Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Similar site made by the group of authors of the previous site The list contains links to Internet sites that discuss the topic in more detail, as well as maps describing the territorial changes in Russia.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

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Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Literature Jussila, Osmo: The Tragedy of the Soviet Union.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

From utopia to archipelago of prison camps.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Otava, 2012.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Luukkanen, Arto: Land of Councils.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

History of the Soviet Union 1917-1991.


Question: What did Konstantin Tsiolkovsky study before his career as a teacher?

Soviet

Edita, 2014 (16 January 2013) * Category:Key articles in screening Category:92 European history


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

Cain was the son of the first people, Adam and Eve, according to the Biblical Book of Genesis.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

According to the biblical narrative, Cain was a farmer and his brother Abel was a sheep shepherd.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

Cain became angry with his brother and killed him because God was more favourable to Abel's sacrifice.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

After the killing, God asked Cain where his brother was.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

Cain replied, “Am I my brother's keeper?”


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

Cain was cursed, and a sign of Cain was put on him.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

The Bible doesn't say what that sign was like, but it was meant to be a sign that no one who encounters him would kill him.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

Cain moved to live on the eastern side of Eden and was the first to establish the city.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

Cain had a son whose name was Hanok.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

[1] Also the Surah of the Covered Table of the Qur'an refers to the narrative of two unnamed sons of Adam who both made sacrifices to God, but only the sacrifice of one was received.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

Because of this, one of the sons intended to put his brother to death [2].


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

In Dante's Divine play before Hell in Judah, Dante and Vergilius walk through the Ninth Floor Cain Section [3], where the brother-killers languish in their icy doom.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

The department name Kaina comes from Cain.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

The Canadian state of Labrador, prior to its colonization, was referred to as Earth, given to Cain by God.


Question: Where does the appellation Kane come from?

Cain

See also Kainites Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Old Testament Persons Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

The whales (Cetacea) is a sect of aquatic mammals.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

The sect is divided according to structure and foraging habits into two subsects.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Toothed whales (Odontoceti) use fish and octopuses as food.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Hetulaceti whales (Mysticeti) have plates, or hetula, built from a corneum, which allow whales to sift out small fish and plankton for sustenance.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

A third, a subsect of ancient whales (Archaeoceti) that lived about 44—55 million years ago, is extinct.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Structure and anatomy Whales are marine mammals and they spend their entire lives in the water.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

They are the only mammals fully adapted to aquatic life.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[1] Like most mammals, whales are flat-tempered, breathe with the lungs, have developed nervous systems and they breastfeed their chicks.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[1] In addition, whales have hair (albeit very little).


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

The streamlined body resembles that of a fish.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

The forelimbs have become fin-like.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

At the end of the “tail” there is a tail fin, which is used by whales for swimming with vertical blows.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Whales do not have hindlimbs, there are only small bone remnants inside the body as a sign of a pelvis.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Under the skin there is a thick layer of fat as insulation and energy storage.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Large whales are among the largest animal species in the world.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Whales breathe through nostrils located on the head.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Hetulaceans have two nostrils, toothed whales have one.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Whales are master divers, as they can store high levels of oxygen in the myoglobin protein of their muscles and the hemoglobin protein in the red blood cells.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[2] In addition, due to changes in blood flow, oxygen use becomes more efficient, because the blood supply only directs oxygen to those organs for which it is vital, such as the brain and heart.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[2] The caskelot can stay underwater for up to two hours between breathing sessions.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

With evolution, the whale's eyes have evolved to be small and the sense of smell has atrophied.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

As for illuminate the olfactory epithelium completely absent.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[3] Instead, whales have a high-precision radar system that emits and detects sound waves.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

They produce ultrasound in the nasal cavity, which allows them to map the environment.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

In addition, several species of whale are believed to be able to communicate significantly with their evolved language.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[4] The largest of the whales is the blue whale, which is the largest animal species ever to live on Earth.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[5] It can grow to 30 metres in length and weigh 180 tonnes.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

The largest specimen weighed 200 tonnes and was over 30 m.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[5] It can eat up to 40 million krill a day.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[6] Lifestyles The gestation period of a whale usually lasts just over one year and normally gives birth to only one chick at a time.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Feeding of the chick is carried out in a manner typical of mammals by breastfeeding.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[4] Whale sleep is intermittent and differs from human sleep.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

They doze off for a few minutes, sinking someone a metre below the surface.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Lightly kicking, they rise to the surface to breathe and doze off again to sink beneath the surface.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[7] They alternately reduce the activity of the different cerebral hemispheres, thus keeping their involuntary breathing continuously running.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[8] Animals living in groups rest closely close to each other and warn each other when threatened with danger.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[7] Whales sleep about eight hours a day.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[7] Evolution and Classification Evolution Developmentally historically, whales have descended from land animals.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[1] Their population form lived in swamps is the same as that of hoofed hippopotamuses, and thus they are in fact developmentally historically ungulates.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

Within the Cetartiodactyla development line formed together by traditional ungulates and whales, hippos and whales together form one of its four monophyletic main developmental lines that survive today, alongside porcine animals (Suina), ruminants and camellias.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[9] [10] Classification Tribal division of extant whales according to the 2005 Mammal Species of the World.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[11] [12] subsect Mysticeti - hetula whales family Balaenidae - silo whales [2 genera, 4 species] family Balaenopteridae - striated whales [2 genera, 7 species] family Eschrichtiidae - grey whales [1 genus and species] family Neobalaenidae - pygmy whales [1 genus and species] family Neobalaenidae - pygmy whales [1 genus and species] 1 genus and species] subsect Odontoceti - toothed whales family Delphinidae - dolphins tribe Monodontidae - horn whales family Phocoenidae - porpoises family Physeteridae - celots tribe Platanistidae - river dolphins tribe Iniidae family Ziphiidae - beaked whales Protected areas The largest protected area located in the Cook Islands.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

The area, the size of Western Europe, is one of two whale birthing sites in the Southern Hemisphere and is within the Cook Islands EEZ in an area of a couple million square kilometres.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

It was established in 2001 on the initiative of Nan Hauser, a whale researcher living in the Bahamas and Cook Islands.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[13] Among other things, humpback whales, beaked whales and hetula whales live in the protected area.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[14] At least six species of whales have been detected in Finland's current territorial waters with certainty: dolphin (Delphinus delphis), bottle-snout dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), milk whale (Delphinapterus leucas), bay whale (Balaenoptera acutosorutosoras) trata) and humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae).


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[15] [16] Observations of these only porpoise are carried out on a somewhat regular basis, remember only occasionally.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[15] In addition to the above-mentioned species seen alive, a few dorsal vertebrae of a blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) have been found on land in the 1940s, whose age has not been able to determine.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[16] A white snout dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) was discovered in 1935 in Terijoki, now part of Russia, whose remains are in the collections of the University of Helsinki.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[17] In Petsamo, Russia, which in the 1920s—1940s was part of Finland, is home to killer whales (Orcinus orca).


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

[18] See also Whaling Explosive whale Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Brother-Risto Cajander et.


Question: Are there caskelots living in Norwegian waterways?

Whales

al.| title = World Nature: Mammals 1| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-35-6493-2}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cajander, Brother & Similä, Tigh| title = Great Whales and Dolphins| location = Helsinki | publisher = Otava| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-1-08889-0}} On the topic elsewhere in Särkänniemi External link in |work= (help) (English names for whales) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who ruled after Decius?

List of Roman emperors

This is a list of Roman emperors from the first emperor Augustus up to the last emperor of Western Rome, Romulus Augustulus, who was deposed in 476.


Question: Who ruled after Decius?

List of Roman emperors

The list also comprises Eastern Roman emperors until 476, after which the list continues in the list of Byzantine emperors.


Question: Who ruled after Decius?

List of Roman emperors

Most of the Roman emperors used the title augustus.


Question: Who ruled after Decius?

List of Roman emperors

A successor appointed by the emperor was usually given the title of caesar.


Question: Who ruled after Decius?

List of Roman emperors

In 293, Emperor Diocletian created a new system in which he divided the kingdom into two parts: each was headed by an augustus and each was subordinated by one caesar.


Question: Who ruled after Decius?

List of Roman emperors

[1] Juliusten-Claudiuste Ruler House Year of the Four Emperors Flaviustes' ruler family Adoptive Emperors Year of the Five Emperors and Severustes Military Emperors Gaul Empire, i.e., Gaulish Counteremperors Kingdom of Palmyra Dominate In 293, Diocletian divided the kingdom into two parts: East and West Rome.


Question: Who ruled after Decius?

List of Roman emperors

The new system had two emperors, entitled augustus, one in Italy and the other in Greece.


Question: Who ruled after Decius?

List of Roman emperors

Both emperors additionally had a junior ruler companion with the title of caesar.


Question: Who ruled after Decius?

List of Roman emperors

[65] Tetrarchy in the east Tetrarchy in the west Constantine ruler family Valentinian ruler family West Rome East Rome Theodosius ruler family West Rome East Rome Western Roman emperors Eastern Roman emperors Timeline Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arto Kivimäki and Pekka Tuomisto| title = Roman Emperors| publisher = Karisto| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-23-4094-1}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Roman emperors * Category:Key articles on screening Category:92 European history


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Soviet Union (abbreviation NL [1];), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (; abbreviation SNTL [1], ven.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

СССР [1], SSSR [1]) was a socialist state dominated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1991.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The predecessor of the Soviet Union was Soviet Russia, born of the October Revolution.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was one of the winning states of World War II.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union was the world's second superpower and had the second largest gross domestic product in the world.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In 1991, the Soviet Union was the largest country in the world by area (22.4 million square kilometers) and the third largest in terms of population (almost 300 million inhabitants).


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The capital of the Soviet Union was Moscow.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The Soviet Union consisted of Soviet republics, the number of which varied.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In the late days of the Soviet Union there were fifteen.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The Baltic states became independent in August 1991, and the remaining 12 Soviet republics agreed among themselves to abolish the Soviet Union on 8 December 1991.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev announced his resignation from office on 25 December 1991, as the state he led no longer existed.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Eleven former Soviet republics formed a regional organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States, after the dissolution.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The international law successor state of the Soviet Union became the largest state to exist as a Soviet republic, Russia.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was a permanent member of the UN Security Council.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In addition to the Soviet Union, the Soviet republics of Ukraine and Belarus also belonged to the United Nations.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[2] The name Soviet Union dates back to the tradition of workers' councils () in the Russian Empire, through which Bolsheviks and the socialist movement as a whole in Russia organise their decision-making in an inclusive manner.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The name of the councils survived as the name of the local governments, regions, councils of republics and parliaments of the Soviet Union, such that the country's parliament became the Supreme Council in the 1936 Constitution.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

History Early stages Social unrest, saturation with authoritarian emperor rule, combat fatigue caused by World War I and the long-simmering need for change finally led to the 1917 implosion of Imperial Russia and the February Revolution.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The interim government led by the Duma soon fell when the Bolshevit Party assumed a dominant position under its leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in the October Revolution.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In connection with the October Revolution, a civil war broke out in Russia between the reds and whites.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Both further sought to keep Russia united and fought against the nationalists of the former parts of the Russian Empire seeking independence.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

On the same occasion, several small states broke away from Russia, including Finland and Poland.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The Reds won the civil war, after which conditions calmed down so much that it was possible, under the leadership of Soviet-Russia, to establish a Union of Soviet Socialist Republics by the 1922 Constitution.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[3] On 30 December 1922, Russia and the Soviet republics of Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia, which had separated from it after the revolution, merged into the Soviet Union, becoming the first socialist state in the world to seek communism.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In the same year, the Armoured Ship Potemkin, a Soviet national film directed by Lenin's court director Sergei Eisenstein, was also completed.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Film played a major role in a country where illiteracy was widespread.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

After civil war-communism during the civil war, the government began to allow private enterprising alongside nationalised industry.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The seizure of hundreds in rural areas was replaced by a tax.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

However, the underdevelopment of industrial production led to severe inflation and market speculation, resulting in a shortage of food in cities.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In its early days, the Soviet Union was considerably weaker than the Empire militarily and sought to avoid conflict.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Military and economic growth of the Soviet Union began in the 1930s under Stalin's regime.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[4] Stalin's period After Lenin's death in January 1924, the troika Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev rose to power.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

There was a power struggle within the party between Lev Trotsky of the left, Nikolai Buharin of the right and Josif Stalin of the centre.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Trotsky's left-opposition stance aimed, in accordance with the principle of continuous revolution, that the revolution would spread uninterrupted to other countries.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In practice, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic had lost the opportunity for a series of revolutions in central Eastern Europe and Central Europe after the failure of the Spartacist rebellion in Germany of 1919 and when the Poles had repelled the invasion of Warsaw and obtained the Second Peace of Riga, which guaranteed Poland as an independent bourgeois republic.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Stalin was more prepared to proceed according to Buharin's “Socialism in One Country” principle, which meant, from the position of broad-based world revolutionism, an intensive development of the Russian economy.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[5] This effectively included the modernization of the land, the main points of which were the industrialization program and the collectivization of agriculture into sovhoes and colkhoses to finance it.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Through Lenin's NEP program, the prosperous peasant class, the kulaks, resisted collectivization and were allowed to experience state retaliation: forced relocation to Asia, expropriations and executions.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In economic life, market forces were replaced by centralist five-year planning for the national economy.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Stalin also developed military might.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Already in the 1930s, the Soviet Union became one of the most militarily powerful countries in the world.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[6] Stalin intensified Soviet totalitarianism by strengthening the state police (Czeka and NKVD).


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

He also carried out extensive purges in the 1930s known as Stalin's persecutions, in which, for example, almost the entire former leadership was deposed and executed.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Even tens of millions of people were sent to prison camps (GULAG), liquidated, or they simply disappeared.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Despite this, the Soviet Union developed in the years before the war into a powerful industrial power.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[7] Europe was generally prepared for war in the 1930s, despite the opposing efforts of the League of Nations, which was considered weak.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Maksim Litvinov, the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR in the League of Nations, opposed the efforts of Italy, Japan and Germany, at the same time trying to balance the growth of German power in Europe with a federal policy, primarily with France, which, because of the Popular Front policy, was political prerequisites.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Another way for the Soviet Union to try to resist Italy and Germany was to participate in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Comintern, a collaborative organization of world communist parties supporting Soviet foreign policy, was involved.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

As the entente cordiale did not work effectively enough for the Soviet Union against Germany, the Soviets finally decided to acquire time to equip themselves for war against Germany by allying with the latter in August 1939.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The alliance was the result of British-Franco-Soviet military negotiations in which the Western powers did not pledge a significant number of divisions for the fight against Germany should war break out.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

World War II Time Shortly before the start of World War II, on August 23, 1939, the Soviet Union unexpectedly entered into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

It later emerged that the agreement was also accompanied by a secret additional protocol on the division of interests between countries in Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea region.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

According to it, the Soviet sphere of interest included Finland and the Baltic states, among others.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In early September of the same year, Germany and the Soviet Union started a war against Poland.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Germany quickly occupied the country except for its eastern part, which was conquered by the Soviet Union.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

At the end of November, the Soviets invaded Finland and began the Winter War in an effort to conquer Finland in accordance with the division of interests.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

To start the war, the Soviets staged the so-called. Mainila's shots to justify the attack to win it international approval.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The invasion of Finland was not successful, but the Soviet Union was able to annex territories belonging to Finland in Karelia.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In the summer of 1940, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed the Baltic States, and in the same year Bessarabia, which had belonged to Romania, was annexed.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The Soviet Union planned a new war against Finland, but Hitler, despite Molotov's pleas, was no longer willing to do so.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

However, the Soviets continued to plan the war effort and the positioning of troops in anticipation of a new offensive.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In 1941, Germany went to war against the Soviet Union.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In the early stages, the Soviet Union was forced to retreat against a materially superior Germany, suffering huge male losses in Belarus, among others.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The Western Allies, mainly the United States, substantially supported the Soviet war effort by supplying it with war material.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

The Germans remaining in the mot at Stalingrad in February 1943 decisively changed the course of the war.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

During the war years, the Soviet Union developed militarily into one of the strongest states in the world.


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Soviet

In 1945, World War II ended with German defeat and Allied victory.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

[8] The Eastern Front is referred to as the war effort that took place during World War II, mainly in Eastern Europe.


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Soviet

The designation is used in parallel with the Western Front, which was located in Western Europe.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

On the Eastern Front, facing each other were Germany with its allies and the Soviet Union between June 1941 and May 1945.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

Events on the Eastern Front had many consequences: the Soviet Union emerged as an industrial and military superpower for nearly 50 years; Germany was divided into British, Soviet, French and US occupation zones, and later the Federal Republic of Germany; and the German Democratic to the Republic, and Berlin was continuously occupied.


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Soviet

Many Eastern and Central European countries were also occupied, effectively becoming Soviet-controlled popular democracies.


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Soviet

In addition, Polish state territory moved 200 km westward to previously German-held territories.


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Soviet

World War II also led to a continued U.S. military presence in Western and Central Europe to counter the Soviet threat.


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Soviet

[9] During World War II, the Soviet Union also waged war against Finland, declaring war on Japan in the very final stages of World War II.


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Soviet

In the Paris Peace Treaty, the Soviet Union received territories from Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Finland.


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Soviet

The Soviet Union was also left with the Baltic states annexed to it as early as 1940 and, after the war, part of East Prussia, which had belonged to Germany, the Kaliningrad region and the South Sakhalin and Kuril, which had belonged to Japan, were annexed.


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Soviet

Besides, the Soviet Union annexed most of eastern central Europe into its circle of interest.


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Soviet

The losing Germany of the war was divided into four occupation zones, one belonging to the Soviet Union, the others to the Western Allies.


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Soviet

The original plan to govern Germany jointly was scrapped in 1946—1947 as the intervals between East and West became tighter.


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Soviet

[10] With Japan, the Soviet Union never concluded a peace treaty, and the dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands continues even today between Russia and Japan.


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Soviet

[9] Cold War Stalin died in 1953, and after him in the Soviet leadership came Nikita Khrushchev.


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Soviet

A period of de-escalation in domestic politics followed, and many of those convicted of betrayal under Stalin received a reputational restoration.


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Soviet

Khrushchev, however, was criticised especially for the inefficiency of the financial leadership, and the management troika Leonid Brezhnev, Nikolai Podgornyi and Alexei Kosygin took over.


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Soviet

As a longtime foreign minister, Andrei Gromyko was influenced.


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Soviet

The Cold War also contrasted two ideological worlds.


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Soviet

The West saw the states of the East as undemocratic, authoritarian communist dictatorships, and the East respectively, the states of the West as bourgeois imperialists and disenfranchisers.


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Soviet

In both cases, the propaganda of the state apparatus influenced public opinion and made ideologies — communism and capitalism — powerfully negative and emotional; at the same time, links with actual political and economic theories were severed.


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Soviet

[11] After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States struggled for hegemony during the Cold War.


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Soviet

The battle was fought through several so-called proxy wars, that is, entities allied with different parties waged war with each other in their respective territories, with the Soviet Union and the US supporting their own camp.


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Soviet

However, no direct war was ever fought, apparently due to the bulky nuclear reserves of both.


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Soviet

[12] The atmosphere of the Cold War led to numerous conflicts, some of them armed.


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Soviet

Proxy wars were fought in Vietnam, Angola, Korea and Afghanistan, among others.


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Soviet

These wars were not directly opposed by the great powers, but often the forces of one superpower and a state on the side of the other bloc.


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Soviet

[11] In Latin America, the United States undermined, either secretly or publicly, governments it considered too leftist (Chile and Allende, Guatemala and Arbenz, for example).


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Soviet

A form of proxy war was waged against the Sandinist government in Nicaragua with the help of mercenaries.


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Soviet

Direct warfare against Cuba was abandoned after the Bay of Pigs fiasco.


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Soviet

Many smaller Caribbean island nations were also occupied from time to time.


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Soviet

[11] Eastern European countries were in turn under strict Soviet surveillance policies.


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Soviet

Any uprisings or deviations from the Kremlin line were quickly suppressed.


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Soviet

The most famous repressions were the overthrow of the Hungarian uprising and the occupation of Czechoslovakia that ended the Prague Spring.


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Soviet

[13] During the Cold War, both superpowers sought to incorporate new states into their spheres of interest.


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Soviet

However, the most central topic of US-Soviet rivalry was military power, and nuclear weapons in particular emerged as central.


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Soviet

They were closely associated with the development of nuclear energy to produce nuclear weapons material and advances in military rocket technology, so-called nuclear missiles.


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Soviet

From the 1950s until the end of the Cold War, there was a balance of terror between the two superpowers, with each side capable of inflicting such devastation on the other side if necessary that nuclear aggression would have been practically suicidal.


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Soviet

Thus, nuclear weapons were considered to have safeguard a long, but freezing period of peace.


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Soviet

[14] End of the Soviet Union Elderly party leaders Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko perished in the early 1980s one after another.


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Soviet

Eventually, in March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the most prominent position of the Soviet Union, as the country was effectively run by the Politburo, the political commission of the party.


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Soviet

Gorbachev initiated a policy of reform that became known under the names “perestroika” (″rebuilding”), “glasnost” (″openness”) and “uskorenije” (″accelerating”).


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Soviet

The political climate was freed up and the rigorous economic planning under Brezhnev was relaxed.


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Soviet

But instead of improving the system, the reforms only added to its instability.


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Soviet

As censorship loosened, the media quickly dug up national and economic problems that had been covered up for a long time.


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Soviet

Silenced issues such as poor housing conditions, food shortages, alcoholism, widespread pollution and steadily rising mortality rates received greater attention all the time.


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Soviet

Atrocities during Stalin's regime also became public.


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Soviet

Old and reformist circles clashed drastically, and Gorbachev, who balanced between extremes, ran into trouble trying to control the process he initiated himself.


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Soviet

[15] In 1988, Gorbachev declared that the Soviet Union would reject the so-called Brezhnev Doctrine and allow democratic reforms in Eastern Europe.


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Soviet

The intention was to strengthen the Soviet Union, which had begun menacingly from its Nazi unions, but the state could not withstand the reforms.


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Soviet

This led, starting in 1989, to a whole series of power changes in Europe.


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Soviet

The revolutions were mostly peaceful with the exception of Romania.


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Soviet

They led to the collapse of communism's dominance in Europe.


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Soviet

The Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended.


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Soviet

Within the Soviet Union, however, Gorbachev's regime had come under great suspicion and criticism from the Soviet leadership, especially among the old ones.


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Soviet

However, Boris Yeltsin, a Democrat who won parliamentary elections in 1989 in Russia, was the most famous critic of Gorbachev, who opposed the old people in particular.


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Soviet

In March 1991, the first and last referendum in the country's history was held in the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

On December 24, 1990, following a proposal by the delegates of the Soviet People's Congress, Soviet citizens were asked if they wanted to maintain the Soviet Union as a reformed federation of independent republics that would guarantee people of all nationalities the same rights and freedoms.


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Soviet

In the March referendum, 113512812, or 77.85% of the electorate, voted for the reformed Federation of Soviet Socialist Republics.


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Soviet

However, the result of the referendum was buried in other problems, and mainly in infighting between Gorbachev and Yeltsin, which intensified as the spring wore on.


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Soviet

The Old Ones persuaded Gorbachev to their side at the end of 1990, but failed to defeat the Baltic rebellions in the bloody clashes of January 1991 in which dozens were killed.


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Soviet

In August 1991, a group of hardline communists under Vice President Gennady Janayev attempted to pull off a coup.


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Soviet

They wanted to prevent further dispersing and destabilizing changes in the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

During the coup, Gorbachev was imprisoned for three days in the Crimean peninsula in his state holiday home.


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Soviet

However, the hijacking boiled down to size as Boris Yeltsin gathered citizens and soldiers on his side to oppose the coup.


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Soviet

The Emergency Committee, which took power, represented the supreme legal authority: in addition to the vice president, the Prime Minister, the Minister of Defense, the Minister of Internal Affairs, the Chairman of the KGB, the Vice-President of the Defence Council and the Chief of the Presidential Office were members of the Emergency Committee.


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Soviet

Gorbachev regained his nominal position as President of the Soviet Union, but he found that public opinion and the power apparatus had shifted fully to support Yeltsin.


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Soviet

The Baltic states declared independence.


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Soviet

Ukraine also voted for independence in December, despite having previously agreed to remain in the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

On December 8, the leaders of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia met, established the CIS, and denied the existence of the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

In the end, Gorbachev had to bend to this decision, and he resigned on 25 December 1991.


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Soviet

The next day, the Soviet Union ceased to exist.


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Soviet

[16] After the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation inherited the status of the Soviet Union, but economically and politically weakened.


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Soviet

In 2009, the majority of Russians thought the dissolution of the Soviet Union was an accident.


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Soviet

16% of Russians supported the restoration of the Soviet Union in its original form.


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Soviet

[17] Among the parties, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, founded on the ruins of the NKP, has pushed for the re-establishment of the Soviet Union and the councils on a voluntary basis.


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Soviet

[18] Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the status of socialism as the official cause of the states has diminished worldwide.


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Soviet

In 1990, the German Democratic Republic was annexed into the Federal Republic of Germany.


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Soviet

Yugoslavia broke up in 1991.


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Soviet

Today, the most prominent state in the world calling itself socialist is the People's Republic of China.


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Soviet

Other well-known states calling themselves socialist include Cuba and Vietnam.


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Soviet

[19] Governance and Politics The Supreme Command of the Soviet Union was a socialist federal state in which supreme power lay with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (NKP).


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Soviet

[20] The one-party system was justified by three main arguments: Historical reasons, namely the Bolsheviks being left without allies in the Russian Civil War, and the absence of opposing social classes — means of production and land assets nationalised — and high turnout.


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Soviet

During the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s, the country began to move towards a multi-party system, the likes of which, however, were never created.


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Soviet

Since the time of Stalin, the supreme power of the Soviet Union rested with the head of the NKP, that is, the Secretary-General of the Central Committee, commonly referred to as Leader of the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

[21] However, Lenin is generally regarded as the first leader of the Soviet Union, although he was not General Secretary of the Communist Party, but served as President of the Council of People's Commissars, i.e., effectively Prime Minister from 1917 to 1922.


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Soviet

The Soviet Union also had an official head of state whose powers were lower than those of the Secretary-General of the NKP Central Committee.


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Soviet

The President of the Executive Central Committee of the Congress of the Soviet Union, since 1938 the President of the Bureau of the Supreme Soviet was appointed Head of State.


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Soviet

[21] The actual office of president was not introduced in the Soviet Union until May 1989, when the posts of Soviet leader and head of state were merged into a unified presidential post.


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Soviet

From 1977 onwards Leonid Brežnev served as both General Secretary and Head of State of the Communist Party, as did after him Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko and, since 1988, Mikhail Gorbachev.


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Soviet

Soviet leaders 1917—1922 — Vladimir Ilyich Lenin 1922—1953 — Josif Stalin 1953—1955 — Georgi Malenkov 1955—1964 — Nikita Khrushchev 1964—1982 — Leonid Brezhnev 1982—1984 — Yuri Andropov 1984—1985 — Konstantin Chernenko 1985—1991 — Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union heads of state 1917 — Lev Kamenev 1917—1919 — Yakov Sverdlov 1919—1946 — Mikhail Kalinin 1946—1953 — Nikolai Švernik 1953—1960 — Kliment Vorošilov 1960—1964 — Leonid Brezhnev 1964—1965 — Anastas Mikojan 1965—1977 — Nikolai Podgornyi 1977—1982 — Leonid Brezhnev 1985—1977 2—1983 — Vasily Kuznetsov 1983—1984 — Yuri Andropov 1984 — Vasily Kuznetsov 1984—1985 — Konstantin Chernenko 1985 — Vasily Kuznetsov 1985—1988 — Andrei Gromyko 1988—1991 — Mikhail Gorbachev Government and People's Representative Council of the Soviet Government headed by the Council of Ministers chairman, who was elected by an internal party vote.


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Soviet

Over the course of Soviet history, prime ministers changed frequently, and they did not have significant political power.


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Soviet

According to the constitution, it was up to the Council of Ministers and its chairman to implement the decisions of the party.


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Soviet

[22] In practice, the Parliament of the Soviet Union consisted of representatives and supporters of the only party, the Communist Party.


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Soviet

[23] Parliament was divided into different councils of ministers, each with its own domains and functions.


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Key parliamentary influencers were senior figures in the party, such as the General Secretary of the Central Committee (which held supreme power), the President of the Council of Ministers (the “Prime Minister”), and the President of the Bureau of the Supreme Soviet.


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Soviet

Parliament met in the Moscow Kremlin.


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Soviet

[24] The Supreme Soviet was the supreme governing body of the Soviet Union over which the Central Committee of the Communist Party had key influence.


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It was bicameral, with both chambers (the Federation Council and the Council of Nationalities) having equal power.


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In 1989, each chamber had 750 members and each had a term of four years.


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Soviet

The Presidium handled the day-to-day functions of the Supreme Council when it was not convened.


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Soviet

[25] In practice, until perestroika, the Supreme Council was subordinate to the Politburo and had no real power.


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Soviet

As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate, the Supreme Council considered the Republics' declarations of sovereignty in a decision it adopted in October 1990 to be illegal.


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Soviet

On 26 December 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union was


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Soviet

Each Soviet republic had its own local government, which decided local matters.


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Soviet

In local government, the top administrative bodies were the Regional Court and the Executive Council.


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Soviet

There was also a People's Court with a three-year term in the administration.


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Soviet

The local government district also included the Workers' and Peasants' Council.


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Soviet

The People's Court and the Workers' and Peasants' Council were elected by the voters.


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Soviet

The Workers' and Peasants' Council was empowered to elect members of the Territorial Court and Executive Council.


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Soviet

[26] Multiple lists of candidates were not allowed, but in a secret election there was an option to vote against a candidate as well, and therefore the selection of a suitable candidate had to be carried out carefully.


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Soviet

In the 1960s, for example, 55% of the members of district councils were members of the Communist Party.


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Soviet

[27] [28] High turnout rates in local government elections, often over 99%, raised suspicion of the integrity of the elections.


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Soviet

Foreign Policy Main articles: Warsaw Pact and SEV After World War II, Soviet foreign policy sought to ensure internal security, especially by maintaining a system of interests in Eastern Europe, and increasing influence in developing countries.


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Soviet

The Soviet Union also sought peaceful coexistence with Western countries.


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Soviet

It maintained diplomatic relations with most of the world's states and was a permanent member of the UN Security Council.


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Soviet

The founding members of the UN were also Belarus and Ukraine, although these did not have a de facto foreign policy of their own.


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Soviet

[29] The Soviet Union established the anti-NATO Warsaw Pact in 1955, joined by all Eastern Bloc countries except Yugoslavia.


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Members of the military alliance undertook to defend each other if necessary, should one or more Member States come under attack.


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Soviet

The Warsaw Pact was largely led from Moscow and supported by Soviet troops stationed in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic.


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Soviet

[30] From 1949 to 1991, the Soviet Union was a member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.


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Soviet

The SEV was an economic community of socialist states and a competitor to the European Economic Community.


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Soviet

Initially, the SEV was essentially a Soviet counterbet to Marshall aid, but it later acquired contrasting features.


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Soviet

The developed industrialized countries of eastern central Europe, before the rest of Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic, played the role of net contributor economically.


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Soviet

The SEV was particularly important for Cuba, which managed to make up for decades for the lack of Western markets resulting from the American economic blockade.


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Soviet

[31] The SEV organization sought to achieve all decisions by consensus.


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Soviet

Members did not have a separate veto; in the event of disagreement, they could opt out of projects they did not want to participate in.


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Soviet

Decisions so made satisfied everyone, but not everyone committed to them.


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Soviet

This was one of the main weaknesses of SEV, along with the markedly different industrial development rates of the Member States.


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Soviet

The SEV was generally regarded in the West as a weak economic union and was not at the level of the European Economic Community.


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Soviet

[32] In the 1980s, full members of SEV were East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Cuba, the Soviet Union, Vietnam, Mongolia and Romania.


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Soviet

[33] The Federation was dissolved in 1991 following the abandonment of a socialist planned economy by the end of the Cold War.


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Soviet

Internal Security for the Internal Security of the USSR was a commission subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior NKVD, heir to the notorious Volunteer Troop-leaning Czech Republic (ВЧК), which was disbanded in 1922.


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Soviet

Beginning in 1954 operated from the ministry at least ostensibly independent of the KGB.


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Soviet

The KGB was the State Security Police of the Soviet Union from 1954 to 1991.


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Soviet

Its job was to handle external security and intelligence, except military intelligence, which belonged to the GRU.


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Soviet

The KGB's domain was roughly equivalent to the US CIA and the FBI's counterintelligence division, but the KGB also included, for example, the Soviet Border Guard.


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Soviet

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the FSB was established in Russia as the successor to the Soviet KGB.


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Soviet

In Belarus, the security police still operate under the KGB name.


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Soviet

[34] Fatalities According to the calculations of political scientist Radolph Rummel, a total of 62 million people died during the establishment of the Soviet Union and its predecessor Soviet Russia and during the period of power from 1917 to 1991.


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Soviet

Rummel calculated that to include about 39.5 million deaths in concentration camps, about 8.3 million killed in acts of terrorism, about 7.8 million killed in forced famines, and about 4.3 million killed in rides (engl.


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Soviet

deportation) dead.


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Soviet

In the post-World War II period, only about 15.6 million of the deaths are scheduled, and only about 6.9 million of the deaths in the post-Stalin period.


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Soviet

The figures do not include those killed in World War II battles.


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Soviet

[35] According to history professor Norman Naimark, Stalin executed nearly a million Soviet citizens.


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[36] Civil War (1917)


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3,284,000 terror 750,000 concentration camps 34,000 forced famine 2,500,000 New Economic Policy (1923) total.


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2,200,000 Collectivization (1929) in total.


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Soviet

11,440,000 terror 1,733,000 ride-out deaths 1,400,000 concentration camps 3,306,000 forced famine 5,000,000 Great Terror (1936) total.


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Soviet

4,345,000 terror 1,000,000 ride deaths 65,000 concentration camps 3,280,000 Before World War II (1939) total.


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Soviet

5,104,000 terror 1,932,000 ride deaths 283,000 concentration camps 2,889,000 Second World War (1941) total.


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13,053,000 terror 1,257,000 ride-hailing deaths 1,036,000 concentration camps 10,761,000 After World War II (1946) total.


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Soviet

15,613,000 terror 1,376,000 ride-hailing deaths 1,557,000 concentration camps 12,348,000 since Stalin (1954) total.


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Soviet

6,872,000 terror 250,000 ride deaths 8000 concentration camps 6,613,000 [35] Geography The Soviet Union was the largest nation in the world by area, encompassing territories from both Europe and Asia.


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The western part of the Soviet Union belonged to Eastern Europe, but three-quarters of the area was located in Asia.


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Soviet

In total, the Soviet Union included about one-sixth of the total area of the world, exactly 22400000 square kilometers.


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Soviet

There were 11 time zones in the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

The major residential areas were concentrated mainly in Europe, but also in Southwest Asia.


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Soviet

Harvi settlement was in Siberia and other parts of the Northeast and Northern Soviet Union.


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Soviet

[37] [38] The northernmost area of the Soviet Union was Chelyuskin Cape, with its northernmost point at 77° 45' N latitude.


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Soviet

If the islands are included, the northernmost corner was the Fligell headland on Rudolf Island (81° 50' north latitude).


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Soviet

The southernmost tip was found in the Turkmenian Soviet Socialist Republic, the village of Childuhter near Kushka.


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Soviet

The easternmost point was on Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait (169° 02' west longitude) and the westernmost in the Gulf of Gdańsk in the Baltic Sea (16° 08' east longitude).


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Soviet

The northernmost and southernmost points had a distance of almost 5000 km, and the easternmost and westernmost points had a distance of almost 10,000 km.


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Soviet

[38] [39] The Soviet Union had a total of 12 border neighbours: Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.


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Soviet

The length of the borders totaled more than 60000 kilometers.


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Soviet

3/4 of the borders were common with the socialist states of the time.


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Soviet

There were maritime boundaries on 13 seashore beaches belonging to the Northern Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.


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Soviet

2/3 of the borders of the Soviet Union were maritime boundary.


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Soviet

[38] [40] The highest point in the Soviet Union was Pik Kommunizma, located in the Pamir Mountains, with a height of 7495 m. The largest river in the Soviet Union was the Yenisei, which is the largest river descending into the Arctic Ocean in the North.


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Soviet

Its length is 5539 km.


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Soviet

On the European side, the largest river in the Soviet Union was the Volga, which is the longest and most abundant river in Europe.


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The length of the Volga is 3685 kilometers.


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Other notable rivers included the Ob, Lena, Ural and Amur.


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Soviet

Today, Pik Kommunizma is called Ismail Samani, and is located in Tajikistan; the aforementioned rivers are mainly located on Russian territory.


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Soviet

Elevation ratios in the Soviet Union ranged from mountainous to flat lowlands.


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Soviet

The largest number of mountain ranges were in the northern and eastern parts of the Soviet Union, while the southern and western parts had more plains.


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Soviet

Among the largest lakes in Soviet territory were Lake Aral, Lake Ladoga, Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal.


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Soviet

[38] [40] Climate Soviet Union extended into three climatic zones: cold, temperate and subtropical zones.


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Soviet

The coldest temperatures in winter were normally below −30°C and the warmest temperatures were above +30°C in summer.


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Soviet

The lowest temperatures were measured in the northern parts of Siberia, where the cold record fell below as low as −70°C.


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The warmest areas were in Uzbekistan, where temperatures were above +50°C.


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Soviet

[38] [41] The lowest temperature (−71.1 °C) was measured in 1964 in Oimjakon, Yikutia.


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Soviet

The warmest value on the territory of the Soviet Union again was obtained on July 29, 1983 on the territory of Turkmenistan — +51.7 °C.


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Soviet

Urbanization The Soviet Union was already remarkably extensive in terms of area and natural resources at its birth.


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Soviet

The largest cities in Russia in the 19th century were St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw and Kharkiv.


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Soviet

[42] Later Warsaw became the capital of independent Poland, and Russian-speaking Kharkiv in Ukraine was overshadowed by the growing economic centre Kiev.


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Soviet

Peter, transformed into Leningrad, retained its idiosyncrasies, but became industrialized, and a large number of civilisation moved abroad.


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Soviet

Moscow became the capital of the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

World War II shifted the focus of the economy towards the east anyway, where resources seemed inexhaustible.


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Soviet

The peculiarity of the urban structure in the Soviet Union became, partly due to the abundant supply of energy, long distances and economic interdependence of regions far from each other.


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Soviet

Many towns were even born without the surrounding rural settlement to secure an adequate food supply for the city.


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Soviet

This kept the regions more strictly dependent on Central Command, but was even fatal when the Soviet Union fell apart when necessities suddenly had to be imported from abroad.


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Soviet

[43] The largest cities at the end of the Soviet Union numbered a total of 23 million cities in 1989, about half of them on the territory of the Russian SFNT.


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Soviet

The three largest cities were Moscow with 8.8 million, Leningrad with 4.4 million, and Kiev with 2.6 million inhabitants.


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Soviet

Other millionaire cities included Alma-Ata, Baku, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Gorky, Kharkiv, Yerevan, Kazan, Kuibyshev, Minsk, Novosibirsk, Odessa, Omsk, Perm, Rostov, Sverdlovsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Chelyabinsk and Ufa.


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Soviet

Notable cities with less than a million inhabitants included Chișinău, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Riga, Tallinn, Vilnius, Vladivostok and Volgograd, among others.


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Soviet

[44] [45] Enlargement The original Soviet Union encompassed the Soviet republics of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia.


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Soviet

Later, the autonomous Soviet republics of Kazahstan and Kyrgyz were detached from the Russian SFNT, which became republics of their own within the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

In 1925, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were peacefully joined the Soviet Union, from which in 1929 Tajikistan was separated.


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Soviet

In 1936, Transcaucasia was divided between the republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Grosia.


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Soviet

In 1940, the Karelian-Finnish SNT was established in East Karelia, to which some of the territories conquered from Finland in the Winter War were annexed.


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Soviet

It was top its own republic, but was annexed in 1956 into the Russian SFNT and demoted to the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.


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Soviet

[46] The Soviet Union expanded especially in the 1940s during the period of Stalin's rule.


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Soviet

In 1940, the Baltic republics Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were annexed to the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

Around the same time, the Soviet Union occupied territories from Finland and Japan, the Kaliningrad Oblast from Germany, the territories of Moldavia and western Ukraine from Romania, and eastern Poland, among others.


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Soviet

These territories were annexed by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II.


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Soviet

The Tannu-Tuva People's Republic from Central Asia joined the Soviet Union on 11 October 1944.


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Soviet

[47] [48] The borders of the Soviet Union remained the same until the 1990s, when the state began to disintegrate.


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Soviet

Dissolution began in 1990, when parts of the Soviet republics became independent.


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Soviet

During 1991, most of the Soviet republics seceded from the union and formed their own independent states.


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Soviet

The rest of the Soviet republics became independent in December 1991, when the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist.


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Soviet

The administrative division of the Soviet Union consisted of 15 different republics, namely Soviet republics.


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Soviet

Each Soviet republic had its own communist party and internal governing bodies with the exception of the largest Soviet republic, Russia, which had no administration of its own.


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Soviet

The center of state administration was located in Moscow, the capital of the Russian SFNT, which was also the capital of the entire state.


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Soviet

Each Soviet republic had its own capital, where internal administration buildings were located.


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Soviet

[49] The Soviet republics had partial right of self-government.


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Soviet

According to the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Soviet republics had the right to secede from the Soviet Union, and the law applied in 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved.


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Soviet

Some of the Soviet republics had their own administrative division, consisting of autonomous Soviet republics.


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Soviet

The most autonomous Soviet republics were in Russia.


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Soviet

Autonomous Soviet republics did not gain independence when the Soviet Union dissolved.


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Soviet

[26] Army The first Soviet state army was the Red Army of the Workers and Peasants, which was called the Red Army.


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Soviet

The Red Army was founded on 23 February 1918 in the Russian Civil War as the Army of the Red Guards.


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Soviet

After the Reds won the civil war in 1921, it became the Soviet Army.


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Soviet

February 23 was an important national holiday in the Soviet Union, later also celebrated as Red Army Day.


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Soviet

Lev Trotsky, who served as both the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in charge of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the War People's Commissar in charge of the Minister of Defence from 1918 to 1924, is widely regarded as the founder of the Red Army.


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Soviet

[50] When founded, the Red Army was based on volunteerism and was unfamiliar with military values or troop-section symbols.


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Soviet

The officers were democratically elected.


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Soviet

On 29 May 1918, however, men aged 18—40 were made conscripted.


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Soviet

In order to carry out a major recruiting operation, regional military commissariats responsible for calling boards (военный комиссариат, военкомат; vojenkomat) were established.


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Soviet

They served in this function and under this name right up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

Military commissariats should not be confused with political commissars (politruks) of the military.


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Soviet

[51] A political commissar was placed in each Red Army unit with the power to overturn decisions of unit commanders if they contradicted Communist Party principles.


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Soviet

Although this inevitably rendered the command system ineffective, the party leadership found it important to control the officer corps, which, as the civil war progressed, included more and more officers from the former Imperial Army.


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Soviet

[52] In the Russian Civil War of 1918—1920, the Red Army fought against white counter-revolutionary armies and Poland, and was also used to suppress internal revolts.


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Soviet

By the end of the war, nearly five million men were serving in the Red Army.


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Soviet

Prior to the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army waged war against Japan and Finland, among others.


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Soviet

Of these, the Winter War against Finland in particular attracted a lot of attention in the Western world.


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Soviet

[53] When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the strength of the Red Army was estimated at 1.5 million men.


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Soviet

It was weakened by political purges and was badly caught by the attack.


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Soviet

During the first weeks of war, practically the entire Soviet air force was razed to the fields and hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers were motivated into huge mots.


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Soviet

[54] At the time of the Great Patriotic War, 15—20 million officers and soldiers were recruited into the Red Army, of whom 7—10 million were killed.


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Soviet

[55] Red Army soldiers who were captured by the Germans were often executed directly in the field or transported to prison camps in inhumane conditions.


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Soviet

They were also killed in extermination camps as part of the Holocaust.


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Soviet

The portion of prisoners released at the end of the war was not much better, as surrender was punishable either by execution or by years of forced labour in Siberia.


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Soviet

In invading Germany, Red Army soldiers also committed countless war crimes: looting, extermination, and rape of German women.


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Soviet

[56] After the war won and the fall of Berlin, renowned respect for the Red Army and its prestige rose considerably in Soviet society.


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Soviet

The final step on the road from revolutionary arms corps to state permanent army was taken in 1946 when the “Invincible Red Army” was transformed into the armed forces of the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

[57] After the war, troops were demobilized and the strength of the army was reduced to an estimated five million.


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Soviet

Units of the Soviet Army, which had liberated Eastern European countries from German rule, remained ashore as occupying forces.


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Soviet

It led to these countries becoming members of the socialist bloc and, in effect, satellite states of the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

The largest number of Soviet army troops were deployed in the German Democratic Republic to counter the threat of NATO troops.


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Soviet

[58] During the Cold War, the Soviet Union devoted a great deal of resources to develop nuclear weapons of its military, especially ballistic missiles and nuclear submarines.


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Soviet

Conflicts were resolved only through so-called proxy wars, in which the United States and the Soviet Union supported governments or rebel movements as needed.


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Soviet

[14] In 1979, however, the Soviet Army intervened directly in the civil war in Afghanistan.


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Soviet

The goal of the Soviet Union was to support a secular regime friendly to it, threatened by Muslim guerrillas.


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Soviet

The United States and Pakistan supported the guerrillas financially and with military equipment, including supplying them with American Stinger anti-aircraft missiles intended to fight the air supremacy of Soviet forces.


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Soviet

Mikhail Gorbachev finally withdrew troops from the country in 1988.


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Soviet

The Red Army was dissolved in 1991 at the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its assets were distributed among successor states.


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Soviet

Most of the army, including the majority of the nuclear missile forces, were attached to the Army of the Russian Federation.


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Soviet

Troops stationed in Eastern Europe were withdrawn between 1991 and 1994.


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Soviet

Space program The Soviet space program was based on research carried out alone by Russian teacher Konstantin Tsiolkovsky from the beginning of the 20th century.


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Soviet

He was the first to study the possibility of spaceflight mathematically.


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Soviet

He did relatively little experimental research, but still developed methods such as rocket control, liquid propellants, and the principle of a multi-stage rocket.


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Soviet

As early as 1921, the Soviet state began funding rocket research from the budget of the armed forces.


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Soviet

Gird research groups developed rockets starting in the mid-1920s.


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Soviet

In the 1930s, Sergei Korolyov rose to the head of rocket research, but he fell into captivity due to purges by the armed forces.


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Soviet

During World War II, research in the field of rockets focused on ground force rockets and aircraft rocket propulsion.


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Soviet

[59] Under Korolyov's leadership, the Soviet Union developed the first intercontinental missile in the 1950s that would have been able to carry a nuclear weapon to the United States.


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Soviet

The R-7 missile was first launched on 21 August 1957.


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Soviet

Both the Soviet Union and the United States announced in 1955 that they planned to launch a satellite during the International Geophysical Year (1957—1958).


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Soviet

After the successful test launch of the missile, the first satellite Sputnik 1 was quickly built and launched on 4 October 1957.


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Soviet

As part of the rocket programme, the Baikonur Cosmodrome was built in the Tiuratam area.


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Soviet

[59] Economy The Soviet economy was a planned economy in which Marxist-Leninist socialism was implemented.


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Soviet

In the Soviet Constitution, the goal of the economic system and society as a whole said communism, that is, a classless, socially egalitarian society based on joint ownership of the means of production.


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Soviet

Communism was not considered to have been achieved in the Soviet Union; ideologically the status quo was seen as a kind of transition to a new society.


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Soviet

Officially, the Soviet Union lived the stage of dictatorship of the proletariat in the transition to communism.


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Soviet

However, according to widespread perception, the issue was rather a dictatorship of the party-elites, which may have played a role in the collapse of the entire system.


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Soviet

According to the constitution, the principle of communism was “to each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”, but as long as communism was unattainable, the principle was “to each according to his abilities, to each according to his contribution”, which referred to the attempt to pay wages according to the labor input.


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Soviet

[60] The Soviet Union was rapidly industrialized soon after its founding, accompanied by intense urbanization.


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Soviet

Livelihoods went from agriculture-intensive to industrial-intensive.


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Soviet

After World War II, a significant role was played by the reconstruction of the European-side part of the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

The amount of Soviet industrial production grew to be the largest in Europe and the second largest in the world, but the average standard of living still lagged behind that of the Western, as the Soviet Union was also the third most abundant country in the world.


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Soviet

In the Soviet Union, private ownership of the means of production, land and natural resources had been abolished.


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Soviet

The accepted forms of ownership were state ownership, or so-called pan-national ownership, and cooperative ownership.


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Soviet

In addition, people were entitled to private property: they owned the consumer goods they bought, received or inherited as gifts.


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Soviet

The countrymen also had private ownership of animals and small vegetable orchards.


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Soviet

By the 1970s, pan-national ownership included almost all industry and financial activities, and efforts were made to further increase the proportion, as pan-national ownership was considered the most advanced form of collective ownership in Soviet ideology.


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Soviet

Cooperatives existed mainly in agriculture as common farms known as kolhoos, as well as in some handicrafts.


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Soviet

[61] The main part of Soviet production arose in collective production, but on a small scale also in private.


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Soviet

During the first 10 years of the Soviet state, private peasants and artisans formed the main part of the population.


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Soviet

However, Soviet production was systematically directed in a collective direction, especially during the Stalin period also through violent coercive measures.


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Soviet

Still, small-scale private production was permitted in the Soviet Union throughout its existence, such as watchmakers, cobblers, painters and other similar practitioners.


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Soviet

Doctors also held private receptions.


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Soviet

However, private individuals were not allowed to hire workers, as this was considered, according to Marx's doctrines, a deprivation of foreign work.


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Soviet

[62] The economy was managed according to a centralised plan, which left individual production units with little autonomous power to decide.


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Soviet

There were three levels of plans: long-term, five-year and annual plans were made.


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Soviet

The planning body of the Federal Republics of the USSR, Gosplan, determined the quantitative and qualitative goals of the national economy, that is, norms.


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Soviet

These objectives were divided both regionally and by industry and all the way up to each factory or other production unit.


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Soviet

The profit made by the production facilities was distributed to several parties.


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Soviet

The main part of the state spent on its own budget, but part of the profit remained on production facilities.


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Soviet

Production plants spent their share on repairs, production development, stimulus funds and funds for regional economic development.


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Soviet

[63] According to Albania, which opposed the Soviet Union, in practice, the activities of Soviet enterprises were very similar to capitalist corporations.


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Soviet

[64] Socialists in the West also criticised the system, naming it state capitalism.


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Soviet

[45] The monetary unit of the Soviet Union was also the ruble and its sub-unit kopeck in use in the Russian Empire.


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Soviet

One ruble was equivalent to a hundred kopecks worth.


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Soviet

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the ruble as its currency has been used by Belarus and Russia


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Soviet

Other Soviet republics have adopted different-denominated monetary units since independence.


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Soviet

[62] After winning the civil war and intervention, Soviet Russia pursued a new economic policy, the NEP (Новая экономическая Политика, Novaya Ekonomitšeskaya Politika), which required stable monetary conditions due to private investment.


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Soviet

The Soviet Union stabilized monetary conditions in 1924 by tying the ruble to the gold standard and exchanging 50,000 Soviet Russian rubles, sovznak (совзнак) for one new ruble.


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Soviet

Another period of inflation dated back to World War II.


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Soviet

In 1947, monetary conditions were stabilized by cutting deposits.


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Soviet

[65] The Soviet ruble was not an internationally convertible currency and was not allowed to be exported.


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Soviet

Efforts were made to keep its value stable, but in practice the country's indebtedness to the West caused the growth of the black market.


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Soviet

[66] The gold ruble was also called the currency ruble.


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Soviet

Although it had an international quotation, it was not freely convertible.


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Soviet

Electrification programme The electrification programme was provided by GOELRO (Gosudarstvennaya kommisja po elektrifikatsii Rossii), the State Committee for Electrification of Russia.


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Soviet

It comes amid a move by Soviet-Russia to embark on a major industrialisation programme to catch up with the gap compared to Western countries.


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Soviet

[67] The goal of GOELRO was not so much to create heavy industry, but to improve labour productivity through electrification.


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Soviet

In many sectors of the national economy, human and animal labour could be replaced by electricity.


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Soviet

A wider exploitation of coal grades, peat, timber and gas of low heat value was sought, locally including oil shale.


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Soviet

[67] The plan encompassed both a sectoral and region-specific implementation plan.


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Soviet

To this end, the Nationwide Plan was divided into seven regional basic plans: Northern, Medium-Industrial, Southern, Volga Stem, Urals, Caucasus, and Western Siberia-Turkestan Plan.


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Soviet

[67] GOELRO was already planned from the start on a statutory basis, so its implementation would be guaranteed by a centralised economic plan.


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Soviet

GOELRO became the first comprehensive state plan of Soviet-Russia and the Soviet Union and served as a paragon for the State Plan (GOSPLAN), which organised the five-year planning of the entire national economy.


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Soviet

GOELRO as a State Committee was dissolved already in June 1921, after which its work was continued by GOSPLAN.


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Soviet

[68] The first volume A of GOELRO became completed by 1926.


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Soviet

The goal was to restore reduced production in the Civil War.


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Soviet

By 1935, construction related objectives had been accomplished.


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Soviet

Heavy electrotechnical import substitution industries also developed.


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Soviet

1923 Elektrosila delivered the first four 7.5 MW turbines to Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast.


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Soviet

By the middle of the 1930s, Elektrozavod (электрозавод) and Dinamo (Динамо) had already been established in Moscow, Krasnyi kotelšchik (Красный котельщик) and Taganrog, Turbogeneratornyi zavod imeni S. M. Kirova (Турбоик) генераторный завод имени С. М. Кирова) to Kharkov.


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Soviet

Since 1934, the Soviet Union was self-sufficient in the construction of power equipment.


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Soviet

Prisoner labour was also used for extensive industrialisation, and capital goods were acquired by exporting grain abroad.


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Soviet

In the mid-1930s, grain exports led to famine along the Volga and especially in Ukraine, where millions of people died.


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Soviet

[68] Industry As foreign trade was relatively small, heavy industry played a large role in the economic life of the Soviet Union.


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Soviet

In its final phase, the country was responsible for about 20% of the world's industrial production.


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Soviet

[69] Major aircraft manufacturers included Tupolev, Ilyushin and Antonov, car manufacturers included VAZ (Lada), GAZ (Volga) and AZLK (Moskvich).


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Soviet

The industry was organized into large combinates with the task of processing a particular raw material up to the end products.


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Soviet

In general, the combinates were the main employers in their own region, stamping the entire region.


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Soviet

[65] The Soviet Union had large natural resources, but were mostly elusive in the northern parts of Siberia and the Kola Peninsula.


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Soviet

Much of the industry served military production and hardly participated in civilian production.


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Soviet

This hampered the transfer of advances in military engineering to other production life.


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Soviet

In addition, the scientific research, centered around the USSR Academy of Sciences, in itself very high quality, had little contact with technology, which slowed down the development of technology.


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Soviet

[70] One problem of the Soviet industry was the focus on quantity.


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Soviet

Production facilities were evaluated mainly on production figures, which hampered quality development.


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Soviet

Furthermore, designers tended to raise performance requirements based on past performance, which is why a breakthrough in productivity would essentially only have raised the performance standard for the following year.


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Soviet

Furthermore, it has been speculated that an ideological viewpoint prevented productivity raising.


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Soviet

Separation of labor was not a real possibility, even if automation had reduced the need for work.


Question: Is VR a publicly traded company?

Soviet

In addition, the influential military-industrial sector sought to produce convenient, simple devices, which may have created mental resistance to advanced automation and information technology.


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Soviet

[71] In terms of natural resources, the Soviet Union was one of the richest countries in the world.


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Soviet

Major natural resources included oil, natural gas, coal, diamonds, several minerals, and wood.


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Soviet

The exploitation of natural resources was complicated in part by their location in hard-to-reach areas of Siberia and the Kola Peninsula.


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Soviet

The Soviet Union was also criticized for wasting non-renewable natural resources.


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Soviet

[72] The most significant export products were oil, natural gas and timber.


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Soviet

The economy achieved, especially through oil exports, a reasonable standard of living for citizens.


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Soviet

The high proportion of the military industry left the development of some consumables at the back end, and compared to developed Western countries, for example, many western automobile brands, but tights and gum also gained no less than cult status in comparison of systems.


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Soviet

[32] Agriculture The most grained land areas of the Soviet Union were located in the western part of the country in Belarus, Ukraine and southern Russia.


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Soviet

North of these areas began a coniferous forest zone, on the north side of which there was infertile hare.


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Soviet

In the east, the terrain gradually changed from steppe to semi-desert and eventually desert.


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Soviet

These areas require irrigation to allow farming.


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Soviet

The best agricultural lands were therefore located in the deciduous forest zone, and especially in the former steppes, with black soil of the same grade in grain quality as in the US Central West.


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Soviet

On the coasts of the Caspian and Black Sea there were small areas of leather-leafed plants suitable for fruit growing.


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Soviet

[73] [74] Soviet agriculture was realised by co-owned farms, which were either cooperative colhoses or state-owned sovhooses.


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Soviet

In the Sovhooses, farm workers, like industrial laborers, were paid and enjoyed similar social benefits.


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Soviet

In general, sovhooses were specialised in a particular field of production, and their machinery and fertilizers were of better quality than in colhoses.


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Soviet

Kolhooses were formally owned by farm labourers and had the right to sell a share exceeding production quotas in the food market.