Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

December 16 — Elections for the lower house of the Japanese parliament.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The election result marked the return to power of the Democratic Party, which ruled Japan for more than 50 years after World War II, after a three-year hiatus.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Shinzō Abe, chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party, was emerging as the new prime minister.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

16 December — The immigration critical Sweden Democrats party was found to have emerged as the third largest party after the Coalition and the Social Democrats, according to a measure of party support in Sweden.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

18 December — Six directors of the Patria Defence Equipment Group were read charges of bribery and corporate espionage in the Helsinki District Court.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The charges related to armored vehicle dealings with Slovenia and legal proceedings were also pending in Slovenia, where Prime Minister Janez Janša's part in the case was also being investigated, and Austria.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

19 December — South Korean presidential election.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The election was won by Park Geun-hye — daughter of former President Park Chung-hee — who became the country's first female president.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Park Geun-hye took a more moderate approach to North Korea than her predecessors and the tension between the two Koreas was predicted to ease.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

[56] 20 December — Iraqi President Jalal Talabani is reported to have suffered a stroke and transferred to a German hospital for treatment.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

December 21 — Among other things, the thirteenth B'ak'tun cycle of the Mesoamerican long bill calendar used by the Mayan civilization came to an end.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

This was considered the time of the apocalypse.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

December 21 — U.S. President Barack Obama announces Senator John Kerry will take over as the new Secretary of State, succeeding the outgoing Hillary Clinton.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

21 December — French President François Hollande admitted during a visit to Algeria that France had committed murder and human rights crimes in Algeria prior to the country's independence in 1962.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

December 21 — A Finnish couple and an Austrian man are abducted in the Yemeni capital Sana'a.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

News agency AFP said terror network al-Qaeda was responsible for the incident.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The Finnish Foreign Ministry had recommended avoiding travel to Yemen because of instability within the country.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

22 December — Italian President Giorgio Napolitano dissolves parliament and orders new elections to be held in February 2013.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The backdrop was Prime Minister Mario Monti's resignation announcement two days earlier.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

23 December — Egyptians reportedly approved a new constitution for the country in the second round of a referendum by a majority of 64%.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Only about 30 percent of those eligible to vote went to the polls.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

25 December — Two Finns (Atte Kaleva and Leila Kaleva) and one Austrian kidnapped in Yemen were reported to be held hostage by a local tribe.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

A ransom of $6 million was reportedly demanded for the hostages.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Information about the hijackers' links to terror network al-Qaeda was not confirmed.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

December 28 — US shipping company Royal Caribbean International announced it would order its new cruise ship from STX Group's French shipyard.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Martin Saarikangas, Vuorineuvos, had appealed heavily for a ship order to STX's Turku shipyard, to which it had been calculated to bring about 20,000 man-years.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Saarikangas very much blamed the Government, and especially the Minister of Economic Affairs Jan Vapaavuori, for the shutdown of the Finnish shipyard industry because the Government did not grant the Turku shipyard a loan of EUR 50 million.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

29 December — A victim of a Delhi gang rape case dies from injuries he sustained in a Singaporean hospital.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

[57] 30 December — U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was hospitalized for a blood clot.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Doctors said the blood clot was a consequence of a concussion Clinton sustained a few weeks earlier when she fell.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

31 December — Helsinki District Court sentences Helsinki Jokerien hockey player Semir Ben-Amor to 60 day fines (about €3500) for assaulting Helsinki IFK team captain Ville Peltonen.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Change In 2012, Helsinki was the design capital of the world.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The year 2012 was uncommonly rainy in Finland, according to the Finnish Meteorological Institute, all seasons were rainier than average.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

[58] The 2012 Atlantic hurricane season was busier than usual, with 19 tropical storms in all.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

[59] Unknown date The limit for one million Finns over 65 years of age was first crossed in July.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

[60] Born on 24 January − Princess Athena, Prince Joachim of Denmark and Princess Marie had a baby girl.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

[61] 23 February — Princess Estelle, daughter of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden and Prince Daniel.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

[62] Dead Nobel Prizes Nobel Prize in Physics — Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland Nobel Prize in Chemistry — Brian K. Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz Nobel Prize in Literature — Mo Yan Nobel Prize for Medicine — John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka Nobel Prize Peace Prize — European Union Nobel Prize in Economics — Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd Shapley Events by Space Action 2012 Unmanned Space Flights Movies Aeronautics Literature 4 December — Finnish-Swedish author Ulla-Lena Lundberg won the Finlandia Prize with his novel Is (Ice).


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The recipient of the award was chosen by President Tarja Halonen.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Music 22−26.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

May − The Eurovision Song Contest was held in Azerbaijan.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The contests were overshadowed by debate over Azerbaijan's human rights record.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

Sports Video Games Year 2012 in fiction The Time of the Roses, Risto Jarva's film from 1969.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The events of the 2012 film are set for this year.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

[63] The events of I Am Legend are set for this year.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The events of the Titanic II film are set for this year.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

The events of the video game Stalker: Shadow of Chernobyl are set for this year.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

In the Secret Files television series “The Tobacco Man”, tells how extraterrestrials conquer the Earth on December 22, 2012.


Question: When was the Citizens' Initiative first proposed to be introduced?

2012

See also 2012 phenomenon Sources *


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The city of Oulu is the oldest in Northern Finland: it was founded as early as 1605.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Naturally, the history of the Oulu region began long before the city was founded.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Stone Age Stone Age discoveries have not been made in Oulu, as the water completely covered the area.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

At the end of the Stone Age c. 1800 BCE.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

the coast had advanced within the boundaries of contemporary Oulu, but it was still approx.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

15 km from the current river mouth.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

From this period, grave sites and dwellings have been found at Hangaskangas, Peursuo and Halosentörma along the border between the city of Oulu and Muhos municipality, where both Eastern and Scandinavian and even Central European origin have been found. bronze artifacts.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the Stone Age and the Bronze Age there was a strong settlement in the Oulujoki area with trade links to the west, south and east.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Bronze and Iron Age in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages there was still settlement in the area of the river basin of Oulujoki.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the Iron Age, settlement along the Oulujoki River and along the coast deteriorated judging by the decline in the number of finds.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

On the other hand, Iron-Age discovery poverty may be partially apparent, and at least Sami settlement may have existed in the Oulujoki watershed throughout the Iron Age.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In the area of the city of Oulu, Kaakkur, 12 graves, rich weapons and jewellery, have been explored in Kaakkur.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The artifacts link the tombs and the settlement behind them to western, Scandinavian-European cultural contexts.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Kalmisto joins the strong Iron Age settlement of Southern Ostrobothnia.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[1] During the Late Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages, Finns and Hälmen made fishing, trading and taxation expeditions to the north.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Norse wildernesses also moved around the Oulunjoki area since the 8th century, but the busier fishing of the Hälsinglanders in the Bothnian district is probably more lively.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

According to one interpretation, the Vikings are commemorated by the old Varjakka-originating place names of the Oulu region.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[1] From the 12th century onwards, the Oulu region became the subject of Karelian catching and trading trips to the north from the flourishing population centres on the shores of Ladoga.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Oulujoki became the route of passage for Karelians to the Gulf of Bothnia.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

This is evidenced by many settlement names of Karelian origin, such as Oulun Iinatti, which comes from the Orthodox personal name Ignatij, Ignatius.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Karelian settlement in the Oulu region also tells a document from 1345.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

According to it, Archbishop Hemming of Uppsala baptized Karelians who lived in the Church of Tornio into the Roman Catholic faith as well.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[1] From the Middle Ages to the 16th century, in the peace of Nutäsaari between Sweden and Novgorod in 1323, the Oulu region remained, according to traditional interpretation, as Novgorod region.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Today there is also support for the notion that Northern Ostrobothnia remained an area of shared enjoyment between the two kingdoms in the peace treaty.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

However, as early as 1345 Sweden annexed the territories as far as the Kemijoki Diocese of Turku


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Ownership of the territory became controversial, and in the following centuries, Novgorodians and later Russians made disposal expeditions as far as Ostrobothnia and Oulu.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Around the year 1375, the first endowments of Oulu Castle were built in the Oulu estuary.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The 15th century was characterised by repeated invasions of the region by Russians.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The most recent and destructive was 1496, when Northern Ostrobothnia was eradicated from Tornio all the way to Siikajoki.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Houses were burned, populations were massacred and taken as prisoners to Russia.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

After the turn of the century, there were fewer skirmishes.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[2] King Gustav Vasa of Sweden granted Oulu, Kemi, Tornio and Ii permission to operate as trading posts in 1531.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[3] In the 16th century, Oulu was the most important market place in Ostrobothnia.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the Long Hatred, the defence of Ostrobothnia was ordered to be organised by Admiral Peter Bagge, Ostrobothnia's commandholder, who was tasked with the construction of a castle on Merikoske Island.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

However, the castle remained an evil log fittings.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In the Peace of Tokusinä of 1595, Russia recognised Swedish ownership of the territories of the Oulu region.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The establishment of the town and 17th century on 8 April 1605, King Charles IX of Sweden ordered Isak Behm to rebuild the endowment and establish a town on the site.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The following year, the burghers of the city were granted a 10-year tax exemption and in 1610 Oulu received city rights.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The town became a center for the tar and salmon trade.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Residents in the town numbered about 400 people in the early stages.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

However, the burghers of Oulu were not permitted to conduct foreign trade, but had to sell their merchandise to Stockholm and Sweden's Baltic ports and export timber to them and import grain and salt from there to Oulu. Trade in tar, the main export goods, was given in 1648 to a private for the tar company and the town's tar establishment was assigned to be very small.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Industry was already beginning to emerge in the 17th century, as between 1617 and 1638 the only auger mill producing rifles in Finland was active in Plaatan Island.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The growth and development of Oulu was very slow throughout the 17th century.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In medieval times, Oulu, which had been a chapel in Liminga, was separated into its own parish in 1606.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

After the Russians burned the first church in 1590, a new wooden church was built in 1613.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The first pedagogy was established in Oulu in 1611 and in 1682 it was converted into a trivial school.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Halfway through the year, a fire raged in the town on two occasions: in 1652 most of the buildings in the town burned down, down to the bridge that led to the castle.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The 1655 blaze, which originated in the mayor's brewery room, caused lesser damage.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

18th century The next major devastation the town was faced in 1705, when the fire broke loose on two occasions, in June and August, destroying a total of 144 houses.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[4] During the Great Hatred of 1714—1721, Oulu, like the rest of Northern Ostrobothnia, suffered badly from repeated robberies and terror by Russian troops.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A bourgeoisie guard had been assigned to defend Oulu.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In March 1715, the Russians burned down the already badly dilapidated Oulu Castle.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The whole of Northern Ostrobothnia became poorer and refugees roamed in the Oulu region in abundance.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[5] The burghers and weathermen from Oulu fled to Sweden's Western Bottom and Stockholm.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the war years, five percent of the city's population was taken as slaves to Russia, most of them children.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

One of them was Kristoffer Mikkelinpoika Toppelius, who after years was able to return to his native region.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Kristofer was the paternal grandfather of Zacharias Topelius, and the subject of the Birch and the Star fairy tale.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The family's household, the House of Toppelius still remains in Torikadu.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

With the fires and war of 1705, the city's population plummeted from 1,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the century to 350 people.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[2] With the coming of peace in 1721, the city gradually got back on its feet.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The boom in Oulu began in 1765, when the city gained the tapulitown rights enabling foreign trade.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The wars raging around the world brought tar burning to a new heyday in the 1770s and 1780s.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Transporting tar necessitated a good water route from tar lands to clap town.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

It was formed by Oulujoki and so in Oulu specialized in the tar trade.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The most prominent merchants in Oulu formed a merchant society in the 1770s, which established a tar court on the shores of Toppilansstrami in 1777.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Shipbuilding began to get busy and the burghers of Oulu were engaged in freight traffic as far as the Mediterranean and America.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

At the end of Swedish rule, Oulu was the second most substantial market town in the Gulf of Bothnia.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The seat of the Landlord was placed in Oulu in 1775 when Oulu County was established.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A pharmacy was established in Oulu in 1762, a district doctor started in 1773, a city doctor in 1784 and a hospital in 1792.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The stately town hall was built in 1771 and a stone church in 1776.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

At the end of the 18th century, Oulu, with a population of 3000 inhabitants, was the second largest city after Turku, located in the area now belonging to Finland.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The remains of Oulu Castle were finally destroyed in 1793 when lightning ignited the fort's gunpowder cellar.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Today, only ruins are commemorated of the castle.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

19th century A major change in the development of the town occurred in 1822, when a fire destroyed the entire downtown area.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Based on a sketch by Johan Albrecht Ehrenström, Carl Ludvig Engel drew up a checkerboard scheme in 1825, the checkering of which was broken only by the Cities and surrounding parks, and according to which the houses in the centre are still built.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Throughout the 19th century, Oulu was by far Finland's largest tar exporter.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the Crimean War of 1854, an English naval detachment burned the ships in the port of Oulu and the warehouse in the port of Toppila — the tar court, causing thousands of barrels of tar to burn.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The English also burned thirty ships of Oulu's merchant fleet, the second largest in the country after Turku.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Ship carvings — varves — were numerous in Oulu, and ships were also made to be exported elsewhere.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Shipping traffic was abundant anyway, over 300 ships could visit the port during the year.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1882, another extensive fire raged in the town.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1886, the Ostrobothnia line was built, connecting Oulu to Southern Finland.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

There was a shift from tar to the sawmill, leather and food industries, and in commerce to modern wholesale and individual trade.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1860, Oulu merchants established a steam sawmill in Iin Kestilä and a sawmill was established in Korkeasaari in 1874, Toppila in 1878 and Varjakka 1900.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1863, Weljekset Åström Oy leather factory was established in Myllytullii.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The first companies in the metal industry were the Oulun Konepaja founded in 1874, the railway machine shop founded in 1886 and the Oulu Iron Industry founded in 1903.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Oulu wool factory started in 1896.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Electricity was provided for streetlights starting in 1889 by a city-owned steam engine located on Kiikelin Island.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Even before this, Åström factories and Seurahuone had been illuminated by their own electric plants.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The City of Oulu Electricity Plant was the fourth oldest company in Europe when completed.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[6] The timber industry company Ab Uleå Oy started operations in 1912.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A marine school was established in Oulu in 1864.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In the same year, a business school also started operating.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In the 19th century, the trivial school was transformed into an upper elementary school and a high school was attached to it.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The well-known Oulu Finnish private lyceum started in 1872 and it turned into the Oulu Lyceum in 1883.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Oulun Wiikko-Sanomat, Finland's third Finnish-language newspaper, appeared in Oulu from 1829 to 1869, and the most significant magazine since then became Kaiku, published in 1877—1949.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Elias Lönnrot's Bee began to appear in 1836.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The first half of the 20th century Tar's importance in shipbuilding declined sharply when the town's rebuilt tar door burned down in a 1901 fire.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Tervahov fire thus also ended the time of the Oulu tar burghers.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The streets of Oulu were given their current names in the 1907 city plan.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Oulua was first presented as a higher education site as early as 1917.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

However, the University of Oulu did not start operating until autumn 1959.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1916, a fire raged again in the town, destroying an entire block and providing the final impetus for the establishment of a permanent fire department.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

However, due to the troubled times associated with Finland's independence and civil war, the project did not come to fruition until 1921.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In total, Oulu has burned ten times in its history.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[7] Armed independence activities in Oulu With the intensified political situation after the turn of the century, opinions became more favourable to armed action in order to achieve independence.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

This happened in more than one stage.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1905, the working people of Oulu and the constitutional bourgeoisie cooperated against the Russians.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the Great Strike in November 1905, the town was held by working people and constitutionalists.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[8] The police department, railway station and telegraph were overrun, road links from the town were cut off.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Russian garrison remained aloof from the events, but gave refuge to the city's gendarmes.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Power in the city passed to the People's Council, half of whose 40 members were working people, half were constitutional.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Order in the city was kept by the National Guard of the People's Council.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Guard was divided into two sections, the Base Guard for those with military training and the General Guard for the more inexperienced crew.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

At its maximum, the Guard comprised 700 men, though the weapons numbered only 50 unfit rifles.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[9] The People's Council held the city under its administration for a week.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Conflicts arose among constitutionalists and working people already during the strike.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

As the general political situation in the country intensified, the intermediate breach deepened and separate armed organizations for both were soon established in the city.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Oulu branch of the Power Federation The force federation was established to push for independence by force of arms if necessary.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Oulu Department was established in December 1905.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Nominally the activities were sports activities, the front organisation was the Oulun General Sports Association.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Weapons The Force received the gun ship SS John Grafton from its cargo, totaling just under a couple hundred rifles and fifty revolvers.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The power union organized arms exercises and sports competitions.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The organization was held together until at least the summer of 1906.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[10] The Oulu Red Guard After the Great Strike in the Oulu Workers' Association, it was decided in late January 1906 to establish a Red Guard.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

There was no rush to make arrangements for the case, as the Chief of the Guard was not elected until July too.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Red Guard did not play a central role in the activities of the Oulu Workers, due to the large proportion of moderates in the leadership of the movement.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

For example, the local labour newspaper People's Will practically fell silent on the Red Guard's activities.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

After the Viapori Rebellion was defeated in early August, the Guard was disbanded.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[10] 1906—1917: The repressive period and the ice cap movement in Oulu, when the Emperor was defeated in Russia in the pursuit of power, the regime's retaliatory measures began, and in Finland the Second period of repression.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

After World War I ignited, the regime's grip became even tighter: efforts were made to remove Finland's special status


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In this case, in Finland, the idea of an armed pursuit of independence gave rise to an ice warfare movement that secretly delivered men for military training to Germany, Russia's enemy country.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[11] In Oulu, activists from the ice cap movement were found in both right-wing and working people.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Recruits and frontmen included Esko Riekki, a later bar iceman, and Oiva Rustanius and Erkki Merikallio, both later ice keepers themselves.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In addition, merchants and other bourgeoisie were involved, but also central figures of the local labour movement: Jaakko Kemppainen, a vateur, and the newsagents Yrjö Mäkelin and Hannes Uksila.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

All were active in the labour movement: Kemppainen's former perennial president of the workers' association, Uksila Youth Department functionary and MP for Mäkel.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[12] The Jääkärikokelaat were first assembled in the editorial staff of the local workers' magazine, Mäkelin and Uksila's workplace, from where they were delivered to Kemppainen's clothing shop and further to Sweden.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Activists of the labour movement also paid off, of 41 Oulu ice heads, nearly half, or 18 men, came from a workers' home.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Some were from the families of the leading figures in the likke, for example Leo Mäkelin and Otto Ahmala.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

However, only five of them participated in the fighting against the Red Guards, the others resigned or were separated from the Jääkär Battalion.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[12] The Russian regime did not consider the illegal assembly of ice keepers by idly.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A strict and vigorous pro-Russian colonel, Axel Fabian af Enehjelm, was installed as governor of Oulu County in 1915.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Gendarmerie forces were increased and a 2,000-man border patrol was in place for border control.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Despite this, the ice cap movement's advance operations continued.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[12] Civil War 1918 During the Civil War in January—February 1918, armed Guards and Red Guard troops fought battles in Oulu.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The city's 1100-man-strong Russian garrison surrendered without battle to the Whites.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The fighting ended with the victory of the Whites who had received reinforcements from the south.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The total number of fallen was about 60.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Captive were 800 Red Guards who were delivered to the Raat prison camp.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Russian garrison was kept imprisoned in their barracks until they were delivered to Russia.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In all, about 1,000 people were incarcerated at various stages in the prison camp.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

By the end of the summer, plenty of 50 lives were killed in the camp, and in addition, a dozen Reds were executed by whites.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The death rate in the Oulu camp was relatively low — about 6%, compared with 15% to 19% in the Raahe camp, for example.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[13] The period between the World Wars in the 1920s focused on housing and modernizing the urban structure.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The plumbing and sewerage system were built, as well as buildings familiar to Oulu people today such as the Triangle House and Tuira Maternity Hospital.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the 1920s and 1930s, the port of Toppila was still bustling, but nationwide its importance was small, as freight traffic was concentrated in the major ports of southern Finland.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The main imported products were grain and hides, which were imported as raw materials for industry.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Exports still went almost exclusively timber.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1927, the Indian Water Tower was completed, thanks to the pressure created by which the water could be led directly to the houses.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Pavement paving was carried out in the 1930s when the city organized emergency relief work for the unemployed due to a shortage period. [6].


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Oulu-Nurmes section of line was completed in 1930, restoring the connection to the east.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The first major pulp manufacturing companies were the sulfite cellulose factory established in 1931 by Toppila Oy and the Oulu Oluimakki cellulose factory was completed in Nuottasaari in 1937.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the Winter and Continuation War 1939—1945, Oulu was an important accommodation and maintenance city.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The city was bombed two times during the war.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

At the beginning of the war, there was no anti-aircraft defence at all until Flygflottilj 19 volunteered from Sweden, bringing a squadron of two interceptors to Oulu.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[14] During the intermediate peace from summer 1940 onwards German troops were transported through Oulu to northern Norway.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Continuation War and German troops During the Continuation War, Oulu operated training, maintenance and staff centres for both Finns and Germans.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In Tuira, the Germans built a village of nearly 300 barracks, which was called Little Berlin.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The village of 24 barracks was built in Laanila as a gathering place for the troops.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

At most there were German troops in Oulu over 4000 men, half of which were SS Division Nord troops.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Administratively, the Germans only had power over their own forces, the city was run by Finnish civilian and military authorities.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] The port of Toppila was the main supply port for the Germans in Finland, and the entire staff supervising port shipments in the country was stationed in Toppila.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Wehrmacht Commandant's Office, transferred from Capri in Italy, was based at the Seurroom, that is, the present town hall.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A maintenance and training centre for SS troops operated near Tuira railway station, with the Isko and Pyykösjärvi areas as training terrains.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In addition to a Finnish war hospital, the city also housed hospitals for the Wehrmacht and SS troops, operating in several buildings across the city.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] The Germans on Hiesaari built an international prison camp for political prisoners, and in addition there were camps for Russian prisoners of war.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Prisoner labour was used in forced labour, for example, in Oulu Oy, at the construction site of the Merikoske Power Plant and when building the Toppilansalmi bridge.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Economically, the presence of Germans meant prosperity for the city; the Germans hired plenty of labor and paid well.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Maintenance of the troops also required ample supplies to be bought from locals.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The city's tax badge remained the same throughout the war.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[14] During the Continuation War, the city was bombed a total of five times.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The major destruction caused by bombing occurred in February 1944, the worst devastation was caused by an 80-90 bomber attack on 28 February.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The bombardment caused only a dozen casualties, but 1,000 buildings were damaged.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Construction damage amounted to around EUR 150 million in current money.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] The Germans' new aerial surveillance and fire control radars were of great help in the fight against air.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Lapland War 1944 In accordance with the Armistice Agreement, German troops came to be removed from the country: the Lapland War began.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A truce line along the Ouluriver and a joint withdrawal plan were established with German forces.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Germans were to withdraw north of the river no later than 12 October, and from the entire city no later than 14 October.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Part of the deal was that the city would not be razed.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] In retreat, the Germans chartered four times the amount of cargo per day from the port of Toppila in Oulu, compared to the normal loading capacity of the port.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

For loading to help their own troops, the Germans produced prisoners of war, and employed the local population, even Finnish soldiers who were on leave.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Germans knew that not all the goods could be loaded by the deadline, so control was easy and the loss of goods was high when the locals taxed freight.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] Combat Division West withdrew, as agreed, to the north of Oulu, behind the Kiiminki River.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The port of Oulu was surrendered on 14 September.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Germans left in Oulu, among other things, another hundred horse-drawn carriages full of military equipment.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The only incident in the withdrawal occurred when the Finns shot down a two-man German motorcycle patrol moving south of the river after the deadline.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] The invasion of Tornio, which started the actual fighting in the Lapland War, was made from Oulu.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

During the war, troop maintenance passed through Oulu; because of the destroyed bridges, Oulu was for a long time the northernmost terminus of the railway network.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[15] During the Lapland War, Oulu was not subject to bombings or other attacks.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

After the wars, the city of Oulu had already made minimal use of the hydropower of the Oulu River in the Myllytulli Power Station built on a side branch of the river in 1903.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

On 1 August 1939, the decision was made to build the larger Merikoske Hydroelectric Power Station.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The first generator at Merikoske Power Station, built partly during the war, went into operation in 1948.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The power station was completed in 1954.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Production at Typpi Oy's factories started in 1952.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Ten people were killed in an explosion at the factory in January 1963 and the 40 metre-high saltpeter warehouse and the granulation tower located next to it were destroyed.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[16] Except for a short production outage caused by the destruction, operations have continued to this day.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Today, the chemical industry is operated by Kemira Oyj factories.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

As early as 1915, Merijal, a confectionery factory had been established in Tuira, whose best-known products were tar lion lozenge (1934) and Pastirol.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In the 1970s, the plant passed to Rettig and in the 1990s to Leaf, which ceased operation of the plant in 1996.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 2007, the site of the mill is being zoned for housing.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Regional aid and other regional policy decisions balancing the differences between southern and northern Finland have played a significant part in the development of Oulunk.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The development of modern Oulu began when a university was established in the city in 1958.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Oulua had already been presented as a higher education site in 1917.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In fact, the university started its activities in 1959 and the university's activities took off very well: Northern Finnish students were happy to study in the North, when earlier, getting an academic degree required moving to Helsinki or Turku.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The university was established as a safeguard for the development and prosperity of the city.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The Faculty of Medicine, established at the university in 1960, also provided good conditions for the operation of the pharmaceutical industry, and the first products of pharmaceutical manufacturer Medipolar (now part of Orion group) were already on the market in 1962.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Today, Oulu is especially known as a technology city and the economic driver of Northern Finland.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Founded in 1982, Oulu Technopolis was the first technology village in the Nordic countries.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

[17] Industrialisation in Oulu, which began in the 20th century, prospered the whole business and soon became overcrowded by the city limits.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

New building land for the growing urban population was obtained by annexing parts of the smaller municipalities surrounding it to Oulu.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

In 1911, Alalaanila was annexed to Oulu, 1917 Tuira,1924 Kurkelanranta, 1938 Koskela, Pyykösjärvi, Hintta and Parkkisenkangas, 1947 Värön-Kastelli district, 1961 Kuivasjärvi, Korvendirect and Myllyoja, 1965 the main part of Oulujoki municipality and Pateniemi from Haukiputa municipality, from which the so-called Oulu municipality was annexed in 1979. Jylky area.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Ylikiming Municipality was annexed to Oulu in early 2009.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

A major annexation took place in early 2013 when Haukipudas, Kiiminki, Oulunsalo and Yli-Ii from the surrounding municipalities were annexed to Oulu.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

The area of Oulu then increased by 3,113.04 km² and the population became 191,000.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Some other municipalities were planned to be annexed to Greater Oulu, which did not materialise.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Oulu celebrated its 400th anniversary in 2005.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Population development The table below describes the development of the population of the city of Oulu between 1815 and 1939: Year1815 [18] 1840 [18] 1850 [18] 1860 [18] 1870 [18] 1880 [18] 1890 [ 18] 1900 [18] 1910 [18] 1920 [18] 1923 [18] 1930 [19] 1938 [19] 1939 [19] Population3,5435,0965,7617,0187,9559,70512,66516,30619,80221,33221,78524,18628,02128,670 See also Oulu crystal night Salmon dam Sources Citation replace error, with {{cite book| author = Kai Ala-Häälälä| title = Prisoner of whites.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Oulu Prison Camp 1918| publisher = University of Helsinki | year = 2000| version = Master's Thesis in Finnish History | id = URN: NBN:FI-FE20011131}} Check date values in: |accessdate=, |date= (help) Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aimo Halila| title = Northern Ostrobothnia and History of Lapland IV| publisher = Regional Unions of Northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland | year = 1984| version = Northern Ostrobothnia and Lapland during the Great Northern War and Great Hatred 1700—1721| id = ISBN 951-99561-9-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gustav Hautala| title = Oulu history IV 1856—1918| location = Oulu| publisher = Oulu city| year = 1976| accessdate = 14.7.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Gustav Hautala| title = History of Oulu City V 1918—1945| publisher = Oulu city| year = 1982}} Check date values in: | accessdate=, |date= (help) Check date values in: |accessdate= (help) Paulaharju Ahti, Oulu Castle.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

WSOY, 1968 Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vahtola, Troop| title = White City Phases (ed.


Question: When is Oulu founded?

History of Oulu

Julku, Kyösti) | chapter = Oulujokisuu Central Station in the 16th century| location = Jyväskylä| publisher = Historical Society| year = 1987| id = ISBN 951-749-014-3| page = 59—77}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = A. H. Virkkunen| title = History of the City of Oulu I| publisher = Oulu city| year = 1953}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kalevi Rikkinen, Hannes Sihvo, Matti Eskola, Allan Tiitta| title = Finlandia, Otava iso maammekirja 8| location = Keuruu| publisher = Publishing Company Otava| year = 1986| id = ISBN 951-09142-0142-0142 5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Enbuske Matti, Fält Olavi K., Lackman Matti, Onnela Samuli, Rossi Matti, Ukkola Jukka, Vahtola Jous| title = Oulupolis, History of Oulu International| location = Oulu| publisher = Suomenmaa Oy| year = 1999| id = ISBN 951-91-234-74-8}} References On topic elsewhere *


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops real named Scott Summers is a superhero appearing in comic books for the Marvel Comics publishing house and a leading character in Group X.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in 1963 in the first issue of The X-Men comic book.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The history of Comic Cyclops aka Scott Summers has undergone various changes over the years in both small and large quantities.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The most central topic has been the character's birth story.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

As a child, he was orphaned when he watched his parents die in a plane crash.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

She and her brother Alex were the only survivors of the crash when their parents put the boys in the only working parachute.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

They were forcing their children to jump off the plane just before colliding.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Afterwards, the brothers were forced to separate themselves and Scott spent his time in an orphanage.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Unknowingly, the orphanage was secretly ruled by Lord Evil.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Years later, at the age of 16, Scott began suffering from severe headaches and eye forcing.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

He went to see a specialist ophthalmologist in Washington, D.C., who discovered that glasses made of ruby quartz would end the boy's pains.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Since then, while Scott was visiting New York, his developing mutant abilities finally came to light and his uncontrolled optical beam broke up the crane causing a large object to fall into the crowd.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Scott saved the people in the other radius, but they turned into a lynch mob.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Scott eventually fled the scene by train.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Meanwhile, a thug named Diamond Lantern forced the boy to help him with his crimes.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Professor X, who arrived at the scene, rescued Scott from the Diamond Lantern and erased the memory of the crowd of people from what happened early in Scott's damage.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The professor asked Scott to join as the first official member of Group-X, to which Scott also agreed.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

[1] Group-X Scott was codenamed Cyclops and soon had to fight Magneto on the group's first mission.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

[2] He later fell in love with Jean Grey, but due to fear of danger did not show his feelings for the woman for years.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

[3] A time later from the encounter with Magneto, Group X encountered the Brotherhood of Mutants for the first time.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

[4] After the battle, Cyclops became the new field leader of Group-X [5], whereby his group included, in addition to Jean Grey, the Iceman, the Angel, the Beast, Polaris and his brother Alex, who later joined him.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

After years, his group fought Krako, resulting in Cyclops being the only member of Group-X capable of escaping alive from the island to Professor X.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops helped his mentor train his new Group-X, joined by Storm, Wolverine, Colossus, Nightmare, Howler, Thunderbird, and Sun Fire.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The group set out to rescue the original members from the island.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

[6] After the mission, the original members left the group, but Cyclops decided to stay in charge of his new team, feeling that his civilian life would no longer be the same.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Shortly thereafter, a cosmic creature called the Phoenix Force secretly put Jean Grey into hibernation and imitated him.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

When Phoenix committed suicide, Cyclops thought the real Jean Grey was dead and decided to leave Group-X; however, Cyclops later went back to Group-X and married Madelyne Pryor, who, unbeknownst to him, was Jean's doppelganger.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Scott was unaware that Madelyne was a clone of Jean created by Lord Evil.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Scott and Madelyne had a child named Nathan Christopher and Cyclops left Group-X on repeat.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Later, the real Jean Grey returned from a stupor that saw Cyclops leave his wife and join Jean and the other original members of Group-X to form Factor-X; Madelyne went insane and developed superpowers for herself.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

However, he was killed in battle against Jean Grey.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops eventually decided to go after years of squirming with emotions to marry Jean Grey and also continued as the field leader of Group-X.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

[7] Superpowers Cyclops have the mutant ability to shoot a ruby red beam from his eyes. That is, the so-called optical lightning bolts Cyclops eyes are no longer organic jelly that turns light into images.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Instead, they are the interdimensional gates between this and some other universe.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

This universe is full of particles resembling photons.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

These particles form a large, straightforward knocking force when they react with objects in this universe.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

To do this, Cyclops has a special mask, the lens of which the field of view is made of ruby quartz.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

[8] This prevents involuntary ray generation.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

It is formed by two longitudinal lenses that can retreat inward, changing their size up to two centimeters in height.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Inverted seashell mechanics have been implemented with two miniature electric motors.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

As a safety factor, the visor always has the closing power implemented by the springs.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The mask itself is made of high-grade plastic.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

It has a backup function with fingers on either side of the mask, and normal use is done by a micro switch on the thumb of each glove.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops in other media Animation Cyclops first appeared on television and in animation in 1966 in the episode “The Sub-Mariner” of the story of The Marvel Super Heroes animated series “Dr.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Doom's Day”.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops adventured with the other original Group-X members with Angel, Jean Grey, and the Iceman.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The next time Cyclops was seen as a guest character in the 1980s animated series Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The character was given her voice by two different actors.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

George DiCenzo was in an episode of “The X-Men Adventure” and Neil Ross in the episode “A Firestar is Born”.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops was first close to becoming a standard character in an animated series in 1989, but Pryde of the X-Men intended to be a series remained a one-episode wonder.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

At the time, the character was voiced by Michael Bell.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

X-Men Cyclops eventually landed the role of a lead character in the animated series when the X-Men first aired on television on October 31, 1992.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

In the series, the character's outfit was based on an outfit designed by Jim Lee, who drew X-Men comics at the same time.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops was voiced by Norm Spencer.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

In the series, Cyclops was cast as the lead character of Group-X, and had a relationship with Jean Grey from the beginning of the series.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The character was largely like his comic book version.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

He was in charge in the first mission of the series, where Group-X was to destroy all important files from the “Mutant Control” company attempting to exploit the information it had gathered to their advantage to intercept and then interrogate mutants.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

As the vigils chased the mutants along the city, Cyclops decided to command his group to withdraw as the situation became too difficult.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

However, the decision came at a cost when soldiers were able to arrest Beast and Morph was killed amid gunfire.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

This tightened the intervals between Wolverine and Cyclops, and Wolverine began to hold a grudge against Cyclops, even though they managed to defeat the Vahti robots.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Since then, Cyclops encountered Group-X with artists such as Magneto, Destruction, and Lord Evil, who, among other things, ruined Cyclops's wedding to Jean.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Mr. Evil kidnapped the duo and tried to create a new race with their DNA.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

However, the other members of Group-X managed to rescue them from the pinch.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

During the series, Cyclops also met his father, who turned out to be a space pirate Corsair.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

During the series, Cyclops visited with other members of Group-X in a Spider-Man animated series set in the same animation universe.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

X-Men: Evolution Cyclops also played the lead role in X-Men: Evolution from 2000 to 2003, where the character was voiced by Kirby Morrow.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The series told of younger mutants who had only just settled into Professor X's so-called shelter.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

They normally attended school and returned back to the institution to practice their specialist abilities.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops most often served as a responsible junior, also leading the missions of Group-X as a field leader.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

In the first seasons of the series, he and his group had to confront a brotherhood of mutants who were causing them annoyance in and out of school.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Despite being confident in the role of director, he had trouble impressing Jean Grey, who was one of his best female buddies at the institute.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The duo's relationship eventually went further when Cyclops was kidnapped by the Mystic and left him in the Mexican wilderness without his glasses.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

In retaliation, Cyclops left him inside the Area 51 building to be apprehended by guards.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops wandered along Mexico for a long time and didn't dare open his eyes for fear of hurting something.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Eventually, the Mystic tried to kill Cyclops, but Jean had made it to the scene to save him.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops also had a close buddy relationship with Nightmare, who often resorted to his help.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Cyclops also met his brother Alex during the series.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

The duo's tragic accident was played out in Cyclops's memoirs, in which they jumped out of a corrupted aircraft into the sea.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Video games Cyclops appears in several games as a playable character.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

It first appeared in a video game in 1989 on Marvel's X-Men.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

List of games in which Cyclops appeared in Marvel's X-Men (1989) X-Men (1992) Spider-Man and the X-Men: Arcade's Revenge (1992) X-Men: Children of the Atom (1994) X-Men: Mutant Apocalypse (1995) X-Men vs.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Street Fighter (1996) Marvel Super Heroes vs.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Street Fighter (1997) Marvel vs.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes (1998) Marvel vs.


Question: What was the last character created by Stan Lee?

Cyclops (cartoon character)

Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes (2000) X-Men: Mutant Academy (2000) X-Men: Mutant Academy 2 (2001) X-Men: Next Dimension (2002) X-Men Legends (2004) X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse (2005) Marvel: Ultimate Alliance (2006) Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 (2009) Heroes (2013) Character Sources Category:Mutants of the Marvel Universe Category:Superheroes of the Marvel Universe Category:Group-X Class:Marvel Universe Martial Arts Enthusiasts


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is a political movement based in the United States consisting of a number of secret clubs and organizations calling themselves clans.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The idea world of these “clans” varies, but the key ideas have been white supremacy, anti-Semitism, white racial consciousness, anti-Catholicism (especially in the 1920s), opposition to the federation, anti-gay, anti-communism, and opposition to immigration, and the related emphasis on native Americanism.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

[1] The practices of the Klans have included, from time to time, terror, violence, and displays of mass force, particularly against the black population of the United States and other populations opposed to the KKK, such as Jews.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

[2] The Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1865 in the aftermath of the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The movement's activities were suppressed in the early 1870s.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The KKK was re-established in 1915.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The movement's golden age was in the 1920s, when one in seven Americans was a member of it.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

[1] Groups imitating the original Ku Klux Klan still exist, but their membership numbers and influence today are far less than in the megalomania of the movement.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

History of the Ku Klux Klan First Ku Klux Klan Establishment After the American Civil War, the original Ku Klux Klan was founded on December 24, 1865 by six educated, middle-class Confederate Army veteran officers who hailed from Pulaski, Tennessee.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

They were frustrated and had not adapted to the end of the war and the defeat of their own homeland, as well as its army.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The aim was to continue the war against the Union, or the “Yankees”, and their allies by means of terror and guerrilla warfare.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The founders were John C. Lester, John B. Kennedy, James R. Crowe, Frank O. McCord, Richard R. Reed, and J. Calvin Jones.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

[3] The name Ku Klux Klan was coined from the Greek word κύκλος (kyklos) meaning wheel.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

According to the story, Reed suggested the name Kyklos and Kennedy added to this trailing the word clan, which in Scots English means lineage.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

According to another story, Kennedy coined both words, but Crowe translated the word kyklos to the form kuklux.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

[4] Initially, the organization focused on fighting white fortune-goers and settlers (carpetbaggers) who had come from the Northern States, as well as Southern white (scalawags) renegades who joined the Republican Party and defected to the Union side.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The latter were seen as traitors and turncoats by the KKK and others pro-Confederacy.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Ku Klux Klan soon spread to almost every Southern state.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The organization declared a campaign of terror against the white and black leading figures of the Republican Party.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

During the campaign, Arkansas Congressman James M. Hinds, three South Carolina legislators and several men who were involved in constitutional party conventions were killed.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1867—68, the Klan began disbanding black preacher assemblies and encroaching on black people's homes at night to steal firearms.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

These events apparently mimicked such groups that had excelled at Tennessee events as the “Yellow Jackets” and “Redcaps”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The 1867 Nashville convention attempted to create a hierarchical organization out of the organization, where local groups would have responded to a county leader who would have responded to the territorial districts.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Territorial District would again have responded to the state, which would have responded to the national headquarters.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This plan, called “The Prescript,” was developed by Confederate Brigadier General George Gordon.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The plan included Klan goals and questions that would be put to those wishing to be members of the organization.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The questions were the kind that centered around Reconstruction and opposition to the Republican Party.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The membership applicant was asked whether he was a Republican, a Union Army veteran or a member of the Loyal League.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Loyal League, or Union League, was an organisation of those supporting the Union.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Similarly, the applicant was asked whether this was opposed to the “social and political egalitarianism of the Negroes” and whether this supported a “white man's government”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The applicant was also asked whether this “upheld the constitutional rights of the South” as well as whether he supported “the freedom of the white man in the South and the restoration of all rights of the population of the South” as well as “the right of the people to protect themselves from arbitrary and unauthorized power.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Despite the creation of such a constitution and statute, it was not approved by a unique local department.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The groups continued to operate as independents, with no regional, state, or national headquarters.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The movement's name change to form the Ku Klux Klan was borne by former slave trader and Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest in 1867.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Forrest concluded that, as an acronym, the KKK seemed better than KC (Kuklux Clan).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

[5] According to oral information, Gordon went to Forrest and told him about the new organisation, to which he replied: “That's a good deal.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

That's a damn good thing.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

We can use it to keep niggles in place”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

A few weeks later, Forrest was declared the national leader of the KKK, or Grand Vizier (The Great Wizard, Grand Wizard), but in his later interviews Forrest claimed that he had no grip on KKK groups and no power within the organisation.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The action of the Ku Klux Klan saw as a mission to limit the social and political status of freed slaves.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In particular, the Klan attempted to restrict education, improved economic status, voting rights, and squire rights for blacks.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Although the Klan's principal target was in the black population, they also faced harsh and hostile threats from Confederate Republicans.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The violence achieved its results.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

For example, in the April 1868 Georgia gubernatorial election, the District of Columbia cast 1222 votes for Republican Rufus Bullock, but in the November presidential election, Republican candidate Ulysses Grant received only one vote from the district.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Klan intimidation was specifically directed against teachers and actors of the Bureau of Refugees, Freed Slaves and Abandoned Lands, more famously the Freedmen's Bureau, created by Congress.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This office especially helped emancipated slaves.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Black members of the Loyal League, or Union League, were also a frequent target of Klan rushes, strikes and raids.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The editor of an Alabama newspaper wrote that “the Loyal League is none other than the Ku Klux Klan of niggles.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The events of one of the attacks carried out by the Klan were recorded down in a congressional circular poll like this: A different kind of force was also used.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

More than 150 blacks were massacred by Klan members in one county in Florida alone.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Hundreds more were killed in other counties.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Brigadier General George Gordon made a public account of the acts of violence against blacks carried out by the Klan: Many black men were a Union Army veteran and thus armed.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

From the beginning, the main task of the Klan was to disarm the black portion of the population.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The report stated that the Klan had been shot three times and if blacks “want to wage war against us, they will be prepared for the next terrible consequence”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In the brief, Gordon also claimed that the Klan was a peaceful organization.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This was a common claim to try to protect the Klan from prosecution.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

However, in 1869, a federal jury (federal grand jury) declared the Klan to be a terrorist organization.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Hundreds of examples of crimes and acts of violence were brought to light when the issue was addressed.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Klan members began to be prosecuted and many of the members fled trials, primarily to South Carolina.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Gordon also reported that some individuals had committed were acts of violence in the name of the Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

It was true that non-members of the Klan had found the Klan disguise to be a good means of masking their identity when committing acts of violence.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

It was also common for the higher leadership of the Klan to say itself and its responsibility disconnected from these acts of violence.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

To top it off, Klan membership was difficult to prove because of the organization's fragmented and unfocused nature.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In many ways, the Ku Klux Klan was the armed wing of the Democratic Party, the farming class and those advocating white supremacists.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Just two years after the organization's founding in 1868, activity in the Klan's activities began to decline.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

As Gordon's account attests, in the organisation's activities the politicality had diminished further.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The idea behind the action was essentially how to avoid accusations of violence.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Many influential Southern Democrats began to see the organization as a liability that gave the federal government an excuse to maintain its power in the Southern states.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

B. H. Hill, a Georgian, even went so far as to claim “some of those who caused the unrest are, in fact, friends of the slain.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This statement thus claimed the Klan was in fact federal/republican business.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In a newspaper interview on August 28, 1868, the brigadier proudly reported that the Klan had about 550,000 men in the Confederate States and over 40,000 in Tennessee.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

He also reported that, with five days' notice, could call up to 40,000 men to arms.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Similarly, he said he was not, in fact, a member of the organization, but a collaborator and supporter of it.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Gordon also claimed that the enemies of the Klan were not so much the blacks as the Confederates who turned to the north, or scalawags (scalawags), and immigrants from the north, or carpetbaggers (carpetbaggers).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This was a half-truth, as these white groups just prevented the fact that the Klan could not leave directly into action and efforts against former slaves.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Because of this, the Klan tried to reach out to whites belonging to those very groups, especially teachers who had been brought to the South by the Freedmen's Bureau.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Many of these teachers had been pre-war abolitionists or active in the “Underground Railroad”, an organisation made up of various points and routes aided by runaway slaves from the South to the North.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Many white Southerners believed that blacks only voted for the Republican Party because these had been fooled by the Loyal Leaques.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Dissolution of Organization The First Klan was never centrally organized.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

As a secret “invisible” group, it had no membership list, debts, newspapers, chairman, local departments, local chiefs, and no state or national functionaries.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The organisation's endorsement came from its reputation, augmented by showy disguises and wild and menacing activity.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The establishment and operation of the organization was spontaneous.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Historian Elaine Frantz Parsons has described the organization thus: General Nathaniel Bedford Forrest's national organization had little control over local groups that were highly autonomous.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

One clerical member of the clan complained that his own “so-called leadership was purely formal.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

I don't have the slightest bit of prestige over reckless young country boys who are at their most active in night riding, flogging and so on...


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Anything that was contrary to the original intent and the Klan constitution document...” Forrest ordered the Klan to be dissolved in 1869, declaring that the organization had “departed from its original honourable and patriotic purposes by becoming an illegal actor rather than serving social peace.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

As the national organization suffered from a lack of influence, this declaration was mainly a symptom of the clan's weakening, and not so much a cause of weakening.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Historian Stanley Horn writes that “generally speaking, the end of the clan was mostly due to a locally incipient, slow and final dispersal than to a formal and decisive abandonment.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

A Georgian journalist wrote in January 1870 that “The real claim is not that the Ku Klux is an organized group of professional criminals, but that the men who carry out crimes refer to themselves as the Ku Klux.”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Many times the Klan was only used as an alias when committing apolitical crimes.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

State or local territory governments very rarely act against the organization.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In black lynching cases, lawyering courts made up of whites hardly ever prosecuted the whites who committed the lynching.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Even if an indictment was filed, courts made up of whites many times left lynchers unconvicted.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Furthermore, in many states, there were fears that using a black militia would provoke a race war.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

When Republican North Carolina Governor William Woods Holden commanded a militia against the Klan in 1870, the result was an escalation of the situation that resulted in the loss of the Republican majority in the state House.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Eventually the crisis led to the self-impeachment and dismissal of the governor.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This was an excellent show of support for the clan, after all Holden was also a “scalawag”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

From time to time, organized groups managed to successfully resist the Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

White Union Army veterans organized an anti-Ku Klux in Blount County, Alabama, which threatened with retaliation unless the Klan stopped Unionist floggings and the burning of black schools, as well as churches.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Another example of Klan opposition was when armed blacks patrolled the streets of Bennetsville, South Carolina, to prevent Klan attacks.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

There was also a national movement to topple the Ku Klux Klan, although many national-level Democrats questioned the existence of the Klan as a whole, seeing it as merely an imagination of nervous Confederate Republican governors.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In January 1871, Pennsylvania Republican Senator John Scott formed a committee to take testimony from 52 eyewitnesses to the Klan attacks.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Many Southern states had already ignored anti-Ku Klux Klan legislation and in February a congressman maligned in the Southern states, as well as former Union Army General Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts, proposed a federal anti-clan law.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The bill swung in popularity after South Carolina's governor asked federal troops for help at the same time as reports arrived of clashes and massacre in Meridian, Mississippi, from whose courthouse a black state representative had been forced to flee into the woods.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant signed the Ku Klux Klan Act (“The Ku Klux Klan Act”), which was used in conjunction with the Power Act of 1870 (1870 Force Act) to implement statutes enshrined in the U.S. Constitution.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

During the Klan Act, federal troops were used rather than state militiamen.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Likewise, the clansmen were taken to be tried in federal court, ruled predominantly by blacks.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The clansmen were eradicated from all other parts of the country, although the clan had been in decline for several years.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Attorney General Amos Tappan Ackerman served as prosecutor.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The government implemented the Clan Act around 1871—74, when the clan was definitively eradicated.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In some areas, the activity, which included intimidation and killings of black voters, continued locally as various smaller organisations such as the White League (White League), Red Shirts (Redshirts) and various sabre and rifle clubs.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Although the actual Ku Klux Klan was no longer in existence, it had achieved many of its goals, such as abolishing the right to vote for blacks in the Confederate States.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

However, it took several years to eradicate clan phenomena.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

On Easter Sunday 1873, the Colfax Massacre occurred, the bloodiest single example of racial violence during Reconstruction.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The massacre began when black residents made a resistance against the Klan and its ally the White League.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

John G. Lewis, a black teacher and state MP from Louisiana, described the situation: “They attempted [armed self-defense] in Colfax.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The result was that as the sun set in the evening on Easter Sunday in 1873 the bodies of 280 Negro lay on the ground”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In 1882, several years after the First Klan, the United States Supreme Court ruled the case United States v. Harris in its hearing that the Ku Klux Klan is not unconstitutional, stating that the power of Congress does not justify interfering with private conspiracies based on the 14th paragraph of the Constitution.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

However, the power law and Klan law have come to prominence in subsequent court battles, including in 1964, when civil rights activists James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner were assassinated by the Ku Klux Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Chaney was black and Goodman and Schwerner were Jewish.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Similarly, laws have come up in the wake of the Ku Klux Klan's assassination of civil rights activist Viola Liuzzo.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The laws also came up further in 1991 in the lawsuit against abortion clinics, Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic, which ruled in 1994 that the Klan Act could not apply to ending blockades of abortion clinics.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Another Ku Klux Klan Four and a half decades after the original Klan disbanded, inter-racial relations still remained very poor.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Generally, the darkest period of America's inter-racial relations is timed just after the end of the Klan to the late 19th and early 20th centuries.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

During that time, violence and murder were actually much more common than in clan times.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

According to the Tuskogee Institute, for example, in the 1890s, the number of lynchings reached its peak.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Establishment Generally as an enabler of the establishment of the Second Ku Klux Klan, the development of modern mass media is presented.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Three closely related cases laid the groundwork for the recoming of the Klan: The premiere of the film Birth of a Nation.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The film was about the mythical and glorious First Clan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The lynching of Leo Frank, which came about mainly as a result of constant sedition by the media.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Frank, a Jewish man, was accused of raping and murdering a 12-year-old white girl, Mary Phagan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, immigration to the United States accelerated.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The new immigrant group was fashioned by Jews who were seen as a problem.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The first clan did not care about immigration or Jews, but the second clan was founded in an era when opposition to increased immigration and Jewish hostility existed on the surface.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Another Clan was founded around an organisation called the Knights of Mary Phagan (The Knights of Mary Phagan).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The new organization adopted the fictional version of the original Klan in the Birth of a Nation film.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

D. W. Griffith's Birth of the Nation glorified the original Klan, which by that time was no longer a mere vanishing memory.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

His films were based on a book and play by Thomas Dixon called The Clansmen (The Clansmen) and the book Spots of Leopard (The Leopards Spots).


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Dixon said he intended to “revolutionize the northern attitude atmosphere with the kind of show of history that would turn every man sitting in the audience into a good Democrat!”


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The film was made a national acclaim narrative for the Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In Los Angeles, at the time of the preseason screening, actors dressed as Klansmen were hired to ride for promotional purposes.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Later, at the time of the first show, real Second Klan members rode up and down the streets of Atlanta.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

There were also such incidents in the Southern states that an enthusiastic film audience began shooting for the big screen.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The popularity and impact of the film was also reinforced by the widely repeated knowledge that US President Woodrow Wilson, who had a background as a historian, had said the film was truthful in its facts.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

This is what Wilson wanted to say in order to do his old friend a favor.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The distinctive features of the new clan, such as the white robe and the burning of crosses, had been mimicked from this film.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The pictorial language of “Birth of a Nation” was based on Dixon's romanticized understanding of old Scotland as depicted in Sir Walther Scott's novels and poems rather than the First Clan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Birth of a Nation includes several extensive quotations from Woodrow Wilson's book History of the American People.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

One of the more well-known passages is this: “White men were mobilized by a mere instinct of self-preservation... until the great Ku Klux Klan, the true kingdom of the South, emerged to protect the Confederate States.”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

After seeing the film at a special White House private screening on February 18, 1915, Wilson stated that the film “is like history written in lightning and my only grief is that it's all so tremendously true”.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The Wilson family had sympathized with the Confederacy during the Civil War and family members had tended to its wounded soldiers at the church.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

When Wilson was a young man, his party was fiercely opposed to Reconstruction and as president he reinstituted racial segregation for the first time since Reconstruction began.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Knowing the film was strongly pro-Democrat and Wilson's views on race as well as the clan, it is not unfounded to interpret Wilson's post-film statement as supporting the Klan.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

What emerges from this statement is that Wilson considered scathing the entire reconstruction carried out by Radical Republicans, which freed the slaves and crushed the Confederate independence of the Confederate States of America.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Subsequent correspondence with film director Griffith confirms Wilson's enthusiasm for the film.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Wilson's remarks were widely reported and immediately became controversial.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Wilson tried to stay away from the debate caused by his statements, but at last on April 30 he issued a two-meaning political statement that appeared to be a refutation of earlier statements, but was not in reality it.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

Wilson's support for the film, however, increased its popularity broadly and made it easier for Griffith to defend himself against criticism from the NAACP.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (National Organization for the Development of the Colored Population, NAACP) is an organization advocating interests for black and colored segments of the population as well as civil rights whose most influential leaders were Jews.


Question: What was the Rufus River Massacre?

Ku Klux Klan

In any case, the film had a major impact on the emergence of the Second Klan later that year.