Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[225] [214] [226] The most significant change brought by the Long March was the rise of Mao Zedong to lead Communist Party decision-making.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[226] Chiang Kai-šek reconciled a conciliatory policy towards Japan, despite being well aware of the threat posed by Japan.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

For this decision, he was widely criticized.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Communists, on the other hand, had exploited the situation in their own propaganda, declaring war on Japan as early as 1931.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[214] However, the Xi'an incident in late 1936 formed as a turning point in Chiang Kai-šek's policy regarding Japan.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

After Chiang travelled to Xi'an, he was taken prisoner by Äne's own generals.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[227] [223] This also worried the Soviet Union, which feared that if Chiang were killed, this might prevent the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China's joint front against Japan.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This was also the advantage of the Soviet Union, which needed China to be an ally against Japan.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Communists sent a council led by Zhou Enlai to negotiate with Chiang Kai-šek and the general Zhang Xueliang, who had captured him.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

As a result, Chiang was persuaded to agree to the formation of a joint front with the Communists against Japan.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[228] [223] [214] [221] Sino-Japanese war broke out in 1937, where the Japanese used the Marco Polo Bridge incident as a pretext, demanding to get across the border from the Manchukuo side to China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[214] [229] The real goal of Japan was to subjugate all of China under its colonial rule.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[226] The joint front formed by the Chinese communists and the Kuomintang did not have sufficient military strength to halt the Japanese advance.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[230] At the beginning of the war, fierce fighting took place between Chinese and Japanese forces in Shanghai, ending in victory for the Japanese.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

After the Chinese backed down, the Japanese advanced on Nanjing, where they carried out a brutal massacre against civilians in which 300,000 Chinese were killed.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The motive of the Imperial Japanese Army for the atrocity is unclear, it has been thought to be an attempt to intimidate the government of the Republic of China into negotiating peace.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[214] The Kuomintang regime evacuated to Chongqing in Sichuan Province, where it was able to resume operations.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The communists' base remained in Yan'an, from where they organized guerrilla warfare against the Japanese.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

After 1938, the Japanese no longer advanced in China militarily; instead, they focused on attacks elsewhere and sought to achieve the rest of their objectives in China more diplomatically, establishing puppet governments in the territories they conquered.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[230] The period of Japanese occupation of China meant the deprivation of the Chinese population and the forced admissions of civilians as labor, effectively slaves.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[214] As the war progressed, the combined front between the Kuomintang and the Communists began to crack.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Chiang Kai-sek was concerned about the growing popularity of communists led by Mao Zedong and military clashes arose between the two sides.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[230] [224] China initially received support only from the Soviet Union in the war.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[214] The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor soured US involvement in the anti-Japanese front.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[230] [231] Japan was unable to respond in the face of the Allies' immense military capabilities and surrendered in August 1945.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[230] After the end of the war and the withdrawal of the Japanese, most of the country remained in communist possession.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[232] The economy of the country was paralyzed after the war, commerce was at a standstill and the country suffered famine.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[233] The Communists did not want to give up the territories they administered, while the Kuomintang demanded that the Japanese surrender only to republican forces.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[232] [227] Attempts were made to resolve the situation peacefully, but the situation escalated into civil war in 1946.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[232] [214] In the civil war, communists relied on northern China, backed by the Soviet Union.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[226] The Kuomintang received support from the United States from time to time, but the corruptness of the Chiang Kai-shek regime and the grip of republican rule during the civil war made support of American allies wavering.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[232] [214] At the beginning of the war it seemed that the Kuomintang would defeat the communists in the north, but in several battles the communist army was able to quantify the larger republican army in 1948-1949.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[226] In early 1949, Beijing and Tianjin were left under communist control.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Nanjing and Shanghai were conquered in April 1949.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The remaining Kuomintang forces noticed their Tukala situation and retreated to Taiwan Island, where the Republic of China government continued to operate.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

On Taiwan, Chiang Kai-sek declared Taipei the provisional capital of China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[234] [230] [214] Mao Zedong again declared on October 1 in 1949 officially the re-established capital of the People's Republic of China in assumed Beijing.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[235] [226] [236] The People's Republic of China at the beginning of the People's Republic of China is perceived by Mao Zedong's solemn proclamation in Beijing's Celestial Peace Square, October 1949.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[237] The civil war that preceded this led to the partition of China into the People's Republic, which was located on the mainland, and the Republic of China, which operated on the island of Taiwan.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Peace between the two sides has never been established.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[214] The most central explanation for the success of the communist revolution is the war between China and Japan, which laid the groundwork for the growing popularity of communism.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Western historiography considers the mayhem caused by the war, which ruined the republic's economy and elements of good government, as the main reason for the communists' rise to power.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Communist Party of China, on the other hand, holds that the Communist Revolution was about the liberation with which the Chinese people overthrew colonialism.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[233] For the majority of the people, however, the communist revolution was just another change of power in Beijing.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[233] For the vast majority, it was not communist ideology, but that the country was governed by a Chinese authority who promised to implement land reform, which was a major issue for the country's large peasant population.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[232] Mao Zedong was a natural choice to be head of the country, but more significant was his position at the head of the Communist Party of China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] Real power was exercised by the Communist Party, to whose power the state administration was subjugated.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[237] In foreign policy, China relied heavily on the Soviet Union, from which considerable contributions and a large number of advisers were received.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] [239] Before their rise to power, the Communists had put forward the idea of a federal state in which Tibet, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia would have been autonomous states.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

After the revolution, federal speeches were forgotten.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[237] Tibet did not want to become part of the People's Republic of China, and the negotiations brought no result.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Chinese People's Liberation Army invaded Tibet and the area was annexed under the People's Republic.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In Xinjiang as well, rebellions were suppressed.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[240] With the outbreak of the Korean War, China set out to support the Soviet Union, which brought it into direct combat with the United States.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

For China, the most far-reaching consequences of the war were that the country became increasingly distanced from the non-communist world as the United States imposed its embargo.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The People's Republic was forced to conduct foreign trade mainly with Eastern Bloc countries.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The United States also positioned itself to support the Taiwan-based regime and did not recognize the People's Republic diplomatically.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

At the end of the war, the Korean Peninsula was divided into Chinese-Soviet-backed North Korea and US-supported South Korea.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[241] [238] By the start of the Korean War, China had only just begun to rebuild a country ruined by civil war.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] The goal of the Communist Party was to transition to full socialism, supported by the Soviet Union.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[242] The Communist Party implemented a land reform in which land was redistributed from large landowners to poor house boys.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[243] There was no blinding of violence and two million landowners are thought to have died in violence related to land reforms.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] After the Land Reform, agriculture was collectivized and peasants were instructed to form mutual aid cooperatives for the allocation of works.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[230] [238] [242] The urban populations were also organized into work units, which were factories, agencies, universities or army units.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] Administrative reforms included the 1953 Chinese People's Congress elections, which resulted in Mao Zedong being elected chairman.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai were named to other leading posts.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[242] As part of efforts to promote the involvement of the country's intellectuals in the governance of the country, in 1957 Mao declared the beginning of the Hundred Flowers campaign, opening politics to open debate.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[242] [244] The campaign led to a lot of criticism directed at the Communist Party, leading to the government suppressing freedom of expression and initiating a campaign against the right.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Critics of the administration were confined to re-education camps, where many spent the rest of their lives.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Today, it has been suspected that the transparency campaign was, in the beginning, a plot to trap political dissidents.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[244] Building on the new changes, Mao tried to promote the advancement of communism as quickly as possible.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

With the establishment of the commune in 1958, calls began to be made for a significant increase in industrial production.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This great leap was to be realized in three years by multiplying the country's industrial output.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This meant that practically all Chinese had to multiply their labor contributions.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Backyard furnaces began to emerge in the country and because there were no iron reserves, economic objects had to be melted down.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This only resulted in such poor quality steel production that steel was often unusable.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] [245] [246] Agriculture relied on Lysenko humbug science and during the Great Leap Forward Agricultural production decreased.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] Official propaganda claimed the great leap was successful, when in reality it caused the country to derail into economic crisis and famine, resulting in 30-40 million people perishing.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] As a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong began to be criticized within the party and was replaced as head of state by Liu Shaoqi in 1959.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[245] [246] During the Great Leap Forward, China's relations with the Soviet Union deteriorated due to Mao's threat to be the world's leading communist leader and the countries were mired in an intermediate break.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Soviets pulled their advisers out of China and the countries accused each other of misconduct.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

According to Mao's view, the Soviet Union led by Nikita Khrushchev was moving towards capitalism, which development had to be stopped in China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] [247] Mao Zedong returned to the leadership of politics in 1966 by embarking on a political purge known as the Cultural Revolution against moderate leaders.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Mao was confident that with the support of the Red Guards he formed, he would be able to defeat those individuals within the party who opposed his policies.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] [248] Mao established a Central Committee formed of his closest allies, which later came to be called the Kopla of Four, which included his most confidant supporters, his wife Jiang Qing, as well as Wang Hongwen, Zhang Chunqiao, and Yao Wenyuan.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

As his support, Mao also had Lin Biao, whom he considered his successor.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[248] [249] Lin Biao, a couple of years before the start of the Cultural Revolution, had compiled a collection of citations from Mao's speeches, which later became known as the Little Red Book.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[250] The ideology of the Cultural Revolution soon turned into violence across the country and was driven into a situation where the Red Guards fought for power among themselves, all claiming to be Mao's supporters.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Two million people have been estimated to have perished in the violence of the Cultural Revolution.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In late 1967, Mao turned to the military with orders to restore order to the country.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] [248] The Red Guards were disbanded in 1968 and 20 million Red Guard youths were deported to the countryside to become farm labourers.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The military also took control of the state leadership and Mao declared the Cultural Revolution had ended triumphantly.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] [248] Liu Shaoqi was dismissed completely unconstitutionally in 1968 and he died the following year.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[248] It was not easy to reform the regime, as the events of the Cultural Revolution had embittered much of the people.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] One of those who turned against Mao was probably Lin Biao, who is believed to have attempted the revolution and, after it failed, he was killed in 1971 by the downing of a plane in Mongolia.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Details of the case, however, are unclear.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[248] During the Cultural Revolution, China became more closed to itself.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

China was brought to the brink of war with the Soviet Union as countries argued over a border line in Siberia.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The relationship with the United States was also hostile with China's support of North Vietnam in the Vietnam War.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] Furthermore, China had entered a border conflict with India in 1962.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[251] However, great power relations improved in the early 1970s, for which great merit belongs to Premier Zhou Enlai.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

He met with U.S. President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and, as a skilled diplomat, succeeded in establishing great power relations with the United States.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

It is largely thanks to Mr Zhou that the People's Republic of China received a seat previously belonging to Taiwan at the UN in 1971.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[252] [253] Mao, however, was not willing to name Zhou as his own successor, as Zhou fell into Mao's disfavor in his final years.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

This would not even have been possible, as both Mao and Zhou began to be sickly.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Zhou Enlai died in January 1976.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The popular prime minister was genuinely mourned and millions of Peking people watched his funeral.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Officially, Zhou's mourning was curtailed and leftists in the party accused him of being a capitalist.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

After Zhou's death, unrest first arose in his hometown of Nanjing, from where they also spread to Beijing.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In Beijing, the situation escalated in April 1976 into the Tiananmen Square incident, where a crowd of Zhou mourners was broken up by violence.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The Communist Party blamed Deng Xiaoping, who was considered to be the same path traveller as the late Zhou Enlai, as the initiator of the incident.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Mao was no longer in the months following the Tiananmen incident at the head of the country due to his health.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Mao Zedong died in September 1976.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[254] After Mao's death, the members of the four coples were imprisoned and Hua Guofeng, who was the successor appointed by Mao, rose to the leadership of the country.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[255] After Mao, a few years of power struggle between conservative and reformist politicians followed.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] The reformist Deng Xiaoping, who had fallen into Mao's unpopularity during the Cultural Revolution, soon emerged as the most influential politician.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] [255] Deng, however, was under Zhou Enlai's protection and may well have thanked him for preserving his life.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[252] Deng emerged in the late 1970s as the most prominent politician in the reformist wing of the party.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The reforms he pushed, such as economic modernization and opening up to the outside world, started a period of reform in China.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[238] [249] Proponents of modernisation led by Deng gained increasing influence within the party and Deng was thus able to win over the party's more conservative politicians.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[249] [255] [256] The political views of Hua Guofeng and Deng, who emerged as figurehead of the party, diverged and in 1981, Hua was forced to resign his post.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[255] [257] [258] He was succeeded at the head of the party by Deng's protégé Hu Yaobang.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Deng himself again continued as chairman of China's Central Military Commission.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[255] The first major reforms of Deng Xiaoping's reign were the dismantling of collectivization of agriculture and a return to private agriculture.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[256] [249] Private enterprise was also limited in the industrial and services sector and the restructuring of state enterprises in order to give greater influence to market forces.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[249] Special Economic Zones began to be established in the country in coastal areas in order to better open the market to foreign trade.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[256] The first SEZ was Shenzhen, bordering Hong Kong, which quickly grew from a small peasant village into a major trading and industrial city.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[249] Despite economic development, Chinese policy did not significantly change.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[249] Economic reforms did not please the old wing of the Communist Party either.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[256] [259] The old wing of the party was also dissatisfied with Hu Yaobang's habit of allowing the country's critical intelligentsia to operate free.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[259] Hu also had an interference with Deng Xiaoping, for he was too liberal even for Deng's mind.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[259] [248] In late 1986, extensive intellectuals and student demonstrations broke out, which spread across the country.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

Protesters called for regime reform and Western-style democracy.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The situation led to Hu's dismissal in 1987 and Zhao Ziyang was named as his successor.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[259] [256] The threat of harder grips caused protests to subside, [259] but this changed when Hu Yaobang died in the spring of 1989.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[256] Hu was very popular among the students and these organized mass rallies in his memory.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

These evolved into demonstrations that filled Celestial Peace Square in May 1989.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[249] Zhao Ziyang tried unsuccessfully to find a peaceful solution to the protracted demonstration.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

For Deng, Zhao's conciliatory actions did not take place and the situation led to Zhao's removal from office.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[260] Deng Xiaoping took command back into his own hands and ordered the army to stop the demonstrations by force.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

On 4 June, the army violently dispersed the demonstration, causing hundreds of casualties.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The carnage caused a three-year suspension of economic reforms and deterioration of relations with Western countries.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[256] Economic reforms continued under the leadership of Jiang Zemin, who was appointed Secretary-General.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In China, the command economy was abandoned in 1993 and talk of a socialist market economy began.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In practice, this meant that the Communist Party renounced Marxism.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[256] [261] In Deng Xiaoping's final years, China began to prepare for the time after him and Jiang built himself a leader cult larger than Deng.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

He therefore faced a third Taiwan Strait crisis in the mid-1990s when relations with Taiwan became strained again, under which he sought to show nationalist leadership.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[262] Deng Xiaoping died at the age of 93 in February 1997.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

In July of the same year, Britain returned Hong Kong's leased territory to China, a major prestige gain for Jiang Zemin.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

As a result of the UK-China negotiations, Hong Kong will retain its internal autonomy for another 50 years after reunification and Hong Kong will be subject to the so-called One Country, Two Systems principle.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[263] The most significant reforms of Jiang's rule period were the economic reforms of the late 1990s, when state enterprises were reorganized and the country took a major step towards a market economy.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

As a result, China, thanks to economic growth, rose to the ranks of the world's economic superpowers.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

As a counterbalance to these, many societal problems and environmental disasters were exacerbated.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[264] China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001, integrating it more firmly into world trade.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[265] In the first decade of the 21st century, the country's economy grew at a pace and by the time of entering the 2010s it was already the second largest national economy in the world.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

The country is also urbanized at a pace, in 2015 was the first time the situation that the majority of Chinese people lived in cities.


Question: Was the Chen dynasty before the Song dynasty?

History of China

[256] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haw, Stephen G.| title = Travel Guide to History - China| others = Translated by Top, Anne| location = English | publisher = Oy UniPress AB| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-519-110-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Malmqvist, Göran| title = The Great World History of Otava 5 - Great Powers of the Easter| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1983| id = ISBN 951-51-07161-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Malmqvist, Göran| title = Great World History of Otava 12 - Enlightenment| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing company Otava| year = 1985| id = ISBN 951-1-08415-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Malmqvist, Göran| title = The Great World History of Otava 15 - Age of Imperialism| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-1-09016-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bjøl, Erling| title = Otava Great World History 19 - New World Order| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-1-09631-1}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huotari, Tauno-Olavi & Seppälä, Pertti| title = Chinese culture| publisher = Otava| year = 2005 (5th edition) | id = ISBN 951-1-15943-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Shaugnessy, Edward L.| title = Fascinating China| publisher = Gummerus| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-20-7160-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Scarpari Maurizio| title = Historical cultures - China| others = Translated by Salminen, Raimo| publisher = Weilin+Göös Oy| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-0-32992-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paltemaa, Lauri| title = Brief Introduction to Chinese History| publisher = University of Turku East Asian Studies and Education Center| year = 2018| id = ISBN 978-951-29-7157-2| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Paltemaa, Lauri; Vuori, Juha A.| title = History of the People's Republic of China| publisher = Gaudeamus Oy| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-495-258-3}} References on the topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home Birth

Home birth is a childbirth that takes place at home, usually in the mother's home.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home Birth

Many times, but not necessarily always, there is a midwife present.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Home birth was for a long time the prevailing form of childbirth, but as the 20th century wore on, it became increasingly rare as health care methods and access improved.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

With the development, the childbirth mortality rate in Western countries has decreased to about one case in 100 [1].


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Home birth is still very common in developing countries.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

In some Western countries, a significant minority of births occur at home; in the Netherlands, for example, about a third.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

In Finland, ten children are born at home per year.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[2] In the Netherlands, the infant mortality rate in births is 4.59 deaths per 1000 births.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

In Finland, the corresponding figure is 3.43.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[3] Home Birth Safety According to Finnish associations of specialists in the field, home births should be avoided.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

According to obstetricians and doctors specialising in newborns [4], home birth carries risks to the health or life of the mother and child that would be combatable in a hospital setting.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

In addition, the child may have a serious illness or structural abnormality requiring immediate care after childbirth, even if the birth itself goes without problems.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

For these reasons, the Neonatologists of Finland and the Perinatological Society of Finland have strongly urged that all births be applied to a hospital if possible.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Perinatologists (a specialist in obstetrics) and neonatologists (a doctor specialising in newborns) note that the only safe delivery place is the hospital, because there are appropriate monitoring facilities during childbirth, emergency caesarean section readiness and 24-hour pediatrician emergency room.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[4] According to Outi Tammela, Departmental Chief Medical Officer of TAYS and Mika Nuutila, Deputy Chief Medical Officer of HYKS, evidence of home births safety 'by no means can be claimed to exist'.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

In order to arrange a safe home birth, they say, the home “one should move the entire hospital to cope with sudden emergencies.”


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

The only correct approach to home births is, in their view, 'zero tolerance'.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[5] In 2009, a major study in the Netherlands looking at 530,000 births found home births to be as safe as hospital births in low-risk cases, as long as the health system supports home births by ensuring that sufficient numbers skilled midwives and a decent transportation system are available.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

In about five percent of low-risk births, complications occur.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[6] [7] In some cases, the risks may be higher in hospital.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

There are increased risks associated with anesthesia and surgeries, but still these are done in hospitals for convenience.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

However, they also volunteer at the hospital.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[8] According to a 2009 study in Canada, home-born mothers had fewer birth canal ruptures or bleeding compared to those who gave birth in hospital.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[9] [10] [11] According to the doctoral dissertation of Dr. Kirsi Vivainen, a researcher at STAKES University of Helsinki in 2001, “Choices in obstetric care — where you can give birth”, home births were often viewed negatively by counselling institutions or maternity hospitals.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[12] In Finland up to 6% would like to give birth at home, but currently the health system does not support this choice much.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[13] [14] Opinions on the safety of home birth are also divided around the world.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Gynaecology and obstetrics schools in the US, Australia and New Zealand oppose home births, while the Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology school in Britain supports home births in low-risk cases.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Midwifery schools in Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand also support home births.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[15] According to a meta-analysis published in the journal Midwifery in 2018, in the least risk home births, neonatal mortality rates were not significantly higher than in hospitals.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

The same was true for uterine deaths.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Mortality and uterine deaths in birthing centers averaged 87% and 66% of hospital figures, but even that didn't make a statistically significant difference.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

The review looked only at studies in rich countries where, shortly before giving birth, the patient had chosen a home birth and the researchers assessed the risks as low with clear criteria.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Some other meta-analyses have complained about the insufficient comparability or quality of available studies.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[16] The article cited did not take a position on whether, among birthers who do not have the risk factor used in the study, choose hospital birth more often, those who are otherwise at higher risk (self-selection).


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Home births in Finland The distances to the hospital may be longer than in the Netherlands, and therefore the risks are higher.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

In Finland, getting a midwife for a home birth may also be tricky.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[17] Since in Finland and most other countries, the mother is allowed to choose her place of birth, the mother's responsibility is the most important in this matter.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

In 2007, the twins died in a planned home birth in Helsinki.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Experts had warned against giving birth at home.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

Police were investigating whether there was reason to suspect foul play.


Question: What is the rate of infant mortality in home births in the Netherlands?

Home birth

[18] Sources Category:Pregnancy and Childbirth


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Noormarkku () is a former municipality of Finland, which was located in the province of Satakunta.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Noormarku became part of Pori in 2010.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The municipality had a population of people, [1] and covered an area of km2 of which km2 are bodies of water.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

[2] Population density is Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character “[”.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Neighboring municipalities of Noormarku before the municipal union were Lavia, Pomarkku, Pori and Ulvila.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Previous neighbouring municipalities were the rural municipality of Pori, which was annexed to the city of Pori in 1967, and also Ahlainen, which was annexed to Pori in 1972, and Kullaa, which was annexed to Ulvila in 2005.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The coat of arms of Noormarku was designed by Ahti Hammar and was confirmed in 1956.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

[3] Geography The west-east length of the territory of the former municipality of Noormarku from the Kokemäenjoki delta to the northeast of the village of Kairila is almost 40 kilometers.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The main part of Noormarku belongs to the Karvianjoki river basin.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The Karvianjoki falls from the Pomarku side as Kynäsjokena on the west side of Lassila to Inhottu lake on the border with Pomarku, which also descends the River Lassilan from the east from the Lavian side of Karhijärvi.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Disgusted Lake falls in the direction of the west, down to two routes, the more northern Pomarku River and the more southern Noormarku River.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Pomarkunjoki falls into Isojärvi in Pomarku.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

It is also a bifurcation lake like Lake Inhottu, with the second fall of the Merikarvian River in Siikaisi and Merikarvia, the other with Salmusoja descending to Lake Poos in Noormarku, which descends from Noormarku towards Ahlainen, which descends Keikvesi to the sea bay in Ahlais Pori.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The Noormarkunjoki flows through the church village of Noormarku in the direction of Ahlainen and descends into the sea by Ahlainen church village in Ahlais in Pori.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Widened by the Noormarku River above the church village of Noormarku, there was formerly Lake Tora, which was dried in the watershed arrangements of the 20th century.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

It was also a bifurcation lake and went down through the Keskisjoki to Lake Poos as well.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

However, in the watershed arrangement, this lake bifurcation was lost.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The small lakes east of Kairila and Lassila descend to Karhijärvi on the Lavian side and from there back to the Noormarkku side.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

In the central parts of Noormarkku there are also lakes of the Harjunpää River.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The southern part of Normarku in Söörmarkku belongs to the catchment area of the Sööörmarkunjoki river or Kellahdenjoki.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Traffic through Noormarku is via Highway 8 from Pori to Vaasa and Highway 23 from Pori to Jyväskylä, as well as the railway between Pori and Haapamäki, which was decommissioned in the 1980s.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Other important avenues are the regional roads from Noormarkku church village to Kulla (now Ulvilaa) and Lavia (now Poria).


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Across the northeast corner, the road between Pomarku and Lavia runs through the village of Kairila, and the northeastern border is tangendered by the road from Lavia to Pomarku Honkakoski.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Distances from Noormarku to Helsinki 255 km Jyväskylä 240 km Kankaanpää 40 km Pori 15 km Tampere 120 km Turku 155 km Vaasa 180 km History The area has been covered by abundant game and fish resources already in the Stone Age.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The first mention of the name Noormarkku dates back to 1400.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

In this case, the area was renowned for its unusually abundant squirrel population, which is why the squirrel also ended up being the subject of Noormarkku's coat of arms.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Noormarkku's first church burned down during the Civil War in 1918, but the onion-roofed belfry from 1757 still stands.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The present stone church was designed by Armas Lindgren and its foundation stone was laid in 1931.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The church was inaugurated on the parish's 200th anniversary in 1933.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Lassila has its own wooden village church dating from 1852.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

1868 Noormarku officially became a municipality.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

In the 18th century, two sawmill were operating in Noormark and in the early 19th century an iron taruukki.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

1870 Antti Ahlström bought a sawmill, a ironwork and a manor house.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The business went on to rapid growth and was continued by A. Ahlström Limited Company, founded in 1907, which split into three companies in 2001: Ahlstrom Plc, Ahlström Capital Oy and the new A. Ahlström Limited Company.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The finalized company owns the Noormarkku Ironworks area and forest areas in and around Noormarku.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

1900 Noormarkku was annexed until then an area of more than 10 square kilometres to the northeast of Kairila on the border between Lavia and Pomarku.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

This was an old wilderness ownership of a fugitive house, which Antti Ahlström had bought already in 1873.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

During the Civil War, the Battle of Harjakangas was fought in Noormarku, the bloodiest battle of the war on the Satakunta front.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

A plywood factory operated in Lassila until 1928.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Train services to Noormarkku began in 1933, when the station building, designed by architect Thure Hellström, was completed.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

A post office was also located at the railway station.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

In its entirety, the Pori—Haapamäki railway was completed in 1938.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Passenger services on the line were discontinued in 1981 and the line was completely decommissioned in 1985.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Noormarku railway station is currently privately owned.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

[4] Noormarkku was inhabited after World War II by Hiitola settlers.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

On 24 November 2008, the municipal council of Noormarku decided on the municipal association with Pori by a vote of 17—10.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

From the beginning of 2010, Noormarku became part of Pori.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Attractions In addition to the previously mentioned belfry there are many attractions of cultural historical value in Noormark, most popularly the Ahlström Ironworks area.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Many architecturally valuable buildings are located in the area's parks, such as the headquarters of A. Ahlström Limited Company (Walter Jung and Emil Fabritius 1916), Coniferous Castle (G.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

A. Lindberg 1901), Isotalo (Evert Lagerspetz 1882) and Villa Mairea, designed by academician Alvar Aalto as the home of Harry and Maire Gullichsen in 1938.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Culture Noormarkku is known not only for the Ahlström Ironworks area, but also for its trekking trail, about 60 kilometres long, in the magnificent landscapes of the Noormarkku River.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The route connects to the provincial hiking trail network as well as the kayaking trail in the Karvianjoki river basin.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Association activities in the Noormarkku region are active.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Finland's largest first name association, the Finnish Markku federation, also operates there.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The Markku-Federation celebrates annually in Söörmarkku, where its members are beaten with squirrel-tails to become Söör Markui.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

In the 1980s, a soup made of herring, swede and potato called herring blocks was named as keeper dishes at Noormarku, as well as breadcrumbs cooked from dry pieces of bread.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

[5] Education in Finpy village is home to the largest school, Noormarkku Unitary School.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Due to the school's good support student performance, it was selected as Finland's Supporting Student School of the Year in 2009.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Schools in Kanka and Söörmarku also operate in the Noormarku area.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Sports in Noormarku the most common hobbies are skiing, football, basketball and athletics.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Athletics and skiing are organised by the sports club Noormarkun Nopsa, whose most famous members are skier Kati Russian and sprinter Matti Välimäki.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Noormarkun Koitto is responsible for football, volleyball and basketball.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

The world orienteering champion, Heli Jukkola, representing the Rastikarhuja of Pori, also hails from Noormarku.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Villages and corner municipalities Noormarku villages are (data from 1973): [6] Finpyy ([7]) Harhala Harjakangas Kairila Karkku (also Karkunkylä, originally from Karkun Karkunkylä's Kollanen house in Kairila, or Paink Crown Land [8]) Lassila ([9]) Noormarkku ([10]) Rudanmaa Söörmarkku ([11]) Torajärvi (formed from Torajärvi water debris as a solitary house in 1954 [12]) In addition to those listed above, in 1971 some holdings were annexed to Noormarkku from the village of Palus in Kulla municipality.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

[13] The corner municipality of Kahaluodo () is also located in Noormarkku.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

In the current statistical regional division of the city of Pori, the areas of former Noormarkku, the villages Finby, Harhala, Harjakangas, Kairila, Karkunkylä, Lassila, Noormarkku, Palus, Rudanmaa and Söörmarkku belong to Northern Pori.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

In 2013, Finby had 2,168 inhabitants, in Harhala 39, 84 in Harjakangas, 47 in Karila, 8 in Karkunkylä, 200 in Lassila, 2,510 in Noormarku, 32 in Palus, 77 in Rudanmaa and 1,004 in Söörmarku.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

[14] Based on these data, the territory of the former Noormarku municipality would have 6,169 inhabitants.


Question: What river basin does the main part of Noormarku belong to?

Noormarkku

Sources On the topic elsewhere Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Avellan, Niilo J.| title = Satakunta - Domestic Studies I| number = About some of the former Ulvila keeper's farms: Noormarkku| publisher = Satakuntalainen osakunta| year = 1907| format = [Online view version] (pdf) | page= 181—187}} * Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy that for several centuries influenced the moral thought of the upper classes of ancient Greece and Rome.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoicism is combined with the pursuit of peace of mind (ataraxia) and emotion restraint (apatheia).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoicism was founded by Zenon the Chitionite in Athens between the 30th and 13th centuries BCE.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

in the turn.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The Stoic doctrine was popular and adaptable to different circumstances, and had many followers throughout Greece and the Roman Empire, right up until the closure of the pagan philosopher schools of Athens by Emperor Justinian I in 529.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[1] [2] Stoics considered passionate feelings to be the result of erroneous criticisms.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

A wise (sofos), morally and intellectually perfect person, would have no such feelings because he would only have true criticisms.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[3] In metaphysics, the Stoics advocated both cosmic determinism and freedom of human will, and held that it is virtuous for man to possess such a will (prohairesis) which is in accordance with nature.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Because of this, the Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life where what was relevant was not what the person said, but how he lived.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[4] Later Roman Stoics, such as Seneca and Epictetus, stressed virtue as being the only thing necessary for human happiness.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Thus the stoic wise was immune to accidents facing the outside.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The consequence of this is the idea of stoic serenity in the face of calamities, though one generally ignores that in Stoicism only the wise could be seen to be truly free, and that all the badness of morality was equally vice.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[3] Stoicism is often contrasted with Epicuroism.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The reasons for this include contrary views on the essence of happiness, as well as the fact that the Stoics believed in destiny and God's presence in this world, while the Epicuroans denied both.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

History Scholars generally divide the history of Stoicism into three periods: Early Stoa, from Zeno's Chitionian Antipatros to Tarsessian Middle, including Panaitios and Poseidonios the Late Stoa, including Musonius Rufus, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius Stoicism was born in Athens around the year 301 BC.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Its founder is considered Zeno's Kitionlai.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In contrast to the Epicuroans, for example, Zenon chose a public space as his place of teaching.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

He taught in Athens at the illustrious Stoa poikile, or Vivid pillared hall, located on the edge of the Athenian Agora.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

That's how his philosophy got its name after the pillared hall (stoa).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The ideas of Zenon and the rest of the First Stoics were grounded in those of cynics.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The founder of the cynical school, Antisthenes, had been a pupil of Socrates.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Another cynic significantly influenced by Stoicism was Diogenes.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

He, like Socrates, favored a simple life without luxuries, and sought to restore life to mere necessities.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

He lived in a barrel, ate raw meat and masturbated in public to show his independence from the rest of society.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Similarly, the central content of Stoic teachings was in morality, which Zenon taught was the same as nature.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In the early stages, Stoicism was seen mainly as a “back to nature” type of movement that criticised superstition and taboos.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

They also taught dismissal from pain and disease, good or bad luck, and life and death.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Zenon often challenged habitual prohibitions, traditions and customs.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoicism taught that selflessness is the greatest virtue in life and all that is needed for happiness.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Virtuous people may be independent of society, but they must help others.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

They can only become better by adopting their virtues in their relationship with other people.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

By controlling their passion and emotions, they can overcome the outside world and find peace with themselves.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoicism also taught you to love all other living beings.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Zenon's most prominent successor was Khrysippos, whose accomplishment is most of what is now known as Stoicism.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Other notable representatives of Stoicism included Kleanthes, the teacher of Khrysippos, the Romans Seneca and Marcus Aurelius, and Epictetos, who was born and died in Greece but lived most of his life in Rome.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The thinking of Roman Cicero also drew much influence from the Stoics, although in general he may be regarded as an eclectic.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

From stoic philosophers, unfortunately, as A.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

A. Long has stated, not a single complete work has survived from the first two seasons of the school.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[5] From the Early Stoa period, only the Hymn of Kleanthee to Zeus has survived almost whole.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[6] Otherwise, works have survived only from the Roman Late Stoic period.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

These include Epictetos' works Handbook and Conversations and Marcus Aurelius' work for Myself.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

From the Roman period, the fate of the three “Stoic martyrs” at the hands of Emperor Nero is known.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Musonius Rufus' pupils Rubellius Plautus, Thrasea Paetus and Barea Soranus were all prominent politicians and supporters of Stoicism.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

They committed no crimes against the ruler, but offended this solely by their high morality.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Nero first put Plautus to death, and then began to persecute his two friends.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

They are reported to have met their deaths serenely.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[7] [8] In addition to philosophers and politicians, stoic influences can be observed in a number of scientists and writers.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Such include Geminos, Cleomedes, Strabon, Flavius Josephus, Areios Didymos, Apollonios Dyskolos and Klaudios Ptolemy.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Philosophy The Stoics formulated a unified concept of reality consisting of formal logic, monistic materialist physics, and naturalistic ethics.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Of these, the Stoics emphasized ethics as the main field of knowledge and the actual goal of human knowledge, but they also developed theories of logic and natural science to support their ethical doctrines.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Later Roman Stoics emphasized living in harmony with reality, the events of which humans are incapable of directly controlling.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

For philosophers of the new age, theories of Stoic logic have, in turn, been more interesting than Stoic ethics.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to the Stoics, virtue is the only really good thing.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Virtuous is the one who has achieved happiness through knowledge.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

A virtuous person finds happiness himself and is independent of the outside world.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Independence from the outside world is achieved by controlling one's own emotions.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The Stoics taught the development of self-control and mental strength as a means of overcoming harmful emotions.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The Stoics emphasized rationality, that is, rationality.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

They saw that there was some explanation for all things: death, for example, was a clarity dictated by the laws of nature.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to Stoicism, becoming an objective thinker allows one to understand universal reason (logos).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Virtue consists of a will that is in harmony with nature.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[9] Khrysippos developed several parables on the relationships between different aspects of philosophy.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to one parable, philosophy is like a living organism: logic corresponds to bones and nerves, ethics to flesh, and physics to the soul.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to another parable, philosophy is like an egg: logic equals shell, ethics to protein, and physics to yolk.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to perhaps the most famous parable, philosophy is like a garden: the fence delimiting the territory of the garden corresponds to logic, the plants it produces ethics, and its soil, on the basis of which the growth of ethics rises, physics.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[10] Logic In logic, the Stoics were the first to develop propositiology, or resolution logic.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In doing so, they extended the syllogistics developed by Aristotle by adding connectives and (conjunction) to it, or (disjunction) if (implication) and not (negation), and focusing instead of terms on the relationships between whole objections.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoic logic was influenced by the dialectical school.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Zenon was a pupil of dialectician Diodoros Kronos.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The later Khrysippo can be considered the second great logician of antiquity, along with Aristotle.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoic propositiology, the central part of which was the deductive system, is developed by him.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[11] Stoic logic allowed novel conclusions such as the following to be presented: [11] Premissi 1: If there is a day, it is luminous.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Premissi 2: There is no bright.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Conclusion: I mean, it's not a day.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In antiquity, it was said that if the gods used logic, it might be Khrysippos logic.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[12] Diogenes the Babylonian and Antipatros Tarsoslaine systematized Khrysippos's logic and made minor extensions to it.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

During later antiquity, Aristotelian and Stoic logic were often combined.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[11] Information theory In the theory of knowledge, the Stoics believed that certain knowledge can be achieved through reason.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Truth can be distinguished from error inferences, although in practice it is often possible to reach only approximations.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to the Stoics, the senses are constantly absorbed by sensations: rouses that are transferred from the objects of sensing through the senses to the mind on which they leave their impressions (fantasy).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The mind has the ability to make criticisms (syncatathesis), that is, to accept or reject an impression.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In doing so, it could separate the right representation of reality from wrong.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Some impressions may be accepted immediately, but some can only be given a different level of emptive approval, which can be termed as a belief or opinion (doksa).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

It is only through reason that we can achieve clear understanding and conviction (catalepsis).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Accurate and true knowledge (episteme), which can only be achieved by the Stoic wise, can only be achieved by affirming conviction against the experiences of peers and against the collective criticisms of humanity.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Physics and Cosmology Stoic “reason” meant not only the use of logic, but also related to nature and the perception of everything.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The religious notions of the Stoics were pantheistic: the universe was conceived as guided by some sort of world sense.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to Stoic cosmology, the universe is the material and rational substance that was God himself, or nature.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The Stoics divided it into two parts, active and passive.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The passive substance was substance.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The active substance, which may be called Fate or Universal Reason (Logos), was a rational ether or initial fire acting through passive matter.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[13] The view of fire as a fundamental component of nature, which was a key part of the Stoic material concept of reality, is related to the thinking of Heracleitus.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The Stoics watched the universe repeat in cycles and be destroyed at the end of each cycle in a world fire (ecpyrosis), that is, returning to fire again.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Heracleitus also originated with the concept of logos, which the Stoics combined with energy, law, reason and providence found everywhere in nature.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The logo was considered to be a rational divine force that guided the universe.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Logos equaled God, nature or destiny.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Everything is subject to the law of Destiny, for all things works only according to its own nature and the nature of matter which it rules.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The souls of men and animals originated from the initial fire, and are likewise subject to Fate.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

When one lives according to reason and virtue, he lives in harmony with this divine world order, strives to act according to the value of his own inner god spirit, and also accepts the existence of this divine reason in all other human beings.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The Stoics advocated strict determinism, according to which the universe is a strictly determined entity by its laws.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

However, according to the Stoic view, it was not incompatible with freedom of will.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to Kleanthee's parable, a human with the wrong attitude is like a dog tied to a cart and dragged along with it wherever it goes.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[9] Stoic, on the other hand, would correct his will to reconcile with the world.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

A human being with the right attitude would therefore be like a dog running of his own accord with the cart in the same direction.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

A stoic would be, in the words of Epictetus, ill, in danger, in death or exile, but still happy [14] — thus showing complete independence.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The soul of man was part of the divine logo, and thus immortal.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

However, the individual features of the soul were destructible in nature, and they “persist for some time and then change and disperse and catch fire when taken back to the sanity (logos spermatikos) acting as the seed of the universe”.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[15] Since reason underlies both humanity and the universe, it follows that the purpose of human life is to live a life led by reason, that is to live according to nature and its laws.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Ethics Apatheia and Feelings Stoics who lived in ancient times have often been misunderstood because the terms they used meant a different thing in their time than they do today.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The term “stoic” today often means “callous” because the Stoics taught freedom from passions and other emotions.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The goal of the Stoics was apatheia, or “callous state”, “absence of emotion” (a-, “absent-” + pathos, “feeling”).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In antiquity, however, a large number of human sensations and passions were incorporated into the word “feeling”, many of which were negative, such as anger, fear, pain, pleasure, pain, desire, etc. The purpose of the Stoics was not to completely kill emotions, but to avoid the resulting problems so as to give up pointless value positions.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The word apathy was therefore not meant “blunt indifference”, as it is today, but rather objectivity and “clear criticism” of reality, and the unshakeable peace of mind that follows.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In their theory of emotion, the Stoics distinguished between the concepts pathos, which is usually translated as passion (pathos, mon.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

pathē), that is, sensations that originate from false criticism; propathos, that is, instinctive reaction (e.g. paling or trembling when threatened with danger); and eupathos, that is, sensations that originate from the correct criticism, which was the sign of the Stoic wise.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The Stoics praised reason as a tool to contain emotion, and borrowed from cynics as the basis of their ethics the idea that goodness is contained in the state of the soul itself — wisdom and self-discipline.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoic ethics emphasized the rule: “Follow where reason leads you”.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Therefore, one should strive to be liberated from passions, that is, passions — bearing in mind that in antiquity, passio meant not only “passion” but also “suffering”.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[16] The goal, therefore, was to be liberated from suffering through apatheia (literally, “non-passions”), where “apathy” came to be understood in the ancient sense — by being objective, by possessing “clear criticisms” of reality, and maintaining a serenity of mind for life's good and bad during moments.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In this Stoic world of thought there are parallels with the four noble truths of Buddhism: All life is suffering, suffering is caused by the desire to live, suffering can be liberated, contemplation and virtue can be liberated from suffering.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Virtues According to Stoic ethics, good were only the virtues in man, as were evil only the vices in him.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Things coming from outside were neither good nor bad, but indifferent.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Therefore, a man should not relate to them with emotions, because otherwise he would suffer only pain.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Emotions were, as if, untrue beliefs about the states of things, either already experienced or newly anticipated.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

As untrue beliefs, man therefore had to avoid them.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

He didn't come to hope to get something he doesn't have, because he'll be disappointed if he doesn't achieve it.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

He should not be afraid of losing something he has because he would suffer if the fear came true.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Following Socrates, the Stoics taught that accident and evil are the result of ignorance.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

If someone behaves badly, it is because they are ignorant of the universal order in itself, and if they are unhappy, it is because they have forgotten how naturally everything actually works.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Philosophy serves as a solution to unhappiness and evil.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

It involves examining man's own conduct and criticisms made, and determining whether they follow the universal order of nature, or from desires opposite to it.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

For virtues, the term kathēkonta, deeds according to nature, was used in Stoicism.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The four cardinal virtues of Stoicism were wisdom (sophia), courage (andreia), justice (dikaiosynē), and reasonableness (sōfrosynē).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

These virtues are derived directly from Plato's teachings.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

For vices, the term hamartemata (mistakes, accidents, crimes) was used.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

It followed from the nature of the dichotomy of virtues and vices that a large number of deeds remained between them.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Things which are outside the moral law, that is neither useful nor detrimental to morality and therefore are no more required or forbidden, were indifferent to the Stoics (adiaphora).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Gradually, uniform things began to be further divided into three species: things that were to be favoured because they helped to live according to nature; things that should be avoided because they made it difficult to live according to nature; and truly one-doing things.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Social Philosophy Stoicism was characterized by an emphasis on world citizenship, or cosmopolitanism.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to the Stoics, all people are manifestations of the same universal spirit and therefore should live with each other in brotherly love and ready to help each other.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In his discussions, Epictetus says of man's relationship with the world: “Every man is primarily a citizen of his community, but he is also a member of the great state of gods and men, of which the city-state is only an imitation”.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[17] Here are echoes of the teaching of Socrates.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

According to Epictetos, this said, “I am not an Athenian or a Greek, but a citizen of the world.” [18] Based on this, the Stoics advocated equality of all men.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In their view, external differences such as social status and wealth do not play a role in relationships between people.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoics' views on gender and sexuality were also radical in their own day; they held that gender does not affect human abilities either, which is why there is no hierarchical set-up between the sexes, and girls and boys can receive an equal upbringing.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[19] [20] The Stoics were also known for espousing leniency towards slaves.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Seneca wrote: “he whom you call your slave is born of the same seeds, enjoys the same heaven, breathes as well, lives likewise, dies as well!” [21] Philosophical Exercises For the Stoic, philosophy did not merely mean a set of beliefs or ethical assertions—it was a way of life consisting of constant practice or education (áskēsis).


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Philosophical and mental exercises included logic, Socratic dialectics and contemplation, exploration of mortality, concentration of attention on the present, contemplation of everyday problems and possible solutions, notes (hypomnemata), and so on.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Philosophy was an active process of self-pursuit and reminiscence of things to themselves.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

In his book Myself, Marcus Aurelius describes several stoic exercises.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

For example: Stoicism and Christianity While many early Christian church fathers read Stoic philosophy into pagan vices with all other philosophy, many of its features were nevertheless held in high regard.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

This was especially true of natural law, which became a major part of the Catholic Church and the doctrine of secular public morality in the early United States.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The central Stoic idea of Logos influenced Christian thought about Jesus and appears, among other things, at the beginning of the Gospel of John.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The stoic idea of virtue as adaptation to the order of the universe compares similarly to the Christian concept of morality.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Both Stoicism and Christianity advocate asceticism in relation to passions, allowing for the development of higher human possibilities.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Both hold that man has inner freedom before the external world, and believe man is in a similarity relationship with God.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Justinos the Martyr extolled Stoic ethics, and Tertullian highly regarded the Stoic Seneca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoic world citizenship influenced Augustine's ideas, which he put forth in his work The State of God.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoicism also influenced Boëthius's work Consolation of Philosophy, which presents Christian morality through ancient pagan philosophy.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The work greatly influenced medieval thought.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The well-known serenity prayer often put in the name of Reinhold Niebuhr can be seen as very stoic: [22] Neo-Stoicism was a movement born during the Renaissance that sought to combine Stoicism with Christianity.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

However, there are also major differences between Stoicism and Christianity.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

One difference is the pantheism of Stoicism, in which God is never a perfect afterlife but an ever-present one.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Christianity personifies God as the creator of the world, but stoicism connects God's universe to the whole.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Contrary to Christianity, in Stoicism there is no idea of the beginning or ultimate end of the universe, nor does the idea of preserving individual souls after death.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Current usage Today, the term “stoic” often refers to someone who is indifferent to pleasure, pain, joy and sadness, or who suppresses emotions and always maintains their peace of mind.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[23] In this sense, the use of the term is not as misleading with regard to historical reality as, for example, the use of the term “Epicurean” often is today.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

[3] Philosophers Greeks Zenon the Chitionite (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

350 — 261/264 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Dionysios (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

330 — 250 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Ariston Khioslainen (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

320 — 250 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Persaios (306-243 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Kleanthes (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

301 — 232/252 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Khrysippos (279 — 207 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Herillos (200th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Sfairos (200th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Zenon Tarsoslainen (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

200 BC.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Diogenes the Babylonian (240-152 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Krates Mallot (100th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Mnesarkhos Athenian (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

160-85 BC.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Mnasagoras (100th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Nestor Tarsoslainen (100th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Basileides (100th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Dardanos the Athenian (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

160-85 BC.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Apollodoros the Seleukeian (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

140 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Antipatros Tarsoslainen (b. n.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

144 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Heracleides Tarsoslainen (100th century BCE


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

end) Hekaton Rhodoslaine (100th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Polemon the Ilionate (100th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Boethos Sidonlainen (100th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Sosigenes (100th century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Panaitios (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

185/180 — 110/108 BC.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Poseidonios (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

135—51 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Iason Nysalainen (first century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Diodotus (approx.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

120—59 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Diotimos (approx.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

100 BC.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Antipatros Tyroslainen, the elder (first century BCE)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Antipatros Tyroslainen, the Younger (d. 45 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Geminos (110 — 40 BC)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Athenodoros Canana (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

74 BC.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

— 7) Euphrates (35-118) Epictetus (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

55-135) Athenodoros Kordylion (first century) Hierocles (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

150) Sekstos Khaironeian (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

160) Sosigenes “Peripateetician” (late 10th century) Stratikles Romans Cato the Younger (95—46 BCE.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Attalus (beginning of the period) Seneca the Younger (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

4 BC.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

— 65) Lucius Annaeus Cornutus (first century) Musonius Rufus (first century) “The Stoic Martyrs” [8] Rubellius Plautus (33-62) Thrasea Paetus (d. 66) Barea Soranus (d. 66) Junius Rusticus (ca.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

100—170) Marcus Aurelius (121—180) See also Categories in Stoicism Catheko and katorthoma Cynics List of ancient philosophy terms, contains many Stoic terms Pneuma Neo-Stoicism Sources Literature Ancient literature in Finnish Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cicero, Marcus Tullius| title = Lawyer| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| version = (De legibus.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Translated by Veli-Matti Rissanen| id = 951-0-29140-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cicero, Marcus Tullius| title = Old Age.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Friendship.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Obligation| location = Porvoo Helsinki Juva| publisher = WS| year = 1992| version = (Cato maior de senectute; Laelius de amicitia; De officiis.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Translated and introduction by Marja Itkonen-Kaila.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Quality Books.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

2nd edition (1st edition 1967, 3rd edition 2002) | id = ISBN 951-0-17868-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cicero, Marcus Tullius| title = Discussions in Tusculum| location = Turku| publisher = Faros| year = 2009| version = Latin English with explanations Veli-Matti Rissanen with the name directory.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Foreword: Juha Sihvola| id = ISBN 978-952-5710-08-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Epictetos| title = Manual and Discussion| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1978| version = (Enkheiridion, Diatrib.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Selected and translated from Greek by Marja Itkonen-Kaila.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Sevenstars| id = ISBN 951-1-04742-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Epictetos| title = Hämeenlinna| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 1919| version = (Enkheiridion.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Finnish from Greek and with introduction by K. Jaakkola.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Karisto Classical Library 11.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

- 2nd edition 1956| format = [online version]}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Marcus Aurelius| title = For myself: Emperor's contemplations about life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Basam Books| year = 2004| version = (Ta eis heauto.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Translated by Marke Ahonen| id = ISBN 952-9842-98-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seneca, Lucius Annaeus| title = Providence| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Karisto| year = 1928| version = Translated by K. P. Kalliovaara.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Karisto Classical Library 43}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, young.| title = Theses and letters| location = Porvoo Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 1964| version = Translated by J. A. Hollo.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Introduction by Jussi Tenkku.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Ancient classics}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, young.| title = Letters to Lucilius| location = Helsinki| publisher = Basam Books| year = 2011| version = (Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, about 65.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Translated by Antti T. Oikarinen| id = ISBN 978-952-260-045-5}} Other literature in English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kaarakainen, Teija & Kaukua, Jari (ed.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

) | title = Stoicism: Philosophy of knowledge, emotions and good life| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2004| version=S. 181—263: Lucius Annaeus Seneca: From indignation.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Translated by Marke Ahonen.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

— S. 264—281: Epictetos: A Handbook.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Translated by Marke Ahonen.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

— S. 282—338: Guillaume du Vair: The Moral Philosophy of the Stoics.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Translated by Teija Kaarakainen etc.| id = ISBN 951-662-891-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kailaheimo, Markku| title = Writings on Stoicism.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Unscientific review| location = Tampere| publisher = Bookcover| year = 2015}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kailaheimo, Markku| title = Brutus.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Stoic essays| location = Tampere| publisher = Bookcover| year = 2016}} In English Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Brennan, Tad| title = The Stoic Life| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Long, A.| title = Stoic Studies| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1996| id=ISBN 0-520-22974-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Inwood, Brad (ed.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

) | title = The Cambridge companion to the Stoics| location = Cambridge| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2003| version=Cambridge companions to philosophy| id = ISBN 0-521-77005-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rist, John M.| title = Stoic philosophy| location = Cambridge| publisher = Cambridge University| year = 1969, 1977| id = 0-521-07620-x}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Rist, John (ed.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

) | title = The Stoics| location = Berkeley| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1978| version=Major Thinkers Series| id = 0520036751}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Strange, Steven (ed.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

) | title = Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations| location = Cambridge| publisher = Cambridge Univ.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Press| year = 2004| id = ISBN 0-521-82709-4}} Institutions of text fragments Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arnim, Hans von| title = Stoicorum veterum fragmenta| location = Leipzig| publisher = B.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

G. Teubneri| year = 1903-1905| version=Parts I-IV}} Reprint: Stuttgart, 1964.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Standard order from fragments of the early Stoics.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

On topic elsewhere entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Edwards, Paul (ed.)


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, volume 8, MacMillan, Inc, 1967 (ss.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

19-22) Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What does stoic mean?

Stoicism

Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (often including ancient Rome) was a vast empire that grew on the basis of the ancient Roman city-state, encompassing the entire Mediterranean region.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

The earliest signs of settlement in the Roman city area date from the Bronze Age to about the 14th century BCE.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

[1] Urbanization probably started in the 7th century BCE.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

Rome developed over the centuries as a world power surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

In 395, the kingdom split in two, into the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, of which, however, Western Rome fell as early as 476, when its last emperor was deposed.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

Attempts to unify the Roman Empire under Eastern Roman leadership ended with the rise of Islam in the 6th century.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

Yet East Rome, or Byzantium, existed, albeit greatly reduced in size, until the Turkic takeover of Constantinople in 1453.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

[2] Furthermore, the Empire of Trebizond survived until 1461 and the Principality of Theodoro until 1475.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

History Early stages Information about the early days of the Roman city is largely shrouded under myths and legends.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

According to contemporary conception, Rome originated as a Bronze Age village community perhaps around the year 1000 BCE.


Question: Who were the Goths, historically?

Roman Empire

around, maybe somewhat earlier or later.