Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Model Engine Type Engine TypeDisplacement Power Volume AvailabilityC 180 kr4CompressorM271 E 18 ml red.1796 cm3115 kW (156 hp) @ 5200 r/min230 Nm @ 2500—4200 r/min9/2007-8/2009C 180 BlueEfficiencyr4Turbom271 DE 18 AL1796 cm3115 kW (156 hp) @ 5000 r/min250 Nm @ 1600—4200 r/min9/2009-8/2013c 180 BlueEfficiencyR4Turbom274 DE 16 AL1595 cm3115 kW (156 hp) @ 5000 r/min250 Nm @ 1250—4000 r/min9/2013-C 200 kr4CompressorM271 E 18 ML1796 cm3135 kW (184 hp) @ 5500 r/min250 Nm @ 2800—5000 RM/2009/2009/2009/7—8/2009C 200 BlueEfficienCyR4Turbom271 DE 18 AL1796 cm3135 kW (184 hp) @ 5250 r/min270 Nm @ 1800—4600 r/min9/2009-C 250 BlueEfficiencyR4Turbom271 DE 18 AL1796 cm3150 kW (204 hp) @ 5500 r/min310 Nm @ 2000-4300 r/min9/2009-c 230V62496 cm3150 kW (204 hp) @ 6100 r/min245 Nm @ 2900—5500 R/Min9/2007—c 280V62996 cm3170 kW (231 hp) @ 6000 r/min300 Nm @ 2500—5000 r/minc 350V63498 cm3200 kW (272 hp) @ 6000 r/ min350 Nm @ 2400—5000 R/MinC 63 AMGV86208 cm3336 kW (457 hp) @ 6800 r/min600 Nm @ 5000 R/min9/2007—c 200 cDir4turbo2148 cm3100 kW (136 hp) @ 3800 r/min300 Nm @ 1600—3000 R/min9/2007—c 220 C220 dir4turbo2148 cm3125 kW (170 hp) @ 3800 r/min400 Nm @ 2000 r/minc 250 cdir4turbo2143 cm3150 kW (204 hp) @ 4200 r/min500 Nm @ 1600 r/min9/2007—c 320 cDiv6turbo2987 cm3165 kW (224 hp) @ 3800 r/min510 Nm @ 1600—2800 rpm Equipment levels The car's equipment was added to safety and comfort equipment familiar from the larger S-series.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Equipment includes, among other things, the so-called. Agility Control package, in which the system takes care of the operation of shock absorbers under different conditions (so-called selective shock absorption).


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

In addition, the features offered by the package include faster-mediated control, as well as a short-movement shift lever.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

As of August 2007, an Advanced Agility package also became available.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The Sport adjustment program in it can be adjusted by pressing a button to adjust the chassis to be suitable for sporty driving or more comfortable driving.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The Adaptive Brake system anticipates driver braking action and the driver's knee safety pad increases safety.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Like the previous generation, the W204 model is sold in three different equipment levels: Classic, Elegance and Avant-garde.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Classic equipment is the so-called basic equipment.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

In it, the bow star is in its normal place on top of the bonnet and the frames of the windows are chrome.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Air intakes and fog lights are adorned with black frames.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The interior is either black or grey and the decoration parts are piano ceilings.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Aluminum wheels are included in the equipment, except for the smallest petrol and diesel engine.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Elegance outfit is degrees more luxurious.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The bow star is in the same place as the Classic, but among other things, the fog lights have chrome frames.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The same chrome trim is also found on bumpers, fenders and doors.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

In addition, the lower edges of the windows are made of polished aluminum.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

In addition, 12-spoke aluminum wheels are provided.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The Edinburgh fabric used in the interior is black, beige or gray in color.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The decoration elements are eucalyptus wood and the steering wheel is leather.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Avant-garde outfit tends to emphasize athleticism.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Like Mercedes sports models, the bow star is placed in the middle of the cooler grille.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The flanks, bumpers, fenders and doors have multiple chrome trim.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Inside, the floor and dashboard are black.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The seats are combinations of black and grey.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Aluminum has been used in decorative parts.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

In North America, the car is sold in two different equipment levels: Luxury and Sport.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Dimensions The car is larger than the previous generation in all dimensions.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

This can also be seen in the increased interiors, especially in terms of the rear seat knee spaces.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

There are 55 mm more length and 42 mm more width than before.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The wheelbase was also increased by 45 mm.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The trunk of the sedan model is enlarged by 20 liters.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Despite the increased size, the weight of the car remained inalmost unchanged, some of the models are even lighter.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Modelsedan station wagon length4581 mm4596 mmWidth (without mirrors) 1770 mm1770 mmHeight1447 mm1459 mMaxway2760 mm2760 mmGauge width (e/t) 1549/1552 mm1541/1544 mmMomaWeight1485—1760 kg1535—1810 kgcargo compartment 475 l485/1400 Lfuel Tank66 l66 l C 63 AMG First official data C 63 of the AMG models were released in June 2007.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The actual first presentation of the saloon and station wagon bodied 5th-generation C-class AMG models took place at the Frankfurt Motor Show in autumn 2007.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

For production, the model will come in January 2008 and on the market immediately after.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The car has a whole new front axle, AMG chassis and power steering and three-position ESP (on, sport and off).


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The track gauge is 35 mm at the front and 12 mm wider at the rear.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The AMG Speedshift 7G-Tronic transmission is powered by the transmission, where the driver can use three different settings: Sport, Comfort and Manual.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

Among the choices, Comfort is a basic setting.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

In the Sport position, changes occur 30% faster and in Manual 50% faster.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The 6.3-litre free-aspirated V8 engine has a peak output of 457 hp and peak torque of 600 Nm.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

In the 2000—6250 rpm twist range, a minimum of 500 Nm is available.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The sedan accelerates from 0 to 100 km/h in 4.5 seconds, according to the announcement, and the top speed is electronically limited to 250 km/h.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The station wagon has an acceleration value of a tithe slower and the top speed the same.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

At the March 2011 Geneva Motor Show, a redesigned C 63 AMG was presented in conjunction with the C-Series facelift.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

The new C 63 AMG Coupé will also be introduced at the New York Auto Show in April.


Question: When did Mercedes start manufacturing the C series?

Mercedes-Benz C-Series (W204)

On topic elsewhere C-series (W204) class:D segment cars category:2000-decade cars class:2010s cars


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Dame Agnes Sybil Thorndike, also Lady Casson, CH, DBE (24 October 1882 in Gainsborough, England — 9 June 1976, London, England) was a British film and theatre actress.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Sybil Thorndike's first steps as a performer took place as a pianist in 1899 when she was only 11 years old.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

A professional career as an actor began in 1903.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike during his successful theatrical career notably starred in William Shakespeare's classic plays and is known for it as an excellent Shakespeare interpreter.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike began her film career in 1921 in British silent films alongside her theatrical career.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Film-making was occasionally sporadic at Thorndike with this focus solely on theatre.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

He also made occasional guest appearances on television.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike was married to Sir Lewis Casson for over six decades, and starred with him in dozens of plays.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Casson was also the director of some of the plays in which Thorndike starred.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Along with her sizeable theatre productions, Thorndike is now well remembered for the film Prince and the Revue Girl (1957), in which she starred with Marilyn Monroe and Laurence Olivier.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

She won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

During her career spanning almost seventy years, Thorndike starred in both film, theatre and television.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike ended his career and retired in 1970.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

He died of it six years later in 1976.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Life and career Early years Agnes Sybil Thorndike was born in the village of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England as the eldest daughter of Arthur John Webster Thorndike (1854—1917) and his wife Agnes Macdonald Bowers (1857—1933) on 24 October 1882.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

His father was a rabbit at Rochester Cathedral and was a native of Quebec, Canada and his mother was from Southampton, southern England.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

[1] Thorndike had three siblings: Arthur Russell (1885—1972), Eileen Isabelle (1891—1954), and Francis Herbert (1894—1917).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

[2] Thorndike studied at Rochester Grammar School's girls' school, where she studied to become a classical pianist.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

He attended weekly London playing classes at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

At the age of 11, Thorndike gave his first public pianist show, but in 1899 he was forced to stop playing due to cramps.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

At the instigation of Thorndike's writer brother Russell, Sybil took up acting.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Career The beginning and rise of a career, 21-year-old Thorndike was offered her first professional contract: it was a tour to the United States with actor-manager Ben Greet's company.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike made her first theatrical appearance in Greet's production of William Shakespeare's Merry Ladies of Windsor in 1904.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

He went on a four-year tour of the United States with the Shakespeare repertoire, where he starred in a total of 112 roles.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In 1908, Sybil was spotted by playwright George Bernard Shaw after Sybil had been the backup actor for the lead role of Candida, a comedy play written and directed by Shaw.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Around this time Sybil also met her future husband Lewis Casson.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike joined Annie Horniman's company in Manchester (years 1908—1909 and 1911—1913), left for Broadway stages in 1910 and then joined for four years the Old Vic Company in London from 1914 to 1918.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike played lead roles in Shakespeare's plays and other classic plays.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

After World War I, Thorndike starred as Hecuba in Euripides' play The Women of Trojan from 1919 to 1920.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

The following years 1920—1922 Sybil and her husbands starred in the British version of the Grand Guignol Theatre in France.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Peak Years In 1921, Sybil began his film career playing the lead roles in silent films.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Her film debut was in the drama Moth and Rust, in which her role was Mrs Brand.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

His next film was Jane Shore (1922) in the role of Jane Shore.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In the following years, Thorndike starred in films such as Scarlet Letter (1922), Chilly House (1922), Esmeralda (1922), Macbeth (1922) and The Merchant of Venice (1922).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike returned to the theatre for the lead role in George Bernard Shaw's play Saint Joan in 1924, which was written especially with Thorndike in mind.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

The play was a huge success and Thorndike would reprise her role and make her final appearance in the play in 1941.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In 1927 Thorndike appeared in the cathedral scene of the play Saint Joan in the short film Saint Joan.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In 1928 Thorndike starred in the war drama film as Edith Cavelli in the White Sister of England and the following year in the crime film To What Red Hell (1929).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Sybil and Lewis were both active members of the Labour Party and had strong left-wing views.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Even though the 1926 general strike brought Saint Joan's first season to a halt, they still supported the strikers.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike was awarded the title Dame of the Order of the British Empire in 1931.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Peaceful Sybil was a member of the Peace Pledge Union.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

During the 1930s Thorndike starred in only three films: the dramas Hindle Wakes (1931) and A Gentleman of Paris (1931), and the historical drama The Queen of Children (1936).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

On the theatre side, Thorndike starred in the plays The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1931—1932), Hamlet (1934), The Distaff Side (1934), Coriolanus (1937—1938) and The Corn is Green (1939).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

During the Second World War, Dame Sybil and Sir Lewis were touring in Shakespeare productions before joining Laurence Olivier and Ralph Richardson for a season at the Old Vic at the New Theatre in 1944.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

During the season, Thorndike starred in plays Medea (1941—1942) and Peer Gynt (1945), among others.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

During the war, Thorndike made one film, the comedy Major Barbara (1941).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In the late 1940s, the dramas Nicholas Nickleby (1947) and Forbidden Street (1949) appeared from her, as well as the plays Electra (1946), The Linden Tree (1947), Call Home The Heart (1947) and The Foolish Gentlewoman (1949).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In the 1950s, Thorndike was at his most active during his film career.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In the early 50s, he starred for the first time in a Hollywood film, as well as for the first time on television in 1954.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Her Hollywood debut came in the Alfred Hitchcock directed thriller Curtain Lowers (1950), which starred Marlene Dietrich in the lead role.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In the same year he made the British film Charmed Blood.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike starred as Queen Victoria in the film Greater Than Love (1953).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In 1957, Thorndike made perhaps his most famous film performance in a minor role in the romantic comedy Prince and the Revue Girl, directed by Laurence Olivier.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Prince and the revue girl were starring Marilyn Monroe and Olivier herself.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

For her role performance, she won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In 1959, the drama Squeeze the Devil's Hand, made with James Cagney, appeared.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike made her television debut in the television series Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Presents, where she starred in two episodes of “The Heirloom” and “Mr. Sampson”.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

He also made a guest appearance in the BBC Sunday-Night Theatre series for the episode “Waters of the Moon”.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

On the theatre side, Thorndike starred in the blockbuster play Waters of the Moon (1951) as well as the plays A Day by the Sea (1953), The Family Reunion (1956), The Potting Shed (1957), Eighty in the Shade (1959) and The Potting Shed (1959).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

For the play The Potting Shed Thorndike received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in 1959.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

The closing years Thorndike starred in 1961 in two films: Hand in Hand and Gambling in Africa and the plays Waiting in the Wings and Teresa of Avila.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike also undertook tours of Australia and South Africa before acting with Olivier again in the play Uncle Vanja-Chichester in 1962, which was also made into a film by Uncle Vanja-in 1963.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

The film also starred Lewis.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

This film also missed Thorndike's final film role.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In 1963 Thorndike also completed the roles in the plays Turuilla of Futility and Some Men and Women.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

From 1964—1965, Thorndike starred in the plays The Reluctant Peer (1964), Season of Goodwill (1964) and Return Ticket (1965).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

On the television side, Thorndike made guest appearances for television series Armchair Mystery Theatre (1965), BBC Play of the Month (1965) and Armchair Theatre (1966), among others.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike made her farewell appearance with her husband in the play Arsenic and Old Lace in the London version at the Vaudeville Theatre in 1966.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

The following year Thorndike starred in the plays The Viaduct and Call Me Jacky and Thorndike's final theatre role remained at The Thorndike Theatre, Leatherhead, Surrey in the play There Was an Old Woman in 1969, when Sir Lewis Casson also died.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

The Thorndike Theatre was dedicated to Thorndike, opening in September 1969.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Sybil Thorndike's final acting performance fell short in the television film The Great Inimitable as Mr. Dickens with Anthony Hopkins in 1970.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In the same year Thorndike was awarded Membership of the Order of the Knights of Honour and gained the right to use the letters CH after his name.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike and Casson were one of the few couples who both held possession of the CH title for their own achievements.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

He had also been awarded the rank of Honorary Fellow from the University of Manchester in 1922 as well as being awarded a D.Litt (Doctor of Letters) in honour from the University of Oxford in 1966.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

After the television film The Great Inimitable Mr. Dickens (1970), Thorndike ended his entire career and retired at the age of 88, thus ending his 67-year-long career.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

He settled down to spend his retirement days in London.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike had ended her film career in 1963 after 35 film roles, a theatrical career in 1969 after hundreds of play roles, and a television career in 1970 after 16 television roles.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike made a guest appearance from her retirement in the television series The Dick Cavett Show in 1971 and at the time of her 90th birthday in 1972 she appeared in the production of Sybil: A Celebration of her 90th Birthday at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Private life and death Thorndike met actor Sir Lewis Thomas Casson (1875—1969) on his tour.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

They got married on 22 December 1908 and had four children, two sons and two daughters; John (1909—1999), Christopher (1912—1996), Mary (1914—2009) and Ann (1915—1990).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

During their marriage, the two starred in strolling plays together.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

They were married for a total of 61 years right up until the death of Sir Lewis Casson.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Casson died on May 16 in 1969 at the age of 93.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Shortly after this death, the 88-year-old Thorndike quit acting in 1970.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

When asked if Thorndike would ever consider leaving her husband, she had famously replied: “Divorce, never!


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Murder, often!”


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

(Finnish. “Divorce, never!


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Murder, often!”).


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Dame Agnes Sybil Thorndike died at the age of 93 from myocardial infarction on 9 June 1976 in London, England.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey in London.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

In the film My Week with Marilyn (2011), Thorndike is played by Judi Dench.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Thorndike also became the first British actor to have his own postage stamp printed.


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

[3] Filmography Literature Biography of Dame Sybil Thorndyke by Sheridan Morley (1977) Sybil Thorndyke: A Star of Life by Jonathan Croall (2008) Sources on the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


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Sybil Thorndike

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Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

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Sybil Thorndike

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Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike


Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

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Question: Where does the appellation Lady Casson come from?

Sybil Thorndike

Category:English actors Category:English theatre actors Category:Born in 1882 Class:Those who died in 1976


Question: What is the population of Järvenpää?

Järvenpää

Järvenpää () is a town of about 42000 inhabitants in the province of Uusimaa.


Question: What is the population of Järvenpää?

Järvenpää

The urban structure of Järvenpää relies on the main line and is the fourth most densely populated city in Finland.


Question: What is the population of Järvenpää?

Järvenpää

Järvenpää is part of the Helsinki Metropolitan Area [1].


Question: What is the population of Järvenpää?

Järvenpää

Geography Järvenpää belongs to the province of Uusimaa.


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Its neighbouring municipalities are Mäntsälä in the northeast, Sipoo in the east and Tuusula in the south, west and north.


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[2] Järvenpää is located at the northern end of Lake Tuusula, along the Helsing-Riihimäki railway line 37 kilometres north of Helsinki.


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Järvenpää belongs to the Helsinki region and Central New Zealand.


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Historia Järvenpää was formerly a village belonging to Tuusula, which originally also comprised Kellokoski.


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The largest of its houses was once the Kyrölä Mounted Farm, which in the 18th century expanded into Järvenpää Manor.


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[3] There was also a road from Helsinki to Heinola through Järvenpää.


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In 1862, Finland's first railway line from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna was completed, and from the beginning one of the intermediate stations on the line was in Järvenpää.


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[4] The Järvenpää estate was owned in the early 20th century by Bjarne Westermarck, a farming advisor.


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He planned to make it a Finnish agricultural development centre and model farm where experimental and research activities would be carried out.


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[5] However, due to financial reasons, he was forced to abandon his plan and decided instead to develop the Järvenpää station area into a centre of settlement and small industry.


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He considered there was good potential for this, as the area was located moderately close to Helsinki with good transport links.


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[5] On Westermarck's commission, surveying engineer Wolmar Svaetich drew up a city plan for the colony and also gave you names.


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Smaller farming farms were also separated from the estate, of which two were purchased by the state and established an Agricultural Normal School and a Household Teacher College for them.


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[5] In 1929, Järvenpää already had about 2000 inhabitants.


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[5] After the Winter War, a large proportion of the inhabitants of Terijoki were inhabited in Järvenpää and its vicinity.


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Unlike other inhabitants of the ceded territories, most of them were not able to return to their former homeland during the Continuation War, since Terijoki remained a war domain throughout the war.


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[6] After the war, the settlers comprised about one third of the inhabitants of Järvenpää.


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For them, plots were claimed from Ånäs, Seutula, Haarajoki and Isokydö, while frontman plots were formed in Terioja and Anttila.


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In 1949, Järvenpää already had about 4000 inhabitants.


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[7] Establishment of Kauppala The question of separating Järvenpää into its own municipality or possibly as a merchant business came to light as early as the 1920s around the same time as Keravakin split from Tuusula.


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In 1923, the Järvenpää people proposed the creation of a separate Järvenpää municipality, which would have also included Tuomala, Nummenkylä and Kellokoski.


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[8] Bjarne Westermarck made a proposal in 1927 to establish a Järvenpää merchant business.


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[7] The State Council instructed the Ministry of Internal Affairs to investigate the matter, but the liquidator installed by the Ministry rejected the proposal.


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[8] The issue arose again when the population of Järvenpää rapidly increased after World War II.


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As local conditions greatly differed from the ordinary countryside, it became increasingly necessary to form a commercial branch separate from the locality.


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At a meeting in April 1949, the residents decided to submit a pleading to the State Council on the subject.


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On 17 February 1950, the Council of State adopted a decision on the establishment of the Järvenpää merchant sector, which came into force at the beginning of 1951.


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[7] However, the question of the limits of the new trade sector generated a lot of controversy.


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The initiators believe that it should have included the villages of Järvenpää and Tuomala as a whole, part of Vanastakylä, as well as the Kellokoski factory colony and parts of the Mäntsälänk region in its vicinity.


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In this case, the merchant sector would have had an area of 61 km² and a population of nearly 8400


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[7] According to one proposal, Jokelak would be incorporated into the new trade sector.


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[8] The municipality of Tuusula also approved the establishment of a commercial sector, but required that no agricultural areas should be annexed, and Kellokoski, Tuomala and Saunakallio areas north of Saunakallio, as well as areas of agricultural schools should be excluded.


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[7] In this case, the commercial sector would have had an area of 28.5 km² and a population of about 6000.


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[7] Kauppala's southern border would have been Tervanokka on the shores of Lake Tuusula, Halkiantie as the northern border.


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[8] The Kellokkels also objected to the annexation of their domicile to the new merchant sector.


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[8] Tuusula was initially proposed as the name of the new merchant, as it was thought that the remaining rural municipality of Tuusula would, before long, have been divided between neighbouring municipalities.


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[8] However, when it was concluded that, even in contraction, this municipality would still be vibrant, it was decided to leave the name to it and the name of the merchant sector was chosen Järvenpää.


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[8] According to the decision of the Government of 17 February 1950, in addition to the village of Järvenpää, Kellokoski and parts of Vanhaastakylä and Tuomala village were part of the village of Järvenpää.


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However, on 30 June of the same year, the Council of State adopted a new decision whereby Kellokoski and part of Nummenkylä remained part of Tuusula.


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[7] The area of the merchant sector thus became 41.4 km² and was populated by 8244 people at the beginning of 1951.


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[7] However, the question of the place of the municipal border has been revisited several times over the past 50 years.


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Järvenpää became a city at the beginning of 1967.


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At that time, Järvenpää had 14606 inhabitants.


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[9] Transport Järvenpää is located along the main line and Lahdenväylä, less than half an hour from Helsinki.


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Tausulanväylä also leads to Järvenpää.


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It is ten kilometres to Kerava from Järvenpää and 25 kilometres to Hyvinkää.


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The main railway line runs through the town centre.


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In addition to the main station, the city area includes the railway stations of Ainola, Saunakallio, Haarajoki and Purola, although there has been no passenger traffic in Purola since March 2016.


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The Lahti Highway, or Highway 4, and the Lahti Okorata, built alongside it, are tangential to the city on its eastern edge.


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There are two junctions from the highway to the city.


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Oikorata serves lakeheads through Haarajoki Station.


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There are plenty of bus connections to Helsinki via Hyrylä.


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The same bus shifts also serve in the direction of Mäntsälä.


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The journey to Helsinki takes less than half an hour by road and rail, and the driving time to Helsinki Airport is about 20 minutes.


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Train connections to the capital are good.


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The Helsinki Helsinki commuter trains run twice an hour, trains stopping at stations are R and T. Culture Järvenpää is widely known for Jean Sibelius's Ainola.


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It is located about two kilometres south of the city centre.


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The Composer Master and his family moved into a log villa drawn by Lars Sonck on 24 September 1904.


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Ainola is open to the public as the Sibelius Home Museum.


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Juhani Aho moved with his spouse painter Venny Soldan-Brofeldt to Järvenpää in November 1897.


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They lived for 14 years on the shores of Lake Tuusula in a villa called Vårbacka, which was subsequently renamed Ahola.


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Ahola was the first artists' home in the Tuusulanjärvi artist community.


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At the turn of the century, in 1901, Eero Järnefelt's Suviranta was completed near Ahola as the artist's workspace and family residence.


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After Eero Järnefelt, Suviranta served as an artists' home for his daughter Laura and her family.


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Suviranta is still owned by the family as a private home.


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When Sibelius and the painter Eero Järnefelt and his family followed Ahoja settling in their neighbourhood, a unique community of artists in Lake Tuusula began, whose life can be explored in the many museums in the area during the summer.


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Järvenpää Art Museum collections include works by Venny Soldan-Brofeldt and Eero Järnefelt.


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The museum is located in Järvenpää Library Hall, next to the town hall and Järvenpää House.


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The Art Museum's basic exhibition, which opened in spring 2009, showcases the life work of these artists.


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On the shores of Lake Tuusula, on the opposite side of Ainola is Villa Kokkonen, designed by Alvar Aalto, the artists' home of Academician Joonas Kokkonen.


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Today, the building serving as a showcase has been called a sketch of the Finlandia House.


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The house is open to the public on a limited basis during the summer and can also be rented for meeting and banqueting use.


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One of the purest examples of modern architecture and 1960s concrete brutalism is the new church in Järvenpää.


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The church was designed by architect Erkki Elomaa and was completed in 1968.


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The altar crucifix of the church was sculpted by Lake Head sculptor Erkki Eronen.


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The crucifix is from the douglas moon.


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The church's peculiarly cube-shaped bell tower has been formed as the emblem of Järvenpää parish.


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Academician Joonas Kokkonen has composed six different tunes for the bells of the tower.


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This 625-seat church is protected by the church board as a typical representative of the architecture of its era.


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Järvenpää is home to a mosque built by the Tatars in the 1940s, the Järvenpää Mosque, which is Finland's only purpose-built building as a mosque; others are referred to as prayer rooms.


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The Järvenpää Mosque also has a minaret.


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[10] [11] Events The Järvenpää house hosts cultural events throughout the year: concerts, theatrical performances and art exhibitions.


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Annual music festivals in the city start after midsummer Järvenpää's Puistoblues.


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Blues week begins at the “blues street” downtown, in addition, there are concerts and jam events held in clubs and restaurants.


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The main concert is at the end of Blues Week on Saturday in Vanhankylänniemi.


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The artistic director of Our Festival (formerly Tuusulanjärvi Chamber Music Festival) is held at the turn of July-August.


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During the event, concerts are held in Tuusulanjärvi artists' homes, churches and concert halls.


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The Sibelius Weeks concerts in Järvenpää are held in Järvenpää House, known for its good acoustics.


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In Järvenpää, there is also a Women's Day event every year on Women's Day, which is held at Järvenpää House.


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All kinds of things can be bought there and in that context the Women's Day Fair will also organise a fashion show where the fashion of the coming year will be presented.


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At the beginning of May, Jannelle Järvenpää Day is held on the pedestrian street and in autumn the Maa Live Market event.


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Attention is also worth paying attention to the Värina weeks in early spring and, for example, to new exhibitions and events at the Järvenpää Art Museum.


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Food culture Järvenpää keeper dishes were named carrot box, salt silac sauce, worship ham, hokkaloora (potato box) and rosolli in the 1980s.


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[12] Sports Järvenpää Strongers have become many SM-level wrestlers as well as international success.


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Of the Järvenpää ball clubs, the Hawks play the main league level in ringete.


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The club's ice hockey representative team played until the 2005—06 season in Mestis before ceasing its operations.


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Today, its hockey activities are focused on juniors.


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In Pesäpallo, Kinnarin Pesis 2006 plays in the men's Suomisarja and girls and boys play in the youth SM-sarja.


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In football, Järvenpää Palloseura plays in Kakkonen in the south block.


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In addition, the girls of the club play in the SM-sarja of B juniors.


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In basketball, Järvenpää Basketball Club plays in Division II.


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The basketball club has won the Finnish Junior Championship in 2008 (A-boys) and 2009 (B-boys).


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Martial arts clubs in Järvenpää include Järvenpää's Hapkido, Akagi, Kärvenpää Bears, Sisu Gym, Järvenpää Art Society and Sandokai Ry Jujutsu Karate-Do.


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Järvenpää hosts the Tuusulanjärvi Skating Marathon together with the municipality of Tuusula annually in February/March as part of the Tour de Skate series of the Finnish Skating Association.


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Population trend The following graph shows the population trend of the town every five years since 1980.


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On 1 January 2017, the regional division used is in accordance with the situation.


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At the end of 2017, Järvenpää had 42,572 inhabitants, of whom 41,825 lived in built-up areas, 49 in sparsely populated areas and the coordinates of the place of residence of 698 inhabitants were unknown.


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The agglomeration rate is calculated from residents whose residence coordinates are known; the agglomeration rate of Järvenpää is 99.9%.


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[13] The agglomeration population of Järvenpää belongs to only one agglomeration.


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[14] Järvenpää's centrist/urban area does not form its own built-up area, but is part of the Helsinki centrist area, which extends beyond Järvenpää to several neighbouring municipalities of Helsinki, of which 41,825 inhabitants lived in the area of this city at the end of 2017.


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Järvenpää

[14] In total, the central district of Helsinki has 1,268,296 inhabitants and covers an area of 680.12 square kilometres.


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Järvenpää

[15] Parishes According to the 2018 regional division, Järvenpää has the following parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: [16] Järvenpää Parish of the Finnish Orthodox Church parishes in the Järvenpää region is the Helsinki Orthodox parish.


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[17] The districts of Järvenpää are divided into 25 different boroughs, the locations of which are shown in the map below.


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Wärtsilä Nummenkylä Pietilä Haarajoki Jamppa Peltola Isokytö Mill Saunakallio Sorto Pajala Loutti 13.


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Tablealho 14.


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Terhola 15.


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Fairytale Forest 16.


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Mikonkorpi 17.


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Kaakkola 18.


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Downtown 19.


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Kinnari 20.


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Fairytale rock 21.


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Old Village 22.


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Lepola 23.


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Kyrölä 24.


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Blades 25.


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Ristinummi in Järvenpää is an Inva residential area owned by the Invalidiliito in the early 1950s and built according to the plans of architect Esko Suhonen.


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[18] Nature Järvenpää has two nature reserves covered by Natura 2000: the Lemmenlaakso grove and the birdwater of Lake Tuusula.


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Järvenpää has about 100 hectares of parks and 250 hectares of park forests.


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There is a nature trail in the grove of Lemmenlaakso and Vanhankylänniemi.


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On the shores of Lake Tuusula there is Järvenpää Beach Park and next to it, just off the centre, a bird sanctuary with a bird tower.


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In connection with the preparation of the General Formula 2020, there is a checkered inventory vegetation survey conducted in Järvenpää (1997—2000), biotope mapping of plants (2000—2001).


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The birdland of the Lemmenlaakso has been surveyed in 1996 and the species of dwarf in 2002.


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[19] [20] [21] Vanhankyläniemi management and use plan] (approved by the City Council on 13.3.20) Administration Järvenpää belongs to the Uusimaa constituency and its city council consists of 51 city councillors.


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The President of the Board of Governors is Eemeli Peltonen (sd.)


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and Helinä Perttu (kok) chaired by the city board.


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The Mayor of Järvenpää is Olli Naukkarinen.


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[22] distribution of seats and voter turnout in municipal electionsplace voting- activitySDPKOK.SKDL VAS.LKP Lib.skl KdKest.smp PSJ+Askpvihr.Other19761512943−−− 76.2% 198014158311175.1% 198414166232− 68.0% 1988161515155,1% 13−22b 63.2% 19921711522239− 66.5% 199617144−2293c 57.6% 20001412325915d 49.8% 200414133117−714− 54.8% 2008131422625−7− 57.6% 2012111231467−7− 54.9% 2017101132548−8− 56.2% a Järvenpää 2000 — joint list of unbound and green people (1988,1992,1996), Järvenpää 2000+ (2000, 2004, 2008), Järvenpää (2012 Plus, 2012 2017) b Democratic Alternative (2) c Young Finnish Party d PRO Järvenpää (4), Renovation Group (1) Sources: Statistics Finland [23] [24], Ministry of Justice [25] Educational institutions Parish college and Luther college are located on the shores of Lake Tausula.


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The Järvenpää unit of the Diakonia University of Applied Sciences also operated in the same premises until the end of 2015.


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[26] Other schools operating in Järvenpää include Spesia Vocational College, Keuda offices and the second largest secondary school in Finland, Järvenpää Secondary School.


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Järvenpää

There are three middle schools in Järvenpää: Järvenpää Yhjoinkoulu, Kartano School and Koivusaari School.


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The Coed School and Manor also include primary schools.


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There are also other primary schools in Järvenpää: Mankala, Anttila, Haarajoki, Kinnari, Kyrölä, Oinaskatu, Saunakallio, Harjula and Harjula School Vihtakadu unit and special school Juhola.


Question: What is the population of Järvenpää?

Järvenpää

Friendships Vác, Hungary Rødovre, Denmark Lørenskog, Norway Täby, Sweden Jõgevamaa, Estonia Olhava, Russia Buchholz in der Nordheide, Germany Pasadena, United States Ho, Ghana See also List of public artworks and monuments in Järvenpää Sources On topic elsewhere (map, pdf, 5,7Mb, 16.9.1986, 1:10000) * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

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Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

It is named after the expressive, or expressive style of emotion.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

In addition to visual arts and music, expressionism influenced literature and to some extent in film and architecture.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

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Well-known expressionists in literature include August Strindberg, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Georg Trakl, Alfred Döblin and Georg Kaiser.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

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Music expressionism is represented by composers Arnold Schönberg, Alban Berg and Anton Webern with their productions from the 1910s.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

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Igor Stravinsky's ballets The Firebird (1905), Petruška (1911) and Spring Ash (1913) have expressionist features.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Aarre Merikanto and Väinö Raitio are Finnish expressionists.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

The word expressionism comes from the Latin word expressio, which means expression.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

The word expressive normally refers not so much to stylistic direction, but generally expressiveness.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Wassily Kandinsky: History Expressionism is not a school of art, but has been regarded not only as a characteristic of style qualities, but also to some extent a characteristic belonging to the personality and temperament of the artist.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Although expressionism is often considered a German phenomenon, the trend developed in France.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

The development of expressionism was strongly influenced by Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Edvard Munch.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

As a counterbalance to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, it was desired to emphasize internal expression in addition to external and naturalness.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

It is precisely Fauvists that can be considered early expressionists.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

The term expressionism was first used at an exhibition of fauvists and cubists in Berlin in 1911.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

The word often refers mainly to German artist groups Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter ('blue rider'), as well as French fauvists (among them Henri Matisse).


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

In Nazi Germany, Expressionism was one of those art trends in modernism condemned by the National Socialists and exhibited in exhibitions of “decadence art”.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Initially some Nazi leaders, for example Hermann Göring advocated expressionism, especially paintings by the Die Brücke group as “authentic German” art.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

This so-called Expressionism dispute was resolved by Adolf Hitler, and by 1937 Expressionism and Expressionists had been declared to be panned.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Expressionism continued as a strong art trend after World War II.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

American abstract expressionism and its European counterpart informalism were strong trends into the early 1960s.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Expressionism was invented again in the early 1980s as neo-expressionism.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Pioneers Vincent van Gogh, Crows over a wheat field, 1890 Paul Gauguin, Ford, ca.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

in 1890.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

August Macke, Woman in Green Jacket, 1913.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Otto Müller, Landscape and Baths, 1915.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Classics of Expressionism Egon Schiele, Women's Couple, 1915.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Amedeo Modigliani, Diego Rivera, 1916.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Style In a broad sense, different directions of expressionism and geometric trends in art, such as constructivism or minimalism, are contrasts with each other.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Expressionism appeals to both artist and viewer's sense of touch with roughness and painterly reductiveness, as well as favouring spontaneous, instinctive and non-conscious phenomena.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Expressionism has also often been the antithesis of formally and externally beautiful and siloed art, consciously creating images of rancor, ugliness and strangeness.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Expressionism is one of the popular art trends in the measured world of modern-day precision and rationality.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Expressionists describe presenting subjects, but instead of pursuing reality, they aim, through exaggeration, vigorous paintwork, and colour, for emotional and expressive presentation.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Topics are more often melancholic, anxious or sad in their emotional tone than joyful.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Expressionists are often inspired by caricatures and expressionist exaggeration is often caricature.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

For example, Tyko Sallisin worked for a few years as a cartoonist in the United States.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Architecture by Erich Mendelsohn, Einstein Tower, 1921, Potsdam-Babelsberg, Germany.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Jules M. Luthmann, Broadcasting station Radio Kootwijk, 1922 Netherlands, concrete building.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Fritz Höger, Chilehaus, 1925, Burchardstraße Hamburg.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Josef Franke, Residential and commercial house “Ring-Eck”, 1928, Gelsenkirchen, Germany.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Elsi Borg, Taulumäki Church, 1929, Jyväskylä.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Movie Doctor Caligari poster.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Neo-expressionism Neo-expressionism became a popular trend starting in the early 1980s as both abstract and representational, fortified painterly.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Its starting shot was The New Spirit in Painting exhibition in London in 1981, after which neo-expressionist painting became common in almost every country.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Expressionism in Finland From the “isms” of Modernism, expressionism has been the most popular in Finnish art.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Reasons for it have been sought in northern nature as well as rough folk nature.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

The breakthrough of expressionism had occurred in Finland even before the November Group, founded in the late 1910s.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

The group featured artists such as Tyko Sallisinen, Marcus Collin, Alvar Cawén, Jalmari Ruokokoski, Valle Rosenberg, William Lönnberg and Ilmari Aalto.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Aimo Kanerva, for example, and Heikki Tuomela, a representative of the naivist style, are also among the well-known expressionists.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

In his youth, Vilho Lampi, a Liminalainen painter, painted expressionism tinged with the influence of Tyko Sallinen, Alvar Cawén and the Nov group.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

[1] Finnish Neo-Expressionism from the 1980s onwards is represented by Leena Luostarinen with its Symbolist Expressionism, Cris af Enehielm with his satirising and caricaturistic style, Jukka Mäkelä and Hannu Rönkkönen with his abstract expressionism.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

Hannu Lukin, who teaches painting at Liminga School of Art, is known for his large-format paintings made in the spirit of confident and big-stroke expressionism [2] and printmaker Antti Holma's art has seen links with the tradition of German expressionism.


Question: What does fauvism mean?

Expressionism

[3] Famous expressionists Vincent van Gogh Wassily Kandinsky Oskar Kokoschka Franz Marc Henri Matisse Edvard Munch Emil Nolde Georges Rouault Egon Schiele Chaïm Soutine See also Fauvism Abstract Expressionism Neo-Expressionism Sources On topic elsewhere * Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud [freud] (originally Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 Freiberg, Moravian, Austrian Empire (present-day Příbor, Czech Republic) — 23 September 1939 London, Great Britain) was an Austrian physician and researcher known above all as a developer of psychoanalysis.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Through that he has had great influence throughout the field of psychology, and psychoanalysis has influenced the development of many different forms of psychotherapy.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud's influence on Western culture as a whole has been considerable.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[1] Life Childhood in Moravia Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born in Moravian in the small town of Freiberg (present-day Příbor), today located in the Czech Republic.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Father Jacob Freud was a merchant, and the family were secularized German-speaking Jews seeking to assimilate with the Austrians.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund himself sought to hold on to his Judaism.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[2] The family's stern nanny was Catholic.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[3] In October 1857, Sigismund was born a brother Julius, who died in April 1858.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In December 1858, Sister Anna was born.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The Freuds moved in 1859 to Leipzig and in 1860 to Vienna.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The family lived in scarce conditions, but Sigismund proved to be a gifted and read-minded schoolchild.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Years of study Austro-Hungarian anti-Semitism began to relent its grip in the 1870s, and it was possible for Jews to pursue high social status as well.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[4] After matriculating in 1873, Sigismund began law studies at the University of Vienna, thinking of a political career but soon moved on to study natural science and above all medicine.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Around this time, he shortened his first name to Sigmund.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

His studies progressed more slowly than usual, and he did not graduate with a Doctor of Medicine until 1881.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

(Normally, studies lasted five years.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

) [5] With an aforementioned historical background, Freud received a natural science education and he specialized as a neurologist.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

He valued reason and experience: positivists were in power in Vienna during his time as a student.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The research ideal was the physicomathematical method.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[6] In his private life, he detached himself from the Jewish religion — but wished to preserve his Jewish identity [2] — and as a scholar of theological preconceptions.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

He drew strong influences from his teacher physiologist Ernst Brücke, who belonged to the school of Hermann Helmholtz.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Brücke taught that all natural phenomena are motion phenomena, and Freud tried for a long time to explain psychic events by physiological reasons.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Until the end of his life, Freud was of the opinion that psychoanalysis “can therefore agree with the general view of science” and that psychoanalysis is a natural science.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[7] Around 1895, Freud pursued a theory that would describe how nerve cells and strands work together.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

During Freud's time as a student, psychiatric diseases were considered physiological degenerative phenomena, to which some people have a more pronounced hereditary predisposition than usual.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

External factors at most trigger a physiological sequence of events, which is the actual disease.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The most famous performer of the conception was Emil Kraepelin.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud's late thinking shows only minor remnants of this approach, and he pointed out not only hereditary considerations, but also life destiny.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[8] In understanding psychosomatics, Freud adopted influences from the Ancient Greeks, who held that mind and body could not be separated.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[9] The influence of romance in the background of psychoanalysis was also influenced by romantic stimulations.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud read at a young age the works of Friedrich Schelling, apparently adopting from this the notion that nature consists of opposing fundamental forces fighting each other (dualism).


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Romanticist poets such as J. W. von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller gave incitement to the exploration of dreams, and the unconscious () soul life had been referred to by such philosophers as Arthur Schopenhauer — whom Freud, though, did not begin to read until 1919 — and Friedrich Nietzsche.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Also, an empathetic research attitude — which perhaps characterised not so much Freud's own way of working as other early analysts — and an interest in everyday affairs were explicitly undone by romanticism.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[10] Throughout his time as a student, Freud was interested in subjects other than just medicine — he followed Brentano's philosophy lectures, among other things — and he received quite a varied education.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

He dreamed of a career as a researcher and worked in the laboratory of physiology run by Brücke until the summer of 1882, until taking a post at the Vienna City Hospital.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The reasons were financial: Freud was engaged, and establishing a home required sufficient income that only a private reception could provide.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The establishment of the reception, in turn, required clinical experience.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[11] Beginning a medical career Freud worked at the Vienna City Hospital for three years.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

While in the surgery department, he researched the use of cocaine as an anaesthetic, and he was enthusiastic about the healing and stimulant effects of cocaine.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In 1884—87, Freud himself experimented with cocaine and found it to help with his bouts of depression.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[12] Freud studied, among other things, the effect of cocaine on body strength and responsiveness and recommended it as an aid in morphinist withdrawal.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud published an attention-grabbing article on “Cocaine” in 1884, and also mentioned in it the anaesthetic effect of cocaine.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud's colleague, ophthalmologist Karl Koller, then came to the idea that cocaine could be used to numb the eye, conducted experiments and made his findings public in September 1884.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud and especially Koller gained worldwide fame after this.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud contributed to cocaine starting to be used as a local anesthetic — first in ophthalmology, then in other minor surgery.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[13] Since then, however, Freud was overrun by the suspicion that this “psychotropic drug” is also associated with serious adverse reactions.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

After 1887, he renounced his earlier notions and later regretted his proven incorrect assumption of the usefulness of cocaine.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[14] Field Trips In 1885 Freud was awarded a travel grant to Paris for the doctrine of neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot to study strokes and aphasia in children.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Charcot's influence drew him from neurology to psychology, and he listened with apparent enthusiasm to Charcot's lectures.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In particular, the use of hypnotic suggestion impressed him.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Charcot took seriously the symptoms of his hysteria patients and was prepared to make peculiar assumptions.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Upon his return to Vienna, Freud set about disseminating knowledge of Charcot's studies, among other things, by translating into German the latter's lectures.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Along with Charcot, hypnotic suggestion was studied in France by the so-called Nancy school, which included Ambroise Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud became acquainted with the views of this school too, translated Bernheim's book into German and made a field trip to Nancy in 1889.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

With his own reception after his trip to Paris, Freud began a private reception.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Doctors at City Hospital sent him nerve disease patients, and he continued to work in Theodor Meynert's Brain Anatomy Laboratory.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

After a long engagement and extensive correspondence, he married Martha Bernays in 1886.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

They were born a total of six children, and the youngest daughter Anna Freud became a psychoanalyst and a continuator of her father's work [15].


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud developed his own psychological theory all the time, using his patient material.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

He continued to use hypnotic suggestion but experimented with Wilhelm H. Erb's electrotherapy device, with which neurasthenia patients had usually been treated.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

However, he began to regard the effect of “electrotherapy” as the result of suggestion, [16] and he had to explain clinical observations with entirely novel concepts (such as emotion transmission) and assumptions (the effect of unconscious psychic activity).


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[17] The development of Freud's thinking can be closely followed from the extensive correspondence he had with Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin physician, 1887—1904.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[18] Fliess became an important interlocutor and stimulant for Freud and, above all, a supporter, because in Vienna Freud's ideas were long taken rather assiduously and he did not receive a position at the University of Vienna.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

While studying aphasia, Freud brought psychological material into the clinical picture.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

According to the prevailing conception around that time, psychic events were caused by physical causes.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

What seemed particularly subversive was Freud's idea that sexual contradictions played a role in the genesis of neuroses.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Beginning of psychoanalysis With his teacher and supporter Josef Breuer, Freud prepared a treatise on Hysteria (1895) in the 1890s, which described female patients treated by Breuer and Freud.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis is considered to have originated from this work.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The book's earliest case of Breuer's patient “Anna O...”, or author and human rights activist Bertha Pappenheim, dates from the early 1880s, and based on the case, Freud considered Breuer to be the true father of psychoanalysis.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[19] Breuer treated Pappenheim's “severe nervous cough” and other symptoms considered hysterical, such as paralysis and delusional visions.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

One gets the impression from Breuer's book that the “katharsis method” was thanks to Pappenheim.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

According to Breurer, under the control of “self-inflicted hypnosis”, Pappenheim told him stories that relieved his symptoms temporarily.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The method of treatment can be appointed cathartic, as the patient was able to face strong emotions and memories that he could not cope with in the waking state.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Afterwards, Breuer began hypnotizing his patient, finding that he was able under hypnosis to return his symptoms to the situation they considered to be the initial cause of the symptom.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

This supported the assumption that hysterical symptoms revert to life events and not so much physical causes.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

According to Breuer, Pappenheim's symptoms thus became “off told” or “off spoken”.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[20] However, an intense “erotic emotional transfer” emerged in the nursing relationship, which frightened Breuer into discontinuing treatment.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[21] Despite his deficiency, Pappenheim's treatment has been regarded as the “stock event” of psychoanalysis.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[22] According to current psychoanalysts' yardsticks, many early analyses were incorrect, too short and the severity of the patient's pathology was not fully understood.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud and Breurer argued in their book Treatises on Hysteria [23] that Pappenheim would have been cured by psychoanalysis.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The allegation was not true; the patient eventually went into such disrepair that he was hospitalised for months [24].


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

After his trip to Paris, Freud had taken to using hypnosis to treat neurosis patients.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

However, the experience guided him to gradually abandon hypnosis and focus on listening to patients.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

This led to the “free whim method”.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud required patients to tell them everything that was going through their minds.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

However, mere telling was not enough to heal; rather, the unwelcome memories revealed in the narratives had to be worked on (durcharbeiten) and made accepted as part of the patient's thought world.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[25] Freud's early treatment techniques included the following basic methods: patient like observation, apt interpretations, free telling of mind inductions (whims) in the waking state, and working on recalls.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[26] However, the procedures were still fumbling, and Freud's “therapeutic rage” made him more of a manipulator than a listener.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[27] The patient was an instrument for him: he listened to the patients, but he knocked them like an internist and listened to what the echo answered.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[28] Theory of seduction Treatises on hysteria received quite a nice reception in Austria, and when Freud presented in April 1896 at the Association of Psychiatrists and Neurologists on the sexual etiology of neuroses and introduced the so-called theory of seduction, according to which the underlying neuroses is always actual sexual abuse, his views were rebuffed.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

From this theory he already gave up the following year, but did not publicize his conception until 1905.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[29] It was quite crucial for Freud to abandon the theory of seduction: now he may have assumed that figments of imagination influenced soul life as strongly as actual events.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Some scholars, such as Jeffrey Masson [30] and Alice Miller, [31] have criticized Freud for rejecting the theory of seduction: they say Freud gave in to wanting to fall into the favour of old medical circles and completely denied that children would be exploited.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

However, Freud did not give up presenting peculiar theories later (for example, death feats).


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

He was also very clear that children are actually being exploited.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[32] Background of Neuroses The sexual etiology of neuroses is considered to be Freud's invention, but he himself reported that he had been inspired by three scientists who did not acknowledge the honor as his own: Josef Breuer, J.-M.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Charcot and Rudolf Chrobak.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

These had previously mentioned to the young neurologist Freud the “secrets of the alcoves”, and Freud himself, as a proper burgher, had rejected such ideas.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[33] The clinical record convinced Freud of such a theory, but the loose cook-talk of Breuer, Charcot and Chrobak did not return to his memory until later.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud set out to fight publicly for a theory that conformist doctors were unwilling to put forth publicly.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Experiences with anti-Semitism had prepared Freud for a certain degree of independence: “On beginning in 1873 to study at university, I experienced a few palpable disappointments at the outset.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The worst was the insistence I faced that I should feel inferior and not belonging to the nation because I was Jewish.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

— — one important consequence of this first impression I made at university was when so early I became able to be in opposition and declared by the 'majority of the again'.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

It prepared for a certain degree of independence with regard to criticism.” [34] The first books Key events in psychoanalysis also included Freud's self-analysis and interpretation of dreams.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

After being plagued by various neurotic problems, Freud pursued a thorough introspection and constant recording of his feelings in the 1890s.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[35] Freud analysed himself using the method of free mind derivations and mainly used his sleep as material.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[36] In this Freud felt that he had become increasingly aware of the influence and function of dreams, and in the late 1890s he authored an extensive treatise on the Interpretation of Dreams, published in November 1899 (1900 on its title page).


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

At first the reception for the interpretation of Dreams was lackluster and the book was not sold much.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud's choice of subject seemed bizarre, as dreams were seen as secondary.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The two following works, which looked at the performance of error, namely “Freudian slips” and jokes: Psychopathology of Our Everyday Life (1901) and Joke and Its Connection to Hidden Consciousness (1905) seemed equally strange.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In these three books, Freud's attention is directed to mundane and involuntary life phenomena.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

“It is my intention to collect and scientifically critique everyday things.” [37] In the interpretation of dreams, Freud suggested that sleep is the (cloaked) realisation of a (repressed, rebuffed) desire.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The psychopathology of our daily lives focused on demonstrating the meaningfulness of error performance that combating prevents people from perceiving.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In the joke book, Freud posited that the pleasure generated by a joke is based on the conserving of psychic energy.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The next important publication was Freud's Three Sexual Theoretical Treatises, which he published in 1905 and which he continued to supplement until 1925.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[38] The theses dealt with sexual abnormalities, child sexuality and the psychosexual development of adolescence and tried to organize them into a whole in which unconscious aspects play a part.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Again, the points Freud made were not his own discoveries, but what was new were the connection in which the observations were placed, the totality that formed them, and the explanation that was presented to them.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

An important advance in the development of psychoanalytic theory was marked by Freud's methodological series of articles that appeared in the early 1910s, which established the procedures for classical Freudian analysis (among them the articles “On the Dynamics of Emotional Transfer”, 1912; “Initiation of Treatment”, 1913).


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Beginning in the psychoanalytic movement Beginning in 1902, young Viennese doctors gathered at Freud to discuss and study psychoanalysis.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

From these “Wednesday meetings” emerged in 1908 the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Initially there were five members, in 1906 seventeen.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Over the years, the atmosphere at the meetings began to become escalated, and Freud began to gouge supporters from outside Austria.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In early 1908, Max Graf stated, “We are no longer the brotherhood which we once formed.” [39] No doubt these times were in his mind when, towards the end of his life, he wrote: “— — in the squeeze of hostility on the one hand and party spirituality on the other, an atmosphere arises which does not favor objective research.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The situation causes many analysts to use defence mechanisms and to avoid the consequences and requirements of analysis on their part, most likely by directing them against others, so that they themselves remain as they are and can avoid criticising and corrective analysis from effect.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The author [Anatole France] describes the course of development correctly when he states that when a person gains power, he finds it difficult not to abuse it.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

If we try to explain that, as an uncomfortable metaphor, the effect of X-rays when handled without adequate precautions comes to mind.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

It would not seem surprising if constant working with everything rebuffed, struggling in the soul of people for its freedom, would shake the analyst awake the spendthrift efforts that otherwise remain stifled.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

This too belongs to the 'dangers of analysis'...” [40] The internationalisation of psychoanalysis began in 1907 when Freud began visiting Swiss psychiatrists, including Carl G. Jung.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In 1909, the first periodical Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathische Forschungen began to appear.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In 1909, Freud and Jung were invited to the United States to present in German.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud forged a few important friendships (with James Putnam, among them) on a trip to the United States that aided the international spread of psychoanalysis.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The International Psychoanalytic Association (Internationale Psychoanalytische Vereinigung, IPV) was founded in 1910 and Jung was elected its first president.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In the first ten of the 20th century, a few important scholars became involved in the psychoanalytic movement who became promoters of psychoanalysis, as well as others who soon drifted into conflict with the movement — that is, Freud.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The first group included doctors Max Eitingon and Karl Abraham from Berlin, Ernest Jones from London, and Sándor Ferenczi from Budapest.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

None of them operated in Vienna.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Within a few years Carl G. Jung, Eugen Bleuler, Alfred Adler and Wilhelm Stekel drifted into disagreements with Freud and split from the psychoanalytic movement as reciprocal accusations flew.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In particular, the sacking of Jung proved painful for Freud, as he had been formulating Jung as a continuator of his work.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[41] Otto Rank, one of Freud's credit figures, also resigned from the psychoanalytic movement.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

In 1924 he published first, together with Sándor Ferencz, a book Entwicklungsziele der Psychoanalyse, which suggested that the childhood experiences of analysis patients should be ignored, and then his own book Das Trauma der Geburt und seine Bedeutung für die Psychoanalyse, in which he did birth trauma to a person's personal history is a predominant circumstance.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud criticized Rank's theory in his articles “Hemmung, Symptom und Angst” in 1926 and “The Ending and Intermination of Analysis” in 1937.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Rank's ideas received a more interested backlash in America than in Europe, especially when Rank presented his own theories as Freud's ideas.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[42] The social application of psychoanalysis was pursued by Wilhelm Reich, who tried to combine psychoanalysis with Marxism.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

However, his conception did not receive support from other psychoanalysts and he was expelled from IPV in 1934.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[43] Case reports and analysis of culture Between 1900 and 1910, Freud conducted a few analyses that have reached classical status in psychoanalysis since he published case reports.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The first “strain analysis” was “Dora's” failed therapy, which taught psychoanalysis many aspects of emotion transfer (transference, Übertragung) and led to the appreciable development of analysis technique.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The analysis of “Little Hans” was considered to have illustrated how oedipal contradictions manifested in a five-year-old little boy.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The analysis of “Rat Man” was considered to provide insight into the etiology of forced neurosis.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud's case narratives brought new adherents to psychoanalysis, as the narratives had been worked out in a fluent and cursive style and Freud knew how to anticipate criticising rebuttals and thus turn the reader to his side.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

As literary prequels or parables, one can see the narratives of Henrik Ibsen, Arthur Schnitzler, Franz Kafka or Lev Tolstoy.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[44] Along with the analysis patients, Freud and other psychoanalysts also tried to analyze historical people: Freud's writings on Leonardo da Vinci [45] and Daniel Paul Schreber became known.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[46] However, these treatises have been considered speculative and lack the counter-echo inherent in actual psychoanalysis.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[47] The persuasiveness of the articles is also undermined by their premise errors: Leonardo's article is based on a translation error, and the Schreber article confuses homosexuality with transgender.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis began to expand into the field of cultural studies, and in 1912 Otto Rank and Hanns Sachs founded the Imago periodical.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Well-known analyses include Freud's article “Michelangelo's Moses” [48] and his “sleep analysis” of Wilhelm Jensen's miniature novel Gradiva.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[49] However, psychoanalysis in art was plagued by a certain superficiality.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The research focused on the subject, and “professionalism, form and style” remained virtually untouched.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[50] Imago magazine published, among other things, Freud's Totem and Taboo as four essays.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The work deals with issues of religious science and social psychology.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Along with merit—the concept of psychoanalytic ambivalence—the book includes speculation.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The problems with totem and taboo stem from Freud not doing fieldwork but developing his theories at a desk using source works that already included obvious interpretations and whose veracity was controversial anyway.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

The interaction of the researcher and the subject of study remained unborn again.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[51] The First World War made it difficult for psychoanalysts: due to hostilities, Austrians and Germans were severed, for example, with England, several analysts were forced into war service, and Freud's reception was not enough patients.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Furthermore, the psychoanalytic movement had just split after Jung and Adler went their separate ways.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Even before the war, Freud had authored theoretical articles in which he sought to present the foundations of psychoanalysis and differentiate it from, for example, Carl G. Jung's “analytical psychology”.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

During the war, he authored a 12-volume collection of articles on the philosophy of psychoanalysis.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Freud published no more than five of the twelve articles and disposed of the rest.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[52] The speculative attitude is continued by Freud's Thesis Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), which presents the combined effect of the pleasure principle and the reality principle, and argues for the theory of death-spending.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

[53] According to Freud, organisms are affected by a special sense of death which seeks to restore the organism to an inanimate state.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Few psychoanalysts — among these Melanie Klein and her followers — have embraced Freud's thinking in that regard.


Question: What year was Friedrich Schiller born?

Sigmund Freud

Only the theory of aggression sentiment has found adherents.