Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The main areas of application were astronomy, time calculation, and station zoning planning.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The Mayans used geometry to determine the dimensions and location of buildings as advantageous to religion.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The Mayan period calculation was very precise and based on accurate astronomical observations.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

They measured, for example, the length of a synodic month with an accuracy of 23 seconds.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[37], [38] Chinese mathematics (300 BC.—1600) Mathematics developed in China without the exchange of knowledge with other high cultures until at least the beginning of the period, later contacts especially with India are only fragmented and the direction of the flow of information is unclear.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

As in the Hellenic region, in China, much of the original sources have been destroyed, partly between the adolescence periods associated with many dynamish exchanges.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The oldest surviving work by Zhou Bi Suan Jing is most likely from the 3rd century BCE.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

It deals with astronomical measurements, elementary geometry, and fractional calculation.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

More famous than this dates to around 250 BCE.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The Nine Chapters, which is apparently the earliest work to use negative figures.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Neither of the works maintains the logical precision of Greek treatises, but resembles collections of problems made in Babylonia and Egypt, where tasks relate to practical measurements.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[39] There was a ten-position system in China for hundreds of years before the beginning of the period, but zero was not introduced until the 7th century.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Fractions were also marked by a decimal system.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In the 2000s, share.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In addition to geometric problems, Liu Hui dealt with groups of equations and solved equations of higher order in a manner similar to the operation now known as the Horner Method.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Zu Chongzhi (430—501) calculated the value of silicon with astonishing accuracy (3,1415926<π<3.1415927).


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

However, the peak of Chinese mathematics was not reached until the 13th century.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The most prominent mathematician of the time was Zhu Shijie, who presents in his book The Precious Mirror of the Four Elements today the table known as Pascal's Triangle and even 14th-degree equations iterative approximate solution processes resembling Horner's method.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Another mathematician of the era, Yang Hui, developed magic squares of 10 times 10 size, for the processing of which the Chinese had developed methods similar to matrix operations.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The third notable mathematician was Qin Jiushao.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

After the 13th century, the development of Chinese mathematics slowed down, and by the 15th century it had fallen well behind the level of Arabic and European mathematics.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[40] Indian mathematics (0—1600) The examination of early mathematical developments in India is difficult due to the lack of sources and the imaginary nature of the ancient Hindu period.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

No sources exist from the period of the earliest Indus culture in the area.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The first surviving written product is Sulvasutra, a collection of geometric knowledge, the genesis of which is dated to the years 700 BC.—100 share.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

It deals mostly with planar geometry related to surveying and has Babylonian influences.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The following sources are the Siddhantas dating from the period of the Gupta Empire between the 300th and 5th centuries.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

They are collections of unproven mathematical rules written in the form of epic stanzas, which also contain incorrect formulas for volumes of paragraphs, for example.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Unprovability and intuitiveness are characteristics typical of Indian mathematics from later times.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Greek influences are discernible in the Siddhantos, but Indian mathematicians have transformed them into a form characteristic of themselves.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

A good example of this is the most significant anti of the works, the current form of trigonometric functions.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The Greeks had used the ratio of the tendon of the circle to the central angle, but the Indians adopted the tendon half as opposed to the central corner half.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[41] Aryabhatiya, a prominent mathematician, expanded on the use of trigonometric functions in his work published in 499.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

However, the most significant aspect of the work is its section dealing with the Indian reading system.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

It shows Indians to have been the first to adopt the modern method of notation of integers, now called Arabic numerals.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The affectionate was a complete place system with a base number of 10 and only ten characters used to mark the numbers.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

None of these three features had developed in India, but it was there that they were first combined.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The most significant change in relation to the Ionian marking of the Greeks was the addition of zero, moreover, due to the place system, unnecessary own marks for tens and hundreds were omitted.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Accurate timing of the genesis of zero is impossible, and apparently it was initially marked only with an empty spot.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The earliest undisputed zero has been found in an inscription dating back to 876.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

However, the Indians used the place system only for integer notation.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[42] Brahmagupta, the foremost Indian mathematician of the 6th century, was the first to present the form of a general solution for the Diophantos equation of ax+by=c.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Another notable achievement is the first systematic representation for the arithmetics of negative numbers and zero, though Brahmagupta incorrectly posits that 0/0=0, for the general case x/0 he does not take a position.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Furthermore, he presents numerous results of very different levels relating to geometry and equation solving, some of which are completely incorrect.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

After a quieter period, Indian mathematics reached its peak in the 12th century.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Bhāskara II (1114—1185), who lived at the time, expanded the calculus rules for Brahmagupta zero by stating that x/0=infinity.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The limit values were not spoken by the Indians, however, and Bhaskara defined 0•a/0=a.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Furthermore, he presented solutions to Pell's equation.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[43] Arabic mathematics (600—1600) After the dissolution of the Roman Empire and the reintroduction of Hellenistic science, the Islamic kingdom founded by Muhammad was of essential importance as the preserver of ancient knowledge and the creator of new knowledge.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The Arabs who lived as nomads quickly embraced the achievements of Babylonian, Greek and Indian mathematicians, combining them and expanding the results.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In the 750s, Caliph al-Mansur began to develop Baghdad, the capital of the kingdom, into a major centre of erudition, and old manuscripts began to be translated into Arabic.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

His successors Harun al-Rašid and Al-Mamun continued to popularise the sciences, and the latter founded the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars from around the known world were gathered.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Among the first notable mathematicians of the House of Wisdom was Al-Khwarizmi, who lived in the early 8th century, who wrote several works on mathematics and astronomy.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Among the most important of his literary production are al-Jabr, who gave the name to algebra, as well as a book on the Indian reading system adopted by Arabs, known only from Latin called De number indorum.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Of the two, due to the thoroughness of the latter and the subsequent wide spread in Europe, the Indian system began to be considered developed by Arabic, and numbers began to be called Arabic numerals.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Thanks to al-Jabri, Al-Khwarizm can be regarded as the father of algebra in addition to Diophantos, as he dealt in it consistently and carefully with the calculation rules of integers and the solving of first and second order equations.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In second-order equations, negative roots were not accepted as real solutions, although negative numbers were commonly used in Arabia.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The work went through algebraic and geometric proofs of calculations alike, a testament to both Babylonian and Greek influences.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[44] Another notable 8th-century mathematician Thabit ibn-Qurra was particularly distinguished in translating and commenting on the most advanced works of antiquity.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He expanded and corrected sentences and proofs in areas such as number theory and the geometry of paraboloids.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

At the latest in his time in Arabia, the modern form of trigonometric functions used by Indians, rather than the old custom of the Greeks, had become well established.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Trigonometry was further developed by Abu al-Wafa, who lived in the 9th century, who widely adopted, besides sine and cosine, other trigonometric functions and the unit circle, as well as proving numerous trigonometric identities.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In the 10th century, Arabic science reached its peak.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Known as the father of optics, Ibn-al-Haitham studied the passage of light and the structure of the eye.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In them he applied and expanded the space geometric results associated with cone cuts of antiquity.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

ibn Yunus derived a formula for the input of two cosines.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Also known as a poet, Omar Khaijam, a Persian, wrote a broader representation of algebra from al-Khawarizmi's work, which also included solving positive roots of third-order equations using the geometric method.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He sought to narrow the division between numerical and geometric algebra, and did not study this solution of higher-order equations because there was no equivalent for them in reality.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In addition, he sought to specify definitions of rational number, real number, and irrational number.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Khaijam also presents the Pascal Triangle, also known in China at the time, whose origins are unclear.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[45] After Khaijam in the 12th century, the level of science in the Islamic world began to decline along with the state dispersal.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

However, the level of mathematics did not suddenly drop.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In the 13th century, the Persian Nasir al-Din al-Tusi studied geometry and trigonometry and produced the first systematic representation of spherical geometry.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The last notable mathematician was al-Kashi, who lived in the 15th century, who became acquainted in Samarkand with the mathematical results of the Chinese.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He is famous for his precise computational achievements.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Using the Horner method he learned from the Chinese, he solved exact approximations for equations and calculated the value of pi to 16 decimal places.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[46] Mathematics in medieval Europe (529—1450) Western Europe had poor opportunities for the practice of science after the dissolution of the Roman Empire.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

States did not invest in research, and erudition was concentrated in monasteries.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Throughout the Middle Ages, scientific progress was slowed by the view of many Christian scholars about the needlessness of scientific research alongside religion.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[47] In Byzantium, no similar political turmoil arose, and there the development of culture was not broken.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Christianity slowed new research there too, but in monasteries commentaries were drawn up on works from antiquity and copied works.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

However, the growth of the importance of theology led to the fact that all mathematical achievements of antiquity were no longer understood.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Thus, no significant new mathematical observations were made in Byzantium during the Middle Ages.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[48] With the incorporation of much of Western Europe into the Frankish Empire by Charles the Great in the late 7th century, the level of erudition gradually began to take off.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Charles the Great sought to develop the school institution of his kingdom and opened libraries in the main cities.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The most famous scholar of the kingdom was the mathematician Alkuin Yorker, who was called from England.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

However, little mathematical works of antiquity were preserved or available in the West.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Mathematics was still limited to the rudimentary of geometry and the maintenance of time calculation.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Except for commentaries on Boëthius's works by Pope Sylvester I, who dabbled in mathematics, Western European mathematics did not much increase before the 12th century.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[49] [50] In the 12th century, Europeans' contacts with the Arabic world increased and knowledge of the Arabic language spread to European scholars.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The most important connection was Spain, where Toledo grew to be a major centre of erudition and translation work, but also through Sicily and Byzantium information about Arabia was gained.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The first mathematical work translated from Arabic was Elementa in 1142, Other important translations made in the 12th century were the Almagest of Ptolemy and the Algebra of al-Khwarizm.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Translations spread to universities, which began to be established in the 12th century with economic growth as social conditions stabilised.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Trigonometry in particular gained a strong position in Western Europe.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

With the translations, Indian numerals arrived in Europe.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

They gradually became widespread, as already Pope Sylvester I had used them in his writings [51], but it was not until the 13th century that they supplanted the use of Roman numerals in the circle of mathematicians.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The introduction of Indian numerals was promoted by Fibonacci, the most prominent European mathematician of the 13th century, in his book Liber Abaci, in which he justified their advantages over Roman numerals.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In mathematics he focused on algebra and number theory, guided by works translated from Arabic he studied indeterminate problems favoured by Diophantos in particular and calculated approximate solutions for third-order equations possibly using Horner's method learned from China through Arabic.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Another noted 13th-century mathematician was Nemorarius, who was the first to present the power affecting a piece on a properly inclined plane, and wrote numerous semi-philosophical works on arithmetics and geometry.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[51] In the 14th century, the universities of Oxford and Paris emerged as the most important centres for the study of mathematics in Europe.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Although knowledge of mathematical methods was not yet at the same level as in ancient Greece and Arabia, numerous new ideas and perspectives emerged in 12th- and 14th-century Europe.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Due to the lack of competence in geometry and algebra, research was oriented towards mathematics related to optics and kinematics that interested scholars.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Thomas Bradwardine (1290—1349), when studying the laws of motion, introduced integer potencies and integer roots, and Parisian Nicole Oresme (1323—1382) extended this to general fractional potencies and put forward laws corresponding to the current rules for calculating potencies.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Awkward notations and a flawed theory prevented him from developing the concept of irrational potencies.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Oresme was the first to describe the variable large as a curve of the coordinate system.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

However, he confined himself to linear functions when describing velocity as a function of time, but posited that the distance traveled by a piece is obtained by calculating the area under the graph.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He tried to extend his idea to functions of two variables as well, but in the absence of algebraic competence had to settle for pictorial outlines.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Another new idea that emerged in the 14th century was the calculation of the sum of endless sets.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Oresme was the first to show the harmonic series to disperse and computed the sums of many constricting sets.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He can be considered to be the last notable European mathematician of the Middle Ages.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In the mid-14th century, the Black Death spread to Europe, the Hundred Years' War began to strain France and England and the rise in the level of mathematics stopped.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

With the onset of the Renaissance in the 15th century, the center of research moved to Italy, Germany and Poland.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[52] Renaissance mathematics (1450—1600) In the mid-15th century, Europe began to recover from the economic and demographic crisis caused by the Black Death.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

At the same time, a transformation called the Renaissance took place in the culture.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The intensification of humanistic values and greater interest in secular matters contributed significantly to the development of all sciences, and the book printing invented by Johannes Gutenberg accelerated the dissemination of new works [53].


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Various elementary textbooks on arithmetics were first printed in Germany.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[54] As recently as the Middle Ages, almost all formulas had been in verbal form, although abbreviations were used for the most common words.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

During the Renaissance, the use of symbols increased considerably in mathematical writing, and many of the basic notations in mathematics still in use date back to the 15th and 16th centuries.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

New markings gradually spread, and alternative labelling methods were initially in use.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[55] Nicolas Chuquet introduced in 1484 the current notation for potencies, in which the potency of the number x is expressed by the exponent written in its upper right corner [56].


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The symbols + and − that emerged in Germany replaced the abbreviations p and m previously in use.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The new symbols appear for the first time in Johannes Widmann's Behende und hupsche Rechnung auf allen kauffmanschafft 1489.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[57] The current method of notation of decimal parts and modern root notation also emerged in Germany at the beginning of the 16th century.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[58] The equation mark depicting two parallel straight lines was invented by the Englishman Robert Recorde for his work published in 1551 [59].


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The 16th century also saw the use of the dividing line already learned by Fibonacci from the Arabians [60].


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

As differences to the current method of notation, the unknown major was often marked with a dot or an upward arc of circles instead of a letter [61], and the symbols ×, > and < for multiplication and differentials were not yet in use [62].


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Algebra was the first field of mathematics in which European mathematicians far surpassed the achievements of scientists in antiquity and Arabia.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Both Nicolas Chuquet and Italian Luca Pacioli published widespread compilation works on algebra at the end of the 15th century, and similar books were also published in Germany.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

However, the most significant work for the development of algebra was Ars magna published in 1545 by Geronimo Cardano, in which he presents the formula for solving equations of third and fourth order.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He had not developed them himself; instead, for the third-order equation, the solution had been developed by Niccolo Tartaglia or Scipione dal Ferro, and for the fourth-order equation by Cardano's pupil Ludovico Ferrari.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The solution formulas were not of great practical use, since equations of higher than the fourth order had already been able to be solved with approximate accuracy.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Instead, solution formulas forced mathematicians to accept negative numbers and their square roots.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

It had previously been established that there was no solution for equations with imaginary roots.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Now the square root of the negative number appeared in the solution formula for the third-order equation as a kind of intermediate step, even though the end result was a real number.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[63] Cardano knew how to use formulas without the actual concept of a complex number, but in 1570 the Italian mathematician Rafael Bombelli introduced the imaginary unit -1 as the square root and formulated calculus rules for basic calculations of complex numbers.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He used the designations “minus of the plus” and “minus minus” of the imaginary unit, depending on its sign.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[64] The French jurist and administrator Francois Viète, or Vieta, reformed mathematics by beginning to use letters in the notation of known and unknown majors.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In his book In artem analyticem isagoge of 1591, he denotes large unknown with vowels and large ones known with consonants.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Although he did not replace all the words with characters, but still left words in the formulas, among others.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

to indicate potencies.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He, along with Dutch engineer Simon Stevin, advocated the use of decimal numbers instead of sexagesimal fraction numbers.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[65] With the Renaissance there was renewed interest in geometry in the achievements of antiquity, but with the exception of a work on cone cuts by the German Johannes Werner and the publication of the still untranslated works of Archimedes, Apollonios and Pappos, the research focused on pure geometry instead of applications.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Especially in astronomy, much used trigonometry developed considerably as Regiomontanus decoupled it from astronomy inspired by Arabic influences into his own field of mathematics.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

His work De Triangulis (1533) contains, in addition to trigonometric tables, numerous trigonometric sentences on plane and spherical geometry and their proofs.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Admittedly, the presentation was entirely verbose, since there were no current modes of notation [54].


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The word trigonometry itself did not come into use until the second half of the 16th century [54].


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

After him, the Prussian Rheticus rejected the earlier approach based on the ratio of the circumference of the circle to the radius, and defined trigonometric functions using the ratios of the sides of a rectangular triangle.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Another important field of application was map drawing.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The new projection developed by Gerhardus Mercator did not distort directions or shapes, and was an important step in creating better maps.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In addition, with the help of geometry, a theory of perspective was developed.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[66] The development and discoveries of trigonometry brought with them the need to solve complex multiplication and division.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

For this problem, John Napier developed logarithms.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Logarithms could be used to return all arithmetic calculations to aggregate and subtraction.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Napier introduced his system and the first logarithm tables in his book Mirfici logarithmorum descrriptio, or description of the miraculous rule of logarithmic, in 1614.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[67] In the logarithm charts, he calculated figures from geometric sets by iteration.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Also, Swiss machine-builder Jobst Bürg invented logarithms independently of Napier in 1588, but his invention did not enter the public domain until 1620.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The method he used was based on the potencies of the figure 1,0001.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[54] 17th century Inventions of differential and integral calculus, as well as analytic geometry, important to modern mathematics, emerged in the 17th century.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

For this reason, the century can be considered one of the great turning points in the history of mathematics


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The genesis of differential calculus is usually associated with Newton and Leibniz, analytic geometry again to Descartes.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

It should be noted that at that time integral calculus evolved before differential calculus, i.e., in the reverse order of what they are taught today.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

There is no certainty as to whether or not Newton and Leibniz invented differential and integral calculus independently of each other [68].


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[69] This quarrel over the inventor of differential and integral calculus divided the scientific community; England was behind Newton, while Leibniz was supported in continental Europe.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[70] The word integral was introduced by Jakob Bernoulli in 1690.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Also Leibniz, who had used the word calculus summatorius himself, adopted the integral-word.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Bernoulli is also honoured for developing the most conventional integration techniques, such as variable exchange.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[71] One key problem encountered by mathematicians in differential and integral calculus was infinitesimal, i.e. infinitesimal majors.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

These were also encountered in the development of various methods for calculating the value of the tangent.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[72] This problem persisted throughout the 17th century and a solution to it was not obtained until the 18th century as a result of the work of Jean le Rond d'Alembert, a Frenchman who invented to approach the problem through boundary values.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[73] Descartes' main work in the field of analytic geometry La Géométrie originally appeared as an appendix to the Discours de la Mćthode, a work in the field of philosophy, in 1637.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In this work, Descartes demonstrates the dependence of algebra and geometry on each other and introduces the concepts of Cartesian coordinate system and Cartesian input.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[69] One of the great names of the era was also Pierre de Fermat, whose achievements relate to the fields of geometry, analysis and number theory.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The most famous of his achievement is Fermat's Great Theorem.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The theorem was already known in Ancient Greek, but Fermat wrote in Arithmetica's margin that one can prove that for the equation x n + y n = z n {\ displaystyle x^ {n} +y^ {n} =z^ {n}} there is no integer solutions when n ≥ 3 {\ displaystyle n\ geq 3}.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He himself proved this in the case of n = 4 {\ displaystyle n=4}.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

It took more than 300 years to show that Fermat was right.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Fermat also put forward a law known as Fermat's principle that light always proceeds the route which is fastest for it.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

This led to the emergence of reflection laws such as Snell's Law.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[69] The French mathematician Blaise Pascal developed the foundations of probability calculation in the century.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[74] The century also saw the development of numerical computation.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The development of the field began with logarithms and trigonometry.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[75] The oldest mathematical societies in the world have also been established in the 17th century.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[76] 18th century The integral calculus developed to its present level, but otherwise the century did not achieve such revolutionary advances as in the preceding century.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[71] One of the most prominent mathematicians of the century is the Englishman Abraham de Moivre, who did pioneering work on probability calculus.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

He was the first to present the error function e x 2 {\ displaystyle e^ {x^ {2}}} and its connection to the binomial distribution.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In addition, he published in 1718 a book Doctrine of Chances, one of the first comprehensive representations of probability calculus.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

De Moivre made more natural use of complex numbers than his predecessors.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

De Moivre is also among the pioneers of actuarial science.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[77] The century also lived one of the most outstanding mathematicians of all time, Leonhard Euler.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Like most of the other mathematicians of the 18th century, Euler did his life's work in academies of science, the longest of which he worked at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Euler was one of the most prolific mathematicians of all time; compiling an average of 800 pages worth of mathematical research per year.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

During his lifetime, Euler published over 500 studies, and his studies were still published 40 years after his death.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In total, Euler's number of publications is 856.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The extent of Euler's production is illustrated by the fact that Euler's compiled works, whose publication is still in progress, will contain 74 volumes and this does not even include his correspondence of several thousand letters.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

His first treatise he published at the age of 19.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

The publications deal with virtually every aspect of mathematics and physics known at the time, including textbooks and the popularization of science.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In the field of popularization of science, his most notable work is Letters to a German Princess, which has served as a paragon for later books popularising mathematics.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[78] Euler initiated the study of elliptic integrals, which later proved to be a very important field.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

In addition to his analysis, Euler also developed a lot of number theory.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

However, his most famous work is the solution of the Königsberg bridge problem of 1736.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

This served as the basis for e.g.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

for the development of graph theory.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

[79] See also History of Logic List of mathematicians Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Boyer, Carl| title = Queen of Sciences: History of Mathematics.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Parts I and II| others = Translated by Kimmo Pietian | location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 1994| version = (A history of mathematics, 1985.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

) | id = ISBN 951-884-150-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seife, Charles| title = Zero biography| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2000| version = (Zero: The biography of a dangerous idea, 2000.)


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Translated by Risto Varteva| id = ISBN 951-0-25065-1}} Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lehtinen, Matti| title = Brief History of Mathematics | location = Helsinki| publisher = University Weight| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-570-227-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Oikkonen, Juha (ed.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

) | title = Overviews of mathematics history| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-884-150-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pulkkinen, Jarmo| title = From pitfall to supercomputer| location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-884-388-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Flegg, Graham (ed.


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

) | title = History of figures: From counting with fingers to computers| location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2002| version = (Numbers through the ages, 1989.)


Question: Who discovered the first mathematical equation?

History of mathematics

Translated by Hannu Karttunen| id = ISBN 951-884-335-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bell, Eric T.| title = Men of Mathematics| publisher = Simon & Schuster| year = 1965| id = ISBN 0-671-62818-6}} CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

This is a list of Donald Duck pocketbooks, special and theme numbers, and mini-taskers.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

The year number indicates the first pocketbook of each year.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

Initially, every second spread in pocketbooks was black and white, wholly coloured pocketbooks from 1993 onwards and 154 pocketbooks.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

In 2010, in celebration of Donald Duck's pocketbook 40th birthday party, a four-part series The Best of Taskar appeared.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

The following year “Heroes of Taskar” and in 2012 “Taskar's Star Moments” Donald Duck pocketbooks Attachments 100:32 additional pages 165: Decker Set 169: Sticker sheet 177: Calendar 1995 181: Jokbook 186: Calendar September 1995 - August 1996 201: Poster 212: Poster 255: The hilarious Taskari trivia 363:40 extra pages Donald Duck's pocketbook special issues Congratulations Donald Duck (1984) Good old Mickey Mouse (1988) Jose Carioca (1989) Bear Kopla in Dangerous Waters (1990) Tupu, Hood, Lupu — Shut Up the Hill!


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

(1991) Olympic Fever (1992) Summer Widow (1993) In the old spare better (1994) Kali's nail (1998) Shadow of the cape (1999) Swedish matches (2000) Attachments 5: Sticker sheet 7:3D cartoon Tidal wave of jumping beans and 3D glasses 8: Aku sticker 9: Kali's claw poster and Postcards 10: Magic Cloak Postcards 11: Postcards Donald Duck's pocketbook theme numbers Attachments 1: Villain Messages 3: Pocket Kino 4: Horror Tattoos 5: Giant Castle Robbery Board Game Mini Taskers Mini Taskers are smaller than regular pocketbooks in size, but they have more sides.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

The first Mini Tasker appeared in 2007.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

The end pages of the mini-taskers contain information about Duck Castle's persons.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

The last Mini Tasker appeared in 2011.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

In English In English pocketbooks are pocketbooks that have appeared since August 2011.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

Each book comes with a vocabulary that makes it easier to understand the texts of speech bubbles.


Question: What's the name of the first Donald Duck pocketbook?

List of Donald Duck pocketbooks

Donald Duck's pocketbook In English 1 (2011) Donald Duck pocketbook In English 2 (2012) Donald Duck pocketbook In English 3 (2012) Donald Duck pocketbook In English 4 (2013) Donald Duck's pocketbook In English 5 (2013) Other Donald Duck pocketbooks The best of Taskar (2010) The best of the Donald Duck pocketbook In English 5 (2013) The Best of Donald Duck 1979 Best of Taskar 1980-1989 Best of Taskar 1990-1999 Best of Taskar 2000-2009 Attachments The Best of Taskar Series Storage Case Taskar Heroes (2011) Heroes of Taskar: Agents on a cause Tashkar Heroes: Defenders of Justice (+ storage case) Heroes of Taskar: Detective Finds Taskar's Heroes: Far From Home Attachments Taskar Heroes Series Storage Case Taskar Star Moments (2012) Star Moments of Taskar: Master of Entertainment Taskar's Star Moments: Stock Shark (+Storage Case) Taskar's Star Moments: King of Racing Fields Taskarin Star Moments: Everyday Hero Attachments Taskar Star Moments Series Storage Case On topic elsewhere (outdated link) Donald Duck pocketbooks *


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Singapore's population has been made up of nearly five million people.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The population is diverse, with Chinese being the largest population group.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Other large groups include Malays and Indians.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Ethnic harmony is an important issue in population policy.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Buddhism is the greatest religion.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Malay is the national language, but English, Mandarin Chinese and Tamil are also official languages.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Six-year primary school is compulsory, and English is the language of instruction in many subjects.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The National University of Singapore is one of the most prestigious universities in the world.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Health care is based on personal incentives, which allows the state to spend little money on health care, but the health of the country is still good.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

There is no actual social security in the country, and health care and social security are based on social security accounts.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Population distribution Singapore is home to nearly five million people.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

After decades of family planning, the country has a low birth rate, which is being sought to lift with incentives.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Singapore is the second most densely populated country in the world.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Approximately 85 percent of Singaporeans live in housing provided by the Housing and Development Board (HDB) [2] The population is diverse compared to many other countries.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The Chinese, who have been the majority since the colonial period, constitute 76.8% [3]% of Singaporeans.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Malays, who are indigenous people of the country, make up 13.9 [3]%.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[4] Indians are the third largest ethnic group, at 7.9% of the population.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[3] They are for the most part native to Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka in southern India and they speak Tamil.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[4] Other smaller populations make up 1.4% of the population.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[3] In the 2000 census, 42% of Singaporeans were Buddhist.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Muslims make up about 15% of the population and is the main religion of the Malay population.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Catholics and other Christians make up 14.6% of the population.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[3] Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism have merged into one for the majority of the Chinese population.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The majority of Tamil people are Hindu, which is the sixth largest religion in the country.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[4] Ethnic harmony has been a major issue since the 1964 race riots.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

It is emphasised across society, for example in education, the armed forces and housing policy.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Each year, a special day of ethnic harmony is celebrated.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[5] In the early 2000s, topics of discussion included issues such as the Muslim headscarf ban in public schools.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[6] The national language is Malay for historical reasons.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The official languages are English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay and Tamil.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[3] English has been popular as the language of the country since independence and is spoken by a majority of the population.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The Speak Mandarin Campaign (Speak Mandarin Chinese Campaign) has encouraged the Chinese population to study Mandarin Chinese.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Initially, Chinese immigrants did not understand each other, but during the campaign, Mandarin Chinese became a unifying factor.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[7] [8] The Speak Bahasa Melayu Campaign (Speak Malay Campaign) has also been proposed to take place, as Malay skills have been left weak among youth due to English.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[9] Education The six-year primary school is compulsory in Singapore.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Elementary school teaching requirements are set by the Ministry of Education in conjunction with public and private schools.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The country has no clear boundaries between public and private schools—self-determination, government funding contribution, and student tuition depends on more specific school classification, such as state school, government-aided school, independent, and privately funded.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Some schools have more than one classification.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

In addition, international schools provide completely separate education for foreigners and some locals.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Specialist programs are available for people with disabilities.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[10] In January 2003, compulsory education was enacted for all school-age children.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Under the law, it is punishable to fail to enroll a child in school and to fail to worry about the child's regular schooling.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[11] English is the first foreign language and language of instruction in fields such as mathematics, natural sciences (physics, chemistry and biology).


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew posited that English is the language that unites all Singaporeans regardless of ethnic and cultural background and incorporates Singapore to the rest of the world.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

On the other hand, since 1991, Chinese Singaporeans have been encouraged to speak Mandarin, the use of which has declined.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Since 1979, efforts have been made to make Mandarin the number one language of Chinese instead of dialects.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[7] The National University of Singapore (NUS) is one of the most prestigious universities in the world.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

In 2012, it was ranked 29th on the World University Rankings list.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[12] Health care and social security Health care expenditure in Singapore is 3.2% of GDP (Finland 8.2%, USA 16%), health expenditure per capita is $1228 (Finland $2840, US $7290, of which the public sector share (47.2%) is greater than the total sum of Finland), public sector share 32.6% (Finland 74.2%, USA 47.2%), life expectancy in newborns 79.7 yrs.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

(Finland 79,4, USA 78,1) [13] According to another data, the life expectancy of newborns is 82 yrs.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

(U.S. 78 v.).


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[14] Singaporeans pay for their health care one-fifth of what American citizens but get much better health [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

This is largely due to incentives: people pay a big deductible for their health expenditure themselves [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Health accounts (Medisave), insurance and, in case of emergency, government assistance ensure that everyone receives adequate care anyway [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The infant mortality rate in Singapore is the lowest in the world at 2.31 children per 1,000 births (3.47 in Finland) [15].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

A big reason for the high performance with minimal expenses is that the decisions are made by patients and PhDs, not bureaucrats and insurance companies [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The state essentially provides a safety net and manages and finances preventive campaigns [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Social Security Accounts Singapore health care and social security are based on social security accounts: citizens finance their health care, unemployment, pensions and others themselves through compulsory deductions from wages.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

For example, there is no unemployment benefit at all [16] and the State helps only in emergency cases: aid is granted only to applicants who are unable to work because of age, illness or disability and who do not have next of kin who can support them.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[16] More than half of the aid applications are rejected, and even when granted, the aid covers only an estimated 41% of the minimum living costs.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[16] There is no state pension, one in five elderly Singaporean people feel that their income is not enough to live on [17] and three in ten suffer from malnutrition.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[18] Typically, the employer pays 20% and the employee 13% of the salary to the Social Security Account (MediSave/CPF) [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The health account can pay for family hospital expenditure and others up to the (subsidised) price level of government hospitals [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Expenditure exceeding this shall be paid by own money or insurance [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Prices and services are slightly regulated by the State, but much less than, for example, Britain or Germany [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

As Singapore's age structure later deteriorates, additional tax resources may be needed for health care as in other countries.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The critics, too, need only fine-tuning, not system change.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[14] CPF (Central Provident Fund) social security accounts were introduced as compulsory workplace retirement savings accounts in 1955.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

They consist of three parts: a “regular account” that can be used for homebuying, investments and education; a “special account” for pension insurance and a “Medisave” (health account) for health expenditures and insurance.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[19] Deductible and Competition Professor Bryan Caplan says Singapore's system is based on individual incentives and in that: [20] The account can also be used to pay for health expenditures for children, spouse, parents and grandparents, but the item must be certified.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Private and public health care compete with each other, which keeps prices for both in check.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Privates are forced to make their price lists public, too.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The state pays for 80% of basic health care, less of the rest.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

On the spread of infectious diseases, the government intervenes more strongly.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Government offers cheap voluntary disaster health insurance (although almost everyone has one from private [21]) According to Professor Phua, private decision-making, incentive deductibles and competition between public and private providers are the reasons for health care efficiency [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Private and public providers Private manage 80% of primary health care and 26% of hospital beds [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

In order to achieve scale advantages without competition in quality and price, the country has two major public service providers (NHG & SingHealth) and a free number of private competitors [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Public clusters produce detailed performance figures as well as a comparison against international standards in an effort to maximise the number of “healthy years of life”, not just cure diseases [14].


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

According to the WHO, in 2010, the Singapore state spent 2273 US dollars per capita on healthcare, or four per cent of GDP, compared with Finland, for example, spending $3281, or nine per cent of GDP, in the same year.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

[22] Hospitals in Singapore are considered to be of a very high standard, with Southeast Asians in particular using Singaporean health services.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

The country has invested a lot in recent years in research such as biotechnology and genetic engineering, with good results.


Question: What is the largest ethnic group in Singapore?

Population of Singapore

Sources * Category:Population by country


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Turtles (Testudines) belong to reptiles.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

The sect of turtles comprises both living and extinct, aquatic and land-based turtle species.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

The appearance and size of the turtles are characterized by a developed, bony thick shield from the ribs.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[1] Like other reptiles, they are variable heat and have scales covering their skin.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[2] Turtles living in the sea have a special lacrimal gland behind the eye, which allows them to get rid of the excess salt that accumulates in their bodies. [2].


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Turtles have no teeth, but a sharp-edged beak.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[3] In size, the turtles are from parisient rainforests up to eight-foot giants weighing nearly a ton.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[4] Turtles are long-lived, the furthest living species can live for more than 150 years; the record (188 years) is currently held by a turtle named Tu'i Malila.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[5] Distribution and lifestyles Turtles are found on all continents and oceans except polar regions such as Antarctica.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

They are also missing in desert areas such as Arabia and the inner parts of Australia, the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea and the Great Lakes of North America, as well as some mountain ranges such as the Andes and the northern part of the Pyrenees.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[6] Although some turtles spend much of their lives underwater, they are nonetheless air-breathing reptiles.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

They must therefore come to the surface to breathe at certain intervals.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Turtles also spend time on land, with several species laying eggs in beach sand.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Terrestrial turtles are herbivores.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Land turtles are peaceful animals that do no harm to humans, but some aquatic turtles can be aggressive towards humans.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Evolution and Classification The first turtles appeared as early as the time of the Terror Lizards, about 200 million years ago.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

They lived in water, and the shield first developed on the abdominal side to protect them from beasts diving from below.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[1] Although the development branch of turtles consists of numerous tribes, they can be classified into two main groups depending on how they pull their necks in.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

These are the lower lobes of vertical benders (Cryptodira), as well as side benders (Pleurodira).


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

The former turn their necks directly under the leading edge of the carapace in an S shape, while the side bends do the same in the side position.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[7] [8] Some extinct turtles did not get their necks for dorsal armor protection at all.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Both groups are very old, and differed from each other in the Early Cretaceous.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Their stem form extends all the way to Proganochelys of the Triassic.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[8] Turtles as pets in Finland, the most common land turtle species are the Greek tortoise (Testudo hermanni), four-toe turtle (Testudo horsfieldi or Agrionemys horsfieldii) and flanking tortoise (Testudo marginata).


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Of these species, at least four-toe turtles and Greek turtles are bred in Finland.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Most species are available for sale in animal stores.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Turtles are also sold by breeders.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Of the aquatic species, the most common is the red-eared turtle.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Nowadays, diaper turtles are also found as pets, which are smaller in size than the red-eared turtle.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Today, imports of turtles into Finland are allowed, but some species must have the appropriate CITES certificate.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

These species include e.g.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Spanish turtle (Testudo graeca), leopard turtle, Tunisian turtle and Greek turtle.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Care for turtles is demanding, as they need a lot of room to move and a carefully prepared diet.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

When treated improperly, turtles get sick easily.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

The eyes of a healthy turtle are clear and do not bleed, the skin is elastic and free of parasites, the shield is hard and intact, the tail end is neat, the nose and mouth are dry, the shape of the shield is uniformly curved, the behaviour is active and resists when lifting, and the stool is solid sticky and almost odorless.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

[9] Turtles need a UV lamp and a heat lamp in their terrarium.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

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Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How old is the oldest turtle?

Turtles

* Category:Living Fossils Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Ontology (from the Greek words ν, ντος 'being', and -λογία 'doctrine') is the part of philosophy exploring the ultimate essence of being.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[1] Ontology is often read as a sub-field of metaphysics as so-called general metaphysics.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[2] [3] It explores the concepts of being and existence and the ultimate quality of being, [4] such as what types of things exist and what relationships exist between them.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Such metaphysics has traditionally been said to be the study of being in itself, not being as it manifests itself.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[2] General Ontology can be divided into four parts: (1) the study of what exists, (2) the study of what kind of perceptions of the person is, (3) the study of the most general characteristics and relationships that the person possesses, and (4) the so-called metaontology i.e. for the study of the ends and methods of ontology and the nature of ontological questions.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Boundary drawing between ontology and other metaphysics is often difficult.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[5] The term ontology is used, not only as a name for a subfield of philosophy, but also to speak of a set of entities assumed by some particular metaphysical system or scientific theory.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Typically, such an ontology forms a hierarchical structure in which the one or entity are at the most uppermost level, and which includes everything else that exists.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Typical next-level classifications include universals and particulars, as well as abstract and concrete creatures.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Distributions of universals still include characteristics and relationships.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[6] Ontological theories often seek to explain which words refer to actual existing entities and how, which do not, and what classes of existence result from this.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

When this method is applied to concepts such as “electron”, “energy”, “time”, “truth”, “causality”, “mind”, and “God”, ontology becomes central to clarifying the foundations of many aspects of philosophy.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Also, natural science theories typically assume some kind of ontological system, and these are not always based purely on empirical observations: entities appearing in theories of quantum mechanics serve as an example.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[6] Some philosophers, especially Platonians, have thought that all concepts refer to real beings (the doctrine of ideas, the characteristic-being concept, or hand stereoalism).


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Other philosophers, on the other hand, have considered that some concepts do not refer to real things per se, but are more just references to the entities of things or events.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

In this case, for example, the word “mind” would refer to a set of mental events experienced by a person rather than the actual existence of the mind, “society” would refer to a set of persons belonging to one, and “geometry” would refer to a set of certain kinds of intellectual functions (the object-existence concept i.e. nominalism).


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[7] Ontology has very close ties to the theory of knowledge because claims about reality are based on perceptions of the possibility of acquiring knowledge and vice versa.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[8] One ontological problem is how to answer questions of existence.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Ontology also overlaps with logic; in this case, one key question is what kind of ontology logical theorems commit to.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[5] History Ontology originated in ancient Greek pre-socratic philosophy.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Problems of existence, permanence and transformation were particularly concerned about Parmenide and Heracleito.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Parmenides is associated with the idea that existence came to be proven and non-being forbidden and was to be avoided.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

He said: (esti gar einai, mēden d' ouk estin) — “being you see is, and nothing is there”.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[9] Parmenides denied that there would be any change in the universe.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[10] Heraclitus, on the other hand, held the exact opposite view by considering constant change to be the ultimate feature of reality.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[11] After Socrates, ontology was very central to the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Plato dealt with issues related to the subject especially in dialogue Sophist, but his ontological system of eternal ideas and his dualistic two-level model underlie all his dialogues.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

In Aristotle, metaphysics was the science of “being”, that is, being to the extent that it is present, or of being to the extent that they exist.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

The main priority was to define the basic categories, as well as determining the way in which things can be said to exist in each category.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

He considered the world to be composed of individual entities, or particulars, consisting of matter and universal form.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[8] Materialism in antiquity was represented by atomists, Epicuroans and Stoics, among others.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[12] [13] Ontological questions have also been considered in the ancient civilizations of India and China, in some cases even predating Greek thinkers usually associated with the genesis of ontology.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Although the origin of the term ontology is in the Greek language, the word itself is known for the first times in Latin form ontology from Jacob Lorhard's (Lorhardus) work Ogdoas Scholastica of 1606 [14] as well as from Rudolf Goclenius's (Göckel) work Lexicon philosophicum of 1613.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[15] George Berkeley held in his subjective idealism that material entities were merely a set of ideas.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

The creatures did exist, but only in the mind.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[16] Idealism was particularly influenced in 19th century German idealism.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

In turn, new-age materialism has been represented by artists such as Thomas Hobbes, Pierre Gassendi, Ludwig Feuerbach, Ludwig Büchner, as well as dialectical materialists such as Karl Marx.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Martin Heidegger became interested at a young age in the ontology of Aristotle and the fundamental question of its existence.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Later, his hermeneutic project deepened into the foundations of ontology at all; he considered that the examination of the temporality of life forgotten in tradition offered an opportunity to re-impose the question of the mind of being (Sinn des Seins), i.e.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

from meaningful parsing of reality into real.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Thus was born fundamentaalontology, a study aimed at the unthought temporal basis of traditional ontology.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Heidegger addressed this in particular in his main work Being and Time (1927).


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[17] Edmund Husserl opposed Heidegger's fundamentally ontology because he considered it to confuse ontological and existential existence.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

In his view, Dasein, central to Heidegger's ontology, was no more an ontology than a phenomenology in the question, but merely abstract anthropology.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

W. V.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

O Quine felt that science was the best means of finding out what exists.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Ontology was thus defined by the prevailing scientific theory at the time.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[16] He reduced existence by defining it as “being the value of a bound variable” [18] — the theory thus committed only to the existence of the things it needed for its formulation presented in the predicate calculum.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[16] Ontological questions Ontological questions include: What is existence?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[16] What is there?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[16] Why does something exist, instead of nothing?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[16] Are there universals, particles, figures, God, etc.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

exist?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[5] What common characteristics do existing things have?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[5] How do things that exist relate to other things that exist, that is, what general relationships are there between things?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[5] What is the ratio of universals to those particles on which they are?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[5] Ontological Perspectives What is reality?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Materialism: reality is matter.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[19] Physicalism: everything that exists is physical or superveniates physical.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[20] Naturalism: nature is all-encompassing and there is nothing outside (or “supernatural”) thereof.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Idealism, that is, a soulful (non-material) conception of reality: reality is spirit.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[19] Does reality exist?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Realism: reality exists independently of consciousness.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

(The meaning of the word realism has varied; it has been used, for example, sometimes in the sense of materialism, sometimes idealism.)


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Subjectivism: the existence of reality depends on consciousness.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Does reality depend on us, or is it independent?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Objectivism: reality exists independently of consciousness.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

How many foundations of reality are there?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Monism: one (from the Greek word monos).


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Dualism: two (ambivalent conception of reality).


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[19] Pluralism: multiple (multi-divisional concept of reality).


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Is it all borrowed or random?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Determinism, that is, the doctrine of law.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[19] Indeterminism, that is, the randomness doctrine.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Concepts of Ontology Some other key concepts in ontology are: [21] entity, object, abstract object, property, trope universals i.e. general concepts or general properties substance, substance or fundamental matter, independent being, object as such axidence i.e. the property of an entity that cannot exist without substance, namely basic material class, natural class, category, type and token, genus and species identity, change being Ontology in various fields Theology Ontology becomes central to theology for example god when discussing existence and characteristics.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

The most famous application of ontology in this field is the Anselm Canterburyan ontological god testimony, who defined God as “therefore greater than which cannot be imagined”.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Anselm held that in order for this definition to be correct, God also had to exist because things that exist are more perfect than things that do not exist.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Ontological arguments have been criticized on many grounds, for example circumstantial, as well as stating that existence is not a property or predicate.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[22] [16] Social Sciences There are several ontological approaches in the social sciences: according to empiricism, reality can be observed and observations can be assessed in relation to facts; positivism focuses on observations on oneself, studying primarily the facts assertions; critical realism holds that facts exist and wait to be discovered; and in postmodernism it is held that facts are mutable and unattainable, so scholars should focus only on claims about observations.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

[23] In addition to these, there is a relational position that does not distinguish between the perceptor and the observed, but being is always seen as being in relationships.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

According to this, we are “not looking at the top of 'external reality'; we are here inside the world, in the middle of it.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

The way the world manifests itself to us depends on what kind of beings we ourselves are and in what way we settle into relationship () with the people of the world or what kind of activity we encounter the world.” [24] Anselm Thomas Aquinese of Canterbury Aristotle David Malet Armstrong Alain Badiou Gustav Bergmann Patricia Churchland Paul Churchland Gilles Deleuze René Descartes Jean Gebser Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Heidegger Heracleitos Edmund Husserl Roman Ingarden Immanuel Kant Saul Kripke Gottfried Leibniz Friedrich Nietzsche William Occamite Parmenides Charles S. Peirce Plato Plotinos Hilary Putnam W. V. Quine Bertrand Russell Gilbert Ryle Jean-Paul Sartre Johannes Duns Scotus Barry Smith Baruch Spinoza P. F. Strawson Pierre Teilhard de Chardin Ludwig Wittgenstein See also Modal Logics Ontology in computer science Ontological order of precedence Ontological testimony Taxonomy Theory of knowledge Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juti, Riku| title = Introduction to Metaphysic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2001| id = ISBN 951-662-821-4}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Niiniluoto, Ilkka| title = World, Me and Culture: Emergent materialism| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 1990| id = ISBN 951-1-11070-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pihlström, Sami| title = Practical terms of experience: Kantian philosophy reassess| location = Helsinki| publisher = University weight| year = 2002| id = ISBN 951-570-532-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pihlström, Sami| title = Did science study reality?


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Realism and Pragmatism in the Current Philosophy of Science| location = Helsinki| publisher = Department of Philosophy at the University of Helsinki | year = 1997| version = Publications of the Department of Philosophy of the University of Helsinki 1/1997| id = ISBN 951-45-7773-6}} On the topic elsewhere Corazzon, Raul (ed.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

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Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

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Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Smith, Barry (ed.


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology


Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

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Question: How many aspects of philosophy are there?

Ontology

Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience, or pseudoscience (Greek pseudo-, false, pretentious), is a doctrine that exists as a scientific one that does not meet the hallmarks of scientificity.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[2] The earliest record of the use of the word pseudoscience (pseudoscience) in the English language dates from 1843.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[1] The term pseudo-science has a negative connotation because it has been used to show that something has been incorrectly and misleadingly presented as science.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[3] Thus, those who purport to practice or advocate pseudo-science tend to dispute the classification.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[4] There is disagreement about the extent to which science can be distinguished from pseudo-science in a reliable and unbiased way (the demarcation problem).


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[5] Background There are various means of demonstrating whether a particular doctrine, perception, method or practice is scientific.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

In the scientific method, such principles include reproducibility and intersubjective verifiability.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[6] Accordingly, the aim is to ensure that the key evidence can be reproduced or measured under the same circumstances; so it is possible to examine whether the hypothesis or theory attached to the phenomenon is both accurate and reliable, and whether other researchers can rely on it.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

The scientific method is required to be ubiquitous and emphasis is required to be controlled or eliminated by double-blind studies or sufficiently large sampling.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

All results collected, including test arrangements and environmental factors, are documented and disclosed for peer review, so that results can either be verified or rejected by subsequent experiments, as well as defining other important factors such as statistical significance, confidence interval and margin of error.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[7] In the mid-20th century, Karl Popper proposed a falsifiability criterion to distinguish between pseudo-science and science.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[8] Such claims as “God created the universe” may be true or untrue, but no experiments can be performed to establish claims as untrue, so they are not science, but fall outside the field of science.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Popper divided non-science into philosophical, mathematical, mythological, religious and metaphysical formations on the one hand, and pseudo-scientific on the other — but did not present clear criteria for distinguishing them.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[9] As examples of pseudo-science, he gave astrology and psychoanalysis, and from science Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Later, Paul R. Thagard (1978) proposed that pseudo-science is primarily distinguishable from science when it develops less than alternative theories in the long run and when its proponents refuse to identify or admit problems with the theory.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[10] Mario Bunge has put forward the categories “belief field” and “research field” to facilitate the separation of science and pseudo-science.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[11] Philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend has argued that separation between science and non-science is neither possible nor even desirable from the point of view of the sociology of knowledge.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[12] The distinction is made difficult by the fact that science's theories and methods evaluate new observational information in different ways.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[13] Furthermore, certain standards suitable for one discipline are not necessarily those used in some other fields.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

On the definition of pseudo-science, Raimo Tuomela has defined pseudo-science as follows: [14] It is often based on a vague, often mental basis with, say, disembodied spirits.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

that allows authority belief, or based on the paranormal fact-finding abilities of some elite A formulaic, dogmatic stance in favor of truth, does not attempt to seek truth by changing their own views where observations and reasoning so require.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Many times, though not always and in all respects, shun logical-mathematical accurate thinking.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

There is a doctrine whose assumptions and theories are untestable or not testable or refutable at all.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Many times pseudo-scientific claims contradict better-researched and tried scientific claims.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

The claims of pseudo-science do not change, although observations and logical-theoretical research seem otherwise.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

There is a doctrine that is often interested in practical many times person-related things, such as how to cure a disease, how to feel happy, which leads many times to pseudo-technology.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Methods do not correct their own errors, nor are they based on well-tried general theories There is many times a separate doctrine not supported by others [15] For example, clairvoyance is a pseudoscience according to this view because it violates known laws of physics.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Many times, moreover, different clairvoyants claim different things about the same subject.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Creationism is considered pseudo-science because the ideas expressed in it often contradict generally accepted ideas of natural science and things are presented unilaterally only in support of the creationist viewpoint.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Furthermore, the views of creationism relate to religion outside of science and cannot be refuted even in theory.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Science must be, among other things, according to Raimo Tuomela's ideas, objective-tested critical advancing self-correcting autonomy.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[16] According to this definition of science, pseudo-science would be the opposite of science: the subjective, i.e. uncritical stationary trampling non-independent [17] non-testable, dependent on the subjective.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Thus, pseudoscience is considered alternative medicine, ufology, anthroposophy, etc.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

According to Paul Kurtz, pseudo-science is characterised by the following features: the lack of accurate experimental methods no coherent and testable theory base claims to have corroborating results, even though the experimental methods used are not accurate and unbiased observers cannot positive results to strengthen.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

[18] The studies of Soviet Trofim Lysenko fit into this formula.


Question: What does pseudo-science mean?

Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience differs from “false theories” of science in that “false theories” of science do not seek to appear or are not considered more widely valid solutions among professionals in the field.