Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The species has six subspecies: each of the six islands its own.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Due to the geographically remote range of the island grey fox, its resistance to disease and parasites has been left weak.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

This has led to it being placed in critically endangered status when dogs and other domestic animals, in particular, are accompanied by pathogens migrating from the continent.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The Commission on Mammal Nomenclature has proposed that the species be changed to the Finnish name Californian fox.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

[3] Classification The island grey fox belongs to the same genus of grey foxes (Urocyon) as the grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) living on the US mainland.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The island grey fox has six subspecies [4] (in brackets subspecies residential island): Urocyon littoralis littoralis (San Miguel) Urocyon littoralis santarosae (Santa Rosa) Urocyon littoralis santacruzae (Santa Cruz) Urocyon littoralis dickeyi (San Nicolas) Urocyon littoralis catalinae (San Nicolas) Santa Catalina) Urocyon littoralis clementae (San Clemente).


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The structure of the island gray fox has a size of only cat class.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Typically it has a length (head and body) of 48—50cm, a height at the withers 12—15cm, a tail length of 11—29cm, and a weight of 1.3—2.8kg.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Of the subspecies, the largest is on Santa Catalina and the smallest one living on Santa Cruz.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The fur of the island grey fox is grey on the head, reddish on the flanks and white on the belly, neck and lower part of the face.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

In addition, it has a black stripe on the dorsal side of the tail.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Hair loss occurs once a year, in August—November.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Before the first departure of hair, the fur of the chick is darker than that of an adult animal.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Reproduction The island grey fox forms a lifelong union with its partner.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The couple often thrives together from early January to late February or early March.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Gestation lasts 33—50days.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

In its nest, the island grey fox gives birth to one to five, most often two or three, chicks at once.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Chicks are born in spring.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

They are expelled from the nest as early as early summer after the mother breastfed them for 7—9 weeks.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The island gray fox of sexual maturity reaches 10 months of age; the female usually gives birth in her first year of life.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The life span of an island grey-fox is 4—6 in the wild and up to 8 years in captivity.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Living habits The island grey fox lives in all its island biomes such as temperate zone forest, rainforest, grassland and shrubland.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

However, the population of any island does not exceed one thousand individuals.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The island grey fox eats fruit, insects, birds, eggs, crabs, lizards, and small mammals such as deer mice.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The island grey-fox prefers to move on its own rather than in groups.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

It is normally a day animal, although every now and then you move around in the morning and evening twilight.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Daytime activity also varies with season: In summer, the island gray fox is more mobile than in winter.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The island grey fox is not afraid of man because it has historically been at the top of its island's food chain and has no inherent enemies.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

It is domesticated quite easily and is normally docile.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Island Grey Foxes communicate with each other through voice, smell and sight messages.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The leader individual uses voice-overs, staring, and tapering of the ears to persuade others to submit.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The island grey-fox marks its turf with urine and faeces.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Endangerment The island grey fox population was found to have begun to contract in the 1990s.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

On San Miguel Island, the decline began in1994, when there were still 450 full-grown specimens, but in 1999 no more15.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

A similar phenomenon occurred on Santa Cruz Island, where there were adult specimens in 19942000 but less than135, and on Santa Rosa Island, where the population of 1500 individuals observed in 1994 had contracted to 14 by the year 2000.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

When the decline of the island grey fox population began to be studied by radio transmitters, ground eagle predation was revealed to be the cause.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The eagle is four times the size of an island grey-fox, and is thus easily able to prey on it.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The land eagle was not encountered on the Santa Barbara Islands until the 1990s; the first ground eagle nest was observed on Santa Cruz Island in 1999.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Biologists believe the land eagle came to the islands as wildlife populations spread and, on the other hand, after the local white-head eagle population began to harve since the introduction of DDT in the 1950s — the white-headed eagle, which itself uses only fish for nutrition, would have prevented the sea eagle from nesting on the islands.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Diseases or parasites that spread elsewhere can wipe out the island grey-fox population.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Because the species lives in isolation, it has no innate immunity against parasites or diseases from the continent; particularly susceptible it is to be carried by dogs.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

An outbreak of distemper in 1998 eradicated about 90% of individuals on Santa Catalina Island — it is difficult to vaccinate or treat them in the wild.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Declining food supply and reduced living space caused by the entry of other mammals into the islands have contributed to a reduction in the island grey fox population.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The island grey fox is a threat to the San Clemente Island American soleper population.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

There, island grey foxes have thinned as they have had to be captured and relocated or euthanized.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

On the islands of San Clemente, San Nicolas and Santa Catalina, car accidents have been a major cause of death for foxes.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Conservation Program In March 2004, subspecies of the island gray fox Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel and Santa Catalina Islands were declared critically endangered animals under state protection.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The National Parks organization has begun breeding island gray foxes in captivity on the islands of San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz, and also succeeded in getting their population to grow.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

In 2004, there were 38 island grey foxes on San Miguel Island, all of them in captivity, on Santa Rosa Island, 46 in captivity and 7 in the wild (predation of the land eagle prevented the release of captive-bred specimens into the wild), as well as 25 captive and stable of about 100 individuals on Santa Cruz Island wild population.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

There is also a similar breeding program on Santa Catalina Island: in 2002 there were 17 individuals in captivity and at least 161 in the wild.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The key to restoring the island grey fox population is considered to be moving the land eagle away from the Santa Barbara Islands, bringing the ecosystem intact and controlling disease.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

To ensure the survival of the island grey fox, land eagles are already being moved from the northern islands to the mainland.


Question: Where does the island grizzly fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

The preservation and reproduction of the white-head eagle population on the islands would help get the land eagle permanently transplanted.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

However, the continuation of the programme is in danger of tapering into the uncertainty of financial support.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Wild boars have begun to be relocated from the islands of Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

This is how both the ground eagle's nutrition and the island grey fox's competitor are transferred.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

To reduce the risk of disease, pets are not allowed into the Santa Barbara Islands Nature Park.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

A vaccination programme has been started on Santa Catalina Island to prevent plague disease.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Sources Literature Wayne, R.K.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

et al.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

in 1991.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

A morphological and genetic-study of the island fox, Urocyon littoralis.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Evolution, 45:1849-1868 Collins, P.W.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

in 1991.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Interaction between Island Foxes (Urocyon littoralis) and Indians on islands off the coast of southern California.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

I Morphologic and archeological evidence of human assisted dispersal.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Journal of Ethnobiology, 11:51-82 Gilbert, D.A.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

et al.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

in 1991.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Genetic fingerprinting reflects population differentiation in the California Channel Island fox.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Nature 344:764-767 Morris, C.M.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

and Collins, P.W.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

in 1995.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Urocyon littoralis.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Mammalian Species 489:1-7 Coonan, T.J.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

et al.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

in 2004.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Island fox recovery program 2003 Annual Report.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

National Park Service, Channel Islands National Park Roemer, G.W.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

et al.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

in 2001.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Feral pigs facilitate hyperpredation by golden eagles and indirectly cause the decline of the island fox.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Animal Conservation 4:307-318 < United Sates Navy.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

in 2000.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

San Clemente Island Range Complex Environmental Impact Study, San Clemente Loggerhead numbers on the increase U.S.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Environmental Protection Agency.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

in 2004.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Designation of Critical Habitat for the San Miguel Island Fox, Santa Rosa Island Fox, Santa Cruz Island Fox, and Santa Catalina Island Fox Kohlmann, S. G. et al.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

in 2003.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Island fox recovery efforts on Santa Catalina Island, California, October 2001—October 2002, Annual Report.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Ecological Restoration Department, Santa Catalina Island Conservancy, Avalon, California.


Question: Where does the island ray fox live in the wild?

Island Archipelago Fox

Category:Dogs


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

The Tehran Conference was a meeting organized by the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States during World War II in Tehran from 28 November — 1 December 1943.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

It was attended by Josif Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and his aides.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

[1] The main topic of the meeting was the opening of another war front in Western Europe.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Stalin agreed to offensive action on the Eastern Front at the same time as the future Western Front.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

[1] The meeting defined Allied war objectives for the coming years, including Operation Overlord, or the invasion of Normandy.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Churchill's aim was to prevent the Soviet Union from taking over all of Eastern Europe in such a way that the Western Allies would have gone ashore in the Balkans and advanced from the south towards Eastern Europe, while the Soviet Union and the United States consider the most effective method of influencing Germany to be the invasion of the country France.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Along with military action, the conference discussed political alignments and border lines.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

For example, Stalin brought up Soviet interest in the Baltics and the Baltic Sea coastal region belonging to East Prussia.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

[1] [2] Alignments Roosevelt was prepared to reconnoiter the Soviet position for the effective use of British and American forces.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Churchill advocated with reservations, along the lines of the Soviet Union, an invasion of northern or northwestern France, but on the other hand also operations from the south, which, with difficulties in transport capacity, would move the Normandy landings to a later date, leaving the Soviet Union likely to would be able to advance more slowly towards Berlin.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Before the invasion, Churchill proposed an invasion of Rome to take it and an invasion in the Adriatic.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Furthermore, the intention was to support the Normandy landings with an invasion from southern France.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Thus the landings would have moved from May—June 1944 to August 1944.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Delegations The conference was attended by delegations from three countries.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

The Soviet Union was represented by Soviet leader Josif Stalin, Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov and Marshal Kliment Vorošilov.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Great Britain was represented by Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, Ambassador to Moscow Archibald Kerr, Chief of the General Staff Alan Brooke, Field Marshal John Dill, Naval Commander Andrew Cunningham, Air Force Commander Hastings Ismay and British Moscow- Head of Military Mission, General Geffard Martel.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

The United States was represented by President Franklin Roosevelt, Special Adviser Harry Hopkins, Ambassador to Moscow Averell Harriman, Chief of Staff George Marshall, Navy Commander Admiral Ernest King, Army Air Forces Commander Henry H. Arnold, Ground Force Service Chief Brehom Somerwell , William Leahy, the President's Chief of Staff, and John Deane, Chief of the United States Military Mission to Moscow.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Decisions Central to the conference was to ease the burden on the Soviet Union and accelerate Germany's loss with the invasion of France.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

In return, the Soviet Union promised to attack Japan in East Asia as soon as Germany would have lost in Europe.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

For the United States, the Soviet war in East Asia was useful at this point because the defeat of Japan could be incurred.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Later, this goal was no longer necessary for the United States, as Japan might be defeated by threatening it with large-scale use of a nuclear weapon, thus rendering Soviet support for the United States irrelevant.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Despite the later changing attitude of the United States, the Soviet Union, in accordance with its original promise, invaded Japanese-held Manchuria in August.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

The Soviet Union and Japan had a non-aggression treaty in force in August 1945 for five years.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

War criminals Even before the Tehran Conference, in late October 1943, the Big Three Treaty had been drafted and approved in Moscow, which found Hitler's German army guilty of atrocities, massacres and executions in the territories it occupied.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Therefore, the Allies stressed that, following the Armistice Agreement with Germany, all German officers and soldiers who were responsible for or contributed to such acts would be sent to the countries where the crimes had been committed and there to condemn by the new governments of the liberated countries in accordance with the laws of those countries.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

When discussing this declaration in Tehran, Stalin presented — apparently serious, according to the conception obtained by Winston Churchill — mass executions of German officers, to which US President Franklin Roosevelt and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov had shown to be approving.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Immediately upon hearing this, Churchill rose in exasperation from the table and exited to another room, where Stalin followed him briefly later, saying he had fallen jokingly.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

[3] The Finnish question Soviet leader Josif Stalin also harshly worded the peace conditions for Finland at the Tehran Conference.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

In his opinion, the Finnish political leadership still imagined Germany could win the Great War, and therefore the Finns should be taught a proper lesson.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

The Finns would have to submit to war reparations equal to 50% of the actual amount of damage inflicted on the Soviet Union, and to the restoration of borders under the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

In addition, if necessary, the Soviet Union could occupy parts of Finland as collateral for the payment of war reparations.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

On the other hand, Stalin said every country that has fought for its independence as valiantly as Finland deserved a certain respect.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

[4] Operation Long Jump according to Otto Skorzeny to kill or capture the main guests of the conference was Operation Long Jump given in preparation for the German Abwehr.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

The mission in Iran was prepared by Roman Gramota.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Drafters for the project were dropped by parachutes to Iran from planes departing Crimea.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Gramota's actions in Iran were announced to the British by Swiss Ernst Merzer.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

He was an infiltrator on British intelligence assignment to the Abwehr, under whose orders he had relocated in 1940 to Tehran as a representative of commercial business names.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

After the Germans were forced to leave Iran in the summer of 1941, Ernst Merzer had stayed as a Swiss as the chief and liaison of German scouts in Tehran.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

The Soviets received word of the matter from Paul Siebert, posing as a German top lieutenant, who was Soviet scout Nikolai Kuznetsov.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Paul Siebert served in Ukraine and received his information from SS-Sturmbannführer Ulrich von Ortel, who had promised to acquaint Paul Siebert with Otto Skorzeny.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

The Soviets alerted the Americans to this effect, whose security measures were taken seriously by Michael Reilly.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

Eventually, in order to reduce travel in the city, Franklin Roosevelt lived in the Soviet Embassy in Tehran for the duration of the conference.


Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

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Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

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Question: What was the Tehran conference the main topic of the meeting?

Tehran Conference

(yale.edu) Valentin Berežkov, Here's how history was made, 1987, Publishing firm Progress and SN-KIRKINS Ltd, USSR, printing place USSR, ISBN 951-615-559-6 class:World War II conferences Category:1943 Class:Tehran


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Mammoths (Mammuthus) is a genus of elephants in the family of elephants (Elephantidae) that lived in the Northern Hemisphere, which included several species.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[1] Mammoths evolved about four million years ago in Africa and spread from there to Europe, Asia and North America.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The woolly mammoth and the Colombian mammoth disappeared from most of their habitats around 10000 years ago possibly due to vegetation change and hunting, but on Wrangelin Island the dwarf form of the woolly mammoth still lived for thousands of years afterwards.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The origin and meaning of the name 'mammoth' are unknown.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The word began to be used in Europe in the 17th century when Richard Johnson reported the discovery of “maimento” tusks by Siberian Samoyeds.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

By the following century, the name was already in use in all European languages.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[2] Speciation and distribution Mammoths belong to the elephant family (Elephantidae).


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Mammoths and actual elephants began to evolve in Africa apart 4—5 million years ago.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The first mammoth species were Mammuthus subplanifrons and Mammuthus africanavus.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Between 2.5 and 3 million years ago, mammoths spread across Europe, and the earliest finds in Europe have been those belonging to the southern mammoth (Mammuthus meridionalis).


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The southern mammoth also spread to North America through Asia and Siberia.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

As the climate changed, vegetation also changed from forests to steppe and the aromamoth (Mammuthus trogonther) evolved in Eurasia.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), adapted to the glacial climate, continued to evolve from the aromamoth.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

In North America, the southern mammoth evolved into the Colombian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi), and the Colombian mammoth possibly further developed into Mammuthus jeffersonii, for which no consensus has been reached on its existence.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Woolly mammoth migrated from Asia to North America about 100,000 years ago.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[3] During and at the end of the last ice age, woolly mammoths lived in much of Europe, northern Asia and North America, and Colombian mammoths in southern parts of North America.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[4] The remains of woolly mammoth found in Finland have been dated back 31000 to 22,000 years.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[5] Appearance Mammoths averaged between 2.75 and 3.4 m in size of existing elephants, but the largest species, the aromamoth (Mammuthus trogontherii), grew to 4.3 m in height at the withers [6].


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

California dwarf mammoths, on the other hand, were 1.2—1.8-metre tall [7].


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The tusks of the woolly mammoth were 2.4—2.7 metres long, but the length record stands at 4.2 metres.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The Colombian mammoth tusks were in the same class with the woolly mammoth, and the largest elephant animal tusks found belonged to a Colombian mammoth found in Texas.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Mammoths' tusks differed from the tusks of modern elephants by their curvature and curvature.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Deviating from popular perception, it is very unlikely that mammoths would have used their tusks to create snow from atop vegetation, as mammoths for the most part did not live in snow areas.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[8] Diet The diet of woolly mammoth consisted mainly of grasses and sedges.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Buds of willow, birch, larch and alder have been found in the stomachs of mammoth carcasses found.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Mammoths are also suspected to have eaten a lot of moss [9].


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Remnants of salt alts, marunas, birches and okakus have also been found in manure provisions of the Colombian mammoth.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[10] Extinction The woolly mammoth and the Colombian mammoth disappeared around the same time in the mass extinction of the Late Pleistocan period.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Their disappearance began in the south, and for the longest time they persisted in the very north.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

From southern Europe and China mammoths disappeared no later than 20,000 years ago.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

From the rest of Europe and most of Siberia, they disappeared about 12000 years ago, though a few isolated populations on the continent survived a little longer.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

On the northern coast of Siberia, as in the Taimyr Peninsula, mammoths lived until 10,000 years ago.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

From North America, woolly mammoths apparently disappeared 11000 years ago and Colombian mammoths 10600 years ago.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[11] The last mammoths, which were dwarf forms of woolly mammoth, lived on Wrangelin Island based on remains found there 7000—3700 years ago [12] Scientists have long argued over what eradicated mammoths at the beginning of the Holocene period after the end of the ice age.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

At the time the mammoths disappeared, the Earth was undergoing two cataclysmic changes: the change in climate and vegetation due to the end of the ice age, and the rapid spread of human populations that hunt more efficiently all the time.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[13] Hunting theory is supported by the fact that North American mammoths died out within 500 years after hunters representing the Clovis culture had arrived across Beringia and spread south.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The remains of mammoths killed by humans have been clearly found around the world, but it is not known whether hunting was anywhere so large that it caused extinctions.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Vegetation changes due to post-glacial warming were so thorough that the mammoth steppe was replaced by warring tundra to the north and coniferous forest to the south.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Neither of these environments is suitable for mammoths and other grazers.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

The problem with global warming theory, however, lies in the fact that mammoths had survived even earlier interglacial periods.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Besides, the Colombian mammoth lived all the way in Mexico and had adapted to the warm.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

It is therefore possible that vegetation conditions just after the last glacial period were particularly disadvantageous to the survival of the mammoth.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Possibly the extinction of mammoths was caused by a multi-factor combined effect, causing populations shrunken by climate change to take a death blow from hunters.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

[14] Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Lister, Adrian & Bahn, Paul| title = Mammoths: Ice Age Giants| location = Helsinki| publisher = WSOY| year = 2000| version = (Mammoths — giants of the ice age, 1994, 2000.)


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Foreword: Jean M. Untinen-Auel.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Translation: Arja Hokkanen| id = ISBN 951-0-25064-3}} Tom Björklund, Seppo Vuokko.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

It's mammoth time.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Jan. 2009.


Question: Did everything living die during the last ice age?

Mammoths

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Valentina Ukraintseva| title = Mammoths and the Environment| location = New York| publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 2013| id = ISBN 978-1-107-02716-9| language = english| format = [online version] | accessdate = 14.9.2014}} References Category:59.2 Mammals Category:Prehistoric mammals Category:Elephants Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

In Korean names, the surname comes first, meaning the surname is Kim and the given name is Jong-un.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Kim Jong-un (/im dn/,; born January 8, 1984 [1] [2]) is a North Korean leader.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

He is the son of the late leader Kim Jong-il and his spouse Ko Young-hee, a four-star general in the North Korean army, [3] marshal (wonsu) [4], vice-president of the National Defense Commission [5] and chairman and former secretary of the Korean Labor Party.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Additional names used by the North Korean state about him are Brilliant Comrade, Great Successor and the undisputed leader of the People, Army and Party.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[6] Kim Jong-un emerged as ruler of his country upon the death of his father Kim Jong-il on 17 December 2011, and was formally appointed grand leader on 29 December 2011.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Kim studied in the 1990s in Switzerland.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[7] [8] According to Cheong Seong Chang, an analyst specialising in North Korea, Kim Jong-un has the potential to emerge as a strong and relentless leader.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[9] However, according to an unnamed source interviewed by Reuters, Kim Jong-un was forced to share his power with his aunt's husband, Jang Sung-taek, and the military.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[10] Kim Jong-un was not known to the Western world until he was in his 20s, [7] and he is still quite mysterious as a person.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[9] [11] [12] [13] Jang Song-thaek (Chang Sung-taek) was deposed in early December 2013, and his aides were executed.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[14] Kim has since executed some of his relatives and many officials who had disobeyed his orders.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[15] [16] Kim Jong-un is the first of North Korean leaders to have emerged since the country's founding.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Forbes listed Jong-un as the 46th most influential person in the world for 2013.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[17] Kim made his first foreign visit since his ascension to the North Korean leadership (2011), heading to Beijing in March 2018.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[18] Childhood and Adolescence Kim Jong-un is the youngest of Kim Jong-il's three sons.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[19] His mother is a Japanese-born former dancer.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[20] Kim was born in 1984.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[1] [2] The date of birth has also been declared by North Korean authorities as 8 January 1984.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Kim Jong-un has studied until 1998 using a pseudonym in Switzerland at the Bern International School.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[21] Former classmates have convinced Kim that he also studied at the Liebefeld-Steinhylzl school.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

While at school, Kim had told his friend Joao Micaelo that he was the heir to the North Korean dictator, Micaelo at the time did not buy the claim.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[8] Micaelo characterizes Kim's life like that as luxurious.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Among other things, he says Kim had a private chef.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

According to one teacher, Kim had once arrived at the school in an armored Mercedes-Benz with his bodyguards.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[8] Kim's sister Kim Yo-jong is in a high position in Korea, a member of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea as well as, as of October 2017, a Politburo deputy and possibly served as her brother's deputy in 2014 when he became ill.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[22] Those involved with Kim characterised her as a shy child.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[8] He performed poorly at school, which was the reason for his transfer from the Bern International School to the public German-language school in Liebefeld-Steinheilzl.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[8] Despite his restraint, Kim was described as an avid basketball and downhill skiing enthusiast who admired basketball player Michael Jordan.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[21] Kim stayed in Switzerland until the turn of the millennium, when, according to classmates, he disappeared.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[8] The North Korean ambassador to Switzerland is reported to have had close relations with him.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[8] Virtually nothing is known about Kim, and before 2010, in the only photograph seen in the Western world, she was 11 years old.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[7] [23] Other photographs of Kim were not obtained until June 2010 while she was attending a school in Switzerland.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Soon after, he was introduced to the North Korean people and received posts.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

On September 27, 2010, he received the military rank of daejang, [24] which would be equivalent to a four-star general in the United States.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[25] Rise to power Kim Jong-un emerged as leader of North Korea upon the death of his father Kim Jong-il on 17 December 2011.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Initially, Kim Jong-un's eldest brother Kim Jong-nam had been planned to succeed his father, but plans changed in 2001 after he sought a fake passport to Japan to visit Tokyo Disneyland.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[26] According to Kim Jong-il's former chef Kenji Fujimoto, Kim Jong-un's elder brother Kim Jong-chun, in turn, was sidelined as heir to power because he was too feminine, while Kim Jong-un is like an expression of his father.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[27] However, Kim Jong-un has once, at the age of 18, questioned the legitimacy of the sorry state of his people.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[27] Korean leader Kim Jong-il suffered a stroke in August 2008.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

In June 2009, it was reported that Kim Jong-un had been given the additional name of “Brilliant Comrade”.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

This was speculated to be related to the initiation of a cult of persons concerning him.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[28] At that time, he was also alleged to have made a secret trip to China to meet with leaders.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

In the summer of 2010, Kim was introduced to the North Korean people and was given posts in North Korea.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Father Kim Jong-il asked staff at North Korean embassies to plead for loyalty to his son.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

On September 27, 2010, Kim was awarded the military rank of daejang equivalent to a general.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[29] The next day, a rare meeting of the Workers' Party of Korea took place, where he was appointed vice-chairman of the National Defence Committee and a member of the Central Committee


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[30] Kim Jong-un is believed to have shown himself at a party meeting.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[31] Kim Jong-un publicly displayed himself in January 2011 in a hair law, which is only allowed to be worn by the country's leader in North Korea.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[32] An anonymous government source told the Chosun Ilbo newspaper that wearing a hair cap is a sign that Kim Jong-un has achieved almost the same status as his father.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[32] Kim Jong-un made an appearance on 10 October 2010 along with his father at the 65th anniversary of the Workers' Party.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

The foreign press was allowed to attend the celebrations without prior permission, which in a country like North Korea is very extraordinary.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[33] According to official information, Kim Jong-un's father Kim Jong-il died on 17 December 2011 of a heart attack on a train in North Korea.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[34] Power passed to Kim Jong-un, although at that point, according to some analysts, Kim Jong-un was still too inexperienced to rule North Korea.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Power was thought to temporarily pass to Kim Jong-il's brother-in-law Jang Sung-taek.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[35] An unnamed source with close ties to both Pyongyang and Beijing confirmed to Reuters on 21 December 2011 that Kim Jong-un would have to share his power with Jang Sung-taek and the military for the time being.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

However, according to the source, the military leadership has asserted its loyalty to Kim Jong-un.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[10] Kim was officially named Kim Jong-il's successor as Great Leader on 29 December 2011, after a period of mourning for Kim Jong-il's death had ended.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[36] Propaganda portrait is being built Like his father in the past, Kim Jong-un's character has also begun to be propped up with propaganda in North Korea.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

He reportedly has no military experience whatsoever, but has been described as a military genius who devised his first war strategies as early as the age of 16.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[37] In July 2012, he appointed himself marshal.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[38] Executions of opponents Since coming to power, Kim Jong-un has executed dozens of high-ranking officials and their relatives.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[39] [40] [41] Many times the reason for executions has been to resist the orders of the leader.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[42] He executed his uncle Jang Sung-taek in late 2013.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[43] This is believed to have been related to the internal struggle of the elite over the coal industry [44] or other infighting.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Dissatisfied with the regime, Defence Minister Hyon Yong-Chol, who dozed off at the meeting, was executed for treason.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[45] Probably in May 2015, Deputy Prime Minister Choe Yong-Gon was executed, who had criticised the forestry policies supported by the leader.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[46] [47] Mr Kim's close aide Choe Rjong-hae has disappeared from the list of prominent figures.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[48] The executions have been attributed either to the uncertainty of young Kim's position, [49] infighting or his desire to further assert his strong position.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Defections The execution of the leader's uncle in 2013 caused great fear in the leadership of the party.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

Many high-ranking members of the party-elite defected in 2015.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[50] This was considered to mean a decline in the leader's popularity.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[51] [52] Nuclear threats On 7 March 2013, North Korea threatened the United States with a “preventative” nuclear attack, [53] and Kim Jong-un threatened to bomb the South Korean island of Baengnyeongdo, where naval clashes had previously occurred.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[54] North Korea has revealed its plans to bomb major US cities such as Los Angeles and Washington, D.C.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[55] In May 2016, Kim Jong-un said he would be willing to normalize the country's relations with states hostile to it and respond with nuclear weapons only to the nuclear threat.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[56] In his 2018 New Year's speech, Kim said that North Korea must mass-produce nuclear warheads and ballistic missiles.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

He also threatened the US by stating that the “nuclear button” will always be on his desk.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[57] On June 12, 2018, Kim met with U.S. President Donald Trump at a summit in Singapore.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

The meeting was a historic first meeting between the heads of countries.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

The meeting had been preceded by tension between the two countries over North Korea's missile tests the previous year.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

The Singapore summit focused on easing tensions and denuclearization.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

At the end of the meeting, Trump and Kim signed a document stating that North Korea commits to denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[58] Human rights violations Kim Jong-un commits numerous human rights violations, [59] [60] [61] and e.g.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

U.N. human rights investigator Marzuki Darusman has called for him and some other senior North Korean officials to be prosecuted for crimes against humanity.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[62] Kim Jong-un, among other things, is responsible for the famine and poverty experienced by his citizens, and North Korea is simultaneously devoting huge resources to developing nuclear weapons.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[62] Private life According to North Korean TV, Kim got married in July 2012.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

The spouse's name is Ri Sol-Ju.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[63] The couple have one child, daughter Kim Ju-ae.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

According to South Korean magazine records, Kim's previous girlfriend was possibly executed in August 2013.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[64] Health In 2009, it was announced that Kim Jong-un is diabetic and suffers from hypertension.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[65] [66] He is also a smoker, although he has launched an anti-smoking campaign.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[67] [68] He has gained 40 pounds during his time in power.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[69] Kim Jong-un suffers from insomnia and is paranoid about his personal safety.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[69] The physique of Kim Jong-un is 170 centimeters tall [70] and weighs 130 kilograms.


Question: Why was Kim Jong-il North Korea's leader for 17 years?

Kim Jong-un

[69] Sources Category:Rulers Class:Dictators Category:North Korean politicians Category:Kim Il-sung's lineage Class:Living persons Category:Key articles of screening


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip IV the Beautiful () (1268 — 29 November 1314, Fontainebleau) was King of France from 1285 to 1314.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

He was the eleventh ruler of the so-called direct Capeting dynasty.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

He was also King of Navarre under his name Philip I.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Biographer Philip IV was the second eldest son of Philip III the Courageous, King of France (1245—1285) and his first spouse Isabella of Aragon (1247—1271), who lived to come of age.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip IV was also referred to as the “iron king” or “marble king”, which described his serious and stern person.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

One of his harshest critics, Bernard Saissat, Bishop of Pamiers, said of him, “the handsomest man in this world, but he cannot do anything but stare but an owl” [1].


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip IV was subject to plenty of criticism during his time as ruler, even Pope Bonifacius VIII regarded him as a money-forger.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip the Beautiful was certainly better educated than his predecessors.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The credit for this falls to a scholar named Gilles de Rome, who arrived from Italy to study in Paris.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Upon the death of his elder brother (1276), Philip became heir to the throne, and consequently found himself subject to special instruction.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Gilles de Rome represented aristotle tomism, and the doctrinal civilization of the future monarch was given to his care.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Before 1285 Gilles wrote the work “Du gouvernement des princes”, which has also been a key work in the education of later monarchs.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Central to de Rome's work and teaching was the emphasis on thoughtfulness; on that basis he defined the success of warfare as well as the prince's other successes.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Anointing As Jean Favier notes, the entire political psychology of Philip the Beautiful operated on the basis of the charisma of kingship that his anointing of the king had brought with it.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Anointing was not just about anointing the hands, as was usual in the case of actors, but also anointing the head, as was customary for bishops.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The anointing was performed in Reims Cathedral and the Basilica of St. Remy of the same city with holy oil, which never diminished and was used only one drop in each generation.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Thus the king became the anointed and different individual of the Lord.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Administrative reforms Philip the Kauni can be considered a modern king because he established the so-called “arrière-ban” army, that is, extended army responsibilities to the vassals” own vassals and soldiers, while also creating an equivalent means of financing, namely a tax.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

However, Filip the Beautiful is known as a monarch who created a more centralized administrative apparatus and established a separate administrative apparatus based on the civil service.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The king surrounded himself with qualified advisers who played a central role he in his politics.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

These legislators and advisers had experienced their coming to the vicinity of power already under Philip Augustus, but were not afforded the same role as under Philip the Beautiful.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The counselors had studied Roman law, and under its strong influence they sought to transform feudal monarchy more clearly towards absolute monarchy.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The centralization of administration, too, had become a legacy of Louis IX the Saint, who had taken the first measures in the matter.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Previously, the administration of the Kingdom had been one large entity encompassing the king's court.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Now three units were formed from it: the Grand Council, which was tasked with carrying out political activities, the Parliament charged with the distribution of justice, the Account Office charged with familiarization with economic matters: the imposition of new export taxes, the imposition of church property to be taxed, develop a tax on all commerce, as well as manipulation of the value of money.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip the Good convened the General Assembly of the First Acts on 10 August 1302, who assured him of their support in the struggle against papal authority.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

However, the Reichstag did not form a very significant factor; in going towards autocracy, they were eventually stopped altogether.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

With his reforms, Philip the Beautiful became a highly unpopular ruler in his own time.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In addition to this, Philip the Beautiful created a tradition of meeting representatives of three social classes: clergy, nobility and bourgeoisie.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

This predecessor of the Reichstag did not meet as in very important cases, and had extremely limited privileges.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The king and his advisers expected nothing from it other than acceptance of the things they presented and moral support in the management of important matters concerning the kingdom.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Consequently, under Philip the Beautiful, France distanced itself from the actual time of feudal rule and gradually began to build a bureaucratic and modern system of government.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The consequence of these developments were numerous rebellions, as the monarchy becoming centralist did not satisfy the wishes of the great feudal subordinates.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The new taxes caused the bourgeoisie to rise in revolt against the regime; the rebellion was also joined by farmers who were irritated by various taxes and levies.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Of the king's advisers, the most influential were Guillaume de Nogaret and Enguerrand de Marigny.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Among them, Guillaume de Nogaret was from the province of Languedoc and was professor of Roman law at the University of Montpellier before entering the service of Philip the Kauni in 1292.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

He became a King's Counsellor in 1295 and Seal Keeper in 1307.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

He is said to have presided over royal politics throughout the early 14th century.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

His most central activity was to assert royal power and politics and to increase the king's power in the internal affairs of the kingdom, which by no means increased his popular popularity.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Territorial Extensions The king was no longer merely a fiefdom lord (suzerain) but he was typically a monarch (souverain).


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

This was the result of an expansion of territory under the king's own control, from which, in turn, a direct increase in the king's influence ensued.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Firstly, through his marriage, he gained control of both the Kingdom of Navarre and the County of Champagne, whose only heir was his wife, who was an orphan and thus had control over the said territories.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In 1286 Philip the Beautiful purchased the county of Chartese, and in 1312, the burghers of the city of Lyon, dazzled by the prestige and intensity of the kingship, begged their city for royal patronage.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

As a major problem of the kingdom, the territory of the County of Flanders remained.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip IV the Beautiful never managed to discourage the resistance of the inhabitants, and they took advantage of every opportunity to extend their independence.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The Battle of Furnes was fought on 9 August 1297, and in it the Count of Flanders was captured by the French, and his troops were forced to retreat.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Hostilities ended with the Peace of Vyve-Saint-Bavo, where Philip the Kauni's opponents included the King of England and the Duke of Flanders, allied with him, who was concerned about the French king's support for the bourgeoisie of the cities of Flanders.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The Count of Flanders was one of the few remaining feudal princes and looked in many directions for support in fighting against the hegemony aspirations of the French kings.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Bruges morning Mass against the French occupied County of Flanders for 6 years, rose the Flanders in revolt against the tyranny of the French on 18 April 1302.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

All the more than 1000 French soldiers living in the area of the city of Bruges were killed in the early hours of the morning in their barracks.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The act was perpetrated by the burghers and artisans of the city.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The burghers circled the town houses in the early morning and forced the inhabitants to say Schild een vrijend (“shield and friend” in Flemish).


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Those who couldn't put this right were killed.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

(The same shibbolet was used in 1944 by the Dutch Resistance when identifying Gestapo agents.)


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

At the Battle of the Golden Spurs, Philip the Beautiful sent an elite force of his cavalry to restore order and avenge the attack that inflicted a great defeat.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

On 11 July 1302, the troops led by Robert d'Artois suffered a crushing defeat at the town of Koortrijk (Coutrain) and, in a sign of their victory, the Flemings hung the 4000 spurs received as spoils of war on 11 July 1302 on the ceiling of the church of Notre-Dame in Koortrijk.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The Flemish infantry had organised themselves into a large phalang in terrain into which barriers and water-filled graves had been dug.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The French cavalry was lured into the scramble, and it rode straight into the water barriers.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Horses drowned in them, and the Flemish infantry making resistance defeated the heavily armoured knights, who, in terrain filled with water barriers, were unable to defend themselves, nor regroup to the front to fight on foot.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip the Beautiful's moment came on 18 July 1304 when he carried out an invasion of Flanders.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

On 18 August 1304, he achieved victory over the Flemings at the battles of Mons-en-Pévèle.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In this case, he annexed the French-speaking regions of Lille, Douai and Béthune of Flanders in connection with his kingdom.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

However, official annexation did not expire until 1314 at the Peace of Athis-sur-Orge.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Overthrowing papal power, Philip, like his predecessors, was not willing to submit to papal aspirations for power, but willed to be a sovereign lord in his own kingdom.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

This inevitably resulted in a long-term conflict with the Pope.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In 1296, the first conflict flared when Philip ordered the clergy to pay taxes.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The pope protested, citing a bula that forbade the king from taxing the clergy, but the pope had to surrender before the secular prince.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In 1301, Philip arrested one of the bishops, resulting in the Pope raising a strong resistance to the policies pursued by Philip.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The pope invited all the bishops of France to prepare for the reform of the Kingdom of France and the punishing of its king.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

However, most of the bishops failed to comply with the exhortation.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The reason was their views on the so-called Gallican Church, which held that at no time was the Church to be more dependent on the pope than on the king of the kingdom.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In 1302, Philip IV became embroiled in a dispute with Pope Bonifacius VIII.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The pope demanded in his bulla the Unam Sanctum for the submission of all the living to the will of the Pope.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

To gain support in the struggle against the Pope, Philip IV summoned together the States-General (États généraux).


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Bonifacius' demands and interference in politics eventually led to a serious intermediate break.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip IV's chancellor, Guillaume de Nogaret, declared Bonifacius a heretic, and the pope in turn declared Philip IV to be put.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip allowed Bonifacius to be imprisoned on 7 September in 1303 in the village of Anagni, Italy, where the pope was spending his summer.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Pope Bonifacius VIII died shortly after his release.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Pope Bonifacius VIII's successors Benedict XI (1303—1304) and Clement V (1305—1314), who was a former Bishop of Bordeaux, wanted to end the conflict between the Pope and France.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

However, they doubted and feared the anti-French sentiment prevalent in Rome.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Thus the Popes moved to the city of Avignon, which had already previously been partly ruled by the popes.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Popes remained residents of the town right up until 1376.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

This period is called the Avignon captivity.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip IV the Beautiful's victory over papacy ensured the complete independence of the Christian kings in relation to the popes.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Knights Templar In connection with the revolts of 1306, Philip IV the Beautiful had fled to the safety of the Knights Templar, and his Knights Templar rang him about it without making a greater number.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

To this humiliation must be added further Philip's own desire for membership of the Knights Templar, which he was nevertheless denied.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In addition, Philip the Kaunii had a permanent shortage of money demanded by his constant wars; he had no means to increase taxation of the clergy, and had driven out of the country the Jews and Lombards whose property he had confiscated.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

However, these operations had failed to generate sufficient funds for government coffers.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip IV was badly indebted to the Templar Order, and he decided to attack this system of bankers of his own time.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Early on 13 October 1307, forces led by Guillaume de Nogaret conducted a secret operation and arrested almost all the Knights Templar who had been in French territory.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In the trial that followed, using evidence obtained by torture, about 50 Knights Templar were burned at the stake.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

They were accused of heretics, sodomy and immorality.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The Grand Master of the organization, Jacques de Molay, was also sentenced to the stake in 1314.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

At the same time, property that had been under Knights Templar control was confiscated.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip IV convinced Pope Clement V to settle in Avignon in 1309, and in 1312 he persuaded Clement V to agree to the eventual elimination of the Templar Order.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Legend has it that the hard-luck Jacques de Molay would have challenged both the Pope and Philip IV to answer for their actions within another year before God to the heavenly court.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Marriage and children Consort: On 14 August 1284, Philip IV married Johanna of Navarre (1273—1305), eldest and only child of Henry I of Navarre, King of Navarre and Blanche of Artois, and Philip gained himself the title King of Navarre by marriage.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Jeanne had ruled Navarre under her mother's guardianship administration since as early as 1274.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Children were born from the marriage: Marguerite (1288—1300) to Louis X Stubborn (1289—1316) Isabella de France (1292—1358), consort of none of Edward II of England.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip V the Long (1293—1322) Charles IV the Beautiful (1294—1328) Robert (1297—1308) Misfortune in child marriages A series of misfortunes befell the Kapetingian dynasty; arguably the most serious was the adultery of the king's two daughters-in-law.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Marguerite de Bourgogne (1290-1315), who was of the Kapetings lineage and daughter of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy (1248-1306) and Agnès, Princess of France (1260-1325), and siblings Jeanne and Blanche de Bourgogne, who were daughters of Otto IV, Count of Burgundy and Mahaut of Artois, perpetrated adultery or aiding adultery.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Their spouses were three of the king's sons and thus the future king, namely Louis X, Philip V and Charles IV.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In April 1314, this scandal became public, with brothers Philippe and Gautier d'Aunai, who were knights performing court service as the second party.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

The brothers were convicted of the crime of majesty according to the harshest: the punishment was a so-called triple death sentence.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Marguerite de Bourgogne was condemned to lose her hair and was escorted in black cloth upholstery by stroller to the Château-Gaillard fortress.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

There she was placed in a rather open cell, and died in 1315 — rumours circulated that she would have been ordered strangled by her husband Louis X and the actual dirty work would have been done by another confidant of Count Robert of Artois.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Blanche de Bourgogne also had to give up her hair, but was otherwise given special treatment.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

She was forced to spend seven years in her underground cell, after which she was allowed to become a nun.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Jeanne de Bourgogne, consort of the future king Philip V was confined to the fortress of Dourdan because she had withheld knowledge of adultery.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Supported by her mother, she reconciled with her husband and may thereafter return to court life.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Death Was it a curse of the Knights Templar or a simple accident when in November 1314 Philip the Beautiful had an accident on the banks of the River Oise and fell off a horse.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Three days later, on 29 November 1314, Philip IV the Beautiful died at the age of 46 at Fontainebleau Castle — the same one where he had been born.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

He had ruled France with his iron grip for 29 years.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Philip IV was buried, like his predecessors, in the basilica of the Abbey of Saint-Denis.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

In the melches of the Revolution (1793), his tomb was destroyed, like those of other persons buried in the basilica.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Sources Favier, Jean: Philippe le Bel.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Paris: Fayard, 1973.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

(in French) Kirchhoff, Elisabeth: Rois et Reines de France.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Also includes Mémoires de Commines.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

in 1996.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

(in French) Leblanc-Ginet, Henri: Histoire des Rois de France.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Éditions Moréna et Actualités de l'Histoire, 1997.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

(in French) in Les Rois de France.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Paris: Judocus, 1989.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

(in French) Wenzler, Claude: Généalogie des Rois de France.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

Èditions Ouest-France, 1994.


Question: When did Philip IV rise to power?

Philip IV of France

(in French) References Category:French rulers Class:Those born in 1268 Class:Dead in 1314


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

German idealism is a designation for a philosophical movement that influenced German philosophy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

It developed on the basis of Immanuel Kant's works in the 1780s and 1790s and was closely associated with Romanticism and the revolutionary politicist thinking of the Enlightenment period.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Among the most famous thinkers of German idealism were Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

It was also significantly influenced by Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Friedrich Schleiermacher and Max Stirner.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Meaning of 'idealism' The term 'idealism' has several different meanings.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

In the philosophical sense, it means that the properties we perceive in creatures follow from how those things manifest to us when we perceive them, and not from the fact that they exist “in the creatures themselves” outside of our experience.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The question of what qualities a creature might possess “of the mind as independent” is outside the realm of idealism.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

History Background Kant (1724—1804) is sometimes considered the first of the German idealists.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

His work sought to build a bridge between the dominant schools of philosophy of the 18th century, (1) rationalism, which held that knowledge could be obtained by reason alone a priori (before experience), and (2) empiricism, which held that knowledge could be obtained by the senses alone.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Kant's solution was to suggest that even if we can only know certain facts about the world through sensory experience, we can know the form that these things must have before any experience.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

But we have no way of knowing what creatures we will encounter.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Kant called his philosophy “critical philosophy” because it focused more on criticizing the limitations of theories already imposed than imposing new systems of doctrine.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

His conclusion above was called “transcendental idealism” by Kant.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The basic ideas of Kant's transcendental idealism included that a person should take an external or overhead (transcendental) point of view of himself, and to understand that the mind knows directly only phenomena or ideas.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Everything else must be “creatures in themselves” and cannot be felt directly and immediately.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

This distinguished Kant's idealism from that practiced by George Berkeley, among others, who held that we could know directly only the ideas in our minds, not the creatures they represent.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Kant considered that we know more: we also know directly that there are possibly “creatures in themselves” (noumenon), that is, things that exist more than just as sensations or ideas in our minds.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

In his critique of Pure Reason, Kant held that phenomenon phenomena (phenomenon) phenomena are empirically real and transcendentally ideal (noumenon).


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The world formed by these “things in themselves” cannot be known as actual, only possible, not as it is, but as it manifests itself to us.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The mind plays a key role in constructing the world we experience: we perceive phenomena in time, place and according to the categories of understanding.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

These views were deeply embraced by Kant's followers.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Arthur Schopenhauer at the other end of the movement is not generally counted among German philosophers, although he himself considered himself to be one and his work reflects similar themes.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The Young Hegelites, a group of philosophers who developed Hegel's philosophy in different directions, were idealists in some cases.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

On the other hand, they also included Karl Marx, who nevertheless declared himself a materialist.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Jacobi Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, in his book On Faith, or Idealism and Realism, addressed Kant's concept of “being in itself” in 1787.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Jacobi accepted that no objective “being in itself” could be known.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

However, he felt there was going to be faith in it.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The subject must believe that there is a real object in the external world, which is in relation to its representation or an idea in the mind, which is known directly.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

This belief is either the following revelation or immediately known truth, but cannot be proven logically.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The actual existence of the object is communicated or made apparent to the observing subject.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Thus, the subject knows the ideals manifested in the mind, the subjective representations directly, and believes strongly in a real, objective out-of-mind “being in itself”.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Thus Jacobi gave legitimacy to the faith and its theological consequences by presenting the entire external world as an object of faith.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Reinhold Karl L. Reinhold published a two-volume work Letters on Kant's philosophy in 1790 and 1792.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

They offered a clear presentation of Kant's ideas, which had previously been elusive due to the complex and technical language used by Kant.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Reinhold also sought to prove Kant's claim that humans and other animals can only know the images that appear in their minds, but never “the creatures themselves”.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

To prove this, Reinhold determined an axiom that could not be doubted.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

From this axiom, all knowledge of consciousness could be deduced.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The axiom read: “In consciousness, representation is separated through the subject from both object and subject, and is related to either.” Thus he from the principle that referred to images or representations in the mind.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Thus he divided the parts of knowing into 1) the knowing subject, or observer, (2) a known object, or being, and 3) an image or representation in the mind of the subject.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

To understand transcendental idealism, experience must be divided into these three parts.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Schulze Kant felt that an image or representation in the mind should be of something outside the mind.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

He gave this object the name “the creature itself”.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

G.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

E. Schulze, however, wrote, anonymously, that the law of cause and effect applies to phenomena only within the mind, not between phenomena or any “being in itself” outside the mind.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Thus the “being itself” cannot be the cause of an idea or image in the mind.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

He thus rejected Kant's thinking and the existence of the “creature self” by using Kant's own way of reason.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Fichte After Schulze had seriously criticized the existence of the “creatures themselves”, Fichte (1762—1814) introduced a philosophy similar to that of Kant, but without the “being itself”.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Fichte held that our representation, ideas, or images in our mind are merely products of our ego, that is, our self, the knowing subject.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

For him, there were no separate “entities per se” that would produce the ideas.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Instead, ego was the cause of an external being, object or non-ego.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Fichte's use of style was an exaggeration of Kant's difficult way of writing and his deep-minded ideas were not easy to understand.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Fichte also argued that his truths were obvious to intellectual, non-sensory intuition.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The truth could therefore be seen immediately using common sense.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Hegel Hegel (1770—1831) published his absolute idealism after Kant had rejected all traditional proofs of the existence of God.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

His abstraction introduced Spinoza's stylistic pantheism, which had been influenced by Kant's transcendental idealism.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

The universe was brought about by an impersonal mind or spirit () according to rational, logical thinking.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

All humans were parts of the universal, which always functioned strictly in three-step periods.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

This was called dialectic according to the way dialogues, or discussions or arguments, in general, progressed: a thesis was first presented, followed by an inexorable antithesis.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

These always ended up in synthesis.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

In relation to the perception of creatures, Schelling Schelling (1775—1854) argued that ideas or images in the mind are identical to those of dimensional beings outside the mind.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

According to this assertion of Schelling's “absolute identity”, there is no distinction between subjective and objective, i.e., ideal and real.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Ken Wilber called Schelling's thinking in his book Sex, Ecology, Spirituality “a secularized Plotinos”.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

According to him, Schelling transformed Plotinos's Neo-Platonian emanationist metaphysics into an evolutionary ontology.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Schopenhauer in 1851 criticized the absolute identity of Schelling's subjective and objective.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

In his view, it brought back all that rare philosophical minds like Locke and Kant had painstakingly extracted from philosophy.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

[1] According to Wilber, this was an erroneous view.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

He held that Schelling was capable of seeing the synthesis and aggregation of later differentiated knowledge behind the separation of knowledge, which opponents saw as a return to old thinking.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Schleiermacher Schleiermacher was a theologian who held that the ideal and the real were united in God.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

He understood the ideal as the subjective action of thought, intellect, and reason in the human mind.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Real was for him the objective territory of the natural and physical body.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

According to Schleiermacher, they had no productive or causal (causal) connection with each other.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Instead, they both existed as equal in an absolute transcendental entity, God.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Drawing conclusions Schopenhauer considered that Spinoza had a great influence on Kant's post-German idealism.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

He wrote: “As a result of Kant's critique of speculative theology practised by Kant, almost all philosophers in Germany have returned to Spinoza, so that a whole series of failed attempts known as post-Kantian philosophy is nothing but stylistic spinozism, veiled in all manner of un-intellectual language, and otherwise warped and misrepresented”.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

[2] German idealists modified Kant's original philosophy of rejecting speculative theology.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

They sought to present by his technical terms such as “transcendental”, “transcendent”, “reason”, “intelligibility”, and “matter in itself”, things that were beyond experience, thus restoring ideas about God, free will, and immortality to philosophy.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

This continued later in the 19th century in American transcendental philosophy.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

See also Absolute idealism British idealism Johann Gottfried Herder Friedrich Hölderlin Solomon Maimon Friedrich Schiller Sources On the topic elsewhere Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: Who has developed the idealism?

German idealism

Class:Schools of Philosophy Class:Idealism


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

Actual conscription came into use in Finland by a law enacted by the Reichstag in 1878.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

In 1901, on the basis of the February manifesto he issued two years earlier, Emperor Nicholas II decided to incorporate the Finnish army into the Russian army, the relevant law was adopted by the Reichstag of 1900.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

However, opponents of the Russification policy in Finland viewed the decision as unconstitutional and orchestrated call strikes.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

During the Finnish Civil War, both sides restored conscription and Finland has since based its defence on the conscription army.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

Early stages of conscription In the medieval Swedish Empire, defence was based on the king's right to order peasants into service according to quotas given to villages.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

The standing army was formed by the personal guard men of the king and the highest lords, up to a few hundred men.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

The poorly trained and only local warfare militia that formed the main part of the army during the war was not suited to the rapid policy of conquest initiated by Sweden at the end of the 16th century.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

It was replaced at the beginning of the 17th century by crowds, which placed the obligation on villages to equip a certain number of men.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

Sweden was, in the Thirty Years' War, one of the only countries to have conscribed troops, which greatly facilitated its war economy.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

Finland equipped a number of men slightly larger than its actual population share in the wars, very few of whom returned from the war.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

[1] [2] During the Swedish Great Power period in the middle of the 17th century, conscription was established in a population institution with a number of houses, i.e., the Swedish garrisoned a man for war.


Question: How are army garrisons set up?

History of conscription in Finland

The baiting soldier was given a croft, from the proceeds of which and any tyre work he made a living.