Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

For other alkali metals, the equivalent value is 46—60kJ/mol and for halogens it is −270—−349kJ/mol.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

A unifying factor is also that the outermost atomic orbital of hydrogen is, like alkali metals, an s-orbital, but with halogens the outermost orbital is the p-orbital.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Reactivity Hydrogen occurs as a two-atomic molecule that is very persistent at ordinary temperatures, and not very reactive.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

This is partly due to the high bond energy of the covalent bond between the hydrogen atoms of the hydrogen molecule, which is 436kJ/mol.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

A large amount of energy is required to break down a molecule, and not all hydrogen molecules have decomposed into hydrogen atoms even at temperatures above 4700°C.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

However, with oxygen and halogens, it reacts very strongly, even explosively, to form water or hydrogen halides.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[26] [27] Atomic hydrogen, on the other hand, is very reactive.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

It is a powerful reductant that reduces even sodium metal from sodium salts, and especially strongly it reacts with halogens and other strong oxidants.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Therefore, atomic hydrogen does not occur in nature free.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[27] Bonds Hydrogen forms a covalent bond with itself and other elements because hydrogen has a high electronegativity of 2.1.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen forms what is known as a σ-bond, that is, a simple bond.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The bond is spin symmetric: hydrogen is able to rotate with respect to the bond without breaking the bond.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

In the hybridization model, hydrogen is an exception in that the atomic orbital of hydrogen does not hybridize with the rest of the orbital.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen also plays an essential role in the creation of hydrogen bonding between molecules.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

A hydrogen bond is the strongest weak bond created between hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine (N, O, F) present in a pool molecule.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

(The hydrogen in the molecule forms a hydrogen bond with the N, O, F atom of another molecule.)


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Compounds that exhibit hydrogen bonds have abnormally high melting and boiling points.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

This is due to the strength of the hydrogen bonds.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

A particularly high melting and boiling point is with water, as the water molecule forms four hydrogen bonds.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

For life, the high melting and boiling point of water are vital.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Acids and bases Acid and base have been defined in Brønsted—Lowry theory as an acid being a substance that donates a positive hydrogen ion (H+), that is, a proton, to a base.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The base, on the other hand, is a substance that receives a hydrogen ion from acid.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Acidic aqueous solutions are created when the acid donates one proton to water, creating oxonium ions (H3O+) into the solution.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Oxonium ions cause acidity of the solution.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Alkaline aqueous solutions are created when the base reacts with water to form hydroxide ions (OH−).


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The acidity or alkalinity depends on the number of oxonium and hydroxide ions present in the solution.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Compounds Binary compounds of hydrogen are called hydrides and can be divided into three classes of covalent, ionic, and metallic compounds on the basis of bonds.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Covalent compounds include compounds of hydrogen and other nonmetals, such as ammonia, water, and hydrogen halides.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Many of these are room-temperature gases.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[28] [29] [30] Ion-linked hydrides contain a hydride ion (H−) as anion.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

These hydrogen forms with electropositive alkali and alkali earth metals.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Ion-linked hydrides react fiercely with water releasing hydrogen gas as an example of the reaction of sodium hydride [28] [29] [30] NaH + H 2 O NaOH + H 2 {\ displaystyle {\ ce {NaH + H2O -> NaOH + H2}}} With transition metals and lanthanoids and actinoids, hydrogen forms metallic hydrides.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Characteristic of metallic hydrides is a metallic sheen and electrical conductivity.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

In these compounds, hydrogen, when small in size, gets diffused in the metal lattice and forms what are known as intermediate compounds.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

These are most often non-stoichiometric in composition and complex in structure.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The study of some metals as a method of storage of hydrogen is based on metallic hydride, because when heated they release hydrogen.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

For example, platinum is thus able to bind hydrogen up to 900 times its own volume.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Alloy hydrides are also being studied to store hydrogen, for example, the tini2 and Lani2 alloys that have proven to be the most promising.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[28] [29] [30] Important inorganic hydrogen compounds include water, all inorganic acids, ammonia, and sodium hydroxide.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[3] History The discovery of hydrogen in Switzerland, an alchemist from Paracelsu who lived in the 16th century, is considered to be the first detector of hydrogen.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

While dissolving iron in sulfuric acid, he noticed a developing gas, which he described in words as “air rising and disintegrating like wind.”


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Paracelsus was not sure what he had produced, nor did he elaborate on the properties of hydrogen.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[31] [32] In 1670, the Englishman Robert Boyle produced hydrogen by mixing iron filemeal with dilute hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Boyle described hydrogen as an incendiary gas, the peer of which he had never observed before, and referred to it as “the burning solution of Mars”.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Boyle only noticed the gas generated would burn if air was available.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

He also found that the combustion consumed air and the combustion products weighed more than the combustion substances.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[32] [33] Pure hydrogen was first made by Henry Cavendish, an English chemist-physicist and one of Britain's richest, in 1766, by allowing iron to react with dilute sulfuric acid.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[34] However, he himself did not believe that he had found hydrogen, but assumed it to be phlogiston.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

He speculated the gas was coming from metal rather than acid, and used the name “burning air of metals” from it.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

In his studies, Cavendish observed a mixture of hydrogen and air exploding, and he also decided to calculate the density of hydrogen.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

In his calculations, he reached the conclusion that hydrogen is lighter than air.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

After examining the droplet condensed in the explosion, he found it to be water.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Thanks to this experiment in 1781, he came to prove Aristotle and other natural philosophers of antiquity wrong when they claimed water was an element.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[34] Cavendish is considered the discoverer of hydrogen, but the name was given to it by French chemist Antoine Lavoisier.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[35] Lavoisier testified in 1783 that water contains “combustible air” and oxygen previously discovered by Cavendish.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Lavoisier gave hydrogen the name hydrogène.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The origin of the name is the Greek words δωρ (hydor, water) and γίγνομαι (gignomai, to form, give birth), meaning water-former.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[34] The name comes from the combustion reaction of hydrogen, from which water is produced as the reaction product.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The Finnish word hydrogen also refers to the formation of water; it first appeared in book parlance in 1851.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[36] Cold research Until the early 20th century, only a few uses had been invented for hydrogen: it was used in so-called lime lights, which were the limelight of theatres, and as a filling gas for airships.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Cryogenics, or the study of low temperatures, began around 1880.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

French mining engineer Louis Cailletet reported in 1877 that he had detected liquid oxygen droplets.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

A few days earlier, Swiss physicist Raoul Pictet had also reported success in liquefaction of oxygen, but in a different way.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The study of low temperatures was very expensive at the turn of the 20th century, and few universities were able to provide the necessary laboratory conditions.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

After the liquefaction of oxygen, an international competition began to see who would be the first to succeed in liquefaction of hydrogen.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The competition was mostly fought in Europe, as most of the physicists were European at the time.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The race was coloured by disputes and priority issues from the start, and hasty results were commonplace when competing for prestige.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The first was succeeded in 1898 by Scottish chemist James Dewar, whose work was facilitated by his earlier invention of the vacuum cryostat, or thermos.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[37] The thermos poorly conducts heat because it has two silver-plated glass walls with a vacuum between them.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Dewar used it to keep very cold liquids cold and managed to make liquid hydrogen totaling 20 milliliters.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

After that, Dewar wanted to manufacture solid hydrogen, which he succeeded in the following year.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[38] Harold Urey, with his colleagues at Columbia University, observed in his spectroscopic studies an anomalous substance in vaporized hydrogen whose structure was otherwise identical to that of hydrogen, but had a single neutron in its nucleus.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The atomic mass of the substance, designated as deuterium, was double that of hydrogen.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Led by Urey, the researchers produced heavy water consisting of two deuterium atoms and one oxygen atom by electrolysis.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[39] Heavy water has applications in nuclear power plants, among other things.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Role in the evolution of the atomic model Hydrogen is the most essential element of the atomic model developed in the 20th century, being the simplest of them in structure.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The nucleus of a hydrogen atom has a single proton orbited at the lowest energy level by a single electron.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The simple structure of the hydrogen made it easy to study the spectrum produced by the hydrogen and the spectral lines visible in the spectrum.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The diffusion of light across the spectrum has been known since the Middle Ages.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

William Wollaston, in 1802, examined the spectrum of the Sun and observed a few small dark lines in it, but he mistook them for the limits of colour and paid no further attention to the matter.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[40] Twelve years later, Joseph von Fraunhofer observed hundreds of lines when studying the Sun's spectra, and when studying the spectra of light reflected by the Moon and planets, he found that the same lines occur in their spectra too.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

He also observed them in the spectra of stars, but their place and intensity differed from each other.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Fraunhofer's observations showed that spectral lines were related to the properties of the light source.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The basic principles of spectroscopy were laid in the late 1850s by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Johann Balmer invented a simple formula in 1885 that allowed the wavelengths of spectral lines of hydrogen to be calculated.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Attempts were made to develop similar formulas for other elements, but no uniform formula that all elementals would follow could be constructed.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[41] The reason for the spectral lines could not yet be explained exhaustively.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

However, Niels Bohr was able to explain with his own atomic model the spectral lines of hydrogen.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

According to Bohr, electrons travel in certain tracks around the nucleus of an atom, but they are also able to move to higher or lower energy levels.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

When an electron absorbs a photon, the electron enters the upper energy state if the energy it absorbs coincides with the difference of energies required by the two energy states.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The atom is said to have been tuned.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

As a result, the radiation coming towards the observer is weakened at wavelengths corresponding to the differences between the energies of the base state and excitation states.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

A set of dark lines, absorption lines appear in the spectrum.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[42] Emission lines, i.e. bright lines over a dark base, occur with gases.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Normally, the gases being studied are very hot, in which case they are tuned.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

However, the excitation state does not last long, and the electron moves to a lower energy level, handing off the photon.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

This is observed as an issue line.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Bohr's model was capable of explaining the spectral lines of hydrogen for the first time.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[43] Manufacturing Hydrogen is manufactured in several ways in industry.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

There are five main ways used: 1) Hydrogen can be made from natural gas or petroleum, as well as water vapor in the presence of a catalyst, which is often nickel.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are produced in the reaction and occurs at a temperature of 800—1000°C and a pressure of 10—50 atmospheres.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Most industrially produced hydrogen is made in this way from methane.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[44] natural gas (methane) CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 petroleum C12H26 + 12H2O → 12CO + 25H2 2) Water vapor is introduced among the glowing carbon, creating a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, so-called water gas.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[45] C + H2O → CO + H2 3) Hydrogen can be separated from water gas, or water gas is led through a tube containing a catalyst at a temperature of about 400°C.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

In the tube, carbon monoxide reacts with water vapor to form a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[45] CO + H2O → CO2 + H2 4) Hydrogen is also formed in the cracking of hydrocarbons contained in petroleum.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

In addition, elemental carbon is formed [45].


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

5) Hydrogen can also be made from water by electrolysis [45]: Anode reaction: 4 [OH] − → O2 + 2H2O + 4e− Cathode reaction: 2 [H3O] + + 2e− → H2 + 2H2O Generally: [OH] − + [H3O] + → O2 + 2H2 On a large scale, electrolytically producing hydrogen is not economically viable because electrical energy is expensive.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[44] 6) When a base metal reacts with some acid, salt is produced and hydrogen is released at the same time, for example: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 7) Hydrogen has also been produced in the laboratory by photolysis by dispersing water by gallium nitride and sunlight.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Use Currently, hydrogen is most used in the chemical industry when crystall-watered ammonia is made as part of the fertilizer manufacturing process.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Manufacturing is done using the Haber—Bosch method, in which hydrogen and nitrogen combine to form ammonia.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[44] Another notable user is oil refining, where hydrogen can be used to increase the hydrogen—carbon ratio of hydrocarbons and make them burn more cleanly.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Other uses include extracting oxides from iron ores, desulfurization from oil and making methanol from carbon monoxide.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

In total, approximately 50 million tonnes of hydrogen are used per year, and consumption is currently increasing by around 4% to 10% per year.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[7] Large amounts of hydrogen are also used to harden unsaturated vegetable fats by hydrogen.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen joins double bonds of unsaturated fats, whereby they become simple bonds and the fatty acids become saturated.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[44] Hydrogen has also been used, among other things, as an infill for balloons and alongside helium as an infill gas for airships.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[34] The dangerousness of hydrogen came to light, among other things, in the destruction of the airship Hindenburg.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen was used in the Hindenburg because the United States had a monopoly on the industrial manufacture of helium and did not sell helium e.g. For Germany.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Nowadays, though, it seems that the real cause of the accident was the very flammable impregnation of the airship's outer shell.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[46] Liquid hydrogen is one of the most efficient fuels for launchers using liquid propellant.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The oxidizer is usually liquid oxygen.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

In order to remain liquid, the temperature should be cold, at least −183°C.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Such a mixture is called cryogenic propellant.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Since the fuel should be kept very cold, its long-term preservation is inconvenient.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[47] Use in fuel cells Fuel cells convert the chemical energy contained in hydrogen into electrical and thermal energy.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The fuel cell consists of a positive cathode and a negative anode connected by an electrolyte.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

Hydrogen and oxygen gases are fed into the fuel cell, allowing hydrogen molecules to pass to the anode and oxygen atoms to the cathode and the total energy-releasing reaction in the cell is 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O The electrolyte affects the operating temperature and efficiency of the fuel cell, and the fuel cells can be divided into groups according to electrolyte, such as alkali, melt carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange and solid oxide fuel cells.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The proton exchange fuel cell has proven to be the most promising source of energy for automobiles.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[48] The main problems that hinder the application of fuel cells for widespread use as an energy source relate to costs and fuel cell sustainability.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

The high price of fuel cells is largely due to the use of platinum as a catalyst.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

[49] See also Antihydrogen Dark fermentation Photofermentation Hydrogen economy Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Greenwood, N.


Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

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Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

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Hydrogen

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Hydrogen

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Question: Are neutrons needed to make radioactive materials?

Hydrogen

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Category:Elements Category:Fuels Category:Hydrogen Category:Packaging Gases Category:Key articles in screening


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Veikko Nyyrikki (Nyrki) Tapiovaara (10 September 1911, Helsinki mlk — 29 February 1940, Tolvajärvi) [1] was a Finnish film director.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Despite his short career, he is regarded as one of the most artistically high-profile Finnish directors.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

In a few years Tapiovaara managed to direct five films, the last of which he was unfinished.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

The most famous of his films is Stolen Death.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

It is based on the short story “Meat Grinder” by Runar Schildt and describes resistance activities against the repressive rule of Czarist Russia in Finland of 1905.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Many of the film's stylising takes have emerged as classics of Finnish cinema history.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

The influences of the trying French film are obvious.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Tapiovaara was a public leftist, which was rare in the 1930s.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

He took an active part in the activities of the cultural organisation Kiila, among others.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Nyrki Tapiovaara fell on patrol duty on the Karelian Front in Ladoga two weeks before the end of the Winter War.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Family background Nyrki Tapiovaara was born into the family of forester Kaarlo Juho Vihtori Tapiovaara (1879—1959) and Aino Aleksandra Grönroos (1886—1929).


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Aino Aleksandra was the daughter of Pilppula Manor and related from her mother's side to Finland's first female sculptor Eveliina Särkelä.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

He was a friend of art and encouraged his children in these artistic pursuits.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Kaarlo Tapiovaara was from an obscure peasant family who for hundreds of years had inhabited farms called Myrrö and Märri in Vilppula.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

The road shared by Kaarlo and Aino Tapiovaara ran through Sortavala and Helsinki to Hämeenlinna, where the family ended up in 1919.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

There was a national romantic spirit lived in the Tapiovaara home.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Accordingly, all eleven children in the family were given their Kaleval given names.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Before Veikko Nyyrikki, there were a son and a daughter and six sons and two daughters after him.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Kaarlo Tapiovaara was the only burgher in Hämeenlinna who and his family regularly attended the city's Workers' Theatre.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

As a youth, Nyrki Tapiovaara was athletic.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

With his elder brother, Kaarlo Tapio or Tapio Tapiovaara, he also dabbled in literature and history.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

The brothers performed at school as firebearers and ran the school's atheist club.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

The boys' room and their “basement club” became a meeting place for Hämeenlinna's intellectual youth.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Nyrki Tapiovaara's younger brother Ilmari Tapiovaara was a well-known designer and interior designer.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Nyrki Tapiovaara, however, was too young to make it to the Firebearers' most intense rapture phase in the 1920s.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Aino Tapiovaara died of cancer in December 1929.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

In the following spring, Nyrki Tapiovaara graduated as a matriculation, in the autumn he enrolled in the Faculty of Law at the University of Helsinki and volunteered for the army at the same time.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Seeking the road Nyrki and Tapio Tapiovaara lived together in Helsinki.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

In the beginning, the going was so drastic that they were forced out of an apartment owned by a relative in Katajanokka.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

For the brothers, the move meant liberation and, above all, an opportunity to seek the company of their ideals, the Firebearers.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Erkki Vala, Olavi Paavolainen, Raoul Palmgren and Uuno Kailaskin became familiar.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

In the early 1930s, Nyrki Tapiovaara was looking for himself, the future was uncertain, and the study of law also remained a minor matter.


Question: What year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

In autumn 1933, Itä-Tapiovaara invited his son back to Hämeenlinna.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

During this quarantine, Nyrki Tapiovaara discovered the art of cinema.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

He wrote such convincing film reviews for the small magazine Häme that soon he was invited to be the author of regular film reviews for Yleisradio.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

In the autumn of 1934, he also began work as director of the Workers' Stage in Helsinki.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Valentin Vaala had offered Tapiovaara the hero's part in the film Helsinki's most famous businessman.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

The test scan failed, leaving Tapiovaara convinced his place was behind the camera rather.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

He managed to indignate Suomi-Film's Risto Orko with his radio reviews so thoroughly that they were discontinued in 1935.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Neither was the reputation of a left-wing radical to the development of Tapiovaara's film career.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Then writer Juhani Aho's son Heikki Aho with his half-brother Björn Soldan came into the picture.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Heikki Aho engaged Nyrki Tapiovaara to direct a film about his father's famous novel Juha.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

The film premiered in January 1937.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

In the same year Tapiovaara travelled in Europe and wrote articles about his impressions for Helsingin Sanomat and the Film Areas.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Juha was followed by two comedy and two drama films.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Left radicalism Nyrki Tapiovaara was among the group of writers and artists, Kiila, as was the visual artist Tapio Tapiovaara.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

He was also influential in other left-wing cultural associations.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Tapiovaara was the eye stick of Detective Central Police.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

In the atmosphere of the 1930s, the activities of cultural radicals were restricted by legislation, prohibited from denigrating the Finnish government, parliament and the like, and films were censored with a stern hand.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Nyrki Tapiovaara admired the Soviet Union, though the great trials and purges of 1938 diluted his positive feelings towards the country.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Once and for all, Tapiovaara's love for the Soviet Union was crushed at the end of the following year when the Soviet Union bombed Helsinki.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

He was staying in Helsinki at the time and wrote to his sister Tuulikki Ahtiala that he was “full of anger and will to fight”.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

He described the attack as “shocking, shameful, disgusting.”


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Baptism of fire in the marshes of Suojärvi, Tapiovaara was assigned to Lammi to the Hämeenlinna Military District Staff.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

He wanted to go to the front but couldn't make it because of his left-wing radical background.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Officers and fellow reserve officers made his life as difficult as possible, the evenings and nights he could spend at his home.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

In the early spring of 1940 Tapiovaara's wish to reach the front came true.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

On 20 February, he reported on the Ladokan-Karelian front in Guerrilla Battalion III, commanded by Major Carl-Gustav Wahren.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

According to the commander's adjutant, Lieutenant Vilho Suomen, Nyrki Tapiovaara “brought a light breeze into the wilderness”.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Tapiovaara made it clear what he had thought about things before and what he thought now.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Thanks to this directness and fairness, Major Wahren became attached to him.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

On 27 February Tapiovaara sauntered with Vilho Finland, whereupon Finland proposed to him to make a film based on Volter Kilve's archipelago novels.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

On 28 February, the battalion sent a company strong detachment on a patrol trip to the village of Korpijärvi in Suojärvi Municipality.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Ensign Tapiovaara had two platoons under his command, which was to take the village of South Korpijärvi.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

The contingent was caught off the back and was forced to retreat.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

On 29 February, Tapiovaara made a strong counterattack, but ended up giving his division the order to withdraw.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Like the leader, he was the last to retreat, and he shelled the enemy as his men retreated.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

One of the men saw Tapiovaara hit and this shrill project.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Witnesses said he soared one more time and fired a long series at the enemy.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

After this, no one could tell anything definite, at which point the presumption of Tapiovaara's disappearance or being taken prisoner apparently arose.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

However, the assumption did not prove to be true.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

The youngest of Tapiovaara's 11-person child katra, Panu Tapiovaara disappeared in the Continuation War in June 1944.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Filmography Directed by Juha (1937) Stolen death (1938) Two Vihtoria (1939) Mr. Lahtinen goes to the clip (1939) The Way of the Man (1940) (left unfinished, Erik Blomberg and Hugo Hytönen) Juha as screenwriter (1937) (not announced) Two Vihtoria (1939) ) Mr. Lahtinen goes to the clip (1939) The Man's Road (1940) As an actor Stolen Death (1938) Two Vihtoria (1939) Sources Literature Rinne, Matti: Eleven Tapiovaara: Chairs, paintings, films.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

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Publishing company Teos, 2008.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Toiviainen, Sakari: Kyrki Tapiovaara road.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

Finnish Film Archive, Finland Printing Centre, Helsinki 1986.


Question: In what year was Nyrki Tapiovaara born?

Fist Tapiovaara

ISBN 951-860-115-1 On the topic elsewhere Category:Finnish film directors Category:People born in 1911 Category:Finns who fell in World War II


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The Last Story () is a role-playing game developed by Mistwalker and AQ Interactive for the Wii console.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The game was published by Nintendo as well as XSEED Games and was released in Japan on January 27, 2011 and in the rest of the world in 2012.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[1] [2] [3] The game is a blend of action role-playing, tactical role-playing and stealth in its genre.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The title and cover art of the game are reminiscent of games in the Final Fantasy franchise.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[4] Playing in The Last Story, the player takes on the role of a human named Zael, which passes almost the entire game.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The game is divided into various episodes, in which you have to complete numerous tasks.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The main location of the game serves as the city of Lazulis Island (Ruli Island in Japan), but many other locations are travelled in the game.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

In each country, the player encounters a wide variety of enemies similar to Final Fantasy games including giant crabs, skeleton warriors, and spiders.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Game resistors include e.g.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Mystic Spider spider and black-colored Doppelgänger devil.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The player is able to defeat enemies with Zael's sword, bow gun, or magic.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Before battles, the player can look with an upper gaze at the location of enemies and thus plan an attack.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The player is able to develop their own weapons and purchase them from numerous merchants, but the player can find weapons as well as many other useful assists in coffins hidden in each level as well.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

As the game progresses, the player will be able to perform various battles in the arena located on Lazulis Island, which will be awarded gold and can perform additional tasks at all times.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The Last Story can also be played as a multiplayer game, but only in either Wi-Fi mode or as an online game.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Characters Zael (, Eruza, Elza) - The male lead character in The Last Story, Zael is a strong and agile fencer who can make strong winds with his sword which in turn can combine magic spells of his allies to spread magic on the battlefield and even perform special strikes.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He lost his family when he was a child and works as a mercenary to survive.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He dreams of being knighted.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The Japanese voice actor is Mamoru Miyano and the English turn is Jack Ryder.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Calista (, Kanan, Kanan) - The female lead character of The Last Story, knows how to use Holy Magic to both heal and attack.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

A mysterious girl who is exalted and niece of Count Arganani.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He dreams of getting out of the castle and exploring the world, but it is impossible because he is being watched.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Japanese voice actress Fumiko Orikasa and Englishman Alix Wilton Regan.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Dagran (, Kwoku, Quark) - Zael's group leader who also negotiates their work.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

A skilled warrior specializing in defence.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He's like a big brother to Zael because they've been travelling together since they were young.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Japanese voice actor Unshō Ishizuka and English turn Nico Lennon.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Syrenne (, Seiren, Seiren) - The mood changer of the group who court enemies with double swords.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Drinks a lot and he's pretty talkative, but is very considerate of his allies.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

A squad leader who enjoys fighting in the bow.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Japanese voice actress Megumi Toyoguchi and Englishman Kelly Wenham.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Yurick (, Yurisu, Yuris) - The youngest, but most skilled member of the corps.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

A magician who uses guntime in battles.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Works like Zael as a mercenary to survive and does not talk very much.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He's afraid of ghosts.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The Japanese voice actor is Hiro Shimono and the Englishman is Colin Ryan.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Lowell (, Stool, Jackal) - A magician who is capable of mastering both, ice magic and sword.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He behaves in a flirtatious and passionate way, but is actually a contemplator who cares about his companions.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Occasionally, however, he taunts Syrene.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Japanese voice actor Keiji Fujiwara and Englishman Derek Riddell.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Mirania (, Manamia, Manamia) - A healer who loves the forest and has drawn his strength from nature.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

According to the plot, he would appear to have a secret relating to his birth.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Japanese voice actor Mamiko Moto and Englishman Montserrat Lombard.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

General Asthar (ー) - Former highest-ranking officer in the Army of the Empire.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The Japanese voice actor is Fumihiko Tachiki and the English turn is Tom Goodman-Hill.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Therius (, Tasha, Tasha) - Skilled pupil and knight of General Asthar.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Not thinking fondly of mercenaries like Zael.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The Japanese voice actor is Hiroki Takahashi and the Englishman is Daniel Curshen.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Count Arganan (, Aruganan-Hakushaku, Count Arganan) is the head of the Argana family, who preside over all of Lazulis Island.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He is the strongest person on the whole island and is both, resourceful and ambitious.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He employs Zael and his mercenary crew.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Japanese voice actor Kōji Ishii and Englishman Peter de Jersey.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zangurak (, Zangurugu, Zangurg) is a king of the Gurak race who are enemies of humanity.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The Japanese voice actor is Jōji Nakata and the Englishman is Nick Boulton.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Story The story begins when Zael, Dagran, and a group of mercenaries travel to Lazulis City on Lazulis Island.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Along the way, Zael hears a voice and gains a force known as “The Gathering”.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

When the troop reaches the city, the monster attacks, to which the crowd responds by taking the children in danger to safety.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The mercenaries settle in the city in Ariela's tavern, which becomes their de facto headquarters for their missions.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The city is busy preparing for the royal wedding.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

As Zael leaves the tavern for more drink, he discovers a young woman hiding from the guards, Lisa.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael helps Lisa get away from the guards, and takes her to the tavern.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

After that, they share a joint moment at the Stargazer's Tower before Lisa leaves.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The next morning, the mercenaries gather at Lazulis Castle, where they are to serve as Count Arganani's guards for the wedding of Lady Calista and Lord Jirall.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Shortly after arriving, Syrenne induces a carriage against Therius, but it stops thanks to General Asthar.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

When the mercenaries begin guarding the royal event, Zael realizes that “Lisa” is Lady Calista.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He finds a good time to chat privately with Calista, and she explains that marriage is mandatory.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Jirall interrupts the chatter with a frolic, but he stops when he finds out, like the others, Gurak is attacking the castle.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael tries to stop Zangurak from taking Calista, but he loses and Calista is kidnapped.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Upon awakening, Zael goes after Zangurak, but is defeated again upon reaching his destination.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He is only able to defeat Zangurak after Calista creates a mystical light around him.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zangurak eventually escapes with the Gurak warriors when he learns that Lazulis Cannon has been targeted to shoot at them.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The mercenaries and Calista are unable to return back to the castle and are forced to jump into the sea as well as take over one of the Gurakie battleships.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

After repairing the ship, the force travels to Gurak's base in search of Zangurak, where the Knights of Lazulis are also in pursuit of him.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

When they reach Zangurak, he flees along a secret route.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Dagran goes after him while the others fight the monster.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

After defeating the monster, they find Dagran along the way, lying on the ground.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The force leaves the base with General Asthar, but the mercenaries are apparent that Calista does not want to return to the life he has experienced in the castle.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael wants Calista to join the mercenaries, but stops Zael and says that he appreciates the kindness the force would have to offer.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

After arriving at the castle, Zael and the mercenaries are imprisoned on charges of assisting the Guraks.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The posse is thrown into a dungeon, where they assist shopkeeper Horace, who has been digging an escape route.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

In the tunnels, they can't find a way out, but they do find historical information.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

After returning to the cell, Zael realizes that Dagran is talking to the Count so that they can calculate the length of the sentence.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Despite Jirall's actions, the Count gets Zael out of prison after Zael shows him he has the “Mark of the Outsider” to save the island.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

After knowing that Zael's dream is to become a knight, the Count tries to convince Zael to join him, even giving Zael permission to marry Lady Cal as his wife.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Calista tries to persuade Zael to turn down an offer lest he fall into dangerous castle politics.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael accepts the Count's offer, questioning whether he has done the right thing.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

When Zael pledges his allegiance to the Count, the mercenaries learn that Lazulis Island is a sailing fortress.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

They advance through a secret entrance beneath the castle, leading Zael to the same voice that gave him the sign to ask for help.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael puts the island sailing toward Gurak's base under Calista protests and orders from the count, but he has ended up questioning his future activities after he came under attack from assassins and talks to Therius.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael is later accepted as a pupil of Asthar and rewarded with a medal for his successful challenge.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

After resting, Zael and Therius go to get order away from Asthar, but they are forced to fight another attack by the Guraks.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Dagran, and soon after this Zael, heads to Asthar, who protects the cannon.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael arrives to find the moribund general, who still explains to Zael that the medal is important and that not trusting “him”.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Accused of Asthar's murder, Zael is captured again.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Dagran says that he will still prove Zael's innocence, but before any resolution Cali appears to let Zael escape and find proof that Jirall killed the general.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The letter and sword in Jirall's room confuses the lord, but Dagran later explains to Zael that he was the one who designed the proof.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

At the same time, the island arrives at Gurak Castle and mercenaries are on hand to help.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael and his troops expect to face warriors, but contrary to expectations sees knights disposing of women and children.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael realizes that like humans, the Guraks have copied a dying earth.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

With this pressing on the mind as he returns from the attack, he is not in a party mood like most of the other inhabitants of Lazulis.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

A mystery song, seemingly only she can hear, leads her to the room where she received the sign.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Calista is there, and his blood reacts with the sign and Asthar's medal, as well as showing the secret location.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Therius joins the force and in a secret location the wizard explains that the Outsider is the seed of an extraterrestrial world that got into the planet.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

It was split, but its pieces need to be pasted and expelled to save the world.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

With this news, Zael abandons his knighthood and runs with Calista to save the world.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He wants to destroy the cannon with the Outsider, but Gurak attacks with their own cannon, based on technology stolen from the first attack.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Gurak's cannon makes a gap in Lazulis's Outsider location.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Upon reaching the Outsider, the Count angers it to raise its strength, eventually bringing out the monster that Zael's team defeats.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The Count tries to gain strength for himself, but he becomes corrupted.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Launches from Lazulis Cannon eventually drain the island of strength, leaving it open for Gurak attack.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

While Therius holds the Guraks at bay, Zael's posse helps the inhabitants of the city, who are hidden underground.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The mercenaries discover Zangurak and Gurak's side of the Outsider in Gurak Fort.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

When they defeat another monster created from this half of the Outsider, the island crumbles.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael awakens lonely in the ship with Jirall, who has been given a sword by Zangurak and sees Calista on another ship with Zangurak.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael gets the better of Jirall when the Mercenaries arrive, and they continue to search for Calista as well as the Outsider for the second half.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Following the monster they encountered for the first time when entering Lazulis City, they find the portal and go inside.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

They find Calista and defeat Zangurak and his sidekick while Lowell suffers damage, but are surprised when Dagran holds the power of the Outsider.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Retrieving the Outsider's power on himself, Dagran reveals that he has exploited mercenaries for his own plans.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Zael and his troops defeat their depraved old friend, who, after the battle, apologizes to Zael and the other mercenaries before dying and, as his last act, heals Lowell with the power of the Outsider.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

After making it back to Lazulis Island, Cali and Zael return to Stargazer's Tower to reunite the halves of the Outsider, as well as send it back into space.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Later, a marriage is inaugurated between Zael and Calista and Calista crosses Zael into a knighthood before they head to the Stargazer's Tower one more time to look up at the sky for a meteor rain.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Reception for The Last Story received a very positive reception from critics, as Metacritic gave 61 critics' average rating of 80/100 [5] and GameRankings, on the other hand, 78.18%.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[6] Famitsu magazine gave it a score of 38/40, with two reviewers giving it 10/10 points and two 9/10 points.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[7] The Last Story also reached the top of Japan's Top charts with sales of 114,772 copies in its first week - which also includes versions that come with the Wii console pack.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[8] By the end of 2011, a total of 160,000 copies of the game had been sold in Japan.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Edge gave the game an 8/10 score in their April 2011 review.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[9] [10] Bordersdown gave the game 8/10 points for being surprised by the story, systems and voice acting, while making nothing too simple.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[11] IGN gave the game a 9/10 point, saying that “Mistwalker once again offers an interesting and deep role-playing game that also manages the innovation of the RPG genre in some respects.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The compelling story, combined with a unique combat system and great audio-visual presentation, makes The Last Story a “must-have” game for anyone who thrives on RPG games.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

“[12] Official Nintendo Magazine gave the game a rating of 86%, describing it as a brash, gripping tale of swords and magic.”


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

MeriStation gave it 9/10 points, saying that “Sakaguchi knows how to make RPG games.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The Last Story is a memorable and magical work.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

The combat system is great, it's fun and Nobuo Uematsu's music helps you remember the best games in the genre.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

“[5] According to data from Metro GameCentral, which gave the game 8/10 points, “the creator of Final Fantasy developed a Japanese role-playing player, with a game that mixes innovative action with likes characters and even an online co-op.”


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Reviewer Roger Hargreaves described the system as something that “even many Wild West shooters would be ready to receive battle” and was surprised by the ability to “give commands in an almost realistic strategy game” and also praised the “very different scenarios.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

“[13] IGN gave it an 8.5 score while Keza McDonald described it as “a gift for the Wii”, saying that “it shows RPG shooting, presentation, customization and narration together with third-person action and stealth and real-time strategy elements.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

He praised the British localization a lot, saying that “it has one of the best action and combat elements of RPG games he has played up to that point” and that “how strong the combat mechanics are” when he felt that “there are not many RPGs where the combat system would be self good enough to support a feature like this.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[14] GameSpot gave the game a rating of 9/10 as well as an Editor's Choice award, describing it as “a brilliant role-playing game that is equally rich and emotionally impressive as the best of its kind.”


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Reviewer Mark Walton said that “it's a fantastic game: the one that pushes the RPG genre forward with a style that is innovative and yet complementary to the tradition of the genre.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[15] The game also received mostly positive receptions from Finnish critics.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Gamereactor gave the game a rating of 9/10 praising the fine story, easy-to-learn combat system, and awesome voice acting, but criticizing the game for its brevity and the Wii's graphical limitations.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[16] Consolifin gave the game a full 5/5 stars, saying that “The Last Story is impressive.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

It is considerably more story-driven than the Xenoblade Chronicles and consequently a shorter ensemble.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

There is enough gameplay, however, and saturation does not strike at any point.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

In some places, the game is plagued by ease, but at least the progression is smooth.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

If you're willing to forgive intermittent technical blunders, you're looking at a very high quality game.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Even if Nintendo's Pandora's Tower proves to be a failure, The Last Story saves Wii's Communion.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

I wouldn't mind at all, even if this starts a continuous series in the next generation of consoles.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

“[17] Gamer magazine gave it a rating of 8/10, saying that “The Last Story's name — the final story — will hopefully exude the same kind of irony as Final Fantasy once intended to be Squaresoft's last game.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Even if the sequel to The Last Story has not yet been confirmed, the game is still a comforting reminder of one thing: Sakaguchi still has a job in his glove, even if sometimes I think something else”.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

[18] Sources On the topic elsewhere at MobyGames Please use a more specific IMDb template.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

See the documentation for available templates.


Question: Where does the name of Final Fantasy come from?

The Last Story

Category:Video games of 2011 Category:Wii Games Category:Action Role Playing Games Category:Stealth Games


Question: What is carbonate?

Carbonate

Carbonate CO32- is an anion with carbon and oxygen atoms present.


Question: What is carbonate?

Carbonate

Ionic compounds, salts of carbonate acid with carbonate ion as anion and organic esters of carbonate acid are also referred to as carbonates.


Question: What is carbonate?

Carbonate

[1] [2] For example, calcium carbonate CaCO3 is created when carbon dioxide CO2 binds to calcium oxide CaO.


Question: What is carbonate?

Carbonate

Carbonates of alkali metals, as well as ammonium carbonate, are abundantly soluble in water, other carbonates are very scarce soluble.


Question: What is carbonate?

Carbonate

Sources Carbonates Ammonium hydrogen carbonate (CH5NO3/NH4HCO3) CAS number 1066-33-7 Beryllium carbonate (Be2CO3 (OH) 2/Be2CO5H2) CAS No 66104-24-3 Diethyl carbonate (C5H10O3/(C2H5O) 2CO) 10CO) 5-58-8 Dimethyl carbonate (C3H6O3/H3COCOOCH3) CAS No 616-38-6 Potassium carbonate (anhydrous) (K2CO3) Cas No 584-08-7 Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Cas No 471-34-1 Cobalt carbonate (CoCo3) Cas number 513-79-1 Copper carbonate (CuCO3) Cas No 12069-69-1 Lithium carbonate (Cas2CO3) No 554-13-2 Lead carbonate (PBCO3) CAS number 598 -63-0 Magnesium carbonate (MgCo3) Cas number 546-93-0 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) Cas number 144-55-8 Sodium carbonate (anhydrous) (Na2CO3) Cas No 497-19-8 Sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate (C2H5Na3O8/Na2CO3• NaHCO3• 2H2O) CAS No 6106-20-3 Nickel Carbonate (NicO3) CAS No 3333-67-3 Tallium Carbonate (TL2Co3) CAS No 6533-73-9 * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The Khmer Empire (also Angkor, the name used by the Khmer people was Kambuja [1]) was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Southeast Asia from 802—1431.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The core region of the kingdom was present-day Cambodia and at its most extensive it controlled large parts of present-day Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Most capitals of the kingdom were located in Angkor, the largest city in the pre-industrial period world: it had an area of 3000 square kilometres [2] and a population of 700,000 to 1900000 [3] [4].


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The Khmer Empire was preceded by Chenla, the Khmer First Kingdom.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The period of the Khmer Empire began in 802, when King Jayavarman II established the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The kingdom is considered to have ended in 1431, when Angkor was destroyed by the Kingdom of Ayutthaya.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[5] The most significant cultural remnants of the Khmer Empire are the numerous temples built by rulers.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The rulers built their own temple assemblies, and some of the rulers new capitals.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The most famous temple of the Khmer Empire is Angkor Wat.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

An extensive artificial irrigation system was also required for construction skills.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Khmer society was clearly divided into two classes, the elite and the common people.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The God-King was the representative of the gods on earth, and most of the common people lived in slavery.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

History Birth Chenla, the predecessor of the Khmer Empire, had likely been a vassal state of the Javanese Sailendra before the reign of Jayavarman II (ca.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[6] According to some historians, Jayavarman would have stayed in Sailendra either voluntarily or as a prisoner of war before returning to Chenla.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[5] Jayavarman II unified the territory of Cambodia and established the Khmer Empire around 802.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The year has also traditionally been considered the beginning of Jayavarman's reign, but more recent research suggests his reign began as early as around 770.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

As the capital of the new kingdom, Jayavarman established Hariharalaya, which survived as the Khmer capital in the 8th century.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[7] Angkor period Indravarman I (reigned ca.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

877—889) succeeded in expanding the kingdom without war, and the Kingdom encompassed territory larger than present-day Cambodia.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[5] Major construction projects of the Indravarman period were the Preah Ko and Bakong temples.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[8] In addition, he developed an artificial irrigation system [5].


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

After him, his son Yasovarman I (reigned ca.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Yasovarman had to fight for power with his brother.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Presumably the capital Hariharalaya was badly destroyed in the fighting, and therefore Yasovarman built Yasodharapura, the first capital of the kingdom at Angkor, as his new capital.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

It was a fortified city with sides four miles long.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The centre of the town was the temple of Phnom Bakheng.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Yasovarman also built a large artificial basin in his capital, the so-called eastern baray.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[8] Yasovarman's reign was followed by decades of political divide.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[8] Jayavarman IV (reigned 928—ca.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

941) built a new capital at Koh Ker.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[9] Rajendravarman II (reigned 944 — ca.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

968) unified the kingdom and moved the capital to the rear Yasodharapura.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Under Rajendravarman II, the kingdom expanded in the west to the borders of present-day Myanmar, and in the east he conquered territories from Champa.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

With the conquests, the Khmer Empire grew stronger and prosperous.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

At the same time, power was increasingly concentrated in Angkor.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Rajendravarman's most notable construction projects were the temples of Pre Rup and East Mebon.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[10] Rajendravarman II's son Jayavarman V (reigned ca.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

968 — approx.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

1000) built Jayendranagar as the new capital.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Its location is uncertain, but its centre is thought to have been Ta Keo, Angkor's first temple made entirely of sandstone.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[11] The power struggle that began after the death of Jayavarman V eventually led to civil war between Suryavarman I (reigned 1002—1050) and Jayaviravarman (reigned 1003—1010).


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Jayaviravarman ruled in Angkor and Suryavarman I in the eastern parts of the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Suryavarman I regained control of Angkor in 1010, and became king of the Khmer people.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[12] Suryavarman favored commerce via river and land routes to China and Vietnam, and international commerce through the South China Sea.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Suryavarman is remembered above all for the western baray he built, the largest reservoir in Angkor.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[13] Suryavarman II Suryavarman II (reigned 1113—1150) is considered one of the most prominent Khmer rulers.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[5] He apparently rose to power after killing the previous king, Dharanindravarman I. Suryavarman II quickly established a friendship with China.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

He initiated extensive war efforts in the East as well as in the West and expanded the empire even larger.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

In the east, Suryavarman II made war against Đại Việt and Champaa.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

In the Champa region, the Khmer people managed to conquer the Vijaya region (in present-day Bình Định Province).


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

In the west, the kingdoms of central Thailand remained under Khmer rule.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

According to the Chinese Song Shi chronicle (12th century), the Khmer Empire was bounded on the north by the Champa, on the east by the sea, on the west by the Kingdom of Pagan, and on the south by the Kingdom of Grah.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[14] Suryavarman II's time of death is not known exactly, but the last drawing inscription of him dates from 1145.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

However, it is very likely that he still ruled during the Champa War Expedition of 1145—1150.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[14] Under Suryavarman II, the worship of Shiva had receded and the worship of Vishnu had taken its place.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Suryavarman II built many temples, the most famous of which is Angkor Wat.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[5] Historian George Cœdès considered Angkor Wat to be a masterpiece of Khmer art [14].


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The death of Jayavarman VII Suryavarman II was followed by unrest, [5] and thereafter many conquered territories wanted to break away from Khmer rule.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

As early as 1155, envoys from the Thai Kingdom of Lavo visited the Chinese court.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

A plotline inscription has also been found dating to 1167 that tells of an independent king in the Nakhon Sawan region.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Champa, in turn, had concluded peace with Đại Việt in 1170 and started a war against the Khmer forces.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The attack by land was not successful but by water their managed to conquer and destroy Angkor in 1177.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[15] Jayavarman VII (reigned 1181—1218) was the last of the great kings of Angkor [5].


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Jayavarman VII started fighting against the conquistadors and unified and pacified the kingdom by 1181.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

In 1190 he resumed the war against Champaa and succeeded in gaining control of Vijaya for a short time.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Jayavarman VII took over in 1203 all of Champa, which existed as a Khmer province until 1220.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[16] Jayavarman VII also expanded the Khmer Empire in other ways: from Thailand to Laos in the north, the Mekong Delta region in the south and the Malaka Peninsula on the Thai side.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

To the west, the kingdom bordered present-day Myanmar.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[5] [3] The expansion of the kingdom was followed by numerous construction projects, including the 225 kilometre long highway from Angkor to Phimai.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The road is still noticeable from aerial photography, and restoration of the section on the Thai side has begun in the 2000 decade.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[3] [17] Jayavarman VII established a new capital in the Angkor region, Angkor Thom, which was a fortified city spanning three square kilometres.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The center of the town was the Bayon Temple.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Other notable temples in Angkor Thom were Ta Prohm and Prah Khan.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[3] The decline and destruction of the kingdom after the reign of Jayavarman VII began the Khmer Empire's two centuries of decline.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The building activity of the kings stopped completely.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

However, kings still lived luxuriously, as evidenced in a 13th-century travelogue by Chinese chronicler Zhou Daguan.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[3] He stayed in Angkor for a year and wrote accurate descriptions of life in Angkor [5].


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

As early as 1283, the kingdom was so weakened that it had to pay the Mongols led by Kublai Khan a vassal tax [5].


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The Thais wandered south even before the Mongols came, and in time began attacking the Khmer Empire.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

In the west, the Thaite kingdoms — first Sukhothai and then Ayutthaya [3], rose under threat to the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Between 1350 and 1430, the Khmer and Ayutthaya were apparently in a constant state of war.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Ayutthaya finally conquered Angkor in 1431.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[5] However, the Khmer people were able to drive out the conquistadors, but moved the whole city and its million population to the territory of present-day Phnom Penh [5].


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The traditional explanation for the decadence and destruction of the Khmer Empire is the rise of the Thai kingdoms.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[3] One of the reasons must also have been the instability of power structures.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

With the internationalization of commerce, the remotest provinces gradually began to become increasingly independent.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Moreover, Buddhism, which began in the 13th century, changed the values of society and thus contributed significantly to the decline of the Khmer Empire.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[3] However, other reasons have also been given for the weakening and destruction of the kingdom.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

One of the most popular is environmental disaster.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The Angkor region, with a population of 700,000 to 1900000, depended on an artificial irrigation system that had been in place since the 9th century.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

However, erosion and sedimentation had crippled the system so much that it would have eventually collapsed.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Although scholars do not agree on the importance of the artificial irrigation system to the Khmer economy, environmental factors have unquestionably played a role in the decadence of the Khmer Empire.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[3] [4] The drought in many places around the world, which began in the 13th century, has been suggested as a weakening of the Khmerienk Empire.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Instead of drought, major floods may have jolted the irrigation system.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The cholera that raged among the Thaites may have spread among the Khmer especially during the flood. [18].


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Large-scale and expensive construction projects during Jayavarman VII have also been suggested as the cause of decadence and destruction.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

However, it does not explain how the Khmer Empire might have been destroyed, even though at the same time the first states emerged in Southeast Asia.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[3] State and social order in the Khmer Empire religion and state were closely intertwined.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The supreme of the cosmic order were the gods, and their representative was the god-king on earth.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The king's power is symbolized by the linga, for which each ruler built a temple in the center of the capital.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The king's court was the center of everything, and was surrounded by an extensive temple area.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[19] Khmer society had split sharply into two classes, the elite and the common people.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The elite included royalty, civil servants and wealthy landowners.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The common people were either free people or slaves.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The freemen were small landowners, artisans, and temple and administrative officers.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

However, much of the common people were slaves, with temples, wealthy families and small landowners as their owners.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[19] Commerce grew in importance during the 10th and 12th centuries, necessitating the creation of some form of local government.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

At the local level, power was exercised by officials appointed by the monarch, who constituted their own elite class known as “varna” within the country's elite.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Officials represented the king in the provinces and conveyed the surplus wealth to the capital, where it was used to finance, among other things, the construction of temples.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

In the administration of the provinces, the local market played a significant role.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Temples were normally always in the vicinity of markets.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

All of these formed a network of dependencies based on reciprocity, linking the provinces to the capital.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[20] Economy The basis of the Khmer Empire's economy was rice cultivation, fishing, income from commerce, taxation and a compulsory system of labor service.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

There are no precise records of land use because archaeology has focused mainly on preservation and restoration of ancient relics rather than actual research.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

According to the Chinese chronicle of the late 13th century, up to four harvests were obtained per year.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Numerous harvests were likely based on the efficient use of the floodplain areas of Lake Tonle Sap, such that the area newly freed from beneath the flood was always taken up for cultivation.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[21] The basic prerequisite for the economy of the Angkor region was an artificial irrigation system, which was a complex network of reservoirs (baray) and canals.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The most significant construction projects of many monarchs were related to the maintenance and development of an artificial irrigation system.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[21] The artificial irrigation system covered an area of more than a thousand square kilometers in size and was in use for about 500 years.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

It effectively exploited both groundwater, rainwater, Tonle Sap Lake and rivers flowing from the Kulen Mountains.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[4] Documentary sources indicate that a value-based economic system has been in common use in the region since around the 600—7th centuries.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

However, no evidence has been found for the use of the money.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Until the 12th century, the Khmer economy was based on income from commerce, taxation and labour service.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

This has also been put forward as a reason for the Khmer kings' willingness to conquer new territories.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Since the Khmer economic system was based on these reciprocal dependencies — again based solely on raw labour — the only way to increase prosperity was to conquer new territories and thus gain more labour.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[21] In the 13th century, the fundamentals of the Khmer Empire's economy began to change.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The kingdom gradually moved away from an economic system based on military conquests towards international commerce.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

By the time of entering the 15th century, the Khmer Empire was an integral part of the Chinese-led trading network.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The changing economy may have been the result of the rise of Theravada Buddhism as the prevailing religion.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Unlike Hinduism, Theravada Buddhism was characterized by more egalitarian power structures.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

At the same time, the concept of a god king derived from Hinduism was also abandoned


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[21] Culture Literature on Khmer literature has not survived other than drawing inscriptions.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Drawing inscriptions are considered to be of a high standard in writing, and based on them it has been assumed that the Khmer people have had their own extensive literary tradition.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

However, the tropical climate has destroyed natural materials likely used as writing material, such as palm leaves and possibly paper imported from China as well.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

With certainty, it can only be said that the Khmer people adopted at least Indian Purana literature as well as the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[22] The art of painting Khmer painting has been completely destroyed in the tropical climate.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Indications of the art of painting of the Khemers have been obtained from the Templar reliefs.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Some templar reliefs are hundreds of metres long, often depicting the Khmer main myth of the Milk Sea.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Other important subjects include the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and my own history.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[23] Dance Dance played a central role in the rituals of temples and court.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Like many other Southeast Asian cultures, Khmer dance was also integrally associated with magical powers.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

There may have been as many as thousands of dancers in the temples.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Based on the Templar reliefs, it has been inferred that the Khmer people would have adopted Indian dance through Java.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The energetic leg bends and hand gestures typical of Indian dance have been depicted in many Templar reliefs.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The stamp-giving feature of the dance was also the extreme back bends of the fingers.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Male dancers perform in reliefs in turn in poses that correspond to those of the performers of the demon parts of contemporary dance.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

When Angkor was conquered by the Kingdom of Ayutthaya in 1431, the dance tradition passed to Ayutthaya, as holders of magical powers, dancers were an essential part of the spoils of war.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[23] Architecture as the culmination of Khmer culture can be considered architecture.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The outright construction frenzy of Khmer rulers is probably unparalleled in history.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Each ruler built (or at least tried to) his own complex of temples, and many rulers even built a whole new capital.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The Khmer rulers have been said to be the greatest builders in world art history.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The most impressive result of the building frenzy is the temple at Angkor Wat.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Lesser attention has been received by Angkor's artificial irrigation system, the construction and maintenance of which also required plenty of manpower.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The building frenzy of Khmer rulers is also considered one part of the reason for the Khmer Empire's downfall.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[24] Temples The starting points of Khmer temple architecture were the temple tower, or prang, developed from a square-based temple, and a terrace pyramid from the Sanjaya dynasty of Java.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The base formula was based on the mandala.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Sculpture was an integral part of architecture from the outset, and its bearing principle was symbolism.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[24] The base formulas of the temple complexes had a cosmological, symbolic meaning: in the center is Mount Meru, surrounded by four temple towers, surrounded in turn by lesser mountain ranges and seas.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The water pools, canals and moats surrounding the temples were, for example, not only symbolic but also an integral part of the artificial irrigation system.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

The temples are usually oriented towards the east, as they were dedicated to Shiva, who lived in the east.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

[25] [26] The first pure representative of Khmer architecture is the Bakong Temple at Hariharalaya in Roluos District.


Question: Who ruled the Khmer Empire?

Khmer Empire

Its construction was initiated by Indravarman I (as ruler 877—889).