Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

That has sparked debate that Juventus should play their home matches elsewhere than Turin, as the club has so many supporters elsewhere in Italy.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

There are many supporters in southern Italy, among others, due to the club's high number of supporters at away matches.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[45] Almost as many club fans attend away games as at home matches in Turin.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Juventus ultras have good relations with fans of Piacenza, ADO Den Haagand and Legia Warsawa.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The club's supporters have many rivals (almost all clubs in Italy).


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

One of these is a local fight against Turin FC, referred to as Derby della Mole (Turin derby).


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

This rivalry came about in 1906, when former Juventus players founded Torino FC.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Another notable match is against FC Internazionale Milan.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

This heated fixture is referred to as the Derby d'Italia (Italian derby), due to the clubs staying in Serie A every season since its inception.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

This lasted all the way until 2006, when Juventus were relegated to Serie B due to an Italian football scandal.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

This match is Italy's most intense between teams from different city.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The clubs are also two of the most popular in Italy, the derby having become hugely popular since the late 90s, and is now at an all-time peak since Juventus returned to Serie A in 2007.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[46] Other important matches are, for example, against Florentine ACF Fiorentina.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The dispute between Juventus and Fiorentina escalated to the extreme during the 1981—1982 season, when Juventus won the title with a 1-point difference over Fiorentina in the twists of the final play-rounds.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[47] Juventus and AS Roma are also rival clubs with each other and have been at it for a long time.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[48] There will be intense struggles against AC Milan, but it has not reached the level of Juventus and Inter.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[49] There are also hostilities against SSC Napoli by the club's supporters.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Juventus fans are also on very bad terms with all the English clubs.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

As an example of this, in the 2002—03 Champions League, Delle Alpi was visited by English clubs Manchester United FC and Newcastle United FC, in which case the chanting “English Animals” could be heard at the stadium through the matches.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

However, the biggest resentment from Juventus supporters is directed at Liverpool team Liverpool FC.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

This feud began with the infamous Heysel Stadium disaster of 1985, in which 39 Juventus fans died, at the then European Cup final, among the dead were children as well.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[50] In addition, there were 450 injured.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[51] Despite the incident, the final was played and Juventus won the game 1—0 with Michel Platini's penalty shoot-out goal.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[52] Stadiums For the first two seasons (1897 and 1898), Juventus played their home matches at the Parco del Valentino and Parco Cittadella stadiums.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

After that, the club moved to the Piazza d'Armi Stadium and played there right up until 1908.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The exception is the 1905 and 1906 seasons which the club played at Corso Re Umberto and won its first scudetto there in 1905.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Since then, in 1909—1922, the club played its home matches at the Corso Sebastopoli Camp.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

From there, the club moved to play for the Corso Marsiglia Camp all the way until 1933 when Juventus were again allowed to play in a new stadium, this time at the Stadio Benito Mussolini (before the Stadio Comunale Vittorio Pozzo and finally the Stadio Olimpico di Torino).


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The stadium was inaugurated in 1934 for the Football World Cup.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

In this same stadium, Juventus played 890 league matches for 57 years until 1990.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[53] In this case, the club received the new stadium they needed, the Stadio delle Alpi, which was also built for the World Cup, this time for the 1990 Games.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Delle Alpi remained the club's home stadium for the 1990—2006 seasons.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

For the 2006—07 season, the club returned to the Stadio Olimpico di Torino, or Stadio Grande Torino, due to the renovation of Delle Alpi.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Olimpico has 27128 covered seating, while Delle Alpi has 69,000 seats.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The Stadio Olimpico di Torino was also the opening and closing ceremony stage for the 2006 Winter Olympics.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

In early spring 2008, Juventus received permission from Turin council to build a new, more modern stadium.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The new stadium was built in place of the old Delle Alp.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The stadium was made seats for around 40000 spectators and a training ground will be built in connection with it, among other things, as well as some entertainment centres, such as a cinema.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[54] There was a need for a new stadium, not only in Turin but in Italy as a whole, as the country has the oldest stadiums in Europe.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The infrastructure of the old stadiums has been decayed and have no security measures to meet modern standards.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Apart from these traits, Delle Alpi's prominence was hailed as dire.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The nearest seating was 28 metres from the field, while the new stadium has a distance of only nine metres.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[55] In order to get close to nine metres, the new stadium did not come with running tracks and, consequently, it is for football only.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[56] Construction of the new stadium began in 2009 [57], and the opening ceremony of Juventus Stadium was held on 8 September 2011.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[58] Players Line-up | colspan=7 style="background: #000000 "align=center| Goalkeepers |- | colspan=7 style="background: #000000" align=center| Defenders |- | colspan=7 style="background: #000000 "align=center| Midfielders |- | colspan=7 style="background: #000000 "align=center| Attackers Coaching Group Source: [59] Chairmen Juventus has had many chairmen in its history, of which some have been owners of the club and others honorary chairmen.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Here's a full list of chairmen.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Head Coaches Below the list of Juventus' chief intermediaries starting in 1923, when Edoardo Agnelli was given the position of chairman.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Achievements National competitions Lega Calcio Serie A [60] Victories 34:1905, 1925—26, 1930—31, 1931—32, 1932—33, 1933—34, 1934—35, 1949—50, 1951—52, 1957—58, 1959—60, 1960—61, 1966—67, 1971—72, 1972—73, 1974—75, 1976—77, 1977—78, 1980—81, 1—82, 1983—84, 1985—86, 1994—95, 1996—97, 1997—98 , 2001—02, 2002—03, 2011—12, 2012—13, 2013—14, 2014—15, 2015—16, 2016-17, 2017—18 Second spaces 20:1903, 1904, 1906, 1937—38, 1945—46, 1946—47, 1952—53, 1953—54, 1962—63, 1973—74, 1975—76, 1979—80, 1982—83, 1986—87, 1991—92 1993—94, 1995—96, 1999—00, 2000—01, 2008—09 Coppa Italia [61] Wins 13:1937—38, 1941—42, 1958—59, 1959—60, 1964—65, 1978—79, 1982—83, 1989—90, 1994—95, 2014—15, 2015—16, 2016—17, 2017—18 Second spaces 5:1972—73, 1991—92, 2001—02, 2003—04, 2011—12 Supercoppa Italiana [62] Wins 7:1995, 1997, 2002 2003, 2012, 2013, 2015 Number two modes 3:1990, 1998, 2005 Lega Calcio Serie B [63] Wins 1:2006—07 International Competitions Champions League (formerly European Cup) (*) [64] Wins 2:1984—85, 1995—96 Second spaces 7:1972—73, 1982—83, 1996—97, 1997—98, 2002—03, 2014—15, 2016—17 Cup Winners' Cup [65] Wins 1:1983— 84 UEFA Cup [66] Wins 3:1976—77, 1989—90, 1992—93 Second Statuses 1:1994—95 UEFA Intertoto Cup [67] Wins 1:1999 UEFA Super Cup [68] Wins 2:1984, 1996 Intercontinental Cup/World Football Club Championship [69] [70] Wins 2:1985, 1996 Number two spaces 1:1973 Club statistics and records Alessandro Del Piero holds Juventus's official appearances record (660, 17 January 2011).


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

He broke Gaetano Scirea's old record on 6 March 2008, in a match against Palermo.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Giampiero Boniperti holds the Serie A appearances record with his 444 matches.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[71] Including all official competitions Alessandro Del Piero is Juventus' all-time goalscorer with his 280 goals (17 January 2011).


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Del Pierosto also became the Old Lady's top scorer in Serie A in October 2010.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

He passed the legendary Giampiero Bonipert, who finished in the league with 178 goals.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[72] In the 1933—34 season, Felice Borel finished in Serie A with 31 goals in 34 games and thus still holds the club's single-season goal record in Serie A.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

However, Ferenc Hirzer is the club's goal king with his 35 goals, which he bagged in the Italian National League during the 1925—26 season (a record for Italian football).


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Juve's goal record in one match is 6 and this was scored by Italian-Argentinian Enrique Omar Sivori in a match against blood enemy Internazionale in the 1960—61 season.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Of all, the first official football match in which Juventus participated was played in 1900, when the series was called “Italian National League”.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Juventus lost the match 0—1 to FBC Torinese.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The biggest win ever that Juve has “banged” on the board is 15—0 against Cento, in the second round of the Italian Cup in the 1926—27 season.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

In the main series, the highest-number wins are 11—0 over ACF Fiorentina, as well as U.S. Fiumana in the 1928—29 season.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Juventus' heaviest defeat came in the club's early days in the 1912—13 season; when they lost 0—8 to Torino FC.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Juventus hold the single-season goal record, including Serie A, Italian cup and European competitions; 106 goals in the 1992—93 season.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Contribution to the Italian national team Overall, Juventus has “produced” the most national team players for the Italian national team.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[73] It is the only Italian club to have 'produced' players for every Italian national team since the second World Cup.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[74] Numerous players have been involved from Juventus in the World Cup tours of Italy.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

No fewer than nine Juventus players participated in the 1934 Football World Cup.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Below is a list of Juventus players who represented the Italian national team when it won World Cup gold.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[75] 1934 World Cup (9): Gianpiero Combi, Virginio Rosetta, Luigi Bertolini, Felice Borel, Umberto Caligaris, Giovanni Ferrari, Luis Monti, Raimundo Orsiand and Mario Varglien 1938 World Cup (2): Alfredo Foni and Pietro Rava 1982 World Cup (6): Dino Zoff, Antonio Cabrini, Claudio Gentile, Paolo Rossi, Gaetano Scirea and Marco Tardelli 2006 World Cup (5): Fabio Cannavaro, Gianluigi Buffon, Mauro Camoranesi, Alessandro Del Piero and Gianluca Zambrotta Two players from the team have won the World Cup Golden Boot, Paolo Rossi in 1982 and Salvatore Schillaci in 1990.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Juventus have also become two gold medallists of the 1936 Olympics, Alfredo Foni and Pietro Rava.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Three Juventus players were also on the verge of winning Italy's only European title up to that point in 1968, Sandro Salvadore, Ernesto Càstano and Giancarlo Bercellino.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[76] Juventus have also become world champions for other countries, namely France.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

The 1998 jug was being hoisted by Zinédine Zidane and Didier Deschamps.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Juventus have thus produced 24 football world champions, 22 for Italy and 2 for France.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Three Juventus players from outside Italy have also won the European title.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Luis del Sol, an Epanyan, won the jug in 1964.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Frenchman Michel Platini won it in 1984, and at the same time set the Games goal record (9 goals), which still stands.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Another French European Championship winner is Zinédine Zidane, who was out to win races in 2000.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[77] Juventus FC as a company on 27 June 1967 Juventus Football Club became a limited liability company (ital.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Società per Azioni).


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[78] On December 3, 2001, the Turin club was listed on the Italian Stock Exchange.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[79] Juventus shares are divided as follows: 60% owned by Exor S.p.A.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

or better known the Agnellie Family Foundation (Giovanni Agnelli & C.S.A.p.A — group), 7.5% owned by Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Co.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

and the remaining 32.5% are owned by other shareholders.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

Apart from SS Lazio and AS Roma, Juventus are the only Italian club listed on the Italian stock exchange.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

According to the Football Money League published by Deloitte, Juventus were the third wealthiest club in the world during the 2005—06 season, the club had an estimated fortune of €251.2 million.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

[80] After the 2006—07 season, Juventus's wealth had dropped to €145.2 million, meaning a drop of €106 million had occurred.


Question: When are Juventus set up?

Juventus FC

This was explained by the relegation of the club down the league ladder in 2006.


Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

[81] However, Juventus shares have grown in value all the time and the club is getting firmly back on its feet thanks, among other things, to its wealthy owners and good playing performances.


Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

[82] At the end of the 2010—11 season Juventus had debts of EUR 95 million.


Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

The main reason for the large amount of debt was the construction of a new stadium, which cost €122 million.


Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

Being excluded from the Champions League in the previous two seasons was also a part of the reason for the poor financial performance.


Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

[83] Sponsors and shirt manufacturers See also List of footballers who played for Juventus 2014-2015 Juventus season Sources elsewhere Official site (in Italian) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

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Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

(in Indonesian) (in Japanese) (in Italian) Historical and Statistical Sites, History of Seria A from 1929—30 Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Juventus FC

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Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

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Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

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Question: When are Juventus founded?

Juventus FC

(in Italian) (in French) (in Polish) (in French) (in Polish) * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The term industrial revolution (also industrial subversion) is used for the broad social, economic and technological transformation of the 18th and 19th century fold in Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[1] In economic history, the industrial revolution means a major upheaval in industrial production methods.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

This article discusses the first industrial subversion associated with a new method of producing energy, the steam engine, and the emergence of the textile industry in Britain and around the English Channel.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[2] New inventions of the Second Industrial Revolution included electric and internal combustion engines.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

It elevated Germany and the United States as leading industrialized countries and, beginning in the late 19th century, expanded industrial activity throughout Europe.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[2] The Third Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 20th century, expanded industrial activity into China and the Pacific environment with electronic inventions such as microcircuits.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[2] The industrial subversion of England was the result of long-acting inventions and changes, for example the revolution in science.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[3] Towards the end of the 18th century, these lines of development of the various fields and technology of society were intertwined, creating a new framework for the entire social, technical and scientific development that took place since then.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[3] The most significant new idea was the introduction of fossil energy and the steam engine.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[3] Another important area of development was the mechanisation of the textile industry and the transition of work into factories into wage labour.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[3] Coke was made from coal, with which England grew into a major iron manufacturer.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[3] Even before the industrial subversion, canals had been built, expanding the market.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[3] The expansion of the market and the rapid spread of new ideas was also influenced by the use of the steam engine in riverboats and the construction of railroads that began at the end of the First Industrial Revolution.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[3] Britain had accumulated a huge amount of debt by the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

There was more than £1 million in debt and, as a proportion of gross domestic product, debt was over 250 per cent.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Britain balanced the state budget and began to follow policies that would lead to a growing economy so that the debt would decrease relative to the overall output of the economy.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Britain managed to solve the indebtedness, as industrialisation brought growth rates of the economy not seen before.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[4] [5] Industrial subversion changed the structure of society as a lot of the population moved from agriculture to industrial service to cities.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[2] Rapid industrial development gave rise to industrial working class and major social problems, leading to the formation of the labour movement and the spread of socialist causes.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[6] At the beginning of the 19th century, Western Europe's gross domestic product per capita was about double that of Asian and African countries, but by the end of the 19th century the gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries had ruptured deep.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[7] The term 'industrial revolution' came into common use in English-speaking countries after historian Arnold Toynbee used it as his title in his book The Industrial Revolution in England (1884).


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[8] However, the concept had appeared earlier and its earliest users had been the French economist Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui, who used it in 1837 in his book Histoire de l'économie politique en Europe depuis les Anciens jusqu'à nos jours (1837—1842) 5 vol., and for example Friedrich Engels, who used it in his 1844 publication on the status of the working class in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[8] Well-known scholars of the Industrial Revolution include T. S. Ashton, Paul Mantoux, Phyllis Deane, Peter Mathias, Nicholas Crafts, Pat Hudson, and David Landes.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[8] The use of the term “revolution” in England for the technical and economic development of the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries has been justified by the fact that, although the subversion did not yet lead to significant economic growth, the watershed was the application of a few inventions to usable machines that opened new development grooves throughout the 19th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The “Industrial Revolution” is today a well-established concept in history, as well as the “Renaissance” or “Enlightenment”.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[9] In general, scholars place the beginning of the Industrial Revolution between the half of the 18th century and the late mid-19th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

A crucial moment is seen James Watt's patent for an improved steam engine in 1769.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[10] At the same time, technology was being developed in several other sectors that slowly increased Britain's industrial capacity.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The causes leading to industrial subversion are extremely complex and are still widely debated.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Some historians consider that the revolution followed the social and institutional changes in Britain brought about by the end of feudalism and subsequent civil war in the 17th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The expansion of colonialism in the 17th century was followed by the development of international trade, the emergence of financial markets and the accumulation of capital, which also contributed to the creation of basic conditions for industrialization.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

My part was also in the so-called scientific revolution of the 17th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Industrialisation in England as then in other countries took several generations and adaptation required new attitudes and behaviours from people.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[11] Early capitalism and technical development One obvious reason for industrial subversion was the 13th-century development of iron whale, which led to the production of forge and coat iron of industrial measure.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

This required larger production units than before, as well as specialization of workers.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Craftsmen began to turn into wage laborers.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

These were examples of the time being ripe for the genesis of manufactures.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The first manufacture institutions were apparently built in the field of verane-weaving in Florence in the 14th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The actual industrial production developed with the use of manufactures through mechanization.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

By the 17th century, the plundering of the colonies brought an abundant supply of goods and monetary economics to Europe.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The capitalist mode of production overtook the feudal agrarian system.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

At the same time, the bourgeoisie developed, which developed into a leading social class rather than the land nobility, which was a revolution between social classes.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[12] From a technical point of view, the Industrial Revolution had a long background.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[13] The unitary culture of the Middle Ages began to fragment as a result of scientific discoveries of the 16th and 17th centuries.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[13] Scientific observations were followed by a phase of technical inventions and the reasoning of the Enlightenment, whereby man was able to subordinate nature to his service by reason.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[13] The third stage was industrialization.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[13] An example may be the rye, which apparently originated in China but entered Europe through the Arabs in the 13th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[13] In the 16th century, in Braunschweig, it was invented to add a pedal and wing dye to the rye.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[13] Industrialization then made rye a spinning machine.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Periods of pre-industrial economic growth had always been met earlier by growth limits, which seemed to be superseded by the Industrial Revolution.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[11] England in the 18th century The emergence of parliamentarian world rule After the great revolution of 1688, the king who came to power in the Netherlands, William III of Oranian, was forced to sign a law known as the Bill of Rights in 1689, recognising human rights and parliamentarianism.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The law's goal of avoiding the misuse of power resulted in the division of power into a separate legislative body, enforcement and jurisdiction.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Montesquieu used the English constitution as an example in creating the tripartite doctrine of power.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[14] Since then, parliamentarianism has prevailed in England, where a party with a majority in elections to the House of Commons, the House of Commons, formed a government.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[15] A great revolution can be seen as the Palace Revolution, in which the Protestant branch of the ruling family deposed the Catholic.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[16] England was well into the 18th century downright paranoid of papal believers (eng.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Popery) opponent.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[16] The image of the English as a nation of freedom had been formed in the 17th century with the country's acceptance of mainland European Protestants facing persecution and continued to remain pro-immigrant.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[17] After the War of the Spanish Succession (1701—1713), control of the world's seas passed from the Netherlands to Britain. [18].


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1707, a Treaty of Union was concluded between England and Scotland, thus creating the Kingdom of Great Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

George I's coming to power in 1714 at the same time formed a personal union with Protestant Hanover.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[16] In the Great Colonial War (1756—1763), Britain secured its position in India from France and annexed Canada to its thirteen colonies in North America.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[18] These declared independence as early as 1776.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

It was followed by the American Revolutionary War, which ended with the 1783 Peace of Paris, in which Britain recognized American independence.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[18] In the 18th century, grain, tobacco and cane sugar were imported into Europe from the American continent, and cotton and fabrics from India.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Capital market development William III of Oranian was also the commandholder of the Netherlands, and his coming to power made the Netherlands and England allies.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In the 17th century, the Netherlands was a leading maritime power and Amsterdam a financial centre, the success of which was driven by the Dutch East Indies trading company.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

As a result, the English government's creditworthiness also improved.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[19] Parliament financed the Nine Years' War 1688—1697 against France through a bond issue.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[19] To service the loan, the Bank of England was created 1694, allowing the state to become indebted and freed from the limits of annual tax revenues and guaranteed loans with future tax revenues.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[19] The improved state funding situation was used to develop the fleet.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[19] The great revolution also improved property rights, [19] which unleashed the development of financial markets.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[19] Private brokers began in the cafes of the Bank of England's surroundings to quote notes, real estate and shares of trading companies.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

They concentrated on the five main ones, namely the Dutch and English East Indies Trade Companies, the Dutch West Indies Trade Company, the Royal African Company and the South Sea Company, which caused the economic bubble (the South Sea Bubble).


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Parliament attempted to bridle the wild securities trade throughout the 18th century and, for example, limited liability companies were only allowed to be established with permission from Parliament.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

These Dutch reforms of 1688—1750, brought about by the great revolution, are called the Financial Revolution, which enabled Britain's economic growth and laid the framework for the Industrial Revolution.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[20] By the 17th century, work requiring capital had begun in England to build rivers into canals.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Work did not end until the 19th century when railroads took the canal market.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The canals served during the First Industrial Subversion as the main transport arteries within the British Isles.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[21] Increased farming Land ownership shifted more clearly to private ownership and common lands began to be privatised.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

This improved the efficiency of land use and increased yields.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

At the same time, however, the position of the landless population in rural


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Increased use of money and wage labor began to increase economic rationality.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

For example, old sharecropper fringe interests began to be eliminated and 1723 a law against poaching was enacted.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

This law, known as the Black Act, imposed the death penalty for more than fifty offences.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[22] The prestige of agriculture was raised by the fact that physiocrats emphasised the status of agriculture as real production.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[23] The interest of civilisation led to the start of the agricultural revolution in England at the end of the 17th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[23] Rotational farming was introduced, alternating with grain growing clover and turnip to fertilise the land.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[23] Agricultural machinery such as planter and iron plough copied from the Netherlands were also developed.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[23] As a result, the need for agricultural labour decreased and, starting in the 1750s, production grew faster than the population.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[23] Due to the intensification of agriculture and large farms in England, agricultural and factory work became more segregated and wage labour became more common, facilitating access to labour in industry.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[24] In 1800 already around 23% of the people lived in cities, more than 10% more than in other European countries.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[25] Despite the intensification of farming, the grain price remained high between 1750 and 1850, claiming a significant portion of the wages of labourers.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[23] Relations between the nobility and the rabble and the rise of the bourgeoisie between them, as a result of the Remain revolution, the nobility had gained a weak king and in the Parliament of supreme power were opposed by the Tory party representing the country nobility and the higher nobility and the townspeople. The Whig Party.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[26] [27] Until the 1760s England was an agricultural society and power was held by a country nobility owning land.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[26] The country nobility had also occupied the offices of the judiciary and the church.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[28] [29] A weak king led to a weak state.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[27] Rahvas was aware of his rights and rose up in rebellion very sensitively.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Throughout the 18th century England there were constant local and intermittently wider rebellions.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Especially the rooftop years caused riots, in which popular forces sought to set the price of grain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Mills, farmers and grain carriers were threatened with force unless they sold grain at the set price.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[30] Letters of threat and small-scale vandalism were common means used by the public.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

A death sentence for a negligible crime may have triggered a riot.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The leaders of the riot could be freed by force.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The warfolk were reluctant to address internal problems, and if called in, it was usually late.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

If the army ever got there, it could lead to such widespread terror that even those who called in the army asked the army to leave.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[27] The consequence of this was that the judiciary was forced to seek solutions that satisfied all parties [29] and local authorities learned to be negotiating sensitive.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[31] [27] Rahvah's inspiration in his legal struggle was the radical MP and newspaperman John Wilkes (1725—1797), who sought to expand suffrage.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[32] Another person who was popular with the people was Thomas Paine (1737—1809), read as the Founding Father of the United States on some occasions, but also influenced in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[32] Despite internal instability, it was not until the French Revolution that made the nobility fear revolution in England as well, and it hardened the grip of the state in the late 18th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[32] Due to the growth and urbanisation of the market economy, the pool of merchants, officials, specialists, teachers, accountants, entertainers and the like began to expand.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[33] The power of these was limited by a client relationship with the nobility.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[33] Over the course of the 18th century, an increase in the size of intermediate groups reduced dependence on the nobility.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[33] There was a refusal within the nobility to accept the meaningfulness of the concept of “middle class” until the end of the 18th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[33] Once there was sufficient wealth, the right to vote was gained and, as the force grew, the position of the bourgeoisie in parliamentary administration began to improve.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes about the state gained more ground.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith (1723—1790) began to speak critically of the prevailing economic policy, which he called mercantilism.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

After the middle of the century, the British image of their own country had changed from bigoted to freedom-favouring, prosperity-seeking and trading superpower.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[34] At that time Anglophilia of continental European civilisation was also at its peak.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The war against an independent United States, which began in 1775, was perceived to be a struggle against freedom and Anglophobia emerged on the continent.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[35] Science and Engineering in the 18th century Isaac Newton published in 1687 his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in which he laid out the fundamentals of mechanics.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In his studies, Newton applied the natural science method that had already been used by Galileo Galilei.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

As this method began to be better understood, there was a desire to apply it more widely.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[36] The French, influenced partly in England by Denis Papin (1647—1712), built a pressure cooker and safety valve for it in 1681, as well as the first steam engine in 1690.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[37] His research was published by the Royal Society between 1707 and 1712.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1712 Thomas Newcomen (1663—1729) built the first commercially significant steam engine, drawing on the ideas of Thomas Savery (1650—1715) as well as the first steam engine in 1698.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In England, the struggle for power between the king and parliament resulted in the Statute of Monopolies of 1624, the king gaining the right to grant a monopoly to any particular invention only for a specified period of time.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[38] Its idea was to promote technology.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[38] This law evolved into patent law, which is considered to have been a promoter of the Industrial Revolution.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[38] Savery's patent was extended by the Special Fire Machine Act until 1733.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

By 1775, about 600 Newcomen steam pumps had been built, which were used in the mines to extract water.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Since Johannes Gutenberg's invention of book printing, more printing had also begun to be printed on various farming guides and similar technical guides.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Despite this, in the 18th century mechanical engineering skills were mainly still knowledge spread through apprentices.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Quite complex and precise clocks could already be constructed, such as the first valid chronometer of 1759.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Water mills had been utilised in Europe since Roman times and windmills since the Middle Ages.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

These had increased in number year by year, and were used for simple tasks to grind grain, forge pieces of iron, pull iron wire and wool cloth into vera and sedge.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[39] Organisation of work in the 17th and 18th centuries The manufacture of better and more uniform equipment demanded by the armies also gave rise to better organised production.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The 17th and 18th centuries saw the emergence of large craft establishments, manufactures, where uniforms, rifles and sailcloth were mass-produced according to subscribers' quality standards.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[40] Hundreds, even thousands of workers could work in these.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[40] Parallel to this was a cost system based on the domestic industry.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In it, the publisher, that is, the subscriber, took out a loan from the bank to pay wages to domestic workers and supplied them with the material for the manufacture of fabrics for the winter.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The workers were farmers who had time in the winter season.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

They used wage money to buy seed grain and pay wages to harvest season workers.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

After harvesting, farmers deposited their excess money in banks.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[41] Money circulated in half-year cycles and banking expanded.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The cost system was flexible from the point of view of subscribers and employees alike.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[40] 18th and 19th century gear The essence of industrial subversion was mechanized factory work.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[42] The most significant invention of the First Industrial Revolution was the improvements made to the steam engine, although the steam engine did not yet have time to greatly influence industrial production during the First Industrial Revolution.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Instead, cotton spinning and weaving became more efficient with hydroelectric machinery and transitioned into factory work.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Other notable inventions included the use of coal in enhanced iron making.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Coal also became a source of energy for steam engines.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In the early 19th century, the steam engine began to be applied to traffic on the railroad and in ships.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In the early part of the 19th century, the first electronic message, or telegraph, was also introduced.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[42] Steam engine Thomas Newcomen built the first steam pump in 1712, which at best could lift 500 litres per minute, but consumed a lot of fuel.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[43] James Watt (1736—1818) developed a useful producer of rotating power from a steam pump, namely the steam engine.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[43] He added a condenser to it, a gate valve to also direct steam over the piston, a planetary gearbox mechanism to produce rotary motion, and a mechanized centrifugal control of the speed of rotation.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[44] In the 18th century, a safe pressure vessel could not be produced, so early steam engines operated under negative pressure, where cold water was injected into a piston containing hot steam.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In this case, the condensing steam created a negative pressure in the piston and the air pressure from the outside compressed the piston in, producing force.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[45] In an improvement presented by Watt and patented in 1769, steam cooling was transferred to the condenser.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

When the piston remained constantly hot, the efficiency of the machine improved significantly.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Fuel consumption dropped to a third.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[43] Other improvements received patent in the 1780s.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

When Watt's patents lapsed in the early 19th century, steam engine development work took off at a new pace.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1804 Richard Trevithick introduced the first steam locomotive using a steam engine and a steam boiler powered by overpressure.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

James Watt began to compare the workload produced by steam engines to horses and the term horsepower originated from him.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

As a result of Watt's work, it also began to be understood that there is a link between the amount of coal burned and the work done by the machine.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[45] Watt's machinery continued to be used to pump mines, but his improved machinery also began to be used in other tasks instead of hydroelectric or wind power, such as ships.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1800 Britain had about 2500 steam engines [43] and of these, the machine shop founded by Watt together with Matthew Boulton had built 496.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[46] Coal and iron manufacturing Coal could not be used in the manufacture of iron because coal contains sulphur.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Therefore, charcoal was used to reduce iron ore, resulting in European forests becoming scarce and forested countries such as Sweden and Norway becoming major iron producers.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The use of coal in the manufacture of iron had been tried as early as the 17th century, but the problem was its sulphur content.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Abraham Darby developed a method in 1709 to make coke, or purified coal, using coat iron.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[47] Coke had begun to be used as early as 1642 in the production of beer, as it did not destroy the kettle and gave no error of taste.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

After Darby's invention, England's production of coat iron and coal consumption began to increase.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1784 Henry Cort developed the putlaus method, whereby coat iron could be made by mellowing low-carbon cooking steel.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[45] The method made Britain the largest iron producer in Europe in a couple of decades.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[48] Production in 1788 was 32000 tonnes and 680000 tonnes in 1830.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[48] On the continent, the same level of iron production per capita as Britain in 1790 was not achieved until 1870.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[49] Coke, which displaced charcoal by 1790, is better in thermal value than coal.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[48] It also does not produce sulphur compounds corrosive to iron when burned, so coke was also burned in steam engines.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Steam engines, on the other hand, were able to operate deeper and deeper mines and transport coal longer distances.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

By burning coal, humanity first adopted fossil fuel and gained control of the abundant energy accumulated over millennia.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[42] Britain produced 24 million tonnes of coal in 1830, which was 75% of world production.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[49] In 1870 production was already 110 million tonnes, which still represented half of world production.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[49] Cotton and textile industries The English East Indies Trading Company began in the 17th century to import cotton fabrics from India.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

There were different grades of fabrics.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

They were light, colorful, washable and retained their color well.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Because of this, they were commercially successful.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

European textile workers were unable to compete with these fabrics and they began to demand import protection.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

This is what they got, and by the 18th century the import of cotton fabrics was prohibited in almost all of Europe.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Unprocessed cotton was still allowed to be imported, which encouraged entrepreneurs especially in England to exploit it.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The main stages of work on cotton fabric are spinning and weaving.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The garment industry was a home industry where women traditionally spun the threads and men wove the fabrics.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Spinning took considerably more time, and the problem was exacerbated when John Kay invented the flying shuttle in 1733, with which the speed of fabric weaving was doubled.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Development of wire spinning The spinning problem made us wait for a couple of decades to be solved.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1764, James Hargreaves manufactured a device known as the spinning jenny.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

This quite simple machine eightfold increased the efficiency of spinning and changed the direction of industrial development in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

At the same time, it also promoted the use of child labour because small- and nifty-fingered children more effectively joined together broken threads.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Before spinning Jenny, houseworkers spun by hand about 250,000 pounds of cotton.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1785, the number had risen to seven million kilograms.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Richard Arkwright was the central figure in the genesis of the textile industry proper.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

He gained possession of an improved version of the Kehruu-Jenny and added an external powerhouse to it, which was initially a perimeter run by horses.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

He built a hydro-powered mill in 1770 in the remote Derwent Valley to safeguard from the Luddites.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

This is considered to be the first modern factory.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1792 Arkwright had employed 5000 people and had assets of half a million pounds, which was then very much money.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Samuel Crompton developed a spinning machine called the 'spinning mule' in 1779, which was used to make stronger threads than by hand spinning.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[51] Production of cotton yarn per worker increased so that in 1800 production was already 150 times higher and in 1825 300 times.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[51] Fabric prices did not fall in the same proportion, as machinery required capital.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

From 1780 to 1850, the price of cotton cloth had dropped by 85%.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[51] The development of the weaving machine The country priest Edmund Cartwright became interested in the manufacture of cloth and in 1785 developed the mechanics of the loom so that an outside source of power could be used in it, so one can speak of a weaving machine.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

However, it took another half century for the weaving machine to be fully automated.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Richard Roberts patented an 1822 metal, automatic and very fast weaving machine, but even after that further significant improvements were made.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[52] The number of weaving machines increased after Cartwright's invention so that in 1851 a quarter of a million weaving machines were in operation in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Their number increased in England after this time by about one hundred thousand in ten years, and the maximum was reached in 1913, when there were 805000 copies in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

There were almost three million weaving machines in the whole world at that time.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[50] The cotton industry in England became an entirely manufacturing industry.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Spinners and weavers were assembled in the same facility.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Large factories were concentrated in the cities and Manchester became a metaphor for development.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[52] U.S. growth as a producer of cotton As the cotton industry and the number of weavers increased, the need for raw material also increased.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The southern part of the United States was a climate-friendly place to grow cotton.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The problem was that the only variety growing there was a tricky one because its home contained a lot of sticky seeds, three pounds per one kilo of cotton.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Seed separation wasn't economical, even with slave labor.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The problem of carding cotton was solved by Eli Whitney in 1797.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Known as gin, the cotton-seed separating machine he developed was simple and easily constructed.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Its use spread rapidly.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Thanks to cotton, the Confederate States of the United States began to become rich.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In the early 19th century, cotton became the most important trade commodity in world trade.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

1850 The United States produced two-thirds of the cotton purchased by Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[51] Cotton production increased from roughly zero in the early 19th century to nearly 1 billion pounds by the start of the Civil War.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Cotton production escalated the problems as slavery was allowed in a growing number of states due to the need for labour for cotton fields.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Between 1793 and 1861, 800,000 slaves were exported from the North to the Confederate States.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[50] The importance of the textile industry In 1803, exports of cotton products exceeded the sale of traditional wool products in Britain for the first time.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[51] More than half of cotton products went for export.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[51] From 1790 to 1820, the share of the cotton industry rose from ninth place to become the most important industrial sector.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

At the same time, it became the main export product, with a share that rose to almost half of total exports.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[51] The same situation continued even in the 1840s.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[53] The main market for fabrics was continental Europe and there Prussia and then the German Customs Union.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[53] The customs union, Belgium and France together consumed raw cotton only one-third of what Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[53] In France, wages were lower than in Britain, but their products were 25% more expensive than Britons.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[53] In 1860, the production technology of the cotton industry had reached a level at which it could produce fabrics at a cost of only one-eighth compared to the cost of 1780.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[53] Britain exported 60% of their production and they held 80% of the market still in 1880.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[53] Transport and Telecommunications Steamships on Canals Construction of canals in England gained momentum in the 1750s.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The main river routes were connected to each other.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

From 1750 to 1820, almost 5000 km of canals were built.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[54] The Erie Canal, built in the United Kingdom, was most affected by the passage in this period, when it opened the route from the Hudson River to the Great Lakes and greatly shortened grain transport distances.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Grain had previously been transported via the Mississippi River.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

As a result, travel time was reduced from three to one weeks and transportation costs fell considerably.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[55] Canals and rivers provided a good place for steamships to develop, as sailing was difficult and ships were often hauled by horses on shore.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

A breakthrough in the use of steam to power ships was the ship built by American Robert Fulton.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Fulton had test-driven in England on Charlotte Dundas and was familiar with the inventions of John Fitch.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[56] In this 1807 North River Steamboat (Clermont) steamboat built on the Hudson River, an 18-horsepower steam engine manufactured by the Watt and Boulton mill was placed.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

On her first 12-hour voyage, the ship achieved an average speed of 4.7 knots.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

For the same journey, the river burrs used four days.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In five years, there were already more than fifty steam ships in US coastal and river traffic.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Commercial steamboat operations in England were initiated by the PS Comet ship built by Henry Bell.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1815 there were already twenty steam-powered ships in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[57] However, railway Canals could not be taken to every coal mine or iron blast furnace, in which case their transport was arranged by rails but drawn by horses to the nearest port.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

For such an industrial line, Richard Trevithick built the first usable steam locomotive in 1804.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1815, a customs was enacted on United States grain in England to safeguard England's own agriculture.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

As a result of the Act, the price of grain rose and it became cheaper, especially for coal mines, to operate a steam locomotive than horses eating expensive feed.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[58] Industrial lines developed technology and track construction gained momentum when a Rocket locomotive won a competition in 1829 to organise traffic between Liverpool and Manchester.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The Rocket was built by Robert Stephenson along with his father George Stephenson.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In the race, Rocket pulled five times its own weight in front of the load and achieved an average speed of 33 km/h on one full passenger car.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

This began the rapid proliferation of railways, and as early as 1840 there were 3000 miles of railways in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[59] The first railway on the European continent opened in 1835 in Belgium.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[60] On the European continent, railways had a significant impact on industrial development, especially in Germany and Russia.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[60] In 1850 Britain still had as many railways as the continent combined.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[60] Powerful railway construction on the continent employed British industry as railway stock was ordered from Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[60] Funding also came largely from Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[60] Telegraph The first telegraph system was built in the United States by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The telegraph line between New York and Baltimore was commissioned on May 24, 1844.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

A single wire connection was enough for this telegraph, as different characters were encoded by electrifying different pulse queues, namely the Morse alphabet.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Morse and Vail's use of the telegraph quickly became widespread and within a few years it almost completely superseded competing systems.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[61] The telegraph spread rapidly along with the construction of the railways, as the telegraph was used to ensure the safety of the railway.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The train was not sent to travel until it was verified that the track was free.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Clocks and Changing Time Conception Mechanical clocks had begun to be built as early as the Middle Ages and in the 17th century all larger agglomerations began to have a clock in the tower of the town hall or church by which the time of the locality was indicated by the bell ringing.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The watch announced the opening of the market, but its goal was also to get people on time to rest and get up early for work and duty.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Beginning in the 1660s, cabinet clocks began to become common in homes.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

From the early 18th century it began to become common for watchmakers to buy ready-made clock parts from Birmingham to build cabinet clocks.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The manufacture of pocket watches became common in the 18th century and was concentrated in a few localities, including London, Coventry, Prescot and Liverpool.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The annual volume of manufacture is thought to have been around 120000—190000 bells in the peak year 1796.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Watches were relatively expensive, but even the poorer could buy one at a better time because the watches remained in value and could be pawned.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The dexterity of watchmakers is considered crucial to the development, construction and running of machinery early in industrialization.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

From 1797 to 1798, a clock tax was in effect in England, where the owners of watches had to pay tax on their watches.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

For the sake of the tax, there are estimates of the tax proceeds and at the same time the number of clocks: silver and metal clocks 800000, gold watches 400000 and cabinet clocks 1200000 pieces.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The tax proved impossible to implement and had a very detrimental effect on watch production in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

French and Swiss watch manufacturers gained a leading position in the market.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[62] In agrarian society, time conception was task-oriented, animals had to be fed daily and grain sown on time.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The prevalence of clocks coincided with the need for pacing the larger work demanded by industrialization.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Workers in mines and factories in the countryside also farmed the land or fished along the coasts, leaving them off work during the high seasons.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

As industrialization progressed and urbanized, labor discipline needed to improve.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In the 18th century, pay was contractual or temporary, but in the early 19th century there was a shift more to a time-based weekly wage.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

There were legitimate reasons for employers to monitor working hours.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The factory clock began to impose a working rhythm.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

When workers too could have their own pocket watch, disputes arose over the accuracy of time measurement and in some cases factories forbade their employees from bringing their own watches into the workplace.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[63] The mills could operate in local time, where time was paced according to the sun, but it very soon became necessary to introduce uniform time in railway transport, which was carried out by railway companies in the 1840s.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The time followed on the railways became the basic time commonly used in England in 1880.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[64] Other notable inventions The development of machine tools helped manufacture more precise machinery parts, for example cylinders and pistons for steam engines.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

New methods of chemical yield, for example in the production of sulfuric acid.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Portland cement Gas lighting, which helped illuminate cities and factories.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The factories could use gaslight to work more extensively even in the dark ages.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In the manufacture of flat glass, a new cylinder method.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Because of this, it was possible to make steel-frame greenhouses.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The method of construction was used in the new railway stations and the most famous representative of the style is the Crystal Palace at the 1851 London World's Fair.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Continuous flat wire paper machine, referred to as Fourdrinier according to its inventor.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle in 1786.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

This reduced the need for labour so that the use of the machine led to extensive revolts by farm workers in 1830 known as the Swing Riots.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The beginning of industrialization around the Channel and the spread to the European continent on the European continent was noted early in the development of Britain and information about it was abundant available.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] In order to maintain its competitive position, England had placed industrial production machinery under an export ban in the 1780s.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[66] To bypass the ban, European countries enticed English machine builders to move to the continent to manufacture textile machinery.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[66] Many later established machinery manufacturing companies.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[66] Among those who emigrated particularly well were brothers William and John Cockerill, who founded a foundry and machine shop in Liège.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[66] Belgium liberalised the export of machinery in 1830 and English technology was supplied to Europe from Liège.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[66] The English export ban decayed and it was gradually lifted between 1836 and 1842.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[66] During the 19th century, the first industrial revolution came from the European continent, including areas along the eastern bank of the Channel and the regions of major rivers, such as parts of the Netherlands and the Ruhr region in present-day Germany, north-eastern France and especially the southern part of Belgium, which became independent in 1830, Wallonia.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[67] These areas had large coal reserves, iron mines and iron production.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[67] In Belgium and the Netherlands, trade and industry had a great deal of political power and were early in favour of the liberalisation of goods markets within the States and the movement of labour and capital.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[67] These countries moved, like England, without much trouble, to capitalism after 1815.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[67] Continent industrialization development in the 18th century In the early days of the Industrial Revolution technology moved to the Channel as it was in use in Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] This took 10 to 20 years from the first introduction of the machines.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Imported technology prospered if conditions were equivalent to those in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Failure to make the technology work could happen as it did for the textile industry on the continent, which disappeared due to British competition.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] In the 1820s, Belgium and France began to produce their own textile machinery, but it was not until the 1850s in Germany.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Construction of steam engines began in France in 1815, in Belgium and the Rhineland in 1820, and in Saint Petersburg in 1825.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] British cotton machines had already been imported into France in the 18th century before the Revolution, but after the Napoleonic Wars these machines were obsolete.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Coke in France had been made with English doctrines as early as 1785, but even this skill had to be re-learnt 30 years later.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] In 1784 a steam engine manufactured by Watt and Boulton was also experimented in France for iron production using bellows, but this facility fell through 1818 for cheap British iron.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] After the Revolution, France no longer received British engineering and was unable to increase the production of iron, which would have been needed for weapons.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Prussia experimented with putling in the manufacture of iron at Gleiwitz (now Gliwice) 1794—96.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] The first steam pump to Newcome's design had been built in 1751 at a mine in the Ruhr region.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Cotton machines came to Verviers and Ghent in Belgium at the turn of the 1700—1800 figures.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] A steam pump had been built in Liège as early as 1721, therefore earlier than several English mines.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Wallonia developed into the most industrialised region on the continent in the 19th century.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[66] In Russia, St. Petersburg came the first spinning Jenny already in 1798, but Russia remained the recipient of European technology.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] The growth of iron production in England deprived the Russian iron market in Europe.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[65] With the acceleration of industrialisation in the early 19th century, Britain had accumulated a huge amount of debt by the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

There was more than £1 million in debt and, as a proportion of gross domestic product, debt was over 250 per cent.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Britain balanced the state budget and began to follow policies that would lead to a growing economy so that the debt would decrease relative to the overall output of the economy.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Britain managed to solve the indebtedness, as industrialisation brought growth rates of the economy not seen before.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[68] [69] Since the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the continent's industry has fallen badly behind Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] This slowed further industrialisation on the continent, as cheap British products dragged the market.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Britain's industrial success combined with superpower and control of trade and seas put the continent's states in a coercive situation with the risk of over-dependence on Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Initially an attempt was made to protect themselves by customs.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] The fastest began to adopt British industrial machinery and operating customs in the 1820s and 1830s, but for example Germany new its cotton industry machines only in the 1840s.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] The continent also feared the social change brought about by industrialisation and the impact on employment.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] In the early part of the 19th century, British influence extended to almost all new industry on the continent.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] In 1824, according to official calculations, more than 2000 British entrepreneurs, mechanics and machine builders were employed on the continent, often backed by British capital as well.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] On the other hand, when European industry got a little bit on its feet, ideas and inventions also moved from the continent to Britain.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] It was only after the mid-19th century that Western European companies took a greater market position from the industrialization of Eastern Europe.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] The most successful 19th century mainland industry from the state was Belgium, which by 1830 was the continent's largest producer of coal and by the 1850s it produced more iron than France or the region later known as the German Empire.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Belgium remained the continent's most industrialised country on a per capita basis until 1913.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Impact Status of working people and child labour The transition of labour from rural domestic industry to urban manufacturing improved production capacity, but at the same time created new problems.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

For a part of the craftsmen, machines took their income.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The introduction of the weaving machine in the early 19th century caused such great bitterness in craftsmen that they attacked factories and smashed machinery.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Quite widespread attention was received by one such group, called the Luddites.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

However, the industrialisation development that had been launched failed to halt.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[71] As early as the late 18th century, the spinning Jenny promoted the use of child labour.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[72] Growing industry began to use more and more child labour in England.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The reasons were that children could be paid lower wages and were better adapted to the industrial rhythm of work.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[73] The children's position was poor.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Infant mortality was high, according to one statistic half died before the age of seventeen.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[74] On the other hand, a lot of children were born, because that way parents could ensure that one of the children survived and was able to take care of their parents when they were elderly.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[75] In poor homes, everyone had to contribute to the acquisition of the measure.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

As young as six years old were put into mining jobs because they could walk through narrow passageways.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Because of their long hours, they could not see the sun and suffered from vitamin D deficiency.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[76] Industrial chemicals were toxic; for example, lead and arsenic were used in colours.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Young children were also used as sooty boys in cleaning flue flues.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[76] Children had almost no outlaw.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

It wasn't until 1814 that a law came that forbade the theft of children.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Many factories employed 12—14 hours six days a week [76] and it was not until the Factory Working Hours Act 1833 that limited the working day for children under 13 to ten hours per day and eight hours on Saturday, as well as prohibiting night work.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The Mining Works Act of 1842 forbade women and boys under 12 years of age from mining.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Children's misery was compounded by a poor nutritional situation.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In 1750, it was estimated that a third of London residents, particularly those without permanent employment, would go to bed penniless.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[76] In the 1860s, London was estimated to have 100,000 street children.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[76] Industrial labour and economic restructuring In his book The Wealth of Peoples (1776) Adam Smith tells of the manufacture of eyeneedles.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

By example, he wants to portray the difference between handicraft and industrial work.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

The craftsman made the eye needle one by one from iron wire.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

In industrial manufacturing, the work was divided into stages of stuttering iron thread, giving the needle a rough shape, beheading a needle eye at one end, then sanding the needle into shape, hardened, and finally, a surface treatment was made.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[77] This allowed the work to be divided into parts where few skills were needed, which has been the driving principle of all industrialisation.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Child labour could therefore also be used.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Industry did not civilize the working population.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[78] In needle manufacturing, the rise in productivity also came not just from the phasing of work, but phasing allowed mechanization and needles to be made in larger batches.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith estimates productivity will rise 260 per cent.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[78] Man became a part of the machine in a way and in this role the human with his weaknesses became a bottleneck in production.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[78] The industrial revolution proceeded by replacing muscle work with mechanical force and hand skill with automation.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[78] In the factory, the work may not have been done in rivakammi than in handicraft, but the work had become simpler and more one-sided.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[78] Work phasing has been seen as a tool for maximising the cutting and deprivation of workers, as the new mode of production often caused poor treatment of the labour.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[78] On the other hand, phasing started the development of processes and tools, and improved the understanding of materials and processes.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[78] The relationship between machinery and human labour since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution has been debated, does new technology increase unemployment or do the opposite with rising incomes and demand?


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[79] From the perspective of the overall economy, it is clear that mechanisation also increased the need for craftsmen.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[79] The economic growth of the 18th century improved employment in labor-intensive textile manufacturing.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[79] When spinning machines came and the price of wire dropped, spinners switched to weavers.


Question: What are the most significant steps in progress?

Industrial Revolution

[79] As weaving mechanized, the amount of sewing work increased, and especially after the advent of sewing machines, the work at home increased.