Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

The men were captured, but Charrière was able to escape in the storm.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

Charrière recounted that he lived thereafter in the jungle with the natives.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

He was arrested as soon as he returned to people and sentenced to two years in solitary confinement.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

[1] Charrière made about eight escape attempts over the next eleven years.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

He was transferred to Pirun Island, from which escape was considered impossible.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

However, Charrière escaped the island in 1944 by ferry and beached on the coast of Guyana.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

There he was held captive for a year, after which he was released and obtained the citizenship of the country.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

He moved to Venezuela, where he worked as a gold prospector, oil explorer and pearl merchant, among other things, until moving to Caracas, getting married and opening a successful restaurant.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

[1] Charrière published an autobiographical success novel Prisoner named Papillon in 1969.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

Name Papillon (Finnish. 'butterfly') came from a butterfly tattoo on Charrière's chest.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

[1] The book goes through the harsh treatment of prisoners, numerous escapes, escape attempts, adventures and entrapments, starting with their capture in 1931 ending with a final escape to Venezuela.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

Later, Charrière wrote a sequel to his blockbuster work called Banco.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

In it, he recounts his post-escape life in South America.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

The book also sheds light on Charrière's youth in France.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

Charrière was pardoned by the French government in 1970 on Legrand murder charges, and Charrière was allowed to return to Paris to market his book.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

Charrière died of throat cancer in 1973.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

[1] In the same year that Charrière died, the film Papillon was premiered, in which Charrière is played by Steve McQueen and his fellow prisoner Louis Delga by Dustin Hoffman.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

In the film, released in 2017, Charrière is played by Charlie Hunnam.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

[1] Charrière herself played the jewel thief in the film The Butterfly Affair (1971).


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

Doubts about the veracity of the story since Papillon's publication have been raised several doubts that some of the events depicted in the novel were invented or happened to prisoners other than Charrière herself.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

[2] Georges Ménager and Gérard de Villiers, among others, have questioned some parts of Charrière's story in their books.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

For example, no record of Charrière's alleged existence on Pirun Island can be found in the archives of the French.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

In 2005, then 104-year-old Frenchman Charles Brunier claimed to be the real Papillon.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

He was imprisoned in the same place at the same time as Charrière, and also had a butterfly tattoo.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

[1] Works Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Charriere, Henri| title = Prisoner named Papillon| others = Translated by Brotherus, Matti| publisher = Otava| year = 1992| version = 10-11.


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

edition 2004| isbn = 951-11248-7-0}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Charriere, Henri| title = Banco!


Question: What was Henri Charrière sentenced to forced labour for?

Henri Charrière

: all in the game| others = Translated by Santavuori, Vesa| publisher = Otava| year = | isbn = 951-10080-7-2}} Sources Category:French writers Category:Births in 1906 Category:Deaths in 1973


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Nastola is now a former Finnish municipality belonging to Lahti, which was located in Päijät-Häme County.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

It was the eastern bordering municipality of Lahti.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

As of 31 December 2015, Nastola had a population [1] and had an area of km², according to surveying institute measurements, of which km² was land and the remaining km² was inland.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[2] Neighbouring municipalities of Nastola were Asikkala, Heinola, Hollola, Iitti, Lahti and Orimattila.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The municipal fish of Nastola is Pasuri.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

There are 1,545 second homes in Nastola.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Geography Nastola landscape is dominated by ridges.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The southern part of the former municipality runs First Salpausselkä, and in the north its territory extends to the Second Salpausselä.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The first Salpausselkä is lowered from the west into two low sects in Villähte, covered by settlement and cultivation.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Of these, the higher has formed in the level of the Baltic Ice Lake and the lower one in the Yold Sea.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

At the church village of Nastola, your back rises and swells into a wide flat stretching 145 metres above sea level.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

At Uusikylä, the ridge narrows into a steep-sloped rampart and flattens again when travelling east.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Between the blockades pass several ridge formations approximately perpendicular to them.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The most significant of these starts on the north side of Lake Kymijärvi and runs parallel to the Heinola track.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

This ridge has the highest terrain point in Nastola, Vahteristonmäki reaching a height of 177 m above sea level.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] Nastola Lake District between Salpausselkie belongs to the river Kymi river basin.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The central lake of the Lake District is Lake Salajärvi, from which the waters flow into Ruuhijärvi and further into Sylvöjärvi, where the Arra River discharges into Lake Arra begins.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

From the northern part of Lake Arra, the waters run to the Iiti side and through Kymenturnki to the Kymijoki River.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Rivers and streams starting south of Salpausselä flow south towards the Gulf of Finland.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] Transport to Nastola can be reached by built-up train running on the Lahti-Kouvola line, among other things.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

There are three stopping points in Nastola, following the opening of new stations in Villähtee and Uuteenkylä in 2010 in addition to Nastola Station.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

On weekdays, the line runs seven built-up train lines in the direction of both Lahti and Kouvola.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The train journey to Helsinki takes 66 minutes after the opening of the Lahti Oikorada.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Nastola is located along Highway 12, which runs as a broadlane road from Lahti to the Uuteenkylä of Nastola.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

In addition, there is a regular bus service to Nastola from Lahti.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Highways 4 and 5 pass through Heinola in the directions of Jyväskylä and Mikkeli and the Lahti—Heinola line, which has freight train traffic only.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Distances from Nastola Heinola 35 km Helsinki 110 km Jyväskylä 170 km Kouvola 50 km Lahti 10 km Mikkeli 130 km Tampere 135 km Politics Nastola's last municipal president was Pauli Syrakki.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The president of the municipal board was Reijo Savurinne (sd.)


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

and the municipal council was chaired by Reijo Oksanen (ECR).


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The largest party in the municipal council was the Social Democrats in its 13 council seats.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The other council seats were divided as follows: Coalition 11, Centre 10, Left Alliance 2, Christian Democrats 4 and PerusFinns 3.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

A prehistoric burial mound has been found in the village of Ruuhijärvi, where the artifacts are dated to around 1200.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

A 10th-century stash of money containing English, German and Scandinavian money has been found in the village of Immilä.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Judging by the name similarities, Nastola has received permanent residents from the Vanaja region of Sydon-Häme, but they have also come from Hollola and Alikkala.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] In 1478 Nastola was part of the extensive administrator of Uusikylä, but in the following century it belonged to the quarters of Ruuhijärvi and Urajärvi, the administrator of Asikkala; the latter included the villages of Vanaja and Pyhänta.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

In 1571 there were 81 houses in Nastola.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

During the great hunger years of 1696—1697, 438 inhabitants died in Nastola.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] Nastola was formed as Hollola Chapel Congregation in 1555 and became an independent parish in 1860.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Nastola Church was built under the direction of Matti Åkergren in 1802—1804 and was renovated according to the drawings of architect Alfred Cavén in 1891.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Its predecessor, Nastola's first, built in 1660 and destroyed by fire, was located at the site of the graveyard's hero grave site.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The belfry was moved to its present site in 1803.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] Nastola has been known for its many estates.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The most famous of them is the Seesta Manor, which belonged in the 17th century to the von Essen family among others.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Through marriage its owner became in 1782 Colonel Göran Magnus Sprengtporten.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

After he was forced to go into exile, the estate was sold by auction in 1791, when it was bought by General Carl Gustaf Ehrnrooth.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Since then the estate has been owned by the Ehrnrooth family and members of the family born on the estate have included, among others, Johan Casimir Ehrnrooth, the Ministerial Secretary of State, Adelaide Ehrnrooth, a writer and women's advocate, and Georgia C. Ehrnrooth, a politician.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The Arrjoki estate was owned in the late 18th century by Göran Magnus Sprengtporten's brother-in-law, Captain Lars Reinhold Glansenstierna, who participated in the revolutionary projects of the League of Anjala and, like Sprengtporten, was forced to flee the country.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Later, the Arrajoki estate has belonged to the Wrede family, among others.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] During the Civil War, in April 1918, the German section Brandenstein, which advanced north from Loviisa, cut the St. Petersburg line at Uusikylä.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

In the ensuing fierce fighting, the Germans had to give up their positions for a time as the Reds sought with strong force to break through towards the east.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Nineteen Germans were knocked down and 140 wounded, and the monument to the fallen Germans is at the Uusikylä railway station.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] Pajulahti Sports College was created on the initiative of the women of the Workeren Sports Federation when a villa in Pajulahti was purchased in 1929 for the union's summer courses.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Gradually, sports camps for men began to be organized in Pajulahdi, especially since 1937, when a gymnastics hall for indoor exercises was completed.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

A new optical building was completed in 1949.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] During the Continuation War, a large prison camp reserved for Soviet prisoners of war (Prisoner of War Arrangement Camp 1) was located at Nastola.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

On the site of the camp is a monument unveiled in 1987.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Due to its vigorous industrialisation policy, Nastola became a considerable industrial locality after the wars.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

It was illustrative that between 1960 and 1970 the number of industrial jobs increased by almost 2000 in Nastola.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Most of the industrial facilities were located between the church village of Nastola and Villähte, on the side of Highway 12 and the railway.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Starting in 1945, Villähte operated Lahti Autokori Oy, which manufactured buses, library and shop car bodies as well as truck cabs in its early days, but concentrated on buses since the 1970s.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The Villähte plant in Lahti Autokori closed in 2013.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Major employers have included Upo Oy's plastic product factory, clothing manufacturer Luhta, Kuivamaito Oy and many furniture factories.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] On 14 August 1965, an explosion accident occurred on Armory 2 of the Armed Forces, located on the border between Nastola and Uusikylä, killing four people and injuring 69 people.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The explosion destroyed and damaged buildings and toppled forest over a wide area.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[3] Local Government Association Nastola Municipal Council decided at its meeting on 26 January 2015 by a vote of 22 to 21 on the association of municipalities with Lahti.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The reunification officially took place in early 2016.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[4] Population trend The following graph shows the population trend of the municipality every five years since 1980.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

The regional division used is as at 1 January 2013.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Villages and Corner Municipalities There are 12 spirit book villages in Nastola (data from 1973): [5] Ahtiala Arrajoki Immilä Koiskala Kuivanto Lankila Nastola Pyhäntaka Ruuhijärvi Uusikylä Vanaja Villähde Kuläkunta in Nastola are Kirkonkylä, Rakokivi, Seesta- Luhtanmaa, Järvinen and Tapiola.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Schools Kukkanen school Männistö school, dissolved 2017 Kirkonkylä school Rakokiven school Ersta school Villähteen school Tapiola school Ruuhijärvi school, dissolved Uusikylä school, dissolved 2018 Kanerva school, dissolved 2016 Kivijärvi school Nastopoli - Institute of Attractions Immilä Mill Art Centre Taarasti Matinpala Museum Nastola Home Area Museum Sport Centre Pajulahti Ersta Manor's magazine Nastola Church Salpausselä Sanatorium Kaivola Tradition Farm Ristimäki kalmisto Harakkamäki Kalmisto Skinnar Salajärvi Linnakallio Linnaistenbog nature reserve Famous studders Pepe Ahlqvist, musician Charme Asserdal, horse Valtteri Bottas, motorsport Adelaide Ehrnrooth, author and woman Johan Casimir Ehrnrooth, Minister of State Pertti Jarla, author of the Fingerpori cartoon Ilpo Kaikkonen, Singer (Idols) Jalmari Kara, ice captain Henri Laurila, ice hockey player Veli-Matti Lindström, ski jumper Miina Maasola, actor Antero Mertaranta, journalist Jukka Nousiainen, musician Olli Oikarinen, musician and television presenter Jorma Ollila, Finnish economic influencer Aki Samuli, singer, 2015 tango king Tuomas Saukkonen, musician Göran Magnus Sprengtporten, Colonel, Governor-General Pasi Viheraho, radio journalist and video blogger Carl Henrik Wrede, sculptor Tuomas Seppälä, Reichstag of the former peasant law 1789, Ahtiala Henrik Falk, Reichstag of the peasant law 1680, 1682, 1686 and 1689, Member of the Finnish Commission]], Villähde Heikki Erkinpoika Frostman, Reichstag of Peasants 1678, Uusikylä Juhana Martinpoika, 1617, Villähde Manors Arjoki Manor Ersta Manor Koiskala Manor (now.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

Lahti City area) Orrila Manor Seesta Manor Toivonoja Manor Uusikylä Manor Annual Events Rautalankafestirit on the last Saturday of June Art Centre Taarast Nastola Autumn Market on the first Sunday of September Ruuhijärvi Rockabilly - festivals in Ruuhijärvi Food culture Nastola's keeper dishes were named in the 1980s salt paste, egg cheese, mixed cheese, alatope, rosolli, baked potatoes, baked potatoes, oven porridge and veskunasoppa, or plum kiisseli.


Question: How many people were wounded in the explosion at the Uusikylä armory in 1965?

Nastola

[6] Sources on the topic elsewhere Finnish Genealogical Society: * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

Disney Classics (Official Canon) Below are listed films that belong to the official canon of Disney (engl.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

Disney Animated Canon).


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

The films are also referred to as Disney's classic series (engl.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

Walt Disney Animated Classics series).


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

The films are feature-length feature films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios (prior to 1986 by Walt Disney Productions and from 1986 to 2006 by Walt Disney Feature Animation).


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

The company is Disney's main studio for animations.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

Films made by the studio will be released under the Walt Disney Pictures label.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

Brothers Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney founded the animation studio in 1923.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

The studio first made short films until in 1937 premiered the company's first full-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

Walt Disney Productions' de facto seventh full-length animation, an educational film about strategic bombing, Victory Through Air Power (1943), has been excluded from the official canon.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

Numbering in Finland Finland, other Nordic countries and, for example, Britain, animation classics are numbered according to the official canon up to number 38 (film Fantasia 2000).


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

After that, the order goes as follows: 39.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— The Emperor's New Patterns (2000) 40.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Atlantis — The Lost City (2001) 41.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Lilo and Stitch (2002) 42.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Treasure Planet (2002) 43.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— My Bear Brother Koda (2003) 44.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Cow Gang (2004) 45.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Little Kananen (2005) 46.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Absolutely Wild (2006) 47.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— The Jubilant Robinson Family (2007) 48.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Bolt (2008) 49.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— The Princess and the Frog (2009) 50.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Double-Away (2010) 51.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Räyhä-Ralf (2012) 52.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Frozen — Frosty Adventure (2013) 53.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Big Hero 6 (2014) 54.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Zootropolis — City of Animals (2016) 55.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

— Vaiana (2016) From outside the official canon, the classic series has taken the Very Wilds (2006), and excluded Dinosaur (2000) and Winnie the Pooh's film (2011).


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

Films produced by Pixar Toy Story — Toy Life (Toy Story, 1995) The life of a bug (A Bug's Life, 1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Monsters Ltd (Monsters, Inc., 2001) In Search of Nemo (Finding Nemo, 2003) The Incredibles (the Incredibles, 2004) Cars (Cars, 2006) Rottatouille (Ratatouille, 2007) WALL-E (2008) Up — Towards the Heights (Up, 2009) Toy Story 3 (2010) Cars 2 (2011) Brave (Brave, 2012) Monsters University (Monsters University, 2013) Inside Out — in mind matchings (Inside Out, 2015) A decent dinosaur (The Good Dinosaur, 2015) In Search of Doria (Finding Finding Dory, 2016) Cars 3 (Cars 3, 2017) Coco (2017) The Incredibles 2 (The Incredibles 2, 2018) Toy Story 4 (2019) Films produced by DisneyToon Studios The films made on a smaller budget are produced by DisneyToon Studios, part of the larger Walt Disney Animation Studios animation studio.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

It's mostly about sequels made to Disney classic movies, which are usually released direct-to-video.


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

[2] Other Who set the trap, Roger Rabbit?


Question: Are all Walt Disney movies animated?

List of Disney animated films

(Who Framed Roger Rabbit, 1988) The Nightmare Before Christmas (The Nightmare Before Christmas, 1993) James and the Giant Peach (James and the Giant Peach, 1996) Frankenweenie (2012) Strange Magic (2015) Sources * Disney Animated Films


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Ecosystem services are tangible and intangible services provided by nature.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

They can be divided into four categories: production, maintenance, regulatory and cultural services.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Production services provided by nature include food and water, as well as pharmaceutical and building materials.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Maintenance services include interconnection, nutrient circulation and soil formation.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In addition, nature influences the regulation of the climate and purifies the air and water (regulatory services), as well as providing opportunities for activities such as recreation and aesthetic experiences as cultural services.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[1] Environmental awareness has been steadily increasing, but natural and environmental benefits are still poorly understood.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

It is due to the unobtrusiveness of pointer ecosystem services, whereby they have been used to being taken for granted.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The concept of ecosystem services is needed to understand the importance of biodiversity and its economic value.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In this case, it is possible to take them better into account in social decision-making and planning for the use of natural resources.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[2] Classification of ecosystem services Ecosystem services can be divided into four categories: production, maintenance, regulatory, and cultural services.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Maintenance services Maintenance services refers to maintenance and preserving services that underlie other ecosystem services.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[3] Maintenance services include e.g.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Genetic, species-specific and habitat diversity, water cycle, green plant connectivity, i.e. photosynthesis and carbon binding.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[4] Maintenance services support the formation of other ecosystem services and are a prerequisite for life on Earth.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Maintenance and conservation services allow us to enjoy clean air and plant production.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The most important of the maintenance services is the process of communicating green plants, or photosynthesis, which provides us with the basic needs of life: clean air and nutrition.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Other important maintenance services include nutrient circulation, soil formation, and adaptation to climate change.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

It is impossible to place a monetary value on maintenance services, as they are invaluable and vital to all living things.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Biodiversity is the basis of all ecosystem services, therefore, from this point of view, maintenance services are the most important ecosystem service.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Production services Production services refer to tangible goods derived from nature, including edible natural resources, agricultural products, fresh water, energy and raw materials [5].


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Production services play a large economic role in the national economy.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Finland's main production service is wood.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Forestry generates around EUR 7 billion in value added annually, representing four per cent of Finland's gross domestic product.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Agricultural products are the second most important production service to the Finnish economy.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The value of all production services cannot be determined simply.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

For example, berry picking and mushroom picking are popular in Finland, but it is difficult to determine the value of natural resources collected for private use.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In addition to market value, these also have health and well-being benefits which add value from society's perspective [6].


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Bioenergy is also counted as a production service and its importance is projected to increase in the future.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Bioenergy has always been an important source of energy in high-wooded Finland and can be used as a renewable resource in climate change mitigation.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Nature also acts as a diverse gene bank for humans, which can be exploited, for example, in pharmaceutical use [7].


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Regulatory services Regulatory services are ecosystem services that maintain conditions for life.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Regulatory services include issues such as climate regulation, flood equalization, groundwater formation, water purification, disease regulation, erosion regulation, and plant pollination.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[5] It is difficult to choose from regulatory services as important as they are all vital to the existence of the current ecosystem.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Determining the value of regulatory services is difficult because several of them are public goods, meaning there will be no additional cost to consume a single regulatory service commodity.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

This is why regulatory services are easily confronted with the common country problem of economic operators consuming the commodity because its consumption is not controlled by any mechanism.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

One regulatory service that is being tried to control through a market mechanism is the carbon cycle.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Carbon binds to trees, land and water, for example.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Attempts are being made to control the carbon cycle through emissions trading.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Emissions trading is single-fold that an economic operator emitting carbon is forced to buy allowances on the market.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In Finland, auctions of allowances are organised by the Energy Agency.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[8] Cultural services Cultural services include science, art, recreation, livelihood, education and mental and physical well-being.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The forest and marshes offer free recreation for everyone in the form of experiences such as landscape and fragrance.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Nature improves both physical and mental well-being.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The well-being of the public also has major economic implications.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Artists such as musicians and writers are inspired by nature.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Science provides materials from nature for teaching, research and innovation.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Safeguarding nature values also brings jobs and money.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Finland's national parks generated 70 million euros in 2008.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Both nature and many businesses, such as restaurants, will benefit.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The management of nature reserves also employs people.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In addition, using renewable energy creates regional income more than nuclear power units.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[4] The value of cultural services may decrease as a result of loss of biodiversity and sudden changes in habitats.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Climate change may affect, for example, forest movement, berry picking and mushroom picking.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[9] Everyman's rights give Finns the right, for example, to berry in a local nature.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

It is a common hobby among Finns.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

As the northern coniferous forest zone retreats towards the north from the deciduous forest road due to climate change, blueberry coverage may decrease due to fewer blueberries in deciduous forests than in coniferous forests.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[10] Economic valuation The economic valuation of ecosystems is needed in society in order to compare the value of nature with other economic factors in social decision-making processes.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In decision-making processes, policymakers must take into account not only the economic aspect but also social and ecological impacts in the environment.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Economic valuation also makes it possible to monitor variations in the status of long-term ecosystem services.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[11] The economic valuation of ecosystem services is the monetary determination of their benefits.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Some ecosystem services are traded on the market and have market prices, some ecosystem services are public goods that remain outside the market.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Specific methods of valuing non-market benefits are required to measure them in monetary terms.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Most of the valuation methods are based on users' willingness to pay.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Willingness to pay is what the consumer is willing to give up in order to increase the use of another commodity.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Willingness to pay is often divided into two categories: use values and non-use values.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[12] Economic valuation is greatly influenced by the valuer's subjective values, living conditions and income level.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The choice of valuation method is influenced by the asset and the situation to be valued.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Methods can be divided into two categories: Method of Expressed Preferences and Method of Exposed Preferences.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Methods of Expressed Preferences Conditional Valuation: Conditional Valuation Method, or CV Method (eng.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

contingent valuation) the basic idea is through a survey or interview to find out from respondents how much they would be willing to pay for a particular change in environmental status, and through that to obtain value for an environmental good.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The method can be used to determine the welfare effects of changes in the amount of public good (e.g. parks), so that the results could be used, for example, in cost-benefit analysis.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[13] The method therefore seeks to establish, through expressed preference, the consumer's willingness to pay for an ecosystem service.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The method first describes to the respondent the features of the environmental asset being surveyed, as well as the changes to it (e.g. an increase in trees in a given area).


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

At the same time, we describe how any payment for environmental change should be handled (e.g. through taxation).


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[14] Then an effort is made to determine how much the defendant would be willing to pay for that change, i.e. to determine the respondent's willingness to pay.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[15] There are many different ways to determine the willingness to pay for a change.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The willingness to pay can be clarified by an open question, in which case the respondent will be asked directly a lot he would be willing to pay, for example, for improving the environmental condition.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In this situation, the defendant is not given any information in advance about what the value of the change might be.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In this way, the defendant's maximum willingness to pay is well established, since the information provided earlier does not cause any bias in the answer.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The survey can also be implemented using the debit card method or dichotomic selection.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In the debit card method, the defendant is presented with several different amounts of money ready, from which the defendant chooses an option that corresponds to his or her own willingness to pay.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In the dichotomic selection, the respondent is presented with different amounts regarding the price of the change, to which the respondent answers either yes or no.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

A follow-up question may also be asked to the respondent, where the values depend on the previous answer.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

This provides more information about the respondent's willingness to pay.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[16] The method of conditional valuation yields a value of use and non-use (existence value) of an environmental good, as the respondent can obtain a willingness to pay for the protection of a particular area, even if he or she does not personally use the ecosystem services of that area.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

However, valuing an environmental good can be difficult for the defendant.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Question formulation can also affect how much the respondent is willing to pay.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[14] Furthermore, the willingness to pay obtained by the method may differ from the respondent's actual willingness to pay in relation to the case, i.e. hypothetical bias is present in the answers.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[17] Selection test method: Selection test method, or CE method


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

choice-experiment) is a method used for the economic valuation of ecosystem services, which seeks to determine how much a person would be willing to pay for the various features of an ecosystem through a theoretical selection situation.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The selection test can be applied well to situations where simultaneous changes in multiple service features are sought [13].


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The method is a method of expressed preferences, since the information obtained by this method is based on an imaginary but feasible market situation.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[18] The selection test method presents the respondent with different selection situations in which the respondent is given several different options for the roundcommodity.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Among these options, the respondent chooses the most preferred one for himself.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In situations, each option has the same properties (eng.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

attributes), but different levels of properties (eng.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

levels).


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The idea behind this method is that the value of an environmental asset consists of its various properties.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Answers can be used to determine the respondent's preferences for different characteristics, allowing an estimate of how much the respondent would be willing to pay for a particular feature of the environment.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[17] In practice, the selection test method could value, for example, a specific body of water.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In this situation, the selection test could, for example, use different characteristics of the water body, such as water brightness, variety of fish species and the amount of aquatic vegetation.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The defendant would normally be prevented from 5 to 16 different selection situations, with 2-5 different options in each.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In different options, different levels of characteristics are different, i.e., for example, one option would have more aquatic vegetation and the other would have clearer water compared to the other.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

One of the options is generally the current state, the inclusion of which ensures that the respondent would actually be willing to choose an option that may differ from the current state.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

At the same time, the options propose a sum of money that the defendant would be willing to pay for those changes in the levels of properties.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Based on this information, the respondent chooses the best option for himself in his opinion.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

At the beginning of the survey, it is important to determine for the respondent which environmental topic he or she is responding to, as well as the geographical location of the changes presented in the survey and the time interval of changes occurring.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

At the same time, the respondent's socio-economic status and attitudes towards the environment can be queried in order to determine the impact of these variables on responses.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[19] The selection test method yields a lot of observations, whereby fewer responses are required to achieve statistical significance compared to the conditional valuation method to conduct a study.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The method can also take into account the existence value of ecosystems.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The method also takes well into account the values of the various characteristics of the ecosystem service.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

However, there is also a hypothetical bias in the answers to the selection test method, i.e., true maskiness may differ from that obtained by the method.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[19] The weakness of the method is its complexity in the implementation phase, which adds to the challenges in statistical analysis as well as in the production of the survey.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

A lot of time should be spent selecting the query features and their levels so that the survey becomes easy to understand.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[18] Methods of revealed preferences Hedonic prices method: The method of hedonic prices allows to calculate the market value of tangible commodities from the environment for an ecosystem service.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The idea behind this method is that the quality and quantity of the characteristics of a product affects the price of a product sold on the market.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[20] The value of a commodity, land or property thus depends on the service flow of properties available from these properties.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Examples of such service flows include residential services, location relative to neighbor, and environmental amenity of the area.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The total price of a commodity is still made up of all these components.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The idea behind this method is to determine by statistical means what each attribute accounts for the total price and determine how much consumers are willing to pay for the environment.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[17] The methodology is based on the revealed preferences of consumers, with realised behaviour and consumers' willingness to pay as the dominant factor.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[21] The vast majority of research on hedonic prices concerns dwellings.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

As a basis for this method, a wide range of dwelling or plot prices is used.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Explanatory factors in the model drawn up on the basis of the material are the characteristics of the apartment, the location, as well as the environment.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Features can include the age of the apartment, as well as the level of equipment.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Location can mean, among other things, distance to services or the socioeconomic demographics of a neighborhood.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[17] Environment, on the other hand, refers to variables that describe the environment of the dwelling, such as the amount of green space.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Based on the information obtained, it is possible to examine how, for example, the proximity and quality of green spaces or water bodies affect the price, i.e. how much the environment is prepared to pay.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[22] The limitation of the use of the method of hedonic prices is that it is possible to obtain the necessary observational data only in populated areas.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Nor are all environmental goods linked to the housing market.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

In addition, the use of this method requires a rather large amount of data on the housing market, in particular data on the quality of housing.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[17] Travel cost method Travel cost method (eng.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Travel Cost Method, or TCM) is a method used to economically value ecosystem services developed by Jack Clawson.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The original idea of using the method for valuing recreational areas was put forward by Hotelling in 1949, but the method was not really developed by Jack Clawson until 1957.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[23] TCM can be used to measure target usage values, making it ideal for valuing recreational areas.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

However, the method is not suitable for measuring non-use values, i.e. it is not viable to apply TCM to areas with high non-use value such as biodiveristics, since the target gets too low.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[24] Since the travel cost method cannot estimate the non-use values of an object, it is most often used to value the minimum value of the object.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

TCM is based on observed behavior, increasing its reliability.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The travel cost method can be used to determine 1.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

On the removal of the recreation area, 2.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

On the addition of a recreation area, 3.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

On the improvement of the state of the recreation area or 4.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Economic benefits or costs to the consumer of any individual feature of the recreation area [25].


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The method is based on the idea that people's willingness to pay for some ecosystem service is reflected in the time they spend and travel costs to achieve an ecosystem service.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

There are slightly different variations of the travel cost method, which include: 1.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Zone Model (Zonal Model), 2.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Single Destination Model (Individual Travel Cost Model) and 3.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Multi-item model (Random Utility Model or ROM).


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The Zonal Model (Zonal Model) classifies visitors to one of the recreation areas into zones according to how far the areas are located from the recreation area.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

These regions are defined by the biscuit tax number of visits per year, the average cost of travel and the average consumer surplus.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The single-object zone model is the simplest of the models and allows you to determine the amount of the consumer benefit bill if the recreation area was removed or the benefit of adding a new recreation area as similar as possible in the same type of area.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[24] The Single Destination Model (Individual Travel Cost Model) is practically similar to the previous model, but is more accurate because the material is not divided into regions but treated as such.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Because of this, the single-object model is preferred over the zone model.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[24] The Random Utility Model (ROM) is used to determine the economic value of several recreational areas in accordance with the model name and compare their values with each other.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

By doing so, one can consider the impact of an individual property of a particular recreation area on the economic value of the area.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Thus, the model is used to determine the impact of changes in the quality of the recreation area on the economic value of the recreation area.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[24] The data used for the travel cost method must contain information on the cost of travel, the number of visits per unit time (most often a year) and the level of income for the purpose of determining the time cost.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

It is also necessary to know about the nature of the trip: if the trip is multi-objective, the cost of travel will be divided between the different objectives.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

The actual cost of travel is therefore lower than the total travel costs.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Data collection is most often carried out as a survey either on site (On-site) or as a survey through the mail (Off-site).


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

From the results obtained, a demand curve is drawn up to determine the consumer's surplus.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[25] However, there are certain problems with the cost method of travel.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

One problem has to do with time costs, which are most often calculated based on the hourly wage of work.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

However, everyone has their own personal way of valuing time and travel time can be a value in itself, which is why the determination of the value of travel time based on hourly pay is not comprehensive.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

A distortion to the value of the recreation area also creates the possibility that those who particularly like the recreation area will move closer to the destination in order to save travel costs and time.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

This, of course, reduces the value specified in the recreation area.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[25] The travel cost method can only be used for areas where there is human activity.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Other methods: In addition, methods based on previous studies have been developed: The value specified in the second region is transferred to a new unvalued area.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Meta-analysis: Analysis based on statistical methods and previous research results.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Both methods are quick and inexpensive ways to value ecosystem services.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

[26] See also Natural value trade Sources on the topic elsewhere Convention on Biological Diversity.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hiedanpää, Juha Suvantola, Leila and Arto Naskali (eds.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

) | title = Useful Nature.


Question: What are maintenance services?

Ecosystem services

Ecosystem services as the basis of our wellbeing | publisher = Cooperative Counterweight| year = 2010| version=1st edition| id = ISBN 978-951-768-303-6}} Ecosystem services


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Guido Pietro Deiro, stage name Deiro, (September 1, 1886 in Salto Canavese, Piedmont, Italy — July 26, 1950, Loma Linda, California, United States) was an Italian-American accordion artist and composer.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

He was the first vaudeville accordion musician to rise to great popularity [1] and contributed significantly to the spread of the popularity of the piano accordion in early 20th century North America and later worldwide with his younger brother Pietro Deiro.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Background Guido Deiro was born in Salto Canavese in the Piedmont region.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The Deiro family was of low-resourced aristocratic ancestry, raising livestock for a living, producing wine and fruit on their small farm, and running a shop selling the farm's produce.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The area was referred to as Deiro, and Guido, as eldest son, inherited the title of count in the family since the 15th century from his father.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Father Carlo has been described as a tyrant who ruled his family with an iron grip.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[3] Uncle Frederico bought nine-year-old Guido his first 9-voice accordion with two bass voices, after noticing him as a talented and musical ocarina player.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

However, following Guido's refusal to call his uncle, he, in a flurry of anger, broke the instrument he gave him.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Carlo's father, after the incident, bought Guido a better two-line diatonic accordion with eight bass tones.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Guido had to lure people into Dad's shop by calling in the street outside the shop door, and the income received had to be shared with the father.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[3] After Carlo's father threatened to marry his son into an arranged marriage, he ran away from home towards the north and began working at the Simplon Tunnel site as a cart driver.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

He later worked in the iron mines in Metz, which belonged to Germany at the time, and purposefully saved money for the purchase of his own accordion.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Career and life As a professional musician, Guido Deiro began playing the three-line key accordion professionally in 1903 in Metz taverns.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] He was the first of the brothers to embark on a full-time career as a music professional.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] After serving for some time in the Italian army, Deiro began taking lessons from a pianist and accordion player named Giovanni Gagliardi.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] As his skills developed, he managed to establish a good relationship with the Ranco Vercelli accordion maker.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

He performed widely in Germany, Switzerland and Italy, using the company's instruments.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Guido Deiro also became acquainted with the piano accordion on his tours, prompting Ranco to produce such an instrument for him in 1905.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

His three-line accordion he donated to his brother Pietro.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Piano accordion arrives on the west coast of the United States Pietro Deiro immigrated to the United States in 1907 to the mining town of Cle Elum in Washington state.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] In 1908, Guido, aged 22 at the time, also left for the United States, according to some sources, encouraged by the Ranco Vercelli company, to introduce the accordion brand at the 1909 Alaskan-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[5] Guido Deiro arrived in Seattle in the fall of 1908.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The story of Ranco's role in his transformation is probably overemphasized, according to Henry Doktorski, who studied the matter, because he had no other accordions besides his own instrument to sell.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Doktorski reckons he moved simply to further his own career as an artist in a perceived United States.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] However, according to Guido Deiro's son, he had been carrying several instruments when he arrived in the country, one of which had to be sent to San Francisco for repair after it was damaged in transport.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[6] In any case, Deiro needed work immediately because there were still eight months to go until the World Expo.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

He got a mortgage on Jackson Saloon for a weekly salary of $eighteen dollars.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

His younger brother Pietro had previously secured a mortgage with a saloon owner's second restaurant in the city for the same price.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Guido Deiro also reported that around that time he taught his brother to play the piano accordion.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Pietro Deiro still used his three-line accordion in his restaurant appearances in Seattle times.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[6] In February 1909, Guido Deiro gave an open-air concert in the courtyard of Guerrini's accordion factory in San Francisco, considered in many sources to be the first public piano accordion concert in the United States.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Deiro had been forced to send his instrument to Guerrini for service after it was damaged in transport and he played a concert after getting his instrument refurbished from the factory [7].


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

However, according to Deiro's son, Guido had sent his brother Pietro from Seattle to San Francisco a week before to try to see if the accordion had come into shape.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Guido had to stay in Seattle to handle his scheduled appearances.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[8] In this context, Pietro Deiro had performed on that piano accordion in a small theatre in North Beach, which in turn some sources refer to as “the first piano accordion concert in the United States”.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

However, Guido Deiro had been using his piano accordion on a monthly trade as early as his Seattle restaurant appearances.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Pietro Deiro has thus been regarded in some sources as the first piano accordion player to perform in San Francisco, Guido in turn as the first piano accordion artist in the entire United States based on his Seattle appearances.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[6] (According to Biaggio Quattrociocche, though an Italian emigrant named G. Bartoli had opened a piano accordion school in Chicago as early as 1904 or 1905 - in any case, on the basis of photographic documents no later than 1907.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[9]) In early 1910, Guido Deiro began collaborating with a singer named Porcini in San Francisco.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

His Pietro brother had previously served as Porcini's accompanist, but returned after an accompanist change to Seattle.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Porcini and Guido Deiro performed under the name The Milan Duo at venues across California.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

In May of the same year, an agent for the Orpheum Vaudeville Circuit theatre troupe recruited Deiro to tour Salt Lake City, Spokane, and Seattle.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

On June 15 of that year, he gave a vaudeville solo concert at the American Theatre</i>in San Francisco.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The concert was headlined as “Deiro: American Premier Piano-Accordionist” and was, according to Deiro's own memoirs, the first time the word piano accordion was used publicly in the United States.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Vaudeville touring star and composer Guido Deiro immediately became a sensation, influenced, according to Henry Doktorski, by his smile, his handsome performing style, and his artistic and virtuosic musicality on a relatively unknown instrument until then.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

In 1911, Guido Deiro made his first recording for the Columbia company, making him the first artist to record on piano accordion.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The same year also saw the birth of his best-known composition, Kismet, which became the theme of a Broadway musical and was used in two Hollywood films.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] In 1913, Guido Deiro performed as the foremost estrad in the vaudeville industry at the Palace Theatre in New York.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The magazines called him “the first piano accordion player to perform at the Palace in New York.”


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] He became the best-paid accordion player in the vaudeville industry, perhaps the best-paid musician, in the 1910s with his $600 weekly earnings, a staggering sum of money during that time.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] In the spring of 1922 he became the first piano accordion player to perform on radio on an 8MK radio broadcast in Detroit, [2] and in 1928 completed a six-minute Vitaphone sound film produced by the Warner company, Guido Deiro - The World's Foremost Piano-Accordionist.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

In that film, Deiro performs two accordion solos: Romeo and Juliet and Drigo's Serenade.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[10] He also appeared as an accordion player in minor parts in several films including the musical Shine on Harvest moon and Carole in the Lombard comedy The Other Man.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] In 1928 and 1929, Guido Deiro made two extensive world tours.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

In the summer of 1928 he concerted in several cities in Australia, where he also made the last recordings of his career.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

On her return trip to the United States, she concerted in New Zealand, Samoa, the Fiji Islands and Hawaii.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The following year he concerted widely in England, Continental Europe and the Middle East.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

He performed at the London Palladium, among others.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

From his last world tour, he did not return to the United States until 1930.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] Guido Deiro lacked formal musical training, which led to his interpretations being very different from the sheet music picture.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

However, his interpretive ability was unique and made up for any shortcomings in music theory.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

According to Anthony Galla-Rini, Deiro made even the simple melody sound supremely inspired: “He had a million dollar touch!


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

“[2] Private Life Guido Deiro was married four times.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] He was known for his tendencies to get into trouble in his relationships with women, and his first marriage to 17-year-old Julia Tatro [2] in 1913 [4] was concluded under pressure [2]: Tatro threatened to sue Deiro for rape unless she married him.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Later, Deiro was arrested at Chicago's Palace Theater wanted on unpaid child support charges.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] For his second marriage he entered into in 1914 with young vaudeville star and sex symbol Mae West.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

West never made his marriage to Deiro public, possibly due to ambiguities surrounding West's previous marriage.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

According to West, his parents also did not look very favourably at his relationship with a jealous and fierce Italian man [4] and would therefore have overspoken Mae to distance themselves from Deiro.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

According to Deiro, in turn, West would have secretly taken an abortion from her in 1916.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Recovery from the abortion had taken months, and upon discovering the affair, Deiro, in his sadness, had emotionally estranged himself from his spouse.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Relationships between the couple went cold in 1917, and the marriage gained the force of law in 1920.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Other marriages were to Ruby Lang (1920—1927) and Yvonne Teresa Le Baron de Forrest (1937—1941).


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

During the last of the marriages, Guido Deiro's only child Guido Roberto Deiro (February 18, 1938) was born in Reno, Nevada.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The couple married in Reno and moved there because de Forrest had become pregnant at 16 and was not allowed under California laws to marry there yet.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Along with his marriages, Guido Deiro was otherwise known as quite an active womanizer.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] In the 1930s, Guido Deiro's intervals with the younger Pietro brother cooled with Pietro naming himself the first piano accordion player in the United States and forgetting to mention the importance of Guido in the early stages of the matter [5].


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Towards the end of their lives, however, the brothers settled their feud when they met in the fall of 1947 in Hollywood.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[11] However, according to the memoirs of Guido's son, until his death, his father was annoyed by the reinterpretations of the Pietro brother's history.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

By the time Guido died in 1950, Pietro Deiro had become the more successful and well-known of the brothers.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The additional name “The Daddy of the Accordion” was used about Pietro, and he even declared that he had invented the piano accordion.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Late years Vaudeville's popularity began to decline in the late 1920s as radio and film took over the industry.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The stock market crash of 1929 was likewise a hard blow to the entertainment industry.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

As the tours depleted, Guido Deiro settled in San Francisco, from where he opened a chain of accordion schools in Northern California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington state.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

At most, there were a couple of dozen accordion schools in his name.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

However, Guido Deiro did not like the teaching job.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

His teaching business thus did not become a great success, and accordion schools were left relatively short-lived.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Deiro continued to make occasional appearances in vaudeville shows until at least 1935.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

However, after a period of slump caused by World War II, he lost forever his accordion movement and assets, not least because of his lavish lifestyle and algae use of money.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Guido Deiro became depressed and fell ill in 1947.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] A year before his death, he suffered a nervous breakdown due to too much work and exhaustion.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Just a month before Deiro's death in the summer of 1950, a concert event was held in his honor and to assist him in Los Angeles.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Performers included his friend Anthony Galla-Rini, the Ernie Felice Quartet, and the Johnny Kiado and Tito Quartet.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[1] Guido Deiro died of heart failure in July 1950.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

He died nearly forgotten at a medical facility in Loma Linda, California: only six people attended the funeral.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] However, he was visited by three close friends in his final days: Anthony Galla-Rini, Syl Prior and James Haney.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[1] Pietro's brother could not attend the funeral because he was on a long ship journey at the same time.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[4] Production Compositions Guido Deiro composed about fifty published works: fourteen marches, thirteen waltzes, four polkas, four foxtrots, three tangos, three rags, two masurkas, one cathrill and one wider work called Egypto Fantasia.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Approximately half of the works were published by Biaggio Quattrociocche, who was among the first publishers of accordion compositions in the United States [1], in Steubenville, Ohio.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Deiro himself did not write down his compositions: according to Biaggio Quattrociocche, conditions had been arranged for Deiro in which he could play freely, and the publisher's staff sheet music the new compositions to be published based on his playing.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] He also has at least four recorded compositions of his own that have not been released as a sheet music edition.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[12] Perhaps the most popular of Deiro's compositions were the Deiro Rag, also released as a piano adaptation in 1913, and the Broadway musical Kismet theme from 1911, published in 1920 as an arrangement by Frank Henri Klickmann for piano and vocal soloist.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Recordings Guido Deiro recorded a total of 112 solo works [2] from 1911 to 1928 [13].


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Most of the recordings have been made for the Columbia company, in addition to which he also recorded somewhat for phonograph cylinders for the Edison companies and some few recordings for the Standard, Daimond, Climax, Oxford, Harmony, Regal and Cameo label, among others.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[14] Deiro's recordings were very popular, and he was for a long time the dominant name in the Columbia company's Italian and American sound record catalogs.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

For example, Columbia's 70-page catalogue of 1916 accordion recordings of Guido Deiro had 37 copies.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

He remained Columbia's foremost accordion artist until the late 1920s, when a stock market crash and depression crashed the record market.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

His last recordings he made in Australia in 1928.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[13] Accordion textbook Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Guido Deiro| title = Guido Deiro's Royal Method for the Piano-Accordion| location = Altoona, PA| publisher = Nicomede Music| year = 1936| version=( Two-part) | accessdate = 11.9.2010}} [15] [2] Meaning Peter Muir has described the importance of Guido Deiro and his brother Pietro as considerable in particular in making the piano accordion a popular instrument in popular culture of the early 20th century.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The brothers” recordings and vaudeville tours were very popular, and they were relatively well-known celebrities of their time.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Even Pietro Frosini switched to using a piano accordion-looking keyboard due to the influence of his friend Guido Deiro, indicating the status of the piano-fingered accordion in the United States around that time.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[1] [16] Guido Deiro's son Guido Roberto Deiro donated his father's substantial estate to the collections of the City University of New York's Center for the Study of Free Journals Instruments in 2001.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

The accordions he used have been donated to the collections of The A World of Accordions Museum in Superior, Wisconsin.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

[2] Sources Elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: In which country was Guido Pietro Deiro born?

Guido Deiro

Category:American accordion players Category:American composers Category:Vaudeville performers Category:Those born in 1886 Class:Those who died in 1950


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

History of Christianity from early Christianity to modern times.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The Roots of Christianity Christianity has emerged in the first century in the then Roman Empire.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Jesus did not establish religion, as Christianity did not exist yet when Jesus was alive, but only came into existence after Jesus died.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The first Christians were Jews, who were said to be a sect of the Nazarene because they recognized Jesus as the Messiah.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Not all Jews believed Jesus was the messiah and they are still waiting for the messiah to come.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Later this sect became Christianity, and differentiated from Judaism as its own religion.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

In the Bible, according to Acts of the Apostles, disciples were first appointed Christians in Antioch.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

[1] Life of Jesus The central figure of Christianity is Jesus Christ, who according to the Gospels and some historical documents lived in the territory of Israel at the beginning of the first century.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Jesus preached to people the coming of the kingdom of heaven and the need to repent.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The spread of Christianity was triggered shortly after Jesus' crucifixion around the year 30.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Jewish background According to the Christian faith Christ who became flesh had already been involved in the creation of the world.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

[2] The peoples, whose faith was oriented by this expectation of the Messiah, originated in Adam and Eve (Genesis 1.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

3:15) and continued their existence as a Jewish nation.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Jesus and his first followers were Jewish or Jewish proselytes.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

His teachings were based on the Hebrew Bible Tanakh, and sometimes he also referred to other old writings of Judaism.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Christianity continued to use Jewish scripture — Tanakh became the Old Testament of the Bible — and adopted such fundamental Jewish teachings as monotheism, the doctrine of one god (YHWH, Yahweh), and the expectation of the future messiah (moshiach, Greek Khristos, Christ).


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

However, according to the New Testament, leading figures in Judaism saw Jesus' teachings as incompatible with Judaism, although Judaism during the Roman Empire itself was very fragmented.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

According to a New Testament account, the clergy of the Temple in Jerusalem and the Sanhedrin, Jerusalem's supreme court of religious and civil law of that time, conspired against Jesus to persuade representatives of the Roman Empire to sentence him to death.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Jesus had taught things about his identity and power which they felt were inconsistent with the law of Moses and the Jewish traditions of the person and service of God.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Jesus taught that he was not only the “son of God” but also practically God himself: “He not only violated the Sabbath commandment, but also called God his own father and thus made himself equal to God" [3].


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Some considered that he wanted to destroy Herod's temple.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

“The High Priests and the Council as a whole seek false testimony against Jesus that would cause him to be put to death” [4].


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Since Jesus' crucifixion, leading Jewish figures have been said to have sought to silence those who followed his teachings.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

According to Acts, however, the disciples of Jesus, or the apostles, formed a community, separate from Judaism, joined through baptism and recognition of Jesus as the messiah, and which was equally well joined by uncircumcised gentiles.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

This group began to be called Nazarene or Christians.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The more people who had absolutely no ties to Judaism converted to Christian, the more clearly Christianity differentiated itself from Judaism.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Christianity continued many customs of Judaism, such as adopting the Jewish model of liturgical worship, transitioning from synagogues to congregations assembled in churches, as well as prayer, use of scripture, priesthood, religious calendar with certain events are remembered on certain days each year, the use of music in anthems and prayers, the payment of tithes to the church, fasting, as well as the giving of alms.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Christians introduced Jewish scriptures initially as a Greek translation, the Septuagint, into their own Bible, and later added the books of the New Testament to the canon of books.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Birth of Christianity The spread of Christianity was triggered shortly after Jesus' crucifixion around the year 30.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Christianity began to take shape immediately after Jesus' death and resurrection, as his companions followed his teaching and proclaimed his resurrection.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The proclamation began, according to Acts, on the first Pentecost, when they received the baptism of the Holy Spirit, which gave them the ability and courage to proclaim the Gospel, speak in tongues, and heal the sick.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

In the first century of the beginning of the period, Christianity was particularly propagated by the highly educated Jew Paul — formerly Saul Tarsolese — and other apostles.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

According to the Bible, Jesus' followers were first called Christians in the city of Antioch, to which they had fled and settled after the early persecutions in Palestine.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Among the first conflicts within Christianity was the gentile issue; should Gentiles follow Jewish law?


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Like the Jerusalem Congregation, Paul did not call for the circumcision of pagans who converted to Christianity and observance of Jewish purity rules.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

On this issue he argued fiercely with Peter and James.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

An agreement was reached at the Jerusalem Apostolic Conference in the late forties, the result of which was that the Gentiles would not have to obey but a few Jewish acts [5].


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The meeting also agreed on the division of labour for the Apostles.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Peter was active among the Jews living in the diaspora, James among the Jewish Christians of Jerusalem, and Paul among the Gentiles.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The relative peace prevailing in the Roman Empire, good maritime and landforms enabled the rapid spread of Christianity in the territory of the empire over the next three centuries.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

But why did Christianity ignore all the other oriental religions that late Rome was full of?


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

In the light of history, the three most obvious factors of success for Christianity were the following: High morality among Christians; they acted according to the best ideals of the time and their family and sex lives were chaste.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The moral crisis of the Roman Empire, the emptiness created by which Christianity had a social order and, due to high morality and asceticism, had an advantage over pagan cults.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Christianity's radical rearguard in the face of the imperial cult, which gained it adherents among slaves, soldiers and supremacists alike.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Radical community and mutual love as Christians gathered secretly from persecution in the catacombs and waited for the second coming of Christ.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

In particular, the love of the fellow man of Christians led many to convert to Christianity.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

As epidemics of disease raged, for example, the Romans fled, leaving the sick to their own happiness while Christians stayed to care for the sick.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Early Congregation Early Christianity is often referred to as “early Judeo-Christians”.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Jesus, his twelve disciples, later elected parish elders, as well as basically all early followers of Jesus were Jewish or Jewish proselytes.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

All 3000 Pentecostal converts mentioned by Acts were also Jews like all converts to Christianity until Peter baptized a Roman officer, Cornelius [6], traditionally regarded as the first Gentile convert.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

By this time, Christianity had split into Hellenistic and non-Hellenistic Judeo-Christians, or Koinee Greek (AP.T.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

6) and Aramaic (AP.T.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

1:19) to speaking Christians.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Since Cornelius' conversion and adoption came a third group, the Pagan Christians.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The pagans were accepted because according to Isaiah's prophecy, all nations would come to turn to the Lord [7].


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The New Testament itself does not speak of “Gentile Christians” or “Judeo-Christians”.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Instead, for example, the Apostle Paul wrote of those who were circumcised and wished to distinguish themselves from the uncircumcised: “Then there will be no more Greek or Jew, neither circumcised nor uncircumcised, neither barbarian, Scythian, slave, nor free, but Christ is Everything, he is in all "[8].


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

It is generally thought that “circumcised” and “uncircumcised” refer to Jews and Greeks, which were the most common groups, but this is oversimplified, as there were also Jews in the province of first-century Judea who no longer circumcised themselves, as well as Greeks (proselytes) and others like Egyptians, Ethiopians and Arabs who circumcised themselves.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Regarding the first three centuries of Christianity's history, historiography is dependent on religious and apologetic writings.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

There are no actual chronicles of the period.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

In the 3rd century, the early congregation may be considered an organized church in some way.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

By the early 3rd century, according to scholars estimates, Christians numbered a good six million of Rome's 60 million inhabitants.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

The picture of the church of its time is quite clear: ecclesiastical posts, church administration, worship and the Christian calendar of celebrations became established.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Historians disagree as to the extent to which this picture can be placed in the earlier centuries, especially with regard to church organization such as the posts of bishops, in a hierarchy where each bishop was the sole lord of the parish of his city, with the Bishop of Rome claiming special status as pope, as the head of all churches, as well as the sacraments associated with the liturgy.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Evidence suggests that there have been indications for such a thing in the second century.


Question: When was the Christian faith founded?

History of Christianity

Main Trends of Early Christianity In the first centuries Christianity had a huge number of proclamators with different views on the teachings of Jesus and the content of the faith.