Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Information governance focuses on the teaching and research complex of knowledge, information processes, management, information actors and information technology.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

In the psychology of management, it is about meeting people, experiencing, understanding and management, that is, aspects of human resources management.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Employment A degree in administrative sciences provides capacity for management, administrative development and expert positions.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Tasks include economic and municipal planning, as well as staff management and development tasks.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

[2] In practice, those who have studied administrative science can work in a number of occupations and positions, for example as planner, superintendent, lieutenant, and administrative law secretary.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Graduates often work for the state, companies or municipalities.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

[4] The subject offentlig förvaltning (literally public administration) is taught at Åbo Akademi in Finland.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

It is related to the administrative science subject with the same name as the administrative science predecessor at Tampere and the University of Lapland and the subject Public Management at the University of Vaasa.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

The subject is statsvetenskapliga institutionen (“statsvetenskapliga institutionen”) at ÅA.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

The specific areas of expertise of the subject are municipal and environmental administration.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

The title of the degree is politices kandidat, magister, licentiat and doktor, meaning literally the question is 'political science' degrees.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Professor of the subject has been appointed PD Marko Joas.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

At the University of Helsinki, the subject general political science is divided into three lines, one of which is the administration and organizational research line.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Professor Pertti Ahonen, M.Sc., M.Sc., and Markku Temmes, Research Director, who holds the title of Professor by decision of the University.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

In the Social- och kommunalshögskolan affiliated with the University of Helsinki, political science (statsvetenskap med förvaltning) exchanges include förvaltningspolitik, literally translated as 'administrative policy'.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

The professor is PD Stefan Sjöblom.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

The University of Kuopio has a Bachelor's, Master's, Licentiate and Doctorate degree in Health Administration, among others, Professors of ThT Juha Kinnunen and HT Jari Vuori.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

The subject of the same degrees is also called Social Administration Science, which was started as a professor by Vuokko Niiranen.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Health administration science is similarly majored in health care studies at the University of Oulu, where the subject is ma.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Professor is Leena Paasivaara, TTT.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Business studies, or business studies, is a widely distributed research area and subject called organisation and management in Finland.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Some topics of governance research are also studied within its circle.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Previously, the title was widely downright corporate governance.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Classics subject administrative science in terms of Lorenz von Stein (1815-1890) is among the founders of the field especially in the German-speaking language area.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Among other things, he emphasized the diversity of the starting points of Verwaltungswissenschaft, namely modern language, using the interdisciplinary nature of the field.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Max Weber (1864-1920) was an extremely versatile general social scientist.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

He explored issues such as governmental organization, work ethic, organization of economic activity, and religious organizing.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

In addition, he was a noted developer of the methodology of the social sciences.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

F. W. Taylor (1856-1915) laid the groundwork for the scientific study of management and brought in the requirement for efficiency.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

He has also been the subject of a lot of criticism.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

However, the engineering grip on governance, or 'Taylorism', has by no means disappeared from the study of governance in our own time, let alone practical management and management.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Best known as President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) was a professor at Princeton University in the United States during his time.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

He is a member of the People's Power of Public Administration, i.e. democracy positioning, and pioneers to root corruption out of public administration.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

On the other hand, Wilson's notion that political and administrative matters should and could be strictly separated was, in light of later experience, quite problematic.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Mary Parker Follett (1868-1933) studied people management and laid the groundwork for human resource management research.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

She was also a female pioneer in the field of governance studies.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

On the other hand, he was only one of many pursuers of a human counterweight to 'Taylorism', although one of the first to move decisively in that direction.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001) laid the groundwork for organizational theory challenging economics.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Simon is so far the only person to win the Nobel Prize who can be characterised as an administrator, particularly in the early stages of his university career.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

He therefore started as a researcher in public administration, although he subsequently excelled in the area of organizational theory and artificial intelligence studies.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Peter Drucker (1909-2005) distinguished himself in many ways in the area of management research.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

He has been particularly noted in research in business management and goal management.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

On the other hand, he belongs more to the crossbenchers of practice and reflection than actual scientific scientists.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

See also Administration Bureaucracy Taylorism Sources on the topic elsewhere Note!


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

The foreign-language search words are literally directed to 'public administration' rather than 'administrative science'.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

While this is not wrong, the method of reference is one sided.


Question: Where was administrative science started to be taught?

Administrative Science

Category:Public Administration Category:Policy Research


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The Constitutional-Finnish Party, or Nuorsuomen Party, was a liberal bourgeois and political faction during the autonomy period with a more international agenda than the Finnish Party, from which it had broken away.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Historia Young Finnishness initially took shape in 1894 as an internal trend of the Finnish Party, which had a separate programme.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

As an independent party, the Young Finns regrouped in 1905, when the party was led by Eero Erkko and K. J. Ståhlberg.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Roots lie in the artist circles of the 1880s (Ahot, Järnefelts, Kasimir Leino).


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

During the Routa years, those from the Finnish Party had joined the party who did not accept the policy of acquiescence and formed the 1902 “Party of Constitutional Finns”.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

[1] During the first period of repression, the Youth Finnish Party and the Swedish Party jointly fought Russification and defended the Constitution of Finland.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The collaboration was led by an uncommitted Leo Mechel.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The retreat of the Russians in 1905 (there were demonstrations, petitions were made, strikes, etc.) was regarded as a victory by the constitutionalists, bringing the period of repression to an end.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Mechelin formed the Senate solely from constitutionalists.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The Mechelin Senate enacted freedom of speech, printing, association and assembly and parliamentary reform for Finland: the legislative parliament was replaced by a unicameral parliament, first elected in 1907.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The right to vote extended to all citizens of legal age, including women.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The work against Russification also brought nationalists and conservatives into the party.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

In the 1907 parliamentary election, countrymen and labourers made up the majority of the electorate.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Young Finns seen as the most prominent representatives of the groups in the Riksdag thought they would receive significant support from them and up to about 70 of the 200 seats in Parliament, but only 26 MPs came.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Svinhufvud, a strict constitutionalist, was elected Speaker of the Parliament, and the Mechelin Senate continued to function until 1908.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The party had, for its last decade, two wings, the “sparrows” (mm.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

K. J. Ståhlberg and Eero Erkko) and “Swallows” (e.g.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Jonas Castrén and P. E. Svinhufvud).


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Of these, the former were mainly social liberal and the latter prioritising constitutionalism, partly conservative-nationalist.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Especially at the beginning, the differences were small; for example, Minna Canth, a writer who was part of the previous ones, considered Jonas Castrén superior in his abilities and the party's only hope.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The statesmanship issue of independent Finland split the party in two in 1918.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The majority of Young Finns (mainly “sparrows”) decided to incorporate the party into the new National Progress Party, founded by supporters of the Republic.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The Progress Party has been a liberal right-wing party.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

It was joined by a majority of the People's Party and a small so-called left wing of Old Finns.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The majority of the “Swallows” passed to the pro-monarchy National Coalition Party, founded in 1918.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The objectives of the youth Finns The programme emphasised the inviolability of the constitutions and the defence of Finland's internal independence.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

In accordance with the doctrines of Mechelin, instead of an autocrat, the Russian emperor would be a Grand Duke subject to laws.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The position of the Finnish language was wanted to be a leader without oppressing Swedish speakers.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

At the time of the 1894 programme, universal and equal suffrage was considered to be the goal of the Young Finns.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

It was thought that it would take time to push through, and for a short period the moderate expansion of suffrage and the narrowing of voting powers were taken as goals.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The programme left much more abstract because it was feared that Old Finns would take away the voices of the old countryside and thus prevent even small reforms.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

For the same reason, the points of separation of church and state were substantially relaxed.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

On economic issues, the Young Finns were quite liberal; for example, the freedom of business was wanted inviolable and protective duties were rejected.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Liberalism was widespread in the programme anyway: to abolish pre-censorship and to reduce officialdom.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Officials were to be made servants of the people.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

On the other hand, taxation was wanted to be progressive.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

Young Finns wanted to improve the rights of landless and laborers.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The party wanted to order employers to take out compulsory accident insurance for working people and working people to take compulsory pension insurance.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Youth Finnish Party

The national school institution was wanted throughout the country and compulsory.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

University study was wanted to be accessible to everyone.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

Labour education was also wanted to be promoted through vocational schools.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

In 1894, the temperance cause was to be promoted only by voluntary action (though Santeri Alkio was a proponent of Prohibition).


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

In 1906, the general atmosphere of the whole country turned to Prohibition and the Young Finns made concessions to it too.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

It has been estimated that the Young Finnish Party was liberal, but decidedly less liberal than Leo Mechelin's Liberal Party (1880—1885).


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

The League of Young Suomen Young Suomen was the national youth organisation of the Youth Party.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

The federation was founded in Tampere 19—21.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

on June 1909.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

Oskari Mantere, Ph.D. Electoral Success was elected as the first chairman Parliamentary ElectionYearDelegates Votes190726121 60413.65% 190826115 20114.23% 190929122 77014.50% 191028114 29114.44% 191128119 36114.88% 191329102 31314.13,13% 19162399 41912.50% 191724??


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

Well-known Young Finns Later presidents: Risto Ryti President of Finland 1940—1944, did not enter politics until 1919 in the ranks of the Progress Party K. J. Ståhlberg a leading figure of the party (sparrows) in the 20th century, the first president of Finland (1919—1925) and the father of the constitution, the law school Professor, Progress Party 1918— P. E. Svinhufvud President of Finland 1931—1937, also President of the Senate of Independence and Regent of Finland in 1918; Coalition Party 1918— Other politicians: Pekka Ahmavaara, peasant Jonas Castrén, leader of swallows Eero Erkko, Founder of the daily newspaper (Helsingin Sanomat); party president Maikki Friberg, women's affairs activist Kustavi Grotenfelt Lucina Hagman, women's affairs activist and social reformer Th. Homén Tekla Hultin, Finland's second female Doctor, MP 1908—1923, founder member of the party, K. F. Ignatius Santeri Ivalo (Ingman), journalist, writer A.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

K. Karvonen, teacher Jaakko Laurila, the last party secretary of the party, J. A.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

Lyly, editor-in-chief of Th. Rein, Professor Heikki Renvall, MP, senator, laws.tri, insurance director E.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

N. Setälä Atte Törnqvist (Atte Tarjanne) Fathers of other parties: Santeri Alkio, founding father of the Agrarian League; led the Young Finns Agrarian Wing (Nuorsuomen Finnish Agrarian League of Southern Ostrobothnia) and merged it into the Agrarian League in 1908.


Question: When did the NuorFinns group as an independent party?

Juvenomalainen Party

Artists: Juhani Aho, social writer, Minna Canth, social writer Akseli Gallen-Kallela, painter Pekka Halonen painter Arvid Järnefelt, social writer, journalist Ilmari Kianto, social writer Eino Leino poet, playwright, journalist Jean Sibelius National Composer of Finland See also Young Finland Sources Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Vares, Vesa| title = Sparrows and Swallows: Young Finnishness and Young Finnish Party 1870- 1918| location = Helsinki| publisher = Society of Finnish Literature| year = 2000| version = Historical Studies 206| id = ISBN 951-746-161-5}} Anniina Mäenpää, Master's Thesis 2017 On the topic elsewhere (Contemplating - data pool of political programmes) Category:Young Finnish Party Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

The Finnish Reich Sports Association SVUL ry [1] (abbreviation SVUL [2]) served from 1906 to 1994 as the largest umbrella organization for Finnish sports and physical activity, with the successor Suomen Liikunta and Sports founded in 1993.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

SVUL was founded under the name Finnish Gymnastics and Sports Federation, which the name SVUL abbreviated until 1961.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

After that, the meaning of the abbreviation SVUL changed to the Finnish Reich Sports Association.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

Upon leaving the kingdom's sports map, it was an organisation of approximately 1.2 million person members and 4300 member clubs.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

[3] The SVUL was officially established on 11 March 1906, but earlier there had been attempts to establish a Finnish sports federation in the late 19th century.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

Viktor Damm attempted to establish a Finnish-speaking workers' sports federation in 1897 and a general bilingual sports federation by Ivar Wilskman in 1899, but both attempts failed.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In June 1900, at a meeting under Wilskman's leadership, a Finnish-speaking Finnish Gymnastics and Sports Federation was established, but it failed to gain Senate approval, so it was forced to operate unofficial.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

However, the federation held two general gymnastic festivities, 1900 in Helsinki and 1903 in Vyborg.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The federation was not so much a competitive sports organisation as it served as a link between the then Helsinki, Tampere and Vyborg sports clubs.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Quickly the need arose to determine the rules of competitive sports and there was also a desire to get the union bilingual.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The establishment of a new union began to be discussed in late 1902.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The grand strike of 1905 united the people enough that Ivar Wilskman managed to push through his original idea of a bilingual union.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In early 1906, the Finnish-speaking federation was dissolved and a bilingual Finnish Gymnastics and Sports Federation was founded in its place.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

At the same time, the position of competitive sports strengthened


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[4] History Activities During the Russian rule, SVUL sought to take as widely as possible the various types of Finnish sports culture at the outset.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Gymnastics, athletics, wrestling and skiing became the most prominent sports of the time.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The central body in SVULL's activities was the editorial committee, with the president of the union Ivar Wilskman then chaired by Charlemagne Majantie.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The editorial committee was not an appropriate form of activity for very long as sports activities expanded.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The workload became too great for a centralized model.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Lauri Pihkala was active in the introduction of the new operating model.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Thus, from 1910 onwards there was a transition to division administration, with gymnastics, athletics, wrestling and athletics as well as skiing, skating and cycling as their respective divisions.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

So four sports divisions were formed.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Divisions gymnastics were run from 1910 to 1914 from Vyborg — Finland's then gymnastics centre most prominently followed by Reipas in Vyborg.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Similarly, the location of the athletics division between 1910 and 1914 was Tampere as the leading club Tampereen Pyrintö.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Other divisions operate from Helsinki, where gymnastics and athletics will also move in 1914.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In the early stages, the Helsinki Athletic Club and Jyry were formed as strong clubs in wrestling.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[5] The key forms of activity of the SVULL, which was officially created in 1906, was the organisation of national championships.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In athletics, the Kaleva Games were born when, in 1909, the officials of the Life Insurance Company Kaleva donated a valuable honorary prize, the Kaleva Chalice, which became a travelling prize for the best athletics club.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The European Athletics Championships also received its name from the prize, namely the Kaleva Games began.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The Kisa-Veikot of Helsinki, founded in 1909, took eight first attachments to Kaleva chalice between 1910 and 1918.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

On the gymnastics side, annual prominent events were general gymnastics festivities, held every three years.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The first individual gymnastics championship competitions were held in Vyborg in the spring of 1916.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[6] Finns first participated in the official Olympic Games in London 1908.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In participating in the Games, SVULL and its leadership played a key role.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Funding and coaching for participation in the Games were the main tasks of SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Olihan Svul.n sports, gymnastics and athletics, the most important forms of Finnish participation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The actual breakthrough in Finns' participation in the Olympic Games took place at the 1912 Stockholm Games.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

SVUL was initially strongly Swedish-speaking, but gradually the number of Finnish-speakers at the head of SVULL increased, so Swedish-speakers founded their own organisation Finlands Svenska Gymnastik- och Idrottsförbund (FSGI) in 1912.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Swedish-speakers would have preferred the SVUL and FSGI to have acted as equal parallel unions, but the SVUL agreed to accept the FSGI as its own district organization.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

FSGI joined SVULL in 1914.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

FSGI became the Svenska Finlands Idrottsförbund (SFI) in 1917.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The SVUL and SFI became contested in the 1930s and the SVUL even sacked the SFI in 1939.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The situation calmed down in the mid-1940s, when the SFI was replaced by the Finlands Svenska Centralidrottsförbund.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Its clubs also became clubs of SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Activities in independent Finland during the interwar period The civil war that followed Finland's independence had a decisive impact on Finnish sports life — it split the Finnish sports movement in two i.e.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

to the bourgeois who were still operating under the SVULL and the rebellious Reds, whose participation in SVULL activities was sought to prevent after the end of the civil war.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Separation proceeded as SVULL districts held their annual meetings in the fall season of 1918.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The practice became that the SVULL districts singled out clubs that openly had been involved in the Red Guards.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The final decision of the case took place on 24 November 1918, when the majority of the SVULL Central Command formed that it was necessary to separate those clubs which as divisions had participated in the rebellion as well as those clubs whose members half or more had been convicted of participating in the rebellion.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In addition, those who lost their civic trust had to be dismissed.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[7] Workers' sports broke away from SVULL in 1919 with the creation of the Workers' Sports Federation, and Finnish sports split into two at the federation level.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In 1917, the SVULL had had 43000 members, but no more than 22,000 members since the foundation of TUL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In the future, however, SVUL quickly grew larger than TULs.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The intervals between SVULL and TUL were broken for a long time.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Where Swedish speakers were “fed”, TUL did not agree to any cooperation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

It resulted in TUL athletes not participating, among other things, in the Olympic Games, but rather the so-called Workers' Olympiads were held in the 1920s and 1930s.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

It was not until the 1940 Summer Olympics, which was awarded to Finland, that some kind of reconciliation was established in 1939.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Although the home Games did not materialise, a cooperation agreement between SVUL and TUL was concluded in August 1940.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

TUL athletes first participated in the Olympic Games finally in 1948 at the London Games.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The relationship with the patronage and lottery movement SVULL sportsmen had played a central role in the civil war in the government's white army led by Mannerheim.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

They belonged as soldiers in the patronage corps that formed a key part of the army.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The patron movement emphasised the importance of physical activity, and sports clubs were established in the spring summer of 1918, which became members of the SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The patrons also started organising their own sports and especially ski competitions.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[8] It soon became a question to define the relationship between patron municipalities and sports organisations, in particular with SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Lauri Pihkala suggested that in smaller localities, sports clubs could merge into a patronage municipality, while larger localities had the spare to keep the sports clubs and the patronage separate.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The Commander-in-Chief of Patronage invited the gymnastics teacher K. E. Levälahti to chair a committee to plan physical education for the patron municipalities.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In 1920, a special department was established in the General Staff of the Patronage Municipality for the management of physical education, as its chief, Levälahti.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[9] Although there were initial suspicions on the SVULL side about dispersal, the situation developed into confidentiality between the organisations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The leadership education, competitive activities and general education of the patronage municipalities also indirectly supported the activities of SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

So there was a kind of personal union between organizations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Physical education at the patron municipalities included gymnastics, skiing, baseball, cross-country racing, orienteering, and boy sports.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[9] The Lotta Svärd Organization for Women's Land Defence was founded in 1919.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Initially the sports affairs of the Women's Organization were unorganized, but from 1924 onwards skiing and walking fitness badges were introduced.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Later, gymnastics, baseball, athletics and rowing were associated with exercise activities.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The work of the Lotta Svärd organisation for women's sports culture was first and foremost a hobby, that is, the activity was in favour of SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[9] Success at the Olympics, but participation is questioned during the Olympic success years 1912—1936, SVULL and its sports divisions played a key role in creating success for the Finnish team through their coaching work.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

SVULL and its sports divisions had only had two representatives on the 1912 Finnish Olympic Committee in Stockholm, to which the addition of two representatives came in the early 1920s.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Funding for coaching work also took place mainly in sports federations, including.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

At SVULL's own risk.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

It was not until 1932 that there was a change in financial practice, namely that the Olympic Committee granted varsity federations assistance in coaching.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The main funder of the internship in that situation was still SVUL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Regarding participation in the Olympic Games in the 1920s, there was also controversy in Finland.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The introduction to the 1920 Antverpen Summer Games raised debate at the annual meeting of SVULL in 1920 because some delegates — Aksel Ek and Lauri Pihkala on the front nose — would have given up participating in the Olympics because the Germans were not allowed to participate in the Games.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In 1928 there was another Olympic strike before the Amsterdam Games as lumbermen Lauri Pihkala, Viljo.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

J. Penttala and Yrjö Salminen.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

They had a goal to influence more than just top sports in Finland's sports culture.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

However, the preliminary decision on an Olympic strike was ultimately reversed.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

SVUL received its first honorary president at the 1924 Federal Assembly, when Ivar Wilskman, the founder and perennial president of the union, was appointed to this honorary position.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

After Majantie requested his resignation from the capital because of the move, Aksel Ek, a sportsman with an athletics background who had been in SVULL's organisational work since the 1910s, was chosen as his successor.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

He held the position until the end of 1925 and again from 1927 to the end of 1931.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Gymnastics teacher, Captain Gustav Emil Levälahti, was chaired between 1925—1927.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Levälahti withdrew from the union in 1927 when Lauri Pihkala's motion to withdraw from the Olympics in 1928 was approved by the SVULL federal government.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Lauri Pihkala's great goal was to create SVULL's own Finnish Sports College.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The idea he had already marketed in the 1910s.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In the early years of independence, the issue gained further momentum.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The Sports College first started as a course format in various parts of Finland starting in 1925.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Gymnastics teacher Akseli Kastoela was appointed as the first director starting in 1928.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Eventually, the sports academy will also receive a placement position, which was chosen by Heinola's keeper Vierumäki.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The inauguration of the Sports College was held on 13 June 1937.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Another major sports facility, in the establishment of which SVULL also played an important role, was the construction of a stadium in Helsinki.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

For that, the Stadion Foundation was established in the fall of 1927, with SVUL as one of the sports organizations involved.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The SVUL moves to a specialized union structure Among the key changes in SVUL's operations included the transition to specialized unions in the early 1930s.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The issue had been on display inside SVULL as early as 1920.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The case was then presented by Gustav Emil Levälahti.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The issue was already considered in 1929, but the motion was defeated in a vote by the federal government of SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The case was vigorously pursued especially by Väinö Niiniluoto, then director of SOK and later managing director and mounineuvos.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Niiniluoto had been president of the gymnastics division of the SVULL and was elected from the beginning of 1932 as president of SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In addition to Niiniluoto, the special league solution was driven by, among others, the president of the athletics section, Urho Kekkonen.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

There were two options, namely special unions, to which the cash equivalents of the SVULL would also be transferred according to the number of members, or special unions with the SVULL retaining the cash equivalents.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

After a vote in the fall, the SVULL Federal Assembly approved the latter solution.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

A special federation solution was reached starting in 1932, when the SVULs were joined by the Sports Federation representing athletics, the Gymnastics Federation, the Ski Federation, the Baseball Federation, the Wrestling Association, the Boysports Federation and the Cycling Federation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The date can also be considered a milestone, as this date is accompanied by the pre-march of a new generation of sports leaders to SVULL and its subordinate sport federations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Olympic Games for Finland — SVUL-TUL cooperation The president of the SUL Urho Kekkonen, then Minister of Justice of the Government of Kallio, expressed a wish in Parliament in November 1936 that TUL could agree cooperation with SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

This can be seen as a departure shot in building the cooperation between TUL and SVULL on the 1940 Olympics.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

With the new country ally President Kyösti Kallio, who took office in March 1937, A.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The Red Mull, or a country-ally-social-democratic government led by K. Cajander.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

With this, conditions for cooperation between TUL and SVULL improved.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

T. H. Vilppula, the former president of TUL, and J. W. Rangell, chairman of SVULL, were already negotiating opportunities for cooperation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Both sides named representatives to draft a cooperation agreement.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The draft agreement covered Olympic and country match representation, local club matches and joint celebratory performances.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

When Finland and Helsinki were granted the right to organize the Summer Olympics by decision in July 1938, the joint activities of SVULL and TUL entered a new phase.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

While the race-supplication was a purely bourgeois feat, TUL and the left as a whole greeted getting the Games with joy.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Getting the Games was welcomed by the left-wing press, too.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

During the fall of 1938, a draft treaty was discussed in the TUL, but in February 1939 it was rejected at TUL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Now the situation in TUL was taken over by demari politicians under Minister Väinö Tanner.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

After Tanner performed, TUL representatives tended to cooperate, although initially the collaborative show had been rejected.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

However, the TUL did not agree to cooperative competitions between clubs and districts, which had been in the original proposal.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Work on the joint action motion now moved to the side of SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

SVULL President Rangell recommended approval of the cooperation agreement in a format approved by TUL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The “truncated proposal” was rejected by the Federal Assembly of the SVULL in April 1939.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

As a result, Rangell, chairman of SVULL, resigned.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Rangell also requested his resignation from the Finnish Olympic Committee.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The issue appeared to have run into an impasse.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Prominent opponents in the media included Suomen Sports Magazine and Uusi Suomi.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

They felt that the reluctant help of the TUL was not needed.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The Finnish Urheiulehti stated that the joint activities and the Olympic Games had been unduly mixed together.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Kekko and Rangell and their willingness to cooperate towards TUL in sport was particularly criticised by the far-right, or IKL press.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

According to their press, sufficient athletes could be found to replace TUL representatives.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

At this point, the SVULL bureau seized on the issue.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

It proposed cooperation in the direction of TUL less than a week after the Federal Assembly.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

It said it was decided to propose to TUL that it contribute to the arrangements of the Olympic Games and allow its members to these Games.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The negotiators of the SVULL were Toivo Aro, Tauno Aarre and Viktor Smeds.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

On 21 April 1939, the day after the proposal, the TUL agreed to a collaborative model.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

A special commission would be set for selection contests, with the TUL on an equal footing with the SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Rangell, as the conditions changed, considered that he could remain at the head of SVULL and the organising committee of the Olympic Games.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The joint operation of SVULL and TUL was launched in August 1939, when a special co-operation committee was created for various sports disciplines.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In July, similar activities had already started between the Finnish Pallolio and TUL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Postwar period The rise of the Left and the SVUL on the defensive The cooperation agreement between the SVULL, TUL, Ball Federation and SFI concluded in August 1940 had lasted the war years.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The agreement guaranteed athletes of all the central organizations the right to represent Finland.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

However, international cooperation was responsible for special federations, incl.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The then 11 special unions of the SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The Continuation War, which ended in September 1944 and the subsequent change in the political situation, was also reflected in the sport.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In November 1944, funds and fortunes from patronage municipal activities, which had been discontinued under the Peace Treaty, transferred to activities subordinate to the SVULL, as some of the sports clubs in the patronage municipalities joined the special unions under the name changing the SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In addition, a number of persons involved in patronage government activities went on to become employees of the SVULL, including its district activities.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The issue was particularly personified in the case of Jukka Rangell, the wartime prime minister.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Rangell had been elected in June 1945 to continue at the head of the SVULL, but the political pressure of the time forced Rangell to withdraw.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[10] The activities of the TUL changed significantly after the war.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

After the Communist movement became a legitimate actor after the underground phase, its supporters became actively involved in the activities of the TUL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The increase in the membership of the TUL and the rise in support of the political left prompted the TUL to terminate the Cooperation Agreement, which had been in force since 1940, in the autumn of 1946.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

TUL had a desire to influence the international contacts managed until then by the special federations under the SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

SVUL and its sorties were on the defensive and had to give concessions to TUL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The Co-Action Agreement in March 1947 brought the Joint Action Council and species-specific co-operation committees as a new body between the Confederations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Negotiations on international competitions previously handled by specialized federations moved to ao.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

to species-specific committees.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

As part of the cooperation agreement, the obligation of the parties to negotiate also the possibility of union of the kingdom was recorded at its beginning.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The Cooperation Agreement was in force until mid-January 1950 [11].


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

At the turn of June/July 1947, 1 was organized.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The Finnish Grand Championships are the main parties SVUL and the Finnish Women's Association for Physical Education.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

More than 50,000 participants attended the event.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Only the TUL and the Ball Federation were excluded from the sports organisations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The organizing committee of the event was chaired by Akseli Kastoela and the Secretary-General was Lauri Santala.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Viewed later, Suurkisat was seen as an event that positively influenced Finns' sports pastime in the 1950s.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[12] The SVUL and its various federations regains power from the TUL as the domestic political position of the far-left, communists and people's democrats wanes as a result of the parliamentary elections in the summer of 1948, the SVUL terminated the Cooperation Agreement at the end of 1948.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Senior figures at SVULL considered it “unduly advantageous to TUL”.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

SVUL, under the leadership of its chairman Karikoske and its vice-president, Kashela, called for a new co-operative agreement in which the specialized unions of SVULL would have control over the management of international relations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Even as a sports organisation, the SVUL had gained weight as its membership had grown almost threefold from 1944 to 1950, being 320695 in 1950.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

At the same time, the number of special unions had increased from 11 to 16.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The agreement was reached with the mayors of Helsinki, Eero Rydman and Erik von Frenckell, acting as mediators.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

For the mayors, the resolution of the issue was important because Helsinki was organizing the upcoming Summer Olympics in July 1952.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The agreement signed on 20 February 1950 [13] therefore returned the management of international relations from the species-specific Co-Action Committees to the SVULL specialized federations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[14] In the Summer Olympics in Helsinki, SVUL as our largest central organization participated in several ways.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

On the organising committee of the Games, SVULL representatives were Akseli Kastoela, Lauri Miettinen, Aaro Tynell and Yrjö Valkama, of whom Kashela was vice-president of organizing committee I and Valkama sports director of the Games.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The head of the Central Office of the Games was Kallio Kotkas.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

SVULL's membership unions, districts and clubs accounted for more than half of the total number in preparation for competitions as well as trustees.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Disputes within and between sports organisations — international cooperation as an instrument of play throughout the 1950s, there was a debate about the defragmentation of Finnish sport, or the Reich League.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The SVUL put the issue permanently on the agenda.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The privy federation would have resolved the right of representation for athletes belonging to various confederations that have been in the public eye.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In the fall of 1952, the SVUL argued that “the union of the Reich could only be formed both economically and organizationally on the basis of independent special unions.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The solution should also be tried to involve all special unions outside the Confederations, such as the Ball Association.”


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Within the SVULL, two lines formed for the Reich Federation, supporters of a strong confederation and supporters of strong special unions.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The former was supported by Jukka Rangell, who was re-elected chairman from the beginning of 1951, and the latter by Vice-President Kastoela.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The resolution of the issue was also spurred by international sport federations and the International Olympic Committee, who wanted clarity in national sport players.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The situation in Finland looked unclear internationally.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In January 1956, an open political crisis broke out at the head of the SVULL when a number of SVUL:Lian sports leaders stood publicly to support the election of Urho Kekkonen as President of the Republic.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Supporters included Kauno Kleemola, president elected in 1954 of SVULL; Reino Piirto, president of SUL; Bruno Nyberg, president of the Weightlifting Federation; and Kalle Kaihari, president of the SUL Federal Council.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

At the Federal Assembly of May 1956, their public support for Kekkonen was resented.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

It was regarded as “political propaganda practiced among the sporting people”.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

On the other hand, Vice-President Kastoela had stood as an MP candidate for the Coalition.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

At the meeting, Siirto was ousted from the seat of SVULL's vice-president and replaced by Kassera.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The situation reflected the confrontation that had arisen between those with a patronage background and SVUL leaders close to the Agrarian League who supported Kekko.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

President-elect Kekkonen was so deeply angered by the manhunt for his supporters that he returned all the honors and other accolades he received from SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[15] However, the Reich Covenant matter did not proceed as a matter between the SVULL and TUL; the initiative was taken by special unions — first and foremost the independent Ball Federation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The situation was resolved so that almost all football clubs that played in TUL Ball Federation kits under Cooperation Committee contracts became members of Pallolito in April 1955.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

A co-operating agreement was reached with other SVULL special federations, such as the SUL, in the summer of 1955, in which the athletics division of TUL became a member of the SUL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Similar agreements were then made with other special unions within the SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The solutions guaranteed that the Finnish Olympic team at the February 1956 Cortina Games and November/December 1956 Melbourne Games were available to athletes from all confederations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In the late 1950s, its own colourful phase was brought by the dissolution of TUL and the emergence of TUK.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The background was the strong action of Väinö Leskinen, chairman of the TUL in the 1950s, to give birth to the Reich Union.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Väinö Leskinen as a key politician of the SDP was involved in the party's splintering, with one dimension being the secession of several SDP-led clubs and athletes from the TUL and joining the special unions of the SVULL starting in the summer of 1956.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Thus former clubs existed as members of the SVULL sport federations and through the sports divisions of the TUL in the SVULL sport federations series and competitions.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The situation did not satisfy TUL, which said it had broken off a cooperation agreement with the SVULL species federations in the summer of 1959.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The decision to dismiss spurred the organizational formalization of TUK, which took place in December 1959.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The no-deal situation was awkward due to the fact that the Olympic year 1960 was ahead, namely the Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley and the Summer Olympics in Rome.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In December 1959, negotiations reached the creation of a club called “Olympia-60"for the athletes of the TUL, with the associated Olympic candidates and the club for the sport federations still needed.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In line with this, speed skater Juhani Järvinen from TUL competed at the Squaw Valley Games.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The attitude of the SVULL sport federations became even tougher when the TUK was founded and its member clubs joined the SVULL sport federations and the Ball Federation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

With the Rome Games in mind, sport unions insist that Olympia-60 join sport federations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The TUL did not accept this, but wanted those selected for the Olympics through surveys to join the Olympia-60 to join the sport federation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The situation reached an impasse due to the failure to organise joint surveys.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The toughest line of SVULL's sports unions was Wrestling as Chairman Arvo Himberg and Gymnastics as Chairman Erkki Palolampi.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

As a former sports director, President Kekkonen staked his authority on resolving the issue even in the summer of 1960 by inviting SVULL leaders for reconciliation talks, but the SVULL species unions rejected the president's reconciliation motion.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Time for the growth of SVULL — agree in the arrangements of top sports, the idea of the Reich Federation was developed by several people.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The then president of SUL, Reino Piirto, brought his proposal for the Confederation of Finnish Sports (SUK) to the table in the summer of 1960.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Under it, the clubs would be under the authority of their confederations, but the rest of the confederation would be common.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The issue lapsed mainly to TUL's negative stance.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[16], [17] In the autumn of 1960, the State Council installed Kauno Kleemola, under its chairmanship of a committee of sports organizations, to solve the model of cooperation and the issue of representation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The committee's work was inconclusive.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[18] On the side of the SVULL, the new president of the SVULL, made his own arrangements with the member federations and the new confederation TUK.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The upshot was that in November 1961, the SVUL adopted the new name “Suomen Reich Sports Association” to describe the long-shot Reich Federation goal.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

A few species unions that were outside joined the SVULL on the same occasion, whose membership number thus increased to 20.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In the spring of 1961, SVUL and TUL reached an agreement on representative sports.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

According to it, the participation of the TUL in the activities of the SVULL species federations was formed under the so-called competitive membership model.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

By doing so, the parties had backed away from their strict attitudes, which in 1959 had prevailed.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Finally, a cooperation agreement between SVULL and TUL was concluded in June 1966.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

After a knotty co-operation, there was a few years of quiet life on the defragmentation front in the sport.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Competitive cooperation between the special unions and the TUL went pretty well.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The SVULL's position on the Reich League was clear and unchanged.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

However, no initiatives were taken by SVUL on this issue.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The status of the SVULL as the most central confederation and player came to prominence in the 1960s.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The most prominent event was the III Suurkisat of Finland held in June 1966 in Helsinki.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

At the time of the Grand Games, the SVULL had 36 species federations, 2294 clubs and 609450 members.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The role of the SVULL as a trainer of species unions had taken on an even greater role during this period.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In 1957 the Education Commission had been established and in 1967 an Education Department had been established.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The central training venue was the Finnish Sports Academy in Vierumäki, owned by SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In the late 1960s, the SUL, the largest species union of the SVULL, considered the possibility of separating from the SVULL and acting as a special federation independent of the central organisation like the Finnish Pallolito.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Maintenance of the district organization became a critical and costly issue in SUL's internal evaluation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The case was therefore dismissed.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Although it came up again in the mid-1970s in the days of the success of our general murder during the presidency of Yrjö Koko.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The issue resurfaced again in 1985 when Rolf Haikkola, then CEO of SUL, raised the issue.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[19] From sports politics to sports politics, after the Left won the 1966 parliamentary elections, the new trend also posed challenges for sports organisations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The SVUL as a strong bourgeois confederation came under criticism here.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

President Kekkonen gave a so-called sports speech at the University of Jyväskylä in 1971.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

In it, he reviewed the state of sport and gave the father's hand: a committee created on the initiative of the State Sports Council established the “Advisory Board for the Central Organizational Planning of Sports” (UNK) in early 1971, with Professor Paavo Seppänen being invited as its chairman.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Initially UNK had to complete its work by the end of 1971, but the time proved too short.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

UNK announced the first draft contract in November 1971 and the second in December 1972.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The aim of the Finnish Sports Confederation proved impossible to implement.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The SVUL advocated a strong central organization and opposed the independence of special unions.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

The design of Seppänen was most positively welcomed by TUK and the Suomen Pallolito.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

There were internal differences of opinion within the TUL, with the People's Democrats firmly rejecting the motions, some for and some against in the Social Democrats, and the TPSL, which had been politically between the People's Democrats and Social Democrats, ultimately against.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

Subsequently, the overall sports policy solution in the 1970s was not addressed; the merger negotiations between TUL and TUK were the main focus of action.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

They ended with the affiliation of TUK clubs into the TULI at the end of the decade.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Reich Athletic Association

[20] The end of the SVUL-Central Union period — Defragmentation of Finnish sport during SVULL chairman Kaupananadvisor Jukka Uunila in the late 1980s and early 1990s, serious attempts were made to merge SVUL-TUL and TUL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

The defragmentation starting shot was fired by Uunila at the SVULL Federal Assembly on 9 December 1989.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

According to it, “the largest central organisations SVUL and TUL will immediately engage in discussions on the creation of a single, all-relevant nationwide sports organisation.” The process of defragmentation that started from this lasted four years right up until 19 December 1993, when the Federal Assembly of the SVULL decided on the downsizing of its organization as a confederation by 31 March 1994.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

[21], [22] The movement for integration between 1990 and 1991 was clammy.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

TUL and its then chairman Matti Ahde left the TUL to live in sport.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

Only racing and top sports will be transferred to the responsibility of a new joint organisation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

The defragmentation was made even more complicated by the financial messes of SVULL exposed during 1992.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

They particularly bore the stigma of the then SVULL Secretary-General Mauri Oksanen.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

SVULL had incurred a debt burden of more than one hundred million dollars in casino gambling in the late 1980s.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

SVULL had debts of 350 million marks in its final financial statements.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

[23] At the very end of 1990, Carl-Olaf Homén, under the leadership of the first working group proposal for a new joint central organisation, was the main figure in the process of defragmentation.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

Another essential person in the defragmentation operation was State Counsellor Harri Holkeri, President of the State Sports Council.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

He announced that overlaps in Finnish sport must be abolished.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

As a tool, he had the so-called round table negotiations.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

In January 1992, a long step was taken into the new community.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

It was then that 86 sports organisations receiving state aid signed the Integration Letter of Intent presented by Holker.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

The TUL did not want to be involved in negotiations which envisaged its abolition or merging with SVULL.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

It also wanted further clarity about SVULL's financial mess.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

In order to clarify financial matters, the State Council appointed Eino Petäjäniemi, then chairman of the Ski Federation, as liquidator in spring 1993.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

According to Veikkaus' savings funds, the sport unions of SVULL, the Finnish Sports Academy in Vierumäki and TUL received a total of 27.9 million marks.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

Thus, SVUL avoided bankruptcy.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

[24], [25] The new community for sports, Suomen Exercise and Sports (SLU), was founded on 16 November 1993.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

[26] SVUL was excluded from the new community and decided at its own Federal Assembly on 19 December 1993 to initiate the shutdown of SVULL by the end of March 1994.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

At the same event, long-time SVULL Chairman Jukka Uunila stepped down from his position.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

[27] Today, SVUL operates mainly as a paper organisation, but it is still represented in the delegation of the Finnish Olympic Committee by Martti Huhtamäki (Timo Lehmuskoski as deputy).


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

SVULL Presidents Ivar Wilskman 1906—1914 Kaarle Majantie 1914—1919 Aksel Ek 1919—1924, 1928—1931 Gustav Levälahti 1925—1927 Väinö Niiniluoto 1932—1934 Jukka Rangell 1934—1945, 1951—1954 Väinö Karikoski 1945—1951 Kauno Kleemola 1954—1960 Akseli Kastoela 1960— 1971 Erkki Kivelä 1972—1981 Jukka Uunila 1982—1993 Heino Avikainen 1993—2005 Martti Huhtamäki 2005— [28] Secretaries and General Secretaries of SVULL (since 1952) Aarne R. Lang 1914—1919 Ranne Roni 1919—1920 Väinö Kaarna 1920—1921 Lauri Santala 1921—1952 Kallio Kotkas 1952— 1962 Aaro Laine 1963—1972 Mauri Oksanen 1973—1994 SVULL Federal Council Chairmen Kalle Kaihari 1953—1957 Erkki Kivelä 1969—1971 Kosti Rasinperä 1972—1977 Hannu Koskivuori 1978—1985 Pertti Tuomala 1986—1994 Development of the number of members SVULL's life was a constant growth.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

The toughest period of growth was the 1960s, when at the beginning of the decade there were 17 special unions as members of the SVULL and 37 at the end of the decade.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

At its largest, the number of members of special unions has been 54.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

The number of clubs from the starting 17 grew at a dizzying rate.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

The 2,000 club limit went bust in 1966, of which the number was still doubled by the time it entered the 1990s.


Question: Why did SVUL ry end in 1994?

Finnish Athletic Association

[29] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Aimo Halila, Paul Sirmakeikkö| title = Finnish Gymnastics and Sports Federation SVUL 1900—1960| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Gymnastics and Sports Federation| year = 1961| accessdate = 24.7.2014}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Eija-Leena Wuolio| title = Finnish Sport History | location = Helsinki| publisher = Sport Sciences Society| year = 1982| id = ISBN 951-859-250-0| accessdate = 16.7.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Reijo Häyrinen| title = Finnish Athletics history| location = Helsinki| publisher = SUL History Committee| year = 1987| accessdate = 16.7.2008}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Antero Heikkinen, Seppo Hentilä, Pekka Kärkkäinen, Leena Laine, Henrik Meinander, Martti Silvennoinen, Erkki Hammer| title = English believed sports — History of sport and physical education in Finland | location = Helsinki| publisher = Sport and Health Sciences Society| year = 1992| id = ISBN 951-37-0805-5| accessdate = 16.7.2008}} Citation error, replace {{cite book| author = Seppo Martiskainen, Antti O. Arponen, Ingmar Björkman, Matti Hannus, Urho Salo, Pentti Vuorio| title = Finland to victory — People to move| location = Helsinki| publisher = Athletics Support Foundation| year = 2006| id = ISBN 951-98952-2-1| accessdate = 16.7.2008}} References Category:Finnish sports associations


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Night of the Living Dead, televised also Night of the Living Dead, [1] is an American black-and-white horror film completed in 1968.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

The film was directed by George A. Romero with John A. Russo and Romero serving as screenwriters.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Starring Duane Jones and Judith O'Dea.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

During the film's production phase, it was known as Night of the Flesh Eaters.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Tom Savini later directed a refilmation of Night of the Living Dead from the film in 1990.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

The film had a budget of only $114,000, but it grossed $12 million in its home country and $30 million abroad.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

In 2001, the American Film Institute named the film among the 100 most important horror and suspense films.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Plot At the beginning of the film, siblings Barbra and Johnny visit a cemetery at their father's grave.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

An old man turned into a zombie attacks them craving human flesh.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Barbra manages to escape and ends up in a deserted farmhouse where Ben is also hiding.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

They board up the doors and windows of the house when a horde of zombies begin to besiege it.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Other people can also be found in the basement of the house, Tom and Judy, and couple Harry and Helen Cooper and their daughters.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

The Coopers' daughter, Karen, has been injured by a zombie attack and is sick.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Harry and Ben have an argument over how to cope with a tough situation.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Cooper advocates barricading himself in the basement of the house, while Ben would fight zombies and somehow try to get to the people.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Ben suggests to the others to escape in his car, which has run out of fuel.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

They devise a plan in which Harry is tasked with distressing zombies with firebottles so Ben, Tom, and Judy can get the fuel from the outside.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Ben accidentally sets the fuel on fire and the car blazes into flames with Tom and Judy still inside the car.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

They try to escape, but the car explodes.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Ben flees back to the house, but discovers Harry has locked him out.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Ben manages to break back inside and boards up with Harry the door.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

The zombies try to get inside the house and as Ben prevents them, he drops his rifle.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Harry catches it and points it at Ben.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Ben manages to get the rifle back and shoots at Harry.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Harry is dragged into the basement and dies beside his daughter.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Later, Helen finds her zombie-turned daughter in the basement eating her father's body.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Karen kills her mother.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Barbra sees Johnny in a group of zombies and becomes so upset she can't defend herself as the zombies break inside the house.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Ben escapes to the basement and manages to survive overnight.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

He returns upstairs and hears rifle shots from zombie hunters.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

One hunter mistakes him for a zombie and shoots Ben.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

Actors Ben (Duane Jones) Barbra (Judith O'Dea) Harry (Karl Hardman) Helen (Marilyn Eastman) Karen (Kyra Schon) Tom (Keith Wayne) Judy (Judith Ridley) Johnny (Russell Streiner) Copyrights in the U.S. The film has no U.S. copyrighted protection, but is freely in public domain.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

This is due to the negligence of the original distributor, the Walter Reade Organization, who did not add copyright to the copies of the film.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

In the United States, the copyright law at the time required that the product had to show copyright clearly.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

When the film was still titled Night of the Flesh Eaters, they appeared in the opening credits, but were removed by the distributor when the film's name changed.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

[2] Since the film has no copyright protection, it has been distributed by several companies.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

According to Internet Movie Database, 23 different copies of the film had been made for DVD and 19 for VHS in 2006.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

[3] The film can also be viewed on YouTube.


Question: Who directed the horror film Night of the Living Dead?

Night of the Living Dead (1968 film)

[4] Sources on the topic elsewhere on Universal Subtitles on archive.org at flick tykki.com Category:US films Category:Zombie films Category:Independent films Category:Films of 1968 Category:Black and White Films Category:George A. Films directed by Romero


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

The Finnish network is a network of buses formed by sections of railway lines and managed by the Finnish Finnish Transport Agency.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

The main transport operator of the Finnish rail network is currently the state-owned VR Group.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

At the end of 2014, the length of the rail network managed by the Finnish Transport Agency was 5944km, of which 3256km was electrified.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

[1] In 1982 the length of the line was still 6041km, but 381km of this was closed by 1996.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

Due to the low traffic, the network is mainly single track, with the main exceptions of the metropolitan area commuter rail lines, the main line section Helsinki-Riihimäki-Tampere, Riihimäki—Kouvola—Luumäki and Lahti Oikorata.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

The main routes on the network are Helsinki—Riihimäki—Tampere—Oulu (Main line), Riihimäki—Vainikkala—Saint Petersburg (Saint Petersburg line) and Helsinki—Turku (Rantarata).


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

In 2018, the Ministry of Transport and Communications has defined the main arteries of Finnish railways.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

[2] History Railway construction began relatively late in Finland.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

The first section of the line was opened on 31 January 1862 between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna; this later became the main line in Finland.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

1870 completed the connection to Saint Petersburg, which at that time was an important link with the capital of the Tsarist Empire.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

Since Finland was part of the Russian Empire, Russian gauge (1524mm/5', now 1520mm in Russia) began to be used here.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

On 22 June 1876, the Helsinki—Hämeenlinna section was extended via Toijala to Tampere, and around the same time the line from Toijala to Turku was completed.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

Thus, the country's three largest cities were combined.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish network

1883 followed a connection from Tampere via Haapamäki to Seinäjoki and Vaasa and 1886 further from Seinäjoki to Oulu.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

1909 the railways finally also took to Rovaniemi, the capital of Lapland.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

Thereafter, construction of new lines was reduced for an extended period of time, and the wars did not improve the situation.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

Since the main line that ran to Joensuu, starting from Vyborg, was most affected by the Soviet Union in the Peace Treaty of 1944, it was built to replace the connection from Parikkala to Onkamo in the 1960s.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

Decades later, in the 1960s and 1970s, more track was finally built, for example the Oikorata Tampere—Lielahti—Parkano—Seinäjoki, which shortened the travel time between Southern Finland and Northern Finland.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

Electrification in Finland started an extensive railway network electrification project in 1968.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

The advantage of the late start was that the latest technology could be used, namely 25kV voltage and 50Hz frequency.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

Electrification has the advantage of lower energy consumption and pollution free.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

Electrification started on the section of line from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

Electrification years [3] Helsinki—Kirkkonummi 1969 Helsinki—Kerava 1970 Kerava—Riihimäki 1972 Riihimäki—Toijala 1974 Toijala—Seinäjoki 1975 Huopalahti—Martinlaakso 1975 (new track) Riihimäki—Kouvola 1977 Kouvola—Kotka Harbour 1979 [4] Kouvola—Pieksämäki Kki 1980 Seinäjoki—Kokkola 1981 Kouvola—Imatra/Vainikkala 198?


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

Kokkola—Oulu 1983 Pieksämäki—Kuopio 1983 Kuopio—Iisalmi 1984 Juurikorpi—Hamina 1984 (new track) Imatra—Joensuu 1988 Kerava—Sköldvik 1990 Martinlaakso—Vantaankoski 1991 (new track) Kirkkonummi—Karjaa 1993 Tampere—Jyväskylä 1994 Karja—Turku harbour 1995 Jyväskylä Pieksämäki 1995 Tampere—Pori 1998 Kokemäki—Rauma 1999 Turku—Toijala 2000 Tuomioja—Raahe 2001 Oulu—Rovaniemi 2004 Iisalmi—Oulu/Vartius 2006 Kytömaa—Hakos 2006 (new track) Kerava—Vuosaari 2008 (new track) Murtomäki—Talvivaara 2009 (new track) Seinäjoki—Vaasa 2011 Rovaniemi—Kemijärvi 2014 [5] Vantaankoski—Hääjaharju 2015 (new line) The current passenger-operated line is still unelectrified in Kemi and Kolari, Karjaan and Hanko, Orivesi and Haapamäki, Jyväskylä and Haapamäki, Haapamäki and Seinäjoki, Joensuu and Nurmes, Savonlinna and Parikkala and Iisalmi and Ylivieska.


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

Most of these will be electrified in the next few years [6].


Question: What is the longest stretch of track in Finland?

Finnish rail network

See also Finnish rail transport Elsa line Two and multiple track sections of the Finnish network History of railways Lapland railway plans Sources On topic elsewhere *


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Personality psychology is a field of psychology that studies personality, the emergence and development of personality, and the influence of personality on an individual's life.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Over the years, views on human personality and its development have varied widely.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

In the mid-20th century, three main trends, psychoanalytic, behaviorist and trait theory, were prevalent.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Later, humanistic psychology began to supplement the shortcomings of these theories.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Social-cognitive personality theory gained support in the 1980s and 1990s.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Trait theory People can be described by traits typical of them.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Trait theories examine and differentiate an individual's personality, looking for differences in relation to other people.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

The reign of trait theories in personality psychology was in the early twentieth century, with notable theorists such as Carl Jung.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Raymond Cattell felt that personality was a combination of individual traits.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

According to a theory developed by Cattell in the 1940s, a human could be described using 16 traits.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

In the opinion of Hans Eysenck (1916—1997), the dimensions of personality included neuroticism and extroversion.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

One extreme of neuroticism is an emotionally unstable individual and the other extreme includes an emotionally stable individual.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

At one extreme of extroversion, on the other hand, there is outwardness and introversion at the other.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Eysenck also developed a third dimension, psychoticism.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

The high score on this dimension is associated with self-centricity, aggressiveness, impulsiveness, and lack of compassion.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Later, Eysenc's personality queries included a fourskin dimension, or Lie (L) scale.


Question: What theory did Sigmund Freud develop?

Personality psychology

Trait theoretical research was also taken forward by Donald W. Fiske.