Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Using the equation, the amount of gas can be expressed either by pressure or molecular density.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Gas Flow The flow of gases is influenced by the efficiency of the pump, the size and shape of the pipeline, the type of flow and the characteristics of the gas such as molecular mass and temperature.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The gas flow is described in the Knudsen century NK. The Knudsen number is calculated by dividing the average free distance (the distance a molecule averages through before colliding with another gasespace molecule) by the magnitude of the system, for example the diameter of the pipe.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

When NK<0.01, the flow is viscous and the gas molecules collide with each other much more often than the walls of the hardware.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In this state, molecules flow towards lower pressure as a cohesive group and heat is able to travel by conduction.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

When 0.01<NK<1, the flow is called intermediate.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

With NK>1, the gas is so sparse that molecules mostly crash into the walls of the hardware.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In this case, we are talking about molecular flow.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In a state of molecular flow, molecules move haphazardly independently of each other in the direction of lower molecular density and heat transfer via radiation is emphasized.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In the coarse vacuum region, the flow is predominantly viscous and in the high-vacuum region the gas is in a molecular state.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In an ultravacuum, the molecule can move hundreds of miles before colliding with another gas-state molecule.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pumping rate expression is s=d<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9141,9146,2,2]}'>V/d<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9148,9153,2,2]}'>t, where d<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9162,9167,2,2]}'>V is the gas volume that the pump can remove in time d<i data-parsoid='{"dsr":[9225,9230,2,2]}'>t.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pumping power, that is, the penetration of a vacuum pump is Q=p·s, where p is the pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In molecular flow, the intensity of the gas flow is directly proportional to the pressure difference between the inlet and exit opening of the flow channel: Q=C· (p1−p2).


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The proportional coefficient C is called gas conductivity, i.e. conductance.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

For example, a vacuum chamber, a connecting tube or an opening can be used as a flow channel.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The inverse value of 1/C of gas conductivity is called the resistance of the flow channel.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In viscous and intermediate gas flow, pumping power is not normally directly proportional to the pressure difference; however, conductance is defined by the same equation.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In molecular flow, gas conductivity depends on the shape of the flow channel and the properties of the gas.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The conductance of tubes is normally the greater the shorter the tube is and the larger its inner diameter.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In viscous and intermediate flow, conductance is additionally influenced by pressure differences between different parts of the flow channel.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Conductance determines the maximum pumping speed possible: the pumping speed at any point is always less than the conductance between the point and the pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

So you can increase the pumping speed not only by acquiring more efficient pumps, but also by increasing the conductance, for example, by shortening the pipes.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

When connecting components sequentially, the inverse value of the total conductance is the sum of the inverse values of the individual conductances: 1/C=Σ1/Ci.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The total conductance of components connected in parallel is the sum of the individual conductances: C=σci.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The equations are similar to those used in series- and parallel-coupling of the electrodoctrine.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Vacuum Pumps The pump is the most important component of vacuum equipment.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Its function is to remove atoms and molecules from the vacuum chamber.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Vacuum pumps can be divided into two groups according to how they remove gases from the equipment: Gas transfer pumps compress gases to higher pressures outside the vacuum apparatus.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

These pumps can be divided into mechanical pumps, where gases entering the pump are compressed from the vacuum and moved out, as well as propellant pumps, where high-speed jets divert gas molecules away from the vacuum chamber.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Intercept pumps, on the other hand, retain the gases to themselves inside the vacuum space.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pump that generates the desired pressure is called the main pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

If the main pump is not able to work in connection with the air pressure, a background pump is combined with it.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A pump that drains the chamber at the beginning from atmospheric pressure to lower pressures is called a prepump or coarse pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Pre-pumping is done through or past the main pump with either a background pump or a separate pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

To reach the high-vacuum area, at least two different pumps must be used, since no type of pump can achieve high vacuum directly by leaving the air pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Mechanical pumps Mechanical pumps squeeze the gas out of the vacuum apparatus.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

They are normally used for background and pre-pumping in the rough and intermediate vacuum area.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A rotational wing pump is a universal mechanical pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

It has a rotating wing that is very close to the pump wall and squeezes gas entering the pump out of the pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The wing usually rotates around 1500 revolutions per minute.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In addition, there is oil in the pump, which seals the gaps in the pump so that the formation of a vacuum is possible.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pressure achieved by a rotary vane pump is limited by the vapor pressure of the oil, the flow of gas from the outlet to the intake and the gases that condense into the oil, especially water.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Condensation can be prevented by directing dry gas, usually room air, into the pump at the compression stage, through an air flush valve.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In this case, the steam will not have time to reach the pressure of saturated steam until the exhaust valve opens.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

However, compressing excess gas increases the pump's power consumption and increases the end pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Impurities impair the lubricating and sealing properties of the pump oil, which is why the oil needs to be replaced from time to time.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The rotational wing pump provides a maximum pressure of 0.1pascal.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pumping speed is normally in the range from 1 to 500m3/h.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Two rotary wing pumps can be coupled together to form a two-degree pump so that one pump acts as the backing pump for the other pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

With a two-degree pump, a pressure of 0.01pascal can be reached.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A circulation piston pump, or slip vane pump, is a pump used for pumping large volumes.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

It has a cylindrical shaped piston propelled by a rotating eccentric, which runs along the wall, introducing the gas into the outlet.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The circulating piston pump is quite durable device.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

It can be made two-degree like a rotary wing pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A rolling pump, or Roots pump, is an oil-free pump with two eight-shaped rotors rotating in opposite directions.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The rotors rotate at 3000 revolutions per minute about 0.1mm apart and from the pump wall.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pump can achieve high pumping speeds but only fairly small pressure differences.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The rolling pump is often connected in series with a rotary wing pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Due to their oil-free, rolling pumps are used a lot in the food industry.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A liquid ring pump has an eccentric impeller that rotates the liquid in the nest, usually water.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The rotating fluid forms on the wall of the nest a ring, and in the lower part of the impeller creates trays for pumped gas.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The volume of the trays decreases when approaching the outlet and the gas is thus squeezed out.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

When using water, the pump provides a pressure of about 5kPa.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The advantage of a liquid ring pump is its purity.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pump is used for pumping large volumes of steam in industries such as chemical industry, vacuum drying and pharmaceutical industries.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Diaphragm pumps are oil-free pumps in which the motion of the membrane forms pressure differences.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

They can be used as background and pre-pumps.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Propellant pumps Propellant pumps contain a fast-moving liquid, gas or vapor that transfers gas to be removed from the vacuum apparatus.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Propellant pumps can be divided into two groups: In jet pumps, the pressure at the gas intake is approximately the same as that of the propellant jet coming from the nozzle.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In diffusion pumps, the pressure in the intake outlet is much less than the jet pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A water jet pump is a vacuum pump common in ordinary laboratories.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The water comes out of the tube at a speed of approximately 30m/s and carries gases coming from the vacuum channel as it goes.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The final pressure is left at the vapor pressure of the water, or about 2kilopascals.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A water jet pump can also be used to pump corrosive substances.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In a gas jet pump, the propellant is a gas travelling faster than sound, usually air.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Water vapor is usually used in a steam jet pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

At the pump, a pressure of about 100pascal is achieved.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The diffusion pump is the most common pump in the high-vacuum range.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

With good hardware, it is possible to achieve a pressure of 10−8pascal.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pumping speed of the diffusion pump is high and the pump is easy to operate.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

At the bottom of the diffusion pump there is oil, which is vaporized by an electric heater.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The oil rises upwards and discharges from the nozzles directed downwards.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Molecules of pumped gas from above acquire momentum down from the jet and thus travel towards the outlet.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

When the oil jet hits the cooled wall, it drains back to the bottom of the pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The oil pressure is usually around 200pascals and is the theoretical upper limit of the pressure difference between the pump intake and outlet vents.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In practice, the pressure in the outlet must not exceed 50pascals, which is normally provided by a rotary wing pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A complete vacuum is not obtained with a diffusion pump, as petroleum vapor and light molecules of the pumped gas move by diffusion back into the vacuum state.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Efforts are made to prevent the entry of oil vapor into the vacuum state by various barriers and traps, which, however, reduce the pumping power.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In some situations, mercury is used in the pump instead of oil if no hydrocarbons are allowed to pass into the vacuum.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Turbopumps A turbo molecular pump, or turbopump, is an oil-free pump capable of achieving a vacuum of approximately 10−8pascal.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The turbopump has a vane gear whose wings rotate at high speed, directing gas molecules hitting them towards the outlet.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

For wing action to be effective, their velocity must be close to those of the molecules.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The usual rotation speed is 15000—60000 revolutions per minute, so a durable design is required from the pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The turbopump pumps better heavy than light, fast molecules.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The turbo pump must have a background pump, usually a rotary wing pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Intercept pumps Interception pumps retain trapping gases on a solid surface inside the vacuum state.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A sorption pump binds the gas to a cold surface.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Usually gases are absorbed by zeolite cooled with liquid nitrogen.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pump is clean, that is, it does not enter any impurities into the vacuum chamber.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The sorption pump can be used in ultravacuum hardware as a prepump from atmospheric pressure to pressure range 10−2Pa.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

When the pump becomes saturated with the pumped gas, it is disconnected in a vacuum apparatus and the gases are released by holding the pump for some hours at 200—300°C.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The sorption pump effectively removes most gases, but with helium, neon and hydrogen it pumps poorly.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The cryopump also has a cold surface that binds gases, but its temperature is normally below 40kelvin, or −230degrees Celsius, so it is able to condense gases other than hydrogen, neon and helium almost perfectly.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

These light gases are pumped by applying an efficiently adsorbing porous substance, usually zeolite or activated carbon, to the coldest surface of the pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The cryopump is normally cooled by a compressor-condenser combination based on a closed helium cycle.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

When the cryopump no longer produces a good enough vacuum, it must be regenerated by letting it warm up.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Cryopumps are clean and fast, pre-pump needy pumps.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

They are used to form ultravacuums and pure vacuums.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In the evaporation pump, a sublimation pump, a gase-capturing or gettering surface is formed by vaporising a thin layer of metal, usually of titanium wire, on the pump wall.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The surface is usually cooled by air, water or liquid nitrogen.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Gases no longer just stick to the surface when it has a single atomic layer of pumped gas.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In this case, a new layer of titanium must be vaporized.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The time it takes to generate an atomic layer depends on the pressure: at 10−8pascal it is several hours, and at 10−5pascal it is a few seconds.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The evaporation pump provides the pumping of chemically active substances such as oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Hydrogen and nitrogen cling to the surface worse, noble gases do not at all.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The advantages of the pump include noiselessness, cleanliness and good pumping speed.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The evaporation pump is used with some other pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In an ion pump, the gas is ionized so that it reacts more easily with surfaces.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In pumping, fast-moving ions bombard a cathode made of titanium.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In this sputtering phenomenon, ions usually bury themselves in the cathode and detach titanium atoms from it on the walls of the pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Thus, pumped gases can also adsorb onto a fresh titanium surface.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Noble gases pump weakly in ion pumps.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In addition, the disadvantage of ion pumps is the memory phenomenon: some gases attached to it can be removed from the pump at previous times of use.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Ion pumps are clean and suitable for ultravacuum operation.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Pressure gauges Vacuum pressure gauges measure either directly, according to the definition of pressure, the force exerted by the gas on the surface area or indirectly the particle density.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Metrics may be based on mechanical phenomena, transfer phenomena, or ionization phenomena.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Transfer phenomenon meters monitor thermal conductivity or gas viscosity.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Pressure gauges normally measure the total pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Partial pressures can be measured using mass spectrometers.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A U-tube anometer is a tube filled with liquid in the shape of the letter U, in which the pressure is determined by the difference in height of the liquid surfaces.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Pressure tube anometers have an oval-shaped metal tube that bends depending on the pressure difference between inside and outside the tube.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Membrane meters are based on the fact that pressure moves the diaphragm and this deviation is measured mechanically, optically or electrically.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A capacitive sensor, for example, measures the capacitance between the diaphragm and the reference electrode.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In McLeod's gauge, the gas is compressed at constant temperature to a smaller volume using mercury.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Thus, the pressure increases and it is easier to measure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

McLeod's gauge is not suitable for continuous measurement, but is used as a standard gauge for calibration at pressures 10−4 to 103Pa.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Thermal conductivity meters have a wire that is heated by electricity.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In the range of molecular flow, the thermal energy derived from wire to gas is a function of pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In a thermocouple meter, a constant electric current is applied to the wire and the temperature of the wire is monitored by a thermocouple.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The meter is slow and cheap.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In piranometer, the wire has a high temperature coefficient of specific resistance, that is, the electrical resistance of the wire changes a lot as the temperature changes.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

As the pressure increases, the amount of heat lost by the wire increases, so its temperature decreases and the resistance decreases.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In ionization meters, the gas is ionized and the number of ions is measured.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A discharge tube is an ionization meter in which a voltage is applied between two electrodes.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The voltage generates shimmering bursts, which by examining it gives information about pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In hot cathode meters, the gas is ionized by electrons detaching from the hot cathode.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Hot cathode meters can be used to work out the pressures of ultravacuums.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Cold cathode meters have no problems arising from a hot cathode, but it is not as accurate and cannot measure at equally low pressures.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Leak Finding Leak finder studies the compactness of not only vacuum installations, but also various industrially manufactured equipment.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A leak is a defect in the wall that emits gas from a greater pressure to a smaller one.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The cause may be, for example, a defective seal or a scratch on the joint.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A dummy leak is a cavity in isolation from the open air from which gas is released into a vacuum state.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Leaks are present in all vacuum installations and it is only worth patching and preventing them to achieve the desired pressure or degree of purity in the vacuum space.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A simple leak finding method is a bubble test in which a leak is detected as a bubble.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The test can only be used to look for rough leaks.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A bubble test can be done, for example, by placing the body under study in water or other liquid and checking for any bubbles.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In helium leak finders, leaks are elucidated by observing the amount of helium by mass spectrometry.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Helium is a good gas for leakage exploration because it is inert, there is little in the atmosphere and has a high diffusion rate.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In the vacuum testing method, a vacuum is pumped into the body under investigation and helium is then sprayed on the outer surface of the piece.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Possible leakage is detected by a leak finder connected to the vacuum.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In the sniffing method, a piece is filled with helium to overpressure and helium release is “sniffed” by a viewfinder.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

If no vacuum or helium overpressure can be formed on the piece being tested, a bombardment method may be used.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In it, the piece is sealed for several hours in a chamber with helium under multi-atmospheric pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

After that, the helium is removed, a vacuum is pumped into the chamber and monitored to see if helium is discharged from the piece.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

History Aristotle regarded the vacuum as an impossibility.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In the Middle Ages, it was thought, based on this view, that a vacuum comb prevails in nature, which makes every effort to prevent the creation of a vacuum.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

This could explain, for example, the operation of the water pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The first experimental results to question the vacuum comb were made by Italian Gasparo Berti in the early 1640s.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

His barometer containing water contained a ten-foot-long tube made of lead.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Evangelista Torricelli introduced her own barometer in 1644 (or 1643).


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

It had a mercury-filled glass tube closed at one end, which had been turned into a mercury vat with anvil.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The surface of the mercury decreased enough that the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid overturned the atmospheric pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

An empty space was left at the top of the tube, which could be filled completely with water, and the height of the mercury statue did not depend on the size of the empty space.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Blaise Pascal's brother-in-law Florin Périer took a mercury barometer to the Puy de Dôme mountain and found that the mercury column was more than seven centimetres lower than the mountain foothills.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The possibility of a vacuum and the existence of air pressure was also supported by an experiment in which a mercury tube, instead of air pressure, was connected to the vacuum.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In this case, no mercury remained in the tube, but poured down.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In the 17th century, it was also discovered that the bladder containing air expands in a vacuum, and that the vacuum does not sustain life and does not transmit sound.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The first vacuum pump was invented by Otto von Guericke around 1650.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The pump had a piston that could be used to extract air from various vessels.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Von Guericke had previously attempted to form a vacuum in the wooden barrel by removing water from it.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Once a few powerful men had pumped enough water away, there was a sound as air made its way through the pores of the tree in.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Von Guericke's most famous experiments involved the Magdeburg hemispheres that demonstrated the importance of atmospheric pressure.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The experiments pumped a vacuum between two metal hemispheres and allowed horses to try to tell them apart.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In one show, two eight-horse harnesses had hemispheres measuring 50centimetres in diameter with great difficulty, but when the shut-off faucet was opened, the balls separated themselves.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The hemispheric experiments extensively inspired European scientists.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In many ways Robert Boyle developed von Guericke's air pump and published Boyle's law.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The theoretical basis for vacuum engineering was brought in the 18th and 19th century by the development of kinetic gas theory.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Thomas Newcomen laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution by developing the first usable steam engine in the early part of the 18th century.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

This machine, which utilized air pressure, was used to pump water.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Among other things, trains with barometric pressure were experimented in England for a short time in the mid-19th century.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The vacuum required for movement was generated by pumping stations that existed on the track every three miles.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Pipe mail, based on vacuum technology, began to become common in the latter part of the 19th century.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In the 18th century Torricelli barometer used to be cured by boiling mercury.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Until the mid-19th century, Torricelli's method was the best way to form a good vacuum.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Sprengel developed the method in 1865 with a pump in which mercury continuously carried air with it in a vertical tube downward.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Edison used an improved Sprengel pump when making incandescent bulbs.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

McLeod invented his pressure gauge in 1874.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

This enabled the 0.1 and 0.01pascal pressures to be measured at the time.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

James Dewar developed the 1892 thermos bottle, or Dewar bottle, in which a container kept cold is insulated by sucking a vacuum around it.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Dewar invented around the same time that charcoal cooled by liquid air efficiently absorbs gases and can thus be used as a vacuum pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

However, cryopumps did not begin to become common until after the mid-20th century, when coolers based on closed helium circulation began to be manufactured.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Wolfgang Gaede introduced a mechanical mercury circulation pump in 1905.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

It was used in conjunction with water-jet pumps, and had a far greater pumping speed than that of the Sprengel pump.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

By 1910, the Gaede pump had been supplanted by oil-sealed pumps similar to the current one.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

However, pumping speeds remained low until the 1930s, when reaching hundreds of litres per second began to be reached.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Gaede developed the first diffusion pump, but it was quite inefficient.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

A better pump was introduced by Irving Langmuir in 1916, but the first type of diffusion pump right in terms of flow mechanics was manufactured by W.W.Crawford in 1917.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

C.R.Burch introduced in 1928 the first low vapor pressure oil that could be used in a diffusion pump instead of mercury.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Pirani developed his pressure gauge based on thermal conductivity in 1906.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

Buckley introduced the hot cathode meter in 1916 and the Penning cold cathode meter in 1937.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The Bayard—Alpert hot cathode meter (1950) spurred the development of ultravacuum technology by making it possible to measure pressures of 10−8pascal.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The mass spectrometric spill finder was developed around World War II in conjunction with the Manhattan Project.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

The first national organization for vacuum science and engineering was founded in France in 1945.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

It was followed by organizations in the United States in 1953 and Japan 1958.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

In 1959, the International Vacuum Organization was founded, now called the International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications (IUVSTA).


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

[4] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Fontell, Armas etc.| title = Vacuum Technique | publisher = Finnish Vacuum Social| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-794-422-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roth, A.| title = Vacuum technology| publisher = North-Holland and| year = 1983| id = ISBN 0-444-86027-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Madey, Theodore E.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

& Brown, William C.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

(ed.


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

) | title = History of Vacuum Science and Technology| publisher = American Vacuum Society| year = 1984| id = ISBN 0-88318-437-0}} (Articles in the book have also been published in issue 2 of the Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A in 1984.)


Question: Where was the first vacuum prepared, that is, a vacuum?

Vacuum engineering

References: On topic elsewhere Category:Vacuum Category:Mechanical Engineering Category:Flow Engineering


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Wood material is a cell grown inwardly in plants.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

It consists, for the most part, of long inanimate cells that act as the plant's conduction lock and supporting structure.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

The cell walls of these are thickened and numb.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

In addition to wiring locks, the wooden part may have support locks that reinforce the structure.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Structure of an individual tree cell Wood is constructed from chemical compounds containing mainly carbon (C) and oxygen (O) as well as some hydrogen and nitrogen.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Most of the chemical compounds in wood are various carbohydrates, which include e.g.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

polysaccharides.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

The actual building materials for wood include cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

[1] Cellulose Cellulose accounts for about 40% of dry weight in Finnish wood species.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

[2] Most of the cellulose is located in the secondary wall of the cell.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

The cellulose molecule readily forms hydrogen bonds with neighbouring molecules, with which a fibrous structure of cellulose is created which provides mechanical support to the cell.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Cellulose molecular bumps are called basic fibrils, from which layers of the cell wall are constructed.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Hemicellulose The amount of hemicellulose per cell dry weight is approximately 20— 35%.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

[2] Hemicelluloses are formed from polysaccharides.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Hemicellulose is assumed to be located in the cell wall between the microfibrils.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

It strengthens the structure like glue.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Lignin Lignin is present in the tree 20— 30%.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

[2] Lignin is located in the secondary wall of the cell and proportionally it is most present in intermediate cells.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Lignin enters the cell during the final stage of cell growth and causes lignification, i.e. numbness.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

The cell “dies” during this.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Other ingredients Pihka is found on both coniferous and deciduous trees.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Deciduous resin is a so-called physiological resin, which is located in the blunt cells of the nuclear rays.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Its role is to serve as a reserve food.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

In conifers, resin is also located in plantain ducts and plantain, where its function is to protect the tree from biological damage (pathological resin).


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

The tree also contains inorganic minerals that remain after wood is burned as ash (2— 4% of dry weight).


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Ash is mainly formed from calcium.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Other elements include potassium, phosphorus and magnesium.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Use Wood has very many uses.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Wood is used, for example, in the manufacture of printing and writing papers and packaging, as a construction and decoration material, and in energy production.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

In addition, wood is utilized in the manufacture of various mundane products such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food products.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

New uses of wood include wood and plastic composites, as well as various biochemicals and biopolymers to meet the needs of the chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

With modern technologies, ingredients derived from wood can be used in the manufacture of items such as clothing, plastics, asphalt or animal feed.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

Liquid biofuels are made from the side streams of wood processing to replace fossil oil in transport and heating.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

[3] Wood carving and furniture, for example, are carved from wood.


Question: What is wood material built from?

Wood material

[4] Sources Category:Plant Locks Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The National Defence School (abbreviation MPKK [1]) is a military science college belonging to the Finnish Defence Forces in Helsinki, offering military science training from bachelor to doctorate.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The college is subordinate to the Commander of the Defence Force.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Its mission is to promote military science research and provide military science instruction based on research and best practices in the field.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Officers from the Defence Force and Border Guard are studying at the National Defence College.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

With the Defence Force Reform, MPKK offices are located in Santahamina, Helsinki, except for the National Defence Courses and the War Museum, which are located in Kruununhaa.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Historia Finland's first ground force officer school was the Haapaniemi Military School founded by Georg Magnus Sprengtporten and operated in Kuopio in 1780 and in Rantasalmi from 1781 to 1819.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The Finnish Cadet School was based in Hamina (Hamina Cadet School) and trained officers for the needs of the Russian Empire.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

It was disbanded on 24 July 1903 [2] under the influence of various orders issued during the first period of repression.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

After independence, until 1992, the Finnish officer training was divided into three schools: the Cadet School, which gave the basic training (abbreviation KADK [1], established 1919), the Military School which gave the general staff officer training (founded 1924), and the pre-officer and advanced training to the issuing Fighting School (founded 1927).


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

All of these schools were consolidated from the beginning of 1993 into the College of National Defence, one large college providing college-level officer training.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

History of the National Defence College, 20 years of National Defence College — First steps of the Military University 1993—2013, from the first 20 years were published at the opening of the academic year on 5 September 2013.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

[3] Principals of the School of National Defence Military Rectors GeneralMajjuriantero Karvinen (b. 1934) 1993-1994 Rear Admiraliesko Illi (b. 1945) 1994-1996 Major-General Tanskanen (b. 1941) 1997- 2001-Major General Juriaarno Vehviläinen (born 1944)] 2001-2004 Major-General Salminen (born 1954) 2004-2009 Major-General Vehvilesa Tynkkynen (b. 1954) 2009-2013Rear Admiral Taipalus (b. 1958) 2013-2015 Major-General Korkiamäki (b. 1960) 2016-2018Major-General Jurijari Kallio (b. 1961) 2018- Teaching Among other things, general college eligibility is a requirement for admission to the National Defence College.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Among other things, anyone admitted to the studies leading to an officer's post is required to have completed reserve officer training.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Those with sub-officer training may also apply, but must complete a supplementary platoon leader course before the start of their studies in order to accept a place of study.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Today, the school is divided into degree departments and subject departments.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The degree divisions are the Cadet School and the Postgraduate Division.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The cadet school is responsible for the initial training of officers up to the rank of Master of War Sciences.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

In 2006, the School of National Defence moved to a new two-tier degree structure under the Bologna Process.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Those admitted to the college receive the right to study for a master's degree.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The lower university degree, the Bachelor of War Sciences (180 credits), is awarded in three years and the upper university degree, the Master of War Sciences degree (120 credits), is completed in two years.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The degrees are divided into the Ground Forces, Naval, Air Force and Flight Officer training programs and the training programs further into study direction.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

In addition to the National Defence College, studies are conducted at various Defence Branch, Weapons and Industry Schools.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

[4] After the degree of Bachelor of War Sciences, the student is appointed to a fixed-term tenure as a lieutenant and deepens the teaching he has received for 3—4 years in employment.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

You can also study a Master's Degree in Military Science (120 ECTS), which is aimed at civilians.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

After the working life phase, students are commanded to pursue a master's degree.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Upon graduation with Masters of War Sciences, students gain a permanent officer position in the Defence Forces or Border Guard.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The Postgraduate Division conducts pre-officer and general staff officer courses.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

After about ten years of service, an officer is commanded to a pre-officer course (an extent of at least 60 credits), usually in the military rank of captain or captain lieutenant, of which about one-third is studied as a distance learning.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Based on aptitude and college success, approximately one-third of students in the pre-officer course go on to the General Staff Officer Course (140 credits).


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The degree of General Staff Officer, a prerequisite for the posts of colonel and general, consists of pre-officer and general staff officer courses.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Along with continuing education, the Centre for Continuing Training and Development performs the personnel development tasks of the Armed Forces.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The National Defence College is a university under the Defence Administration and is equated with other universities.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Degrees awarded are lower and higher university degrees or postgraduate scientific degrees as their name suggests.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Officers graduating from the National Defence College are placed in positions in the Defence Force and Border Guard.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Officers work in national and international roles.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Degrees at the School of National Defence can be awarded: Bachelor of War Sciences Master's degree in Military Sciences General Staff Officer's Degree Doctor of Military Sciences Substance Institutions Substance Institutions are responsible for the research and teaching of their own subjects.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

They include Department of Management and Military Pedagogy (JOSPEL) Department of War Art (SOTATL) Department of Military Engineering (STEKNL) Defence Branch Schools Maasotakoulu, Lappeenranta Merisotakoulu, Helsinki Ilmaotakoulu, Tikkakoski Border and Coast Guard School, Espoo and Imatra [4] Weapons - and interdisciplinary schools Logistics School, Riihimäki Infantry School, Lappeenranta Artillery School, Kankaanpää Pioneer School, Lappeenranta Message School, Riihimäki Armour School, Hattula Sports School, Helsinki Climaotakoulu, Tikkakoski Helicopter Battalion, Kouvola [4] Research Military science research is conducted at the National Defence College.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The science of war is a broad concept and multidisciplinary entity, bound together by wars, crises and related security threats and efforts to prevent them.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

In today's world, the military sciences must be able to understand military security and defence from a broad framework of security.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The mission of research conducted at the School of National Defence is to develop the science of war as well as to serve the three main tasks set out in the Defence Forces by law: national defence authority cooperation international crisis management.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The research fields of the School of National Defence are [5] military leadership, operations skills and tactics, military history, military pedagogy, military sociology and psychology, war engineering and strategy.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Professor Hannu H. Kari is the Research Director.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Organisation MPKK's organisation includes material institutions National Defence Courses War Museum Continuing Training and Development Centre (TKKK) Defence Forces Image Centre (part of TKKK since 2006) Defence Forces Language Centre National Defence School Library The National Defence College Library is located in Santahamina House, it is open to everyone.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Visitors must demonstrate their identity at the gate, and non-Finnish citizens must also notify their visit in advance.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The course library serves only students and staff on the second floor of the library.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

[6] Libraries' Taisto book catalogue is free to browse.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Publications The National Defence School publishes comprehensive scientific research in various series of publications.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Latest releases you can find.


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

The most up-to-date list of online publications can be found in the Finnish National Defence School ().


Question: When is the National Defence College established?

National Defence College

Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:National Defence School Category:Finnish Defence Forces Class:Military training Class:Santahamina Garrison Class:Helsinki Military District Class:Key articles of screening


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 — 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 [1] until her death.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

His reign lasted more than 63 years.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

On 1 May 1876, Queen Viktoria also adopted the title of Empress of India.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria was the daughter of George III's fourth son, Duke Edward of Kent (1767—1820), and the German-born Princess Viktoire of Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg (1786—1861).


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

At birth, Viktoria was fifth in the succession to the throne, after her father and his brothers.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria inherited the crown from her uncle Wilhelmiv, who remained the last king to represent the Hanoverian family.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria remained the last monarch of Great Britain to represent the Hanoverian family.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

On his ascension to the throne, the personal union that lasted more than one hundred years of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Hanover also ceased.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[2] The Victorian era (1837—1901) is named after Queen Victoria.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Family roots Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767—1820), son of George III and Queen Charlotte.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[3] Viktoria belonged to the German Hanover family, which ascended the throne in 1714.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria was a descendant of James I, the first Stuart ruler of England, in a direct descending knee through his granddaughter Sophia of Hanover.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[4] Victoria's mother was Princess Victoire (Marie Luise Viktoria) of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn (1786—1861).


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[5] His brother, King Leopold I of Belgium, was the uncle of Queen Victoria.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Life Early life Viktoria was born on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London, where her parents had arrived shortly before from Germany for their child to be born in England.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

A month later, she was christened Alexandrina Victoria.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The name Alexandrina came after the girl's godfather and Britain's war ally, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and the name Victoria after annettin her mother.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

At that time Victoria was an unknown name in Britain, and since Alexandrina also sounded like a foreign country, many Parliamentarians sought to change the legal name of the princess in the 1830s, without success.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Victoria's father, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, died in 1820 of pneumonia, and King George IV took a debt-stricken mother and daughter into his ministry.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

As a one-year-old, Viktoria was third in the line of succession after her set.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Victoria's mother was German, so German was spoken at home, even though Victoria was raised in English by her mother.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[6] Young Viktoria received a quality and versatile education, was taught e.g.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

French, German, Italian and Latin.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Victoria's mother was overprotective about her daughter and she had to spend her childhood without the company of children her age.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Afterwards, Viktoria had described her childhood as “mainly apean”.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Victoria's uncle, King Leopold I of Belgium, served as the closest father figure to him.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[7] After George IV's death in 1830, 11-year-old Victoria became the first heir to the throne of 65-year-old King William IV.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[8] As a teenager Viktoria especially loved studying history and Italian opera.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[9] He also studied singing and piano playing, where he became very skilled.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[10] In 1830, when Victoria was 11 years old, her mother, the Duchess of Kent, took Victoria with her advisor Sir John Conroy to explore Malvern Hills; the counties of Worcestershire and Herefordshire.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

From 1832 to 1835, they also made similar trips to other parts of England and Wales.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

To the chagrin of King William IV, young Viktoria was enthusiastically welcomed wherever they went.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

William IV described Victoria's travels as a “royal progression” and was concerned that Viktoria would be presented as her rival rather than heir to the throne.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

From his highly respected uncle, Leopold, who was named King of Belgium, Viktoria received a whiff of instructions for his monarch, such as “The fundamental rule is... be brave, firm and honest, as you have been hitherto.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

“[11] At the same time, King William IV's relationships with Victoria's mother had deteriorated so that the king publicly said that he hoped to live long enough for Viktoria to be old enough to ascend directly to the throne instead of her mother's foster control.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[12] Beginning of reign Victoria became queen on 20 June 1837 when William IV died.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[13] He immediately renounced his first first name of Alexandrina, moved his court from Kensington Palace to Buckingham Palace, and made Windsor Castle his second residence.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[14] He also began to distance himself from his former advisor Sir John Conroy, as well as his mother, the Duchess of Kent, although he took up residence at Buckingham Palace.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[15] During the summer of 1837, the new Queen welcomed the leading politicians, churchmen and other signifiers of her kingdom on an almost daily basis.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

He also organized numerous parties in his palace.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[16] With the change of monarch, new parliamentary elections were held in the country in the same year.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[17] As a monarch, Viktoria at that time enjoyed privileges broadly similar to those of the President of the United States.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

He was Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

He appointed all key government officials, diplomats, as well as leading judges.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

He had the power to bestow hereditary nobility on the nobles and, by extension, membership of the House of Lords.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The monarch also elected bishops and archbishops of the Church of England and the Protestant Church of Ireland, as well as the rulers of the British colonies.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The monarch declared wars and peaces as well as handled treaty negotiations between the states.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

He could make draft laws and ask Parliament to allocate funds, as well as to provide taxes for the administration and defence of the kingdom.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

However, the monarch was not allowed to tax his subjects or legislate without Parliament's approval, nor was he allowed to dismiss judges.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[18] Many of the Queen's privileges were exercised in practice by her advisers, as well as the Prime Minister and other ministers, but they had to obtain permission to do so from the Queen.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Although the Queen appointed the Prime Minister herself, she also had to gain the confidence of Parliament in order to lead her government.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

In practice, therefore, the monarch had to appoint as prime minister the leader of the largest party in parliament — only if no party was dominant did he have a choice.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[19] At the time Victoria became Queen as Prime Minister there was Lord Melbourne representing the Whigs, who was also allowed to continue as Prime Minister.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria immediately got along well with Lord Melbourne, becoming an important interlocutor, tutor and friend to the Queen for a long period of time.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[20] In addition to his practical power, the monarch was also a symbol of Britain and its empire.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria got her image on coins and postage stamps of the Kingdom, invented in Britain in 1840.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The country's national anthem “God Save the Queen” was also addressed to the monarch.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[21] Viktoria received from Parliament an annual income of £385 thousand, 80% of which was directed towards court salaries and expenses.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The sum remained the same until Victoria's death.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

During her first two years, Viktoria paid off her parents' old debts and directed child support payments to her cousins.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

After that, he began shopping for art, donating to charity and increasing his own cash register.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[22] Victoria's coronation was celebrated on 28 June 1838.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The coronation was very spectacular, the accompanying festivities lasted many days, and the event was offered to the whole nation and not just the elite like George IV's coronation.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[23] Marriage, family life and Albert's role as co-ruler Victoria was visited by young suitors between 1837 and 1839, among them European princes, but the young Queen was determined to marry only for love.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

In October 1839, the Queen's German cousin, Prince Albert of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha came for a visit to Windsor.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria became infatuated with Albert and proposed to him, which turned out to be the Queen's mission.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Albert agreed and 10 February 1840 was chosen as the wedding date.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[24] After the wedding, the couple spent a three-day honeymoon at Windsor Castle.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The newlyweds were very happy, although their personalities were contrasting: Viktoria was outgoing and stayed up late, and Albert was introverted as well as a morning crochet.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Initially Albert had only the husband's part and no place whatsoever in the administration of the kingdom, but he set about improving his position over the next few years.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[25] Albert said that he had taken it as his goal to assist and complete his wife's work in every way and to serve as the head of the family and finances.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Albert's role in the country's politics grew during the 1840s with Victoria repeatedly pregnant.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[26] In 1843 Albert had already become so important that the Queen replaced the word 'I' with 'me' in her proclamations.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[27] There was effectively a dual monarchy in the country, and many views hold that Albert acted as king.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

According to Victoria's own diary entries, such an arrangement was well suited to the Queen, who was very happy with her family life.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[28] Albert had considerable influence on Victoria's development into a powerful ruler, and he initially caused the rather libertarian Victoria to warm to the old cause.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[1] Viktoria and Albert had nine children between 1840 and 1857.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[1] Victoria's family notions were chaste in many respects: She rejected divorced women from her court and she did not like the free courtship of engaged couples or the public discourse of her time dealing with pregnancy.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

His own marriage was very happy, but generally speaking he regarded marriages as “lotto” and enslavement of a woman.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

She found her own periods of pregnancy and childbirth unpleasant, as well as breastfeeding distasteful, which is why she didn't do it.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[29] In June 1840 Viktoria was the target of an assassination attempt when a young man suffering from mental problems shot at Victoria and Albert travelling in a carriage.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

As a result of the incident, Parliament enacted an Act whereby Albert would become monarch upon Victoria's death if the heir to the throne was still a minor.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[30] Robert Peel of the Conservatives became Prime Minister after Lord Melbourne in 1841.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Albert immediately got along well with him as a person as well as in political terms, which allowed Albert's role in politics to grow.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[31] Over time, both Viktoria and Albert adopted Peel's reform policy on Ireland, currency and the regulation of foreign trade.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[32] Albert was elected in 1847 Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, and he reformed as well as expanded the university's syllabus significantly.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Albert was also responsible for organising the London World's Fair 1851, and Viktoria described the opening day of the exhibition as one of the greatest of her life.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[33] The king couple acquired a remote estate on the Isle of Wight called Osborne House and built a mansion there where they could spend their time in peace with their children.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[34] The couple were also attracted to Scotland, and in 1847 they rented Balmoral estate there and built a castle there as their residence.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[35] In the same year Viktoria had her eighth child, and she first used chloroform as an anesthetic in childbirth, prompting many women to follow her lead.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

By the mid-1850s, the royal couple already spent almost half their time at Osborne or Balmoral.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Their youthful extended family had changed the British perception of the royal family.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[36] Victoria's mother died in March 1861 and Albert in December of the same year.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria took her husband's death very hard and began a long period of mourning.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

She began dressing in black, apart from a white veil and headdress, and decorated Windsor Castle with black fabrics.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Albert's room was permanently left exactly in the state where it was when Albert died.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria devoted much of her time to completing Albert's plans and erected several statues for her.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

He avoided public appearances for over ten years, but nevertheless still took an active part in the lives of his children and in the politics of the kingdom.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[37] Early stages of reign When Ireland experienced a severe famine in the 1840s, Viktoria bore much concern for the situation of the land then belonging to Britain and donated her own funds for the benefit of the hungry.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

At the same time, however, a rebellion spirit rose in Ireland, and in May 1849 an unemployed Irishman attempted to shoot Victoria in London.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria made her first visit to Ireland in August of the same year.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The Queen received a very enthusiastic and warm reception in Ireland from all social classes.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Later, Viktoria visited Ireland with her husband still in 1853 and 1861, though she has later been criticised by historiographers for still remaining too distant to the Irish.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[38] Viktoria and Albert, after 1846, fell on different lines in their foreign policy with the hardwired Secretary of State Henry Palmerston and sought to oust him.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The Prime Minister therefore promised to require his Foreign Secretary to obtain permission from the Queen to speak in her name.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[39] The Victorian era in Victoria's reign, or the Victorian era 1837—1901, Britain and the world as a whole changed considerably, both socially and industrially.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

According to writer Mark Twain, “[Viktoria] has witnessed more inventions than any other monarch who ever lived”.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Although Viktoria had neither a part nor a lot in most reforms, he was nonetheless reformist and quickly began to take advantage of the railway, the camera and the telegraph.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Other reforms and inventions of the Victorian period included limiting the use of capital punishment, expanding the political rights of the common people, women's rights, workers' unions, reducing working hours, developments in sanitation, newspaper, steamboat, telephone, electric light, typewriter, copyright as well as anesthetics.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[40] Under Victoria, the United Kingdom changed definitively to a democratic-parliamentary monarchy, with the monarch not wielding great power but allowing the prime minister to act as supreme power.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

However, the Queen retained an indirect influence in the management of affairs, although she later sought to remain above the parties.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

There was a so-called “99-year peace” during Victoria between the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and the start of World War I in 1914.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

During that time, the only war in Europe in which Britain was involved was the Crimean War of 1854—1856.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

In other parts of the world, however, the British were constantly fighting wars, including China, India and South Africa.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria was the daughter of a soldier for whom national defence was paramount, and she followed each war expedition very closely.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

He frequently inspected troops, visited the wounded, conducted direct correspondence with his generals, and rewarded his soldiers.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

He also arranged a military funeral for himself.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[41] During the Victorian period, the British Empire grew to encompass a quarter of the entire habitable territory of the globe and 400 million crown subjects.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[42] Viktoria was critical of some of the conquests of the British, but he nevertheless considered British power to his underlands more desirable than that of the French or Germans and defended it.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

However, he opposed India's forced Christianization efforts, for example, and was religiously tolerant in his homeland as well.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[43] Death Victoria's health had begun to deteriorate in 1900.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

In January 1901, he suffered a seizure and was left bedridden.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Viktoria died at his holiday home at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight on 22 January 1901.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The coffin was brought to London and thence to Windsor on 2 February, and a military funeral was held for Victoria at her own insistence.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The coffin was placed two days later in the Frogmore Mausoleum next to Victoria's consort, Prince Albert.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[44] Viktoria was 81 years old when she died and had ruled for 63 years, seven months and two days.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

After him, his eldest son, Edward VII, Prince of Wales, rose to the throne.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The reign of the House Hanover ended, and Edward began the reign of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, inherited through his father.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Descendants Queen Viktoria and Prince Albert had nine children, eight of whom married into European monarch families.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Because of this, almost all monarchs in modern Europe are descended from Queen Victoria, and Victoria is referred to as the “Grandmother of Europe”.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

In World War I, the rulers of the three main parties were either grandchildren of Victoria (George V of Britain and William II of Germany) or married to one (Nicholas II of Russia).


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Among the modern-day monarchs, Victoria's descendants include Elizabeth II, the current monarch of the United Kingdom, Margaret II of Denmark, Harald V of Norway, Charles XVI Gustaf of Sweden, and Felipe VI of Spain.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

List of children Hemorrhagic disease Viktoria was a carrier of the hemorrhagic disease that plagued the King Rooms of Europe, and that mutation was probably born in her.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[45] Through his descendants, it spread to almost every king family in Europe.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

The most famous sufferer of the disease is probably Tsarevich Alexei, the heir to the throne of Russia.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

[46] See also Young Victoria, a drama film about the early stages of Victoria Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arnstein, Walter L.| title = Queen Victoria| publisher = Palgrave MacMillan| year = 2003| id = ISBN 0-333-63807-7}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Barth, Reinhard| title = History greatwomen| location = Helsinki| publisher = Idea Books| year = 2005| version=( Frauen, die Geschichte machten.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Von Hatschepsut bis Indira Gandhi.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Finnish translation Tuulikki Virta, Katja Zöllner.


Question: In what year was the first king elected to England?

Viktoria (UK)

Startwords Arc Utrio| id = ISBN 951-20-6762-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Dawe, C. S.| title = Queen Victoria and Her People| location = London| publisher = The Educational Supply Association, Ltd.| year = 1897}} Viktoria Category:Born in 1819 Category:Those who died in 1901 Class:Key articles of screening


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

Turku Savings Bank — Åbo Sparbank was Finland's first savings bank operating in Turku.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

It was founded by Johan Julin in 1822.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

In 1989, it merged with other bilingual savings banks in the region to become Turku Regional Savings Bank, which in turn in 1992 joined the Finnish Savings Bank.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[1] [2] Currently, savings banking activities in the Turku region are operated by Liedon Savings Bank.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

History Savings Banking had emerged a few decades earlier in Britain to improve the status of the poor wage earner population of cities sparked by the Industrial Revolution.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

The creation of savings banks made depositing and borrowing money possible for the first time for the common people.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[3] Johan Julin the Younger, a pharmacist at the Academy of Turku, wrote in April 1822 in Åbo Tidningar under the title “Thoughts on helping the poor”.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

He was concerned about the status of the poor, which, according to him, may have become a burden on society.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

Julin had been to England to learn about poorcare and the new idea of savings banking, which he saw as one potential “helping hand.”


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

At that time, Turku's largest population group, 40% of the city's population of 11400, was made up of maids and rengs.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[1] By August 1822 Johan Julin had received 3190 rubles from the wealthy population of the city, which he considered sufficient to be the basic capital of a savings bank.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

The first rules expressed the Bank's operating idea: [1] The purpose of the Savings Bank is, by receiving smaller amounts of money and paying interest on them, to bring more deprived persons to the opportunity with full certainty and at no cost by increasing the interest rate to increase the amount of money they can save on size, and thus provoke a tendency to regularity, frugality and own prosperity.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

The first account transaction of the Savings Bank of Turku on 4 January 1823 was a deposit of six rubles by Hedvig Nyström, a maid girl from the trade adviser Gestrini.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

During its first year of operation, the bank gained 193 customers from the poor population of the city.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

Between 50 and 60 new accounts were opened each year in the following years, but many were also discontinued.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

Lending activity also soon resumed; the loan rate was 6%, while depositors gained 5%.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

Gradually, it was also possible for the Bank to implement the original idea of making public utility donations.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[1] The branch was initially kept open on Saturday nights.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

The bank initially accepted only Russian rubles.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

This was done despite the fact that the movement was primarily Swedish money.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[4] After the beginning, it proved difficult to persuade broad strata of the people to participate in saving.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

In 1829, not a single person belonging to the working class was among the new depositors.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

Among depositors, the lowest strata of society were in the minority, although efforts were made to persuade them.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

The original purpose was not to serve the wealthy, but it was nevertheless common for weather-fathers to deposit the maximum allowable deposit amount on behalf of their children.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

The case was finally settled in 1836 so that everyone had an unlimited right to deposit money “regardless of regulation, conditions, or whereabouts”.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[4] In the Turku Fire of 1827, the bank's office house was destroyed, but the securities and the treasury were saved.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

In the 1830s, the bank's operations faced difficulties, like the rest of Turku's economic life due to the reconstruction after the fire and the university's move to Helsinki.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

In the 1840s, activity picked up when the bank's hosts had decided to open a deposit right to all decencies.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

The great hunger years of the late 1860s were hard again.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

After that, the bank's activities began to grow thanks to Finland's new own currency mark and the general upturn, so that the bank even had problems investing money.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

The hosts of the bank decided to build their own office building, a bank palace drawn by Sebastian Gripenberg completed in 1891 on the side of Linnankatu, where Turku Savings Bank kept its headquarters until 1992.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

Still through the 1920s, the bank's staff consisted of only 13 people: a managing director, an agent, a camreeri, a first cashier, a second cashier, seven clerks and an usher.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[1] In 1906, Turku Savings Bank joined the founded Finnish Savings Banks Association and in 1908 the Keskos-Osakon-Pankki of the Savings Banks, which, however, the Board of Directors of the Bank took an early approach.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[1] Home savings boxes were introduced in 1895, and for those starting their national school, in 1913, began to distribute counter-books containing an initial deposit of 2 marks.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[1] World War in 1914 caused a deposit flight, which, in order to survive, the bank had to take a loan from the Bank of Finland.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

During the Civil War, the bank was open as normal.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

[1] The new Savings Bank Act 1918 caused changes in the rules of Turku Savings Bank.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

Savings banks were given the option of accepting money into so-called current accounts and issuing bills of exchange credits.


Question: Which bank currently operates savings banking activities in the Turku region?

Turku Savings Bank

The Savings Bank of Turku introduced a running account in 1921, but a bill of exchange was not introduced until 1964.