Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

Mussolini's Italy, and especially Franco's Spain, was seen in Ireland in a very positive light.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

A fascist movement of some degree rose in Ireland, the so-called Blue Shirts led by General Eoin Duffy, who were ardent opponents of de Valera's republicans.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

However, there was no social order on the move, and eventually the whole organization was intrigued to volunteer for the Spanish Civil War on Franco's side.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

There are estimated to have been 600 Irish people involved in the fighting.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

[16] On the republican side, mainly individual leftists participated in the war, as was the author of Eoghan Ó Duinnín, an Irish-language memoir book An Niña Bonita agus an Róisín Dhubh, [17] or IRAs such as Frank Ryan, who had to Captive by Franco.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

[18] Despite its membership in the British Commonwealth, Éire remained neutral throughout World War II.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

However, tens of thousands of Irish people felt obliged to participate in the war against the Nazis, and the Irish state also acted behind the scenes effectively as an ally of the British.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

German pilots whose plane had crashed in Ireland were put in internment camps for the duration of the war, but British pilots who experienced a similar fate were quietly escorted to the vicinity of the Northern Ireland border.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

If German diplomats haunted the issue, the Irish innocently declared that Ireland was an English-speaking country where it was easy for escaped British pilots to blend in with the ordinary population and hassle free to acquire their own country, which, by chance, shared a land border with the Irish Free State with.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

In 1949 Éamon de Valera declared Ireland a Republic.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

The Republic seceded from the British Commonwealth in 1949, [19] but Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

For this reason, among other things, the IRA did not agree to cease its activities, seeing the de Valera Republic as merely a name tag and proclaiming the country to continue to be subjugated by the British connection</i>.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

Towards modernity in the early 1960s de Valera gave way from the seat of prime minister and the comparatively young Seán Lemass rose to it.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

De Valera himself then served two terms as president.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

[20] Under Lemass, Ireland moved swiftly towards modernity, leaving many of the aims of traditional nationalism by the wayside.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

For example, efforts to revitalise the Irish language were practically abandoned quietly.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

At the same time, Terence O'Neill, who modernized Northern Ireland, were children of the same spirit, and the men met in person, which by then was unheard of.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

[21] Convergence did not result in rapid results, however, as O'Neill's overly bold reforms created a backlash within his own Unionist Party, while a small improvement in the status of Catholics prompted this segment of the population to demand more rights.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

This led to the collapse of social peace in Northern Ireland.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

However, the head was open and Great Britain practically granted the Dublin government some part responsibility for Northern Ireland affairs.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

Although Margaret Thatcher, for example, steadfastly refused to consider any form of joint government, the post-Lemass period has meant Ireland's increasingly active involvement in the creation of peace in Northern Ireland, and an acceptance of responsibility for upholding it.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

Although relations with Great Britain have improved, Ireland's development has been more affected by the country's accession to the European Union in 1973.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

With membership, Irish people have become increasingly aware that there is more to the world than the English-speaking world, and young Irish people increasingly know both their own Irish and German and French.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

Equal membership of the European Union has made Irish people more nation-conscious in a new way: nationalism is no longer seen as mere anti-Englishness; there is a growing appreciation of one's own country's culture.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

This is also reflected in the strengthening of the position of the Irish language.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

After the millennium, Éamon Ó Cuív, the energetic Minister of Irish-language affairs, has taken an enthusiastic step to improve the status of the country's national language, not only in celebration, but also in practice: in 2003 the country received a new language law.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

In 2005, Irish became one of the official working languages of the EU.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

[22] In August 2008, Ireland fell into the clutches of the Depression as the first Western country.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

In March 2009, it lost its AAA credit rating.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

In November 2010, the government agreed an €85 billion aid package with the EU and the World Bank.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

[22] Sources Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hollis, Daniel Webster| title= The History of Ireland| location = Westport, Connecticut| publisher = Westport Press| year = 2001| id = ISBN 0-313- 31281-8| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: When did the Irish War of Independence end?

History of Ireland

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| format = [Google Books] | accessdate = 03/6/2012}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = McCarthy, John Patrick| title= Ireland: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present| publisher = Infobase Publish| year = 2006| id = ISBN 9780816053780}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = O'Brien, Conor & O'Brien, Maire| title = Ireland: A Concise History| publisher = Thames & Hudson| year = 1985| id = ISBN 9780500273791}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sjöblom , Tom| title = Island of the Winds: Journey to Ireland of Celts and Multipliers | location = Helsinki| publisher = Bookshop| year = 2011| id = ISBN 978-952-247-009-6}} *


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Antti Karhula (born March 23, 1976 in Oulu) is a Finnish ice hockey coach and former center striker.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Karhula played most of his playing career in Division I and Mestis.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

He also forged a major league career in France and Italy in two seasons as well as playing abroad in the lower leagues of Sweden and Germany as well.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[1] Karhula was known in Mestis first and foremost as a playmaker-type centric.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[2] Player Career First Men's Games in Kärp Karhula is raised by Oulu Kärppien.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

He won the Finnish Championship of C Youth in 1992 as well as the Finnish B Youth silver in 1993 and the Finnish Championship bronze in 1994.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Karhula debuted in men's games during the 1994—95 season, when he played not only for Kärppien A youth but also for Division II team Kiiming in Kiekko-Poj, [3] where Karhula played ten matches.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

With the Kärppi men's Division I team, Karhula debuted in the 1995—96 season, when he played two regular season games there.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

However, Karhula played most of his season in the club's A youth, with the top pitcher and second best point man he was with power-ups of 8+22=30.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

During the 1996—97 season, Karhula played entirely in the Kärppien A youth and was the team's top point man and pitcher with powers of 9+34=43.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

He won the All-A-Youth SM-liiga feeder exchange and shared the fourth place in points exchange with JYP's Mikko Liukonen.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[1] The 1997—98 season Karhula started on the strength of the Kärppien I-division team, but he moved on early in the season with Jukka Pietilä to pick up playing time for Uusikaupunki Jää-Kotki, who played in the same league.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

After 21 matches played there, however, Karhula returned to Kärpp.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

He qualified for a total of 33 regular season games in his rookie season in Division I proper, with a power score of 3+12=15.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

However, Karhula's playing time began the rest of the season to diminish with new acquisitions and he eventually moved on transfer deadline for the rest of the season to Team Kiruna of the Swedish Division I.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

In the summer of 1998, Karhula trained again with Kärppie, but ultimately there was no use for him in the plans of head coach Juhani Tamminen.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Karhula was entering the 1998—99 season with Division II team Eagle Titans, but his plans changed at the last minute nonetheless.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Karhula moved on to Mikkelin Jukures of the same series, coached to him by Risto Dufva, who is familiar to him from Kärp.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[4] He was the team's best pitcher and shared the intramural point-exchange win with Lasse Kanerva with powers of 4+20=24.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[1] Breakthrough to Mestis Karhula moved to the ranks of Division I pick up team KOOKO for the 1999—2000 season.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

With a power of 9+31=40, he shared an intra-team feeder exchange win with Timo Nurmberg and an internal points exchange win with Olle Sildre.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

For the 2000—01 season, Karhula returned on a 1+1-year contract to Jukurei, who had risen to Mestis, which had been established at the end of the previous season as a replacement for Division I.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

He set his Finnish second-league single-season points record with power-ups of 12+33=45, with Karhula as Jukureien's best pitcher and second best point man after Jani Väänänen.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

He finished seventh in the Mestis Points Exchange.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Karhula won the season-ending Mestis championship.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

He did not continue his option year at Jukurei for personal reasons, but returned for the 2001—02 season to Mestis rising team KooKooHo.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[4] Karhula's regular season missed only 16 games due to injuries, [5] but he won the entire playoff pitching exchange with his 13 assists.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Karhula won season-ending Mestis silver.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[1] For the 2002—03 season, Karhula moved to Mestis rising team Kajaanin Hokki.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[6] There was an option in his contract to move abroad.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Karhula was second in the intra-team points exchange with powers of 4+12=16 until he switched to Ours de Villard-de-Lans of the French premier league Élite Ligue in November 2002.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[7] Karhula won the intra-team feeder exchange with his 12 assists.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

He also won the French League Cup during the season.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[1] For the 2003—04 season, Karhula returned to KooKooHo again.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[8] He was expected to take on the top centrer role, but Karhula scored only power-ups of 1+1=2 in 13 games and his contract was terminated in November 2003.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[9] A few days later Karhula moved to continue his Mestis career at Vaasan Sport.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[10] His grips on Sport too were weak.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

In the fifth quarterfinal match against his former club KooKoo, Karhula finally committed a fatal error after losing the puck in front of his own goal to his former chain-mate Reino Soijärvi, who settled the semi-final spot for KooKoo in overtime with a reading of 2—3.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[4] [11] After years in Italy and Germany, Karhula returned for the 2004—05 season to Jukures, still coached by Risto Dufva.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[2] However, he failed to make the team as expected and only played two regular season matches, after which Karhula transferred for the rest of the season to Real Torino HC of the Italian Serie A.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[12] He won the intra-team points-and-goal exchange with powers of 15+12=27.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

For the 2005—06 season, Karhula moved part of Turin, lured by the familiar Wade Winkler, to Germany's third highest league tier, Oberliga 1.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

EV to Weiden.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[4] He won the whole series feeder exchange [3] and finished second in the points exchange ahead of only Peter Campbell of EV Ravensburg.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[1] In the summer of 2006, Karhula trained with the Jukurien Mestis team.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

He moved up for the 2006—07 season to Germany's second highest league level 2.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

into the team of ETC Crimmitschau playing in the Bundesliga.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[13] However, in late January 2007, Karhula returned to the Oberliga lower than league level and moved up the ranks of EHC Freiburg as his playing time at the Crimmitschau diminished with further expat acquisitions.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[4] In the 2007—08 season, Karhula was the third best point man in Freiburg with powers of 16+38=54.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[1] In August 2008, Karhula returned to training strength at KOOKO for the time being.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[14] He played one practice match for the team, after which Karhula returned to his hometown of Oulu and transferred to Suomi-sarja team Kiekko-Laser.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[15] He was only able to play five matches there, after which Karhula ended his playing career after receiving the position of coaching manager of the Pohjois-Kyme Sports Association.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

However, he appeared in the rest of the 2008—09 season for Valkeala's Kieko II division team.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[16] In the 2009—10 season, Karhula appeared for HC Kuusankoski's Suomi serial team.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[3] Coaching career Karhula started his coaching career with Kooko's C youth I-division team during the 2010—11 season.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

For the 2011—12 season, he was named head coach of the club's A youth I-Division team.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[17] Karhula held the position for three seasons.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[1] At the conclusion of his most recent season, 2013—14, he led Kooko to second place in the A youth Mestis.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[18] For the 2014—15 season, Karhula was named head coach of the Finnish league team Kokkola Hermes.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[18] He led the team to season-ending silver.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Hermes was elevated after the season to Mestis.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Karhula also served as an assistant coach of the Estonian A national team in the coaching team led by compatriot Jussi Tupamäki for the 2015 and 2016 IB Division World Championships.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

Both tournaments finished in fifth place.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[3] In his first season with Mestis in 2015—16, Karhula piloted Hermes to the quarterfinals.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

In the following 2016—17 season, the team finished fourth in the regular season, but lost the quarterfinal series to Espoo United with match-winning 4—2.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

In the middle of the 2017—2018 season, in December 2017 Karhula was announced to step down from Hermes head coach duties.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

The team was second-last in the Mestis regular season.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

[19] Statistics 1994—1995Fly-SM190116——————KKPII Division103146 ————1995—1996Fly-SM368223040———————Kärpäti-Division20000———————1996—1997Fly-SM369344376——————1997—1998UJKI Division212101216———————Kärpäti Division12121230—————Team Kiruna I50112—————1998—1999Jukuritii Division144202414——————1999—2000Koooi Division479314028301122000— 2001Jukuritmestis42123345281217862001—2002kookomestis16314178131131442002-2003Hokkimestis164121626—————Ours de Villard-de-LansFrance170121218——————2003—2004kookomestis131124—————Sportmestis24373737373737373737373737373737108501122004—2005Jukuritmestis2—————————Real Turin HCitalia3515122712——————2005—20061.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

EV Weidenol5123739680311262006—2007etc Crimmitschau2.


Question: Where was Antti Karhula born?

Antti Karhula

BL402222428—————EHC Freiburgol10591410403342007—2008EHC Freiburgol461638544210268142008—2009disc-Laser Finland51458————Valkiii Division—————————2009—2010HC KSNKSUOMI-SERIES————————KSNKSUOMI series—————————————8 through the total-div. /Mestis195351101451183322224141 SeasontotalMalia3515122712—————————1 seasonTotal French170121218———— Sources at References Category:Finnish ice hockey coaches Category:Finnish ice hockey players Category:Living persons


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Vatican City (,) [1], officially the Vatican City State (,) is the smallest independent state in the world surrounded by the Italian capital Rome in terms of area and population.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In terms of area, it is only 44hectares.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The sovereign head of state of the Vatican is the pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In statesmanship, the Vatican is a theocracy; all political power rests with the clergy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In practice, supreme power is exercised not only by the pope but by cardinals appointed by him, whose duties include electing a pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Colloquially, the Vatican can mean not only the state itself, but also the supreme leadership of the Catholic Church.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Vatican itself has no political or military influence.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In terms of infrastructure and economy, it is fully tied to its neighbour Italy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The state is not part of the United Nations other than as an observer member through the Holy See.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[2] Despite this, the Vatican carries a great deal of international weight because the Catholic Church is run from the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Geography Vatican City Region The Vatican City is one of Europe's dwarf states and is completely surrounded by the city of Rome.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Vatican has no bodies of water at all, and farming is not practiced there; 100% of the area is urban terrain.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Vatican also has no natural resources whatsoever and there is no industry in the country.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[3] The Vatican is located on the hill of the same name, near which flows the Tiber River.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[4] The Vatican hill is gentle, and the differences in height are not very large.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The highest point in the Vatican is located at an unnamed location at 75 metres above sea level; the lowest point is at 19 m.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[3] The 44 hectare area of Vatican City State comprises, for the most part, the walled Vatican Hill area in the immediate vicinity of St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[4] In addition to St. Peter's Basilica and the square in front of it, the Papal Apostolic Palace, the Vatican Museums (with the Sistine Chapel and the Popic Pinacoch Collection), the Vatican City Administrative Building, or the Governorate administration buildings, the Swiss Guard barracks, the delivery and printing house of L'Osservatore Romano, a small part of Paul VI's Audience Hall, and an extensive Vatican Garden.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

According to the Lateran Accords of 1929, both St. Peter's Basilica and St. Peter's Square in front of it are open to the public.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Although the square belongs to Vatican City State, security on its grounds is the responsibility of the Italian police and not the Swiss Guards.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

However, the powers of the police end at the foot of the stairs leading to St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

For the duration of special ceremonies, St. Peter's Square may also be closed to the public.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In this case, the police force will also have to withdraw from the square into the territory of the Italian state.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The border between Vatican City and Italy is not clear at Camposanto Teutonico, a German cemetery, or at Paul VI's audience hall.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

There are also minor differences in the boundary draw on official maps.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In practice, the exact course of the border is irrelevant, since the Holy See enjoys special, so-called exterritorial rights in these areas.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

On their basis, the territories are under the direct control of the Pope, although they are part of the territory of the Italian state.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[4] Exterritorial areas of the Holy See, in addition to the Audience Hall of Camposanto Teutonico and Paul VI, the Holy See enjoys exterritorial rights in several areas and several buildings inside and outside Rome.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[5] The rights are based on the Lateran Contracts of 1929.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

So the territories are not part of Vatican City State, but they are still under the control of the Pope and subject to his jurisdiction.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Thus, in terms of international law, their status can be compared to the territories of embassies of foreign states.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In addition, they are covered by the Vatican Post and Telephone Institute and follow the legal order of the Vatican City State.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The most important of the exterritorial areas are the early Christian basilicas of San Giovanni in Laterano, namely the Lateran Basilica, Santa Maria Maggiore and San Paolo fuori le mura.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

According to the Lateran Treaties, every church located on the territory of the Italian state where the Pope performs a religious ceremony closed to outsiders is exterritorial for the duration of this ceremony.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Climate Vatican Climate winters are mild and rainy; winter lasts from September to May.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

From May to September, the climate is hot, and summers are dry.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[3] History Before the Lateran Treaties Until the 14th century, the papal administration was located in the Lateran Palace.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Vatican () meant the hill on the right side of the Tiber River, on which, in antiquity, a circus built by Emperor Nero was located.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The name of the hill comes from the Etruscan, although in the past it has been thought to be derived from the Latin word 'divination' meaning vates (cf.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

vāticinātiō 'prediction').


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[6] [7] A small cemetery was located north of the circus, where the apostle Peter is presumed to have been buried.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[8] Soon the first church was built in the area and, in the 3rd century, the larger Constantine Basilica.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[9] Thus the Vatican became a key pilgrimage site.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In the following centuries, more buildings were built in the area to provide pilgrims with a place to stay.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In the 8th century, Pope Leo IV built fortification equipment (civitas leonina) for protection in the area.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

However, the Papal Cathedral Church still remained the Lateran Church.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Popes established the Church State, citing the so-called Deed of Gift of Constantine.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In 751, this right was confirmed.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In a deed of gift, Emperor Constantine gives Pope Sylvester I and his successors power over Rome and the cities of Western Rome.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[10] This was the so-called St. Peter's legacy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In addition, according to the document, the Pope was given the regalia of the emperor and the priests the rank of senator.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[10] Constantine was left with East Rome, according to the deed of gift.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

According to the deed of gift, the reason for the donation was the advice on Christianity given by the Pope to the Emperor.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Pope had also baptized him, according to the deed of gift


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[10] The Catholic Church did not admit the deed of gift as a forgery until the 19th century.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[10] With the return of the popes from Avignon to Rome in 1377 and the end of the schism, the Vatican became the centre of papal administration, the Curia, the Church State and the Catholic Church as a whole.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

After the schism, new ecclesiastical unity was sought to be emphasised by large-scale construction projects spanning centuries.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

For example, St. Peter's was replaced by a new, even larger church.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The churchstate expanded at the same time.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Until the 19th century, it covered present-day central Italy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In 1798, however, under the influence of the French Revolution, it was declared a republic, the territories of which were annexed in 1808 by the Kingdom of Italy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[11] At the Congress of Vienna, the Church State was again re-established.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[11] During the period of Italian unification, King Viktor Emanuel II occupied the Church State militarily against the will of Pope Pius IX.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[12] This began a period known as the Vatican's imprisonment, when the Papal See maintained cool relations with the Italian state and when the popes refused to leave the surrounding areas of St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[12] The popes who succeeded Pius IX continued to keep relations with Italy cold.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Pius IX to the Papal See was succeeded first by Leo XIII, then Pius X and Pius XI's predecessor Benedict XV.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

It was not until the pontificate of Benedict XV that some degree of negotiations with the Italian state began.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Lateran Treaties and the establishment of the Vatican In 1922, Pius XI, who was elected Pope, wanted to end the dispute between Italy and the Holy See and succeeded in this.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[13] As early as 1919, when Benedict XV had been pope, negotiations had begun between the papal curia and the Italian state.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Prior to the formal negotiations under Pius XI, there had also been a few non-official and semi-official negotiations with Italy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[14] Pius XI held formal negotiations in 1929 with the leader of Fascist Italy Benito Mussolini.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

As a result of the negotiations, the Lateran Treaties were concluded that same year, guaranteeing the Vatican independence and the Catholic Church a favoured nation status in Italy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[15] The treaties therefore established the state of the Vatican, and they also gave back the dependency of the papal seat and to the pope control over the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[14] The Lateran Treaties also agreed on a concordat between Italy and the papal seat.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[14] As a result of the Concordat, Catholicism was made the state religion and schools began to teach religion in accordance with the Catholic Church.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[14] In addition, the Papal See received reparations against it for the wrongs it had received in the dispute between Italy and the Papal Seat.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The sum of the reparations amounted to Italian Lire 1750 million.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[14] The Pope had to return Mussolini himself, such as, for example, ceasing support for the Christian People's Party, which was opposed to fascists.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[15] Pope Pius XI forbade priests from participating in politics, leaving, among others, Luigi Sturzo, who led the Popular Party, voluntarily went into exile.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[15] Administration and Politics Sovereign Statesmanship The Vatican City State is a theocracy, and according to the state constitution the supreme legislative, executive and judicial power in the Vatican City State is vested in the Pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[16] Vatican City is therefore a monarchy governed in absolute terms.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The pope is simultaneously both the head of the Vatican City State and the head of the Catholic Church.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Pope is in the Catholic Church the Bishop of Rome, and since the Apostle Peter is considered within the Church to have held that office as well, the Pope is considered in the Catholic Church to be Peter's successor.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Thus, the Pope is considered to have a position of supremacy over the church circle.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Although Vatican City itself does not carry great political weight, the pope has numerous international influence and, as the official spiritual leader of about a billion Catholics, he himself also carries political weight.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Civil Service Crew Although the Pope is a sovereign head of state, the papal curia manages the organization of the Catholic Church.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Curia consists mainly of the Curiacardinals, that is, Catholics who received the rank of cardinal working in the curia, as well as lower-ranking officials.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Among other things, the curia is divided into congregants that are responsible for each of their own fields.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[17] Congregation is usually headed by a high-ranking cardinal; for example, the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith was presided over by Benedict XVI, who was later pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The functions of the Curia also include organizing various international meetings among Catholic spiritual leaders.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[18] The most important of the offices of the papal curia is the Secretariat of State, headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State, who is simultaneously also head of the College of Cardinals.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[19] The Secretariat of State is responsible for foreign ministries in secular states in terms of function and status.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[19] The Curia is mainly able to work independently, but it is always under the authority of the pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Likewise, the office of supreme Curia leaders is always tied to the ruling pope; when the pope dies, most of the Curia leaders lose their positions.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[20] Normally, however, the new pope appoints at least part of the curia back to his posts, although there is no compulsion to do so, and usually the Pope changes at least the leadership of the curia to those of his own policy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Domestic politics Due to papal dominance, domestic political changes are possible only after the Pope's death.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

During his term as papacy, or pontificate, each pope pursues such policies as he wishes, and only the reigning pope has the opportunity to decide the content of that policy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

It is impossible to dismiss the pope from office, [21] so in practice the Pope is able to pursue the policies he wants right up to the end of his life.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

However, papal power ceases to exist as soon as the ruling pope passes away.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In this case, the Catholic Church finds itself in a sedisvak, that is, a state where the pope's episcopal seat is empty.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Papal power then passes to the College of Cardinals.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Nominally, the highest power after the death of a pope is held by a cardinal chamberlain named camerlengo, whose task is taken to organise the papal invasion, or conclave.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The conclave is practically the only situation in which cardinals can tangibly change the course of papal politics.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Conclaves usually show a desire for change among cardinals; a diplomatic pope is followed by a religious pope and a longtime pope by a short-term pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[21] For this reason, cardinals who were close to the previous pope do not necessarily have a chance in the conclave; rather, the college often seeks to seek a candidate distinctive from the previous pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[21] However, predicting the course of a conclave is often difficult, and the conclave does not necessarily end up with obvious solutions, and the election is often a surprise.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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This is described by the saying used in Rome: “whoever goes to the conclave as pope comes out as a cardinal”.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[22] The unpredictability of choice is heightened by the need for a new pope to win over a two-thirds majority of cardinals, and since the College of Cardinals is generally divided on the papal question, it is difficult for advance favourites to gather the necessary support together.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[22] Dissenting cardinals often find themselves in search of compromise candidates that satisfy different parties.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[22] Holy See Vatican City State is subject to the administrative authority of the Holy See.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In international law, the Holy See is a stateless subject of international law, outwardly representing the Papal See and the Catholic Church.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Vatican City has no ambassadors of its own, but is represented by envoys and ambassadors appointed by the Holy See, or nuntis.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

However, these hold the citizenship of the Vatican City State, as long as they are in diplomatic service of the Holy See.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Holy See has permanent observer status at the United Nations and additionally is an observer or full member of many UN sub-organizations.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Vatican City is today the only undeniably independent state that is not a full member of the UN.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Exclaves under the Holy See, subject to exterritorial rights in and around Rome, are not part of the state territory of Vatican City State.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Foreign Policy The Holy See is responsible for the foreign policy of the Vatican City State.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Since the first centuries of their history, popes have pursued a diligent foreign policy in which the papal seat has sought to interfere with the activities of other states and also denominations as well as the episcopal seats.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In modern times, the Vatican's foreign policy is still active, and the Pope makes several state visits to different countries and often takes positions on current political issues.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Especially during Pope John Paul II (as pope 1978−2005), the Pope gained much prominence in the world media, and John Paul II's political weight and moral authority was significant.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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An example is the activities of the Vatican and the Pope in communist Poland, the homeland of John Paul II, where in 1980 the dispute between Polish citizens and the communist regime escalated further due to the establishment of the Solidarity movement.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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At the same time, the Vatican supported the move, if only tacitly


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[23] Recognition of the anti-communist solidarity movement on 31 August 1980 can be seen as a victory for the Vatican, even if the state had not formally intervened.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[24] Despite the Catholic Church's non-participation in the negotiations on the Solidarity Movement, it must have had an impact on events.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[24] John Paul II's visit to communist Poland caused an outright popular movement following the Pope, and the Pope was noted as a major threat all the way to the Soviet Union.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[25] The foreign policy of the Vatican City State through the papacy also includes visits to various states by popes.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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Visits became especially common under Paul VI (as pope 1963−1978), and he became the first pope to visit all five continents.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[26] During his pontificate he visited countries such as Israel, India, Italy, the United States, Portugal, Turkey, Colombia, Switzerland, Uganda, Pakistan, the Philippines and Australia.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[27] During his travels, the Pope participated in a number of different meetings and events, for example the National Conference on the Eucharist in Italy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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[28] In addition, the Pope met several heads of state during his travels.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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Later, Pope John Paul II broke the Popes' travel record held by Paul VI by visiting a total of 129 states, and the combined length of the journeys became another million km.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[29] John Paul II also conducted a number of receptions and visits considered moral foreign policy openings.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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He received in 1982 PLO leader Yasser Arafat at the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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1986 he visited a Jewish synagogue in Rome.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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1989 John Paul II received Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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1995 During his visit to the Republic of South Africa, the Pope met Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress (ANC), who had been known as a political prisoner.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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1998 In Cuba, he met with the country's president, Fidel Castro.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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In 2001, he visited a mosque in Syria.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

One example of the Holy See's relations with other states is relations between the Holy See and China, which have recently cooled.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The reason is a dispute over the right to appoint bishops.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Vatican City and the Pope consider it their right to appoint or at the very least approve the appointments of new bishops, but the Chinese government sees this as interference in its internal affairs.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

More recently, China has appointed a few bishops without the approval of the Pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Intervals between China and the Vatican have also been chafed by the question of Taiwan.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[30] The Communist government of the People's Republic of China has criticised the Pope and the Holy See for diplomatic relations with Taiwan.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[30] In 1999, the Chinese government blocked the Pope's visit to Hong Kong precisely because of diplomatic relations with Taiwan.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[30] Since its founding, the Vatican City State has had relations with dictatorships, first with Fascist Italy led by Mussolini.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Pope Pius XI approved in 1933 with a concordat of National Socialism and the party led by Hitler.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[31] [32] [33] Army and Security Policy The Swiss Guard, together with the Vatican gendarmes, is responsible for the internal order of the Vatican City State.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The name Swiss Guard derives its roots from the fact that its soldiers — all hundred — are trained in Switzerland [34].


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Swiss Guard itself is older than the Vatican State and was established in the Middle Ages (to be precise in 1506 [34]) at the behest of Pope Julius II, when he wanted the Vatican to secure bringing mercenaries from Helvetia to the Church State.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[35] The Swiss Guard is thus the oldest army in the world.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

It has found itself in combat only once in its history, when it 1527 defended the Pope against Emperor Charles V's armies [34].


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Under the Lateran Treaties of 1929, the Italian state is responsible for the external security of the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[36] In addition to the Swiss Guard, the Vatican is protected by its walls.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Judicial system Legislative power in the Vatican City State is exercised if the Pope does not reserve decision-making power for himself or delegates it to one of the cardinals of the Curia, a papal commission of the Vatican City State composed of seven cardinals.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Its members are appointed by the pope for five years at a time.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The commission will work on draft laws, which will be audited by the Secretariat of State and forwarded to the Pope for approval.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Commission is mainly responsible for the Vatican's economic and fiscal policies.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The practical executive is provided by the Administrative Office of the Vatican City State.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

At the same time, its director is also the head of the papal commission responsible for the affairs of the Vatican City State.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

He is aided by the General Secretary, who heads the Administrative Office, who heads the central government.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Important administrative issues are subordinated to the papal commission or secretariat of state, and thus ultimately to the Pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The legal system consists of the Sub-Court, the Court of Appeals and the Court of Impeachment.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The courts exercise the power delegated to them by the Pope, and they give their judgments in the name of the pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

According to the Constitution, he has the right to take any dispute or criminal case before him at any stage of the judicial process and transfer its proceedings to another instance or resolve the matter himself.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[36] In such a situation, all other legal means lose their relevance.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Also, on any decision of the court, one can appeal to the Pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Economy As an independent state, the Vatican also has its own state finances.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Although not part of the European Union, the state has a bilateral agreement with the EU that the country's official currency is the euro.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Before the euro, Italian liras were used in the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Like other euro countries, the Vatican has the right to mint its own coins.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Due to the very limited number of Vatican euro coins, they are a popular collector's item.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[37] Although part of the euro area, the Vatican is subject to customs regulations similar to trade outside the European internal market in general.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

So the Vatican has a special treatment like Åland.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The main sources of income for Vatican City State are income from real estate — the Vatican owns about 2400 tenement houses outside its state territory — as well as operating profit generated by stores in the Vatican area.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Revenues from the Vatican supermarket, gas station, pharmacy and clothing store go directly to government coffers.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Additional revenue the state receives from souvenir shops, ticket revenue for museums, as well as donations.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Also an important source of income are the sale of the Vatican's own euro coins and commemorative medals and stamps to collectors.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[3] The Vatican also owns gold stored in bank vaults in New York City, some 850 properties with a combined value of about €1.5 billion, as well as an untold amount of immeasurably valuable art treasures.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

There is an explicit provision in the law of Vatican City State that church taxes may not be used to disguise state expenses.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Church taxes compiled around the world are used to disguise spending by local parishes and dioceses.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

According to medieval tradition, in Catholic churches, a special colleaf, the so-called St. Peter's, is collected once a year for the Holy See.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[3] However, this too may not be used to cover the expenditure of the Vatican City State, but to fund the activities of the Catholic Church worldwide.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

According to CIA records, the Vatican budget has revenues and expenditures of about 300 million US dollars.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[3] Transport and communication The Vatican City State has since 1933 had its own railway station and 852 meters of railway.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Normally, the Vatican Railway is used only for the transportation of goods.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

A department store has been located in the station building since 2003.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Still under Pope John Paul II, the railway was also partly used by the Pope, although John Paul II used the station only twice, in 1979 to travel to the next railway station in Rome and in 2002 to travel to Assisi.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The railway is relatively redundant for passenger transport, since the nearest Rome Metro station is estimated to be about ten minutes walk to the northern parts of the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[38] The Vatican is also equipped with an autonomous and modern telephone network.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[39] There is also a Post Office in the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Relative to population, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the Vatican has the highest number of letters in the world, i.e. 7200 letters per person according to 2004 data.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[40] There is also a gas station on the territory of the Vatican, where it is possible to buy tax-free gasoline, which is cheaper than the fuel sold by Roman petrol stations.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

However, gasoline should not be bought by anyone, but only by a small group of privileged people.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[41] There is no airport on the territory of the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The heliport, however, is.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Population on the territory of Vatican City City resides around 800 people, of whom about 450 hold Vatican City citizenship.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[42] Among them are approximately 101 Swiss Guardsmen and some 43 other laymen.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[43] Approximately half of all people with citizenship do not even live in the Vatican, but are forced to live in other states because of their work duties.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[42] The civil rights of the Vatican do not operate on the basis of Ius sanguinis or Ius soli, but are always bound to some office or position.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[43] Because of this, civil rights also cease when a person leaves office or office.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Citizenship is thus limited in time and is not a substitute for citizenship of another country.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Since the pope usually rules until his death, citizenship is practically lifelong for him.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

However, if the Pope resigns his post, his citizenship will cease too.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In addition to the pope, Vatican citizenship belongs to the Swiss Guardsmen, senior officials of the Curia and those cardinals who reside in the Vatican or elsewhere in Rome.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Citizenship shall also be granted by priests and laymen who reside on a permanent basis within the Vatican, with special permission issued by the Pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In addition to this, nunties and other envoys to the Holy See also have Vatican civil rights, as long as their mission book is valid.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

These Vatican City citizens living outside Rome account for about half of all Vatican citizens.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[42] Of the approximately 3000 people who work in the Vatican, very few have Vatican City citizenship, and they generally do not reside in the territory of the state either.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

They can roughly be divided into five groups: Staff: chefs, cleaners, guides, chamber servants, vendors, librarians, restorers, etc. Clergy: priests, many of whom admittedly also work in administrative positions or as art historians etc. Security personnel: Swiss Guard, gendarmes and guards at museums and churches.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Radio and press: Editorial by L'Osservatore Romano and staff of Vatican Radio.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Teachers and researchers at universities and research institutes affiliated with the Vatican City State.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

All of the citizens of the Vatican are Catholics, and Catholicism is therefore the only religion present in the state.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[3] Vatican citizenship is practically a condition of the Catholic faith, since, for example, cardinality, papacy or membership of the Swiss Guard all require the Catholic religion.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Similarly, in practice, only Catholics are admitted to the papal curia.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Crime The Vatican crime statistics are among the world's top category in terms of population.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[44] This is primarily due to the very low population of the Vatican, as crime statistics are not proportionate to the millions of tourists visiting the Vatican every year.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

According to a 2002 report, the Vatican's crime rate, relative to population, is twenty-fold, for example, compared with neighbouring Italy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[44] The same report also states, for example, St. Peter's Basilica and the Vatican Museum as “a paradise for pickpockets”.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[44] However, crime in the Vatican is predominantly small crimes and pickpocketing against tourists, although serious crimes sometimes occur as well.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In 1998, for example, one of the members of the Swiss Guard shot his commander, as well as his wife, and then killed himself.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[44] No prisoner sits in the Vatican serving his sentence.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[44] This is because the Vatican sends the criminals it has captured to Italy, where they serve their sentences.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[44] Culture Buildings The Vatican is home to a number of culturally historically significant buildings.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

For example, St. Peter's Basilica, which combines both Renaissance style and Baroque style, is a significant historic building.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The church dates from the 17th century, although its construction work was started as early as Pope Julius II in 1506.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

St. Peter's Basilica was completed in 1615, and it was inaugurated in 1626.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

St. Peter's is one of the largest churches in the world; it has a length of 212 meters, a height of 133 meters, an area of 23000 m², and a volume of more than 60000 m³.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Based on its size, St. Peter's Basilica is the largest religious building in the world, [45] although some existing churches have an area of as well as height that is larger than that.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[46] Today, St. Peter's Basilica is mainly occupied by the Pope.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The grounds of the small Vatican can also accommodate a complex of buildings known as the Apostolic Palace, which includes the Sistine Chapel.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The popes' interest in making culturally significant buildings was underpinned in an important part by the pontificate of Pope Nicholas V in the 15th century.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Nikolaus was a proponent of the sciences and arts, and his importance, especially to the Vatican bibliophilia, was significant.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Nikolaus V therefore considered that, in addition to the writings aimed at the scholastic system, the Church also had to provide impressive buildings for the unlearned people.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[47] On his deathbed, the Pope said to his cardinals: The paintings and frescoes The most famous paintings and frescoes in Vatican City State are undoubtedly the decorations of the Sistine Chapel painted by Michelangelo.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The most famous frescoes in the chapel are undoubtedly Michelangelo's Creation Story and The Last Judgment.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Five of the nine paintings in the center of the ceiling depict the creation narrative: the separation of light and dark, the creation of the Sun and Moon, the separation of Heaven and Water, and in two separate picture fields, the creation of Adam and Eve.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The image of God appears in these frescoes as it has lived in the minds of men from generation to generation.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

He has a steady gaze, a wrinkled forehead and grey hair and beard that blazes in the wind.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Due to the shortened perspective, he appears in some images to come from the heavens directly towards the viewer.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The best known and most influential of the images in the creation narrative is the creation of Adam.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In Michelangelo's fresco, God gives life to man by touching this with his fingertip.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Adam lies on the ground, and God approaches, supported by angels and wrapped in a wide cloak, as if sailing through space.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Adam seems to wake up from a deep sleep and looks devoutly at the fatherly face of God.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

He has trouble raising his hand and extending his index finger.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The touch of the hands is the focal point of the composition of the picture and the excitement and energy of the whole painting is concentrated on it.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

This composition by Michelangelo is considered one of the greatest achievements in art history and is one of the most famous works of fine art.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In exile from Paradise, Michelangelo expressed the dramatics of events in a stark reduced landscape.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Adam and Eve's bodies are fearfully crouched and their faces have the distorted look of a sufferer.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The woman here is not shown to be guilty alone; both seem to share their guilt.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In a picture showing paradise, Adam and Eve are framed in the space surrounding them, but after being expelled they appear to have fallen into a menacingly infinite environment.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Last Judgment is a giant fresco on the altar wall with more than 390 human figures.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Michelangelo did not make a frame for the picture, so the work is like part of a vast ensemble that continues beyond the chapel walls.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Jesus is on his throne in the midst of the saints to determine the fate of the living and the dead.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Maria has pressed against him.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The rescued rise from below from their graves, supported by angels, to heaven.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Bottom right appear those doomed to damnation on their way to the underworld, where frightening devils await them.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Michelangelo, in this portrayal, was clearly influenced by Dante's Divine play Hell.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Sculptures The Vatican St. Peter's Basilica is not only an architecturally significant building; it also contains a number of works by some of the most prominent artists of the Middle Ages.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Gian Lorenzo Bernini was involved in decorating the interior of St. Peter's Basilica by making several notable works of art for the church.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The atrium's baldaquin, or altar canopy, which dominates the architecture of the interior of St. Peter's Basilica, is sculpted by Bernini.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[48] The thirty metre high altar canopy has been worked with great precision and is full of different details.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[48] Bernini's handwriting is also on the monument to Pope Alexander VII.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

There are numerous substantial sculptures in the church.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[49] They include Michelangelo's famous sculpture Pietà, completed in 1499, [50] which shows the Virgin Mary in her arms with the dead Jesus.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Initially the sculpture was prepared for the Basilica of Constantine, but later it was moved to the newer St. Peter's Basilica.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The sculpture is considered one of the most important works in Michelangelo's production.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[48] St Peter's Basilica also has monuments of popes carved by Pollaiuolo, Canova and Thorvaldsen.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The numerous monuments to popes in St. Peter's Basilica include a monument to Gregory XIII, a monument built to Clement XIII [51], and a monument erected in memory of John XXIII.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[51] The monuments of popes in St. Peter's Basilica represent the stylistic directions of different eras.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The monuments to Alexander VII and Urbanus VIII executed by Bernini are Baroque, while the monument to Sixtus IV, made by Pollaiuolo, is Renaissance-style.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[48] Science Bibliophilia as a major milestone in the history of science practiced by the popes can be attributed to the pontificate of Pope Nicholas V in 1447—1455.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Nikolaus V was the first of the humanist popes, and he greatly favoured the sciences and the arts.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Vatican sciences was particularly supported by the Pope in question with regard to books, as an avid enthusiast of bibliophilia he decided to establish a library in Rome “for the common good of the scholars” and to acquire there “all Greek and Latin books worthy of the Papacy and the Apostolic See”.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[52] Nicholas V collected books all over Europe by sending his agents to find them, and upon his death the Papal See was left in possession of the most extensive book collection of that era, comprising over one thousand and two hundred manuscripts.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[53] Among these were several works by Greek philosophers of antiquity, such as Aristotle, which had been translated by scholars from the East who had acquired Nicholas V to Rome.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Nikolaus V's activities resulted in the creation of the Vatican Library Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, which is still a very significant scientific library.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[53] The actions of Pope Leo XIII, who reigned at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, include the opening of the Vatican archives for use by scholars in 1883.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The Pope justified his decision to open the archives to Protestant scholars as well, saying, “The Church has nothing to fear in truth.” [54] As a result of Leo XIII's decision, several European states established their own research institutes in Rome.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

At the same time, the states sent their historiographers to consult the archives.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In addition, the work tasks of the researchers included reproducing documents relating to their own country.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Leo XIII valued scientific research anyway, resulting in him, among other things, modernizing the Vatican Observatory.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Pope Pius XI, who reigned in the 20th century, was, like Nicholas V, a pope supporting the sciences and the arts.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Only after the lateran treaties and the reparations they brought could Pius XI begin to financially help the sciences and the arts.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Pius XI's actions included the reorganisation of the papal Academy of Sciences, whose membership included, for example, the Finnish scientist Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, who later won the Nobel Prize.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Pius XI also added a Missionary Historical-Ethnographic Museum to the Vatican collections.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[55] Pius XI also accumulated the collections of the Vatican Library, after all he was a former librarian himself.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[55] In addition to receiving substantial donations, Pius XI also purchased various collections.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[55] Due to the upheavals of World War I, many different libraries circulated on the market, much of which were from the territory of the disintegrated Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[55] Like the civilized humanist Pope Nicholas V, Pius XI sent agents throughout Europe to obtain literature and manuscripts to the Vatican.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[55] Astronomy The Holy See, which administers the Vatican, also owns the Vatican Observatory, one of the oldest astronomical institutes in the world.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[56] The popes' interest in astronomy can be dated to Pope Gregory XIII, who, among other things, invited mathematicians and astronomers belonging to the Jesuits to carry out scientific research.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

The current Vatican Observatory dates back to Pope Leo XIII's declaration of Ut Mysticam, published in 1891.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[56] Initially, the observatory was located on a hill behind St. Peter's Basilica, but Pope Pius X gave it a new and larger location in the Vatican Gardens.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[56] It was not until Pope Pius XI moved the activities of the observatory away from the Vatican to Castel Gandolfo, the Pope's summer residence.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[56] In the 1980s, the former Vatican Observatory could no longer be used in the 1980s due to light pollution in Rome, so a second research facility was set up for the observatory outside Italy in US Arizona.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[56] The spectroscope of the Jesuit-managed telescope has been named Lucifer.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[57] Sports The Vatican has a football team and a cricket national team.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

In January 2019, it announced that it had created an athletics national team and plans to become a member of the International General Athletics Federation IAAF and also participate in the Olympic Games in the future.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

[58] See also Holy See Vatican Library Vatican City national football team Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Harris, Nicholas & Turner, Joanna & Aston, Claire| title = All-time records| others = Translated by Jani Kaaro| publisher = Gummerus| year = 1998| id = ISBN 951-20-6638-6}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Heininen, Simo| title = Larger: History of the Papacy | location = Helsinki| publisher = Edita| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-37-4184-2}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| title = History of Christianity 2000: From Reformation to Modern| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-35-6515-7}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vircondelet, Alain| title = John Paul II: Biography| others = Translated by Vartiainen, Osmo| location = Helsinki| publisher = Family Media| year = 2005| id=ISBN 952-210-082-X}} Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) References Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

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(in French) (in Italian) (in Spanish) (in Portuguese) Article ([{{fullurl: {{1}}} |action=edit}} edit] | [[Talk: {{{1}}} |talk]] | [{{fullurl: {{1}}} |action=history}} history] | [{{fullurl: {{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=protect}} protect] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=delete}} delete] | [{{fullurl:special:whatlinkshere/ {{{1 }}} |limit=999}} links] | [{{fullurl: {{{1}}} |action=watch}} watch] | |) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

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Question: In what year is the Vatican State established?

Vatican City

Category:Key articles on screening Category:41.5 Southern Europe


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Donald Franciszek Tusk (born 22 April 1957 in Gdańsk) is a Polish politician.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Tusk took over as President of the European Council in December 2014.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[1] Prior to his appointment to head the European Council, Tusk was a member of the centre-right Civic Forum he founded (, pre.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

DG) chaired from 2003 to 2014 and served as Prime Minister of Poland from 2007 to 2014.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Early years Donald Tusk's both parents are born in the free city of Danzig (now.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Gdańsk).


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

The Tusks are among the Kashubs, a minority nation of Poland.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Hardly the father was a carpenter and the mother worked as a nurse.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

His grandfather, who served as a railroader, was first put into a concentration camp during World War II and later, in the final stages of the war, he was forced drafted into the German army.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[1] Tusk finished the Copernicus High School in Gdańsk in 1976 [2] and studied history at the University of Gdańsk.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

He graduated in 1980 after doing his closing work on Józef Piłsudski.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[3] During his studies, Tusk was involved in the creation of the Student Solidarity Committee, created after the assassination of student activist Stanisław Pyjas by the security services.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

After graduating from university, Tusk joined the Solidarity trade union.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[4] Activity in the Solidarity movement meant that Tusk made a living mainly by working as a journalist and working for free NGOs.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[1] After the Polish communist regime declared a state of martial law in 1981, Tusk continued his anti-regime activities underground, writing pamphlets on Friedrich von Hayek's ideas and private ownership, among others.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

He regarded Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher as his heroes at the time.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[4] Political career The Solidarity movement fell apart after the end of the communist regime in 1989, when Tusk ended up founding the Liberal Democratic Congress Party (KLD).


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

The party's goals emphasized a free market economy, privatization, civil liberties, as well as Poland's pursuit of EU membership.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Tusk led the party since 1991 and in the parliamentary elections of the same year it won 37 seats to the Sejm.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

In the subsequent 1993 elections, the KLD was unable to achieve similar success and ended up merging with the larger Democratic Alliance Party (UD) to become the Freedom League (UW).


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Tusk was elected vice-president of the Freedom League and in the 1997 elections he became elected to the Senate.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[4] [5] Tusk resigned from the Freedom League in 2000 after losing a struggle for the presidency of the party to Bronisław Geremek, [5] after which he co-founded the Civic Forum (Platforma Obywatelska, lyh.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

DG) in 2001.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

The Civic Platform already ascended to Parliament in elections held that year, and Tusk served as Deputy Speaker of the Sejm 2001—2005.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[4] [6] Tusk became President of the Civic Forum in 2003.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[5] In 2005, Tusk suffered two losses.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

He lost first in the presidential election to Lech Kaczyński and in the subsequent parliamentary elections, the Civic Forum suffered a defeat to the Law and Justice party led by Jarosław Kaczyński, Lech Kaczyński's twin brother.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Jarosław Kaczyński rose with the victory to become Prime Minister of Poland.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[7] As Prime Minister In the 2007 general election, Tusk campaigned more aggressively.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

In the only joint debate between Jarosław Kaczyński and Tusk, he attacked the government's foreign policy, accusing Kaczyński of straining relations with Germany.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Tusk spoke in favor of tax cuts and reducing red tape, and accused Kaczyński of driving Poles to find work in Britain.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[7] Other electoral themes of the Civic Platform included closer relations with the European Union and the withdrawal of Polish troops from the Iraq War.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[8] Donald Tusk became the winner of the parliamentary elections on 21 October 2007, after the Civic Platform and the farmer-backed centrist Polish People's Party won a majority in parliament in one election.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

On 9 November 2007, Tusk was appointed as the new Prime Minister by President Lech Kaczyński.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[8] During Jarosław Kaczyński's prime ministership, damaged relations with Germany improved during Tusk's tenure as Prime Minister and he himself had good personal relations with the German Chancellor Angela Merkel.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[9] In June 2008, the government confirmed the withdrawal of Polish troops from Iraq by the end of October.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[10] Tusk's government signed a pre-agreement with the US for a missile defense missile base to be located in Poland in August 2008, something Russia strongly opposed.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[11] U.S. President Barack Obama withdrew the plan in September 2009, followed by the announcement in October of a new plan to deploy the SM3 anti-missile system in Poland.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Tusk told reporters Poland accepted the new SM3 concept and said the country was ready to take elements of the system to its territory in the necessary quantity.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[12] Poland's economy remained growing during Tusk's prime ministership as the only EU country during the global financial crisis.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

As Prime Minister, he also played a key role in preserving Poland's stability when President Lech Kaczyński and several senior Polish authorities perished in a plane crash in Russia in April 2010.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[13] In the 2011 general election, the Civic Platform led by Tusk retained its position and Tusk became the first Prime Minister of post-communist Poland to be elected to a second term.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

However, the election victory was overshadowed by low voter turnout.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Tusk's prime ministership was criticized for his lack of reforms.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Despite Poland's economic growth, for example, the country's public sector was still judged to be too large and expensive, the condition of the roads poor, and the rail transport was functioning poorly.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[14] As President of the European Council, Mr Tusk was considered one of the pre-favourites for the post of President of the European Council to succeed Herman Van Rompuy.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

Tusk was elected President of the European Council on 30 August 2014 and took up position 1.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

on Dec.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[15] In March 2017, he was elected to a further term from the Heads of EU countries only with Polish Prime Minister Beata Szydło voting against the election.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

The peculiar situation was assessed as a result of internal political disputes in Poland with Szydło representing the Law and Justice party, which is rival to the Civic Forum.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[16] Private life Donald Tusk is married to historian Małgorzata Tusk.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

The couple married while Tusk was still studying history at the University of Gdańsk.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[7] They have two grown children, one of whom is a well-known fashion blogger.


Question: Where are Donald Tusk's parents from?

Donald Tusk

[13] [17] Sources on the subject elsewhere Category:Prime Ministers of Poland Category:Persons born in 1957


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

William Bradford Shockley (February 13, 1910 — August 12, 1989) was an American physicist, scientist and inventor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

In 1956, with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research in semiconductor technology that led to the invention of the transistor.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] Shockley's attempts and efforts to commercialize new transistor technology in the 1950s and 1960s led to the emergence of Silicon Valley in the state of California.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Today, Silicon Valley is a hub comprising several companies in the semiconductor industry.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Later, Shockley was a professor at Stanford University and became an advocate of eugenics.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Early years Family and birth William Shockley was born on 13 February 1910 in London.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

His father, American William Hillman Shockley, worked as a mining engineer and spoke eight different languages.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

William Shockley's mother, American Mary o.s. Bradford, was a graduate of Stanford University and also he worked in the mining industry in Nevada.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Three years after Shockley was born, the family returned back to the United States in 1913.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] [2] Years of school and study Shockley was a direct descendant of the Mayflower settlers on his father's side and was educated at home until about ten years of age.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

In retrospect, it has been thought that Shockley's difficulties in getting along with his colleagues or superiors dated back to these times.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley's frustration with other people may also have originated from the fact that for years he was, for example, the brightest student in his class.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

As a boy, he was also one of a group of gifted children studied by American psychologist Lewis Terman in progressive, but racially dubious, intelligence tests.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[3] William Shockley attended his school in California and he graduated with a Bachelor of Science from the California Institute of Technology in 1932.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Later, Shockley studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) under Professor John C. Slater.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley received his PhD in physics at MIT in 1936 on the subject of energy belt structure in sodium chloride.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[1] Scientific career, career in industry, work and achievements As a researcher at Bell Telephone Laboratory Immediately after debating his doctorate in 1936, Shockley moved as a researcher at the Physics Research Institute at Bell Telephone Laboratory.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

His work and research interests included the design of electron or vacuum tubes and electron multipliers, radar development, solid-state physics, magnetism and semiconductors.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[4] Activities during World War II in the late 1930s much of the international physics science community worked on nuclear physics and fission reaction.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley and his friend, James Fisk, were also assigned to investigate the possibility of fission as a source of energy.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

They succeeded in designing one of the world's first nuclear reactors.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

A report of their work was immediately sent to Washington, where the government immediately classified the work as secret and kept it secret even from its own scientists.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Authorities also prevented Fisk and Shockley from obtaining a patent for their work.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Physicists at the Manhattan Project didn't hear about the reactor until after the war.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

At the same time, however, they had developed and invented the same things themselves.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[5] During World War II, Shockley was also involved in radar development and research at Whippany's Laboratory, New Jersey [2], until in 1942 he moved to become Director of Research at Columbia University's War Research Institute.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

He led a research team tasked with researching anti-submarines in warfare.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Calculations made by Shockley improved the accuracies of attacks carried out by Allied submarines against German submarines.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[3] In 1944 Shockley moved on to become a specialist in the War Department.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Shockley returned back to Bell's laboratory in 1945.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

[4] Invention of the transistor Background Before the invention of the transistor, for example, telephone networks used electron tubes as amplifiers.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

However, the problems of the electron tubes were large physical size, high price and power consumption, due to which they also warmed up strongly in use.


Question: When was William Shockley born?

William Shockley

Further, the electron tubes were unreliable and they broke down easily.