Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Maximinus' popularity declined rapidly, and in late March there was unrest in the town of Thysdrus in the province of Africa in which the imperial procurator and tax collector were assassinated.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Fearing punishments, the slayers turned to the proconsul Gordianus and proclaimed him emperor despite his objections.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Eventually Gordianus accepted the emperor and assumed the additional name Africanus.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

He travelled to Carthage and took his son Gordianus II as his co-ruler.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

[5] Messagers were sent to Rome to address the Senate.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

In early April, it positioned itself to support Gordianus, declaring Maximinus an enemy of the state, and possibly also declaring the late Emperor Severus Alexander a god.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

[6] Gordianus' backers also assassinated Vitalianus, the prefect of the Praetorian Guard, who was loyal to Maximinus and who would have been able, if necessary, to arrest the entire Senate and nullify its provisions.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

The speed and effectiveness of the revolt has led many contemporary scholars to suspect a conspiracy among African provincial senators.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

[2] [7] Death It is not known exactly which provinces supported the Gordianus.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

However, it appears that many provinces containing military units remained loyal to Maximinus.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

These also included the African neighbouring province of Numidia, whose landlord Capelianus was a supporter of Maximinus.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Capelianus hated the older Gordianus because of one of the earlier lawsuits.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

He gathered his troops and marched against Gordianus.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

The province of Africa had no army of its own, which was a weak point for the Gordianuses.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Capelianus, on the other hand, had a well-equipped and experienced army that included Legio III Augusta and other auxilia units.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

The Gordianus were forced to use the lifting people of Carthage, who were equipped with sharp tools, hunting weapons and other improvised weapons and armour.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

However, they were no match for Capelianus' professional soldiers, and in a battle near Carthage a lifting mob army commanded by Gordianus II was destroyed and the younger Gordianus was killed.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Upon hearing of the outcome of the battle, Gordianus I hanged himself in Carthage by his own belt.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Capelianus conquered Carthage, slain the leaders of the city, and allowed his soldiers to plunder it.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

[8] Gordianus I's reign had lasted about three weeks, 22 days according to Zonaras, and 20 days according to an unknown, chronicler of the year 354.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

[2] The Senate soon declared Gordianus I and II to be gods.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

[5] Contradictions in history writings The chronology of the events of year 238 has proved exceptionally difficult to determine due to conflicting papyri and plotlines.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

[5] It has been suggested that the Gordianus' revolt began as early as January and ended in the same month.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

[3] [9] Contemporary scholars have come to an understanding on the matter, and Robin Mc Mahon sets out the following dates: On 22 March Gordianus I and Gordianus II were proclaimed emperor in Africa, on 1 or 2 April the Roman Senate approved the Gordianus' Empire, and on 12 April they are to be killed after reigning for 20 days.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

[1] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Pat Southern| title= The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine| publisher = Routledge| year = 2001| id=ISBN 0-415-23943-5| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.}


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Bowman et al.| title = The Cambridge Ancient History XII, The Crisis of Empire, A.D.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

193—337| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2005| id = ISBN 978-0-521-30199-2| language = Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Arto Kivimäki and Pekka Tuomiso| title = Roman Emperors| publisher = Karisto| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-23-4546-3}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Alf Henrikson| title = Ancient stories 1—2 | publisher = WSOY| year = 1993| id = ISBN 951-0-18515-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Michael Grant| title = The Roman Emperors| publisher = Phoenix Press| year = 2002| id = ISBN 1-84212-652-0| language = Transclusion error: {only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where was Gordianus I born?

Gordian I

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.| accessdate = 29.3.2009}} On topic elsewhere Category:Crisis of the 2000s Category:Crisis of the 2000s Category:Those born in 159 Class:Roman emperors Class:99.3 Representatives of social life


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Suvarnabhumi Airport (New Bangkok International Airport,, pronounced suvannaphuum) is Bangkok's new international airport.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

It is located in Racha Thewa in Bang Phli District of Samut Prakan Province about 25 kilometres southeast of Bangkok.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The airport opened years delayed initially with limited services on September 15, 2006.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The airport temporarily used the IATA airport code NBK, but inherited the BKK code from Don Muang International Airport.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Suvarnabhumi Airport became Bangkok's primary airport for all commercial international airlines, as well as domestic air traffic when it was officially commissioned on September 28, 2006, by some estimates as unfinished.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The old field today serves as a domestic and local area field at the same time.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Bangkok International Airport is the base of Thai Airways International.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The name Suvarnabhumi is coined by Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand, and means 'golden land'.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[1] History The first plans for Bangkok's second international field were made back in the early 1960s.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[2] In 1973, the state purchased 3100 hectares of land in Samut Prakan, east of Bangkok, in a place then called Nong Ngu Hao ('cobra snake's snot make').


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The project was interrupted almost immediately when the military government of Thanom Kittikachorn was overthrown in student protests that same year.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In the early 1990s, the old Don Muang Airport was becoming old-fashioned despite major investment, and there was a threat that the fields in Singapore, Kuala Lumpur or Hong Kong would develop into Asian air transport hubs instead of it, so the Anan Panyarachun government took the decision on resuming construction of the new field in April 1991.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The site chosen for the field proved weak in its swampy and clay soil for large passenger planes, and thousands of illegal land squatters lived at the site who had to be relocated first.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In 1994, the board declared a major international architectural competition for the new field, won by the ultramodern glass-and-concrete terminal of the Chicago-based Murphy/Jahn Architects office.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[1] The winning plan was criticised at the outset for its “lack of Thaianism” and for failing to take into account tropical conditions.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Fearing the huge cost of air-conditioning the building, a group of local architects proposed making a huge trellis over the terminal.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The construction project was still going ahead in 1996 when the government of Banharn Silpa-Archa came to power.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In February 1996, the state company New Bangkok International Airport Co., operating under the Ministry of Transport, was formed to lead the construction of the field, but the next government of General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh suspended work because Prime Minister Chavalit wanted the field moved to another to the place.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The project was swung by political winds throughout the remainder of the 1990s until, following Chuan Leekpai of the Democratic Party becoming Prime Minister, support for the project was regained.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Until the very last, there was a dispute over the budget and spending of funds.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

All initial competition proposals exceeded the budget set for the project, which was sought to reduce by using more local building material.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

King Bhumibol Adulyadej laid the foundation stone for the new airport on 19 January 2002.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[3] Leekpai's successor as Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra hastened the completion of the field, setting deadlines first since 2005, [4] then July 2006, which time and time again were exceeded by the law of previous promises.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[5] Misconduct, corruption and political wrangling have marked the project throughout its history.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[6] Some used their inside knowledge to buy land near the future airport in the hope of soaring profits.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The Thaksin administration was forced to respond to charges of ambiguity in the procurement of prime-time throughput equipment for the station terminal.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[7] After a four-decade delay, the field was finally brought to the condition that it could be officially opened on September 28, 2006.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

However, Thaksin did not get the chance to take credit for the completion of the new field, [8] as he was ousted in a military coup on 19 September 2006.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Opening problems The opening of the new pitch went without official celebrations peacefully but not quite without problems, with disruptions with computers and baggage handing over with some passengers having to wait up to four hours for their belongings on the conveyor belt.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[1] There was also a shortage of taxis and the queues grew long.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In December 2006, it was announced that due to start-up difficulties with the new airport, the old Don Muang Airport might be opened again to domestic air traffic and low-cost airlines, who have also complained of increased airport fees.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[9] Later in February 2007, Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont announced his intention to open Don Muang to international traffic permanently, after which Bangkok would have two international airports.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[10] The decision generated strong criticism as the two airports are feared to create unawareness among passengers, as well as even worse traffic congestion in the city, as there is no functioning tramway or expressway system between Don Muang and Suvarnabhumi.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[11] In January 2007, several cracks were admitted to have been found on the runway and taxiways at Suvarnabhumi Airport and in the terminal building which could affect aviation safety.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[12] The new airport may have to be temporarily closed for the duration of repair work, which would redirect international air traffic back to the old Don Muang Airport.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In February 2007, a government-erected task force led by Tortrakul Yomnak, CEO of Airports of Thailand (AOT), conducted an investigation at the airport based on which it was found that cracks and depressions in taxiways are caused by water infiltration under the pavement between the sand layer and the clay layer, which has contributed to the poor quality of the coating and the rush to open the field by the deadline.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[13] The working group issued its final statement on 14 February 2007 that repair work can be done by limiting passenger traffic and without closing the field.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

On 16 February 2007, Thai Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont sympathized with the task force's recommendation in a statement that the station remain open during the repair, but some domestic flights without foreign feeder traffic be transferred to the old Don Muang Station, the opening of which would be possible in three weeks.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[14] It is possible that the opening of Don Muang may taper off, with most international airlines and Thai Airways refusing to move to the old field, citing large costs.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[15] Suvarnabhumi Airport lost its International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) safety rating on January 27, 2007, from which time it has operated with local safety certification.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[16] Features Suvarnabhumi Airport Passenger Terminal is built mostly of steel, glass and concrete.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The terminal has a length of 444m, a width of 111m, a height of 42.85m and an area of 563000m².


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The project was started in 1996.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Construction work was carried out in four years (2002—2006).


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Although, when it opened, the station was not yet fully completed.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The estimated total budget for the construction of the airport was THB 155 billion (US$4.4 billion).


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[17] The field's control tower is claimed to be the tallest in the world (132m).


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Suvarnabhumi has two parallel runways, 60 metres wide and lengths 4000 and 3700 metres, and two parallel taxiways, allowing simultaneous takeoffs and landings.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

There are 120 gates on the field, five of which can park an Airbus A380 plane.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

It is estimated that the airport will be able to handle 76 flights per hour and 30 million passengers on an annualized basis, which would still have room for growth to 45 million passengers in the near future.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The initial cargo capacity is three million tonnes.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Some sources are already warning that the field will become cramped in a few years.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[18] In the future, the station is still planned to be expanded with two new runways, one additional terminal and two satellite buildings, with a total capacity estimated at one hundred million passengers per year, as well as 6.4 million tonnes of cargo.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Work on the second phase of the airport is planned to begin three to five years after the end of the first phase.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The airport is home to the 600-room airport hotel Novotel Airport Hotel, owned by Accor Group.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

There are two five-storey parking buildings in the area that can accommodate 5000 passenger cars.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

In addition, there is a tourist center, from which buses to Bangkok and elsewhere depart.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

AOT (Airports of Thailand) has announced the construction of a separate low-cost terminal (LCC Terminal — Low Cost Carrier) at Suvarnabhumi for 600 million baht, which would be completed within 16 months of the project's approval.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Thai Airways subsidiary Nok Air and two other local low-cost carriers are behind the project.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[19] Airport charges AOT (Airports of Thailand), which manages the new field, announced new increased airport and passenger service charges as soon as Suvarnabhumi started operations.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

On 1 February 2007, the airport tax (officially the Passenger Service Charge) on a foreign flight increased from an earlier 500 baht to 700 baht and from 50 to 100 baht for domestic flights.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

At the same time, the charge of the service fee shifted to the purchase of the ticket and no longer has to be paid at the airport when leaving the country separately.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Field fees charged to airlines will increase by 15% after a half-year transition period starting on April 1, 2007.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The new increased fees are justified by improved services.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[20] Transport connections Suvarnabhumi Airport Link connecting railway was introduced on August 23, 2010.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Direct access to the field from Makkasan railway station takes about 15 minutes, and the shutdowns stop about 30 minutes.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The railway connects to BTS's Sukhumvit Line at Phaya Tai Station and the Blue Line of the Bangkok Metro (MRT) at Phetchaburi Station.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The construction of the railway started by the State Railways of Thailand (SRT,) started in June 2004 and was originally scheduled for completion in early 2009.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

The project was late for several reasons (among them a flood at the construction site and land ownership problems).


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[21] Protests In November 2008, the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) closed the entry lanes to the airport in Operation Hiroshima and took over the passenger terminal.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Yellow-shirted PAD protesters demanded the resignation of Somchai Wongsawat's government.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[22] Air traffic stopped completely for eight days from 25 November to 3.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

On December and thousands of air passengers [23] remained in blockades in Thailand.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Suvarnabhumi was opened again on 5 December [24], after the Thai Constitutional Court had dissolved the government.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Accidents In October 2018, a Thai Airways company Boeing 747 plane drifted off the runway.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

No one was injured in the crash.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

[25] Sources Elsewhere — Official Homepage Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Where does Suvarnabhumi Airport get its name from?

Suvarnabhumi International Airport

(PDF-document) Category:Airports in Thailand Category:Bangkok buildings and structures Category:Bangkok Transportation


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding is a very old skill that has evolved through history into an industry that builds ships in shipyards.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

People have had enough courage to take to the waters very early on.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The incentive must have been access to better fishing grounds and hunting grounds.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Already bronze-aged braid-bound grazed boats such as Ferriby's have been cleverly made and have embarked on long journeys.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding skills have developed in different parts of the world independently of each other and throughout history many traditions can be seen in boat and ship structures.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Warfare and an arms race have often been the motive behind the development of shipbuilding.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

For millennia, ships were made of wood and were passed on sails or by the power of rowers.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the 19th century, the steam engine was gradually powered by a steam engine and steel as the structural material for the fuselage.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The 20th century has been powered by a steam turbine, a diesel engine and, in some ships, nuclear power as well.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding masters were among the first to be publicly authorised professionals.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The service life of a sea-going ship is some tens of years, so constant renewal is necessary.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The construction of the great ship has created financial problems for kings, too.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The sea is a demanding and risky environment for ships, so different economic instruments such as guarantees and insurance have evolved to support sharing risks, both when building ships and shipping.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the 18th century, the activities of classification societies established by guarantors included the investigation and reporting of ship accidents, triggering the systematic development of safety and standardisation of structures.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Today, ships are built strictly according to regulations.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In cargo ships, economic perspectives are emphasised, while there are other emphases in passenger ships and pleasure craft.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

History The oldest known sea voyage has occurred at least 50000—70000 years ago, when humans migrated to New Guinea and Australia.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The group of people leaving Africa moved along beaches around the Indian subcontinent and was able to advance through the Indonesian archipelago with ease, with the longest sea voyages around 80 metres below today.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

To reach Australia, people had to cross a sea strait about 170 kilometres wide.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Indigenous peoples of Australia and New Guinea who lived in isolation resemble Africans in appearance and, based on genes, they are probably the last direct descendants of the first groups of humans to mobilise.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[1] One can only conjecture on what kind of ships this journey has been made.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Clues can be retrieved from rudimentary vessels that have survived to the present day.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The rafts tied from branches or papyrus reeds are very old African watercraft.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In India, a ferry tied from three logs is used, the middle one being the longest.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the Fiji Islands, bamboo stalks are tied to rafts with balustrades.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In Tibet, rivers are crossed with air-filled floats made of animal skin.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Hollowing out of one tree is made of grooves.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Skins or bricks (for example, American birch boats) may be tightened around the tied wooden frame to make a canoe or kayak.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[2] Time of sailing ships Egyptian ships The Nile is a favourable river for shipping, as it regularly winds from the north, allowing sails up the river and down the stream.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Images of ships used on the Nile have been transmitted from clay pots of the pre-dynastic period dating back 6000 years.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The images show long band-linked boats with a tapering band bond at the bow and bent up at the stern.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Already at that time, the stern part was bent so much that it points inward to the boat.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

This became, for millennia, a characteristic feature of Mediterranean ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

An image of a boat with sail has also been found from the same period.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The mast was positioned close to the bow, allowing the sail to be operated downwind only.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

These boats had a steering oar and could also be paddled.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[4] From the First Dynasty period there are already pictures of wooden ships being made.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Little wood suitable for shipbuilding is found in Egypt, as only short rafts are obtained from local sycomores and acacia wood.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Because of this, wood began to be imported from elsewhere.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The pieces of wood were tied to others with pieces of wood resembling an hourglass or sewn together with ropes.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The butt seams were sealed with silicon [5] and plant fibres or grass [6].


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In addition, off-board tensionable belts and dressings were used to hold the ship together.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[7] In water, the water pressure compresses the joints together.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the largest ships the paddles were replaced by oars. [8].


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Boats used in ritual burials have been found near the town of Abydos, timed to the First Dynasty.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Important information on shipbuilding technology has been obtained from these.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Pin-hole technology has been used at the joints of the boards.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

A local tamarisk tree has been identified as material for the ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

To the sea, the Egyptians have left 3000 BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Hieroglyphs report that Pharaoh Sneferu sent 2600 BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

by knowing 40 ships to Phoenicia to retrieve cedar wood for shipbuilding.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Pharaoh Sahura sent eight warships to destroy the Syrian coast, and the expedition returned with the Phoenicians taken prisoner.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Sahura warship had been built like the earlier ships without keels and arches.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The pieces were tightened by ropes and nets outside the fuselage to each other.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The cover supported the structure.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The mast was bipedal and could be lowered down.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The mast was still positioned so forward that the sail could only be used downwind.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[10] Egyptians used to place miniature models of ships in tombs.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

From these it is evident that the year 2000 BC.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

around the time several steering oars were replaced by one large one. [11].


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The female pharaoh Hachepsut sent 1400 BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Fleet to the land of Punt in the Horn of Africa.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

These ships had a sturdy keel or centre hull beam extending over both the bow and stern.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The sailing mast was positioned amidships and the upper raw wood had to be lowered.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

This ship could be sailed to crosswinds.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship had an estimated length of 25—27 metres.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[12] The obelisks are in one piece hewn from a mountain in Assuan by the first cataract.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

From there they have been transported by ship to Luxor and Heliopolis.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Pharaoh Thutmosis I built a ship to transport obelisks.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In honour of her father and herself, her daughter Queen Hachepsut had two obelisks beaten by her daughter, Queen Hachetsut, with a surviving image of the ship in a mountain temple in Deir el Bahr.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship, which carried the two obelisks, is calculated to have been 63 feet long, 25 feet wide.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Its draught is calculated to have been 2 meters with a weight of 800 tons without load and 1500 tons with load.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[13] In the 13th century BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Egypt increasingly came under attack from the sea peoples, mainly the Philistines.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Pharoah Ramses III waged these equivalent wars successfully.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

His tomb at Medinet Habu contains the oldest relief depicting a naval battle.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Egyptians had apparently learned lessons from the ships of other seafaring nations.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The rowers are protected by splash boarding.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

A wet basket can be seen on the mast and the sails are assembled using constrictors, so that the crude does not need to be lowered down.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[14] From the Bronze Age of the Aegean to the Romans The development of shipping among the peoples inhabiting the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea is natural, since as early as 3400 BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

there were cultural links between the islands.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The earliest ships have been papyrus rafts and cornrows with side boards tied with ropes.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Because good shipbuilding wood grows in the area, ships were made early on keel and arch trees.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Minoan culture in Crete was the first maritime power to have links with nearby islands in the Aegean Sea.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Cretan and Egyptian ships share the same features, but it is not known which way more influences have gone.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Mycenaean culture flourished on the Greek mainland and archipelago, trading in the Mediterranean.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Phoenicians lived in the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, in the territory of present-day Lebanon and had settlements all over the Mediterranean Sea.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Phoenicians sold and shipped cedar wood to Egypt and were in close contact with them.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[15] [16] [17] The Phoenicans developed multisorous warships, or galleys.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Phoenician dieer had rowers in two planes and in the centre of the ship was a bridge measuring the size of the ship where soldiers could move.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[18] In the Aegean region, pine trees were used for ship building.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The species that grew on the coast was referred to as pitys (coastal pine, fur pine or aleppo pine), which grew in the mountains as peuce (Macedonian pine or black pine)).


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The third species of pine was pinja, which was already cultivated in antiquity for edible seeds.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In Greek warships, pincer was used for its lightness.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Mountain pine was used in merchant ships for durability.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[19] The Doorites migrated to Greece in the 12th century BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Subsequently, a period begins in Greek history about which little information has survived.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

It has been inferred from some pot fragments that a Doorese warship has been a vessel made of one large tree and commemorated some of the war canoes of the islands of Papua New Guinea.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[20] Greek city-states began in 700 BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

from engaging in mercantile shipping and competing with the Phoenicians.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In safe home waters, small merchant ships of sheer sail were used, with raised sides and a bridge from stern to bow along which to pass over the deck cargo.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

For longer voyages, the ships were combinations of warships and merchant ships and were equipped with rowers.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Typical of Greek ships was the bow extension, the bow jubilee, which on warships served as an attack buffer, but on merchant ships it has been speculated to have improved traversal characteristics, such as the bulbi used today.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Another type feature is the image of the eye used on the bow.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[21] Greece is a mountainous country where transportation was most efficient by water.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Athens achieved Aegean domination in the 4th century BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

by the superiority of his fleet.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The technique of naval battles was to buffet the opponent's ships with a broken bow jubilee.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The success of the tactic depended on the trained rowers and skillful steering of the ship, but also on speed and lightness, leading to competition for the ships' technique.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[22] The Greek dier, or double-rowing, from the 6th century onwards, was the lightest and most graceful vessels in antiquity.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The lightweight ships could be pulled stern ahead ashore.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

According to Thukydides, the Corinthians were the first to begin to build arches inside the ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[23] However, the arches were only shaped and added afterwards when the bulkheads were already complete.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[24] Trieers, or three-rowers, were built as early as the 6th century BCE, but when heavy and clumsy they were not suitable for dieers at first.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Three-strings developed in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

the best warship in antiquity.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

There were rowers on each side of the ship in three rows.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

One of the rows was positioned lower than the others, and its airholes had leather bags to prevent water from entering.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

One row was placed on a loft over the water.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The tri-outing could be kept short so that the turns were successful quickly.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[25] The speed of the triad has been estimated to have been about 11 knots at maximum.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[26] After the tri-rowings came the quadriceps and quintuplets in the 3rd century BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Warships retained on land remained dry and after being buffed, they did not sink in a cargo of water.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Even a heavy bronze bow jubilee wasn't enough to sink the ship.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The wrecks could apparently be repaired as efforts were usually made to salvage them.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[27] The greatest Ptolemy IV in Alexandria of the 200th century BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The warship built at the end, forty-rowing mentioned, was 130 meters long, according to descriptions, and more than 4000 rowers.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In all likelihood, the ship has not just moved in the seas, but has acted as a deterrent.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[28] Rome's success was not based on the fleet.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Romans built a fleet of strong sea power for the Punic wars fought against Carthage.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

After the Second Punic War, Rome allowed its fleet to decay.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Later, a fleet was assembled, if necessary, from Greek cities in southern Italy.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Around 50, Emperor Claudius completed the works on the port of Ostia.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Rome had become dependent on grain shipped from Alexandria.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[29] In Lukianos production, a description of the voyage of a grain ship is preserved as part of the work Ship or Wishes (also known as Sailing or Human Wishes).


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship was named Isis, and it set off from Alexandria towards Rome.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship is reported to have been 55.5 m long, over 13.7 m wide and had a deck height of 13.4 m.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The vessel had a tonnage of about 1200 tons.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The initial sky was running in a gallant bullet wind to Cyprus in a week, so the speed had been around 1.75 knots, which is a reasonable speed for a heavy ship in creatives.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

A westerly storm then rose and the ship found itself on the west coast of present-day Turkey.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Athens was then chosen as the main wet for the trip.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[30] [31] The hulls of the big ships were built on land and equipped in the sea.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

After landing in the waters, problems began, as in the salty oceans, wooden ships are destroyed by a shipworm called Terredo navalis by the Romans, which is also its current scientific name.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In particular, larch was considered susceptible to shipworm.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Large ships were protected by first covering the hull with pie-soaked cloth cloth and then a thin lead plate nailed on top.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Toxic lead also prevented gastropods and goose necks from sticking to the bottom.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In antiquity it was also known to build drydocks, which could be pumped empty.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

This allowed servicing the bottoms of ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[32] Shipbuilding in China and surrounding areas of China began during the Spring and Autumn period (722—481 BCE).


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Chinese jonk developed at the beginning of the period and was characterized by a flat sloping bow and stern.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Already in the first century these had a single rudder in the middle of the


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship developed in river navigation, and it was sent to the seas along the coasts in the second century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Chinese culture spread by sea to nearby areas of Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam and Indonesia.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The structure of the Džonk was made by a compartmentalization made with sturdy bulkheads across the fuselage.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[33] They could therefore be built considerably larger than European wooden ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the 13th century, China was conquered by the Mongols under Kublai Khan.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Mongols, with the help of the Grand Fleet, attempted a takeover of Japan a couple of times, but failed after the fleet was destroyed at sea.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Zheng He's fleet in the early 15th century had ships 122 meters long and 50 meters wide.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[34] A part of the fleet went all the way to the east coast of Africa.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

By the 1420s, China had 400 large 1350 smaller warships, as well as 3000 merchant ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[35] After the 1450s, Chinese policy changed, the country closed and the navy was allowed to decay.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Sailings farther than coastal waters were banned.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[36] War jonks were in use until the 19th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Armed with cannons, they were able to hold sides against the Europeans.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Koreans had had a navy since the 6th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

They developed an armored turtle ship for naval warfare against the Japanese in the late 16th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The reason for this cannon-equipped ship's success in hand-to-hand combat was that its entrapment was impossible.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[37] River and coastal ships were built from fast-growing pines and Chinese spear fir.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Camphor wood was used for bulkheads and rudder.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Oceanic junks were built from teak sourced from Annam of Vietnam conquered by the Chinese.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Much timber was needed for ships and logging in the Annam forests caused the population to rise in revolt.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[38] Polynesians have had to make long sea voyages of up to thousands of kilometres to reach the Pacific islands.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Polynesians have left just over 3000 years ago from Southeast Asia to the sea.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The original inhabitants of the island of Taiwan are genetically the closest relatives of the Polynesians.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[40] Probably Polynesian ships have been canoes similar to the double-hulled catamarans or three-hulled trimarans used in the area today.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

They may have had a deck built over the trunks and included a canopy or hut.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the Middle Ages Settlement to Scandinavia followed the retreat of ice at the end of the most recent ice age.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The first comers have been seal hunters, which has required the ability to move in the waters.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Apparently canoe-type vessels made of leather and wood hull have been used.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The oldest known Nordic boats made of wood is the Hjortspring boat, discovered in 19th century Denmark.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

It is 21 metres long in total, with an internal dimension of 13 metres and timed to the 3rd century BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Remains of three boats made of boards have been found in Ferriby, England, the longest of which has been 15 feet long.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Ferriby's boats are dated to 2000—1600 BCE.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Björke's boat, which has been found in Sweden, is dated back to the 4th century and it's about time developed.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Both the Björke boat and the Hjortspring boat have used slime seams, which then became a significant feature of ships in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea throughout the Middle Ages.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[41] The Roman historian Tacitus mentions around the year 100 that the Scandinavian ships are similar in stern and bow.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In 1863, a large boat, the Nydam boat, dated by dendrology to the 3rd century, was discovered in the Nydam bog at Slesvig.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

It measures 22.8 metres in length and 3.26 metres wide.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship is made of oak planks into a slime seam.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The base is round shaped, so it has been rickety, which has been repaired by holding around 1000kg of stones on the bottom.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The arches are tied sowith rope to the elevations made on the boards.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the 6th century, the bottom of the ship became a U-landscape.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[42] In early images the sails are depicted with a diagonal pattern.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The durability of the tab fabric used as sail material when wet was poor, so diagonal reinforcements were sewn into the sails.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[43] A large number of Viking ships have survived, such as Oseberglaiva and Gokstad's ship.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Knarri was a Viking cargo ship of vertical and bow design.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Viking ships were measured by the number of pairs of rowers.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The longest had 30—40 benches and were called “Långskepp” or “Draakki”.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The length in these has been up to 80 metres.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Viking ships' bow ornaments and stern dragonhead decorations were removable and were forbidden to be worn on the home coast.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The off-board shield, of the kind found on Gokstad's ship, appears to have been used only in a show nature.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[44] The Viking ships were hulled by a keel tree, from which the inward-turning stern and bow flanks rose.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

At the stern, the steering oar was on the right side, from which the designation is also starboard or styyrboard (Swedish styr=steer).


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

A helm crank was attached to the steering oar.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[45] The lime board was nailed or may also be said to be riveted, that is, the nails came through and were struck on the other side, reading the joint.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[46] The Hanseatic League saw the development of its own type of ship, the koggi, characterised by a rudder hinged on the stern rim.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Of such rudders is the oldest image preserved in the church of Fide on Gotland from the beginning of the 13th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[47] The koggi was high-altitude and deep-swimming, giving it a lot of cargo.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The deep-traversed vessel led to the fact that previously landlocked cities along the banks of the rivers moved closer to the sea.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

High ships helped defend against pirates.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Koggi could be fitted with castels, i.e., defense-suited turrets at the bow and stern.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The castels later became part of the trunk.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The mast was relatively in the centre, which made creativity difficult, but the draught of the hull and tapering of the bow and stern underwater improved sailing characteristics.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the late 14th century, the koggin was supplanted by a larger type of ship, the sleeve, which as a ship was very similar to the Mediterranean carrack.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[48] In the Mediterranean, Latin sail came into use in the 8th century under the influence of the Arabs.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Latin sail was also capable of sailing from the front slope to a blowing upwind.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[49] The Latian sail became the most common sail for hundreds of years in the Mediterranean, but around 1300 the largest ships began to use more crude sail.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[50] Around 1000, Arab ships came with a rudder instead of a steering oar.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The rudder, introduced from China, was articulated to the aft rim.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

From the stern ran ropes on either side of the ship and the rudder was turned by pulling from the rope.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The rudder was a more robust solution in the open sea than the steering oar.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[51] Ships had been built inside the outside in the Mediterranean until the 10th century, i.e. first the ships and then the arches.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In Italy, ships began to be built in a new way, first arches and then board planks were attached to these, thus achieving a firmer structure and larger ships could be made.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The organisation of the work of the shipyards also brought down the price of ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Venice had about 3,000 merchant ships in 1400 and 11,000 men served in its galleys.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The other sea power was Genoa.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Genoese ships sailed the Atlantic coast and traded with England and Flanders.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Genoese also began searching for a sea road to India in the late 13th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Genoese brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set out in 1291 via the Strait of Gibraltar towards India with two galleys, but they disappeared on the voyage.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[52] [53] In 1268, King Louis IX of France ordered ships from Venice and Genoa for his crusade.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Dimensional records of these sailing ships have survived.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Venetian ships were 25.8 metres long, had a width of 6.45 metres and a board height of 6.6 metres.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[54] Galleys were not only used as warships, but also as cargo ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Their advantage was speed over sailing ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

There were galley slaves as rowers.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Slaves could be used as cargo ships were not required to have skilled maneuvers like Greek warships with bow jubilee walls.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The galleys also had Latin sails.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[55] East Rome used a triad called a dromon for warfare.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Its weapon was Greek fire.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[56] Carrack developed in the Mediterranean at the end of the 14th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

It had a crude sail in the larger mast and behind it a Latin sail in mesan mast.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[57] Later carracks were made three-masted, with a small fokka in front.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship's hull included the fore and aft castels.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship was very similar to the sleeve developed from the kogg with the difference that the carrack was made with butt seams.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The carrack was such a sturdy vessel that cannons could be placed on its decks.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[58] Prince Henry the Sailor of Portugal took part in the takeover of Ceuta with his father.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The intention was to gain control of the trade in gold coming across the Sahara with camel caravans.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Ceuta was taken, but the gold trade was not taken over.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Henry began dreaming of sailing to the south of the Sahara and acquiring gold from there.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Henrik lived in Sagres, the southwestern tip of Portugal, and the nearby town of Lagos, where maritime experts gathered.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Encouraged by Henrik, a ship was developed, a caraveller for expeditions.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Compared to the carrack, the caravel is flat-tailed, smaller, narrower and faster-traversed.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

It used Latin sails because the ability to creative was an important attribute on these voyages.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[59] The west coast of Africa began to be advanced southwards.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Henry sent several expeditions on the voyage, which always proceeded further.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In 1434, Gil Eanes sailed past Cabo Bojador.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In 1444, the Senegal River was reached and the first cargo of gold could be brought.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Portuguese used oak, such as iron oaks, for keel and rudder to build ships, and pine, for example pinja for arches and planking.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[60] Shipbuilding from voyages of discovery to steamers Christopher Columbus and Magalhaes made their voyages of discovery on ships, caraques and caravells still representing the medieval shipbuilding tradition.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ships were small, 20—30 feet long and 6—7 feet wide, like, for example, the Santa Maria, which carried a cargo of about 80 toneladas (80 barrels of wine), Columbus's flagship.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[61] In the age of sailing ships the tonnage of ships was reported differently from today, for example in England the unit of measurement “long ton” was used.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

A hundred years later, the ships were already larger, with more sails.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The voyages of discovery brought in new countries such as France, England and the Netherlands in competition for overseas trade.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Karak developed into a bigger type of ship, the galeon, which was later called the galleon.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The galleon was characterised by a deck bridge extending over the bow.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The galleons were equipped with cannons.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

For example, the well-known English ship Henry Grace à Dieu of 1545 was equipped with 184 small guns.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[62] These ships carried several ship-reinforcing gundecks.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Royal Navy's classification system gives some insights into the size of ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The method of rigging, which developed in the 16th century, remained roughly similar until the end of the use of sailing ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Some construct drawings from the late 16th century have survived from the English ship designer Mathew Baker.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding sought to replicate the structures of ships that proved to be good sailors.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[63] Spain initially received wood material, pine and oak from its homeland.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The construction of ships shifted in the 17th century from the remote north coast to Bilbao.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Around the same time, the Spanish began building ships in Havana, with mahogany as the material.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[64] In warfare, galleys and galeasses, galleys with sails, which were used in abundance, especially in the Mediterranean, were preserved.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Battle of Lepanto, fought in 1571, between the Turks and Christians, is the largest naval battle fought by ships of the galley and galeasse type in history.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Much depictions of the ships have survived of the battle won by Christians.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The length of the longest galeass is cited as 145 feet.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the Galeasses, the cannons positioned in the bow pointed forward as well as to the side.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Galleys were built until the late 18th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[65] When in the 16th century Europeans began to make more extensive ocean voyages, at the same time, almost constant mutual war began in Europe.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The interim peace agreements did not apply to seas outside Europe.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

An example of this is Caribbean piracy, which is why oceanic merchant ships and warships did little to differ.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the 17th century the technical development of ships was limited, but many images, miniature models and whole ships have survived from that period.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The era was characterized by the lavish decoration of ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

An example of this is the English Prince Royal from 1610, built by Phineas Pett.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[67] In France, Cardinal Richelieu commissioned ships from Holland as models for French carvers after coming to power.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Well-known books on ships of the era include the book 'Livro de Traças de Carpintaria' by the Spaniard Manoel Fernandez of 1619 [68] and the work 'Architectura Navalis' by German Joseph Furttenbach from 1629.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[69] In the 16th century, Portugal and Spain dominated the oceans.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

1580 King Philip II of Spain also became ruler of Portugal.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

1588 Philip II ordered his fleet known as the Invincible Armada to invade England.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Only half of the ships and a third of the men returned from the fleet.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Philip II also gained control of the Netherlands, but found himself in war with the Protestant north.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The northern part declared independence under the name United Provinces, roughly equivalent in area to present-day Holland.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

1607 The Dutch fleet attacked in the Battle of Gibraltar after the Spanish fleet was attacked and destroyed by it.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

When the English additionally practiced politics in which they sought to capture Spanish treasure ships in the seas, then Spanish power gradually crumbled.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

England and Holland emerged as new sea powers.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Swedish fleet was twice the size of the English fleet in 1610, but its forces were committed to the wars fought in the Baltic Sea.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[71] The Dutch built lighter, faster and lower-swimming ships than the English or French.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The lightness caused defeat in artillery duels.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Dutch shipbuilding skills had been exploited by Sweden, among others, inviting Dutch masters to their own shipyards.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The most famous student of Dutch shipbuilding skills was Tsar Peter the Great in 1697.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[72] Thanks to East Asian trade, in the 17th century, Holland became the richest country in Europe.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Trade had been organised with the help of trading companies, the largest of which were the Dutch and English trading companies and these had quasi-governmental rights to wage even wars.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the 18th century, the importance of Holland as a maritime power began to decline as it no longer prospered in competition with England.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[73] The Dutch type of ship, the Flat, developed in the 17th century for Baltic sailing.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

By the 17th century, the Dutch had 10,000 merchant ships and control of Baltic trade had passed to them from the Hanseatic League.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

55% of all ships passing through the Danish Straits were Dutch.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Danes collected duty on these ships based on the carrying capacity of the ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The size of the Øresund customs duty levied in Helsingør was based on the carrying capacity of the ships, which was calculated by measuring the width of the vessel at the centre ship.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

To reduce tariffs, merchants built their ships with heavily reclining flanks.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[74] Holland is an almost treeless country and oak was imported from the Rhine as shipbuilding wood.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the 17th century, wood had to be sourced from Norway and the Baltic Sea region, including regions belonging to Sweden, such as Estonia and Livonia.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Dutch ships used a lot of pine, creating more need for maintenance.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Dutch also began to use wind-powered sawmills to produce rigs.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[75] The Sovereign of the Seas was an English warship completed in 1637 and commissioned by King Charles I.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

It was one of the largest ships of its time, with a keel length of 127, a width of 48 and a draught of 23.5 feet.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

It was also the most glorious ship of its time, decorated with gold and cost 10 times more than a regular ship.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship had 100 guns.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Warships had been fitted with a straight transom until the early 16th century, but a round stern was made on this ship, which only above the water's surface was straightened into a transom.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

This structure became typical of English warships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[76] Increasing the size of the ships also led to accidents, most famously Vasa.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

However, this was not the only accident due to instability, so the abject increase in size was abandoned in the 17th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Swedish admiral Fredrik af Chapman (1721—1808) began to study the structure of ships that proved to be good sailors.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

He found mathematical regularities in the structures, among which developed a method of calculation for determining the most advantageous shape, proportions, and immersion of a ship's hull.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[77] In 1653, an order was issued by the Admiralty of England that ships must fight in line, therefore queuing, for full power to be given full power by full-flanked artillery fire.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

This required practice and alignment of ships' structures so that they travelled roughly as fast.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ships were divided into classes, the first class ship had over 90 guns, the second over 80 and the third had more than 54 guns.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

These largest ships were considered solid enough for line battles and were called liner ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

There were six classes in all, and officers' salaries were paid according to this classification.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[78] England had begun to have a shortage of oak as early as the 16th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The curved wooden sections of ships were made of natural curves of trees or trees were bent into curves when young.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Beech was used in ship interiors.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Pine was used as mast trees, but a sufficiently straight, long and firm pine was not obtained from England, so wood was imported from the Baltics.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The tallest masts had a length of 36 meters and these were jointed to be made as a composite structure from several soiros.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

A lot of wood was needed for one ship.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

For example, Nelson's Victory ship consumed timber in an amount that claimed more than 30 hectares of oak forest.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

On the planting of oak forests, Parliament passed an Act 1668.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

From these, wood was obtained for the Navy in the late 18th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[79] In terms of wood and tar, the Baltic Sea was important to Western European shipbuilders as far as Spain and Portugal.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

To secure land supplies, England sent its fleet nearly 20 times to the Baltic between 1658 and 1814.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

England imported strobus pine as a mast tree from colonies in North America as well.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In 1762, an order was issued in the settlements that pines more than 60 cm in diameter must be reserved for the navy.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

This provoked bitterness in the local inhabitants and contributed to the secession efforts of the settlements.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The 1775 Congress of the Colonies banned the export of timber to England, hampering the operations of the English Navy during the American Revolutionary War.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[80] In France, under Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the rebuilding of the fleet began.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Initially he also ordered ships from Holland like Richelieu's.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Under Colbert's leadership, French shipbuilding skills rose to fame.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

A diary of 1663 by Samuel Pepys, secretary of the English Admiralty, notes French ships as being better platforms for cannons and faster sailors.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

On a naval visit in 1672 to Spithead, the French Superbe attracted great attention and was ordered by the king to copy it.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The replica was given the name Harwich and was considered so successful that nine more were built similar.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

French ships were also built to be suitable for warfare in the low-wind Mediterranean against galleys.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Because of this, the ships were fitted with cannons in the bow and stern.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[81] In the 1680s, the French adopted a new type of ship, the kits, or baljute, and equipped it with bogey cannons, so as a warship it was called a bogey knit.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Mörssär was capable of firing bombs four times heavier than the cannons of its time.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[82] The French began importing wood from Canada as early as the 17th century and also built ships in Quebec until 1763.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[83] Historical ship type names are quite confusing and may be based on both hull and rigging.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In his book “Architectura Navalis mercatoria”, Chapman divides ships that visited northern European ports in 1768 into five classes according to the hull.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

These classes include the frigate, häckbåt, pink (apparently the successor to the flöit), and vessels without a bow galleon katti and park.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[84] The Dutch built fast and graceful single-masted yachts used as dispatchers and reconnaissance vessels in the 17th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Ships built for the amusement of burghers also began to be called yachts.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In 1660, the city of Amsterdam donated to Charles II, King of England, a yacht with a coffee sail.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The king built an entire fleet of these and organised sailing races between them and created the concept of yachting racing sailing.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[85] The small vessel with coffee and focal sail developed from the Dutch yacht was called the cutter. In the 18th century, North America comes as a new shipbuilding country.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

There developed a schooner (schooner).


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The first was built in 1713 in Massasscott.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The clipper is mentioned as far back as 1746 and was used as a privateer ship, for contraband, as a slave ship, and later in the United States Navy.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[86] A brigantine or brig is a two-masted vessel with high brig masts built in several parts and at least at the top with raw sails.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The frigate and smaller corvette are warships that, during sailing ships, meant medium general ships of the fleet.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the 18th century, they became increasingly important to navies.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[87] Shebek (eng.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

xebec) is a very fast-moving vessel in the Mediterranean developed by the Barbariesques in the 17th century for piracy as well as a cargo ship.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The Spanish and French copy these ships into their fleets to defeat the pirates.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Later, these graceful ships were also copied by Russians.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Shebek's bow has a galleon that resembles a bumper.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Initially, shebeks were rigged with Latin sails, but later they also used crude sails.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[88] Loggert (eng lugger, Swedish: loggert, French for chasse-marée) is a two- or three-masted coastal vessel with quadrangular sail which was mainly used for fishing in Brittany and the North Sea coast.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The fast ship was also used by smugglers, which is why they were introduced by French customs in the 18th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

During the Napoleonic Wars they were developed into privateer ships equipped with cannons.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[89] Time of steamboats The use of sails in river ships was difficult and often had to be hauled from the shore.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The introduction of the steam engine on river ships was a response to a clear need.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

First it was made by French marquis Claude François Jouffroy d'Abbans in 1783 on a Pyroscaphe steamboat, then 1789 in the United States by John Fitch and the following year by the Scots Patrick Miller and William Symington.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

However, the power of the first steam engines was not sufficient for actual operation.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Symington built a canal tug powered by a steam engine in 1803, the first steam vessel to be in commercial use.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[91] After a year of use, beach owners were banned from using the vessel by claiming its waves were damaging the beaches.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

A breakthrough in the use of steam to power the ships was the ship built by American Robert Fulton.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Fulton had been test-driving at Charlotte Dundas and versed in the inventions of John Fitch.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[92] In this 1807 North River Steamboat (Clermont) steamboat built on the Hudson River, an 18-horsepower steam engine manufactured by the Watt and Boulton mill was placed.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

On her first 12-hour voyage, the ship achieved an average speed of 4.7 knots.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

For the same journey, the river burrs used four days.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In five years, there were already more than half a hundred steam ships in US coastal and river traffic.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Commercial steamboat operations in England were initiated by the PS Comet ship built by Henry Bell.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In 1815 there were already twenty steam-powered ships in England.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In Finland, the first steam ship was Ilmarinen 1833.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In 1819, the first steam-assisted ship, the SS Savannah, which therefore also had sails, crossed the Atlantic.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

With just steam, the voyage was made in the 1830s, although that vessel, the SS Sirius (1837), was fitted with sails.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Mere steam wasn't trusted until the late 19th century.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[93] The first ironclad steamer was PS Aaron Manby, which in 1822 sailed from England to Paris.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[94] The problems faced by early steam ships were poor seafaring duration and the abundant consumption of coal.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The first improvement in steam engines was the use of high-pressure boilers, which dropped coal consumption to one-third.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Another improvement was two-stage expansion, with which consumption fell by almost half more.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The screw-like propeller is an old idea.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

American inventor David Bushnell designed the 1775 wooden submarine Turtle with hand-operated screw-like propellers.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[95] Among the oldest patents is Joseph Bramah's from 1785.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[96] For propeller use, the power of steam engines was not yet sufficient.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The first working propeller was built by Josef Ressel in Trieste, Austria-Hungary and obtained a patent for it in 1827 in Austria-Hungary.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

1836 received a patent for two propellers: a track propeller by John Ericsson (1803—1889) of Sweden and a screw propeller by Francis Pettit Smith, an Englishman.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Isambard Kingdom Brunel built in 1843 the first propeller-driven ship, the SS Great Britain, to cross the Atlantic.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship was 98.2 feet long.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

However, the Navy was increasingly sceptical about the propellers.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In 1845, in a competition organised by the British Admiralty, propeller and wing flatships of the same power hauled each other.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Smith's propeller was capable of pulling the receiving steamer at a speed of 2.8 knots.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Subsequently, suspicion of the propellers went away.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The propellers and steam engines were now so powerful that the wooden hull of the ships could no longer stand.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

For this problem of strength, iron was taken to the aid.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Iron plates had begun to be rolled in the 1780s and the first iron vessel was built as early as 1787.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Iron was brittle, however, and until the 1870s ships were made of wood with iron reinforced.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

For example, clippers were made with iron arches, but with wood planking.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The planking could also be covered with iron plates like Nansen's Fram.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[97] After the middle of the 19th century, steamships became competitive with sailing ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Of the British merchant fleet in 1885, more than half passed by steam.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[98] Sailing ships were still developing, too, and experienced a small boom in the 1850s when the Americans developed a narrow-hulled and fast ship type, the clipper.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The 1869 opening of the Suez Canal gave steamships such a great advantage over clippers forced to circumnavigate Africa that sailing ships were left with the longest Australian and South American routes any longer.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The last development of sailing ships was the steel-hulled construction and reinforced masts, which kept sailing ships competitive over steam ships for some time to come.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[99] These sailing ships built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the Preussen or the seven-masted coffee-schooner Thomas W. Lawson, were the largest sailing vessels.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The 1844 SS Great Britain ran solidly aground off Ireland, but was then derailed and repaired.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

This convinced skeptics of the superiority of iron in the ship's building.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[100] As iron became the building material for ships, shipbuilding changed.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Isambard Kingdom Brunel built the large, 211 metre-long ironclad ship S/S Great Eastern in 1858, which as the only one in the world was equipped with both a wing pirate and a propeller.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The hull was by ironclad bulkheads divided into ten sections and had double-iron “planking”.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

There was 0.85 metres of space between the outer and inner wall of the side.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The ship also had sails.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

However, the large ship was an economic disaster, as its engine power was insufficient to guarantee maneuverability and its draught was so great that there were few possible ports.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

[101] In 1865, steel began to be used, which could then be produced in large quantities.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The steel ships were assembled by riveting the plates to the hull with hot brass rites which, when cooled, compressed the tar-dipped sealing fabric placed between the plate and the hull.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Iron ships have to be protected from corrosion by careful painting.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Corrosion of nobler metals, for example a bronze propeller, is prevented by sacrificial metals.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In steel-built ships, the load is mainly on the bottom and deck.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

This is why they began to use an indoor keel and a double bottom.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

There was a shift from the transverse support arches of wooden ships to longitudinal arches.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In warships, the use of steel led to an arms race spiral in the construction of armoured ships.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Initially, wooden ships were protected by armour, such as the French 12 cm plates iron-upholstered Gloire 1859.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

Formed as the strongest sea power in the world after the Napoleonic Wars, England quickly responded with the 1860 iron-hulled Warrior ship, resembling the clippers of its time.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

It had rear-loading cannons designed by Armstrong.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the American Civil War, new types of armoured ships were introduced, the CSS Virginia of the south and the USS Monitor to the north.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

The structure of the latter was copied and formed from them the warships of the monitor type.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In these US ships, we can see a future trend forced by an increase in the power of the cannons.


Question: What material is the first ship built of?

Shipbuilding

In the 1853 naval battle related to the Crimean War, Sinop had already seen the potency of new large-calibre guns against wooden ships.