Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Ford was the first to design and implement the mask that emerged as a distinctive feature of the Jeeps in its models.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

The mask was lighter in weight and less expensive to manufacture.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Along with many other designs made by Ford, affecting the appearance of the car, Willys adopted this mask in a standardized Jeep, in April 1942.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

[10] Today Jeep wants to emphasize its traditions and association with original Jeeps, designing a mask with a certain number of vertical openings on their cars, this design is a registered trademark of Jeep.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Originally, the mask had nine openings, in line with Ford's design, but on models produced after the war, Willys dropped the number of openings to seven, to get the design to register as its own trademark.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Following AMC's purchase of Kaiser-Jeep Corporation, its military vehicle manufacturing unit, the company now known as AM General Corporation was formed to which the rights to Jeep's mask design passed.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Following Chrysler's purchase of the Jeep in 1987, the rights to the mask design passed to it.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

After World War II, after the end of the war, Ford sued Willys, but its claim for the right to the “Jeep” name was rejected and Willyks was granted all rights to that name.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

In 1945, Willys brought his four-wheel-drive vehicle to the civilian market, under the model name CJ (Civilian Jeep).


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

This is likely to be the first all-wheel-drive vehicle mass-produced for the civilian market.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

In 1948, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission certified American Bantam's claim that the original Jeep concept originated from American Bantam, which designed it in collaboration with the military.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

The Commission prohibited Willy from making any direct or indirect reference to having created or designed the Jeep.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Willys only got the right to submit that it has participated in the further development of the car.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

After American Bantam went bankrupt in 1950, Willys acquired itself the rights to its “Jeep” trademark.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

The first CJs were basically the same cars as the MBs, but their equipment included e.g.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

vacuum windscreen wipers, lamps complying with road traffic requirements and a tailgate due to which the spare wheel was placed on the side of the car.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

In addition, the equipment of the civilian versions included a trace of chrome, vinyl upholstered seats and optional colour options.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

On the mechanical side, a more robust T-90 gearbox, with power outtake, replaced the MB's T84 gearbox.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

This change was made because CJ's first group of users was rural residents and thus CJ was able to perform tractor tasks in many places.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Willys-Overland and the subsequent Willys Motors, as well as Kaiser-Jeep, supplied Jeeps to both the U.S. and other states' militaries right up until the late 1960s.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

In 1950, Willys introduced the military version of the first new, post-World War II Jeep, the M38, or MC, based on the 1949 CJ-3A model.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

In 1953 it was followed by the M38A1, or MD, it is identified by the curving shape of the front fenders.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

The model also received a new Willys Hurricane engine.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

The M38A1 was further refined on the civilian side as the CJ-5 model introduced in 1955.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

The M170, or MDA, an ambulance version of the M38A1, produced on a 20-inch longer wheelbase, also moved to the civilian side, under the model name CJ-6.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Prior to the introduction of the CJ-5, Willys offered a side-valve engine fitted with a side-valve engine, an affordable version of the CJ-3B for the civilian market.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

This was a CJ-3A, with higher bow clowns required by the mortor.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

A military version of the M606 was also quickly modified from this, mainly for export markets, adding stronger suspension, higher tires, marching lights, hitch and olive green colour.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

After 1968, the model was upgraded to versions M606A2 and -A3, manufactured at the bottom of the CJ-5, still for export markets.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

CJ-3B models were manufactured under licensing agreements around the world with a variety of concepts.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Industrias Kaiser Argentina (IKA) was a subsidiary of Kaiser and thus closely linked to Willys Jeep.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

The French company Hotchkiss was producing its own M201 model under licence and the Indian Mahindra is still producing an off-road passenger car based on the CJ-3 model.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Designed for the rustles of World War II, this small vehicle has inspired many car manufacturers around the world to design similar models.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

The largest of these can be noted Land Rover, Toyota, Nissan, Mitsubishi and Suzuki.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

In addition, there are plenty of manufacturers around the world that only make their products for their home market or close stakeholders, such as the military and police forces.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

This compact vehicle continued in service through the wars fought by the United States in Korea and Vietnam.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

There were MB versions in service in the Korean War, as well as the M38 introduced in 1952 and the M38A1 introduced in 1953.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

During the Vietnam War, most Jeeps were then new Ford M151 MUTT models equipped with modern features such as self-supporting bodywork and separate wheel suspension implemented with coil springs.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

The United States Marine Corps had their own needs, and a small M422 'Mighty Mite' was designed for them.


Question: Who designed the Willys MB all-terrain vehicle?

Willys MB

Dimensions modelWillys MB/Ford GPWLength132 1⁄4 inches (3.36 m) Width62 inches (1.57 m) Height69 3⁄4 inches (1.77 m) My mass2453 lbs (1113kg) On the subject elsewhere Sources M


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Clemens August Graf von Galen (16 March 1878 in Dinklage, Oldenburg, Münsterinland — 22 March 1946 in Münster, Westphalia) was the Catholic Bishop of Münster, Germany during World War II.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He opposed, without fear, the arbitrariness of both Nazi Germany and the Allied occupation forces.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

His valiant speeches brought him the nickname Der Löwe von Münster, the “Lion of Münster”.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On October 9, 2005, Pope Benedict XVI declared him blissful, a precursor to proclamation as a saint in the Catholic Church.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Family background and studies Clemens von Galen was born on 16 March 1878 to Reichstag (Catholic Zentrum) Ferdinand Heribert Graf von Galen and his wife Elisabeth (born.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Spree) into the family.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He was the eleventh of thirteen children in the family.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The House of Count von Galen was an ancient Westphalian noble family whose members had already become Catholic bishops.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He received a harsh home education at home, the basic tenets of which were Catholic religiosity, diligence, punctuality, and honesty.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen's education was first provided by a governess, in 1890 he began studies at the Jesuit-run Stella Matutina boarding school in Feldkirch, Austria.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

As Protestant Prussia did not recognise the baccalaureate in Catholic Austria, von Galen transferred in 1894 to the Gymnasium Antonianum in Vechta, Lower Saxony.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

There he matriculated in 1896.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In May 1897 von Galen began studies in philosophy, history and literature at the University of Freiburg, Üchtland.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In 1898 he made a three-month-long trip to Italy, among others to Rome.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

During the trip, he also met Pope Leo XIII, who granted him a personal audience.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

During the trip, von Galen's decision to become a Catholic priest matured.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

After the trip, he took up residence in the Jesuit-run dormitory for priestly aspirants at Canisianum in Innsbruck and began studies in theology and philosophy at the local university.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In 1903 he entered the Priestly Seminary in Münster, Westphalia and continued his studies at the Münster-based Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On May 18, 1904, von Galen was ordained a priest by Hermann Jakob Dingelstad, Bishop of Münster, in the Cathedral of Münster.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

A priestly career After his priestly consecration, Clemens von Galen served for a short time with his uncle Maximilian Gereon Graf von Galenia, who served as consecrator, assistant chaplain and chapter priest in Münster.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In 1906, he proceeded to become a priest in Berlin, St. Matthias parish on Winterfeldplatz.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In 1911 he became vicar of the newly formed Sankt Clemens Maria Hofbauer near the Anhalt railway station.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

After World War I ignited, von Galen positioned himself in support of his motherland's war effort, urging his parishioners to volunteer for the front.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

His own plea to become a military priest was rejected.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

After the end of the war until the German surrender of 1918, von Galen claimed the Home Front had betrayed an army that was unbeatable in the field (n.k.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

dagger-point theory).


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

An important factor that undermined the morale of the Home Front was, in his view, secularisation and, above all, the Protestantism that prevailed in Prussia.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

It made Christianity an official state religion that had no personal meaning in people's lives and did not direct a person to a personal god relationship.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

1919 he became vicar of St. Matthias Parish.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In the Reich Presidential election of 1925, von Galen supported the Protestant candidate of the National Right, Marshal Paul von Hindenburg, and by no means the Catholic Zentrum candidate Wilhelm Marx.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In 1929, Clemens von Galen, who had been considered an excellent big-city priest, unexpectedly returned to his home in Westphalia.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He became vicar of the traditionalist urban parish of St. Lambert in the centre of Münster.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In 1932 von Galen published the work “Pest des Laizismus” und ihre Erscheinungsformen — Erwägungen und Besorgnisse eines Seelsorgers über die religiös-sittliche Lage der deutschen Katholiken (“The plague of secularization and its manifestations — the opinions and concerns of a certain soulkeeper in Germany on the state of Catholics”).


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The concept of the title “plague of secularisation” derives from Pope Pius XI's encyclical Quas primas.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his book, von Galenin criticized above all the notion that life should be formed only on the basis of perceptions of that time, without regard to God and his will.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Likewise, he criticizes the fact that the evils of the world and the problem are seen only as arising from imperfection and false choices when their proper origins are, in classical Christianity's view, original sin.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Thus man is also considered fundamentally good, which von Galen thought was an appalling heresy.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

It denied both the reality of sin and the grace of God and Christ's redemption work.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen turned in strong words against Catholic figures and insitudes who accused the Catholic Church of old-maneuvering and lack of understanding of the teachings of right and wrong, and called for the Church to adapt to contemporary notions.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his opinion, the presenters of such ideas, not only denied the position of an ecclesiastical teaching post and were thus heretical, but also promoted the spirit of atheism and neo-paganism manifested in society.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Other manifestations of the spirit of paint were, in von Galen's view, liberal economic conception and socialism.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The liberal economic conception suggested that the economy would develop best if it was allowed to develop completely freely, socialism saw private property as the beginning of all evil.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen stated the previous view sacrificing individual people to the economic system, socialism again scuppered the God-given right to private property.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The third manifestation of secularisation, in his view, is the desire for power by political parties, which even puts them on a path of treason.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In this context, he also criticized the notion of democracy that all governmental power comes from the people.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his view, popular opinion must not be the absolute decider of things, but above it is God's will to create.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

“The Plague of Seculization” provoked outrage in liberal circles, its author accused of being a conservative and an opponent of democracy.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Moreover, his style was considered arrogant and schoolmasterly reproach.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Episcopal Election In 1933, Clemens Graf von Galen was elected Bishop of Münster — a post which he held until his death.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

When Vatican City in 2003 opened its pre-1939 archives, additional light was also given to the 1933 episcopal election.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

According to the documents, von Galen's name had appeared on the list of candidates that had been sent to the Vatican by the Chapter of the Diocese of Münster.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

According to German practice — which had just been confirmed by the German and Vatican Concordat — the Pope chooses the three candidates between whom the Chapter performs the final selection (of course, the Pope may add his own candidates).


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen's name was not among the three candidates first submitted by the Vatican to the Münster Chapter.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

It must have been influenced above all by a very negative review of von Galen by the papal envoy, the nuntius Cesare Orsenigo, Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII).


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He accused von Galen of arrogant and brash impersonation, stubbornness, and—referring to the work “The Plague of Secularization"—teacher-like behavior unsuitable for an ordinary priest.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In the first episcopal election, Wilhelm Heinrich Heufer, who had lived in Berlin, but from Münster, was elected bishop by the Chapter of Münster, who nevertheless refused to accept the office, citing his poor health.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Of the remaining two candidates, one, a Paderborn professor and judiciously adolf Donders, asked not to be elected, so Antony Mönch, consecrated bishop of Trier as the only candidate.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In order for the Chapter to have a choice at all, the pope agreed to add von Galen to his list of candidates.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He was unanimously elected to the post of bishop by the Chapter of Münster on 18 June 1933.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The election was formally confirmed by the Pope on 5 September 1933.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On October 28, 1933, he was solemnly consecrated bishop in Münster Cathedral.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

As his motto, the fresh bishop chose a phrase from the episcopal consecration liturgy “Nec laudibus, nec timore” — “neither thanks nor fear (shall affect us)”.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen was the first German bishop who, prior to his investiture, had to swear an oath of allegiance to the government of his kingdom - the Reich Concordat that just came into effect ordered so.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Before the inauguration, von Galen therefore swore allegiance to the German state and its Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler in the following words: “Vor Gott und auf die heiligen Evangelien schwöre und verspreche ich, so wie es einem Bischof geziemt, dem Deutschen Reich und dem Lande Preußen Treue.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Ich schwöre und verspreche, die verfassungsmäßig gebildete Regierung zu achten und von meinem Klerus achten zu lassen. “(“Before God and touching the sacred gospels, I promise and swear, as it belongs to the bishop, allegiance to the German Empire and the land of Prussia.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

I promise and swear to respect the constitutionally elected government, as well as to demand the same respect from priests in my diocese as well.”) The form of this oath is, with minor modifications (such as the Federal Republic of Germany instead of the German Empire and, for example, North Rhine-Westphalia, Prussia) in force even now.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Even current German bishops swear allegiance to their country before entering office by this oath.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

During the period of Bishop National Socialism, Bishop von Galen's German attitude towards the National Socialist powers became energized from the outset.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Known as a National Conservative, von Galen cheerfully greeted the rise of new nationalism that led to the rise to power of the National Socialists, besides, he felt that Hitler's government was able to shield Germany from the communists' looming rise to power.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The bishop also publicly supported Hitler's efforts to annul the Versailles peace treaty.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In 1936 von Galen openly supported the remilitarization of the Rhineland and publicly congratulated Werner von Fritsch, who led the operation, likewise he sided with supporting the introduction of conscription.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Similarly, he supported the annexation of Saarland as part of


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On the other hand, von Galen soon ran into the problematic side of the National Socialist regime.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On March 26, 1934, he sent an Easter period shepherd letter to his diocese addressing the National Socialists' first year in power.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his letter, he strongly criticised the admission of “positive Christianity” by party programme to the National Socialist side, pointing out the concept as ambiguous and misleading.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his same shepherd letter, he also denounced National Socialist racial theories as anti-Christianity.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

After the publication of the Shepherd's Letter, though, the Jewish community of Münster requested that the bishop henceforth refrain from public expressions of support.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

They were feared to lead to negative publicity and the growing plight of Jews.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen's shepherd letter once made him a well-known opponent of National Socialist church and racial politics.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On June 7, 1934, a shepherd letter from Catholic bishops was published in Germany, in which these condemned “neo-paganism”, the effort of “influential forces” to destroy the Christian faith, Christian acts and Christian churches in Germany, as well as replacing them with the “national religion”.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen was one of the letter writers.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The letter denounced by name mentioning the benefit and racial morality of neo-paganism.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

At the same time, it rebuffed claims by National Socialist powers that the bishops' desire to defend the Christian faith and the Church constituted forbidden interference in political life by the Reich Concordat.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Furthermore, the bishops disputed that National Socialists (or any other in power) had the right to demand “unconditional obedience” (vorbehaltslose Gefolgschaft) from anyone.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Every duty, even to which the obligations of the oath are committed, ceases when something is called for which warns against God's commandments is said in an unusually outspoken statement to the bishops” situation.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In October 1934, von Galen distributed an inscription in his diocese in Studien zum Mythus des 20.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Jahrhunderts (“Treatises on the Myth of the 20th Century”).


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In it, the Catholic theologian, whose name was not mentioned, addressed in a critical tone the work “20 of Alfred Rosenberg, the chief ideologue of the National Socialist Movement.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

the myth of the century”, above all the racial and cultural theories contained in the work.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen himself wrote the preface to the writing.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

This happened after the archbishop of Cologne, Cardinal Karl Joseph Schulte, had withdrawn his support from the publication of the booklet, just two days before printing work began.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In doing so, he placed himself in danger, and it is known that he, from 1935, spoke repeatedly himself about the possibility of him being arrested.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen also protested strongly against Rosenberg's speaking event on 6 June 1935 in Münster.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On February 9, 1936, von Galen delivered an attention-grabbing sermon in Xanten.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In it, he spoke of the importance of martyrdom, saying bluntly that Catholic opponents of government slain by National Socialist powers were martyrs of modernity.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

At the same time, in von Galen's view, they were also loyal friends of the Fatherland


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On 9 June of the same year, von Galen published a shepherd letter in which he was very outspoken in criticising the show-natured n.k organised against Catholic priests and monks.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

chastity trials where they were accused of promiscuity offences on hefty grounds.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Von Galen took care that the encycla Mit brennender Sorge (“Deeply Concerned”) (March 1937) criticising Pope Pius XI's Third Reich was read aloud in all the churches of the Diocese of Münster.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Similarly, he ordered that a special edition of the encyclic was to be taken (formally it was an appendix to the diocesan gazette), which was distributed free of charge in all churches in the diocese.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The edition was confiscated, though, and the print was closed.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen himself had authored the raw print of the letter, along with some other German bishops, in January 1937.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Following the ignition of World War II in September 1939, Bishop von Galen sided openly in support of the German war effort.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his view, responsibility for the war was borne by the Western powers, who in 1919 had forced Germany into the humiliating Versailles Peace Treaty.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen stressed that the Germans were waging war in both the First and Second World Wars for the sake and right cause.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He hoped that German soldiers would return from the war victorious.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

At this point, von Galen spoke decidedly more nationalistically than most other German bishops.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Von Galen urged German soldiers to fight for their motherland, but added that this did not mean fighting “for the people who, by their brutal struggle against our rulers and our sisters and brothers, wound our hearts and desecrate Germany the name before the people of God.” The victories achieved by the German armed forces at the beginning of the war, von Galen called “brilliant”.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The love of patriotism did not prevent von Galen from continuing his criticism of the National Socialist powers.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On June 9, 1939, he wrote a letter to Hitler complaining that he was using the n.k provided for in 1933.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The Reichstag Fire Decree (which restricted civil liberties after the arson of the Reichstag in February 1933) was abused to persecute German Catholics.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In July 1943, she bemoaned the mistreatment of Eastern European prisoners of war and, above all, that female forced labourers had been forced to undergo pregnancy abortions.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In addition, he tried to persuade the German Reich Government to repeal the prohibition that Polish forced labourers were not entitled to receive soul care in their own native tongue.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In 1941, Hanns Kerrl, the German minister of ecclesiastical affairs, was already so overwhelmed by the resistance of Bishop von Galen that he proposed to withdraw the salary paid by the State.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Bishop von Galen himself counted on the fact that he could be arrested at any time.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He alluded to this in his sermons and issued orders in case of his possible arrest.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On June 26, 1941, von Galen, along with other German Catholic bishops, published a shepherd letter in which they criticized the Reich Government's anti-Christianity measures.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The bishops found it inconceivable that the campaign against Christianity continued even during the war, when national unity would have been important.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

They felt the entire future of Christianity in Germany was under threat.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The letter was read aloud in all German churches on 6 July 1941.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels felt it was a series of absurd accusations and shameless demands.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his opinion, the shepherd's letter was also “a dagger blow to the back of the fighting army by German Catholic priests.”


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On July 12 of the same year, the Catholic Episcopal Assembly of Germany filed a memorandum with the Reich Government demanding freedom of religion guaranteed by the Constitution and the right to practice religion in public.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

It demanded that the Reich Government should end its campaign to promote secession from the Church, protested the systematic anti-Christianisation of youth and demanded respect for the Fifth and Sixth Commandments.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The latter demand was, above all, opposed the National Socialists' euthanasia programme and the denigration of Christian gender morality in society.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The memorandum also objected to the arrest of priests and the closure of monasteries, as well as restricting church deaconry and charitable work.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Most of all, Bishop von Galen was made famous by the three sermons he delivered in July and August 1941.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In them he formally denounced the National Socialists n.k.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

T4, euthanasia programme.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Beginning in 1940, the National Socialist regime had massacred the severely mentally disabled, the incurably mentally ill, epileptics and other “unproductive folk comrades” whose lives, according to official euphemistic expression, were not worth living.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

von Galen departed from the traditional Christian notion that every person's life is precious in itself because every person is created by God and redeemed by Christ.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Thus, the value of a person does not depend on how much he produces for the benefit of others.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In its decree issued on 2 December 1940, the Vatican has condemned the National Socialists' euthanasia programme and said it had no justification.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Before von Galen, von Preysing, the Catholic Bishop of Berlin, had condemned the euthanasia programme, albeit with remarkably cautious words.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Again, the formulations used by von Galen could not be called cautious with the best will.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He revealed accurate information about the number of victims in the program and called euthanasia outright murder and a crime against humanity.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his sermons he warned that the life of every German was in danger if he were seriously injured or was one day so old and ill that he would no longer be able to produce productive work.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Particular attention was given to the fact that von Galen also speculated that hard-wounded front soldiers would fall victim to euthanasia if the programme were allowed to continue.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his famous sermons, von Galen also condemned the Gestapo's illegal measures against Catholic monasteries and establishments, as well as the arrests of rulers and priests.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

After von Galen's fearlessly outspoken sermons, he began to be referred to as the “Lion of Münster”.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The sermons he delivered spread among the population as illegal leaflets and flyers dropped by the Allies on Germany.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

A few days after his sermons, Bishop von Galen filed a criminal report for “murder” on the euthanasia programme to the local police authority.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

After some time, the program was “suspended until further notice”, not least as a result of speeches by Bishop von Galen.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Hitler's secretary and head of the party office, Martin Bormann, suggested after von Galen's sermons that he be hanged.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The local Gestapo, although of the opinion that von Galen's activities were treasonous, nevertheless warned that the assassination of a popular bishop would cause widespread unrest in Westphalia and even open rebellion.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Propaganda minister Goebbels therefore proposed that the life of the Bishop of Münster be spared for the time being, and that accounts with him be made clear only after the “final victory”.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Goebbels had his way, albeit 37 of the priests in the Diocese of Münster were imprisoned with a warning mind.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The Reich Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs recommended that von Galen be confined to a concentration camp.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Although von Galen's relationship with the nationalsocialist powers always became only for the worse over time, he nevertheless positioned himself to support the German war effort after its exploits against the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his shepherd letter dated 14 September 1941, von Galen calls the invasion of the Soviet Union “a battle against the plague of Bolshevism”.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Documents that came to light during the blissful proclamation process show that Bishop von Galen had links with the nationalist resistance movement that arose around Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and that he met Goerdeler in Münster in November 1943. however von Galen had not active in the resistance movement.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

During the late days of the National Socialist reign, Bishop von Galen continued to deliver sermons denouncing policies hostile to Christianity by the National Socialists and the violation of church rights.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He condemned crimes against promiscuity and human dignity, exaggerated detention, violence against rulemakers, arbitrary action by the Gestapo, distortion of the concept of justice, as well as injustices and depravity of youth.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The bishop's sermons were well-known throughout Germany and inspired, for example, the Catholic resistance movement White Rose, which was born around the Scholl siblings.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On the other hand, Bishop von Galen did not once condemn the transport of Jews to concentration camps, nor any other repressive measures against Jews.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The post-war period after the Western Allies took over Münster in March 1945, Bishop von Galen explained in his first interview to American and British magazines that while he and many other civilised Germans were opponents of National Socialism, they were however, there were also loyal patriot friends who viewed the Allies as enemies.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

With his fearlessness already familiar, von Galen in the following months criticised Allied activities in occupied Germany.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Above all, he opposed the mass expulsions of the German population from the eastern half of the Oder—Neisse line, territories lost by Germany to Poland, as well as the Sudeten territories of Czechoslovakia.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He also opposed the arrests and confinement of German officials and rank-and-file members of the National Socialist Party in camps.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

When, in June 1945, the Western Allies did not allow the sacrament procession of the Body and Blood of Christ important to Catholics to take place in Münster, von Galen complained that they were as negative about Christianity as the National Socialists.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The idea that the German people were collectively to blame for the crimes of the Third Reich, von Galen rejected in plain words on 1 July 1945 in a sermon he delivered near Münster in Telgte.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On 18 February 1946 Pope Pius XII appointed Bishop von Galen along with two other German bishops unexpectedly as cardinals.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Cardinal von Galen became Cardinal Priest of the titular Church of San Bernardo alle Terme.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

By his appointment, the Pope must have wished to show his solidarity with the German people while at the same time expressing that the German people are not entirely responsible for the crimes of the Third Reich.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Cardinal von Galen returned from Rome back to his home in Münster on his 68th birthday, 16 March 1946.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

A large civic celebration was held in his honour at the Cathedral Square.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In connection with that, the city of Münster ceded to him the rank of honorary township.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In his thank-you speech, Cardinal Galen made the case that the support of believers and their intercession had enabled him to fight resistance.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

At the same time, they had spared him from martyrdom, as Cardinal von Gale stated in a clearly moved voice.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Just three days after his return home, on 19 March 1946, Cardinal von Galen was delivered to the Münster-based St.-Franziskus Hospital due to severe abdominal pains.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

There, he died on March 22 of peritonitis caused by the onset of an inflamed appendix.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

His final words were: “And, and, wie Gott es will.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Gott lohne es Euch.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Gott schütze das liebe vaterland.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Für ihn weiterarbeiten... oh, Du lieber Heiland!” (“So, yeah, as God desires.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

May God reward you.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

May God protect our beloved motherland.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Work for it... oh, dear Savior!”) On 28 March 1946, he was buried in the von Galen family's tomb chapel, the Ludgerus Chapel in Münster Cathedral.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The tomb today contains a grave paste created by South Tyrolean sculptor Siegfried Moroda with the words: “Hic exspectat resurrectionem mortuorum Clemens Augustinus de Galen S.R.E.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

presbyter cardinalis episcopus Monasteriensis” (“Here awaits the exaltation of the dead Clemens August von Galen, Cardinal Priest of the Holy Roman Church, Bishop of Münster”).


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Declaration of Blissful Axis Cardinal von Galen's blissfully proclamation process started in 1956, it ended with a positive conclusion in November 2004.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On October 9, 2005, Pope Benedict XVI declared Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen officially blissful.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Portuguese Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, head of the Congregation for Proclamation of Blissful and Sacred, spent a blissful declaration Mass in St. Peter's Basilica Square in Rome.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

This was at the same time one of the most recent blissful declarations, which was celebrated in St. Peter's Basilica as a celebration of the whole church.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

According to normal Catholic practice, a blissful proclamation precedes the proclamation of sainthood.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Blissfully Clemens August Graf Kardinal von Galen's Memorial Day is the day of his death, March 22.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On the first anniversary of the declaration to be blissful in 2006, a relic casket in the shape of a stylised hand was placed in front of the image of the Virgin in Telgte pilgrimage chapel, in which a blissful von Galen finger bone is preserved.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The relic casket was designed by Ahlenian goldsmith master Werner Fischer entworfenes and was manufactured by his son goldsmith master Raphael Fischer.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Telgte Pilgrimage Chapel is a very popular pilgrimage site in Münster Country.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Clemens August Graf von Galen wandered there frequently while he was bishop and prayed it (according to popular belief, performing miracles) in front of the image of the Virgin.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Historical assessment of Cardinal von Galen's persona and significance is assessed differently.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He is generally recognized as an opponent of the National Socialist regime, but opinions differ when considering the initial cause of opposition and the scale and significance of the resistance.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Above all, three different theories have been put forward: Cardinal von Galen is often considered a resistance fighter.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

This assessment was common in the immediate post-war period and appears even more in hagiographic works praising his persona and in studies highlighting the resistance of the Catholic Church.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Also, many critical scholars represent the view that von Galen was already opposed to the National Socialists when he was a parish priest and his election as bishop only brought him further influence.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Supporters of this theory emphasize that von Galen's resistance rose on a religious and moral basis, rather than politics.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On the other hand, several scholars emphasize that von Galen's stances after the implosion of the German Empire and the surrender of 1918 were explicitly nation-conservative and partly anti-democratic.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

He is considered, according to it, a typical representative of conservative circles of his time, for whom the democratic Weimar Republic was inherently foreign and even dangerous.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

According to this, von Gale's resistance would have been equated with resistance from national-conservative circles.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

According to this theory, the magnitude of von Galen's resistance lies first and foremost in the fact that he stressed that a Christian's allegiance to a predominance must not be absolute, but that a Christian has the right to refuse to obey a predominance that oppresses humanity.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Those critical of Cardinal von Galen point to his negative attitude towards the Weimar Republic and his public support for the German war effort.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

In the opinion of John S. Conway (Department of History, University of British Columbia), the best characterisation of von Galen is the statement from the UK Foreign Office: “... the most outstanding personality among the clergy in the British zone.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

... Statuesque in appearance and uncompromising in discussion, this oak-bottomed old aristocrat... is a German nationalist through and through.” (“The most important representative of the clergy of the British occupation zone... In his gallant appearance and unconditional opinions, this acorn old aristocrat... is through and through and through a German nationalist.”) von Galen's critics ask whether defending one's own ecclesiastical interests can already be seen as a sign of resistance, and why von Galen, with the same absolutes, did not defend German Jews as well.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

Opinions that von Galen, together with the other holders of the Catholic Church, bears responsibility for Hitler's rise to power and the horrors of the Third Reich have remained isolated.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

The facts speak far too clearly against such a negative view.


Question: Why did Clemens August Graf von Galen oppose Nazi Germany?

Clemens von Galen

On topic elsewhere Category:German priests Class:Catholic bishops Class:Germans who opposed Nazi rule Class:Born in 1878 Class:Those who died in 1946


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

The organic compound contains carbon-carbon bonds.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

For historical reasons, methane is also counted into organic compounds, but elemental carbon (diamond, graphite, amorphous carbon) to inorganic chemistry.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

All organisms depend on organic compounds.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

Most nutrients such as fat, proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins are organic compounds, as are such substances important to life as hemoglobin, leafy green, enzymes, and hormones.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

[1] Most of the known compounds are precisely organic compounds.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

Nearly 50 million different types of these are known [2], and it is known that many more organic compounds exist yet uncharacterized.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

They consist of humans, animals and plants alike.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

The large number of organic compounds is due to the ability of carbon atoms to caterate, that is, to form long, often branched chain-like or annular molecules, where atoms of other elements may be associated with the body formed by carbon atoms.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

Initially, organic compounds were intended only for organic compounds until it was realised that organic compounds could also be synthesised from inorganic precursors.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

Organic compounds almost always contain hydrogen as well.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

Other possible atoms associated with the carbon body include, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, and bromine.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

[1] The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

They consist of carbon and hydrogen alone.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

The simplest of these are alkanes, where carbon atoms are joined together by simple bonds.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

The carbon body may also have double bonds and triple bonds.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

Double-bonded compounds are called alkenes and trigeminal bonded compounds are called alkynes.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

[3] An organic compound can also have many substituents, allowing organic molecules to be classified and named after functional groups.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

Functional groups include e.g.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

alcohols, ethers, thiols, sulfides, alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, amines, nitriles, carboxylic acids and their derivatives.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

[1] A compound with both a carboxylic acid and an amino group is called an amino acid.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

When an organic compound contains one or more metal-carbon bonds, one speaks of an organometallic compound.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

Organic compounds are designated in accordance with IUPAC recommendations.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

[4] Drawing organic compounds Organic compounds often draw structural formulas showing the position of atoms and functional groups relative to each other.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

Since the drawings are two-dimensional of a three-dimensional structure, they have been simplified quite a lot.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

No structural formulas are usually drawn from inorganic compounds because their atoms can only be related in one way.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

[1] In molecular structural formulas, a line between atoms denotes two bond electrons.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

It does not always make sense to draw every atom and bond in a molecule; instead, the structure can be represented as a simple line formula.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

In a line formula, bonds between atoms are drawn using bond angles characteristic of compounds.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

With the exception of functional groups, carbon and hydrogen atoms are usually not marked as visible (exception CH3 groups).


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

When interpreting structures, it must be remembered that carbon is quadrivalent.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

The line formula is useful especially when drawing high-molecular compounds.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

The structure of 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene is shown below, showing all bonds and atoms, and as a simple line formula.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

In some contexts, like school books and biochemistry, you see outdated formulas where all angles are 90 degrees.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

These are unrealistic and not valid to predict stereoelectronics.


Question: How is an inorganic compound defined?

Organic compound

See also Inorganic compound Chemical compound Sources on the topic elsewhere Category:Key articles on screening


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

System Shock 2 is an FPS game released in 1999 for the computer.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

It has been produced in collaboration with Irrational Games, Looking Glass Studios and Electronic Arts.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The game combines first-person shooter, role-playing and stealth elements.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

While the action plays a central part, the entertainability is also based on strong atmospheric storytelling.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The technical implementation is based on the Dark Engine game engine.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

System Shock 2 garnered the acclaim of many critics upon its release.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The World and Background of System Shock It's been 42 years since the maniacal AI, Shodan, was first defeated.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Humanity still lives in a dystopia dominated by big business.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The technology is highly advanced and it is possible to modify the human body with cybernetic implants.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The borders of the Earth have become cramped and many have left to seek their luck in the settlements of near-space.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Plot The story of the game is set in the year 2114.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Humanity's first FTL ship, Von Braun, as well as the military ship UNN Rickenbacker docked with it, are sent with its crew on a voyage towards the Tau Cet star system.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Anatoly Korenchkin, as well as Captain William B. Diego, served as commanders of the two ships.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The goals of the historic journey are about finding raw materials and new life.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Even before the trip, the question of its success has arisen.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Trioptimum's ambition and crew bureaucracy complicate matters and create unrest.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Warnings from Marie Delacroix, the ship's designer, about Von Braun's weaknesses go unheeded in the shield between Korenchkin and Diego.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Three months later, something remarkable happens.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The ship's receiver receives fragments of a harrowing message from the surroundings of Tau Cet, billions of miles beyond the confines of populated space.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

A rescue unit lands on the surface of the planet Tau Ceti 5.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Ambitious captains are also involved.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Rushing out, without protective gear, they find for the first time an extraterrestrial organism encased.


Question: When is System Shock released?

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An enchanted rescue unit brings the enclosures to Von Braun for examination.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Using its psychic powers, the organism communicates to the crew.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Korenchkin and Diego are the first to fall for this powerful psychic being.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

They later refer to themselves as “part of several”.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Some days later, the enclosures open on the Von Braun aquaculture deck and the articulated worms hatching from them infect their caregivers.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Worms are parasitic animals that make the mind and body of their master work according to their will.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Many times, however, the host already dies during a psychic invasion.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Parasitic infection additionally triggers metabolic changes in the host organism.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Later, these lead to strong mutation and growth of the host.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The infected crew integrates into the creature's collective community first with their mind and later with their body.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The parent organism begins to grow in Von Braun's ovens, later reaching a huge size.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

In these places, the anonymous player awakens from cold sleep on the medical deck of the Von Braun ship.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

He has no recollections of the weeks leading up to him.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Dr. Janice Polito, one of the survivors contacts the player and asks the player to find him on the fourth deck.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Polito tells the player that his body has a cybernetics-based system that allows the player to install “implants” in his body.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

As the game progresses, the player learns more about the events on the ship through hallucinations and recordings.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Along the way, the player encounters several sick and extremely aggressive crew members.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

There are only a few survivors on board.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

It turns out that the alien organism, with the help of crew members, has also contaminated Von Braun's mainframe computer, Xerxes.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

To get to Polito, the player must perform numerous tasks such as starting the ship's power supply to operate the elevator and destroying biomass from the elevator shaft.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

When the player gets to Janice, Shodan makes contact with her for the first time.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

It turns out that Shodan has been guiding the player through Janice.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The doctor himself is dead.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Shodan explains that he has created the alien organism that hijacked the ship.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Infecting Von Braun's crew, he got away from Tau Cet.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

However, now the organism has grown too strong and needs to be destroyed.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Since the player has no other chance, he decides to continue his association with Shodan.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player manages to warn Earth of Von Braun's infection, as well as opening a gate to Xerxes' central memory, causing Shodan to attempt to gain control of the mothership.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

However, this does not work out and the player has to transfer himself as well as Shodan Rickenbacken.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The other survivors, Suarez and Rebecca escape at the same time in an escape pod.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Soon, Marie Delacroix manages to send a message to the player informing her of Shodan's real plan.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Marie later dies at the shuttle terminal.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player encounters a badly infected Anatoly Korenchkin on a command bridge.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

This one attacks the player but gets killed.


Question: When is System Shock released?

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In his final message, Korenchkin talks about a plan for Suarez and Rebecca.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player escapes to Rickenbacken.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Shodan advises the player to slay the mother organism so that Rickenbacker could disassociate himself from Von Braun.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

At the same time, he explains how the player has the potential to become his own cybernetic manifestation.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

William Diego contacts the player and wants to meet Rickenbacken in the infirmary.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player later finds him dead, after removing a parasitic worm from his body.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player launches himself in a rescue shuttle inside a giant mother organism.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

He manages to find the creature's central nervous system and destroy it.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player soon fades into the ever-expanding, virtual reality created by Shodan.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Shodan himself calls this proto-reality.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Marie had understood Shodan's plan and left the player informed of this.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Originally, Marie was to become a manifestation of Shodan as well, but knowledge of the plan struck her fate.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

After all, Shodan was not meant to destroy Von Braun, but uses his FTL technology to create his own space-time.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player manages to find Shodan's central memory and destroy it.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

After this, he emerges from the Rickenbacken Command bridge.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Later, Suarez explains that he and Rebecca have changed the course of their rescue shuttle and are returning to Von Braun.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The ship has been brought back under control and the situation looks good.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

At the same time, an ill-fated Rebecca appears behind him.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Rebecca's voice is distorted and it resembles Shodan.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

His appearance becomes monstrous.


Question: When is System Shock released?

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This is where the story ends.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Game mechanics The game is a combination of action, problem solving and character development added with role-playing elements.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

As an angle of view, the game uses a first-person angle of view.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player has an inventory where he keeps equipment such as weapons, armor, keys and, in addition to these, recordings and incoming messages.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The inventory has its own limits, so the player, in terms of weapons and other supplies, must decide what is absolutely needed.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The game has no actual levels; the player develops as they receive cybernetic modules that are used to acquire and improve different abilities.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

In addition to physical weapons, the player is able to fight using psionic abilities.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Weapons wear out with use and become unusable unless the player takes care of them, and servicing certain types of weapons requires a certain level of repair skills and use of certain weapons requires certain weapons skill.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

What the player specialises in best is solved before the start of the actual game in a task that chooses the player's specialization through the selection of the internal branch of the United Nations Nomitee (UNN) organisation.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The Navy specializes in technology, especially hacking and controlling equipment, the Marine Corps again specialises in combat and the OAS again in developing psionic abilities and brushing their use.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player then goes through a “career phase” where he chooses command missions that are not actually played but rather they confer certain abilities.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Once this stage is completed, the events of the game will begin.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

In addition to crackdown, the weight of the game lies in part in utilizing the computer terminals in the environment.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The ship is filled with various security cameras that are detected by the player, the alarm starts to sound at a certain time and more enemies appear at the player's place.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The player can use computer terminals to turn off the ship's security cameras and automatic weapons momentarily and is also able to hack these automatic weapons to their own side.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Hacking requires the player to pass through a minigame that starts whenever something is hacked.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The minigame has a small screen with squares connected by a line.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

From these squares, a straight line of three squares must be formed in order for the hacking to be successful.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

The game additionally features weapon and food vending machines, which by hacking, the player can reduce the price of ammunition and food supplies.


Question: When is System Shock released?

System Shock 2

Sources System Shock 2 Player`s Manual On the Rest of Fan Site Category:Video Games of 1999 Category:Windows Games Category:Mac OS Games Category:Linux Games Category:First Person Shooter Games Category:Action Role Games Category:Survival Horror Games Category:Sci-fi Games


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The North African Front refers to the war effort between the Allies and the Axis powers in North Africa.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

War operations in the area began on 11 June 1940 and ended on 16 May 1943.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The phases of the North African Front can be divided into three parts into the Western Desert war effort in the deserts of Libya and Egypt or, more simply, desert battles, maneuvers related to the landings in Morocco and Algeria, and the battles in Tunisia.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In the early stages, the Allied war effort was responsible for the British Commonwealth forces, reinforced by forces from various European refugee governments.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The United States entered the war in 1941 and it participated in the war effort in North Africa beginning on 11 May 1942.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The fighting in North Africa began with the Italian declaration of war on 10 June 1940.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 14 June, the British 11th Husar Regiment, supported by the 1st Panzer Regiment, crossed the border between Egypt and Libya and captured the Italian garrison Fort Capuzzo.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

As a result, Italy launched an invasion of Egypt, whereupon in September 1940 they recaptured Sidi Barrani.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Allied counterattack, Operation Compass, began in December, when the Italian 10th Army was destroyed and Germany was forced to send an army corps commanded by Erwin Rommel to Africa (Operation Sonnenblume) to support the retreating Italians and prevent the front from succumbing.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Fighting rippled back and forth between Libya and Egypt.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Allies gained the initiative when the British 8th Army, commanded by Bernard Montgomery, won the Second Battle of El Alamein.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Subsequently, forces from the Axis powers were pushed westward towards Tunisia.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Allied invasion of Morocco and Algeria led by Dwight D. Eisenhower in late 1942, after which forces in Vichy French North Africa joined the Allies, caused the Axis Powers' forces in North Africa to fall into a two-front war.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 13 May 1943, the army that had been in North Africa of the Axis powers finally surrendered in Tunisia to the Allies.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Western Desert Battles The North African region was strategically significant to both the Axis powers and the Allies.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

For the Allies, it meant another front against the Axis powers that had taken control of the European continent and thus relieved the pressure on the Eastern Front.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

For the Axis powers, it meant an opportunity to control the Mediterranean, as well as gaining access to the Middle East's oil resources, while also depriving the Allies of their use.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

For some time after the war broke out, no major attacks were seen, but small scale attacks did occur.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In one such, the British occupied the fort of Capuzzo.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 13 September 1940, the Italian 10th Army launched a major offensive from Libya into Egypt and advanced along the coast, capturing Sollum, among others.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Libyan Governor-General Marshal Rodolfo Graziani halted the Italian army's attack after it reached Sidi Barrani due to replenishment problems and he ordered troops to fortify the area.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The weakness of Italian intelligence was evident in the decision to stop.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The invasion force consisted of nearly 200,000 men and the defenders numbered about 36,000, so an advance as far as Cairo and the Nile would probably have been possible.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In late 1940, the Allies began a counterattack, Operation Compass, which became a success.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In the attack, the main part of the Italian 10th Army was destroyed and the troops advanced all the way to El Agheila.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Italian troops led by Uldo Capzon, as well as Erwin Rommel's Army Corps of Africa, were sent as reinforcements to the Axis powers.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Simultaneously, the Allied forces were reduced, with the number of troops sent to include the Australian 7th Division to Greece and the 7th Armoured Division to be replenished to the Nile.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The corps was replaced by the Australian 9th Division and 2nd Armoured Division.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Initially, the Axis Powers' replenishment force was only tasked with defending Tripolitania and blocking the Allied advance, but after Rommel noticed the weakness of the Allied defences, the Germans began the offensive.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 24 March, the Germans won at El Agheila and by 15 April the Germans had driven the Allies to the Egyptian border at Sollum.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Rommel had restored the stations to their original ones with the exception of besieged Tobruk.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Allies began a counterattack, Operation Brevity, in an attempt to push back the Axis Powers' forces.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The next Operation Battleaxe was aimed at launching the blockade of Tobruk, where failed.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

During these operations, Allied forces were reorganized.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

As leader of the Middle East region Claude Auchinleck was replaced by Archibald Wavell and the Western Desert forces were supplemented with another army corps in the formation of the British 8th Army from the forces in the area, with British, Australian, Indian, New Zealanders and South african troops.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In addition, it included a brigade from the Free French Corps.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 18 November 1941, the newly formed 8th Army began Operation Crusader, which was at the same time the Allies' third attempt to break the Siege of Tobruk.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

By January 1942, the Allies had recaptured areas previously taken by the Axis powers and the front line had moved to El Agheila.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

After the Axis powers received replenishment from Tripoli, the force began the offensive, defeating the Allies in June at the Battle of Gazala and capturing Tobruk.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The forces of the Axis powers pushed the 8th Army back behind the Egyptian border all the way to 140 miles from Alexandria until they were stopped at the First Battle of El Alamein.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In the weeks that followed, both sides, especially the Allies carried out plenty of attacks that resulted in no significant results.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In August, Rommel attempted a breakthrough at the Battle of Alam Halfa in it without success.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In the same month, the British replaced General Auchinleck with Harold Alexander.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The commander of the British 8th Army was to be William Gott, but he died and Bernard Montgomery was appointed commander of the army.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

After a period of training and resupply, Montgomery began a major offensive against the Axis Powers' forces.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

He defeated the defending Axis Powers forces in the Second Battle of El Alamein, which began on 23 October, after which Rommel was forced by the Allies to begin a backlash towards Tunisia.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Allies recaptured Tripoli in mid-January 1943.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In February, the 8th Army stopped off the Mareth Line, where the German-Italian Panzer Army had taken up defensive positions, thus subjecting the 8th Army to Harold Alexander's 18th Army Group as the start of the final phase of the War in North Africa fighting Tunisia.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The landings into Morocco and Algeria Operation Torch was the invasion of French Morocco and Algeria by Western Allies, mostly U.S.-allied, into French Morocco and Algeria, which were under the Vichy government.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

One of the main objectives was to encircle Rommel's forces.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The French had 60,000 troops in Morocco, coastal artillery, some tanks and aircraft, about ten warships and 11 submarines.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Allied forces were commanded by General Dwight D. Eisenhower.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Allies believed the French would not do any resistance.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The invasion began on 8 November 1942.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

It was then that the Allies came ashore in three regions: Morocco, Oran and Algiers.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The takeover of Algiers was easily successful, as the anti-German French took control of the city before the invasion.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

At Oran, the Americans experienced difficulties when French ships opened fire on troops attempting to take the port.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The French ships broke out of the harbour attacking the landings fleet, but the attackers were either sunk or forced to be beached.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In Morocco, on the other hand, the invasion was carried out without covering fire, as the Allies believed the French would do no resistance.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

It was performed at three locations, Safi, Fedala and Port-Lyautey-h.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Prior to the invasion, however, an attempted Allied backed coup against the pro-Vic-Abandon commander failed and the French made resistance against the landers.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In Safi, the Allies succeeded in defeating the resistance and taking the city still the same day.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In Port-Lyautey, the landers were uncertain of their location and consequently the shoring of another group of landings was delayed.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In the meantime, the defenders had time to organize a workable resistance and the rest of the invasion had to be carried out with the assistance of artillery.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Supported by the air force, the Allied forces advanced and achieved the goal of the attack despite resistance.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In the Fedala area, the weather hampered landings.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

However, the Allies were able to reach the beach and were still able to secure their position in the littoral zone on the same day (8 November).


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On November 10, they besieged Casablanca and the city surrendered.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The French Moroccan fleet had already been rendered incapacitated by the onset of the invasion.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

At the same time as Operation Torch, the Germans conquered Tunisia despite opposition from the French.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Fighting in Tunisia from 17 November 1942 — 13 May 1943 In November 1942, the situation for the Axis powers looked very bad.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Montgomery's soldiers advanced from the east and troops commanded by Eisenhower conquered Morocco and Algeria.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In the Tripolitanian desert, fighting two fronts would have been impossible for the forces of the Axis powers, so they had to gain a better defensive position for the fighting of the following months.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Passed by mountainous only a few passes, Tunisia was easy to defend.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 10 November 1942, German and Italian troops took control of Tunisia from French forces.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 25 November, the Allies began their first offensive in Tunisia, with the objective of recapturing the cities of Tunis and Biserta.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The troops advanced eastward, but were unsuccessful in their objectives as the Germans stopped them.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 1 December 1943, the Germans began a counterattack with which they pushed the Americans back into positions of the 25th.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 22 December, the Allies attacked again, but were beaten back.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Then, in Tunisia, about a month's mostly non-combat-free period began.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

It stopped when Rommel's troops withdrawing from Libya entered Tunisia at the turn of January and February.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 30 January they attacked some American forces and after a few days the Americans withdrew to the vicinity of Sbeitla and built a defensive line there.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

However, the Germans attacked the following week and the Americans' line was broken on 16 February.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The Germans captured Sbeitla the next day and the Allies fled to the pass of the anti-Algerian mountains.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

All of Tunisia was held by the Axis powers.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On 19 February, the Germans attacked Allied positions at the Kasserine Pass.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The American positions imploded within a couple of minutes and the Germans recaptured the pass.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Following these events, the Germans split into two groups advancing northwestward towards Thala.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

In addition, a force advanced south, towards Haïdra.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

The will to fight the American forces began to collapse and many troops when forced to withdraw left their equipment on the battlefield.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

On the night of 21 February, the Germans made their way off Thala, defended only by a weak French detachment.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

Had Thala been overrun, a large number of allied forces would have been subjected to blockades.


Question: Who led the forces of the Axis powers at the Battle of El Alamein?

North African Front (World War II)

However, the Germans advanced too slowly and the Allied replenishment forces made it to the scene, and the Germans thereafter were no longer able to take Thala.