Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Westerlund Lars ed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(2004): Those killed in war conditions between 1914 and 1922.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister's Office publication series 10/2004.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 952-5354-52-0.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1986): Turning points in Finnish history.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-0-13745-6.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993a): Road to Tampere.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

WSOY ISBN 951-0-18897-2.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki ed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

(1993b): The Hard Truth, the Year 1918 and National Science.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Finnish Literature Society.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 951-717-768-2.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Ylikangas Heikki (1993c): Civil War.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Historical Aikakirja 2/1993, online Ylikangas Heikki (2007): The hubs of Finnish history.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

ISBN 978-951-0-32864-4.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Huhta, Ilkka (ed.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

) | title = Civil War 1918 and church| location = Helsinki| publisher = Church Historical Society of Finland| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-952-5031-55-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Muilu, Heikki| title = Russian soldiers in white Finland| location = Jyväsky| publisher = Atena| year = 2010| id = ISBN 978-951-796-624-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Wolffemales and little sucks.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Civil War women prisoners in Hämeenlinna prison camp room no. 7| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6041-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pekalainen, Tuulikki| title = Children at war 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| = 2014| id = ISBN 978-951-31-6939-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siironen, Miika| title = White.


Question: In what year did Rüdiger von der Goltz publish his memoirs My Activities in Finland and the Baltic States?

Finnish Civil War

Revolutionary War legacy| location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-768-398-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Siltala, Juha| title = Psychohistory| location = Helsinki| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-978-51-1-23795-2}} On the topic elsewhere (Archivistolaitos) — Online publication of the Department of Historical Science at the University of Tampere (Archivistolaitos) — Site of the Invalidien Remembrance Foundation of the Revolutionary War — Yle, 2018, National Library, National Library * Category:Relations between Finland and Russia Category:Key articles of screening


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

[[Category: {{{1}}} media|Main Page]] DVD ([1] or Digital Video Disc,) is an optical data storage medium.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The most common uses of DVD are video and data storage.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

It is currently the most common domestic distribution format for films.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The DVD externally resembles a CD.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD capacity ranges from 4.38 to 15.9 gigabytes [2].


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD can contain data in multiple formats DVD-Video (for recording film and audio) DVD-Audio (for recording high-end audio) DVD data (for storing data) DVD media can be DVD-ROM (read-only, printed, silver or gold color) DVD+R/RW (R = one-time recordable, RW = rewritable) DVD-R/RW (as above, but different standard) DVD-RAM (rewritable scatter disk) History in the early 1990s had two competing candidates as the new optical mass storage standard.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The first was the Multimedia Compact Disc (MMCD), supported by Philips and Sony, the second was the Super Disc (SD), which had behind it eight industrial giant support (incl.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Toshiba and Time-Warner).


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

IBM led an attempt to get all companies under one standard to avoid a format war like VHS and Betamax.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The end result was a DVD format announced in September 1995.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The official definition is overseen by the DVD Forum, which includes the 10 founding companies mentioned above, as well as more than 220 other members.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In the United States, DVD player prices dropped under the $300 border laundry in the spring of 1999, when Wal-Mart began offering instruments in its stores.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In this case, VHS still made up the majority of sales, with DVD being a mere marginal product.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

By 2004, the situation had been turned on its head.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Most store chains offer sales DVDs, while cassette sales have plummeted.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In Europe (including Finland), the situation has been the same for a couple of years; most movie rentals were already in DVD format in 2005.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

“DVD” was originally intended as an abbreviation for “digital video disc”, but some members of the DVD Forum wanted it to come from the words “digital versatile disc” (digital multipurpose disc) so that other uses of the format would better emerge.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD Forum never came to a consensus on the issue, and today the official name of the format is simply “DVD” with no official explanation.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD-Video DVD-Video disc is intended for recording video and audio.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The image is stored on disk in MPEG-2 format with a resolution of (NTSC) 720/704×480 or (PAL) 720/704×576.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

To play discs, you need a DVD drive and an MPEG-2 decoder, that is, a DVD player or a DVD-ROM drive connected to the computer with the necessary programs.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The audio track can be recorded in MPEG, PCM, DTS, MP2 or Dolby Digital format, of which Dolby Digital is clearly the most common.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

It is also noteworthy that the European standard DVD-Video only supports multi-channel MPEG audio (up to 7.1 channels) — although it has been effectively discontinued in Europe — as well as MP2 audio.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Copy Protection Most movie discs have CSS protection enabled, which makes it possible to play the disc only with a licensed player and cannot copy MPEG2 files out of it.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Protection proved weak and 15-year-old Norwegian Jon Lech Johansen (“DVD Jon”) released its breaking program in 1999.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The discs of current films have begun to be protected by adding incorrect sectors to them, but even these “protections” have generally been circumvented quickly, even before the first disk using protection has appeared.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The refund fee in the price of writable DVDs sold to consumers was EUR 0.60 in Finland for a copyright credit fee (between 1 and 10 GB discs).


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The refund fee for the recordings was eliminated on January 1, 2015.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

[3] Region Codes Companies releasing films protect their markets by releasing DVD films in different countries at different times and at different prices.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

[4] Because of this, the globe is divided into different regions by area codes.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In different regions, only instruments and records from that region are mainly sold.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Area code division and how to bypass it has been a topic of debate in copyright law around the world.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The region code 0 does not exist, but the R0 abbreviation is used to indicate that the disc is intended to be played across all players; in this case, all regions are switched on.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In the early days, device manufacturers could plug the area code of a device to zero, allowing a disk imported from another region to repeat without problems.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Distribution companies plugged this loophole quite quickly with the RCE extension.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In some countries, including Australia and New Zealand, the use of area codes is outlawed.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In Finland's view, breaking the area code is not illegal because it is not an outright technique designed to prevent copying and thus protect authors' rights.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

[5] China has its own region code at its own insistence: to press its claim, China threatened to introduce a competing film disc which would have arguably infringed on the patents on the DVD.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

China's motivation is believed to be censorship: it wants to control the content of its DVD movie offerings.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD-Audio DVD-Audio is a new format that supports better sound quality than CD.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

It supports multi-channel audio and higher frequencies and resolutions than CD.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The new discs have gained little market share.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In addition, it has SACD, which offers the same advantages as a competitor.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

User-Recording DVD Formats The first discs offered the option of double-sided recording and two layers of recording per disc side.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

However, records could only be recorded by creasing.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The first DVD recorders entered the market in 2000, when a format war arose between the formats.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In the names of the formats, “+” and “-” refer to two, partially compatible technical standards.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The standards are about as popular, and the majority of DVD devices support both of them.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Formats of the “-” standard DVD-R is the most common, once-storable single-sided and single-layer disk, on which 4.7 GB of data can be stored.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD-RW is the equivalent disc to be recorded several times.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The DVD-R DL is a two-layer disc that holds 8.5 GB of data.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD-RAM needs a compatible reading device, discs are often in cases and 4.7GB of data per side can be stored on them.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

“+” standard formats DVD+R only once to be recorded.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD+R DL double layer DVD+R, which can hold 8.5 GB of data.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD+RW rewritable 4.7 GB; can be played in a standard player, it is also the most common in home use.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

DVD+RW DL like DVD+R DL, but rewritable.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The difference between DVD/+RW and DVD-RAM is that you can wipe and re-record an RW disc about a thousand times.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The RAM disk, on the other hand, can be wiped and re-saved supposedly up to a hundred thousand times.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Data preservation Based on simulated aging experiments conducted by disc manufacturers, information is claimed to persist on single-recording DVD-Rs and DVD+Rs for 30—100 years and until 30 years in re-recordable formats.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In practice, the durability of the plates is seen only over the years.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Improvements and successor formats HD DVD and Blu-ray In 2006, Toshiba released the HD DVD format, while Philips and Sony in turn introduced Blu-ray, with the intention of replacing DVD.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Although HD DVD had its own advantages over the Blu-ray format, it nevertheless lost the format war to Blu-ray due to its smaller capacity as well as lack of support from film companies.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

However, the DVD still seems to hold its surface and remain the main format for dissemination of program material.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The reason for this is believed to be that the DVD is sufficient in terms of features and technical performance for the majority of consumers.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Nor do they want to trade their existing discs and instruments for more expensive counterparts, which may not be of visible/audible benefit if the viewer has a 32" or smaller TV and a more modest sound system.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

HVD HVD, or in English “Holographic Versatile Disc” is a technology based on holographic disc lecture using laser beams.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

The plate is read in green as well as red rays.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

A green laser reads the data from the upper layer of the disc, red is used to locate the track from the CD-style layer.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

HVD theoretically has a maximum capacity of 6 TB, currently 500 GB in practice.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

HVD is supposed to support UHDV quality.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

5D DVD 5D DVD is a format with multiple layers of data superimposed on top of each other.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

This allows capacity to be increased up to 10 terabits.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

In 2009, technology developers estimated commercial applications would be possible within five to 10 years.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

See also DVD player CD Blu-ray Sources Literature DVD Demystified, Jim Taylor; McGraw-Hill Professional; ISBN 0-07-135026-8 (2nd edition, December 2000) DVD Authoring and Production, Ralph Labarge; CMP Books; ISBN 1-57820-082-2 (August 2001) On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In what year is the DVD invented?

DVD

Category:Storage media Category:DVD storage media Category:Key articles on screening


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

The world of living () is a philosophical and social science, especially sociological, concept.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

It means the world as “lived” (erlebt), before any reflexive representation or theoretical analysis.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

The term was introduced by Edmund Husserl in his book Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology in 1936.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

[1] Husserl's formulation of the world of living is related to Wilhelm Dilthey's concept of “living connection” or “whole of life” (Lebenszusammenhang), as well as Martin Heidegger's concept of “world-being” (In-der-Welt-sein).


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

The concept was further developed by such Husserl pupils as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jan Patočka and Alfred Schütz.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

Jürgen Habermas has also developed the concept further in his own social theory, the theory of communicative action.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

For Habermas, the world of living means a human “private circle”, a reality lived in the everyday days of informal understanding and adaptation based on culture and language.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

As the opposite of the world of living, Habermas imposes a “system”.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

Habermas's work Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns (1981) focuses principally on the danger the system poses to the living world by invading it and seeking to rationalize it in an instrumental way.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

In Habermas theory, social coordination and regulation of the system occur through shared practices, beliefs, values, and structures of communicative activity.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

They can also be institutional in terms of grounds.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

People are inevitably living-worldly so that customs and cultural traditions are based on individuals' identity, definition of situations, social solidarity and action.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

This happens in an ideal situation through communication.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

The world of living is also associated with Pierre Bourdieu's idea of habitus, among others.


Question: Who has developed phenomenology?

The World of Living

Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Saddlehto, Markku| title = Living world as the basis of sciences: Edmund Husserlin philosophy of science| location = Tampere| publisher = University of Tampere| year = 1992| version = Philosophical studies Tampere from university 33| id = ISBN 951-44-3129-4}} Category:Phenomenology Category:Philosophy Terms Category:Critical Theory


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Part of a series OnIslam Beliefs Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms-Giving Pilgrimage Texts and sciences Quran Tafsir Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah) Qisas Al- Anbiya Sharia (law) Fiqh (jurisprudence) Theology History Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Succession to Muhammad Culture and society Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Demographics Denominations Economics Education Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finance LGBT Madrasa Moral teachings Mosque Mysticism Philosophy Poetry Politics Proselytizing Science Slavery Social welfare Women Related topics Abrogation in Islam Criticism of Islam Muhammad Quran Islam and other religions Islamism Islam and violence Islamophobia Glossary IslamportalVtislam ('submission'; old [1] designation Mohametism [2]) is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

According to Islamic tradition, Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula on the basis of apparitions of the Prophet Muhammad in 610.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Literally Islam means submission (to God).


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[3] In Islam, religious law (sharia) plays a central role.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The number of Muslim people has been estimated at 1.7 billion people in 2014.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[4] The Islamic world stretches from the west coast of Africa to Indonesia and from Central Asia to the south of the Sahara.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Of Muslims, only one in five speak Arabic as their mother tongue.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Still, the Arabic-speaking world has maintained a spiritual lead in interpreting Islam — with the exception of Shiite Iran.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[5] In terms of numbers, the largest number of Muslims is in Indonesia.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Islam is the second largest and fastest growing religion in the world.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[6] The following information is in accordance with the largest trend in Islam, Sunnism, unless otherwise noted.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Generally Muslims believe that God revealed His words to humanity through Mohammed and earlier prophets of Islam.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Mohammed is understood as the “seal of the prophets” whose divine revelation was given to mankind in its final form in the Quran.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Islam sees Judaism and Christianity as “book religions” derived from the teachings of the prophets.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

However, Christians and Jews are considered to have distorted the original message of the prophets (Islam), thus corrupting the properly understood monotheistic message.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Islam is based on the same principles as Judaism as well as Christianity, but there are also significant differences between the three Abrahamic world religions.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

For example, from Christianity Islam differs significantly insofar as it is a law-centric religion where religious law has traditionally always meant social or state law as well, [7] and the spreading of Islam in the classical form of religion has meant specifically spreading an Islamic form of society or state, and no attempt was made to convert the inhabitants of territories conquered under Islam insofar as they represented the religions of the book.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[8] Similarly, early Christianity arose outside of political power and even when persecuted it actively sought the conversion of all infidels, and for example Paul urges Christians to submit to Roman (secular) law, and Christianity does not include the idea of religious of law as a state law in the manner of the law of Moses or Sharia (see.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

e.g.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Letter to the Galatians).


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

From Judaism, Islam differs, among other things, in that, like Christianity, it is strongly pro-conversion (though not similarly to Christianity) and a doctrine aimed at expanding religion.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

According to the traditional or classical view, attempts have been made to expand Islam by starting with conversion, i.e. by presenting an invitation (da'wa) to the population of a non-Islamic region to convert to Islam, but if the invitation has been refused, the head of the Islamic State has been deemed to have an obligation to declare holy war (jihad) against the region.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[9] [10] Due to the political nature of traditional Islam, there are quite a few secular Muslim populated states where religion and state are separated.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[11] For example, Turkey, Senegal, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Azerbaijan and Syria are, however, secular.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Islam is both a communal and a system of views affecting individual life.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In modern times, in old Islamic countries, for example Iran and Saudi Arabia, the influence of religion appears strong in all walks of life.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In more secularised countries, such as the former Soviet republics of Central Asia, the status of Islam is similar to that of Christianity in southern Europe.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Islam is divided into two main tendencies, Sunnism and Shi'ism, within which in turn there are different schools and sects.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In addition, there are Ahmadiyyans, Ibadites and Druze.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Sufilism is a tendency in Islam emphasising mysticism, followers of which can be found among Shiites and Sunnis alike.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Modern political Radical Islamic, or Islamist movements and armed groups, mainly lean on fundamentalist Islamic tendencies such as Wahhabism, or Salafi orientation or the teachings of the Indian deobandi school.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

An important principle in these trends is the concept of jihad (“striving for something”).


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Jihad is both a mental vilification against the inner evil of man and the defence of Islam through physical violence (see.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

e.g. Quran, Surah 9:5), and has also traditionally been interpreted as a holy war to spread Islam.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

However, in modern more moderate interpretations, armed jihad is interpreted as justified only for the purpose of advocacy.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[12] Jerusalem is holy to Muslims, for Abraham was about to sacrifice his son Ishmael.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The Rock Mosque is in Jerusalem, which is very important to Muslims Muslims say Mohammed rose from the holy cliff to heaven.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Main article: jihad Islam includes six basic beliefs: Faith in God Faith in angels Faith in books sent by God Faith in prophets and messengers Belief in the day of judgment and resurrection Faith in destiny Sources of religion Mohammed Mohammed was born around 570 in Mecca, the territory of present-day Saudi Arabia.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Mecca was a bustling but small-scale centre of trade, where the temple of the Kaaba was located.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[13] After coming of age, Muhammad became a merchant according to tradition.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[14] He married a rich widow as a young man.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[15] According to tradition, around 610, Mohammed, who was in a cave in the mountains of Mecca, saw an angel and received the first divine revelation.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Mohammed took up public activity around the year 613.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[16] Initially, revelations focused on highlighting the mightiness of God, but soon revelations banned other gods and began to emphasize the social message.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The rich merchants of Mecca did not want the poor equal before God and furthermore feared the pilgrimage would suffer.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[16] Muhammad's situation became difficult and he moved to Medina in the north.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The migration (, in Finnish often hidžra) took place in 622.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[17] This event also begins the Islamic period.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In Medina, the Prophet of the Poor became a statesman and warlord.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

At the same time, legal and ritual provisions began to appear in the large, or figures of the Qur'an.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[18] Mohammed initiated war and raiding expeditions mainly against Mecca and caravans heading north from there.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

After three wars against the Meccans, Mohammed concluded a truce in 629.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In accordance with the terms of the armistice, Muslims carried out a pilgrimage to Mecca.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The following year, 630, they took the city without encountering much resistance.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[11] By order of Muhammad, no non-Muslim was allowed to set foot in Mecca; today this also applies to Medina.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[19] The Prophet Mohammed ordered the destruction of the statues of the gods worshipped by the Meccans, but left the Kaaba alone.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Mohammed remained in Medina and strengthened his new kingdom and fought battles against the squashing tribes.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The following year, he embarked on another pilgrimage to Mecca.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In the early stages of the trip, Mohammed suffered a severe headache attack and returned back to Medina.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

According to tradition, Mohammed died on that trip on 8 June 632, or 10 of hidžra.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

as a year.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[20] Quran The prevailing view of the origin of the Qur'an is that while Muhammad lived, his revelations were irregularly recorded or preserved in people's memory as individual fragments.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The compilation of apparitions did not resurface until after his death.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Until then, the issue mattered little, as the community could ask Mohammed directly about it.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[21] Islamic tradition gives contradictory information about the compilation of the Qur'an.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

A later lineage states that the Archangel Gabriel went through the apparitions with Mohammed once a year and twice on the deathbed.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Earlier sources are almost unanimous that Mohammed did not compile the Quran.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[21] The Quran was compiled into a book in the mid-6th century initially as a consonant text.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Arabic vowel marks and other precisions became established in the following century.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The current version in use is the 1923 Cairo Royal Edition.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The Qur'an is divided into 114 suras, or chapters.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The greats are divided accordingly into verses.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The Suras of the Qur'an are arranged according to the length of time, and their age order runs mainly backward, with the shorter suras at the end of the Qur'an being the oldest and the longer greats at the anterior being the youngest.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The short first suura, the Great of Opening, is followed by the longest Surah of the Qur'an, the Cow Surah, with a total of 286 verses.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Last, Surah of Men comprises only 6 verses.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The longer suras of the Qur'an do not form continuous narratives but consist of very different fragments.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The greats of the Qur'an often deal with each other the same issues.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

A recurring theme in the book is that rightly believers get to paradise () when they die, and infidels go to hell ().


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The Qur'an also gives detailed descriptions in places of suffering awaiting in Hell.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In addition to recurring themes, in addition to recurring themes, one finds historical material that is partly congruent with Biblical narratives.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In addition, in the great Medina era, legal declaration begins to occur in relation to issues such as conjugal or inheritance of property.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In the writings of the Medina era you can find verses dealing with war and urging the armed defence and dissemination of religion (e.g. Verse of the Sword, Qur'an 9:5) The beginning of everything follows a pattern familiar from the Bible in which the world was created in six days.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

God created Adam and his wife Eve out of clay and one soul.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The universe is built from hell and the seven heavens.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[22] Beings according to the Qur'an can be divided into five groups: God, angels, spirits (jinns), people and other forms of creation.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

God is clearly monotheistic and has 99 names.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Angels are messengers of God.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Satan accordingly seduces people to evil.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[22] After the Sunna Qur'an, the next most important source of authority is the sunna.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

However, for its practical meaning for Sharia interpretation, Sunna is often formed to be more significant than the Quran, as most legal issues are not addressed in the Qur'an.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Sunna refers to the way of life of the Prophet Mohammed and its paragon for Muslims.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In this later doctrine, Muhammad is considered to have acted protected from sin and to have done the right thing in his life.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[23] In Shiite doctrine, this also encompasses Shiite imams.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

For a long time, recalling Mohammed's way of life rested solely on verbal information.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

It was not until the 7th century that they began to be written for various collections.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In these lineage, or hadiths, the exact wording is not as central as in the Qur'an, because the texts were based on Muhammad's behavior—not divine revelations.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[23] The hadith consists of two parts.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The beginning lists the persons who conveyed the narrative, the so-called chain of witnesses (isnad), at the beginning of which either Mohammed or his companions are found.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The actual narrative (matn) then follows.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

There are several Hadith collections, some of which are more prestigious and reliable than others.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The best-known and most notable hadith collection is probably the so-called Sahih al-Bukhari, one of the six main collections of Sunnis (Kutub al-Sittah), which is also generally considered reliable and authentic by Shiites.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Because of contradictions in Islam, an aspiring hadith study developed early on in their authenticity.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Historical-critical research has viewed hadiths with suspicion, seeing more 7th- and 8th century doctrinal disputes than genuine material inherited from the early 6th century.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[23] Beliefs and Duties To a Muslim obligations are more emphasized than pieces of faith.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Islamic also lacks doctrinal disputes with a crucial central institution (such as the Pope or ecclesiastical assemblies within the circle of Christianity).


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

It follows that Islam incorporates a significant degree of doctrinal looseness.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

However, the fundamental doctrines are not taken loosely or indifferent.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[24] The Pillars of Religion Sunni Muslim must adhere to five basic pillars in his life.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Šahada, or creed, refers to the phrase containing the most central pieces of faith in Islam by which a Muslim professes his faith.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The creed consists of two parts in Sunnism, the first defining Islam as a monothetic religion and the second part binding Muhammad as the mediator of God's word:, “There is no god but God and Mohammed is his emissary”.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Shiites add to the creed the phrase, “... and Ali is a friend of God”.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[25] Salat, or prayer, consists of a series of movements during which the first Surah of the Qur'an is also recited.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

A Muslim should pray five times a day at well-defined times.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Praying is possible either privately or in a mosque.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Basically a Muslim must hold all these prayer moments unless he has a compelling reason not to pray.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The moment can also be postponed to a later date if there is an obstacle.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[26] Saum, or fasting, takes place as a rule during the holy month of Ramadan, but Muslims may fast for different reasons and at different times.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

During Lent, Muslims should avoid eating, drinking, smoking, and sexual intercourse between dawn and sunset.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Lent also involves internal purification from evil thoughts.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[27] In principle, zakat, or alms tax, is paid once a year according to detailed rules — different amounts of alma tax are paid on different types of property.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

A Muslim must start paying alms tax once he gets married.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Alms can also be given for the common good of Islam, such as building a mosque.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Hadž, or pilgrimage, should be performed to Mecca at least once during his life during the second week of the 12th month of the Islamic period.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

A voluntary visit to the Prophet Muhammad's tomb in Medina may be added to the pilgrimage.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

During the pilgrimage, the prescribed customs are observed, whichthere is a uniform dress.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The event highlights Muslim cohesion and parity before God.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[28] Law The law of Islam, or Sharia, is believed to be ordained by God and as such invariable, but since religious law is interpreted by people, there follows a certain degree of looseness in terms of interpretation (fiqh).


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Within classical Islam, a certain amount of doctrinal disagreement has been considered a necessary part of the orthodox tradition, and the four classical legal schools (fiqh) of Sunni Islam are all part of Islamic Orthodoxy.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Sharian sources serve as Qur'an, hadith, consensus of scholars (ijma) and analogy (qiyas).


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Analogy refers to the use of examples of Sunna to solve concrete legal issues in situations.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Consensus, on the other hand, implies the idea that when Muslims are in agreement on a matter, this proves the notion correct.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Views as to how consensus should be understood in practice, however, vary; for example, within the Hanbalistic school (represented by Salafists), it has often been held that the consensus refers only to first-generation Muslims or the “era of right-led caliphs”.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The consensus can also be understood as referring to the common consensus of law scholars representing schools understood to be Orthodox.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[29] In general, it follows from the consensus doctrine that on issues where consensus has been considered to have prevailed, it is very difficult to change the interpretation of Sharia.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In addition to civil and criminal law, the Sharia sphere includes issues of ritual purity and general morality.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Many of the statutes are private matters, unrelated to, and not inconsistent with, secular law.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The greatest tensions between Islamic law and secular law arise in inheritance and family law.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[30] Child marriages applicable in several Islamic countries are based on Islamic law.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[31] Jihad Jihad literally means' struggle 'or' shifting ', and the term is used for the armed struggle of a Muslim as well as for internal vigilance.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[32] There are different interpretations of the main meaning of the concept.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[33] In the early verses of the Qur'an, the concept of jihad is referred to in the sense of personal piety and the persistence with which Islam was preached.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[34] After Muhammad fled to Medina and became a military commander fighting Christians and Jews, the use of the term jihad in the Qur'an increased and it gained primarily military significance.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[35] [36] Of the biography of Muhammad, about three-quarters are devoted to jihad.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Of those hadiths considered the most reliable of the Hadiths, Sahih al-Bukhari, who refer to jihad, almost all deal with armed jihad.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[37] As a spiritual struggle, jihad is the duty of every Muslim so that evil should not gain the upper hand.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[32] In this battle are the Muslim duties of creed, prayer, fasting, alms and pilgrimage as weapons.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Also part of this struggle is the peaceful dissemination of Islam as missionary work.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[38] Armed jihad is permitted for certain well-defined reasons, such as self-defense, protection of Muslims, and strengthening Islam.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[39] Legitimate jihad also has precise rules, such as fair treatment of enemies and the fact that jihad should only be declared by a religious leader.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[40] Jihadists are Islamists waging armed jihad as a war of aggression.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The final phase of the jihadist campaign is the establishment of an Islamic state.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Jihadists say jihad is their religious duty and also in accordance with religious scriptures.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[41] Today, jihadist organisations operating include Isis in Iraq and Syria, Al-Qaeda in Arabia and North Africa, Boko Haram in Nigeria and the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[42] Trends Islam falls into two main groups: Sunnism and Shiite.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The vast majority, between 85 and 90 percent, of Muslims are Sunni.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[43] In addition to the Qur'an, Sunnism is based on hadith lineage specimens.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Together they form the way of life of the Prophet Mohammed, or Sunna, on whose rightful tracing Sunni is based.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

According to the traditional view, the split between Sunnis and Shiites is to roll back the controversy surrounding the successor to the Prophet Mohammed.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[44] In the traditional view, the Sunnis elected by mutual agreement Abu Bakr as their first caliph in 632.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Upon his death, Umar was elected caliph in 634 and Uthman as the third caliph after him.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

He was assassinated in 656, at which point Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was chosen as Uhtman's successor.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The Umaijads' governor of Syria, Mu'awiya, refused to recognize Ali's caliph, which led to the Camel Battle in 656, as well as the Battle of Siffin the following year.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

A supporter of the Kharidzites of the third early tendency of Islam assassinated Ali in 661.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

According to the Shiite view, Ali was the successor appointed by Muhammad, who was deposed in the election of the first three caliphs.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

More moderate Shiites view Ali himself to the benefit of the receded community.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

According to a more drastic stance, the first three caliphs were usurpers.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[45] In Sunni, authority belongs to immutable scriptures.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In Shiiah, accordingly, the authority is the living, Ali's successor, the Imam.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In Shiite theology, an imam is assigned to each period, although this is sometimes nestled.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The highest authority of both groups is the Quran, but the Shiites forbid the hadith collections of Sunnis.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Instead, they have formed their own commentaries.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Shiite's strongest position is in Iran, where it has been a state religion since the 16th century.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Other strong regions include Lebanon, India, Yemen, Bahrain and Iraq.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[43] In addition to these two main trends, within Islam is influenced by Sufilism, which emphasizes the mysticism of religion.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

It emerged as a protest movement against steep rules and instead emphasized the spiritual connection with God that comes from love.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Sufilism exists within both Sunnism and Shiite and has organised into its own fraternities, tariqa groups.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[43] History With the death of Muhammad, the old edifice nazied in its joints.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Mohammed acted as a secular and spiritual leader while living, but when he died the Bedouin tribes revolted.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

They were committed to Mohammed — not his successor.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[11] His close successor Abu Bakr was voted to succeed Muhammad, who returned the rebellious tribes back to the Ridda wars.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Subsequently, the Muslims set out to conquer territories outside the Arabian Peninsula.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In early Islamicism, Mohammed did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam immediately.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The conquered were allowed to keep their faith and customs as long as they recognized the supremacy of Islam and paid taxes to the central government of Medina.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[46] At a rapid pace, the Caliphs conquered most of the Middle East, North Africa and Spain.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In the 100 years since Muhammad's death, the Islamic State established by Arabs stretched all the way from the Atlantic to Central Asia.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

This was, in the past, an expansion of Islamic territory, not a conversion to a new religion.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

However, the unified state structure soon broke down and a period of rival dynasties and civil wars, which Islamic historians call fitna, began.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Muhammad's time was followed by the so-called right-derived caliphs of Mecca and Medina (circa 632—661).


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The Umaijads Caliphate (circa 661—750) was the first dynasty of caliphs who were not directly related to the Prophet Muhammad himself.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The Abbasid Caliphate (circa 750—1258) was a dynasty name for the caliphs of Baghdad who plunged the Omaijids from power in 750.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The dynasty ruled for 200 years, but gradually began to fade as the power of the Turkic Mameluch army grew.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The time of the caliphates was followed by the Turkic Ottoman Empire (circa 1300—1918).


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The spread of Islam from Morocco through Spain to Western Europe was prevented by Karl Martell, who in 732 at the Battle of Poitiers in France defeated the Arab conquers.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Further east in Vienna, there was a further 1529 battle against the Turks, after which Islam lost its foothold in Europe for good.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[47] From the 18th century onwards, Islamic territories fell under European imperialism.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

After World War I, a widely recognized caliphate no longer existed.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

In the 20th century, the rapid growth of religion, Western interest in Islamic territories, international conflicts and globalization have contributed to keeping Islam as a major factor shaping the modern world.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Islam and politics Although Islamic law or sharia is considered to be enacted by God, there is an interpretation of the law according to Islam in the hands of men.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[48] In its traditional form, Šar is not fully used in any country in the world.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Brunei and Somalia apply it quite widely in their legislation.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The Sharian penal code has also been in place in Sudan and northern Nigeria, at least from time to time.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[49] Population According to the CIA World Factbook 2004, Islam is the second largest religion in the world.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

There are estimated to be more than 1.3 billion Muslims worldwide.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

About 18% of Muslims live in Arab countries, 20% in sub-Saharan Africa and about 30% in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

However, Indonesia has the highest number of Muslims within a single country, at more than 200 million, representing more than 15% of the world's Muslims.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

There are also significant Muslim communities in Europe, Russia, Central Asia and China.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Most Muslim people relative to the country's total population [50]: 100% (90— 95% Sunni, 5— 10% Shiite [51]: 100% (majority Sunni) [52]: 100% (majority Sunnis) [53]: 99.8% (majority Sunni) [54] [55]: 99.8% (majority Sunni) [56] [57] (Sunni, 20% Shiite and): ~ 99% [58]: 99.1% ( 99.9%) (65-70% Sunni, 30— 35% Shiite) [59]: 98.7% (majority Sunnis) [60]: 98.3% (majority Sunnis) [61]: 98% (majority Shiite) [62]: 98% (majority Sunnis) [63]: [64]: 98% (majority Sunni) [65]: 97% (majority Sunni)) [66]: 96.6% (99%) (Sunni) [67] [68] (85-90%) Sunni, 10-15% Shiites): 96.4% [69]: 95% (60— 65% Shiite, 33— 40% Sunni) [70]: 94% (majority Sunnis) [71]: 93% (majority Sunni) [72]: 89.4% (Sunni) [73]: 89.3% (Sunni) Islam in Finland Muslims have lived permanently since the 19th century.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The first Muslims were Tatars, who migrated mainly between 1870 and 1920.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

The next time Muslims other than Tatars arrived in Finland was not until the 1960s.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[74] As recently as the early 1990s, there were a few thousand Muslims living in Finland, but in 2008 there were estimated to be more than 40,000 persons.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

[75] See also Arab world Islamic ethics Islamic philosophy Islamic art Criticism of Islam Islamism Ulama Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Allahwerdi, Helena & Hallenberg, Helena (ed.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

) | title = at the gates of Islam| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| year = 2002| version = 2nd edition (1st edition 1992) | id = ISBN 951-31-2427-4}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Haeri, Fadhlalla| title = Islam| location = Helsinki| publisher = January| 6| version = (The Elements of Islam, 1993.)


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Translated by Salme Saukko| id = ISBN 951-31-0671-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko| title = Islam: pocket dictionary| location = Helsinki| publisher = Basam Books| year = 2001| id = ISBN 952-9842-60-0}} error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko| title = Islam Handbook| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-1-18669-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko| title = Islam diversity| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeam| us| year = 1999| version = 6th edition| id = ISBN 951-662-749-8}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko| title = Introduction to the Koran| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 2006| version = 2nd corrected edition| id = ISBN 951-662-924-5}} Replacement error, replace with {{ cite book| author = Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko| title = Qur'anic explanation| location = Helsinki| publisher = Basam Books| year = 1997| id = ISBN 952-9842-15-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Juntunen, Marko & Martikainen, Thomas & Sakaranahan Tuulo, Tuula (ed.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

) | title = Islam in Finland.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Muslims in everyday life, media and society| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature | year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-952-222-027-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ketola, Kimmo| title = Religions in Finland 2008.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Manual for Religious and Religious Movements | location = Tampere| publisher = Church Research Center| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-693-287-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kosonen, Seppo S.| title = Jihad, Islamic Sacred War — Spiritual Seriance sedition to violence? | publisher = Image and word| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-585-194-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Partridge, Christopher (ed.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

) | title = Handbook of New Religions.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

New religious movements, sects and forms of alternative spirituality| location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookshop | year = 2006| version= (Encyclopedia of New Religions.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities, 2004.)


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Translated by Kanerva Heikkinen ym| id = ISBN 951-607-327-1}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bhutto, Benazir| title = Reconciliation.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Islam, the West and Democracy| publisher = January| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-951-31-4314-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Cesari, Jocelyne (ed.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

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Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

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Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

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Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

English translation: Otto Lappalainen| id = ISBN 978-3-8331-4733-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hjärpe, Jan| title = Islam.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Doctrine and lifestyle| location = Helsinki| publisher = Gaudeamus| year = 1992| version=( Islam.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Lära och livsmönster, 1979, 1985.)


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Translated by Irmeli Lerho| id= ISBN 951-662-548-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hukari, Ari| title = Islam in imagery | location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-0-31656-3}} Citation error, replace with {citation ite book| author = Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko| title = Sword of Islam.


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Islam

History of conflicts in East and West | location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2012| id = ISBN 978-951-1-25915-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kankkonen, Tom| title = Islam in Europe| location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2008| id = ISBN 8-951-37-5073-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kouros, Kristiina & Villa, Susan (ed.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

) | title = Human Rights and Islam| publisher = Like: Finnish Peace Defenders | year = 2004| id = ISBN 952-471-435-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Linjakumpu, Aini| title = Global Networks of Islam | location = Tampere| publisher = Equipoise | year = 2009| id = ISBN 978-951 -768-250-3}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Line Mound, Aini| title = Political islam| publisher = Hokweight| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-578-709-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lodenius, Peter| title = Islam and modern| location = Helsinki| publisher = Like: Finnish peace defenders | year = 2005| version = (Islam och moderniteten, 2004.)


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Islam

English translation: Petri Stenman| id = ISBN 952-471-523-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Martikainen, Tuomas & Sakaranaho, Tuula (ed.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

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Islam

Discussion of Islamic currents in Finland and Europe| location = Turku| publisher = Cigarette| year = 2008| id = ISBN 978-952-5500-98-1}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Palva, Heikki & Perho, Irmeli (ed.


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Islam

) | title = Islamic culture| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-1-13315-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sardar, Ziauddin| title = What do muslims| location = Helsing| publisher = Otava| year = 2009| version = (What Do Muslims Believe?


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Translated by Susanna Tuomi-Giddings| id = ISBN 978-951-1-23224-7}} On the topic elsewhere Religions theme page.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

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Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead. Six-part series on Islamic world and culture, with guide Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Yle 2003.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Jani Kaaro:.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

Helsingin Sanomat.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

- The website of the Islamic Colony of Finland.


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

Islam

— A Finnish website that propagates Islamic fundamentalism (Wahhabism).


Question: What proportion of Mohammed's biography is devoted to jihad?

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* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul I (Russian: Павел I Петрович, 1 October (J: 20 September) 1754 Saint Petersburg — 23 March (J: 12 March) 1801 Saint Petersburg) was Emperor of the Russian Empire from 1796 to 1801.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Attitudes towards Paul I have been ambivalent: he has been regarded as an insane despot, but he has also received praise for his merits.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[1] He introduced the succession laws of power in 1797 which were in place until the fall of the Russian monarchy in 1917, repealing an act that allowed the emperor himself to choose his successor.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

However, he was considered a tyrant and was unpopular especially among the nobility, and had time to rule for less than five years before he was assassinated.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul I was the de facto Grand Master of the Order of Johannite from 1799 to 1801, although Orthodox.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Life stages Childhood and youth Paul's father was Tsar Peter III and his mother Peter III's consort Catherine, the later Catherine II the Great.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

In some of her private letters, Catherine claimed that the boy's father would not have been Peter, but his lover chamberlain Sergey Saltykov, who belonged to an ancient lineage of wickers and was also related to the Romanovs.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

It is impossible to prove this in modern times.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[2] However, it is likely that Catherine lied and that Peter III was Paul's biological father after all — Paul was born on 1 October 1754, meaning Catherine became pregnant either at the very end of December 1753 or in January 1754; in which case Catherine is known to have been Peter III's aunt Empress Elisabeth visited Christmas and New Year and she therefore had to spend her time with her lovers instead of Peter.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul also greatly resembled Peter III in appearance and behaviour, and Peter himself believed Paul was his son even though he knew of Catherine's lovers.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

When Paul was eight years old, his mother seized power and he was crowned with traditional expenditure as ruler in Moscow.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Peter III had been slain, but according to the official explanation, he had died of an “attack of colic caused by hemorrhoids.”


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul's custody was the only thing that justified Catherine II's rule, so Paul's illness at the coronation worried the mother very much.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[3] The question of succession to power began to poison the intervals between mother and son.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

If Paul were precocious and showed talent, many nobles might feel tempted to plunge Catherine from power and put Paul, who felt like a more legitimate ruler, in her place.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[4] Catherine II chose two of her courtiers, Grigory Orlov and Nikita Panini, as teachers and educators for her son.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Panin sought to convey to the young heir to the throne the fashionable enlightenment ideas of the 18th century, according to which unfettered autocracy and constant wars are things the monarch had to avoid.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

On the other hand, he was inconsistent in his teaching, because he spoke to young Paul about the knight spirit of the Middle Ages, the order laid down by God and how a woman as ruler corrupts the state.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

In addition, the doctrines included admiration for the military might of Prussia.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[5] Grigory Orlov and Catherine II teased adolescent Paul with sex issues.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

They took him for a visit to the ladies of the court and he was introduced to a young widow who bore Paul a son.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Son Semjon Veliki opted for a military career and joined the British Navy.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[6] Upon reaching the age of 18, Paul wanted his own court, political power and wife.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He also began to relive the idea of ousting his mother.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Ignorant of the thoughts of displacement, Catherine II sought a consort for her son.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He ended up with the German princess of Hessen-Darmstadt, Wilhelmina.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[7] Wilhelmi and Paul became attached to each other, Wilhelmina converted to Orthodoxy and took the name Natalia Alekseyevna.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The young were consecrated with fine celebrations on 29 September 1773.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The relationship between Paul and his mother had begun to become closer, particularly because of Paul's illnesses, although Paul was, in his mother's opinion, narrow-minded and bulldozing.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Now something happened that ruined the relationship between mother and son once and for all.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul had been incited by a Holsteinian diplomat to plot himself as co-ruler.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Nikita Panin convinced Paul to abandon the project, which, of course, also went to his mother's ears.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Catherine II decided that Paul could not have his own court, because is not only sour, but also dangerous.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[8] However, Natalia was a disappointment to Catherine II because of her extravagance and was suspected of being unfaithful to Paul.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Natalia was due to give birth to her firstborn on 10 April 1776.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Childbirth tragically failed.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The fetus died in her mother's stomach and it caused the infection of which Natalia died.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul was grief-stricken and Catherine II made matters worse by showing Paul the love letters that Natalia had written to the courtier.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[9] Catherine II, the discriminated heir to the throne, urged her son now to find himself a new wife.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The look was again directed to Germany and this time to Württemberg, whose Princess Sophia Dorothea Paul visited in person to propose.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

On his journey he met the king of Prussia, Frederick the Great, who predicted that Paul would be assassinated like his father.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Sophia Dorothea converted to Orthodoxy, took the name Maria Fyodorovna.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The couple were wed on 26 September 1776.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Ten children were born from the marriage.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[9] Catherine II congratulated the couple on their marriage and built Pavlovsky Palace near Tsarskoye Selo.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul loathed the place, as he saw this again as an indication of his mother's desire to prescribe.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The firstborn son was born on 12 December 1777 and was given the name Alexander.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The boy was from the start his grandmother's pet and said he would practice this as a ruler as if his own son was not the heir to power.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[10] As the first husband of Russia and, in a sense, his co-ruler, Catherine II raised her lover, Prince Potjomkin.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The 29-year-old Paul lived marginalized from governmental affairs and could not forgive this.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[11] In order to change her son's mind, Catherine II decided to give him a mission in Austria.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

When Paul and his spouse were already leaving, his teacher, Nikita Panin, fed him the idea that it was not a visit, but an ousting.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul, who was suspicious of his mother and Potjomkin, refused to leave.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

After some persuasion, Paul went on a journey with his wife and met Joseph II, the ruler of Austria; in their discussions, Paul stated the situation in Russia was dire and that Potjomkin's neck should be broken.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The content of the conversations was transmitted to the ears of Catherine II, who could not forgive them in turn.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[12] Later in his own reign, Paul ordered Potjomkin's tomb to be opened and his bones destroyed.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[13] Catherine II now referred to Paul and his consort as “heavy baggage” and began to pay even more attention to Alexander, where he saw the future of the Empire.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul lived in his own palace, practising his Prussian-style regiment.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He repeatedly had a dream in which Peter the Great appears to him warning him he was going to be murdered.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[14] On 5 November 1796, Catherine II suffered a severe bout of illness, resulting in her being bedridden and unable to speak.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

It was clear that there was not very much time left.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The overtime master was sent to Hatsina to pick Paul up.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul and his wife first thought that a master master had been sent to murder them and it took a while to convince Paul of the right side of the matter.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[15] Paul had a great desire to change many things related to his mother.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He announced that it was “the will of the people” that his father Peter III would be lifted from his grave and buried along with his mother.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Peter's body was lifted from his grave and Paul ordered his father's murderers Barjatins and Orlov to walk along with the funeral cortege and carry the Tsar's crown.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Orlov tried to refuse, citing his advanced age, but Paul urged him to thank his luck for such a small punishment.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[16] In his first year of administration, Paul issued 48,000 ucases.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He started in the army, where a Prussian-style uniform honed down to detail was taken to replace the comfortable and practical uniform prescribed by Potjomkin.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

At the head of his administration, Paul appointed the governor of St. Petersburg, Aharov, who received the title “Minister of Terror” in the mouth of the people.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He oversaw all orders issued by Paul as a pedantist, intervening even in dress.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

If Aharov saw anyone wearing a round hat that was considered a hallmark of liberalism, he ordered the soles of his feet to be beaten.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul repealed the old law that nobles had the right to beat and flog serfs.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

This provoked hatred in the nobility for the Tsarist power and they felt humiliated.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The Tsar has now broken the old social convention that he is an autocrat and the nobility will support him, as long as he sees fit.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[17] Aware that Catherine had planned to succeed her son, Alexander Pavlovich Romanov (later Alexander I), Paul imposed a new succession to the throne in 1788, with the eldest of the sons always succeeding.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

In addition, he enacted the Family Code, according to which the ruler family was a governmental institution.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

In addition, it specified the titles, order of the genus, and how it receives income.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[18] Paul's orders were published in the Official Gazette and many began to fear him.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

On the other hand, a lot of people also thought he was ridiculous.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He enacted a law that also allowed the nobility to be subjected to corporal punishments, which they perceived as a huge insult.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He was pedantic, angry and unreasonable in his punishments, which provoked a constant sense of discomfort and disgust in the nobility.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

No one was safe from him: Marshal Aleksandr Suvorov, who objected to Prussian uniforms honed down to details, remarked on the uselessness of powdered wigs on the battlefield and received a departure pass.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[19] Russia expanded during Paul's reign into present-day Georgia.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The Kingdoms of Kartli-Kakheti and Imereti, which were located there, had not recovered from their war against Persia and in 1800 Paul ordered his troops to march on the states, claiming the king who ruled them both had ceded the lands to Russia.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

On his order, the Russian-American Trade Company of 1799 was also formed, which established the first bases in Alaska for the fishing of fur.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[20] In public, Paul I appeared as a harsh and strict monopolist.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

In domestic conditions, he was maneuvered by his wife and mistress, Nelidova.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

In one, the women of the inch were given joint favourites for the leading positions in the Kurakin family.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul was also mentored by a remarkable figure, the Turkish barber Ivan Kutaisov.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

In Catherine the Great's war against the Turks, Kutaisov, as a little boy, was captured by the Russians.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The boy converted to a Christian and Paul was his godfather.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The boy was sent to doctrine at Versailles and upon coming from there he was put into the service of Paul's court.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Kutaisov became Paul's confidant and his duties included acquiring mistresses.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[21] The women persuaded Paul to establish the “Relief Bank of the Nobility”.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The project became a scandal.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

As a result of the French Revolution, aristocrats who lost their fortunes moved in Europe.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

A Dutch banker manipulated the Tsaress and Nelidova into telling Paul about the project, who agreed to provide funding for the project.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

However, the Dutch banker was a fraudster who disappeared immediately after receiving the money.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[22] Kutaisov and Paul enjoyed themselves well together.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

They often left together for the city by carriage, making the tsar perform “incognito”.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Kutaisov, who was called Figaro, took as his mistress a French actress who lived in St. Petersburg.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

His friend was princess Gagarina, with whom Paul fell instantly in love.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul is reported to have been thrilled by his love like a high school boy.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Adjoining houses were searched for Gagarina and Figaro's mistress as dwellings and Paul, pleased with Figaro's services, elevated him to count.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Gagarina loved the waltz that came into fashion, which Paul had banned in Russia claiming it was lewd.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

After listening to Gagarina's pleas, he allowed it.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[23] As an opponent and ally of Napoleon, Paul admired the knights and had succeeded in becoming Grand Master of the Knights of Malta.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

When Napoleon invaded Egypt in the summer of 1798, he and his troops captured Malta as well.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul was a relentless opponent of France, as he regarded the French as atheists and feared the risks of revolution spreading from there as well.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Russia, Great Britain and Austria formed a federation that was supposed to attack the French in Switzerland and the Netherlands.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Old Marshal Suvorov was appeased and was recalled to service in 1799.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Alongside Suvorov, Pavali installed his son Konstantin.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[24] In 1798—99, Russian troops warred under Aleksandr Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Suvorov took command of the Russians in Italy, where they defeated Napoleon's army.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

However, Austria began to increase its involvement in the war and Suvorov wanted to resign from his post.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul persuaded him to continue.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

In the Battle of Novi, Suvorov gained a new victory and controlled northern Italy.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Prussia began to dwell its participation in the war.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The invasion was continued into Swiss territory, but Austria withdrew from the federation.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The Russo-British War in the Netherlands ended in defeat.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul commanded Suvorov back home, but wanted to challenge to a duel Napoleon and all rulers who disagreed with him and asked Kutaisov as his secondary.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The generals found Paul's behavior very peculiar.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[25] Paul drew conclusions about the war after drawing a sharp turn.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He began seeking Napoleon's friendship and contemplating war with Great Britain.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Withworth, the British ambassador, reports to his government that Paul is no longer considered sane and that a close circle of his current mistress Olga Żerebtsova is considering murdering Paul.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

At the same time, Count Sergei Panin met Paul's eldest son Alexander, to whom a coup d'état was proposed.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Alexander would, according to the suggestion, act as his father's regent once he was deposed.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

There was no mention of murder.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

At the same time, Paul ordered to equip himself for the war against Austria and to ally with Napoleon.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[26] Paul was now fully enchanted by Napoleon and recognised France's rights to conquests.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Napoleon returned Malta to Paul, although the island was occupied by the British.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul created the so-called northern system, in which Denmark, Prussia and Sweden sided against Great Britain.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

A fanciful military operation was also envisaged.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

According to the formulas, France would send 35,000 men to Astrahan, after which 35,000 Russian men and 40,000 Cossacks would sail across the Caspian Sea, march through central Asia and Afghanistan to India to wage war with the British.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[27] Victim of conspiracy Almost all his life Paul feared assassination and it was also reflected in his behavior.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

When his wife had a conversation with a nobleman, Paul said to his wife that it was pointless to imagine that he was like Peter III.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He burdened his eldest sons Alexander and Constantin with so many tasks that they were hardly ever at home.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The intention was that weary grand princes can't bear to think of a coup.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

As Alexander's enforcer, Paul installed his faithful husband, Baron Arakcheyev, considered fearsome, who in his thought world was as far away from the still liberal Alexander at the time.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

To everyone's surprise, the men became friends.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[28] Paul was hated by the nobility not only for their limitation of rights and the corporal punishments inflicted upon them, but also for his ridiculously pedantic court ceremonies.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

During them, complete silence was supposed to prevail.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

When we knelt before the emperor, there had to be a voice that indicated that the knee really knocked to the floor and the mouth really had to kiss Paul's palm.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Mistakes were punished really harshly.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The court people feared that even the slightest mistake would cause them to be awakened in the middle of the night, taken in carriages and carriages taken towards Siberia.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Such an atmosphere contributed to the creation of spirit for the conspiracy.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[29] The suspicious and fearful Paul set about building a safer palace for himself, the Castle Michael.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

When an unwarranted fire alarm was issued at Pavlovsky Palace, Paul took out his sword and was ready to defend himself.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

After being pacified, he ordered two soldiers to be flogged under his eyes, accusing them of intimidation.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

To his son Alexander, he was from now on even more sincere.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

By the early part of 1800, there was still no conspiracy.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He had creditmen around him, such as the spymaster Rostopchi and Obolyaninov, the attendant of Hatsina accounts.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

One time, however, Paul sacked and insulted his creditmen and appointed men in their place who held a grudge against him.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

The conspiracy gradually began to take shape with the appointment of Peter von der Pahlen as Governor-General of the city of Saint Petersburg.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[30] Paul's assassination was also implicated in the assassination of his son Alexander I.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[31] Von der Pahlen made vague promises to Alexander about preserving Paul's spirit, he would be moved for life to a rural palace, and Alexander would serve as regent.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He also stated in vaguely broad terms that if Paul is not deposed, the killing of innocent people and mass deportations would begin in St. Petersburg.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Earlier, Count Sergei Panin flashed a similar plan.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[32] Immediately in the first weeks of 1801, Paul ordered the expulsion to Siberia of 16 officers.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Von der Pahlen set about returning a complicated game in which the victory would be to oust Paul.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He needed Paul's credit man, Figaro, on his side.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

It succeeded through a complicated marriage arrangement, allowing Figaro's daughter to marry a high noble.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Then von der Pahlen informed Paul that his sons, Alexander and Konstantin are conspiring against their father.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Paul began to contemplate punishment for his sons and von der Pahlen warned Alexander.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

Alexander told of the undue punishment threatening him and the 200 officers who supported him joined the conspiracy.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[33] On 1 February, Paul and his family moved to the newly completed and considered safe Castle Michael.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

However, security had caught up with the guards and von der Pahlen had qualified as security officer.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He knew the castle's daily passwords as well as the routes of passage and the vast majority of Paul's adjutants had been implicated in the conspiracy.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

He also gained the posts of Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Post Office for himself.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

As head of the Post Office, he had the power to open letters.


Question: How long was Paavali1 in power?

Paul I

[34] The ever-wary Paul had probably found out about the impending coup d'état.