Ford's T-model a modified autotractor called the Ford Eros.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Ferguson and the engineer Willie Sands, who assisted him, purpose-designed a fitting, unbuttressed plow called the “Belfast plough” to the stern of Eros.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The invention gained fair popularity and it competed for market share against the Fordson F tractor.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The importation of Fordson F from the United States to Ireland had just begun and in a couple of years its manufacture in Cork, Ireland, would start.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

This took the groundwork away from the plow switching device developed by Ferguson.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Ferguson was not discouraged by this; instead, he and Willie Sands designed a series of modifications to connect the ploughing plough designed to the stern of the Eros to the stern of the Fordson F.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The equipment had been developed from the original so that the use of the plow could be controlled from the tractor's driver bunk.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In 1919 Ferguson was hired to work by the Irish Department of Agriculture.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

His role was to promote the introduction of tractors in Irish agriculture and, accordingly, the enhancement of the country's food production.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

[4] Ferguson's view was that tractors and ploughs were still too heavy and clunky, to be effective on small columns.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

[4] He continued with his team to develop the plow and traction device into a more functional form.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In 1920, Ferguson made his first visit to the United States, demonstrating a plow coupling device developed by his team to Henry Ford.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

This provided employment in his company for Ferguson, but Harry decided to remain an independent operator and set up his own manufacturing plant to manufacture his ploughs.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

[5] During 1922, Ferguson made two trips to the United States and both times entered into an agreement to start production of Ferguson ploughs, but both projects tapered off without result.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In 1925, Ferguson entered into an agreement to manufacture plows with businessman brothers Eber and George Sherman and as a result, Ferguson-Sherman Inc was established in Indiana, USA.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

company.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The Shermans were Henry Ford's credit men and Eber Sherman held possession of e.g.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

There's US-wide representation of Fordson tractors.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The company of Ferguson and Shermans manufactured a Duplex coupling device with mechanical lift and landing on the stern of the Fordson F model.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Its advantage, in addition to lightness, was that as the plow became entangled in an obstacle, it could be lightened upward by moving.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

This reduced the risk of crashing around the tractor if the plow sticks to the barrier or the drag resistance grows dirt due to soil tightness.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

A mechanical three-point lift device, or Ferguson System, was further developed from this, which was patented in 1926.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The first version of the hoisting device was “wrong facing” relative to the existing ones, i.e.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

there was one mechanical thrust arm at the bottom and two traction arms at the top, but soon Ferguson reversed the order the other way.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

This device was downright revolutionary in farming work.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Instead of simply hauling equipment intended to modify the ground, their working height could now be regulated according to the need and changes in operating conditions.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Operations of the Ferguson-Sherman company ceased in 1928 when Ford ceased manufacturing Fordson tractors in the United States.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In the same year, the first Ulster TT motorcycle races were held.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Harry Ferguson had a great stake in bringing about these contests.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

After Ferguson Black Harry Ferguson completed the development of the three-point lifter, he needed a lightweight tractor where the “Ferguson System” could reach its rights.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

He felt that the best way forward was to design and manufacture his own tractor model.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Only then would the same device be able to combine the characteristics that he saw necessary in the tractor.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

This development resulted in the prototype Ferguson “Black” (the designation comes from the all-black coloring of the tractor), introduced in 1933.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

[6] The tractor was powered by an American four-cylinder Hercules engine.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The gearbox, transmission and steering gear were a manufacture of the British company David Brown and Sons.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Ferguson Black was the parent mother of the modern tractor, with its hydraulic three-point lift equipment, traction resistance equalisers and automatic depth adjustments.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Ferguson-Brown tractors In the years following the demonstration of the prototype “Black” in 1933, Harry Ferguson pandered to problems with the hydraulics system.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In 1935 these had been resolved and serial production of the Ferguson Model A tractor might begin.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

To this end, Ferguson entered into a co-operation agreement with the Yorkshire-based machinist David Brown, under which Dawid Brown would start manufacturing tractors at his Huddersfield factory and Harry Ferguson Ltd.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

would take care of their sale.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The brand of tractors was Ferguson-Brown.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In 1937, the sale and production of tractors was merged under the newly formed Ferguson-Brown Tractors Ltd company.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The first 550 pieces of the Ferguson Model A tractor were fitted with the Coventry Climax L engine, which gave it a power of around 20 horsepower.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Subsequently, Coventry Climax redesigned its tools and David Brown Ltd.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

bought the previous ones, in order to manufacture thisfrom now on the engines themselves.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Before leaving the factory, the engine of each completed tractor was tested to ensure correct and adequate engine power and the bare metal surfaces were checked for rust before a “Ferguson grey” paint finish was sprayed over them.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The selling price of the basic version of the tractor, excluding additional equipment, was £224 in 1936 (in modern coinage approx.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

£13,000), on top of this a plowing plow priced at £26 (in modern coinage approx.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

As a comparison, at the same time, Fordson paid only £140 (in modern coinage approx.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

This fact, together with the low economy, meant that sales readings were comparatively low.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Between 1936 — 1938, 1350 units were completed.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Despite aggressive sales activity, machines went into trade at a rate of only 15 — 20 pieces per week and in 1937 unsold machines began piling up in the company yard.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

[7] The Brown-Ferguson collaboration ended in January 1939 when DB brought its own high-performance tractor to market and Ferguson in turn entered into a production agreement with Henry Ford.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Contract with Ford In October 1938, Ferguson presented his latest tractor at Dearborn to Henry Ford and the men made their famous “hand on” contract.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Ferguson had the latest plans and patents for his tractor in his trip.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Based on these, the Ford-Ferguson 9N was developed, which was presented to the world on June 29 in 1939.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Under the 1938 agreement, manufacturing of the Ferguson tractor should also have begun in England, at Ford Ltd's plants in Dagenham, Essex.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

However, the company was reluctant to put the Ferguson machine into production alongside the Fordsons.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

So Ford of Britain did not produce any tractors of the 9N/2N model, but it did import them from the United States.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Henry Ford's grandson, Henry Ford II, severed the cooperation agreement with Ferguson on 30 June 1947.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

However, Ford continued to use the three-point lift device in its new 8N tractor model, but without the “Ferguson System” name.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Since Ferguson's patent was still valid, he sued Ford Motor Company, for unauthorized manufacture of a device he designed.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The court issued its ruling on the matter in April 1952 and in it ordered Ford Motor Company to pay Harry Ferguson $9 million ($76.8 million in today's money), in compensation for patent infringements.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

A lawsuit against the giant machinery, however, cost Ferguson half that amount, plus a loss of health.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Grey Fergu During World War II, the British Standard Motor Company had built a factory on Banner Lane, Coventry, producing aircraft engines.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

By the end of the war, this factory with a surface area of 93,000 m2 was almost idle and the head of Standard Motor, Sir John Black, frantically searched for new operations under its roofs.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Harry Ferguson's interest was precisely this type of industrial facility and the two entered into an agreement to start production of Ferguson tractors.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

As before, Harry Ferguson was responsible for the design, development, sales and organization of the maintenance organisation, with Standard Motor Company acting as responsible for tractor manufacturing.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

As the first output of the new consortium, the Ferguson TE20 (TE = Tractor England) emerged, the first of which rolled out of the Banner Lane production line on 6 July 1946.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

“Little Fergu” or “Grey Fergu” by which the names tractor we used to know in Finland was a significant milestone, not only for Ferguson but for the entire agricultural sector at all.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The first versions were powered by the American 1966 cm3 Continental Z-120, but when the 2088 cc engine developed for the Standard Vanguard passenger car entered the market in September 1947, this was introduced in the TE20 in June 1948.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

By 1953, 517,651 pieces of Ferguson TE20 tractor were being produced at the Banner Lane mills.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In the middle stages of 1953, Harry Ferguson Ltd merged with Massey Harris Company Ltd, a Canadian manufacturer of agricultural machinery and tractors, to form the Massey-Harris-Ferguson company.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The company continued to produce tractors under both the Massey-Harris and Ferguson brands until December 1957, when the company's name was changed to Massey-Ferguson.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The first joint product of the Massey-Harris-Ferguson company was the Ferguson FE35, or “Goldbelly”, introduced in October 1956.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

At the end of 1957, the tractor's badge changed to Massey-Ferguson and the color to red.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Harry Ferguson died of an overdose of barbiturates at his home in Stow-on-the-Wold, Gloucestershire, in 1960.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

It remained undetermined whether this was damage or a deliberate act.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Ferguson tractors in Finland Ferguson began to be imported by Farming Oy, a subsidiary of Korpivaara Oy.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The first grey British tractors were brought to Finland in the autumn of 1948 and the breakthrough began immediately.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Demand exceeded supply in many coefficients.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

There were so many willing buyers that thousands had to wait for their own grey fergua for a long time.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The tractor intake was indeed under a rock and the Ferguson dreams of many farms had to be scrapped.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

For these farms, one had to purchase another tractor, for example Zetor.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Zetors were received with shorter queuing time and the number of “Zetkajengi” also increased at a dizzying rate.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

In an instant, Ferguson harped into our nation's second great sign alongside Fordson.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

When talking about gray Fergusons, only and specifically the tractors of the TE-20 series are meant.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The original color is called navy gray.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

The paint surface is not glossy, although these are sometimes restored even in the museum register.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

[8] See also Ferguson-Brown Massey-Ferguson Ferguson Research Ltd.


Question: What was Harry Ferguson's first racing car?

Harry Ferguson

Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Category:Aviation History Category:Engineers Category:Irish Persons Category:Tractors Category:Those born in 1884 Class:Those who died in 1960


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

Konnivesi is a lake in the Kymijoki watershed along the lake route of the early part of the Kymijoki River.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The lake is located in the borderlands of the provinces of Päijät-Häme and Kymenlaakso in the area of the municipalities of Heinola


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The waters of Päijänne, the main lake of the Kymijoki river basin, fall through the Kalkkinen canal and rapids and the River Ruotsalainen to Konnivete and from there on to Jaalan Pyhäjärvi.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The northern branch of Konnivesi descends the waters from Räveli through Sulkavankoski, a village in Heinola church village.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

Konnavesi has an area of about 50km² and a volume of 0.72 km³.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The elevation above sea level is 77 meters.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The shoreline on the lake is more than 300 km.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The villain water averages 14 feet deep.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

At its maximum, it has a depth of 53.08 meters.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The village water can be characterised as a typical barren and low-nutrient medium-sized lake with several islands, narrow coves and headlands.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The maximum length is about 20km.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

There are rock paintings in the southern part of the lake.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The water in the western branch of Konnavesi, or from Heinola, is not naturally clean due to Heinola industry and other emissions.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

However, the water today is considerably cleaner than it was a couple of three decades ago.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

Water coming from the North Fork of the lake is of premium quality.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

Boating on the southeast corner of Konnivesi is the village of Vuolenkoski, part of the municipality of Iiti.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

Vuolenkoski Power Station closes the possibility of using Kymijoki as a boating route for the time being.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

A couple of kilometres northeast of Vuolenkoski is the western mouth opening of the Kimola Canal.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The canal is not yet accessible by boats because it has only equipment suitable for lifting clog bundles which has now been dismantled and work is continuing to make the boatway open [1] Tourist circles have hoped to make the canal suitable for boating, allowing Konnivede to reach Pyhäjärvi and on Kuusankoski.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

Konnivesti has official shipping routes along the intervals between Heinola, Vuolenkoski and Sulkavankoski.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

In summer, commercial traffic runs on the lake.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

The lake has only been created for the nautical chart in recent years.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

Instead, a sea map of Sweden west of Heinola has been available for nearly 100 years.


Question: Are there five major islands in Konnwater?

Konnywater

Sources Category:Konnivesi Region Category:Heinola Lakes Category:Lakes of Iiti


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Mafia, also known as Cosa nostra (), is a secret society and criminal organisation founded in Sicily, currently active specifically in Italy and the United States.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Since the 1930s, the Mafia has been among the largest and most influential criminal organizations in the world and is today the most organised and powerful criminal organisation in the world.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The American and Sicilian Mafia share a similar basic structure, but they are separate organisations with only links related to blood kinship and business [1].


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The term The word mafia originally meant a trait in the Palermo dialect that includes' beauty ',' courage 'and 'self-reliance'.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Persons with mob affiliations were mafiosos.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The word began to receive nuances referring to crime with the advent of a play written in Sicilian dialect about the mafiosos of the Vicarian prison (I mafiusi di la Vicaria, 1863).


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The play was about Palermoan prisoners who belonged to a criminal organization.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Not much is known about the writers who were part of the meandering theatre troupe, but the play's information was based, according to the narration, on the inside information of a tavern keeper involved in crime.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Mafia word is not used in the text at all, and the mafiosot word in name only.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

However, with the popularity of the play, words began to be used to describe them about criminals.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[2] The first written use of the word is in a secret report by Palermo Prefect Filippo Antonio Gualterio to the Italian Minister of the Interior in 1865.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The designation spread into general use when the report was made public.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[3] The term Mafia is commonly used for other criminal organisations, for example the Russian Mafia, even if they have nothing to do with the original Mafia.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Mafia as an organization The Mafia's activities resemble password clubs.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

In the Mafia, members swear to obey omertà, which the Code of Conduct requires, for example, to remain silent during police interrogations.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

A member of the Mafia is referred to as a mafioso or, within the mafia, a man of honour (uomo d'onore).


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Mafia members often come from poor conditions because joining the Mafia has provided them with the opportunity to gain asylum and success in life.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Mafia might also reward its loyal members, for example, by getting them an upscale job.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

You cannot resign from the Mafia, and for all members, breaking the rules is invariably followed by death.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

A mafioso who has become an apostate, or pentito, is often the victim of assassination, and sometimes the Mafia may also take revenge on the very distant relatives of the informant, even if they were not even aware of the existence of their criminal kin, let alone have been able to influence this. to do.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

In Italy, the Mafia has organised themselves as “clans” by family municipalities, rivalry between which has at times culminated in violent “mafia wars”.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Within clans, a strict hierarchical order of precedence prevails, where the ordinary rank member is a “soldier” and the head of about ten soldiers is the “captain”.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Occasionally, a regular soldier may also have under his command a gang of dozens of petty criminals not part of the Mafia.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The de facto chief of the Italian Mafia is capo di tutti capi, or “chief of the chiefs,” the last known of which was Bernardo Provenzano, arrested in 2006.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Provenzano is a typical example of publicity-avoiding mafia chiefs, as he managed to hide from the authorities for 34 years.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

In the mafias of other states, the status of capo di tutti capi does not exist, which is why their activities are much more fragmented and loosely organised than in the Italian mafia.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

At the head of the US Mafia are the Mafia families of Bonnano, Colombo, Genovese, Gambino and Lucchese, or the so-called five families.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Mafia's activities are based on well-organised crime and today earns most of its income from usury, share trades, gambling, drug trafficking and prostitution.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Mafia has been a “state in a state” in Italy because of its involvement in political decision-making and acquired property by embezzling money from the country's government and the European Union.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

In Italy, the influence of the Mafia is largely due to the fact that the Italian government downplayed the extent of Mafia activity until the early 1980s.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

In Italy, Mafia fraternal organizations include the 'Ndrangheta of the province of Calabria, Sacra Corona Unita of the Apulia region and the Camorra of the Naples region.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Occasionally, the term mafia is used as a generic term for Italian organized crime or organised crime in general.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

In the United States, the Mafia has controlled value properties, disrupted federal police FBI operations and obtained revenue illegally through Las Vegas casinos.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Mafiosos have bribed police chiefs and government officials to prevent them from participating in anti-mafia activities.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

U.S. Mafia activity is concentrated in the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Detroit and Chicago.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

In 1986, US officials released a report that the US Mafia includes an estimated 1700 members and thousands of collaborators.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Mafia in Italy Early stages Mafia emerged in the 1860s when Sicily was annexed to the newborn Kingdom of Italy.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Italians themselves initially believed that the phenomenon would have arisen as early as the Middle Ages and assumed that it would disappear when Sicily was modernised.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[4] The Mafia was born in the neighbourhood of Palermo in the western regions of Sicily, where trade had brought prosperity.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Its emergence was especially influenced by the rapidly increasing citrus production of Sicily.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Organised crime benefited from farming, as it was able to extort protection money from farmers by threatening to sabotage sensitive plantations.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[5] Landowners were persuaded to launder mafiosos as farm managers, guards, and brokers of products.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Mafia established cartels and monopolies through violence.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[6] During fascism in the 1930s, Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini launched a campaign against organised crime, granting the prefect of Sicily, Cesare Mori, the authority to eradicate all Mafia activities in Sicily.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Under exceptional laws, Mori ordered the Sicilian police and members of paramilitary organizations of the fascist party Partito Nazionale Fascista to conduct house searches of the residences of criminals suspected of being mafiosi and obtain information from them about Mafia activities.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

On January 1, 1926, the Sicilian police force occupied the town of Gang, which had previously been one of the main establishments of the Mafia in Sicily.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Fascists arrested thousands of mafiosos and held trials for them in which criminals found guilty were sentenced to death or imprisonment.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

On July 16, 1929, Mussolini announced that the campaign had ended and Mori was declared a national hero.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The fascists thought they had defeated the mafia once and for all, but in reality a large group of mafiosos fled across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

After the Italian Mafia War in the 1970s, the chiefs of the Sicilian Mafia clans began fighting among themselves for power, eventually leading to the assassination of the influential mafioso Stefano Bontade on 23 May 1981.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Two weeks after Bontade's death, his ally Salvatore Inzerillo was murdered by hitman Giuseppe Greco, who worked for Mafia chief Salvatore Riina.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Bontade and Inzerillo assassinations triggered a mafia war in Sicily between 1981 and 1983, in which possibly as many as hundreds of Mafiosi were killed.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The best-known of the victims of hitmen recruited by mafiosos included hitman Filippo Marchese, wanted by authorities, and Rosario Riccobono, a member of the Sicilian Mafia Council.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Sicily's Mafia clans were greatly weakened, with the exception of Salvatore Riina's criminal organization, which by 1983 had become the most influential mafia clan in Sicily.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Around 1978, Salvatore Riina declared war against the Italian state and began organizing assassinations of Italian authorities.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Riina ordered the killing of several Italian police chiefs, lawyers, judges and politicians, including Carabinieri general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, Palermo police chief Boris Guiliano, lawyer Rocco Chinnici, judge Cesare Terranova and Italian Communist Party President Pio La Torre.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

In 1983, however, Italian police officers arrested mafioso Tommaso Buscetta, who began as the first member of the Italian Mafia as an apostate, or pentito.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Using his knowledge, Italian authorities began a lengthy trial between 1986 and 1987 in which as many as 360 of the 474 mafiosos who were accused were sentenced to imprisonment for serious crimes.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Even a few years later, however, most of the accused had been forced to go free.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Modernity In 1992, assassins working under Salvatore Riina killed Judge Giovanni Falcone and later his associate Paolo Borsellino, who had been part of the great mob trial of the late 1980s to the main fixers.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The murders of Falcone and Borselino provoked great shock among Italians, and the Italian government launched a new campaign to subdue the Mafia.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

On January 15, 1992, Italian police received an anonymous tip that allowed Riina to be arrested in Palermo.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

He was sentenced to life in prison on charges of more than 100 murders and was transferred to a maximum-security prison so he could not lead the mob behind bars.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Bernardo Provenzano, who once worked as a hitman for mafioso Luciano Liggio, who was arrested on 11 April 2006, was chosen as the new Mafia chief.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Despite Provenzano's arrest, the Italian mafia remains a strong organization.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Provenzano's successor is believed to have been Matteo Messina Denaro, who has been wanted since 1993.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

On December 16, 2008, Italian police arrested a hundred people in a grand operation in Sicily and Tuscany on suspicion of rearranging the Cosa nostra.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[7] In December 2009, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi pledged to defeat the Mafia by 2013.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[8] Prior to this, in 2009, there had been major mafia arrests in Italy since 2008.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[9] In Italy, Mafia activities include drug trafficking, gambling, human trafficking and money laundering and illicit investments in the construction industry.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The Mafia has links to political parties in Italy.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[10] The most lucrative business is the drug business.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Also big are usury, protection money, arms trafficking, prostitution and construction.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

[11] The US Mafia The US Mafia is a separate organisation from the Italian Mafia, although they have been much in contact with each other.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The American Mafia began in the 1880s as a criminal organization known as the Black Hand, whose members were Italian emigrants who had immigrated to the United States.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

The US mafia is at its most widespread in New York, Chicago, Boston, Detroit, Buffalo and New Jersey.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ahtokivi, Ilkka| title = So we decided to kill him: Mafia history| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-1-13072-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dickie, John| title = Cosa Nostra: History of the Sicilian Mafia| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2008| version = (Cosa Nostra: A history of the Sicilian Mafia, 2004.)


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Translated by Ruth Jakobson| id = ISBN 978-951-20-7584-3}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Falcone, Giovanni| title = Cosa Nostra: Judge and Men of Honor| location = Helsinki| publisher = Artemisia| year = 1995| version = Submitted by Marcelle Padua.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Workgroup| id = ISBN 951-97294-0-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Forgione, Francesco| title = Mafia export: How Cosa Nostra, Camorra and 'Ndrangheta have conquered the world| location = Helsinki| publisher = Atena| year = 2011| version = (Mafia: export: Come ' 'ndrangheta, cosa nostra e camorra hanno colonizzato il mondo, 2009.)


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Translated by Taru Nyström| id = ISBN 978-951-796-753-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Glenny, Misha| title = McMafia: Journey to the International Underworld | location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2008| version = (McMafia Crime: Crime without frontiers, 2008).


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Translated by Jouko Vanhanen| id = ISBN 978-951-31-3198-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lunde, Paul| title = Organised crime| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2004| version = (Organized crime: An inside guide to the world's most successful industry, 2004.)


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

English translation: Taina Nieminen| id = ISBN 951-20-6637-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saviano, Roberto| title = Gomorrah: Mafia Realm| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2007| version = (Gomorrah: Viaggo nell'impero economic| ico e nel sogno di dominio della camorra, 2006.)


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Translated by Hannimari Heino| id=ISBN 978-951-0-33186-6}} On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Is there Mafia activity in Sicily?

mafia

* Category:Italian words and sayings Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Valentin-Louis-Georges-Eugène-Marcel Proust or Marcel Proust (10 July 1871, Auteuil — 18 November 1922, Paris) was a French writer.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

He was one of the most prominent literary modernists of the 20th century.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

His best-known work is the multi-part novel Seeking a Lost Time (À la recherche du temps perdu).


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Biographer Proust was born in Auteuil near Paris into the family of the famous physician and epidemiologist Achille Adrien Proust.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Proust's mother was Jewish and his father Catholic.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Proust was baptized as a Catholic, but he did not practice religion.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Proust spent his childhood summers in Illiers, who appears in the Lost Time Seeking series under the name Combray.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

[1] Proust had his first asthma attack at the age of nine and had little to die from it.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

After this, his state of health remained fragile.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Proust served at the age of 18 in the Army, but was found unfit for field duties and transferred to the General Staff for writing jobs.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

There, his long curly sentences caused annoyance.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

[2] Proust spent the last two decades of his life almost bedridden due to asthma and extreme sensitivity of his skin and abdomen.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Main work Searching for a Lost Time The seven-part major novel Looking for a Lost Time is considered one of the most significant works of the 20th century.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

The first edition appeared in 1913—1927.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

The first four volumes of the novel appeared during Proust's lifetime.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

The last three volumes were nearly complete when the writer died, and appeared after Proust's death, edited by his brother.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Works Portraits de femmes Les plaisirs et les jours, 1896 À la recherche du temps perdu, 1913—1927, Finland.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

In Search of Lost Time Du côté de chez Swann, 1913, Finland. Swann's road À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleur, 1918, Finland. In the shadow of the girls bursting into flower Le côté de Guermantes, 1920, Finland. Guermantes Road Sodome et Gomorrhe, 1922, Finland. Sodom and Gomorrah I-II La prisonnière, 1923, Finland. Prisoner Albertine disparue, 1925, Finnish.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Pakenija Le temps retrouvé, 1927, Finland. Rediscovered time Pastiches et mélanges, 1919 Contre Sainte-Beuve, 1954, Finland.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Objection to Sainte-Beuve, translated by Martti Anhava.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

in 2003.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Jean Santeuil, 1954 (missed) Dinner guest and other stories; Finnish. Annikki Suni.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

1983 Sources Literature André Maurois, Marcel Proust, Finland. Inkeri Tuomikoski.


Question: Where was Marcel Proust born?

Marcel Proust

Otava, 1984 ISBN 951-1-07972-7 2nd p. 2007 ISBN 978-951-1-21595-0 On the topic elsewhere (in French) in the Gutenberg project Category:Marcel Proust Category:Born in 1871 Class:Dead in 1922 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The Hague (or S-gravenhage) is a Dutch administrative town in the west of the country on the shores of the North Sea.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

[1] The official capital of the country is Amsterdam.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

519988 people live in The Hague (1.1.2016) [2], about 700000 in the whole metropolitan area.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

It is the third largest city in the country after Amsterdam and Rotterdam.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The Hague covers an area of 100 square kilometers.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

[3] The Parliament of the Netherlands in The Hague comprise the Eerste Kamer and the Tweede Kamer, i.e., the First and Second Chambers.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

King Willem-Alexander also lives and works in The Hague.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

[4] Also all foreign embassies and government ministries are located in the city, as are the Supreme Court and many lobbying organizations.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The emblem of the city of The Hague is the roof heron.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

[3] Name The official name of the town is 's-Gravenhage, but the abbreviated form (Den) The Hague is commonly used.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

[3] History of the development of the number of inhabitants of The Hague 1796:413001830:561001849:636001879:1135001899:2060001925:3945001970:5500001990:4413272000:4410972004:4695682016:519,988 The Hague was founded in 1248 William II, Count of Holland and King of Germany.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

He began castle building work in the woods near the sea, where he planned to live after becoming crowned Emperor of the Holy German-Roman Empire.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

However, he died in battle before he could be crowned.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

His castle was never completed, but parts of the building still exist.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

These parts are today referred to as the Ridderzaal (Hall of the Knights).


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

Ridderzaal is still used at political events.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

After William II, the Counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The more powerful Dutch cities such as Leiden, Delft and Dordrecht were forced to accept the then small and insignificant Hague as their administrative centre.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

This practice remained in effect, and even today, The Hague is the administrative centre of the Netherlands, but not the official capital.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

To keep The Hague small, it was not allowed the construction of city walls.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

This is why the city lacks the old town typical of other Dutch cities.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

When the construction of the walls would finally be allowed in the 16th century, residents decided to spend the money on the walls rather than the town hall.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

However, during the Eighty Years' War, the absence of walls allowed Spanish troops to occupy The Hague easily.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

City rights The Hague did not gain until the French occupation in 1806.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

After 1850, the government began to play a more significant part in Dutch society, and Hague began to grow strongly.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The old parts of the city are mostly from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The town suffered much damage in World War II.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

After the war, the town became a huge construction site.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The city expanded heavily to the southwest.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

Areas destroyed in the war were quickly rebuilt.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

In 1970, the population peaked at 550,000 persons.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

In the 1970s and 1980s, much of the white middle class moved to surrounding towns, among others Voorburg, Leidschendam, Rijswijk and especially Zoetermeer.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

As a result, the midtown squalid and the suburbs flourished.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

In the 1990s, Hague, with the support of Parliament, succeeded in annexing large areas of neighbouring cities within itself.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

New neighbourhoods were built and are still being built in these areas.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

Geography and climate The Hague is located on the shores of the North Sea.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The borough of Scheveningen to the northwest of the centre and Kijkdui in the southwest are the centres of beach life in the area.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The Hague has a maritime climate and the weather is often grey and drizzly; especially in spring and autumn.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The warmest month is August, but even then the average top temperature is only slightly above 20 degrees.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The coldest is in February.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

[5] Economy The headquarters of oil company Shell (Royal Dutch Shell) is in The Hague.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

Similarly, the headquarters of KPN (Dutch national telephone company), AEGON (insurance company) and TPG (postal and logistics company) are located there.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

United Nations The Hague is the headquarters of many UN organisations: International Court of Justice International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia or Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-YouGoslavie) Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Sports The city's football club is ADO Den Haag.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

The Hague also has a club in American football, Den Hague Raiders 99.


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

Famous Haguese athletes have included Richard Krajicek (tennis, Wimbledon winner), Dick Advocaat (football coach), Raymond van Barneveld (darts) and Bart Veldkamp (speed skating, Olympic champion).


Question: What is the population of The Hague?

Hague

Sources on the topic elsewhere (in Dutch) * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

History of Estonia refers to the history of the territory currently belonging to the Republic of Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonia received human settlement more than 10000 years ago.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the 13th century, Estonian territory was subjugated to the rule of the Teutonic Order.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

After the dissolution of the Teutonic Order in the 16th century, the territory of Estonia ended up, after wars that brought great destruction, first under the rule of the Swedish Empire and then by the Russian Empire.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Estonia gained independence in 1918, but was annexed as part of the Soviet Union in 1940.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The Republic of Estonia regained its independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Prehistory Stone Age Estonia's earliest known human habitation was found in 1967 in southwestern Estonia near Sind in the village of Pulli.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

It dates from the period 9000—8000 BCE.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The period between the colonisation of the pulli and the entry of earthenware pots between 9000—4900 BCE.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

is called mesolith time.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

At that time, the Kunda culture prevailed in the area, named after the abode found in Kunda's Lammashill.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The earliest inhabitants may have left words related to the environment, such as mets, mägi and soo in the Estonian language.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Nourishment was obtained mainly by hunting.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[1] Seal catchers spread settlement from the mainland to the islands.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Saaremaa was inhabited around 5800 BCE.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

and Hiiumaa shortly thereafter [2].


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

With the advent of pottery 4900 BCE.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

began the Neolithic period.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In this case, the Narva culture prevailed in the region, which was replaced by the comb ceramic culture between 4150—3200 BCE.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[3] The combed ceramic period also developed farming, of which the first signs date back to 4000 BCE.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

However, farming and animal husbandry intensified only with the advent of the tightrope culture in 3200 BCE.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[4] Bronze and Iron Age The Bronze Age began in 1100 BCE.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

The earliest surviving fields date from that period.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

[5] Bronze artifacts were obtained from Scandinavia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

In the pre-Roman Iron Age 500 BCE.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Iron objects began to come to Estonia.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Iron began to be produced in Estonia after the beginning of the period.


Question: How many people perished during the 1941 summer war?

History of Estonia

Farming expanded further.