Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

First in the 1940s, various relay machines and tube machines were introduced.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

A famous example of tube machines is the ENIAC [37] introduced in 1945.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Tube technology was followed by devices based on transistors.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Personal computer (Microcomputer Apple II) for home and business use entered the market in 1977.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1981, the IBM PC arrived on the market, whose computers built according to the model later became the practical standard for personal computers.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Several different home computers were introduced to the market in the 1980s: among them the Commodore-64 and the ZX Spectrum (in 1982).


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Microprocessors, in which the processor is implemented on a single microcircuit, came in the 1970s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 in 1971.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Different peripherals are also integral to computer technology: Data storage media to capture digital information.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

The earliest recording media were punch cards and punch tapes.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Input devices for supplying information to a computer into a form understood by it.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer display devices for displaying various computer-generated results (e.g. figures, text and images) for viewing.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Printers to provide a permanent print of text or images on paper or other similar material.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Telecommunications Technology Information is transmitted in cables and by radio Information began to be transmitted over earth via copper cables and by radio links.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

By chaining links, networks were formed.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Communication satellites began to be used for long distances and intercontinental data transmission during the 1960s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Copper cables have been increasingly replaced by fiber optic in the fastest connections since the 1970s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Landline Telephones and Cellular Telephones Telephone operated using built landlines as handheld since the late 19th century.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

The process of changing the network to autodial took, for example, in Finland from the 1920s until the 1970s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Later designs began to be made for telephony equipment and telephone networks operated by radio, which were analogue at first.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Mobile phones enabled telephone connections in cars and later anywhere when moving.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

A handheld car radio telephone network (ARP) was opened in Finland in 1971 [38].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

The first NMT mobile phones came into use in the Nordic countries in 1981 [38].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

GSM digital telephone networks came into use in the 1990s [39].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 2000s came multimedia and smartphones.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Other communication technology Remote printer (telex), which could produce text on a device in another locality, was in use from the late 19th century well into the 20th century.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Telefax, which could print a copy of a document on a distant second telefax device, was invented in principle as early as the 19th century, but came into use generally in the 1970s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Both of these have been superseded by more advanced technologies and equipment.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer networks were already being built since the 1960s and the global Internet came into common use in the fold of the 1980s and 1990s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Internet technology (e.g.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

TCP/IP protocol) was developed in the 1970s, but did not come into mundane use until the 1980s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Development of Consumer Electronics Consumer electronics includes radio, TV, music recording and playback devices, video recording and playback devices, and electronic games.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

The following has also covered electronics in filming and film.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Some principles of equipment for entertainment electronics were invented as early as the 19th century, but the actual consumer equipment used by consumers began to be developed in the early years of the 20th century.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Movies and their sound Sound films first came to optical soundtracks, starting in the late 1920s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Multichannel magnetic sound has been in use in films since the 1950s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In the 1990s, digital sound became more common in films.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Films' shooting and editing were also digitized.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio and TV, invented in the late 19th century, led to broadcasting from the 1920s onwards.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Suomen Yleisradio was founded in 1926 [40].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio transmissions began based on AM modulation.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Invented in the 1930s, FM modulation began to come into use at ULA frequencies starting in the 1940s and sound quality improved significantly.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, ULA broadcasts started in 1953 [40].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, stereo sound was introduced in FM broadcasts.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, stereophonic broadcasting began in 1967 [40].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio broadcasting has not been extensively digitized in the 21st century, either, because the audio quality of FM broadcasts is sufficient for many purposes.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Television was invented in the 1920s and there has been a wider public TV broadcasting business since the 1950s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland, trial broadcasts started in 1955 [40].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In its early days, television imagery was black and white and colour television was developed from the 1940s onwards.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

To transmit a full-color TV image, the NTSC system was developed in the US in the 1950s and in Europe in the 1960s the PAL system.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In 1969, Yleisradio started broadcasting TV programmes in Finland in colour [40].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Stereo sound came to television in the 1980s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In wider areas, broadcasting was started on terrestrial antenna networks, but at an early stage cable television was used in densely built cities due to problems with the propagation of the TV signal between buildings.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Satellites have been used since the 1960s to relay TV programmes around the world, but satellites transmitting the TV signal directly to homes began to come into use in the 1980s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Radio and TV operations are started based on an electron tube developed in the early 20th century.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Later transistors and microcircuits came into use in the devices.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In the early 2000s, television was digitized: became digital television, with a set-top box or digital TV receiver used to watch.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

In Finland digital terrestrial broadcasting began in 2007 [40].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Music Recording and Playback A turntable playing vinyl records was developed in the 1930s from a fully mechanical gramophone playing gramophone records.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Stereo sound discs were invented as early as the 1930s but only became common in the 1960s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

The turntable couldn't record the sound itself; the discs always had to be bought.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

A magnetophone was developed to record and reproduce sound.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been open reel recorders since the 1930s and 1963 saw the release of the C cassette.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

C cassette recorders were at first often monophonic, but later became generally stereophonic.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Music playback became digitized in the 1980s as CDs and instruments entered the market and rapidly into general use.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

There had been digital tape recorders before, but they were rare.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Various media players—as a general type of MP3 player—came into use starting in the 1990s for music playback.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Video Recording and Playback Clumsy, expensive and rare open reel recorders have existed since the 1960s for video recording.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

However, they never entered home use.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

VCRs using cassettes came in the 1970s: Betamax was released in 1975, VHS in 1976, and Video 2000 in 1979.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Of these, VHS became established for home use with the advent of the 1980s and was used until the early 2000s, when in a few years new digital video recording methods supplanted VCRs.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, video recording becomes digitized: rare LaserDisc technology was designed in the 1970s, in the 1990s video CD entered video recording (compressed video), and DVD-video became common at the end of the 1990s (the format was announced in 1995).


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

The media player, as well as the recording set-top box, have come into use in the 21st century as digital video recording devices.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in filming Beginning in the 1960s, electronic functions began to come to film cameras.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

With the help of electronics, e.g.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

exposure meter and exposure automatics, as well as an electronic flash device.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Digital cameras based on CCD and CMOS cell have existed since the 1990s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

TV cameras were initially powered by vidicon tubes and later on CCD cells.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Home-powered video cameras came in the 1970s based initially mostly on VHS recording.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Later came digital video cameras that recorded on tapes, discs or memory cards.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronic games for TV games and game consoles have been around since the 1970s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

First they had them as coin machines and then as home machines as well.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Released in 1971, Computer Space was the first serially produced and commercial video game [41].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Computer games became more common with the onset of home computer use in the 1980s, e.g., there were many games for the generic Commodore 64 computer.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Scientific Applications and Specialized Applications Electronics in Medical Engineering Electronics have been used in medical analysis devices and treatment methods such as: Electrochoke therapy came into use in relation to mental illness in the 1930s [42] Defibrillator — 1940- century principle, portable DC voltage versions since the 1960s Transistorized hearing aid in 1952 [15] Pacemaker in the 1950s [15] Electronic blood pressure monitor and electronic thermometer Measurement of the electrocardiogram, or ECG, or EEG Imaging equipment (medical imaging): X-ray imaging in 1895 Ultrasound imaging since the 1950s Computer layer imaging Magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging Positron emission tomography (PET imaging) Radiotherapy Equipment Electronics in Space Engineering In space engineering such as satellites, space probes, space stations and lunar rockets, control and communication has been based on electronics.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been satellites since the late 1950s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Later, hundreds of them have been in operation in space at once and have been used for e.g. telecommunications, weather monitoring and positioning systems.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Satellites began to be used for positioning: GPS entered civilian use in the mid-1980s and as an accurate version in 2000 [43] [44].


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Space probes have been sent since the 1960s to various parts of our solar system and beyond.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

There have been manned space stations orbiting Earth in space since the 1970s.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

The U.S. made manned lunar flights between 1969 and 1972 (the Apollo space program).


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in War Engineering Radar has been heavily developed especially during World War II Electronic warfare Communication systems, military radios Missile systems Reconnaissance drone and UAV Space technology — telecommunications, positioning and rocket technology — is closely associated with war engineering.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Electronics in Scientific Research Tools Electronics has been a key part of the scientific measuring and analysis devices of recent decades.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Such devices incorporating electronics include e.g.: Newer microscope types: electron microscope, tunneling microscope, atomic force microscope Weather radar Radio telescope and newer star telescopes DNA sequencer in the late 1980s Particle accelerator Almost all precise basic measuring devices — e.g. scales and clocks — today contain electronics.


Question: Where was the first to start using fiber optic in Finland?

History of electricity and electronics

Advances in Electronics Manufacturing Technology Printed circuit board since 1950s Wave soldering Surface joint technology since 1980s Pasta sample Lead-free soldering introduced in early 2000s for environmental reasons Hand loading and automatic typesetting machines Microcircuits late 1960s since BGA cases in the early 1990s [45] Chronological table of inventions and research of electricity and electronics Active electronic components by decade Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lindell, Ismo| title = Electricity long history| publisher = Gaudemus| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-67235-80}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grove, Arto| title = World of Radio Waves| publisher = Otadata| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-672-350-0}} Citation error, replace with {cite book| author = Vartiainen, Juha O.| title = Century of Electricity| publisher = Alfamer/Karisto Oy| year = 2014| id = ISBN 978-952-472-202-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paavola, Martti| title = Electrical Engineering Textbook| publisher = WSOY| year = 1936}} Sources * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding is a very old skill that has evolved through history into an industry that builds ships in shipyards.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

People have had enough courage to take to the waters very early on.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The incentive must have been access to better fishing grounds and hunting grounds.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Already bronze-aged braid-bound grazed boats such as Ferriby's have been cleverly made and have embarked on long journeys.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding skills have developed in different parts of the world independently of each other and throughout history many traditions can be seen in boat and ship structures.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Warfare and an arms race have often been the motive behind the development of shipbuilding.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

For millennia, ships were made of wood and were passed on sails or by the power of rowers.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the 19th century, the steam engine was gradually powered by a steam engine and steel as the structural material for the fuselage.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The 20th century has been powered by a steam turbine, a diesel engine and, in some ships, nuclear power as well.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding masters were among the first to be publicly authorised professionals.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The service life of a sea-going ship is some tens of years, so constant renewal is necessary.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The construction of the great ship has created financial problems for kings, too.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The sea is a demanding and risky environment for ships, so different economic instruments such as guarantees and insurance have evolved to support sharing risks, both when building ships and shipping.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the 18th century, the activities of classification societies established by guarantors included the investigation and reporting of ship accidents, triggering the systematic development of safety and standardisation of structures.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Today, ships are built strictly according to the regulations.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In cargo ships, economic perspectives are emphasised, while there are other emphases in passenger ships and pleasure craft.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

History The oldest known sea voyage has occurred at least 50000—70000 years ago, when humans migrated to New Guinea and Australia.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The group of people leaving Africa moved along beaches around the Indian subcontinent and was able to advance through the Indonesian archipelago with ease, with the longest sea voyages around 80 metres below today.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

To reach Australia, people had to cross a sea strait about 170 kilometres wide.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Indigenous peoples of Australia and New Guinea who lived in isolation resemble Africans in appearance and, based on genes, they are probably the last direct descendants of the first groups of humans to mobilise.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[1] One can only conjecture on what kind of ships this journey has been made.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Clues can be retrieved from rudimentary vessels that have survived to the present day.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The rafts tied from branches or papyrus reeds are very old African watercraft.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In India, a ferry tied from three logs is used, the middle one being the longest.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the Fiji Islands, bamboo stalks are tied to rafts with balustrades.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In Tibet, rivers are crossed with air-filled floats made of animal skin.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Holding out from one tree is made of grooves.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Skins or bricks (for example, American birch boats) may be tightened around the tied wooden frame to make a canoe or kayak.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[2] Time of sailing ships Egyptian ships The Nile is a favourable river for shipping, as it regularly winds from the north, allowing sails up the river and down the stream.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Images of ships used on the Nile have been transmitted from clay pots of the pre-dynastic period dating back 6000 years.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The images show long band-linked boats with a tapering band bond at the bow and bent up at the stern.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Already at that time, the stern part was bent so much that it points inward to the boat.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

This became, for millennia, a characteristic feature of Mediterranean ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

An image of a boat with sail has also been found from the same period.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The mast was positioned close to the bow, allowing the sail to be operated downwind only.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

These boats had a steering oar and could also be paddled.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[4] From the First Dynasty period there are already pictures of wooden ships being made.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Little wood suitable for shipbuilding is found in Egypt, as only short rafts are obtained from local sycomores and acacia wood.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Because of this, wood began to be imported from elsewhere.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The pieces of wood were tied to others with pieces of wood resembling an hourglass or sewn together with ropes.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The butt seams were sealed with silicon [5] and plant fibres or grass [6].


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In addition, off-board tensionable belts and dressings were used to hold the ship together.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[7] In water, the water pressure compresses the joints together.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the largest ships the paddles were replaced by oars. [8].


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Boats used in ritual burials have been found near the town of Abydos, timed to the First Dynasty.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Important information on shipbuilding technology has been obtained from these.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Pin-hole technology has been used at the joints of the boards.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

A local tamarisk tree has been identified as material for the ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

To the sea, the Egyptians have left 3000 BCE.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Hieroglyphs report that Pharaoh Sneferu sent 2600 BCE.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

by knowing 40 ships to Phoenicia to retrieve cedar wood for shipbuilding.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Pharaoh Sahura sent eight warships to destroy the Syrian coast, and the expedition returned with the Phoenicians taken prisoner.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Sahura warship had been built like the earlier ships without keels and arches.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The pieces were tightened by ropes and nets outside the fuselage to each other.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The cover supported the structure.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The mast was bipedal and could be lowered down.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The mast was still positioned so forward that the sail could only be used downwind.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[10] Egyptians used to place miniature models of ships in tombs.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

From these it is evident that the year 2000 BC.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

around the time several steering oars were replaced by one large. [11].


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The female pharaoh Hachepsut sent 1400 BCE.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Fleet to the land of Punt in the Horn of Africa.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

These ships had a sturdy keel or centre hull beam extending over both the bow and stern.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The sailing mast was positioned amidships and the upper raw wood had to be lowered.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

This ship could be sailed to crosswinds.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The ship had an estimated length of 25—27 metres.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[12] The obelisks are in one piece hewn from a mountain in Assuan by the first cataract.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

From there they have been transported by ship to Luxor and Heliopolis.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Pharaoh Thutmosis I built a ship to transport obelisks.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In honour of her father and herself, her daughter Queen Hachepsut had two obelisks beaten by her daughter, Queen Hachepsut, with a surviving image of the ship in a mountain temple in Deir el Bahr.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The ship, which carried the two obelisks, is calculated to have been 63 feet long, 25 feet wide.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Its draught is calculated to have been 2 meters with a weight of 800 tons without load and 1500 tons with load.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[13] In the 13th century BCE.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Egypt increasingly came under attack from the sea peoples, mainly the Philistines.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Pharoah Ramses III waged these equivalent wars successfully.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

His tomb at Medinet Habu contains the oldest relief depicting a naval battle.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Egyptians had apparently learned lessons from the ships of other seafaring nations.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The rowers are protected by splash boarding.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

A wet basket can be seen on the mast and the sails are assembled using constrictors, so that the crude does not need to be lowered down.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[14] From the Bronze Age of the Aegean to the Romans The development of shipping among the peoples inhabiting the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea is natural, since as early as 3400 BCE.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

there were cultural links between the islands.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The earliest ships have been papyrus rafts and cornrows with side boards tied with ropes.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Because good shipbuilding wood grows in the area, ships were made early on keel and arch trees.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Minoan culture in Crete was the first maritime power to have links with nearby islands in the Aegean Sea.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Cretan and Egyptian ships share the same features, but it is not known which way more influences have gone.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Mycenaean culture flourished on the Greek mainland and archipelago, trading in the Mediterranean.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Phoenicians lived in the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, in the territory of present-day Lebanon and had settlements all over the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Phoenicians sold and shipped cedar wood to Egypt and were in close contact with them.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[15] [16] [17] The Phoenicans developed multisorous warships, or galleys.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Phoenician dieer had rowers in two planes and in the centre of the ship was a bridge measuring the size of the ship where soldiers could move.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[18] In the Aegean region, pine trees were used for ship building.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The species that grew on the coast was referred to as pitys (coastal pine, fur pine or aleppo pine), which grew in the mountains as peuce (Macedonian pine or black pine)).


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The third species of pine was pinja, which was already cultivated in antiquity for edible seeds.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In Greek warships, pincer was used for its lightness.


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Shipbuilding

Mountain pine was used in merchant ships for durability.


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[19] The Doorites migrated to Greece in the 12th century BCE.


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Subsequently, a period begins in Greek history about which little information has survived.


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Shipbuilding

It has been inferred from some pot fragments that a Doorese warship has been a vessel made of one large tree and commemorated some of the war canoes of the islands of Papua New Guinea.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

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[20] Greek city-states began in 700 BCE.


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from engaging in trade shipping and competing with the Phoenicians.


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Shipbuilding

In safe home waters, small merchant ships of sheer sail were used, with raised sides and a bridge from stern to bow along which to pass over the deck cargo.


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Shipbuilding

For longer voyages, the ships were combinations of warships and merchant ships and were equipped with rowers.


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Typical of Greek ships was the bow extension, the bow jubilee, which on warships served as an attack buffer, but on merchant ships it has been speculated to have improved traversal characteristics, such as the bulbi used today.


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Shipbuilding

Another type feature is the image of the eye used on the bow.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[21] Greece is a mountainous country where transportation was most efficient by water.


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Shipbuilding

Athens achieved Aegean domination in the 4th century BCE.


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by the superiority of his fleet.


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The technique of naval battles was to buffet the opponent's ships with a broken bow jubilee.


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The success of the tactic depended on the trained rowers and skillful steering of the ship, but also on speed and lightness, leading to competition for the ships' technique.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[22] The Greek dieer or double rowing from the 6th century onwards was the lightest and most graceful vessels in antiquity.


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Shipbuilding

The lightweight ships could be pulled stern ahead ashore.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

According to Thukydides, the Corinthians were the first to begin to build arches inside the ships.


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[23] However, the arches were only shaped and added afterwards when the bulkheads were already complete.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[24] Trieers, or three-rowers, were built as early as the 6th century BCE, but when heavy and clumsy they were not suitable for dieers at first.


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Three-strings developed in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

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the best warship in antiquity.


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Shipbuilding

There were rowers on each side of the ship in three rows.


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One of the rows was positioned lower than the others, and its airholes had leather bags to prevent water from entering.


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One row was placed on a loft over the water.


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Shipbuilding

The tri-outing could be kept short so that the turns were successful quickly.


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[25] The three-way speed has been estimated to have been about 11 knots at maximum.


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[26] After the tri-rowings came the quadriceps and quintuplets in the 3rd century BCE.


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Warships retained on land remained dry and after being buffed, they did not sink in a cargo of water.


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Shipbuilding

Even a heavy bronze bow jubilee wasn't enough to sink the ship.


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The wrecks could apparently be repaired as efforts were usually made to salvage them.


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[27] The greatest Ptolemy IV in Alexandria of the 200th century BCE.


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The warship built at the end, forty-rowing mentioned, was 130 meters long, according to descriptions, and more than 4000 rowers.


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Shipbuilding

In all likelihood, the ship has not just moved in the seas, but has acted as a deterrent.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[28] Rome's success was not based on the fleet.


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The Romans built up a fleet of strong sea power for the Punic wars fought against Carthage.


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After the Second Punic War, Rome allowed its fleet to decay.


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Later, a fleet was assembled, if necessary, from Greek cities in southern Italy.


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Around 50, Emperor Claudius completed the works on the port of Ostia.


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Rome had become dependent on grain shipped from Alexandria.


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[29] In Lukianos production, a description of the voyage of a grain ship is preserved as part of the work Ship or Wishes (also known as Sailing or Human Wishes).


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The ship was named Isis, and it set off from Alexandria towards Rome.


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The ship is reported to have been 55.5 m long, over 13.7 m wide and had a deck height of 13.4 m.


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The vessel had a tonnage of about 1200 tons.


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The initial sky was running in a gallant bullet wind to Cyprus in a week, so the speed had been around 1.75 knots, which is a reasonable speed for a heavy ship in creatives.


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Subsequently, a westerly storm rose and the ship found itself on the west coast of present-day Turkey.


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Athens was then chosen as the main wet for the trip.


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[30] [31] The hulls of the big ships were built on land and equipped in the sea.


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Shipbuilding

After landing in the waters, problems began, as in the salty oceans, wooden ships are destroyed by a shipworm called Terredo navalis by the Romans, which is also its current scientific name.


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Larch, in particular, was considered susceptible to shipworm.


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Large ships were protected by first covering the hull with pie-soaked cloth cloth and then a thin lead plate nailed on top.


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Toxic lead also prevented gastropods and goose necks from sticking to the bottom.


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Shipbuilding

In antiquity it was also known to build drydocks, which could be pumped empty.


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Shipbuilding

This allowed servicing the bottoms of ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[32] Shipbuilding in China and surrounding areas of China began during the Spring and Autumn period (722—481 BCE).


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The Chinese jonk developed at the beginning of the period and was characterized by a flat sloping bow and stern.


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Shipbuilding

Already in the first century these had a single rudder in the middle of the


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The ship developed in river navigation, and it was sent to the seas along the coasts in the second century.


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Chinese culture spread by sea to nearby areas of Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam and Indonesia.


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The structure of the Džonk was made by a compartmentalization made with sturdy bulkheads across the fuselage.


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Shipbuilding

[33] They could therefore be built considerably larger than European wooden ships.


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In the 13th century, China was conquered by the Mongols under Kublai Khan.


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The Mongols, with the help of the Grand Fleet, attempted a takeover of Japan a couple of times, but failed after the fleet was destroyed at sea.


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Zheng He's fleet in the early 15th century had ships 122 meters long and 50 meters wide.


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[34] A part of the fleet went all the way to the east coast of Africa.


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By the 1420s, China had 400 large 1350 smaller warships, as well as 3000 merchant ships.


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[35] After the 1450s, Chinese policy changed, the country closed and the navy was allowed to decay.


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Sailings farther than coastal waters were banned.


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Shipbuilding

[36] War jonks were in use until the 19th century.


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Armed with cannons, they were able to hold sides against the Europeans.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Koreans had had a navy since the 6th century.


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They developed an armored turtle ship for naval warfare against the Japanese in the late 16th century.


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The reason for this cannon-equipped ship's success in hand-to-hand combat was that its entrapment was impossible.


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Shipbuilding

[37] River and coastal ships were built from fast-growing pines and Chinese spear fir.


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Shipbuilding

Camphor wood was used for bulkheads and rudder.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Oceanic junks were built from teak sourced from Annam of Vietnam conquered by the Chinese.


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Shipbuilding

Much timber was needed for ships and logging in the Annam forests caused the population to rise in revolt.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[38] Polynesians have had to make long sea voyages of up to thousands of kilometres to reach the Pacific islands.


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Polynesians have left just over 3000 years ago from Southeast Asia to the sea.


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The original inhabitants of the island of Taiwan are genetically the closest relatives of the Polynesians.


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[40] Probably Polynesian ships have been canoes similar to the double-hulled catamarans or three-hulled trimarans used in the area today.


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Shipbuilding

They may have had a deck built over the trunks and included a canopy or hut.


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In the Middle Ages Settlement to Scandinavia followed the retreat of ice at the end of the most recent ice age.


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The first comers have been seal hunters, which has required the ability to move in the waters.


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Shipbuilding

Apparently canoe-type vessels made of leather and wood hull have been used.


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Shipbuilding

The oldest known Nordic boats made of wood is the Hjortspring boat, discovered in 19th century Denmark.


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It is 21 metres long in total, with an internal dimension of 13 metres and timed to the 3rd century BCE.


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Shipbuilding

Remains of three boats made of boards have been found in Ferriby, England, the longest of which has been 15 feet long.


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Shipbuilding

Ferriby's boats are dated to 2000—1600 BCE.


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Shipbuilding

Björke's boat, which has been found in Sweden, is dated back to the 4th century and it's about time evolved.


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Shipbuilding

Both the Björke boat and the Hjortspring boat have used slime seams, which then became a significant feature of ships in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea throughout the Middle Ages.


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[41] The Roman historian Tacitus mentions around the year 100 that the Scandinavian ships are similar in stern and bow.


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Shipbuilding

In 1863, a large boat, the Nydam boat, dated by dendrology to the 3rd century, was discovered in the Nydam bog at Slesvig.


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Shipbuilding

It measures 22.8 metres in length and 3.26 metres wide.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The ship is made of oak planks into a slime seam.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The base is round shaped, so it has been rickety, which has been repaired by holding around 1000kg of stones on the bottom.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The arches are tied sowith rope to the elevations made on the boards.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the 6th century, the bottom of the ship became a U-landscape.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[42] In early images the sails are depicted with a diagonal pattern.


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Shipbuilding

The durability of the tab fabric used as sail material when wet was poor, so diagonal reinforcements were sewn into the sails.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[43] A large number of Viking ships have survived, such as Oseberglaiva and Gokstad's ship.


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Shipbuilding

The Knarri was a Viking cargo ship of vertical and bow design.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Viking ships were measured by the number of pairs of rowers.


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Shipbuilding

The longest had 30—40 benches and were called “Långskepp” or “Draakki”.


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Shipbuilding

The length in these has been up to 80 metres.


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Shipbuilding

Viking ships' bow ornaments and stern dragonhead decorations were removable and were forbidden to be worn on the home coast.


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Shipbuilding

The off-board shield, of the kind found on Gokstad's ship, appears to have been used only in a show nature.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[44] The Viking ships were hulled by a keel tree, from which the inward-turning stern and bow flanks rose.


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Shipbuilding

At the stern, the steering oar was on the right side, from which the designation is also starboard or styyrboard (Swedish styr=steer).


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

A helm crank was attached to the steering oar.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[45] The lime board was nailed or may also be said to be riveted, that is, the nails came through and were struck on the other side, reading the joint.


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Shipbuilding

[46] The Hanseatic League saw the development of its own type of ship, the koggi, characterised by a rudder hinged on the stern rim.


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Shipbuilding

Of such rudders is the oldest image preserved in the church of Fide on Gotland from the beginning of the 13th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[47] The koggi was high-altitude and deep-swimming, giving it a lot of cargo.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The deep-traversed vessel led to the fact that previously landlocked cities along the banks of the rivers moved closer to the sea.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

High ships helped defend against pirates.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Koggi could be fitted with castels, i.e., defense-suited turrets at the bow and stern.


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Shipbuilding

The castels later became part of the trunk.


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Shipbuilding

The mast was relatively in the centre, which made creativity difficult, but the draught of the hull and tapering of the bow and stern underwater improved sailing characteristics.


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Shipbuilding

In the late 14th century, the koggin was supplanted by a larger type of ship, the sleeve, which as a ship was very similar to the Mediterranean carrack.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[48] In the Mediterranean, Latin sail came into use in the 8th century under the influence of the Arabs.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Latin sail was also capable of sailing from the front slope to a blowing upwind.


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Shipbuilding

[49] The Latian sail became the most common sail for hundreds of years in the Mediterranean, but around 1300 the largest ships began to use more crude sail.


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Shipbuilding

[50] Around 1000, Arab ships came with a rudder instead of a steering oar.


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Shipbuilding

The rudder, introduced from China, was articulated to the aft rim.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

From the stern ran ropes on either side of the ship and the rudder was turned by pulling from the rope.


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Shipbuilding

The rudder was a more robust solution in the open sea than the steering oar.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[51] Ships had been built inside the outside in the Mediterranean until the 10th century, i.e. first the ships and then the arches.


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Shipbuilding

In Italy, ships began to be built in a new way, first arches and then board planks were attached to these, thus achieving a firmer structure and larger ships could be made.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The organisation of the work of the shipyards also helped to reduce the price of ships.


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Shipbuilding

Venice had about 3,000 merchant ships in 1400 and 11,000 men served in its galleys.


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The other sea power was Genoa.


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Genoese ships sailed the Atlantic coast and traded with England and Flanders.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Genoese also began searching for a sea road to India in the late 13th century.


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Shipbuilding

The Genoese brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set out in 1291 via the Strait of Gibraltar towards India with two galleys, but they disappeared on the voyage.


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[52] [53] In 1268, King Louis IX of France ordered ships from Venice and Genoa for his crusade.


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Dimensional records of these sailing ships have survived.


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Shipbuilding

The Venetian ships were 25.8 metres long, had a width of 6.45 metres and a board height of 6.6 metres.


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Shipbuilding

[54] Galleys were not only used as warships, but also as cargo ships.


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Shipbuilding

Their advantage was speed over sailing ships.


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Shipbuilding

There were galley slaves as rowers.


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Shipbuilding

Slaves could be used as cargo ships were not required to have skilled maneuvers like Greek warships with bow jubilee walls.


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Shipbuilding

The galleys also had Latin sails.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[55] East Rome used a triad called a dromon for warfare.


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Shipbuilding

Its weapon was Greek fire.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[56] Carrack developed in the Mediterranean at the end of the 14th century.


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Shipbuilding

It had a crude sail in the larger mast and behind it a Latin sail in mesan mast.


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Shipbuilding

[57] Later the carracks were made three-masted, with a small fokka in front.


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Shipbuilding

The ship's hull included the fore and aft castels.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The ship was very similar to the sleeve developed from the kogg with the difference that the carrack was made with butt seams.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The carrack was such a sturdy vessel that cannons could be placed on its decks.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[58] Prince Henry the Sailor of Portugal took part in the takeover of Ceuta with his father.


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The intention was to gain control of the trade in gold coming across the Sahara with camel caravans.


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Ceuta was taken, but the gold trade was not taken over.


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Henry began dreaming of sailing to the south of the Sahara and acquiring gold from there.


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Henrik lived in Sagres, the southwestern tip of Portugal, and the nearby town of Lagos, where maritime experts gathered.


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Encouraged by Henrik, a ship was developed, a caraveller for expeditions.


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Compared to the carrack, the caravel is flat-tailed, smaller, narrower and faster-traversed.


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Shipbuilding

It used Latin sails, as the ability to creative was an important attribute on these voyages.


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[59] The west coast of Africa began to be advanced southwards.


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Henry sent several expeditions on the voyage, which always proceeded further.


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In 1434, Gil Eanes sailed past Cabo Bojador.


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In 1444, the Senegal River was reached and the first cargo of gold could be brought.


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Shipbuilding

The Portuguese used oak, such as iron oaks, for keel and rudder to build ships, and pine, for example pinja for arches and planking.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[60] Shipbuilding from voyages of discovery to steamers Christopher Columbus and Magalhaes made their voyages of discovery on ships, caraques and caravells still representing the medieval shipbuilding tradition.


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The ships were small, 20—30 feet long and 6—7 feet wide, like, for example, the Santa Maria, which carried a cargo of about 80 toneladas (80 barrels of wine), Columbus's flagship.


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Shipbuilding

[61] In the age of sailing ships the tonnage of ships was reported differently from today, for example in England the unit of measurement “long ton” was used.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

A hundred years later, the ships were already larger, with more sails.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The voyages of discovery brought in new countries such as France, England and the Netherlands in competition for overseas trade.


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Shipbuilding

Karak developed into a bigger type of ship, the galeon, which was later called the galleon.


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Shipbuilding

The galleon was characterised by a deck bridge extending over the bow.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The galleons were equipped with cannons.


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Shipbuilding

For example, the well-known English ship Henry Grace à Dieu of 1545 was equipped with 184 small guns.


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Shipbuilding

[62] These ships carried several ship-reinforcing gundecks.


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Shipbuilding

The Royal Navy's classification system gives some insights into the size of ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The method of rigging, which developed in the 16th century, remained roughly similar until the end of the use of sailing ships.


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Shipbuilding

Some construct drawings from the late 16th century have survived from the English ship designer Mathew Baker.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding sought to replicate the structures of ships that proved to be good sailors.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[63] Spain initially received wood material, pine and oak from its homeland.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

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The construction of ships shifted in the 17th century from the remote to the north coast to Bilbao.


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Shipbuilding

Around the same time, the Spanish began building ships in Havana, with mahogany as the material.


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Shipbuilding

[64] In warfare, galleys and galeasses, galleys with sails, which were used in abundance, especially in the Mediterranean, were preserved.


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The Battle of Lepanto, fought in 1571, between the Turks and Christians, is the largest naval battle fought by ships of the galley and galeasse type in history.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

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Much depictions of the ships have survived of the battle won by Christians.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The length of the longest galeass is cited as 145 feet.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the Galeasses, the cannons positioned in the bow pointed forward as well as to the side.


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Shipbuilding

Galleys were built until the late 18th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[65] When in the 16th century Europeans began to make more extensive ocean voyages, at the same time, almost constant mutual war began in Europe.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

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The interim peace agreements did not apply to seas outside Europe.


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Shipbuilding

An example of this is piracy in the Caribbean, which is why oceanic merchant ships and warships did little to differ.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the 17th century, the technical development of ships was limited, but many images, miniature models and whole ships have survived from that period.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The era was characterized by the lavish decoration of ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

An example of this is the English Prince Royal from 1610, built by Phineas Pett.


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Shipbuilding

[67] In France, Cardinal Richelieu commissioned ships from Holland as models for French carvers after coming to power.


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Well-known books on ships of the era include the book 'Livro de Traças de Carpintaria' by the Spaniard Manoel Fernandez of 1619 [68] and the work 'Architectura Navalis' by German Joseph Furttenbach from 1629.


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[69] In the 16th century, Portugal and Spain dominated the oceans.


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1580 King Philip II of Spain also became ruler of Portugal.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

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1588 Philip II ordered his fleet known as the Invincible Armada to invade England.


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Only half of the ships and a third of the men returned from the fleet.


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Philip II also gained control of the Netherlands, but found himself in a war with the Protestant north.


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The northern part declared independence under the name United Provinces, roughly equivalent in area to present-day Holland.


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1607 The Dutch fleet attacked in the Battle of Gibraltar after the Spanish fleet was attacked and destroyed by it.


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When the English additionally practiced politics in which they sought to capture Spanish treasure ships in the seas, then Spanish power gradually crumbled.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

England and Holland emerged as new maritime powers.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Swedish fleet was twice the size of the English fleet in 1610, but its forces were committed to the wars fought in the Baltic Sea.


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Shipbuilding

[71] The Dutch built lighter, faster and lower-swimming ships than the English or French.


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Shipbuilding

The lightness inflicted defeat in artillery duels.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Dutch shipbuilding skills had been exploited by Sweden, among others, inviting Dutch masters to their own shipyards.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The most famous student of Dutch shipbuilding skills was Tsar Peter the Great in 1697.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[72] Thanks to East Asian trade, in the 17th century, Holland became the richest country in Europe.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Trade had been organised with the help of trading companies, the largest of which were the Dutch and English trading companies and these had quasi-governmental rights to wage even wars.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the 18th century, the importance of Holland as a maritime power began to decline as it no longer prospered in competition with England.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[73] The Dutch type of ship, the Flat, developed in the 17th century for Baltic sailing.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

By the 17th century, the Dutch had 10,000 merchant ships and control of Baltic trade had passed to them from the Hanseatic League.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

55% of all ships passing through the Danish Straits were Dutch.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Danes collected duty on these ships based on the carrying capacity of the ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The size of the Øresund customs duty levied in Helsingør was based on the carrying capacity of the ships, which was calculated by measuring the width of the vessel at the centre ship.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

To reduce tariffs, merchants built their ships with heavily reclining flanks.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[74] Holland is an almost treeless country and oak was imported from the Rhine as shipbuilding wood.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the 17th century, wood had to be sourced from Norway and the Baltic Sea region, including regions belonging to Sweden, such as Estonia and Livonia.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Dutch ships used a lot of pine, creating more need for maintenance.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Dutch also began to use wind-powered sawmills to produce rigs.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[75] The Sovereign of the Seas was an English warship completed in 1637 and commissioned by King Charles I.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

It was one of the largest ships of its time, with a keel length of 127, a width of 48 and a draught of 23.5 feet.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

It was also the most glorious ship of its time, decorated with gold and cost 10 times more than a regular ship.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The ship had 100 guns.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Warships had been fitted with a straight transom until the early 16th century, but a round stern was made on this ship, which only above the water's surface was straightened into a transom.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

This structure became typical of English warships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[76] Increasing the size of the ships also led to accidents, most famously Vasa.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

However, this was not the only accident due to instability, so the abject increase in size was abandoned in the 17th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Swedish admiral Fredrik af Chapman (1721—1808) began to study the structure of ships that proved to be good sailors.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

He found mathematical regularities in the structures, among which developed a method of calculation for determining the most advantageous shape, proportions, and immersion of a ship's hull.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[77] In 1653, an order was issued by the Admiralty of England that ships must fight in line, therefore queuing, for full power to be given full power by full-flanked artillery fire.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

This required practice and alignment of ships' structures so that they travelled roughly as fast.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The ships were divided into classes, the first class ship had over 90 guns, the second over 80 and the third had more than 54 guns.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

These largest ships were considered solid enough for line battles and were called liner ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

There were six classes in all, and officers' salaries were paid according to this classification.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[78] England had begun to have a shortage of oak as early as the 16th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The curved wooden sections of ships were made of natural curves of trees or trees were bent into curves when young.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Beech was used in ship interiors.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Pine was used as mast trees, but a sufficiently straight, long and firm pine was not obtained from England, so wood was imported from the Baltics.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The tallest masts had a length of 36 meters and these were jointed to be made as a composite structure from several soiros.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

There was a lot of wood needed for one ship.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

For example, Nelson's Victory ship consumed timber in an amount that claimed more than 30 hectares of oak forest.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

On the planting of oak forests, Parliament passed an Act 1668.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

From these, wood was obtained for the Navy in the late 18th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[79] In terms of wood and tar, the Baltic Sea was important to Western European shipbuilders as far as Spain and Portugal.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

To secure land supplies, England sent its fleet nearly 20 times to the Baltic between 1658 and 1814.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

England imported strobus pine as a mast tree from colonies in North America as well.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In 1762, an order was issued in the settlements that pines more than 60 cm in diameter must be reserved for the navy.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

This provoked bitterness in the local inhabitants and contributed to the secession efforts of the settlements.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The 1775 Congress of the Colonies banned the export of timber to England, hampering the operations of the English Navy during the American Revolutionary War.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[80] In France, under Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the rebuilding of the fleet began.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Initially he also ordered ships from Holland like Richelieu's.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Under Colbert's leadership, French shipbuilding skills rose to fame.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

A diary of 1663 by Samuel Pepys, secretary of the English Admiralty, notes French ships as being better platforms for cannons and faster sailors.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

On a naval visit in 1672 to Spithead, the French Superbe attracted great attention and was ordered by the king to copy it.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The replica was given the name Harwich and was considered so successful that nine more were built similar.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

French ships were also built to be suitable for warfare in the low-wind Mediterranean against galleys.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Because of this, the ships were fitted with cannons in the bow and stern.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[81] In the 1680s, the French adopted a new type of ship, the kits, or baljute, and equipped it with bogey cannons, so as a warship it was called a bogey knit.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Mörssär was capable of firing bombs four times heavier than the cannons of its time.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[82] The French began importing wood from Canada as early as the 17th century and also built ships in Quebec until 1763.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[83] Historical ship type names are quite confusing and may be based on both hull and rigging.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In his book “Architectura Navalis mercatoria”, Chapman divides ships that visited northern European ports in 1768 into five classes according to the hull.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

These classes include the frigate, häckbåt, pink (apparently the successor to the flöit), and vessels without a bow galleon katti and park.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[84] The Dutch built fast and graceful single-masted yachts used as dispatchers and reconnaissance vessels in the 17th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Ships built for the amusement of burghers also began to be called yachts.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In 1660, the city of Amsterdam donated to Charles II, King of England, a yacht with a coffee sail.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The king built an entire fleet of these and organised sailing races between them and created the concept of yachting racing sailing.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[85] The small vessel with coffee and focal sail developed from the Dutch yacht was called the cutter. In the 18th century, North America comes as a new shipbuilding country.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

There developed a schooner (schooner).


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The first was built in 1713 in Massasgustt.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The clipper is mentioned as far back as 1746 and was used as a privateer ship, for contraband, as a slave ship, and later in the United States Navy.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[86] A brigantine or brig is a two-masted vessel with high brig masts built in several parts and at least at the top with raw sails.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The frigate and smaller corvette are warships that, during sailing ships, meant medium general ships of the fleet.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the 18th century, they became increasingly important to navies.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[87] Shebek (eng.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

xebec) is a very fast-moving vessel in the Mediterranean developed by the Barbariesques in the 17th century for piracy as well as a cargo ship.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Spanish and French copy these ships into their fleets to defeat the pirates.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Later, these graceful ships were also copied by Russians.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Shebek's bow has a galleon that resembles a bumper.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Initially, shebeks were rigged with Latin sails, but later they also used crude sails.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[88] Loggert (eng lugger, Swedish: loggert, French for chasse-marée) is a two- or three-masted coastal vessel with quadrangular sail which was mainly used for fishing in Brittany and the North Sea coast.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The fast ship was also used by smugglers, which is why they were introduced by French customs in the 18th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

During the Napoleonic Wars they were developed into privateer ships equipped with cannons.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[89] Time of steamboats The use of sails in river ships was difficult and often had to be hauled from the shore.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The introduction of the steam engine on river ships was a response to a clear need.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

First it was made by French marquis Claude François Jouffroy d'Abbans in 1783 on a Pyroscaphe steamboat, then 1789 in the United States by John Fitch and the following year by the Scots Patrick Miller and William Symington.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

However, the power of the first steam engines was not sufficient for actual operation.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Symington built a canal tug powered by a steam engine in 1803, the first steam vessel to be in commercial use.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[91] After a year of use, beach owners were banned from using the vessel by claiming its waves were damaging the beaches.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

A breakthrough in the use of steam to power the ships was the ship built by American Robert Fulton.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Fulton had been test-driving at Charlotte Dundas and versed in the inventions of John Fitch.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[92] In this 1807 North River Steamboat (Clermont) steamboat built on the Hudson River, an 18-horsepower steam engine manufactured by the Watt and Boulton mill was placed.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

On her first 12-hour voyage, the ship achieved an average speed of 4.7 knots.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

For the same journey, the river burrs used four days.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In five years, there were already more than half a hundred steam ships in US coastal and river traffic.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Commercial steamboat operations in England were initiated by the PS Comet ship built by Henry Bell.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In 1815 there were already twenty steam-powered ships in England.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In Finland, the first steam ship was Ilmarinen 1833.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In 1819, the first steam-assisted ship, the SS Savannah, which therefore also had sails, crossed the Atlantic.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

With just steam, the voyage was made in the 1830s, although that vessel, the SS Sirius (1837), was fitted with sails.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Mere steam wasn't trusted until the late 19th century.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[93] The first ironclad steamer was PS Aaron Manby, which in 1822 sailed from England to Paris.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[94] The problems faced by early steam ships were poor seafaring duration and the abundant consumption of coal.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The first improvement in steam engines was the use of high-pressure boilers, which dropped coal consumption to one-third.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Another improvement was two-stage expansion, with which consumption fell by almost half more.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The screw-like propeller is an old idea.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

American inventor David Bushnell designed the 1775 wooden submarine Turtle with hand-operated screw-like propellers.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[95] Among the oldest patents is Joseph Bramah's from 1785.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[96] For propeller use, the power of steam engines was not yet sufficient.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The first working propeller was built by Josef Ressel in Trieste, Austria-Hungary and obtained a patent for it in 1827 in Austria-Hungary.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

1836 received a patent for two propellers: a track propeller by John Ericsson (1803—1889) of Sweden and a screw propeller by Francis Pettit Smith, an Englishman.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Isambard Kingdom Brunel built in 1843 the first propeller-driven ship, the SS Great Britain, to cross the Atlantic.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The ship was 98.2 feet long.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

However, the Navy was increasingly sceptical about the propellers.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In 1845, in a competition organised by the British Admiralty, propeller and wing flatships of the same power pulled each other.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Smith's propeller was capable of pulling the receiving steamer at a speed of 2.8 knots.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Subsequently, suspicion of the propellers went away.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The propellers and steam engines were now so powerful that the wooden hull of the ships could no longer stand.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

For this problem of strength, iron was taken to the aid.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Iron plates had begun to be rolled in the 1780s and the first iron vessel was built as early as 1787.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Iron was brittle, however, and until the 1870s ships were made of wood with iron reinforced.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

For example, clippers were made with iron arches, but with wood planking.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The planking could also be covered with iron plates like Nansen's Fram.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[97] After the middle of the 19th century, steamships became competitive with sailing ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Of the British merchant fleet in 1885, more than half passed by steam.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[98] Sailing ships were still developing, too, and experienced a small boom in the 1850s when the Americans developed a narrow-hulled and fast ship type, the clipper.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal gave steamships such a great advantage over clippers forced to circumnavigate Africa that sailing ships were left with the longest Australian and South American routes any longer.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The last development of sailing ships was the steel-hulled construction and reinforced masts, which kept sailing ships competitive over steam ships for some time to come.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[99] These sailing ships built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the Preussen or the seven-masted coffee schooner Thomas W. Lawson, were the largest sailing vessels.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The 1844 SS Great Britain ran solidly aground off Ireland, but was then derailed and repaired.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

This convinced skeptics of the superiority of iron in the ship's building.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[100] As iron became the building material for ships, shipbuilding changed.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Isambard Kingdom Brunel built the large, 211 metre-long ironclad ship S/S Great Eastern in 1858, which, as the only one in the world, was equipped with both a wing pirate and a propeller.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The hull was by ironclad bulkheads divided into ten sections and had double-iron “planking”.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

There was 0.85 metres of space between the outer and inner wall of the side.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The ship also had sails.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

However, the large ship was an economic disaster, as its engine power was insufficient to guarantee maneuverability and its draught was so great that there were few possible ports.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[101] In 1865, steel began to be used, which could then be produced in large quantities.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The steel ships were assembled by riveting the plates to the hull with hot brass rites which, when cooled, compressed the tar-dipped sealing fabric placed between the plate and the hull.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Iron ships will have to be protected from corrosion by careful painting.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Corrosion of nobler metals, for example a bronze propeller, is prevented by sacrificial metals.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In steel-built ships, the load is mainly on the bottom and deck.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

This is why they began to use an indoor keel and a double bottom.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

There was a shift from the transverse support arches of wooden ships to longitudinal arches.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In warships, the use of steel led to an arms race spiral in the construction of armoured ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Initially, wooden ships were protected by armour, such as the French 12 cm plates iron-upholstered Gloire 1859.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Formed as the strongest sea power in the world after the Napoleonic Wars, England quickly responded with the 1860 iron-hulled Warrior ship, resembling the clippers of its time.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

It had rear-loading cannons designed by Armstrong.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the American Civil War, new types of armoured ships were introduced, the CSS Virginia of the south and the USS Monitor to the north.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The structure of the latter was copied and formed monitor-type warships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In these US ships, we can see a future trend forced by an increase in the power of the cannons.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the 1853 naval battle related to the Crimean War, Sinop had already seen the potency of new large-calibre guns against wooden ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[102] Another weapon affecting the construction of warships was the 1866 introduced torpedo.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In Italy, the armoured ships Duilio and its sister ship Dandalo, designed by Benedetto Brini, were built in 1876, with 15-inch guns weighing 50 tons as main guns in rotating turrets.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The steam-powered ships were additionally fast.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the 1890s, Englishman William Henry White designed Royal Sovereign-class armoured ships with high edges allowing rapid passage in rough shipping.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

These ships had 45 cm steel armor.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[103] The ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, which destroyed the 1905 Naval Battle of Tsushima by the Russian Empire Navy, were for the most part manufactured in England.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Russian ships were predominantly Russian-made, but at least the battleship Tsesarevits had been built in France. [104].


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Irish engineer Charles A. Parsons developed a steam turbine suitable for ship use.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The first turbine-powered yacht Turbinia was in trial service in 1893, but the problem proved to be cavitating the propellers slightly before full speed of 19.5 knots.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Admiralty was not interested in the new machine, which is why Parsons organised a demonstration at the 1897 Naval Parade.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Turbinia ship's propeller arrangement had been improved and now it was travelling at 34 knots, an unprecedented speed of.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Parson drove his ship between the warships at anchor, leaving one ship to follow after becoming ridiculed after falling considerably behind.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

As a result, the first turbine-powered destroyer HMS Viper was built.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

A steam turbine more vibrating than a steam engine came into use on war and passenger ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Dreadnought from 1906 was the first battleship equipped with a steam turbine and it ran at 23,000 horsepower at 21 knots.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The armament was mainly heavy artillery.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The torpedo hazard made long-range artillery battles a necessity.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In the Naval Battle of Tsushima, for example, the Russians had opened fire 16 km away from the target due to a torpedo hazard.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[105] Modern shipbuilding technology Propulsion systems Rudolf Diesel built an 1897 working diesel engine.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

This machine had better efficiency than that of the steam engine and its use quickly spread to large vehicles such as trains and ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Submarines began to use an internal combustion engine because they required a miniature source of power.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In 1896, construction began in the United States of America on a submarine designed by John Philip Holland, in which a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine and an additional electric motor for diving were placed.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Gasoline proved too dangerous, so submarines participating in World War I had diesel engines for traversing on the surface.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[106] Burmeister & Wain, a Danish shipyard and manufacturer of ship engines, had obtained exclusive rights to diesel engines in Denmark from Rudolf Diesel.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The shipyard completed the 1912 cargo ship M/S Selandia, the first diesel-powered vessel to cross the ocean.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

It had a four-stroke engine.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Burmeister & Wain is today part of the MAN company under the name MAN B&W.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Nowadays, the main engine of the type of cargo ships is a two-stroke low-speed diesel engine powered by heavy fuel oil, an example of the largest mentioned Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Piston steam engines were used in ships until the Second World War, after which diesel engines have replaced them.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Steam turbine diesel engines replaced in passenger ships by the 1970s when burning oil in a steam boiler became too expensive.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The electric motor is superior to the diesel engine in terms of adjustability, which has led to the development of diesel-electric drivetrain, whereby generators rotated by diesel engines are used to develop electricity for the needs of actual electric driving mootters.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In this case, problems with vibration are reduced when several small diesel engines can be used.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

When using a helm propeller, better maneuverability is achieved.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In nuclear-powered ships, the steam turbine is still in use.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The world's first nuclear-powered ship was the US nuclear submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) 1955 and the first cargo ship was NS Savannah, laid into waters in 1962.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Soviet Union built the first nuclear-powered icebreaker under the name Lenin in 1959.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

It was, at the same time, the first nuclear-powered ship in civilian use.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The Soviets built several nuclear icebreakers, including the Arktika class and the Taimyr class.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

However, the use of nuclear power in wing ships has not progressed since the beginning.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

1906 the Waterman company in the United States began manufacturing outboard motors for use in small boats.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The most successful early outboard motor type was developed by Ole Evinrude and it entered the market in 1912.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Hull structures in the late 1920s Germany built battleships limited in size according to the Treaty of Versailles and therefore referred to by the English as “vest-pocket battleships, the well-known of which is the Admiral Graf Spee.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[107] These were the first ships to be built from blocks and largely used welding in assembling.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

During World War II, German submarines were able to destroy Allied merchant ships in large numbers.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In response to this loss in the United States, Henry J. Kaiser proposed standard ships, leading to the construction of liberty ships.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

These were steamships of simplified construction, the hull of which was made of blocks and the ships assembled by welding.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

This greatly intensified the building and at its fastest the ship was assembled in ten days.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

These ships with a carrying capacity of 14,000 tonnes were built in 1941—45 by 18 shipyards for a total of 2710.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The construction method was new and welding stresses caused problems.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In all, 12 ships were snapped at sea.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The cause was identified as a fragile fracture caused by the material's fracture sensitivity in cold waters, and the fracture was promoted by oversized cargoes.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Towards the end of the war, Victory ships began to be produced, which were slightly larger and sturdier.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

531 of these were built.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

After the war, welding became established as a method of assembly of ship hulls.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

[108] In the late 20th century shipbuilding in shipyards has evolved into a final configuration that combines imported parts and components, even very large ones, such as whole hull blocks, superstructures or engines.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

Heavy parts can be imported from a very long distance by water.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The size of cargo ships in particular is influenced by two significant canals, the Panama Canal opened in 1914 and the Suez Canal, where service began in 1867.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

In particular, Panamax size rating is important for ship builders.


Question: What does Admiralty mean?

Shipbuilding

The size of ships operating in Finland is limited by the size of the Baltimax due to the Danish straits.