Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The bourgeoisie now feared that all organisational power would be hijacked by the working people, and thus the struggle to fill the power vacuum began until the autumn.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, the militia system was short lived, with Senator Allan Serlachius in charge of police issues issuing orders for it to be abolished as early as the end of May.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[28] Spring and Summer Strike Guards With the new situation that emerged after the February Revolution, the labour movement at the same time began to accelerate its own demands with strikes and job stoppages, organised across the country by up to several hundred.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Since municipal and city councils were still composed only of the wealthy bourgeoisie at the time, several localities also sought to redistribute municipal power by using municipal general strikes as a means of pressure.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Temporary picket vigils and order guards were set up to order the strikes.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

They were temporary formations that usually disintegrated while the strike ended.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Strike Guards were, as a rule, unarmed, and also did not have any longer-term plans aimed at revolution.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] However, during May, Ordinary Guards began to be organised within the Labour Movement, which in nature resembled the Red Guards disbanded in August 1906.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On 12 May, a meeting of two hundred former Red Guards was held in Kaisaniemi, Helsinki, where plans were made to re-establish them.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The New Guards were considered to have the same function as in 1905—1906 of maintaining order, protecting citizens, and safeguarding freedom of speech and assembly for the labour movement.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, the Helsinki Parliament of Workers' Organisations, set up alongside the bourgeois Helsinki City Council, opposed the project.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At the same time, other parts of Finland were also activated, for example in Pori the Social Democratic Local Organisation established a special workers' order and at a meeting of organized workers in Tampere on 16 May it was decided to create its own militia crew.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[30] The Workers' Order Guard emerges The Social Democratic Party had a negative view of the armed Guards until the autumn of 1917, when the situation changed with the establishment of patronage municipalities by the bourgeoisie.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] Social instability, with various industrial action and agricultural strikes, had escalated throughout the summer until the first violent confrontation took place in Huittis 13.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

on July.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[31] The first incident that claimed a fatality occurred on 9 August, when the police shot dead a workman Simo Saarikko (b.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[32] As a result of the Huitic dairy skirmish and the food riots that followed in August, the bourgeoisie began to establish their own patronage municipalities, to which the labour movement responded by forming its own Guards of Order.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On 3 September, the Helsinki Parliament of Workers' Organisations, which opposed the new Red Guards, decided to establish an organisation called the Social Democratic Party Organizers.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

It differed substantially from the temporary Strike Guards of the spring and summer, consequently in their place a direct continuation of the Red Guards which had been disbanded “for the time being” in 1906.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The rules of the organisation were approved by the party and operated under the control of labour associations as well as professional departments.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Ingredients were also active within the organisation which sought to form it into an armed revolutionary organisation.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

These managed to acquire a small number of weapons from the Russian Bolsheviks.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] By mid-October, Guards had been established in 17 towns and 20 rural counties.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Their membership numbers at that stage have been estimated at around 7,000 to 8,000.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Most of the Guards were based in the industrial localities of Uusimaa, Turku and Pori and Vyborg counties.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The party's interest in the Guards increased further after parliamentary elections in October, when the left lost the majority position it had gained in them a year earlier.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Russian Provisional Government, with the help of the Finnish bourgeoisie, had dissolved the previous parliament at the turn of July—August as a result of the dispute over the proxy law.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The measure caused great bitterness in the labour movement and in many places were prepared to resort to foreign parliamentary means such as the Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

When the bourgeoisie established armed patronage municipalities at the same time, it was felt that the labour movement also needed to be counter-balanced by its own fighting organisation.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Pressure also came from the field, as persistent inflation, unemployment and food shortages plaguing the country increased demands for direct action among working people and the poor as the parliamentary road looked exhausted.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] On 20 October, a declaration from the Finnish Professional Association (SAJ) was published in the workers' journals, which called on the party's local organizations as well as professional departments to set up ordinal guards for the anticipated major strike.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The intention was to create a nationwide guard capable of stopping the entire business life of the Grand Duchy.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At the same time, preparations were also made for a revolution in Russia, the effects of which would also be reflected in Finland.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Following the proclamation, the Guard Rules were quickly drafted and published in the press four days later.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The rules were based on the Red Guard Rules of 1905-06, but the name now became the Finnish Workers' Ordinance Guard because of the desire to get rid of the old reputation of the Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Guards were quickly established across the country, so that after three weeks there were already a total of 237.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition to towns and industrial localities, Ordinary Guards were also established in rural keepers.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Members in them numbered about 30,000 at the time.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] November General Strike On 1 November, a ten-point Me Demand programme, drawn up by the SDP party leadership, was published in the press, which envisaged, inter alia, the implementation of Finland's independence by agreement with the Russian government and the constituent convening the National Assembly.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition, it contained social reforms demanded by the labour movement.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In Russia 7th—8.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Inspired by the November revolution, the SAJ and the SDP established the Central Workers' Revolutionary Council on the Russian model, which, in order to boost the We Demand programme, declared a general strike to begin on 14.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

on Nov.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] The purpose of the Central Council was that during the strike the power would be exercised by local strike committees, but in several localities it passed to the Labour Guards of Order.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

They carried out, among other things, home inspections, in which the apartments of wealthy burghers searched for food to be confiscated, as well as weapons.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Patronage municipalities were generally poorly armed, so inspections were favoured voluntarily, but violent clashes foreshadowing civil war ensued in some localities.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In Helsinki, the Order Guard received rifles from the Russian revolutionary matruuses, under the cover of which it captured a couple of hundred burghers and occupied the Läätytalo, and thus even prevented the Senate from working.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] Following the end of the strike, the SDP party leadership condemned the self-empowered actions of the Ordering Guards, and on the last day of November, a five-man “supreme commission” was elected as their new leadership body.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[33] At the same time Ali Aaltonen, who had previously served in the Russian Army as a lieutenant, was chosen as Commander-in-Chief of the Order Guard, when Adolf Taimi of Saint Petersburg refused the position.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Aaltonen even had war experience in the Russo-Japanese War.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[34] The party then attempted to take control of the Guards once and for all in Tampere from 16—18.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

at the Assembly of Deputies of the Labour Guards on


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

After the vote, new rules were adopted stating that the Guards were under the absolute authority of the SDP and SAJ.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, the Guards in the major cities had already become so radicalised that they were no longer under the control of the party or the Central Profession Organisation.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] Civil War The Finnish Red Guard is established after Finland gained independence, the confrontation between the working people and the bourgeoisie continued to escalate and as the parties became armed the situation developed towards violent confrontation.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The first Red Guard came into existence on 6 January 1918 when the Helsinki Workers' Ordinary Guard was reorganized into the Helsinki Red Guard, and at the same time it declared itself independent of the party.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[35] Three days later, the Sipoo skirmish that claimed two casualties occurred when the Helsinki Red Guard attempted to carry out food and weapons seizures in Sipoo.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[36] In response to the actions of the Helsinki Red Guard, a bourgeois majority parliament gave the Senate a week later the mandate to create a strong ordinal power.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Ali Aaltonen, Commander-in-Chief of the Order Guards, had at the same time travelled to Soviet Russia to acquire armament for the Workers' Order Guards, and eventually managed to obtain some 10,000 rifles and a dozen cannons.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On January 16, the Senate allocated funding for the creation of a police force, and announced that they were not intended against Russian military personnel who were still in the country.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

This further stoked moods when the labour movement interpreted that the police had therefore been formed to defeat it.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] Over the next week, a number of violent incidents were seen across the country.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The most notable was 19—20.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

January The Pietinen factory skirmish took place in Vyborg, which some scientists consider even to be the real beginning of the Civil War.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Other clashes included the Taavet skirmish in Luumäki and the Ruotsilan skirmish in Kiikka.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[37] [38] The party leadership of the SDP long opposed armed revolution, but was eventually forced to bend under pressure from the radical Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The decision was also influenced by the proclamation of the Senate on 25 January which made the patron municipalities the official Finnish army.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The labour movement saw this as an open declaration of war against the working class, and at a meeting the next day the Finnish Workers' Ordering Guard and the Helsinki Red Guard were merged into the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] The revolution kicks off after the Red Guard was set up late in the evening of 26 January, a red lantern was lit on the tower of the Helsinki Workers' House to signal the beginning of the revolution.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The next day, the bourgeois politicians still held a meeting at the Weathering House, but fled the scene after the Red Guards issued warrants for their arrest.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Subsequently, the occupation of administrative buildings and other buildings central to the functioning of the society began and on Monday 28 January the entire capital was practically held by the Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

On the same day, the Finnish People's Delegation was formed as a revolutionary government, with Kullervo Manner elected to head.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The bourgeois senate fled to Vaasa, where it soon resumed its activities.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[29] [35] After the revolutionary declaration of the workers' organizations, the Red Guards initially took control of Vyborg, Kouvola, Lahti and Riihimäki in addition to Helsinki while sheltering the gun train arriving from St. Petersburg.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In Tampere, Turku, Pori and Kotka, the dominance of the reds was so great that the patron municipalities withdrew from the cities with favour, while the reds voluntarily left Ostrobothnia in the possession of the whites.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

When they were still taking power armed in Lapland, Kainulu, Savo and most of Karelia, the border between red and white Finland was formed by the end of February on the line Pori—Tampere—Lahti—Lappeenranta—Vyborg.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At the start of the war, personnel changes were made immediately at the head of the Red Guards when Ali Aaltonen, known for his reckless alcohol use, was traded for Eero Haapalainen on 27 January.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Adolf Taimi, a St. Peter Finn, was appointed as his assistant.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[39] Red Guard Field Army The Finnish Red Guard warfare was derived from the General Staff in Smolna, Helsinki, under which front staffs were subordinated and the district and local staffs still under them.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Commander-in-Chief Eero Haapalainen was ousted from his post due to poor war success on 20 March, [40] when a trio of Eino Rahja, Adolf Taimi and Evert Eloranta were chosen to replace him.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[41] The Chief of Staff was the American Finn August Wesley and the military adviser was Russian Colonel Mikhail Svetchnikov, who was responsible, among other things, for drawing up the Red War Plans.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[42] [43] After the Battle of Tampere, which ended in defeat, the Reds warleadership moved from Helsinki to Vyborg on 9 April, and at the same time Kullervo Manner became Commander-in-Chief, who also chaired the People's Delegation under the dictator's powers.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[44] Mainland and numerous other leaders of the Reds fled to Soviet Russia on 24—25.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

April, after which the Red Guard ripples fought for a week and a half without war-leadership until the last surrendered at Kymenlaakso 5.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

May.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[45] The process of assembling the local Red Guards into a field army capable of warfare did not begin until mid-February.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Like other armies, the Finnish Red Guard was organised into regiments and battalions, but in practice the largest operating units remained the companies.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

They were run according to the organizational principles of the labour movement, which meant that the units chose their chiefs themselves and were also able to dismiss them if they wished.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Leading figures from labour organisations, who generally had no military background whatsoever, were selected for the positions.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Red Guard was a volunteer-based pay army, with crews earning about 450 marks per month.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The war was generally fought like a normal working day.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The war effort commenced in the morning and after nightfall the troops returned again to their lodges.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Due to lack of communication connections, the front and general staffs did not always know the strength or location of the troops in service, which led to companies often deciding their movements according to their own assessments of the situation.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[46] The strength of the Finnish Red Guard at the start of mobilization on 27 January was between 20,000 and 30,000 men, of whom only a few thousand were armed.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At the same time, however, a gunload of 15,000 rifles was already arriving from St. Petersburg.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At the end of the war, the strength numbered about 75,000 men, according to the General Staff's own calculations.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The wartime total probably rose to over 100,000 men, of whom the front had a maximum of 30,000—40,000 men at the same time.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[35] [47] The largest individual Guards in addition to the Helsinki Red Guards were the Tampere and Vyborg Red Guards and the Finnish Red Guard in Saint Petersburg.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[48] In addition, some 2,600 female Guardsmen fought in the Red ranks, as well as 3,000 to 4,000 Russians.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[46] [49] Military action Red Guard warfare had been divided into “western”, “northern”, “middle” and “eastern front”, which today are generally spoken of according to the division used by whites as Satakunta, Häme, Savo and Karelian fronts.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

A number of smaller regional frontal lobes still existed within them.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[50] The attack phase launched by the Reds at the end of February was aimed at cutting off the cross-rail line from Vaasa to Sortavala, thus isolating the White forces in Ostrobothnia and Karelia from each other.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The first general attack began on 21 February and the second on 10 March, but the advance stalled quickly both times, with little to move the front line further north.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[51] The Red Guard offensive phase fell short, as the Whites began their own major offensive on the Häme front to recapture Tampere as early as 15 March.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Tampere was the most important city in terms of Red warfare, the loss of which on 6 April settled the war once and for all.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Troops of the German Baltic Division, which had arrived in support of the Whites, came ashore at Hanko on 3 April, and captured Helsinki on 13 April.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At the same time, the escape of the Reds from Southwest Finland and Satakunta began.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

By the end of April, the Germans occupied the localities along the main line as far as Hämeenlinna and soon took control of Lahti as well, thus closing the route of the Reds fleeing to the east.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The last significant battle was fought at Vyborg, which surrendered on 29 April.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The remaining Red Guards surrendered their weapons to the Germans at Ahvenkoski, Kymenlaakso, on 5 May, and the Red Guard war was over.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[52] Terror The Civil War also included terror carried out by both sides, referring to executions carried out outside of actual combat activities.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Red Terror is thought to have begun as early as the autumn 1917 general strike, when 25 people counted as white were killed across the country.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

22 of these took place in Helsinki or elsewhere in Uusimaa County.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In other skirmishes during the strike, five whites and at least two reds were killed.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In the period between the general strike and the outbreak of the civil war, another 15 more people were killed.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

After the war ignited, red terror was concentrated in the counties of Uusimaa, Häme and Vyborg, so that at the beginning of the war it occurred most in Uusimaa and at the end again in Häme and Karelia.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[53] The Red leadership was against terror, yet unable to control what the individual Red Guards were doing.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At the beginning of the war, some of the Red Guards chiefs thought intimidation with terror was even necessary, but it was usually caused by the Reds” personal resentment against the wealthy bourgeoisie.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In the late stages of the war, it was also accompanied by bitterness caused by defeat.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition to whites, terror also targeted their minions or representatives of working people suspected of being spies.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The total number of people killed during the Red Terror was about 1,650.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Executions were usually carried out by some local command, but it is normally impossible to ascertain the execution orders who were in ultimate charge.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[53] White terror began immediately upon the start of the war, where captured Red Guards and Red backed civilians deemed dangerous were executed on varying grounds.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, the actual terror wave did not kick in until February 25, when the White Commander-in-Chief General C.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

G.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

E. Mannerheim issued the so-called Let's Shoot on the Spot Declaration.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

With it, white troops had broad powers to carry out executions at their own discretion, which in practice meant that surrendered Red Guards were shot immediately after the battle without trial.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Terror also included the purge of white-occupied areas of Red sympathizers, which were generally considered to be, for example, all active in the labour movement, whether they had participated in armed activities or otherwise supported the Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

White terror was also accompanied by national fervor, leading to extensive executions of Russians in Tampere, Vyborg and Joensuu.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The most widespread white terror ended in mid-May, when Mannerheim finally outlawed death sentences imposed by field rights, but executions were still carried out sporadically over several months.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In total, more than 8,300 men and women were killed in the White Terror.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[54] Losses Red Guard front losses totaled about 5,700 fallen, of which female Guardsmen numbered 130.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, a large proportion are those executed immediately after the surrender, so the true number of those fallen in a battle situation is not clear.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[55] [56] The highest number of dead came on the Häme front, where about 1,900 Reds were killed in the fighting, around 1,000 on the Karelian front, 600 in Savo and 500 in Satakunta.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Some 1,500 Reds were downed or executed in the fighting against the Germans.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition, just under 200 were killed in clashes north of the front line.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[45] The number of wounded has been estimated at 10,000—12,000.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[57] Counting the victims of white terror as well as those killed in prison camps, the total losses of the Reds are approximately 26,000 persons, including about 880 women.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition to the Red Guards who carried the gun, the chapter also includes other supporters of Reds or those counted red by whites.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[45] [56] Swedish Red Guards died in fighting 1,200 and later at least 400 perished in prison camps.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[58] Hero Funeral Fallen Red Guards were often buried in mass graves near battle sites, but the deceased were also transported to their native localities where solemn hero funerals were held.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

For example, in Helsinki they were held in Mäntymäki, Tampere in Pyyniki and Vyborg in Papulanmäki.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[59] [60] Hero funerals were also held in other major cities, as well as in some rural localities.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

After the end of the war, whites opened most of the graves and moved the deceased by discriminating to the located large mass graves.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

After the fighting, those executed were usually buried in unmarked mass graves, of which no information was given to relatives.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[61] Only some of the mass graves are today in their original sites, as deceased people have been moved to comrade graves in churchyards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[62] After the Civil War Prison camps and pardons Since the Battle of Tampere, which ended in early April, tens of thousands of surrendered Red Guards remained in the hands of the Whites, whose execution was no longer possible.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

They began to be placed in prison camps, which by the end of the war had more than 80,000 Reds.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[63] In addition, in the final phase of the war, tens of thousands of Red refugees sought east from western and southern Finland, thought to have been on the move up to 100,000.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition to Red Guard fighters, other Reds supporters, as well as members of their families, were included.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

After the Battle of Lahti, which ended on 30 April, around 30,000 Red refugees remained in the hands of Whites and Germans, 22,000 of whom were placed in a short-term concentration camp known as Fellman's Field.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Most of the women and children were soon released, and the men were transferred to prison camps across southern Finland.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[64] The largest prison camps were the prison camps in Hämeenlinna, Hennala, Tampere, Suomenlinna, Tammisaari and Riihimäki, some of which even held more than 10,000 prisoners.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Conditions were very poor, due to which, by September 1918, about 12,000 prisoners were dying from starvation, pestilence or executions in the camps.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[63] Red prisoners were allowed on parole from mid-September 1918, when the prison camps passed from the POW to the Correctional Board, which served as civil authorities.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Pressure from Western powers was also to blame for the demolition of the prison camps.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

After the turn of the year, there were only 6,100 prisoners, and in 1921, when civil rights were restored to 40,000 former Red Guards, there were only about 100 left.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The last 50 Red prisoners were released in 1927.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[65] Some 13,000 [66] Red Guards in Soviet Russia of the Red Refugees attempting to the East eventually managed to escape to Soviet Karelia or St. Petersburg, where some 6,000 Reds arrived.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Refugees were initially received by the Finnish Red Guard of Saint Petersburg, until after its abolition on 6 May, a special committee headed by Yrjö Sirola was set up to manage the affairs of refugees.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

When conditions in the city plagued by food shortages were very poor, about 3,000 refugees were resettled since the turn of April—May in the Bui refugee camp set up northeast of Moscow in Kostroma Governorate.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, it was quickly drained already during the summer, when refugees established settlements in the Urals and Siberia.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[67] In July, family members of Red Guards were returned to Finland by two trains.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[68] A company that fought in the Russian Civil War was also formed out of Red Guards in the Buj camp.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[69] In Saint Petersburg, former Red Guards joined the Red Army and were also involved in the activities of the Communist Party of Finland, which was founded in Moscow in August 1918.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In 1918—1922, Red Guards participated in the battles of the Russian Civil War across the country and some also fought against Finnish whites who attacked East Karelia in tribal wars.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[70] In June 1918, the so-called Muurmann Legion was formed out of the Red Guards fighting in Karelia in Viena, acting under the British forces involved in the Northern Russian Intervention initiated by the Circum-Powers.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The unit was established by V


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

With the permission of I. Lenin, on condition that it not be used against the Bolsheviks.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The purpose of the Muurmann Legion was thus to repel a potentially threatening attack by the German and Finnish armies of the Allied forces, but it was eventually forced into only one small battle and was dissolved by the summer of 1919.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[69] According to an estimate by Toivo Antikainen, some 2,000 Red Guards who fled to Soviet Russia fell in fighting or died from other causes during the war effort during the Russian Civil War, but only the identity of less than 500 is known.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[70] In November 1918, the St. Petersburg International Red Officers School began operation, from its courses dozens of former Red Guards graduates.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[69] Several of them subsequently created long careers in the Soviet Red Army.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The most illustrious Finnish Red Officers were Akseli Anttila, Eyolf Mattsson, Eemeli Toikka and Toivo Tommola, all of whom were former Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Also briefly serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Red Guard, Eino Rahja rose to the rank of Army Commander of the Lieutenant-General.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[71] The most famous of the female Guardsmen who fled to Russia was Toini Mäkelä, who led a women's company fighting against the Finns in East Karelia.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[72] In August 1920, the so-called Kuusinen Club killings took place in Saint Petersburg, where Tuomas W. Hyrskymurto and Jukka Rahja, who held high positions in the Red Guard organisation, were killed during the civil war.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Later, at the end of the 1930s, a large number of Finnish Red officers were executed in connection with Stalin's persecutions.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Toivo Little, who survived, thinks that the Red Guards who remained in Soviet Russia would have once been worth returning to Finland because, according to him, “the decapitation of Mannerheim was no worse than Stalin's.” [73] The Red Guards who fled to Sweden besides Soviet Russia. Red Guards fled to Sweden, where, in the early stages of the civil war, several hundred Reds moved from White-dominated territory.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

They journeyed to Sweden over the Kaarku or Tornion River.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The attitude on the part of the authorities was initially negative because the Revolutionary Red Guards were considered dangerous to social peace.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

There had already been unrest and rioting in northern Sweden, which was hit by food shortages.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

When information about the reality of the war in Finland hurried all the way to Sweden, the authorities withdrew the ban on entering the country later in the spring.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Nonetheless, border controls were tightened to prevent the entry of “unsuitable Finnish elements”.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Counting the members of the People's Delegation who sought asylum in Sweden after the end of the war, a total of about 700 Reds fled to the country.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[74] Furthermore, a smaller number of Red Guards fled to Ruija on the Norwegian side.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[75] In the autumn of 1918, Red Guards who fled to Sweden established a secret detachment called the Swedish Battalion of the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The intention was to form four companies of 125 men who, after military training, would take part in the revolution struggle in northern Finland.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The battalion had time to train in northern Sweden and the Norwegian fells before its organisation was exposed by Swedish security officials during 1920.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

A total of about 200 men joined the battalion commanded by Jussi Railo.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[76] [77] The Red Guards of Northern Finland in Soviet Russia founded a special military organization in October—November 1918, which began to promote revolutionary activities in Finland.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[78] The underground organization's military activities were concentrated in Lapland, where most of the Red Guards had fled to Sweden, Norway or Soviet Russia, and thus avoided punitive actions by whites.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

They were still ready to continue the revolution that had remained in southern Finland.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition, there was solid support for the labor movement and the left among the population of the province, which had often been further reinforced in some places by Civil War experience with whites.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The activities of the military organization initially aimed at starting the revolution with the help of the Red Guards in Lapland and northern Sweden, and later, from 1921 onwards, to establish an underground military organization under Comintern instruction.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[79] Lapland contacts were managed both from St. Petersburg through the Karelian Red Guards in Viena and from northern Sweden, where instructions came from former members of the People's Delegation in Stockholm.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Networks were established in the sparsely populated province, stretching from northern Sweden across Lapland to Karelia in Viena, as well as through Norway all the way to Murmansk.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition to the Red Refugees and the Reds of Lapland, the liaison men were sympathetic to them, such as reindeer and forestry workers and traders, who were naturally able to move around the frontier areas for their profession.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The network also smuggled underground printed matter as well as weapons and ammunition into Finland.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition, the front men were tasked with observing border patrols and local patronage municipalities.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The operation was led by Aleksi Tuorila, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Red Officer School from Luleå, who grew up in Rovaniemi and Kemijärvi.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[80] Three war plans were made for armed operations in northern Finland, none of which were implemented.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

According to the first plan drawn up by Jussi Railio, armed struggle was supposed to start as early as 15 February 1919.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, it was completely unrealistic, as by the time there would have been no way to organise the troops and their armament.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The second plan, drawn up by Yrjö Karppanen, was to be implemented at the turn of July—August 1919.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Its aim was to launch a revolution in northern Finland with the support of the Swedish Battalion of the Finnish Red Guard, but eventually the intention was abandoned due to, among other things, the unfavourable development of the German and Hungarian revolutions and the changing military situation in the Muurmann region.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Third War Plan, completed at the end of 1919, was no longer intended to start a revolution in Finland; instead, a Swedish battalion would be sent to the Muurmann region to fight against British forces as well as the Russian White Army along with the Bolsheviks.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Swedish Battalion as well as Muurmann's Legion would also have jointly supported Edvard Gylling's plan for the establishment of the Karelian Commune and the Scandinavian Revolution.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, the war plan lost its relevance when the British left in the winter of 1920 and Gylling founded the Karelian Working People's Commune in May.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[81] The Red Guards began to be established since 1920, at least in Kemi, Rovaniemi, Sodankylä, Kemijärvi and Kuolajärvi.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Particularly active was the keeper of Kuolajärvi, known for his leftism, where more Guards were established in the villages of Kotala, Saijala and Tuutijärvi, among others.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Red Guards' activities were led by the Oulu Military Committee, whose chief was Leo Mäkelin, the Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

There is no precise information on the numbers of Red Guards, but several dozen persons were involved in the operation at Kola Lake, for example, although not all of whom were armed Guards, and the Red Guards at Kem included 20 men.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[80] In February 1922, a small-scale armed revolt of forestry workers called the Fat Rebellion took place in the area between Kuolajärvi and Savukoski, which ultimately remained the only rebellion plan of the SKP military organisation.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Due to the settled situation in Soviet-Russia, the armed action eventually did not arouse much enthusiasm; instead, the Red Guards faded rapidly after the spring of 1922.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[80] Later decades Social status Germany's defeat in World War I also meant the end of the German trend in Finnish foreign policy, which mitigated the social rejection and even outright rejection of the Red Guards and other Reds persecution.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

This made possible the mass amnesties of the Reds, which began in 1919, as well as the restoration of civil rights, and at the same time the Social Democrats were also immediately involved in political activities.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[82] Although the SDP emerged as a larger party already in the parliamentary elections of 1919 and as the Prime Minister Party in 1926, the division between white and red Finland remained in society for a long time.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

A “national defragmentation” between different social classes began to be talked about as early as the early 1920s, but in practice it began to materialise only after the right-wing radicalist phase at the end of the following decade with the growing threat of war and eventually the Winter War.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[83] From former Red Guards, ministers Emil Skog, Valdemar Liljeström and Viljo Rantala emerged as prominent social influences.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition, numerous Red Guard veterans served as MPs.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The Red Guards maimed in the war did not initially receive any compensation from the authorities, but had to be on the aid of poor aid and the support of their aid organisations until the end of the Winter War.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

It was only afterwards that they were granted a so-called extra pension, and finally in 1948 the Red-Valids also became eligible for statutory compensation with the new War Injury Act.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition, they were still granted one-time compensation by the state in 1961.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[84] Other major improvements, in turn, were the pension reforms of 1957 and 1969, when the widows of the Red Guards became covered by folk and survivor pensions.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In 1973, the State Council decided to pay compensation to those in prison camps.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Approximately 11,000 applications were submitted.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[85] The invitation to military service of men belonging to the Red Guards in the Winter and Continuation War was prohibited by the Conscription Act 1922.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, according to the memoirs of Minister Juho Niukkoen, a delegation assembled from former Red Guards chiefs proposed in October 1939 to Interior Minister Urho Kekkonen to create a troop detachment from the old Red Guards, with Major U.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

V. Rauanheimo.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The government welcomed the issue, after which Rauanheimo began planning to assemble it together with the chairman of SAK E.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

A.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Vuoren, SDP Party Secretary Aleksi Aaltonen and General Aarne Sihvo.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, preparations were interrupted by the start of the war until it became re-instituted in January 1940 at the initiative of MP Martti Peltonen, who was also a former Red Guardsman.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Commander-in-Chief C.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

G.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

E. Mannerheim approved the motion, but in the end it did not materialize because it was no longer possible to take more trainables at Army training centers in February.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[86] Subsequently, the SDP and the patronage municipalities entered into an agreement that allowed former Red Guards and other members of the labour movement to join patronage municipalities.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[86] Former Red Guards were also eligible for the Continuation War which broke out in the summer of 1941.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Among them was also Arvid Janhunen, who was awarded with the Mannerheim Cross.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[87] In addition, the Winter and Continuation Wars involved a large number of sons of former Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[88] Veteran and Traditional Organizations White Veterans of the Civil War established their own veterans' organizations immediately after the end of the war, but for Red Guards it became possible only after the Winter War.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In August 1940, a veteran organisation of leftist frontmen who participated in the Winter War was founded in Tampere, whose activities were later joined by Red Guard veterans.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, it was already disbanded by the authorities during November and December 1940.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[89] As the political situation changed after the end of the Continuation War, the left-wing frontmen were founded by the Finnish Union of Comrades in August 1944.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

It was also joined by former Red Guards who in May 1947 established their own commission inside the organisation.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Its status, in turn, was formalised in 1952, when the Central Organisation of Former Red Guards (EPK) was born for Red Guards.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The association ceased operations in 1980.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[90] The Former Red Guards Association, which separated from the EBA in 1953, continued until 1984.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[91] The Red Guard invalids had also tried to organise themselves as early as the end of the 1920s, but they were unable to start their activities, and the last organisation was dissolved by court order in the spring of 1932.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In January 1945, the Association of Red Invalids was founded in Helsinki, which after a year expanded nationwide and operated since 1948 under the name Red Valiids of the Year 1918.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The association ceased operations in 1986.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[84] In 2010, the Finnish Workers' Organisation Guard Traditional Association was established in Tampere, whose mission is to cherish the memory of the Red Guard.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[92] Research literature on the Red Guards began to appear immediately after the end of the Civil War.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

They were initially commemorative albums released by local labour associations, containing the personal details and photographs of a member killed in the war mostly.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In 1925, Mikhail Svetšnikov's work Revolution and Civil War in Finland appeared, which was a general representation of Red Warfare, but the first book on Red Guards was Alex Halonen's 1928 Finnish class war published in North America.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

It contained, in addition to the writings of figures belonging to the Red Guards, a wealth of reminiscences of Red Guards. A year later, the Red Guard front, supplied by Jukka Lehtosaari, appeared in the Soviet Union.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Until the late 1930s, these works represented politically coloured class war literature until the first critical works appeared.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

They were represented by the Finnish Red Guard (1938) written by Emil Saarinen under the pseudonym “Arvid Luhtakanta” and Jalmari Parika's memoir Last taisto (1938).


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[93] The actual history study represented the interpretation of white people until Juhani Paasivirta published in 1957 the work Finland in 1918.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

It used the term “Civil War” instead of the “War of Independence” for the first time, and the piece also presented right-leaning estimates of the losses suffered by the Reds for the first time.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In the late 1960s Jaakko Paavolainen published his research on civil war terror and prison camps.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[93] Eventually, in 1967, the Ministry of Education established the Red Guard History Committee, which became tasked with producing an independent account of the history of the Red Guards and the People's Mission.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Professor L.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

A committee headed by A. Puntila published four works in the 1980s, including Jussi T. Lappalainen's two-volume Red Guard War (1981) and Marja-Leena Salkola's dissertation on the genesis and development of the Workers' Guards into the Red Guard (1985).


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[94] However, more detailed research did not begin until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, [93] when Heikki Ylikankaa's 1993 edition of Tie Tampere was the lead.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

After him, the Civil War and the Red Guards have been studied by numerous historians of the younger generation, including Marko Tikka, Aapo Roselius, Tuomas Hoppu and Teemu Middleweight.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[95] For example, Aapo Roselius published a study in 2006 funded by the Prime Minister's Office on frontal losses in the Civil War, which he showed as much as 65% higher than previously thought for reds.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[96] Tuomas Hoppu, on the other hand, published the first extensive study of the Red Female Guards in 2017.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[97] In 1998—2003, the Finnish War Killings 1914—1922 project, launched on the initiative of Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen, was carried out with the task of investigating those killed in the wars of 1914—1922.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

As a result, a name file of some 40,000 people killed in war conditions was compiled, which was also posted on the internet in 2001.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[98] It was the first time that any attempt was made to explain the names of all the victims in the red.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[93] Also, Aapo Roselius' research published in 2006 is based on material compiled in connection with the project.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[96] Mass graves and memorials After the end of the war, congregations often did not agree to bury bodies that had ended up with their families on consecrated ground, but were lowered outside the cemetery fences.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[61] Nor did a large number of priests agree to bless the deceased.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Gathering at graves, taking flowers or erecting tombstones was initially entirely forbidden.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[61] Later, the families of the fallen, as well as labour organisations, erected monuments, which were usually wooden crosses or simple memorial stones.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition, graves were demarcated by various fencing.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[99] [100] Monuments, however, were often vandalized by whites or their supporters, might be toppled or even blown up.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[101] [102] In Varkaus, for example, a memorial stone erected by the local workers' association was stolen and submerged in the lake.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

In addition, landowners, parishes and authorities objected in many places to the monuments.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[103] Church councils could prohibit their erection and the police disposed of the already existing ones, as was the case in Hämeenlinna, for example.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[104] Tomb monuments did not become practically permitted until 1940, when Marshal C.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

G.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

E. Mannerheim issued an order for the Memorial Day of the Fallen to be celebrated in honor of the fallen of the Winter War as well as the fallen from both sides of the Civil War


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Both sides in the Civil War were named “fallen for their convictions”, but in practice the term was just attached to the Reds.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[105] More broadly, however, grave monuments began to be erected only after the political situation in the country changed after World War II.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

With the end of the Continuation War, 117 memorials to the Reds were unveiled across the country by the mid-1950s.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

They were erected mostly on mass graves and execution sites.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[106] [107] Furthermore, mass graves outside the cemeteries began at that time to be annexed to the Blessed Land, and at the same time the relocation of the deceased elsewhere to comrade graves.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[61] However, some of the family objected to the reburial of the deceased, since the old burial sites had already been sacred to them.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[105] Also, the church began blessing red mass graves generally only after the Winter War.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

During the Continuation War, a nationwide project was launched to ecclesiastical blessing of red burial sites.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[108] Nonetheless, blessing ceremonies have been held until recent years, such as in Huittis in 2008, when Bishop Kari Mäkinen blessed 241 red deceased.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[109] The largest mass grave of reds is located in Dragsvik, Tammisaari, where more than 3,000 reds who died in Tammisaari prison camp are buried.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[110] There are 1,500 to 3,000 buried in the large mass grave of Ahvenisto Cemetery in Hämeenlinna, [104] about 2,750 [111] in Kalevankangas in Tampere and more than 1,300 reds in Santahamina, Helsinki.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[112] There are large mass graves during the battle, among others, in what is now Russia, where up to 1,200 Reds and Russians fallen during the Battle of Raudu were buried.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[113] In addition to mass graves, there are numerous single graves across the country where the identity of the deceased resting is often unknown.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[104] There are also grave sites whose entry into the civil war is not fully assured.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

One such grave of four Red Guards came to light in connection with a homicide investigation from the Hikikikä village of Hausjärvi in the summer of 2017.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[114] [115] Similar forgotten graves may be dozens more in the forests of southern Finland.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Forest graves have been mapped, among others, at Hauho, where the remains of over forty deceased people were moved to a comrade grave in the early 1980s.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

However, establishing the identity of the deceased is almost impossible today.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[116] The Crescendo, a national monument to the Reds, is located at Helsinki Zoo.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Sculptor Taisto Martiskainen's sculpture was originally supposed to be a monument to the Revolution and the Red Guards, but it was only when it was made dedicated to the memory of all the red victims of the war that the monument had the government power behind the monument, as well as sufficiently wide civil circles that enabled them to implement it. .


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[117] The sculpture was unveiled at solemn expenditure in August 1970, when thousands of Red Guard veterans were also present.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[118] Other well-known reds memorials include sculpture by sculptor Jussi Hietanen at Kalevankanka mass grave in Tampere, [119] Erkki Kannosto's Red Prisoners Memorial in Lahti unveiled in 1978, 1988 unveiled in Tammisaari mass grave [110] and Marja Kanervo's 2004 environmental artwork commemorating the Suomenlinna prison camp.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[120] A monument to the Finnish Red Guards erected during Soviet times in 1961 is located in Vyborg.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

At least 600 Red Guards and Russians executed after the Battle of Vyborg are buried at the site.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[121] Monuments to reds, however, tend to be simple stone pases carved by unknown authors, often inscribed with the names of the dead reds of each locality.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

The traditions of labour organisations still include visits to comrades' graves especially at May Day, but candles and remembrance wreaths are also customary to be taken on Independence Day, Christmas and the anniversary of the start of the civil war.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[122] [123] In 2005, the Tampere-based Workers' Museum Werstas opened an online service where information on more than 250 monuments to red people from all over Finland has been collected.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[61] A new updated version of the site was introduced in September 2017.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[104] New monuments are also still being erected.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

For example, Pori's reds are due to have their own monument in Keski-Pori Church Park in 2018.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[124] Like the national monument in Helsinki, it becomes a monument to all reds.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[125] Another ongoing project is in Raahe, where a memorial to Red Guards transferred from the Tampere region and executed is planned.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

[126] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Apunen, Osmo| title = History of Independent Finland 1.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

From border country to republic| location = Helsinki| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1991| isbn = 951-35515-7-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kujala, Antti| title = Birth of Confrontation Society: Autumn 1905 Grand Strike in Helsinki and Rest of Finland| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society for Labour History and Tradition| year = 2016| isbn = 978-952-59764-9-6| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Salkola, Marja-Leena| title = Birth and Development of the Workers' Guards as Red Guards 1917—18 before the Civil War.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Part 1| location = Helsinki| publisher = Ministry of Education | year = 1985| isbn = 951-85973-9-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Soikkanen, Hannu| title = Entry of Socialism in Finland: until the first elections to a unicameral parliament | location = Porvoo; Helsinki | publisher = WSOY| year = 1961| format = [online version] (PDF)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ed.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Halonen Alex| title = Finnish Class War| publisher = American Finland. Sos.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Publisher Union| year = 1928}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Roos, Sigurd| title = Finnish National Strike.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

I Helsinki| location = Helsinki| publisher = Alex F. Lindberg| year = 1907}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = ed.


Question: Were all the soldiers belonging to the Finnish Guard Finnish?

Red Guard

Matti Klinge| title = National Biography of Finland 6. part| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2005}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = From You: Tenth Anniversary Memoria| location = Hämeenlinna| publisher = Hämeenland| year = 1928}} References On Topic Elsewhere * Category:Key Articles of Screening


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The 1905 Grand Strike began in Helsinki on 30 October for the Grand Duchy of Finland, but Tampere quickly became its main commercial hub.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The city held the largest popular assemblies during the strike and the so-called “Red Declaration” was issued, which was later adopted also in Helsinki.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The declaration gave clear instructions on how the Citizens' Assembly in Helsinki will elect an interim government and the authorities will begin preparing for elections.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[1] Tampere also saw the movement of a joint front of the social-democratic labour movement and constitutionalists, which, however, quickly fell as the strike went on.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[2] In general, unlike other Finnish cities, the actual strike lasted only three days in Tampere, although popular assemblies took place throughout the national strike week.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The grand strike began as a joint front against the repression of the Russian authorities, in which, in addition to the working population, the bourgeoisie were involved.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The strike affected almost all of society; for example, all government offices closed their doors.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[3] Only food and water supply and newspapers were excluded.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[4] However, the disagreements that arose as the Great Strike continued led to an interference between the labour movement and the constitutionalists, which stamped their stamp on the entire political life of Finland for the following decades.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

In a telegram sent after the strike ended, the Grand Strike Central Committee said the distinction between socialists and constitutionalists was complete.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[2] During the Great Strike, a Carnivalist mood prevailed in Tampere, when the values held in society were briefly abandoned.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

At the same time, the opportunity to destabilise old perpetual power structures was offered to the common people for the first time.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] Historian Väinö Voionmaa, who was at the head of the Finnish temperance movement during the Great Strike, has characterised the events of the Tampere Grand Strike as a situation in which “the people played the king fully, enjoying the charms of the revolution and forgetting about the dangerousness of the revolution”.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] Instead, Kaarlo Tiilä, who counted for Old Finns, wrote of the Great Strike in a dismissive tone, calling the protesters who moved around the city a “screaming crowd”.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[7] The popular activities of the Great Strike Week have also been characterised as the “Tampere Commune”, referring to the 1871 Paris Commune, from which local labourers took influence.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[8] The revolutionary and defiant atmosphere that arose in Tampere was substantially affected by the absence of any Russian military personnel in the city at the time.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[9] The Grand Strike Committee and the National Guard Like other cities, a Grand Strike Committee was established in Tampere, in whose hands the power was during the strike.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

It initially consisted solely of men active within the labour movement, but the committee was quickly supplemented by ten women.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] There was a vote on the pons put forward by the Grand Strike Committee at the Great People's Assemblies in the Central Market.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Everyone who arrived had the opportunity to participate in the vote by moving to different sides of the square according to their own opinion.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

However, final decision-making power was still retained by the Grand Strike Committee.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] A special National Guard was established to maintain public order, which also took care to enforce the strike.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

After the end of the Grand Strike, the National Guard split into the Workers' Order Guard and the Bourgeois Patronage Guard, from which the Red Guards and the Patronage Corps emerged.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[2] Grand Strike events in Tampere The movement that led to the grand strike of 1905 was part of the Russian Revolution after the defeating Japanese War.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Blood Sunday in January began a wave of strikes and calls of mind, which quickly spread to the side of the Grand Duchy of Finland.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The moods of working people were greatly affected by a proposal to expand voting rights that tapered off in the Riksdag in April.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Subsequently, the labour movement became prominent in calling for a new National Assembly and a People's Power Constitution.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] The major strike that broke out in Russia on 20 October and the consequent crippling organisational power also provided the Finnish working population with an opportunity to pursue their demands.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The first information about the strike reached the side of the Grand Duchy of Finland after a few days, after which meetings of workers were held in several cities.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

In them, the main demand was to halt rail traffic, which in turn would allow the actual grand strike to succeed when the government would have been unable to move its troops.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] The practical implementation of the strike was initially taken care of by labour activists and professional department leaders close to them, who set up strike committees and National Guards.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[4] 29—30 p.m.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

October A strike by railwaymen began on the Vyborg line on the weekend of Saturday 28th October, [4] but to other parts of Finland it did not initially spread as hoped.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

As a result, workers in Tampere organised a large demonstration on Sunday 29 October.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The gathering, held in the Market Square, or the current Central Market, drew up to 15,000 participants, according to estimates.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

George Sirola gave a speech at the event calling for a National Assembly to be elected by general popular vote.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

There was also a disapproving telegram to Tampere railway workers who had not joined the Vyborg labour stoppage.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] The poet Kössi Lindström, on the other hand, recited at the meeting his poem Peter wrote in the Great Days inspired by Blood Sunday.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[10] On Sunday 30 October, a major strike was declared to have begun in Helsinki.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

At 7pm on the same evening, a meeting was held at the Tampere Workers' House, from which a crowd gathered at the site marched to the railway station to cut the train service through the city.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

At the same time, a 12-person strike committee was formed, the chairman of which the head of the Tampere Employment Agency A.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

A. Lagerström and journalist Yrjö Sirola as secretary.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The committee became members of the Tampere Workers' Association and professional departments, so the strike project was firmly in the hands of the Social Democrats.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] The Grand Strike Committee took control of Tampere for the following week.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The city's leading burghers, on the other hand, were left fearful to watch events from the sidelines.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Part of the reason for their passivity was that the working-town middle class was sparse in number.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[1] From the railway station, the crowd moved to the Market Square, where, at the People's Assembly, people were urged to behave with dignity and calm.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The meeting also made a decision to close the town's taverns and brothel houses for the duration of the strike.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The Grand Strike Committee, made up solely of men, was expanded in the late hours of the evening by a further ten female members.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] First strike day 31 October The first actual strike day was Tuesday, October 31.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The Grand Strike Committee, which met during the night, had taken a decision on a strike starting at 9 a.m. in the morning, which would last in Tampere for three days.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] By mid-morning, yet another People's Assembly was held in the Market Square.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Embassies were marched to the heads of factories and other large business enterprises calling for their closure.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The factories stood without opposition, because the owners realized that the strike this time was directed against the Russian authorities and the Tsarist power.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The bourgeois circles were at first enthusiastically involved in the grand strike and the jobs in Tampere fell completely silent by noon.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] At half past two o'clock in the afternoon, the administrative demands made by the Grand Strike Committee were approved, including, among other things, the immediate exit of Russian officials.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The demands were intensified by a 150-person Municipal Guard formed to maintain order, with Yrjö Sirola placed at its head.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The Guard was unarmed, but it nevertheless threatened Russian gendarmes and police in the city with measures if they did not obey the call.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

On Wednesday, they were disarmed and transported to Viking Island for National Guard surveillance.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

A new municipal government was set to manage the city administration, with ten Labour representatives elected initially as well as ten members of the city board installed by the city council which met a little later.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The old leading figures in the city were in amicable cooperation with the strikers, and there were no conflicts between the different parties either.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The grand strike also allowed newspapers to appear without prior censorship in force for more than 70 years.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

In the “People's Journal” in Tampere, the poet Kössi Lindström's poem “In the course of the sea” was published, in which he encouraged the strikers to be determined.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] However, some of the newspapers were associated with the strike front and in Tampere, Kansanslehti, Tampereen News and Aamulehti appeared only on a couple of days.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[11] During the day there were continuous demonstrations along Hämeenkatu with red flags of trade unions.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The use of red flags embroidered with different slogans was new in Finland, as they had only become common during the same year.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Red flags did not yet have the political symbolism established later on, but in addition to the labour cause, it was regarded as a general colour of freedom and an emblem of anti-Russianism.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] The demonstrations were attended not only by workers but also schoolchildren, such as F. F.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

E. Sillanpää and his schoolmates.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[12] The second day of strikes on 1 November The culmination of the Great Strike was experienced in Tampere on 1 November, when as many as 40,000 people had gathered in the Market Square since 10 a.m.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

On the balcony of the Town Hall, the poet Kössi Lindström's statement “Declaration book for the people of Finland”, or the so-called “Red Declaration”, was heard.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The declaration, prepared by Yrjö Mäkelin, received its designation from the red paper on which it was printed.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

So there was no leftist symbolism associated with the name.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Key demands of the Red Declaration included an end to repression by Russian authorities, the appointment of an interim government and the convening of the National Assembly, and the implementation of universal and equal suffrage.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] After the People's Assembly approved the proclamation, Marseljees was performed by the ringer present, to which the crowd joined by chanting.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

People then started poking with paint on Russian-language street signs and agency names, as well as tearing down other emblems of the tsar.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

At the same time, Finnish flags went up in briefcases to replace Russian flags


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The name of the Municipal Guard was also changed at the meeting to the National Guard.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] The Red Declaration was deemed so significant that it was decided to bring it into the consciousness of the whole country.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Thus, the proclamation was launched on a picket train from Pori towards Helsinki.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

In addition to Mäkelin and Lindström, Vihtori Kosonen, A.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

F. Fihlman and Eetu Sal, who arrived from Pori.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] [13] The Red Declaration was subsequently adopted by the Tampere constituents at its meeting in real terms.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

However, some of them expressed a dissenting opinion because the declaration's demands for a citizens' assembly meant the ouster of not only the Emperor but also the bourgeois majority Senate as well as the legislating Riksdag.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

This, in turn, effectively meant revolution and the strike becoming a purely workers' movement, and consequently the attitude of the bourgeoisie began to be negative.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] However, in order to strengthen cooperation between the Social Democrats and the Constitutionalists, a special “Committee of the Commonwealth” was established, with which the Young Finns were also prominently involved in the Great Strike.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] Third day of strike on November 2, the day following the Red Declaration, the first People's Assembly was held at 12 o'clock.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

Enthusiasm was still high, the greetings of the Grand Strike Committee were read to the public at the event and demands of the temperance movement were made.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] At the Second People's Assembly, which began at 4 in the afternoon, employers detailed their response to the workers' demand for full pay to be paid for the days of the strike.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

They announced they would only pay half of three days' pay, after which the meeting made a decision to end the strike, although a large proportion were still ready to go ahead.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The embassy, which travelled to Helsinki, also called for the strike to be extended because other parts of the country were doing so.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

However, the People's Assembly decided to accept a motion made by the Grand Strike Committee that the strike would be extended the following week if the administrative demands made did not materialise.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] Thursday's Tory meeting also addressed the issue of religious freedom.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The Citizens' Assembly approved efforts on separation of church and state, complete religious freedom, and the removal of religious education from schools, but the Grand Strike Committee nevertheless decided to leave the issues to parliament.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

As the Church was also prominently involved in the grand strike, the time was considered poor for making demands, and they were also not recorded in the Red Declaration.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[14] In turn, the Old Finns, led by the influential Eino Sakari Yrjö-Koskinen, held their own meeting at the Finnish Klub, where they declared the Red Declaration even criminal.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The Old Finns then drew up their own programme, which was quickly disseminated among the people.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

At the same time, reports were received that Russian military personnel from Hämeenlinna were arriving in Tampere.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[15] The National Guard had prepared with dynamite to cut the train tracks.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[1] On the evening of the last-missed strike day, a great “celebration of freedom” was held at 7pm.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

It began as a torchlight procession that left the Workers' House to march along Hämeenkattu through the centre towards Tammelantori, turning from there on to Satakunnankatu back to the Market Square.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The procession was so long that when the vanguard was already returning to the city centre up to the Satakunnanbridge, the tail end was still standing in Hämeens.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The crowd eventually gathered together in the Market Square, where speeches were made, the hymn God ompi our castle was carved and the occasion was decided to sing Maamme.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] Other songs often performed during the strike included Oskar Merikanto's Työkäen march and the International, which was completed just that spring.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] The town hall balcony also recited the poem When you will, [16] which is considered to be the most illustrious labour poem of the Great Strike days.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[10] 3rd-5th


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

The Tampereans returned to their jobs on Friday 3 November, although in other parts of Finland a major strike was still going on.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[5] Initially, the National Guard, consisting of 364 men, was reduced to 100 men who continued to keep order and the Grand Strike Committee also continued to function.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

It made an enquiry to employers to pay wages should the strike in Tampere resume, but there was no direct answer to the question.


Question: How was the grand strike decided?

1905 grand strike in Tampere

[6] After the end of the working week on Saturday afternoon, a market meeting was held later in the evening where the Grand Strike Committee strengthened its ranks with ten new members.