Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In 1971, the first coin-operated video game automaton appeared, Computer Space, which was the brainchild of Spacewar, developed by Nolan Bushnell and Teb Dabney.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The success of the game was disappointing in Dabney's view, but Bushnell felt it was a success.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[3] The pioneer of video games in every home with television was Ralph Baer, a German-born inventor working for the US company Magnavox.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Baer pitched the idea to his superior as early as 1951, but this knocked the idea out.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, Baer resumed development work later, and in 1968 he had prototype hardware on which to play a number of different games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Based on the prototype, the first game console for home use, the Magnavox Odyssey, was developed, released in 1972 [2].


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In 1972, Nolan Bushnell got to play Ralph Baer's Magnavox Ulysses, who was presented at the fair, of which he soon founded the Atari company.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Atari still released a Pong game that closely resembled Baer's machine tennis game that was still the same year.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Pong became a top success, with Atari selling a total of 19,000 Pong vending machines.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, slot machines became a major part of the gaming culture of the 1970s and 1980s, when it was the golden era of slot machines.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Slot machines did not have to care about the technical limitations of consoles or home computers, so they often saw significantly more advanced games than home releases.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In particular, such slot machine classics as Donkey Kong and Pac-Man have stayed alive and found their way into later consoles as characters as well.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Also, some of the later popular console game series, such as Mortal Kombat, are originally slot machine games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Computer games Even early computers were able to play simple games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, games on home computers did not pass until the 1980s, until which time the graphical abilities of home machines were in great demand.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

One of the first types of games were so-called text adventure games, in which the player is controlled by typing various commands, and events and locations are presented as a written description.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

One of the most famous such games was several sequels to the fantasy adventure Zork, which appeared in 1977.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The IBM PC appeared in 1981.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The first widely distributed home computer, however, was the Commodore 64, released in 1982 in the early years of the recession that plagued console games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

For a long time, the Commodore 64 was the best-selling computer of all time, in Finland it was sold more in terms of population than anywhere else in the world.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Games for both IBM PC and Commodore 64 were games with rudimentary graphics, read from separate floppy disks.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

One of the most notable computer games of the 1980s was Tetris, developed by Russian Alexei Pajitnov, whose original purpose was to develop the observation and reasoning capabilities of fighter pilots.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Tetris is perhaps the most famous video game in the world today.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Today's computer gaming has evolved at the same rate with computers themselves.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Computer games do not have similar generations to console games, as it is possible to develop each computer at its own pace.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Computer games regulate development mostly by their minimum technical requirements, which, too, have evolved steadily without particularly large jumps in order to talk about generations of games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

With the advent of the Internet, computer gaming has been strongly marked by its social dimension, which is why since the early 2000s, the most popular form of computer gaming has been online role-playing.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In particular, massive online role games like World of Warcraft have been strongly marked by computer gaming.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The problem with computer gaming has long been piracy.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Downloading computer games online has long been easy, and it's not easy to verify the authenticity of games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

As a result, gaming houses have radically reduced the number of games that can be developed for computers alone and sought to shift the focus of paying from the game itself to the content.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In online role-playing games, the player often pays a monthly allowance for their right to be involved in the game.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Many online multiplayer games (such as World of Tanks and Guild Wars 2) use micropayments built into the game, leaving no monthly fee required.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Practice varies from game to game, some with real money gaining a clear advantage over other players, while in others, micropayments can acquire cosmetic enhancements such as armor, weapons or pets, which, however, do not really improve the player's chances of others against players.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Game Consoles First Generation — Magnavox Odyssey and “Pong Consoles” In 1972, the light of day saw the Magnavox Odyssey, which today is considered the first commercial game console in history.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

From today's point of view, however, it had it very mildly: games were mostly based on one or two white points of light reflected on a TV screen.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

There was no actual graphics; its post was handled by various films to be glued to the television screen.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The device also featured interchangeable game cartridges, which, though mostly determined the shape and direction of travel of the light points.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Playing the games themselves, like board games, required a manual and various pieces, dice and separate boards.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

New, even more advanced versions of the console were later made.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The console itself was overshadowed by later, considerably simpler consoles.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The first generation of consoles is defined by one game: Pong, developed by the Atari company founded by Nolan Bushnell, an extremely simple “video table tennis” that spawned a huge crowd of imitators.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The first generation of consoles became the era of “Pong machines”: consoles contained nothing more than a few, built-in games, most of which were different Pong variations.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Overproduction of uninnovative, similar devices eventually led to the first video game recession in history in 1977, which is considered to have brought an end to the era of module-free consoles.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Second Generation — Atari 2600 and 1983 Video Game Laws As a result of the 1977 video game film, only two incumbents remained in the video game market: Atari and Magnavox.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Of these, Atari emerged as the dominating force of the next generation: the Atari 2600, released in 1977, is one of the most sovereign consoles ever to dominate the video game market.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Released specifically for that console, Space Invaders played a key role in ending the 1977 video game slump and ushering in a new era in video gaming.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Atari 2600 saw a revolutionary shift to using a microprocessor that allowed games to be stored on ROM modules instead of having to be built separately at the hardware level in the manner of previous Pong machines.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

This also opened the way for outside game developers and bulk sales of games, which is why the Atari 2600 has at times been regarded as the true predecessor to current game consoles.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The use of the CPU also allowed for more diverse games than previously thought, the most notable being Pitfall, Yars' Revenge, and various sports games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Pac-Man, the first recognizable video game character in history, was the first maze game ever developed, which, contrary to popular misconception, rose to fame specifically as a slot game, not as a disreputable home version of the Atari 2600.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, as the 1980s progressed, Atari's superior position in the video game market led to a decline in the level of games, as the market was flooded by third-party developers with one of the weaker and more sluggish games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

One of the most famous flops is E. E., based on Steven Spielberg's film.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

T., which, according to the story, was produced more than existing Atari 2600 consoles and were buried in a New Mexico landfill.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The deteriorating public image of the video game industry led many toy stores to view video games as a transient fashion phenomenon and stop subscriptions for new games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

What followed was the 1983 video game film, ending not only Atari's reign but another console generation.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Third Generation — Nintendo and the 8-bit era In the aftermath of the video game drama, Atari lost its exclusivity in the video game market.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The video game industry dried up almost completely in the Western world for several years until a new wave took off from Japan: Nintendo, known for the long-lived Donkey Kong slot, had already released a console called Famicom in 1983, which was very successful in its home country.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In 1985, the console was released to the Western market under the name Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), beginning the third, so-called eight-bit generation of video games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

One of the most notable reasons for Nintendo's success was Super Mario Bros.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

video game, which started a very popular, even today continuous series of platform games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Other openings for the now-successful franchise included 1986's Metroid and The Legend of Zelda.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, Nintendo did not achieve the same kind of dominance in the market as Atari during the previous generation.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

This was taken care of by competitors, the most notable being another Japanese gaming company, Sega.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Sega Master System was released in 1987 and was technically on par with the NES.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, the Sega Master System failed to achieve the clear number one position of the NES in the world, despite selling better than its competitor in some countries.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Because of this, at an early stage, Sega set about developing a next-generation console, a 16-bit device.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In the 1980s, home computers also began to become more common and, among other things, the Commodore 64 punched itself through the market.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

PCs initially gained a foothold in the gaming market as consoles suffered the slump, but quickly fell short by the success of the NES.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Yet in Finland, for example, the Commodore 64 sold even better than the NES in some places.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Fourth Generation — Nintendo vs. Sega While the third generation was still at its full strength, Sega sought to destabilize Nintendo's dominance with the 16-bit Sega Mega Drive.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Sega significantly offered graphics better than Nintendo's NES console and was thus able to truly compete for consumer popularity.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Many consoles considering new consoles decided to get the latest Mega Drive rather than an eight-bit NES.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, due to its better game offerings, the NES was still able to compete reasonably well with Mega Drive, as Sega did not have to offer consumers well-known brands such as Super Mario and Zelda.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

To this need arose Sega's own flagship, Sonic the Hedgehog, which was commercially very successful.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Nintendo's answer to Sega came in 1990, when the Super Famicom, or in the West, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) was released.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

It was also a 16-bit, technically at least Mega Drive level console, with the advantages of Nintendo's well-known brands such as Mario, Zelda and Metroid, all of which got their new games for the new console.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

New unlocks for the console knee were the first games using three-dimensional graphics.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The first notable such was the shooting game Doom, which as the first game was “filmed” entirely from the player's own point of view, from the first person.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Other three-dimensional games included F-Zero and Mario Kart, among others.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Traditional 2D platform games also ended up taking advantage of three-dimensionality, the best example being Super Nintendo's best-selling game Donkey Kong Country.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The struggle between SNES and Sega Mega Drive became extremely even-handed, with neither gaining a clear upper hand in the market.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Sega attempted to increase the Mega Drive's technical head start by releasing separate add-ons for the device, making the machine stand 32-bit at best.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Unluckily for Sega, the game developers could not yet find enough know-how to create 32-bit games, so the spectrum of games utilizing the add-on remained modest.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Sega also was the first to commercially probe a CD-based system using the Sega Mega-CD add-on, but it suffered from the same problem.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Fifth Generation — Time of PlayStation, CD and Polygons Since 1983 as the undisputed number one name in the video game industry, Nintendo was in no hurry to develop the next-generation 32-bit console.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, Sega's efforts to develop a new, CD-based console led Nintendo to begin developing its own CD-based add-on, the SNES CD-ROM.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The partner was the small Japanese entertainment-electronics company Sony.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, Nintendo abandoned the CD-based system, at which point Sony continued to develop it independently.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

This is where PlayStation lore was set in motion.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Nintendo traded as its partner Philips, with whom the CD-i was born, one of the most disreputable game consoles of all time.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Also, Nintendo's next project, a portable 3D console called Virtual Boy, released in 1994, turned out to be an even bigger fiasco: a clunky console for one player only and causing headaches for many, was miserably successful in both Japan and the United States, and it didn't published in Europe at all.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

These projects delayed the release of Nintendo's next console, the Nintendo 64, by which time two fierce competitors had already hit the market.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Nintendo's toughest racing partner, Sega, released its long-developed Sega Saturn console in November 1994, a CD-based 32-bit console that started the fifth generation.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The machine was technologically advanced and, in the wake of the Sonic character, established its own library of games, but quickly fell at the feet of the newcomer: Nintendo's former collaborator Sony released its own PlayStation console as soon as the following month.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

For the newcomer, the market was favorable: Sony won over numerous new, interesting gaming houses, thanks to which it rose to the top of the sales statistics.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Sony quickly developed its own library of games, which over time has become almost as well established as Nintendo's equivalent: Crash Bandicoot, Gran Turismo and Metal Gear Solid, the sequel to Metal Gear, previously released for the NES, quickly established Sony's position as the new master of the video game scene.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Nintendo's counterbet came two years later (1996) in the form of the Nintendo 64.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

It was 64-bit, but compared to its competitors, old-fashioned because it still used game modules instead of CDs.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Nintendo once again revamped all of its most popular games into a new, three-dimensional format, but even this and the Pokémon boom of the early 2000s didn't help Nintendo rise to the lead.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The most significant development of the fifth generation compared to the previous ones was the transition of games, as a rule, to a 3D environment.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In particular, the new graphics modeling based on polygons was a major advance for the graphical development of games, allowing for a more complex and natural representation of pixels.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Sixth Generation — PlayStation 2's exclusivity and time of online gaming left at Sony and Nintendo's feet, Sega once again tried to crank itself to the surface with a new console that would surpass competitors' capabilities.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Announced in 1999, the Sega Dreamcast was technically the most advanced of its time, but its success quickly fell short after Sony announced the release of the PlayStation 2 in 2000.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Dreamcast sold just nine million copies worldwide and missed Sega as the last console.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

PlayStation 2 was released in 2000.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Its optical reading device had been upgraded to support the DVD-ROM format as well, allowing it an important competitive advantage: the device was capable of playing DVD movies, which was then developing into a dominant format for home distribution of films.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

At one time, the PlayStation 2 was the cheapest DVD player on the market, guaranteeing it a tough sales volume while the game selection was still limited.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The new coming of Nintendo happened on a console called the GameCube.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

It was Nintendo's first game console to use an optical reading device, but instead of a standard CD or DVD, it used a special MiniDVD disc.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

This was likely to combat the bullish piracy that was already riven by the first PlayStation, but in practice it undermined Nintendo's position in the gaming market: the device did not have the ability to play DVDs or CDs.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The GameCube, particularly outside Japan, was left with really weak sales figures, selling only 21.6 million copies by 2007.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In the sixth generation, a new player, Microsoft, a software company known for PC computers, also sought to enter the market.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Xbox entered the market in 2002, but failed to fade itself much acclaim from the way of PlayStation 2 supremacy again.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Although the Xbox was the most advanced of its generation in terms of technical characteristics, it was hampered by late market entry, lack of a ready-made DVD player and expensive price relative to its competitors.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Even before the PlayStation 2 came out, analysts were predicting a tight struggle between the PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Xbox had the advantage of being the most powerful platform, the GameCube's advantage as the most affordable price in the generation.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

But while perhaps technically the weakest of the three, the PlayStation 2 became its biggest trump card in terms of DVD viewing.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The console was sold in large quantities with the game selection still scarce, and as the game selection began to expand, the battle was virtually over.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Playstation 2 was the superior single of the sixth generation: it broke the 100-million-unit limit by 2005 after only five years on the market.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Overall, 117 million units were sold during its lifetime with the Xbox selling 26 million worldwide and 21.6 million for the GameCube.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

PlayStation 2 is also the longest-lived console of all time: it was continuously produced for a total of 13 years.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

It's worth considering it the most sovereign ruler of the video game market since the Nintendo Entertainment System and the Atari 2600.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The sixth generation was the most popular console generation in history.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

At the latest in this generation, video gaming broke out of its image of children's entertainment and gaming became popular even among parents and girls.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

With the release of “The Sims” specifically for PC, more attention began to be paid to these target groups in the video game industry as well, leading to an increase in diversity in the game industry.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The sixth generation also ushered in the era of online gambling on the console side, which became real in the next generation.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Seventh Generation — The Big Three's long struggle After the previous console war was resolved in favor of Sony, competitors immediately started developing new gaming machines.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

First to enter the market was Microsoft, which released its first seventh generation console, the Xbox 360, in 2005.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

It was the first console capable of HD level image quality, using only the widescreen format.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The device also had support for playing HD DVD movies, but this required a separate add-on to work.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Already familiar from the previous Xbox, Xbox Live also counted on Xbox 360 features.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The following year, competitors also entered the market.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In November, Sony introduced its PlayStation 3 console, thought to be an advance favourite when departing for the new console war.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The PlayStation 3 was clearly more advanced than the Xbox 360 in terms of its full HD image and found support for the Blu-ray format.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Later, the film format war between HD DVD and Blu-ray ended in a win for Blu-ray.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

However, the possibility of playing Blu-ray discs did not become such an advantage for PlayStation 3 as DVD to PlayStation 2, as the Blu-ray format in this generation did not come anywhere near challenging DVD's dominance in the video market.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

To support PlayStation 3's online gaming capability, the PlayStation Network was formed, which is free of charge for a monthly Xbox Live.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

As recently as late 2006, Nintendo was enrolling in the console market with an entirely new type of console: the Wii did not include HD support or the possibility of playing movies of either high-definition format, but it had a major game-technological innovation at its disposal: motion-sensing based control system.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Instead of traditional controllers, or pads, the Wii is controlled by a controller that supports motion sensing, the Wii Remote, which resembles more of a remote control in appearance than any gamepad from previous generations.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Using its motion-detection technology, the Wii quickly profiled as the most family-friendly of all consoles.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Wii also has online gaming capability, but has been rated the weakest of its generation.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The seventh console generation is the longest-lived in video game history: it already lasted eight years by 2013.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

At the same time, it is also the smoothest of the three consoles having established its place in the video game scene.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Family-friendly and relying on innovative control, the Wii is the best-selling console of the generation with 97 million units sold.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 have been waging a steady struggle for second place, both selling about 77 million units by 2013.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[4] [5] Eighth Generation — Social Gaming and Virtual Reality The first eighth-generation console was released by Nintendo, whose Wii U was released in November 2012.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

As a novelty, it features a touchscreen Wii U GamePad that allows you to complete the main screen game or play the game directly from the screen.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

It works as a standalone without a TV.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The controller also has an acceleration sensor for motion control, a gyroscope, a camera, two analog tats, as well as a built-in microphone, and supports NFC connectivity, which can be used for wireless credit card payment, among other things.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Manufacturing of the Wii U was discontinued in January 2017.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[6] The console sold 13.56 million copies worldwide, the fewest of all Nintendo game consoles.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[7] Microsoft's new console, Xbox One was introduced in June 2013.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Instead of a gaming console, the Xbox One is advertised to be a home entertainment hub, with a PC computer in addition to a gaming machine and the ability to watch cable TV for an additional fee.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The device includes the Kinect motion-sensing camera, known as a fixed accessory on the previous Xbox, with voice recognition added.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Xbox One will require an internet connection at least every 24 hours, with restrictions on the resale and sharing of games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

This caused widespread criticism from the direction of consumers before the console was even released.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[8] Sony's PlayStation 4 debuted only slightly after Xbox One.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In response to the criticism Microsoft received, Sony spectacularly announced that it will not impose restrictions on the resale or distribution of games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The PlayStation 4 also does not require a continuous internet connection.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The PlayStation 4 player can share their gaming experiences on social media during the game using a special key included in the console's gamepad.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Online gaming has turned into a paid one.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

In October 2016, Sony released the PlayStation VR virtual reality glasses compatible with the PlayStation 4.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

They require a PlayStation camera to work.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[9] Both Xbox One and PlayStation 4 use AMD's Jaguar processor, which is based on the AMD APU line of processors and uses the x86-64 instruction set used on PCs.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Xbox One is compatible with the previous console, while the Playstation 4 is not compatible with the previous console.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Nintendo Switch, developed by Nintendo, was unveiled with a trailer in October 2016.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

It has, as a novelty, removable joy-con controllers that can be used both as a portable table-like and as a docked home console that plugs into a TV.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The controllers are equipped with motion sensors and HD Rumble support.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The device can also be used to play online against each other face-to-face.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The Switch was released worldwide on March 3, 2017.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

It is not technically more efficient than its competitors, and the core feature is transportability.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

A Pro model has been introduced from Sony's PlayStation 4 console, where performance has been raised.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

The model uses the same architecture as the previous model.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Games are expected to run compatibly with the new model without any changes, and an update will be released for some of the games to use the added performance.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[10] At E3 2017 in June 2017, Microsoft introduced the Xbox One X upgrade model as a competitor to the PlayStation 4 Pro model.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[11] [12] Game History First representatives of game types Action Adventure Game: The Legend of Zelda (1986), this game featured a lot of puzzle-solving, monetary and role-playing style level solving.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[13] Action RPG: Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu (1985), the first complete action role-playing game with character information and extensive missions.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Beat 'em up: Karateka (1984), featured sidescrolling styled beat 'em ups with simple gameplay and a few enemies.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Computer Role Games: Akalabeth (1980) was the first role-playing game developed for a home computer with Rogue released the same year.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Console RPGs: Dragon Quest (1986), it was developed by Yuji Horii and was one of the first role-playing games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Thanks to its anime-style graphics, Dragon Quest got some time to get into its own role-playing game.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Fighting Game: Karate Champ (1984) was an action game developed by Data East that incorporated the popular one-on-one style fighting style.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[14] Hack and slash: Golden Axe (1988) was classified as a hack and slash game due to the same style of action, and that game also included a co-op mode.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[15] Interactive Film: Astron Belt (1983) was the first first-person shooter game to incorporate the style of interactive cinema.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[16] Platformer: Space Panic (1980), the first platform game where you had to climb a ladder to different levels and explore locations through doors on different levels.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Scrolling platformer: Jump Bug (1981), a platform shooting game developed by Alpha Denish, was the first game to use scrolling graphics.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[17] Scrolling Shooting: Defender (1980), known for its use of side-scrolling technique in shoot 'em up style scenes, that game featured upright penetrable levels.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Isometric platformer: Congo Bongo (1983) was a game developed by Sega and was the first platform game depicted from an isometric angle of view.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Isometric Shooting Game: Zaxxon (1982) was the first shooting game to use an isometric angle.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[18] Pistol Game: Duck Hunt (1984), used the light gun of the Nintendo Entertainment System console.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[19] Maze Game: Pac-Man (1980) was the first game to receive widespread acclaim.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

This was preceded by Atari's Gotcha (1973).


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Platform Adventure Game: Metroid (1986) is the first game to combine platforming and shooting with role-playing elements.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[20] Racing Game: Turbo (1981), the first racing game developed by Sega to be filmed from a third-person perspective.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Rhythm Game: Dance Aerobics (1987) was a game in which the player could create music by striding on top of Nintendo's Power Pad.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[21] Stealth Game: 005 (1981), Sega's slot machine was one of the first games to focus on stealth.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

[22] Sports Game: Basketball (1974), The game of skill was also the first of the games using sprite graphics.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Survival Horror Game: Haunted House (1981) was the first game to incorporate elements of horror emphasis.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Simulation game: Battlezone (1980) used buttressed vector graphics to create the first true three-dimensional game world.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

Visual novel: Portopia Renzoku Satsujin Jiken (1983) was a visual short story game developed by Yuji Horii and one of the first Japanese graphic adventure games.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

It is shot from a first-person angle of view.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

See also Game Console Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Wolf, Mark J. P.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

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Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

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Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

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Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huhtamo, Erkki & Kangas, Sonja (ed.


Question: What year is the first digital game released?

History of video games

) | title = MarioSofia: Electronic Games Culture| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2002| isbn = 951-662-851-6}} *


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

History of Austria until 1815.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Celtic and Roman Period Around the 4th century BCE.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Celtic peoples from Western Europe settled in the Eastern Alps.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Celtic Empire was formed in the vicinity of iron mines in the region.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Romans conquered the kingdom without resistance in 9 BCE.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

and annexed it as their province of Noricum.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Danube formed the northern border of the Roman Empire.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

North of the Danube, Germania was inhabited by numerous Germanic tribes.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In the second half of the 10th century, they made raiding and destroying expeditions into Roman territories.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, Roman armies and diplomacy maintain order until the late 3rd century, when e.g.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Vandals established their settlements in Roman territory south of the Danube.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The defense of the Roman province eventually became impossible, and much of the Romanized, Christian population fled in 488.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In 493, the Ostrogoths invaded Italy and gained control of the last territories of Western Rome.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Roman influence in the Alpine region ended.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Early Middle Ages Various Germanic and Slavic tribes competed for the eastern part of the Alps—Danube region after the collapse of Western Rome.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Of the Germans, the Alemanns (later Svaabs) and Bajuvaars were the most prominent.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Alemanns had arrived as early as the Roman period, and by 500 had settled in present-day Switzerland and Vorarlberg.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The origins of the Bajuvaars are unknown, but in the mid-5th century they lived with former Roman peoples in the border area of present-day German—Austria.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Svaabs and Bajuvaars were under another Germanic people, the Franks.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Frankish power was definitively stabilized under Charlemagne in the late 7th century.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Slavs, including Slovenes, Croats, Czechs and Slovaks settled in the area and were under the authority of the Avaars, a nomadic tribe.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

During the Carolingian period, in the 7th and 8th centuries, Slavic territories remained under Frankish rule.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Under the Franks, Irish monks, most notable of whom Saint Columban and Saint Gall, spread Christianity to the region in the 6th and 7th centuries.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

As a result of their work, important monasteries were created, the farming of which on the borders of the Caroling kingdom opened the region's treasure forests to wider settlement.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The monasteries associated with the feudal power structure and their abbots competed with various bishops and princes for influence.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Episcopal seats were established in the four cities of Bavaria in the 730s.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Salzburg, the only one of these that is in the territory of present-day Austria, was elevated to the seat of an archbishopric in 798 and received the tenure of other bishops.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Salzburg became a base for converting Slavs to Christianity, which also spread the influence of the Caroling kingdom to the periphery.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Austrian Duchy's eastward expansion of the Carolingians was halted by the arrival of Finno-Ugric Madyars on the Danube in 862.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In fifty years, the Madjaars had conquered the Hungarian plain, Moravia and the eastern Danube marshes from the Carolingians and were making war expeditions deep into Frankish territories.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The organization of the Germanic territories of the Carolingian Empire in the 9th century allowed the gathering of a military force, which defeated the Hungarians at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The new German Empire was later known as the Holy German-Roman Empire.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

It regained control of much of the territories lost to the Madjaars again.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The conversion of the Madyars to Christianity under King Tapani the Saint (997—1038) made Hungary part of Christendom and its military intensification prevented the Germans' expansion eastward.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In the Holy German-Roman Empire, the territories of modern Austria were part of a complex feudal patchwork under many ecclesiastical and secular princes.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Most of the territories eventually remained under the rule of the Prince of Bavaria.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Territories were separated from Bavaria, becoming newly created duchies of Carinthia (976) and Styria (1180).


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Salzburg and Tyrol again remained under their bishops.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In the final years of Emperor Otto the Great (h. 936—973), a small border county of Ostarrich, roughly equivalent to present-day Lower Austria, was formed in Bavaria.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

This becomes the current Austrian (Österreich) name.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The border county was detached from Bavaria, and became its own duchy in 1156.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Between 976 and 1246, Austria was one of the extensive holdings of the Babenberg family.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Through family relations and by marrying into the emperor line, the Babenbergs gained control of lands roughly equivalent to present-day Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Babenberg family died out in 1246, when their lands fell to Ottokar II Přemysl, King of Bohemia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

As ruler of Bohemia, Ottokar was one of a small number of Electors who elected Holy Roman Emperor.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

When Ottokar was not elected emperor in 1273, he rose against the defeated Rudolf Habsburgian.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The king of Bohemia was lost in battle and slain in 1278, when the former Babenbergs lands fell to the Habsburgs, who added them to their former great holdings, which already included present-day Switzerland, southern Germany and eastern France.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

House of Habsburg in the Late Middle Ages Although the Duchy of Austria was only one of the lands of the Habsburgs, the genus became known as Austrian when Swiss peasants expelled the family from its former court in Habichtsburg, the Swiss canton of Aargau in 1386.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The name Austria also began to refer to all the lands of the Habsburgs, although it really was only the name of a small region.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Carinthia and Krai were annexed to the lands of the Habsburgs in 1335, Tyrol in 1363 and Trieste in 1382.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Electors of the Holy German-Roman Empire were happy to elect a weak and dependent emperor dependent on their vassals, so the powerful House of Habsburgs gained the emperor's seat only rarely in the 150 years following Rudolf's death in 1291.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, when Frederick III was elected emperor in 1452 (reigned 1452—1493), the family acquired such a powerful position that in the remaining 354 years of the Empire, only one Holy German-Roman Emperor was elected from outside the House of Habsburg.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

At the same time, Austria was elevated to an archduchy.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

As Archduke of Austria from this point until 1804, almost invariably, the same person as the Emperor of the Holy German-Roman Empire.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, the Habsburgs” monopoly on the position of emperor did not unify the Empire under a single monarch.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The lands ruled by the Habsburgs had little in common other than a ruler of the same lineage, and some of them were not even part of the Holy German-Roman Empire.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Holy German-Roman Empire, on the other hand, was a defined political and regional feudal community consisting of hundreds of lands ruled by different rulers, but later came to be characterized as German with the advent of nationalism.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The emperor's power was counterbalanced by other princes, rulers and institutions, secular and ecclesiastical.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The status of emperor of the House of Habsburgs gave them prestige in Germany and Europe, but real power came from the family's lands.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The power of the Habsburgs increased considerably in 1453 when Emperor Frederick III imposed new rights and privilegies, which gave other rulers the same rights as the Electors, which were hardly present among the Habsburgs.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In addition, 1453 it was stipulated that the Habsburg holdings would also be inherited to female heirs.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Since in the feudal system, after a family freeze without a male heir, fiefdoms usually reverted to the emperor, the extension of the right of inheritance ensured that lands would remain in the possession of the family.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The lands held by the Habsburgs in 1453 came to be known as heritage lands and encompassed much of what is now Austria, with the exception of the archdioceses of Salzburg and Brixen, and parts of Germany, France, Italy, Croatia and Slovenia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

With expansion and division of lands, the Habsburgs increased their influence and power even through strategic alliances, which were strengthened by marriages.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Emperor Maksimilian I (h. 1493—1519) married Mary of Burgundy.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

His son Filip the Handsome married Johanna of Castile.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The death and childlessness of the Burgundian and Spanish ruler families led to Philip's son, as emperor Charles V (h. 1519—1556) inheriting the inheritance lands in addition to the French vassals Franche-Comté and the Netherlands, Spain and its colonies in the Americas.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Charlemagne had to struggle to hold his kingdom together.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Its western border was France and on its eastern border was the Ottoman Empire of the Turks.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Charlemagne divided his kingdom in 1522.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

He kept the western part for himself and trusted the inheritance lands to his brother Ferdinand (h. 1522—1564).


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Ferdinand, in turn, became emperor in 1556 when Charles V relinquished power.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, this division created two lineage branches of the Habsburgs: the Habsburgs of Spain, starting with Charles V (in Spain with Charles I), and the Austrian Habsburgs since Ferdinand.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In addition to the lands he received from his brother, Ferdinand increased his holdings by marrying Jagiellon into the line that ruled Hungary and Bohemia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

When his brother-in-law, King Louis died at the Battle of Mohács against the Turks in 1526, Ferdinand declared himself heir.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Although the Assembly of Bohemian nobility did not recognize Ferdinand as heir, it elected him king of Bohemia and its subordinates Moravia and Silesia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

As King of Bohemia, he became one of the Electors involved in the election of the Emperor.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In Hungary and its subordinate Kingdom of Croatian—Slavonian—Dalmatia, Ferdinand was forced to respond to a rival demand from a Hungarian superiority for the crown.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In fact, the country was taken over by Turks.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Ferdinand gained control of the northern and western edge of the country, which was given the name Royal Hungary.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

He Hungarian rival became a vassal of the Turks who ruled Transylvania in eastern Hungary.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

From the end Hungary became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1603.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Turks besieged Vienna in 1529.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Ferdinand understood that the defense of the Habsburg lands required the formation of Hungary as a buffer state against the Turks.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Although the ultimate goal of the Ottoman Empire was the conquest of Europe, the rulers of Western Europe did not see the Turks as a threat, and were unwilling to assist Ferdinand in the defense of the eastern frontier.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

He was forced to make peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1562, thus defining the status quo left behind by a draw in Hungary.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Although Ferdinand sought administrative reforms to centralize his power and increase his power, the heritage lands and new kingdoms were not merged.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In Western Europe, feudal structures were already fracturing, but Ferdinand's power still rested on the approval of the local nobility, represented by their assemblies opposed to centralization of administration.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Reformation in Habsburg lands from the 1520s onwards, Habsburg subjects were influenced by the Protestant Reformation.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

By the middle of the 16th century, most of the inhabitants were Protestants.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Lutherans controlled German-speaking areas, except Tyrol, where Anabaptists were the majority.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, the Catholic Church was favored by the Habsburgs and always strongly present in the kingdom.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Religious violence and persecution were rare and denominations tolerated each other until the 16th century.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Ferdinand pressured Rome to accept the demands of moderate reformers, but the Council of Trento of 1545—1563 ended up with the reaffirmation of the Catholic doctrine and internal reforms of the Church.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Conzil thus exacerbated the division between Catholics and Protestants and laid the groundwork for the Counter-Reformation, which was heavily driven by the Habsburgs of the 17th century.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In the Counter-Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, Ferdinand I died in 1564 and the Habsburg lands in Central Europe were divided between his three sons.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The elder, Maksimilian was elected emperor (h. 1564—1576).


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Maksimilian II was sympathetic to Protestants, but his brothers attempted to restore Catholicism as the exclusive religion on their lands.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The division of lands led to wars of faith in the following century.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Rudolf II (h. 1576—1612) succeeded his father as King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Turks started a war in Hungary in 1593.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Rudolf's brutal war-leadership led to a revolt by the Protestant superiority in royal Hungary.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

With the support of younger members of the family, younger brother Matias confiscated Rudolf's lands, restored order and, upon Rudolf's death, was elected emperor (reigned: 1612—1619).


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, concessions made by the younger brothers in the family dispute posed new dangers for the Habsburgs.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Childless Matias chose his cousin Ferdinand as his heir.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

To secure Ferdinand's election as emperor, Matias arranged for his election as King of Bohemia in 1617.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, the Protestant superiority of Bohemia had called for an advocate of Catholicism to reaffirm the freedom of faith granted by Rudolf II.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Controversy over freedom of faith led to a 1618 rebellion among the Protestant superiority.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Hope for a negotiated settlement was lost when Matias died in March 1619, and the rest of the Habsburg lands rose up in revolt.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Anti-Habsburgs moods reflected the early 17th century tensions between Catholics and Protestants.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, the generation-long work of the Counter-Reformation bore fruit: monastic life was invigorated, the spiritual work of Catholics yielded results, and many prominent figures returned to the attention of the Church.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The German princes were divided into two military camps: the Evangelical Union and the Catholic League.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In August 1619, the Reichstag of Bohemia elected Frederick V, Elector of the Protestant Palatinate, as king, and Ferdinand II (h. 1619—1637) as Emperor in a conclave of Electors.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

On 8 November 1620, the Catholic League and the Imperial Army defeated Fredrik V's mercenary army at the Battle of White Mountain.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Through the 1620s Catholic-Imperial troops continued their offensive, securing Ferdinand control of the lands of inheritance, Bohemia and Hungary.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Ferdinand identified Protestants as apostates and imposed strict religious restrictions through inheritance lands.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In 1627 he issued a long-planned edict to make Bohemia a country of one religion, Protestants were given six months to convert or leave the country.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In Hungary, however, Ferdinand was forced to pledge religious freedom in the face of the Hungarian nationalist movement led by the Calvinist Prince of Transylvania.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, military intervention by Denmark, Sweden and France prevented Ferdinand from bringing the war to a close, and also destroyed an attempt at compromise in the 1630s with the Protestant princes.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The expeditions of the Thirty Years' War only rarely extended to the Habsburg territories that make up present-day Austria.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Thirty Years' War finally ended with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The treaty was also the Constitution of the Religious Affairs of the Holy German-Roman Empire, which gave princes the right to impose the religion of their countries.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

France also achieved its goal of preventing the Habsburgs from creating a centralized absolute monarchy from the Holy German-Roman Empire under their authority.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

On their own lands, however, the Habsburgs enjoyed greater political and religious freedoms than before the war.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

They gained new supporters by redistributing lands seized from the rebels and were given the freedom to impose religious uniformity, which was done as before in Bohemia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Political and faithful integration under Leopold I The reconstruction following the Thirty Years' War began under Ferdinand III (h. 1637—1657) and continued under his son Leopold I (h. 1658—1705).


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Central to the political and religious integration of the Habsburgs was the restoration of the status of the Catholic Church.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Habsburgs did not seek to separate the Church as their own social force.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

They used the church as a political medium and promoted their own power over and against the church.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Means of restoring faithful unity had already been tried in Bohemia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The means that followed were based on these experiences.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Protestants' churches were closed, the fiercest were expelled, and Catholics were placed in the highest positions, thus destroying the dominance of Protestants.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Commissions of clergy and local representative councils sent missionaries to areas of Protestants' dominance.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

After missionary work, the population was given a choice between converting or leaving the country.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

It is estimated that 40000 decided to emigrate from 1647 to 1652.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The establishment of Catholic civilization, monks and monasteries was the main part of the Counter-Reformation of the Habsburgs.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Jesuits played a starring role in it and their influence expanded in Central European society thanks to excellent schools and their provision of almost exclusively higher education.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Benedictines, Cistercian and Augustine monasteries also advanced and their schools competed with the Jesuits.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

As the Court favored the arts and rules and through religious and secular celebrations, the Austrian heritage lands gained a sense of cohesion, despite the fragmentation and weakness of governance.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Turkic War and Siege of Vienna In 1663, the Ottoman and Habsburgs were again mired in war over Transylvania.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The threat of the Turks, culminating in the 1683 Siege of Vienna, prompted Poland, Venice and Russia to join the Habsburgs in expelling the Turks.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In 1686, an army of Austrians advanced into central Hungary and conquered Buda.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

By 1687 the Ottoman Empire had been eliminated from central Hungary.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In the late 1690s, command of the imperial army was given to Prince Eugen of Savoy.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Under him, Habsburg forces gained control of almost all of Hungary in the Peace of Karlowitz of 1699.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, Hungary was not annexed to the territories of the Holy German-Roman Empire, although Austria itself was one of the principalities belonging to it, and although its ruler usually had the same person as the emperor.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

From now until 1806, it was the peculiar situation that some of the territories of Austria (and later Prussia) belonged to the same mentioned Empire, which had effectively lost its importance, some of them did not.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

War of the Spanish Succession In 1700, on the death of Charles II of Spain, decided the House of Habsburgs in Spain.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The decline of Spanish power throughout the 17th century had already led to smaller wars to redistribute power in Europe.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The competitive fixture led to the War of the Spanish Succession 1701—1714.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Both Emperor Leopold I and Louis XIV of France, Charles II's closest relatives, decided to place a junior branch of their own lineage on the Spanish throne.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Both had to take into account the possibility that one of the future heirs would inherit both the mother country and Spain.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

France's strong central power made the eventual union of France and Spain a far more significant threat than that of the Habsburgs and Spain.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

When the dying Charles II named Louis XIV's son Philip as his heir, England and a number of other European countries joined the Habsburgs side.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Despite the victories achieved by the Austro—British alliance at the beginning of the war, the allies were unable to place Archduke Charles of Austria on the Spanish throne.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

As the war continued, the union relationship began to crack when, after Leopold's death, his eldest son Charles VI was elected emperor in 1711.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The unification of the Habsburg lineages under Charles VI began to appear a greater threat than a possible alliance between France and Spain, weakened by war.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Austria's allies made peace with France in 1713 in Utrecht.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

When Charlemagne finally decided to abandon the war of 1714, former allies turned against him and he was allowed to settle for a small commission: the Spanish Netherlands (present-day Belgium) and Milan in Italy.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The War of the Austrian Succession of 1740—1748 Habsburgs Austria expanded eastward at the expense of the Ottoman.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Despite this, Charles VI sought greater administrative and economic organization in order to develop the economy of his kingdom to keep it at the level of his European rivals.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Without a male heir, the unity of the Habsburg lands was in jeopardy.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In 1713, Charlemagne issued a pragmatic sanction by which he prepared the transfer of his inherited lands to his daughter Maria Teresia (h. 1740—1780).


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The price he had to pay for extending the right of inheritance was the rejection of many of the reforms that increased the power of the monarch.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Charles's decree, however, did not prevent the War of Succession from breaking out at his death in 1740.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Prussia conquered the Silesian Principalities of Bohemia in the same year.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Later in 1741, Elector Charles Albert of Bavaria occupied the Bohemian capital Prague with the help of Saxon and French troops and crowned himself King of Bohemia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

This paved the way for his election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1742, thus severing the Habsburgs” three-hundredth hold on the emperor crown.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Austrians recaptured Prague and Maria Teresia was crowned in turn Queen of Bohemia in the spring of 1743.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Austria received diplomatic support from Britain and achieved military success in Central Europe.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

When Charles Albert died unexpectedly in January 1745, his son made peace with Austria, pledging to support the Habsburgs” candidate for emperor.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Maria Teresia's husband Frans (h. 1745—1765) was elevated to emperor in October 1745.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In the West, the war with France and Spain drifted into a draw and negotiations led to the Peace of Aachen of 1748. Maria Teresia survived the war mainly without loss, thanks to the support of the Hungarian nobility, but lost the most economically developed region of her kingdom, Silesia, to Prussia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The costly war with France had benefited more British interests in North America than Austria had received in support from Britain for the warfields of Europe, so Austria abandoned its alliance relationship with Britain and approached France.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The new covenant relationship was sealed by the marriage of Maria Teresia's youngest daughter Maria Antoinette to Louis XVI, the future king of France.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Baroque absolutism and enlightened autocracy While Maria Teresia's husband was emperor, Maria ruled the lands of the Habsburgs.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

When his son Joseph became Emperor after Frans' death in 1765, he made his son his co-ruler.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

After the death of Maria Teresia in 1780, Joseph II ruled alone until his death in 1790.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The objectives of the Counter-Reformation had already been achieved by the time Maria Teresia came to power, but maintaining Austrian superpower status required extensive reform efforts to strengthen central authority and weaken the status of nobility.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Maria Teresia initiated administrative and economic reforms in 1749 based on mercantilism following the Prussian-French model.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

He also initiated social, law and religious reforms.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

As co-ruler and monopoly, Joseph II continued his mother's work.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, mother and son had different goals.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Maria Teresia was devout religious and emphasized paternal (or motherly) monarch power, absolutism, and rejected enlightenment objects.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Joseph, on the other hand, undertook reforms based on the utilitarian theories of the Enlightenment.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Joseph's reforms were not only less flexible and pragmatic in idealistic terms, but also less successful, disintegrating the Habsburg Empire from within.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The ruler's relationship with religion came to be known as Josephism, although Joseph's attitude was for the most part similar to that of his mother.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Maria Teresia's devotional did not prevent reforms designed to transfer power from the church to the monarch.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Joseph's utilitarianism differed in Mary's attitude in two traits.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

He allowed broader religious freedoms and suppressed institutions and customs he considered antithetical to utilitarianism.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Edict of 1781 gave Protestants almost the same rights as Catholics.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Other regulations removed from Jews restrictions on residence, commerce, and education.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Due to the benefit aspect, Joseph abolished Catholic monasteries that served no more than religious purposes and banned traditional Jewish customs that he saw as harmful to society and an obstacle to the Germanization of the Jewish population.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The reforms created an administrative, financial and judicial bureaucracy that was directly accountable to the monarch.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

As a centre of new institutions, Vienna grew from a mere location of the ruler's court to a proper political and administrative centre.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, Hungary was not included in the reforms.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

As a thank you for the support of the Hungarian nobility during the War of the Austrian Succession, Maria Teresia did not extend her reforms to the Kingdom.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Although the centralization of power improved Austria's military readiness, it still fell short of its goal of expanding Austrian interests in Europe.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Recapturing Silesia from Prussia and dismembering the country failed after Austria achieved only limited success in the Seven Years' War of 1756—1763.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The attempt to limit Russian expansion produced mixed results.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Austria failed to prevent Prussia and Russia from partitioning Poland and joined in the division of the spoils in the first partition of Poland in 1772, gaining Galitsia.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Five years later, Austria went between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the war, prevented Russian expansion at Turkey's expense, and in the process gained control of Bukovina next to Galitsia and Transylvania.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The new territories were poor and undeveloped and their annexation changed the national composition of Austria by bringing into the country a large Slavic population consisting of Ruthenians and Poles, a large Jewish minority and a smaller number of Romanians.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Joseph II's ideological rigidity led to unrest and rebellion in Hungary and Belgium.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

When Joseph died in 1790, his brother Leopold II (h. 1790—1792), who ascended the throne, had to cancel many reforms and offer new concessions to calm the rebellions.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In order to gain Prussian military support to restore power in Belgium, Leopold issued an oath to abandon more expansions of territories at the expense of the Ottoman.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

He also affirmed Hungary's right to remain a separate kingdom and be governed according to its own laws.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In return, the Hungarian nobility ended his revolt.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The Napoleonic Wars Austrian reform program was interrupted when the crisis caused by the French Revolution plunged Europe into war.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

At a meeting in Potsdam in 1791, Leopold II and the King of Prussia condemned the revolutionary situation in France and declared it to be a concern for all monarchs.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The declaration did not lead to the intervention of others, as the rulers had hoped, and Austria and the republican French Revolution were on an ideological collision course.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In April 1792, revolutionary France declared war on Austria.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

The First Revolutionary War lasted five years before Austria, abandoned by its allies, was forced to make peace on unfavourable terms.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Austria regrouped for war in 1799 and 1805, but was beaten quickly both times.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In the otherwise unfavourable peace of 1805, Austria received Salzburg, which had previously been ruled by an archbishop, in reparations for its losses in Germany and Italy.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

French domination in Germany led to the possibility that Napoleon Bonaparte or one of his generals would be elected Holy Roman Emperor.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Leopold's son, Francis II (h. 1792—1835) took steps to secure his family's emperor status.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

He created the position of new, hereditary emperor and in 1804 proclaimed himself Emperor Francis I of Austria.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In 1806, he renounced the title of Holy Roman Emperor and dissolved the Holy German-Roman Empire to prevent the election of Napoleon as its emperor.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Towards the end of the decade, German Habsburg territories experienced a wave of anti-French nationalism.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Frans thought similar moods elsewhere in German territories would lead to victory and declared war on France in April 1809.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In Tyrol, which was under Bavarian control at the time, the peasants led by Andreas Hofer revolted and made surprising victories over Napoleon's forces before being beaten.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Elsewhere in Germany, nationalist sentiments were diluted and Austria's defeat speedy.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In the peace that followed, the area dislocations were palpable.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

After a stunning defeat, Frans appointed a new foreign minister, Klemens von Metternich, who sought to mediate terms with France.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

He arranged the marriage of Frans' daughter Marie Louise and Napoleon.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Napoleon was eager to marry from a prominent European king family and have a descendant.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

However, an arranged marriage in the spring of 1810 did not bring Austria any immediate benefits.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In 1813, Napoleon's position began to deteriorate.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

His Russian war expedition failed and Britain achieved victories in the Iberian Peninsula.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Both sides in the war began to approach Austria in the hope of support.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

In August, Austria severed its alliance ties with France and declared war.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Despite British support, the war of 1814 and 1815 against Napoleon consumed Austria's economic and mass resources.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Austria eventually remained on the winners' side, but in a weakened position.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

See also History of Austria 1815—1918 Sources for Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.


Question: Who were the Habsburgs?

History of Austria until 1815

Category:Austrian history


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Federico Fellini (20 January 1920, Rimini — 31 October 1993, Rome) was an Italian film director and screenwriter.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Fellini's passionate and conflict-ridden relationship with women and his birthland, Italy, are two central themes of his films, and are present in almost all of his films.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Biography Early life Federico Fellini was born on 20 January 1920 in Rimini on the shores of the Adriatic Sea.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

He had a younger brother and a younger sister.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Fellini became ill a lot as a child and had thyroid dysfunction.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

He was already interested in various art genres such as circus, variety and films when he was nine years old, and he began to give hand puppet shows as well as drawing diligently.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[1] After graduating from school, Fellini opened an art movement with a friend in 1937.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Fellini sketched the drawings and a business partner added color to them.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Fellini was given free entry to the local cinema to counter the caricatures he drew of film actors.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

He lived in 1937 for a few months in Florence and drew there for a satirical magazine.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

From Florence he moved to Rome in January 1938, and he spent the next 50 years in the city almost continuously.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[2] Fellini drew in Rome from 1939 to 1942 for the “Marc'Aurelio” humour magazine.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

He also did short stories, promotional text, comedy skits, film crowd interviews, and caricatures of restaurant customers.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[3] Fellini met his future wife, Giulietta Masina, who worked as a radio actress, in 1942.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

After hearing the part played by Masina in a radio play he wrote himself, Fellini asked her on a date, and they married in 1943.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[4] As a film screenwriter with the liberation of Rome by American troops at the end of World War II in 1944, Fellini was initially unable to find any more media work, as the Italian film industry was at a standstill and the press fell into the hands of the United States.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

He and his friends opened a caricature shop.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Soon he got a job as a single screenwriter for Roberto Rossellini's film Rome — Open City (1945).


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Fellini was also writing Rossellini's next film, Paisa — the Fire of Freedom (1946) and directed part of it after Rossellini fell ill.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

The men's collaboration lasted several years, during which Fellini was involved in screenwriting several films of other Italian directors.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[5] As a film director, Fellini made his directorial debut in 1950.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

He formed a production company with director Alberto Lattuada that financed the film Variety of Lights (1950).


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Fellini and Lattuada wrote and co-directed a farce about travelling vaudeville performers.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[6] There are different understandings of Fellini and Lattuada's contributions to the genesis of the film, but the film already shows elements typical of Fellini, such as the bittersweet mood, marginal hobo characters and interludes.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

However, the film was not successful.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Before his next directorial job, Fellini again scripted a few films for other directors.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[7] Fellini's first three films were neorealistic in style.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[8] Fellini's first entirely own directorial work, satire The White Sheik, was completed in 1952.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Fellini's directorial work was more artful in it than in Variety's lights, but critics and audiences did not figure out whether the film was a Baroque romance or a social satire.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Over time, however, the film's reputation has improved.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[9] Fellini's next directing The Fatters (1953) is a satire following five young men in a small coastal town.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

The film shows Fellini's refined directing style and matured from the past, and his roles are more diverse than before.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Fellini was also Fellini's first success as a director: the film brought him a distribution deal and was awarded the Silver Lion of the Venice Film Festival.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[10] With the tragedy La Strada — Tie, completed in 1954, Fellini created its world reputation.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

It's a poetic tie-in film that tells the love story of two circus boys.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

The female lead is Fellini's wife, Giulietta Masina, as in several later Fellini films.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Fellini has characterised the pictorially rich La Strada as a catalogue of his own mythical world.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

The film received many viewers in Italy and won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, among others.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[11] Scammers (1955) is a crime drama about deception.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

The film was not a success: it was criticized for resembling Fellini's previous films without their emotional resonance.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Nor is the film's cut considered successful.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[12] Fellini's next directorial work Cabiria Nights (1957) is a film about the difficult life of a Roman prostitute.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

Among other things, the film was awarded the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and Giulietta Masina was recognized for her work in the lead role.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

[13] The film The Wonderful Life (La dolce vita) was completed in 1960 and received the Golden Palm of the Cannes Film Festival.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

In this film definitively the “Fellinian Baroque” took shape: the personifications are formed of exuberantly lush and extravagant characters, real living caricatures; the plot is devoid of any real dramatic development; in the handling of time, reality and fantasy are mixed sadness among themselves.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

The immense popularity achieved by a wonderful life and the dry-pricked music created by Nino Rota around the world rang Fellini the chance to direct, three years later, the film 8½ (1963), the most personal and most ambitious of his films.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

By bringing before the audience his own filmmaker fantasies and ambitions in the character of Marcello Mastroianni, Fellini offers, for all to see, a very impassioned interpretation of artistic creation.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

In 1969, the exaggeratingly large Fellini Satyricon was completed, an adaptation of Petronius' snippet work Trimalkion Holds.


Question: What was Federico Fellini's first film?

Federico Fellini

This was followed by a dive deep into childhood memories in 1970 with the film Clowns — a world of the happy that was made for television but was also shown in cinemas.