Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Where inventions have subsequently been classified according to their backgrounds as commercial by individual inventors, collaborated in companies or groups of companies, made by researchers outside the market, or by universities and similar networks, this has been observed the ideas of non-market parties, as well as the main part of the developing networks, although they then monetize the companies.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

More relevant than patents to inventions is the free flow of information.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[92] Iron to steel Steel is a diverse ferrous material from which, by changing alloying substances, mechanical and heat treatments, produce grades of very different strength, ductility and hardness.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Even in the 18th century, iron making was laborious, quantity scarce, and the quality of the final result was not very good.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The industrialization development that spurred in the late 18th century created a great deal of demand for iron.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first step in the development of iron making was to introduce Watt's steam engine to blow air into the coke to increase the combustion temperature.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Coke was used because not enough charcoal was obtained.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1830s, the even more efficient Neilson hot-blasting method came into use, but despite developments, production was limited.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A leading producing country, England produced only 60,000 tons of steel and 2.5 million tons of pig iron in 1850.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[93] In comparison, a modern blast furnace rolling plant, for example the small Rautaruukki Raahe, produces around 2.5 million tonnes of steel per year.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[94] In 1860 Henry Bessemer developed a swivel converter, which allowed pig iron to be made directly into steel, whereas earlier pig iron was made of cast iron by the first smelting and only steel on the second.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The next development was a gas blow-powered stove cooker by Friedrich Siemens, which was further developed by the French Martin brothers to be suitable for smelting scrap iron, increasing the economics of production.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

England had the advantage that iron ore there contained no phosphorus, which causes fragility to steel.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The method of phosphorus removal from steel was developed by Englishmen S.G.Thomas and Percy Gilchrist in the 1880s and as a result steel production in competitor countries in England increased rapidly in the 1880s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

By the end of the 19th century, England was falling behind the United States and Germany in industrialisation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Around the same time, as the knowledge of chemistry and the atomic concept became clearer, it also began to be understood what happens in steel as it strengthens when modified and a broad branch of science known as metallurgy emerged.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[95] Progress in Mechanical Engineering Mechanization began in the textile industry, which had already emerged in the Middle Ages and which had been kept protected by mercantilism.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Due to government orders, large manufacturing plants had sprung up in the textile industry.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During the first phase of industrialisation in the 19th century, the textile industry remained at the forefront of development.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

England was the initial home of many inventions, but textile machine technology was quickly adopted by the United States, Germany and France.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The textile industry was important at the beginning of industrial development also in China, Japan and India.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The spinning Jenny was connected as the first machinery in the textile industry to a steam engine powered by Watt's flywheel.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

With the spinning Jenny, human hands were still needed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Richard Roberts (1789—1864) developed a fully automatic spinning machine in the 1830s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The weaving machine evolved from the loom, and the first machine was built by Edmund Cartwright in 1787.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard patented a partially automatic weaving machine in 1805, which was also exported to England.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The motivation behind Jacquard's invention was the development work undertaken by Basile Bouchon in Lyon in the 1720s to weave patterned silk cloth.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Bouchon had invented a hole ribbon by which warp threads were raised according to a pattern.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Bouchon's co-worker Jean-Baptiste Falcon invented in 1726 to replace paper tape with a cardboard card and created the first punch card.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[96] From 1830 onwards steam engines were connected to the weaving machine, although hydropower largely retained its positions as a source of power for the textile industry.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Gun-making became mechanized, too.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The barrels of guns were learned to ripple, which enabled the weapons to become more accurate.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As steels and explosives developed, the power of the weapons increased.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The American Civil War was the first war to employ machine-forward guns and a rotating turret warship made entirely of steel.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Especially in the production of small arms in the United States developed the dimensional accuracy of machining and requirements for the interchangeability of parts


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[97] Societal effects of machinery Adjusting to fixed working hours was initially a problem in factories because free people were accustomed to moving flexibly.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

When still mechanisation locally displaced workers, friction began to arise between workers and owners, with the Luddites being the first example.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mechanization also differentiated the knowledge and skills of the workers.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A production system based on the work of machines was formed, the last stage of which is represented by automation in both design and administrative tasks.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Industrialization was characterized by intense urbanization.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In a hundred years, England's mid-18th century, the textile industry, which was scattered in small villages, was concentrated in a few rapidly growing towns.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 19th century, extensive migration behind the ocean also began in Europe.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The reason was largely strong population growth.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

London's population rose between 1802 and 1881 from about one million to over four million.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The cities were sharply divided into a poor and affluent area.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Over the course of the 19th century, living standards of even the poorer began to rise.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As a result of industrialization, urban hygiene levels improved as sewage systems were built.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mass production brought cheaper products to the market.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As production methods and machinery moved across borders, the world began to become more similar.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Markets expanded world-wide, and fewer and fewer were able to avoid the impact of the cyclical cycle of global trade on their lives.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[98] With the mechanization of agriculture in 18th century Europe, attention was paid to mulch as a source of food for plants.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Jethro Tull designed a row planter to conserve dirt.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The cast-iron swivel plough, developed by James Small in 1770, was an important step in improving yields.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the past, in two-mountain farming, another field had been fallow, but now the fallow sector began to grow beans, peas and alfalfa and crops needed by industry such as flax, hemp and hops.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

At the same time, the amount of feed for livestock increased, and livestock again produced more manure for fertilizer.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A working threshing machine was built by Andrew Meikle in 1786 and a mower by Patrick Bell in 1826.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

With increasing population growth and growing feed, grain prices rose in the late 18th century beyond the ability of laborers to pay.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In this case, the cultivation of potatoes previously only fit for fodder increased rapidly.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In England, the mechanization of agriculture was part of the Industrial Revolution and the rest of Europe came behind.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The German Justus von Liebig explained in his 1840s book the physiology of plants, and this quickly led to the construction of an artificial fertilizer plant in 1847 England.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The new machinery for agriculture was occupied by large farms, and small farms continued mainly using the old methods.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mechanization also came to require an increase in space size.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[99] The intensive mechanisation of agriculture began in the 19th century in the United States, where there was a shortage of labour.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

An 1819 cast iron plow was introduced there, parts of which were standardized and spare parts were thus available.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

They were being produced in the 1850s at John Deere's factories at 15,000 pieces a year.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

World trade in grain expanded in the late 19th century thanks to trains and steamships.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Before fertilisers, the United States was able to produce grain so cheaply that a self-sufficient Europe had to put more emphasis on meat production.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Making lances was a handiwork until Cyrus McCormick in 1870 made a machine that cut the grain and tied it with iron wires into logs.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1890s, horse-drawn combine harvesters appeared in California, which could be pulled by 24—36 horses.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1860s, American agricultural machinery was overpowered in the European market.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Due to the development of means of transport and the mechanisation of agriculture, the number of horses in England and France began to decline in the early part of the 20th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first tractor powered by an internal combustion engine was seen in a field in 1904, and a show opportunity in Winnipeg in 1908 convinced many of the tractor's future.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The tractor was common in the United States as early as World War I, but in Europe wider use began in the 1930s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The internal combustion-powered self-slice combine harvester was introduced by the Holt Caterpillar company in 1911.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[100] Mechanization also extended to the manufacture of butter.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Wilhelm Lefeldt made the first separator in Germany in 1876, and the Swede Gustaf de Laval made a well-functioning version of it in 1879.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[101] Plant and livestock breeding received a theoretical background from the work of Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Artificial insemination had been developed in Venaja in the 1910s, and spread to Europe in the 1930s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Semen freezing was developed in 1949.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Processing allowed agricultural production to increase.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Before artificial fertilizer, fields had been fertilized with barn yield, Peruvian guano or Chilean saltpeter.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

However, these began to deplete in the late 19th century


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

At the beginning of the 20th century, there was success in isolating nitrogen from the atmosphere, which has increased the production of food very much indeed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Its use as a fertilizer has grown rapidly, reaching 2.5 million tons in 1938 and already 30 million tons in 1970.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Green Revolution, which began in the 1960s, took the results of agricultural development up to the 18th century into practice in developing countries.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Without the increase in food production, the size of mankind could not have increased to the current level.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Thomas Malthus's predictions about the conflict between food production and population growth remained unrealized.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[102] Electrification, mass production and the rise of the chemical industry in the technology used by industry began in the late 19th century a transformation, which is described as the Second Industrial Revolution.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Power generation kicked in and the electric motor supplanted the steam engine as the industrial powerhouse.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Electricity generation was concentrated in power plants and as a result the chimneys were thinned out of the factories.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the history of electricity and electronics, Thomas Edison and Nicola Tesla emerge as contributors to electricity use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Edison developed the incandescent bulb as a durable source of electric light, and Tesla an AC system.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Edison had had time to build an already reasonably extensive DC-grid, but the DC lost out to AC power developed by Tesla.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The advantage of AC power is that the voltage can be easily changed by means of a transformer.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This is exploited in the power grid for the transmission of electricity because transmission losses are lower at higher voltage.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The AC motor and generator design is also durable without the commutator used in the DC motor.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Of all the electricity produced, electric motors use most of it.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Electrical voltage became 110 volts, as it was first used in battery-powered theatrical lamps.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[103] Mass production of automobiles started.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The leading automotive company was Ford, whose founder Henry Ford introduced an assembly line (“conveyor belt”) in his factories.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Fredrick Taylor began to explore the application of scientific principles to business management as well.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[104] The growth of the chemical industry began.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Plastics had already been developed in the 19th century and celluloid had been produced.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the early 20th century, bakelite became a major plastic, for example, as an insulator in electrical engineering.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Oil refining began and developed rapidly as the number of automobiles increased.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The shelf life of food was improved following the clarification of the ways of spreading bacteria studied by Louis Pasteur (1822—1895), allowing control methods such as pasteurization to be invented.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Industrial manufacturing of medicines begins, as one of the first acetylsalicylic acid known as Bayer's trade name Aspirin.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Wilhelm Röntgen (1845—1923) developed an 1896 method of penetration from X-rays he discovered to support disease diagnoses.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[105] Mass manufacturing of household appliances began.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first to enter the market was a prefabricated wood stove in the 1850s, beginning a change in cooking methods.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

At the same time, energy efficiency improved.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Previously, food had been put either in a baking oven or in a cauldron hanging over an open fire.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Next in the series of new home appliances was a sewing machine, followed by Edison's phonograph, radio and refrigerator.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In refrigerators, the model operating on the absorption principle of Electrolux began its success in the 1930s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The vacuum cleaner had many stages and inventors in its development.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Well-known manufacturers Hoover, Nilfisk and Electrolux made vacuum cleaners already at the beginning of the 20th century, but they were luxury goods until the Second World War.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[106] Standardisation, especially in terms of dimensions, was important even in ancient high cultures because of commerce.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Industrial Revolution increased the importance of standardization.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Great French Revolution gave rise to the metric system in the late 18th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The metric system evolved into an international system of units for dimensions called the SI system.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[107] The first national measurement standards institution was the Bureau International des Poids et Measures, established in France in 1875.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[108] Standardisation has also expanded to machinery parts, methods and information technology, for example ASCII code.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Eli Whitney (1765-1825), inventor of the cotton cleaning machine and arms factory, is known as a promoter of dimensional accuracy and interchangeability.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Measurements, whose use began in the 1840s, can ensure that the section is within permissible dimensional variation limits.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[109] Metric screw threads have taken over the world with the exception of the United States, but inch sizes and threads are widely used for pipes.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The international standardization organization ISO was founded in 1947, but had been preceded by the Association of National Standard Organizations (ISA), founded in 1926, whose activities ceased into World War II.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[110] ISO has publications of about 19000 standards.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[111] Industrial changes from the 1950s onward The third wave of change in industrial manufacturing can be considered the use of plastic materials, semiconductor manufacturing and computer-based automation that began in the late 20th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Robots entered the factories.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

People began to disappear from factory floors and the occupation of branches often grew larger than the factory.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

From the 18th century until the 1970s, the share of industry in the workforce increased, but reversed in the 1980s to decline, giving rise to the concept of “post-industrial society” and later the related concept of “information society”.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[112] Due to tightened quality standards and automation, factories became cleaner than most homes.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

An ever-increasing portion of production, such as the production of microprocessors on silicon wafers, is done in clean rooms that are cleaner than operating theatres in hospitals.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1940s, mass production of oil-based plastics began and until the 1973 oil crisis, world plastic production doubled every five years.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[113] Around 250 [114] plastics are made in the world and about 1400 million tonnes of steel per year [115], so the volumes are of the same order.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The most important of today's plastic grades, such as PVC and polyethylene, were developed before the Second World War, as was synthetic rubber, which was manufactured by the Germans during the war because they could not get any more natural rubber.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

With the mass production of injection molding machines, as well as using extruded plastic profiles and membranes, plastics that were easily molded and durable enough became the main materials for consumer products.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[116] The plastic bag has become a symbol of the era.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As inexpensive materials, plastics promoted disposable consumption.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Environmental problems Since the beginning of farming, man has shaped his environment, leading early on to environmental problems such as erosion and soil impoverishment.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Forests were destroyed from the Mediterranean countries already in antiquity.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the Middle Ages, forests were felled from urban environments, and by the end of the Middle Ages European forests had already declined significantly.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Environmental pollution began with industrialization and the use of steam engines, and increasing coal burning caused smog problems.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

By the early part of the 20th century, the volume of industry was already so large that pollution began to visibly destroy the environment and the first environmental movements began operations.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Established in 1872, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The environmental movement of the early 20th century idolized peasant culture and pre-industrial society, limiting its influence.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The 1960s saw a strong focus on environmental problems as environmental disasters such as DDT, PCB and acid rain became public.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Later the list still continued: asbestos, Bhopal, Chernobyl, heavy metals, fuel lead additive, freons.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In 1972, the Club of Rome published a work which received much attention, the Limits of Growth, warning of the adequacy of natural resources.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

All of these led to the development of environmental protection legislation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

By the end of the 20th century, tightened legislation contributed to the essential reduction in pollution achieved in developed countries, and the environment could begin to clean up.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

For example, several rivers that have already become almost dirty drains have now been partially cleared and freon discharges have decreased.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

But there has been no getting rid of environmental problems.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In particular, carbon dioxide emissions due to energy production is one of the causes of climate change.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[117] [118] Development of means of transport Shipping after the Middle Ages Columbus and Magalhaes made their voyages of discovery on ships still representing the medieval shipbuilding tradition.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The ships were small, 20—30 metres long and 6—7 metres wide.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A hundred years later, the ships were already larger, with more sails.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The method of rigging, which developed in the 16th century, remained roughly similar until the end of the use of sailing ships.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Increasing the size of the ships also led to accidents, most famously the Wasa ship.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

However, this was not the only accident due to instability, so the abject increase in size was abandoned in the 17th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Swedish admiral Fredrik af Chapman (1721—1808) began to study the structure of ships that proved to be good sailors.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

He found mathematical regularities in the structures, among which developed a method of calculation for determining the most advantageous shape, proportions, and immersion of a ship's hull.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[119] Once long-distance voyages began, a method was needed to determine the place of the ship on the high seas.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Gerhardus Mercator had in 1569 developed a map projection with longitude and latitude at right angles and thus useful for navigation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Latitude was learned to measure in the 17th century using the angle of elevation of the North Star, but angular measurement methods developed in the Middle Ages based on the sea astrolabe and the Jacob rod were too inaccurate.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Due to the importance of positioning, the English government set up a special committee to reward developers of the solution to the problem.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The English mathematician John Hadley (1682—1744) developed a mirror octant in 1731, which then developed into a sextant.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In addition to accurate angle measurement, an accurate clock was needed to compare the time of the measurement site and the zero meridian.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The English watchmaker John Harrison (1693—1776) introduced his first chronometer, a clock that also works in marine operations.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

It was so promising that he received an award for developing his device.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

However, it was not until 1761 that he completed a sufficiently reliable clock.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Astronomical navigation is still a maritime foundation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[120] On river boats, the use of sails was difficult and they often had to be pulled from the shore.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The introduction of the steam engine on river ships was a response to a clear need.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

First it was made in 1789 in the United States by John Fitch (1743—1798) and the following year by Scots Patrick Miller (1730—1815) and William Symington (1763—1831).


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

However, the power of the first steam engines was not sufficient for actual operation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Symington built a canal tug powered by a steam engine in 1803, the first steam vessel to be in commercial use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[121] After a year of use, beach owners were banned from using the vessel by claiming its waves were damaging the beaches.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A breakthrough in the use of steam to power ships was a ship built by American Robert Fulton (1765—1815).


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

An 18-horsepower steam engine made by Watt and Boulton mill was placed on this ship, built in 1807.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

On her first 12-hour voyage, the ship achieved an average speed of 4.7 knots.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

For the same journey, the river burrs used four days.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In five years, there were already more than half a hundred steam ships in US coastal and river traffic.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

England had in 1815 two dozen steam-powered ships.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In Finland, the first steam ship was Ilmarinen 1833.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In 1819, the first steam-assisted ship, therefore also carrying sails, crossed the Atlantic.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

With just steam, the voyage was made in the 1830s, although that vessel was fitted with sails.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mere steam wasn't trusted until the late 19th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[122] The problems faced by early steamers were poor seafaring duration and the abundant consumption of coal.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first improvement in steam engines was the use of high-pressure boilers, which dropped coal consumption to one-third.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Another improvement was two-stage expansion, with which consumption fell by almost half more.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The propeller had been developed in the 18th century, but the power of steam engines was not yet sufficient.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The propeller ideas went to life and in 1836 two propellers received a patent, a track propeller by John Ericsson (1803—1889) of Sweden and a screw propeller by Francis Pettit Smith, an Englishman.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In 1845, in a competition organised by the British Admiralty, similarly powered propeller and wing levellers pulled each other.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Smith's propeller was capable of pulling the receiving steamer at a speed of 2.8 knots.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Subsequently, suspicion of the propellers went away.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The propellers and steam engines, on the other hand, were so powerful that the ships' wooden hull could no longer stand.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

For this problem of strength, iron was taken to the aid.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Iron plates had begun to be rolled in the 1780s and the first iron vessel was built as early as 1787.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Iron was brittle, however, and until the 1870s ships were made of wood with iron reinforced, until 1865 began to use steel, which then could be produced in large quantities.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

After the middle of the 19th century, steamships became competitive over sailing ships.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Of the British merchant fleet in 1885, more than half passed by steam.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[123] Sailing ships were still developing, too, and experienced a small boom in the 1850s when the Americans developed a narrow-hulled and fast ship type, the clipper.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal gave steamships such a great advantage over clippers to circumnavigate Africa that sailing ships were left with the longest Australian and South American routes any longer.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The last development of sailing ships was the steel-hulled construction and reinforced masts, which kept sailing ships competitive over steam ships for some time to come.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[124] Since World War II, the ships were built from welded steel plates instead of the earlier riveted structure.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Freighters today most often have direct-drive heavy oil-powered diesel engines and passenger ships are powered by electric propellers and diesel-powered generators, i.e., diesel-electric transmission.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Some specialized ships have a nuclear power plant as a generator of electricity.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the logistics of world trade, a sea container has been formed as the basic unit of the transport batch, which in antiquity was equivalent to the amphora and from the Middle Ages until the middle of the 20th century a barrel.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

These are all watertight packaging required for sea transport.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Containers are transferred directly to the car or train at ports, effectively unloading and loading of container ships.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[125] [126] Mechanization of land transport The rules of history is that the seas connect and the mountain ranges separate.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As shipping grew, the developing regions became concentrated on the coasts as the transport of even heavier cargoes along roads became difficult.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Horseless means of transport, automobiles had been dreamed of for a long time and in the 18th century the first steam vehicles were already being made, where the weight and poor efficiency of the steam engine were an even greater problem than in ships.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mines had found that rotational friction is remarkably low if the hard wheel travelled on hard and flat surface.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[127] Richard Trevithick showed in 1804 that a steam engine could be used as a locomotive from the position of horses on industrial lines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Due to the price of feed, the use of a steam locomotive powered by coal mines was more economical than horses.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In 1815, the Parliament of England drafted an Act to protect domestic farming (the Corn Law), imposing a high duty on imported grain.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The price of grain went high and made steam locomotives economical compared to horses.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[128] In a race held in 1829, a Rocket locomotive built by Robert Stephenson pulled five times its own weight in front of load and achieved an average speed of 33km/h with a load of one full passenger car.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This began the rapid spread of railways, and as early as 1840 there were 3000 miles of railways in England.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1860s, the railway reached Finland.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[127] Before railroads, each town had its own clock time, which made it difficult to draw up timetables.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In England, railway companies carried out a unification of time in the 1840s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The 1880 period followed on the railways became the base time commonly used in England.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the United States, there was no joint operation between railroad companies and railroads used the time of their domicile, for example, Buffalo had three bells at the station and six in Pittsburgh.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

1883 in the United States came into effect a four-time zone system that was initially used only on railroads and it was not until 1918 that a law ordered it for general use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[129] The rotating shaft is subjected to a shifting load, which causes a fragility called steel fatigue.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This phenomenon caused a number of accidents, the most famous being the breakdown of a locomotive shaft between Paris and Versailles on 8 May 1842.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This caused the deaths of 55 people and more than 100 injured.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1860s, August Wöhler began material research that led to the development of steels that were better resistant to exchange load and a system of sizing for fatigue resistant structures using Wöhler curves.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[130] In the 19th century, railroads began the breakdown of the urban structure when it became possible to live outside the city and still could get daily in a reasonable time by train to work downtown.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The construction of the railways also led to the relocation of the old town centres to the surroundings of the railway station.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Urban zoning began to take the needs of transport into account more strongly, as a model of which Georges-Eugène Haussmann (1809—1891), who reformed the Paris plan.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[131] Station construction served as a promoter of glass architecture.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The most famous building of this style is the Crystal Palace built for the London World's Fair in 1851.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[132] In the 19th century, horse-drawn rail trams began to be used for internal traffic in cities, which were then electrified around the turn of the century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The internal combustion engine was the first power source to guarantee sufficient power-to-weight ratio to build general-purpose ground vehicles.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Karl Benz (1844—1929) introduced the first internal combustion engine car in 1886, the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which used the Otto engine.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The inflatable vehicle rubber tire was invented in 1888, which made moving on uneven surfaces considerably more comfortable and quieter.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[133] As motor vehicle controls evolved, automobiles developed into a huge branch of industry.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Over 15 million copies of the T-Ford, which came on the market in 1908, were produced over a 19-year period.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[134] Railway construction had already required the development of the skill of bridge building.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Initially, railway bridges were made with vaulted arches.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 19th century, cast iron half-timbered bridges were made to achieve longer spans.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As steel availability improved, steel girder bridges and suspension bridges came into use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[135] [136] The evolution of air transport Flying has always fascinated people.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Leonardo da Vinci had already outlined flight equipment.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first hot air balloon flight was made by Frenchman Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier in 1783.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Germans developed airships in the first decades of the 20th century, but these had to be abandoned after a few larger mishaps.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 19th century, flying heavier-than-air equipment was still viewed with suspicion.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the construction of an aircraft, mass is a very crucial problem.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The internal combustion engine was the solution to be a sufficiently powerful source of power, and with it the Wright brothers made 1903 their first flight in an aircraft they had built.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The Wright brothers also developed a solution for piloting an aircraft in mid-air.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In flying, safety is another big problem, since in a crash, most often passengers die.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the early days of aviation, this risk of death was also a kind of titillator when sensational magazines funded flight experiments in the hope of headlines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During the First World War, it was understood that the aircraft has become a major reconnaissance and ordnance tool.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The aircraft developed considerably during the war and this led to the launch of air services after the war.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A milestone in the history of flying is considered to be Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927, which began to shape attitudes favourable to air travel.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During short distances in the early 1920s, German all-metal Junkers machines were able to carry passengers without loss.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Well-known commercial aircraft of the 1930s include the Junkers Ju-52 and Douglas DC3.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

At the end of the 1930s, large flying boats were used for intercontinental flights.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[137] [138] Before World War II, during the arms race, fighter aircraft such as the Spitfire, Messeschmitt and Mitsubishi zero were developed, all with very powerful engines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During the war, Allied heavy bombers came to prominence, for example the Boeing Flying Fortress.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The planes were mass-produced in the United States and flown across the Atlantic to England as a continuous stream, producing information about ocean weather and flight paths.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

After World War II, bomber technology was transferred to passenger aircraft, exemplified by Lockheed Constellation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During the war, a jet engine had also been developed to achieve a power to weight ratio better than a piston engine.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first nonstop scheduled flights from London to New York were launched with four-engined propeller aircraft in the 1950s, but it was not until the end of the decade that sufficiently high-flying jets such as the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 were able to provide reliable scheduled service Across the Atlantic.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Moving into the 1960s, the main source of power in larger commercial aircraft became the jet engine.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[139] The opportunity to make supersonic airliners led to the development of Concorde in the 1970s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Operations on these planes began in 1976 and were flown until the early 2000s until a devastating accident occurred.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

However, perhaps the main reason for the discontinuation of traffic flights on this type of aircraft was the poor profitability due to the high fuel consumption of the plane.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[140] Wide-body and economical models have been successful in long-distance aviation in recent decades.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The helicopter was developed in the late 30s and is used for missions where a plane staying stationary in the air or landing in places without a runway is required.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Safety is better in current air transport than in land transport.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Every accident leads to an investigation and possible measures.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[141] [142] A wider series of accidents involving transport aircraft was in the 1950s, when metal fatigue and fracture growth caused more Comet passenger aircraft to crash.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This led to the development of design methodologies that follow the failsafe practice, that is, the section is designed so that the fault is detected before it causes an accident.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The properties of aluminium alloys used in aircraft have also been improved.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[143] History of communication and information technology Development of mechanical reproduction The development of printing skills was preceded by the transition from parchment to paper.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The art of printing and making paper had been obtained through Arabs from China.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Parchment made of leather is an expensive material and from old parchments it was even worth scraping the text off to reuse the parchment.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The use of inexpensive paper again increased manually performed in a copy to the threshold cost of work.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

From this arose the need to develop book-printing skills.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Pictures had already been printed in the Middle Ages before the actual development of printing skills.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The technique of cast bulk fonts developed by Gutenberg (1397—1468) substantially reduced the workload of bookkeeping and as printing volumes increased industrial activity arose.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Ceramic word marks had already been invented by the Chinese Bi Sheng around 1050, but in the Chinese writing system the invention could not be utilized as effectively as in the alphabetical writing system comprising less than thirty characters, which was the Roman Empire's through inherited Europe.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[144] The first “bestseller” was the German New Testament by Martti Luther, which was printed in 100,000 copies during Luther's lifetime.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[145] Around 1500 the idea of printing was already known in 12 countries.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Vanoccio Biringuccio's book Pirotechnica of 1540 narrates accurately the casting of various metals, which contributed to the spread of skill.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Typefaces became standardised and working methods evolved and in the 18th century it was possible to print with the same amount of work already three times the amount.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Increased printing volumes increased paper consumption.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

German Jacob Christian Schäffer became interested in paper machines and experimented with different plants in the manufacture of cellulose-based paper during the latter part of the 18th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The sheets were still made as single pieces.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The continuous working paper machine had several developers.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In England, a patent for a continuously operated paper machine was obtained by the brothers Fourdrinier and John Gamble in 1807.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There were already 250 paper machines in England in 1840.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[146] A number of printing techniques have been developed over the years.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

When printing large volumes of newspapers, for example, rotational printing machines are used, into which the paper is fed from a roll.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Due to inexpensive paper, efficient printing technology and announcement sales, the newspaper press developed into a major information broker and a “fourth state power”.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[147] Development was promoted by typesetters.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The old method of printing images is lithography and another known one is silkscreen printing.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Today, the most common method of printing is offset printing.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Typewriters were developed from the 18th century onwards as aids for the blind.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1870s, Remington factories began manufacturing a typewriter with which one could write faster than by hand, and for the next hundred years a characteristic device of typewriter offices.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Mechanical typewriters are inherited by the QWERTY letter used in computers today.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A typewriter utilizing cast bulk letters is a version of a printing press.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A typewriter can be used to use carbon papers to produce copy or master pieces for some printing methods, such as a wax copier.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Long distance printers, or telexes, introduced in the early 20th century, are automated typewriters that were later used as the first printers for computers.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Methods of copying, where the output to be copied is in electronic form, include photocopying machine, telefax machine, and various printers.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

These can be combined into one machine.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Telexes exited the companies in the 1980s after telefaxes replaced them.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Telefaxes, on the other hand, were overshadowed by email in the 1990s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[148] The development of photography began in 1727 when the German physician Johann Schulze noticed silver nitrate darkening in light.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Louis Daguerre (1765—1851) developed the first system of imaging, after Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1765—1833) had created a method for image preservation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

George Eastman launched the Kodak No.1-branded camera he developed in 1888, which used a negative roller instead of glasses.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The undermaterial for the negative was celluloid, and it later developed into the basic idea of the film.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The roll was sent to the factory to be developed and re-loaded.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The ease of use made filming possible for larger numbers.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The French Lumière brothers developed a kinematograph from the film camera of their time that could be used as a film camera as well as a projector.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

They held their first paid film screening on December 28, 1895, which is widely regarded as the birth moment of cinema.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[149] The first audio recording device was a phonograph developed by Edison.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The sound rolls it used were later able to be duplicated.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The gramophone is a device operating on the same principle, but it uses disc discs, namely gramophone plates, which were made of clay and shellac.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A quite large market for gramophone records emerged and they were used right up until the 1960s, when vinyl records supplanted them.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The wave of youth music that began in the 60s and the low cost of turntables and electronic audio equipment brought the vinyl record market soaring.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 90s vinyl record has been supplanted by optically readable CDs, on which movies or other data can also be deposited.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The market for CD as a music recording medium suffers from the fact that it is also possible to buy music in electronic form.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[150] Electronic data transmission and recording The first commercial telegraph was introduced in 1839 in London.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The developer of this five-wire telegraph was Charles Wheatstone along with William Cooke.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The technically winning telegraph technique was developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail, utilizing relays for signal amplification as well as single-wire technology and in it the coding of characters, which came to be called morsetus.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A commercial telegraph link utilizing Morse's technique started in 1844 from Washington D.C. to Baltimore.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Helsinki-Saint Petersburg between the telegraph started in 1855.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[151] Morsetus was later also used in wireless data transmission.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[152] Electricity was important for rail transport because there, for safety, it was necessary to ensure the freedom of the line before sending the train to the next station.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[153] The first information offices were established on telegraphs as early as the middle of the 19th century.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

These sent financial data like stock prices.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

For the first time in the Civil War, wagon mobile telegraph stations were in use.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During wartime, 25,000 miles of telegraph cable were hauled.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1870s, the first punch tape applications came into use, after which the messages were recovered or could be written before being transmitted to the hole tape.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1840s, the first underwater cables were laid.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There were several attempts to pull sea cable across the Atlantic beginning in 1855, but it was not until 1866 that the cables were brought into operation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

At the beginning of the 20th century were already all the most significant cities in the world connected to the telegraph network.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[154] A communications satellite made it possible to broadcast live TV coverage of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics to the United States and Europe.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There was a tight battle over the patent for the telephone, which was won in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

He also started the commercial telephony business.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Telephone establishments started in Finland in the early 1880s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

There has been some controversy over who invented the radio.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The patent was obtained by Guglielmo Marconi in 1897.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

During World War I, radio amateurs developed Marconi's device, and at the end of the war, experiments began to transmit speech on the airwaves.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first broadcast broadcasts were heard in Pittsburgh in 1920.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The technology spread rapidly and Suomen Yleisradio was founded 1926.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Radio played a major role in transmitting news, politicians' speeches and entertainment until the Sixties as television reached homes more widely.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Transmission of the image electronically was successful in the 1920s and the first public television broadcasts were seen in the 1930s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Television developed into a major social influencer.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[155] [156] The magnetophone was developed in Germany just before the Second World War and had time to deposit Hitler's speeches.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[157] Philips launched the C cassette system in 1963.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This enjoyed considerable commercial success in the 1970s and competed with LPs for the recordings market.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Sony's Walkman eartag stereos increased the popularity of the C cartridge in the early 1980s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

C cassettes were also used in some computers as mass storage.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

When it came to recording video, the VHS system was the most successful.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Magnetic storage is also utilized by computer hard disk memory, which have been able to continuously raise storage capacity and remain on the market in the early 2000s despite the growth in sales of storage systems based on microcircuit technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[158] [159] [160] History of Information Technology The first step in the development of information technology can be considered the grammar of the spoken language, which expanded the language's ability to express.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[161] With the emergence of civilizations, numbers and counting more important to governance and commerce often developed before writing skills.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[162] The first calculation machine can be considered a beadboard.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The next step in the direction of automation was the introduction of a punch card in Joseph Marie Jacquard's weaving machines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Herman Hollerith was commissioned by the Director of the 1890 U.S. Census to mechanize information processing.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Hollerith knew Jacguard's weaving machine.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Hollerith developed a method whereby a stick going through holes in cards engaged electrical impulses, which were then lowered.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The results of the population census of 1880 had been calculated for 7 years and now reached two and a half years, although 200 questions were collected per person instead of the earlier five questions.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Hollerith founded a company called “Tabulating Machine corporation” TMC.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The 1910 census was given for price reasons to other companies and the TMC ran into financial difficulties.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

TMC merged with three other companies in the industry, making Thomas J. Watson as CEO and principal owner.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

He changed the company name to “International Business Machines” to IBM.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[163] In the 1820s, Charles Babbage (1791—1871) was able to present the principle of computer operation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Babbage drew up a plan for a mechanical calculating machine to calculate logarithm tables and succeeded in securing funding for it from the English state.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Babbage never completed a differential machine as he focused on the development of a programmable machine known as an analytical machine.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

It had the main components of a modern computer such as data entry, program, memory and printer.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In correspondence with Ada Lovelace (1815-1852), they discussed such concepts of information technology as operation and variable.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[164] With the help of punch cards, Babbage invented two principles of programmable computer, the order of execution of the content of punch cards, the forced jump and the conditional jump.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Babbage's invention opened up a world of limitless operational possibilities for automation.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Babbage's son Henry Babbage built a computer mainframe subsystem that worked as had been designed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This device was donated to Harvard University in 1886.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

More than half a century later, it was discovered by Howard Aiken.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Aiken took note of Babbage's publications and realised that with new electronic solutions, Babbage's ideas can be realized.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Aiken went to discuss his ideas with IBM chief executive Thomas Watson.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

IBM became a leading manufacturer of computers in the 1950s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[165] In 1936, Alan Turing (1912-1954) introduced a theoretical computer principle, the Turing machine, in which he studied the limits of the solution of an algorithmic problem.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) proposed moving a program into memory to speed up the operation of a computer, and defined a modern computer architecture.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The concept of bit was put forward by Claude Shannon (1916-2001) in 1948.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[166] Konrad Zuse built the first programmable calculating machine in Germany in 1941.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Aiken in 1943, with IBM's help, built the first computer for the Harvard Mark I.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The first electronic computer based on vacuum tubes and relays, ENIAC, was completed in 1945.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Serial production of transistors and computers began in 1951.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

By the time the 50's ended, there were 3000 computers in the world.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[167] The first computers were programmed in machine languages, which then evolved into easier to understand programming languages.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The development of microcircuits in the early 1960s brought computers to military aircraft, missiles, and some of the spacecraft by the early 1970s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Microcircuits are made on silicon wafer by various thin-film growing methods.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The shingle of cheap microcircuits was started by CMOS technology in the 1970s.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[168] Known as Moore's Law, the prediction of doubling the number of transistors in a microcircuit every 18 months has held astonishingly true.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

On the other hand, there has been little change in the CMOS structure for decades other than increased packing density.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[169] The late 1970s brought the microcomputer, which soon formed into a general household appliance and office tool.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

As the capacity of computers has increased, the size and usability of software has also increased.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the 80's there was a battle over operating systems for microcomputers.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

IBM's PC and Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system emerged as market leader, and in the 1990s its successor Windows.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the late 1990s, electronic typing and archiving expanded via the Internet into a vast infrastructure of electronic databases and telecommunications.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[170] Digitization is a phenomenon in which microcircuits are connected to all machines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

The purity of exhaust gases and engine efficiency of automotive internal combustion engines can be improved through microcircuit control systems.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[171] Mobile phones have become multifunctional computers and computer network terminals, combined with a camera, player and GPS tracking system.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Technical Science Major Projects The United States Manhattan Project led to the development of the first nuclear bomb 1942—1945, a test launch in July 1945, and two war uses.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Nuclear power began to be used as sources of energy in electric power plants, aircraft carriers, icebreakers, submarines.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Today, nuclear power generates about 15.7% of the world's electricity (2004).


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[172] The space age began in the fall of 1957 through the Soviet Sputnik flight and the manned flights that followed rapidly.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[173] The LHC, the world's largest particle accelerator, was launched in 2008 at the European Research Centre for Particle Physics to study the properties and structure of the smallest parts of matter.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[174] Humanity, which has become energy-dependent because of machinery, seeks new sources of energy, one of which may be a fusion reactor.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

To develop a full-scale test facility, the International ITER Project was launched in 1985.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[175] Generating electricity directly from the sun's light is successful with a solar cell, the first modern version of which was developed at Bell Labs in 1954.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[176] Molecular biology was made great progress in the 1950s when James Watson and Francis Crick elucidated the structure of a DNA molecule affecting the heredity of organisms.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

This developed in the 1970s to the skill of modifying the DNA molecule and genetic engineering.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[171] In the 1990s, the HGP project mapping the human gene lineage began.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In this project, completed in 2003, through DNA sequencing, 20000—25000 genes in the human genome were identified.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Research in the History of Technology Technique can be seen as a combinatorial, evolutionarily evolving system in which new inventions are based on and complemented by old ones.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[177] The history of technology should not only be seen as a triumph of inventions, although evolutionarily they survive.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Technology has its impact on society, people's thinking and emotions.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Again, these play a role in the use and spread of technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In the study of the history of technology, scarcity and one-sidedness of sources is a problem.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Much material has survived from the hopes and utopio that emerged from technical innovation, while opposing voices, apart from recent times, have remained in the background.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[178] Another aspect problem is that technology exists everywhere in the human environment and yet it easily disappears from sight and is only noticed when it does not work or causes problems.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Technique is a servant who does not appear and is not remembered.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[179] What is important in the history of technology can be clarified from many points of view.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

In 2000, the National Academy of Engineering voted for the most outstanding engineering achievements.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

Added to the list: [180] [181] Electrification Auto Airplane Water pipe and sewer network Electronics Radio and Television Agricultural Mechanization Computer Telephone Air Conditioning and Cooling Highways Spaceships Internet Photo Editing household appliances Medical technology Petrochemical technology Laser and optical fibres Nuclear power Materials technology History of technology or history of technology is also a humanistic, interdisciplinary field of research represented in Finland, for example by the Society for the History of Technology.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

[182] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Adams, James| title = Engineer's World| others = Translated by Kimmo Pietian | publisher = Art House| year = 1995| id = ISBN 951-884-163-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bryson, Bill| title = In!


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

A brief history of almost everything at home| publisher = WSOY| year = Eng.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

language 2010, suom 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-0-36967-8| accessdate = 23.12.2013}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Chaline, Eric| title = 50 Machines that Changed the Course of History) | publisher = Quid Publishing, (English version Moreni 2013) | year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-952-254-160-4| language = English | accessdate = 10.11.2013}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gleick, James| title = Information| location = Helsinki| publisher = Art House| year = 2013 (eng version 2011) | version = Finland. Veli-Pekka Ketola| id = ISBN 978-951-884-498-6| accessdate = 15.3.2014}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kero, Reino and Kujanen, Hannu (ed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

) | title = From Kivikirvee to Information Technology, Social History of Technology from Stone Age to Today | publisher = Turku: Department of History at the University of Turku | year = 1989| id = ISBN 951-880-296-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lemola, Tarmo (ed.


Question: What has been used to store information after manual punch cards?

History of technology

) | title = Views on Technology| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2000| id = ISBN 951-662-810-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Mahajan, Shobhit| title = Inventions before and now| others = Translated by Eetu Hiltunen| publisher = Tandem Verlag Gmblag h| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-3-8331-4819-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Schivelbusch, Wolfgang| title = Train trip history| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise | year = 1996| id = ISBN 951-768-010-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| k| author = Wiio, Antti| title = As information technology changed the world, Revolutionary IT inventions from the Stone Age to today | location = Espoo| publisher = Tecnologos Oy/Delta Books| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-96141-2-0| accessdate = 3.3.2012}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nykänen, Panu| title = Chasing the Past of Technology | location = Porvoo| publisher = Helsinki Engineers HI ry| year = 2002| id = ISBN 952-91-4415-6}} On topic elsewhere () * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What was the outcome of the Battle of Vaskivesi?

Battle of the Brass Water

The Battle of Vaskivesi was a battle of the Finnish Civil War fought on Virroi in the village of Vaskivesi from 9—11.


Question: What was the outcome of the Battle of Vaskivesi?

Battle of the Brass Water

on March 1918.


Question: What was the outcome of the Battle of Vaskivesi?

Battle of the Brass Water

After the takeover of Vaskivesi, the purpose of the Reds was to advance through the Virtai church village to the strategically important Haapamäki circuit.


Question: What was the outcome of the Battle of Vaskivesi?

Battle of the Brass Water

However, the Whites managed to halt the attack and eventually the Reds retreated back to Kuru.


Question: What was the outcome of the Battle of Vaskivesi?

Battle of the Brass Water

This was one of the last attacks by the Reds in Northern Häme, when the Whites began their own major offensive on the Häme front four days later to retake Tampere.


Question: What was the outcome of the Battle of Vaskivesi?

Battle of the Brass Water

Background Virrat was the outermost keeper of the county of Häme, which was almost entirely held by the Reds, on the north side of which Ostrobothnia opened up.


Question: What was the outcome of the Battle of Vaskivesi?

Battle of the Brass Water

The Haapamäki track, vital to warfare, passed through it and the keeper was also a road link to Central Finland in addition to Southern Ostrobothnia.