Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[97] On the red side, the activity of the patronage municipalities was perceived to threaten the entry of the European gun trains into Finland, so on 23 January, the leadership of the Workers' Guards ordered the Guards in the vicinity of the Saint Petersburg to Helsinki railway to protect trains.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, the measure also contributed to the beginning of the revolution.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, for example, the Kotka Red Guard, which was part of the strongest red divisions in Finland, began its mobilization on 23—24.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on Jan.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 22 January 1918, during the events in Vyborg Region, Lieutenant Woldemar Hägglund, sent a message to Mannerheim: “Karelia will rise with all its men to liberate the country from the shame of anarchy.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

We trust brave Ostrobothnia men to fulfil their duty”.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[98] [76] The activities of the patrons in the Vyborg region before the beginning of the war were known as the Karelian Rising.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The beginning of the war on the Red side raised a red lantern on the tower of the Helsinki Workers' House to mark the beginning of the revolution on the evening of 26 January 1918 at 11pm.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards, centered on the Bridge Island, marched through Pitkänsilla to the centre and manned the call centre, the railway station and the telegraph.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[94] The Red Guard took control of Helsinki on the morning of 28 January.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A total of six members of the Senate moved from the capital to Vaasa, where they continued to work for the government as senators of Vaasa.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

President of the Senate (now.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Prime Minister) Pehr Evind Svinhufvud attempted to travel from Helsinki to Vaasa by Russian Navy aircraft, but the Finnish pilot could not get the plane to work.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Svinhufvud eventually reached Tallinn by icebreaker Tarmo and thence via Germany and Sweden to northern Finland.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some senators and bourgeois politicians, among them K. J. Ståhlberg, Lauri Ingman and Kyösti Kallio were left hiding in red Helsinki “underground” until the arrival of the Germans.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[99] A Finnish People's Delegation was established in Helsinki on 28 January as the government of the Red Side.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In connection with its list of names, it published a declaration dated to the same day “Finnish workmen, citizens!” , which informed the start of the revolution.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[100] The disunited front between Red and White Finland settled in the fragmented early part of the war, roughly speaking, on the line Pori—Ikaalinen—Kuru—Vilppula—Länkibase—Padasjoki—Heinola—Mäntyharju— Savitaipale—Lappeenranta—Antrea—Rautu.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On both sides behind the front, localities remained in the control of the opponent, which were purged of enemies within February 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In White Finland, red bases included Oulu, Tornio, Kemi, Raahe, Kuopio and Varkaus.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In Red Finland, Uusikaupunki, Siuntio-Kirkkonummi and Porvoo region remained in control of the Whites.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war was a “railway war” because the railways were the main transmission route for large forces.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Therefore, in addition to possession of important population centers, the two sides fought for control of key rail hubs (e.g.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Haapamäki, Tampere, Kouvola and Vyborg).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Both the Red and White Guards had a strength of 50000—90,000 troops during the war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards consisted mostly of volunteer troops.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Between 11000—15000 volunteers fought on the White side.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The remainder were troops assembled through general conscription which came into force in white Finland on 18 February 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In both Guards, the volunteers” main motives for joining were economic factors such as victualling and pay, as well as ideality and, moreover, environmental pressure but also pressure.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[101] On the Red side, the Guards' specialty was women's (girl) companies established mainly in industrial localities, where the first female soldiers in Finnish history (about 2000 women) fought.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Another peculiarity among the troops on both sides of the front was the minors, predominantly child soldiers aged 15—17, who on the red side also included girls.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The backbone of the Finnish White Army was formed by peasants and civilisation.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Red Guard fought mainly against the working population of the built-up areas and the under-privileged in rural areas.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[102] Fronts of War There were already clearly three fronts formed in the war, called Western, Central and Eastern Fronts by the Reds.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The western front line ran approximately from Merikarvi to Kulla and from north of Suodenniemi to south of Virtoja.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The central front passed through Misusmaja and Länkipohja to Lusi.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The eastern front ran from it through Mouhu and Joutseno from north of Vyborg to Ladoga.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[103] The White war effort was divided into four front blocks; the Western Front, which comprised the Satakunta and Häme fronts, the Central Front, or the Savo Front, and the Eastern Front, the Karelian Front.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, after the invasion of the Germans, fighting took place in Uusimaa, Southern Häme and Päijät-Häme.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Individual battles were also fought north of the front line.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[104] Red Guards during the first phase of the Civil War between 27 January and 14 March 1918, the initiative and major offensive activity was in the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Commander-in-Chief of the Guard (in chronological order): Ali Aaltonen, Eero Haapalainen and the triumvirate Eino Rahja, Adolf Taimi, Evert Eloranta and Kullervo Manner last.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As soon as the fighting began, the Red Guards' military weaknesses were exposed: a lack of military professionalism and professional officers, and a poorly trained, unruly crew.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds suffered their first losses through weapons of their own, damage shots, among other things.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The most functioning level in the Red Guard organization was a company or platoon, or plutoona.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Their chiefs were democratically chosen among and among the members of the unit, so the outcome in terms of management quality was very haphazard.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Guards' pressure tolerance in battle was poor, which, along with unskilled leadership, easily led to the attack being stalled and defences being betrayed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As a result of the losses, entire detachments of troops could leave the front back to the homestead, with the war-command unable to prevent it.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Among the best troops in terms of field eligibility were detachments assembled from rural areas.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The best of their fighting spirit were the urban divisions, especially the Helsinki Red Guard Corps, as well as the Saint Petersburg Finns.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[105] On the other hand, local situations raised new responsible and talented leaders (for example Hugo Salmela, Mikko Kokko, Oskari Rantala, Jalmari Parikka), but it was not enough to correct the entire management problem of the Red Guards.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Reds tried to correct their weaknesses, including by establishing the Kallio War School in Helsinki, which was intended to train officers for the use of the Red Guards.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The school did not record to finish its course before the end of the war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The end result was the failure of the Reds attack phase due to tactical errors and lack of will to fight at frontline level.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards, after all, can be called the pay army of armed civilians.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the Red Terror, too, is probably explainable by the frustration generated by the Guard's poor fighting ability.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The most successful battles of the Finnish Red Guard involved the April retreat phase from Finland to Russia, among them the fierce battles of Hauho and Tuulos in Syrjänta on 27—29.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on April 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In them, the Red Guards' will to fight was mostly based on sheltering their own civilian refugees, and victories no longer had local significance.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[106] Russian troops in Finland due to the decadence of the Russian army and war fatigue, the proportion of Russian soldiers in the civil war's frontal battles was ultimately low, apart from the Karelian population.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The strength of the Old Tsarist Army forces in Finland had been around 100000 [107] — 125000 soldiers in August 1917.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[108] From November—December 1917 onwards, troop numbers began to contract, both due to planned military transfers and demobilisation and steadily increasing indiscipline and desertion.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[109] At the start of the Civil War on 27 January 1918, Russian soldiers numbered no more than 40000 men in Finland.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[110] [111] Following the entry into force of the Brest-Litovsk Peace between Soviet Russia and Germany on 3 March, about 6,000 troops staying in Finland were ordered to withdraw from the country within 2 months.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

By the end of March 1918, the detachments of the old army had mostly left Finland.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[112] [113] In the end, only 7000—10000 Russian soldiers, some already in Finland and some who came to the country during the war from Saint Petersburg, were variously active in the 1918 war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Significant Russian detachments were not persuaded into the war effort, with only 1000—4000 soldiers fighting as detachments of 100—1000 men intermittently on various fronts.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, until the latter half of February 1918, some Russian officers served in charge of the Red Guards' war effort: Colonel Mikhail Svetšnikov in Western Finland and I. Yeremeyev in Eastern Finland.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, cooperation between Russians and Finns went poorly due to language problems and mutual mistrust, among other things.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

During the Reds offensive phase from early February until mid-March, the front line moved almost no further north, although the Whites' fighting capability was at its weakest at the time.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[114] [115] [116] The number and importance of Russian soldiers involved in the civil war diminished starring Red Finland from 18 February, following the resumption of the war effort between Germany and Russia.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The troops either disbanded or were moved to protect St. Petersburg, and thereafter Soviet-Russian support for the Reds was largely arms aid.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Military activities on the Karelian Isthmus, which continued until the end of the war by the Russians, on the other hand, supported the Red Guard, but its main purpose was the defence of Saint Petersburg.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

From the rest of Finland, a significant portion of both active and passive Russian soldiers in the civil war had been withdrawn even before the invasion phase of the Finnish White Army.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[117] White Army at War Disarmament of Russian forces in southern Ostrobothnia 28—31.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

January went from whites mostly easily and calmly.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 24 January, the regional committee representing Russia in Finland had informed the Senate in Vaasa that the “methodical demobilisation” of Russian troops would continue as before.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 30 January, based on ambivalent propaganda by the Senate of Vaasa and the Mannerheim Staff, a declaration aimed only at Russians was issued that the Finnish Peasant Army did not wage war against Russian soldiers.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, it was emphasized to fight against the Russians.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Many Russian officers who were in Finland supported whites.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In early 1918, the Soviet government instructed garrisons in Finland to observe neutrality, and some garrison committees gave locally similar assurances.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Despite these, the Russian government of Ostrobothnia often worked closely with the patronage municipalities.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The head of sea defense in the Gulf of Bothnia, Vice Admiral Nikolai Podgurski helped General Mannerheim in disarming the garrison of Vaasa.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[118] In return for his support for disarmament, Mannerheim arranged for the Russian officers' pay, housing conditions and victualling, and gave them freedom of movement in Vaasa.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On Seinäjoki, Russian troops settled in their former lodges.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Mannerheim promised the Russians that he would deal with the troops from the country via Sortavala or Rovaniemi and return the weapons along the border.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The troops were eventually closed to prison camps and the weapons were put into their own use, as the transport was not successful and the attitude towards Russian soldiers became very negative after the Jaeger Battalion reached Vaasa from Germany.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[119] In the early stages of the Civil War, the White Army and Russian soldiers fought against each other to a significant extent on the front, mainly in Ruovesi, Vilppula, Mäntyharju Front and Karelian Isthmus.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[120] Initiative for Whites In the second phase of the war, from 15 March 1918 until the end of the war (15 May), the initiative passed to the White Finnish Army.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Its success and victory was mainly based on officers clearly more skilled than the Red Guards.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The White Army's officer corps consisted of Finnish officers who served in the former Imperial Russian Army, foreign volunteer officers, and ice keepers trained in Germany (1300 men involved in the war).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

This was reflected in better strategic and tactical planning for the war effort, as well as the execution of operations.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, especially with regard to the rank-men who were part of the working population, it was tragic that in Germany the men who prepared the Finns' liberation and subversion movement against Russia eventually ended up fighting their own citizens.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A couple of hundred icers remained in Germany for the duration of the civil war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[121] The military skills of untrained volunteers and conscripted rankmen in the White Guards, on the other hand, were no better than those of the Red Guards.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Jääkäri Sulo-Weikko Pekkola recalled: “Near the village of Sääksjärvi, a battle arose, as it arises from people unfamiliar with war movements, a lot shot, open walked.” Like the Red Guards, white soldiers could leave the fronts on their own initiative.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The longest training in Finland had been received by some 200 men who applied to the Police School (Röktyslipusto) established on 19 September 1917 at the Saksanniemi Manor in Porvoo.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

They formed the hull of the Uusimaa Dragoon Regiment, founded in January 1918 in Lappajärvi.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

From December 1917, patronage councils conducted platoon and squad leader training in Vimpel at Vimpel School and Vöyr School in Vöyr, but as a whole military instruction did not cover a significant portion of the white troops.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Vöyr War School became operational on 26 January 1918, training was supposed to last three weeks, but already in two days the war school children from Vöyr were commanded into the fighting.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The headquarters of the Ostrobothnia patrons were moved to Ylistaro and the Vöyr School was also moved there.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[122] The detachments of Finland's own military personnel had been disbanded in 1901 and the last Finnish Guard in 1905, so actual military training and experience was only available to the men of Jääkäribattalion 27, who gained greater personal freedom than usual in conducting battles.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[123] In addition to serious educational deficiencies, the White Army leadership judged that the motivation of white soldiers, especially smallholders in central and northern Finland, to wage war against the Finnish Reds might be weak.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Therefore, war propaganda strongly emphasised that the battle was being fought mainly against the “red-knuckle” of the Russian army, and in the final stages of the war an even more prominent emphasis was placed on the Revolutionary War aspect of the battle.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, the conscription law imposed in white Finland obscured opposition, but nearly 30000 men of conscription age in white Finland, apparently those who were supporters of the labour movement, missed invitations.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Thus, a significant number of men with the weakest combat motivation had been deprived from the white army, and in the population outside Southern Finland, there was also strong opposition to the labour movement and socialism on the grounds of Christian religiosity.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[124] Based on their poor fighting ability, the names of the Finnish armies, the White Guard and the Red Guard are mistaken in terms of military tradition.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The designation “guard” usually refers to the best troop detachments of armies, originally the Bodyguard Guards of the Rulers.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In Russia and Finland, the troops who fought against the Reds were called the White Guards.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guard designation was already used in Finland in connection with the 1905 revolution.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[125] The Finnish Guards should have been the best in the fight against revolution and subversion, the volunteer vanguard of the Civil War.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Settlement Tampere The most significant war movement of the Finnish White Army was the battle for control of Tampere from 16 March to 6 April 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As a result of the battle, the White Army recaptured from the Reds the largest industrial centre


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The war effort began in Längelmäki Länkibottom, located northeast of the city and was also accompanied by struggles north and northwest of the region on the Vilppula—Kuru—Kyröskoski—Suodenniemi line.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere was encircled in the Battle of Lempäälä on 24 March and the recapture of Siuro on 26 March.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on March.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[126] The battle for the city of Tampere became the fiercest clash of the civil war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It was by then the largest battle fought in the Nordic countries, involving 16000 whites and 14000 reds.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards' defensive will and capability were elevated and the Guards showed significant determination in the defence of Tampere.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The White warleadership placed some of its best and most striking forces on the offensive, among them some of the new Ice Guard regiments.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At the Battle of Kalevankanka Cemetery, so to speak on Bloody Maundy Thursday 28 March, no more openings and no damage shots were fired, as some units of the White Army suffered more than 50% combat losses.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Fifty Ickeers fell and the Swedish Volunteer Brigade lost about 10% of its crew.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The decisive attack by the Whites, which led to the recapture of central Tampere, began during the night of 3 April 1918 with intense artillery fire.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Battle of Tampere was the first, relentless city war fought block by block in Finnish history, which, at least in hindsight, contains a lot of tragic symbolism.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The settlement battle of the civil war took place in the city, where the industrialisation, economic and political modernization of Finland and the development that improved the intellectual and material state of the whole people had begun.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[127] The battle on the isthmus between Lake Saint and Näsijärvi was also a civil war between the Finns at its purest.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The bulk of the Russian army had left Finland during March, and German troops were only just entering the country.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Whites fell in the battles of Tampere between 700 and 900 men.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red Guards lost 1000—1500 fighters, and one of their best leaders, Hugo Salmela.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The prisoners were left with 11000—12000 reds.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Civilian casualties were 71.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

They perished mainly under artillery fire.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

For the duration of the fighting, the civilian population was sheltered in the city's stone churches, Tampere Cathedral and Alexander Church.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Tampere neighbourhoods including Tammela and Kyttalä were almost completely destroyed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[128] After the takeover of Tampere, the retreat of the Red Guards from Western Finland began.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The focus of the White attack was shifted to Vyborg, which was overrun by 29.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on april.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[129] The Battle of Vyborg involved 18,500 whites and 7,000 reds.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The White Army lost about 50 men fallen.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Between 500 and 800 Red Guards fell and 12000—15000 of them were captured.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Almost all the Reds fell in the Battle of Naulasaari, which was created by the Reds in Vyborg attempting a breakthrough west of the city on 28—29.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on april.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As spoils of war, the Whites received 300 cannons, 200 machine guns, an armoured train, more than 400 loads of groceries, cannon ammunition, and cartridge stores.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[130] German troops in Finland 30.3


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Germany left a note to the Bolshevik government about the “flowing” Red Russian Guards from St Petersburg, threatening to take action if it did not stop.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The troops were already on their way.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin tended to forbid the authorities in Saint Petersburg to send any more Russian troops to Finland.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[131] A German naval detachment came ashore on the Åland Islands on 5 March 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the third phase of the war, the White Army's general invasion of southern Finland was supplemented by the invasion of Hanko by the German Baltic Division led by Major General Rüdiger von der Goltz on 3 April 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The reconciliation of German and Russian troops, in compliance with the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, was coordinated by a special Hanko Treaty.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The strength of the division was 10,000 troops.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Further, at Loviisa came ashore on 7 April, advanced from Tallinn, about a brigade strong detachment at Brandenstein (3000 men).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Advancing from Hanko, the detachment conquered Helsinki 12—13.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

April (Battle of Helsinki 1918), Hyvinkää on 21 April, Riihimäki on 22 April and Hämeenlinna on 26 April 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The mobilized brigade from Loviisa recaptured Lahti on 19 April, severing contacts between the Western and Eastern Red Guards.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The German forces significantly accelerated the military defeat of the Red Guards and shortened the duration of the war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, Finland came under German influence after the war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[132] Sweden's ambivalent role Sweden refused to participate officially in the Finnish Civil War, but 84 volunteer Swedish officers gave significant support to the white war-leadership.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, a detachment of volunteer Swedish soldiers led by Captain Hjalmar Frisell was sent to White Finland, called the Swedish Brigade.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, its actual total strength, 250—550 men (strength data varying) was mainly equivalent to a strengthened battalion.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[133] In addition to volunteer soldiers, Sweden furthered its foreign policy interests in Finland by sending a naval and military detachment to Åland on 15 February 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The motive for the act was the Åland people's “requests for help” to Sweden.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In fact, geopolitical power factors were to blame.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, Swedish forces were forced to withdraw from Åland by May 1918 after a German naval detachment reached it on 5 March 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[134] Air operations at Russian airports in Finland had essentially ceased to exist after the pilots returned to Russia, mostly with the so-called Whites.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A few planes from Russian airports had remained in use by the Reds, mainly Stetin M-9 flying boats.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

There were no Finnish pilots, so some Russian pilots who remained in Finland were hired as instructors.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red's air operations in the Civil War got underway when five aircraft were sent from Vyborg on 24 February 1918, arriving in Riihimäki the next day.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[135] Flight divisions were established in Helsinki (Hermann Airport), Tampere, Valkeala (Utti) and Vyborg.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

There was no actual air detachment unified HQ; the departments operated independently most likely subordinate to front staffs.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A special flying school was established in Helsinki, which, however, did not have time to train any pilots.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Two planes were sent to Tampere and three to Kouvola.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The machines sent to Tampere were Nieuport branded.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

One of them was reconnaissance (Nieuport 10), and the other fighter aircraft (Nieuport 17).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Four Russian flight officers and six mechanics also arrived in Tampere.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

An aircraft took off from Tampere for the first time on 1 March 1918 from Naistenlahi.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[135] [136] The two Nieuport planes in Tampere were used in the battles in the direction of Vilppulan-Mänttä.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The planes were used for reconnaissance, but bombs were also dropped from them, [137] [138] In addition to these, the Reds apparently had two more aircraft at their disposal in the Eastern Front Flight Section.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the machines fell into the possession of whites either as early as the war or after the end of the war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some of the planes were destroyed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Air operations encompassed reconnaissance, bomb dropping, flyer dissemination, and artillery fire lookout, but operations were ineffective on all fronts.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The reason was poor management, poor condition of machinery, poor maintenance of machinery and indifference of Russian pilots.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[135] [139] White flight operations originated with Swedish donation planes and 5 Nieuport planes purchased from the Russians, 4 of which arrived to Antrea flown by hired Russian pilots, and aircraft left over from the Russians.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[140] A Morane-Saulnier Parasol plane donated by Count Eric von Rose arrived from Sweden on which he had painted blue swastikas, this plane was numbered 1 sex and the plane was the first aircraft of the Mannerheim army.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 16 April 1918 the plane was destroyed after crushing into the ice of Näsijärvi, after the engine stopped, the plane's Swedish pilot and Finnish mechanic died.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[141] Three biplane N.A.B were also obtained from Sweden.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Albatros aircraft in late February 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Of the Albatros machines, two were received as donations and the third was purchased.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The intention was to use aircraft as support for whites, but they were not, as civilian aircraft, suitable for the conditions of the Civil War.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[142] There were no Finnish instructors, but the pilots and mechanics of the machines came from Sweden.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Lieutenant Bertil Mårtenson had received pilot training in Germany, but he remained in Germany for the duration of the civil war, among other things, to buy aircraft for Finland.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

29 Swedes, 7 Russians, 4 Finns and 2 Danes flew in the Finnish Air Force, joined by a few Germans.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The action was piecemeal reconnaissance until the German armed forces brought their own aircraft, but their use, too, was irrelevant to the course of the war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[143] The first airport in independent Finland was located in Kolho, where the first aircraft was brought by rail on 7 March 1918, and from which the plane first took off the ice in Kaijanselä on 17 March 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Air Force received nine Stetin M-9 aircraft left behind by the Russians in 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The first war flight was conducted in the direction of Lyly, where flight endoscopy was used to obtain data on the movements of the reds.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As the fighting moved towards Tamperetta, the airport moved first to Orivede and then to Tampere Kaukajärvi.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The importance of the airgun in the Civil War was nonexistent.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[138] [144] Political terror The 1918 war was characterised by political violence, differentiated into red and white terror.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Due to the trauma experienced by both sides, attempts were made to explain the executions afterwards as acts outside of combat activity, merely outbursts of primitive feelings of anger.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[145] Historical research, however, has also linked the terror of 1918 as one form of warfare.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It provided a model of previous civil wars, political violence, as well as from across World War I fronts where terror was widespread and widespread in some places.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Lenin's book “The State and the Revolution”, written in Helsinki, contains a direct response to political terror.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The goal of terror was both the destruction of the opponent's power structures and the creation of a powerful deterrent effect.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Although the executions, on the other hand, took forms of local and personal revenge, at least a third of the Red Terror is thought to have been systematic activities planned by the Red Guard leadership.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The main part of the white terror is estimated to have been premeditated and organised warfare imposed by the top war-command in connection with the “final takeover” of captured territories.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

“Officially” and especially at the beginning of the war, both the Vaasa Senate and the People's Delegation opposed terrorist activities.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[146] The key implementers of the Red and White Terror were the strike and reconnaissance forces, which operated independently under the auspices of the upper war-command, called the Flying Detachments.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

They consisted of between 10 and 80 select mounted soldiers.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At age, warriors in the Flying Section tended to be younger than the men of the Front Corps (the youngest military boys aged 13—14).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The department was headed by a senior leader with strong authority, under whom the “flying” carried out “search and destroy” missions, as well as enforcing self-proclaimed executions or death sentences imposed by the courts.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[147] Red Terror The Reds massacred between 1400 and 1650 civilian personnel in the territories they controlled.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Executions were plentiful between the end of January and the end of February, around 700.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In March, executions were reduced to about 200 victims.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Terror surged in April and early May 1918 with the Reds” defeat assured; the slain numbered about 700.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[148] The motivation for political violence was the destruction of those in leading positions of the opposing party, as well as personal aggression in some places.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The majority of those executed were active patrons, manor owners, householders, politicians, police officers, teachers and senior officials, as well as industry leaders and owners.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some 90 people listed as red or (moderate) socialist were also among the victims of terror.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Although Red Terror was not specifically directed against the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Finland, ten priests were killed in all by the Reds (about 1,200 pastors in total in the parishes).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The murders were partly committed for reasons of ideality, but especially in rural areas, the clergy represented the traditional power system of society.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[149] A significant part of red terror was carried out in the so-called terror centres of Kouvolan-Kymenlaakso and Toijala region.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A total of 300—350 victims were executed in them.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[150] Significant acts of violence by the Reds from January to April 1918 also include e.g.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

following mass shootings: 31.1.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The shooting of 15 patrons in Kangasa, i.e. Suinula massacre.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The murder of 10 prisoners along the road from Vihti to Nummela, at the crossroads of Ojakkala.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Among those murdered were e.g.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A South Ostrobothnian chief police constable who, at the time of his capture in January, was in the line of duty.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[151] [152] 2.2. shooting of a group of prisoners in Nummela.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[151] 6.2.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The execution of 11 whites in the courtyard of the Lyceum of Pori, or the so-called. Pori Lyceum massacre 10.3.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

16 shooting of a staff member of A. Ahlström Oy on the border of Pori and Noormarkku, so called. Coliaspring massacre 19.4.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Kuurila train killings in Kuurila.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The execution of 23 white prisoners in Lappeenranta, i.e. Lappeenranta massacre.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The slaying of 30 white inmates in the Vyborg County Jail The massacre at the Vyborg County Jail.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[153] White terror in White terror destroyed those who rose up in rebellion and their supporters across the board.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The main focus was on punishing Red Guards leaders as well as those involved in the Red regime, red terror and war effort.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Relatively, the strongest retrofit was directed at Russian soldiers.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the end, the number of people who perished in the White Terror rose significantly higher than the number of people killed in the Red Terror: between 7,000 and 10,000 victims.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Executions were divided in time in different ways than the corresponding red violence.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the early stages of the war, around 350 were killed in February 1918, around 500 in March, around 1800 in April, around 4600 in May and about 300 in June 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the early part of the war, the most significant event of white terror was the massacre carried out in connection with the takeover of Varkaus on 21 February 1918, in which 80—90 Reds were executed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The case has been called the Huruslahti lottery.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A total of 100 to 140 people were executed in the theft by mid-March 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Significantly less than personal losses, 13 victims, but of significant symbolic value, was the blood acts in Harmoisten Sickroom on 10 March 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

During the peak period of terror, in the two weeks between late April and early May 1918, there were about 200 executions per day, with a total of 2500—3000 lives killed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Hans Kalm's forces fired on Lahti from 1 May to 31.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Between 150 and 200 women numbered red between May 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A total of 300—600 female persons perished in the executions.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As far as white terror is concerned, it remains permanently unclear which part of the Red Guards who perished in the fighting really fell and which part were executed immediately after the fighting.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The terror committed by the white side also includes the only ethnic massacre in the history of independent Finland, carried out after the invasion of Vyborg.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Russian civilians belonging to the population of Vyborg, including children and the elderly, were gathered in an area known as the Vallie, where they were executed by firing squad.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The act of terrorism differed from other white terror because it targeted an ethnic group and was not based on political selection.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

A significant number of Russians shot were actually politically right-wing.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Similar acts were carried out in other cities conquered by the Whites, e.g.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Lappeenranta and Tampere, where almost all captured Russians were executed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

With its more than 200 victims, however, the executions in Vyborg were by far the most significant of these war crimes.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[154] [155] Executed red women According to research carried out by non-fiction writer and researcher Master Tauno Tukkinen, about 200 of those executed were women, i.e. Hans Kalm's share in the slayings and outright murders of child and female soldiers was probably higher than any on the other white side of the officers involved in the civil war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Likewise, his share of outright suspected war crimes was perhaps higher than any other white commander.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The executions of Red Corps nurses in the Hennala prison camp by Kalm's forces can be considered outright killings.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The average age of women shot in the bay has been said to be around 20 years.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In fact, all those executed were by no means women, as Tukkinen found thirty seventeen and twenty-five even younger girls among the slain.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The youngest were children aged just 14 and 15.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[156] Among the women executed in Lahti there were also young mothers who remained orphans.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Almost all of the executions of the women fell into the first two weeks of May, meaning they were put into action shortly after the Germans led by Colonel Otto von Brandenstein had recaptured Lahti in late April and guarding the Hennala prison camp was the responsibility of Kalm's forces.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

“In Lahti, however, the women were not executed by Germans, but by Finns,” says Tukkinen, who wrote on the matter.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As regards white terror, it remains permanently unclear which of the Red Guards who perished in the fighting were executed immediately after the fighting and who really fell during the struggles.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[157] [158] The motive for female soldiers joining the Red Guards was usually pay, but also cause, class hatred or adventurism.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[159] However, in order to alleviate the sentence, the cause was later allowed to conceal and justify the decision by starvation [160].


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

According to Thomas Hoppu, there were no more than 2600 women in the Female Guards, 60 of them died in fighting, 25 fled to Russia, and [159] some 270 [160] were executed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Terror Scars Terror was an effective and terrifying weapon in the Civil War.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the other hand, it gave the opposing side a significant propaganda asset and an opportunity to justify its own violence by the other side's actions.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war was the first conflict in Finland in which, above all, propaganda from the newspaper press played a major role.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Red and White Finnish newspaper news described the opposing party's terrorist activities in detail, magnifying and coloring both casualty numbers and events.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[161] According to the red and white press, “the savage acts of ferocious and cowardly wild beasts and the land moistened with the blood of innocent victims cried revenge upon the traitors of their people”.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

And the writings didn't fall short of an armed response.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Political violence by the opposing party also provided an even clearer motive for the war when it could be shown to be fought tangibly for the 'spirit and life' of one's own reference group.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Apart from the death of the victims, the most central and long-lasting impact of the executions was the mental trauma they caused in generations of contemporaries and posterity alike.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In this respect, posterity has long prevailed mainly from the victimhood aspect of the side of the war with which it is identified.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

There is also a more honest look at the contribution of one's own reference group and of their own ancestors as agents of terror.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[162] It was because of terrorist acts that the wounds of the civil war slowly expired and the war continued on a mental level at least until the 1960s and 1970s.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finns of 1918 certainly did not leave a light intellectual legacy behind for those to come.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[163] War Decision Under the pressure of a successful Finnish-German invasion, the People's Delegation moved from Helsinki on 8 April to Vyborg, with the exception of some members of the delegation (Edvard Gylling, for example) from there on to Saint Petersburg on 25 April 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The exodus of the leaders provoked intense bitterness among the Reds.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Long caravans of red refugees who wandered from Satakunta and Häme towards Saint Petersburg surrendered Lahti and Koski (Hl.)


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

in the area between 1 and 2.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

May.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The last Resistance colonies of the Reds, located in Kymenlaakso, gave up the battle on 5 May 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The civil war ended after Russian soldiers withdrew on 14 May from the fortress of Ino on the Karelian Isthmus and the occupation of its destroyed cannon positions by Finnish whites on 15 May.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Initially embracing anti-war thinking, the Finnish labour movement had suffered defeat in the Civil War.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

White people confined Red Guards to prison camps.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Senate of Vaasa returned from Ostrobothnia to Helsinki on 2 May 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the capital, however, it was not received by detachments of the Finnish White Army, but by the honorary company of the Imperial German Baltic Division with their ringers, and Major-General Rüdiger von der Goltz, dubbed the “true state administrator” of Finland.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

White General Mannerheim held a major victory parade in honour of his army in Helsinki on 16 May 1918, despite German troops.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Missing peace treaty No formal armistice and peace negotiations typical of many wars took place and no formal treaties to end the Finnish Civil War were ever signed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[164] Postwar events Consequences of war The Finnish civil war ended on 15 May 1918, but its acute effects continued in Finland until at least the end of 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The war severely shattered and damaged Finnish society.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It was not just the gap between the parties to the war, but also the internal problems of the power groups.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

White Finland was divided into two camps: one in favour of monarchy and narrowed democracy, the other was in favour of republicanism, broad democracy and social reforms.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Ultra-conservatives had been permanently against parliamentarianism.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

More moderate conservatives supported parliamentarianism at first, but the events of 1917—1918 turned them against widespread democracy, and led them to seek counter-force in parliament from a long tradition of monarchy.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The statesmanship dispute was the most significant internal watershed for the victors: due to the protracted internal war and in the precarious situation that followed, the majority of conservatives and non-socialists supported Germany's strong position in Finland.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, activists hoped for support from the Germans for the project to recapture East Karelia.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[165] [166] The war of 1918 also fragmented the Finnish labour movement, partly on the basis of the internal division established in January 1918 into moderate social democrats seeking to cooperate with non-socialists and left-wing socialists in Finland as well as revolutionaries to communists operating in Russia backed by the Bolsheviks.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[167] Power in Finland was held by P.E.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Svinhufvud, J. K. Paasikivi's bourgeois senate, the so-called stub parliament mainly without SDP MPs and Imperial Germany.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

After the end of the war, Finland's economy was on the ground.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Both exports and imports had plummeted and the industry was suffering from shortages of raw materials and labour.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, the trade agreement with Germany limited the country's freedom to raise its exports.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The economic situation did not return to pre-war levels until the mid-1920s.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In terms of the economy, however, the war did not treat different segments of the population the same.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Counted as changes in real incomes, the losers were industrial working people and civil service crews, as well as the winners agricultural producers, who had been benefited by strong rising food prices.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The main problem in 1918 was food shortages.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It was already suffering in 1917, but actual hunger was seen mainly in Kainulu and North Karelia, which were not regions torn apart by political strife.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The 1918 war, which was supposed to solve all the problems, eventually brought hunger to southern Finland as well.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The situation only improved in 1919 when food imports and the country's own agriculture were brought in order through, among other things, the Crofters Act enacted on 17 July 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[168] The treaties signed by the representatives of the Senate Edvard Hjelt and Rafael Erich on 7 March 1918 with representatives of the German Empire, the peace treaty and the accompanying trade and shipping treaty and the secret exchange of notes on military matters without the knowledge of the Senate were bound by Finland To Germany, curtailing the country's independence.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, in June 1918, the Germans proposed a military alliance between the two countries.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Disputes associated with the German trend led to the resignation of White General Mannerheim on 27 May 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Finnish Parliament (111 delegates out of 200) chose the blue cross flag instead of the red lion flag.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The colour of the old flag was considered too much to suggest socialism.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On the motion of Paasikivi's monarchist-majority Senate, and also due to German pressure, the stub parliament finally elected Prince Friedrich Karl of Hesse as King of Finland on 9 October 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, the king did not have time to formally step on his throne and the Kingdom of Finland did not materialize in practice.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The October royal election took advantage of the form of government from the period of Swedish rule of 1772, which had been in force in the Grand Duchy of Finland, and whose validity after the March 1917 Revolution was disputed during the struggle for statesmanship in 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

According to the view of the republicans, Finland was made a republic by the Declaration of Independence on December 6, 1917, and it became only “technically” to confirm an independent Finland in the new state form.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the view of monarchists, only the “principle of republic” had been accepted in the Declaration of Independence, and the 1918 war changed both the dominance within the country and the attitude towards republicanism to a more negative one.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

They wanted to replace the Gustavian constitution of 1772 with a more modern monarchist state form.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[169] Finnish place Historians have described Finland's foreign policy position in summer 1918 with different but parallel expressions: it was a German underland, protectorate and military beachhead.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

But in that situation, Finland was simply shown its place and the limits of its possibilities for action in the throes of World War I.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 1914, the Finns were caught between German and Russian interests, but contrary to expectations, the Great Powers were weakened in a long-stretched World War.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In December 1917, the “Finnish moment” came; Russia and Germany negotiated peace (from 6 December 1917), Germany did not advance in the east, and Soviet Russia was in a state of turmoil.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The secession of Finland from Russia and the attainment of genuine independence was thus little time caught only by the Finns own will.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Independence was the very thing on which the vast majority of the people agreed, and it was time to exploit this 'free Finland'.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[170] However, the internal dispersion of the Finnish people led to an internal struggle, during which the situation between Germany and Russia turned into a war again (18 February 1918).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As a result, the same men, both burghers and socialists, who had acquired independence for Finland, without fighting in December 1917, “called” Germany by their mutual war, and thus Finland's future status was no longer dependent on the Finns but World War I on the outcome.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[171] Settlement in Germany The general picture of World War I included that at its beginning emperors, tsars and kings moved their own citizens as pawns across Europe, deciding their lives and deaths.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of the war, the situation was reversed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

This was also the case in Germany, and finally the ordinary Germans solved the fate of Finland with their Autumn Revolution of 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The German Empire collapsed and World War I ended on 11 November 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The German army left Helsinki on 16 December, and Prince Friedrich Karl abdicated his kingship on 20 December.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

And so the independence gained by the Finns on 6 December 1917 came into full effect [172] On the left, the internal divisions caused by the civil war remained longer into the future, but on the right the upheaval of November 1918 in Germany once more caused the internal redistribution of power.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The defeat of Germany broke Finnish monarchism, and Finland became a statesmanship, with the help of the Circum-Powers, a republican democracy with extensive civil rights, on 17 July 1919.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Finland's independence was recognized by the United States and Britain on 6—7.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

May 1919, after the end of the German trend in the country.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Relations between Soviet-Russia and Finland were established by the Peace Treaty of Tartu on 14 October 1920.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 25 July 1919, K. J. Ståhlberg, elected as the country's first president-elect, became the symbol of the Finns' parliamentary line.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

He received support from the Agrarian League led by Santeri Alkio.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Social Democratic Party made a return to parliament in the parliamentary elections of 3 March 1919 under the leadership of moderate Väinö Tanner.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, moderate conservatives like Lauri Ingman also positioned themselves in favor of national politics.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The year of Opposites 1918 ended with the first municipal elections based on universal and equal suffrage in Finnish history, which took place 17—28.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

on December 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[173] [174] Fate of the Lost In the final stages of the war, about 10,000 Red Guards and their family members fled to Soviet Russia.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[175] By the end of the war on 5 May 1918, 76,000 Red prisoners were incarcerated.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

As the peak phase of the White Terror passed, the question of the solution to the prisoner problem arose in May 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of May and early June 1918, released either immediately or after interrogations (so-called. Aminoff's investigative system) a few thousand prisoners, but they were also still executed in June.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually the prison camps housed about 74,000 to 76,000 red prisoners.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

There was a long dispute between the White Army and the Senate over modus operandi regarding the Red Prisoners.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Eventually, a policy was reached that each prisoner's case had to be investigated separately, and above all that they would be kept in custody until sentencing.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The decision, along with severe food shortages caused by the 1918 war, led to a high prison camp mortality rate.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[176] [177] Prison camps The largest prison camps were (in brackets the largest prison population during the summer of 1918): Suomenlinna (13300 prisoners), Hämeenlinna (11500 prisoners), Lahti (10900 prisoners), Vyborg (10350 prisoners), Tammisaari (8700 prisoners), Riihimäki (8500 prisoners), and Tammisaari (8500 prisoners) Pere (7700 prisoners).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

On 29 May 1918, Parliament enacted an Act on State Criminal Rights, entrusted with the investigation and sentencing of Red Prisoners.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The system did not meet in all respects the requirements of impartial jurisdiction, but was part of the “repression system” of the winner of the war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, on June 20, 1918, a law was enacted on the possibility of a suspended prison sentence in relation to Red Prisoners.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Almost the entire Finnish judging panel was harnessed to the work.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The investigation process was slow and burdensome and, moreover, the rights were not able to begin operations until 18 June.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At that point, the Finnish Senate already had a full-scale disaster in the prison camps on its hands.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[178] [179] A wave of destruction In May 1918, about 600 to 700 prisoners died in prison camps.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In June, the death repaired 2900 prisoners and those who perished in July numbered between 4800 and 5250.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In August the numbers were decreasing, but still high, at 2200 people and in September 1918 about 1000 casualties.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The reasons for the decline must have been both the government's awakening to the disaster and the progress of the investigation so that so-called harmless prisoners could be released with parole sentences.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In total, 110,00—13500 Finns are estimated to have perished in prison camps during the summer of 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Of them, about 5000, or nearly 40%, were aged between 15 and 24.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It is known that several starved prisoners, some 600—700, perished even after getting out of the prison camp to a strong meal consumed too early in the 'heat of freedom'.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The highest prison camp mortality rate was in Tammisaari prison camp: almost 34% of inmates.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In Hämeenlinna and the smaller Lappeenranta prison camp, the mortality rate was around 20 per cent.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In other camps, mortality rates were predominantly between 5 and 15 per cent.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Diseases, especially Spanish disease, as well as various diseases of the pox, fever and intestines, caused havoc in prisoners weakened by camp conditions.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The number of red prisoners shot in the camps for various reasons was high; more than 500 prisoners were shot in Lahti, over 400 in Lappeenranta, 330 in Tampere and 250 in Vyborg.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[180] The Red Prison Camps and their conditions also attracted international attention.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The issue was covered, among others, in the Swedish and English press.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[181] [182] [177] Judgments In total, some 70000 Finns were convicted by the law.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority were punished for aiding and abetting treachery.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

While 555 people were sentenced to death, only 113 convictions were enforced.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Various custodial sentences and fixed-term loss of civil trust were imposed on 60000 citizens, of whom 10200 persons were pardoned on 30 October 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In court papers, some of the individuals confined to prison camps were eventually found to have been unduly incarcerated.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of custodial sentences handed out were lenient and were eventually converted to parole sentences to free 40,000 prisoners.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

At the end of 1918, the number of Red prisoners in prisons was 6100 and 100 in 1921. Civil trust for 40000 former Reds was also restored at that time.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 1927, the last 50 red prisoners were pardoned by the government of Väinö Tanner.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 1973, the Finnish government paid compensation to 11,600 former Red prisoners.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[183] [179] The violence of the post-war years After the Civil War, the violence associated with its events continued for several more years.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Researcher Marko Tikka calculated that between the summer of 1918 and the end of 1921 there were around 300 acts of violence characterised as political in Finland, in which 226 people were killed.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Of the casualties, the vast majority, or 183, were readable to the Red Party of the War.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, most cannot be considered methodical; events were usually accompanied by alcohol and originated at dances or evenings, for example.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Outright terrorism can be classified as a few murders or attempted murders committed by former Red Guards, who were usually targeted by members of patronage societies.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

They were mainly organised by private individuals and cannot be linked, for example, to the Communist Party of Finland, founded in 1919.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The most famous of the failures is the April 1920 assassination attempt on Mannerheim in Tampere.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[184] War casualties The war in Finland in 1918 was one of the most significant disasters in the history of the 1690s and 1860s and World War II (1939—1945).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Some 37000 people died as casualties of the war, [185] of which 5800 to 6200 persons, or about 16% were minors, aged 14—20.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The youngest victims were less than one year old.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Twenty were executed between the ages of 0—15, otherwise slain and variously dead in excess of 300, among them one baby strangled to death.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Two thirds of the children were red, the rest both white and not belonging to any group.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Children were still killed even after the war ended with their families.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[186] [187] The total loss, calculated from late January to late December 1918, averaged about 3300 deaths per month.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The vast majority of the victims died either as victims of terror or perished in prison camps, while those killed in the fighting of the war took just under 10,000 lives.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In addition, as a result of the war, about 20,000 children were orphaned, that is, lost either one or both of their guardians.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[188] Famous figures who died in the civil war or its aftermath include composer Toivo Kuula, poet Juhani Siljo and writer Algoth Untola (Maiju Lassila).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The war deepened the popular divide that had already arisen in Finland and caused bitterness, anger and a spirit of revenge.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Until the 1960s, public debate focused on the so-called white truth of the winners, and the so-called red truth of those who lost was left behind.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It took 40 to 85 years from the events of 1917—1918 to outline the overall historical picture and the diversification of interpretations that characterised historical research.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[189] On the other hand, the defeat of the red Finland and the only partial realisation of the goals of white Finland, after Germany lost World War I, led to a national compromise.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

When the “foreign bayonets” of foreign powers left Finland alone, moderate burghers and socialists eventually took charge of their country.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The compromise ensured Finland's internal stability and order and democratic development and made slow but secure national defragmentation possible [190] In 1919—1991, Finns' democracy and independence withstood the pressure of the far-right and far-left and the other the heavy tribulations of World War I and Soviet pressure during the Cold War.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Veterans of the Civil War, the last of Finland's veterans of the 1918 war, Aarne Armunen (born 1897), died on 1 January 2009.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

He fought in the Finnish Red Guard.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The last of the veterans of the Finnish White Army to die was Lennart Rönnback (1905—2007).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The last surviving white side to serve in support roles was Lauri Nurminen (1906—2009).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

One of the last people to tell the events of the Hämeenlinna prison camp as an eyewitness is Anna Mäkinen o.s. Joutsen (born 1909), who was imprisoned together with her mother and sister.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Mäkinen told writer Tuulikki Pekalainen about her experiences.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[191] Decorations for those who fought on the Svinhufvud Senate side were distributed with the 1918 Revolutionary War commemorative medals [192] and medals of the Cross of Liberty.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The Order of the Cross of Liberty was established on 4 March 1918.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Its Grand Master is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[193] Other medals associated with the time include Asikkala Front Men's Cross, Front Badge of Southern Savo Regiment, Hattulans Memorial Medal, Janakkalans Memorial Medal, Heinola Municipality Memorial Medal, Helsinki Conquest Memorial Medal, Karelian Front Mark, Lammi Municipal Front Medal , Länkipohja Memorial Cross, Padasjoki Cross of Honour, Patterinmäkeläinen Cross, Headquarters Badge, Rauma Soyeluskunta Memorial Medal, Raudu Cross, Sipoo Municipal Memorial Medal, Svidja Medal, Tampere Conquest Memorial Medal, Russian Island Memorial Medal, Vilppula Cross, Badge of the Vimpel War School and Sign of the Vöyr Guard.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[194] Civil War in fiction Literature The first universally acclaimed fiction work on the Finnish Civil War was Frans Emil Sillanpää's novel Pious Misery completed already in 1919.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the 1920s—1950s, fiction on the events of 1918 was written mostly from the point of view of the winner of the war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Although in 1931, Jarl Hemmer's work En man och hans samvete (The Man and His Conscience), which dealt with war from a broader, humanistic perspective, appeared in 1931.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

However, the most famous and debated books about the war and the reasons that led to it were Väinö Linna's novel trilogy Here under the North Star, parts 1 and 2.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The castle texts are considered to have provided significant impetus to the way that has become common since the 1960s, of looking at the conflict from the perspective of the losing party as well.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[195] In poetry, Viljo Kajava's highly acclaimed work Tampere Poems appeared in the 1960s.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The book Boy on the Shoulders of the World (1973), written by Uuno Pekka Kekäläinen, who was in the Hennala prison camp in Kuopio and Lahti, contains a detailed diary from Hennala prison camp.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 2003, Leena Lander's book about the 1918 war appeared Commandment.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

It received a Finlandia nomination and, based on the screenplay, was also completed by radio listen Susiyahhti (Yle, Radioteatteri 2004), which was selected as the best premiere performance of 2004 in the Blind Lunar Maraade.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The book has also been edited for theatrical productions, including the Finnish National Theatre in 2006.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In the 21st century, author Antti Tuuri's works The Great Arms Train from Saint Petersburg in 2006, the Battle of Tampere in 1918, and Surmanpelto, a story about Russian soldiers captured in Ostrobothnia in 1918, have also appeared.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Also in Kjell Wesö's 2006, the winner of the Finlandia Prize for Literature, Where We Travelled, deals with the Finnish civil war, as well as the author's book Mirage 38, published in 2013.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Harri Raitti's novel “The Fourth of April 1918” appeared in 1987 and is a reality-based account of an incident in Rymättylä.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 2008, writer Anneli Kanto published the documentary novel “Blood Russes”, which deals with the stages of the Valkeakoski Female Guard.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[196] The following year, Pekka Saaristo dramatised a play about the book, which has been performed in places such as Pori, Tampere and Valkeakoski.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[197] In Finnish films, the 1918 war initially came out mainly as side plots, for example in the film Silja — who slept at a young age (directed by Jack Witikka, 1956).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Among the first films focused on the Civil War was a 1918 film directed by T. J. Särkka, completed in 1957 and based on a novel by Jarl Hemmer — The Man and His Conscience.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[198] In the 1960s and 1970s, film director Edvin Laine film Väinö Linna's Pohjantä-trilogy.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The first film in the series Here Under the North Star deals broadly and realistically with the events of 1918 in Linna's books, the focus of the description is on the point of view of the party who lost the war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[199] [200] Documentary-seeking or biographical descriptions of civil war or independence include the Finnish-Soviet Confidence (1976), Mommila's blood works about Alfred Kordelin's fate (1973), and Tulipää, a story about the life of Maiju Lassila (1980).


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[198] Since the 1990s, the Finnish Civil War has been covered in several films.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Tero Jartti directed the film in 1994 based on a short story by Aapo Runar Schildt.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The film was about the fate of an individual Red Guards.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 1997, Redemption, directed by Olli Saarela, was completed, which depicted the priest's mental contradictions amid civil war.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

In 2007, a film directed by Lauri Törhönen directed by Lauri Törhönen was completed in 2007.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

Aku Louhimies directed the film Commandment (2008) based on Leena Lander's book.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[201] [202] In 2012, Claes Olsson's film Battle of Näsilinna 1918, about the battle of Melin's company in Tampere, came to cinemas.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[201] In 2000, two comic books made from different points of view were published in the High Tension series Civil War White High Tension — Freedom Baptism of Fire and Citizen War Red High Tension — To fight for the working people!


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

The authors' familiarity with the subject (Asko Alanen, Jouko Ruokosenmäki and Samson) received praise from experts and brought an honourable mention in the Valopilkku of the Year.


Question: To whom did Tampere surrender in the Finnish Civil War?

Finnish Civil War

[203] Civil war comics based on the stages of real persons include self-publishing Red Horseman from 2007 and Peace and War from 2008.