Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

I saw those books which were considered to have authority not gaveled through at any bureaucratic church assemblies; the canon arose on the basis of the esteem enjoyed among the parishioners of the scriptures.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Later ecclesiastical assemblies confirmed the already arisen canon of books.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Definitively, the canon was approved by the Third Ecclesiastical Assembly of Carthage in 397.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Since the 12th century, the medieval Roman Empire had been divided linguistically and culturally into a Latin-speaking west and a Greek-speaking east.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

There were also differences in manners.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In the West, priests and bishops lived in celibacy, while in the East only bishops lived in celibacy.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Easter was celebrated at a different time.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In the west, unleavened communion bread was used while communion bread was sour in the east.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

An important doctrinal difference was that in the West it had been decided that the Holy Spirit would leave the Father and the Son, while in the East the Holy Spirit only leaves the Father.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In 395 Rome split in two and emerged as Western Rome as well as Eastern Rome, or Byzantium.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Byzantium developed into a mighty kingdom with a state church headed by the emperor.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

However, Byzantium fell after the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Western Rome, on the other hand, fell to Germanic invasions as early as 476, but the Germans adopted Christianity as they pushed into Rome and thus Christianity spread to the rest of Western Europe.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The Pope's Catholic Church grew into a powerful might.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

However, Western Christendom eventually fragmented into different churches as a result of the Reformation.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Christianity spread beyond the Roman Empire to Germanic tribes through the mediation of monks.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

First the tribal chiefs turned and by order of the chiefs, the whole tribe changed religion.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The Germans adopted Christianity in an Areioic form, which they renounced only when Klodovig defeated the Germanic tribes and united them into the Frankish Kingdom.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

King Klodovig summoned the bishops in 511 to a meeting at which it was decided that the Frankish kingdom should follow Catholic doctrine.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

By 600, Christianity had already become the power religion throughout the Mediterranean.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Towards the end of the first millennium, Islam propagated by the Arab Empire supplanted Christianity as a power religion from almost all over the Middle East and North Africa, although in Egypt and Syria, among others, old Christian communities have remained minorities until modern times and in Ethiopia for a long time in the power population.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

For centuries Muslims also ruled Spain, but Christians reconquered it by 1492.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In this case, Christianity was the predominant religion throughout Europe, even in the central and northern parts of which it had already spread, but apart from minor regions, not in other continents.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

But soon after, it quickly began to be spread, especially to the American continent.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Iconoclasm in the 7th century Byzantine church was torn apart by strife of images.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The first iconoclastic period, or kuvariita, began during Emperor Leo III when he banned the use of icons depicting Jesus and saints.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Kuvariita ended after the Second Ecclesiastical Assembly of Nicaea in 787.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The ecclesiastical assembly decided that images were allowed to bow and kiss, but not to show them divine reverence.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Emperor Leo V initiated another kuvarida in 813.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

It ceased after the death of Theophilos in 843, when the earlier decision to venerate the images became definitively accepted.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The Great Schism between East and West at the beginning of the 10th century the churches of the East and West were clearly separated from each other and in 1054 the conciliation in Constantinople failed and the Orthodox and the Catholic Church declared each other a curse, i.e., was dismantled only in 1965.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The Great Schism in 1054 separated the local churches in the Western and Eastern Roman regions into two separate communities.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The heirs to this quarrelsome distinction were the Catholic Church, whose headquarters was Rome, and the Orthodox Church, whose most distinguished bishop served as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

After separation, the Orthodox Church also deviates from the church led by the Pope in that it consists of autonomous, or autocephalous or self-governing autonomous local churches.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The Catholic and Orthodox Church agreed on the so-called Florentine Union at the Ecclesiastical Conference of Florence (1438—1445), which in Eastern Rome, however, was rather soon cancelled due to theological reasons and popular opposition.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Orthodox Russia also refused to be under the Pope.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

When the Ottomans conquered Constantinople in 1453, they ordered all relations with the Vatican to be severed.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

From the Catholic Churches of the East between the 16th and 20th centuries, Orthodox churches affiliated with or annexed to the Catholic Church are called Uniate Churches.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Byzantium in the Middle Ages with the defeat of the western part of the Roman Empire, the eastern part, Byzantium, continued Roman traditions.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Byzantium developed into a mighty state whose emperors each tried in turn to reclaim the territories of ancient Rome.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Best succeeded in it was Emperor Justinian (483—565), who regarded himself as God's commandment-holder and high priest with responsibility for converting his subjects to Christianity.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

He wanted to build his kingdom on a Christian basis in the manner of Constantine the Great.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Justinian began collaborating with the influential Patriarch of Constantinople.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

They put Christian cuppies arguing over doctrinal issues under discipline with severe penalties.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The church was responsible for the care of the sick, the poor and the prisoners, and thus a close relationship was established between church and state — a state church was born.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In the end, there was no longer a clear distinction between the emperor and the church; the emperor exercised the supreme power of the church as well.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The emperor began to be regarded as the terrestrial representative of God.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages The Pope (Bishop of Rome) had sought to centralize the power of the entire Christian Church for himself beginning as early as the 10th century.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Power began to accumulate on the Pope with Byzantium in disarray.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Initially, the papal sceptre reached only the vicinity of the city of Rome, but the papal power began to grow as the popes began to cooperate with the Frankish rulers.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The Pope and Pipin the Small entered into a treaty in the 7th century in which the king promised to be loyal to the Pope as well as protect him and the Pope placed the Roman Church under the king's protection.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The pope also received land holdings from Italy at the same time.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

This gave rise to the Church State.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Next, Charles the Great ascended to the Frankish throne, who converted the territories he conquered to Christianity.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The decision to turn around was facilitated by arms.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In the end, Charlemagne owned almost all the western territories that were part of the Roman Empire.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The Crusades Crusades were religiously motivated and theologically justified war expeditions conducted between the 10th and 13th centuries and approved by the Pope.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Initially the intention was to recapture Jerusalem, which the early Muslims had reclaimed for themselves.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Later crusades were also made towards other pagan countries and peoples in Europe, including Finland and the Baltics.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

War expeditions against the Cathars of southern Europe can also be considered crusades.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

However, the crusades did not produce any result for Christendom.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The crusaders lost the Holy Land to the Muslims and eventually the Turks recaptured Constantinople in 1453, thus marking the end of the Byzantine Empire at the same time.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Reformation and Counter-Reformation In the Reformation, or Reformation, in the 1520s, reformers called Protestants rose up in several countries against corrupt structures of the Catholic Church.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The reformers, the most central of whom were Jan Hus and Martti Luther, were also of the opinion that heresy prevailed in the church at several points.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Naturally, on the side of the Catholic Church, Protestants were equally regarded as heretics.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The consequence was that several monarchs established their own state churches in place of Catholicism in their lands, and the Catholic Church undertook major internal reforms.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Undertaken by King Gustav Vasa, Finland experienced a reformation as part of the Swedish Empire; it was only later, at the end of the 16th century, that the doctrine of the Protestant Church in Sweden was more precisely defined as Evangelical Lutheran.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The religious demarcation line created by the Reformation still exists in Europe and broadly follows the division, with the north being Protestant and the south being Catholic.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

There are exceptions, for example Catholics Ireland and Poland.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

See also: Martti Luther Jean Calvin and Calvinism The importance of printing skills developed by Johannes Gutenberg for the spread of new religious ideas King James Bible Trento Ecclesiastical Assembly Thirty Years' War Inquisition Radical Reformation and Anabaptists Amish sect Hutterites Mennonites Protestantism and the rise of denominationalism Protestantism also spread to North America and later Australasia with European colonizers, but as religion was not controlled by the Pope nor by national governments, the new continent protestantism fragmented into hundreds and later thousands of different trends.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In South America, where religion had come with the Spanish and Portuguese, the strong influence of the Catholic Church remained.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

See also: Anglicans Baptists First Great Revival Quakers Lutherans John Wesley and Methodists Nonconformists Pietists Presbyterians Puritans 19th century Liberal Protestantism According to Liberal Protestantism Christian theology is to be rebuilt to fit modern science.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Because of this, the old Christian views had to be either rejected or interpreted in a new way.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Attempts were made to justify Christianity by associating it as part of the overall human religious experience.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Appealing directly to the bible was seen as problematic.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

A prominent representative of this trend is A. Benjamin Ritschl.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

[15] Other theological tendencies alongside Liberal Protestantism still persisted in the Lutheran Church the old so-called mediation theology, which sought a compromise between Enlightenment neology and traditional Christianity.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Another trend was Pietism, powered by popular revivals following the Napoleonic Wars.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The 19th century still saw the emergence of Neo-Lutheranism, which in the Anglican Church was matched by the Oxford Movement.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In addition, in Finland, Beckianism, or Biblisism, was still strongly influenced by the 20th century.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Major revivals, restorationism See also: Major revivals Charles Grandison Finney and Revivalism The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism) Millerite Seventh-day Adventists Jehovah's Witnesses 20th and 21st centuries Twenty-first century Christianity is illustrated by an increasingly increased division.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The centuries have seen a break from the mainstream in both a more liberal and more conservative direction.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Another phenomenon typical of the time has been the secularization of Western society.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Many churches, such as the Catholic Church, have made many reforms to change with the times.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Persecutions of Christians in communist Eastern Europe led to increased contacts between the churches of the East and West, as Orthodox churches migrated to the West.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Ecumenical activities have expanded, starting most notably with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference in 1910.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Missionary work has spread to new areas in the Middle East and Asia, giving Christianity a new direction of growth for itself, with the majority of new Christians today coming from the so-called Third World.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Reforms of the Catholic Church See also: Second Vatican Council Ecumenia The excommunication of the Great Schism between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople was canceled in 1965 by Pope John Paul II Liturgical Reform Movement Modernism and Christian counter-reaction to fundamentalism As a result of the Enlightenment period, scientific and cultural currents arose, which can be called modernism.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

As it began to influence in Protestant churches in the 19th century, so-called Liberal Christianism and associated liberal theology emerged, which sought to bring the teachings of the Church into line with new ideas.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

At the same time, the role of religion in society began to be viewed critically.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Critical Bible study also emerged at the same time, and a new openness in questioning and interpreting the traditional doctrines of Christianity.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In response to these developments, Christian fundamentalism emerged, which has rejected the radical influence of philosophical humanism on Christianity.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

It has attacked liberal approaches to bible interpretation in particular and atheist theories that have permeated churches.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

A fundamentalist movement has emerged within various tendencies to oppose renunciation of historical Christianity.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Over time, the fundamentalist evangelising revival Christian movement has split into two main branches, one of which is today called fundamentalist and the other, more moderate branch as evangelical.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Both trends have originated in the Anglo-American world, but the majority of evangelicals today exist outside it.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

With the spread of secularisation in the 19th and 20th centuries, many of the politically dominant states of Christianity, especially in Europe, developed in an increasingly secular, secular direction.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Furthermore, states declared communist were ruled in the spirit of atheism, although officially atheist was only Albania.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The secularisation of society began gradually starting as early as the Renaissance period, and intensified after the Enlightenment period.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

For example, according to a study by Norris and Inglehart (2004), 28% of Finns do not believe in the existence of a personal god, while in Sweden, according to the same study, 64% do not believe in the existence of a personal god.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

[16] However, the majority felt that they “belong” to some religious orientation.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Finland has followed other European countries in this regard.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Although the national church still prevails in the country, religion is practically separated from political rule.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In light of the numbers, however, European secularisation may have taken a different turn recently as churches slowly changed their activities.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Against the background of secularization, other phenomena can also be seen.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

As the traditional structures of society lose their importance, religion has also become more personal and is particularly associated with turning points in life.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In North and South America and Australia, participation in religious spending is more common than in Europe.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

At the same time, other nations see these areas as the most conservative in their social values.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

In particular, the United States is more conservative than other nations in religiosity due to Christianity's firm foothold in its southern and midwestern states.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Especially in the United States, Christianity has begun to influence again in society's decision-making (mainly in its revival Christian form).


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

South America, which has been historically Catholic territory, has experienced an extensive evangelical and Pentecostal revival over the past 80 years thanks to foreign missionary workers.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Brazil, the largest country in South America, for example, is the largest Catholic country in the world in terms of population, but also the world's largest country of evangelistic revival Christianity.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Some of the largest congregations in the world can be found in Brazil.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Other developments One of the most significant developments in 20th-century Christianity has been the rise of the Pentecostal Revelation.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Although its roots may have arisen even before 1900, it is actually considered to have arisen in the early 20th century.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The spread of the movement was accompanied by so-called miracles of the First Christian Pentecostal type.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Later Pentecostalism spawned a charismatic movement within existing ecclesiastical institutions, and continues to be a major force in Western Christianity.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Charismaticism has been present in the Catholic as well as, for example, the Lutheran Church.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

One movement that emerged in the 20th century has been Christian anarchism, which rejects churches and all other religious authority except God's.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

Christian anarchism also believes in total non-violence.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

The genesis of the movement was influenced by Leo Tolstoy's book, published in 1894, The Kingdom of God is in your midst.


Question: In what century did Christianity arrive in Finland?

History of Christianity

See also Church history Timeline of Christianity Persecution of Christians Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arffman, Charles| title = History of Christianity| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-37-4183-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Litzen Veikko| title=The Road to Nicaea: Romans and Christians from the beginning of the birth of the State Church | location = Turku| publisher = Book-Aurora| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951-29-3963-3}} * Category:Key aspects of screening Articles


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Film noir () is a film term used to describe Hollywood crime dramas with predominantly cynical attitudes and sexual motivations.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Hollywood's classic film noir period is generally considered to have lasted from the early 1940s to the late 1950s; by Paul Schrader's definition, it began with John Huston's The Maltese Falcon (1941) and ended with Orson Welles's Touch of Evil (1958).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

This season's film noir is accompanied by a dark-hued black-and-white visual style with roots in German expressionism.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The style direction also drew influences from crime literature of the 1930s, including novels by Raymond Chandler, Dashiell Hammett, and James M. Cain; many film noir films were adaptations of these novels.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Coming from the French language, the term film noir was first used by French critic Nino Frank in 1946, but the term was not carried into American film circles yet at the time.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[1] Film historians and critics have defined the canon of film noir as an afterthought, and the term did not begin to be in more common use until the 1970s.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Prior to that, many classic film noir films were called melodramas.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Scholars are still debating whether film noir can be called its own genre.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Film noir was originally only associated with American productions, but the term is now used to describe films made in other countries as well.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Numerous films beginning in the 1960s incorporate features from classical period film noir; these works are often referred to as neo-noir (“neo-noir”).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The often repeated elements of Noir have spawned parodies since the mid-1940s.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Difficulty of definition Scholars are still debating whether film noir can be called its own genre.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In their 1955 book Panorama du film noir américain 1941—1953 (A Panorama of American Film Noir), French critics Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton noted that film noir films were dreamy, peculiar, erotic, contradictory and brutal [2] — but emphasize right after the stern that not all films contain all these elements in equal measure.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Like Borde and Chaumeton, later scholars have also had trouble finding an apt definition for film noir, even to the extent that film historian Mark Bould has stated film noir remains “an elusive phenomenon... always just out of reach”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[3] Although film noir is often associated with a visual style atypical for Hollywood, with an emphasis on dark-hued lighting and unbalanced compositions, [4] include films commonly counted as film noir with divergent visual approaches, some of which are entirely Hollywood mainstream.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[5] In the same vein, film noir includes a variety of genres, from gangster films to police investigative narratives and from Gothic romance to films of social problems — in the 1940s and 1950s, which today is considered to be the classic period of noir, these films were likely to be called” into melodramas”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[6] Some critics refer to film noir as its own genre, while others stress that it cannot be one.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[7] Although noir is often associated with urban settings, many classic noirs are set in small towns, suburbs, rural areas or on the road; location cannot therefore be, like Western cinema, the determinant of genre.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In the same vein, the characters often associated with noir, the private investigator and the femme fatale, appear in few films, so the genre cannot be defined, like a gangster film, either by the characters.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Film noir also doesn't lean on anything as obvious as monstrous or supernatural elements in horror movies, speculative future portrayals in science fiction or song-and-dance scenes in musicals.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

A closer benchmark can be found in screwball comedy, which is widely accepted by film historians as its own “genre”: screwball comedy is defined not by any single characteristic, but by a general character and a set of elements, some (but rarely, if ever, all) to be found for every film in the genre.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[8] Due to the vastly greater diversity of screwball comedy in film noir, certain scholars, such as film historian Thomas Schatz, nevertheless refer to film noir as “style” rather than genre [9].


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The well-known American critic specializing in film noir Alain Silver refers to film noir as a “cycle” [10] and a “phenomenon” [11], while noting that it has coherent visual and thematic codices like some genres.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[12] Some critics consider noir to be “ambient”, [13] characterizing it as a “series”, [14] or simply referring to a particular set of films they consider to be the “canon” of noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[15] There is no consensus on the definition.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[16] Background Cinematic Sources The visual style of film noir has been strongly influenced by German expressionism, the art trend of the 1910—1920s which influenced theatre, photography, painting, sculpture, architecture as well as in the movie too.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The opportunities offered by intensely growing Hollywood and the subsequent rise to power of the Nazis in Germany led to the emigration of many filmmakers who worked with or studied Expressionism to the United States.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[17] Directors such as Fritz Lang, Robert Siodmak and Michael Curtiz brought with them a dramatically shady lighting style to Hollywood as well as a psychologically expressive approach to visual composition—mise en scène—and, once they achieved, directed some of the best-known classics from film noirs.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Directed by Lang in 1931 two years before leaving Germany, the character piece M — the city looking for a murderer is one of the first major crime films with sound, combining the visual style characteristic of noir with a noir-style plot in which the protagonist is a criminal (like his their most successful pursuers too).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[18] In 1931, Curtiz had been influential in Hollywood for half a decade, making six films a year at his most prolific.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

His films such as 20,000 Years in Sing-Sing (1932) and Private Detective 62 (1933) are among the earliest examples of Hollywood sound films that could perhaps qualify as film noir—scholar Marc Vernet uses the latter as an example when noting that setting the initial moment of film noir to 1940 or any other year is “haphazard”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[19] Particularly free rein filmmakers who worked on expressionism were given Universal horror films, resulting in works such as Dracula — the Old Vampire (1931), The Mummy (1932) and Black Cat (1934).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Dracula was filmed and The Mummy was directed by Karl Freund, a scholar in Berlin, while the Black Cat was directed by Austrian emigrant Edgar G.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

It's Ulmer.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[20] However, the closest thing you can get to noir from Universal's horror films is The Invisible Man (1933), directed by Englishman James Whale and filmed by the American Arthur Edeson.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Edeson later also portrayed the Maltese Falcon (1941), widely regarded as the first notable of the film noirs of the Classical period.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[21] Born in Vienna but raised mainly in the United States, Josef von Sternberg directed in Hollywood around the same time.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

His films such as the Shanghai Express (1932) and The Devil Is a Woman (1935) anticipate key elements of classic film noir with their hot eroticism and baroque visual style.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The commercial and critical success of the silent film Underworld, directed by Sternberg in 1927, was largely responsible for the trend of gangster films that emerged in Hollywood.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[22] Popular films in the genre such as Little Caesar (1931), Enemy of Society (1931) and Scarface (1932) showed that crime films with morally dubious protagonists had an audience.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[23] An important and possibly significant cinematic precursor to classical noir was the French poetic realism of the 1930s, with its romantic, fatalistic attitudes and praises of its doomed heroes.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[24] Perhaps the most significant film to influence the development of film noir, which does not count itself as noir, was the character work Citizen Kane (1941), directed by Orson Welles.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Its multifaceted visuals and convoluted, narrative dominated by the narrator's voice recur in numerous classic film noirs.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[25] Italian neorealism of the 1940s also contributed, with its apparent documentary authenticity, to the style of American noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Billy Wilder, who also had been born in Vienna and learned in Berlin, directed the film Wasted Days in 1945, which, in a way reminiscent of neorealism, tells the story of the writer's self-destructive alcoholism.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[26] The film is also an example of the problematic nature of classification: it was one of the first American films to be called film noir, but has now completely disappeared from the field of view.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[27] Naked City (1948) director Jules Dassin has stated that neorealists inspired him to use real filming locations and amateur statists.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

This semidocumentary approach marked a significant portion of noirs in the late 1940s and early 1950s.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Along with neorealism, the style also had an American precedent to which Dass refers to: director Henry Hathaway's house on 92nd Street (1945) illustrated the simultaneous influence of cinematic newsreels.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[28] Literary Sources Film noir's principal literary influence was hard-boiled American detective and crime literature, led in its early years by writers such as Dashiell Hammett (whose first novel Red Harvest was published in 1929) and James M. Cain (whose Injury a watch around the neck appeared five years later), and which was brought to popularity by Black Mask magazine-like kiosk literature.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

From classic film noirs, The Maltese Falcon and the Glass Key (1942) are based on Hammett's novels; Cain's novels are based on Woman Without Conscience (1944), Mildred Pierce — American Woman (1945), Judgment of Fate (1946), and Red Imprint (1956).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

For a decade before the classic season, Hammett's story had been the basis for the gangster meloddrama The Streets of the Big City (1931), which was directed by Rouben Mamoulian and filmed by Lee Garmes, who often worked with Sternberg.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Both the film's style and story contain many features of noir, so the month before Lang's M — City Looking for a Murderer released The Streets of the Big City may consider itself the first major film noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[29] In 1939, Raymond Chandler, who published his first novel Deep Sleep, soon emerged as the most famous writer in the hard-boiled school.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Notable noirs were directed from Chandler's novels — Goodbye, My Beauty (1944; adapted from the novel Goodbye, My Beauty), Deep Sleep (1946) and Woman in the Lake (1947) — and he also served as an important screenwriter for the genre, producing the screenplays for the films Woman Without Conscience, The Mystery of the Blue Dahlia (1946) and Strangers on the Train (1951).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Where Chandler built most of his novels and stories like Hammett on the character of a private investigator, Cain made less use of heroic protagonists and focused more on psychological exploration than on crime-clearing; [30] Cain's approach is associated with the hard-boiled detective to “noir fiction” considered a subgenre.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In the 1940s, one of the most prolific and successful writers of these dark suspense stories was Cornell Woolrich (sometimes under the pseudonyms George Hopley or William Irish).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

There are more classic period film noir based on Woolrich's production than any other writer's: thirteen films in all, including Shadow of the Unknown (1946), Deadline at Dawn (1946) and Fear in the Night (1947).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[31] A major literary source for film noir was also W. R. Burnett, whose first published novel was The Little Emperor in 1929 (appeared in Finnish in 1990).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

It was adapted into the 1931 film Little Caesar, which emerged as a hit for Warner Bros.; the following year Burnett was hired to write dialogue for Scarface, while Police Claw was based on one of his stories.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

At least one major reference work identifies the latter as film noir, despite its early release date.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[32] Burnett's characteristic narrative style was set in something between typical hard-boiled detective and noir fiction — his protagonists were heroic in their own gangster-like way.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In the classic period, his literary works and screenplays served as the basis for seven films considered film noir, including three of the most famous: High Sierra (1941), Persecuted (1942) and The Asphalt Jungle (1950).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[33] Classic Period General The 1940s and 1950s are generally regarded as the “classic period” of American film noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Although the film noir encyclopedia of Alain Silver and Elizabeth Ward classifies the Streets of the Big City (1931) and other crime melodramas produced before World War II — among them the Zealto (1936) and The Fugitive (1937) directed by Fritz Lang — as full-blooded film noirs, other critics have a habit of call them, for example, “proto-noir”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[34] The first “real” film noir is most commonly referred to in the film Murder on the 3rd Floor (1940) by Boris Ingster, who was born in Latvia and learned in the Soviet Union.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[35] The star was Hungarian emigrant Peter Lorre, although he did not play the lead in the film as before in Lang's film M — a city looking for a murderer.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Lorre later played supporting roles in several notable American film noirs.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Despite its reasonable, top-end budget for B-movies, Murder on the 3rd Floor ended up causing his studio RKO a loss of $56,000, nearly a third of its total cost.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[36] Variety called Ingster's work “overly thought out and, at its most original, lacks the ability to sustain interest.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The film is too artistic for a regular audience, and too monotonous for others.” [37] The film was not considered the beginning of a new trend, let alone a genre, for many decades.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[35] Most classic period film noirs were similarly low-to-mid-budget productions without major stars — B-movies either literally or in spirit.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Under these production conditions, writers, directors, cinematographers and other industry professionals had relatively free rein compared to the constraints imposed by a typical major film.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Visual experiments were conducted more often than the Hollywood average: the expressionism strongly associated with noir today, and the semidocumentary style that became more common later, represent two very different trends.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The narrative sometimes included elaborate flashbacks that were rarely seen in other commercial productions.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In terms of content, the prevailing Production Code ensured that characters in films could not commit murder without getting caught or engaged in extramarital affairs; however, many film noir contained very daring plot elements and bold dialogue.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[38] Thematically, film noirs were exceptional, particularly in questioning relatively often the virtue of their female characters—this had become rare in Hollywood films since the mid-1930s, when the production code became more closely controlled.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The firebearer of the trend was Woman Without Conscience, directed by Billy Wilder and the model was created by Barbara Stanwyck's forgettable femme fatale, Phyllis Dietrichson — a definite homage to Marlene Dietrich, who had built her phenomenal career playing such characters in Sternberg's films.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The commercial success of Wilder's Grade A production and seven Oscar nominations made the film arguably the most notable of the early noirs.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[39] Following in Stanwyck's footsteps a host of now-famous “bad girls” of noir, including Rita Hayworth (Gilda, 1946), Lauren Bacall (Deep Sleep, 1946), Lana Turner (Judgment of Destiny, 1947), Ava Gardner (Killers, 1946) and Jane Greer (Shadows from the Past, 1947).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Femme fatale's iconic countercouple, the private investigator, rose to prominence in films such as The Maltese Falcon (1941), in which Humphrey Bogart played Sam Spade, and Goodbye, My Beauty (1944), with Dick Powell playing Philip Marlowe.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Other notable noir detectives served larger organizations, such as Dana Andrews' detective in the film Laura (1944), Edmond O'Brien's insurance investigator in Jaws, and Edward G. Robinson's government agent in the film The Stranger Disappeared (1946).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The prevalence of the private detective as a protagonist declined in the 1950s, when several critics describe the film format as being more focused on extreme psychology and becoming more exaggerated at all.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[40] A typical example is Fateful Meeting (1955), based on Mickey Spillane's novel, starring Mike Hammer, a private investigator.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

As Paul Schrader describes it, “Robert Aldrich's teasing directing leads noir to its most outrageous and perversely erotic.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Hammer turns the underworld around in search of the 'great something', which is revealed — the joke of jokes — to be an exploding atomic bomb.” [41] Orson Welles's Baroquely stylized Touch of Evil (1955) is widely regarded as the last noir of the classical period.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[42] Some scholars consider that film noir never ended, but continued its transformation even though noir's characteristic visual style began to feel lived in its time and Hollywood's changing production conditions led to other directions — according to this view, after the 1950s noir films made according to tradition are part of a continuum with classical noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[43] However, similar films made outside the classical period are regarded by the majority of critics as something other than genuine film noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

According to them, proper film noir belongs to a temporally and geographically limited cycle or era, and they consider films resembling classics that have come after that to be substantially different due to the general changes in the way films are made and the improved noir of the later days of consciousness leading to references to historical material.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[44] Characteristic Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton name 22 films released between 1941 and 1952 in their original 1955 canon as prime examples of film noir; in addition to this, they name 59 other American films of the era substantially in film noir as related.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[46] Half a century later, film historians and critics had assembled a canon of some three hundred films from 1940—1958.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[47] Despite this, there is still disagreement regarding other films of the era as to whether or not they are part of film noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

For example, The Rag Doll (1955), starring Robert Mitchum, who made an acclaimed acting performance, is film noir, according to some critics; others say it is not.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[48] Alfred Hitchcock's film Dangerous Lies (1941) is in the noir catalogues of some critics, others ignore it.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[49] Consensus is even rarer for films made before or after the classic period or produced outside the United States.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

To support the classification of certain films as noir and to dismiss others, many critics point to certain elements they consider characteristic of film noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The question of what these traits are is a subject of constant debate.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Critics for example tend to define a tragic or sinister decision for typical film noir, [50] but many classics of the stylistic direction nevertheless have a happy ending (examples Murder on the 3rd Floor, Deep Sleep, Dark Corridor, The Imprint Fades to Nothing), while the tone of some payoffs is contradictory.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[51] Some critics consider classical noir a hallmark of its clearly distinctive visual style.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Others note that there is considerable visual variation within the noir and instead place emphasis on the essence of the plot and characters.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Third parties might focus on analysing mood and attitude.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

For this reason, no review of the characteristics of classical noir can be considered definitive and only correct.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In the 1990s and 2000s, critics have increasingly turned their attention to the broad field of so-called neo-noir; there is even less agreement on the characteristics of these films made after the classic period.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[52] Visual Style The dark-tone lighting styles of many classical film noirs are associated with stark contrasts of light and dark, as well as dramatic shadow—a style known by the term chiaroscuro borrowed from the visual arts of the Renaissance period.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Shadows cast over an actor, wall or entire scene by blinds or stair railings are an iconic part of noir's visuals and had become a cliché well before the era of neo-noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The characters' faces may be partly or completely obscured by darkness, which is relatively rare in traditional Hollywood filmmaking.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Although many consider the black and white shooting style to be an essential part of classic film noir, the colour films Mine is Revenge (1945) and Niagara (1953) as generally noir, and a number of critics also classify the films Red Imprint (1956), Chicago Night Butterflies (1958), and Vertigo — Red Tear (1958) as film noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[53] Film noir is also known for its use of low view angles, widescreen, and distorted and oblique images.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Other means of confusion relatively common in film noir include human reflections from one or more mirrors, depiction through curved or frosted glasses or other distorting surfaces (such as the chokehold scene in the film Strangers on a Train), and sometimes eccentric special effects episodes.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The use of real night shots was common, unlike the night scenes usually shot in Hollywood during the day.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[54] Beginning in the mid-1940s, the use of proper filming locations became common in film noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[55] In analyzing the visuals of the late and self-conscious stylised classical film noir The Fateful Meeting, critic Alain Silver describes how the shooting style reinforces the themes and mood of the story.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In one scene, the characters are seen going through a “jumble of angular shapes”, as if “imprisoned in a hand-touching squalor or closed in a trap.”


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Silver posits that “the sidelight has been used... to reflect the ambivalence of the characters”, while the lower-lit images “follow a tradition of visual expression that associates upward-falling shadows on faces with unnaturalness and ominousness”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[56] Structure and narrative means Unusually complex stories feature in Film noirs, often taking advantage of flashbacks and other means of intersection that disturb or confuse the narrative.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The inclusion of the entire main plot in flashback is also usual.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Narrator voice commentary may have been used to clarify the structure and became one of the hallmarks of noir; although classical noir is usually accompanied in the first person (i.e.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

into the narrative of the protagonist), Stephen Neale points out third-person narrative to be usual in noirs produced in semidocumentary style.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[58] Very different neo-noirs, such as Forbrydelsens element (surrealism), Until the End (retro) and Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang (meta), have used a combination of flashback and narrator sound.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In the classic period, some defiant forays into cinematic narrative were made: The Woman in the Lake, for example, is depicted entirely from the point of view of its protagonist, Philip Marlowe; the face of star (and director) Robert Montgomery is seen only in mirrors.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[59] The imaginative narrative style based on the dreaminess and fatalism of Persecutor (1946) resembles certain horror stories, and the style has no worse precedents among realist genres.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Both Sunset Street and Dead on Arrival are, in different ways, both stories told by dead men.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Latter-day noir has been at the vanguard of narrative experiments in mainstream cinema, as shown by artists such as Pulp Fiction — Stories of Violence, Fight Club and Memento.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[60] Plots, characters and venues Almost all film noirs feature a crime, usually murder; in addition to greed, the motivation is often jealousy.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

A criminal investigation by a private investigator, (possibly acting alone) or a concerned bystander is a common but not dominant basic plot.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In other common plots, the protagonist becomes entangled in robberies or scams, or becomes involved in murderous plots often involving extramarital affairs.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

False suspicions and accusations of crimes are common plot elements, as are deceiving others.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

According to J. David Slocum, “the protagonists assume the identities of dead men in nearly fifteen percent of all noirs”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[61] Amnesia is a common disease — in the words of film historian Lee Server, “noir's version of the flu.”


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[62] Film noir's heroes are imperfect and morally dubious as well as often scapegoated in one way or another.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Many critics describe the protagonists typical of noir as “alienated”; [63] in the words of Silver and Ward, they are “full of existential bitterness”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[64] Character types that characterise Noir include hard-boiled detectives, femme fatales, corrupt cops, jealous husbands, fearless insurance inspectors and penniless writers.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Almost everyone smokes tobacco.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[65] Private detective and femme fatale are considered the most characteristic film noir characters, although they do not appear in the majority of classic noirs.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Of the 23 film noirs recorded by the US National Film Archive, only four (Maltese Falcon, Deep Sleep, Shadows from the Past and Fatal Meeting) feature a private investigator in the lead role.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Only four others can be counted as detective stories: Laura, Slayers, Naked City and Touch of Evil.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Film noir is usually associated with an urban setting, with many classic noirs set in a few cities, notably Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Chicago.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In the view of many critics, the city is presented in noir as a “labyrinth” or “maze”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[66] Venues often include bars, nightclubs and gambling dens.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The culmination of the plot of a remarkable multi-film noir takes place in visually complex, often industrial environments such as refineries, factories, rail yards and power plants — the most famous example of the White Glow's explosive decision at a chemical plant.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[67] In the images of the general public (and quite often critics too), it is always night and rainy.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[68] A significant trend in latter-day noir, echoed by the critic D.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

What K. Holm calls “film soleil” (), takes the opposite direction: tales of betrayal, seduction and corruption exploit bright, toasty venues, stereotypically deserts or open waters.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Notable antecedents from the classic or early post-classical period include A Woman from Shanghai; Inferno (1953), starred by Robert Ryan; a French adaptation of Patricia Highsmith's novel The Gifted Lord Ripley, Hot Sun (1960); and director Don Siegel's version of Jaws (1964).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The trend was at its strongest in the late 1980s and 1990s with films such as Greasy Pillow (1989), After Dark, Sweetheart (1990), Hot Spot — Hot Places (1990), The Last Journey (1991) and Red Rock West (1993), as well as the television series Miami Vice.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[69] Worldview, Morality and Ambience Film noir is often referred to as fundamentally pessimistic.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[70] The most characteristic noir stories tell of people in unwanted situations (which they usually did not cause but have aggravated by their actions), struggling against a haphazard, indifferent fate, often doomed.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The films are seen as depicting a world that is corrupted by its inheritance.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[71] Many critics associate the era of classic film noir with the social situation in America, particularly the growing unease and alienation that has been said to have followed World War II.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

In the words of novelist and film critic Nicholas Christopher, “it is as if war and the societal outbursts in its aftermath have unleashed the demons piled into the national psyche.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“[72] Film noir, especially produced in the 1950s and during the peak years of fear of communism, has often been considered to have depicted cultural paranoia; Fatal Meeting is the most commonly presented evidence to support this claim.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[73] Film noir has often been said to be defined through “moral ambiguity”, [74] although the production code forced almost all classical noirs to ensure that unyielding virtue is rewarded and vice punished severely (whether the fulfillment of ultimate justice storytellingly however incredible).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

A significant number of latter-day noirs openly defy this practice: vices emerge triumphant in diverse films from bleak Chinatown all the way to buzzing Hot Spot.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[75] Film noir's mood is generally considered downbeat; some critics perceive it as even more somber — according to Robert Ottoson, the mood is “overwhelmingly inconsolable”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[76] Influential critic (and filmmaker) Paul Schrader wrote in his groundbreaking essay in 1972 through his defining mood of film noir, and this mood he considered to be “desperate”.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[77] In describing the film Woman Without Conscience as Atoned noir analyst Foster Hirsch cites the creators as having achieved a “requisite mood of despair”, which at the same time seems to describe her whole noir concept.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[78] On the other hand, illustrious film noirs such as Deep Sleep, Woman from Shanghai and also Woman Without Conscience are famous for their hard-boiled and witty phrasing, often spiced with sexual innuendo and self-conscious humour, which are signs of a different mood.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

[79] Sources Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Ballinger, Alexander, and Danny Graydon (2007).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The Rough Guide to Film Noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

London: Rough Guides.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 1-84353-474-6 Biesen, Sheri Chinen (2005).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Blackout: World War II and the Origins of Film Noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-8018-8217-6 Borde, Raymond, and Etienne Chaumeton (2002 [1955]).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

A Panorama of American Film Noir, 1941—1953, translate.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Paul Hammond,


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

San Francisco: City Lights Books.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-87286-412-X Bould, Mark (2005).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Film Noir: From Berlin to Sin City.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

London and New York: Wallflower.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 1-904764-50-9 Christopher, Nicholas (1998 [1997]).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Somewhere in the Night: Film Noir and the American City, 1st paperback edition.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

New York: Owl/Henry Holt.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-8050-5699-8 Dancyger, Ken, and Jeff Rush (2002).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Alternative Scriptwriting: Successfully Breaking the Rules, 3rd edition.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Boston and Oxford: Fiscal Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-240-80477-5 Davis, Blair (2004).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Horror Meets Noir: The Evolution of Cinematic Style, 1931—1958", in Horror Film: Creating and Marketing Fear, ed.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Steffen Hantke.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 1-57806-692-1 Hirsch, Foster (2001 [1981]).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The Dark Side of the Screen: Film Noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

New York: Da Capo.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-306-81039-5 Holm, D.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

K. (2005).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Film Soleil.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Harpenden, UK: Pocket Essentials.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 1-904048-50-1 Irwin, John T. (2006).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Unless the Threat of Death is Behind Them: Hard-Boiled Fiction and Film Noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-8018-8435-7 Jones, Kristin M.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Dark Cynicism, British Style”, Wall Street Journal, August 18, 2009 (available).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Krutnik, Frank, Steve Neale, and Brian Neve (2008).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Un-American” Hollywood: Politics and Film in the Blacklist Era.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

New Brunswick, N.J.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

: Rutgers University Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-8135-4198-0 Lyons, Arthur (2000).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Death on the Cheap: The Lost B Movies of Film Noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

New York: Da Capo.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-306-80996-6 Macek, Carl (1980).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“City Streets (1931)”, in Silver and Ward, Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference, p. 59—60.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Macek, Carl, and Alain Silver (1980).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“House on 92nd Street (1945)”, in Silver and Ward, Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference, p. 134—35.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Muller, Eddie (1998).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Dark City: The Lost World of Film Noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

New York: St. Martin's.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-312-18076-4 Naremore, James (2008).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

More Than Night: Film Noir in Its Contexts, 2nd edition.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-520-25402-3 Neale, Steve (2000).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Genre and Hollywood.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

London and New York: Routledge.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-415-02606-7 Ottoson, Robert (1981).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

A Reference Guide to the American Film Noir: 1940—1958.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Metuchen, N.J., and London: Scarecrow Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-8108-1363-7 Place, Janey, and Lowell Peterson (1974).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Some Visual Motifs of Film Noir”, Film Comment 10, no.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

1 (compiled in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1]).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Porfirio, Robert (1980).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Stranger on the Third Floor (1940)”, in Silver and Ward, Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference, p. 269.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Ray, Robert B.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

A Certain Tendency of the Hollywood Cinema, 1930—1980.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Princeton, N.J.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

: Princeton University Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-691-10174-4 Sanders, Steven M.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Film Noir and the Meaning of Life”, in The Philosophy of Film Noir, ed.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Mark T. Conard, p. 91—106.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-8131-9181-5 Schatz, Thomas (1981).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Hollywood Genres: Formulas, Filmmaking, and the Studio System.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

New York: Random House.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 039432255X Schrader, Paul (1972).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Notes on Film Noir”, Film Comment 8, no.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Server, Lee (2006).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Ava Gardner: “Love Is Nothing.”


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

New York: Macmillan.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-312-31209-1 Silver, Alain (1996).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Introduction”, in Silver and Ursini, Film Noir Reader [1], p. 3—15 (available) Silver, Alain, and Elizabeth Ward (1992).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style, 3rd edition.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Woodstock, N.Y.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

: Overlook Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-87951-479-5 (Kts.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

also: Silver, Ursini, Ward, and Porfirio [2010].


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Film Noir: The Encyclopedia, 4.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

uud., laj.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

edition.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

It's an overlook.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 1-59020-144-2) Slocum, J. David (2001).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Violence and American Cinema.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

London and New York: Routledge.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-415-92810-9 Spicer, Andrew (2007).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

European Film Noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-7190-6791-X Telotte, J. P. (1989).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Voices in the Dark: The Narrative Patterns of Film Noir.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-252-06056-3 Turan, Kenneth (2008).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“UCLA's Pre-Code Series,” Los Angeles Times, January 27, 2008 (available).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Agony, Jon (1984).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Dark Cinema: American Film Noir in Cultural Perspective.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Westport, Conn., and London: Greenwood.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-313-23045-5 Vernet, Marc (1993).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Film Noir on the Edge of Doom”, in Copjec, Shades of Noir, p. 1—31.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

White, Dennis L.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

“Beast of the City (1932)”, in Silver and Ward, Film Noir: An Encyclopedic Reference, p. 16—17.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Williams, Linda Ruth (2005).


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

Bloomington: Indiana University Press.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

ISBN 0-253-34713-0 References Literature Bagh Peter von: The Glow of Crime (Otava 1997) Bus, Robin: French Film Noir (Marion Boyars 2001) Hughes Lloyd: Gangster Movies (Rough Guides 2005) Kaplan: Women in Film Noir (England 1980) Kurki Eve: Knights of the Shadows: Jean-Pierre Melville's Films and Existentialist Morality (School of Art and Design 1997) Nogueira Rui: Film According to Melville (State Printing Centre, 1989) Porfirio Robert, Silver Alain, Ursini James: Film Noir Reader 3 (Limelight Editions 2002) Salo Matti: Facing the Wall (State printing center 1982) Server Lee, Gomran Ed, Greenberg Martin H.: The Big Book of Noir (Carrol & Graf 1998) Silver Alain, Ursini James: The Noir Style (Aurum 1999) Silver Alain, Ursini James: Film Noir (Taschen 2004) Telotte J.P.


Question: When did film noir start?

Film noir

: Voices in the Dark: The Narrative Patterns of Film Noir (University of Illinois 1989) Thomson David: The Big Sleep (BFI 1997) On the topic elsewhere available for download and viewing on the Internet Archive Category:Film genres * Category:French words and sayings Category:Movie related concepts Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

The central area of Helsinki [1] () [2] is the largest agglomeration and urban area in Finland by population and area.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[3] Taajama is located in Uusimaa County and Helsinki Sub-region.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

At the end of 2016, the population of the central district of Helsinki was approximately 1,249,820 inhabitants, [1] and its land area was 676.46km², [1] so the population density in the agglomeration area was 1,847.6as. /km².


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[1] In agglomeration, the distance between buildings shall not exceed 200m.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

Helsinki is a large urban area on the scale of Finland.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

It is about 3.7 times as large as the second largest agglomeration in the country, the central Tampere area.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

However, on a world scale, the Helsinki urban area is only ranked 387.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[4] The Nordic agglomeration in central Helsinki is the third largest after Stockholm agglomeration and Hovedstadsområdet in Copenhagen.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

The population of the agglomeration area by municipality in central Helsinki extends to 11 municipalities.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

In total, eight municipalities (Espoo, Helsinki, Järvenpää, Kauniainen, Kerava, Sipoo, Tuusula and Vantaa) are located in the agglomeration area.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

In the remaining three municipalities, Kirkkonummi city centre and the church villages of Mäntsälä and Nurmijärvi form their own agglomerations.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

The following table shows the total population of these municipalities and the population recorded as resident in the central area of Helsinki in these municipalities.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

The data are in accordance with the division of municipalities which entered into force on 31 December 2011 and 1 January 2012.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

Other agglomerations (wholly or partially) located within the municipal territory are also indicated in the table.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[5] The table is arranged in descending order of magnitude according to the third column (About it in central Helsinki).


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

The percentages in the table are calculated by comparing the population living in the central area of Helsinki to the total population of the municipality.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

However, the coordinates of the residence of all Finns are not known.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

For example, according to statistics, there were 16,841 people living in Helsinki, whose place of residence was unknown.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[5] Growth of the agglomeration In the 1960 census the name of the agglomeration was announced below the municipality's name Helsinki alone.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

At that time, the agglomeration had 470,006 inhabitants with an area of 180.2km².


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[7] The 1970 census used the name Kestusajama (Helsinki).


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

At that time, the central urban area had grown together with the agglomerations of Kauniainen, Kilo, Laajalahti, Laaksolahti, Mankka, Matinkylä, Otaniemi, Tapiola, Tuomarila, Järvenperä, Westend, Vantaankoski and Vaarala, as defined in the 1960 census.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

The wider agglomeration thus formed had 627432 inhabitants, according to the 1970 census, with an area of 295.45km².


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[8] In the 1980 and 1990 censuses, the name Kestusajama (Helsinki) continued to be used.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

In 1980 the population of the agglomeration was 680507 inhabitants and the area was 346.6km².


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

In this case, the agglomeration had grown together with the agglomerations of Kivlahti and Vantaa Hämeenkylä Vapaala.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[9] In 1990, the population of the agglomeration had risen to 888871 inhabitants and its area was already 617.5km².


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

The agglomerations that combined with the Helsinki Central Drive in 1990 were Kauklahti, Niipperi and Vanhakartano, Järvenpää Central Drive, Pietilä ja Ristinummi, Kerava Central Drive and Ahjo, Kirkkonummen Masala, Sipoo Talma, Tuusulan Hyrylä and Askisto in Vantaa (again as its own agglomeration 1995, but the central district of Helsinki since 2000), Itä-Hakkila, Kivistö, Korso-Rekola, Seutula, Voutila-Viinikkala and Yläistö.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[10] Since the census of 1995, the agglomeration has been called the Central District of Helsinki.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

At that time the population of the agglomeration was 949132 people and an area of 553.8km².


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

In addition to Helsinki, the agglomeration extended to Espoo, Järvenpää, Kauniainen, Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Sipo, Tuusula and Vantaa.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

Nupurila in Espoo and Rusutjärvi in Tuusula grew together with the agglomeration in that year.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[11] In 2000, Helsinki's central drive grew together with the agglomerations of Kalajärvi, Järvenpää Haarajoki, Sipoo Nikkilä and Tuusula's Kellokoski agglomeration, instead Suomenlinna began to be considered its own agglomeration.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[12] The name Helsinki city area is also used to designate the Helsinki city area, thus separating Järvenpää and Kerava as their own urban areas.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[3] As well as the Helsinki urban area, the commuter areas of the central drive are also included, i.e. agglomerations located no more than 3 km from the central drive, [6] and sometimes Helsinki alone.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[6] Also in international publications, the name of the urban area is always the same as that of the central city, with the exception of clear twin cities.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[4] Classification The agglomeration is divided according to different building efficiency into different urban areas.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

The inner city, i.e. densely and uniformly built, covers the most significant neighbourhoods of Helsinki, Espoo and Vantaa.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

This is circled by the less commonly populated but still technically an outer urban area that satisfies the agglomeration definition.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

The Central Ajama is also connected to Kerava and Järvenpää, which make up its own urban areas.


Question: What is the population of Kauniainen in the last census?

Helsinki Central Driving

[13] See also Helsinki City of Helsinki Helsinki Region Helsinki Sub-region Sources on the topic elsewhere (PDF, delimited by yellow line on the map) (YKR conurbations in 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2009 in Society > Housing and construction) Class:Urban agglomerations of Uusimaa Province Central Achievement Class:Espoo agglomerations Class:Järvenpää Class:Kerava Class:Tuusula agglomerations Class:Nurmijärvi agglomerations Class:Kauniainen agglomerations Class:Sipoo Category:Kirkkonummi agglomerations Category:Mäntsälä agglomerations Category:Municipal centres in Finland Category:Vihti agglomerations


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Geometry () is a field of mathematics that studies patterns and pieces and their properties.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

The Old Finnish language designation is the doctrine of measurement.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

[1] History of Geometry Some of the early significant texts were to Euclide around the year 300 BCE.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

written by the textbook Beginners.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

The work consists of 13 books dealing with Euclidean geometry and number theory of the era.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

In the early 17th century, René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat developed analytical geometry.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

In the early 19th century, Russian mathematician Nikolai Lobachevsky developed non-Euclidean geometry in which the fifth axiom of Euclidean geometry did not hold true.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

During the 19th century, advances in geometry were also influenced by Bernhard Riemann, who worked on analysis and differential geometry, and Henri Poincaré, creator of algebraic topology.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

The Babylonians, Egyptians, Indians and Chinese used geometry well before the beginning of our time.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Systematic geometry developed in Greece.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

It is also where the word geometry, which means surveying, originates.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Paralleliaxiom The development of geometry from antiquity to the early 19th century was colored by the problem of the parallele axiom of plane geometry.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

The Euclidean parallele axioma reads as follows: through a point outside the straight, there is exactly one straight parallel to the straight.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

The axiom was thought to possibly follow from other Eucliodean axioms, in which case it would be pointless and could be omitted from the axioms list.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

However, attempts to derive the parallele axiom from other axioms were futile.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

The parallele axiom is independent of the axioms of plane geometry — thus it cannot even be proved or disproved.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

This was demonstrated in the 1820s, apparently independently of each other, by Carl Gauss, Janos Bólyai and Nikolai Lobatševski.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

[2] The independence of the parallele axiom allowed the study of novel geometries that reject the Euclidean parallele axiom and assume some parallele characteristic contradictory to it.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Examples of these alternative parallele properties are the hyperbolic parallele axiom through a point on the outside of the straight passes at least two straight parallel to the straight and the elliptic parallele axiom parallel straights do not exist.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

[3] Geometries that assume a non-Euclidean parallele property are called non-euclidean geometries.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Euclidean geometry is the traditional geometry postulating the Euclidean parallele axiom.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Breakdown Geometry can be divided, for example, as follows on the basis of the objects studied and the methods used: Planar geometry — two-dimensional geometry Space geometry — three-dimensional geometry Euclidean geometry — geometry assuming a Euclidean parallel postulate For example, plane and space geometry known from school Non-Euclidean geometry — geometry assuming a non-Euclidean parallele property; for example geometry on the surface of a sphere Analytical geometry — analysis of patterns and pieces placed in a coordinate system using equations and inequations Trigonometry is helpful for numerical solving of many geometric problems.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Concepts The basic concepts of geometry include point, straight, plane, space, circle, ellipse, triangle, square, sphere, cylindrical, cone, regular multifaceted, curve, surface, piece, angle, length, surface, and volume.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Sources On the topic elsewhere.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Instruction.tv.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Kuritu, Lassi & Hokkanen, Veli-Matti & Kahanpää, Lauri:.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

Lassi Kuritu and University of Jyväskylä.


Question: What is space geometry?

Geometry

(PDF) * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

William Horatio Powell (July 29, 1892 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania — March 5, 1984 in Palm Springs, California) was an American actor.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Powell is remembered for his cultured, if cynical, film roles from the 1930s.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[1] She was one of the most legendary and biggest stars of Hollywood's golden age with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[2] William Powell began his acting career on Broadway in theatre and vaudeville productions.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Powell began his film career in silent films in the early 1920s.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

The golden age of his career, however, was the 1930s and 1940s.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

His best-known films include, among others, the six Deceiving Shadow films: The Deceiving Shadow (1934), Successor of the Deceiving Shadow (1936), The New Adventures of the Deceiving Shadow (1939), The Deceiving Shadow Haunts (1941), The Deceiving Shadow Wins the Game (1945), and Song of the Deceiving Shadow (1947), two Ziegfeld- filmatization of Ziegfeld, King of Women (1934) and Ziegfeld's Star Revue (1945).


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

His other well-known films include Godfrey Arranges Everything (1936) and a male role in the film How to Marry a Millionaire (1953).


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

He was nominated three times in his career for an Academy Award for films The Betraying Shadow, Godfrey Arranges Everything and Father and We (1947).


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Powell and Myrna Loy starred together in 14 films.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Their partnership is one of the most prolific in Hollywood history.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[1] During his career spanning more than forty years, Powell starred in both films and theatre.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Powell ended his career and retired in 1955.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

He died from it almost thirty years later in 1984.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Adolescent William Horatio Powell was born on July 29, 1892, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States as the only child of accountant Horatio Warren Powell (1865—1941) [3] and Nettie Manila Powell (1872—1959, of his own family Brady) [3].


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

William showed in his early youth that he could perform and act.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

His parents had no acting talent whatsoever.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[4] Horatio wanted his son to become a lawyer, but William wanted to be an actor.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[2] His decision to become an actor took place in a high school play production of The Rivals.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[2] In 1907, after their father's job, the Powells moved to Kansas City, Missouri when William was 15 years old.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[2] He attended school at Central High School.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[1] The Powells lived a few blocks away from the Carpenters, whose daughter Harlean (known by her stage name Jean Harlow) became Powell's counteractor on MGM and a female friend.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Despite being almost neighbours for years, Powell didn't meet Harlean until they were major stars at MGM in the 1930s.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

During high school, William was in the school's drama club and attended the City Theatre during his spare time, watching professional actors in various plays in their work.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[2] He even took a job at the opera as an usher to see actors in his work.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[2] William graduated from Central High School in 1909.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

After high school, Powell attended the University of Kansas for a short time to keep his father happy.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

However, he dropped out of his university studies almost as soon as he got there because he was going to aspire to become an actor.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

She had to support herself because her father wouldn't support her because of her acting plans.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[2] Powell went to work for a telephone company in 1910.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Career Beginning of a career on Broadway stages and a silent film career In 1910, Powell left Kansas City at the age of 18 and left for New York City to study at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

His studies were paid for by a wealthy aunt because the father still wanted his son to become a lawyer and was willing to finance his law school.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[2] [5] At the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, Powell's classmates included Joseph Schildkraut and Edward G. Robinson.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

In 1912, Powell graduated from AADA and worked in vaudeville productions.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[1] Powell got his first theatre role in the play The Ne'er-do-well in 1912 and in 1913 Powell got a minor role in the play Within the Law, which was very successful and kept Powell in the job on tour for two years.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

He married Eileen Wilson, who appeared in the same play.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

The play was performed in Pittsburgh, Portland, Buffalo, and Detroit.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Powell returned back to Broadway in 1917 for the play The King and the Judge of Zalamea, which had its premiere on November 20, 1917.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

It was aired on 127 screens until March 1918.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

That same year, she starred in the musical comedy Going Up, which became a major hit of that time.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

It was aired on 351 screens; the premiere was on Christmas Day 1917 and the last screening was on 26 October 1918.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

After the play ended, William worked for seasons in Boston with the Castle Square Stock Company and then returned back to Broadway to play a villain named Javier in the drama play Spanish Love, which premiered on August 17 in 1920.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

The play was performed for 308 acts at Maxine Elliott's Theatre.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

It closed in May 1921.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

During Spanish Love, Powell was offered a role in a new Sherlock Holmes filmatization and Powell accepted the offer.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[2] In the film, Holmes was played by John Barrymore.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

In 1922, Powell began his Hollywood career and starred after Sherlock Holmes in two other films When Knighthood Was in Flower and Outcast, and also starred in two other plays Bavu and The Woman Who Laughed.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

The melodrama Bavu premiered on 25 February and was only aired until March on 25 screens.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

The Woman Who Laughed also proved to be a flop and was only aired on 13 screens in August.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

Powell returned back to Hollywood and became a contract actor for Paramount Pictures in 1924.


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

[6] She had supporting roles among others in the films Love of the South (1923), The Woman of Our Days!


Question: Where was Wilhelm Bensown born?

William Powell

(1924), In Big City Paulos (1925), Attractive Lips (1926), and A Night in New York (1927).