Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In 1989, Olney et al found NMDA antagonists such as PCP and ditsosilpin cause neuronal vacuolisations and other cytotoxic changes (“lesions”) in the brains of rats.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[34] However, repeated administration of NMDA antagonists did not result in accumulating neurotoxic effects due to the resulting tolerance.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Antihistamines, for example diphenhydramine, barbiturates and even diazepam, as well as psychedelics such as LSD and DoB have been found to inhibit the neurotoxicity of NMDA antagonists.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[35] [36] Deliriants This group of substances includes plants lemonberry, alrye, madmouth, madgrass and nutmeg.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In some Native American traditions, it has also been customary to consume tobacco in religious ceremonies in quantities that bring out the deliriant effects of intoxication.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[37] Several medicinal products, such as the old knee antihistamines diphenhydramine (Benadryl), its close relative dimenhydrinate (Dramamine or Gravol) and hydroxyzine, are also deliriant.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In many countries, the prescription free motion sickness drug cyclizine is especially popular among young people.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Deliriant is the designation of an anticholinergic agent used in intoxication.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

It is a pharmacologically specific class of dissociatives, to which substances act as antagonists of acetylcholine receptors (unlike muscarine and nicotine, which are agonists of these receptors).


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Deliriants are sometimes referred to as “actual hallucinogens” because unlike classical psychedelics, for example, they cause hallucinations in the truest sense of the word: The user might engage in conversations with persons not present at the scene or become angry at their movements to the imitating 'person', without realizing that person as their own mirror image.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The group of substances is called deliriants because their effects resemble the experiences of those in a fever induced delirium state.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Where the effects of dissociatives resemble waking dreams (where we are aware that it is a dream), the effects of deliriants are more akin to sleepwalking (during which things that happened are not remembered).


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Anticholinergics are dangerous in many ways.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

They detach from reality much more strongly than other groups of substances and cause dissociation from the archconscious, without paralyzing the ability to move.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

They are also toxic and carry the risk of fatal overdose and unpleasant side effects, for example, dehydration.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Most psychonauts who use deliriants describe similar hallucinations and effects.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

For example, high doses of diphenhydramine or dimenhydrinate have often been described as causing vivid, gloomy, creature hallucinations, visual disturbances, sensations of being alone and, at the same time, being under supervision, and hallucinations in which there are the objects that are present disappear.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Deliriants can cause embarrassment or even outrage, for which ancient peoples have been speculated to have used them as stimulants before going out into battle.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[38] History of Use Hallucinogens are one of the longest-used groups of substances in human history, due to their natural occurrence in fungi, cacti, and many plants, for example.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The use of hallucinogens for medicinal, religious, and refreshing purposes has to varying degrees been accepted in many cultures.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Some cultures have banned their use altogether.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In several industrialized countries, possession of many hallucinogens, including naturally occurring ones, is considered a crime punishable by fines, jail sentences, or even a death sentence.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Some countries, for example the United States and Holland, allow the use of substances in indigenous rituals with special permission.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Such permits have been obtained by companies such as the Native American Church and Santo Daime.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In addition, União do Vegetal, a Christian-based sect that is mostly not made up of indigenous citizens, was authorized by a U.S. Supreme Court decision to use ayahuasca in its ceremonies.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

On the other hand, for example, in Brazil, the use of ayahuasca in a religious context has been legal since 1987.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In turn, the Peruvian government declared ayahuasca a cherished cultural tradition in 2008.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[39] [40] In the União do Vegetal, it is widely believed that ayahuasca does no harm even to minors belonging to the church, as long as they enjoy soup within a religious frame of reference.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The subject has been studied for pilot support, in which forty underage ayahuasca drinkers were assessed for less anxiety, negative body image and concentration disorders than the control group.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[41] Traditional religious and shamanistic use Historically, hallucinogens have been used especially in religious or shamanistic rituals.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In this context, they are referred to today as entheogens.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Substances have been used for healing, divination, communication with spirits, and rituals of adulthood.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Evidence points to entheogens being used as early as prehistoric times, as well as in several ancient cultures, for example Kievan Russia, ancient Egypt, Mycenaean culture, ancient Greece, Vedic culture, Mayan culture, and Inca and Aztecs.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The upper reaches of the Amazon have the strongest entheogen tradition still active; Peruvian urarinas, for example, still practice a sophisticated form of ayahuascashamanism that plugs into an animistic belief system.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[42] With the help of hallucinogens, shamans strive for a state of trance, seeking communication with the spirit world, as well as seeking to see the initial causes of their patients' illnesses.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The Aguarunas of Peru believe several diseases are the result of arrows sent by witches.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Under the influence of Ayahuasca, the Agarunashamas seek to locate and remove arrows from their patients.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[43] The rise of Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) limited the entheogenic use of hallucinogens.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The authority of scripture and clergy shrunk the role of direct spiritual experiences, especially among the laity.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Examples of this include the destruction of the mysteries of Eleus, which is now thought to have involved entheogen rituals, and the great witch hunts of early modern times, in which those who engaged in drug rages in Western Europe were accused of being in alliance with the devil.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Spanish conquistadors saw the entheogenic traditions of South America as heresy and Satanism, and eradicated many of them, despite which the entheogenic traditions of many regions have remained alive to the present day.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Early Scientific Studies Although the history of using natural hallucinogens goes back millennia, wider interest in Western academia did not arise until the early part of the 20th century.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The first scientific studies targeted nitrous at the end of the 18th century and the ingredients of peyotecactus in the late 19th century.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Starting with Kurt Beringer's 1927 paper “Der Meskalinrausch” (“Mescaline Intoxication”), more intensive contributions began to be placed on the study of psychoactive plants than previously thought.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Around the same time, Louis Lewin published his extensive, review of psychoactive plants, Phantastica (1928).


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Notable steps over the next few years included the rediscovery of Mexican magic mushrooms (in 1936 by Robert J. Weitlaner) and ololiuhqui (in 1939 by Richard Evans Schultes).


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Perhaps the most significant pre-World War II step of all, however, was the semi-synthetic substance LSD, invented by Albert Hofmann, whose hallucinogenic effects were discovered in 1943.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens After World War II, psychiatry's interest in hallucinogens grew exponentially, largely as a result of the invention of LSD.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Initially, there was a particular focus on the psychotherapeutic possibilities of substances (see.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

psychedelic therapy) or the use of hallucinogens as causative agents of “controlled psychosis”, in an effort to expand our understanding of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

By 1951, more than 100 articles on LSD had been published in medical journals, and by 1961 that number had already increased tenfold.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[44] Hallucinogens were also investigated in several countries as possible chemical weapons.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The most famous of these is the CIA's MK-ULTRA, a mind-control-focused research program that has been the subject of lavish media attention and several lawsuits.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In the early 1950s, almost nothing was known about hallucinogens among the general public in Western countries.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

However, the state of affairs soon changed as several influential figures became acquainted with hallucinogens.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Aldous Huxley's book The Doors of Consciousness from 1953 described his mescaline experiences, and an article by R. Gordon Wasson in Life magazine (“Seeking the Magic Mushroom”, Finnish. “In search of magic mushrooms”) in 1957 brought the topic into the public spotlight.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In the early 1960s, counterculture icons such as Jerry Garcia, Timothy Leary, Allen Ginsberg, and Ken Kesey served as advocates for psychedelics, and a large subculture of those using psychedelics got its start.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Psychedelics played a pivotal role in the huge social changes that began in the 1960s.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[45] [46] As a result of the growing popularity of LSD and the aggravation caused by the hippies attached to it, LSD was banned in the United States in 1967.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[47] As a result, the number of clinical trials targeting LSD plummeted, although limited trials were still being pursued, one example of the Reese Jones study in San Francisco.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[48] As early as the 1960s, research was being carried out on the medicinal properties of LSD.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

LSD has been found to act as a quite effective treatment for mental disorders, for example obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

“Savage et al. (1962) provided the first evidence of the efficacy of a hallucinogen in the treatment of OCD when, as a result of just two LSD sessions, the condition of a patient suffering from depression and violently obsessive sexual thoughts improved dramatically and permanently (Nichols 2004:164).”


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Like other hallucinogens, LSD has many medicinal properties, which is why studying the medical potential of hallucinogens is extremely important.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[49] Legislation and Attitudes Most known hallucinogens (excluding dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine and dimenhydrinate) are illegal in most Western countries.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In the United States, hallucinogens have been classified as the most tightly controlled schedule 1 substances.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Classification refers to substances with no known medical use that are unsafe to use even under controlled conditions, and have significant potential for abuse.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[50] Given recent research findings, the classification of all hallucinogens in such a category is questionable.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Substance abuse policies in a few Western European countries make a significant exception to the prevailing principle of criminalization.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

A particular example is Holland, where cannabis and hallucinogens are considered “mild drugs.”


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

For hallucinogens, practices were tightened in October 2007, when the sale of mushrooms was banned as a reaction to an incident in which a young tourist jumped to his death while under the influence of mushrooms.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[51] However, psilocybin truffles equivalent to psilocybin mushrooms are all freely sold in Holland, as well as other plant hallucinogens such as sage, ayahuasca and peyote.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

“Grow crystals” for growing magic mushrooms are also still sold.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Although “mild drugs” are technically still illegal, the Dutch government has identified the fight against use through legislation as a waste of resources.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

As the end of the 20th century approaches, a more permissive, harm-minimizing approach to substance abuse policy has spread across Europe; many European countries have abandoned the active implementation of policies against drug users: For example, possession of hallucinogens there are hardly any penalties for personal use, even if legislation still allows it.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

On a particularly large scale, the change in attitude can be seen in relation to cannabis, which is now considered relatively low-harm and, by the law of alcohol, a socially acceptable intoxication.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In practice, punitive measures for drug use and possession of small quantities have been abandoned, at least in Portugal, where, according to studies, the abandonment of zero tolerance has produced very good results [52] and the Czech Republic [53].


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Access penalties are also being waived in Greece [54].


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

From South American countries, use and possession is permitted at least in Mexico [55] and Argentina.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[56] In general, attitudes towards hallucinogens have changed more slowly than attitudes towards cannabis.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

There have been calls for changes to the law by invoking religious freedom, among other things.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Some of the efforts have paid off, for example in the cases of the Native American Church in the United States and Santo Daime in Brazil.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Ayahuasca ceremonies practiced by the latter are also allowed in Holland.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Many have called for the legalisation of the use of hallucinogens in contexts other than religious ones, and for this reason criticised the concept of “entheogen” they perceived as euphemistic.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Non-religious motives for the use of hallucinogens can be spiritual, introspective, therapeutic, recreational, or even hedonistic, among others.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Each of these motives has been subject to at least some social outcry, and all have been defended under individual freedoms, for example freedom of thought, cognitive freedom, and freedom to self-harm.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Several experts, including the late LSD inventor Albert Hofmann, have expressed stances in favour of not banning the substances but rationing.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Hofmann also called for a discussion of the dangers that hallucinogens can have if used without relevant psychological guidance.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[57] Psychedelics and mental health problems in long-term users Most psychedelics have not been found to be toxic even in the long term.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

However, it is possible that MDMA-like empathogens accelerate the formation of free radicals formed from neurotransmitters released by synapse vesicles.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[58] In other contexts, free radicals have been found to be linked to cell damage and have been speculated to be associated with many mental illnesses, for example Parkinson's disease, dementia, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

No definitive conclusions in the studies have been reached.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

This problem does not occur in those substances that do not release serotonin (=most substances discussed in the article).


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Psychedelics have also not been found to cause organ brain damage.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

However, the official diagnostic list includes Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD), which stands for sensory disorders that have followed hallucinogen use, long lasting or even persistent.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The causes of the disorder are not known so far.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Names and Classification Substance Group Names The substances described in this article have been called by several different names, most of which are linked to a specific theory that has sought to describe their effects.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Louis Lewin used the word fantastika in his 1928 treatise, which dealt with organisms that “excite brain activity by inducing hallucinations, delusions, and visions [...] as well as unconsciousness or other states of exceptional brain activity.”


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Lewin, however, felt the concept was flawed: “The word fails to convey the meaning I had hoped for”.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

As a result of the increase in the amount of research that followed the invention of LSD, a number of new concepts emerged to expand the previous vocabulary, for example, “hallucinogen”, “fanerothyme”, “psychedelic”, “psychomimetic”, “psycholytic”, “schizophrenogen”, “cataleptogen”, “mysticomimetic”, “psychodyslepti” and” entheogen”.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The phrase “psychotomimetic”, meaning “psychosis-mimicking”, reflects the early hypotheses of scientists that the effects of hallucinogens correspond to the symptoms of naturally manifested schizophrenia.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Later, it has been established that the effect of some hallucinogens resembles psychotic states more than others.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[59] Although the subjective effects of serotonergic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, etc.) differ significantly from those of NMDA antagonistic dissociatives (PCP, ketamine, dextromethorphan), it is evident that the effects are also overlapping, and affect the same mind mind processes.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Studies have also shown that the psychosic facets of the effects of both sets of substances are generated by similar mechanisms.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[60] [61] [62] One double-blind study compared the effects of DMT and ketamine.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The researchers put forward the hypothesis that the effects of substances such as LSD specifically resemble paranoid schizophrenia, in that where substances such as PCP more closely resemble catatonic subtypes of unspecified schizophrenia.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

[63] The researchers presented the view that “it is probably not possible to accurately model a heterogeneous disorder state similar to schizophrenia using a single chemical influence.”


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The concept of “psychedelia” was coined by Humphry Osmond.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The somewhat mystical but value-neutral meaning of the word means “expressing the mind”.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The term “entheogen”, is used many times to describe the religious and ritual use of psychedelics in anthropological studies.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The words “entactogen”, “empathogen”, “dissociative”, and “deliriant” have arisen to refer to subgroups of substances such as classical psychedelics for which it has been felt necessary to name their own subgroups.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Classification Hallucinogens can be classified according to their subjective effects, mechanisms of action, or by chemical structure.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

These ratings often go hand in hand.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In this article, a breakdown is psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants, intended to clarify the vagueness of the imprecise concept of “hallucinogen”.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

However, it is good to note that there is no consensus on the use of this particular classification.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The classification principles used in the article aim to provide as clear and easily approachable an overview as possible.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Almost all hallucinogens contain nitrogen, due to which they are classified as alkaloids.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and salvinorin A make up the exception.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The chemical structure of many hallucinogens closely resembles neurotransmitters in the human nervous system, for example serotonin.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

They also modify the function of neurotransmitters and receptor domains.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Lewin's Categories A classic classification method of predominantly historical significance is that introduced by Lewin in his book Phantastica: A Grade I fantastika is somewhat equivalent to a psychedelic.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Typically, they do not have sedative effects, and users are left with clear recollections of the effects of the substances.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

This group of substances has also been referred to as “classic” hallucinogens.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Class II fantastika corresponds to other groups of substances in this article.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

As a rule, in addition to hallucinogenic effects, they also have sedative effects.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

There may not be a clear recollection of the experience once the effects subside.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Pharmacological Categories of Hallucinogens One way to classify hallucinogens is to make a breakdown based on the chemical structure of substances and the effects of the receptor system.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Classification implemented in this way often uses the following grouping: Psychedelics (5-HT2A receptor agonists) Tryptamines Lysergamides Phenethylamines Amphetamines Piperazines Cannabinoids (agonists of CB-1 receptors) Dissociatives NMDA receptors antagonists Kappa opioid receptor agonists Deliriants (anticholinergics) There are also problems with structure-based breakdown because the effects of structurally similar substances may differ significantly.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

For example, both methamphetamine and ecstasy are amphetamine derivatives, but the stimulant effect of methamphetamine is significantly stronger than ecstasy and has no empathogenic effects of ecstasy.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

In addition, substances mainly act on more different receptors; for example, dextromethorphan is primarily dissociative at high doses, but also acts, like many phenethylamines, as an inhibitor of serotonin reuptake, and in fact the functional group of phenethylamines is included To the structure of DXM.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Also, LSD contains both an indole structure and a phenethylamine structure.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Despite these problems, structure-based breakdown is useful in many cases.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Locating the biologically active nucleus of molecules and synthesizing derivatives derived from already known substances is an important part of modern drug chemistry.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Hallucinogenic organisms The following list of organisms known to contain hallucinogens.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Plants Psychedelics Ayahuasca (contains dimethyltryptamine and MAO inhibitor, commonly Amazoninajahuascalian (Banisteriopsis caapi) combined with shamanic coffee (Psychotria viridis) Virolat (Virola sp., Epená) (contains 5-MeO-DMT and DMT) Rosehip To (Argyreia nervosa, Hawaiian baby woodrose) (contains LSA and other ergotamine alkaloids) Snakeherb (Turbina, Rivea corymbosa, Ololiuhqui, Coaxihuitl) (contains LSA and other ergotamine alkaloids) Aphids (Ipomoea tricolor) (contains LSA and other ergotamine alkaloids) mine alkaloids) Yopo and Cebil ( Anadenanthera sp.)


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

(contain 5-HO-DMT) Cactus Sychedelics Peruvian Torch cactus (Trichocereus peruvianus) (contains mescaline) Mescaline cactus (Lophophora williamsii) (contains mescaline) San Pedro cactus (Trichocereus pachanoi) (contains mescaline) Quasi-psychedeles Cannabis includes THC) Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) (contains myristicine) Dissociatives Ibogapensas (Tabernanthe iboga) (contains ibogaine) Mazatecin sage (Salvia divinorum) (contains salvinorin A) Deliriants Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) (contains tropane alkali decoction) and) Trombones (Brugmansia spp.)


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

(contains tropane alkaloids) Crazy cabbage (Hyoscyamus niger) (contains tropane alkaloids) Alruna (Mandragora sp.)


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

(contains tropane alkaloids) Crazy grass (Datura sp.)


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

(contains tropane alkaloids) Mushrooms Psychedelics Psilocybin mushrooms (Psilocybe sp.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

and some fungi of Conocybe, Panaeolus and Stropharia species) (contain psilocybin and psilocin) Ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) (not itself hallucinogenic, but contains ergotamine as well as lethal toxins) Dissociatives Redfly fungus (Amanita muscaria) (contains Muskimol) Animals Psychedelics Colorado villain (Bufo alvarius) (contain 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin) Sources Stafford, Peter.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Psychedelics.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Ronin Publishing, Oakland, California.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

ISBN 0-914171-18-6.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

References To read There is plenty written about psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

The following books provide an accessible and timely induction into the subject's literature: Ann & Alexander Shulgin: PIHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved) - A Chemical Love Story Ann & Alexander Shulgin: TIHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known And Loved) - The Continuation Charles S. Grob, ed.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

: Hallucinogens, a reader Winkelman, Michael J., and Thomas B. Roberts (editors) (2007) .Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogens as Treatments 2 Volumes.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

On the topic elsewhere Päihdelinkki 29.4.2010. Panel discussion held at Tiedostamo on 20 July 2012.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

is a website offering information on psychoactives with a rich range of user experiences, material collected from the web and usenet, and a book list of related science is a non-profit research foundation designed to provide information on psychedelics possible medical uses, and develop them into prescription drugs.


Question: What substances cause hallucination?

Hallucinogens

Category:Substance Abuse Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The Padua Botanical Garden () is the oldest botanical garden still in its original location in the world.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The garden serving the University of Padua in Padua, Italy, was established in 1545 to promote research in medicine and botany, and in particular various medicinal herbs were cultivated there.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

It is a pioneer of botanical gardens and selected for the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The garden covers an area of about 2.2 hectares, and about 6000 species of plants grow there.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The original floor plan has survived as it was, but the garden has been expanded with the establishment of an arboretum around the original site.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition to individual benches, plants are arranged in various collections and habitats.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The garden also includes a museum and a library.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition to botanical research, the functions of the garden include, in particular, the protection of plants in north-eastern Italy, for which it is also associated with a seed bank.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

History Background The University of Padua was founded in 1222, and many renowned naturalists have graduated from it, including Albert the Great.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[1] In the 16th century, there was an interest in medical plant research in universities, and lesson chairs in the field were established in many universities.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The first permanent botany lesson chair was established in Padua, where it had been demanded by students of the university on the grounds that it would benefit medicine.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

They presented their ideas to the governors of Padua of the Republic of Venice, who took the issue forward to the Senate of the Republic.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The Botany Lesson Chair was established in the autumn of 1533, and Francesco Bonafede was elected as its first professor, although students had demanded the considerably more experienced Giovanni Manardo of the University of Ferrara for the position.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[2] Professor Bonafede soon began demanding, together with professors of medicine, that the Republic of Venice should establish a botanical garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[3] Bonafede taught medicine and related matters on animals, minerals and plants in Padua.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Medical plants were tricky to obtain, which made teaching difficult.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Almost immediately after taking office, Bonafede began campaigning for the establishment of a garden so that important plants could be grown at the university.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[4] Also, students petitioned the administration of Venice in November 1543, citing the achievements of many earlier naturalists.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Students say the benefits of a botanical garden would be great.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Moreover, they insisted that the University of Padua should not remain at the feet of its rivals.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[3] Construction Petitions intensified, and the Botanical Garden was established on 29 June 1545 by order of the Republic of Venice.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[1] Building work began immediately after permission was granted on a plot owned by Benedictine monks on which they had probably already grown medicinal herbs.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The establishment of the garden was entrusted to Daniele Barbaro.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[1] Andrea Moroni, who had already been involved in the construction work of the university building before, also led the construction of the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The plot was irregularly shaped, and therefore dividing the area into square or rectangular sections would have left plenty of wasted space.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Barbaro borders the actual garden area with a circular wall.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition, a moat was dug around the site to allow access to water and prevent intruders.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Later, however, the garden wall had to be raised, as in connection with one of the nocturnal series of thefts, the whole garden was emptied of valuable medicinal herbs.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition, rules were attached to the wall, the violation of which was threatened with fines, imprisonment and even deportation.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[4] Barbaro's aim was to create a small paradise-like garden which the surrounding canal would present the sea.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The garden he divided into four equal blocks by two paths that intersected in the middle of the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Plantbeds placed in blocks were shaped into geometric patterns.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[1] Construction took place quickly, and in the summer of 1546 the garden received acclaim from the scholars who visited it.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The cost of the garden and the salary of its prefect was covered from a tax intended for the maintenance of the university.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

At first, the main problem was access to water, but this was solved by a canal and a water wheel, which allowed water to the garden from one of the canals that broke Padua.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[5] The prefect was tasked with looking after the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Luigi Squalerno, who was one of the first naturalists to graduate from the University of Bologna from Luca Ghini's teaching, was elected as the first prefect.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

He had learned much from Ghini about botany and plants, both in their natural habitats and small gardens.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[4] Squalerno was appointed to the position in 1546, and served as prefect until 1561.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[6] Development of teaching Teaching continued to take place at the university under the guidance of professors.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

When the professor's seat became vacant in 1567, the prefect Melchior Giulandino also took over the task of teaching about plants.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

He taught in the garden, and in addition, he also welcomed outsiders into the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

He taught all willing botany every day during the last three bright hours from the feast day of Mark the Evangelist (24 April) to July.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Probably, thanks to Giulandino, botany began to become more interested in the study of plants, not just their medicinal benefit.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[5] The garden also began to use in teaching the memory technique developed by Quintilianus, the so-called spatial method.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Students learned the shape, ID number, and location of each plant bench within each quarter.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition, they studied the appearance and name of each plant.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Eventually, they were able to combine the data and recall individual plants based on location.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[4] The first catalogue of plants in the Padua Botanical Garden appeared in 1581.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

It was published by Girolamo Porro and was the first printed European plant catalogue.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

According to it, in 1581 there were already 1168 plants in the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[4] From the garden extensions to the present day, the Garden has largely remained in its original outfit, but has nonetheless been somewhat expanded.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Four large cast-iron gates were made to the wall surrounding the garden in 1704.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[1] Around the same time, the four blocks of the garden, which had initially been 70 cm higher than the paths, were lowered to the level of the paths.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition, the shapes of the flower beds were changed, and a fountain was built in each block, as well as at the junction of the paths.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

A balustrad was built on top of the wall in the first half of the 18th century.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Later in the same century, the garden expanded beyond the walls, and a fountain was built in front of the two entrances.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[7] The old nomadic greenhouses, intended to protect sensitive plants in winter, were replaced in the late 18th and early 19th centuries by greenhouses built of stone.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Around the same time, an arboretum was created in connection with the park.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[1] The garden lived in its heyday in the 19th century, because in addition to the arboretum, there was an English-style garden and the number of species was at its most abundant: as many as 8800 plants were included.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[8] The uncontrolled construction of the historic centre of Padua and the growing of the city has made it difficult to maintain the garden in accordance with its value.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

However, the cultural historical value of the garden rose in the late 20th century.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[8] In 1997, the Padua Botanical Garden was selected for the UNESCO World Heritage List, [9] and the following year it was added to the World Monuments Fund's list of compromised cultural sites.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The garden was threatened by the large underground garage of an apartment building built just near it.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Construction work affected groundwater levels, and plants with roots close to ground level in particular seemed to suffer.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

An irrigation system was then installed in the garden, which at a few measuring points monitors soil moisture and groundwater levels.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

It is able to respond to changes in measurement values by regulating water flow.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[10] In addition, at the end of the century, precise architectural and botanical measurements were made in the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Data from all plants is catalogued and photographed in a computer-based database.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[8] Garden Base plan and overall Garden area today is 21960 square meters.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[9] About 6000 species of plants grow there, with the intention of introducing a significant part of the plant population.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[11] Each plant is marked with a small sign stating the scientific name of the plant, the initials of the name giver, tribe, domicile and year of planting.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[12] The garden is entered through a gate leading to the north-west of the site.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

From the gate takes a path to the west gate of the original circular section.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

There are still four square-shaped lobes in its centre, named after an old plant specimen growing in them.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The northwestern block is called the Tamarix quarter after Tamarix gallica, which grows in the middle of it.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The other lobes are the Ginkgo quarter according to the 250-year-old ginkgo biloba tree (Ginkgo biloba) growing in it, the Albizia quarter according to the silk albitsia, and the Magnolia quarter according to the old king magnolia.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[13] In the middle of the garden, at the junction of the paths, there is a pond with water lilies growing.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

All the ponds and fountains in the garden get their water from deep artesian aquifer.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Around the blocks along the edges of the wall have been placed garden collections and some of the habitats.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In front of the south gate of the circular wall is a fountain and a statue of the famous Greek scientist Theophrastus.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The fountain in front of the east gate is adorned by a collection of marble sculptures showing Solomon and the four seasons.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[13] On the west and south sides of the original garden spreads out an arboretum bisected by several paths.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

On the eastern edge of the arboretum rises an artificial hill known as the Belvedere.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The north-east corner of the garden area contains the greenhouses, and on their west side, in front of the north gate of the original garden, is the main building of the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The facade of the main building is adorned by marble busts of Carl von Linné, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, Bernard de Jussieu, Marcello Malpighi and Francesco Bonafede.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[13] The building is older than the garden and dates from the 12th to 13th centuries.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

It was once the residence of a horticulturalist, or prefect.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Today, temporary exhibitions are displayed on its ground floor.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The first floor contains the garden library, archive and flora.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The top floor contains offices and seed bank facilities.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[7] Historical Part Collections The garden has five collections broken down by plant characteristics.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

They are a collection of carnivorous plants, medicinal and poisonous plants, plants from the Colli Euganei region, rare plants and exotic plants introduced to Italy.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[14] A collection of carnivorous plants is at the northern entrance in greenhouses built in the 19th century.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The collection includes both actively and passively insect-catching plants.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Among the active plants on display are the fly trap, from passive various kihoks, jug plants and plants of the genus “Sarracenia”.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[15] The medical collection continues the original use of the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Both plants in medical use and historically significant plants that have been used in the past for medicinal purposes grow there.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The collection is also constantly replenished with the discovery of new plants with medicinal benefits.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The collection includes several species from the genus of yams, among others.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Plants are placed in groups according to their microclimatic needs, with information boards detailing medical use in addition to plant names.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition, next to the magnolia compartment there are poison plants with partially the same species as in medical plants.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[16] Colli Euganei site and rare plant collections are side by side between the south gate and the aquatic plant basin at the edges of the wall.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Colli Euganei is a hilltop region in the Veneto region, on which an eccentric flora has formed with complex geomorphological history.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The collection aims to give a good view of the area's surroundings.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The collection of rare plants to the west of the basin includes many endangered plants of the Veneto region, the most famous of which is the only species named after the region, the Ruta patavina belonging to the gunpowder plants.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[17] A number of foreign plants have been introduced to Italy through the Padua Botanical Gardens and are presented along the edges of the trails in front of 19th-century greenhouses.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Among the plants are familiar ornamental plants such as yard acyrene, suction cart villain, western tulip tree and brokenheart, and edible plants such as sunflower, sesame and potato.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition, in the collection there are plants that have spread to Italy by themselves.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[18] Habitats In addition to the collections, five natural habitats have been created in the garden: Mediterranean macchia, alpine environment, freshwater environment, succulent environment and tropical environment.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[19] Macchia is the most common type of vegetation on the dry and hot coasts of the Mediterranean basin, and the area representing it is built near the entrance to the garden, outside the wall.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The macchia of the garden is protected from cold winds by a wall of the museum building.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Macchian all major trees and shrubs grow in the area, including oil tree, mastic stasis and dwarf palm.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[20] In front of tropical greenhouses, there is a rock where alpine plants grow, among them rickets and alpine stars.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition, a small Arctic peat bog has been built next to the rock, where roundleaf, blueworm, marsh wool and rake grow among other things.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[21] There are several pools in the garden where aquatic plants grow.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The largest plants are in the basin adjacent to the North Gate, whose plant summer bloom is one of the biggest attraction nails in the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The garden's most distinctive aquatic plant is the water lens, which is the smallest seed plant in the world.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[22] Succulents are accustomed to a very dry environment, and although they belong to many different groups, similar ways of coping with drought have evolved for all.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Succulents have been placed in different parts of the garden and, in addition, outside the wall, in front of the so-called Prefect House, a special environment mimicking the desert is being built during the summer.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[23] In a small tropical greenhouse, also known as the orchid plant house, a lot of tropical forest plants such as outerplants have been placed.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Among them, vanilla and tillandsia grow in the greenhouse, and in addition, there are several ferns in the greenhouse, many of which grow woody.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[24] Significant trees and arboretum The garden has old and historic trees.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Until 1984, the oldest tree in the park was the chastity tree, which had grown there since at least 1550.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[25] Today the oldest tree is the dwarf palm, called the “Goethe palm”, as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe studied it in 1786 before publishing his work Plant Deformation.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The palm tree grows in an octagonal glass building near the north gate in the department of medical plants.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[26] Other old trees include the ginkgo tree from 1750 and the king magnolia, which was probably planted in 1786 and is considered the oldest king magnolia in Italy.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Historical trees additionally grow in the arboretum outside the walls.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[25] The arboretum has an artificial hill which, with its meandering paths, resembles an English landscape garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Among other things, large-sized, hollow east platane grows there, as well as Chinese redwood near the bridge leading to the area.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The species was previously known only from fossils but in 1941 they were found in China.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Since then, their seeds have been spread around the world, and the Padua tree has been growing in place since 1961.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition, the arboretum has two trunks for instruction.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

From a cross-section of the trunk of the trunk of a leaf elm that died in 1991 at the age of 150, one can study the annual rings of the tree.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The second trunk is a subfossil of a 2650-year-old oak tree.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[25] Biodiversity Garden In 2014, the garden was expanded with a building showcasing biodiversity (biodiversity).


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[27] Directly related to the old garden, the new building is 110 metres long, 42 metres wide and 18 metres high for a humid tropical greenhouse.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[28] Building efforts have been made to keep environmental impacts to a minimum.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Solar power is used to provide electricity for pumps that recycle water, and for the building's automated management systems.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The building has a 450 cubic metre pool, which serves as a reservoir, into which rainwater is diverted.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[28] The biodiversity garden is sorted by plant geography.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Its main tour leads its visitors through a variety of biomes from the tropics to the temperate zone and arid regions.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[28] The second round of new building deals with the relationship between humans and plants.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition to plants, there are various guide boards, videos and interactive workstations.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[28] Afrikan coffee, passenger tree, sago crown, cacao tree and mango are on display in the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[29] Museum and Library In connection with the garden is also the Botanical Museum of Padua, which had its origins in 1835 when Giuseppe Antonio Bonato, the prefect of the garden, donated his collection of dried plants for the establishment of the plant.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The flora has expanded gradually and today there are almost 500,000 specimens, mainly from Italy, other parts of Europe and Asia.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The museum also houses significant donated collections collected by various botanists.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The collection, donated by Roberto de Visian in 1871, contains almost 2500 dried specimens from Dalmatia, and the fungological collection of Pier Andrea Saccardo, the former prefect of the garden, includes about 70000 specimens.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[30] In addition, the garden contains a library with more than 50,000 historical manuscripts and over 1500 forms and photographs of botanists from the 13th century to the present.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[1] Both the museum and the library are in a building to the left of the entrance, which also houses temporary exhibitions.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[31] [32] Administration The Botanical Garden of Padua is owned by the Italian state and has been permanently made available to the University of Padua.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Since the foundation of the garden, it has been responsible for it by a prefect appointed by the university's rector.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[33] The current prefect is Carlo Andreoli.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[34] The University of Padua has 14 salaried people responsible for the management of the garden and the infrastructure of the greenhouses.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The municipality of Padua supports the management of the garden financially.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Since the 1970s, a Scientific and Technical Committee has been supported by the Prefect at the head of the garden.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[33] It includes a curator of the garden, as well as representatives of university faculties, UNESCO and garden staff.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[34] Action The Padua Botanical Garden is still in its original use and serves students of the University of Padua.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In addition to university students, more than 10,000 pupils from primary schools and secondary institutions visit it every year.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

In the 1990s, attention began to be paid to disabled people in the garden as, for example, explanations have also been added to the boards about plants in Braille for the blind.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[35] To the public the garden is open all year round; between April and May every day and other times from Tuesday to Sunday [36].


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The garden also cooperates with other parks and has an impact in protecting the environment.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

It has seed exchanges with more than 900 gardens around the world and is involved in ex situ conservation of rare plants in northeastern Italy.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[35] Since 1992, the garden has also included a seed bank in which seeds of rare plants have been deposited, and since 2005 the garden has been a member of RIBES, the Italian Seed Banking Network.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[37] There are two compartments in the seed bank of the garden of Padua.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Seeds in paper lettershells are deposited in the second compartment in an air-conditioned room.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The seeds are from species that are not endangered and remain vibrant for about 5—10 years.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

These seeds are listed in the biennial Index Seminum catalogue.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Seeds of endangered or endangered plants growing in the Veneto and Friuli region are deposited in the cold section.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

The temperature in the compartment is —18°C, and the seeds persist there for more than ten years.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Seeds of 83 species have been deposited there.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[38] The garden is also a member of Botanic Gardens Conservation International, an organization designed to ensure the protection of endangered plants.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[39] The heritage Padua Botanical Garden has been in its original use since its founding and is the oldest botanical garden in continuous use and on its original site in the world.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Only the botanical gardens of Pisa and Florence are comparable in age to those of Padua.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[33] These three gardens laid the foundations, and they soon gained followers both in Italy and in other parts of the world.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[40] Botanical gardens have made an impact around the world, among other things, in the exchange of plants and knowledge, and the Padua Garden, as a pioneer, has contributed much to the establishment of botanical gardens.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

[33] Sources Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Attlee, Héléna| title = Italian Gardens| publisher = Frances Lincoln ltd| year = 2006| id = ISBN 9780711226470| language = Sclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate = 28.5.2011}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Grendler, Paul F.| title = The Universities of the Italian Renaissance| location = Baltimore| publisher = JHU Press| year = 2002| id = ISBN 6631-6| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate= 26.5.2011}} References on the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

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Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

(in Italian) (in Italian) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

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Question: Who has founded the Padua Botanical Garden?

Padua Botanical Garden

(in French) Category:Botanical gardens Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Italy Botanical Gardens


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Tapio Veli Ilmari Wirkkala (2 June 1915, Hanko — 19 May 1985, Helsinki) was a Finnish designer and sculptor.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Wirkkala is considered a leading figure in Finland's modern art industry.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The postwar golden age of Finnish art industry up to the 1960s has been called the “Wirkkala Period”.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[1] Wirkkala designed several objects that have emerged as a classic, such as the Chantarelli vase, banknotes for the Bank of Finland, and Koskenkorva and Finlandia vodka bottles.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Particularly famous are the glass containers designed by Wirkkala for Iittala.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The most popular of these is perhaps the glaze of the Ultima Thule series.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[2] Wirkkala was a multiple winner of the Milan Triennial.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

He was awarded the Pro Finlandia Medal in 1955 and the rank of Academician in 1972.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The artistic legacy of Wirkkala and his wife Rut Bryk is nurtured by the Tapio Wirkkala Rut Bryk Foundation.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[2] In 2011, TWRB Foundation deposited its collection of thousands of objects at the Museum of Modern Art in Espoo.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The museum has a permanent, annual exhibition of the collection in the lobby of the Exhibition Centre Weegee, in a space designated as Wirkkala Cabinet.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Life Wirkkala was born in Hanko in 1915.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

He attended six grades at Töölö Coed School.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Father Ilmari Wirkkala was a cemetery architect, Mother Selma (o.s. Vanhatalo) was engaged in wood carving.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Sister Helena Korvenkontio and brother Tauno Wirkkala were also artists.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[1] In 1933, Wirkkala was admitted to the Central School of Arts and Design for the decorative sculpture line, where he studied 1933—1936.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The Helsinki School of Arts and Design was attended at the same time by Ilmari Tapiovaara, Armi Ratia and Birger Kaipiainen.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

In the Continuation War, Tapio Wirkkala served as an officer in the Voninen Coastal Brigade and won the I Prize in the memorial design competition, after designing a statue to be erected in memory of fallen brothers-in-arms of the Soninen Coast Brigade [3].


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Kaipiainen was introduced to Wirkkala by his colleague Rut Bryk at the Kunsthalle club in 1944.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Kaipiainen was also involved in the Kolin trip, during which Wirkkala and Bryk became engaged.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The artist couple married in 1945.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

They had two children, Sampsa (Sami) Tuomas was born in 1948 and Maaria Piritta in 1954.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Children are artistically gifted, too: Sampsa is an interior architect and Maaria is an artist.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[1] Wirkkala graduated in 1936 as a decorative carver from the sculpture department of the Central School of Arts and Design.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Early on, he also worked as an advertising cartoonist.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The war interrupted the work of the carver and draftsman, which had begun promisingly.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

A job opened at the Iittala glassworks in 1946 when Wirkkala won the factory art glass series design competition.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The following year came a victory in the Finnish Bank of Finland's design competition for new banknotes.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[1] Wirkkala was the artistic director and teacher of the School of Art and Design from 1951 to 1954.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

As designer and artistic director of the Iittala glassworks, he was active in the 1960s.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

For the Italian Venini factory, he designed glass and porcelain, the same for the German company Rosenthal in the 1960s.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[4] Wirkkala designed operating objects for Ahlström Oy, Airam, Kultakeskus Oy, Lapin Wood and Oras, among others.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Among other things, he designed the Finnish section of the IX Triennial of Milan in 1951, which was awarded with a grand prix.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Wirkkala was the exhibition architect for several other art and industrial exhibitions.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

In 1956 he designed the 275th Annual Exhibition of the Finnish Glass Industry, in 1961 the 50th Anniversary Exhibition of Ornamo, and in 1979 the 100th Anniversary Exhibition of the Friends of Finnish Handicrafts.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The premises of the Finnish Glass Museum he designed in 1981.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[4] Wirkkala was a versatile artist who used glass, wood, porcelain, metal and plastic as his materials.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Among other things, his early sculptures were memorials to the fallen after the wars.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Although Wirkkala was particularly known as a designer, he was already acquainted with aircraft plywood in the late 1940s, which became the main material for his sculptures.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

He was also a noted exhibition architect and graphic designer.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[4] While working as an industrial designer at the Kangas paper factory, Wirkkala made a two-meter miniature model of a paper machine in 1960, which was found in 2011 by chance in a factory building that had passed into the ownership of the city of Jyväskylä.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The Museum of Central Finland catalogues and collects material related to the miniature model.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The purpose of the miniature model is not known.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[5] Wirkkala is buried in the Artistjainmäki of Hietaniemi Cemetery on the same site with his spouse Rut Bryk.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[6] Design Finishes Ultima Thule Series Ultima Thule glass series is characterized by an ice-like finish.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Glasses are made in wood molds, which are scorched by the heat of the molten glass mass.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Thus, at every time of manufacture, the objects become peculiarities and individuality.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[2] Tapio carafe Wirkkala designed the Tapio lasisto for the 1954 Milan Triennial.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

At the request of customers in 1983, a couple of years before his death, Wirkkala complemented the set by designing a carafe for it.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Wirkkala had previously designed carafes for the Iittala glassworks.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

In 1962, carafes with no specific name had entered production, only production number.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Such were carafes number 2512 and 2513, and 2515 and 2516.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

These carafes are no longer manufactured, but the Tapio carafe is still in production.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[7] When the Tapio carafe entered the market, its shape attracted a lot of attention.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Carafes at that time tended to be fairly straightforward, whereas the Tapio carafe is shaped like a fringe line.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The wide base of the carafe united with the narrow mouth was peculiar.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The carafe was considered to be ahead of its time because the shape allowed red wine in particular to be well decanted.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The cork part of the carafe has an air bubble developed in the production of art glass.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

For serial production it was not taken until the Tapio glaze.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The air bubble is blown using the so-called stick blowing method.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The method involves water vaporizing and forming an air bubble inside the glass mass when a wet wooden stick is injected into the glass mass.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Decanters are not a product of glaze, but they have their own admirers.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Especially popular Tapio carafe and glaze have been in Germany and Japan.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[7] Tapio Wirkkala Lapin Puukko Lapin Puukko Ky produced three different Wirkkala knife models between 1977 and 1978.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Two of them were ponsipels, models Wirkkala ponsip knife and Wirkkala swerving knife, with and without finger guard.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Both were produced in the same amount, 2800 pieces, that is, 5600 pieces in total.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[8] Prizes and honours 1st and 2nd prize, Bank of Finland banknote competition 1947 4 prizes, Olympic badge competition 1951 3 Grand Prix, Milan 1951 3 Grand Prix, Milan 1954 Lunning Prize 1951 Pro Finlandia Medal 1955 1.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Prize, World Expo themed competition Brussels 1957 Society of Industrial Arts'in Medal of the Year 1958 Grand Prix and Gold Medal, Milan 1960; Silver Medal, Milan 1963 Golden Obelisk of Domus Magazine 1963 Italian President Gold Medal Faenza 1963, 1966, 1967, 1969 and 1973 Premio Internazionale Vicenza 1963, 1966 and 1967 Honorary Royal Designer of Industry, London 1964 Honorary Award of the Finnish Cultural Fund 1968 Honorary Member of the Royal College of Arts of London 1971 Honorary Member of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths of London 1971 since 1972 Teosto's Creative Work Medal 1980 Prince Eugen Medal 1980 after Tapio Wirkkala is named Tapio Wirkkala Park in Arabianranta, Helsinki.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Exhibitions commemorating the centenary of Wirkkala's birth will be held during 2015 at the Ateneum Art Museum, Design Museum and Finnish Glass Museum.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

In May 2016, the Espoo Museum of Modern Art in Emma will open an exhibition of Rut Bryk's work.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[9] A German collector sold his Rosenthal collection to Finland to a company called Kaustinen Culture, which put the collection on display from June 2015 to Kaustinen.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

The collection includes 411 items.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

[10] Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Matiskainen, Heikki (ed.


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

) | title = Tapio Wirkkala: Poet in Glass and Silver — A Poet in Glass and Silver| location = Riihimäki| publisher = Finnish Glass Museo| year = 2013| version = Exhibition at the Finnish Glass Museum from 17 May to 31 December 2013| isbn = 978-952-5571-52-3}}


Question: What was Tapio Wirkkala known for?

Tapio Wirkkala

Category:Academics Category:Finnish designers Category:Finnish glass artists Category:Finnish sculptors Category:Pro Finlandia laureates Category:People born in 1915 Category:Persons who died in 1985 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Breaking Bad is an American crime drama series created by Vince Gilligan, created by Vince Gilligan and produced from 2008 to 2013 for a total of five production seasons and 62 episodes.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[1] The series premiered in the United States on the AMC channel in January 2008.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Its final episode aired on September 29, 2013.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[2] In Finland, the series started on Nelonen in 2009.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[3] Breaking Bad tells the story of Walter White (Bryan Cranston), a high school chemistry teacher who, after learning he has incurable lung cancer, starts making methamphetamine, along with his old student Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul), to secure his family's financial situation before of their deaths.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Walter's family includes his wife Skyler (Anna Gunn) and their children Walter Jr.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

(RJ Mitte) and Holly (Elanor Anne Wenrich).


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Also appearing in the series are Skyler's sister Marie (Betsy Brandt) and her husband Hank (Dean Norris), who is a DEA agent.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Walter hires a lawyer named Saul Goodman (Bob Odenkirk), through whom he meets private investigator Mike Ehrmantraut (Jonathan Banks) and drug baron Gus Fring (Giancarlo Esposito).


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

The final season introduces two notable characters named Todd Alquist (Jesse Plemons) and Lydia Rodarte-Quayle (Laura Fraser).


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

The series received numerous awards including sixteen Emmy Awards, eight Satellite Awards, two Golden Globes, two Peabody Awards and one People's Choice Award.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[4] Breaking Bad is considered one of the best television series of all time.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[5] Production Background Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan spent a few years as screenwriter for the television series Secret Files (1993—2002).


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Gilligan wanted to create a series in which the protagonist becomes the antagonist.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

“Television series are historically good at keeping their characters in self-inflicted stasis so that series can continue for years or even decades,” he said.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

“When I realized this, the next logical step was to think about how could I make a series whose central aspiration is to change?” [6] He added that his goal was to turn Walter White from Mr. Chips to Scarface.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[7] [8] [9] The concept for the series came about when Gilligan chatted with his colleague Thomas Schnauz about their current unemployment and joked that they should put “a meth lab in an RV and drive around the country making meth and making money.” [10] The series is called Confederate States of America. slang and means “go wild”, “start rampaging”, “cause a disturbance”.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[11] [12] [13] Gilligan chose it to describe Walter's transformation.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[14] According to Time magazine editor Lily Rotham, the term has a broader meaning and that it is an old saying that “implies more violence than saying 'start to rampage'...


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

The words possess many nuances: 'break bad' can mean 'go wild, ''defy authorities' and break the law, be verbally 'quarrelsome, violent or menacing' or, if accompanied by the preposition' on ', 'completely control or humiliate.'” [15] Gilligan said ahead of the series ending that Walter White's writing was difficult because the character was so bleak and morally questionable: “I'm going to miss the series when it's over, but on some level it's going to be a relief when Walt is no longer in my thoughts.” [16] Gilligan later said that Walter's character's the idea intrigued him so much that he “didn't think much about how well it would sell”, mentioning that would have given up at the beginning because it was “such a strange and dark story” that it would be problematic to present it to studios.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[10] As the series progressed, Gilligan and the other screenwriters made Walter more and more unpleasant.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[7] Gilligan said that “he goes from protagonist to antagonist.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

We want viewers to question who they support and why.” [8] Cranston said by season four, “I think Walt has realized that it's better to be a chaser than a chaser.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

He's on his way to becoming the bad guy.” [9] While presenting the series to studios, Gilligan was first discouraged to learn that the television series Weeds had a similar initial situation.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Although his producers convinced him that the series was different enough to still be successful, he later mentioned that he wouldn't have taken the idea forward if he'd heard of Weeds before.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[17] Development AMC originally ordered nine episodes from the series, but the 2007—2008 screenwriters' strike limited production to seven episodes.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[18] Early versions of the script were set in Riverside, California, but at Sony's suggestion, the series was placed in Albuquerque due to favorable economic conditions offered by New Mexico.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

The series was filmed mainly for quinofilm [19] and digital cameras were used for additional angles, perspective takes and timed shoots when needed.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[20] Breaking Bad supposedly cost three million dollars per episode to produce, making it more expensive than other basic cable series on average.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[21] Vince Gilligan stated in July 2011 that he intended to conclude Breaking Bad for a fifth season.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[22] Negotiations regarding the fifth and possibly final season began in August 2011 between TV channel AMC and Sony Pictures Television, the series' production company.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

AMC proposed a shortened fifth season (six to eight episodes instead of 13) to reduce costs, but the producers refused.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Sony then offered the series to other cable channels in case an agreement could not be reached.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[23] AMC ordered a fifth and final 16-part season of the series on August 14, 2011.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[1] In terms of Breaking Bad's immense worldwide popularity, creator Vince Gilligan thanked subscription video service Netflix at the 2013 Emmy Gala.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

He even claimed that Netflix “kept us alive.”


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[24] Screenwriting and directing Televisioning in Finland Breaking Bad started on Nelonen in 2009, when the channel aired its first season.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[3] The second season of Nelonen starred during 2013.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[25] [26] Breaking Bad is also available to watch on Netflix, where it has gained great popularity.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[25] The final episodes of the series became available to Netflix users living in Ireland and Britain immediately the day after the US premiere.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[27] The final eight episodes of the series aired on the AMC channel beginning on August 11, 2013.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[28] The closing episode was shown on September 29, 2013, [2] and viewers it had 10.3 million, which was the series' own record.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[29] [30] Plot When chemistry teacher Walter H. White (Bryan Cranston) learns that he is suffering from incurable lung cancer, he tries to get his family enough money so that they don't have to see care again.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Walter becomes interested in his methamphetamine-making former student, Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul), who seems to need help making the substance.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

According to Jesse, it gets a good price, so Walter decides to take advantage of his skills as a chemist and, along with Jesse, embarks on illegal activities.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

However, the duo come to find that the criminal road always takes its toll and they eventually implicate themselves with New Mexico's most notorious cartels and the local DEA.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

The events of the series are set in Albuquerque, New Mexico.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Production seasons List of episodes of television series Breaking Bad Actors Bryan Cranston plays 50-year-old high school chemistry teacher Walter White who learns he has lung cancer and starts making methamphetamine to make money for his family.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Anna Gunn plays Walt's wife, Skyler, who is expecting the couple's second child.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Aaron Paul plays Walt's old student Jesse Pinkman, who becomes Walt's partner in making drugs.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

The DEA and Walt's brother-in-law Hank Schrader is played by Dean Norris.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Betsy Brandt plays Hank's wife and Skyler's sister Marie.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Cerebral palsy RJ Mitte plays Walt and Skyler's son Walter Jr. :a.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Bob Odenkirk plays Saul Goodman, who became involved in the second season.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Giancarlo Esposito plays drug kingpin Gustavo Fring, who becomes Walt's employer.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Jonathan Banks plays Mike Ehrmantraut, an assassin working for Gus.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Laura Fraser joins the series in season five of production, playing Lydia Rodarte-Quayle.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Jesse Plemons plays Todd Alquist, an employee of Vamonos Pest who later becomes Walt's partner.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Starring spin-offs In 2013 in Colombia, a Spanish-language, scene by scene re-filmed version of Metástasis was produced from the series.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

The series starred Diego Trujillo in the roles of Walter Blanco, corresponding to Walter White, and Roberto Urbina in the roles of José Miguel Rosas, the character corresponding to Jesse Pinkman.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

The series aired for the first time in 2014 on Univision's UniMás channel and on the Caracol and Fox Latin America networks.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Breaking Bad's spin-off series Better Call Saul premiered in the United States in February 2015.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

Its events center around lawyer Saul Goodman, who appears in both series.


Question: When was the first time the Journey Around the World cartoon series aired in Finland?

Breaking Bad

[31] [32] [33] Reception Breaking Bad has won sixteen Emmy Awards.