Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[19] Private brokers began in the cafes of the Bank of England's surroundings to quote notes, real estate and shares of trading companies.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

They concentrated on the five main ones, namely the Dutch and English East Indies Trade Companies, the Dutch West Indies Trade Company, the Royal African Company and the South Sea Company, which caused the economic bubble (South Sea Bubble).


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Parliament attempted to bridle the wild securities trade throughout the 18th century and, for example, limited liability companies were only allowed to be established with the permission of Parliament.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

These Dutch reforms of 1688—1750, brought about by the great revolution, are called the Financial Revolution, which enabled Britain's economic growth and laid the framework for the Industrial Revolution.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[20] By the 17th century, work requiring capital had begun in England to build rivers into canals.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The work did not end until the 19th century when railroads took the canal market.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The canals served during the First Industrial Subversion as the main transport arteries within the British Isles.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[21] Increased farming Land ownership shifted more clearly to private ownership and common lands began to be privatised.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This improved the efficiency of land use and increased yields.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

At the same time, however, the position of the landless population in rural


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Increased use of money and wage labor began to increase economic rationality.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

For example, old sharecropper fringe interests began to be eliminated and 1723 a law against poaching was enacted.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This law, known as the Black Act, imposed the death penalty for more than fifty offences.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[22] The prestige of agriculture was raised by the fact that physiocrats emphasised the status of agriculture as real production.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[23] The interest of civilisation led to the start of the agricultural revolution in England at the end of the 17th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[23] Rotational farming was introduced, alternating with grain growing clover and turnip to fertilise the land.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[23] Agricultural machinery such as planter and iron plough copied from the Netherlands were also developed.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[23] As a result, the need for agricultural labour decreased and, starting in the 1750s, production grew faster than the population.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[23] Due to the intensification of agriculture and large farms in England, agricultural and factory work became more segregated and wage labour became more common, facilitating access to labour in industry.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[24] In 1800 already around 23% of the people lived in cities, more than 10% more than in other European countries.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[25] Despite the intensification of farming, the grain price remained high between 1750 and 1850, claiming a significant portion of the wages of labourers.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[23] Relations between the nobility and the rabble, and the rise of the bourgeoisie between them, as a result of the Remain revolution, the nobility had gained a weak king and in the Parliament of supreme power were opposed by the Tory party representing the country nobility and the higher nobility and the townspeople The Whig Party.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[26] [27] Until the 1760s England was an agricultural society and power was held by a country nobility owning land.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[26] The country nobility had also occupied the offices of the judiciary and the church.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[28] [29] A weak king led to a weak state.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[27] Rahvas was aware of his rights and rose up in rebellion very sensitively.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Throughout the 18th century England there were constant local and intermittently wider rebellions.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Especially the rooftop years caused riots, in which popular forces sought to set the price of grain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Mills, farmers and grain carriers were threatened with force unless they sold grain at the set price.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[30] Letters of threat and small-scale vandalism were common means used by the public.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

A death sentence for a negligible crime may have triggered a riot.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The leaders of the riot could be freed by force.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The warfolk were reluctant to address internal problems, and if called in, it was usually late.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

If the army ever got there, it could lead to such widespread terror that even those who called in the army asked the army to leave.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[27] The consequence of this was that the judiciary was forced to seek solutions that satisfied all parties [29] and local authorities learned to be negotiating sensitive.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[31] [27] Rahvah's inspiration in his legal struggle was the radical MP and newspaperman John Wilkes (1725—1797), who sought to expand suffrage.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[32] Another person who was popular with the people was Thomas Paine (1737—1809), read as the Founding Father of the United States on some occasions, but also influenced in England.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[32] Despite internal instability, it was not until the French Revolution that made the nobility fear revolution in England as well, and it hardened the grip of the state at the end of the 18th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[32] Due to the growth and urbanisation of the market economy, the pool of merchants, officials, specialists, teachers, accountants, entertainers and the like began to expand.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[33] The power of these was limited by a client relationship with the nobility.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[33] Over the course of the 18th century, an increase in the size of intermediate groups reduced dependence on the nobility.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[33] There was a refusal within the nobility to accept the meaningfulness of the concept of “middle class” until the end of the 18th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[33] Once there was sufficient wealth, the right to vote was gained and, as the force grew, the position of the bourgeoisie in parliamentary administration began to improve.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers John Locke and Thomas Hobbes about the state gained more ground.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith (1723—1790) began to speak critically of the prevailing economic policy, which he called mercantilism.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

After the middle of the century, the British image of their own country had changed from bigoted to freedom-favouring, prosperity-seeking and trading superpower.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[34] At that time Anglophilia of continental European civilisation was also at its peak.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The war against an independent United States, which began in 1775, was perceived to be a struggle against freedom and Anglophobia emerged on the continent.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[35] Science and Engineering in the 18th century Isaac Newton published in 1687 his work Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in which he laid out the fundamentals of mechanics.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In his studies, Newton applied the natural science method that had already been used by Galileo Galilei.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

As this method began to be better understood, there was a desire to apply it more widely.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[36] The French, influenced partly in England by Denis Papin (1647—1712), built a pressure cooker and safety valve for it in 1681, as well as the first steam engine in 1690.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[37] His research was published by the Royal Society between 1707 and 1712.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1712 Thomas Newcomen (1663—1729) built the first commercially significant steam engine, drawing on the ideas of Thomas Savery (1650—1715) as well as the first steam engine in 1698.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In England, the struggle for power between the king and parliament resulted in the Statute of Monopolies of 1624, the king gaining the right to grant a monopoly to any particular invention only for a specified period of time.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[38] Its idea was to promote technology.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[38] This law evolved into patent law, which is considered to have been a promoter of the Industrial Revolution.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[38] Savery's patent was extended by the Special Fire Machine Act until 1733.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

By 1775, about 600 Newcomen steam pumps had been built, which were used in the mines to extract water.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Since Johannes Gutenberg's invention of book printing, more printing had also begun to be printed on various farming guides and similar technical guides.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Despite this, in the 18th century mechanical engineering skills were mainly still knowledge spread through apprentices.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Quite complex and precise clocks could already be constructed, such as the first valid chronometer of 1759.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Water mills had been utilised in Europe since Roman times and windmills since the Middle Ages.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

These had increased in number year by year and were used for simple tasks to grind grain, forge pieces of iron, pull iron wire and wool cloth into vera and sedge.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[39] Organisation of work in the 17th and 18th centuries The manufacture of better and more uniform equipment demanded by the armies also gave rise to better organised production.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The 17th and 18th centuries saw the emergence of large craft establishments, manufactures, where uniforms, rifles and sailcloth were mass-produced according to subscribers' quality standards.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[40] Hundreds, even thousands of workers could work in these.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[40] Parallel to this was a cost system based on the domestic industry.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In it, the publisher, that is, the subscriber, took out a loan from the bank to pay wages to domestic workers and supplied them with the material for the manufacture of fabrics for the winter.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The workers were farmers who had time in the winter season.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

They used wage money to buy seed grain and pay wages to harvest season workers.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

After harvesting, farmers deposited their excess money in banks.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[41] Money circulated in half-year cycles and banking expanded.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The cost system was flexible from the point of view of subscribers and employees alike.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[40] 18th and 19th century gear The essence of industrial subversion was mechanized factory work.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[42] The most significant invention of the First Industrial Revolution was the improvements made to the steam engine, although the steam engine did not yet have time to greatly influence industrial production during the First Industrial Revolution.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Instead, cotton spinning and weaving became more efficient with hydroelectric machinery and transitioned into factory work.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Other notable inventions included the use of coal in enhanced iron making.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Coal also became a source of energy for steam engines.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In the early 19th century, the steam engine began to be applied to traffic on the railroad and in ships.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In the early part of the 19th century, the first electronic message, or telegraph, was also introduced.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[42] Steam engine Thomas Newcomen built the first steam pump in 1712, which at best could lift 500 litres per minute, but consumed a lot of fuel.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[43] James Watt (1736—1818) developed a useful producer of rotating power from a steam pump, namely the steam engine.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[43] He added a condenser to it, a gate valve to also direct steam over the piston, a planetary gearbox mechanism to produce rotary motion, and a mechanized centrifugal control of the speed of rotation.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[44] In the 18th century, a safe pressure vessel could not be produced, so early steam engines operated under negative pressure, where cold water was injected into a piston containing hot steam.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In this case, the condensing steam created a negative pressure in the piston and the air pressure from the outside compressed the piston in, producing force.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[45] In an improvement presented by Watt and patented in 1769, steam cooling was transferred to the condenser.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

When the piston remained constantly hot, the efficiency of the machine improved significantly.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Fuel consumption dropped to a third.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[43] Other improvements received patent in the 1780s.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

When Watt's patents lapsed in the early 19th century, steam engine development work took off at a new pace.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1804 Richard Trevithick introduced the first steam locomotive using a steam engine and a steam boiler powered by overpressure.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

James Watt began to compare the workload produced by steam engines to horses and the term horsepower originated from him.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

As a result of Watt's work, it also began to be understood that there is a link between the amount of coal burned and the work done by the machine.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[45] Watt's machinery continued to be used to pump mines, but his improved machinery also began to be used in other tasks instead of hydroelectric or wind power, such as ships.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1800 Britain had about 2500 steam engines [43] and of these, the machine shop founded by Watt together with Matthew Boulton had built 496.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[46] Coal and iron manufacturing Coal could not be used in the manufacture of iron because coal contains sulphur.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Therefore, charcoal was used to reduce iron ore, resulting in European forests becoming scarce and forested countries such as Sweden and Norway becoming major iron producers.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The use of coal in the manufacture of iron had been tried as early as the 17th century, but the problem was its sulphur content.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Abraham Darby developed a method in 1709 to make coke, or purified coal, using coat iron.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[47] Coke had begun to be used as early as 1642 in the production of beer, as it did not destroy the kettle and gave no error of taste.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

After Darby's invention, England's production of coat iron and coal consumption began to increase.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1784 Henry Cort developed the putlaus method, whereby coat iron could be made by mellowing low-carbon cooking steel.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[45] The method made Britain the largest iron producer in Europe in a couple of decades.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[48] Production in 1788 was 32000 tonnes and 680000 tonnes in 1830.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[48] On the continent, the same level of iron production per capita as Britain in 1790 was not achieved until 1870.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[49] Coke, which displaced charcoal by 1790, is better in thermal value than coal.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[48] It also does not produce sulphur compounds corrosive to iron when burned, so coke was also burned in steam engines.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Steam engines, on the other hand, were able to operate deeper and deeper mines and transport coal longer distances.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

By burning coal, humanity first adopted fossil fuel and gained control of the abundant energy accumulated over millennia.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[42] Britain produced 24 million tons of coal in 1830, which was 75% of world production.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[49] In 1870 production was already 110 million tonnes, which still represented half of world production.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[49] Cotton and textile industries The English East Indies Trading Company began in the 17th century to import cotton fabrics from India.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

There were different grades of fabrics.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

They were light, colorful, washable and retained their color well.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Because of this, they were commercially successful.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

European textile workers were unable to compete with these fabrics and they began to demand import protection.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This is what they got, and by the 18th century the import of cotton fabrics was prohibited in almost all of Europe.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Unprocessed cotton was still allowed to be imported, which encouraged entrepreneurs especially in England to exploit it.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The main stages of work on cotton fabric are spinning and weaving.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The garment industry was a home industry where women traditionally spun the threads and men wove the fabrics.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Spinning took considerably more time, and the problem was exacerbated when John Kay invented the flying shuttle in 1733, with which the speed of fabric weaving was doubled.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Development of wire spinning The spinning problem made us wait for a couple of decades to be solved.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1764, James Hargreaves manufactured a device known as the spinning jenny.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This quite simple machine eightfold increased the efficiency of spinning and changed the direction of industrial development in England.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

At the same time, it also promoted the use of child labour because small- and nifty-fingered children more effectively joined together broken threads.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Before spinning Jenny, houseworkers spun by hand about 250,000 pounds of cotton.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1785, the number had risen to seven million kilograms.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Richard Arkwright was the central figure in the genesis of the textile industry proper.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

He gained possession of an improved version of the Kehruu-Jenny and added an external powerhouse to it, which was initially a perimeter run by horses.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

He built a hydro-powered mill in 1770 in the remote Derwent Valley to safeguard from the Luddites.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This is considered the first modern factory.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1792 Arkwright had employed 5000 people and had assets of half a million pounds, which was then very much money.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Samuel Crompton developed a spinning machine called the 'spinning mule' in 1779, which was used to make stronger threads than by hand spinning.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[51] Production of cotton yarn per worker increased so that in 1800 production was already 150 times higher and in 1825 300 times.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[51] Fabric prices did not fall in the same proportion, as machinery required capital.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

From 1780 to 1850, the price of cotton cloth had dropped by 85%.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[51] The development of the weaving machine The country priest Edmund Cartwright became interested in the manufacture of cloth and in 1785 developed the mechanics of the loom so that an outside source of power could be used in it, so one can speak of a weaving machine.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

However, it took another half century for the weaving machine to be fully automated.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Richard Roberts patented an 1822 metal, automatic and very fast weaving machine, but even after that further significant improvements were made.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[52] The number of weaving machines increased after Cartwright's invention so that in 1851 a quarter of a million weaving machines were in operation in England.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Their number increased in England after this time by about one hundred thousand in ten years, and the maximum was reached in 1913, when there were 805000 copies in England.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

There were almost three million weaving machines in the whole world at that time.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[50] The cotton industry in England became an entirely manufacturing industry.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Spinners and weavers were assembled in the same facility.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Large factories were concentrated in the cities and Manchester became a metaphor for development.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[52] U.S. growth as a producer of cotton As the cotton industry and the number of weavers increased, the need for raw material also increased.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The southern part of the United States was a climate-friendly place to grow cotton.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The problem was that the only variety growing there was a tricky one because its home contained a lot of sticky seeds, three pounds per one kilo of cotton.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Seed separation wasn't economical, even with slave labor.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The problem of carding cotton was solved by Eli Whitney in 1797.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Known as gin, the cotton-seed separating machine he developed was simple and easily constructed.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Its use spread rapidly.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[50] Thanks to cotton, the Confederate States of the United States began to become rich.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In the early 19th century, cotton became the most important trade commodity in world trade.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

1850 The United States produced two-thirds of the cotton purchased by Britain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[51] Cotton production increased from roughly zero in the early 19th century to nearly 1 billion pounds by the start of the Civil War.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Cotton production escalated the problems as slavery was allowed in a growing number of states due to the need for labor for the cotton fields.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Between 1793 and 1861, 800,000 slaves were exported from the North to the Confederate States.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[50] The importance of the textile industry In 1803, exports of cotton products exceeded the sale of traditional wool products in Britain for the first time.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[51] More than half of cotton products went for export.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[51] From 1790 to 1820, the share of the cotton industry rose from ninth place to become the most important industrial sector.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

At the same time, it became the main export product, with a share that rose to almost half of total exports.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[51] The same situation continued even in the 1840s.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[53] The main market for fabrics was continental Europe and there Prussia and then the German Customs Union.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[53] The customs union, Belgium and France together consumed raw cotton only one-third of what Britain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[53] In France, wages were lower than in Britain, but their products were 25% more expensive than Britons.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[53] In 1860, the production technology of the cotton industry had reached a level at which it could produce fabrics at a cost of only one-eighth compared to the cost of 1780.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[53] Britain exported 60% of their production and they held 80% of the market still in 1880.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[53] Transport and Telecommunications Steamships on Canals Construction of canals in England gained momentum in the 1750s.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The main river routes were connected to each other.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

From 1750 to 1820, almost 5000 km of canals were built.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[54] The Erie Canal, built in the United Kingdom, was most affected by the passage in this period, when it opened the route from the Hudson River to the Great Lakes and greatly shortened grain transport distances.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Grain had previously been transported via the Mississippi River.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

As a result, travel time was reduced from three to one weeks and transportation costs fell considerably.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[55] Canals and rivers provided a good place for steamships to develop, as sailing was difficult and ships were often hauled by horses on shore.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

A breakthrough in the use of steam to power ships was the ship built by American Robert Fulton.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Fulton had test-driven in England on Charlotte Dundas and was familiar with the inventions of John Fitch.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[56] In this 1807 North River Steamboat (Clermont) steamboat built on the Hudson River, an 18-horsepower steam engine manufactured by the Watt and Boulton mill was placed.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

On her first 12-hour voyage, the ship achieved an average speed of 4.7 knots.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

For the same journey, the river burrs used four days.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In five years, there were already more than fifty steam ships in US coastal and river traffic.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Commercial steamboat operations in England were initiated by the PS Comet ship built by Henry Bell.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1815 there were already twenty steam-powered ships in England.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[57] However, railway Canals could not be taken to every coal mine or iron blast furnace, in which case their transport was arranged by rails but drawn by horses to the nearest port.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

For such an industrial line, Richard Trevithick built the first usable steam locomotive in 1804.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1815, a customs was enacted on United States grain in England to safeguard England's own agriculture.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

As a result of the Act, the price of grain rose and it became cheaper, especially for coal mines, to operate a steam locomotive than horses eating expensive feed.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[58] Industrial lines developed technology and track construction gained momentum when a Rocket locomotive won a competition in 1829 to organise traffic between Liverpool and Manchester.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The Rocket was built by Robert Stephenson along with his father George Stephenson.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In the race, Rocket pulled five times its own weight in front of the load and achieved an average speed of 33 km/h on one full passenger car.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This began the rapid spread of railways, and as early as 1840 there were 3000 miles of railways in England.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[59] The first railway on the European continent opened in 1835 in Belgium.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[60] On the European continent, railways had a significant impact on industrial development, especially in Germany and Russia.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[60] In 1850 Britain still had as many railways as the continent combined.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[60] Powerful railway construction on the continent employed British industry as railway stock was ordered from Britain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[60] Funding also came largely from Britain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[60] Telegraph The first telegraph system was built in the United States by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The telegraph line between New York and Baltimore was commissioned on May 24, 1844.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

A single wire connection was enough for this telegraph, as different characters were encoded by electrifying different pulse queues, namely the Morse alphabet.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Morse and Vail's use of the telegraph quickly became widespread and within a few years it almost completely superseded competing systems.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[61] The telegraph spread rapidly along with the construction of the railways, as the telegraph was used to ensure the safety of the railway.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The train was not sent to travel until it was verified that the track was free.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Clocks and Changing Time Conception Mechanical clocks had begun to be built as early as the Middle Ages and in the 17th century all larger agglomerations began to have a clock in the tower of the town hall or church by which the time of the locality was indicated by the bell ringing.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The watch announced the opening of the market, but its goal was also to get people on time to rest and get up early for work and duty.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Beginning in the 1660s, cabinet clocks began to become common in homes.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

From the early 18th century it began to become common for watchmakers to buy ready-made clock parts from Birmingham to build cabinet clocks.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The manufacture of pocket watches became common in the 18th century and was concentrated in a few localities, including London, Coventry, Prescot and Liverpool.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The annual production volume is thought to have been around 120000—190000 bells in the peak year 1796.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Watches were relatively expensive, but even the poorer could buy one at a better time because the watches remained in value and could be pawned.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The dexterity of watchmakers is considered crucial to the development, construction and running of machinery early in industrialization.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

From 1797 to 1798, a clock tax was in effect in England, where the owners of watches had to pay tax on their watches.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

For the sake of the tax, there are estimates of the tax proceeds and at the same time the number of clocks: silver and metal clocks 800000, gold watches 400000 and cabinet clocks 1200000 pieces.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The tax proved impossible to implement and had a very detrimental effect on watch production in England.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

French and Swiss watch manufacturers gained a leading position in the market.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[62] In agrarian society, time conception was task-oriented, animals had to be fed daily and grain sown on time.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The increasing prevalence of clocks coincided with the need for pacing the larger work demanded by industrialization.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Workers in mines and factories in the countryside also farmed the land or fished along the coasts, leaving them off work during the high seasons.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

As industrialization progressed and urbanized, labor discipline needed to improve.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In the 18th century, pay was contractual or temporary, but in the early 19th century there was a shift more to a time-based weekly wage.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

There were legitimate reasons for employers to monitor working hours.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The factory clock began to impose a working rhythm.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

When workers too could have their own pocket watch, disputes arose over the accuracy of time measurement and in some cases factories forbade their employees from bringing their own watches into the workplace.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[63] The mills could operate in local time, where time was paced according to the sun, but it very soon became necessary to introduce uniform time in railway transport, which was carried out by railway companies in the 1840s.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The time followed on the railways became the basic time commonly used in England in 1880.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[64] Other notable inventions The development of machine tools helped manufacture more precise machinery parts, for example cylinders and pistons for steam engines.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

New methods of chemical yield, for example in the production of sulfuric acid.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Portland cement Gas lighting, which helped illuminate cities and factories.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The factories could use gaslight to work more extensively even in the dark ages.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In the manufacture of flat glass, a new cylinder method.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Because of this, it was possible to make steel-frame greenhouses.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The method of construction was used in the new railway stations and the most famous representative of the style is the Crystal Palace at the 1851 London World's Fair.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Continuous flat wire paper machine, referred to as Fourdrinier according to its inventor.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle in 1786.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This reduced the need for labour so that the use of the machine led to extensive revolts by farm workers in 1830 known as the Swing Riots.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The beginning of industrialization around the Channel and the spread to the European continent on the European continent was noted early in the development of Britain and information about it was abundant available.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] In order to maintain its competitive position, England had placed industrial production machinery under an export ban in the 1780s.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[66] To bypass the ban, European countries enticed English machine builders to move to the continent to manufacture textile machinery.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[66] Many later established machinery manufacturing companies.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[66] Among those who emigrated particularly well were brothers William and John Cockerill, who founded a foundry and machine shop in Liège.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[66] Belgium liberalised the export of machinery in 1830 and English technology was supplied to Europe from Liège.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[66] The English export ban decayed and it was gradually lifted between 1836 and 1842.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[66] During the 19th century, the first industrial revolution came from the European continent, including areas along the eastern bank of the Channel and the regions of major rivers, such as parts of the Netherlands and the Ruhr region in present-day Germany, north-eastern France and especially the southern part of Belgium, which became independent in 1830, Wallonia.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[67] These areas had large coal reserves, iron mines and iron production.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[67] In Belgium and the Netherlands, trade and industry had a great deal of political power and were early in favour of the liberalisation of goods markets within the States and the movement of labour and capital.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[67] These countries moved, like England, without much trouble, to capitalism after 1815.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[67] Continent industrialization development in the 18th century In the early days of the Industrial Revolution technology moved to the Channel as it was in use in Britain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] This took 10 to 20 years from the first introduction of the machines.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Imported technology prospered if conditions were equivalent to those in England.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Failure to make the technology work could happen as it did for the textile industry on the continent, which disappeared due to British competition.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] In the 1820s, Belgium and France began to produce their own textile machinery, but it was not until the 1850s in Germany.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Construction of steam engines began in France in 1815, in Belgium and the Rhineland in 1820, and in Saint Petersburg in 1825.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] British cotton machines had already been imported into France in the 18th century before the Revolution, but after the Napoleonic Wars these machines were obsolete.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Coke in France had been made with English doctrines as early as 1785, but even this skill had to be re-learnt 30 years later.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] In 1784 a steam engine manufactured by Watt and Boulton was also experimented in France for iron production using bellows, but this facility fell through 1818 for cheap British iron.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] After the Revolution, France no longer received British engineering and was unable to increase the production of iron, which would have been needed for weapons.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Prussia experimented with putling in the manufacture of iron at Gleiwitz (now Gliwice) 1794—96.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] The first steam pump to Newcome's design had been built in 1751 at a mine in the Ruhr region.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Cotton machines came to Verviers and Ghent in Belgium at the turn of the 1700—1800 figures.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] A steam pump had been built in Liège as early as 1721, therefore earlier than several English mines.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] Wallonia developed into the most industrialised region on the continent in the 19th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[66] In Russia, St. Petersburg came the first spinning Jenny already in 1798, but Russia remained the recipient of European technology.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] The growth of iron production in England deprived the Russian iron market in Europe.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[65] With the acceleration of industrialisation in the early 19th century, Britain had accumulated a huge amount of debt by the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

There was more than £1 million in debt and, as a proportion of gross domestic product, debt was over 250 per cent.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Britain balanced the state budget and began to follow policies that would lead to a growing economy so that the debt would decrease relative to the overall output of the economy.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Britain managed to solve the indebtedness, as industrialisation brought growth rates of the economy not seen before.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[68] [69] Since the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the continent's industry has fallen badly behind Britain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] This slowed further industrialisation on the continent, as cheap British products dragged the market.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Britain's industrial success combined with superpower and control of trade and seas put the continent's states in a coercive situation with the risk of over-dependence on Britain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Initially an attempt was made to protect themselves by customs.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] The fastest began to adopt British industrial machinery and operating customs in the 1820s and 1830s, but for example Germany new its cotton industry machines only in the 1840s.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] The continent also feared the social change brought about by industrialisation and the impact on employment.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] In the early part of the 19th century, British influence extended to almost all new industry on the continent.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] In 1824, according to official calculations, more than 2000 British entrepreneurs, mechanics and machine builders were employed on the continent, often backed by British capital as well.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] On the other hand, when European industry got a little bit on its feet, ideas and inventions also moved from the continent to Britain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] It was only after the mid-19th century that Western European companies took a greater market position from the industrialization of Eastern Europe.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] The most successful 19th century mainland industry from the state was Belgium, which by 1830 was the continent's largest producer of coal and by the 1850s it produced more iron than France or the region later known as the German Empire.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Belgium remained the continent's most industrialised country on a per capita basis until 1913.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[70] Impact Status of working people and child labour The transition of labour from rural domestic industry to urban manufacturing improved production capacity, but at the same time created new problems.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

For a part of the craftsmen, machines took their income.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The introduction of the weaving machine in the early 19th century caused such great bitterness in craftsmen that they attacked factories and smashed machinery.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Quite widespread attention was received by one such group, called the Luddites.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

However, the industrialisation development that had been launched failed to halt.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[71] Already introduced at the end of the 18th century, the spinning Jenny promoted the use of child labour.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[72] Growing industry began to use more and more child labour in England.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The reasons were that children could be paid lower wages and were better adapted to the industrial rhythm of work.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[73] The children's position was poor.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Infant mortality was high, according to one statistic half died before the age of seventeen.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[74] On the other hand, a lot of children were born, because that way parents could ensure that one of the children survived and was able to take care of their parents when they were elderly.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[75] In poor homes, everyone had to contribute to the acquisition of the measure.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

As young as six years old were put into mining jobs because they could walk through narrow passageways.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Because of their long hours, they could not see the sun and suffered from vitamin D deficiency.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[76] Industrial chemicals were toxic; for example, lead and arsenic were used in colours.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Young children were also used as sooty boys in cleaning flue flues.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[76] Children had almost no outlaw.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

It wasn't until 1814 that a law came that forbade the theft of children.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Many factories employed 12—14 hours six days a week [76] and it was not until the Factory Working Hours Act 1833 that limited the working day for children under 13 to ten hours per day and eight hours on Saturday, as well as prohibiting night work.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The Mining Works Act of 1842 forbade women and boys under 12 years of age from mining.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Children's misery was compounded by a poor nutritional situation.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1750, it was estimated that a third of London residents, particularly those without permanent employment, would go to bed penniless.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[76] In the 1860s, London was estimated to have 100,000 street children.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[76] Industrial labour and economic restructuring In his book The Wealth of Peoples (1776) Adam Smith tells of the manufacture of eyeneedles.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

By example, he wants to describe the difference between handicraft and industrial work.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The craftsman made the eye needle one by one from iron wire.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In industrial manufacturing, the work was divided into stages of stuttering iron thread, giving the needle a rough shape, beheading a needle eye at one end, then sanding the needle into shape, hardened, and finally, a surface treatment was made.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[77] This allowed the work to be divided into parts where few skills were needed, which has been the driving principle of all industrialisation.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Child labour could therefore also be used.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Industry did not civilize the working population.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[78] In needle manufacturing, the rise in productivity also came not just from the phasing of work, but phasing allowed mechanization and needles to be made in larger batches.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith estimates productivity will rise 260 per cent.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[78] Man became a part of the machine in a way and in this role the human with his weaknesses became a bottleneck in production.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[78] The industrial revolution proceeded by replacing muscle work with mechanical force and hand skill with automation.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[78] In the factory, the work may not have been done in rivakammi than in handicraft, but the work had become simpler and more one-sided.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[78] Work phasing has been seen as a tool for maximising the cutting and deprivation of workers, as the new mode of production often caused poor treatment of the working people.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[78] On the other hand, phasing started the development of processes and tools, and improved the understanding of materials and processes.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[78] The relationship between machinery and human labour since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution has been debated, does new technology increase unemployment or do the opposite with rising incomes and demand?


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] From the perspective of the overall economy, it is clear that mechanisation also increased the need for craftsmen.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] The economic growth of the 18th century improved employment in labor-intensive textile manufacturing.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] When spinning machines came and the price of wire dropped, spinners switched to weavers.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] As weaving mechanized, the amount of sewing work increased, and especially after the advent of sewing machines, the work at home increased.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] It was not until the late 19th century that a breakthrough in the textile industry made sewing a factory job.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] However, much home-sewing was done until the garment industry moved away from Europe.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] The same phenomenon occurred in the machinery industry when maintenance men and repairmen began to be needed.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] The old practitioners are particularly affected by economic restructuring, as they sought to continue in the old way, preferring to tighten the belt rather than learn the new.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] Youth had greater capacity to choose new jobs.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] The industrial revolution prospered because young people chose new professions, regions and cities.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[79] Economic change in Britain The cotton industry employed around 1.1 million people in Britain in 1850, mines about 300,000 and iron production 100,000.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Britain became the first export-led industrial country.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[80] In 1870 British exports were greater than French, German and Italian exports combined.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Agriculture also experienced significant productivity gains and had the highest productivity compared to the rest of Europe.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Even this was not enough for Britain's growing population; in 1840 about one-fifth of food was imported.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Agriculture accounted for about 20% of British national product in 1860.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[80] In 1913 it was only 7% and about half of the organ requirements were then imported.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[80] Industrialization and the state in the late 18th century states still were very mercantalist and protectionism was used especially to support agriculture, but also industry.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[81] Although the objective of the British mercantilist state was to support industry, it did not lead to much industry in the 18th or early 19th centuries [81].


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

On the other hand, the ban on importing cotton cloth to support artisans or grain duties to support farming indirectly promoted mechanization.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

A new way of thinking, economic liberalism, played a crucial role in accelerating industrialization.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[81] The idea of liberalism, whose father is considered Adam Smith, is to give freedom of enterprise to all citizens.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[81] For the state, this is easier when officials were no longer responsible for the emergence of businesses.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[81] When an entrepreneur's goal is success, he or she is ready to adopt all the new technologies that he can expect will help towards a better financial result.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[81] In the industrial subversion of England, the status of the state was reduced, it has even been called a nightwatchman state.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[82] The conditions for industrialisation had arisen in the arm's-length development of agriculture, trade and technology and transport.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[82] It was left to the State to promote development by liberalising legislation and promoting regional decision-making and individuals' initiative.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[82] The laissez-faire attitude exercised by England in the 19th century has been considered a model of industrialisation.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[82] This ignores the fact that the English State protected the interests of shipping and trade through its protectionist legislation.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[82] In the late 18th century, Britain spent large sums equipping against France specifically to equip the navy, thereby supporting industrial development.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[82] British dominance of the seas pacified shipping in the 19th century, and created the world's largest free trade zone.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[82] Due to its functioning market economy and high internal mobility, England was able to take advantage of these advantages.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[82] In the early stages, industrialization was a local event and did not affect at the Reich level until much later.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[83] Scotland was a very backward country in the early 18th century, but within 100 years it became the most industrialised part of Britain.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[83] The opposite region is Ireland, which did not create industry in the 19th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[83] Likewise, as a strong agricultural region, the south of England remained largely sidelined by industrialisation.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[83] The organisation of the working population and the labour movement during the First Industrial Revolution was juxtaposed with old and new systems affecting production activities, for example, the trade union was not formally abolished in England until 1835.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[81] The professional guilds had controlled the interests of the professions and nurtured the tradition of handicrafts.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[84] The new organisations were different in that they nurtured the idea that the individual worker was vulnerable in relation to the capital owner, but in cooperation they are able to improve their position.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[84] In 1820 there was a general strike in Scotland organised by radicals defending the rights of craftsmen, and in 1825 the Parliament of England enacted the Combination Act 1825, restricting the organisation of labourers.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In the 1820s and 1830s, attempts were made to establish a country-wide trade union.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

One was brought into existence in 1845.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The movement of labour between 1830 and 1850 is known as Chartism.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The upper class of society viewed worker orders as a platform for conspirators seeking socialism.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[84] Widespread riots arose in 1848 and the Labour movement was confronted by the British Army.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[84] Among factory managers were individuals who felt the public interest was to distribute job outcomes more evenly.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

A well-known such person was Robert Owen (1771—1858) who, while serving as a factory manager in Scotland, developed a paint plant out of the mill through social reforms.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

He was also the founder of the cooperative movement and is considered a pioneer of labor law.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Karl Marx later referred to these individuals as utopia socialists.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[85] Population growth and emigration The population of England and Wales remained from 1700 until 1740 at around six million.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Subsequently, the population began to grow sharply.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 1801 the population size was 8.3 million and in 1850 16.8 million.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In 2007, the population was 61 million.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[86] There had been constant migration from England to America before the Industrial Reversion, but this had been low in population terms.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

1820 began with England as the first European country to have a wider migration, between 1821 and 1850 some 2.6 million people emigrated from England, of which the Irish accounted for a significant proportion.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[87] In the rest of Europe, such an extensive migration did not begin until after 1850.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[87] By 1700 the population growth rate was about 0.1% and then accelerated to 0.5%, which it remained until the end of the 19th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[88] Population growth has also been influenced by the prolongation of life, which began in Western Europe as early as the 18th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[88] In demographic conversion typically, mortality rates fall first and birth rates slightly later.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[88] Due to the increase in life expectancy, investment in people's education has become more profitable.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[88] Industrialization did not trigger population growth, but these phenomena have gone hand and supported each other.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[88] New needs, capital and urbanization The capital became an increasingly important condition for industrialization due to expensive investment in machinery.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] At the beginning of industrialization, the capital was still not much affected because the machinery was simple, made by village blacksmiths and the buildings modest.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] What was more significant was that merchants, publishers or enterprising craftsmen with even small capital understood the possibilities of manufacturing and were prepared to try something new.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] Early on new ways of using capital were developed.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] The factory could lease production space and purchase propulsion.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] Several factories could be assembled around the same energy source, hydro or steam engine.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] As factories were concentrated, conditions also arose for infrastructure development.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] This resulted in better supplies of raw materials and more reliable links with the market.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] In the early stages, factories were forced to build housing for workers and set up shops.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] Towns developed around factory clusters.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] Trade and technological expertise was concentrated in cities.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[89] In England, the towns that became hubs for trade, transport and other services grew rapidly in the 19th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[90] In 1800, 23% of the population lived in the cities, 45% in 1850, and in 1910 already 75%.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[90] This urbanization development occurred half a century earlier than elsewhere.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[90] Urbanisation was partly due to the nineteenth-century whooping population growth and partly because mechanising industries sought to concentrate.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[91] In 18th century England, the wool industry had been located around the country in small units.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

One hundred years later, too, it was concentrated, like the cotton industry.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[91] Mechanised production became major production and as the market grew into a world market, the industry demanded large numbers of workers around them.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[91] Cities began to develop into big cities, for example London grew from around one million to a city of 4.7 million inhabitants during the 19th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[91] Gradually, production methods became internationalized and trade became world trade, making almost all countries and people dependent on international business cycles.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[91] The intensification of forms of production led to an unprecedented increase in the wealth of cities, businesses and individual citizens.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

On the other hand, a new group of people formed in society, the working class, who worked long hours and lived in poverty nonetheless.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[92] In Western Europe and North America, a large number of people moved from rural areas to cities as land work was replaced by industrial wage labour.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In addition to the development of transportation, technological advances in the communication of information also spurred widespread social and economic change.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Impact on politics The social and economic changes following the Industrial Subversion fundamentally changed the nature, purpose and state structure of politics.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The change became clear no later than the 1830s.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Economic development, publicly funded education and social welfare projects became the main factual issues of the state.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[93] Rapid economic changes impoverished educated laborers, while increasing overall production as work phase by phase was automated (see also Luddites).


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The concentration of population in urban centers intensified the need for political reforms.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The ideas of equality and unease over economic changes also contributed to the pressure for change.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The introduction of steam power in the industrial processes of book printing greatly expanded the number of newspapers and book publishing.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This increased literacy and demands for political participation of the masses.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Universal male suffrage was introduced in the United States, leading to the election of popular General Andrew Jackson in 1828 and the emergence of modern mass parties.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[94] In Britain, the Reform Act 1832 responded to a problem that had become relevant with the emergence of large population densities in areas with almost no parliamentary representation.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This law expanded the pool of suffragettes, created modern political parties, and began a series of reforms that continued all the way into the 20th century.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

In France, the July Revolution expanded the electorate and transformed the country into a constitutional monarchy.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[95] Belgium gained independence as a constitutional monarchy in 1830 after separating from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which had included for 15 years.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The struggle to implement liberal reforms achieved mixed results in Switzerland.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The next series of attempts to initiate political reform swept across Europe in 1848, with mixed results.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

This also triggered mass migration from Europe to North America — and also parts of South America, South Africa and Australia.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Why Europe?


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Historians have been troubled by the question of why the Industrial Revolution took place in Europe and not in other parts of the world, for example in China.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Environment, statesmanship and culture have been suggested as the main reasons.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Benjamin Elman argues that China was in a situation where non-industrial manufacturing methods were so effective that they prevented the development of large industrial methods requiring capital.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Kenneth Pommeranz, on the other hand, thinks that China and Europe were strikingly similar in the 18th century, and major factors contributing to the birth of industrial subversion were due to the location of coal deposits relative to production centres and the production of raw materials such as food and wood America, favoring Europe.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Due to China's large population, there was no need to develop machinery to replace cheap labour.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

The old land also weaned from reforms.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Why Britain?


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Why did the process of industrial revolution start in Britain thirty — a hundred years before continental Europe and the United States?


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[96] Population growth began in Britain before the Industrial Revolution, what is the ratio of these?


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[96] Could Britain have prospered by trade alone, without industrialisation?


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[96] One reason for early industrialisation is that Britain waged wars behind the seas, thus avoiding the fears and devastations of the conquest of its own territories which had plagued much of the rest of Europe.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[96] Canals, the single currency and internal customs liberalisation, abundant coal and steel resources, deforestation that supported new energy inventions, and attitudes towards economic growth, enterprise and risk-taking are usually reasons.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[96] Some stress the country received natural and economic resources from overseas colonies or the proceeds earned by the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Subsequent calculations have shown that the colonies were, as a whole, a bad transaction for the parent countries because the income was less than expenses.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[97] For individual entrepreneurs, colonies could still be lucrative ventures.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[97] An alternative reason has been given greater freedom of trade than elsewhere.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

More merchants in Britain were able to exploit scientific and technological advances more effectively than in countries founded on a stronger kingship.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[98] The level of technology on the European continent was not any weaker and connections there were quite abundant.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[98] Continental markets did not perform as well as Britain, the agricultural surplus went to the upper class and there was a clammy attitude towards price competition at the local level.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[98] Britain's developed, export-oriented domestic industry also secured an already ready market for many early production goods.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

New inventions were often introduced and developed by carpenters, watchmakers, or other professions of the rather poor social classes.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

For example, James Watt was a model builder and author of mathematical instruments for the University of Glasgow and obtained for his remarkable invention the requisite knowledge of steam engine miniature models he made for scientists at the university.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

Edmund Cartwright, developer of the weaving machine, was a priest and chaplain. [99].


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

There was a democratic approach to the transmission of information in England and several landmen's clubs shared knowledge of farming.


Question: In what decade did William I Oranian have lived in the Netherlands?

Industrial Revolution

[98] A well-known scientific association was the Lunar Society, whose members included James Watt, Erasmus Darwin, Josiah Wedgwood, John Whitehurst and Joseph Priestley The Protestant work ethic Max Weber (1864—1920) set out in his book Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism in the North To explain the industrialization of Europe, a theory based on Protestant and especially the ethics of the work of Calvinism.