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Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, it gave the opposing side a significant propaganda asset and an opportunity to justify its own violence by the other side's actions.


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Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war was the first conflict in Finland in which, above all, propaganda from the newspaper press played a major role.


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Finnish Civil War

The Red and White Finnish newspaper news described the opposing party's terrorist activities in detail, magnifying and colouring both casualty numbers and events.


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[161] According to the red and white press, “the savage acts of ferocious and cowardly wild beasts and the land moistened with the blood of innocent victims cried revenge upon the traitors of their people”.


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Finnish Civil War

And the writings didn't fall short of an armed response.


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Finnish Civil War

Political violence by the opposing party also provided an even clearer motive for the war when it could be shown to be fought tangibly for the 'spirit and life' of one's own reference group.


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Finnish Civil War

Apart from the death of the victims, the most central and long-lasting impact of the executions was the mental trauma they caused in generations of contemporaries and posterity alike.


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Finnish Civil War

In this respect, posterity has long prevailed mainly from the victimhood aspect of the side of the war with which it is identified.


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Finnish Civil War

There is also a more honest look at the contribution of one's own reference group and of their own ancestors as agents of terror.


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Finnish Civil War

[162] It was because of terrorist acts that the wounds of the civil war slowly expired and the war continued on a mental level at least until the 1960s and 1970s.


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Finnish Civil War

The Finns of 1918 certainly did not leave a light intellectual legacy behind for those to come.


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[163] War Decision Under the pressure of a successful Finnish-German invasion, the People's Delegation moved from Helsinki on 8 April to Vyborg, with the exception of some members of the delegation (Edvard Gylling, for example) from there on to Saint Petersburg on 25 April 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

The exodus of the leaders provoked intense bitterness among the Reds.


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Finnish Civil War

Long caravans of red refugees who wandered from Satakunta and Häme towards Saint Petersburg surrendered Lahti and Koski (Hl.)


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in the area between 1 and 2.


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May.


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Finnish Civil War

The last Resistance colonies of the Reds, located in Kymenlaakso, gave up the battle on 5 May 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

The civil war ended after Russian soldiers withdrew on 14 May from the fortress of Ino on the Karelian Isthmus and the occupation of its destroyed cannon positions by Finnish whites on 15 May.


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Finnish Civil War

Initially embracing anti-war thinking, the Finnish labour movement had suffered defeat in the Civil War.


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Finnish Civil War

White people confined Red Guards to prison camps.


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Finnish Civil War

The Senate of Vaasa returned from Ostrobothnia to Helsinki on 2 May 1918.


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In the capital, however, it was not received by detachments of the Finnish White Army, but by the honorary company of the Imperial German Baltic Division with their ringers, and Major-General Rüdiger von der Goltz, dubbed the “true state administrator” of Finland.


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Finnish Civil War

White General Mannerheim held a major victory parade in honour of his army in Helsinki on 16 May 1918, despite German troops.


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Finnish Civil War

Missing peace treaty No formal armistice and peace negotiations typical of many wars took place and no formal treaties to end the Finnish Civil War were ever signed.


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Finnish Civil War

[164] Postwar events Consequences of war The Finnish civil war ended on 15 May 1918, but its acute effects continued in Finland until at least the end of 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

The war severely shattered and damaged Finnish society.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

It was not just the gap between the parties to the war, but also the internal problems of the power groups.


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Finnish Civil War

White Finland was divided into two camps: one in favour of monarchy and narrowed democracy, the other was in favour of republicanism, broad democracy and social reforms.


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Finnish Civil War

Ultra-conservatives had been permanently opposed to parliamentarianism.


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Finnish Civil War

More moderate conservatives supported parliamentarianism at first, but the events of 1917—1918 turned them against widespread democracy, and led them to seek counter-force in parliament from a long tradition of monarchy.


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Finnish Civil War

The statesmanship dispute was the most significant internal watershed for the victors: due to the protracted internal war and in the precarious situation that followed, the majority of conservatives and non-socialists supported Germany's strong position in Finland.


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Finnish Civil War

In addition, activists hoped for support from the Germans for the project to recapture East Karelia.


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Finnish Civil War

[165] [166] The war of 1918 also fragmented the Finnish labour movement, partly on the basis of the internal division established in January 1918 into moderate social democrats seeking to cooperate with non-socialists and left-wing socialists in Finland and revolutionaries. to communists operating in Russia backed by the Bolsheviks.


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[167] Power in Finland was held by P.E.


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Svinhufvud, J. K. Paasikivi's bourgeois senate, the so-called stub parliament mainly without SDP MPs and Imperial Germany.


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Finnish Civil War

After the end of the war, Finland's economy was on the ground.


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Finnish Civil War

Both exports and imports had plummeted and the industry was suffering from shortages of raw materials and labour.


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Finnish Civil War

In addition, the trade agreement with Germany limited the country's freedom to raise its exports.


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Finnish Civil War

The economic situation did not return to pre-war levels until the mid-1920s.


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Finnish Civil War

In terms of the economy, however, the war did not treat different segments of the population the same.


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Finnish Civil War

Counted as changes in real incomes, the losers were industrial working people and civil service crews, as well as the winners agricultural producers, who had been benefited by strong rising food prices.


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Finnish Civil War

The main problem in 1918 was food shortages.


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Finnish Civil War

It was already suffering in 1917, but actual hunger was seen mainly in Kainuu and North Karelia, which were not regions torn apart by political strife.


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Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war, which was supposed to solve all the problems, eventually brought hunger to southern Finland as well.


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Finnish Civil War

The situation only improved in 1919 when food imports and the country's own agriculture were brought in order through, among other things, the Crofters Act enacted on 17 July 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

[168] The treaties signed by the representatives of the Senate Edvard Hjelt and Rafael Erich on 7 March 1918 with representatives of the German Empire, the peace treaty and the accompanying trade and shipping treaty and the secret exchange of notes on military matters without the knowledge of the Senate were bound by Finland To Germany, curtailing the country's independence.


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Finnish Civil War

In addition, in June 1918, the Germans proposed a military alliance between the two countries.


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Finnish Civil War

Disputes associated with the German trend led to the resignation of White General Mannerheim on 27 May 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Parliament (111 delegates out of 200) chose the blue cross flag instead of the red lion flag.


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Finnish Civil War

The colour of the old flag was considered too much to suggest socialism.


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Finnish Civil War

On the motion of Paasikivi's monarchist-majority Senate, and also due to German pressure, the stub parliament finally elected Prince Friedrich Karl of Hesse as King of Finland on 9 October 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

However, the king did not have time to formally step on his throne and the Kingdom of Finland did not materialize in practice.


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Finnish Civil War

The October royal election took advantage of the form of government from the period of Swedish rule of 1772, which had been in force in the Grand Duchy of Finland, and whose validity after the March 1917 Revolution was disputed during the struggle for statesmanship in 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

According to the view of the republicans, Finland was made a republic by the Declaration of Independence on December 6, 1917, and it became only “technically” to confirm an independent Finland in the new state form.


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Finnish Civil War

In the view of monarchists, only the “principle of republic” had been accepted in the Declaration of Independence, and the 1918 war changed both the dominance within the country and the attitude towards republicanism to a more negative one.


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They wanted to replace the Gustavian constitution of 1772 with a more modern monarchist state form.


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[169] Finnish place Historians have described Finland's foreign policy position in summer 1918 with different but parallel expressions: it was a German underland, protectorate and military beachhead.


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But in that situation, Finland was simply shown its place and the limits of its possibilities for action in the throes of World War I.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In 1914, the Finns were caught between German and Russian interests, but contrary to expectations, the Great Powers were weakened in a long-stretched World War.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In December 1917, the “Finnish moment” came; Russia and Germany negotiated peace (from 6 December 1917), Germany did not advance in the east, and Soviet Russia was in a state of turmoil.


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Finnish Civil War

The secession of Finland from Russia and the attainment of genuine independence was thus little time caught only by the Finns own will.


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Finnish Civil War

Independence was the very thing on which the vast majority of the people agreed, and it was time to exploit this 'free Finland'.


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Finnish Civil War

[170] However, the internal dispersion of the Finnish people led to an internal struggle, during which the situation between Germany and Russia turned into a war again (18 February 1918).


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Finnish Civil War

As a result, the same men, both burghers and socialists, who had acquired independence for Finland, without fighting in December 1917, “called” Germany by their mutual war, and thus Finland's future status was no longer dependent on the Finns but World War I on the outcome.


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[171] Settlement in Germany The general picture of World War I included that at its beginning emperors, tsars and kings moved their own citizens as pawns across Europe, deciding their lives and deaths.


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Finnish Civil War

At the end of the war, the situation was reversed.


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Finnish Civil War

This was also the case in Germany, and finally the ordinary Germans solved the fate of Finland with their Autumn Revolution of 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

The German Empire collapsed and World War I ended on 11 November 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

The German army left Helsinki on 16 December, and Prince Friedrich Karl abdicated his kingship on 20 December.


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Finnish Civil War

And so the independence gained by the Finns on 6 December 1917 came into full effect [172] On the left, the internal divisions caused by the civil war remained longer into the future, but on the right the upheaval of November 1918 in Germany once more caused the internal redistribution of power.


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Finnish Civil War

The defeat of Germany broke Finnish monarchism, and Finland became a statesmanship, with the help of the Circum-Powers, a republican democracy with extensive civil rights, on 17 July 1919.


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Finnish Civil War

Finland's independence was recognized by the United States and Britain on 6—7.


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Finnish Civil War

May 1919, after the end of the German trend in the country.


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Finnish Civil War

Relations between Soviet-Russia and Finland were established by the Peace Treaty of Tartu on 14 October 1920.


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Finnish Civil War

On 25 July 1919, K. J. Ståhlberg, elected as the country's first president-elect, became the symbol of the Finns' parliamentary line.


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Finnish Civil War

He received support from the Agrarian League led by Santeri Alkio.


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Finnish Civil War

The Social Democratic Party made a return to parliament in the parliamentary elections of 3 March 1919 under the leadership of moderate Väinö Tanner.


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Finnish Civil War

Eventually, moderate conservatives like Lauri Ingman also positioned themselves in favor of national politics.


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Finnish Civil War

The year of Opposites 1918 ended with the first municipal elections based on universal and equal suffrage in Finnish history, which took place 17—28.


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on December 1918.


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[173] [174] Fate of the Lost In the final stages of the war, about 10,000 Red Guards and their family members fled to Soviet Russia.


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[175] By the end of the war on 5 May 1918, 76,000 Red prisoners were incarcerated.


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Finnish Civil War

As the peak phase of the White Terror passed, the question of the solution to the prisoner problem arose in May 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of May and early June 1918, released either immediately or after interrogations (so-called. Aminoff's investigative system) a few thousand prisoners, but they were also still executed in June.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually the prison camps housed about 74,000 to 76,000 red prisoners.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

There was a long dispute between the White Army and the Senate over modus operandi regarding the Red Prisoners.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, a policy was reached that each prisoner's case had to be investigated separately, and above all that they would be kept in custody until sentencing.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The decision, along with severe food shortages caused by the 1918 war, led to a high prison camp mortality rate.


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Finnish Civil War

[176] [177] Prison camps The largest prison camps were (in brackets the largest prison population during summer 1918): Suomenlinna (13300 prisoners), Hämeenlinna (11500 prisoners), Lahti (10900 prisoners), Vyborg (10350 prisoners), Tammisaari (8700 prisoners), Riihimäki (8500 prisoners), and Tammisaari (8500 prisoners) and Tamimäki (8500 prisoners) and Pere (7700 prisoners).


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Finnish Civil War

On 29 May 1918, Parliament enacted an Act on State Criminal Rights, entrusted with the investigation and sentencing of Red Prisoners.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The system did not meet in all respects the requirements of impartial jurisdiction, but was part of the “repression system” of the winner of the war.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, on June 20, 1918, a law was enacted on the possibility of a suspended prison sentence in relation to Red Prisoners.


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Finnish Civil War

Almost the entire Finnish judging panel was harnessed to the work.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The investigation process was slow and burdensome and, moreover, the rights were not able to begin operations until 18 June.


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Finnish Civil War

At that point, the Finnish Senate already had a full-scale catastrophe in prison camps on its hands.


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Finnish Civil War

[178] [179] A wave of destruction In May 1918, about 600 to 700 prisoners died in prison camps.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In June, the death repaired 2900 prisoners and those who perished in July numbered between 4800 and 5250.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In August the numbers were decreasing, but still high, at 2200 people and in September 1918 about 1000 casualties.


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Finnish Civil War

The reasons for the decline must have been both the government's awakening to the disaster and the progress of the investigation so that so-called harmless prisoners could be released with parole sentences.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In total, 110,00—13500 Finns are estimated to have perished in prison camps during the summer of 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Of them, about 5000, or nearly 40%, were aged between 15 and 24.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

It is known that several starved prisoners, some 600—700, perished even after getting out of the prison camp to a strong meal consumed too early in the 'heat of freedom'.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The highest prison camp mortality rate was in Tammisaari prison camp: almost 34% of inmates.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In Hämeenlinna and the smaller Lappeenranta prison camp, the mortality rate was around 20 per cent.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In other camps, mortality rates were predominantly between 5 and 15 per cent.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Diseases, especially Spanish disease, as well as various diseases of the pox, fever and intestines, caused havoc in prisoners weakened by camp conditions.


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Finnish Civil War

The number of red prisoners shot in the camps for various reasons was high; more than 500 prisoners were shot in Lahti, over 400 in Lappeenranta, 330 in Tampere and 250 in Vyborg.


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Finnish Civil War

[180] The Red Prison Camps and their conditions also attracted international attention.


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Finnish Civil War

The issue was covered, among others, in the Swedish and English press.


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[181] [182] [177] Judgments In total, some 70000 Finns were convicted by the law law.


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Finnish Civil War

The vast majority were punished for aiding and abetting treachery.


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Finnish Civil War

While 555 people were sentenced to death, only 113 convictions were enforced.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Various custodial sentences and fixed-term loss of civil trust were imposed on 60000 citizens, of whom 10200 persons were pardoned on 30 October 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

In court papers, some of the individuals confined to prison camps were eventually found to have been unduly incarcerated.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of custodial sentences handed out were lenient and were eventually converted to parole sentences to free 40,000 prisoners.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of 1918, the number of Red prisoners in prisons was 6100 and 100 in 1921. Civil trust for 40000 former Reds was also restored at that time.


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Finnish Civil War

In 1927, the last 50 red prisoners were pardoned by the government of Väinö Tanner.


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Finnish Civil War

In 1973, the Finnish government paid compensation to 11,600 former Red prisoners.


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Finnish Civil War

[183] [179] The violence of the post-war years After the Civil War, the violence associated with its events continued for several more years.


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Finnish Civil War

Researcher Marko Tikka calculated that between the summer of 1918 and the end of 1921 there were around 300 acts of violence characterised as political in Finland, in which 226 people were killed.


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Finnish Civil War

Of the casualties, the vast majority, or 183, were readable to the Red Party of the War.


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Finnish Civil War

However, most cannot be considered methodical; events were usually accompanied by alcohol and originated at dances or evenings, for example.


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Finnish Civil War

Outright terrorism can be classified as a few murders or attempted murders committed by former Red Guards, who were usually targeted by members of patronage societies.


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Finnish Civil War

They were mainly organised by private individuals and cannot be linked, for example, to the Communist Party of Finland, founded in 1919.


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Finnish Civil War

The most famous of the failures is the April 1920 assassination attempt on Mannerheim in Tampere.


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Finnish Civil War

[184] War casualties The war in Finland in 1918 was one of the most significant disasters in the history of the 1690s and 1860s and World War II (1939—1945).


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Finnish Civil War

Some 37000 people died as casualties of the war, [185] of which 5800 to 6200 persons, or about 16% were minors, aged 14—20.


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Finnish Civil War

The youngest victims were less than one year old.


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Finnish Civil War

Twenty were executed between the ages of 0—15, otherwise slain and variously dead in excess of 300, among them one baby strangled to death.


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Finnish Civil War

Two thirds of the children were red, the rest both white and not belonging to any group.


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Finnish Civil War

Children were still killed even after the war ended with their families.


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Finnish Civil War

[186] [187] The total loss, calculated from late January to late December 1918, averaged about 3300 deaths per month.


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Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of the victims died either as victims of terror or perished in prison camps, while those killed in the fighting of the war took just under 10,000 lives.


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Finnish Civil War

In addition, as a result of the war, about 20,000 children were orphaned, that is, lost either one or both of their guardians.


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Finnish Civil War

[188] Famous figures who died in the civil war or its aftermath include composer Toivo Kuula, poet Juhani Siljo and writer Algoth Untola (Maiju Lassila).


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Finnish Civil War

The war deepened the popular divide that had already arisen in Finland and caused bitterness, anger and a spirit of revenge.


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Finnish Civil War

Until the 1960s, public debate focused on the so-called white truth of the winners, and the so-called red truth of those who lost was left behind.


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Finnish Civil War

It took 40 to 85 years from the events of 1917—1918 to outline the overall historical picture and the diversification of interpretations that characterised historical research.


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Finnish Civil War

[189] On the other hand, the defeat of the red Finland and the only partial realisation of the goals of white Finland, after Germany lost World War I, led to a national compromise.


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Finnish Civil War

When the “foreign bayonets” of foreign powers left Finland alone, moderate burghers and socialists eventually took charge of their country.


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Finnish Civil War

The compromise ensured Finland's internal stability and order and democratic development and made slow but secure national defragmentation possible [190] In 1919—1991, Finns' democracy and independence withstood the pressure of the far-right and far-left and the other the heavy tribulations of World War I and Soviet pressure during the Cold War.


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Finnish Civil War

Veterans of the Civil War, the last of Finland's veterans of the 1918 war, Aarne Armunen (born 1897), died on 1 January 2009.


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Finnish Civil War

He fought in the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The last of the veterans of the Finnish White Army to die was Lennart Rönnback (1905—2007).


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Finnish Civil War

The last surviving member to serve in support positions on the White side was Lauri Nurminen (1906—2009).


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Finnish Civil War

One of the last people to tell the events of the Hämeenlinna prison camp as an eyewitness is Anna Mäkinen o.s. Joutsen (born 1909), who was imprisoned together with her mother and sister.


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Finnish Civil War

Mäkinen told writer Tuulikki Pekalainen about her experiences.


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Finnish Civil War

[191] Decorations for those who fought on the Svinhufvud Senate side were distributed with the 1918 Revolutionary War commemorative medals [192] and medals of the Cross of Liberty.


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Finnish Civil War

The Order of the Cross of Liberty was established on 4 March 1918.


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Finnish Civil War

Its Grand Master is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.


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Finnish Civil War

[193] Other medals associated with the time include Asikkala Front Men's Cross, Front Badge of Southern Savo Regiment, Hattulans Memorial Medal, Janakkalans Memorial Medal, Heinola Municipality Memorial Medal, Helsinki Conquest Memorial Medal, Karelian Front Mark, Lammi Municipal Front Medal , Länkipohja Memorial Cross, Padasjoki Cross of Honour, Patterinmäkeläinen Cross, Headquarters Badge, Rauma Soyeluskunta Memorial Medal, Raudu Cross, Sipoo Municipal Memorial Medal, Svidja Medal, Tampere Conquest Memorial Medal, Russian Island Memorial Medal, Vilppula Cross, Vimpel War School Badge and Sign of the Vöyr Guard.


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Finnish Civil War

[194] Civil War in fiction Literature The first universally acclaimed fiction work on the Finnish Civil War was Frans Emil Sillanpää's novel Pious Misery completed already in 1919.


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Finnish Civil War

In the 1920s—1950s, fiction on the events of 1918 was written mostly from the perspective of the winner of the war.


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Finnish Civil War

Although in 1931, Jarl Hemmer's work En man och hans samvete (The Man and His Conscience), which dealt with war from a broader, humanistic perspective, appeared in 1931.


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Finnish Civil War

However, the most famous and debated books about the war and the reasons that led to it were Väinö Linna's novel trilogy Here under the North Star, parts 1 and 2.


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Finnish Civil War

The castle texts are considered to have provided significant impetus to the way that has become common since the 1960s to view the conflict from the perspective of the losing party as well.


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Finnish Civil War

[195] In poetry, Viljo Kajava's highly acclaimed work Tampere Poems appeared in the 1960s.


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Finnish Civil War

The book Boy on the Shoulders of the World (1973), written by Uuno Pekka Kekäläinen, who was in the Hennala prison camp in Kuopio and Lahti, contains a detailed diary from Hennala prison camp.


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Finnish Civil War

In 2003, Leena Lander's book about the 1918 war appeared Commandment.


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Finnish Civil War

It received a Finlandia nomination and, based on the screenplay, was also completed by radio listen Susiyahhti (Yle, Radioteatteri 2004), which was selected as the best premiere performance of 2004 in the Blind Lunar Maraade.


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Finnish Civil War

The book has also been edited for theatrical productions, including the Finnish National Theatre in 2006.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In the 21st century, author Antti Tuuri's works The Great Arms Train from Saint Petersburg in 2006, the Battle of Tampere in 1918, and Surmanpelto, a story about Russian soldiers captured in Ostrobothnia in 1918, have also appeared.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Also in Kjell Wesö's 2006, the winner of the Finlandia Prize for Literature, Where We Travelled, deals with the Finnish civil war, as well as the author's book Mirage 38, published in 2013.


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Finnish Civil War

Harri Raitti's novel “April Fourth 1918” appeared in 1987 and is a reality-based account of an incident in Rymättylä.


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Finnish Civil War

In 2008, writer Anneli Kanto published the documentary novel “Blood Roses”, which deals with the stages of the Valkeakoski Female Guard.


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Finnish Civil War

[196] The following year, Pekka Saaristo dramatised a play about the book, which has been performed in places such as Pori, Tampere and Valkeakoski.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

[197] In Finnish films, the 1918 war initially came out mainly as side plots, for example in the film Silja — who slept at a young age (directed by Jack Witikka, 1956).


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Among the first films focused on the Civil War was a 1918 film directed by T. J. Särkä, completed in 1957 and based on a novel by Jarl Hemmer — The Man and His Conscience.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

[198] In the 1960s and 1970s, film director Edvin Laine film Väinö Linna's Pohjanstar trilogy.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The first film in the series Here Under the North Star deals broadly and realistically with the events of 1918 in Linna's books, the focus of the description is on the point of view of the party who lost the war.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

[199] [200] Documentary-seeking or biographical descriptions of civil war or independence include the Finnish-Soviet Confidence (1976), Mommila's blood works about Alfred Kordelin's fate (1973), and Tulipää, a story about the life of Maiju Lassila (1980).


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

[198] Since the 1990s, the Finnish Civil War has been covered in several films.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Tero Jartti directed the film in 1994 based on a short story by Aapo Runar Schildt.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The film was about the fate of an individual Red Guards.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In 1997, Redemption, directed by Olli Saarela, was completed, which depicted the priest's mental contradictions in the midst of civil war.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In 2007, a film directed by Lauri Törhönen directed by Lauri Törhönen was completed in 2007.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Aku Louhimies directed the film Commandment (2008) based on Leena Lander's book.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

[201] [202] In 2012, Claes Olsson's film Battle of Näsilinna 1918, about the battle of Melin's company in Tampere, came to cinemas.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

[201] In 2000, two comic books made from different points of view were published in the High Tension series Civil War White High Tension — Freedom Baptism of Fire and Citizen War Red High Tension — To fight for the working people!


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The authors' familiarity with the subject (Asko Alanen, Jouko Ruokosenmäki and Samson) received praise from experts and brought an honourable mention in the Valopilkku of the Year.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

[203] Civil war comics based on the stages of real persons include self-publishing Red Horseman from 2007 and Peace and War from 2008.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Horseman of Ilkka Markkula, Jukka Koivusaari and Kimmo Lehtimäki tells about the war through the story of Red Chief Verner Lehtimäki.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Satu Lusa Peace and War, the 2009 Comic Book Finlandia nominee, is based on a true story in the Russian village of Humppila.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

[204] [205] [206] See also List of monuments to white people in Finland List of reds monuments in Finland Finnish civil war in southern Ostrobothnia Finnish civil war in central and northern Ostrobothnia Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alapuro, Risto| title=State and revolution in Finland | location = Berkeley:Los Angeles:London| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1988| id = ISBN 0-520-05813-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Alapuro, Risto (1993): Revolution.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Magazine 2/1993, online Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alapuro Risto| title = Photo of Civil War Violence | publisher = Publications of the Finnish Museum of Photography 24| year = 2008| version = In the book: Kukkonen, J. & Heikka, E.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Red-black white — 1918 pictures| id = ISBN 978-951-9086-74-3| page = 11—21}} Apunen Osmo (1987): From a border country to a republic.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In: Blomstedt, Y.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

History of Finland 6, Periods of repression and independence, p. 47—404.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-35-2495-7.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reino Arimo| title = Military activity of Germans in Finland 1918| location = Rovaniemi| publisher = Historical Association| year = 1991| id = ISBN 951-96174-4-2}}} Aunesluoma Juhana & Häikiö Martti ed.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(1995): Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

An atlas and research guide.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-20174-X.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Eerola Jari & Eerola Jouni (1998): Personal losses in the Finnish Civil War 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-91-0001-9.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Enckell Carl (1956): My political memoirs I. WSOY, 1956 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haapala Pertti| title = The Light of the Factory.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Industrialisation and formation of working population in Tampere 1820—1920| location = Tampere, Helsinki| publisher = Cooperative Vastapaino, Historical Society of Finland| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-9254-75-7}} Goltz, Rüdiger von der: My activities in Finland and the Baltic States, Wsoy, 1920 Hakalehto, Ilkka: Independence at risk.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Struggle from Finland's 1917 revolution to the eurohuma of the 1990s, Karprint ky, Huhmari, 1993, ISBN 952-9748-08-6 Haapala Pertti (1992): The Birth of the Working Class.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In: Haapala, P.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Economy, power and state.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Studies on 19th-century Finland, p. 227—249.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Equipoise, 1992 ISBN 951-9066-53-5.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala Pertti (1993): Class War.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Aikakirja 2/1993, online Haapala Pertti (1995): When society broke up, Finland 1914—1920.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Printing Center 1995 ISBN 951-37-1532-9.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala Pertti (2008): Many truths.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In: Hoppu, T. et al.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere 1918, Vapriikki 2008 p. 255—261.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-609-369-0.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Haataja, Lauri,: History of the Finnish Labour Movement, Workers' Civilization Federation, 1977, ISBN 951-9118-12-8 Hannula, J. O: History of the Finnish War of Independence, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1938 Holodkovsky Viktor (1978): Finnish Workers' Revolution 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Publishing business Progress, Moscow.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu Tuomas (2007): Losses in the Battle of Tampere 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

War Historical Periodical Book 26, p. 8—32.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu Tuomas (2008): From the Reds gun train to front fighting.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In: Hoppu, T. et al.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere 1918, Vapriikki 2008, p. 56—61.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-609-369-0.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Hoppu, Tuomas, Haapala Pertti: Tampere 1918, Tampere Museums, Tampere, 2008, ISBN 978-951-609-369-0 Jussila Osmo (2004): Grand Duchy of Finland 1809—1917.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-29500-0.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Jussila, Osmo, Seppo Hentilä & Jukka Nevakivi (2006): Finnish Political History 1809—2006.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

WSOY Educational Materials, 2006 ISBN 951-0-31572-9.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Jussila Osmo (2007): The great myths of Finnish history.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-33103-3.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Juva, Einar W.: Chronicles of the Finnish People.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Part 9, Otava, 1937 Kauvalta K. V.: History of insurgency in the Tampere region, Otava, 1921 Kekkonen Jukka (1991): Shipwreck of legality, criminal justice in Finland in 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-640-547-9.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Keränen Jorma ed.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(1992): Chronicle of Finland's independence.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-20-3800-5.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Ketola Eino (1987): National People's Power.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Independence of Finland, the Social Democrats and the Russian Revolution of 1917.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-6728-9.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Klinge Matti (1997): The Emperor's Finland.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-50-0682-1.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The Six-O.W.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(1918, 1928) Finnish Labour Revolution 1918: reviews and self-criticism.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The work is digitised in the digital archive of the Workers' Movement Library: Kolbe Laura & Samu Nyström (2008): Helsinki 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Capital and war.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-952-492-138-1.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Kävaara, Keijo: Year seventeen.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Reportage on the year of the birth of independent Finland, Helsingin Sanomat, 1967 Lackman Matti (2000): For Finland or Germany?


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Unknown history of ice keepers.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-16158-X.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen Jussi T. (1981): Red Guards War, parts I to II.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-859-071-0, ISBN 951-859-072-9.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Lappalainen, Jussi T., Juhani Piilonen, Osmo Rinta-Tassi and Marja-Leena Salkola (1989): One card.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-861-638-8.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Linnanmäki Eila (2005): Spanish disease in Finland.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Influenza epidemic of 1918—1920.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-716-8.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto ed.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(1992—93): Years of independence 1917—1920, parts I to III.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-37-0730-X.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Ohto (1993): Revolutionary War.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Magazine 2/1993, online Manninen Ohto (1995): War of Independence — as part of the Great War and the disintegration of the Russian Empire.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Aunesluoma, J. & Häikiö, M.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Atlas and Research Guide, p. 21—32.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-20174-x.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Manninen Turo (1982): Freedom struggle, civil war and rebellion.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The nature of the battle in the war propaganda of the Whites in 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-678-709-6.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Marjomaa Risto (2004): Beyond the World Revolution.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office 4/2004.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-46-6.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Mattila Jukka I.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

& Jarkko Kemppi (2007): Finnish War of Independence 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-952-5485-03-5.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (1999): On the road to the Republic.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Ties break, p. 11—52.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-50-1055-1.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Meinander Henrik (2006): History of Finland.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Lines, structures, turning points.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-30809-9.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Meri, Veijo: There will be no trouble freedom: Finland 1870—1920, Otava, Helsinki, 1995, ISBN 951-1-13785-9 Millar James ed.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Red Guards.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Encyclopedia of Russian History, p. 1274.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 0-02-865907-4.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Numminen Jaakko ed.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(1989): Lenin and Finland, Part II.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-860-402-9.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Paasivirta, Juhani: Finland in 1918, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1957 Paavolainen Jaakko (1966): Political violence in Finland 1918, 1 Red Terror.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1967): Political violence in Finland 1918, 2 White terror.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1971): Prison camps in Finland 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-1015-5.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Paavolainen Jaakko (1974): Finnish national tragedy.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-30-2329-X.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Peltonen Ulla-Maija (2003): Places of Memory.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

For remembering and forgetting the 1918 Civil War.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-746-468-1.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Piilonen Juhani (1997): History of Sastamala 3, years 1860—1920.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-97691-0-2.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Polvinen, Tuomo: Russian Revolution and Finland.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

1—2, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1967-1971 Rasila Viljo (1968): Social background of civil war.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Oak.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Rautkallio Hannu (1977): Trading with Finnish independence.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-08492-1.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Roselius Aapo (2006): The War of Amateurs — Personal losses in front fighting in the Finnish Civil War 1918, publication series 1/2006 of the Prime Minister's Office.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-92-X Crawl Hannes (1918) The events of the Revolutionary Year.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Author, Helsinki 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

The work digitised in the digital archive of the Labor Movement Library.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Räikkönen, Erkki: Svinhufvud and Independence Senate: features of the activities and stages of P. E. Svinhufvud and the Senate led by him in autumn 1917 and spring 1918, Otava, 1935 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salkola, Marja-Leena| title = Birth and Development of the Workers' Guards Red Guards 1917—1918 before the Civil War (dissertation) | publisher = Ministry of Education| year = 1985| version = Parts 1 and 2| id = ISBN 951-859-739-1, ISBN 951-859-740-5}}.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Salokangas Raimo (2003): What kind of independent Finland?


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In the work: Zetterberg, S.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(eds.)


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Petty Giant of Finnish History, p. 597—613.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-27365-1.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Salomaa, Erkki: Yrjö Sirola, People's Culture, Kuopio, 1966 Suodenjoki Sami and Peltola Jarmo: The poor Finnish people break their chains.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Class, business and society from 1880 to 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Left-wing labour movement in Pirkanmaa part 1., Tampere University Press, Tampere, 2007, ISBN 978-951-44-6832-2 Tanskanen Aatos (1978): Russians during the Finnish Civil War in 1918, Acta Universitatis Tamperensis SerA, vol 91, University of Tampere.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-44-0668-0.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Field Rights: Immediate Punitive Action in the Finnish Civil War 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2004| version = Dissertation, University of Tampere.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Bibliotheca historica 90| id = ISBN 951-746-651-X}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tikka Marko| title = Time of Terror: The Restless Years in Finland 1917—1921| location = Helsing| publisher = Thought | year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-20-7051-0}} Citation replace error with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Executions of Female Rebels in Lahti 1918| publisher = self-publisher| year = 2007| id = ISBN 9789529988907}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Tukinen Tauno| title = Red fighting losses fallen 1918| location = Karjalohj| publisher = self-publish| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-952-99889-7-6}} Turunen Mirja (2005): Blood fields.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War killing works in North Kymenlaakso 1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-796-525-5.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Uola Mikko (1998): Against the wall only; motives for political violence in Finland 1917—1918.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-1-15440-0.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 1| publisher = Book| year = 1980| id = ISBN 9789512618286| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 543 p.} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Upton Anthony F| title = Revolution in Finland 1917—1918 part 2| publisher = Book| year = 1981| id = ISBN 9789512620227| accessdate = 8.11.2015| page = 503 p.}} Vares Vesa (1993): How has it turned out the “white myth”?


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Helsingin Sanomat on 17 October 1993.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vares Vesa| title = Kingmakers.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish monarchy 1917—1919, myth and reality| publisher = WSOY| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-0-23228-9| accessdate = 8.11.2015}} Vares Vesa (2009), From the King's Project to the Birth of a Republic.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

In: The Little Giant of the Civil War, ed.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Haapala, P. & Hoppu, T., WSOY, 2009 p. 376—394.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-35452-0.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Westerlund Lars ed.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Those killed in war conditions between 1914 and 1922.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office publication series 10/2004.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-52-0.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1986): Turning points in Finnish history.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-13745-6.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993a): Road to Tampere.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

WSOY ISBN 951-0-18897-2.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki ed.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

(1993b): The Hard Truth, the Year 1918 and National Science.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish Literature Society.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-717-768-2.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993c): Civil War.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Aikakirja 2/1993, online Ylikangas Heikki (2007): The hubs of Finnish history.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-32864-4.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huhta, Ilkka (ed.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

) | title = Civil War 1918 and church| location = Helsinki| publisher = Church Historical Society of Finland| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-5031-55-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Muilu, Heikki| title = Russian soldiers in white Finland| location = Jyväsky| publisher = Atena| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-796-624-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Wolffemales and little sucks.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War women prisoners in Hämeenlinna prison camp room no. 7| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6041-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Children at war 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| = 2014| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6939-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siironen, Miika| title = White.


Question: Who were the Military Boys?

Finnish Civil War

Revolutionary War legacy| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-768-398-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siltala, Juha| title = Psychohistory| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-978-51-1-23795-2}} On the topic elsewhere (Archivistolaitos) — Online publication of the Department of Historical Science at the University of Tampere (Archivistolaitos) — Site of the Invalidien Remembrance Foundation of the Revolutionary War — Yle, 2018, National Library, National Library * Category:Relations between Finland and Russia Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore (; Chinese:新; Pinyin:Xīnjiāpō;), officially called the Republic of Singapore (; in Malay: Republik Singapura; Chinese:新; Pinyin:Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó; in Tamil:, Ciŋkappūr Kudiyarasu), is a city-state in Southeast Asia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore lies 137kilometres north of the equator, on the islands at the southern tip of the Malaka Peninsula, the most notable of which is its main island.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

North of Singapore on the other side of the Johor Strait is the Malaysian state of Johor, to the south the Strait of Singapore separates the country from the Riaus Islands, which belong to Indonesia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[1] Singapore is one of the most densely populated cities in the world; its main island is home to more than five million people, about a fifth of whom are migrant workers from neighbouring countries.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

More than three-quarters of the population are Chinese, Malays make up about 15% and Indians about 8%.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[2] [1] Singapore became a British colony in 1819, and in 1867 it was merged into the Strait Colonies.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In World War II, Japan occupied Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

From 1963 to 1965, Singapore was part of Malaysia, but gained independence from it in 1965 due to disagreements.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Following its independence, Singapore developed into Southeast Asia's most substantial port and trading post.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The country's economy is based on trade, downstream industries and banking.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[2] Geography Physical Geography and Climate Singapore consists of a strait-shaped main island and the small, mostly uninhabited islands around it.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

To the south of the islands is Singapore Strait.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Approximately the size of the Finnish metropolitan area, about 40km in diameter, the island is located at 1°22 N latitude.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[3] Between 1965 and 1987, as a result of an extensive land fill programme, the area of the island increased from 586 square kilometres to 636 square kilometres.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

There are 193km of coastline.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Of Singapore's smaller islands, Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the largest.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[4] [5] The highest geographical point in Singapore is the 164 metre high Bukit Timah, located in the central part of the main island with many granite hills.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

There are low but steep hill lines in the western and southwestern parts of the island.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The eastern part of the island is instead formed by a flat floodplain into which streams have burst steep-edged valleys.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[3] Singapore has many short rivers, some of which descend into lagoons, mangrove zones or extensive estuaries.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The largest rivers have been dammed into reservoirs.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[3] Two new reservoirs were opened in 2011, after which rainwater is collected from two-thirds of Singapore's area recovered.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[6] Rainwater satisfies half of Singapore's water needs, the rest is supplied from Malaysia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In addition, water resources are recycled.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[7] Desalination installations using seawater provide 10% of the water needs.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[8] The climate of Singapore is, according to the Köppen climate classification, a tropical climate with no distinct seasons.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Its climate is characterized by uniform temperature and atmospheric pressure, high relative humidity of air and abundant rainfall.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The temperature ranges from 23 to 35°C.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Relative humidity averages around 90 percent in the morning and 60 percent in the afternoon.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

During prolonged periods of abundant rainfall, relative humidity can often be 100 percent.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Prior to the spread of human settlement, the island was covered with tropical rainforest and mangrove crops.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[3] Cityscape The actual city of Singapore is located in the southern part of the main island, but with urbanization the boundaries between urban and rural areas have become blurred.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The government's Housing and Development Board has distributed services to different areas of settlement, and about four-fifths of citizens now live in high-rise tower blocks in residential areas of the city of Singapore, or in so-called new towns, which include Woodlands, Tampines and Yishun.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Traditional Chinese trading houses have faded away from Singapore's old city, too, to make way for new buildings.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In addition, there are a few more traditional Malay villages built on piles.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[9] The Indian district of Singapore Little India is located on the east side of the Singapore River, north of Kampong Glam.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Its center, Mustafa Center, is open almost around the clock, and there are many Indian restaurants in the area.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Similarly, the centre of Chinese culture is Chinatown, which, in addition to restaurants and low-cost shopping venues, houses a museum about the city's Chinese history.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

A Buddhist temple completed in Chinatown in 2007, the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum, preserves the Buddha's tooth.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[10] More than 1.6 million guests visit Singapore Zoo each year.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The animals are not behind bars, and feeding shows and elephant working shows are held at the zoo.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

There are more than 300 species of animals, about 2800 animal specimens.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[11] Nor are the birds in the Jurong Bird Park in separate cages; the 20-hectare park consists of four large cages, which visitors have access to pass among the birds.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Approximately 900,000 visitors visit the park each year.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[12] Other attractions include the 165 metre high Singapore Flyer Ferris Wheel, Universal Studios Amusement Park, Science Centre on Jurong Island, Botanical Gardens, historic Raffles Hotel and the modern Marina Bay Sands Hotel Casino and Entertainment Centre.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[10] Nature Only small areas remain of Singapore's native nature, such as riverine rainforests and coastal mangrove.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Many plants have been imported to the island from abroad, mainly for ornamental use.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Among the mammalian species, the largest on the island are the Javanese macaque, slowlori and Malay ant cone.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[9] Nearly four thousand species of tube plants grow in the Singapore region.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

364 species of birds, 295 different species of day flies, 98 species of reptiles, 52 species of mammals, 28 species of amphibians and 255 different species of rock corals have been found there.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[13] Of the region's native species, more than half occur in protected areas alone, and many species have become extinct.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[14] Approximately half of Singapore's area is green spaces, and five per cent has been pacified as nature reserves.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The Singapore Parks Department manages about 300 parks and nature reserves.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

One of the most popular parks is East Coast Park, which is visited by about seven million visitors each year.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[13] Protected sites include Bukit Timah Conservation Area, Labrador Conservation Area and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, [15] as well as the extensive Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR).


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[16] History Early stages The location of the present-day Singapore region at the southern tip of the Malaka Peninsula was early on at the crossroads of Southeast Asian trade routes.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Through it passed trade routes from India and Arabia to China and from the rest of the Malay archipelago to China and India on the other.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In the 6th century, the area of Singapore became part of the Srivijaya Empire and there is thought to be a miniature port.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In the 14th century, the present island of Singapore was also known as Temasek.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The early town of Temasek was located at the mouth of the present-day Singapore River.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[17] [18] In 1299, the ruler of Srivijaya's capital, Palembang on Sumatra, established a trading base on the island and renamed it Singapura ('lion city').


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[17] The origin of the name is told according to the story to be invented by Sang Nila Utama, Prince of Srivijaya, he is reported to have seen an animal ashore that he thought was a lion.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore's name derives from the Malay word singa (lion), which again derives from the Sanskrit same meaning word सिं, SimHa, and from the Sanskrit word पुर, pura (city).


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[19] The Srivijaya Empire gradually regressed, and the kingdom disintegrated in the 14th century.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The break-up was mainly due to the increase in power of merchant ships coming from China's direction.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Srivijaya was also a frequent target of attacks from the direction of Java and Siam.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

With the dissolution, the new emerging great powers of the region, Majapahit and the Ayutthaya Kingdom sought the region for themselves.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[17] [20] King Paramesvara of Palembang fled the 1388 conquests of Majapahit to Singapura, where he received refuge.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

However, he assassinated the ruler of Singapura and usurped power for himself.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

However, his rule lasted only a few years before he relocated to Malaka, where he established his new centre of power, as Malaka on the mainland was in a more sheltered place against the Majapahites.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In Malaka, Paramesvara converted to Islamism and founded in 1414 the Malacca Sultanate, which soon conquered Singapura as well.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[17] In the 16th century Europeans arrived in Southeast Asia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The Portuguese conquered the Malacca Sultanate in 1511.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The Sultan of Malacca fled to Johor and established the Johore Sultanate there, to which Singapura also belonged.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[21] The Portuguese burned down the trading base of Singapura in 1611, and the island was left without significant settlement for a couple of centuries.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[17] Establishment of Singapore in the 18th century The Sultanate of Johore began the cultivation of gambiir lucrative for trade and due to huge demand, its cultivation was also started on the island of Singapore in the early 19th century.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[17] During the same period around the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Britain and Holland engaged in a heated struggle over their colonial status in the Malay archipelago.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Holland had lost territory because of wars in Europe.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The British conquered Java in 1811 but it was returned back to the Dutch as early as 1816.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[22] [23] After the loss of Java, Britain wanted to reassert its dominance in the Malakansas Strait, and in 1818 Thomas Stamford Raffles, who served as Governor of Java, was ordered to seek a new location for a British trading port.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

On 29 January 1819, Raffles beached at the mouth of the Singapore River, where a few hundred people lived at that time.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The area was formally ruled by the Sultan of Johore, with whom Raffles began negotiations to establish a base.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[24] [25] Meanwhile, a dispute over the succession of power was underway in Johore after the death of the Sultan.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Raffles positioned himself to support Tengku Hussein, an elder son living in exile, although Britain and Holland had already recognised the younger son Abdul Rahman as the new Sultan.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

On 6 February 1819, Raffles and Hussein signed an agreement whereby the English East Indies Trade Company was allowed to establish a trading colony on the island and at the same time Hussein was recognised as the legitimate sultan of the Johore Sultanate.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Raffles's self-initiated activities rubbed relations between the British and the Dutch.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[24] The newly established Singapore was very successful from the outset, with the main reason being its status as a free port for East Indian commerce.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

It attracted not only traders but also a permanent population to Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The new Sultan Hussein of Johore built his palace there, because of which a lot of Malays moved there.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Another large group of migrants were the Chinese in the Southeast Asian region, who hoped to benefit from free trade that they did not have access to elsewhere.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[24] Raffles left the colony after the establishment, and was left to be led by William Farquhar.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The administration's budget was negligible, and because of its free-port status, it received no revenue from customs duties.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

To patch up the budget, Farquhar legalized gambling as well as the sale of opium and strong arrac liquor, causing major organizational problems.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore's other bigger problem was the wads between immigrant groups.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Raffles returned to Singapore in October 1822 and began planning a new town.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Administrative and business blocks came to the coast and ethnic groups were given their own, separate neighbourhoods.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Raffles also overhauled the administration.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[24] Raffles also sought to reduce the power of the Sultan of Johore and the upper class and succeeded in doing so in June 1823, when the Johoreans agreed to a fixed monthly allowance.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Before Raffles returned to Britain in October 1823, he appointed John Crawfurd as Resident of Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Crawfurd continued Raffles' fight against slavery and piracy, but nevertheless re-legalised gambling.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore's status as part of the British Empire was strengthened by the Treaty between Britain and Holland on 17 March 1824.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The treaty split the Malay archipelago in two, along the Malakansas Strait, with the British gaining the northern part (the Malaka Peninsula and Singapore) and the Dutch the southern parts.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[24] Altogether Singapore passed under British control in August 1824 when Crawfurd secured a negotiated treaty with the Johore Sultanate.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

By treaty, the British gained Singapore and all islands within 10 miles of it.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[26] Singapore grew very rapidly; by 1824 Singapore already had 11000 inhabitants [23] and by the 1870s there were already nearly one hundred thousand people living in the area.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[22] Many commodities were traded in the region, including spices, tea, opium, products from plantations and forests, tin and cloth.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

75% of the inhabitants were Chinese emigrants who served as traders, as well as gambiir and pepper breeders.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[22] The Straits Colonies of the East India Trade Company formed in 1826 an administrative area, the Strait Settlements, which included Malacca, Singapore and Penang.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[23] [27] Penang served first as the capital, but Singapore was made the capital of the Strait Colonies in 1832.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

However, the colonial bureaucracy proved burdensome and costly, and the Strait Colonies were soon transferred to the governor-general of India.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The colonies were not happy with the situation, however, as their economic ties were chiefly to London.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Furthermore, the Indian administration continually sought to revoke the colonies' free-port status, and India was unable to properly protect the settlements against pirates.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The colonies became a crown colony on April 1, 1861.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[27] In this case it also received its own governorship.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The Governor was assisted by an Executive Council and a Legislative Council, in which Singapore played a leading role.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[28] Singapore saw a strong increase in trade in the 19th century.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Commerce was based on transit trade.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In trading between Europeans and Chinese, Chinese brokers played a key role.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Because Chinese brokers used consignment, the risks of doing business were high.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The main problem of trading was pirates from Mindanao and northern Borneo.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In the 1850s, pirates even crippled trade between Singapore and Kochinchina.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Piracy was brought under control by entering the 1860s.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

It was substantially influenced by the growing influence of European colonial powers in Southeast Asia, as well as the 1860 treaties with China.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[27] In the 19th century, the settlement of Singapore was concentrated in the harbour area and its immediate surroundings.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The rest of the island was jungle and mangrove.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Farming had been attempted with little success in the 1830s and 1840s.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The only successful crops were pepper and gambir.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

An abundance of firewood was required for breeding Gambiir, at the end of which the plantations moved to the new area.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Coming into the 1860s, most of the island's jungle had been beaten and gambire farmers moved across the strait to Johore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[27] The largest population group in Singapore were the Chinese who had migrated to the island from the Malay Archipelago and the Malaka Peninsula.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Towards the end of the 19th century, more and more Chinese from the southern provinces of China also migrated to Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In the first half of the 19th century, the Malays were still the second largest population group in Singapore, but towards the end of the century the second largest group were the Indians.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

A significant proportion of Indians were former prisoners.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[27] Towards the end of the 19th century, Singaporean businessmen were increasingly interested in the riches of the Malaka Peninsula.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore had long been the centre of transit trade in the Malay archipelago, but now became a transit point for Chinese labour.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Among other things passed through Singapore were Chinese, some of whom remained permanently in Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The colonial administration established a Chinese protectorate in 1877, with William A. Pickering as its first protector.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Initially, the Protectorate was intended only to protect incoming migrants from exploitation, but soon its mandate also included eliminating forced prostitution.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[28] Singapore's position as a trading centre was further strengthened in the latter half of the 19th century.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The opening of the Suez Canal made the Malakansas Strait the most popular route to the East Indies.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The new steamers required additional fuel at regular distances, and Singapore was one of the refuelling points.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Commerce was also buoyed by the ever-expanding influence of colonial powers from Southeast Asia and the opening up of Thailand under King Chulalongkorn.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore had previously focused mainly on commerce, but in the 1890s light industry was also established in Singapore, refining tin from the Malaka Peninsula, among other things, for the needs of the automotive industry.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[28] The organization of the defence of Singapore had been an ongoing problem since the establishment of Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

However, traders were staunchly opposed to any taxes and fees needed for defence.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

However, British-Russian relations deteriorated due to Afghanistan in 1886 so much that Britain began fortification work on Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Traders were also forced to contribute to this, although the sums remained less than what Britain had originally demanded.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 calmed the situation in Asia for Britain, and the organization of Singapore's defences was no longer a priority.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The First World War had little effect on Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[28] The national awakening of the Malaka Peninsula began slowly in the mid-1920s.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The Malay Society of Singapore, the first political party of Malaysian Malays, was founded in Singapore in 1926.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

It did not oppose British colonial rule but was above all opposed to Chinese merchants, whose hands were basically the economy and local government of the entire Malaka Peninsula.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In the 1930s, Singapore became a hub for Malay opposition due to the lack of free scope for action for the opposition elsewhere in the Malay archipelago.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[29] World War II Japan's trading power in the Malaka Peninsula region grew in the 1930s and became a major competitor to Europeans.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

By the time of the Depression of the 1930s, Japan was perceived as an increasingly high threat in Europe, leading Europeans to begin to impose constraints on Japanese products imported into colonial territories.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Japan felt left more isolated and the United States and Britain were perceived as hostile states.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[30] World War II spread to Singapore in February 1942.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Japan attacked first attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and destroyed most of the U.S. Pacific Fleet.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The next day, Japan began the Pacific War by coming ashore in the northern part of the Malaka Peninsula on 8 December 1941.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The Battle of Malay was fought from 8 December 1941 to 31 January 1942.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

By February 1942, Japan had conquered the entire Malaka Peninsula.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[31] [30] The Japanese continued their advance to Singapore Island and from 8 to 15.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

On February 1942, the Battle of Singapore was fought.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[32] The British resources were in the war in Europe, and insufficient investment had been put into the defence of Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[30] After the Battle of Singapore, the British Army surrendered unconditionally.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[31] [33] At least 5000 Chinese were executed in Singapore by Japanese occupiers and [33] and Europeans were taken to concentration camps.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[30] In Japanese-occupied Singapore, conditions for the population were abysmal.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Tens of thousands of people were killed in Japanese atrocities.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In addition, the population died from starvation and disease.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore was occupied by Japan for three and a half years.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[30] [25] Japanese forces surrendered only after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[30] Post-war period and self-rule following the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, the British returned to the Malaka Peninsula three weeks later.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The Malaka Peninsula was important to the Britons because of its natural resources, because the eruption of colonial rule that began elsewhere nipped the natural resources needed to rebuild Britain.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In October 1945, the British announced the establishment of the Malay Federation.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

It would include not only the nine Malacca Peninsula Sultanates, but also the Strait Settlements.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The British decision triggered a fierce storm of protest.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

On the one hand there was opposition to the domination of the British in the Malay League, and on the other hand the Singaporean Chinese.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

As a result, the Malays established the United Malay National Organization (UMNO) with the aim of preventing the emergence of the Malay Federation.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

In talks between UMNO and British administration, the British abandoned the planned Malay alliance.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The British of that rank established in February 1948 the Federation of Malay, to which Singapore was not a part.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[34] After the establishment of the Federation, Singapore continued to remain a British crown colony.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[35] Following the 1955 election, David Marshall became the first official Prime Minister (“Chief Minister”) of the Crown Colony of Singapore, although Singapore did not have full autonomy, so his powers were incomplete.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Marshall's period at the head of the country was difficult, as pro-communism forces sought to destabilise the government by launching strike campaigns.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Unrest erupted in the country as authorities sought to break up illegal picket cordons.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The British were not willing to grant the country full autonomy, as there was fear of communist influence in Europe and it was not believed that Singapore could prevent riots.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[36] Confederation and Independence In the 1959 elections, Lee Kuan Yew of the PAP saw the rise of Lee Kuan Yew of the PAP, who first cut civil servants' salaries, forced laborers to abandon their demands for wage increases and abolished opposition newspapers.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[37] With the coming to power of the PAP, there was a fear in Britain that Singapore was developing into a communist state.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

However, party leader Lee himself was not pro-communist.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[25] [38] Lee and Malay Federal Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman began discussions on confederation in 1961.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore felt that it would be difficult to survive as an independent state, and the British, for fear of communism, did not want to recognise full independence.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[25] [38] The confederation came to fruition on 16 September 1963, with the establishment of the present state of Malaysia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

After the creation of Malaysia, Lee continued to remain Prime Minister of Singapore, so Malaysia had two prime ministers at the same time.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[37] The creation of a Malaysian state was not approved by neighboring Indonesia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

The country's president, Sukarno, felt that Sarawak and Sabah, which are annexed to Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, should also belong to Indonesia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Indonesia initiated a violent conflict against Malaysia known as Konfrontas, disputing control of Sabah and Sarawak.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Singapore was also targeted with terror and Indonesia sought to create political instability in Singapore by spreading political propaganda, especially among Singapore's Malay population.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[36] The Malay population of Singapore had hoped that accession to Malaysia would bring them the same privileges that the Malay majority of the Malay federal Malay majority prior to confederation.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

There was no acceptance within the PAP that Malay domination would spread to Singapore.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Similarly, UMNO, which holds power on the Malaysian mainland, feared Singapore's Chinese population and Lee's high popularity among it, as the country had a sizeable Chinese minority.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[38] The accession to Malaysia had also been a disappointment in Singapore, as the country did not want tax funds to flow to the poorest regions of Malaysia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

There was also no progress in the implementation of the common market.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[38] [36] As the Konfrontas continued, Kuala Lumpur also required a greater share of Singapore's revenues to sustain increased national defence expenditure.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Political tensions between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore were high.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[36] Confrontation between the Malay population and the Chinese population grew and violent clashes broke out in Singapore between Malays and Chinese in July 1964.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

On the Malaysian mainland, it was considered that separation of Singapore from the confederation was the only solution to its long race dispute and the spread of Chinese rule.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[38] [36] Conflicts led to the fact that in the summer of 1965 the Malaysian Riksdag enacted a law separating Singapore from Malaysia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[37] The separation of Singapore was a major setback for Prime Minister Lee, who would have been happy to see Singapore as part of Malaysia.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

After separation, the independent Republic of Singapore emerged on 9 August 1965.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[38] [39] Period of independence In its year of independence 1965, Singapore was accepted as a member of the UN.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

Domestically, however, Singapore quickly became a one-party dictatorship led by Prime Minister Lee.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[37] In Singapore led by Lee, the opposition had a couple of nominal representatives in Parliament.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

However, the party programs of the opposition parties did not significantly differ from that of Lee's own party.


Question: What is the most common religion in Singapore?

Singapore

[40] The country's government sought to establish a multiracial and multilingual Singaporean identity in independent Singapore.