Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Local authorities began investigating the incident and they got hold of the rebel organization's membership lists.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Many of the rebels were soldiers from the local garrison.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The uncovered rebels were threatened with a death sentence and they tried to engage in rebellion as early as the evening of the same day, but the attempts failed and several insurrection leaders were arrested by the military police.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[1] [11] The following day, republican rebels, with the support of army rebels, succeeded in gaining control of the central depot in Wuhan, after which the Governor-General of Wuhan and commander of the military forces who served Qing power fled Wuhan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The rebellion rose to be led by General Li Yuanhong.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[11] Wuhan mutineers numbered only about 2000 men.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[14] Initially, the rebellion was very indecisive, but it quickly spread to other cities, where it also received support from the upper social classes who remained peaceful in the past.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[15] The unrest became massacres when in some places the Han Chinese massacred all the Manchu they had captured.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[1] The situation had soon escaped the control of the Qing dynasty and 15 provinces announced independence from Qing rule within a month and a half.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[3] [16] Sun Yat-Sen tried to maintain support for the rebels while abroad.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Sun and the republican movement were welcomed by the British and French.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[3] Sun returned in December 1911 to China and was elected the first interim president of the Republic of China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[15] [16] [17] The republic government was organized in Nanjing, but the situation had by no means calmed down, as the Qing dynasty was still in power, the country was fragmented, and republican reforms were unimplemented.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[3] In practice, only the valley of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River was subject to Nanjing's administration.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Farther south China depended on warlords who held power whether or not the republican government in Nanjing was accepted.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The mixed political situation was also exploited by Outer Mongolia and Tibet, which gained independence in 1911.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Xinjiang, too, was virtually independent.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[5] Sun Yat-Sen and the government of the Republic of China from Nanjing still had a major problem in unifying the country, as Beijing still operated a Manchu government of the Qing dynasty, even though the Manchus had lost their grip on most of their empire.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] The decisive figure in the overthrow of Manchua rule emerged as the military leader Yuan Shikai.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] [1] This was, upon Ci Xi's death in 1908, having lost his post and commander-in-chief of his forces stationed in northern China, but as the threat of revolution grew, he was reappointed commander-in-chief.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[11] If the Manchus were to support the Qing army led by the Yuan, it might still be powerful enough to defeat the Republic of China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Manchus turned to Yuan Shikai, who in return demanded full authority over all land and naval units and guarantees of adequate military appropriations.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Qing dynasty acquiesced to Yuan Shikai's demands and this was also made prime minister and was given the promise of transition to a constitutional monarchy.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] Yuan Shikai became the most powerful man in the country during the late stages of the reign of the Qing dynasty.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Ahead was either a civil war between the republicans and the Qing army led by Yuan Shikai, or a compromise solution.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

In order to spare the civil war and possible intervention by foreign powers, Sun Yat-Sen also turned to Yuan Shikai, as only he had so much influence that he would be able to force the Manchu-emperor regent to abdicate the crown.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The republican movement promised Yuan that if this caused the Manchu emperor to renounce the crown and support the republicans, Yuan would be made President of the Republic of China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] [17] [16] Yuan was so attracted by the offer that he was brought to the side of the republicans.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

On February 12, in 1912, Yuan Shikai issued the Emperor's proclamation renouncing the crown.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] [1] [18] [19] Sun resigned the office of president in favor of Yuan and a new Republic of China government was established in Beijing.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] After the last emperor surrendered the crown, the Chinese emperor period of 2133 years had ended.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The revolution that ended the Imperial Age is called the Xinhai Revolution according to the year name of the Chinese calendar of the year of its inception.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The beginning day of the Republic is considered to be the start day of the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911, which is still the National Day of the Republic of China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[1] The dictatorship of Yuan Shikai The success of the Xinhai Revolution had been the result of many compromises on which a stable republican regime could not be established.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Many who supported the republic primarily wanted to overthrow the Manchu regime, and Sun Yat-Sen's attempts at democracy meant nothing to them.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] [1] After a couple of months in power, Yuan Shikai, who had risen as president, sought to consolidate his own power, and he did not accept a republican parliament.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] [19] The republican movement was still led by Sun Yat-Sen.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Kuomintang, the national party he led, won a clear majority in the 1913 elections.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

A major factor in the election victory was Song Jiaoren, the popular vice-president of the party.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] [19] [21] Song Jiaoren insisted that executive power was to be given to the government, which was accountable to the parliament, and not to the president.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[19] Yuan assassinated Song Jiaoren, who would otherwise have been elevated to Prime Minister and declared the Kuomintang an illegal organisation.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] Sun Yat-Sen was forced to flee to Japan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[19] [18] Yuan Shikai, after rising to power, was effectively the dictator of the country.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] He sacked several provincial military governors affiliated with the Kuomintang and replaced them with his own supporters.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[19] In 1915, he attempted to restore the monarchy and declare himself emperor of the country.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

However, he did not receive the necessary support, as many influential Chinese no longer accepted the monarchy.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The popularity of the Yuan also began to decline.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] [20] After the start of World War I, Japan joined the Circum-Powers and took over the old German-administered territories in Shandong.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Japan made the so-called 21 demands to China, which, if implemented, would effectively make China a colony of Japan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Yuan acquiesced to the demands, which weakened his support nationwide.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[19] [20] [18] Japan gained extensive rights in Manchuria and privileges over Chinese ports and coastal cities.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[21] Many Chinese who learned in Japan returned to their homeland in protest, where they began a boycott of Japanese products.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[19] [18] Yuan still intended to declare himself the new emperor and establish a new empire.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

He announced that he would begin his term of administration from the beginning of 1916.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Yuan did not back down from his plan, at which point the southern provinces began to revolt.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Yunnan was the first to declare independence and other provinces followed suit.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] [19] [21] In northern China as well, previous Yuan allies began to turn against him.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Under pressure, Yuan renounced the Empire and the opposition demanded that Yuan also renounce the presidency.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The question was resolved by itself, as Yuan Shikai died unexpectedly at the age of 56 in June 1916.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[19] War Lords Era After Yuan Shikai's death, China lacked a powerful leader and the country began to fall apart.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] Political power rested with a group of military leaders whose members respected neither the Constitution nor Parliament, but the most important to them was self-interest.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

China slipped into an era of power-holding warlords.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[19] [4] In northern China, a group of military leaders tried to restore the Manchu to power and in 1917 they elevated Pu Yi to emperor again, but after only a few days, another northern forces aborted the restoration of Manchua rule.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] By 1920, China was mired in an era of warlords competing with each other.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The official leader of the country was the president, who was always the warlord who had ruled Beijing at any given time.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

In practice, the country had been divided into provinces operating independently, run by warlords competing with each other.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] [18] Sun Yat-Sen returned from exile and he led a reconstituted republican government based in Canton, opposed to the country's government forces.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Sun Yat-Sen tried in vain during World War I to get the Circum-Powers to recognise the Cantonese government.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[18] [19] China supported the Circum-Powers in the war in order to regain the territories formerly belonging to Germany that Japan had occupied.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

More than 100,000 men were sent from China to assist the Allies in supply missions.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] The warlords who ruled China were self-taught or professional soldiers.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Total chaos in that era did not exist, as some warlords sought to develop territories under their control.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] The period of dispersal lasted for a dozen years, but some warlords held power in the territories they controlled until the establishment of the People's Republic of China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[4] The most long-lived domain of power controlled by warlords was Xibei San Ma, located in the northwestern regions of the country, which was ruled by Muslim warlords from 1910 until the end of the Chinese Civil War, until 1949.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[22] Under the 1919 Peace of Versailles drawn up after World War I, territories previously controlled by Germany located in China were ceded to Japan, contrary to China's claim.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[23] [20] The positive things for China in the Peace Treaty of Versailles was the cancellation of the remaining tranches of war reparations imposed on Germany and Austria after the Boxar Revolt.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[24] An agreement unfavourable to China aroused opposition in China, especially among the scholastic and discontent was directed at the warlords holding power and the Allies were accused of treachery.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] [25] Disappointment with the peace treaty and ensuing discontent spread across China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

A large demonstration took place in the country in 1919, named as the Fourth of May Movement after the time of its event.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

It called for the return of Qingdao, ceded to Japan, and for the reduction of foreign influence in those areas where the influence of foreign powers had supplanted the Chinese power to decide.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[23] [20] [25] The protests mobilised large segments of the population and spread to the urban middle and working classes.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[4] [23] The Fourth of May movement aroused the national feeling of the Chinese people and was followed by a new culture movement that tried to create a more popular culture in the country.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Significant for the people was the reform of the Chinese language; the country abandoned the classical language, which had been used like Latin in Europe for centuries after the language had withered away.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The new literary language was based on colloquial language, making it easier for citizens to learn the skills of reading and embroidery.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[4] [23] [21] [26] After the May Fourth Movement, Sun Yat-Sen was able to reorganize Kuomintang operations to restart.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Kuomintang strengthened their positions in the south of China and Sun led the southern government operating in Canton.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[26] [4] Sun Yat-Sen did not have time during his lifetime to consolidate his rule and make China united, he died of cancer in 1925.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

A young general named Chiang Kai-šek rose to be his successor at the Kuomintang leadership.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[26] [23] After the Fourth of May Movement, communist ideas began to arise in China as well.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Marxism gained support from students who idolized the socialist social order on the Soviet model.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Marxism began to spread rapidly in China and the Comintern soon offered its support to the socialist movement.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Communist Party of China held its first General Assembly in 1921.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[27] [5] The Soviet Union did not yet believe in the power of the Communist Party of China, as according to the Marxist cause, the revolution of the proletariat was preceded by a revolution of the bourgeoisie, which is why the Bolsheviks felt there had to be support for Sun Yat-Sen and much larger than the Communist Party of China Kuomintang.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[5] [20] The Russians called on Chinese communists to join the Kuomintang and seek to leftist its policies.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[5] Sun Yat-Sen was ready to engage in cooperation with the Communists and the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China concluded a cooperation agreement in 1923.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Their common goal was to promote a national revolution against local warlords and to counter the colonialism that threatened China by Western powers and Japan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[5] [20] The Kuomintang and the Communist Party started a joint northern war expedition from Canton in 1926, with the aim of unifying the whole of China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

In nine months, half of China had already been overrun.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[4] [20] [26] However, war success also led to internal fighting.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

After Sun Yat-Sen's death, the Kuomintang had split into a right-wing and left-wing wing whose aspirations diverged.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[4] Chiang Kai-šek led the right wing of the Kuomintang and did not agree to cooperate with the communists.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Led by Chiang, right-wingers seized power in the Kuomintang, many communists were shot and pro-communism became a crime worthy of capital punishment.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Legitimate activities for the Communists became impossible and they were forced to switch to underground activities.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Communist bases began to emerge in areas intermediate between the districts of power and distant mountainous areas.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[4] [5] Momentarily, China had three separate governments; the Beijing Warlord Government, the Communist and Kuomintang Left Wing Government of Wuhan, and the right-wing civil-military regime in Nanjing.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

By 1928, all of China had been, at least nominally, conquered under the right-wing government of Chiang Kai-šek and also gained international recognition as the country's only legitimate government.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[26] However, the political situation remained in disarray despite the successful war expedition.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[5] Allegiance to the government led by Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing was ostensible.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The war expedition had been successful only with the support of the provincial generals, who supported the Kuomintang only if it was in their own interests.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[5] [4] The decade of Nanjing, derived from Nanjing, the Republic of China sought to modernize the country, but major social reforms such as the implementation of land reform fell short.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[4] [20] The Kuomintang-led republic was an authoritarian state despite republican rhetoric and it cooperated with fascist regimes in Europe and the regime's opponents faced persecution.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] The resources of the republic administration were also expended on fighting the Communists and preparing for the growing threat from Japan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] The communists had succeeded in establishing new Soviet territories in the periphery.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Of these, the most significant bases emerged under Mao Zedong in Jiangxi Province, where the Communists had their own regional administration.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] [26] Chiang Kai-šek, supported by Germany, was able to organize his army into battle against the communists and in 1935 Kuomintang forces managed to militarily subdue the Jiangxi Soviet area.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The communists had to flee Jiangxi and were able to break through the Kuomintang lines and retreat for the 5000 km journey to Yan'an in northern Shaanxi, where the communists' northern base was located.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Thus was born the communist legend of the long march, of which only about one in ten of the 90,000 people who left on the march survived, with others falling along the way in fighting or karate.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[28] [20] The most significant change brought by the Long March was the rise of Mao Zedong to lead the Communist Party's decision-making.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] Even greater than the Communists, a threat to the Kuomintang republican government was formed by Japan, which had embarked on an aggressive policy of expansion.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Japanese had regarded military units in Manchuria as justified by a peace treaty drawn up after the Boxer Rebellion.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

In 1931, in the so-called Mukden Incident, the Japanese staged a terrorist attack against themselves and under its guise occupied Manchuria, where they established a puppet state called Manchukuo, with Pu Yi named as its nominal ruler.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] [29] In 1933, Japanese forces expanded the Manchukuo area, capturing the area surrounding the city of Chengde and attacking the nearby passes of the Great Wall of China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[29] The loss of Manchuria was a major blow to China's economy and industry.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Chinese popular opinion began to turn very anti-Japanese, but popular discontent was also directed towards the Kuomintang regime, which had taken a conciliatory line towards the Japanese actions.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] [29] [30] The Kuomintang, in its policy, emphasized China's internal unity before countering external danger.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Chiang Kai-šek was of the opinion that the threat of communism came to be defeated first and the Japanese later.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[31] [30] The Communists again declared war on Japan as early as 1931, which was likely to increase the popularity of the Communists among the people, at the expense of the Kuomintang.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] However, the ranks of the Kuomintang were not uniform and some of the warlords under Chiang Kai-šek disagreed with the conciliatory policy towards the Japanese.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Republic of China Army troops driven out of Manchuria by the Japanese were moved out of the north so as not to provoke incidents against the Japanese.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

They were stationed in Xi'an, where they were on the front line against the Communists.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

However, at its new deployment, the Kuomintang Republican Army unit was reluctant to fight its countrymen.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[31] However, the Xi'an incident in late 1936 formed as a turning point in Chiang Kai-šek's policy regarding Japan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

When Chiang Kai-šek travelled to Xi'an in December 1936 to organize his troops against the Communists, he was taken prisoner by his own generals.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[32] [31] The Soviet Union feared that if Chiang were killed, this might hinder the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China's joint front against Japan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

This was also the advantage of the Soviet Union, which needed China to be an ally against Japan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Communists sent a council led by Zhou Enlai to negotiate with Chiang Kai-šek and the general Zhang Xueliang, who had captured him.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

In the end result, Chiang's life was spared, but in return he had to agree to form a joint front with the Communists against Japan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Chiang was released and he agreed to enter into a cooperation agreement with the Communists to counter the Japanese threat.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[33] [31] [20] [26] Anti-Japanese War The Joint Front was formed just at the appropriate time, as in the summer of 1937 Japan began an open war against China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] As an excuse, the Japanese used the incident at the Marco Polo Bridge, in which the Japanese demanded to cross the border from the Manchukuo area into China in search of a Japanese military deserter.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Chinese did not agree to the demands and at the border there arose an exchange of shots between sides and otherwise.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[34] The conflict served as the starting shot for the war.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

However, the joint front formed by the Chinese Communists and the Kuomintang did not have sufficient military strength to halt the Japanese advance.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[35] At the beginning of the war, fierce fighting took place between Chinese and Japanese forces in Shanghai, which ended in victory for the Japanese.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

After the Chinese backed down, the Japanese followed and advanced to Nanjing, where they enforced a massacre against Chinese civilians in which 300,000 Chinese were killed.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The motive of the Imperial Japanese Army for the atrocity is unclear, it has been thought to be an attempt to intimidate the government of the Republic of China into negotiating peace.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] The fierce Chinese resistance at the beginning of the war had surprised the Japanese, who were sure of their own superiority.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] [35] Smaller massacres similar to the Nanjing Massacre also occurred on a smaller scale in other cities occupied by the Japanese.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] The Kuomintang government fled the Japanese to Chongqing in Sichuan Province, a province surrounded by mountains and more easily defensible, but even that was not spared from air raids.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Japanese during the war were unable to conquer the region.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The communists' base remained in Yan'an, from where they organized guerrilla warfare against the Japanese.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Japanese were only able to control the major population centers and transport arteries they had conquered.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Up to the countryside, Japanese power did not exceed what the Chinese were able to exploit and distract the Japanese from these areas.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[35] After 1938, the Japanese were no longer advancing in China militarily; instead, they concentrated on attacks elsewhere.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Japan sought to achieve the rest of their goals in China more diplomatically and they established puppet governments in the territories they conquered.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[35] [20] Chiang Kai-sek refused to negotiate with the Japanese, but Wang Jingwei, the leader of the left wing separated from the Kuomintang, agreed that it was in China's interest to agree to negotiations with the Japanese.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Japanese put Wang Jingwei in charge of the Kuomintang puppet government from Shanghai.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[35] [20] The war waged by the Japanese took a lot of funds and they tried to cover expenditure with income from China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Japanese occupation period in China meant the deprivation of the Chinese population and the forced admissions of civilians as labor, effectively slaves.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] China initially received support only from the Soviet Union in the war.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] Chiang Kai-sek resorted to delaying tactics in the war, as he thought the United States would sooner or later join the war and its power would defeat the Japanese.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[35] During the war, a joint front between the Kuomintang and the Communists began to crumble as well.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Chiang Kai-sek was concerned about the growing popularity of communists led by Mao Zedong behind Japanese lines.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The communists were able to make land reforms favourable to the peasant population, while the Kuomintang sought to prevent the spread of Communist power.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[35] [30] The growth in popularity of the Communist Party was great, between 1937 and 1945 the party's membership increased from 100,000 to 1.2 million.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[30] Clashes arose between the two sides in northern China in 1939 and the joint front was shattered when, in 1941, a Kuomintang general attacked the Communist army in Anhui.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[35] China's war success against Japan was reversed when the United States and Great Britain set about supporting the Chinese.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor dogged U.S. involvement in the war.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[35] [36] Japan was unable to respond in the face of the Allies' immense military capabilities and surrendered in August 1945.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[35] The Chinese Civil War After the end of the war against Japan, the domestic political situation in China was still unresolved.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

After the Japanese withdrew, most of the country was under communist control.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[37] The country's economy was paralyzed after the war, factories stood and some had been bombed to the ground.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Trading was at a standstill and foreign companies had left, infrastructure had collapsed and inflation took away the value of money.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

In addition, the years of the roof caused widespread famines.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

For the Kuomintang holding power, postwar reconstruction caused a huge chore.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[38] The work was further hampered by the fact that the Communists and the Kuomintang viewed each other with suspicion.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Communists did not want to give up the territories they controlled without guarantees that their supporters would not be exterminated.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[32] After the Japanese withdrew, the Soviet Union conquered the power vacuum created in Manchuria and conquered the region.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Soviets naturally favoured the Communists and Manchuria became a supporter zone for the communists.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Kuomintang, backed by the United States, insisted that the Japanese should surrender only to its forces.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[37] Attempts were made to resolve the situation peacefully, but in June 1946 a civil war broke out after the Soviet Union withdrew from Manchuria.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[37] [20] Kuomintang forces initially enjoyed war successes advancing in northern China, but Chiang Kai-shek's regime suffered from widespread corruption and had become unpopular.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[37] [32] [39] The popularity of the Communists was again boosted by the land reform that began during the war against Japan, in which the lands of the major landowners were distributed to underprivileged peasants, which brought in the support of the Communists a huge peasant population in China, as a victory over the Kuomintang would have meant their interests of forfeiture.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[32] The Kuomintang began to lose their grip on the territories they controlled and Chiang Kai-sek took a hard hold and the republicans increased repression and undertook street-side executions.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Kuomintang's tough actions made the attitude of their US allies towards Cchiang wavering.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[37] [20] The Communists made substantial gains in 1948 and in January 1949 Beijing and Tianjin were left under Communist control.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Nanjing and Shanghai were conquered in April 1949.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The remaining Kuomintang forces noticed their Tukala situation and retreated to the island of Taiwan.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[32] [35] [20] On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong officially declared the re-established capital of the People's Republic of China in taken Beijing.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[40] [20] The Republic of China continued to operate on Taiwan, where Chiang Kai-sek declared Taipei the provisional capital of China.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[39] As a result of the civil war, China was divided into a republic ruling on Taiwan and the People's Republic ruling on the mainland.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

There has still been no formal peace between the two sides, despite brisk trade between the regions since the 1970s.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Taiwan's status remains a central issue in Chinese foreign policy.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[20] The most central explanation for the success of the communist revolution is the war between China and Japan, which laid the groundwork for the growing popularity of communism.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

Western historiography considers the mayhem caused by the war, which ruined the republic's economy and elements of good government, as the main reason for the communists' rise to power.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

The Communist Party of China, on the other hand, holds that the Communist Revolution was about the liberation with which the Chinese people overthrew colonialism.


Question: Was the Qing dynasty tough on the Chinese?

History of the Republic of China

[38] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haw, Stephen G.| title = Travel Guide to History - China| others = Translated by Top, Anne| location = English| publisher = Oy UniPress AB| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-519-110-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Malmqvist, Göran| title = The Great World History of Otava 15 - Age of Imperialism| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-1-09016-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huotari, Tauno-Olavi & Seppälä, Pertti| title = Chinese Culture| publisher = Otava| year = 2005 (5th edition) | id = ISBN 951-1-15943-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paltemaa, Lauri| title = Brief Introduction to Chinese History| publisher = University of Turku East Asian Research and Education Center| year = 2018| id = ISBN 978-951-29-7152| format = [online version]}} References * History of the Republic


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammals (Mammalia) are flat-tempered, vertebrate animals that usually give birth to live chicks.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The mothers feed the chicks with milk secreted by the mammary glands through structures called the mammary glands.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

A characteristic feature of mammals, namely lactating from the old name, is also that during the gestation period oxygen and nutrients are transferred to the fetus through the placenta from the mother's body.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Other typical features include sweat glands, a coat of hair covering the skin, three middle ear bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup), four legs, an isocortex region in the brain [1], and a lower jaw consisting of one bone.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In mammals, the muscular diaphragm separates the heart, lungs and other organs from the abdominal cavity, while in other vertebrates the diaphragm is either membranous or absent at all.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Most mammals have teeth specialized in different food types.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammals also have a four-compartment heart, double and complete blood supply, as well as unlike other vertebrates their (fully developed) red blood cells lack a nucleus.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[2] [3] [4] Furthermore, mammals have only a left curving aortic arch, while birds have right-curving and fish, reptiles and amphibians have aortic arches curving in both directions.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[5] Mammals differ from all other vertebrates in particular in that they give birth to live chicks, i.e., are viviparous, while birds and (most) reptiles lay eggs.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

This is often seen as a mammal-binding trait; however, it is not entirely absolute, as five species in the order of beaked animals belonging to mammals lay eggs.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In addition, the category of mammals includes a number of other groups that can be divided into two parts based on the mode of reproduction.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

For marsupials (Metatheria), the initial development of the fetus occurs inside the mother, after which the fetus enters a special pouch, where it develops for the rest of the time.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Marsupials, like beaked animals, are typical of the Australian fauna.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In placental mammals (Eutheria), development occurs longer in the womb.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammals evolved from Therapsida class synapsids that lived about 200 million years ago.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Carl von Linné coined the name for the class of mammals in 1798 after first classifying plants based on their reproductive organs, and continued along the same line to classify animals, drawing attention to the nipples, or nipples (lat.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

mammae).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Diversity Although there are few mammals in terms of species compared to other animal groups, mammals include a highly variegated array of animals adapted to different conditions and habitats.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

According to the third edition of the book Mammal Species of the World (2005), which relies on the foundational works of mammalian research, 5416 mammal species live in the world.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[6] In the earlier, second edition (1993), there were only 4629 species.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[6] Species are divided among 29 orders, the largest of which in species terms is the rodent sect with 2277 species.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[6] About 4000 prehistoric and extinct mammal species are known.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[7] Mammals have adapted to both aquatic and terrestrial life, or both simultaneously — seals, otters and hippos as examples of these.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The majority of mammals live on four legs on the ground surface, but nearly one-fifth of them have flight ability (bats) or slightly more limited splicing ability (kaguans, gliding squirrels).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Some species, such as contians, again live underground and only come to the ground surface intermittently.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Among squirrels and monkeys, you can find species that live mostly in trees.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The world's largest mammal is the blue whale, which can weigh 220 tonnes and be more than 30 metres in length.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[8] Of the terrestrial mammals, the largest is the African elephant, measuring about 3.5 metres in height and 6.6 tonnes in weight.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Already extinct on land, Indricotherium weighed three times as much on the African elephant.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The smallest mammals include the Etruscan-headed and pork snout bat, which weigh between two and three grams.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The lifespan of mammals ranges from less than a year (headwaters) to nearly 200 years (Greenland whale).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammals include animals active both during the day and at night that use meat, plants or insects as food.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Some mammals, such as humans and rats, are omnivores, that is, do not specialize in any particular food type.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Evolution and taxonomy Evolution Origin and evolution to the end of the Jurassic period The evolution of mammals began about 200 million years ago with Cynodontia synapsidas of the order Therapsida that lived in the Triassic.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In reptiles, the lower jaw consists of several bones, but with Therapsida synapsids, the number of bones gradually decreased together and the bones transitioned into middle ear bones.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Cynodontia synapses had specialised teeth like mammals: anterior, angular, intermediate and molars.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Typically, reptiles do not have teeth specialized for different tasks, but all teeth are similar to each other.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In addition, Cynodontia synapsids were flat-thermal and travelled like current mammals, i.e., the bones of the limbs had settled parallel to the body.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Thrinaxodon synapsids from the Triassic, belonging to the subfamily Cynodontia, had tactile moustaches and possibly fur on the basis of their skull bones.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Its teeth only regenerated twice during life (multiple times in reptiles) and it may have had a diaphragmatic muscle that facilitates breathing, which were well matched with mammalian traits.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Fossils of the earliest mammals have been found in North America and Africa, but there is reason to assume the animals were more widely distributed.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The first mammals apparently evolved in the area of present-day Africa.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The reasons for the development of mammals are largely based on the climate of the Permian period.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The climate was dry and cool in the inner parts of the Pangea continent (Africa), as evidenced by a huge glacier in the southern hemisphere.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

This was an unfavourable climate for exchange temperature reptiles, but the flat-tempered, fur-coated and flat-tempered Cynodontia synapsids that lived in the late Permian period were able to remain active even during colder periods.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

With the warm seasons, other reptiles also awoke from hibernation, thus maintaining the development of lizards.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[9] At the end of the Permian period about 251 million years ago, mass extinction occurred, killing 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species, but Cynodontia synapsids were spared in many respects.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The end of the Permian period and its mass extinction began a new period in Earth's history called the Mesozoic World Age.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

It consists of three seasons, which are in chronological order Trias, Jura and Cretaceous.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Some of the most famous animals of the Mesozoic World Period are lizards called dinosaurs.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The mammals of the Mesozoic World Period were left small in size, the largest being the size of the present beaver or slightly larger.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammals ate either plants, insects, or small vertebrates.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[10] Diet can be easily deduced from, among other things, the shape of the teeth.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Based on preserved fossil finds, it has been estimated that a large proportion of mammals from the Mesozoic World Period lived in trees.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[10] Of the earliest animals to be classified as mammals, the Hadrocodium animal had a middle ear similar to modern mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Among the first early mammals are species of Morganucodon, Megazostrodon, Adelobasileus, all of which belong to the subclass Prototheria (order Triconodonta).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Their fossils play an important role in evolutionary research as they represent a transition from reptiles to mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In appearance, they resembled current heads and their sizes do not differ much from each other.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The earliest Morganucodon fossil finds are 205 million years old.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

They ate insects and moved around in the dark, leaving no threat from shift-tempered carnivores.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

They still had, as reptilian features, the composition of the lower jaw, and apparently also laid eggs in the manner of other early mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[11] They also developed mammary glands.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[12] The Prototheria subclass also includes the order Multituberculata, which evolved at the end of the Jurassic period and was the largest in species count of its time.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

They were the first mammals to eat plants, although their diet also included meat.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Their size varied between present-day mice and beavers, and they greatly resembled current rodents, although they were not closely related to each other.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Some of the species had adapted, in part, to climbing in trees.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

They may have evolved from reptiles separate from other mammals and survived for nearly 130 million years, but became extinct 35 million years ago.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The developmental branches of present-day vivar (marsupials and placental mammals) mammals and beaked animals diverged from each other in the Jura period about 166 million years ago.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[13] [14] In the Jura period, the break-up of the Pangea continent into the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia began.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The decay knew for animal and plant species that evolutionary development would increase clearly in the future.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In the Late Jurassic, called Crusafontia, a much squirrel-like insect-eaten tree prey with an infectious tail.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The lumbar bone has been inferred that it gave birth to its young while they were still at an early stage of development, in which case it would represent the developmental branch that led to marsupials.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Based on fossil discoveries, marsupials began to evolve in Europe, from where they migrated to present-day South America.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The developmental branches of placental mammals and marsupials diverged about 130—148 million years ago at the beginning of the Cretaceous.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The separation of the continents into what is now the continents of Eurasia, Africa, South and North America prompted the development of new types of mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The divergence of the African and South American continents took place around 100—120 million years ago, which fits with the results of molecular studies that saw the evolution of placental mammals detached African mammals (Afrotheria) into their own branch, which are only found today in Africa.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The South American impaired teeth (Xenarthra) and the Boreoeutheria clade formed the rest of the placental mammals of the time.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Inflatable teeth living in areas of present-day South America of Gondwana branched off from Boreoeutheria mammals about 88—100 million years ago.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Boreoeutheria dispersed 79—88 million years ago further into pre-primates Euarchontoglires and Lauraasian mammals (Laurasiatheria).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[15] [16] Marsupials migrated from South America via Antarctica to Australia at the end of the Cretaceous.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The land bridge between Australia and Antarctica was not broken until the Eocene period.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

This explains why even today marsupials can be found in South America and Australia.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

After the dinosaurs, Dinosaurs prevented mammals from evolving into plant and carnivores, as well as day-active, as they dominated precisely these ecological compartments.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The situation changed rapidly, however, with dinosaurs becoming extinct rapidly from the entire Earth.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The cause was the impact of a meteorite on Earth at the end of the Cretaceous about 65 million years ago, which altered living conditions on Earth so dramatically that life chances for dinosaurs became impossible.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The change in conditions did not have such a great impact on low-nutrition and smaller-sized mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The emptying of ecological compartments provided the mammals with the opportunity to refill these.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The mammals thus grew larger, became accustomed to new nutrition, and began to move around during the day.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

This also meant rapid sorting.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Even after mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period, mammals have dominated terrestrial life.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Some mammals also began adapting to non-land life, such as early bats that lived in the air and whales adapted to marine life.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The rapid development of mammals is well illustrated by the fact that some 21 different mammal thighs have been identified from the Cretaceous period, but already in the Paleocene period the number of tribes increased to 37 and 86 at the end of the Paleocene.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The evolution of the existing mammalian sects began in the Eocene period, the post-Paleocene epoch between 55.8 million and 33.8 million years ago, from which a total of 111 tribes are known from the period.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[17] [18] Based on the similarity between Paleocene fossil finds in North America and Europe, it has been speculated that the sites were connected by a land bridge that ran through Greenland and Iceland, [19] but which has since been broken off.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The mammals did not take over the released ecological compartments immediately; it took an apparently long time for this to happen.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The reason is thought to be that plants took their own time to recover from the impact of the meteorite.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The climate of the Cenozoic World Period was humid and warm in its early stages, favouring the development of tropical mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Extensive forests began to take over the sector, affecting the evolution of mammals living in wood.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The earliest primates were such woodanimals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Primates evolved about 65 million years ago in North America or Europe, which were then still connected by a land bridge, or possibly as early as 20 million years earlier.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

However, the earliest, approximately 55 million years old, primate fossil has been found in North America.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The closest relatives of primates (of those currently living) are tree-headed and kaguans.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

All three tribes share a common ancestor with rodents and their close relatives lagomorphs (Euarchontoglires).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Evolution of whales began equally about 55 million years ago from the same progenitor with hoofed animals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The evolution of the whales began with the Pakicetidae carnivores that lived in Asia, which resembled hoofed dogs.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

These cetacean predecessors lived on the shores of the then Tethys Sea and the structure of the inner ear certifies them as relatives of whales, as no similar structure is found as in whales.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The development of the Pakicetidae prewhales, on the other hand, had begun with a branch, the second part of which eventually developed into a hippo belonging to ungulates.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The evolution of bedbugs differed from ungulates in the very early Paleocene.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Horses and tapires evolved in North Africa, while the ancestors of rhinos originated in Asia.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Vegetation was initially more favourable to bedbugs compared to ungulates, and consequently bedbugs lived quite abundant at the expense of ungulates.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

However, this is believed to have enabled ungulates to have a digestive system different from other mammals, better handling plant food.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The situation for hoofed animals called ruminants became more favorable as the climate became more favourable to grasses.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Grasses are inconveniently exploitable food, so the number of species of bedbugs began to amuse and ruminants accordingly increase about 20 million years ago.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Predators (evolved about 40 million years ago) and ant cones evolved from the same progenitor with bedbugs.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Bats appeared in the late Paleocene period along with rodents and primates, but are extremely distant related to each other.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Taxonomy Phylogenetically, Mammalia is defined as descendants of the closest common stock form of beaked animals, marsupials, and placental mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

This means that some extinct “mammal groups” do not belong to the Mammalia class itself, although many of them have traits defined as characteristic of mammals that would otherwise classify them as mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

These “mammals” are usually classified in the class Mammaliaformes.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Previously, mammals were classified into three subclasses, which were marsupials, beaked animals and placental mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

This kind of classification proved incorrect, and today mammalian scientists divide the mammal into two subclasses, which are Prototheria (“egg-laying mammals”) and Thoria (“giving birth mammals”) [20] [21].


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The only sect in the preceding subclass is the beaked animals, [22] and the latter is divided into subclasses of marsupials and placental mammals, which include all other existing mammalian sects.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[20] The reason for this solution is that the previous classification gave the impression that marsupials would have no placenta at all.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[23] Below the classification of mammals corresponding to the current conception.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[20] [6] Theria — Giving Birth Mammals Appearance Skin Characteristic features of mammals are a thick skin with a coat of hair except for the ant cone, which has developed into scaly plates, as well as whales and dolphins, a few species of which have yes hair cover during the fetal period, but eventually disappears.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[24] Thanks to thicker skin than other vertebrates, mammals manage to reduce energy loss and evaporation of water from the body.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammals are the only animals with sweat glands; however, sweat glands are not present in all mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[25] Like other vertebrates, the skin of a mammal consists of two layers, the epidermis and the dermis below it.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

New cells are created in the so-called basal cell layer between the epidermis and the dermis and the new skin cells push older cells upwards towards the skin surface.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

When passing towards the surface, sulfurous keratin accumulates in them and they die.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

These keratin-filled, plate-like and dead cells form the outermost part of the skin, the stratum corneum, or stratum, which is a type of skin tread.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Dead skin is constantly peeled off, for example, by flaking.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The skin also protects the internal structures of the animal, for example, from mechanical abrasion, and is also water resistant.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[4] In the skin there are a lot of pressure and heat-sensing nerve endings, which cause tactile sensation, but also various glands.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Of these, the most common is the sweat gland, of which there are two different types.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The large, or so-called apocrine sweat gland, usually connects to the skin's hair bulb and produces an odorant characteristic of sweat.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In humans and chimpanzees, sweat glands of this type are comparatively low, in humans they havemainly in the armpits and in the genital area.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Small, or eccrine, sweat glands are more dominant in the case of chimpanzee and humans and are located all over the skin.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In other mammals, small sweat glands are less common.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Their function is to produce sweat on the surface of the skin, which, when evaporated, cools the skin.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammals cool themselves by other means as well, such as pounding or twisting in the mud.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Small mammals such as rodents do not have sweat glands.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[25] The function of the sebaceous glands is to produce an oily substance called sebaceous, which is responsible for keeping hairs pliable and forming a waterproof layer on the skin surface.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

A similar function is with earwax glands, which produce groans to prevent the eardrum from drying out and keep it elastic.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The olfactory glands the animal uses either for turf marking or for other communication between individuals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The location of the olfactory glands varies from the head and neck area to the wrists and tail end


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[25] Mammalian mammary glands have evolved from apocrine sweat glands or sebaceous glands.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The function of the mammary glands is to secrete milk during the female's breastfeeding so that the newborn chicks receive nourishment.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Chicks suck milk through the neck on the skin surface, namely the nipple.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammary glands exist in both males and females, but more often than not they have evolved further precisely in females.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Hair cover The function of the coat of hair, often considered a characteristic feature of mammals, is to protect the animal from danger and serve as a layer of insulation.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The hairs grow in a hair bulb located between the dermis and the subcutaneous layer, where the cells copy each other.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

As the hair grows, its cells die under the influence of keratin.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammalian hair dates back to the days of their early development, when they were active at night, when a heat-insulating layer was beneficial.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The coloring and patterns of the hair, on the other hand, help them protect themselves from beasts and blend in with the environment.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In mammals, the abdominal side hair is often paler than the rest of the body, with which, under conventional lighting, the animal fools predators because the coloration impairs depth-oriented perception.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

It is also common for patterns to be found on body hair by which the animal either tends to appear similar to a predator or to distract the attention of the predator.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Coloration also tongues about sex or belonging to another species, whereby different species do not mate with each other.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[25] The coloration of mammalian fur may vary depending on the season.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The tactile hairs of mammals signal from bodies in their vicinity in murky conditions.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

For some mammals, more specialised spines have formed as in spiny spines.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Many other animals have seen a marked reduction in the amount of hair, such as, say, hippos, armadillos and elephants or humans.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Nails, hooves and hooves The limbs of most mammals end in hard claws, hooves, or hooves made up of keratin.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Ungulates differ from bedbugs in that they have an even number (two or four) of toes on one limb, while bedbugs have an odd (one or three) number.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Other mammals have claws with the exception of whales and siren animals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

However, whales have evolved from hoofed animals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The hooves and hooves are broad and blunt in appearance, but the claws are often curved, thin and pointed, resembling the claws of other vertebrates.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[26] Mammals have been classified on the basis of their limbs into heel steppers (e.g., man and bear), toe steppers (dogs, cats), and tip-steppers (horses, moose).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The classification, therefore, is based on the ways in which the mammal walks.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[26] Horns in all ruminants grow from bony horns.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

From the outside of ruminants (in mammals), only rhinos and giraffes have a structure similar to horns.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Rhino horn is formed from nasal bones, so rhino horns are not classified as true horns, requiring growth from the forehead bone and a branchless structure.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The giraffe's tiny stubby horns grow out of the parietal bones, so those aren't true horns either.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Only hollow horns have horns classified as true horns, as deer horns are branched.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Horns are used not only for defense from predators, but also in in-species struggles, for example during estrus, when males compete for the female by buffing their horns together.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

After the estrus period, deer drop their antlers and grow new ones.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Anatomy Skeletal Mammals, like all vertebrates, have an exoskeleton built of bones and cartilaginous tissue that supports the whole body, which, together with muscles and nerves, gives the ability to move.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

However, bone formation (ossification) in mammals differs from other vertebrates.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

What is common is that in (indirect) ossification, mesenchyme cells first differentiate into cells of cartilaginous tissue that prepare a cartilage mold similar to the model of future bone.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

After completion of the mold, the cartilage calcifies and ossification nuclei emerge from which ossification progresses as the cartilage pattern corrodes the bone.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[27] In mammals, this process occurs both from the centers of the ends of the bone (epiphyses) and from the center in the center of the bone (diaphysis).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The advantage of ossification found in mammals is that the articular surfaces are more durable than in other vertebrates.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[5] The mammalian skeleton is typically divided into limb and axial skeleton.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The latter of these, along with the spine, also includes the ribs and skull.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Limbs (arms and feet in primates) form with their attachment points the skeleton of the limbs.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In mammals, the axial skeleton also includes the bones of the middle ear (hammer, anvil and stirrup) and hyoid bone.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The middle ear bones have evolved as an evolutionary result from the lower jaw of reptiles and allow other vertebrates to have better auditory senses.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The mandible of mammals is uniform, but in reptiles it consists of many parts.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The lower jaw is attached via a joint to the rest of the skull, intended to protect the brain.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The mammalian spine is supported by a bone called the spine, which also protects one of the most important parts of the central nervous system, namely the spinal cord.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The vertebral column consists of vertebrae, the number of which varies slightly among mammals, although great similarities exist, suggesting that the axial skeleton of mammals apart from the skull has not changed much.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[5] All mammals, for example, have seven neck vertebrae (six in siren animals and six or nine in sloths).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The number of thoracic vertebrae varies widely.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The ribs protecting the internal organs are attached precisely to the thoracic vertebrae and on one side of the body they are attached to the sternum.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The endings vertebrae are called lumbar, cruciate and coccyx vertebrae.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The number of lumbar vertebrae is usually around 4—7, but the number varies very much by species (2—21).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammals have no “ribs” attached to these vertebrae, as in lizards.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The lower lumbar vertebra is attached to the sacrum formed by the sacral vertebrae.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The number of coccyx, on the other hand, depends on whether the mammal has a tail and how long it is (5—50).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

For example, even if a person does not have a tail, it has a vestigial coccyx reminding of its tail ancestors.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[5] Mammalian limbs share much of the same traits.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Most species have five toes (or fingers) on each limb.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Clear similarities are observed in the number of toe bones between, for example, primates, fin-footed, elephants, hoofed animals, and bats.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In five-toed primates, the number of toe bones follows a pattern (thumb to pinky toe) of 2—3—3—3—3, which is also found in bat and fin-footed species.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

All five toes of an elephant have three bones, as do bedbugs with an even number of toes (one toe on a horse).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In three-toed ungulates, the formula is 3—4—4.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[28] There is also a great deal of correspondence found in the wrist or ankle bones, for example the number of wrist bones differs very little within mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In primitive mammals, toe bones followed the formula 2—3—3—3—3 and, accordingly, in primitive lizards, the toe bones were organized according to formula 2—3—4—5—3.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[5] Breathing and Circulation Mammals have complete double circulation.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

This means that the mammalian heart is four-compartment (right ventricle and atrium; left ventricle and atrium) and the heart has a septum that prevents the mixing of oxygen-free and oxygenous blood.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Duplicity means that there are two links in the mammalian circulation, one of which, or pulmonary circulation, begins in the right ventricle of the heart from where the heart pumps it into the alveoli.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In the alveoli, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide into the lungs by diffusion.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

From the lungs, blood enters the aorta and other arterial blood vessels.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In mammals, the aorta always arches to the left.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In birds, the aorta curves to the right, while in amphibians and reptiles, the aorta arches in both directions.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The arteries carry oxygenated blood to the tissues and the veins re-transfer carbon dioxide to the heart and small blood stream.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Along with mammals, only birds and crocodile animals have a four-compartment heart.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Reptiles, with the exception of crocodile animals, have a three-compartment heart, which is why they have an incomplete double blood supply (oxygenated and oxygenated blood mix).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In addition, mammalian oxygen-carrying red blood cells lack a nucleus, whereas other vertebrates do.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Due to the absence of a nucleus and the concave shape of the cell, the red blood cells of mammals contain more hemoglobin, which allows red blood cells to transfer oxygen more efficiently.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[29] The muscular diaphragm of mammals separates the internal organs into the abdominal and thoracic cavity.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The diaphragm is a muscle involved in inhalation.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In other vertebrates, the diaphragm is membranous or absent at all.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[5] Digestion Because mammals are among the only animals with flat temperature, along with birds, they require more nutrition than other vertebrates for the same tissue mass.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Because of this, the mammalian digestive system has evolved to be more efficient and beyond other vertebrates.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In omnivorous animals, the digestive system is comparatively simple compared to herbivores.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Food, after mechanical fining of the teeth, passes along the esophagus into the stomach, where chemical or biochemical degradation occurs.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Herbivores have symbiotic bacteria in their stomachs that turn plant carbohydrates, such as cellulose, into volatile fatty acids (VFA), which are easier for the animal to exploit as an energy source.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The development of the stomach has progressed the most advanced in ungulates and especially in ruminants with a four-part stomach, the parts of which are the rumen, the rapastomach, the reticulated belly, the royal helmet, the hundredberry and the treadmill.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In animals that use bacteria for digestion, the pH of the stomach is slightly acidic (just under seven) because the bacteria would not survive in highly acidic conditions.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

From the rumen, food slips into a mesh stomach with net-shaped folds on its inner wall.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

From here, food protrudes again into the mouth to be bitten, ruminated, and spills past a crevice leading to the rumen into a saucer with leaf-like folds in its mucous membrane.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Here water is squeezed out of it, after which it enters the treadmill, where gastric juice is mixed with it.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In other mammals, the structure of the stomach is considerably simpler.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[30] [5] From the stomach, food enters the intestine, which consists mainly of two parts: the small and large intestine.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The glands between the lint supplements of the small intestine produce enzymes that separate carbohydrates and proteins from nutrition.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Through lint supplements, nutrients are transferred to the bloodstream.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The length of the small intestine has been found to be proportional to the animal's diet, with herbivores having the longest and fruit-eating the shortest small intestine.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

From the small intestine, the nutrient enters the large intestine, where salts and liquids are stored from it.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The waste left over from the large intestine enters the rectum and from there eventually through the anus away from the body.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[30] [5] Nervous system and senses The mammalian brain is large compared to those of other vertebrates.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

There are clear differences in the structure of the brain.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In mammals we find the so-called isocortex, which is a structure on the surface of big brains and is responsible for such functions as conscious thinking, reasoning and estimating distances.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Isocortex is found in all mammals, but not other vertebrates.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

However, as a homologous structure to this, researchers consider the dorsal horsetail of reptiles, from which some researchers conjecture the isocortex was formed.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[31] In primates, the range of isocortex activity is particularly wide.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The surface area of the neocortex is increased by intense warping of the brain, although in the smallest mammals there is little or no warp.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Some researchers claim the warp structure is caused by the need to obtain more surface area for the isocortex, but other researchers say the idea behind the warp structure is to increase the surface area, making it more efficient to evaporate the abundant thermal energy produced by the brain.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[32] The senses of smell and hearing in mammals are effective, and the color vision of many mammals that eat fruit and vegetables is particularly accurate.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Reproduction Mammals have a species-specific time, or so-called estrus period, when they mate.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In mating, the male's sperm fertilize an egg in the female's egg glands.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

After fertilization, the zygote moves along the egg conductors to the uterus, where it develops into an embryo and fetus.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Placental mammals give birth to juveniles living like marsupials, but in marsupials the embryo moves to a pouch on the mother's abdominal side.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Beaked animals, of which there are only five species, do not breed viviparously but lay eggs, which they incubate until hatching.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

All mammals feed their born chicks with milk secreted through nisies.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The cub is not left to its own devices after giving birth; the mother, and possibly also the herd, will take care of the genre for a period of time until the cub is sufficiently grown up to operate on its own.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Many times weaning begins after months, but in humans and, for example, a chimpanzee, the duration is several years.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Land mammals normally give birth to their young headfirst while whales and dolphins give birth to their chicks tail end first.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In the past, they too gave birth on land and based on preserved fossils, whale preforms gave birth to chicks headfirst.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The reason for the whales' exceptional emergence position is to prevent the chicks from drowning before childbirth is over.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[33] Carrying time is broadly proportional to the size and weight of the mammal.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In the donkey elephant, the carrier period is about 645 days and in the domestic mouse about 19 days.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

With complete precision, the carrying time does not follow size, as, for example, a caskelot several times heavier than a donkey elephant has a carrying time of only 500 days, and a possum larger than a house mouse has a carrying time of only 12—13 days.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[34] Carrying time also depends on the climate and the amount of food available.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Generally, gestation proceeds in a straight line from mating to giving birth, but in some mammals, such as the fly, gestation may be intermittent.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The fly copulates in summer and the zygote enters the uterus, where gestation stops during autumn, which allows the fly to prolong the gestation period so that it does not give birth until spring, when the days are longer and warmer and food is better available than, for example, in winter would.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Mammals produce comparatively few chicks.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

A stem species that lived in mammals 185 million years ago produced 38 chicks at once.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Subsequently, mammalian litters have evolved to be considerably smaller.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

[35] Nutrition and Distribution Nutrition Mammals specialize in eating remarkably different food and can be distinguished from them four different types of teeth (heterodonticity), with the exception of whales having only one type of teeth (homodonticity).


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Some mammals are beasts, that is, they eat meat, some eat plant food alone and some are insects.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Some species, such as human or bear, are omnivorous meaning they eat all the previous ones.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Specialization in different food sources can be seen in the teeth of mammals.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

The first mammals, as well as current predators, had sharp and choreous teeth that were well suited to crushing the hard chitin shell of arthropods or tearing flesh.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Herbivores have shallow and flat-topped molars that allow the plant material to be finely grinded.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

They use their incisors only to cut off leaves and branches.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Omnivores have round molars and sharp-angled canines.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Rodents have sharp incisors and small molars.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Ant bears with depleted teeth have almost no teeth, since their main food consists of ants and termites.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Insects are pre-small, in which case they do not need chopping.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Instead, ant bears have a very long tongue, which they use to catch ants even deep in the tunnel.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

In other animals with impaired teeth, teeth have begun to atrophy.


Question: How many parts are in a cat's digestive system?

Mammals

Nor do the now-surviving beaked animals have teeth.