Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The third smallest province in terms of area, KwaZulu-Natal has the highest number of people and Gauteng with the second highest number of people.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Provinces also differ linguistically.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

About 80% of the population in the Eastern Cape speak Xhosa and in KwaZulu an equal proportion speak Zulu.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Afrikaans is the most spoken language in and around Cape Town.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[50] Each province has its own regional administration, where legislative power is exercised by parliament and executive power rests with the executive council and the head of the province.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The size of provincial parliaments ranges from 30 to 50 people, with members elected for five-year terms.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The terms of office of the head of the province are limited to two.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The members of the Executive Council, who act as the provincial government, are appointed by the head.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[50] Defence Forces The South African National Defence Force () consists of four types of weapons: Land Force, Air Force, Navy, and Medical Services.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The headquarters of the Defence Force is located in Pretoria.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The commander of the Armed Forces is appointed by the President from one of the four types of weapons, and the Secretary of Defense acts as his superior.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[51] In the mid-1990s, the country's army consisted of 95,000 soldiers from the former South African Defence Force () and Bantustan Defence Forces and 27000 fighters from former resistance movements.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

From the integration of these forces, the country's new national defence forces emerged.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[51] By 2001, the reorganisation of the Defence Force had been completed, leaving 87000 posts in the Defence Force.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[52] South Africa's defence expenditure almost tenfold between 1975 and 1989 from about 1 billion rand to 9.4 billion rand.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

However, in terms of dollars, they remained almost constant.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In the 1980s, defense spending averaged 16.4% of government spending.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

By the time of the mid-1990s, defence spending had already fallen to less than 3% of GDP and less than 10% of government spending.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[53] Nuclear Weapon Based on intelligence, it is known that the apartheid regime engaged in nuclear cooperation with Israel in the 1970s.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

US officials say its central intelligence agency, the CIA, has evidence of extensive cooperation between Israel and South Africa on missile and rocket technology.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

According to CIA records, in June 1980, Israel and South Africa also conducted a joint nuclear test.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Prior to the experiment, South Africa had been visited by a large group of Israeli nuclear physicists, engineers and military officers.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Both Israel and South Africa denied the claims.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[54] In 1975, P. W. Botha signed a secret military cooperation agreement with Shimon Peres, the Israeli Minister of Defense.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Israel exported weapons to South Africa between 1974 and 1993 worth $600 million annually, making South Africa Israel's second or third largest trading partner.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

According to Sasha Polakow-Suransky, the total value of arms sales during the period was more than $10 billion.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

South Africa supplied Israel with 500 tons of uranium for its nuclear weapons program and in reciprocation Israel sold 30 grams of tritium to South Africa to build a neutron bomb.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In September 1979, the two countries collaboratively conducted a nuclear test in the South Atlantic.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[55] South Africa subsequently abandoned its nuclear weapons program and joined its small nuclear arsenal after destroying the NPT in 1991.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Education In 2012, South Africa had about 12.4 million students, 425000 teachers and 25800 schools.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Four percent of the students attended a private school.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In state-funded schools, the teacher-pupil ratio is around 30.4 pupils per teacher.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[56] The South African school system () consists of three school levels: Primary Education and Training, Postgraduate and Training, and Highest Teaching and Training.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

School education lasts for 13 years from 0 to 13th grade, of which primary education includes grades 0 through 9.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

All people between the ages of 7 and 15 are compulsory.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Postgraduate education and training takes place in grades 10—12 and also includes training instructing professions, provided by technical colleges and private schools, among others.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The highest level of teaching includes university studies and postgraduate courses up to the doctorate.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

There are 23 government-funded colleges in South Africa with around 900,000 students enrolled in 2010.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

South African universities receive funding from the state but are autonomous.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[56] Education accounts for close to 20% of government expenditure; substantial funding has been aimed at repairing the damage caused by 40 years of apartheid regime.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

During apartheid, South Africa's school system was blatantly unfair.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Schools in White South Africa were Western level, and education in them was free and compulsory.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

30% of black schools had no electricity, 25% lacked water mains and only half had sewerage.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

One-third of teachers in black schools were incompetent.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

For blacks, Indians and people of color, education also paid and was not compulsory.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In the 1970s, the government spent funds per capita on education for blacks only 10% of the money spent on white schoolchildren.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[57] According to Hendrik Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs, Africans had to be taught their own cultural tradition, and the school system “must coach and teach people according to the possibilities of their lives.”


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The government regulated the content of Bantu education, and school books commonly contained such phrases as “Kafferi has stolen a knife, this kafferi is lazy”.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[58] The most difficult problems in terms of education are concentrated in poor rural areas, especially in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Schools in the more prosperous Gauteng and Western Cape tend to be better equipped.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The illiterate population over the age of 15 is approximately 18% (about 9 million people).


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

58.5% of whites and 51% of Indians progress to college, compared to 14.3% of people of color and 12% of the black population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[56] Population 79.2% of South Africans are black, divided into several different peoples and tribes.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Whites, of which there are 8.9% (approx.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

4.6 million), are mainly descendants of Dutch, French, German and British colonists.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Of whites speaking native Afrikaans, more than 2.7 million (approx.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

61% of whites).


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Mixed races include 8.9% Coloured, descendants of slaves brought to the country between the 17th and 19th centuries, native Xhos, and Dutch settlers.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Asians are mainly descendants of Indian laborers brought to sugar plantations, with 2.5% mostly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal and now even more so in the Pretoria-Johannesburg region of Gauteng Province.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The number of people who fail to report their racial category is 0.5%.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[59] The largest black peoples are the Zulus (21%), Xhosas (17%) and Sothos (15%).


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[60] Although the period of racial segregation in the country ended in the early 1990s, it has left a strong mark on the country's population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Work and income, as well as the ethnic structure of the population and neighbourhoods, still largely follow apartheid boundaries.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[61] Population of South Africa in the provinces 2011 Country- and immigration Although South Africa limits the number of migrants to be admitted to the country to secure employment for its own, especially less skilled citizens, there has been a steady increase in migration to the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 2003, 10,500 people moved to the country, representing a 39% increase from the previous year.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The largest migrant groups were Nigerians and Britons.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[62] In addition to official migration, South Africa is estimated to have between 2 and 8 million illegal migrants.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The main cause of illegal migration is economic growth faster than the surrounding areas of the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Illegal migrants arrive in South Africa, particularly from Mozambique, Lesotho, Angola and Zimbabwe.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The phenomenon has also been intensified by civil wars in Mozambique and Angola, which have resulted in millions of people becoming refugees.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Illegal migration has hampered the country's government's efforts to improve the living conditions of its citizens.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The migrants have also complicated the country's AIDS situation and increased crime.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[63] Many South Africans have also ended up moving abroad.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

There are no reliable statistics on immigration from South Africa, but according to about one calculation, 800,000 whites out of 4 million have moved out of South Africa since 1995.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

It has been speculated that a greater proportion of those leaving would be Britons, many of whom have dual UK-South African citizenship than Afrikaaners.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[64] Blacks, people of color and Indian are also willing to leave.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 12 years, the number of black university graduates has increased from 361000 to 1.4 million a year and at the same time the number of people willing to move out of the country has doubled.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The main driver of emigration, particularly in the white population, which still owns the vast majority of the country's wealth, is crime.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[65] A key factor of emigration is also the higher level of income offered to the educated workforce in Europe and North America.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[62] Large waves of emigration also occurred in 1977 and 1986.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Most people have moved to Great Britain.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

This trend, called the brain drain, has been perceived as a problem because, for example, nearly 17,000 highly skilled people have moved out of the country, which is about 1% of the country's entire tech workforce.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[62] Religions The vast majority of South Africans are Christians.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The largest Christian church is the Christians of Zion (), which comprises 11.1% of the population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Christendom of Zion is a South African, particularly Zulus and Swazi favoured Protestant Christian church, with its roots in missionary work and which drew much influence from the American Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in the early stages.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Characteristic features of the church are miracle healing and the charismatic gift of speaking in tongues.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[59] [67] Pentecostal congregations comprise 8.2%, the Catholic Church 7.1%, and Methodists 6.8%.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The main religion of Afrikaaners is the Reformed Church.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

So-called Afrikaaner churches include the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk, the Nederduitse Hervormde Kerk and the Gereformeerde Kerk.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[68] The Anglican Church comprises 3.8% and the other Christian communities comprise 36% of the population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

There are 1.5% Muslims and 15.1% not belonging to any organised religion.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[59] Most of these practice traditional African religions, for which a common trait is ancestral veneration.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Many people also associate Christian and traditions of traditional religions.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[69] An important theological movement that emerged from South African Christianity is black theology similar to the theology of liberation in the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

It originated in the mid-1970s as a response to apartheid and dialogue with its Hispanic paragon.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Contextual theology emphasizes biblical thematics of justice and its main representatives are the churches of blacks and people of color in the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The movement was particularly powerful during the apartheid regime, but has also had an impact since 1994.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[70] The Constitution of South Africa guarantees freedom of religion, and the right is also generally carried out in practice.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

There is no official state religion in the country, although Christians are the largest religious group in the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

People in key positions in the administration belong to several different religions such as Christianity, Islam or Judaism.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Interfaith relations in the country are also generally good, with official and informal ecumenical links between different denominations in the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The largest ecumenical organisation is the Council of Churches in South Africa (), which includes Methodists, Anglicans and various Lutheran and Presbyterian churches, among others.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[69] Languages English is the main language of commerce, science, technology and higher education in the country and also the main language of communication that crosses different language groups, as it is generally considered to be a “colourless” and neutral lingua franca.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[71] It is estimated that 45% of the country's population can speak English.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[72] The country's constitution guarantees equal status for 11 official languages.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The official languages are Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Xhosa, Zulu, North Sotho, sesotho, tswana, swati, venda and tsonga.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The country's constitution also mentions the Khoi and Nama languages spoken in the country by the indigenous Khoisans, sign language, Arabic, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Portuguese, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In addition to these, a few pidgin and creole languages are spoken in the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[72] The official languages of the country have influenced each other significantly and English spoken in South Africa, for example, contains a lot of words and sayings from Afrikaans, Zulu, Nama and other African languages.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

People who speak African languages also use numerous English and Afrikaans words in their speech, as evidenced by the following sample of Zulu recorded from Soweto (Afrikaans words in bold, English in italics): [72] Afrikaans is a language developed from Dutch that sometimes also referred to as die Taal ().


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[73] Afrikaans was originally called Kapmaan Dutch, but with the advent of Afrikaaner nationalism, it was declared in 1925 alongside English as the official language of the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

During the apartheid regime, the government actively sought to increase its use in the country and its introduction as the second language of instruction in schools led to the 1976 Soweto riots.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Afrikaans are spoken, as a rule, by Afrikaaners, people of colour and part of the black population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The vast majority of native speakers of the language are no longer of European background.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[72] The Parliament of the country is allowed to use any of the 11 official languages and have an interpreter service; although some of the official languages are at least partly mutually intelligible.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In several contexts, the state adheres to the so-called six-language policy, combining Xhosa, Zulu, swati and ndebele with the nguni group, tswana and sestotho and northern sotho again into the sotho group.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In accordance with this, official government documents are required to be translated into English, Afrikaans, Tsonga, Venda, as well as one Sotho group and one language belonging to the Nguni group.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[74] Health South Africa's health care system consists of a large public and smaller but rapidly growing private sector.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Primary health care is provided free of charge by the state, which, however, is underresourced and manpower.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Private companies producing health services, as a rule, serve the middle and upper classes of the country, a large proportion of which have private health insurance (18% of the population), as well as foreigners seeking top-notch services at reasonable rates.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The majority of health professionals in the country (73%) work in the private sector.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The state accounted for 49% of total health expenditure in 2011, which provided services for about 85% of the population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[75] Prior to 1994, racial segregation existed in the country's health system, with different racial groups having their own hospitals.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Most of the hospitals were located in areas of white people, and the government did not actually seek to provide health care services to the majority of the population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Over the past few decades, the health care system has been reformed to make it more equal and serve those in need.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[75] As a result of policy decisions following 1994, South Africa's infant mortality rate has halved.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Vaccination programmes and health care have increased to 45% of the state budget and, for example, already 85% of children are vaccinated against polio and measles.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[61] Basic services have been improved over the past decade by building a water supply network and bringing electricity to more and more homes.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Clean water and sewerage are in short supply, especially in poor neighbourhoods, but efforts are being seen to improve the situation.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Hardworking civil engineering has brought clean water to more than 10 million people in less than ten years.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Toilets are also being used by a growing number of households.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[76] AIDS AIDS and other poverty-related diseases, such as tuberculosis and cholera, strain the country's health system and make it difficult to improve the overall health status of the country's population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

By far the biggest problem in the country's health is AIDS, from which six million South Africans are estimated to die in the next ten years.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Some 5.4 million South Africans were HIV positive in 2011, according to a study by the Department of Health.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

This equates to more than 10% of the population and about one-fifth of women of childbearing age.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The government and numerous organizations have worked to improve the situation by informing and providing health and social services as well as financial assistance to AIDS victims.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The AIDS epidemic has also exacerbated the country's TB situation because HIV-positive people are more sensitive to TB infections than the rest of the population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[75] The HIV treatment programme in South Africa has received a lot of criticism as it has the highest rate of HIV infections in the world.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The country's government was initially negative about giving antiretroviral medication to HIV-positive people, and there resorted to belief medicine such as herbal treatments.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Drug treatment was only started in 2004 under pressure from NGOs.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Even after 2004, medication adoption has been slow, with only 33% of carriers of the virus receiving medication in 2006.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The country's former president Thabo Mbeki, who has been seen as citing poverty rather than HIV as the cause of AIDS, has come under particular criticism, and who has held talks with several dissidents denying the link between HIV and AIDS.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[77] [78] South Africa has the largest ARV program in the world.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 2011, 1.7 million South Africans received ARV medication.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[75] Traffic in South Africa is left-hand traffic.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The country's transport infrastructure is of a high standard and many southern African countries use it to their advantage in their foreign trade.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Transnet Limited, a public transport company, plays a key role in the country's transportation market.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

It handles 180 million tonnes of train and 2.1 million tonnes of road cargo annually.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[79] Minibus taxis are an important form of public transport.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The country's more than 127000 minibus taxis carry out 65% of intra-urban passenger traffic and a significant proportion of rural and inter-urban journeys as well.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[79] The country has a total of 20638km of railways, of which 20324 of broad gauge (1,067 m gauge) and 341km of narrow-gauge (0.61m).


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Of the railways, much of it is electrified.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[80] Johannesburg Airport is a hub for air traffic throughout southern Africa.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

South African Airways is the largest airline in all of Africa.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

It has 503 different flight destinations.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[81] Crime Crime began to increase in South Africa in the mid-1980s, with growth intensifying in the early 1990s.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Especially much in the country there is an increase in violent crime.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Crime does not touch all South Africans in the same way.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The highest risk of becoming a victim of violent crime lies with young and poor townships residents.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

According to official statistics, there are about 50 murders a day occurring in the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 2008, 18,000 homicides were reported.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[82] On the other hand, a larger proportion of victims of property crimes are middle-aged, affluent suburban residents.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[83] Based on a comparison made by the UN, South Africa has the highest rate of rape and murder by firearm, relative to population.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[84] Farm attacks A common form of violent crime in rural areas is farm attacks, which increased between 1991 and 2001 but has since levelled or declined.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Attacks on white ranchers have been suggested to have, at least in part, racist motives.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[85] However, according to a study by a committee set by the South African Ministry of Justice in 2003, the majority of cases had no political influence whatsoever and no organised crime could be found in the background, some land takeover cases apart from.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[86] An estimated 2500-3000 persons have died in attacks to date [82] [87] Sexual offences of any country in the world South Africa has the highest number of rapes per capita [88].


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

One in four South African men confesses to being a rapist


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In a survey conducted among schoolchildren, a quarter of boys cited gang rape as being nice.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[89] In a survey conducted by CIET Africa in 1999, one third of respondents said they had been raped in the past year.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[89] There is a belief in South Africa that rape is a manly act.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[90] Many different explanations have been put forward for the causes of crime for the widespread violent crime in South Africa.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Broad policy change has been seen in many countries to increase crime.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

During the democratization process, the instruments of social control in the country changed, and at the same time new opportunities for criminal activity opened up.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In South Africa, the reorganisation of the judiciary also temporarily undermined its ability to operate.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Explanations for violent crime have also been sought in the country's violent political history.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

South African families were exposed for decades to “institutional violence” due to forced displacement and migrant worker policies by the apartheid regime, which led to the deterioration of family ties.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

A study by the South African group The Nedcor Project on Crime, Violence and Investment considers that years of political violence and the exposure of people to violence in their homes and neighbourhoods has created a “culture of violence” in the country where South Africans easily resort to violence conflict situations.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

South Africa also has a large number of firearms smuggled into the country from nearby areas where there is an oversupply of weapons.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Other factors contributing to crime include the country's young population and rapid urbanisation.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[83] Economy South Africa is by far the most developed economy in the whole of Africa, which has also grown rapidly since 1994.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The main industry sector of the country is mining and other key ones are manufacturing, gas and oil and chemical industries as well as agriculture and tourism.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In recent years, the country's textile industry, as well as banking and financial sectors, have grown rapidly.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Industry is particularly concentrated in the Gauteng region, where most of the country's mines are located.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The country has strong fiscal and industrial infrastructure with significant growth potential.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

During apartheid, severe socio-economic inequality arose in the country, which continues to manifest itself in factors such as high unemployment, widespread poverty and crime.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Unemployment has created a sizeable black economy in the country, which is a challenge to the country's economic development.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[91] Although South Africa's economy is highly developed in many respects, the isolation during apartheid has left significant marks on it.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[92] During Mandela's presidency, the country's government invested in opening up the South African economy.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The ANC created a new economic policy programme GEAR () based on market-driven economic policies.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[92] Since 1994, South Africa has sought to make itself attractive to foreign investment and it offers insentives for both foreign and domestic investment to all sectors of industry.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[91] The country's economy is undergoing a major transformation, with companies integrating into the international economy and a significant increase in foreign investment.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[92] In the past ten years, the South African rand (ZAR) has lost almost half of its value compared to major currencies, although efforts were made to maintain the value of money through high interest rates and inflation fell during that time.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The depreciation of the currency has been suspected of the activity of international currency speculators, with some market analysts suggesting the currency is 15-20% undervalued.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The low rand value has helped the country's tourism and mining industries.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 2005, credit rating agency Moody's Investors Service raised the country's rating to Baa1, citing the country's improving foreign exchange reserves and rapid economic growth.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[93] In 2014, one euro received 14 rand and about 10 dollars.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[94] South Africa's unemployment rate in 2013 is around 25%.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[36] Social and unemployment protection are almost non-existent.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[61] Agriculture Agriculture accounts for 4% of the country's GDP.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The main agricultural area is livestock farming, and only 13% of the land area is in crop use.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The main crops are corn, wheat, oats, sugarcane and sunflower.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The country's government is working to develop small farming to create jobs.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The main agricultural export products are citrus fruits, wine and flowers.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[91] During apartheid, black land ownership was limited to only 13% of the land area.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

A major land reform has begun in the country because most of the farmland is still owned by whites.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The average size of white-owned farms is 1300 hectares, compared to just 5.2 for black farms.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[95] Until now, the reform has only been carried out with the help of willing sellers and buyers, but the authorities have indicated that extensive expropriations are also possible.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Land reform aims to transfer 30% of farmland to black South Africans by 2014.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[2] After the end of economic sanctions, exports of South African wine began to grow and in 2000 already 139 million litres of wine were exported from the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The most popular white wine grapes are chenin blanc, colombard and chardonnay and red wine grapes cabernet sauvignon, pinotage and shiraz.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The share of red wine is increasing, white wine previously made up 85%, in 2000 2/3 of production.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[96] In 2005, the percentage of white was no longer 55%.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[97] Information and Communication Technology South Africa invests heavily in ICT.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In the great country, distances are long.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In marginalized areas, the internet and mobile phone are important tools of commerce.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 2010, the mobile phone was used by 76% of the population, or about 28 million people.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Internet users were estimated at 8.5 million at the end of 2011, with the ten million limit predicted to be broken within 2012.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The state aims to have broadband access to the whole country by 2020.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[98] South Africa aims to promote development through information and communication technologies, as it is also seen to improve equality.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

People in the peripheral region have access to the same information as city dwellers.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Communication technology also promotes commerce and can therefore create new jobs as well.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

At the same time, freedom of opinion is growing, people are able to publish their own thoughts online and have access to diverse material.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[99] Culture The culture of South Africa reflects the multi-ethnic and -cultural character of the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The country's rapid urbanization and drive for the eradication of traditional cultures during apartheid has led to traditional life forms disappearing, even though the traditional cultures of blacks still remain strong in rural areas.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Afrikaaner culture developed during the 19th century in self-isolation from the liberal and democratic ethical tendencies of the era.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In rural areas, the Afrikaaner life form often still centers around conservative Reformed churches.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

After Afrikaaners, the vast majority of the country's white population is of British origin.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Britons live predominantly in cities and still dominate the country's business community.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[100] In the new South Africa that emerged after 1994, the creation of a new national character and culture is still underway.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[100] Music in South Africa's musical tradition combines the native ingredients of the country with influences from outside.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Influenced by 19th-century missionary work and American negrospirituals, the country also emerged with its own gospel tradition, which is still vibrant and is one of the most popular musical forms in the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The choral tradition of spiritual music also blended African influences.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The most famous representative of this style known as isicathamiya is Ladysmith Black Mambazo, known in the Western world.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[101] In the early 20th century, the urbanisation of black South Africans into mining centres on the Witwatersrand gave rise to new forms of music such as marabi and mbaqanga, whose influence can still be seen in the country's jazz music.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The core area of Mbaqanga was notably the township of Sophiatown in Johannesburg.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[101] Senzeni na Senzeni na senzeni na x 3 Senzeni na kulomhlaba?


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Amabhulu azizinja.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

x 4 Kuyisono 'kubamnyama.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

x 3 Kuyisono kulelizwe.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

What have we done, what have we done?


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

x 3 What have we done in this country?


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Boers are dogs.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

x 4 It is a sin to be black.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

x 3 It is a sin in this country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

By the mid-1950s, progressive jazz musicians in Sophiatown had founded the Sophiatown Modern Jazz Club, making famous a new generation of jazz such as Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Also emerging from the club circuit was the country's first bebop band, Jazz Epistles, whose members included Hugh Masekela.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

With his distinctive jazz style, an international career was also created by Abdullah Ibrahim (originally Dollar Brand), who combined Duke Ellington's rich orchestration with the avant-garde jazz trends of the 1960s.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[101] During the struggle against apartheid, music emerged as one key element as blacks joined together to oppose the regime it considered unjust in the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The importance of music to the anti-apartheid movement was so great that South African jazz musician Abdullah Ibrahim has called the country's revolution the only one “accomplished with four-tone harmony.”


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[102] The most famous of the movement's songs is Senzeni Na (), likened to the song We Shall Overcome by South African musician Vusi Mahlasela of the US civil rights movement.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[103] In the 1960s, rock and pop bands of white musicians also began to emerge in the country, performing for a white audience in a racially segregated country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Conservative circles in the country protested vigorously against the new form of music.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In the late 1970s, the British-born punk movement arrived in South Africa and became popular, particularly in the poor white-populated suburbs of Johannesburg.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The bands that emerged within the movement criticized the commercialism of the music industry and the white repressive regime in the country.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

South Africa's alternative rock emerged by the middle of the 1980s.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In its context, the “alternative Afrikaaner” movement took shape, which opposed social oppression by the government.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[101] During the 1980s and 90s, new musical genres bubblegum and kwaito emerged in black townships, taking influences from American disco and dance music.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Kwaito is today the most commercially significant music style in the country, with a strong emphasis on rhythm and featuring features from hip-hop and rap music.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[101] A group called Die Antwoord, which combines hip-hop and rave music, has also been formed in 2007.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Literature The first South African works of fiction were written by white colonists who came to the country, whose attitudes towards the country's native population were often attitudinal.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The most famous writer of this era is H. Rider Haggard, whose adventure works such as King Solomon's Mines and Allan Quartermain were sales successes of their time.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Olive Schreiner's work, The Story of an African Farm, which dealt with many aspects of society of its era and where ideas already opposed to colonial ideology are noted as the foundational work of South African literature.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[104] Black South African literature emerged in the early part of the 20th century.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The first black writers were trained by mission schools and sought to restore the conscience of the country's black population by returning to heroic African history.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In the 1940s, black South African literature burst into flower.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Peter Abrahams's Mine Boy (1946), depicted the poor conditions of blacks who moved from land to cities.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 1948 Alan Paton published his work Itke, Beloved Country (), which elevated the status of blacks in the country to the consciousness of the whole world.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The book became an international sales success.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The work deals with themes of corruption and forgiveness, and is conveyed by Paton's deep Christian convictions.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[104] In 1991 Nadine Gordimer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, published her first short stories in the early 1950s.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In Gordimer's works of fiction, the novelist's evolution from a liberal white towards more radical thinking and an effort to give the freedom struggle of the country's blacks a voice is discernible.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

During the 1960s, numerous new writers also emerged from the Afrikaaner literature circle, whose works often dealt with political topics.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The 1973 book Kennis van die Aand by André Brink, who wrote in both English and Afrikaans, became the first book to be banned in South Africa written in Afrikaans due to its political and sexual content.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[105] In the 1970s, the country's black literature rose to a new heyday in the wake of the Black Consciousness movement.


Question: In what year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Black consciousness emphasized the importance of black culture and racial olidarity.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Literature became an important channel in promoting new political ideas.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

J. M. Coetzee, one of South Africa's most award-winning writers, published his first works in the 1970s.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

He is the first author to have received the Booker Prize two times: for his works The Life and Times of Michael K (1983) and Disgrace (1999).


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Disgrace's depiction of a post-apartheid South African reality in which the wounds of the past have not healed caused a big stir in the country.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Coetzee was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[104] Messages South Africa has 22 daily and 25 weekly newspapers (2013), the vast majority of which are in English.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Newspapers in large cities have a circulation of around 14.5 million and that of smaller local papers 5.5.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

There are also several news websites in the country.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 2013, Reporters Without Borders rated the country's press as the 52nd freest in the world (out of 179 countries).. [106] Television broadcasts did not begin in South Africa until 1975, making it one of the last African countries without regular television offerings.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The reason for this was opposition from the country's government: the government feared television would weaken its grip on the country's messaging.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Since its inception, South African television broadcasts have been broadcast in colour and using the PAL standard.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

South Africa's public service broadcaster, SABC, had a monopoly on television broadcasting until 1986, when the on-demand channel MNET was established.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Since 1994, SABC and private operators have established numerous new channels in the country.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Both SABC and MNet broadcast the programme Africa-wide.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[107] Sports The most popular sports in South Africa are rugby, cricket and football.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[108] During apartheid, all sporting life in the country was completely racially segregated and because of this, among others, the world-class cricketer Basil D'Oliviera was forced to move to England in the 1960s, with whose national team he forged a career.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 1968, when the England national team entered a country match in South Africa, D'Oliviera was blocked from entering the country by the country's government.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[109] South African world champions can be found in swimming, athletics, surfboarding and boxing, among others.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[109] South Africa has hosted Formula One races a total of 20 times between 1967 and 1993.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The race has run under the name South African Grand Prix.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The final formula-1 race in South Africa was won by Alain Prost.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[110] The South African rugby union national team, or the Springboks, won the first Rugby World Cup in 1995 and in 2007 it renewed its gold at the World Cup held in France.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The Springboks, which have been played by New Zealand, Australia and South Africa since 1996, have won the Tri Nations Cup in 1998 and 2004.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[111] Among the most successful and well-known teams in the South African national football championship series are the Kaizer Chiefs, formed in 1970, from Soweto, and the Orlando Pirates, founded in 1937.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The National Football Championship Series is the seventh largest championship series in the world as measured by sponsor money.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[112] A distinctive feature of local football culture is the vuvuzela: plastic, about one meter long and colourful wind instrument.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[113] South Africa national football team, or Bafana Bafana ([114], is apartheid again active since the early 1990s.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

In 1996, it won the African Championships played on its own country and participated in the World Championships in 1998 as well as 2002.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Both times it missed 1.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

for the round.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[115] In 2010, South Africa served as the host team for the World Championships.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[116] Five new stadiums were built for the tournament, three of which are match stadiums and two are practice fields.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[117] Five other stadiums already ready underwent renovations [117].


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Food South African cuisine embodies the country's multicultural background.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Malay slaves brought to the country as labour by Dutch colonists on farms also brought their own food tradition to the country, as did the Huguenots who fled religious persecution from France, who established the first wineries in the country as early as 1600.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

Later in the 19th century, Indians brought especially to the sugar plantations of Natal enriched the country's food culture with their own heritage, as did the British and Germans who immigrated after gold.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[118] National holidays under South African law in cases where a national holiday falls on a Sunday, the following Monday is a public holiday.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

[119] DateCelebrationNotes1.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

JanuaryNew Year's Day21.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

MarchHuman Rights Daysharpeville Massacre Anniversary, Anniversary of the establishment of the South African Human Rights Commission Moving, Friday Good Friday Movement, Monday Family Day, 2nd Easter Day27.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

April—Freedom Dayetelä-Africa's first free elections1.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

MayWorkers Day16.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

JuneYouth DayEarlier “Soweto day”, the day of remembrance of the Soweto riots9.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

AugustNational Women's DayThe Day of Remembrance of major demonstrations that opposed the 1956 passport laws24.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

SeptemberHeritage DayNational Traditions Day16.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

DecemberDay of Reconciliationanniversary of the Battle of Blood River.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

The Time of Apartheid “Day of the Oath”, today the Day of National Commonness and Reconciliation.25.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

DecemberChristmas Day26.


Question: What year has urbanization begun in South Africa?

South Africa

DecemberDay of Goodwill, 2nd Christmas Day See also List of cities in South Africa Sources On topic elsewhere Government official government site Foreign Office site Parliament site Statistics Agency site Commerce and Commerce Department of Industry Site South African Police Force Department of Home Affairs Site Media Tourism Other Coordinates: * Category:Key articles of screening Category:43 Africa Category:BRICS


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

Trieste (sax.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

Triest) is a city in northeastern Italy, in the bottomland of the Gulf of Trieste.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

It has a good 200,000 inhabitants.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

Trieste is the capital of the administrative region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia and the province of Trieste.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

History Trieste has always been a meeting place for cultures.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

At one time it was the most significant port city in Austro-Hungary.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

It was not annexed to Italy until 1919.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

After World War II, it formed for seven years the Free Zone of Trieste.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

Today, Slovenia claims from Croatia the neighbourhood of Trieste, which it considers historically belonging to the city.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

Attractions Trieste is famous for its architecture and sandy beaches.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

It is still more similar to Austria than Italy, and is sometimes called Little Vienna.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

10 km from the city, Miramare Castle, on the shores of the Gulf of Trieste, Castello di Miramare is one of the city's main attractions.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

It was built by Archduke Ferdinand Maximillian von Habsburg of Austria in the 1850s as a residence for himself and his wife Princess Charlotte.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

The castle and its surrounding gardens today stand as a museum.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

[1] Economy in Trieste is an engine plant to which Wärtsilä moved its production from Turku in 2005.


Question: Where is Trieste located?

Trieste

View of the city Channel Miramare Castle Sources on topic elsewhere Category:Trieste Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheas (; n.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

380—310 BC.)


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

was a Greek merchant, geographer and explorer who hailed from the Greek settlement town of Massilia (now.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Marseille).


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Around the year 325 BC.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

he made a research trip to northwestern Europe.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

He likely visited several areas of Great Britain and sailed around it.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheas wrote the earliest surviving mentions in literature of the midnight sun and northern frozen seas, and also the first written mentions known with certainty to mean the Northern Lights.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Possibly he was also the first observer from Mediterranean countries to distinguish between Celtic and Germanic tribes.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

[1] The Journey of Pytheas recounted his travels in his book About the Ocean (Περοτοκεανος).


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Only snippets of it have survived as quotations in the works of later writers.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

These include Strabon and Pliny, who admittedly had never read Pythea's own works.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

The only ancient authors known by name who are known to have read them were Dikaiarkhos, Timaios, Eratosthenes, Krates, Hipparchus, Polybios, Artemidoros of Ephesus, and Poseidonios.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

[2] Polybios and Strabon accused Pythea of writing an entirely fictional travelogue that could not possibly have been accomplished.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Geographically, however, the Pythean narrative is entirely plausible.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheaan's estimate of the circumference of the island of Great Britain differs from current measurement results by only 2.5 per cent, and he could already determine latitude based on the length of the sundial, or gnoomic shadow.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

[3] Pytheas also observed a connection between tides and moon phases.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

He studied tides along the coast of northern Spain or north of Cornwall and possibly realised that they were caused by the moon.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pliny the Elder cited this as having calculated the total tide variation at 80 cubits, or 35.5 metres.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheas put the blame on the spike of the moon growing and the moon becoming smaller.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

This was also mentioned by Poseidonios, though it was not until nearly two thousand years later that Isaac Newton was able to explain the relationship of influence in more detail.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheas was not the first to sail from the Mediterranean to the North Sea region and around Britain.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

There had been trade between Gaul and Britain since its old age; fishermen and others travelled to the Orkney Islands, Norway or Shetland.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Greece, too, had long been imported from central and northern Europe, especially tin from Britain and amber from the Baltic coast, albeit through many middlemen.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Trade routes had been more closely controlled by the Phoenicians, later the Carthaginians.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

There is also mention in the works of Roman Avenius of an expedition that the Greeks would have made to the area apparently as early as the 5th century BCE.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

The Pytheaean itinerary is not known with certainty.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

It is speculated that he would have travelled from Massilia (Marseille) via Bordeaux, Nantes, the western tip of Cornwall (Land's End), Plymouth, the Isle of Man and the Orkney Islands to Iceland, returning along the east coast of Britain to Heligoland and thence by land to Massilia.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Since the Carthaginians had closed the Strait of Gibraltar to foreign seafarers, he either passed by land from Massilia to the mouth of the Garonne or Loire or, according to another theory, sailed the initial voyage only at night or took advantage of the temporary opening of the sluice.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Cornwall was a particularly important travel destination as it was the main area for producing tin.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheas made observations there on tin production and processing.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

While sailing around Britain he observed the tide being particularly high there.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

He noted the locally used name of the island Pretannike, which Diodorus later converted to Pretannia.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

This supports theories that the inhabitants of Cornwall would have used to refer to themselves as Pretani or Priteni (painted or tattooed people), a term which the Romans later translated into Picts.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheas used the British Isles to refer to the Pretan Islands.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheas also took a six-day sea voyage to an island north of Britain, from which he referred to as Thule.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

It has been thought that it might have been Iceland or Greenland, which would subsequently have been abandoned, but some historians have also thought that the island of Thule was Shetland, the Norwegian coast, the Faroe Islands or even the Saaremaa.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

According to Pythea, Thule was a farmland that produced honey.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Its inhabitants ate fruit and drank milk, and also prepared a drink from cereal grains and honey.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Unlike southern Europeans, they had riches and threshed their grain in them rather than outside.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

The Thule people also engaged in a mixed economy, as they had limited livestock and harvests were also obtained from the forest.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheas also mentions that he was constantly shown the place where the sun rested, and that at Thule the night was only two or three hours long.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

He also claimed to have seen the frozen sea after continuing from there for another day's journey north.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

[4] There, according to him, “there really is no land, neither is the sea nor the air, but only a mixture of them, the 'lungs of the sea', in which the earth, water and everything else are said to converge so that one cannot walk in it any more than sail.”


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

This probably refers to stems, but since the location of Thule is unknown with certainty, it may also be the marshy coastal areas of the Netherlands, which were also completely unknown to the Greeks.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

After exploring Britain, Pytheas travelled to the continental coast of the North Sea.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

He also visited an island from which amber was obtained.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

The island may have been Heligoland, Denmark's Själland, or even located around present-day Gdańsk, as the most amber is known to have been obtained from the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea around that time.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pliny the Elder describes Pytheas as having referred to the island as Abalus, located one ship day away from the Germanic tribe of the Gutons.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Diodoros the Sicilian, on the other hand, mentions Basilia as the name of the island, which lies directly north of Gaul's rear Scythia.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Near Thule, Pliny also describes other islands such as Scandia, Dumna, Bergi and the immensely large Berrice, or Balcia, from which one normally travels to Thule.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Balcia is three ship days away from the Scytian coast.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Scandian he sets near the cape of Kimbrie.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pytheas returned to Massilia possibly by the same route as had come or possibly by land up to the Rhine and Rhône.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

An alternative version of the return journey has been presented by former Estonian President Lennart Meri in his book Hopeanwhite.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

He speculates Pythea had returned around Europe along the banks of the Viena and Don rivers, continuing from there to the Black Sea.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

The Hispanian geographer Pomponius Mela described northern conditions, quoting much Pythean texts.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Pomponius recounts in these Thule as being located in the Scythian Sea opposite the shore of the Belcae tribe.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

On the other side of the Albi is, according to him, the large Gulf of Codanus, where the fertile, Teuton-dominated island of Codanovia lies.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Just below the sea is Germania and beside it the vast Sarmatia.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Sarmatia includes the belcae tribe.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Literary implications Although Pythea's work on the Ocean (Περι του Ωκεανος) has not survived, it is clear that it has been a central or even sole source for several later authors.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

He has been referred to at least by the astronomer Geminos Rhodoslaine, who mentioned “a description of the ocean”, as well as by Marcianus, Diodoros the Sicilian, and Pliny.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Sources Books and articles by Kavenna, Joanna (2006) The Ice Museum: In Search of the Lost Land of Thule, ISBN 0-670-03473-8 Chanin-Morris, Roland (2005) “The Edge of the World”, Independent Barry Cunliffe (2002), The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek: The Man Who Discovered Britain (Revised ed.)


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

Walker & Co ISBN 0-8027-1393-9 also in Penguin ISBN 0-14-200254-2 Hawkes, C.F.C.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

(1997) Pytheas: Europe and the Greek Explorers (Oxford:Blackwell) Roseman, C. H. (1994) Pytheas of Massilia, On the ocean: Text, translation and commentary Ares Publishing ISBN 0-89005-545-9 Frye, J. & Frye H. (1985) North to Thule: An imagined narrative of the famous lost sea voyage of Pytheas of Massalia in the 4th century B.C.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

ISBN 0-912697-20-2 Chevallier, R.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

(1984) The Greco-Roman Conception of the North from Pytheas to Tacitus (in Arctic, vol.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

37, no.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

4, Dec.


Question: Where is Massilias located?

Pytheas

1984, p. 341-346) Stefansson, V (1940) Ultima Thule: Further Mysteries of the Arctic Henry Fanshawe Tozer: A History of Ancient Geography (Cambridge, 1897) On the subject from elsewhere Original material copied from (with permission) Review of Barry Cunliffe's book, Category:Ancient Greek mathematicians Category:Explorers


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

Friitala Oy was a Finnish leather factory operating from 1892—2010 and a company producing leather and fur suites.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

It was once the largest leather factory in the Nordic countries and one of the pioneers of Finnish fashion for several decades.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

[1] Establishment The company originated from a workshop founded in 1892 by Arthur Hellman, a tanner from Huittis, in Friitala, Ulvila.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

He had previously worked as an apprentice to his stepfather and sold products from his mother's leather shop in markets such as Pori and Turku.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

Disagreements with the stepfather led to Hellman wanting to start his own business.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

[1] In November 1892, he bought Elias Tähtinen's leather shop located in Friitala.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

The reasons for acquiring the shop located in Friitala were the water resources provided by neighbouring Kokemäenjoki, which were needed for the various processes of leather processing and the good transport links provided by the nearing completion Tampere—Pori line.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

[2] First decades The movement initially employed two workers in addition to Hellmann and within the next two years they were hired two more.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

In March 1894, Hellman opened a shop in Yrjönkatu, Pori.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

Two years later, a leather factory was completed in the barn of Uotila House, which was located next to its workshop, whose machinery was powered by a steam engine.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

Among the company's first products were top and insole skins fashioned from local materials.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

The production of sheepskin also became a considerable branch of production, it was used by bookbinders, as well as cap makers, among others.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

[2] In the first years of the 20th century, the Hellman movement expanded its production to include harnesses, saddles, as well as other horse gear.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

In 1904, a new three-storey annexe was completed for the leather factory, for which new machinery was also acquired.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

Prior to the outbreak of World War I, the factory expanded further, including with a new branch building, with the Hellman family housing also attached to it.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

In 1913, the leather factory switched steam power to electricity.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

W. Rosenlew & Co.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

had built his own power station in Pori, from which the power line was also drawn to the Friitala leather factory located less than ten kilometres away.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

Hellman's firm continued to expand even during the war years.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

In 1915, he had bought his own commercial building in Pori's Yrjönkatu, where a leather and shoe shop and the factory's Pori branch were located.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

A year later, a three-storey wood and brick annexe was completed in Friitala.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[2] The movement's activities had already grown so large that in the fall of 1917 Arthur Hellman decided to turn it into a limited company, with all his family becoming owners.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

The company started its operations under the name Friitalan Leather Factory Osakki Corporation.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

The mill was also running during the 1918 Civil War, but operated under the control of the Reds.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Arthur Hellman also experienced a personal mentality during the war when his son Antero Hellman, who fought on the White side, was killed at the Battle of Pomarku.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[2] After the Civil War, Friitalan Nahkatehdas Oy continued to expand and its activities also began to become internationalised.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Artturi Hellman, who worked as a procurator in the company, travelled for a couple of years in North America, England and Germany seeking to learn and new ideas.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

He had already made several trips to Russia earlier in 1914—1917, working in a St. Petersburg leather factory, among other things.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[3] In 1920—1922, a new 4-storey dill building was completed, which is today part of the Friitala Leather Factory building.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Artturi Hellman acquired new machinery for the factory in Germany.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

A modern laboratory was also completed for the mill as well as an industrial track hauled from the railway running next door.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

By the early 1920s, an additional eight housing units had been built for factory workers.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Hellman had also purchased a farm in Kokemäki to secure the food supply for his workers during the shortage period.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Staff at the plant numbered about 60 at the start of the decade.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[2] In the late 1920s, Friitala expanded its production to include a variety of leather accessories.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

In addition to standard wear clothing, the range included leather and fur outfits for pilots and soldiers, as well as athletes of various species.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[4] Arthur Hellman stepped down as CEO in 1928 and was replaced by Artturi who changed his name as Hellema.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[3] The company also began to be more oriented abroad, it participated, among other things, at the Leipzig Fair in Germany in 1930.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Friitala's products achieved great prestige domestically, and Friitala upholstered the chairs of Parliament House, which was completed in 1931, for example.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

In addition, Friitala has been responsible for the upholstery of the seats of the Finlandia House and the National Theatre in later decades.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[4] A large brick-built leather factory was completed in 1936, reaching its current appearance in the 1950s.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Arthur Hellman died the following year at the age of 63.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

War years and 1950s During the war years, Friitala's production went almost entirely to the needs of the army.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Operating the factory was hampered by declining foreign imports of raw leather, as well as a general shortage of supplies required by production.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

A large number of the factory's workers had also found themselves at the front.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

However, during the final phase of the Continuation War, Friitala gained an increase in its production by purchasing skins and hides from Germany as well as Turkey.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[3] In 1946, the company shortened its name to Friitalan Nahka Oy.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

By the end of the war, the operation ran into great difficulties when imports from abroad had ceased practically completely.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

In particular, there was a shortage of chemicals required in leather-making processes, and substitutes of low quality had to be used instead.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

In 1949, production at the mill stopped for several months when the old leather factory was destroyed by fire.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Extensions to the new factory building were commissioned a year later.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[3] In the early 1950s, export operations which had been at a standstill were able to restart.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Next, problems were caused by the Korean War, which broke out in 1953, which made access to raw materials and other supplies difficult.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

However, relief was brought by the economic recovery of West Germany, thanks to which the availability of various chemicals improved again.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

By the end of the 1950s, Friitalan Nahka Oy had developed into the largest leather manufacturing company in Finland, employing more than 1,000 people.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Annual turnover had increased to over 1 billion mark.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[3] With its rise to becoming an international player during the 1960s, the company continued its internationalization, showcasing its products at fashion fairs across Central Europe and the Nordic countries.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Friitala's products were presented not only by domestic but also foreign top models, such as the German Veruschka von Lehndorff.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

The up-led development of the company continued all the way to the mid-1970s.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Friitala used domestic top names as designers, for example Jukka Rintala was the company's chief designer for a long time.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Other well-known names included Hillevi Aalto and, later, in the last years of the company, Kimmo Matias Kankaanpää.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

During the 1960s and 1970s, Friitala had emerged as one of the most famous clothing brands in Finland.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

By the end of the 1970s, the company abandoned its own leather making due to costly production costs and concentrated solely on manufacturing suitcases as well as modifying leather imported from elsewhere.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[4] After the mid-1980s, Friitala gradually ran into difficulties due to, among other things, competition from low-cost imports and the downturn in Europe.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

The company was forced to scale back its production all along.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

In 1992, leather editing was discontinued in Ulvila, and the following year the Hellemaa family relinquished ownership of the company.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Kalevi Kangas, who worked as CEO of Friitala, became the new owner.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

The manufacture of leather gowns and suede fur continued under the name Friitala Fashion Ltd.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Materials for them were sourced mainly from Spain and Italy.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[5] At the end of the decade, the company opened further stores, including in Helsinki's Kämp Galleria in 1999 and a factory store in Friitala.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

In addition, stores for Russian tourists in Lappeenranta and Imatra were started in the early 2000s.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[4] In 2005 Friitala Fashion was forced to abandon its own goatee manufacturing and started using subcontractors as its seamstresses.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

At the best times, a company employing more than 1,300 people worked at the end of the day no more than a dozen people.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

In September 2010, the company was declared bankrupt.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[6] [7] Finnish retail investors bought the rights to the Friitala trademark and continued to operate.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

In 2018, Friitala had four stores in Finland.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

The company's products are sunnized in Finland and the Association of Finnish Work has awarded it the Design from Finland label.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[8] The company's products are mainly manufactured abroad.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

[9] The Friitala Leather Factory in Ulvila today serves as an office and industrial centre called Friitala House.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Several companies from different sectors are located on the premises of the building, including the Friitala Leather Museum.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Sources On the subject elsewhere Yrjö Raevuori: Friitala Leather Factory 1892—1942.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Huddersfield in 1942.


Question: Who founded Friittala Oy?

Friitala (company)

Pioneering the leather industry 1892—1952.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

in 1952.


Question: Who founded Friittala Ltd?

Friitala (company)

Category:Finnish clothing companies Category:Former Finnish industrial companies Category:Ulvila Category:Finnish industrial history Category:Clothing brands


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia (,,) is an autonomous community in Spain.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

It is bounded to the north by France and Andorra, to the east by the Mediterranean Sea, to the south by the autonomous community of Valencia and to the west by the Autonomous Community of Aragon.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Its capital is Barcelona.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Catalonia is one of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Its self-government is based on the Spanish Constitution (esp.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Constitución española de 1978) as well as the Catalan Act of Self-Government (kat.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Estatut d'Autonomy) [1].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The Parliament of Catalonia voted on independence for the region on 27 October 2017, proclaiming the Republic of Catalonia.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[2] The Spanish central government annulled the declaration of independence and took direct control of Catalonia.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The Spanish Senate decided to temporarily relocate self-governing bodies dependent on the central government.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[3] [4] The official languages of Catalonia are Catalan and Spanish, in Val d'Aran also Occitan [5].


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Geography Catalonia is bounded in the north by the Pyrenees Mountains, and the mountainous so-called pre-Pyrenees region preceding it.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The highest peaks of the Pyrenees in the region reach about 3,000 m.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The western parts of Catalonia have an extensive plateau area that becomes more variable when approaching the coast.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The plateau is broken by several river beds, including the Ebro.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The capital Barcelona is surrounded by the Collserola mountain range.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Climate Most of Catalonia belongs to the temperate Mediterranean climate region, only the Aran Valley belongs to the Atlantic climate.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Summer is hot and relatively dry, winter mild.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Precipitation is greatest during spring and autumn, when rains can come as heavy rains.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

There are clear differences in inland and coastal climates.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Inland, the climate is more continental, with summers hot and dry and winters cool.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

On the coast, the thermal differences are leveling out.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In the mountains, a permanent layer of snow falls on areas above about 1500 meters in winter.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The highest peaks have an alpine climate [6] Water bodies and rivers Natural watercourses account for a small proportion of the area, but there are some small lakes or ponds in the Pyrenees.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The largest areas of water are formed by dams, the largest of which are, for example, La Baells.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Much of the natural wetland areas, such as Empordà, El Prat, and the Ebro delta region, have either been drained, taken up for other farming uses, or built up.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Scarcity and pollution of natural freshwater resources are a problem due to growing population, industry, tourism and agricultural water abstraction.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The largest rivers are the Ebro, Llobregat, Besos and Gardener.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The flow rates of Mediterranean rivers vary greatly with the seasons and have been harnessed since the 1950s.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Flooding can be a problem.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The coast of Catalonia is mostly rocky in the north, but becomes flatter further south.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Holiday construction is intense throughout the coastal region, especially in the Costa Brava and Tarragona region.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

In the Barcelona metropolitan area, the coastline is almost completely built up, but there are several popular sandy beaches off the city.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

Provinces of Catalonia are divided into four provinces (esp.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

provincia), named after their capitals.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

The population in parentheses is the population in 2017.


Question: What country will Iberia rank in in the 2010s?

Catalonia

[7] Barcelona (5,576,037 inhabitants) Girona () (755,716 inhabitants) Lleida () (432,384 inhabitants) Tarragona (791,693 inhabitants) Largest municipalities History Old time Catalonia has been inhabited even for more than 50000 years.