Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The northernmost and southernmost points had a distance of almost 5000 kilometers, and the easternmost and westernmost points had a distance of almost 10,000 km.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[38] [39] The Soviet Union had a total of 12 border neighbours: Norway, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The length of the borders totaled more than 60000 kilometers.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

3/4 of the borders were common with the socialist states of the time.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

There were maritime boundaries on 13 seashore beaches belonging to the Northern Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

2/3 of the borders of the Soviet Union were maritime boundary.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[38] [40] The highest point in the Soviet Union was Pik Kommunizma, located in the Pamir Mountains, with a height of 7495 m. The largest river in the Soviet Union was the Yenisei, which is the largest river descending into the Arctic Ocean in the North.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Its length is 5539 km.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

On the European side, the largest river in the Soviet Union was the Volga, which is the longest and most abundant river in Europe.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The length of the Volga is 3685 kilometers.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Other notable rivers included the Ob, Lena, Ural and Amur.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Today, Pik Kommunizma is called Ismail Samani, and is located in Tajikistan; the aforementioned rivers are mainly located on Russian territory.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Elevation ratios in the Soviet Union ranged from mountainous to flat lowlands.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The largest number of mountain ranges were in the northern and eastern parts of the Soviet Union, while the southern and western parts had more plains.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Among the largest lakes in Soviet territory were Lake Aral, Lake Ladoga, Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[38] [40] Climate Soviet Union extended into three climatic zones: cold, temperate and subtropical zones.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The coldest temperatures in winter were normally below −30°C and the warmest temperatures were above +30°C in summer.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The lowest temperatures were measured in the northern parts of Siberia, where the cold record fell below as low as −70°C.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The warmest areas were in Uzbekistan, where temperatures were above +50°C.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[38] [41] The lowest temperature (−71.1 °C) was measured in 1964 in Oimjakon, Yikutia.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The warmest value on the territory of the Soviet Union again was obtained on July 29, 1983 on the territory of Turkmenistan — +51.7 °C.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Urbanization The Soviet Union was already remarkably extensive in terms of area and natural resources at its birth.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The largest cities in Russia in the 19th century were St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw and Kharkiv.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[42] Later Warsaw became the capital of independent Poland, and Russian-speaking Kharkiv in Ukraine was overshadowed by the growing economic centre Kiev.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Peter, transformed into Leningrad, retained its idiosyncrasies, but became industrialized, and a large number of civilisation moved abroad.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Moscow became the capital of the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

World War II shifted the focus of the economy towards the east anyway, where resources seemed inexhaustible.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The peculiarity of the urban structure in the Soviet Union became, partly due to the abundant supply of energy, long distances and economic interdependence of regions far from each other.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Many towns were even born without the surrounding rural settlement to secure an adequate food supply for the city.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

This kept the regions more strictly dependent on Central Command, but was even fatal when the Soviet Union fell apart when necessities suddenly had to be imported from abroad.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[43] The largest cities at the end of the Soviet Union numbered a total of 23 million cities in 1989, about half of them on the territory of the Russian SFNT.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The three largest cities were Moscow with 8.8 million, Leningrad with 4.4 million, and Kiev with 2.6 million inhabitants.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Other millionaire cities included Alma-Ata, Baku, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Gorky, Kharkiv, Yerevan, Kazan, Kuibyshev, Minsk, Novosibirsk, Odessa, Omsk, Perm, Rostov, Sverdlovsk, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Chelyabinsk and Ufa.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Notable cities with less than a million inhabitants included Chișinău, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Riga, Tallinn, Vilnius, Vladivostok and Volgograd, among others.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[44] [45] Enlargement The original Soviet Union encompassed the Soviet republics of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Later, the autonomous Soviet republics of Kazahstan and Kyrgyz were detached from the Russian SFNT, which became republics of their own within the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In 1925, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were peacefully joined the Soviet Union, from which in 1929 Tajikistan was separated.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In 1936, Transcaucasia was divided between the republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Grosia.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In 1940, the Karelian-Finnish SNT was established in East Karelia, to which some of the territories conquered from Finland in the Winter War were annexed.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

It was top its own republic, but was annexed in 1956 into the Russian SFNT and demoted to the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[46] The Soviet Union expanded especially in the 1940s during the period of Stalin's rule.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In 1940, the Baltic republics Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were annexed to the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Around the same time, the Soviet Union occupied territories from Finland and Japan, the Kaliningrad Oblast from Germany, the territories of Moldavia and western Ukraine from Romania, and eastern Poland, among others.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

These territories were annexed by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The Tannu-Tuva People's Republic from Central Asia joined the Soviet Union on 11 October 1944.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[47] [48] The borders of the Soviet Union remained the same until the 1990s, when the state began to disintegrate.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Dissolution began in 1990, when parts of the Soviet republics became independent.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

During 1991, most of the Soviet republics seceded from the union and formed their own independent states.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The rest of the Soviet republics became independent in December 1991, when the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The administrative division of the Soviet Union consisted of 15 different republics, namely Soviet republics.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Each Soviet republic had its own communist party and internal governing bodies with the exception of the largest Soviet republic, Russia, which had no administration of its own.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The center of state administration was located in Moscow, the capital of the Russian SFNT, which was also the capital of the entire state.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Each Soviet republic had its own capital, where internal administration buildings were located.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[49] The Soviet republics had partial right of self-government.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

According to the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Soviet republics had the right to secede from the Soviet Union, and the law applied in 1991 when the Soviet Union dissolved.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Some of the Soviet republics had their own administrative division, consisting of autonomous Soviet republics.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The most autonomous Soviet republics were in Russia.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Autonomous Soviet republics did not gain independence when the Soviet Union dissolved.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[26] Army The first Soviet state army was the Red Army of the Workers and Peasants, which was called the Red Army.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The Red Army was founded on 23 February 1918 in the Russian Civil War as the Army of the Red Guards.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

After the Reds won the civil war in 1921, it became the Soviet Army.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

February 23 was an important national holiday in the Soviet Union, later also celebrated as Red Army Day.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Lev Trotsky, who served as both the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in charge of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the War People's Commissar in charge of the Minister of Defence from 1918 to 1924, is widely regarded as the founder of the Red Army.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[50] When founded, the Red Army was based on volunteerism and was unfamiliar with military values or troop-section symbols.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The officers were democratically elected.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

On 29 May 1918, however, men aged 18—40 were made conscripted.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In order to carry out a major recruiting operation, regional military commissariats responsible for calling boards (военный комиссариат, военкомат; vojenkomat) were established.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

They served in this function and under this name right up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Military commissariats should not be confused with political commissars (politruks) of the military.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[51] A political commissar was placed in each Red Army unit with the power to overturn decisions of unit commanders if they contradicted Communist Party principles.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Although this inevitably rendered the command system ineffective, the party leadership found it important to control the officer corps, which, as the civil war progressed, included more and more officers from the former Imperial Army.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[52] In the Russian Civil War of 1918—1920, the Red Army fought against white counter-revolutionary armies and Poland, and was also used to suppress internal revolts.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

By the end of the war, nearly five million men were serving in the Red Army.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Before the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army waged war against Japan and Finland, among others.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Of these, the Winter War against Finland in particular attracted a lot of attention in the Western world.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[53] When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the strength of the Red Army was estimated at 1.5 million men.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

It was weakened by political purges and was badly caught by the attack.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

During the first weeks of war, practically the entire Soviet air force was razed to the fields and hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers were motivated into huge mots.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[54] At the time of the Great Patriotic War, 15—20 million officers and soldiers were recruited into the Red Army, of whom 7—10 million were killed.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[55] Red Army soldiers who were captured by the Germans were often executed directly in the field or transported to prison camps in inhumane conditions.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

They were also killed in extermination camps as part of the Holocaust.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The portion of prisoners released at the end of the war was not much better, as surrender was punishable either by execution or by years of forced labour in Siberia.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In invading Germany, Red Army soldiers also committed countless war crimes: looting, extermination, and rape of German women.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[56] After the war won and the fall of Berlin, renowned respect for the Red Army and its prestige rose considerably in Soviet society.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The final step on the road from revolutionary arms corps to state permanent army was taken in 1946 when the “Invincible Red Army” was transformed into the armed forces of the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[57] After the war, troops were demobilized and the strength of the army was reduced to an estimated five million.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Units of the Soviet Army, which had liberated Eastern European countries from German rule, remained ashore as occupying forces.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

It led to these countries becoming members of the socialist bloc and, in effect, satellite states of the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The largest number of Soviet army troops were deployed in the German Democratic Republic to counter the threat of NATO troops.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[58] During the Cold War, the Soviet Union devoted a great deal of resources to develop nuclear weapons of its military, especially ballistic missiles and nuclear submarines.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Conflicts were resolved only through so-called proxy wars, in which the United States and the Soviet Union supported governments or rebel movements as needed.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[14] In 1979, however, the Soviet Army intervened directly in the civil war in Afghanistan.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The goal of the Soviet Union was to support a secular regime friendly to it, threatened by Muslim guerrillas.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The United States and Pakistan supported the guerrillas financially and with military equipment, including supplying them with American Stinger anti-aircraft missiles intended to fight the air supremacy of Soviet forces.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Mikhail Gorbachev finally withdrew troops from the country in 1988.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The Red Army was dissolved in 1991 at the dissolution of the Soviet Union and its assets were distributed among successor states.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Most of the army, including the majority of the nuclear missile forces, were attached to the Army of the Russian Federation.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Troops stationed in Eastern Europe were withdrawn between 1991 and 1994.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Space program The Soviet space program was based on research carried out alone by Russian teacher Konstantin Tsiolkovsky from the beginning of the 20th century.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

He was the first to study the possibility of spaceflight mathematically.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

He did relatively little experimental research, but still developed methods such as rocket control, liquid propellants, and the principle of a multi-stage rocket.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

As early as 1921, the Soviet state began funding rocket research from the budget of the armed forces.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Gird research groups developed rockets starting in the mid-1920s.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the 1930s, Sergei Korolyov rose to the head of rocket research, but he fell into captivity due to purges by the armed forces.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

During World War II, research in the field of rockets focused on ground force rockets and aircraft rocket propulsion.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[59] Under Korolyov, the Soviet Union developed the first intercontinental missile in the 1950s that would have been able to carry a nuclear weapon to the United States.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The R-7 missile was first launched on 21 August 1957.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Both the Soviet Union and the United States announced in 1955 that they planned to launch a satellite during the International Geophysical Year (1957—1958).


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

After the successful test launch of the missile, the first satellite Sputnik 1 was quickly built and launched on 4 October 1957.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

As part of the rocket programme, the Baikonur Cosmodrome was built in the Tiuratam area.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[59] Economy The Soviet economy was a planned economy in which Marxist-Leninist socialism was implemented.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the Soviet Constitution, the goal of the economic system and society as a whole said communism, that is, a classless, socially egalitarian society based on joint ownership of the means of production.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Communism was not considered to have been achieved in the Soviet Union; ideologically the status quo was seen as a kind of transition to a new society.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Officially, the Soviet Union lived the stage of dictatorship of the proletariat in the transition to communism.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

However, according to widespread perception, the issue was rather a dictatorship of the party-elites, which may have played a role in the collapse of the entire system.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

According to the constitution, the principle of communism was “to each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”, but as long as communism was unattainable, the principle was “to each according to his abilities, to each according to his contribution”, which referred to the attempt to pay wages according to the labor input.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[60] The Soviet Union rapidly industrialized soon after its founding, accompanied by intense urbanization.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Livelihoods went from agriculture-intensive to industrial-intensive.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

After World War II, a significant role was played by the reconstruction of the European-side part of the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The amount of industrial production in the Soviet Union grew to be the largest in Europe and the second largest in the world, but the average standard of living still lagged behind that of the Western, as the Soviet Union was also the third most abundant country in the world.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the Soviet Union, private ownership of the means of production, land and natural resources had been abolished.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The accepted forms of ownership were state ownership, or so-called pan-national ownership, and cooperative ownership.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In addition, people were entitled to private property: they owned the consumer goods they bought, received or inherited as gifts.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The countrymen also had private ownership of animals and small vegetable orchards.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

By the 1970s, pan-national ownership included almost all industry and financial activities, and efforts were made to further increase the proportion, as pan-national ownership was considered the most advanced form of collective ownership in Soviet ideology.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Cooperatives existed mainly in agriculture as common farms known as kolhoos, as well as in some handicrafts.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[61] The main part of Soviet production arose in collective production, but on a small scale also in private.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

During the first 10 years of the Soviet state, private peasants and artisans formed the main part of the population.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

However, Soviet production was systematically directed in a collective direction, especially during the Stalin period also through violent coercive measures.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Still, small-scale private production was permitted in the Soviet Union throughout its existence, such as watchmakers, cobblers, painters and other similar practitioners.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Doctors also held private receptions.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

However, private individuals were not allowed to hire workers, as this was considered, according to Marx's doctrines, a deprivation of foreign work.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[62] The economy was managed according to a centralised plan, which left individual production units with little autonomous power to decide.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

There were three levels of plans: long-term, five-year and annual plans were made.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The planning body of the Federal Republics of the USSR, Gosplan, determined the quantitative and qualitative goals of the national economy, that is, norms.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

These objectives were divided both regionally and by industry and all the way up to each factory or other production unit.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The profit made by the production facilities was distributed to several parties.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The main part of the state spent on its own budget, but part of the profit remained on production facilities.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Production plants spent their share on repairs, production development, stimulus funds and funds for regional economic development.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[63] According to Albania, which opposed the Soviet Union, in practice, the activities of Soviet enterprises were very similar to capitalist corporations.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[64] Socialists in the West also criticised the system, naming it state capitalism.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[45] The monetary unit of the Soviet Union was also the ruble and its sub-unit kopeck in use in the Russian Empire.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

One ruble was equivalent to a hundred kopecks worth.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the ruble as its currency has been used by Belarus and Russia


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Other Soviet republics have adopted different-denominated monetary units since independence.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[62] After winning the civil war and intervention, Soviet Russia pursued a new economic policy, the NEP (Новая экономическая Политика, Novaya Ekonomitšeskaya Politika), which required stable monetary conditions due to private investment.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The Soviet Union stabilized monetary conditions in 1924 by tying the ruble to the gold standard and exchanging 50,000 Soviet Russian rubles, sovznak (совзнак) for one new ruble.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Another period of inflation dated back to World War II.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In 1947, monetary conditions were stabilized by cutting deposits.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[65] The Soviet ruble was not an internationally convertible currency and was not allowed to be exported.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Efforts were made to keep its value stable, but in practice the country's indebtedness to the West caused the growth of the black market.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[66] The gold ruble was also called the currency ruble.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Although it had an international quotation, it was not freely convertible.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Electrification programme The electrification programme was provided by GOELRO (Gosudarstvennaya kommisja po elektrifikatsii Rossii), the State Committee for Electrification of Russia.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

It comes amid a move by Soviet-Russia to embark on a major industrialisation programme to catch up with the gap compared to Western countries.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[67] The goal of GOELRO was not so much to create heavy industry, but to improve labour productivity through electrification.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In many sectors of the national economy, human and animal labour could be replaced by electricity.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

A wider exploitation of coal grades, peat, timber and gas of low heat value was sought, locally including oil shale.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[67] The plan encompassed both a sectoral and region-specific implementation plan.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

To this end, the Nationwide Plan was divided into seven regional basic plans: Northern, Medium-Industrial, Southern, Volga Stem, Urals, Caucasus, and Western Siberia-Turkestan Plan.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[67] GOELRO was already planned from the start on a statutory basis, so its implementation would be guaranteed by a centralised economic plan.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

GOELRO became the first comprehensive state plan of Soviet-Russia and the Soviet Union and served as a paragon for the State Plan (GOSPLAN), which organised the five-year planning of the entire national economy.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

GOELRO as a State Committee was dissolved already in June 1921, after which its work was continued by GOSPLAN.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[68] The first volume A of GOELRO became completed by 1926.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The goal was to restore reduced production in the Civil War.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

By 1935, construction related objectives had been accomplished.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Heavy electrotechnical import substitution industries also developed.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

1923 Elektrosila delivered the first four 7.5 MW turbines to Volkhov, Leningrad Oblast.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

By the middle of the 1930s, Elektrozavod (электрозавод) and Dinamo (Динамо) had already been established in Moscow, Krasnyi kotelšchik (Красный котельщик) and Taganrog, Turbogeneratornyi zavod imeni S. M. Kirova (Турбоик) генераторный завод имени С. М. Кирова) to Kharkov.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Since 1934, the Soviet Union was self-sufficient in the construction of power equipment.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Prisoner labour was also used for extensive industrialisation, and capital goods were acquired by exporting grain abroad.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the mid-1930s, grain exports led to famine along the Volga and especially in Ukraine, where millions of people died.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[68] Industry As foreign trade was relatively small, heavy industry played a large role in the economic life of the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In its final phase, the country was responsible for about 20% of the world's industrial production.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[69] Major aircraft manufacturers included Tupolev, Ilyushin and Antonov, car manufacturers included VAZ (Lada), GAZ (Volga) and AZLK (Moskvich).


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The industry was organized into large combinates with the task of processing a particular raw material up to the end products.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In general, the combinates were the main employers in their own region, stamping the entire region.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[65] The Soviet Union had large natural resources, but were mostly elusive in the northern parts of Siberia and the Kola Peninsula.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Much of the industry served military production and hardly participated in civilian production.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

This hampered the transfer of advances in military engineering to other production life.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In addition, the scientific research, centered around the USSR Academy of Sciences, in itself very high quality, had little contact with technology, which slowed down the development of technology.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[70] One problem of the Soviet industry was the focus on quantity.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Production facilities were evaluated mainly on production figures, which hampered quality development.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Furthermore, designers tended to raise performance requirements based on past performance, which is why a breakthrough in productivity would essentially only have raised the performance standard for the following year.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Furthermore, it has been speculated that an ideological viewpoint prevented productivity raising.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Separation of labor was not a real possibility, even if automation had reduced the need for work.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In addition, the influential military-industrial sector sought to produce convenient, simple devices, which may have created mental resistance to advanced automation and information technology.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[71] In terms of natural resources, the Soviet Union was one of the richest countries in the world.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Major natural resources included oil, natural gas, coal, diamonds, several minerals, and wood.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The exploitation of natural resources was complicated in part by their location in hard-to-reach areas of Siberia and the Kola Peninsula.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The Soviet Union was also criticized for wasting non-renewable natural resources.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[72] The most significant export products were oil, natural gas and timber.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The economy achieved, especially through oil exports, a reasonable standard of living for citizens.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The high proportion of the military industry left the development of some consumables at the back end, and compared to developed Western countries, for example, many western automobile brands, but tights and gum also gained no less than cult status in comparison of systems.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[32] Agriculture The most grained land areas of the Soviet Union were located in the western part of the country in Belarus, Ukraine and southern Russia.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

North of these areas began a coniferous forest zone, on the north side of which there was infertile hare.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the east, the terrain gradually changed from steppe to semi-desert and eventually desert.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

These areas require irrigation to allow farming.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The best agricultural lands were therefore located in the deciduous forest zone, and especially in the former steppes, with black soil of the same grade in grain quality as in the US Central West.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

On the coasts of the Caspian and Black Sea there were small areas of leather-leafed plants suitable for fruit growing.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[73] [74] Soviet agriculture was realised by co-owned farms, which were either cooperative colhoses or state-owned sovhooses.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the Sovhooses, farm workers, like industrial laborers, were paid and enjoyed similar social benefits.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In general, sovhooses were specialised in a particular field of production, and their machinery and fertilizers were of better quality than in colhoses.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Kolhooses were formally owned by farm labourers and had the right to sell a share exceeding production quotas in the food market.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The standard of living of farm workers in knocks was determined by the economic situation of kolkhos.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In addition, each farmworker usually had an area of about half an acre for his own personal farming and small livestock.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Although the area of these regions was minimal compared to the whole, they produced a very large proportion of Soviet agricultural production.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[75] [45] Partly this was due to the large amount of labour in private production and the feed and grazing land made available by the state farms to the private.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[76] The Soviet Union was capable of growing grain for the needs of its own population, but before Khrushchev's time, disappearances caused mass slaughters when forage grain had to be used for human consumption.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

During the Khrushchev period, the necessary grain began to be purchased abroad, mainly in the West, which constantly strained the national economy.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The most important grain was wheat, but barley, rye, oats and rice were also cultivated.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Attempts to grow corn in the Khrushchev period failed.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[77] The cultivation of root crops and vegetables was common in the European parts of the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Important crops included potato, cabbage, swede, turnip and onion.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the late days of the country, large-scale construction work on greenhouses made it possible that tomato and cucumber were mostly available in population centres throughout the year.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Sugar beet, cotton, sunflower and other industrial raw material crops were cultivated in semi-deserts under the cover of artificial irrigation.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

After World War II, hemp and flax cultivation slowly regressed in the growing areas of these plants in the Caucasus and the Baltics.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[78] Grosia was the centre of tea cultivation, while Moldova was responsible for the most part of pan-allied fruit production.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Tobacco was mostly grown in southern Russia and the Caucasus, but the Soviet Union still had to import much of the tobacco it consumed.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[79] Livestock husbandry was given much attention in the Soviet Union, as the production of meat, eggs and milk was a visible way to raise the standard of living of the population.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Part of the production was provided by industrialised special establishments, which were neither sovhoose nor colkhoses, and produced most of the eggs and chicken meat.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Livestock farming was also the main form of agriculture outside the actual agricultural area.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

However, it was not particularly productive.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In Finland, for example, the productivity of dairy cattle was about double the Soviet average.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

One problem was the lack of crowded feed, which feeding cotton and sunflower seeds was not enough to compensate for.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[80] [45] Fishing Fishing was a major part of Soviet food production, and in the 1970s—1980s the country had the second largest fishing fleet in the world after Japan.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Most of the catch was caught in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Specifically, efforts were made to develop fisheries in the Pacific Ocean, as the best fishing grounds in the Atlantic remained within fishing zones declared by various states.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Attempts were also made to solve the problem by expanding fish farming and inland fisheries in the 1980s.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[81] Many fish species important to the Soviet Union suffer from pollution, dehydration and overfishing.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[82] Forestry in the Soviet Union accounted for a quarter of the world's forest resources and 60% of coniferous timber resources.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The forest area was 747 million hectares and the tree area was 80 billion m³, of which conifers 84%.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Forests covered 38% of the land area.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Annual growth was 800 million m³, approximately 500 million m³ in forests covered by logging operations.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The area of support for forestry was the taiga zone.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the Urals and to the west were pine, spruce and birch as the main tree species, larch, pine, sembra pine, spruce, plantain and birch in the east.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The most common tree species was larch (28 billion m³ in total).


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Of the forest resources, 83% were located in areas east of the Urals, but only 35% of logging occurred there.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[83] The focus of logging was shifting all the time from the Urals to the east.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Total logging totaled 390 million m³.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the European part of the country, too much felling had been carried out for a long time, so the purchase of wood had to be reduced there since the 1960s.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Deciduous trees still formed a reserve that could be increasingly exploited.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Logging was mostly done in open logging, and forest management was low compared to timber use.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[45] Problems with production control The Soviet Union was grappling with the productive problems of an all-encompassing planned economy.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In a market economy, the formation of prices on the basis of supply and demand allows production decisions to be decentralized to be made efficiently: production of products running low on the market increases and the oversupplied falls solely through price signals, without anyone having to feel the overall situation of the production system.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In a planned economy like the Soviet Union, manufacturers of products do not make decisions about half the prices as well as on production volumes.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Instead, they were decided by an economic planning bureaucracy of mammoth proportions in the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

At the top of the bureaucracy was the Supreme Economic Council


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

It was governed by numerous councils, committees and agencies at the federal, state republics and local levels with overlapping powers.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[84] Economic planners in central agencies found it very difficult to perceive both the economy as a whole and the local conditions of production.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

For example, in the late 80s, the State Central Economic Planning Agency Gosplan in Moscow already imposed 200,000 different prices and set production quotas for 70,000 products.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[84] On the other hand, for example, the Izhora factory received 70 official operating instructions per year from nine different state committees, two economic committees and four economic councils.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[85] Consequent to ongoing production optimization difficulties resulting in undersupply in one and overproduction in others.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Matches, plastic bags, underwear, shoes and fruit were some of the product categories famous for their difficult availability.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[84] On the other hand, large batches of silk ties or Italian vermouth could suddenly arrive in remote rural stores.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[86] In long production chains, similar production problems led to bottlenecks and delays in the absence of critical parts.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the planned economy of the Soviet Union, there was no common option for a market economy to buy, at a higher cost, express delivery from a critical part, except abroad, whatever was done, but foreign trade decisions had to be circulated through Moscow's clerical apparatus, often through more agencies.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

As a result of the problems, workers and expensive machinery investments often stood idle or operated at underperformance.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

On the other hand, the designers of the products also had optimization problems: if, for example, you make an engine less fuel-consuming by making it harder to assemble, which is saving more critical: labor or fuel?


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In a market economy, price signals solve problems like this, but in a planned economy, the price set by central management does not necessarily reflect the scarcity of a commodity, at least not locally.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The designers also had a problem with measuring results.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Although exceeds of production quotas were rewarded at the level of both factories and workers, it was necessary to measure the results one way or another.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The development of suitable metrics proved to be one of the main problems in the planned economy and could not be solved satisfactorily throughout the existence of the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

For example, in oil exploration, results were measured in meters of hole drilled: as a result, Soviet oil drilling equipment drilled plenty of deep, relatively low-yielding oil sources, rather than focusing only on the most promising deposits.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The production phase measured annual production, rather than the total lifetime production of an oil source.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Because of this, oil production facilities began pumping water into oil deposits thus momentarily increasing production volumes but depleting the total production of the deposit.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

As a result, by 1980, crude oil pumped from Soviet sources contained an average of half water.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the metal industry, tonnes of production were measured, resulting in unnecessarily strong parts being used for machinery.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Nikita Khrushchev is reported to have moaned ″Our heavy engineering industry produces the heaviest machinery in the world”.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

A Muscovite candelabra factory started to produce ever-heavier candelabras until they began to tear off roofs with their weight.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

One metric used in the garment industry was the number of items of clothing.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

When another woolen clothing factory was ordered to produce 80,000 caps and sweaters, it only produced caps because they were smaller and therefore cheaper and faster to manufacture.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[87] [85] Quality Soviet products suffered from ongoing quality problems, exacerbated by lack of competition.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Consumers often had the opportunity to purchase furniture, televisions, cars, etc., of only one factory, and even if there were alternatives, the popularity of the products with consumers was not a measure of success, but only the achievement and exceeding of production quotas.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Consequently, manufacturers had little motivation to develop quality, and most consumer goods lost out to Western variants in design and quality, sometimes even dangerously.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In 1987, a Muscovite newspaper reported that of 28056 fires in the city in 1986, as many as 40% were caused by corrupted televisions.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

A Kuibychev television factory, meanwhile, had time to produce a set of 49,000 faulty television sets before anyone intervened.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[84] On the other hand, the heavy engineering industries, the weapons industry, the aerospace industry and the space programme were capable of producing world-class products.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[84] For example, Soviet-made electric locomotives and nuclear reactors still in use in Finland proved to be competitive and durable.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Agriculture Agriculture was one of the priorities of the Soviet economy, as the country struggled with constant underproduction for a long time.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Despite the fact that up to a third of the workforce worked in farming, the Soviet Union was forced to import large quantities of cereals and other foodstuffs from abroad, including from the United States, which in turn desperately needed buyers for its massive overproduction.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[88] Soviet agriculture produced only 80% of the output of the United States, although Soviet agriculture employed eight times the labor force and received a quarter of the country's total capital investment, or five times as much as in the United States.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In 1980, Gregory Grossman, an expert on Soviet economics at Berkeley, assessed Soviet agriculture as follows: “Organisation is wrong, prices are wrong, tools are wrong.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Actually, it's all wrong”.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In particular, inefficiency plagued the country's immense collectivized agricultural industry.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Small private farming, given the circumstances, was very effective: 2% to 3% of the Soviet land was occupied by private small farming, but it was enough to produce 25% of the agricultural products of the whole country, mainly vegetables, fruits, meat and milk. [89].


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Environmental devastation The worst environmental problems are the consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, the scrap of the nuclear-powered fleet in the Murmansk Arctic, neglect related to the disposal of nuclear waste in Chelyabinsk, the aftermath of nuclear weapons tests in the Novaya Zemlja Arctic, Norilsk and Petsamo nickel production in the Arctic, problems related to drilling and transportation of petroleum and natural gas, for example in the Komi Republic and the Caspian region, the drying up of Lake Aral due to diversion of water from the rivers falling into it, in cotton-growing areas Vegetable poisons used in Central Asia, and by and large the resources spent on war technology, as well as low energy prices.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[43] Population Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was home to nearly 300 million people and was the third largest country in the world in terms of population.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The most densely populated were especially the western and southern parts.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The largest population group was formed by Russians; other major folk groups included Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Belarusians, Kazaks, Azeris, Armenians, Tajiks, Georgians, Moldovans, Lithuanians, Turkmen, Kyrgyzis, Latvians and Estonians.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[90] Languages in the Soviet Union all languages were equal according to the Federal Constitution and in different republics and territories the local language was the official language.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The own constitutions of some Soviet republics (such as the Georgian SNT) recognized the local language as the only official one.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

However, Russian was effectively the official language throughout the country alongside local languages, and was taught in schools as a compulsory subject for everyone.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[91] Social and health security in the Soviet Union every citizen had the right to state-organized health and social services.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the Soviet Union, social security was the basis of state-owned enterprises, which provided for their employees children's day care, free recreational holidays and inexpensive food, and provided for the payment of pensions after the end of employment.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Unemployment was a practically unknown concept.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, health and social security deteriorated in all Soviet republics that had gained independence.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[92] Religion After the 1917 Revolution V.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

I. Lenin separated the church from the state and the school from the church.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The Constitution provided that freedom of religion and atheist propaganda prevails in the country.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[93] In the Soviet Union, the number of adherents of denominations was not recorded, but by far the largest religion was the Orthodox Church.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Most of the grandmothers were Orthodox, but there were also Catholics living in the very western parts of the country, especially in Lithuania and Ukraine.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The second largest denomination was Islam, with adherents especially in the Soviet republics of the Turkestan region, the Caucasus and also in the Autonomous Republic of Tatarstan.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

On the territory of the Soviet Union there were also persons belonging to other Christian churches, such as Lutherans, mainly in Estonia and Latvia and near the Finnish border in Inkerinmaa.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[93] Initially, the Bolsheviks viewed religion as a harmless superstition, which gradually as science progressed would disappear.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

However, in 1921 attitudes changed and the party adopted the new principles of “combative atheism” and “combative materialism”, on the basis of which an extensive anti-religious propaganda campaign was started.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The Union of the Fighting Wicked performed work on the dissemination of atheism.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[94] From 1926 to 1932, the organization's membership steadily increased from 87,000 to 5.6 million members.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[94] However, based on the results of the 1937 census, 57% of Soviets still classified themselves as believers.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

As a result, Stalin implemented extensive purges in the League of the Wicked for the excessively slow eradication of religion.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

During World War II, the Orthodox Church in particular was included in the anti-German war effort, and the persecution of religions diluted.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

As a continuation of the work of the Union of the Fighting Wicked, which ceased operations in 1943, the Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge, or Znanie (,), was founded in 1947.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[94] Sports Soviet athletes performed very well in many sports, and in areas such as hockey, volleyball, wrestling, gymnastics and weightlifting the country was almost completely superior for decades.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[95] The Soviet Union first participated in the Olympic Games in 1952 in Helsinki, and in total the Soviet Union collected 473 gold, 376 silver and 355 bronze from the Olympics.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[96] The 1980 Summer Olympics were held in Moscow, but most Western countries boycotted the competitions in protest at Soviet actions in Afghanistan.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Similarly, the Soviet Union, with its allied reputation, boycotted the next staged Los Angeles Games.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

When the Soviet Union dissolved, athletes from 12 countries that separated from it competed at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympics as a united team, often referred to as the Commonwealth of Independent States team, even though Georgia was not part of the CIS at the time (however, the country was a member from 1993 to 2008).


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

That team also competed at that year's Winter Olympics in Albertville.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Where in the Summer Games athletes came from all 11 then CIS Member States and Georgia, so in the Winter Games the athletes of the team came from only six former Soviet republics, namely Armenia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Russia.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were not part of the CIS and immediately competed at the 1992 Olympics as their respective teams.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Most international federations count Russia as the successor state of the Soviet Union, but many other former Soviet republics have also continued to thrive in their own strong sports, such as Lithuania in basketball, for example.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Especially in team sports, this has meant tightening competition: for example, not only Russia but four former Soviet republics participated in ice hockey's 2006 World Cup competitions: Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Football Although the Soviet Union did not top the fourth place in the Football World Cup competitions in 1966, the country nevertheless won the 1960 European Championship, and in later years it received three silvers in addition to two Olympic golds and two Olympic bronzes.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

At club level, Dynamo Kiev won the European Cup Winners' Cup twice and Dynamo Tbilisi once.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Dynamo Moscow also qualified for the final of the same cup.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The backdrop to Dynamo Kiev's success and the Soviet Union's 1988 European Championship silver was Ukrainian coach Valery Lobanovski and the way he developed.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Basketball In international basketball, the Soviet Union was the nearly equally clear runner-up behind the United States, which dominated the sport, winning two Olympic gold medals and finishing runners-up in each entry time.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the Basketball World Cup competitions, success was equally good, with the Soviet Union being a three-time world champion.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

European championships the country collected a total of as many as 14.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[97] Ice hockey The Soviet Union dominated international hockey for years by far, winning eight Olympic gold medals (the last of which admittedly under the Olympic flag) and 22 world championships.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In both the Olympics and World Cup competitions, the country finished runners-up for medals at each entry time, winning a total of 10 Olympic and 34 World Championship medals.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

According to the national team's red outfits, Finland began to be called the Soviet representative team “Punakonee”.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Often regarded as the best team of its time at club level, CSKA Moscow won the European Cup 20 times and Krylja Sovetov of the same city once.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[98] Volleyball The USSR men's volleyball team remains the most successful volleyball team in the world.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

It won no fewer than three Olympic gold medals, six World Cup golds, as well as twelve times European Championship gold and four times the World Cup.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In addition, the team achieved eleven more medals from the values competitions.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Among the team's most famous players were Viljar Loor, Oleg Moliboga, and Yuri Sapega.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The team was coached by, among others, Vyatšeslav Platonov, who later in his career also coached in Finland.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[99] Transport Huge distances and the location of important natural resources in difficult, roadless neighborhoods placed great demands on the transport network.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Freight costs accounted for 20% of the national income of the USSR.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The flatness of the ground facilitated the construction of transport links, but the climate and soil caused difficulties: frosts, the amount of snow, the spring and autumn cycle period, floods, permafrost, Siberian marshes and sand from desert areas made it expensive to build connections.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The lack of gravel in the vast plains hampered road construction.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[100] In 1987, there were 146100 km of railways in the Soviet Union (the second highest number in the world after the United States), of which 51700 km were electrified, and approximately 1.6 million km of roads, of which approximately 1.2 million kilometres were durable paved.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[101] The western parts of the country were the most traffically-developed, the rail network was the densest and the roadworks of the highest standard, but river and pipeline transport low.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

As we went east and north, factors such as pipeline transportation of oil and gas, railroads were constantly being built, and roadways were improved.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The transport network in Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and the Far East was long underserved; the Siberian line was overloaded and road and river traffic were undeveloped.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The northernmost neighborhoods were reserved for air connections.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

There were relatively few cars in the country, and most of them were trucks.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The subways had been built in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov, Minsk, Gorky, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku and Tashkent.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[59] The Soviet Union was one of the leading maritime countries in the world.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The country had 60 substantial ports, the largest being Novorossiysk base for tank ships in the Black and Azov Seas, as well as Odessa (20 million tonnes) and Batumi, in the Caspian Sea (mainly for oil shipments) Astrahan and Baku, on the Baltic Sea Leningrad (14 million tonnes), Riga, Ventspils and Klaipeda, in the Pacific Oceans of Vladivostok and Nahodka, as well as in the northern Arctic Ocean Arkhangelsk and the only unglaciated major port of Murmansk.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the 1980s, the Soviet merchant fleet consisted of 1600—1700 ships sailing under the Soviet flag.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[102] [59] In air travel, the Soviet Union was one of the main influencers.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Soviet Aeroflot was the largest airline in the world.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Aeroflot is considered to have had its beginnings on 9 February 1923, when the Soviet Civil Aviation Council was established.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The name was introduced on 25 February 1932.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The airline was state-owned and had the emblem characteristic of the Soviet Union with a sickle and hammer, fitted with a wing.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Following the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, passenger services in Russia were reorganised on 28 July 1992, and Aeroflot became 51% state-owned and 49% employee-owned Russian airline.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the same year the service began to be developed and Airbus A310-300 aircraft were acquired from Airbus.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In 1994, Aeroflot acquired Boeing 767-300ER and Ilyushin Il-96-300 aircraft for long-distance flights.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Today, Aeroflot is still one of the world's leading airlines, and as a memory of Soviet times, the company still has a sickle and hammer in its logo.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[59] Tourism Tourism was popular in the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[103] However, the vast majority was domestic tourism, although foreigners, especially from allied countries of the Soviet Union, also went on group tours organised by the Inturist each year.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Passenger train services were extensive and travel by train advantageous.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The most popular tourist destinations were Sochi, Crimea, Batumi, Odessa and others, as well as the major cities of Moscow and Leningrad.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[104] One could not move from the Soviet Union to another state without authorisation from the authorities.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

To and from the country were allowed to travel on a visa obtained by the authorities.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The Soviet Union closely supervised the country and emigration, and did not allow travel without official authorization from the authorities.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

However, marrying a foreigner, starting in the 1970s at the latest, gave the right to move to the homeland of the spouse, but at the same time the immigrant lost his Soviet citizenship.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[62] Moving to Earth was almost as tricky as emigrating.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The move required permission from the authorities, which was allowed to apply to the embassy.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Residents of SEV countries were able to enter the country more easily than others.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

It could take up to several years for citizens of other states to obtain a permit.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[62] Culture At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian culture was in a fervent state of creation that permeated all sectors of culture.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The season is called the Russian-Soviet avant-garde or Silver Age.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

After the revolution, artists enthusiastically participated in the reform work of the new socialist society.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Acting for communist ends include Vladimir Mayakovsky and Maksim Gorki.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Bolshevik leaders, however, did not appreciate modernist avant-garde art.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The avant-garde ran out of time by the early 1930s at the latest, when socialist realism became the only officially accepted art trend applied to all arts.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The idea of socialist realism was a realistic form and socialist content.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

At the same time, artists' unions of various fields controlled by the Communist Party were ordered to regulate art life.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[105] Socialist realism was introduced at the Conference of the Soviet Writers' Union in 1934, after which it became the official and only accepted art trend in the country.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Its father is often cited as the author Maksim Gorki, whose novel Mother (1907, Finnish 1944) is considered an archetype of socialist realism.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The art of some 19th century realists, for example Peredvižniks (“Wanderers”), Jacques-Louis David and Ilya Repin, has also been considered paragons.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[2] Literature and theatre were popular in the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Soviet music also prospered outside the country's borders, and not only in socialist countries, but also in the West.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Well-known Soviet composers included Dmitry Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Especially during Josif Stalin's rule, composers' freedom of expression was restricted and the works were to conform to the official Communist Party line.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[95] Artists were encouraged to favor positive tones in their art.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Criticism of socialist society was not allowed to be made.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Art criticism also came to favor the ideas of socialist realism.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

For example, if characters created by an artist were found to be too “pessimistic” in the opinion of the Communists, the result was a hand-out course and possibly problems in the artist's career.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[95] Maksim Gorki, Nobel laureate Mikhail Šolohov, Alexei Tolstoy and Vladimir Mayakovsky emerged as big names in Soviet literature.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Although socialist realism became almost the only officially accepted trend, some writers such as Mikhail Bulgakov, Boris Pasternak and Andrei Platonov continued the traditional Russian literary tradition.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Russian emigrant writers abroad were represented by Nobel laureate Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin and Vladimir Nabokov, among others.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Aleksandr Solženitsyn wrote about his experiences in the prison camp and therefore got into trouble.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[106] The principles of socialist realism were also ordered to be followed in the allied countries of the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In them, however, art policy was freer than in the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

In the art of socialist countries of Eastern Europe, person-worship and narrow party affiliation was evident at its strongest in 1945—1953.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[97] According to the socialist realism method, the function of art is to serve the revolution and the construction of socialism by being popular and party affiliated.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Many times this entailed portraying workers as exemplary heroes.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Musically, sublime “positive” finales were favoured.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The leaders were placed in the art of painting at the center of the people.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The intention was to elevate the status of the laborer by presenting his life, work and leisure time in admirable form.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[95] The influence of Bolshevik leader Andrei Ždanov on Soviet cultural life was great.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

A trend known by his name, Ždanovism demanded from all artists the adherence to narrow party loyalty.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

It still defined, until the late 1950s, the limits of acceptable cultural production in the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[2] Informal culture After Stalin's death, cultural life experienced a brief freer period during the shelter weather, until at the end of Nikita Khrushchev's reign it began to solidify again.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

When Western art was forbidden, quite widespread, though incongruous, trends in so-called informal art emerged in the Soviet Union.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

However, they had no chance of success because dissidents were not allowed to publish their art.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[95] In the Soviet Union, publishing was closely controlled to suppress opposition.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Because of this, many banned books were hand-copied and circulated hand to hand as wax or photocopies, so-called samizdat publications.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Some dissidents, such as writer Aleksandr Solženitsyn and artist Ilya Kabakov, became world famous.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

During the regime of Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, the party granted more freedoms to artists.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

However, socialist realism lasted until the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union as the official regulatory system of culture.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

[107] Today, the heritage of Soviet art and culture is being assessed in a new way when forbidden fields of culture are also taken into account.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

The art heritage of the socialist period can be explored, for example, in a Soviet-era sculpture park in Lithuania.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Propaganda Soviets carried out information activities counted as propaganda throughout its existence, but the content and style of propaganda varied drastically depending on items and time.


Question: By what name was the city of Stalingrad known in the late stages of the Soviet Union?

Soviet

Effective propaganda was made possible by factors such as the country's undemocraticism and the concentration of information.