Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Although the executions, on the other hand, took forms of local and personal revenge, at least a third of the Red Terror is thought to have been systematic activities planned by the Red Guard leadership.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The main part of the white terror is estimated to have been premeditated and organised warfare imposed by the top war-command in connection with the “final takeover” of captured territories.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

“Officially” and especially at the beginning of the war, both the Vaasa Senate and the People's Delegation opposed terrorist activities.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[146] The key implementers of the Red and White Terror were the strike and reconnaissance forces, which operated independently under the upper war-command, called the Flying Sections.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

They consisted of between 10 and 80 select mounted soldiers.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

At age, warriors in the Flying Section tended to be younger than the men of the Front Corps (the youngest military boys aged 13—14).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The department was headed by a senior leader with strong authority, under whom the “flying” performed “search and destroy” missions as well as enforcing self-proclaimed executions or death sentences imposed by the courts.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[147] Red Terror The Reds massacred between 1400 and 1650 civilian personnel in the territories they controlled.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Executions were plentiful between late January and the end of February, around 700.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In March, executions were reduced to about 200 victims.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Terror surged in April and early May 1918 with the Reds” defeat assured; the slain numbered about 700.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[148] The motivation for political violence was the destruction of those in leading positions of the opposing party, as well as personal aggression in some places.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The majority of those executed were active patrons, manor owners, householders, politicians, police officers, teachers and senior officials, as well as industry leaders and owners.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Some 90 people listed as red or (moderate) socialist were also among the victims of terror.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Although Red Terror was not specifically directed against the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland, ten priests were killed in all by the Reds (about 1,200 pastors in total in the parishes).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The murders were partly committed for reasons of ideality, but especially in rural areas, the clergy represented the traditional power system of society.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[149] A significant part of red terror was carried out in the so-called terror centres of Kouvolan-Kymenlaakso and Toijala region.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

A total of 300—350 victims were executed in them.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[150] Significant acts of violence by the Reds from January to April 1918 also include e.g.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

following mass shootings: 31.1.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The shooting of 15 patrons in Kangasa, i.e. Suinula massacre.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The murder of 10 prisoners along the road from Vihti to Nummela, at the crossroads of Ojakkala.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Among those murdered were e.g.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

A South Ostrobothnian chief police constable who, at the time of his capture in January, was in the line of duty.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[151] [152] 2.2. shooting of a group of prisoners in Nummela.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[151] 6.2.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The execution of 11 whites in the courtyard of the Lyceum of Pori, or the so-called. Pori Lyceum massacre 10.3.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

16 shooting of a staff member of A. Ahlström Oy on the border of Pori and Noormarkku, so called. Coliaspring massacre 19.4.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Kuurila train killings in Kuurila.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The execution of 23 white prisoners in Lappeenranta, i.e. Lappeenranta massacre.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The slaying of 30 white inmates in the Vyborg County Jail The Vyborg County Jail massacre.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[153] White terror in White terror destroyed those who rose up in rebellion and their supporters across the board.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The main focus was on punishing Red Guards leaders as well as those involved in the Red regime, red terror and war effort.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Relatively, the strongest retrofit was directed at Russian soldiers.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the end, the number of people who perished in the White Terror rose significantly higher than the number of people killed in the Red Terror: between 7,000 and 10,000 victims.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Executions were divided in time in different ways than the corresponding red violence.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the early stages of the war, around 350 were killed in February 1918, around 500 in March, around 1800 in April, around 4600 in May and about 300 in June 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the early part of the war, the most significant event of white terror was the massacre carried out in connection with the takeover of Varkaus on 21 February 1918, in which 80—90 Reds were executed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The case has been referred to as the Huruslahti lottery.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

A total of 100 to 140 people were executed in the theft by mid-March 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Significantly less than personal losses, 13 victims, but of symbolic value, was the blood acts in Harmoisten's infirmary on 10 March 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

During the peak period of terror, in the two weeks between late April and early May 1918, there were about 200 executions per day, with a total of 2500—3000 lives killed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Hans Kalm's forces fired on Lahti from 1 May to 31.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Between 150 and 200 women numbered red between May 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

A total of 300—600 female persons perished in the executions.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

As far as white terror is concerned, it remains permanently unclear which part of the Red Guards who perished in the fighting really fell and which part were executed immediately after the fighting.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The terror committed by the white side also includes the only ethnic massacre in the history of independent Finland, carried out after the invasion of Vyborg.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Russian civilians belonging to the population of Vyborg, including children and the elderly, were gathered in an area known as the Vallie, where they were executed by firing squad.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The act of terrorism differed from other white terror because it targeted an ethnic group and was not based on political selection.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

A significant number of Russians shot were actually politically right-wing.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Similar acts were carried out in other cities conquered by the Whites, e.g.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Lappeenranta and Tampere, where almost all captured Russians were executed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

With its more than 200 victims, however, the executions in Vyborg were by far the most significant of these war crimes.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[154] [155] Executed red women According to research carried out by non-fiction writer and researcher Master Tauno Tukkinen, about 200 of those executed were women, i.e. Hans Kalm's share in the slayings and outright murders of child and female soldiers was probably higher than any on the other white side of the officers involved in the civil war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Likewise, his share of outright suspected war crimes was perhaps higher than any other white commander.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The executions of Red Corps nurses in the Hennala prison camp by Kalm's forces can be considered outright killings.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The average age of women shot in the bay has been said to be around 20 years.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In fact, all those executed were by no means women, as Tukkinen found thirty seventeen and twenty-five even younger girls among the slain.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The youngest were children aged just 14 and 15.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[156] Among the women executed in Lahti were also young mothers who remained orphans.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Almost all of the executions of the women fell into the first two weeks of May, meaning they were put into action shortly after the Germans led by Colonel Otto von Brandenstein had recaptured Lahti in late April and guarding the Hennala prison camp was the responsibility of Kalm's forces.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

“In Lahti, however, the women were not executed by the Germans, but by the Finns,” says Tukkinen, who wrote on the matter.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

As regards white terror, it remains permanently unclear which of the Red Guards who perished in the fighting were executed immediately after the fighting and who really fell during the struggles.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[157] [158] The motive for female soldiers joining the Red Guards was usually pay, but also cause, class hatred or adventurism.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[159] However, in order to alleviate the sentence, the cause was later allowed to conceal and justify the decision by starvation [160].


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

According to Thomas Hoppu, there were no more than 2600 women in the Female Guards, 60 of them died in fighting, 25 fled to Russia, and [159] some 270 [160] were executed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Terror Scars Terror was an effective and terrifying weapon in the Civil War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, it gave the opposing side a significant propaganda asset and an opportunity to justify its own violence by the other side's actions.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war was the first conflict in Finland in which, above all, propaganda from the newspaper press played a major role.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Red and White Finnish newspaper news described the opposing party's terrorist activities in detail, magnifying and coloring both casualty numbers and events.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[161] According to the red and white press, “the savage acts of ferocious and cowardly wild beasts and the land moistened with the blood of innocent victims cried revenge upon the traitors of their people”.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

And the writings didn't fall short of an armed response.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Political violence by the opposing party also provided an even clearer motive for the war when it could be shown to be fought tangibly for the 'spirit and life' of one's own reference group.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Apart from the death of the victims, the most central and long-lasting impact of the executions was the mental trauma they caused in generations of contemporaries and posterity alike.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In this respect, posterity has long prevailed mainly from the victimhood aspect of the side of the war with which it is identified.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

There is also a more honest look at the contribution of one's own reference group and of their own ancestors as agents of terror.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[162] It was because of terrorist acts that the wounds of the civil war slowly expired and the war continued on a mental level at least until the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Finns of 1918 certainly did not leave a light intellectual legacy behind for those to come.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[163] War Decision Under the pressure of a successful Finnish-German invasion, the People's Delegation moved from Helsinki on 8 April to Vyborg, with the exception of some members of the delegation (Edvard Gylling, for example) from there on to Saint Petersburg on 25 April 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The exodus of the leaders provoked intense bitterness among the Reds.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Long caravans of red refugees who wandered from Satakunta and Häme towards Saint Petersburg surrendered Lahti and Koski (Hl.)


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

in the area between 1 and 2.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

on May.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The last Resistance colonies of the Reds, located in Kymenlaakso, gave up the battle on 5 May 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war ended after Russian soldiers withdrew on 14 May from the fortress of Ino on the Karelian Isthmus and the occupation of its destroyed cannon positions by Finnish whites on 15 May.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Initially embracing anti-war thinking, the Finnish labour movement had suffered defeat in the Civil War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

White people confined Red Guards to prison camps.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate of Vaasa returned from Ostrobothnia to Helsinki on 2 May 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the capital, however, it was not received by detachments of the Finnish White Army, but by the honorary company of the Imperial German Baltic Division with their ringers, and Major-General Rüdiger von der Goltz, dubbed the “true state administrator” of Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

White General Mannerheim held a major victory parade in honour of his army in Helsinki on 16 May 1918, despite German troops.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Missing peace treaty No formal armistice and peace negotiations typical of many wars took place and no formal treaties to end the Finnish Civil War were ever signed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[164] Postwar events Consequences of war The Finnish civil war ended on 15 May 1918, but its acute effects continued in Finland until at least the end of 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The war severely shattered and damaged Finnish society.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

It was not just the gap between the parties to the war, but also the internal problems of the power groups.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

White Finland was divided into two camps: one in favour of monarchy and narrowed democracy, the other supported republicanism, broad democracy and social reforms.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The ultra-conservatives had been permanently against parliamentarianism.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

More moderate conservatives supported parliamentarianism at first, but the events of 1917—1918 turned them against widespread democracy, and led them to seek counter-force in parliament from a long tradition of monarchy.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The statesmanship dispute was the most significant internal watershed for the victors: due to the protracted internal war and in the precarious situation that followed, the majority of conservatives and non-socialists supported Germany's strong position in Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, activists hoped for support from the Germans for the project to recapture East Karelia.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[165] [166] The war of 1918 also fragmented the Finnish labour movement, partly on the basis of the internal division established in January 1918 into moderate social democrats seeking to cooperate with non-socialists and left-wing socialists in Finland and revolutionaries to communists operating in Russia backed by the Bolsheviks.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[167] Power in Finland was held by P.E.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Svinhufvud, J. K. Paasikivi's bourgeois senate, the so-called stub parliament mainly without SDP MPs and Imperial Germany.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

After the end of the war, Finland's economy was on the ground.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Both exports and imports had plummeted and the industry was suffering from shortages of raw materials and labour.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the trade agreement with Germany limited the country's freedom to raise its exports.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The economic situation did not return to pre-war levels until the mid-1920s.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In terms of the economy, however, the war did not treat different segments of the population the same.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Counted as changes in real incomes, the losers were industrial working people and civil service crews, as well as the winners agricultural producers, who had been benefited by strong rising food prices.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The main problem in 1918 was food shortages.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

It was already suffering in 1917, but actual hunger was seen mainly in Kainulu and North Karelia, which were not regions torn apart by political strife.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war, which was supposed to solve all the problems, eventually brought hunger to southern Finland as well.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The situation only improved in 1919 when food imports and the country's own agriculture were brought in order through, among other things, the Crofters Act enacted on 17 July 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[168] The treaties signed by the representatives of the Senate Edvard Hjelt and Rafael Erich on 7 March 1918 with representatives of the German Empire, the peace treaty and the accompanying trade and shipping treaty and the secret exchange of notes on military matters without the knowledge of the Senate were bound by Finland To Germany, curtailing the country's independence.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, in June 1918, the Germans proposed a military alliance between the two countries.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Disputes associated with the German trend led to the resignation of White General Mannerheim on 27 May 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Parliament (111 delegates out of 200) chose the blue cross flag instead of the red lion flag.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The colour of the old flag was considered too much to suggest socialism.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On the motion of Paasikivi's monarchist-majority Senate, and also due to German pressure, the stub parliament finally elected Prince Friedrich Karl of Hesse as King of Finland on 9 October 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, the king did not have time to formally step on his throne and the Kingdom of Finland did not materialize in practice.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The October royal election took advantage of the form of government from the period of Swedish rule of 1772, which had been in force in the Grand Duchy of Finland, and whose validity after the March 1917 Revolution was disputed during the struggle for statesmanship in 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

According to the view of the republicans, Finland was made a republic by the Declaration of Independence on December 6, 1917, and it became only “technically” to confirm an independent Finland in the new state form.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the view of monarchists, only the “principle of republic” had been accepted in the Declaration of Independence, and the 1918 war changed both the dominance within the country and the attitude towards republicanism to a more negative one.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

They wanted to replace the Gustavian constitution of 1772 with a more modern monarchist state form.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[169] The place of Finland Historians have described Finland's foreign policy position in the summer of 1918 with different but parallel expressions: it was a German underland, protectorate and military beachhead.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

But in that situation, Finland was simply shown its place and the limits of its possibilities for action in the throes of World War I.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 1914, the Finns were caught between German and Russian interests, but contrary to expectations, the Great Powers were weakened in a long-stretched World War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In December 1917, the “Finnish moment” came; Russia and Germany negotiated peace (from 6 December 1917), Germany did not advance in the east, and Soviet Russia was in a state of turmoil.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The secession of Finland from Russia and the attainment of genuine independence was thus little time caught only by the Finns own will.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Independence was the very thing on which the vast majority of the people agreed, and it was time to exploit this 'free Finland'.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[170] However, the internal dispersion of the Finnish people led to an internal struggle, during which the situation between Germany and Russia turned into a war again (18 February 1918).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

As a result, the same men, both burghers and socialists, who had acquired independence for Finland, without fighting in December 1917, “called” Germany by their mutual war, and thus Finland's future status was no longer dependent on the Finns but World War I on the outcome.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[171] Settlement in Germany The general picture of World War I included that at its beginning emperors, tsars and kings moved their own citizens as pawns across Europe, deciding their lives and deaths.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of the war, the situation was reversed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

This was also the case in Germany, and finally the ordinary Germans solved the fate of Finland with their Autumn Revolution of 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The German Empire collapsed and World War I ended on 11 November 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The German army left Helsinki on 16 December, and Prince Friedrich Karl abdicated his kingship on 20 December.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

And so the independence gained by the Finns on 6 December 1917 came into full effect [172] On the left, the internal divisions caused by the civil war remained longer into the future, but on the right the upheaval of November 1918 in Germany once more caused the internal redistribution of power.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The defeat of Germany broke Finnish monarchism, and Finland became a statesmanship, with the help of the Circum-Powers, a republican democracy with extensive civil rights, on 17 July 1919.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Finland's independence was recognized by the United States and Britain on 6—7.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

May 1919, after the end of the German trend in the country.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Relations between Soviet-Russia and Finland were established by the Peace Treaty of Tartu on 14 October 1920.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On 25 July 1919, K. J. Ståhlberg, elected as the country's first president-elect, became the symbol of the Finns' parliamentary line.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

He received support from the Agrarian League led by Santeri Alkio.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Social Democratic Party made a return to parliament in the parliamentary elections of 3 March 1919 under the leadership of moderate Väinö Tanner.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, moderate conservatives like Lauri Ingman also positioned themselves in favor of national politics.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The year of Opposites 1918 ended with the first municipal elections based on universal and equal suffrage in Finnish history, which took place 17—28.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

on December 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[173] [174] Fate of the Lost In the final stages of the war, about 10,000 Red Guards and their family members fled to Soviet Russia.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[175] By the end of the war on 5 May 1918, 76,000 Red prisoners were incarcerated.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

As the peak phase of the White Terror passed, the question of the solution to the prisoner problem arose in May 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of May and early June 1918, released either immediately or after interrogations (so-called. Aminoff's investigative system) a few thousand prisoners, but they were also still executed in June.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually the prison camps housed about 74,000 to 76,000 red prisoners.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

There was a long dispute between the White Army and the Senate over modus operandi regarding the Red Prisoners.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, a policy was reached that each prisoner's case had to be investigated separately, and above all that they would be kept in custody until sentencing.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The decision, along with severe food shortages caused by the 1918 war, led to a high prison camp mortality rate.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[176] [177] Prison camps The largest prison camps were (in brackets the largest prison population during summer 1918): Suomenlinna (13300 prisoners), Hämeenlinna (11500 prisoners), Lahti (10900 prisoners), Vyborg (10350 prisoners), Tammisaari (8700 prisoners), Riihimäki (8500 prisoners), and Tammisaari (8500 prisoners) and Tamimäki (8500 prisoners) and Pere (7700 prisoners).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

On 29 May 1918, Parliament enacted an Act on State Criminal Rights, entrusted with the investigation and sentencing of Red Prisoners.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The system did not meet in all respects the requirements of impartial jurisdiction, but was part of the “repression system” of the winner of the war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, on June 20, 1918, a law was enacted on the possibility of a suspended prison sentence in relation to Red Prisoners.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Almost the entire Finnish judging panel was harnessed to the work.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The investigation process was slow and burdensome and, moreover, the rights were not able to begin operations until 18 June.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

At that point, the Finnish Senate already had a full-scale disaster in the prison camps on its hands.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[178] [179] A wave of destruction In May 1918, about 600 to 700 prisoners died in prison camps.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In June, the death repaired 2900 prisoners and those who perished in July numbered between 4800 and 5250.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In August the numbers were decreasing, but still high, at 2200 people and in September 1918 about 1000 casualties.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The reasons for the decline must have been both the government's awakening to the disaster and the progress of the investigation so that so-called harmless prisoners could be released with parole sentences.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In total, 110,00—13500 Finns are estimated to have perished in prison camps during the summer of 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Of them, about 5000, or nearly 40%, were aged between 15 and 24.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

It is known that several starved prisoners, some 600—700, perished even after getting out of the prison camp to a strong meal consumed too early in the 'heat of freedom'.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The highest prison camp mortality rate was in Tammisaari prison camp: almost 34% of inmates.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In Hämeenlinna and the smaller Lappeenranta prison camp, the mortality rate was around 20 per cent.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In other camps, mortality rates were predominantly between 5% and 15%.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Diseases, especially Spanish disease, as well as various diseases of the pox, fever and intestines, caused havoc in prisoners weakened by camp conditions.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The number of red prisoners shot in the camps for various reasons was high; more than 500 prisoners were shot in Lahti, over 400 in Lappeenranta, 330 in Tampere and 250 in Vyborg.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[180] The Red Prison Camps and their conditions also attracted international attention.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The issue was covered, among others, in the Swedish and English press.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[181] [182] [177] Judgments In total, some 70000 Finns were convicted by the law law.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority were punished for being an accessory to treason.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

While 555 people were sentenced to death, only 113 convictions were enforced.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Various custodial sentences and fixed-term loss of civil trust were imposed on 60000 citizens, of whom 10200 persons were pardoned on 30 October 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In court papers, some of the individuals confined to prison camps were eventually found to have been unduly incarcerated.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of custodial sentences handed out were lenient and were eventually converted to parole sentences to free 40,000 prisoners.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of 1918, the number of Red prisoners in prisons was 6100 and 100 in 1921. Civil trust for 40000 former Reds was also restored at that time.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 1927, the last 50 red prisoners were pardoned by the government of Väinö Tanner.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 1973, the Finnish government paid compensation to 11,600 former Red prisoners.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[183] [179] The violence of the post-war years After the Civil War, the violence associated with its events continued for several more years.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Researcher Marko Tikka calculated that between the summer of 1918 and the end of 1921 there were around 300 acts of violence characterised as political in Finland, in which 226 people were killed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Of the casualties, the vast majority, or 183, were readable to the Red Party of the War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, most cannot be considered methodical; events were usually accompanied by alcohol and originated at dances or evenings, for example.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Outright terrorism can be classified as a few murders or attempted murders committed by former Red Guards, who were usually targeted by members of patronage societies.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

They were mainly organised by private individuals and cannot be linked, for example, to the Communist Party of Finland, founded in 1919.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The most famous of the failures is the April 1920 assassination attempt on Mannerheim in Tampere.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[184] War casualties The war in Finland in 1918 was one of the most significant disasters in the history of the 1690s and 1860s and World War II (1939—1945).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Some 37000 people died as casualties of the war, [185] of which 5800 to 6200 persons, or about 16% were minors, aged 14—20.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The youngest victims were under one year old.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Twenty were executed between the ages of 0—15, otherwise slain and variously dead in excess of 300, among them one baby strangled to death.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Two thirds of the children were red, the rest both white and not belonging to any group.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Children were still killed even after the war ended with their families.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[186] [187] The total loss, calculated from late January to late December 1918, averaged about 3300 deaths per month.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of the victims died either as victims of terror or perished in prison camps, while those killed in the fighting of the war took just under 10,000 lives.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, as a result of the war, about 20,000 children were orphaned, that is, lost either one or both of their guardians.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[188] Famous figures who died in the civil war or its aftermath include composer Toivo Kuula, poet Juhani Siljo and writer Algoth Untola (Maiju Lassila).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The war deepened the popular divide that had already arisen in Finland and caused bitterness, anger and a spirit of revenge.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Until the 1960s, public debate focused on the so-called white truth of the winners, and the so-called red truth of those who lost was left behind.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

It took 40 to 85 years from the events of 1917—1918 to outline the overall historical picture and the diversification of interpretations that characterised historical research.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[189] On the other hand, the defeat of the red Finland and the only partial realisation of the goals of white Finland, after Germany lost World War I, led to a national compromise.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

When the “foreign bayonets” of foreign powers left Finland alone, moderate burghers and socialists eventually took charge of their country.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The compromise ensured Finland's internal stability and order and democratic development and made slow but secure national defragmentation possible [190] In 1919—1991, Finns' democracy and independence withstood the pressure of the far-right and far-left and the other the heavy tribulations of World War I and Soviet pressure during the Cold War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Veterans of the Civil War, the last of Finland's veterans of the 1918 war, Aarne Armunen (born 1897), died on 1 January 2009.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

He fought in the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The last of the veterans of the Finnish White Army to die was Lennart Rönnback (1905—2007).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The last surviving member to serve in support positions on the White side was Lauri Nurminen (1906—2009).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

One of the last people to tell the events of the Hämeenlinna prison camp as an eyewitness is Anna Mäkinen o.s. Joutsen (born 1909), who was imprisoned together with her mother and sister.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Mäkinen told writer Tuulikki Pekkalainen about her experiences.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[191] Decorations for those who fought on the Svinhufvud Senate side were distributed with the 1918 Revolutionary War commemorative medals [192] and medals of the Cross of Liberty.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Order of the Cross of Liberty was established on 4 March 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Its Grand Master is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[193] Other medals associated with the time include Asikkala Front Men's Cross, Front Badge of Southern Savo Regiment, Hattulans Memorial Medal, Janakkalans Memorial Medal, Heinola Municipality Memorial Medal, Helsinki Conquest Memorial Medal, Karelian Front Mark, Lammi Municipal Front Medal , Länkipohja Memorial Cross, Padasjoki Cross of Honour, Patterinmäkeläinen Cross, Headquarters Badge, Rauma Soyeluskunta Memorial Medal, Raudu Cross, Sipoo Municipal Memorial Medal, Svidja Medal, Tampere Conquest Memorial Medal, Russian Island Memorial Medal, Vilppula Cross, Vimpel War School Badge and Sign of the Vöyr Guard.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[194] Civil War in fiction Literature The first universally acclaimed fiction work on the Finnish Civil War was Frans Emil Sillanpää's novel Pious Misery completed already in 1919.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the 1920s—1950s, fiction on the events of 1918 was written mostly from the point of view of the winner of the war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Although in 1931, Jarl Hemmer's work En man och hans samvete (The Man and His Conscience), which dealt with war from a broader, humanistic perspective, appeared in 1931.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

However, the most famous and debated books about the war and the reasons that led to it were Väinö Linna's novel trilogy Here under the North Star, parts 1 and 2.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The castle texts are considered to have provided significant impetus to the way that has become common since the 1960s, of looking at the conflict from the perspective of the losing party as well.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[195] In poetry, Viljo Kajava's highly acclaimed work Tampere Poems appeared in the 1960s.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The book Boy on the Shoulders of the World (1973), written by Uuno Pekka Kekäläinen, who was in the Hennala prison camp in Kuopio and Lahti, contains a detailed diary from Hennala prison camp.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 2003, Leena Lander's book about the 1918 war appeared Commandment.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

It received a Finlandia nomination and, based on the screenplay, was also completed by radio listen Susiyahhti (Yle, Radioteatteri 2004), which was selected as the best premiere performance of 2004 in the Blind Lunar Maraade.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The book has also been edited for theatrical productions, including the Finnish National Theatre in 2006.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the 21st century, author Antti Tuuri's works The Great Arms Train from Saint Petersburg in 2006, the Battle of Tampere in 1918, and Surmanpelto, a story about Russian soldiers captured in Ostrobothnia in 1918, have also appeared.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Also Kjell Wesö's work Where We Travelled once deals with the Finnish Civil War, published in 2006, as well as the author's book Mirage 38, published in 2013.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Harri Raitti's novel “April Fourth 1918” appeared in 1987 and is a reality-based account of an incident in Rymättylä.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 2008, writer Anneli Kanto published the documentary novel “Blood Russes”, which deals with the stages of the Valkeakoski Female Guard.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[196] The following year, Pekka Saaristo dramatised a play about the book, which has been performed in places such as Pori, Tampere and Valkeakoski.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[197] In Finnish films, the 1918 war initially came out mainly as side plots, for example in the film Silja — who slept at a young age (directed by Jack Witikka, 1956).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Among the first films focused on the Civil War was a 1918 film directed by T. J. Särkka, completed in 1957 and based on a novel by Jarl Hemmer — The Man and His Conscience.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[198] In the 1960s and 1970s, film director Edvin Laine film Väinö Linna's Pohjantä-trilogy.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The first film in the series Here Under the North Star deals broadly and realistically with the events of 1918 in Linna's books, the focus of the description is on the point of view of the party who lost the war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[199] [200] Documentary-seeking or biographical descriptions of civil war or independence include the Finnish-Soviet Confidence (1976), Mommila's blood works about Alfred Kordelin's fate (1973), and Tulipää, a story about the life of Maiju Lassila (1980).


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[198] Since the 1990s, the Finnish Civil War has been covered in several films.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Tero Jartti directed the film in 1994 based on a short story by Aapo Runar Schildt.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The film was about the fate of an individual Red Guards.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 1997, Redemption, directed by Olli Saarela, was completed, which depicted the priest's mental contradictions amid civil war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In 2007, the film Raja 1918 directed by Lauri Törhönen, directed by Lauri Törhönen, was completed


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Aku Louhimies directed the film Commandment (2008) based on Leena Lander's book.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[201] [202] In 2012, Claes Olsson's film Battle of Näsilinna 1918, about the battle of Melin's company in Tampere, came to cinemas.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[201] In 2000, two comic books made from different points of view were published in the High Tension series Civil War White High Tension — Freedom Baptism of Fire and Citizen War Red High Tension — To fight for the working people!


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The authors' familiarity with the subject (Asko Alanen, Jouko Ruokosenmäki and Samson) received praise from experts and brought an honourable mention in the Valopilkku of the Year.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[203] Civil war comics based on the stages of real persons include self-publishing Red Horseman from 2007 and Peace and War from 2008.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Horseman of Ilkka Markkula, Jukka Koivusaari and Kimmo Lehtimäki tells about the war through the story of Red Chief Verner Lehtimäki.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Satu Lusa Peace and War, the 2009 Comic Book Finlandia nominee, is based on a true story in the Russian village of Humppila.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

[204] [205] [206] See also List of monuments to white people in Finland List of reds monuments in Finland Finnish civil war in southern Ostrobothnia Finnish civil war in central and northern Ostrobothnia Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alapuro, Risto| title=State and revolution in Finland | location = Berkeley:Los Angeles:London| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1988| id = ISBN 0-520-05813-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

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Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Alapuro, Risto (1993): Revolution.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Magazine 2/1993, online Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alapuro Risto| title = Photo of Civil War Violence | publisher = Publications of the Finnish Museum of Photography 24| year = 2008| version = In the book: Kukkonen, J. & Heikka, E.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Red-black white — 1918 images| id = ISBN 978-951-9086-74-3| page = 11—21}} Apunen Osmo (1987): From a border country to a republic.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In: Blomstedt, Y.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

History of Finland 6, Periods of repression and independence, p. 47—404.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-35-2495-7.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reino Arimo| title = Military activity of Germans in Finland 1918| location = Rovaniemi| publisher = Historical Association| year = 1991| id = ISBN 951-96174-4-2}}} Aunesluoma Juhana & Häikiö Martti ed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(1995): Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

An atlass and research guide.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-20174-X.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Eerola Jari & Eerola Jouni (1998): Personal losses in the Finnish Civil War 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-91-0001-9.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Enckell Carl (1956): My political memoirs I. WSOY, 1956 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haapala Pertti| title = The Light of the Factory.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Industrialisation and formation of working population in Tampere 1820—1920| location = Tampere, Helsinki| publisher = Cooperative Vastapaino, Historical Society of Finland| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-9254-75-7}} Goltz, Rüdiger von der: My activities in Finland and the Baltic States, Wsoy, 1920 Hakalehto, Ilkka: Independence at risk.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Struggle from Finland's 1917 revolution to the eurohuma of the 1990s, Karprint ky, Huhmari, 1993, ISBN 952-9748-08-6 Haapala Pertti (1992): The Birth of the Working Class.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In: Haapala, P.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Economy, power and state.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Studies on 19th-century Finland, p. 227—249.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Equipoise, 1992 ISBN 951-9066-53-5.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala Pertti (1993): Class War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Aikakirja 2/1993, online Haapala Pertti (1995): When society broke up, Finland 1914—1920.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Printing Center 1995 ISBN 951-37-1532-9.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala Pertti (2008): Many truths.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the book: Hoppu, T. et al.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere 1918, Vapriikki 2008 p. 255—261.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-609-369-0.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Haataja, Lauri,: History of the Finnish Labour Movement, Workers' Civilization Federation, 1977, ISBN 951-9118-12-8 Hannula, J. O: History of the Finnish War of Independence, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1938 Holodkovsky Viktor (1978): Finnish Workers' Revolution 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Publishing business Progress, Moscow.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu Tuomas (2007): Losses in the Battle of Tampere 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

War Historical Periodical Book 26, p. 8—32.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu Tuomas (2008): From the Reds gun train to front fighting.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the book: Hoppu, T. et al.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere 1918, Vapriikki 2008, p. 56—61.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-609-369-0.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu, Tuomas, Haapala Pertti: Tampere 1918, Tampere Museums, Tampere, 2008, ISBN 978-951-609-369-0 Jussila Osmo (2004): Grand Duchy of Finland 1809—1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-29500-0.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Jussila, Osmo, Seppo Hentilä & Jukka Nevakivi (2006): Finnish Political History 1809—2006.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

WSOY Educational Materials, 2006 ISBN 951-0-31572-9.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Jussila Osmo (2007): The great myths of Finnish history.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-33103-3.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Juva, Einar W.: Chronicles of the Finnish People.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Part 9, Otava, 1937 Kauvalta K. V.: History of insurgency in the Tampere region, Otava, 1921 Kekkonen Jukka (1991): Shipwreck of legality, criminal justice in Finland in 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-640-547-9.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Keränen Jorma ed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(1992): Chronicle of Finland's independence.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-20-3800-5.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Ketola Eino (1987): National People's Power.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Independence of Finland, the Social Democrats and the Russian Revolution of 1917.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-6728-9.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Klinge Matti (1997): The Emperor's Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-50-0682-1.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The Six-O.W.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(1918, 1928) Finnish Labour Revolution 1918: reviews and self-criticism.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The work is digitised in the digital archive of the Workers' Movement Library: Kolbe Laura & Samu Nyström (2008): Helsinki 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The capital and the war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-952-492-138-1.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Kävaara, Keijo: Year seventeen.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Reportage on the year of the birth of independent Finland, Helsingin Sanomat, 1967 Lackman Matti (2000): For Finland or Germany?


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Unknown history of ice keepers.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-16158-X.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen Jussi T. (1981): Red Guards War, parts I to II.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-859-071-0, ISBN 951-859-072-9.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen, Jussi T., Juhani Piilonen, Osmo Rinta-Tassi and Marja-Leena Salkola (1989): One card.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-861-638-8.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Linnanmäki Eila (2005): Spanish disease in Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Influenza epidemic of 1918—1920.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-716-8.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto ed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(1992—93): Years of independence 1917—1920, parts I to III.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-37-0730-X.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto (1993): Revolutionary War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Magazine 2/1993, online Manninen Ohto (1995): War of Independence — as part of the Great War and the disintegration of the Russian Empire.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Aunesluoma, J. & Häikiö, M.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Atlas and Research Guide, p. 21—32.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-20174-x.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Turo (1982): Freedom struggle, civil war and rebellion.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The nature of the battle in the war propaganda of the Whites in 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-678-709-6.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Marjomaa Risto (2004): Beyond the World Revolution.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office 4/2004.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-46-6.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Mattila Jukka I.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

& Jarkko Kemppi (2007): Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-952-5485-03-5.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (1999): On the road to the Republic.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Ties break, p. 11—52.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-50-1055-1.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (2006): History of Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Lines, structures, turning points.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-30809-9.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Meri, Veijo: Freedom will not be effortless: Finland 1870—1920, Otava, Helsinki, 1995, ISBN 951-1-13785-9 Millar James ed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Red Guards.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Encyclopedia of Russian History, p. 1274.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 0-02-865907-4.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Numminen Jaakko ed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(1989): Lenin and Finland, Part II.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-860-402-9.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Paasivirta, Juhani: Finland in 1918, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1957 Paavolainen Jaakko (1966): Political violence in Finland 1918, 1 Red Terror.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1967): Political violence in Finland 1918, 2 White terror.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1971): Prison camps in Finland 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-1015-5.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1974): Finnish national tragedy.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-2329-X.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Peltonen Ulla-Maija (2003): Places of Memory.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

For remembering and forgetting the 1918 Civil War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-468-1.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Piilonen Juhani (1997): History of Sastamala 3, years 1860—1920.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-97691-0-2.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Polvinen, Tuomo: Russian Revolution and Finland.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

1—2, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1967-1971 Rasila Viljo (1968): Social background of civil war.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Oak.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Rautkallio Hannu (1977): Trading with Finnish independence.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-08492-1.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Roselius Aapo (2006): The War of Amateurs — Personal losses in front fighting in the Finnish Civil War 1918, publication series 1/2006 of the Prime Minister's Office.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-92-X Crawl Hannes (1918) The events of the Revolutionary Year.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Author, Helsinki 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

The work digitised in the digital archive of the Labor Movement Library.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Räikkönen, Erkki: Svinhufvud and Independence Senate: features of the activities and stages of P. E. Svinhufvud and the Senate led by him in autumn 1917 and spring 1918, Otava, 1935 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salkola, Marja-Leena| title = Birth and Development of the Workers' Guards Red Guards 1917—1918 before the Civil War (dissertation) | publisher = Ministry of Education| year = 1985| version = Parts 1 and 2| id = ISBN 951-859-739-1, ISBN 951-859-740-5}}.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Salokangas Raimo (2003): What kind of independent Finland?


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Zetterberg, S.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Petty Giant of Finnish History, p. 597—613.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-27365-1.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Salomaa, Erkki: Yrjö Sirola, People's Culture, Kuopio, 1966 Suodenjoki Sami and Peltola Jarmo: The poor Finnish people break their chains.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Class, business and society from 1880 to 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Left-wing labour movement in Pirkanmaa part 1., Tampere University Press, Tampere, 2007, ISBN 978-951-44-6832-2 Tanskanen Aatos (1978): Russians during the Finnish Civil War in 1918, Acta Universitatis Tamperensis SerA, vol 91, University of Tampere.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-44-0668-0.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Field Rights: Immediate Punitive Action in the Finnish Civil War 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2004| version = Dissertation, University of Tampere.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Bibliotheca historica 90| id = ISBN 951-746-651-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Time of Terror: The Restless Years in Finland 1917—1921| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-20-7051-0}} Citation replace error with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Executions of Female Rebels in Lahti 1918| publisher = self-publisher| year = 2007| id = ISBN 9789529988907}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Red fighting losses fallen 1918| location = Karjalohj| publisher = self-publish| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-99889-7-6}} Turunen Mirja (2005): Blood fields.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War killing works in North Kymenlaakso 1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-796-525-5.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Uola Mikko (1998): Against the wall only; motives for political violence in Finland 1917—1918.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-15440-0.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 1| publisher = Book| year = 1980| id = ISBN 9789512618286| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 543 p.} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 2| publisher = Book| year = 1981| id = ISBN 9789512620227| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 503 p.}} Vares Vesa (1993): How has it turned out the “white myth”?


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Helsingin Sanomat on 17 October 1993.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vares Vesa| title = Kingmakers.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish monarchy 1917—1919, myth and reality| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-0-23228-9| accessdate = 8.11.2015}} Vares Vesa (2009), From the King's Project to the Birth of a Republic.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

In: The Little Giant of the Civil War, ed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T., WSOY, 2009 p. 376—394.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-35452-0.