Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[6] Even if a kinship relationship with the Prophet Muhammad existed, the number of people who shared this connection today, 1300 years later, was at least one million.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[6] Some other elements of Shah's autobiography appeared to have been pure fiction.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[6] Despite this, Hammer stated that Shah's books have been in sufficient demand and that he has played a significant role in portraying the core of mouthfulness as a non-confessional, individualistic, and life-affirming condensation of spiritual wisdom.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[6] Peter Wilson wrote that if Shah had been an impostor, he had been “very talented” because, unlike commercial writers alone, he had gone to great lengths to produce a complex and internally coherent system that appealed to “the whole crowd more or less distinguished persons” and had “provoked and stimulated thinking in many different quarters”.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[89] Moore acknowledged that Shah had made a kind of contribution to the popularization of humanistic mouthfulness and that he “had promoted himself energetically and resourcefully”, but came to the damning conclusion that Shah's mouthfulness was “'mouthfulness' without self-sacrifice, without self transcending, without aspiration to gnosis, without tradition, without the Prophet, without the Quran, without Islam and without god.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Only this.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[5] [64] The opinion of the late Gore Vidal regarding Shah's books was that “These books are considerably harder to read than they were to write.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

“[94] Inheritance Idries Shah considered his books to be his inheritance; in his absence they themselves would fulfill the task he had held.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[95] For Shah's pupils, the promotion and circulation of their teacher's publications has been an important activity or “work”, both for fundraising purposes and for changing public awareness.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[44] SSS has ceased operations and ICR ceased operations in summer 2013 following the start of a new charitable foundation, The Idries Shah Foundation.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

The Foundation is republishing Idries Shah's books and making them available as e-books on the internet.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

The ISHK (Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge), led by Ornstein, [20] is active in the United States; for example, after the 9/11 terrorist acts, ISHK sent a pamphlet promoting Afghan-themed books by Shah and his circle to members of the Middle East Studies Association, thus linking these publications to the need for better cross-cultural understanding.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[44] When Elizabeth Hall interviewed Shah for Psychology Today magazine in July 1975, he asked, “What would you like to see happen for the sake of humanity?”


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Shah replied: “What I would really like, in case anyone listens, is for the public, everyone, to familiarize themselves with the results of the last 50 years of psychological research so that these findings become part of their way of thinking (...) they have access to this vast amount of psychological information and they refuse to use it.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

“[10] Shah's brother, Omar Ali-Shah (1922—2005), was also a writer and teacher of mouthfulness; the brothers taught students together for a while in the 1960s, but in 1977 “agreed to disagree” and their ways parted ways.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[96] Following Idries Shah's death in1996, a fair number of his students became affiliated with Omar Ali-Shah's movement.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[97] Idries Shah's eldest daughter, Saira Shah, became famous in 2001 while reporting in her documentary Beneath the Veil on women's rights in Afghanistan.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

[60] His son Tahir Shah is a well-known travel writer, journalist and adventurer.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Works of Magic Oriental Magic ISBN 0-86304-017-9 (1956) The Secret Lore of Magic ISBN 0-8065-0004-2 (1957) The Sufis ISBN 0-385-07966-4 (1964) Tales of the Dervishes ISBN 0-900860-47-2 (1967) Caravan of Dreams ISBN 0-86304-043-8 (1968)) Reflections ISBN 0-900860-07 -3 (1968) The Way of the Sufi ISBN 0-900860-80-4 (1968) The Book of the Book ISBN 0-900860-12-X (1969) Wisdom of the Idiots ISBN 0-86304-046-2 (1969) The Dermis Probe ISBN 0-86304-045-4 (1970) Thinkers of the East — Studies in Experientialism ISBN 0-9008845-4 60-46-4 (1971) The Magic Monastery ISBN 0-86304-058-6 (1972) The Elephant in the Dark|The Elephant in the Dark — Christianity, Islam and The Sufis ISBN 0-900860-36-7 (1974) A Veiled Gazelle Seeing — How to See ISBN 0-900860-58-8 (1977) Neglected Aspects of Sufi Study ISBN 0-900860-58-8 (1977) 6-1 (1977) Special Illumination: The Sufi Use of Humour ISBN 0-900860-57-X (1977) A Perfumed Scorpion ISBN 0-900860-62-6 (1978) Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way ISBN 0-900860-59-6 (1978) The Hundred Tales of Wisdom ISBN 0-86304-049-7 (1978) with Idries Shah ISBN 0 -86304-008-X (1981) Letters and Lectures of Idries Shah ISBN 08-6304-010-1 (1981) Observations ISBN 0-86304-013-6 (1982) Seeker After Truth ISBN 0-900860-91-X (1982) Sufi Thought and Action ISBN 0-86304-051-9 (1990) The Commanding Self 0-86304-051-9 (1990) 4-066-7 (1994) Knowing How to Know ISBN 0-86304-072-1 (1998) Collections of stories by Mulla Nasrud The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin ISBN 0-86304-022-5 (1966) The Pleasantries of the Incredible Mullah Nasrudin ISBN 0-86304-023-3 (1968) The Subtleties of the Inimitable Mulla Nasrudin ISBN 0-86304-023-3 (1968) 021-7 (1973) The World of Nasrudin ISBN 0-86304-086-1 (2003) Studies of the English Darkest England ISBN 0-86304-039-X (1987) The Natives are Restless ISBN 0-86304-044-6 (1988) The Englishman's Handbook ISBN 0-86304-077-2 (2000) Travel books Destination Mecca ISBN 0-900860-077-2 (2000) Travel books Destination Mecca ISBN 0-900860-03-0 (1957) Fiction Kara Kush, London: William Collins Sons and Co., Ltd.. ISBN 0-685-55787-1 (1986) Folklore World Tales ISBN 0-86304-036-5 (1979) For Kids Neem the Half-Boy ISBN 1-883536-10-3 (1998) The Farmer's Wife ISBN 1-883536-07-3 (1998) The Lion Who Saw Himself in the Water ISBN 1-883536-25-1 (1998) The Boy Without A Name ISBN 1-883536-25-1 (1998) 883536-20- 0 (2000) The Clever Boy and the Terrible Dangerous Animal ISBN 1-883536-51-0 (2000) The Magic Horse ISBN 1-883536-26-X (2001) The Man With Bad Manners ISBN 1-883536-30-8 (2003) The Old Woman and The Eagle ISBN 1-883536-27-8 (2005) The Silly Chicken ISBN 1-883536-50-2 (2005) Fatima the Spinner and the Tent ISBN 1-883536-42-1 (2006) The Man and the Fox ISBN 1-883536-43-X (2006) As Arkon Daraul A History of Secret Societies ISBN 0-8065-0857-4 (1961) [98] Witches and Sorcerers ISBN 0-8065-0267-3 (1962) [98] Interviews, seminars and lectures Idries, and Pat Williams.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

A Framework for New Knowledge.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

London: Seminar Cassettes, 1973.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Sound recording.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Shah, Idries.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Questions and Answers.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

London: Seminar Cassettes, 1973.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Sound recording.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

King, Alexander, Idries Shah, and Aurelio Peccei.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

The World-and-Men.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Seminar Cassettes, 1972.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Sound recording.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

King, Alexander, et al.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Technology: The Two-Edged Sword.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

London: Seminar Cassettes, 1972.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Sound recording.


Question: Who is the ancestor of design?

Idries Shah

Learning From Stories (1976 Lecture) ISBN 1-883536-03-0 (1997) On the Nature of Sufi Knowledge (1976 Lecture) ISBN 1-883536-04-9 (1997) An Advanced Psychology of the East (1977 Lecture) ISBN 1-883536-02-2 (1997) Overcoming Assumptions that Inhibit Spiritual Development; previously entitled A Psychology of the East (1976 Lecture) ISBN 1883536-23-5 (2000) Observations Sources CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) References on the topic Elsewhere Television Documentary on YouTube Category:Born in 1924 Category:People who died in 1996 Category:Afghan writers Category:English writers Category:Esotericists Category:Fourth Way


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion (; 1129 or 1130 — 6 August 1195, Braunschweig) was Duke of Saxony (under the name Henry III) from 1142 to 1180 and Duke of Bavaria (under the name Henry XII) from 1156 to 1180.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

He was one of the most important warlords of Frederick I Barbarossa, Emperor of the Holy German-Roman Empire, but eventually drifted into disputes with him, so in 1180 the emperor stripped him of both his duchies.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion is also considered the founder of the city of Munich.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] Life as Duke of Saxony and Bavaria Henry the Lion was the only son of Henry X the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony belonging to the Welf family.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

His mother Gertrud of Saxony was the daughter of Emperor Lothar III.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] Due to rivalry between the Welfs and the House of Hohenstaufen, in 1138, Emperor Konrad III of the Hohenstaufen family stripped Henry the Proud of both duchies and declared him a kingdom curse.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Henrik the Proud died the following year.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[2] In May 1142, at the Reichstag held in Frankfurt, another of his father's fiefdoms, namely the Duchy of Saxony, was restored to Henry the Lion on condition that he recognised the belonging of the Duchy of Bavaria to his stepfather, Margrave Henry II Jasomirgott of Austria, to whom Emperor Konrad had already had time to hand it over.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

After coming of age in 1147, Henry the Lion claimed Bavaria for himself as well, and in 1151 attempted, with little success, to seize it.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] [2] In 1152, Frederick Barbarossa, a cousin of the Hohenstaufen line of Henry the Lion, came to the head of the Empire, who decided to make peace with the Welfs.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion participated with his army in Fredrik Barbarossa's First Italian War Expedition in 1154—1155 and suppressed an uprising in Rome upon his crowning as Emperor.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion's right to Bavaria was recognised by the emperor, which he was finally able to take possession of in September 1156.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] [2] Henry Jasomirgott was compensated by elevating Austria to a duchy at the same time.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

The following year Henry the Lion established a new trading post along the River Isar.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] In 1158, Emperor Frederick ended the feud between Henry and the Bishop of Freising by consolidating a trading area called Munichen (then known as Munich).


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[3] Henry married Clementia, daughter of Duke Konrad I of Zähringen in 1148, but the marriage was dissolved in 1162.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

In 1168, Henry entered into a second marriage with Matilda Plantagenet, daughter of King Henry II of England.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] Reign in Saxony Henry the Lion expanded the Duchy of Saxony into the territories east of the Elbe.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

He recaptured a sliver of the Baltic coast from Count Adolf II of Holstein, and in 1159 re-established the city of Lübeck, whose status as a centre of trade he considerably strengthened through treaties with Gotland merchants and Sweden and Novgorod.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] With several expeditions of war, Henry gradually recaptured the entire area of Mecklenburg and Etu-Pomerania from the Slavic Obotrites.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

He began to spread German settlement in this area, as well as Christianity, by establishing settlements and building churches.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] [2] A decisive victory was obtained in the war expedition of 1160, when the chief of the Obotrites, Niklot, was slain in battle.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

In the same year, Henry transferred the episcopal seat of Mecklenburg to Schwerin, to whom he conferred city rights at the same time.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[4] Henry also fought a long war with Denmark over the ownership of the island of Rügen on the coast.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] Henry moved the Saxon capital to Braunschweig and built Dankwarderode Castle there, in front of which he erected a lion statue in 1166 to symbolise his own power.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] [4] He took over the property of several extinguished supremacist lineages, which provoked much irritation.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] In 1164, the archbishops of Magdeburg and Bremen, as well as Albrekt the Bear, Margrave of Brandenburg, allied with several minor princes of Saxony against Henry the Lion.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

The intervention of Emperor Fredrik Barbarossa in 1168 forced Henry's opponents to make peace.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] [2] In his search for allies, Henry was forced to recognize Niklot's son Pribislav as Prince of Mecklenburg.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[2] Henry made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1172 and received a princely reception in Constantinople from the Byzantine emperor Manuel I.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] For two decades Henry took part in all the major war expeditions of Fredrik Brabarossa.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

He was involved in the Polish War Expedition of 1157 and the Second Italian War Expedition of 1158—1161, during which he played an important role, among other things, in the siege of the city of Crema.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

In 1168, Henry negotiated peace in England and France in the name of the emperor.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] However, he did not participate in Fredrik Barbarossa's Third Italian War Expedition, which began in 1174.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[2] Henry arrived in Chiavenna in 1176 to meet Fredrik, who asked him for military assistance, but Henry now demanded the kingdom town of Goslar as a reward.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

When the emperor did not agree to the condition, Henry did not send reinforcements, resulting in the Imperial army suffering defeat to the northern Italian city-states at the Battle of Legnano the same year.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

This is something Fredrik Barbarossa never forgave.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] [2] [4] The dethronement and the last years of the Saxon overlords began a new revolt against Henry the Lion in 1177.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Fredrik Barbarossa, who returned to Germany the following year, tried to mediate the controversy by hearing complaints from rebellious princes about Henry's activities.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Henry refused to answer the accusations before the emperor and failed to appear at four successive Reichstags where the matter was to be dealt with.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

In 1180, Emperor Frederick finally declared Henry like his father to a reich curse and confiscated the latter's lands.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] [2] Furthermore, Fredrik chopped up Henry's kingdom by distributing it to various princes.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Bavaria he gave to Otto Wittelsbach, Archbishop of Cologne, the Duchy of Westphalia formed from the western parts of Saxony, and the eastern part of Saxony and the rank of duke to Bernhard, son of Albrekt the Bear of Brandenburg.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] Henry initially managed to defend his positions in northern Saxony and in 1180 defeated his enemies in two battles, but was forced to surrender the following year.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

The Reichstag decided to return to him the lands of Braunschweig and Lüneburg, which had belonged to his inheritance, but he was forced to go into exile at the court of his father-in-law King Henry II of England.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Henry returned to Germany in 1185, but as he continued to insist on the return of his lands and refused to participate alongside Fredrik Barbarossa in the Third Crusade, he was in 1189 driven into re-exile in English Normandy.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Following the death of Fredrik Barbarossa in his crusade the following year, Henry returned again, capturing territories from northern Saxony for himself, including the cities of Lübeck and Lüneburg.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Frederick Barbarossa's son Henry VI, who became the new ruler of the Empire, concluded peace with him in July 1190 at Fulda.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

A disgruntled Henry the Lion started the war yet again in 1192 while the emperor was in Italy, but was forced to bend again to peace in 1194.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

He died the following year in Braunschweig.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] [2] He was buried in the Braunschweig Cathedral he had built.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[1] Children Henry the Lion's eldest son Henry the Long became Palatinate Count of the Rhine, the second son became Emperor Otto IV and the third son Wilhelm was descended from the later Braunschweig-Lüneburg ruler line.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion's daughter Gertrud of Bavaria married King Knuut VI of Denmark in 1177.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[2] Not a single contemporaneous portrait of Henry the Lion has survived, but he was described as small in stature and dark-haired.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

The business name “Lion” was apparently used as early as his lifetime, but did not become established until the 13th century.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

Henrik's remains were searched under the floor of Braunschweig Cathedral during excavations carried out in 1935.


Question: Who was Henry the Lion?

Henry the Lion

[4] Sources on the subject elsewhere Class:Bavarian rulers Class:Saxon rulers Class:Those born in 1129 Class:Those who died in 1195


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The Ilyushin Il-96 is a wide-body long-range Russian passenger aircraft with four jet engines.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

It is a truncated version of the Iljušin Il-86 in hull.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Other differences include greater air travel, a glass cockpit, and a fly-by-wire control system.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The maiden flight took place in the fall of 1988.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Three versions of the machine type exist: Il-96-300, Il-96M/T and Il-96-400.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The Il-96 is the first Russian aircraft that is possible to be equipped with Western engines (Pratt & Whitney PW2000).


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Versions Il-96-400M In February 2017, Russian aircraft company Russia's United Aircraft Corporation announced that it had concluded an agreement to start developing a new version and start building a new 2010s Russian modernized version of the 2010s Russian wide-body aircraft.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The first flight with the new version is scheduled to be made as early as 2019.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The Il-96-400M is built on the basis of the Il-96-400T cargo aircraft.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Its length 9.65 m longer than that of the Il-96-300 passenger aircraft currently in service.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The planned number of passengers will be up to 390 passengers.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The Il-96-300 Il-96-300 was the first version, and is equipped with Aviadvigatel (Soloviev) PS-90A jet engines with a thrust of 157 kN.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Planning for the plane began in the mid-1980s and the prototype's maiden flight took place on 28 September 1988.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Commercial transport Il-96 started in 1993 with Aeroflot.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The plane's range, with 262 passengers and a full load of fuel, is about 110,000 miles, allowing nonstop flights from, say, Moscow to the U.S. West Coast.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The plane type is also in service as Russian President Vladimir Putin's private jet.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The Il-96M Il-96M is a lengthened version of the Il-96-300.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

It has a body 10 meters longer and is 15 tons heavier than the Il-96-300.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

In addition, the machine type is equipped with Western avionics as well as Pratt & Whitney PW2337 jet engines.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The Il-96M was announced in 1993 and it began commercial traffic in 2000.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Unlike the IL-96-300, the Il-96M can be flown with two cockpit personnel.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

The Il-96T Il-96T is a modified cargo version of the Il-96M.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Specifications IL-96-300IL-96-MIL-96tLength55.3 m64.7 m63.9 mWingspace60,11 m60,11 m60,11 mHeight17.5 m17,5 m17,5 m17.5 mWeight empty183000kgMaximum Takeoff Weight250000KG270000kgSpeed.80 Mach.80 Mach.80 Mach.80 Mach.Maximum Speed.82 Mach.82 Mach.82 Mach.Flight distance with full cargo 11482km (6195nm) 9700km (5237nm) Engines (for example) Aviadvigatel PS-90APratt & Whitney PW2000 cockpit staffthree Travelers (3 classes) 259307 On topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: What was Russia's first airplane manufacturer?

Ilyushin Il-96

Category:Russian passenger aircraft Il-096


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Ojibwa are today the third most populous Native American people in North America, immediately after the Navajas and Cherokee.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

They were originally part of a large Algonkin language group.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The original self-language name of the Ojibwas was Anishinabe, which is assumed to have meant “Organic people”.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[1] Their numbers are thought to have been at least 35,000 people in the early 17th century, probably many more.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[2] The population dispersed into numerous groups was impossible to calculate.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Ojibwas controlled all the northern shores of Lake Huron and Upper, as well as the Gulf of Georgia up to the edges of the prairie.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Just in the watershed in the northernmost parts of Upper Lake, where rivers begin to flow towards Hudson Bay, converge the paths of the Ojibwas and their close relatives Cree Indians with each other.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

As European settlements spread to the east coast of North America and the Great Lakes regions, the French became the best trading partners for the Ojibwas.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Iroquois may be cited as the main adversaries in the wars fought in the 17th century.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Early in the next century, the Ojibwas pushed out of their path many of the Native American peoples known afterwards from the forest lands of Minnesota and Wisconsin.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Under their intense pressure moved to the plains of present-day North Dakota, among others, the Sioux and Cheyennes.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[3] In later times, the Ojibwas fought on the side of the French and the English alike, but also against them.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

With the U.S. and Canada, the Ojibwas wrote a total of more than 60 peace treaties.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[4] History Prehistory Tradition holds that the anishinabes (ojibwas, ottawas and potawatomies) had sometimes long before the arrival of Europeans lived near the sea, either the Atlantic Ocean or the Hudson Gulf.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[5] Forced by cold weather conditions, the entire nation journeyed to the areas of Lake Huron in the 15th century, settling in its eastern parts.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Ottawas and the Potawatoms separated themselves from the main crowd as their own peoples.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Ottawas were left to live on Manitoul Island as the potawatomies continued their passage into the lower reaches of Michigan.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Ojibwie's destination was Sault Ste on the Ontario—Michigan border.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

She's Marie.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[6] Settling of the Ojibwas in Sault Ste.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Marien's close proximity caused the menomines that had already inhabited the area to recede towards the south.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Cheyenns and Arapahos are also thought to have started the first of their many migrations possibly as the aforementioned peoples pushed them out of their path.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[2] In the 16th century, Native American peoples living near the Atlantic coast gained first contact with Europeans when discoverers, fishermen and traders began moving along the shore waters and river areas that pushed into the continent.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The first French trading station was established as early as the late 16th century at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, which developed into Tadoussac, the centre of the then fur trade.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[7] 17th century In 1603, the discoverer Samuel de Champlain sailed at the behest of King Henry IV of France to Tadoussac and allied himself with the Hurons living in the area.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

In the early part of the century, trading posts were established deeper and deeper inland.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Ojibwat and the French met each other for the first time in the regions of 1615.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

French explorers and the traders and missionaries who followed them had reported on the Native American community that resided near Sault Ste.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Marie Falls at the place where the waters of Upper Lake fell into Lake Huron.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[8] The Indians they met were referred to by the French as Saulteurs, which meant “People of the Falls”.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[9] They were Ojibwas who had gathered in many small groups in Sault Ste.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Marie's territory to fish and meet relatives and friends alike.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The nearby roads of the falls became a common gathering place for the Ojibwas, which was also visited by European traders.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[9] As colonists from England and Holland stayed closer to the shores of the Atlantic, the French made tremendous expeditions towards the west.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Their main accomplishment was the launch of a productive fur trade.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Along with the Hurons and Ottawis, the Ojibwoi became the most prominent trading partners of the French.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

However, many problems came with the Europeans, one of which was increased wars.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The backdrop of the wars found a rapidly growing fur trade, in connection with which the leading European powers were increasingly arming the indigenous population.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[10] From the 1640s onwards, New France was in trouble due to repeated invasions by the United Nations of the Iroquois, notably the Mohawks and Senecas.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Ojibwas were also caught up in many wars against the Iroquois, whose firepower was guaranteed by the continued arms trade with the Dutch.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The inferior armed Ojibwas, however, were able to repel attacks from the enemy by their numbers.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

In addition, they had Ottawa and Nipissing as their allies.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

In the heat of wars, friendly relations between the Ojibwas and the French became even stronger.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Jesuits began their missionary work converting Native Americans to Christianity.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[11] Groups of Ojibwas, which spread out west, came into initial contact with the dakotas, lakotas and nakotas, from whom the common name Nadoeussioux (small vipers) began to be used.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The French shortened the name to Sioux.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Caught between hunting disputes between the Ojibwas and Sioux, French traders in the present-day Duluth region sought to pacify the Indians.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

In 1679, the merchants invited the chiefs of the Ojibwas and Sioux as their guests to negotiate trade with these.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The peace that followed the negotiation lasted between the Ojibwas and Sioux for more than 50 years.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[12] Towards the end of the 17th century, the armament of the Ojibwas improved considerably due to good trade relations.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

Tomahawks, woodpickers, bows and arrows were allowed to give room for European firearms.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The French took advantage of their relationship with the Ojibwas and other Algonkin-speaking tribes, who in the Iroquois wars of the end of the century gave all their support to their white trading partners.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

It was left to New France for the role of a bystander following how their Indian allies crushed the Iroquois defences and attacked their piled villages.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[2] 18th century In 1700, as the culmination of the Iroquois Wars, cleared the Missisaugs southern Ontario territories, eradicating 10 Mohawk villages.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

At the beginning of the same century, the Ottawas and Potawatomies allied with the Ojibwas, forming the Council of Three Fire.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

In the early part of the 18th century, many Ojibwa tribes increased their living quarters by growing them in all air directions.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[13] Groups of Indians who lived on the southwestern and western corners of the Great Lakes ducked towards the west as the Ojibwas populated the lands left by the refugees.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

[3] The peace alliance that lasted more than 50 years between the Ojibwas and the Sioux ended in 1736.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

Ojibways

The Sioux massacred a group of French merchants who had sold firearms to the Cri and Assiniboins.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Knowledge of the bloodwork that took place passed through the ears of the Ojibwas, who, loyal to New France, took revenge on the Sioux for the slain merchants.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Although New France made peace with the Sioux a couple of years later, so the Ojibwas continued a state of war lasting more than a hundred years against the Sioux, except for brief truces concluded between.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[9] In 1750, the Eastern Sioux dakotas (sants) found themselves at the feet of immigration of the Ojibwas in northern Minnesota.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

A monument erected at the scene contains text that told of the village of Izatys on the site where the inhabitants were driven out [14] Two more major battles were then fought in which the Ojibwas carved out space for themselves on the former lands of the Sioux in Minnesota and Wisconsin.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The wars took place far away from the settlements of the European population, so the press did not pay much attention to them.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Simultaneously with the Ojibwa driving the eastern Sioux tribes into the plains, the intervals between New England and New France in Ohio were tightened.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The situation led to the Seven Years' War between the British and the French.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[15] When the war in 1763 ended with the defeat of the French, all their strongholds fell into the possession of the English.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In the Pontiac Rebellion, which began the same year, the Ojibwas, like many other pro-French tribes, recaptured most of the strongholds that had fallen back into British possession.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

However, the New France era had ended for good.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

When the American War of Independence broke out in 1775 was supported by many Ojibwa tribes England, who fought against their own settlements.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The northwesternmost ojibwas dispersed around the northern parts of Upper Lake, where fur hunting had until the 18th century been their main source of livelihood.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

At the same time, some of them moved all the way to Manitoba to the areas of Lake Winnipeg.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Some groups of Ojibwas adopted the mobile lifestyles of equestrian nomads and made long distances following herds of bison.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In the plains, they joined forces with the Creide and Assiniboins to defend against other tribes.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[16] 19th century In the early part of the 19th century, the Ojibwas also spread across Saskatchewan, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Montana, and North Dakota.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

They lived several thousand miles apart.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Ojibwas traded with the British population of Canada, seeking to avoid contact with the United States.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In the early 1820s, Fort Snelling was built at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, with one purpose of ending the mutual wars between the Ojibwis and the Sioux.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

For a time, the fort served this purpose as the Ojibwis and Sioux conducted their negotiation there as well as their commerce.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

However, old disputes flared into new wars during the 1830s.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In 1839, 100 Ojibwa and 23 Sioux were killed in a battle fought on the lands of Fort Snelling.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[3] In order to get the Ojibwas demarcated to one area, U.S. President Zachary Taylor put forward a proposal to move all the Ojibwas to Kansas, where they would be easier to monitor.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Ojibwas chiefs unanimously rose against the project and sent their own embassy to meet the president in Washington.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Taylor refused to take on the Ojibwa negotiators.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[17] When the president died suddenly in the middle of his term in office, the proceedings shifted.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Elected to succeed Taylor in 1850, Millard Fillmore received ojibwas as his guests in 1852.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

He behaved more sympathetically than his predecessor, agreeing to listen to his guests' opinions on the pending matter.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Negotiations eased the situation for the Ojibwas.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The US government respected their large numbers and did not take actual coercive measures in relocating them.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Instead, a new treaty for the surrender of lands and new reservations was written in 1854.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[17] As a result of the drastically increasing settling of the white population, the Ojibwas were forced to give up almost all of their lands in Minnesota, but were replaced by four reservations in pre-familiar Wisconsin territories.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

To the countryside of Bad River, Red rock, Lac du Flambeau and Lac Courte Oreilles.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[17] However, several of the Ojibwas stationed in Wisconsin were incapable of earning a living by hunting or berrying.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The soil was infertile and furthermore, the state of Wisconsin denied fishing rights for the Ojibwas on their former lands in violation of the terms of the written treaties.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The issue was discussed well into the half of the next century, until treaties on fishing rights were rewritten.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[17] During the latter half of the 19th century, the Ojibwoja entered the service of white-owned lumber establishments in large numbers as forestry labourers and so-called “log dudes”.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Although new reservations were established in both the United States and Canada, the livelihood of the Ojibwas proved comparatively poor in more cases.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[17] Despite adversity, the number of Ojibwas never fell below the limit of 15000.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

One explanation for this was the inaccuracies in the early census results.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Another reason was found in numerous mixed marriages.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

As early as the 17th century, French fur traders took young Ojibwa girls as their wives, and in the following century the custom became common.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The descendants were called Métises, but no doubt they were much involved with the Ojibwa tribes.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

This is how the census results began to show too high readings when it was very difficult to account for the pure-blooded nature of those being counted.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

A politician descended from the Ojibwoi, Louis Riel, led the Metisien Redriver Rebellion of 1869—70 against the Canadian government and Anglo-Americans.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Riel rose gun in hand to yet another Saskatchewan Rebellion in the 1880s, but with weak results.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

He died on a noose stage while convicted of treason.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

To the French in Canada, he became an adored hero after his death.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[18] 20th century The new century did not begin in particularly positive signs for the Ojibwas any more than for other Indians in the United States of America.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

President Theodore Roosevelt (1901—1909) demonstrated his interest in Native American affairs with his rather unequivocal statement: “I would not go so far as to think that the only good Indian is a dead Indian.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

I believe this is only the case in nine cases out of 10.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

There's ten I wouldn't want to get to know very closely.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[19] A step to better occurred during President Herbert Hoover's tenure (1929-1933).


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

His vice-president-elect, Charles Curtis, was a half-kaw Indian who seized on the grievances of Native American schools.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The children's sentences were reduced and their weaning from their real parents was restricted.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

However, Hoover and his government were incapable of responding to many of the problems of a severe depression.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

His successor, Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933—45), was more successful in reviving the country from the throes of the Depression and, during his tenure, the management of Native American affairs also improved significantly.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Native American rights were re-listed and a bill edited out of them.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Nearly 150,000 Indians approved the contents of the initiative.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[20] For the Ojibwoi, the new law brought with it new reservations in Wisconsin and their worst economic hardships eased.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

New jobs were created and the Civilian Wildlife Conservation Corps employed a lot of the young Native American population for their service; planting forests, renovating nature reserves, and suppressing wildfires.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In 1967, Ojibwa activists founded the American Indian Movement (AIM), which was registered two years later.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In 1972, the Ojibwas and Ottawas received a sum of $10 million of money from the United States as repayment for broken contracts.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[3] Over the next decade, age-old fishing disputes were also brought to an end with the writing of a new treaty that allowed the fishing of the Ojibwas in their 19th century ceded territories in Minnesota.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

During the last decades of the 20th century, the Ojibwas also gained several new reservations.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[3] Today there are more than 200,000 present day Ojibwoja.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In the 2000 census, they were home to the highest number in Minnesota, where the number exceeded more than 60,000 Ojibwa.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In Ontario, the figure was 41,000, in North Dakota 34,000, and in Michigan, 31,000 people.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[3] In addition, they live in Wisconsin and Saskatchewan.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Several Ojibwas still live by fishing and hunting.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Finnish colonists living in Ontario have had a lot of dealings with the Ojibwas.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

According to Stanley F. Hunnisetti's research findings, friendships have developed deep.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Ojibwas and Finns have found much in common with each other and it is reported that they have learned comparatively well each other's language as well.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[18] Culture Tribal names and clans of the Ojibwas got their name from their unique seam-crinkled loafers.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

They were also known as chippewa, which was essentially just a variously pronounced twist from the previous word.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Originally the French called them the Salteauxes, which in the Michigan territories became known as their own tribe.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Missisaugas living in Ontario were of the Ojibwa tribes with high numbers.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The northern prairies roamed bungees.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Other lesser-known groups or tribes included the Amikvat, Atchoguet, Bawatings, Chequamegons, Munduas, Noquets, and Mikinacs.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Names could often be pronounced in slightly different ways and thus their spelling differs in different sources.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[2] To function in times of war as well as peace, the best way was to have tribes divided into clans or totems, each with their own distinct functions.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In meeting the needs of the nation, the clans had to be able to work together as well.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In the face of law, justice and public policy, all clans were in an equal position and the system was built to uphold justice, the main principles of intellectual life and consolidate the cohesion of the people.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Overall clans of the Ojibwas have been known for more than 20, [21] but originally numbered seven.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Of these, the Bears controlled public order in the villages as well as its surroundings.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In addition, their duties included exploring the soil, going through vegetation and looking for natural products for human diseases.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Weasels were hunters and warriors who also took care of planning the defences of their villages.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Kurjet and the Kuikat were clans of chieftains in which all political matters were handled.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Pisces acted as teachers to the children, but also as general counselors, who had the power to resolve mutual disputes between the chiefs' clans.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Kaurites clan was formed of sensitive and poetic people who took care of dwellings and general welfare, leisure events and recreational events.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The clan of birds consisted of knowers and spiritual leaders.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[22] The clans were exogamous, which meant that the Ojibwas were not allowed to take a spouse from their own clan, but were free to marry from outside their clans.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Kaurites clan broke this rule by entering into marriages with each other.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

According to Ojibwas oral lineage, the violation of this law of nature caused the Great Spirit in his tantrums to destroy the entire Caurites clan, which was never again re-established.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Many generations later, the remaining six clans split into new clans, leaving many birds and fish and even water holders with their own clans.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[23] Housing, livelihoods and warfare, the Ojibwas lived in dome-shaped wigwams and were originally fishermen.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Whitefish were asked to touch the descending canoe by hand with long-stemmed slips.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Hooks, nets and spears were also used.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The sturgeons that had gathered in the rapids were caught by harpoons.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[24] The French named a lake in Wisconsin as Lac du Flambeau (Lake of Torches) after numerous burning torches warped in the dark night as a source of light for the windy ojibwas on the lake.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[25] Already in ample times, the Ojibwas mined pure copper from the rocks, making it into knives and decorative objects.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Hunting was an important source of livelihood.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Traps they set for animals and enemies alike.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Ojibwas moved in several small groups, making careful use of everything they saw in nature.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Their warfare was highly disciplined and they were not known to have tortured their prisoners.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Using the perks of their water-rich location, the Ojibwas moved in their canoes for long distances.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Hunting grounds reached far away and their wars were also fought over large areas.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Despite many wars, the Ojibwas respected their opponents.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

While with their worst enemies the Sioux at the Armistice taught the Western Ojibwas to these canoe-making and displayed their secret ceremonies while the Sioux taught the opposing side skills related to bison hunting.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

There were also marriages between the Ojibwas and Sioux.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The first famous Sioux chief Wabasha was the half-brother of Ojibwa leader Ma-Mong-e-se-da.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[9] Birch birch was an important building material used by the Ojibways for paving their dwellings as well as for the manufacture of their canoes.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Tuohi canoes were light and had rapid progress.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

When the family moved in they left the frame of their old apartment standing, but took the products used as coverings with them.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[2] There were great differences in the culture of the widely spread Ojibwi depending on where they lived.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The bungees, or plateau ojibwas, who migrated to the plains of North Dakota, adopted the mobile lifestyle of bison hunters.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Their customs, art, clothing and ceremonies were very different from those of their relatives growing corn, beans and tobacco in their fixed large villages in Wisconsin, Michigan and Ontario.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The Ojibwas, who remained to live north of the Great Lakes, retained fishing as one of their means of livelihood, but the collection of Indian rice and the act of maple syrup were also part of their everyday life.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[26] The Ojibwas, like many of their relatives, were, in the opinion of Europeans, a rather beautiful people, resembling a certain sharply defined Western European breed type.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[24] Both sexes generally liked long hair, which was often plaited.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Sometimes warriors going to wars might have left in their heads only scalp work, which was quite a common custom among the Algonquian and Iroquois speaking tribes.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Mythology The mythology of the Ojibwas (also creiden) featured a flesh-eating giant lurking in forests.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

This evil spirit had been named Wendigo.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

When the worst of the sins of the Ojibwas: selfishness, greed and a tendency to cannibalism were sought to root out the people, Wendigo acted as an effective disciplinarian, representing an invisible threat.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[27] According to the belief, a Native American eating human flesh turned into Wendigo himself.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[11] Gitche Manitou was the Great Spirit of the Ojibwas and the creator of all things living without any special distinctive characters or gender.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Nakomis, on the other hand, was their wise grandmother who had raised them.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[27] Many of the stories of the Ojibwas were directed at their cultural hero and mythical figure Nanabush, whom Manitou had sent to earth to help the nation and teach them humanity, intelligence and other important things.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[26] Nanabush often appeared in the form of a large hare.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

He was also seen as an erratic rogue and a herald who used humorous means to bring about reforms.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In the mythology of the Ojibwas, an asibikaashi, a spider-woman whose weave web was seized by bad dreams and the good ones were left behind.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Today, this ancient relic of the Ojibwa tradition is known by the name of the dreamcatcher and has been made a common emblem of Native American culture.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

A round or oval hoop made of willow wood was netted and decorated with a feather.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

A simple amulet was originally used to filter children's dreams by placing it next to the sleeping person.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The children's nocturnal visions were important to the Ojibwas and helped them choose suitable names for their brood.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[28] Ceremonies The ceremonies of the Ojibwas consisted of many beliefs, customs and events.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In the 17th century and still at the beginning of the following century was the gathering place of many Ojibwas celebrations at Bowating near present-day Sault Ste.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Marie.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The occasions were usually in the spring and autumn.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The naming ceremony of children, the first hunt for boys, the start of the girls' menstrual cycles, and marriages and deaths formed much of the topics of the festivities.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

In ceremonies, prayers were heard, pipe burning was practiced, cleaning in the steam room, seeing visions, and tributes to the Great Spirit were given.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[5] Several occasions were accompanied by monotonous drumming, flute playing and polyphonic singing.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Sports competitions as well as storytelling were also included in many events.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Many relationships with different tribes made the social life of the Ojibwas rich.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Major events included Festivals of the Dead and Day of All Souls.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

At these parties, much was eaten and drunk in the guise of the departed.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Married life Ojibwa girls were permitted to marry at the age of 14—15 years after going through at least five days of fasting in a small wigwam.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

During Lent, the Great Spirit strengthened by its presence the girls' lives.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The boys were given permission to acquire a wife after they were able to show they could provide for their family by hunting.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

During the courtship phase, young people were subject to close eye keeping.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The husband had to live for his first year with his wife's family.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Men who could afford to provide for more than one family had the option of having a second wife.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Mixed marriages were allowed.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[26] Healthcare For health care, Ojibwa women and shamans collected various medicinal herbs.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Tea was made from the fruits and roots of the sumac bush in an attempt to stop bleeding.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Wild onions dipped in sweetened syrup work against colding From the roots of the blackberry bush, a drink was brewed, which was used for diarrhea to try to prevent miscarriages.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Ratamon leaves were used as palliative poultices for bruises, snakebites as well as rheumatism.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[26] The diseases that came with Europeans, such as smallpox, tuberculosis and cholera, were diseases for which there was no medication against their destructive effects.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

A secret society of healers was formed to cure new deadly diseases.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Treatments were given to men and women alike.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Later, this medical association became known as the Midiwiwin Society.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[11] This secret society, which used secret sessions and mystical rites of repentance, is believed to have originated in the 17th century.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[29] Information about their secret expenditure, the ojibwas captured in rolled birch bark, which conveyed care instructions to future generations.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[2] Among the drug bases was, for example, Essiac tea made from eight different herbs, which was used in the treatment of malignant tumors.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

At an Ontario hospital, Canadian head nurse Rene Caisse treated hundreds of severely ill patients with Essiac tea for more than 50 years and achieved good results.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[30] Caisse himself named the product by turning his surname the other way around.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[31] The activities of the Midiwinin Society have also lasted to the present day.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Several of the Native American peoples who lived around the Ojibwas adopted the Midiwiwini into their own culture, seeking to preserve their own traditions to counterbalance customs from Europe.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

There are still MIDIWIWIN clubs in operation in the Great Lakes region, which are well regarded.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[32] [30] The end of life among the Ojibwas the death of the helpless elderly could be hastened when they asked for it themselves.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

At the conclusion of the solemn ritual, his own son was allowed to slay his parents.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[11] The dead in their wigwam were usually left for four days in a pit made on the western side of their house.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

During this period, the soul or spirit of the deceased left the body, travelling to a place in the far west where souls continued to live.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Later, the deceased was buried in the ground.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

On a wooden monument erected at the site of the tomb, a picture inscription of the deceased's achievements and an inscription of which clan he had belonged to.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

During the mourning period, which lasted a year, the deceased's loved ones might blacken their face, chest or hands with charcoal.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

The mourning ended with a festival of the Dead organised by relatives.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

[26] Sources Henriksson, Markku Original Americans Gummerus, 1986.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

ISBN 951-662-385-9.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Palazzo-Craig, Janet Ojibwe of Michigan, Minnesota and North Dakota, Rosen Publishing Group, 2005.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

ISBN 9781404228733.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Paper, Jordan D: Native North American religious traditions: dancing for life, Praeger publishers, 2006.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

ISBN 9780275990978.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Santoro, Nicholas J. Atlas of the Indian Tribes of North America, iUniverse, 2009.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

ISBN 978-1-4401-0795-5.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Virrankoski, Pentti: American and Canadian Indians, Gummerus, 1994.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

ISBN 951-717-788-7.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Waldman, Carl: Atlas of the North American Indian, Fact On File Publications, 1985.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

ISBN 0-87196-850-9.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

Warren, William Whipple: A History of the Ojibway People, Minnesota Historical Society, 2009.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

ISBN 978-0-87351-643-3.


Question: What areas have the Potawatomies lived in?

The Ojibways

References on the topic elsewhere Category:Algonkin peoples Category:Indigenous peoples of Canada Category:Indigenous peoples


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

Antonio Jason LaBarbera (born January 18, 1980 in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada) is a professional Canadian ice hockey goaltender who finished his career.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

Drafted by the New York Rangers, LaBarbera was booked into the NHL by the New York Rangers with reserve number 66 in the 1998 draft.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

NHL career LaBarbera played his first NHL game in the season, a match LaBarbera kept his paint clean sheet.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

The next time LaBarbera played in the NHL was not until the season, when he countered in four games in a Rangers jersey with an interception percentage of 82.4%.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

During the 2004—05 lockout season, LaBarbera played in the AHL for the Hartford Wolf Pack, where he had also played for much of the early years of his pro career.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

For the season, LaBarbera transferred to the Los Angeles Kings.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

For the Kings, LaBarbera played 29 games in his opening season, with a tackling percentage of 90%, in addition, he also played three matches during the season for AHL team Manchester Monarchs.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

The following season, 2006—07 went entirely off LaBarbera in the AHL.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

LaBarbera played a spectacular AHL season: 60 games, a goal average of 2.21 and a tackling percentage of 93.3%.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

In 2007, for the second time in his career, he received the AHL's Best Goaltender Award for the Aldege “Baz” Bastien Memorial Award (the first time was in 2004, when he also received the Les Cunningham Award for the AHL's Most Valuable Player Award).


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

Stunning holds in the AHL brought a spot from the Kings for the season.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

LaBarbera was the team's number one sitter, he played 45 games, with a tackling percentage of 91.0%.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

However, the Kings fell far short of the playoff line and the season ended with the regular season.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

The season LaBarbera started as the Kings' number one, but after young Jonathan Quick ousted him, LaBarbera was traded to the Vancouver Canucks, where he could only play nine games.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

For the season, LaBarbera transferred to the Phoenix Coyotes, where he served as second sitter to Ilya Bryzgalov for the 2009—10 seasons (tackling percentage 92.8%) and (tackling percentage 90.9%).


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

He played 17 matches in both seasons.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

For the season, Bryzgalov transferred to the Philadelphia Flyers, and Mike Smith was acquired as the Coyotes” new number one sitter.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

LaBarbera was again the team's second-setter, albeit with increased responsibility from 17 games in previous seasons to 19 games.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

In the 2011—12 season, LaBarbera countered the Coyotes with a goal with pucks at 91.2 percent certainty.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

In a season shortened by the lockout, he played 15 matches and his tackle percentage was 92.3.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

In July 2013, LaBarbera transferred to the Edmonton Oilers and in December of the same year to the Chicago Blackhawks.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

In July 2014, he transferred to the Anaheim Ducks.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

Other than that, LaBarbera and his wife, Kodette, have a son born in 2009, Ryder.


Question: When did Ilya Bryzgalov start his professional career?

Jason LaBarbera

Sources at Category:Canadian hockey goalkeepers Category:Players booked by New York Rangers Class:Born in 1980 Class:Living persons


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Plastic is a generic term for synthetic or semi-synthetic materials consisting of long molecular chains of carbon or carbon-silicon atoms, i.e., polymers.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

This chemical structure also underlies the formability of materials, which is due to the designation plastic.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Plastics usually consist of a basic polymer and additives.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Additional ingredients include UV protectors, dyes, fillers such as chalk, reinforcements such as fiberglass and plasticizers.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The highest grades of plastic in terms of production are made from light fractions such as benzene, butadiene, propylene and ethylene from oil refining by joining the molecules of these together into long chains in a process called polymerization.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

[1] By 2018, plastic has been produced worldwide over 8 mljards tonnes (8 trillion kilograms).


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Currently, annual production of plastic is 300 million tonnes, and estimates suggest that this will double by 2030.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Of all plastic produced approx.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

80% ends up as waste [2] Technical characteristics of plastics such as strength, electrical insulability, water resistance and lightness, low cost of plastic raw materials, and efficient manufacturing of plastic objects in large series are the reasons for the very rapid expansion of plastics use starting in the 1950s.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The non-degradation of plastic in nature also makes it an environmental problem.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Plastics Breakdown Plastics can be divided in several ways: By chemical origin Inorganic plastics silicone Organic plastics based on polymer materials of the plant or animal kingdom (cellulose, lignin, chitin, casein, shellac).


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Oil-based synthetic plastics According to modification properties for single plastics and re-moldable thermoplastics.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

According to use or other characteristics reinforced plastic cellular plastic foamed during the manufacturing process new plastic made from recycled plastic material technical plastics biodegradable plastic synthetic plastics predominantly petroleum based but also silicones include to these.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Thermoplastic elastomers Set between rubbers and plastics History of plastics at the World's Fair in London 1862 Alexander Parkes presented his own plastic crossed into parkesine, which could be molded when heated.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

From it he made with mold by pressing decorative and household objects, for example, knife handles.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In its chemical structure, it was cellulose nitrate [3] and was intended to replace ivory.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

However, Parkes was unable to develop the production of his plastics into an industrial one.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Parkesine also began to crack as he grew older.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The American John Wesley Hyatt also used another solvent in his cellulose-based plastic called celluloid [3], introduced in 1863.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Hyatt's celluloid was more durable, and in addition, he was able to start industrial production.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Another plastic grade invented already in the 19th century is cellulose acetate [3].


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In 1897, galalite made of casein was developed.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The first galalite plant was established in Germany, Hamburg in 1904.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The first synthetic plastic, bakelite, was developed by Leo Hendrik Baekeland in 1907 from phenol and formaldehyde.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

[3] Rayon is the first plastic fiber, the production of which was started in 1905 by the French company Courtauld with patents purchased from English.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

This “artificial silk” is technically cellulose acetate.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Transparent film, cellophane, can also be made from it.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Cellulose acetate became the film material of emerging photographic technology, although it is very sensitively flammable.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Rayon is still being manufactured.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The first Finnish plastic factory, Sarvis Oy started production in 1921 in Tampere.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Sarvis used 30,000-40,000 litres of milk a day at its best times because the plastic it used was galalite.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Industrial production of polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride was started in the 1930s.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Until World War II, coal was the main raw material for synthetic compounds, but after the war they began to be produced mainly from petroleum. [3].


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Bakelite is considered the beginning of the plastic age, but petroleum-based plastics made it an everyday consumer product and nylon was one milestone of history in this development.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

By the 2010s, plastic has spread all over the place, even drinking water.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

[4] There are huge plastic rafts drifting in the oceans.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Part of plastic plasticizers, mm.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

some phthalates cause endangerment to reproductive health.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Single and thermoplastics Single plastics Single plastics consist of polymer meshes.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

One-time plastics cannot be post-plasticised, but when heated sufficiently, the polymer meshes of single-plastics decompose into elements.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

One-time plastics are made from a liquid linear polymer, or basic resin, which is cured by developing bridges between polymers by heating and another chemical (for example vulcanization), or just another chemical called a hardener.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Heat can arise from the curing reaction itself.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Thermoplastics Thermoplastics are formed by long polymer chains that bind to each other by weak bonds.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

When heated, polymer chains get to move between each other interspersed.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

This thermoplastic property allows thermoplastics to be reformulated.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Thermoplastic is an amorphous substance, meaning it does not have an exact melting point, but gradually softens as the temperature rises.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Amorphous Thermoplastics The internal structure of amorphous plastics is unorganized, that is, amorphous.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

It means that the molecular chains of the polymer are entangled with each other without order.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

As amorphous plastic cools from melt state to solid, the unorganized internal structure is preserved but the distance between the molecular chains decreases, i.e., the internal structure becomes condensed.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

For amorphous plastic, the glass transition temperature Tg is very important.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Below the TG, in the glass space, the motion of molecular chains is inhibited.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Therefore, the polymer in the glass space is rigid, hard and often brittle.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Above the TG, in the rubber space, the molecular chains are allowed to move.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Therefore, the polymer is soft, and when the temperature rises sufficiently it becomes fluid.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The operating temperature range for amorphous plastic is below TG and the melt machining and forming temperature range is above TG.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Amorphous plastic has no melting point.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

It follows from the unorganized internal structure of amorphous plastic that amorphous plastics behave differently from sub-crystalline ones.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Amorphous plastic is typical compared to sub-crystalline plastic: Transparency (homopolymers always) Smaller and smoother shrinkage Smaller thermal expansion Dimensional accuracy and persistence more easily achievable Inferior dynamic load capacity Inferior chemical durability Inferior wear resistance Poor sliding properties Stress fracture sensitivity Low creep and relaxation Subcrystalline thermoplastics Subcrystalline plastics are in melt state (temperature above melting point) in amorphous state, i.e. internal structure unorganized.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

When the temperature drops below the melting point, a crystallization process begins in which part of the structure crystallizes, i.e., molecular chains fold into a dense structure.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Crystallization occurs between the melting point (Tm) and the glass shift temperature (Tg).


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Crystallization below TG is not possible because the motion of molecular chains is inhibited.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The crystallinity degree indicates how many percent of the internal structure has crystallized as the end remains amorphous.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Crystallization requires time, i.e., as the cooling rate increases, the degree of crystallization decreases.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

If the plastic material does not sufficiently crystallize in injection molding (low mold temperature), it tends to resume crystallization later if the temperature rises sufficiently above TG (post-crystallization).


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

It follows from post-crystallization that the dimensions and properties of the piece change.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The operating temperature range of partial crystalline plastic extends above TG.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

As the temperature rises above TG its stiffness decreases and the toughness increases the less the higher the crystallinity degree.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

It follows from the internal structure difference that sub-crystalline plastics behave differently from amorphous ones.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

From this, the characteristics characteristic of sub-crystalline plastics can be derived.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Compared to amorphous plastic, sub-crystalline plastic has overall: better sliding properties better wear resistance better dynamic load duration better melt fluidity better stress cracking duration higher die shrinkage (also more uneven) worse dimensional accuracy and -persistence (post-shrinkage, greater thermal expansion) better mechanical damping better chemical tolerance better heat resistance Technical plastics Technical plastics are called those plastic grades that have a use in mechanical engineering as constructive materials.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Such plastics include PA (nylon), PMMA, POM, PTFE (Teflon) and PC and ABS.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Technical plastics have properties such as strength, transparency, chemical resistance or low friction that can be exploited in machines.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Technical plastics are produced in tonnage considerably less than those plastics (PE, PP, PS, PET or PVC) used for example as pipes, plastic films or bubble plastic padding in the packaging industry and construction production.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

For the manufacture of plastic products, pieces made of thermoplastics are made by injection molding machines, by which the molten plastic mass is pressed through the nozzle into the mold.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Plastic raw material is granular, granulates that are fed to the transfer screw of the injection molding machine.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The feed screw inside the tube is heated from the outside of the pipe.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Granulates melt as the feed screw rotates and pumps plastic forward.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In the injection molding machine, the feed screw also acts as a piston, with the pressure produced by which the molten plastic fills the mold.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In a cooled mold, a piece of plastic hardens in a few tens of seconds, depending on the thickness of the wall.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

With one pressing, several pieces can be made in the same mold, where the casting channel connects the pieces.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

So the production speed of the pieces is high, which has been one of the reasons for the success of plastics.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Casting channels and poor-quality production can be ground into crushed and returned to the plastic raw material.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Inside the factory, plastic material can therefore be recycled.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Plastic pipes are made by a machine called an extruder.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The method is called extrusion.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In it, the feed screw pumping the plastic mass rotates continuously.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The molten plastic mass is forced by pressure through the nozzle, according to the shape of which is obtained either an open profile, or if the nozzle has a center (mandrel), a tube.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Plastic films are produced by supplying compressed air inside a still soft membrane tube, thereby increasing its diameter.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Plastic coating of electrical cables is also done with the help of an extruder.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In pultrusion, reinforcing fibers are introduced into the plastic profile.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Usage Finns use 86 kg of plastic per capita per year.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

That's less than the average in Western countries.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In Western Europe, a total of 47 million tonnes of plastic was used in 2004.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Depending on the purpose, plastic consumption is broken down as follows: 37% for packaging, 19% for structures, 9% for electronics and 20% for other items.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

[5] The earliest and most established applications for plastics are in the electrical industry.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The insulating properties, strength, durability, as well as flame resistance, if desired, make it an optimal material for plugs, fuses, shells of electrical conductors and enclosures of electrical appliances.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

As the plastics industry has developed, plastic has begun to replace traditional raw materials.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In the construction industry, plastic has become common in plumbing, gutters, flues, floor coverings, heat and waterproofing, gaskets and wallpaper, among others.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Also, the furniture industry extensively uses plastic in the construction of products, upholstery and laminates.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In the automotive industry, the use of plastic has spread from electrical appliances and upholstery under the hood to things like fans and plumbing.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The push for fuel economy and pedestrian safety, meanwhile, has brought lightweight plastic materials to bumpers and radiators.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Lightness, corrosion resistance, antimagnetism, ease of maintenance and cost-effectiveness are increasing the popularity of plastic even in water and air transport.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The garment industry utilizes plastic materials, especially in shoes and rainwear.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In winter clothes, polyurethane foam is gaining popularity as a thermal insulator.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In the medical sector, plastics are used in packaging, disposable goods (e.g.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

patches, bandages, drug syringes), in sterilizable goods (catheters, piping), as well as prostheses and supports.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

[6] In household objects and other consumer goods, plastic began to take hold in the United States as early as the inter-world war period in the 1920s—1930s, in Europe only after World War II.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In Finland, the acceptability of plastic as a decoration material was promoted, for example, by Yki Nummi's 1950s lamps and other objects, in which he combined plastic with, among other things, the precious wood species popular at the time.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Colourful plastic products took over the sector in Finland in the late 1960s, such as plastic furniture and interior items by Eero Aarnio and Ristomatti Ratia.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

[7] In industrial supplies, plastic anti-adhesion properties, abrasion and corrosion resistance, electricity isolation and translucency allow several critical components.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

PVC, PTFE and polyacetal are used for excellent corrosion resistance in pumps and tubes, nylon in turn due to abrasion resistance and low coefficient of friction on belt conveyors for mines and paper machines.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

[6] Plastic is a common packaging material.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The corrosion resistance of plastic combined with widespread consumption has created waste problems and the need to develop biodegradable plastics.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

[6] Disadvantages The main disadvantage of plastics is their porosity and easy availability.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

While enabling a lot of good, they make people carefree and uncaring.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Waste management in many countries has not kept pace with the development of plastics.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Humanity has produced 8.3 billion tons of plastic between 1950 and 2015, about 80% of which is in landfills and oceans.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Plastics are feared to pose as big an environmental threat as climate change.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

[8] [9] Plastics Recycling Thermoplastics, which most plastics are, can be recycled and reused.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The problem here is sorting plastics.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Good quality collection plastic is sorted by plastic grade and color, making it available for the manufacture of new plastic products in it like virgin raw material.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

A price is paid for such raw material, which makes recycling a profitable business.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

There are more companies operating in the sector.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

These collect plastic material from other companies or entities that reliably identify plastic.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

For example, bags of fertilizer are collected from farmers or the plastic wrappers that have been sheltered by transport units are recovered by trade shops.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Some mixed plastic is also collected.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

These waste plastics, or new plastics, are produced e.g.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

plastic planks that can be used in the farm of durable wood.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In addition, everyday household items such as home string, plastic sticks and packaging film are made from new plastic.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The abundance of plastic grades inhibits plastic recycling, [5] which is one of the reasons that plastic material, which is mainly used as packaging material, enters households in Finland for the most part in landfills.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Since the beginning of 2016, organic waste has not been allowed to take to landfills.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Sorting these plastics in such a way as to obtain usable plastic from them is very elusive.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Instead, these plastics qualify as energy fraction in most cases with packaging papers.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Most plastics can be burned as energy waste without any harmful substances being shed from the plastic.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

The combustion shall occur at a sufficiently high temperature (above 300 °C).


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Pure plastics usually have only carbon dioxide and water as a result of combustion, but colouring and additives and dirt in plastics can form toxic compounds when burned.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Among other things, PVC plastics due to the chlorine contained in them are unsuitable for combustion.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Because of the problems with burning it, PVC is not used much as a packaging material.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Recycling marks Explanations of marks [10] Suitable for combustion in incinerators, but soot excessively on home incineration.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

May be suitable for recycling.Suitable for burning in incinerators.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

In households, the incineration of plastic waste is prohibited.Not suitable for incineration and recycling brand-name incineration? Recycling? Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polyethylene high-density (PE-HD) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polyethylene low-density (PE-LD) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Other plastics or blends//[11] See also Granulate Polymer Chemistry Pacific Waste Vortex Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Nyman, Hannele & Poutasuo, Tuula| title = Plastic Book.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

Artificial items and design| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2004| id = ISBN 951-0-29132-3}} On the topic elsewhere Consumer Agency.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

University of Helsinki. College of Art and Design. Remote High School. Plastics Industry Information Page on Plastics.


Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

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Question: How is plastic produced?

Plastic

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