Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

As driving him into exile or sentencing him to death could have come at a cost to the king, it was easy for Hardeknut to accept the earl's gift and assurances of friendship.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[62] Eventually Godwin received only formal punishment, and he and a few other supporters of Harald's regime had to exhume the dead king's body from the grave and dumping it into the Thames.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[63] After this, Godwin was again the most powerful earl of the kingdom.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[64] The destruction of Worcester in 1041 as king by Hardeknut was not popular.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In the first years of his reign, he enacted new taxes, and in 1041 England had to pay Danegeld [65], although there was no enemy in the country like during Knuut the Great.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The Huscarls were reduced to tax collectors [66], and many Englishmen rebelled against these levies [55].


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In Worcester, opposition led to open confrontation and two huscarls who collected the king's taxes were killed at the hands of enraged townspeople.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The king responded to the rebellion by ordering his vassals and bodyguards to respond to battle.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin was involved, perhaps even as a troop leader.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Residents had been warned of what was to come and had fled the city.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[67] A few of those caught were killed, the city was plundered and burned.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The event showed Godwin again subservient to the orders of his ruler, but above all proved the king to be (in Freeman's words) “a greedy, brutal and bloodthirsty tyrant.”


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[64] Godwin acquaints Edward One positive act of Hardeknut was to call Edward home from exile and to be part of the regime.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[64] According to Freeman, the initiative to do so may have come from Emma, a mother of men who wanted to bring her sons together, or Harthaknut wanted to prop up her own dwindling popularity by inviting back the only surviving representative of the old king family.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[68] [69] Edward became an insider to the king [55], and although Edward cannot be characterised as a co-ruler, as the Encomium Emmae claims, the arrangement facilitated succession to the throne upon the king's death.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

It also allowed Edward and Godwin to get to know each other: Edward began to appreciate Godwin's leadership and he gained a loyal supporter from Godwin in his pursuit of the crown.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[70] Edward's rise to king with Harthaknut's death and kingelection Harthaknut died in 1042 and the election of a new king began.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Then on Knuut the Great's death in 1035, it was already the third king election and Edward, although there was good will towards him, had to gather supporters.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[71] On his side from the start were Earl Godwin of Wessex [72] and Lyfing, Bishop of Devon, Cornwall and Worcester.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Edward was also supported by the people of London, so he appears to have been the candidate for southern England.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[73] When Wessex and London had made their choice, Edvard turned to Mercia and Northumbria.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The northern earls Leofric and Siward also placed themselves in Edward's position, or at least did not oppose his election, and so the path to becoming king was open in 1042 for Edward.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[74] Godwin was the loudest orator of the Witan assembly which elected Ethelred, a son of the old king line, and Emma of Normandy, as king in 1042.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[75] Also in relation to the gifts given at Coronation 1043 [76] Godwin was the most generous: Godwin gave King Edward a ship with 120 men as a gift at his coronation.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[77] The wealth of the earls and king during the reign of Edward from the time of Knuut the Great, the land had been divided into three large fairly autonomous earls: Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Like most rulers of the Middle Ages, Knuut relied on a few great vassals to rule the kingdom.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

His vassals were still in their posts when Edward the Confessor was crowned in 1042, and had no intention of allowing power to be concentrated in London to the monarch, surrounded by many foreign advisors.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

To the north Northumbria was Siward, in Mercia Leofric and to the south Godwin of Wessex.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[26] At the time of Edward the Confessor's coronation, Godwin had estates from Dover to Exeter, and his annual income was £4000 — 20% less than that of the Crown.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[78] The earls of Mercia and Northumbria had an annual income of about £1300.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[26] [79] Godwin continually received additional property and according to the Domesday Book (1086) drawn up during William the Conqueror, the value of his land rivaled that of the king and queen, who had ownership of £6000.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[80] The Godwin family was by far the wealthiest landowner at the end of Edward's reign.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[81] When comparing the lands received by Godwin during the Four Kings, it can be observed that the lands he received early are divided more equitably among children than those acquired later.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[82] [83] Edward-Godwin relations at the beginning of their reign Edward and Godwin could not have been less like each other in nature: Edward was possessed by conscience, self-exploring, selfish, impractical and old, [84] but after being provoked into a terrible hatred Capable, [85] and Godwin was in turn a cordial, pragmatic and outward-looking man who enjoyed food and drink and other joys of life and seemed to reflect less on the salvation of his soul.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

He turned out to be the only one of the rich earls of the kingdom who did not establish a church or support a monastery for the forgiveness of sins.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[86] During the first nine years of Edward's reign, the king and Godwin were reconciled, [89] although Normandic chroniclers claimed that their intervals were consistently poor.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

During his first years of administration, Edward rarely took action without Godwin's help or advice.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Edward seems to have valued Godwin's friendship, and this in turn protected the king.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin aided and advised the king, who in turn most often supported his earl.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

However, Godwin must have been wary of the death of the king's brother, Alfred, and look for more ways to secure his position.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

One step in this direction was the 1045 marriage of Edith, the daughter of the king and the earl.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The spouses had a fifteen-year age difference, but the union sealed the cooperation of the king and the earl.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[90] Deprivation of Emma's property 1043—1044 Although Emma had influenced her son's return from exile back to England during Hardeknut's reign, Edward could not forgive his mother for her marriage to Knuut the Great, a Danish conqueror and destroyer of his father's rule.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

On 16 November 1043, Edward rode with his principal earls Leofric, Godwin and Siward from Gloucester to Winchester, where deprived his mother of land and all movable property for treason.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The king did not allow the court to judge Emma.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[91] However, from the harshest punishment, driving into exile or imprisonment, Emma was spared.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

However, in the following year 1044, the king returned to his mother some of her possessions.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[92] [93] Godwin and Edward's disagreement on foreign policy The King feared a Viking invasion.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[94] In a letter dated 1044 in the Old Minister of Winchester, Edward the Confessor made clear his concern for the preservation of the peace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Rumours of the Norwegian king Maunu the Good's invasion of England spread in 1043.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Maunu did not attack, but the rumours still cannot be said to be unfounded, as Edward's defensive measures perhaps preemptively affected Maunu's appetite for attack.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In 1044, Edward took command of a fleet of 35 ships at Sandwich, which was a great chance for the new king to showcase his military prowess and intention to fight for power.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[95] In 1047, King Sven Estridinpoika of Denmark [96] asked for help against the Norwegian king Maunu, who had invaded the country.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin proposed sending at least fifty ships, but the king refused and did not agree to assist the Danes in any way.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The consequence was the defeat of Sven Estridinson and the land falling into the possession of the King of Norway.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

However, Maunu's victory was short-lived, as he died soon afterwards and in 1048 Sven Estridinpoika may have returned to power.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Maunu's uncle and successor Harald Ankara continued the war against Denmark and Sven again asked England for help.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin proposed the same auxiliary force of fifty ships as the previous time, and Edward refused to send aid.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

John Worcesterlaine, a contemporary who wrote on the matter, cites Earl Leofric of Mercia as the main opponent of Godwin's intentions, thus foreshadowing disputes which passed on to the earls' sons and grandchildren.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[97] Godwin's endeavors bring out the warlord's way of thinking: military force was a means of diplomacy.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The idea of dividing others into friends and enemies drew opposition from the king, who did not have the same military background as his earl.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The king remained fairly consistently neutral in external disputes, the only exception to his support for Henry III, the German emperor, in 1049, in his battle against Balduin V of Flanders.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

It was with this Flemish count that Godwin, in turn, had firm relations.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[98] [99] In 1049, the direction of Ireland and Wales was undisturbed.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin's son Svein was in exile, [100] when a large Irish pirate fleet invaded the country, supported by the Welsh, along the rivers Wye and Severn.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Bishop Ealdred of Worcester defended the attacked Herefordshire, [101] but most of his men died.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[98] The attackers retreated before Godwin arrived on the scene.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[102] Rivalry with the king's Normandy favourites When Edward the Confessor returned to England in 1041 from exile in Normandy, where he had spent almost all his adult life, he knew practically nothing about England and spoke the language badly.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

His friends and closest comrades were Normandians, and he was regarded as an alien by the people of England.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[103] Worst of all, Edward's difficult personality reinforced the dispersion of territorial administration, of which there was already evidence in England.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[104] In the early years of Edward the Confessor's regime, Godwin's immense wealth and political prowess made him a major political user of power.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Furthermore, geography favoured him, as it was easy for him to travel from his main seat of Bosham, Sussex, to the king's capital, while Earls Leofric and Siward were unable to do so so effortlessly.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[104] Godwin, however, was not the King's sole advisor.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

By 1051 the number of Normandians in England had grown and the greater the influence of Normandy favourites at court, the smaller the weight of Godwin and his family became.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[105] The first of these Norman favourites was the younger son of Goda, the king's sister Goda, Count Ralf of Mantes [106] who, shortly after 1042, had appeared in England and received an appointment as Earl of Herefordshire with the responsibility of managing the defence of the kingdom in the frontier against the Welsh.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[107] Godwin's other and much more dangerous Normandy rival was Robert Jumiègeslaine, who became Bishop of London in 1044.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[108] Ambitious and politically active, Robert searingly hated Godwin and his six sons, whom he attempted to destroy during the 1050—1052 political crisis.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[109] Consequently, he was the herald of the turmoils of 1066, although even in the 1040s he was too weak to prevent the growth of Godwin's influence.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[110] [111] Other episcopal appointments also had an influence on Godwin's position [112] The king's marriage to Godwin's daughter Edith from 1045 to 1045 the king was 42 years old, and most felt it was time for him to marry and have an heir to the crown.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin also had this view and during the autumn he persuaded Edward the Confessor to marry his daughter Edith, who was fifteen years younger than her future husband.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[110] [113] From the point of view of Edward, the marriage to Edith was about power.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

He was unable to gain counter-power to the earls and in marrying Godwin's daughter Edward the intention was probably to gain an ally from his most influential and richest earl.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[114] The marriage took place in 1045 and after the wedding ceremony the church anointed Edith as queen as well.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[115] [116] Godwin's wishes for the marriage were not realised, for his daughter Queen Edith did not become pregnant.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[117] It is unclear why their marriage did not produce an heir.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In addition to normal physical injuries, the reason has been suspected of King's lack of interest in women.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

According to Eric John's hypothesis, Edvard had vowed to abstain from sexual relations for the rest of his life, which his half-brother had made conditional on his return.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[118] Intervals deteriorating with the other earls Godwin succeeded in 1043 to have his son Svein appointed the new Earl of Cornwall.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The earldom was created in part from Wessex lands, but was annexed from Mercia by Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire and Herefordshire, increasing tensions between Godwin and Earl Leofric of Mercia.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[110] Despite his deteriorating relations with Leofric, Godwin soon was already making an effort to the benefit of his next son Harald.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In early 1045, Godwin persuaded the king to create for Harald the Earldom of East Anglia, consisting of large areas of Suffolk, Essex and adjacent municipalities in eastern England.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[110] Crisis of 1050—1052: Causes of Godwin's Rebellion Godwin and his family were expelled from England in 1052.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The reason for this was formally Godwin's indulgence towards the king's decree, which led Edward to challenge his earl before the council and eventually declare him and his family outlaw and expelled from the country.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

It is also possible that the relations between the monarch and his most powerful earl slowly deteriorated and events culminated into a skirmish in the town of Dover.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

As usual with Godwin, various sources give a divergent picture of the course of events.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Three possible explanatory models for the reasons that led to Godwin's expulsion are presented below.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

They are: 1.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The activities of Normandian favourites and especially Robert Jumiègeslainen, 2.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Eripura caused by Count Eustace of Boulogne in Dover, 3.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin's own provocation.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[119] Robert Jumiègeslaine and his actions against Godwin The Crisis of 1050—52 began shortly after the death of Eadsige, Archbishop of Canterbury, on 29 October 1050, and the death of Ælfric Puttoc, Bishop of York, on 22 January 1051.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Almost immediately, a bitter rivalry for the filling of posts began.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

At first it seemed as if Aelfric, a Canteburyan monk and kinsman of Godwinee, had been elected Archbishop of Canterbury.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[120] There are even indications that the cathedral did in fact choose Aelfric and put forward the choice for the king's approval.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

But before the king's decision, Robert Jumiègeslainen, Bishop of London, managed to convince him of the dangerousness of Godwin's choice of protégé.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

According to the bishop, Edward would have fallen to the mercy of the Godwin family and the position of puppet ruler.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

After receiving the warning, the king refused to accept the candidate — to which he was legally entitled — and issued an edict for a new election.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

He also ordered the monks to present Robert Jumiègeslais, Bishop of London from Normandy, as the next Archbishop, which they did.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[118] As there had been two posts to be filled, the king's decision on the matter did not come until March 1051.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[121] After the election of Archbishop, Robert Jumiègeslaine accused Oitis Godwin of usurping the lands of the Church [122] and thus the bad relationships between men came to everyone's consciousness.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[123] [124] [125] Witan discusses Edward's successor Before the archbishopric candidate goes to Rome to obtain papal approval for his election and to show it a pallium, or collar, Witan met at Westminster.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

For a few days it debated the succession to the throne, as the king still had no children.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Edward was already almost fifty, that is, quite old by the yardstick of the time.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Should he die without his own or an assigned heir, there would probably be a battle for the crown, possibly a further Viking invasion of England.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[118] During the Witan debate, a consensus arose that the heir to the throne would be the king's cousin William of Normandy.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The new archbishop was particularly highly vocal in favour of Vilhelm, and he seems to have received strong support from the Earls of Siward, Leofric and Ralph, as well as their supporters.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Only Godwin supported a different Bachelor, but he was voted down.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Due to Godwin's opposition, the king demanded and had Godwin's son Wulfnoth and his son Hakon as his hostage in order to prevent Godwin's opposition to Witan's vote.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[126] In theory, the election of Vilhelm as heir to the throne was politically wise in 1051.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The choice strengthened the cooperation of the Ango-Normandians, which had its roots as early as 1002, and the choice may even have prevented a Viking invasion of the country.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

More importantly, in Edward's view, was that the choice weakened the Godwin family's influence.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

All these arguments strongly influenced Edward, who in 1051 accepted the decision of the Witan to impose Wilhelm as heir to the throne, although this was not a descendant of ancient English kings.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[126] Wilhelm himself had good reason to believe that he would someday inherit the English crown.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Although sparsely populated by modern standards, it was already one of Europe's leading countries with its rich farming, good ports, lucrative iron and tin mines and thriving cities.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[126] After being elected Duke of Normandy at the age of seven, William had faced conspiracies and rebellions.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

A few of his patronymen had been murdered and particularly dangerous had been the revolt of 1047 forcing his fiefdom, Henry I, King of France, to send support, as had happened earlier under Wilhelm's father.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Shortly after, with the help of French troops, William gained a great victory at Val-ès-Dunes in 1047, they returned to Paris, leaving the young duke alone to fight against his older and more experienced enemies.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Over the next decade, fighting in Normandy continued.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[126] 1050 Vilhelm already had quite a reputation, although he was only 22 years old, and Balduin V of Flanders offered him his sister's hand.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The marriage went into effect 1050—52, the exact date is unknown, but by the time Witan gathered to decide on Edward's successor, the marriage intent was already known.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[127] After the decision of Witan, Robert, the archbishopric candidate, travelled to Rome in the spring of 1051, but departed on his journey to Wilhelm in Rouen to inform him of the outcome of the election.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[128] The election of Bishop of London while Robert was away from England Godwin and his family was far from inactive.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Although they had lost the vote for archbishop, the family was still influential.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

They therefore persuaded the king to elect Spearhovac, a longtime supporter of Godwin, as Archbishop of London.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Edward accepted this candidate of his father-in-law and Sperhavoc was named to the episcopal seat vacated from Robert Jumiègeslais.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[127] However, when Robert of Jumiègesline returned from Rome, he was outraged by what had happened and refused to confirm Spearhavoc's appointment, claiming he had bought the episcopal seat and thus guilty of simony, for which accusations he had no evidence whatsoever.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

With the support of the king, Spearhavoc was the bishop reel of London for the summer and autumn, after which Robert appointed to the place the Normandy friar William, [127] who was his loyal supporter at Canterbury and also priest of the royal chapel.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Robert also began a campaign to discredit Godwin in the eyes of the king.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[129] Robert Jumiègeslainen's campaign to smear Godwin, according to Vita Ædwardi Regis, Edward was at the mercy of a “devil-like” Normandy council, and the “chief devil” according to this version was Archbishop Robert Jumiègeslaine: the Archbishop also added that Godwin did not merely bury conspired against Edward, but had also usurped the archbishop's account.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

From this point on, Edward shared the Archbishop's ardent hatred of Godwin and was ready to humiliate his Earl when only a suitable opportunity arose.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[129] Count Eustace of Boulogne in Dover The occasion came shortly after Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, visited England.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

It is not known why Eustace made his voyage in August 1051.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Perhaps William the Conqueror had sent him to the country in thanks for the witan decision, but most probably there was a personal reason for his visit, as his wife was King Edward's sister.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[130] In any case, after spending a few days in Westminster, Eustace and his companions returned to Dover, [131] where they arrived at the mouth of the evening and thus too late to continue their journey across the sea to France.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In this case, the troupe demanded a place to night in such an arrogant brash tone that the enraged townspeople rose up in resistance.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[132] In the clash, about twenty of Eustac's men were killed, as were an untold number of townspeople.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Many were also seriously wounded.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Enraged, Eustace rode back to Westminister and demanded punishment for the townspeople.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Since Dover was located in Godwin's lands, the king ordered his earls to dispose and punish the city.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[129] [133] Godwin faced a difficult choice.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[134] If he were to obey a royal order and attack Dover, he would probably lose the support of his own people; neglect of the king's order, in turn, could result in serious punishment.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Tensions in the preceding months between him and the monarch caused Godwin to need support from his supporters and the inhabitants of his earldom [129] and although Godwin had visited similar circumstances under Hardeknut to go to war against the inhabitants of Worcester, he refused to comply with Edward commandment.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

After a scintillating and emotional speech, Godwin declared that he did not believe in Eustac's account of the course of events, and that he preferred to consult the people of Dover.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Dover was part of his earldom.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

According to William Malmesburylainen, “Godwin, clear-headed, insisted that no judgment could be declared unless one had also heard the other party in the dispute”.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[135] Godwin set about gathering his troops at Beverstone.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[136] Godwin provokes the king into conflict after falling out of the centre of power Although generally Godwin's rebellion has been considered to have begun with the Dover conflict of Count Eustace of Boulogne, and although the growth of the Normandy Party's influence has been considered to have contributed to the king, Bertie Wilkerson has objected to these models of explanation, as “it does not really explain Edward's sudden outrage at Godwin, disproportionately harsh even on a disproportionate king, nor, on the other hand, Godwin's rush to rally his troops at Beverstone, before any displays of hostility had actually occurred.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

It does not explain the strong support received by the King, nor the rapid defeat of Godwin.” and “If the retreat was not ordinary for Godwin, who especially was right, it was similarly unusual behaviour of Edward to take such energetic steps towards Godwin, even to go so far than to expel his queen due to events at Dover.” [137] According to Wilkerson's explanation, Godwin was an aggressive party, not Edward, and the Earl was attempting a rebellion against the king.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

He continues: “Edward's victory of 1051 was the victory of the monarchy and the nation over a mighty and rebellious earl”.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[137] The hypothesis of an aggressive Godwin has also received support from other historians.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Barlow has counted Godwin as having lost influence as early as 1046, when his candidates failed to gain ecclesiastical offices, and on other matters as well.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In this situation, King could do no wrong.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Count Eustace's actions at Dover gave the king reason to act.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[138] Edward needed the support of some warlord, but since 1047 Godwin had begun to lose his influence.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In military matters, he failed to convince Edward of the need for support to the Danes or Flanders.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

At the same time had acted too slowly in defending Gloucestershire and Herfordshire against Welsh attacks.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In early 1051, younger and seemingly more able warlords offered an alternative to the Godwin family.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

When the Godwin family was in early 1051 celebrating Tostig's marriage to Judith of Flanders, [139] Archbishop Robert made the 'feeble' Godwin seem like a poor chance to succeed the king.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

By this point, surely it was already clear to everyone that the king would not get an heir and that his successor would have to look somewhere else.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[140] Godwin rises against the king, in addition to disobeying royal orders, Godwin also put his life at stake by raising the men of his earldom up in arms at Beverstone near Gloucester, where the king kept a lodge and where the witan was to gather on 7 September in 1051.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[141] He was followed by his adventurous sons Svein and Harald with his own men.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[142] The course of events has remained somewhat unclear.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

On the way, Godwin demanded that Count Eustac be placed on trial and handed over into his hands for punishment.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Similarly, he called for the Normandy Guard, which has long terrorised the people, to surrender.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

By this action, Godwin apparently believed he would win the Nationalists on his side.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[143] The Archbishop renewed his charges against Godwin and Ralf of Mantes brought his troops to the scene to protect the king.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Edward could have lost everything had not Earl Leofric of Mercia and Siward, Earl of Northumbria, who had already previously resisted the growth of Godwin's family influence, had, realised the situation, marched with their own troops to support the king.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

This increased the possibility of civil war, although English soldiers were hesitant to fight their countrymen.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[142] [141] Opposite each other were the men of two well-equipped armies.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The earls met at the witenagemot and decided to avoid battle and the king declared peace for all.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[142] It was also agreed to hold another meeting in London later that year.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[144] Edward announced that he would hold a legal trial against Godwin in London on 12 September 1051.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

There were calls for hostages on both sides, and perhaps it was at this point that Godwin handed over his son Wulfnoth and grandson Hakon to the king as a gesture of goodwill.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The king announced that he would not give hostages to his accused earl.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[145] The earls had vassals and troops of their own upon which to rely.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Their own troops consisted of landowners as well as those who were directly dependent on their master.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin assembled his forces early on, [146] but Edwardian managed to weaken his earl's male strength by summoning together a fyrd, an army of free peasants.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Thus many Godwin men owning their own land had to report for service to the Crown or submit to the loss of their land.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Time was on Edward's side and on the way to London the Earl's troops deserted people.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[145] The departure of Godwin's important men weakened his forces considerably, although he was still left with men from his own earldom.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[147] In London, Godwin's demands were met with no backlash.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Earls Siward and Leofric, who were present with hundreds of their supporters, did not tilt their ear to Godwin's demands, neither did Ralph, the influential Earl of Herefordshire.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

To top it off, Archbishop Robert raised Godwin's guilt in the murder of Prince Alfred in 1035 [148], as well as accusing him of conspiracy to assassinate the king a few weeks earlier.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwine denied the accusations, but Edward did not believe his father-in-law's assurances but made it clear that nothing would alleviate the bitterness the king felt towards the Earl.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[143] Exile to the London meeting, Edward persuaded the witenagemot to declare Godwin's son Svein an outlaw [149] and order Godwin himself, as well as his son Harold, to quickly arrive at the meeting.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[150] The E version of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle describes the event as follows: according to Barlow, Godwin waited at Southwark for a guarantee of security from the king, and never came to justice.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

After Bishop Stigand had brought Godwin the final message of the king's anger and the hopelessness of the situation, Godwin fled.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[151] According to Alexander, England was on the brink of civil war.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

However, Godwin wanted to avoid political humiliation and the Normandy Party was also willing to seek compromise.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Bishop Stigand of Wincester made a mediation motion which was acceptable to both sides: in accordance with Stigand's suggestion, the King's accusations were dropped, but at the same time Godwin undertook to go and his family into exile for five years.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[143] Godwin quickly seized the opportunity offered and rode Archbishop Robert's troops on their heels to Thorney Island, [152] whence he, with most of his family and closest supporters, sailed on a ship loaded with treasures to Flanders to his son Tostig's brother-in-law Balduin V.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[153] The eldest sons Harald and Leofric went to Bristol, from where they sailed to Ireland.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

According to Eric John, King Edward would have killed Godwin had he not got rid of him [154] According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, “no one in England could have believed such a remarkable thing would happen, for Godwin had risen so mighty that he ruled over the king and all of England”.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[155] Edward also declared outlaws his sons.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[156] And when Godwin and his sons were out of the way, it was possible for the king to take up his wife's question.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The archbishop demanded that he divorce his wife immediately, but in the event he would soon have been expected to marry someone else and receive an heir, so Edward opted for his wife to be placed in a monastery.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The Earlfgar of East Anglia was taken away from Harold Godwin's son, which the king gave to Leofric's eldest son Ælfgar.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Around the same time, the king confiscated premises belonging to Svein Godwin's son and handed them over to his own nephew, Ralph, as well as to his kinsman Odda.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Earl Godwin's sizeable holdings in southern England the king took for himself.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[157] England During Godwin's exile The most traditional way of looking at Godwin's fate is to see it as a prelude to the later Norman Conviction and an attempt by the Normandians to gain further influence over the king.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[158] Miles W. Campbell writes, “although contemporaneous chronicles are silent about what happened, there is strong circumstantial evidence of the conquest of the land by the Normandians”.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[159] The idea of a change of power is also supported by the account of William the Conqueror's arrival in the country in early 1052.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

According to the AngSaxon chronicle, “soon came Duke William across the sea carrying a large contingent of French people”.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[160] Whether the visit was true or not, it became clear to the English that the king was closely allied with Normandy and its court.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[157] If the king envisioned the Normandians filling Godwin's place as a defender of himself and his power, he overestimated the readiness of the Normandians.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Shortly after Godwin's departure, the Welsh renewed their attack across the line.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Further mayhem to the border was brought by Harald and Leofwine, who had fled to Ireland, [161] who returned with their troops to loot the Devon and Somerset regions.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[162] Godwin's return of 1052 favouritism by the Normans caused widespread distress, which helped Godwin rise in popular favour.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[163] In the summer of 1052, Godwin saw how one could lead a “national party” that would allow a return as well as getting rid of foreign king advisers.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Paradoxically, Godwin's position was also enhanced by a large seizure of property by the king.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[164] When Edward took all the property from the Godwin family, the rest of England's great landowners began to wonder whose turn would come next.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Siward and Leofric had previously opposed Godwin.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

If the property of the richest family in the country wasn't secure, then neither would theirs be.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

If Godwin were to return to power, wouldn't it be in the other earls' self-interest to leave the king at his mercy.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

This dramatic shift in mindset was authenticated by Godwin's return to England in the summer of 1052.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[164] Godwin, supported by Henry I, King of France, begged permission to return to England, [165] but Edward denied this.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[166] Godwin sailed across the Channel on 22 June 1052.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

On boarding ashore at Dungess, he was welcomed with joy by the locals, but after a week he was forced by the Royalist forces to withdraw to Pevensey in Sussex.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

From here he returned to Flanders and mobilised a rather large force to attack his son-in-law and his Normandy friends.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[167] In addition, Godwin sent a message to his sons Harald and Leofwine in Ireland, who were to gather men and arrive on the coast near the Isle of Wight in late August.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[164] [168] By 30 August, all of Godwin's forces had assembled in southern England, whence they were cruising east.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[169] Everywhere they got an enthusiastic reception, and as the Earl passed from one port town to another route from Pevensey, Romney, Hythe and Sandwich hundreds of volunteers joined in.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

After circling the easternmost corner of Kent, the force sailed north and entered the Thames.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In his distress, the king sought help from his allies, who assured that London would not be overthrown.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

On Monday 14 September Godwin's ships reached Southwark, [170] where the townspeople made no gesture to defend the king, and the royalist forces ignored orders to take up arms.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[171] The next morning, a royal envoy proposed a peaceful negotiation to both sides.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[172] Godwin demanded the restoration of his reputation [173], as well as the full restoration of his family's lands.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Edward agreed to the terms, which caused the sudden escape of most Normandians from the city.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The escapes included Archbishop Robert, [174] Ulf of Dorcester, and Osbern Pentecost.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[175] On Tuesday, September 15, King and Godwin met at Westminster.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

After kneeling before the king and swearing allegiance to him, the Earl gave a response to all the accusations of the escaped archbishop.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[176] Subsequently, the archbishop was declared exiled “after his attempt to bring about a quarrel between the king and this earl”.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Edward restored to Godwin this former position as well as agreeing to take his wife back from the abbey.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[175] After a week, Harold regained his earldom of East Anglia and by the end of September all the Godwin family possessions had been returned to them.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin did not blame the other Normandians, and the politically unambitious Bishop William was allowed to remain in London.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[177] He also left Ralph of Mantes alone.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

But those who had fled the country with the archbishop were not allowed to return.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The thus vacant Episcopal seat of Dorcester was given to Wulfwig and the seat of the Archbishop of Cantebury to Stigand, Bishop of Worcester.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[175] Subsequently, the king ruled in name only.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[14] Godwin's return can be characterised as a military operation [178] and, to some extent, an invasion of foreigners, as Godwin passed by Flemish and Irish ships and was accompanied by a small group of foreign sailors and soldiers.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

At the same time, it can also be seen as an internal rebellion in which his own men rose up to oppose King Edward.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[179] Godwin's death 1053 While at the king's house on Monday 12 April 1055, Godwin suffered a sudden seizure at the dinner table.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[180] He was carried to the King's House, where he died on Thursday 15 April [181] in great pain.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[182] La Estoire de Saint Ædvard le Roi, written 80 years later, considers Godwin's death to be definitive proof of his evil and thus seeks justification for William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, for his invasion of England in 1066.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

According to the work, Godwin and his sons were villains who took the holy king as their sacrifice.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In this narrative, one leg of the servant who served food slipped, but the other kept him afloat.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

That's when Godwin fell joking: So one brother helps another when this is in danger”.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The king answered this, “So would my brother also have helped me if you had allowed him to live” The Earl's face changed color and he took a piece of bread and said that by eating it he would prove his innocence.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

He blessed the bread and called God as his witness.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

However, bread stuck to his throat, and everyone saw how his eyes turn inside his head, his face paled, lost his ability to speak and died.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

At last there was a murder proven and King shouted “Get out that stinking dog.”


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[183] There is no similar description in any English contemporaneous source, [184] nor does Edward's later behaviour support the narrative: Godwin's son Harald inherited his father's earldom and influence and daughter Edith retained her place as queen.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[184] William the Conqueror's reproach to Godwin 13 years after his death in 1066 the Normandians invasion was preceded by strong propaganda [185] and a rewrite of history followed after the conquest of the country.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[186] Because of this, there are different interpretations of Godwin's actions and mutually contradictory sources.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin succeeded in transferring his dominions and the Earldom of Wessex to his second eldest son Harald.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

On 6 January 1066, upon the death of Edward the Confessor, Harald was elected King of England.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In February 1066, Duke William of Normandy convened his closest allies to discuss an invasion of England.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Among them were his half-brother, Count Robert of Mortain, and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, as well as Roger of Beaumont, Walter Gifford, Hugh of Montford, Roger of Montgomery, William of Warren and William FitzOsbern.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Wilhelm had three complaints regarding the kingship of Harald Godwin's son.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The first was the murder of King Edward's brother Alfred, for which not only Godwin was charged, but also his son.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

No one in England or elsewhere assumed that Godwin's sons had anything to do with the murder, because they were children during the event.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

However, that did not prevent Vilhelm's accusations.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[187] The second charge was also ancient.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Godwin and his sons had driven the Normandies and French out of England, notably Robert, Archbishop of Cantebury.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Only the third charge was not directed at Godwin, but the oath taken by Harold to Vilhelm and the breach thereof.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[188] Godwin family Godwin and his wife Gytha (k. exile 1069 [189]) had ten children.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[190] Edith Godwindaughter, apparently the eldest of the children, [191] Queen of England 1042.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

In the autumn of 1066 set about securing his positions by making the book Vita Ædwardi Regis, with the help of a spiritual separation to his brother, King Harald, and to appear as a widow dedicated to the memory of King Edward.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[192] He offered the legality of the conquest of Wilhelm, [193] and never rose up to resist this with arms, only prayers and counsel.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[194] After the coronation of William the Conqueror at Christmas 1066, Edith was allowed to keep her possessions.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[195] She died in England on 19 December 1075 and was buried next to her husband King Edward the Confessor at Westminister, [196] and not in accordance with her own wishes at Wilton Abbey.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[197] Svein Godwinson, apparently the eldest of the sons, Earl of Hertfordshire [198], died in exile in 1052.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[199] His son Harold was held hostage in Normandy.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[200] Harald Godwinson, Earl of East-Anglia 1045—53, Earl of Wessex 1053—66, King of England 1066.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[201] Died at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria 1055—66.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[202] Died at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[203] Gyrth Godwinson, Earl of East-Anglia, Cambridgeshire and Oxfordshire 1057—66.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[204] Died at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[205] Godwin son of Leofwine, Earl of Kent, Essex, Middlesex, Hertford, Surrey and probably Buckinghamshire 1057-66.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[206] Died at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[205] Gunnhilda Godwindaughter [207], left after the rebellion of her nephews (1068-69) for exile in Bruges.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[208] He went from there to Denmark, [209] but soon returned to Flanders, having received no help from King Sven Estrid's son.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[210] Gunnhilda died in Bruges on 24 August 1087.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[211] Ælfgifu Godwin's daughter [212] Eadgifu Godwin's daughter may be the sister of Harald Godwin's son whose marriage to Normandy Harald was planning when he visited the court of William the Conqueror in 1064.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[213] According to the Canterburyan monk Eadmer, William the Conqueror later inquired about Eadgifu, whereupon Harald the son of Godwin replied, “My sister, of whom you ask, is dead.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

If the Count wants his body, I can send it.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

“[214] Wulfnoth son of Godwin, mentioned in 1051 as a hostage, [215] but died in 1094 apparently a free man.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[216] Furthermore, Godwin's family circle apparently included Ælfwig (Ælfwy) (1063—66), abbot of the New Minister, at Winchester, who was killed at the Battle of Hastings.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

According to later tradition, he was Godwin's brother.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[23] Although Godwin was commonly accused of being a usurper of church property, he is specifically cited as a donor and benefactor to the New Minister.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[217] Estimates of Godwin from Legend to villain and back London was the centre of Northern European scald poetry during the Moons the Great.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

After becoming prosperous, Godwin hired a poet to praise his own achievements and ensure the growth of his reputation.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[218] His biography has later also been mixed with legendary features [219]: in the Tristan version of the twelfth century, Godoïne (Godwin) is an evil baron conspiring against Isolde, who is killed after Tristan has shot an arrow in his eye.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[220] After the Norman Conquest, Godwin's reputation changed from hero to villain and was at its worst a generation after the conquest.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[221] Afterfame began to acquire positive traits again in the thirteenth century, [222] until his admiration reached its peak with the view of the Victorian historian A.E.Freeman that Godwin and his sons were the darlings and heroes of English parliamentarianism .


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[223] According to DeVries (1999), Godwin is characterised by three qualities that explain how he rose to power, stayed there, and still managed to transfer his power to his sons.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

At first Godwin seems to have had the ability to confront any political issue that came up and, despite how terrible it initially seemed to his administration, eventually by the end of the crisis he had coped with it and even benefited.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Secondly, Godwin remained loyal to every king he served, although was twice to cause a civil war and once went into exile for a year.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Third, despite his strong political position in England, Godwin seems to have been particularly liked among the inhabitants of the island kingdom.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

All of these are explained by his military prowess: he was an able warlord when Knuut the Great needed it and when three other kings, Harald the Hare's Paw, Harthaknut and Edward the Confessor, depended on it.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[224] Howarth (1977) tells how Godwin was admired by the English.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

He is said to have been loyal to his friends, fair and good at speaking up.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[3] However, the assessments of Godwin in particular by the Normandians were nuve.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Guillaume Jumiègeslaine writes, “At the time, the ferocious and ruthless Godwin was the most influential earl in England and harshly held power over much of the English Empire, something he had achieved either through his noble ancestors or through violence and corruption.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

“[4] A similar assessment has also been concluded by some later historians: Trevelyan's (1948) estimate that Godwin's extensive farms had been acquired in one generation by means that might not have tolerated closer inspection.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[225] R. J. White (1967) considers Godwin and his family to have caused the fall of Anglo-Saxon power.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

According to him, the accumulation of power on the earls brought the country into an unstable state and White in particular cites Earl Godwin's desire for ownership, lust for power, and military force as rapazing the society.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

The activities of Godwin's sons he describes as fatal to England's future.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

[226] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alexander, M. V.C.| title= Three crises in early English history| location = Boston| publisher = Universal Press of America| year= 1998| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle| location = London| publisher = J. M. Dent & Sons| year = 1975| version=Translated by G.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

N. Garmonsway| id = ISBN 0-460-10624-4| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Barlow, F.| title = Edward the Confessor| publisher = University of California Press| year = 1970| id=ISBN 0520016718| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Barlow, F.| title = The Godwins| location = Great Britain| publisher = Pearson Education| year = 2002| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cannon, J. & A.Hargraves| title= The Kings & Queens of Britain| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2001| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Clarke, P.A.| title = The English Nobility under Edward the Confessor| location = Oxford| publisher = Clarendon Press| year = 1994| id = ISBN 0198204426| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Crouch, D.| title= The Norman— The history of a Dynasty| location = London| publisher = Hambledon Continuum| year = 2002| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = DeVries, K.| title = The Norvegian invasion of England in 1066| location = Great Britain| publisher = The Boydell Press| year = 1999| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= Domesday Book| location = London| publisher = Penguin Books| year = 2002| version=Editors: A. Williams & G. H. Martin| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Freeman, E.A.| title = The History of the Norman Conquest| location = Oxford| publisher = Clarendon Press| year = 1869| version=Vol 1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Howarth, D.| title= 1066 the Year of the Conquest| location = Aylesbury, Great Britain| publisher = Hazell Watson & Vinery Ltd| year = 1977| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Mankind Time Knowledge: World Events by Annual Number approx.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

600,000 B.C.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

— 1939 AD | location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1965| version = (Original work in Danish: Kai Petersen, Hvornår skete det: Verdenshistorisk opslagsbog, 1960.)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Edited in Finnish by Antero Manninen, assisted by Pentti Papunen.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

History library}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kirkinen, Heikki| title = Otava Great World History| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1987| version = Part 7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lapidge, M, J. Blair, S. Keynes & D. Scracc.| title= The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England| location = Oxford| publisher = Blackwell Publishers Ltd| year = 1999| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Loyn, H.R.| title= Anglo-Saxon England and the Norman Conquest| location = England| publisher = Longman Group| year = 1991| version=Second Edition| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mason, E.| title = The House of Godwine| location = Great Britain| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2004| version=The History of a Dynasty| id = ISBN 1 85285 389 1| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = Medieval England| location = London| publisher = Garland Publishing| year = 1998| version=Editors: Paul E. Szarmach, M.Tavormina, J.Rosenthal| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2010| version= Edited by Robert E. Bjork| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004| version=Volume 22| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Potter, P. J.| title= Gothic Kings of Britain| location = USA| publisher = McFarlanf & Company| year = 2009| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sheppard, A.| title = Families of the King: Writing Identity in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle| location = Canada| publisher = University of Toronto Press| year = 2004| id = ISBN 0802089844| language = Transclusion error: {{I}} is only use for in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Stenton F.M.| title= Anglo-Saxon England| location = Oxford| publisher = Clarendon Press| year = 1947| language = Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Trevelyan, G.M.| title = English history| others = Translated by Jussi Teljo and Antero Manninen| location = Porvoo| publisher = Werner Söderström Limited Liability Company| year = 1948| version = First part} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = White, R.J.| title = A short History of England| location = Great Britain| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1967| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Williams, A.| title = Æthelred the Unready| location = Hambledon and London| year = 2003| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)


Question: Are England and Ireland still on bad terms?

Godwin (earl)

References Category:Anglo-Saxon earls Category:Year of birth unknown Class:Deaths in 1053


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio () is a town in the province of Lapland on the border with Sweden.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio is the centre of the Tornionjoki Valley and the main border crossing point between Finland and Sweden.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio has a population of (Error: Invalid time.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

) [1] and area of km² (Error: Invalid time.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

), of which km² of land, km² of inland waters and the remaining km² of sea.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[2] Tornio was the northernmost city in Finland until Rovaniemi's municipal form changed from merchant to city in 1960.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Founded in 1621, Tornio is the oldest of the cities in Lapland.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Neighboring municipalities of Tornio are Kemi, Keminmaa, Tervola and Ylitornio.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The town of Tornio has a lot of cooperation with its Swedish border neighbour, Haparanda.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Geography Location Tornio is located on the northern coast of the Bothnian Sea on the border of Finland and Sweden.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The centre of Tornio is in Suensaari, which, due to land uplift and artificial land filling, has expanded all the way to the Swedish border.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The principle of border drawing between Sweden and Finland, according to which the border runs in the deepest of the Muonion and Tornion rivers, makes an exception for the centre of Tornio.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The neighbouring municipalities of Tornio in the southeast are Kemi and Keminmaa, Tervola to the northeast, Ylitornio to the north and Haparanta in Sweden to the west.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Located directly opposite Tornio, the town of Haparanda forms a twin city with Tornio, despite another state and time zone.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The town of Kemi is located about 25 kilometres southeast of Tornio.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Together with the surrounding municipalities, the two cities form the Kemi—Tornio sub-region.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Area The center of the city is only part of the Tornio area, which reaches the Tornion River.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The maximum length of the city is 83 kilometers and the maximum width is 44 kilometers.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[3] Excluding marine areas, it covers an area of 1228.38 square kilometres (41.37 sq km of inland waters).


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

With this, the city has a low population density: 18.9 inhabitants per square kilometer.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Most of the land is built up area.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio's landscapes are impressive with the Tornion River.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

At over 500 kilometres long, it is the largest free-flowing river in Europe.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Despite the fluctuations, the current current is large in Finnish conditions: 367 cubic metres per second of water flows in Karung, up to 3180 cubic metres per second.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio belongs to the boreal zone.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The prevailing tree species are spruce and pine, the most common deciduous tree is birch.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Approximately half of the entire area contains marsh.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The highest Tornio point is the 189 metre high Kakamavaara.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Coastal areas rise between 6 and 8 millimetres per year in relation to sea level with land uplift.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The coastline is inhospitable and its outermost area belongs to the Bothnian National Park.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Area zoning The city of Tornio is divided into urban area and other areas.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The centre is part of the island of Suen, which used to be surrounded by a river, but today partly due to land uplift and partly artificial construction connected to the Swedish coast.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Suensaari is a historic town with an old wooden church and the main road Halluskatu.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The northern part of the island belongs to Midsummer Island.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

On the eastern bank of Tornion River are the neighbourhoods Särkinärä, Kiviranta, Torppi, Pudas, Miukki, Palosaari and Luatomäki.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The river separates the island from Kirkkoputa, where Pirkkiö, Kirkonmäki, Kokkokangas, Nätätsaari, Puuluoto and Röyä are located.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The central urban area of Tornio consists of the following boroughs (2005 population data in brackets): [4] Midsummer Island (1653 inhabitants) Luotomäki (1074 inhabitants) Kiviranta (2861 inhabitants) Kokkokangas (3023 inhabitants) Miukki (356 inhabitants) Palosaari (1544 inhabitants) inhabitants) Pirkkiö (340 inhabitants) Pudas (1021 inhabitants) Puuluoto and Röyä (346 inhabitants) Raumo (723 inhabitants) Ruohokari (522 inhabitants) Särkinärä (231 inhabitants) Suensaari (1934 inhabitants) Torppi (142 inhabitants) Old Pirkkiö (320 inhabitants) Other areas of the city consist of of the following villages: [4] Aapajärvi (137 inhabitants) Aapajoki (297 inhabitants) Alavojakkala (530 inhabitants) Arpela (593 inhabitants) Kaakamo (1021 inhabitants) Kantojärvi (168 inhabitants) Karunki (651 inhabitants) Könölä (158 inhabitants) Korpikylä (130 inhabitants) Kourilehto (173 inhabitants) Kukkola (210 inhabitants) Laivaniemi (736 inhabitants) Liakka (329 inhabitants) Palovaara (71 inhabitants) Ruottala (192 inhabitants) Sattajärvi (200 inhabitants) Yliliakka (304 inhabitants) Ylivojakkala (231 inhabitants) Conurbations 928 inhabitants, of whom 19,218 lived in built-up areas, 2,500 in sparsely populated areas, and the coordinates of the residence of 210 inhabitants were unknown.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose residence coordinates are known; Tornio has an agglomeration rate of 88.5%.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[5] The built-up population of Tornio is divided between seven different agglomerations: [6] The city centre area is shown in bold.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The agglomerations marked with an asterisk (*) belong to this city only partially.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The central district of Kemi (to which the village of Kaakamo belongs) extends mainly to the territory of the city of Kemi and partly also to the Keminmaa municipality.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Climate The climate in Tornio is temperate and also has features of a maritime climate.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The average annual temperature in Tornio is 0—2°C.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 16°C, the coldest is February at −11°C.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The thermal growing season is 135—145 days long.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Annual rainfall is between 500 and 550 millimeters.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[7] Permanent snow cover is usually from mid-season until the early days of May.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[8] The centre of Tornio is located about 80 kilometres south of the Arctic Circle.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Around the time of the summer solstice, the sun doesn't set at all behind the horizon.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[9] In winter, it is dark for a long time in the area, when the day is only three hours.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

History Tornion Valley Stone Age The estuary of the River Tornion has been inhabited since the last ice age.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

By 1995, 16 ancient settlements have been found in the area.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

They are similar to those from Vuollerim around 6000—5000 BCE.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

found.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

However, most of the current urban area has only emerged from the sea in the last millennium due to post-glacial landuplift.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Around the year 1000, the mouth of Tornionjoki was located at Kukkolankoski, 14 kilometres north of the present city centre.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[10] Establishment of the city Before its founding, Tornio was known as a meeting place for trade roads, from which Northern products, salmon and Lapland furs, went to world markets.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio is named after the River Tornion, which descends along the western border of Finland.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The origin of the name Tornion River has been disputed, but contemporary perception holds that it contains the old word 'tornio' meaning war spear.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

An explanation based on the Swedish word 'torne' (tower) is no longer considered plausible.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Lake Tornio (Duortnosjávri in northern Sámi) is probably named after the river, as the oldest known documents mention Iretresk as the name of the lake.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[11] Tornio received its city rights by order of Gustav II Adolf, King of Sweden, on 12 May 1621 and is officially incorporated in Suen Island (Wolf Island).


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The name may have come from a landowner in the area, or from the word Swensarö, an island of Swedes.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio was, at the time of its founding, the northernmost city in the then world.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[12] The town was founded in recognition of the status achieved by Tornio as a centre of commerce within the 16th century.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio grew into the largest trading town in the north and was for some years the wealthiest city in the Kingdom of Sweden.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Despite its vibrant trade with Lapland and overseas territories, the city's population remained at the level of just 500 people for hundreds of years.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

In the 18th century Tornio was visited by a few central European explorers who came to explore the Arctic regions.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The most significant expedition took place in 1736—1737, when Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis and his research team from the French Academy arrived to take measurements along the River Tornion.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Among other things, triangulation measurements from Avasaksa were able to prove that Earth is a sphere flattened from its poles, a geoid.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

During Tornio Russian rule, Lapland commerce, on which Tornio depended, began to wane during the 19th century.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Due to land rise, the river had become too narrow for water movement and the port of Tornio had to be moved towards the lower reaches.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

However, the most significant blow to the wealthy city came during the Finnish War in 1808, at the conclusion of which Finland was annexed as part of the Russian Empire.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The boundary was drawn along the deepest waterway of the Muonion River, continuing as far as the estuary of the River Tornion.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The alignment divided Lapland into two parts, which was fatal to commerce.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Deviating from the rest of the border alignment, the Russian Emperor demanded the island of Sue west of the deepest waterway of the Tornion River and with it the centre of Tornio to be annexed to Russia.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The Swedes established the village of Haparanda (today a town) west of the border to balance the loss of Tornio.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

During Russian rule, Tornio was a small garrison town.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Commerce was only buoyant around the time of the Crimean War and World War I.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

In this case, Tornio became an important crossing point.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

During World War I, Tornio and Hapanna had the only contact between Russia and their Western allies.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[13] [14] Tornio During Finland's independence in 1917, the first battles of the civil war took place in February in the area of Tornio railway station.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

As a result of the fighting, Russian soldiers who were at Tornio were captured.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio lost his garrison.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

However, the city's population began to grow steadily.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

In the Lapland War, towards the end of World War II, Finland considered the peace treaty a condition to remove German soldiers from the country.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The most significant battle of the Lapland War took place just off the centre of Tornio, when Finnish soldiers arriving from Oulu by sea made an invasion of the city taken by the Germans.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

A quickly successful recapture apparently saved the city from burning down.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Thus, for example, the Tornio Church of 1686, one of Tornio's most significant old buildings, was preserved.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio reached its current territory in 1973, when the neighboring municipalities of Alatornio and Karunki were annexed to the city of Tornio.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Since the Second World War, a brewery owned by Hartwall, known for its Lapland Gold beer, has been employed in the town.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

In the 1960s, Outokumpu Oyj built a ferrochrome factory producing stainless steel raw material in the Röyä district, and in 1976 the company's stainless steel factory started up there.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

In the past postwar decades, major textile manufacturing establishments have also been significant employers in Tornio, for example the Kerilon nylon yarn factory and the Norlyn hosiery factory.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The textile industry has now boiled down to nothing.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tourism in the Tornionjoki Valley has grown in recent years.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

There was a transition to a mayoral system in Tornio in 1929.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Prior to that, the city was run by mayors elected on the basis of law degree and familiarity.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[15] Tornio mayors Kiönich Pehrsson (1621—1640) Peer Andersson (1640—1642) Per Persson (1642—1648) Jöns Ingvaldsson (1648—1656) Oluff Svart (1656—1660) Anders Torfastsson (1660—1664) Jöns Mickelsson (1664—1666) Olof Hellbohm (1680—) Ansson (1666—1680— 1690) Johan Chore (1690—1709) Carl Sadlin (Sadel) (1709—1714) Abraham Burma (1714—1717) Seger Svanberg (1717—1721) Isaac Grandel (1725—1733) Petter Johan Pipping (1733—1764) Olof Ramèn (1764—1794) 1794—1810) Ephraim Cajanus (1810—1839) Julius Castrèn (1839—1849) Frans Julius Cederman (1849—1869) Karl Johan Boström (1869—1883) Johan Gustaf Paavola (1883—1888) Yngve Winter (1888—1904) Jakob Axel Levonius (1904—1905) Pekka Edvard Turpeinen (1905—1912) Karl Arne Lund Ali Tornberg (1919—1921) V.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

R. Lakari (1921—1929) Mayors of Tornio MayoryearVarma Toivo Suosalmi1929Eero Mannanner1930—1938Petter Koponen1938—1963Aarno Strömmer1963—1973Hannes Manninen1973—2010Raimo Ronkainen1995


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

2010-2015Timo Nousiainen2015- Population trend Until the late 19th century Tornio had less than 700 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

At the end of the 19th century, Tornio grew significantly: in 1880 the number of inhabitants exceeded the limit of one thousand inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

During the 1920s, the number of inhabitants doubled to 2000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[16] In the early 1970s Tornio had 8000 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

In 1973, the municipality of Alatornio (8900 inhabitants) and Karung (2200 inhabitants) were annexed to Tornio, increasing the number of inhabitants to almost 19000.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[17] During the 1970s and 1980s Tornio experienced positive population growth.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

In 1993, Tornio had a population peak of 23300 inhabitants.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Migration to southern Finland after the depression of the early 1990s made migration losses for Tornio, but still less than for other Lapland municipalities.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Since 2002, Tornio's population has increased slightly.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Population development [18] Year19801985199019951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008Population number21076223282287923156232852311622881227192261722456221552219822204222972229922373 [19] 22487 [20] The following graph shows the population trend of the city every five years since 1980 since.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

On 1 January 2013, the regional division used is as at the same time.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Parishes According to the 2018 regionalisation, Tornio contains the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [21] Tornio Parish of the Parishes of the Orthodox Church of Finland in Tornio Region serves as the Oulu Orthodox Congregation.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[22] Former Parishes The following list lists the parishes abolished in the historical period in the present area of the city of Tornio.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[21] Alatornio Parish (annexed to Tornio Parish 2007) Karung Parish (annexed to Tornio Parish 2007) Politics Decision-making in Tornio the strongest political actor is Finland Centre.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

It has 19 seats on the city council out of 43.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The second largest group is the Left Alliance with eight seats.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The SDP has five seats, the PerusFinns and the Coalition each have four seats, two seats on the Pro Tornio — Kuntalainen Best joint list and the Greens one place.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The Mayor of Tornio, Hannes Manninen, was named in 1973.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Manninen has been the MP for the Centre Party since 1995 and was elected Minister of Regional Affairs and Municipalities in the Vanhanen I government.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Raimo Ronkainen will serve as Mayor of Tornio.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Current City Council (2013—2016) Number of party votes (2012) [23] Placescent42,0 %19Left Union17,3 %8SDP10.7 %5Fundamental Finns10,2 %4Cooling9,6 %4Pro Tornio — Best joint list of municipality5,3 %2Greens4,1 %1 Friendships Tornio are twinned towns [24] Zes, Big- Britannia Hammerfest, Norway Ikast, Denmark Kirovsk, Russia Szekszárd, Hungary Vetlanda Municipality, Sweden Cooperation with Haparanda Tornio maintains close cooperation with the twin city of Haparanda in Sweden.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Haparanta received town rights in 1842 when Tornio was lost to Russia as compensation.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

When Finland and Sweden joined the Nordic Council in 1955 and the European Union in 1995, the border became “the most peaceful border in the world”, according to locals.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

As an addendum, cities also began collaborating on education: Students are free to choose which side of the border to study.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Since 1989, there has been a Language School () in Haaparanna, where Finnish and Swedish students study.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The largest joint project of Tornio and Haparanda, Raja — På Gränsen, has been started in 2003.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

The Raja project includes a combined centre between Tornio and Haparanda city centres.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

In 2006, an Ikea department store was built near the border.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

In 2008, among other things, a shopping centre was built along the border.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

[25] Economy and infrastructure Tornio is an industrial city.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Tornio's most significant employer is Outokumpu, whose stainless steel factory Tornio employs more than 2000 people [26].


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Thanks to Outokumpu, a strong concentration of metals and engineering has emerged in the Torpi industrial area.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Outokumpu has recently planned to expand the ferrochrome plant in Tornio, creating 100 new jobs.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

Until August 2010, Tornion Suensaari operated a beer and soft drink factory producing Hartwall (formerly Lapin Kulta) internationally known Lapin Kulu beer.


Question: What is the area of Tornio?

Tornio

At best, 200-300 employees worked in the brewery and about 100 at the last stage.