Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

24.3. they are executed.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

March 30, 1794, Danton and Camille Desmoulins and their supporters are arrested.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

They will be executed on 5 April.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Robespierre's rivals have now been cleared.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

On May 7, 1794, Robespierre's deistic worship of the Supreme Being replaces Hébert's atheistic worship of Reason.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

On 10 June 1794, the Revolutionary Tribunal gains the legal right to be sentenced to death without consulting witnesses.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

On 26 June 1794, France defeats Austrian forces at the Battle of Fleurus.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

On 27—28 July 1794, Robespierre and his supporters shout into silence at the convention, “Down with the tyrant!” , and they are arrested.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Terror season ends.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

They will be executed.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

After the Terror Age: the Directorate and Napoleon Late 1794: in response to the Jacobins being persecuted.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

11/11/1794 The Jacobin Club is closed.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

On 22 August 1795, the French Constitution of 1795 is ratified: a bicameral parliament, executive directorate of five (to power 2 November 1795).


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

On 5 October 1795, Napoleon Bonaparte suppresses the Paris uprising and rises to be central in the army.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

4.9.1797 Fructidorku 18th coup: Three of the Directors seize power with Napoleon's support.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Terror period actions are being restored, e.g.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

freedom of speech will be abolished and priests will be persecuted.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

1798: further Napoleon's war successes: in February Rome and April the Swiss Republic is founded under French auspices.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Wars continue.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

On 9 November 1799 Napoleon seizes power from the Directorate (“18 Brumaire”).


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

24/11/1799 Constitution of the year VIII: Napoleon as monarch consul.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

The Great French Revolution has come to an end.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Napoleon crowns himself emperor (1804), loses, the kingship of the Bourbons returns (1815).


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Parties In the revolution, the concepts of right and left were born, although especially in the beginning there were no parties with a strict limit.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Sitting the rightest were the feuillants, the least pro-change Conservatives, many of whom favoured a constitutional monarchy like Britain or republican.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Sitting in the “moderate left” were Girondists and other liberals, such as the Marquis de Condorcet, who campaigned for women's suffrage and the abolition of slavery, who held power in the early years of the revolution.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

On the high far left, the Mountain Party demanded the greatest changes, whose leaders included Marat, Danton and Robespierre and which rose to power gradually from 1791 to 1793.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Of these, Robespierre has often been regarded as a pro-Rousseau socialist or pre-socialist [5] but the Mountain Party did not represent any unified ideology.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Danton rose to a leading position in the Revolution as early as 1792.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Jacobins The Jacobin Club was a broad club of reformists (moderate and steep left) in the beginning.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Later, the Mountain Party gained the upper hand over the Girondists in the club, and afterwards the Jacobins often referred to the people of the Mountain Party, when in the beginning the term had a wider meaning.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aubry, Octave| title = Great French Revolution.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

1, Destruction| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1962| version = (La révolution française: Destruction De La Royauté, 1942.)


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Osmo Mäkeläinen & Heikki Eskelinen}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aubry, Octave| title = Great French Revolution.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

2, Republic time| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1962| version = (La révolution française: La République, 1945.)


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Osmo Mäkeläinen & Heikki Eskelinen}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Haikala, Sisko & Tiainen, Jorma (ed.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

) | title = 200th anniversary of the Great French Revolution: Perspectives on Enlightenment and Revolution| location = Jyväskylä | publisher = University of Jyväskylä | year = 1990| version = University of Jyväskylä, Department of History, General History Studies 9| id = ISBN 951-680-297-4}} — Electrobook in the Gutenberg Project.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

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Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In what year was the Tuileries Palace destroyed?

Great French Revolution

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete, when produced, is a mass in liquid form that, through the chemical reaction of its raw materials, hardens into a solid, stone-like form.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete is one of the most important and used building materials in various types of structures and building parts.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete consists of frame material, cement and water, as well as any additional and alloy materials.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Frame material is granular stone whose grain size and distribution can be affected by adjusting the properties of the finished building part.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Cement, on the other hand, causes the chemical reaction required for hardening with water.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

By adding additional and alloying substances, various properties of concrete can be affected.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The additives can affect, e.g. frost resistance, suppleness and hardening.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

On the other hand, alloying agents can be influenced by e.g.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

workability, constancy and strength.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Also, to the hardened, pleasing concrete is bonded so-called gel water.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

After the initial rapid hardening of the mass, the chemical reaction continues slowly until all the ingredients are fully bonded - concrete well proportioned to its raw materials hardens another twenty years after casting.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete strength Concrete is defined by a large number of grades of different strength characteristics.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In concrete standards, the rating of compressive strength is based on cubic strength, which is tested using side-gauge 150 mm test cubes compressed with sulfur.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The strength is indicated as a K number, megapascal (MPa) is used as a unit.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete up to K100 (compressive strength 100 MPa) can be produced under laboratory conditions, but the highest strengths in site use are K70.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

High-strength concrete may be needed, for example, for the foundations and lowest floors of skyscrapers, as well as for the foundations of large machines.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Cracking of a concrete structure always means exceeding the tensile strength.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

It can be caused by internal stresses in the structure, e.g., uneven distribution of temperature during the hardening of the structure or external loads.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete reinforcement Concrete structures include unreinforced and reinforced concrete structures.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Reinforced concrete structures include reinforced concrete structures and tensioned structures.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Unreinforced structures are designed in such a way that concrete alone can withstand the stresses that come to the structure.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Reinforced concrete structures are designed so that the concrete and reinforcement, acting together, can withstand the stresses applied to the concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Hardened concrete is quite resistant to compressive forces, but tensile stress poorly, only about a tenth of compression resistance.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Even in ancient times, however, even demanding structures have been built on the concrete type masses, for example, the dome of the temple of the Pantheon.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The structure can be strengthened by means of steel reinforcement, allowing the reinforcement to absorb tensile stresses and concrete compressive stresses.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The adhesion between concrete and reinforcement bars therefore ensures that tensile stresses are transferred from the concrete to the reinforcement bars.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Steel and concrete have nearly the same coefficient of thermal expansion, so the structure remains intact even when temperatures change.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Reinforcement by pre-tension The limitations and disadvantages caused by the modest tensile strength of concrete can be significantly reduced by using the tension of concrete structures.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Typical examples of tensioned structures are beams, vaults, and bridge structures, whose load-bearing capacity can be significantly increased by tension.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The tension allows slender structures to be used and lengthened spans compared to traditional reinforced concrete construction.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The tensioned concrete structure has numerous advantages: the non-cracked tensioned structure receives good corrosion protection and the structure becomes waterproof (essential for parking houses, for example) the deformation of the tensioned structure is less than that of non-exciting ones (e.g. beam deflection) deformations are well restored and the structure becomes ductile The structure has good fatigue strength and is suitable for example collision-prone flex structure, which requires suppleness, slenderness and high fractional strength Tensioned concrete structures are much used in bridges, elements , industrial buildings, reservoirs, dams, water towers and other structures aimed at achieving good compactness, durability and strength in a cost-effective manner.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

History Concrete type of substance called opus caementicium was used as early as the ancient Roman period.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete structures made in this case have survived until modern times.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Reasons for their durability include aluminum-rich volcanic ash added to the cement and purity of limestone.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

[1] However, with the decay of Roman culture, the use of concrete waned and in the Middle Ages it was practically not even known.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In the 19th century concrete came into reuse and in the 20th century its use expanded considerably due to the development of a combination of reinforcement and concrete, reinforced concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Similarly, the development of casting in concrete formwork increased the possibilities of using the substance.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Formwork allowed concrete to be cast into a very wide variety of different shapes.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete Raw Materials Aggregate aggregates of different granularity are used as a frame material for concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Of the concrete submaterials, the aggregate volume is approximately 65—80%.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The properties of aggregates play a great role in the properties of concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

As an aggregate, in principle, any sufficiently strong and compact stones can be used that do not participate in cement reactions or worsen the shelf life of concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Most commonly, natural aggregates are used as aggregates for concrete, which can be either modified by nature or mechanically crushed.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In Finland, mechanically crushed granite-based natural aggregate is usually used.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Artificial aggregates, e.g. expanded clay or brickwork, can also be used as aggregates.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The aggregate used as a concrete backbone must be suitable for its intended purpose, i.e. it must not contain harmful amounts of substances that have a debilitating effect on the properties of concrete or reinforcement in concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Therefore, aggregates must not contain, for example, debris, oil or ice.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Granularity refers to the weight ratios of different amounts of granules contained in aggregate.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Granularity describes the sizes and distribution of aggregate granules.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Granularity is usually defined by sifting.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The objective of granularity design is to select the grain distribution so that the granules compress well into each other's holiday, thus creating a dense and well-composed structure.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

For good strength, at least two varieties of aggregates are recommended to be used: fine (for example, from 0 to 8 mm) and coarse (for example, from 8 to 16).


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Stone granules of several sizes are located on each other's holidays, so the adhesive area of the aggregate increases.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Water Water used for concrete mixture must be clean.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

As a rule of thumb, potable water is also good enough for making concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Cement reacts chemically with water when the concrete hardens and this allows, for example, concrete to be poured underwater, as long as care is taken not to wash out the cement.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Water is needed in the act of concrete in the cement binding reaction, but it remains in the concrete elsewhere as well.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In the production of concrete, a significant amount affecting strength and weather resistance is the water/cement ratio.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Water should be at least 0.4 parts of cement so that the cement reacts completely.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

A ratio of up to 0.7 is commonly used to achieve suppleness, but then strength, tightness and a few other properties are lost.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Cement Cement is a hydraulic binder that, when reacted with water, forms a durable final product.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The chemical composition of cement affects both the workability of fresh concrete and the shelf life of hardened concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The properties of concrete, e.g. strength, heat development and chemical resistance, can also be influenced by the choice of cement.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

According to concrete standards, the cement used to make concrete must be CE marked and meet the requirements of the cement standard SFS-EN 197-1.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The standard specifies the requirements for composition and quality of ordinary cement.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Cement consists of natural materials, limestone, quartz and clay.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Already the Romans mastered the manufacture of a kind of concrete type mass, they used as raw material the quartz-rich aggregate of the volcano Vesuvius.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The ash-like crush was ground until smooth and burned at high temperature.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Ancient concrete is more durable than modern, although it lacks reinforcement.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

[2] Alloying materials As a binding and framing material for concrete, mineral alloying materials, such as e.g.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

fly ash, blast furnace slag powder and silica.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Fly ash is a pozzolane produced in the burning of finely ground coal.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Fly ash can act as aggregate or binder in concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Blast furnace slag powder is a finely ground granulated blast furnace slag with latent hydraulic properties.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The water demand for blast furnace slag powder is small, so it clamps concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Silica is a very fine substance that is extracted from flue gases in the manufacture of pie and elemental silicon.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Silica significantly increases the strength of concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In addition, silica improves the chemical resistance, consistency, compactness and waterproofing of concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Additives The properties of the concrete mix can be regulated among others.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

with various additives.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The amounts of additives in concrete are very small compared to the quantities of other raw materials in concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The use of additives is aimed at improving the technical characteristics of concrete and the economy of concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Typical additives for concrete include e.g.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

pushers, retarders and pores.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

By poring concrete, it is possible to improve its frost resistance.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The retarder, on the other hand, gives the transfer of concrete binding to a later date.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Toozers work between cement and water and improve the machinability of concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Preparation of concrete mix at the site Self-made concrete is advantageous when a site mixer is available and the required amount of concrete is not more than a few hundred liters.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Self-made concrete is also affected by the accessibility and good availability of the necessary frame material (gravel/sand).


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Ingredients for concrete can be dispensed in volume portions.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

A commonly used mixer at the site is a small free-fall mixer with a volume of 120—200 liters.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The dose of concrete to be prepared with a mixer can only be about 2/3 of the water volume.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

To ensure an effective blend, you should always prepare full portions.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The dose should always be at least 1/5 of the water volume.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

As a self-made strength class can only be guessed, but a table (3 class of structures) has been given to determine the strength up to C15/20 with a sufficiently high degree of certainty.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The limitation of the concrete self-mixer to strength class C15/20 applies only to load-bearing structures (a higher value may not be used in calculations), but for example, yard tiles can be made even if C25/30 or even C50 of concrete (if it happens to be found, or can do it), then they are resistant to weather well and don't break easily.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Preparation of concrete is started at the site by mixing water, cement and frame material among themselves.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete begins to harden immediately upon reacting with water - the reaction is admittedly quite slow.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Table.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Alloy ratios of 3 grade concrete volumetStrength class Mn/m^2 Minimum cement quantity kg/m^3cementfine-graasomeroa or crushed stone gradeK2030012,52,5K15250123K10200144 [3] At present, concrete is not produced at construction sites if the required quantities exceed 1m3, or no construction site movable concrete station.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete is delivered to the site by rotary tanker trucks.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The load is unloaded by the demolition piston of the concrete truck directly to the casting site, from the car to the concrete pump or to the receiving funnel at the site, from where it is transferred by crane to the casting site.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Pumping concrete is the fastest and most economical way to cast in large casts.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Casting work The most suitable temperature for casting concrete is +20°C or slightly below.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Some castings can be done at temperatures as low as 15°C frost, as when hardened, the concrete releases some heat.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Prepared drain can also be artificially heated by various methods.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

If there is too much frost, the concrete will not harden and will go spoiled, i.e.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

it doesn't harden anymore at a later stage.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The concrete is cast into the formwork and after about two days, the concrete has hardened sufficiently to remove the mold.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

When making large casts, concrete is prevented from warming up too much by pouring water over it, as a large concrete mix may develop enough heat to split itself as it expands.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Especially in the first few days, concrete is sensitive to crack.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete should also be prevented from drying out in order for all cement to react with water and to achieve full strength.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The interface between concrete and brick is problematic, as the brick absorbs water too quickly and strongly for ordinary concrete grades.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete is considered to have reached its full strength after about 28 days.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete hardens even after this - in fact, hardening continues for years, in large castings even decades.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete Bottom Structure The structure of load-bearing or ground-based concrete floor slab includes a coronary layer including a load-bearing and capillary water rise, a layer of screed sand with possible filtration fabrics, and a thermal insulation layer, typically made of polystryrene sheets.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

It is recommended to use a layer of coronary at least 300 mm thick, as a material, for example, washed crushed stone.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The coronary layer is leveled and compacted.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The crushed stone can still be straightened and leveled with a layer of sand mounted on top of the filter fabric, on top of which thermal insulators and reinforcing mesh are usually installed.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Pre-work of floor casting Before starting casting, it is necessary to measure height marks with a sufficiently dense scale on the surrounding walls.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Heel loaves hanging from the ceiling are also often used to mark the middle floor rate.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Usually a meter of heel from the finished floor surface is used, but the marking set at eye height makes it easier to work.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Measuring from the heel markers, the concrete casting leveler can monitor and monitor the height position and smoothness of the floor.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The necessary installations of building technology, for example, wells, sewers, water pipes and electrical cables must be installed in place before concrete casting.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Concrete floor slab raw materials and surface treatment Stone crushed stone is a suitable aggregate for use in floor concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

It conveniently contains all the roughness, from the finest to the roughest, but not the bigger stones, which would significantly hamper the leveling work.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The floor base should not be too loose, that is, running.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In particular, if there are floor drains, the concrete must be sufficiently rigid to allow the necessary pours to be formed into the mass.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Casting a concrete floor First the main, that is, the concrete mix is aligned either as a straight floor or poured into wells; for example, sauna and shower facilities, garages, etc. With alignment, the floor acquires its shape and straightness.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Then wait for the floor to dry appropriately, after which it is rubbed flat with a wooden load and a final finish of the surface is made, that is, “gliding” right after the stern.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Massage, or hand-sliding, is started from the same end of the floor as where the alignment was started, because the concrete dries as it is aligned.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In hand gliding, move on the “knee plates” sensibly from the starting end to the end, however, so that each point becomes rubbed/triggered.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Sometimes a mere rougher wood spatula rub is enough.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Depending on the processing, we are talking about a wood-rubbed or steel-cut surface.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Prefabricated concrete blocks Instead of building parts that are cast at the site, prefabricated concrete blocks are often used: pillars, hollow slabs, walls and facade elements.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The elements can be very advanced, for example, facade elements with an inner layer, thermal insulation and an outer layer.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In addition to reinforcement, in terms of load-bearing capacity and strength, the surface of the concrete block is the most important components, as it is usually subjected to the greatest forces.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In low-quality elements, the surface easily cracks over time.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The surface of the elements can be treated in different ways: the fine matter of the surface can be washed off (so-called washing concrete), the surface can be polished, acid-treated or coated with stone, brick or clinker tiles.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

In the concrete mix, a color-giving pigment can also be used.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The elements are raised into place and attached to each other typically by a whale.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The elements can be standardized up to standard products: for example, various concrete pipes and piles are used a lot.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Prefabricated construction is very fast compared to stationary casting.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

The advantage, in addition to speed, is also better dimensional accuracy of structural elements.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Environmental impact The concrete manufacturing industry produces about five percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Carbon dioxide is produced in a chemical reaction in the manufacture of concrete and emissions are also generated from the processing and transportation of the mass.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Actions have been taken in the industry to reduce emissions.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

[4] Geopolymers are being studied as a replacement for concrete, the manufacture of which is significantly less of a burden on nature than the manufacture of concrete.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Geopolymer is a concrete-like substance created by silicon and aluminium waste material, for example, in the steel and extractive industries.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

[5] See also Concrete mixer Concrete piglet Graphic concrete Self-sealing concrete Aerated concrete (ingots, e.g. Siporex) Moist concrete Mosaic concrete Clush slab Plinth Sources Suomen Concrete Association 2005: Textbook of Concrete Engineering 2004 By 201.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

— Suomen Betontieto Oy.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

Huddersfield.


Question: Who invented concrete?

Concrete

References on the topic elsewhere (pdf) * Category:Sculpture Materials Category:Key articles in screening


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Freelord Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 Berlin — 6 May 1859 Berlin) was a Prussian naturalist and explorer.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Humboldt's work on plant geography was foundational works in biogeography.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Humboldt's father was Alexander Georg von Humboldt, who was a major in the Prussian army and belonged to a prominent Pomeranian lineage.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Alexander von Humboldt married in 1766 Maria Elizabeth von Colomb.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Colomb was the widow of Baron von Holwede.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Two sons were born into the family, one of whom was Alexander.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Humboldt studied at the Universities of Frankfurt and Göttingen and at the Mining Academy of Freiberg.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

His ideas were greatly influenced by geologist Abraham Gottlob Werner.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

As a youth, he worked in the Prussian mining service.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

1790 he visited Paris with Georg Forster.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Beginning in 1796, he was a financially independent scholar.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

He continued his studies at Jena and met Goethe and Schiller, among others.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Humboldt were pioneers of modern geography.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

He also studied earth magnetism, meteorology, climatology, and geology.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

[1] Humboldt travelled between 1799 and 1804 in Latin America together with botanist Aimé Bonpland, exploring and describing the area as the first from a scientific point of view.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

He wrote his descriptions of the journey into a huge series of books over the course of 21 years.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

He was one of the first to suggest that the tracts of land bordering the Atlantic once existed together, especially South America and Africa.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Later, in his five-part work Kosmos, he sought to unite different fields of knowledge.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Humboldt collaborated with other scientists, including Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, Justus von Liebig, Louis Agassiz, and Matthew Fontaine Maury.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Several species of birds were named by Humboldt, including the Colombian cacklater (Ortalis garrula) and the fat spinner (Steatornis caripensis).


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

[2] At least a potato penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) is named in his honour.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

[3] Humboldt did not marry, and reportedly had no children.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Since he destroyed all his correspondence, there is no definite documentation of his sexual orientation, but contemporaries say he was homosexual.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

He is known to have had only two love affairs with a woman, the wife of his director Marcus Herz, and Pauline Wiesel in 1808 in Paris.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

See also Karl Ritter Sources on the topic elsewhere in the Gutenberg project.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

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Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: When did Alexander von Humboldt live?

Alexander von Humboldt

Category:German ornithologists Category:German explorers Category:Copley Medal recipients Category:Those born in 1769 Class:Persons who died in 1859 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

A railway is a traffic artery, usually having two parallel steel rails as its access platform.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The rails are most often underside supported by transverse sleepers resting on a support layer made of crushed stone.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The railway carries freight and passengers on trains, and traffic is generally scheduled.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

A railway refers to the entire rail line with all the tracks, equipment and systems it entails, such as stations, rail yards, signage, electrification and safety equipment.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Track refers to a single bus formed by two rails and a duster on which only one train can run at a time.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Trains self-divert according to the rails, and when moving from one track to another, the train must pass through the switchboards.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

A line is an administrative designation for a railway to be planned or implemented that, once completed, connects towns, junction stations, or other important sites.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

For example, Finnish lines include the Vaasa circuit (Tampere—Haapamäki—Vaasa), the Savo circuit (Kouvola—Kuopio) and the Lahti Oikorata (Kerava—Lahti).


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Sections of track are sections of railway between certain railway hubs.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

They can be formed by one or more tracks.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Also, stations usually have several parallel tracks, in which case the area is referred to as a rail yard.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

History The precursor of the railway can be considered to be the wooden railways already used in the 16th century in the Harz and Tyrol mountain mines in Central Europe, among others, to make mining wagons more easily run.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[1] To avoid wear, iron guard rails were used at bend locations or the rails were coated with iron plates.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

When the price of iron fell substantially in 1767, a factory in England started to use flat cast iron bars instead of wood as tracks, which proved to be a good choice.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[2] After 1808 cast iron changed to wrought iron as a rail-making agent, and in 1820 there was a shift to the use of rails manufactured in rolling plants.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[3] The first railways were relatively uneven, with clattering buggies hauled along them by human and animal forces [3] until steam power was introduced.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Initially stationary steam engines were used, which by means of ropes could pull wagons up, for example, a hill.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[4] The construction of a mobile steam engine, or locomotive, was possible once the steam engine had developed to be efficient enough through the use of high pressure.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[5] Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive to be in service, which in 1804 pulled a 10-ton steel load of about 16km on the Pennydare industrial track in Wales.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

A wider use of steam-powered locomotives was to replace horses on the lines of coal mines around Newcastle, where coal was moved to the harbour.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

There coal was cheaper than horse feed.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[6] After 1815 the rest of England became cheaper than fodder from coal as Parliament imposed a duty on imported grain, bringing the price of grain to high levels.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[6] George Stephenson (1781—1848) put forward a solution whereby a piston from a steam cylinder giving power uses a connecting rod to rotate the driving wheel directly, which then remained the method in steam locomotives.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

George Stephenson's son Robert Stephenson built the Rocket locomotive, with which he won a competition in 1829 for a service between Liverpool and Manchester.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

In the race, Rocket pulled five times its own weight in front of the load and achieved an average speed of 33km/h on one full passenger car.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

This began the rapid proliferation of railways, and as early as 1840 there were 3000 miles of railways in England.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[7] Rails are used to minimise the friction of the wheels as well as the hills coming from the forms of terrain when the line is drawn in hill cuts and the gorges are crossed by bridges.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The perfect road is smooth, flat, hard and straight.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The paving of automobile roads with concrete and asphalt brought them only in the 20th century to a level where railroads were already in the 19th century.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Motorways built in Germany in the 1930s began to be called by the word “Autobahn” (the railway is German for “Eisenbahn”) and were under the auspices of the German state railways.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[8] In England land was expensive, but labor cheap, which is why the tracks were drawn the most direct road and much trenches were made.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The consequence of this was that the travellers did not get much to admire the scenery.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Because of this, as early as the 1840s bookstores and book lending operations sprang up at railway stations to provide entertainment for passengers.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[9] In the United States, the Industrial Revolution was farming and traffic-driven.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Railroads were often built there before roads existed.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The first railway line that led across the mantere was completed in 1869.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

When labor was expensive but land cheap, then railroads were built to circumvent natural barriers.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Before railroads, the main means of transportation in the United States had been ships running rivers and canals.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Railway cars, too, were influenced by canal ships when long bogies carriages began to be used in the United States with a center aisle, benches in the same direction, and doors at the ends of the wagon.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

In Europe, carriages were short and railcars with a horse-drawn model had a separate exit from each cabin with seats facing each other in benches.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[10] In Europe, too, it became apparent that passengers should be able to move to the toilet or restaurant wagon for longer distances when travelling by wagon.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

This led to the development of side-aisle carriages, allowing opposite-seated cabins to be preserved.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[11] Continental Europe's first railway was built in 1832 to France, following in 1835 to Belgium and Germany, and 1838 to Russia.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[12] In many regions, railroads connected nations economically, politically, culturally and socially.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

In Africa and Asia, railways generally served colonial purposes and promoted export trade, and rails were often drawn from plantations and mines to the nearest port.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The first railway in Finland was built as early as 1836 at the Taipale Canal construction site near Varkaus.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[13] Finland's first passenger transport railway was built from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna 1858—1862.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[14] Next were completed sections Riihimäki—Saint Petersburg 1869—1870, Hyvinkää to Hanko line 1873, Kerava—Porvoo 1874, Hämeenlinna—Tampere 1876 and Turku—Toijala 1876.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The Savo line opened in 1889.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

In 1924 there were 1215878 kilometres of railways worldwide, of which 37,4415 km in Europe, 601914 km in North and South America, 135067 km in Asia, 55520 km in Africa and 48962 km in Australia.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

In 1923 there were railways in the United States 404513 kilometers, in Germany 57245 kilometers, in Russia 55978 km, France 52737 and the British Isles 38287 km, Sweden 15502 km, Denmark 4968 km, Finland 4595 km, Norway 3456 km, Latvia 2824 kilometers and 1067 kilometres in Estonia.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Modes of transport and their control Traffic on the railway is controlled by means of signage and verbal authorisations by radio telephone.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Traffic within the station, or in common parlance, is referred to as shunting, and traffic between two traffic points as train traffic, regardless of what type of unit is moving.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The traffic controller takes care of the formation of the necessary access path by reversing the track gears, ensuring the operation of the tracks, and placing signage in the required position.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

In this job, the traffic controller usually has a safety device system in place that automatically prevents the train or shunting unit from falling into an unsafe track area reserved for another unit.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The shunting is led by a shunting foreman and must be authorised by traffic control.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The train master is the train driver.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

A freight train may leave one place to another when it has a departure permit.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The departure of the passenger train requires timetable time, and after the traffic controller has given the departure permit, the driver must wait for the “ready to go” signal issued by the conductor.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Classification Railways can be divided according to their importance and purpose into main lines, connecting lines, i.e. cross tracks, parallel lines, sidings and sockets.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[15] The urban line is only the section of railway used for commuter traffic in the city, where no long-distance services such as freight or express trains run.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The subway line is generally completely separate from public rail traffic, designed and built for passenger traffic within major cities.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The transport system using the subway track is commonly called metro.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Depending on the terrain, railways can be divided into plateau, hill country, mountain and mountain tracks.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

On the basis of the structure distinguish between adhesive, that is, adhesion tracks and braces.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[16] The lines running in the area of major cities are often built either in tunnels (underground track) or higher than the surface of the earth (aerial track or heel track).


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Building a railway To determine the direction of the railway line, first an economic and technical study is carried out to determine the profitability of the railway and the environmental considerations to be taken into account in the construction work.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

It then follows the opening and clearing of the line, ditching and drying, leveling and embankment work, coronization, railing, building of bridges and retaining walls, and the construction of station buildings, platforms and other buildings associated with the use of the railway.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The track substructure consists of an intermediate and insulation layer, as well as possible filter layer and frost sheet.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The track superstructure consists of a support layer as well as track.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The track consists of sleepers, track rail, mooring and extension sections, as well as gears and other specialized structures.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

In addition to the structure layers of the track, the railway pitcher contains possible embankment infill.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Construction of a single-track railway requires approximately 108—120 tonnes of steel per kilometre on the rails, depending on track strength (UIC-54 and UIC-60 rails).


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Thus, 10800 to 12000 tonnes of steel for rails is needed for one hundred kilometres long single-track railway, and of course double the amount for a two-track railway.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[17] The production of tonnes of steel consumes energy around 21.6 GJ, or 6 MWh [18].


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The rails of a single-track railway thus consume between 648 and 720 megawatt hours per kilometre of energy and 64.8—72 GWh for 100 km.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The density of sleepers varies, but usually they are installed at intervals of about 60 centimeters.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

B70 sleepers are made of concrete and weigh 300 kilograms per piece.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[19] For a one-kilometre single track railway, these sleepers would therefore amount to 1,667 pieces, weighing a total of 500 tonnes.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The manufacture of a tonne of concrete consumes energy around 1.4 GJ, or 389 kWh.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[20] Sleepers for a kilometre journey would therefore consume about 194 MWh of energy and about 19.4 GWh for a hundred km journey.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The cross-sectional shapes of the track, or normal profiles, depend on track dusting, support layer material and speed.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The support layer is usually made of crushed stone, but gravel supported tracks are still in use today.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The thickness of the coronary support layer is 450 millimeters for wooden sleepers and 550 millimeters for concrete sleepers.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The width of the support layer depends on the speed and whether it is a continuous rail track or a short or long rail track.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

For short and long rail tracks, the rails are connected to each other by means of connective rails.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Track curves are arcs of a circle that coincide with displacement arcs directly into a section or another circle arc.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Main track curves usually use a track tilt.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Tilt is expressed in millimetres and refers to the height difference between the inner and outer rail.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Tilting and displacement arches are rarely used in siding.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

The arc radius depends on the sizing or target speed.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

For example, the recommended arc radius for a target speed of 50km/h is 300—500 m. For target speed of 250km/h, the recommended arc radius is 4,500 to 9,000 m. The track gauge is increased with an arc radius less than 220 m.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Small arc rays can limit traffic, speed of operation, or increase the need for maintenance.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

In addition to track geometry, the maximum allowable speed used on the line is influenced by axle load, safety device technology, level crossings and platform paths.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

In Finland, the maximum permissible length gradient of the track is 15 per million on passenger rail lines and sidings alone and 12.5 per million on other lines.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

On a case-by-case basis, the Transport Agency may grant a permit for a longitudinal slope of up to 35 prom.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

[21] The maximum longitudinal slope in use is 22.5 per million (Huopalahti—Vantaankoski).


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Efforts are being made to build transport sites on a slope of less than 1.5 prom.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

Large longitudinal gradients make it difficult to run, stop and start the train.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

See also Rail gauge Rail transport Railway switchboard Crossing gear Finnish rail transport Narrow-gauge railway Locomotive VR Group Tram Sources Lönnroth, Arvo J. (ed): Book of Inventions — Roads and land vehicles, Wsoy, Porvoo, 1932 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Schivelbusch, Wolfgang| title = Train journey history| others = Translated by Margit Heinämäki| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise | year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-768-010-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kero, Reino and Kujano en, Hannu (ed.


Question: In what year has narrow-gauge rail been invented?

railroad

) | title = From Kivikirvee to information technology, social history of technology from the Stone Age to the present day | publisher = Turku: Department of History at the University of Turku | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-880-296-3}} References on the topic elsewhere in Rail discussion forums * Category:Key articles on screening Category:19th century inventions


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (tbc, abbreviation tb.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[1]) is a long-term disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually found in the lungs.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The disease is classified in Finland as a general-hazardous infectious disease and if untreated it spreads widely throughout the body and may destroy the lungs and central nervous system.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Untreated disease often leads to death.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The pathogen was isolated in 1882 by German physician Robert Koch.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Sometimes humans are also infected by M. bovis (bovine tuberculosis) or M. africanum.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Symptoms and spread The main symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis include a persistent cough and sputum that lasts more than three weeks.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In addition, fatigue, loss of appetite, decreased general condition, weight loss, night sweats, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever and possibly hemoptysis may occur.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[2] Infection is obtained by inhalation aerosol-mediated, i.e. through small droplets.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Once infected, the slow-growing tbc bacterium can live for years in the body without causing symptoms.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In an asymptomatic carrier, the tuberculosis bacteria are dormant, and the carrier does not spread the disease.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

But he faces a lifetime risk of getting sick.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Weakening of immunity due to aging or medication gives the bacterium room to multiply and for this reason tuberculosis is a disease of old people in Finland.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

However, tuberculosis is transmitted quite poorly, only an estimated 30% of those exposed in close contact (residential partners and others dealing more with the carrier) get the infection.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Only about 10% of those infected become ill over their lifetime.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[3] Miliary tuberculosis, or flying pneumonia, is a widespread infection that progresses rapidly with weakened resistance [4].


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Although best known as a pulmonary disease, tuberculosis of the joints, bones, spine, skin, lymph nodes (tonsils), and renal tuberculosis are also known.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In the spine, as the disease progresses, it may cause the hump vertebrae to implode; in the meninges, inflammation is life-threatening.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a chronic disease, but, for example, meningitis that manifests itself as a complication of it can be rapidly lethal.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[5] A particular risk group worldwide are those infected with HIV.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Diagnosis and treatment Diagnosis is often made on an X-ray and confirmed by bacterial culture.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

As a treatment, a combination of multiple antibiotics is used, since tbc is highly resistant to the most common antibiotics when it is slow growth.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The primary drugs used to treat tuberculosis are isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), and pyrazinamide (PZA).


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In addition to these, especially if there is a suspicion of a drug-resistant strain, ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin (SM) are used, as well as a number of secondary drugs.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Drug therapy always lasts at least six months.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[6] Previously, para-aminosalyl (PAS) with INH was used in combination therapy with INH.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[7] As the disease progresses to the infectious stage where bacteria in the carrier's lungs are released, it is essential to identify these cases quickly by sputum staining and, in addition to effective treatment, to carry out patient contact tracing.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The basics of combating tuberculosis include the BCG vaccine for young children, education and monitoring of at-risk groups, as well as identifying latent disease and initiating effective drug therapy.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Current treatment is quite effective and successful, about 85% of cases are cured.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[8] An effective, seven-drug combination therapy has been developed for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[9] In the past, phototherapy was used as a treatment for tuberculosis, as light promoted the production of vitamin D in the skin and vitamin D was believed to cure tuberculosis.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Light therapy was called heliotherapy.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis worldwide The World Health Organization estimates that 1/3 of the world's population are carriers of the tuberculosis bacterium.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

There were just over nine million cases of the disease in 2007, 86% of these in Asia and Africa, and two million were estimated to die from the disease each year.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The absolute and relative number of new cases of the disease has remained almost unchanged in recent years, and the relative incidence of the disease has been precisely and precisely declining.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The WHO target was to see a clear decline in numbers by 2015.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Where the situation elsewhere was stable or positive in the mid-2000s, the African countries worst affected by HIV increased at an annual rate of five per cent.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

For several drugs, above all isoniazid and rifampicin, resistant strains of MDR-TB (multi-drug resistant) were a growing problem.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In 2007, the total number of new MDR cases was estimated to be half a million and the highest number in terms of quantity in India, China, Russia, South Africa and Bangladesh.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[8] [3] Although Finland's western neighbouring countries were still better than Finland in the early 2000s, Sweden has seen an increase in tuberculosis cases in recent years among immigrant groups from outside the Nordic countries, especially Somalis [10].


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In Russia, in the 1990s, tuberculosis began to abruptly increase.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Where in 2006 there were less than 100000 cases of the disease throughout the EU and Western Europe, there were 150,000 in Russia.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[11] Three billion dollars had been earmarked for the fight against tuberculosis in 2009.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis in Finland History Even in the 1930s almost 10,000 Finns died from tuberculosis every year.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In 1929, the Finnish Association for Opposition to Tuberculosis was founded by merging the Association for Opposition to Tuberculosis, which started its activities in 1907, and the Association for the Assistance of Lesser Assists.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The association maintained a number of sanatoriums across the country, which subsequently, as tuberculosis cases declined, were abolished or transferred to state or municipal ownership.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In addition, the association owned Christmas sign homes in Tampere, Kuopio and Oulu, which treated the children of mothers with tuberculosis from birth to an average of one and a half years of age.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

To fund the operation of Christmas brand homes, Christmas stamps were sold, which were still issued even after the end of the operation of the care homes until the 1980s.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The Association for Opposition to Tuberculosis contributed to the enactment of the Tuberculosis Act 1948.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Opposition to tuberculosis was also accompanied by enlightenment.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Health education emphasized that everyone can acquire resistance to tuberculosis himself.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

To do this, everyone had to temper themselves and restrain their behavior.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The physician Max Oker-Blomin described in the early 20th century that self-control was the development of a preventive and controlling nervous system.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

A well-mannered and decent life was also referred to as chastity, which later began to mean merely gender bias.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Chastity was a characteristic of women in particular, including general neatness, family-oriented, and preventing the spread of various diseases (tuberculosis and syphilis).


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[12] The current situation since the 1980s, cases of the disease have decreased from the then 1700 per year [13] to a total of 343 cases of the disease recorded in Finland in 2008, including four in under-15s and 177 in persons over 64 years of age.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[14] In 2006, the risk of developing tuberculosis for children born to Finnish-born parents was estimated to be extremely low.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[15] Occasionally there will be drug-resistant MDR tuberculosis from abroad.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Between 2002 and 2005, the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) caused an abnormally large number of adverse reactions of varying degrees, the mildest of which are minor local inflammation and the most severe bone and arthritis, and rarely even generalized BCG infection.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The old vaccine in use since 1978 had to be replaced with a new one based on a stronger strain in August 2002, and the number of reported cases increased tenfold.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In total, adverse reactions to BCG vaccine leading to longer-term or permanent harm were observed in approximately eight children annually (14/100,000 vaccinated) and by summer 2006 two children had been diagnosed with generalised BCG infection or suspicion of such infection [15].


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

As of September 2006, the BCG vaccine began to be offered only to children at increased risk of infection with tuberculosis, and only about 3500 children were vaccinated in Finland each year.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[16] [17] With the new vaccine program, cases decreased from 111 cases to 28 cases within a year, and no more serious harm was reported in 2007.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

[18] Tuberculosis in animals The most significant of the bacteria causing tuberculosis in animals is Mycobacterium bovis, which causes bovine tuberculosis.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

It has caused high levels of human infestation through contaminated dairy products.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

In Finland, too, tests for tuberculosis have been carried out on cattle and cut out infected animals and herds.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Now Finland and many European countries are officially free of bovine tuberculosis.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Tests are carried out in connection with animal imports, selections of artificial insemination bulls and randomly.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium is the causative agent of avian tuberculosis, and testing it is used in testing on other animals as a control.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

A tuberculosis test is performed as a skin test by injecting a portion of tuberculin isolated from the bacterial wall into the animal being examined internally.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

If the injection site swells and irritates over a period of time, the test is considered positive.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The animal has antibodies to mycobacterial.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

If the bovin and the aviary test react, it may be a mistake.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The puncture site may become irritated as a result of sunlight, rubbing or local other inflammation.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

If the bovine test is positive but the aviary is not, it is obviously bovine tuberculosis.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The tuberculosis test is done in the same way for some other animal species, but its functionality is proven only for cattle.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Of course, animal tuberculosis is also examined in slaughterhouses during meat inspections, and if a disease started to occur in any livestock or region, it would probably be quickly detected.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes paratuberculosis in ruminants, i.e. chronic gastroenteritis and diarrhoea.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The disease is reportedly not present in Finland.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

There are restrictions on the importation of animals from areas where it is found.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Testing for paratuberculosis is tricky because it can take up to half a year to get the result.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

There are a number of other mycobacteria that might hinder testing, but they are not as dangerous.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Pseudotuberculosis is not caused by mycobacteria, its causative agent is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Pseudo means similar in appearance, and this disease is characterized by the formation of abscesses resembling tubercles.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

The disease is tricky to treat but does not have the same public health significance as mycobacteria.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

See also Ziehl-Neelsen Dyeing Sources Ilmari Vartiainen: Pharmacology/Pharmacology: SHKS/WSOY, 1960 Porvoo (p. 235) Otava's big encyclopedia, part 8 (1964) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = National TB Programme 2006| publisher = Social and Social Affairs Ministry of Health publications, Helsinki| year = 2006| id = ISBN 952-00-2120-5, ISBN 952-00-2121-3 (PDF) | format = [online version] (pdf)}} References elsewhere EU & WHO Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

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Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

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Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

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Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis


Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

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Question: What is tuberculosis classified into?

Tuberculosis

Category:Bacterial diseases Category:Key articles on screening


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The Kingdom of Morocco (, in Berber), or Morocco, is a state in the northwest of Africa.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

To the east, it borders Algeria.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Morocco has a long shoreline stretching from the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar all the way to the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Morocco's southern border is disputed.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Morocco considers the Western Sahara region as its own and has held control of most of the region since 1975.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Morocco is the fourth largest Arab country in the world, and Berbers make up a significant minority.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Morocco is a former colony of France and the French language is commonly used in administrative matters, among other things.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The king of Morocco has extensive powers.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The name The full Arabic name of the Earth means Western Kingdom.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In Arabic-speaking countries, the name al-Maghrib, the West, is often used from Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The origin of the name in use in most other languages, such as Morocco, is in the city of Marrakech, which means Land of God in the Berber language.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[1] History Early stages The present territory of Morocco has been inhabited since the Neolithic period.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Early inhabitants were predominantly Berbers.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[2] The Roman Empire conquered the northern part of present-day Morocco in the last century BCE, and made it a province called Mauretania.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Beginning in the 6th century, Arab conquerors spread to the region, under whose influence many Berbers converted to the faith of Islam.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The first local state was the Berber Kingdom of Mauritania, which originated no later than 110 BCE.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In the Islamic period, the first Moroccan Muslim state was the Kingdom of Nekor, an emirate located in the Rif mountains, whose founder Salih ibn Mansur went on the run from Abbasid rule and established his own Idrisid dynasty.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

He also encouraged Berbers in the region to sever ties with the Abbasids.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[3] From the 10th century to the 17th century, Morocco was ruled by mighty Berber dynasties: the Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, Wattasids and Saads.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[4] Since the 17th century, Morocco has been ruled by the Alaouite dynasty.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The title of ruler of Morocco was held by Sultan until 1957, when Muhammad V assumed the title of king.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[5] From the early 17th century until the 19th century, Morocco was known as one of the Barbary esque states that practiced piracy.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Around this time, the Barbary esques were active on its coast, kidnapping European Christians as slaves both from ships sailing in the Mediterranean and from among the inhabitants of the coast, especially from Spain and Italy.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[6] Colonial period At the beginning of the 20th century, most of Africa was occupied by European states as colonies.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The only independent states were Liberia, Abyssinia (present-day Ethiopia) and Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[7] However, France took an interest in Morocco in a military and economic sense, seeking to subjugate it as its colony as well.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

On March 31, 1905, at the urging of the then Reich Chancellor von Bülow, Emperor William II of Germany made a visit to the city of Tangier during his Mediterranean trip.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The Emperor's intention was to make France doubt the usefulness of the entente cordiale.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

From the perspective of England and France, this visit is being called the first Moroccan crisis, or the Tangier crisis.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[8] France asked Britain for help.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Germany called for a conference on the future of Morocco to be held.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The conference took place on January 16, 1906 in Algeciras, Spain.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

On April 7, 1906, Germany and France agreed in Algeciras that both countries would be free to conduct trade with Morocco and allow foreign banks and companies to enter Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

On the same occasion, a police force led by Spanish and French officers was established in Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[9] The agreement at the Algeciras Conference basically guaranteed Morocco's independence, but in practice the country slipped more and more under French control.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Moroccans resisted the growth of Europeans' influence and the Moroccan War broke out in the country.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[10] The Second Moroccan Crisis, or Agadir Crisis, began on 1 July 1911 when the German gunboat SMS Panther arrived in Agadir.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

At Agadir there was a fortress previously built by the Dutch, which was under the command of the Sultan of Morocco, which was considered important.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Fears arose in England and France that Germany was about to make Agadir itself an Atlantic naval and military base.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The German justification for gunboat diplomacy was the disturbances in Morocco, which had led German companies to seek help from the German government.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[11] The German Foreign Ministry said it would send soldiers to protect Germans living in Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

A formal agreement on the partition of Morocco among Western nations was signed in Fès on 30 March 1912, when Sultan Abdelhafid of Morocco signed the treaty making Morocco a protectorate of France.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Spain received territories from the southern parts of Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Thus Morocco was split in two: to the north was French Morocco and to the south was Spanish Morocco, whose territory today includes Western Sahara.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] In connection with the Rifi War of 1920—1926, Spain broke away from Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Tangier was made an international zone in 1923, controlled by French, Spanish and British officials.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Italy joined the treaty in 1928.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[13] During World War II, the Spanish occupied Tangier.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

US and British ground forces came ashore in Morocco in 1942 during the Western Allies offensives against the German Afrika Korps.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The invasion was almost bloodless with Vichy French forces surrendering without a fight.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[14] Morocco peacefully achieved independence in 1956 when French Morocco gained independence.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Shortly after this, Spanish Morocco was ceded to the Kingdom of Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Tangier, which had been an international city, was then returned to Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Spain returned the province of Tarfaya-Tanta to Morocco in 1958 and the Ifni region in 1969.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Ceuta and Melilla are still owned by Spain.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] In territorial disputes left by colonialism, the status of Western Sahara, Morocco's southernmost region, is disputed.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Since 1991, a United Nations-supervised truce has existed in the Western Sahara region, and efforts have been made to find a solution through a referendum of the kind intended to take place as early as 1992.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

However, Frente Polisario and Morocco have failed to agree on who should have the right to vote in the referendum.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The process of identifying those eligible to vote was discontinued in 1999.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In 2003, Morocco rejected a peace plan drawn up by James Baker, a US official who served as a United Nations special envoy.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[15] Morocco considers the Western Sahara region to be a historical part of it, but according to an account published by the International Court of Justice in The Hague in 1975, there is historical evidence that Morocco never ruled that territory.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

As a result, the conquest of the region was contrary to the 1960 Declaration of Sovereignty by the Colonial Powers.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

But Morocco has received support for its actions from the United States, France, Spain, Egypt, Israel and Saudi Arabia, among others.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[16] In the 1980s, Morocco began building a wall that divides Western Sahara in two.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The so-called Moroccan Wall is about 2720 kilometres long and is wetted with sand, rock, barbed wire and mines.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[17] The conflict has resulted in over 150000 Sahrawi refugees living in refugee camps in Algeria since 1975.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

About 90,000 refugees are being assisted by UN agencies.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[16] During 2002 there was some degree of crisis between Spain and Morocco regarding the small demilitarized island of Isla Perejil, which was occupied for a short time by Moroccan infantry.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Thereafter, the Spanish Navy brought occupying forces to the island.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[18] 21st century: earthquake and other upheavals In 2004, a 6.4 torque magnitude earthquake in the north of the country killed more than 600 people and left 15,000 homeless.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[19] Morocco has been a close ally of the United States, and in the 2000s, terrorist attacks linked to Al Qaeda spread to Morocco as well.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[20] In 2003 and 2007, suicide bombers struck Casablanca, killing dozens of civilians.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In 2009, Abdelkader Bellira, suspected leader of Al Qaeda's Moroccan branch, was sentenced to life imprisonment.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[21] During King Mohammed VI's term, economic, social and political reforms have been implemented in the country, such as the 2006 reform of family law that improved women's rights.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Health care, education and housing conditions for the poor have also been improved.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In 2011, when there was widespread unrest and revolutions in neighbouring countries, Morocco got away with quite a bit.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] In February, thousands took part in demonstrations calling for restrictions on the king's prerogatives.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In July, the new constitution proposed by the king was broadly supported in a referendum.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[21] On January 30, 2017, Morocco rejoined the African Union, a joint organization of African countries, from which it had resigned in 1984 in protest at the acceptance of Western Sahara as a member.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Western Sahara also continues as a member.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[22] Politics Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected bicameral parliament.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The king of Morocco has extensive powers, appoints the prime minister after the election and, on his recommendation, other ministers, and may choose to dismiss these, dissolve parliament and call new elections or enact decrees.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The king is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and religious leader of his country.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] Since the 2007 elections, the largest parties in the lower house are the Istiqlal Party (PiS, 52 seats), Justice and Development Party (PJD 46), Popular Movement (MP 41), centrist RNI with 39, and Socialist USFP with 38 seats.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In total, there are ten parties representing delegates.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[23] [12] Following the 2011 constitutional amendments, early elections were held, which the Islamist PJD won.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Administrative division Morocco is divided into 16 administrative regions namely wilaya</i>an: Greater Casablanca, Chaouia-Ouardigha, Doukkala-Abda, Fes-Boulemane, Gharb-Chrarda-Beni Hssen, Guelmim-Es Smara, Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra, Marrakech-Tensifnest-Al Haouz, Mekkoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra, Marrakech-Tensifnest-Al Haouz, Mekkour-Sakia El Hamra Tafilalet, Oriental, Rabat Sale-Zemmour-Zaer, Souss-Massa-Draa, Tadla-Azilal, Tanger-Tétouan and Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[24] Two of the regions, Laâyoune — Boujdour — Sakia El Hamra and Oued ed-Dahab — Lagouira are in Western Sahara, ownership of which Morocco claims for itself.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[23] [25] Each wilaya is headed by a wali, or a governor, appointed by the king.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] Wilayat is further divided into provinces and prefectures, the former being more rural, the latter in metropolitan areas.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[26] Geography and Nature Algeria is bordered by Morocco in the east and southeast.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The Mediterranean coast is home to the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, as well as the islands of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (a small sandmarsh linking it to Morocco), Peñón de Alhucemas, Islas Chafarinas and Isla Perejil.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In the Atlantic waters to the west are the Canary Islands belonging to Spain and Madeira to Portugal.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

To the north, Morocco borders the Strait of Gibraltar.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The capital of Morocco is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Casablanca is the economic center of Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The land area is approximately 446550km².


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The shoreline is more than 1800 kilometres long, with the Mediterranean coast to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[23] The highest point in Morocco is Jebel Toubkal at an altitude of 4165 metres above sea level.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The shallowest point is Sebkha Tal 55 meters below sea level.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Much of Morocco is mountainous.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The eastern part of the country is predominantly dominated by the Atlas Mountains.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The Central Atlas forms the border with Algeria, and in the south of the country is elevated by the High Atlas and the Anti-Atlas.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In the north of the country lie the Rif Mountains.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[27] Moroccan vegetation can be divided into seven zones [28] Mediterranean dry forests (acacias, arganias and succulents) Mediterranean region coniferous and mixed forests (mainly in the Rif Mountains) Other forests of the Mediterranean region Steppes and scrublands of the northern Sahara Saharan salt lakes and marshes The endemic tree species Argania spinosa grows in the southwestern part of the country in the semi-deserts of the Sous Valley.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Oil is squeezed out of its olive-like fruits.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[29] 460 species of birds and at least 104 species of reptiles such as geckos, cobras and Spanish turtles have been found in Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Mammals include antelopes, gazelles, and desert rats.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In the mountains also live macaques.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[29] Climate charts of different parts of Morocco Northern Morocco predominates predominantly Mediterranean climates.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The northwestern part of the country, especially the Rif Mountains, receives quite abundant rainfall from the Atlantic in winter.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Up to 200mm of rain per year in Agadir, up to 400mm per year in Casablanca.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In southern Morocco and beyond Atlas, on the other hand, there is a very dry and rugged Saharan desert climate, which in the south of the country extends almost all the way to the coast.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[30] The average temperature for the year is between 16 and 20 degrees Celsius.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Inland, summers are really hot, for example in Marrakesh the average maximum temperature in July is 36 degrees.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

It is decidedly cooler along the coast and north, with the average July maximum temperature in Casablanca being just 26 degrees.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[31] During winter, night frost can occur inland and there is snow cover at the top of the Atlas Mountains well into early summer.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[30] Population distribution Morocco is the fourth largest Arab country in the world by population after Egypt, Sudan and Algeria.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The majority of Moroccans are Sunni Muslims.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The most prominent ethnic group are Arabs who arrived in the country between the 6th and 10th centuries.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Morocco also has one of the largest Berber settlements.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Christians, Jews and Bahais live in the country as minorities.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] The official language of Morocco is Arabic.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Colloquial Moroccan Arabic, or darija, has been influenced by Latin languages for both its vocabulary and grammar.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

12 million Moroccan residents speak Berber languages as their native speakers.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Berbers use the self-designation amazigh ('free man') and specifically refer to the Northern Berber languages as tamazigh.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

French is widely used, but does not have the status of an official language.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

In northern Morocco, Spanish is more used than French.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] Morocco has a population of about 32 million (2011), and 58% of the inhabitants live in cities.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[23] Speakers of Berber languages typically live in highland areas: in the Rif Mountains, in the central part of the country, and in the southwestern corner of the country.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[32] In 2007, it was estimated that approximately 0.1% of the adult population were carriers of HIV, a total of about 21000 people.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Approximately 5300 people would have needed antiretroviral medication, but only about a third of them, about 1,600 people.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The medication situation had improved, in 2004 about ten percent of those in need received the medicine.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[33] Education In 1994 Morocco had 5517 schools and 125136 teachers [34].


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Primary education is free and compulsory until the age of 15.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Yet many children, especially rural girls, don't go to school.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The average literacy rate is 39.6% of females and 65.7% of males, but among rural females the literacy rate is only 10%.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] There are 14 universities in Morocco.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Their main language is French, although some courses are also lectured in Arabic and English.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

The most famous university in the country is Mohammed V University, which operates in Rabat Souiss and Agdal.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Other universities include the private American syllabus Al Akhawayne University in Ifrane, and Al Karaouine University in Fés, founded in 859.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[35] [12] Economy In the past, Morocco's economic growth was limited by its dependence on farming at the mercy of rains.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Diversification of the business sector has increased the balance of the economy.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Unemployment is a problem, especially among the young population of cities.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] Morocco has concluded a free trade agreement with the European Union and the United States.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] During the reign of King Muhammad VI, Morocco has also begun to be more active in sub-Saharan Africa, and on state visits the king is accompanied by a delegation of businessmen.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[36] Agriculture employs 45% of Moroccans, but produces only 17% of its GDP.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

Agricultural products include barley, citrus fruits, vegetables, olives, wine and livestock.


Question: What is Morocco's GDP?

Morocco

[12] A report by the United Nations on cannabis cultivation in Morocco published in 2003 confirmed the perception of the country's status as a major producer of cannabis and hashish.