Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Lagus served as a quartermaster in the Winter War, and later in the Continuation and Lapland War, among other positions as commander of the Armored Division.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Due to his war service, he was appointed Knight Number 1 of the Mannerheim Cross.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

[1] Pedigree and family Ruben Lagus was born in the Keeper of Koski in 1896.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

His parents were Alexander Gabriel Lagus, a forester, master of philosophy, and Emma Matilda Bellman.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Lagus was ordained for marriage in 1921 to Olga Johanna (Jane) Ramsay, from whom he divorced in 1927 and remarried in 1935 to Kenny Christina Emilia Gadd.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Son Olof Lagus (1925—2009) served in the summer of 1944 as an assault cannon gunner in his father's division and destroyed at least five Soviet tanks.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

He graduated after the war as a lawyer.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Studies Lagus attended five classes at Läroverket för gossar och flickor i Helsingfors, from where he resigned from sixth grade in 1914.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

He completed ninth grade privately at the same school in 1923.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Later in his career as an officer, Lagus completed the Commandant Course at the College of War in 1928 and the Second Annual Course of the General Department in 1932—1933.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

He completed a study trip to Sweden and followed the Swedish supply field exercises in 1939, and was on a tour of light force operations in Germany and the anti-tank gun from 1941 to 1942.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

During the Jaeger Period and the Civil War, Lagus joined as a volunteer in Germany with the 1st Company of Jaeger Battalion 27 providing military training on 10 October 1915, from which he was transferred from 10 July 1917 to the battalion's 1st Machine Gun Company.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

He took part in fighting in World War I on Germany's Eastern Front on the Misse River, the Gulf of Riga and the AA River.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

After his front deployment, he completed the A course of the War School at Libau in 1917.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Lagus entered the service of the Finnish White Army in Germany on 11 February 1918 after first taking the flag oath and signing his service commitments to the army.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

On this occasion he was promoted to lieutenant.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

She arrived back in Finland (Vaasa) with the main contingent of ice keepers on 25 February 1918.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

From Vaasa he was commanded into the Finnish Civil War initially as adjutant of the 2nd.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

The 4th Jaeger Battalion of the Jääger Regiment, from which he was later transferred as regimental adjutant.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

He took part in civil war battles in Tampere and Kuokkala.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

After the Civil War for an Officer's Career After the Civil War Lagus continued to serve in the 2.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

In the Jaeger Regiment, where he served initially as a machine gun officer and later as chief of the I Battalion Machine Gun Company.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

The regiment's name was later changed to Pori Infantry Regiment No 2.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

From 16 April 1919, Lagus was transferred to the Central Finland Regiment, from which he was further transferred from 17 September 1919 to the Finnish White Guard, where he was stationed initially as Chief of the 1st Machine Gun Company and from 31 October 1919 as Commander-in-Chief of 2nd Company.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

As Company Chief of the Reserve Officers' College, he was transferred on 16 May 1924, from where he was commanded from 17 February 1927 to 9 January 1928 to exercise the post of commanding officer of Bicycle Battalion 3.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

In May 1928, he was transferred to the Finnish White Guard, where from 22 December 1928 he served as head of the sub-officer school.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

From the Finnish White Guard he was transferred to the Cadet School, where from 5 December 1929 he served as Chief of the Cadet Company.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

From the cadet school, he was transferred on 1 July 1933 to the rank of Chief of Staff of the 2nd.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Division HQ, from where he was appointed from 4 April 1936 as Commander of the Supply Battalion (later Maintenance Regiment).


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

In the additional exercises held during the Winter, Continuation and Lapland War on the eve of the Winter War, Lagus participated in the Army Staff of the Isthmian Army as Chief of the Maintenance Division.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

During the Winter War, an opportunity arose for him to be for a few days as commander of Infantry Regiment 14.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

In the war effort he participated in the Karelian Isthmus.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

During the interim peace, Lagus served in the Land Forces Staff as Chief of Section 4 (Maintenance Division), from which he was transferred in August 1940 as Commander of the Bicycle Brigade.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

During his commanding, the Bicycle Brigade in Mikkeli and the Jääkäribrigade in Kuopio were merged in August 1940 and Lagus continued as commander of the thus formed Jääkäribrigade with Riihimäki as its placement.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

When the Continuation War broke out, Lagus served as the commander of the 1st Jaeger Brigade.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

An episode occurred upon him when on 11 July 1941 he was appointed commander of the 5th Division by Major General Paavo Talvela.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

The consequence of this was that the Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim considered Talvela to have exceeded his powers, nullified the appointment made by Talvela, and appointed Colonel Ilmari Karhu to the position.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

However, Lagus had time to assume command of the division and, as a man of action, had led the division parallel to the Lake Lake Road across the old border to Tuuloksjoki before the new commander appointed by Mannerheim assumed command.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Mannerheim considered the skills of the manager of Lagus valid to the extent that he appointed him first 2nd Lk on the basis of the aforementioned offender.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Knighthood of the Mannerheim Cross.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

A knight of the Mannerheim Cross, Lagus returned back as commander of the 1st Jääger Brigade and led his brigade in an attack from the Tuulosjoki to Syvär and on to Petrozavodsk.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

The Ice Brigade, commanded by Lagus, was later reinforced with an infantry regiment and was then called Section Lagus.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

After the takeover of Petrozavodsk by Lagus, Mannerheim commemorated him by promoting him to major general on 3 October 1941.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

In the first phase of the Continuation War, Lagus took part in battles in Syvär, Petrozavodsk, Karhumäki and Povenza.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

During the position warfare phase, Lagus was reassigned in June 1942 as commander of the newly formed Armoured Division.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

He also served for a brief period as the Commander of the VI Army Corps in 1943.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

The Lagus Armoured Division really did not get into real action until the Isthmus Grand Offensive began in the summer of 1944.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

He led his troops into settlement battles in Knee-Kuuterselä, Kuuterselä, Tal and Vuosalmi, where this group was no longer the same because earlier battles had worn it out.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

[2] The war in Lagus did not end after the Continuation War but he was commanded with his Armoured Division to the Lapland War, where he was active until December 1944, taking part in maneuvers in Oulu, Rovaniemi and Inari.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

After the wars, Lagus operated in the 2.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

As divisional commander until 1947, when he resigned from permanent service and took over as Managing Director to Lohjan Sato Ltd, where he worked until 1959.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Acts of Trust Lagus served as a member of the Honours Council of the Cadet School in 1931 and as Vice-President from 1932 to 1933.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Ruben Lagus died on 15 July 1959.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

He was buried in Helsinki.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Lohja has a monument made of armoured barrier stone in the courtyard of Lagus' longtime home.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

See also Lagus Sources Publications of the Ministry of Defence Military Historical Office IV, Biography of Finnish Jakeers, WSOY Porvoo 1938.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Department of Military Science Publications XIV, Biography of Finnish Jakeers 1975, Vaasa 1975 ISBN 951-99046-8-9.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Karhunen, Joppe| title = Men of Battles: From the battles and stages of the Knights of the Mannerheim Cross| publisher = Porvoo: WSOY| year = 1972| id = ISBN 951-0-00639-4}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kilunio, Ari; In, Yur| title = Defenders of Independence, Battles of War 1, Winter War| publisher = Weilin+Göös| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-593-911-9}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Ruin, Ari; Kilin, Juri| title = Defenders of Independence, Battles of War 2, Continuation War| publisher = Weilher In+Göös| year = 2005| id = ISBN 951-593-927-5}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Matti Koskimaa| title = Murtajan Artillery 2.


Question: Where did Ernst Ruben Lagus die?

Ruben Lagus

Divisional artillery battles 1941 - 1944| location = Porvoo| publisher = WSOY| year = 1994| id = ISBN 951-0-19805-6}} References on the topic elsewhere Category:Jäkärikenrals Category:Finnish nobles Class:Knights of the Mannerheim Cross Class:Born in 1896 Category:Those who died in 1959 Category:Key articles of screening


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Kenjutsu () means traditional Japanese sword-wielding skill and is a subdivision in Japanese bujutsu (art of war).


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

There have been hundreds of different schools.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The word ryū meaning school municipality is “virta” in Finnish, and ryūha verbally translates as “virta branch”.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

It means that several schools have arisen from the application of the pre-existing kenjutsu doctrines by their founder, attaching to them their own insights or ideas and modes of action brought forth by the practical struggle.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

At all, the purpose of ryūha is to pass on an existing tradition, not to develop it.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

As a result, schools branch out whenever creative and insightful masters have incorporated new technologies into teaching.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

In this case, a whole new unique tradition, the new ryūha, has been formed.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

“Flower Styles” vs.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

In the “halonlogging” Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate attained and maintained peace and disarmed Japan (katana gari).


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The peace in the Edo period also affected fencing because armed clashes with large forces did not arise more often and warfield weapons such as the lance (naginata) and spear (yari) were excluded from the samurai's all-round weapons range.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Samurai wearing civilian clothes could also be subject to sword-drawing and sword-drawing techniques that would have been ineffective against a carefully armoured bush.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

This is when kenjutsu styles and schools began to develop, where “spirituality” and the formal content of kata sets became intrinsic value.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Representatives of these schools often belittled the schools of fencing based on traditional and hard training as “halonchipping”, such as, for example, for their hardness to belong to Jigen-ryū kenjutsu, for whose practice the samurai of Satsuma Province were famous and feared in battle.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

[1] On the other hand, for example, the Japanese sword saint (kensen) Miyamoto Musashi criticized “floral styles"” in his book Go rin no sho ().


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The breakdown of Kenjutsu Teaching The teaching of traditional, or classical (koryu) kenjutsu, schools is divided into three parts: [2] Heihō (); strategy Includes the mental and strategic guiding principles of struggle.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Te no uchi (); extract, application Timings of techniques, details, basics of practicing physically and cultivating mental and bodily strength.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Waza (); technology Includes gun and unarmed techniques of the school.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

In a nutshell, while studying waza under the guidance of his teacher, in compliance with te no uchi, a kenjutsu pupil educates himself in heihō.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Transmission of the heritage of Kenjutsu Schools Some of the kenjutsu schools passed as limited family or clan heritage within a very narrow range of practitioners.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

In this case, the tradition was easily in danger of being broken or withered.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Kenjutsu heritage often was divided between the head master (sōke) and professional teachers (shihanke).


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Characteristic of the teaching was the verbal mediation of tradition.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

In the Middle Ages, however, many ryū-ha had written documentaries in which the main points of the doctrines of the kenjutsu school were recorded.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

However, these literary texts were secret and usually only handed over to the principal pupils of the tradition.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

These text scrolls were called secret gokuden, gokui or “tiger scrolls"” tora no maki.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The main master of the kenjutsu and sword traditions that run in the family was therefore called sōke</i>.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The lineages in combat and sword schools are rather an exception to the usual.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

However, it is easier to ascertain the stages of the family lineage than other lineages of inheritance because the contents documented in the writing of the ryūs are either destroyed, rare and difficult, often deliberately, to interpret.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

[3] Upon reaching a reasonable level, the pupil received a mention from his teacher as shōmokuroku or mokuroku, meaning a more limited or complete list of techniques.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Different levels of internalization of teaching were illustrated by the values given: shoden, chūden, and okuden.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Upon further progress, the pupil received a teaching permit from the teacher menkyo and a further validated certificate of kaiden whereby all ryū's knowledge had been transferred to the student</i>.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Including secret techniques.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Menkyo kaiden was an indication that the teacher had transferred everything he knew to the student and that the pupil was allowed to teach using the name of the school.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

It was generally considered a rule that the head teacher (soke or shihanke) granted only one menkyō kaiden per Japanese province.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

This avoided intra-province competition, among ambitious teachers.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Kenjutsu Practice Kenjutsu practice consists mostly of kata practice, but also cutting practice (Tameshigiri), where you break lane mat rolls or bamboo canes.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

A bokken (wooden sword) or a real sword (katana, tachi, etc.) is often used as a training tool.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Examples of old school schools still in operation include Tenshin shōden Katori shintō-ryū, Kashima shintō-ryū, and Kashima-Shinryū.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Unlike modern budo species, the color of the belt is not used to display the level of the trainee.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Instead of belt values, a trainee may be granted level-indicating licenses such as menkyō kaiden.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The modern budo species derived from kenjutsu is kendo.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Iaido also has its kenjutsu background, but the proportion derived from iaijutsu is more significant in iaido.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Among the Kenjutsu Schools Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū The oldest kenjutsu schools in Japan is Tenshin shōden Katori shintō-ryū ().


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

It is one of the most revered old ryū-ha traditions still practiced and has been defined as one of Japan's cultural treasures.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

[4] Its establishment can, based on written sources, be dated to the 15th century.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The school specializes in the use of the tachi sword.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Other weapons (bō, naginata, yari, and shuriken) are practiced solely for the purpose of practicing the fencer against these weapons.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Tenshin shōden Katori shintō -ryūn was founded by a samurai named Iizasa Chōisai Ienao (,1387—1488).


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

He served the Chiba lineage and also as a vassal of the Ashikaga shōgun in the 15th century, and was known as a competent wearer of the sword and spear.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

He lived to be 102, which for a samurai who lived in a troubled era and served war service is extraordinary.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

He took part in numerous battles.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Tired of fighting, he resigned from his family history, moving to become a monk at the Shinto Shrine of Katori to practice ascetics.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

In the sanctuary to Chōisai, the appearance of Futsunushi-no-kami, the Shinto god, occurred.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

For 1000 days, Chōisai purified, practicing fighting skills and purification rites while serving the gods at the Katori Shrine, thus establishing the Tenshin shōden Katori shintō ryūn.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū Hyōhō niten ichi-ryū (Musashi called his school niten ichi () or nitō ichi () is a school of kenjutsu developed by legendary Japanese “sword saint” Miyamoto Musashi.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

In Hyōhō niten ichi -ryū, mainly long sword techniques are practiced as katana (tachi, ittō no seiho “set of one sword”, 12 kata) but also short sword wakizashi (kodachi seihō “series of short sword”, 7 kata) and two swords together (nitō seihō “series of two swords”, 5 kata) kenjutsu- techniques.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Other weapons being practiced are: jutte, bō (5 shaku long) as well as additional unarmed jujutsu techniques.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Shintō-ryū Kenjutsu Shintō-ryū Kenjutsu or (Kasumi Shintō-ryū Kenjutsu) is a type of kenjutsu, belonging to Shindō Musō-ryū jōjutsu, practiced in SMR jōjutsu and ZNKR seitei jōdō.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

It contains 12 kata, 8 of which are for the long sword (daitō) and 4 are for the short sword (shōtō).


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The Ittō-ryū Ono-ha Ittō-ryū Ono-ha Ittō-ryū kenjutsu school was founded by: Itō Ittōsai Kagehisa (Ittō-ryū); Ono Jirouemon Tadaaki (Ono-ha Ittō-ryū) in the early Edo period, 1630.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Ono-ha Ittō-ryū kenjutsu is practiced with (Ōdachi, kodachi, habiki) weapons.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Current tradition representative/head master: Sasamori Takemi, 14th Head Master The school is located in Tokyo Kashima-Shinryū Kashima-Shinryū () is a traditional Japanese martial arts school founded in the late 15th century.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

According to the tradition of the school, Kashima-Shinryūn was founded just over 500 years ago by Matsumoto Masamoto together with Kunii Kagetsugu.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The current head of the school, Prof. Humitake Seki, is the 19th head teacher (shihanke) of the species.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Prior to the Seki-sensei, Kashima-Shinryū was a small school, of which it was extremely difficult to become a member and for non-Japanese this was impossible.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Accompanied by Seki-sensei, the main hall of Kashima-Shinryūn moved to the University of Tsukuba in 1976, and a few years after this received the first foreigners the opportunity to start internships.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Kashima-Shinryūta is practiced in addition to Japan today, but also in the United States and Europe.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The species is taught in Europe at four halls, Frankfurt, Ljubljana, Helsinki and Tampere.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

In Finland, the teaching of Kashima-Shinryūn began in the hall of the University of Helsinki in the summer of 1996.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Teaching in Tampere began in 2002.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū Kashima shinden jikishinkage-ryū school () was founded by Matsumoto Bizen-no-kami Naokatsu (1467—1524) c.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

in 1570.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Kashima shinden jikishinkage-ryū is known for its “four seasons” Hojo kata in which difficult breathing exercises are performed and a weighing wooden sword (~2 kg) bokuto is handled.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Kashima Shintō-ryū Kashima () shintō -ryū was a Japanese kenjutsu school founded by Tsukahara Bokuden (1489—1571) during the troubled period of the Muromachi period (1530).


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The school is based on techniques that have been tried on battlefields and have demonstrated their worth there.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

In particular, unprotected points of the opponent's armor are used.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The use of the sword, spear, and naginata is practiced at the school.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The current main champion is Yoshikawa Tsuenetaka.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Suiō-ryū iai kenpō Suiō-ryū iai kenpō is a classical school of kenjutsu.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

The school was founded by Mima Yoichizaemon Kagenobu (1577—1665), who had practiced Bokuden-ryūta and yamabushie jōjutsu (konga jo joho).


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Practices at the school include: iai, kenpō (kenjutsu), naginata, kogusoku (jūjutsu type technique), and jōjutsu.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Mugai-ryū Mugai-ryū is one of the still practicing Japanese fencing schools in the world.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Mugai-ryūn was founded by Sukemochi (1648—1727) of Tsuji Getta in 1695.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Both kenjutsu and iaijutsu are practiced in Mugai-ryū, Mugai-ryū has since branched out into several ryū-ha.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Sources Source references Literary sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Donn F. Draeger| title = Classical Budo, vol.


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

2| publisher = Weatherhill| year = 1973| id = ISBN 978-0-8348-0234-6}} Bu Samurai Occupation/Hashi 20/1998 (Editor-in-Chief: Timo Reenpää, Friends of Japanese Culture, 1998) ISBN 951-98012-1-9 (sid.)


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Paul Budden: Looking at a far mountain - a study of kendo kata (Tuttle publishing, 2000) ISBN 0-8048-3245-5 (nid.)


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Oscar Ratti/Adele Westbrook: Secrets of the Samurai, A Survey of the Martial Arts of Feudal Japan (Castle Books, 1973) ISBN 0-7858-1073-0 (nid.)


Question: Who developed the kenjutsu?

Kenjutsu

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Hiroaki Sato| title = The Sword & The Mind| publisher = Overlook| year = 1986| id = ISBN 0-87951-256-3}} Category:Koryu bujutsu


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Pont du Gard is a part of an aqueduct built by the Romans as a bridge.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It is located in the commune of Vers-Pont-du-Gard in southern France, near the town of Remoulins in the Gard department.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It was probably built in the early 1st century (share.)


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

as a continuation of the aqueduct from Uzès to Nîmes, of which there are signs of operation still in the early 3rd century.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Pont du Gard was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The name Pont du Gard literally means the bridge of the River Gard.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It crosses the river after which the administrative districts are named too.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The river is now also known in French as the Gardon.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Similarly, in Occitan, the river has two names: Gard and Gardon.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Pont du Gard is 48.8 high overall.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It is constructed of three layers of arches, of which the top, now 275 metre long level contains a water channel 1.8 metres high and 1.2 metres wide, where an estimated 200 million litres of water once flowed daily into the fountains, baths and homes of the city of Nîmes.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The tilt of the aqueduct is only 17 metres in its entire length, of which the bridge accounts for only 2.5 centimeters.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This demonstrates the ability of Roman engineers to a high degree of accuracy using very simple technical aids.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The aqueduct was used long after the Roman Empire was already destroyed, perhaps as far back as the 8th century.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Lack of maintenance after the 3rd century, however, caused accumulations of stoneware and debris that gradually clogged the flow of water.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The use of the bridge as a customs bridge guaranteed the preservation of the Pont du Gard until the Middle Ages.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Although some of its building stones were taken to other uses, for centuries local grand landowners and bishops were obliged to provide for its upkeep in exchange for their right to charge fees for using the bridge.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Beginning in the 18th century, the Pont du Gard began to receive increasing attention as a historic structure and gradually became an important tourist attraction.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The area has been redeveloped several times; most recently in the 2000s, when a new visitor centre was opened and traffic and structures were removed from both the bridge and its nearest surroundings.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Pont du Gard is today one of France's most prominent tourist attractions: it is visited annually by more than a million tourists (1.4 million in 2001).


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Architecture Pont du Gard soars over the River Gard three stories high.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It is constructed of stone from a quarry near the site of erection and measures 49 m high and 275 m long.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Pont du Gard is the longest of the bridges supporting the aqueduct in the Roman Empire, as the end of the left bank has been shortened by more than 100 m.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The bridge crosses, according to hydrologists, specifically precisely the River Gard, not the Gardon.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Gardon branches flowing from Anduze and Alès merge near a village called Cassagnoles to form the Gard River.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Below the confluence, the river should be called the Gard. Lowest floor: 6 arches; length 142.35 m, width 6.36 m, height 21.87 m Middle floor: 11 arches; length 242.55 m, width 4.56 m, height 19.50 m Top floor: 35 arches; length 275 m, width 3.06 m, height 7.40 m.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

On the first two floors, the openings of the arches are equally high, as the pillars of the second floor have been set on the central axis of the first floor pillars for better severity.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The heights of the openings vary by location: those crossing the river are 24.52 m, the following 19.5 m, and the lowest ones are 15.5 m high.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

On the top floor, the height of all the arches is 4.8 m.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The first two floors are made entirely of large stone pases, as are the pillars of the third floor right up to the beginning of the small vaulted arches.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

These spades are at least 50 cm thick, often more than 2m long, so each must weigh about six tons.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

On the inside of the pillars, traces of the work of Roman builders are clearly visible: signs of the technique of stonemason and construction.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Stone paste has been used as facade and connective stone, as well as installed as protrusions for scaffolding support.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

When you look closer at the surfaces, one notices the accuracy of the work: each stone is connected to others by overlaps hewn on the spot.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The bridge has been built of Vers stone, native to a quarry located just half a mile upstream.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This is a pale yellow limestone with seashells, which is coarse in texture and is well shaped.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The surface of the bridge is embroidered by numerous markers and engravings.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The majority indicates the number and location of hewn stones within the structure.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Such are inscriptions on pillars and vaults such as: I, II, III, IV or FRSIII, FRDIV, which meant “fronte sinistra” meaning left front and “fronte dextra”, meaning right front.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

There you can also find these overlapping and mysterious words: MENS TOTUM CORIUM.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

That would seem to imply that the whole work has been measured.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Lowered from the right bank, on the fourth pillar of the second floor, two metres below the peak, a small relief depicting a phallus is clearly visible.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

They are moderately common in Roman monuments, such as, for example, the Nîmes Arena, where there are several of them.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The images are meant to protect against the evil eye.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Ever since Frédéric Mistral, known as a promoter and preserver of the Provensaal language, composed a narrative around the sculpture, it is better known here as the hare of the Pont du Gard.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Other signs and images are either inscriptions of persons who restored the bridge or pendants of tourists.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The lowest pillars are mounted directly on the rock, which is left dry during the lowest water level.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This has been aimed at preventing erosion.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It is possible that the river bed has been dredged lest the water reach the foundation of the pillars.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

But the Romans were familiar with Gardon's spectacular water-level fluctuations and they have therefore equipped the lowest pillars with ten-foot, triangular current controllers.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Although attention-grabbing high, the controls proved inadequate in the 1958 flood that caused the deaths of 35 people.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Water then reached the foot of the pillars on the second floor, but the monument held firm even though this giant flood of Gard swept along several bridges, for example at Remoulins.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

On the upstream side, the Gard bridge is slightly convex, perhaps to better withstand the pressure of the flow.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The actual aqueduct is constructed of smaller block stones.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The water channel is 1.2 m wide and 1.85 m high and has 0.85 m thick retaining walls.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The channel is covered with edge-to-edge tiles that are 0.35 m thick, 1 m wide and 3.65 m long.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It is also noted that the original headroom of the aqueduct was about 1.30 m.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

When water was discharged, it rose too high, could even periodically drain over the vents and this forced the builders to raise the retaining walls.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

They used nowadays very prominent block stones on the inside, which are about 60 cm thick.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The elevation of the walls can also be seen well from the outside, as this created a second edge to the wall.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Historia Gard Bridge was part of a nearly 50 km long aqueduct that carried water from the departures of Uzès to Nemausus.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This Roman city is now known as Nîmes.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It was long assumed that the Pont du Gard had been built around the year 19 BCE.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

However, more recent excavations indicate that the Nîmes Aqueduct was not built until the first century.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Several tunnels dating back to Emperor Augustus have been rotated during its construction.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This proves that the aqueduct was built after them.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In addition to that, coins have been found in the water's terminus basin at Nîmes dating only to the period of Emperor Claudius (41—54).


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The aqueduct is thought to have been built between 20 and 40, or slightly beyond.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The water intake site was located only 12 m higher than the main basin.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Romans have done careful work to make water flow by gravity all the way to Nîmes.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The tilt of the entire aqueduct is 34 cm per kilometer, or 1/3000, which is a major engineering feat.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The aqueduct is built cornering and makes careful use of the forms of the terrain.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

On the most direct route, the distance between Uzès and Nîmes is only 20 kilometers.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Pont du Gard is built to cross the Gardon valley.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

More than 90% of the Nîmes Aqueduct passed underground.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It was essentially a large, stone-lined and vaulted ditch.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

When the aqueduct encountered an obstacle, it was gradually brought to the surface of the earth, where it continued atop a retaining wall, colonnade or bridge.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

There are several structures and bridges along the 50 km journey, but of these the Pont du Gard is the most notable.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The aqueduct brought 20,000 cubic meters of water daily to Nemausus.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The town had an abundance of wells as well as a source close to the town, so the construction of the aqueduct was not a lifeline, but a construction effort that emphasized the value of the town.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The water was intended for terms, other baths and city fountains.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The water travelled by gravity for an entire day's journey from the source of Eure near the town of Uzès to the dividing basin at Nîmes, which is still located at the terminus.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The pool is 5.5 m in diameter and is called the Castellum.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

From it, the water was further distributed down to 10 pipes.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The castellum is located on rue de la Lampèze.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Construction of the bridge is made completely without mortar.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The stones, some weighing up to 6 tons, were held in place by the use of iron bars.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The aggregate is limestone and has been obtained from quarries located less than a mile away.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The spades were lifted into place using a wheel inside which the workers walked, thus creating the force needed for the winch.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Complex scaffolding was made at the construction site to support the bridge during construction.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The façade of the aqueduct still shows the supports of the scaffolding and the pediments on top of the pillars, to which the semicircular wooden structures which supported the vaults under construction were attached.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Construction is thought to have taken between 800 and 1000 men from the site three to five years.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The foreman's name is not known, but he must have been a particularly talented engineer.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The structure of the Gard Bridge has a structure rare for its own time: each of its large vaults is actually formed by small vaults connected together (four on the lower floor and three on the second floor).


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This allows the whole to adapt to the small changes and depressions that necessarily come with time.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Combined with the excellent quality of the foundation and construction work.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

it is this feature that has helped the bridge of the Gard to resist age.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This division of the vault into independent rings is not met anywhere but in the Narbonne region.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The same structure is represented by Roman bridges in the towns of Sommières, Boisseron, Ambrussum, Nages'i and Solorgues.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

A floor of mortar and small stones has been built into the aqueduct on the third floor, as well as retaining walls of block stones.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Its tightness was guaranteed by another layer of mortar, reddish in color (sealing mortar or pipe mortar).


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The water pipe was just the right size, so that a person could fit in to do the maintenance work.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This method of construction can be compared with the technique of cathedrals built centuries later.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Increasingly, signs indicating the place of individual stones can still be seen, for example “FRS II” (frons sinistra II), that is, “left facade 2".


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

With gradual destruction, the Nîmes Aqueduct was in use for centuries right up to the 4th century.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Another 50 years after its completion, it was improved by raising the roof of the water channel by 60 cm on a six-mile journey.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Beginning in the 3rd century, maintenance work on the aqueduct was neglected, depleting water intake.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It could only come intermittently or there was little.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The aqueduct was abandoned in the late 4th or early 5th century.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Around this time, several things occurred simultaneously that contributed to the need for an aqueduct.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The central government of the Roman Empire decayed and the periphery were left vulnerable to attacks by Germanic tribes.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

By the 4th century, Nîmes was in the hands of the Visigoths; Uzès again fell into the possession of the Franks who sowed terror.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The population of Nîmes' was reduced to a few thousand inhabitants, and the water brought by the aqueduct was no longer needed, as a source of its own was enough to cover the needs.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Nîmes settled for centuries with ground and rainwater, wells and cisterns, as it was not until the late 19th century that water began to be diverted to the city directly from the Rhône river.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Although the invaders sowed mayhem, they do not appear to have destroyed the aqueduct.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

On the contrary, the plumbing suffered for other reasons.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

One important reason was certainly lime deposits up to 50 cm thick in some places at the bottom of the water channel, which greatly reduced the flow.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Although known to be remarkably clean, the water from the Eure source is diverted to the source from lime-derived terrain.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Natural conditions have greatly tested the aqueduct.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Some pieces are perfectly caved in, particularly between Vers'in and Pont du Gard.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The cause is not natural disasters, although the earthquake of 145 may have had a significant impact on the foundations of the aqueduct.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Rather, the cause of the destruction is overstrain of the surface layers of the earth, vegetation, tree roots, erosion and moisture, which over time have damaged the aqueduct in an irreversible way.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The aqueduct has also been damaged by humans.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Initially, it was protected and regularly maintained.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

There was a kind of border zone around it where no one could go.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Would-be violators were severely punished (100,000 sestertius for corrupting the water or blocking its passage, as the Roman soldier and writer Sextus Julius Frontinus reports).


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

One can think that as the Roman Empire collapsed, the aqueduct was no longer maintained or supervised.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In fact, beginning in the 13th century, many general buildings were gradually abandoned.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

As a different sign, the Via Domitia, which annexes Italy to the Iberian Peninsula, was last built in 365.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In the 200th century, private individuals began to distribute water from the aqueduct for their own purposes.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

As the population of Nîmes' had plummeted and the aqueduct was unusable, in the 8th century some of the structure's stones were used by the people of the area for their own purposes.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Between 1150 and 1200, the aqueduct was systematically demolished as many new buildings were built on the ground.However, the Pont du Gard has remained fairly untouched.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The bridge has apparently been used as an access route almost always.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This was written more than a century ago by Emile Espérandieu, who wrote the first compilation work on the Nîmes aqueduct.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Originally, the Gard Bridge was built solely to support the aqueduct from Uzès to Nîmes.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

However, probably from the very beginning, it was used by walkers to cross the River Gardon.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

However, it is also known that the river could also be crossed here by loss.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In 1295, a duty was made to pay for the use of the bridge, which was enacted by the lord of Uzès, Philip IV the Beautiful.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The bridge must have been used abundantly, as the passage charge was levied on the transport of merchandise as well as pedestrians.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

A drawing by Jean Poldo d'Albenas from 1557 shows how the arches of the second floor were already on the going-notches of the horse harness.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Maintenance and repair work, restoration of the World Heritage Site Charles IX passed in front of the bridge in December 1564 while making his royal tour of France (1564—1566).


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The troupe then included quite a number of senior nobility besides the court people.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In the 17th century, there was concern about the fact that the thinning of the pillar system posed a risk of caving in the whole structure.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Thus, the Languedocians decided to support the pillars and commission extensions along the vertical axis, along which the bridge could be crossed.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

However, they became too narrow for carriages to pass.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Half a century later, the construction of a decent transport route could no longer be postponed.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

So, the central government of the state decided to build a road attached to the bridge at the level of the second floor.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This work was carried out under the direction of engineer Pitot 1743—1747.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Unfortunately, at this stage no restoration of any kind was started yet and so the old structure got into a very disrepair.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In particular, whole episodes had disappeared from the third level aqueduct, was littered with burrows and cracks, and as water formed unhindered streams in them, eroding limestone boulders, the structure had become a ruin.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In 1834, author, historian and archaeologist Prosper Mérimée had become Superintendent of Historical Monuments.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

While visiting the Pont du Gard, he came to think of its complete restoration.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

But that would require a huge amount of work and significant expenses.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In 1843—1845 she could only commission minor repairs.In 1846, exploration of the entire aqueduct under the direction of water engineer Léon Dombre could be initiated.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The start of restoration work was little by little more support.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

When Napoleon III fell foul of an old structure while visiting the area in 1852, he allowed the picture to begin the complete restoration of the monument to the Bygone Empire.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Further repairs were carried out 1855—1857 under Jean-Charles Laisné.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This had to show the same kind of vigour as the original builders of the monument, in such a state of disrepair it had gotten.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The structures were so flimsy that rainwater had consumed some vaulting stones to a third of their former dimensions.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

It was noticed at the last minute that even the miserable monument on its façade was in real danger of caving in.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Espérandieu explains: “As the ninth vaulted arch was being repaired and the old vaulting stones had been revealed beneath layers of mortar from the late 18th century, something came into view that caused the workers to flee in terror.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Two vaulting stones were missing from the central ribbon, so this group was not held together again by anything other than two furrows, the breakage of which would inevitably have led to the vault implosion.” The vaults, their coverings and pillars, were all repaired, reinforced or replaced.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Finally, it was decided to separate from the old bridge entirely by the Pont du Gard road connected to it by Pitot.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

This was to prevent water from draining from the road to the bridge.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

While the works lasted, 2,500 cubic metres of stone were installed, more than half of which to a height of more than 20 metres.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The works eventually cost about 200,000 gold francs.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Starting from this time, the Gard Bridge has been constantly monitored and the work has been supplemented even later.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

As an example, the reinforcement of two pillars after the currents of the River Gardon had damaged the rock of their foundation.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The Pont du Gard was selected in 1985 for the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

To preserve this exceptional and very popular site, in 2000, the French state, together with local authorities, UNESCO and the European Union, financed a project to redevelop the area.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

There is a danger in the number of visitors, because although only pedestrians can reach the bridge and its vicinity, a variety of services are needed for tourists, such as a museum and maintenance buildings.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The project has been criticised for its price (€32 million) and its landscape-shaping nature.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Another drawback is that the aqueduct water channel cannot henceforth pass.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Despite this, it is still one of the most popular French attractions.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In 2001, there were 1.4 million visitors.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The transformation works will be carried out under the direction of architect Jean-Paul Viguier.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

In 1998 and 2002, the area suffered flooding which caused major destruction.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

The road leading to the aqueduct and adjacent maintenance buildings were badly affected, but neither the aqueduct itself nor its foundation was seriously damaged.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Sources C.I.D.S.Comité Intercommunal de Défense du Site du Pont du Gard Text in several languages.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Structurae Cyberarchi: Le site du Pont du Gard: un aménagement réussi, en toute discrétion Nemausensis: Le pont DuGard.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Histoire et secrets de construction.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Michel Rojo: Le Pont du Gard et l'aqueduc romain de Nîmes On the subject elsewhere Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

(in French) (in French) Transclusion error: {{en}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How tall is Pont du Gard?

Pont du Gard

(in French) Category:Ancient Roman buildings and structures Category:French bridges Category:UNESCO World Heritage Sites in France Category:Archaeological sites in France Category:Gard Category:Aqueducts


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (abbreviation NATO or NATO [1] engl.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization; French acronym OTAN) is a political and military alliance.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[2] NATO was established on April 4, 1949 in Washington, USA.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

NATO's headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

To counterbalance NATO, the Warsaw Pact was established in 1955 in bifurcated Europe, but NATO has continued to expand since its abolition in 1991.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Action NATO's main task is to safeguard the common values of its members, which include democracy, respect for individual freedoms, rule of law and peaceful resolution of disputes.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

These objectives will be achieved through mutual solidarity between the Member States.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

NATO is responsible for the security and freedom of member countries politically and, at last stage, militarily.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[3] NATO's “hard core” is defined in Article Five of the Treaty, in which participants commit that “an attack against some member country, Europe or North America, will be interpreted as an attack on all member countries.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

If such an attack occurs, each Member State shall, within the rights permitted by Article 51st of the Charter of the United Nations, be entitled to defend itself alone or in alliance, and shall defend the country under attack firsthand and with other Member States, each country for the best of its own shall be considered by means, including using the armed forces, to restore and maintain security in the North Atlantic region”.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[3] The passage of the treaty had been defined so that if the Soviet Union were to attack the United States' European allies, it would be interpreted as an attack on the United States.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

During the Cold War, the article was not used once, but was first resorted to on September 12, 2001, after the September 11 terrorist acts, as a response to a terrorist attack against the United States.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

However, this decision did not result in a NATO mission; instead, the United States chose to act under the cover of a coalition of 49 states it led.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Later, on October 11, 2003, NATO took over command of the UN ISAF peacekeeping mission in Afghanistan.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The Soviet Union offered itself to join NATO in 1954.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Today, all countries that, besides the Soviet Union, were part of the Warsaw Pact, and also some of the former Soviet republics, are members of NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[4] During the Cold War, the neutral European countries Sweden, Ireland, Finland, Switzerland and Austria, as well as some of the countries that were part of the former Yugoslavia, have opted out of the union.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Some of those countries, too, cooperate with NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Among the Nordic countries, Iceland, Norway and Denmark are members of NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The strength of the armed forces The amount of money spent on the armed forces in NATO has more than doubled since 1990, when US$503906 million was spent (at 2014 prices).


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Money spent on armed forces In the accompanying table is the money spent by NATO on the armed forces compared to other major military powers.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The figures are USD million in today's money.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[5] [6] Member States Current members Future members Macedonia is currently a member of NATO Membership Action Plan and is presumed to become a member of NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Georgia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Ukraine have expressed NATO membership as a goal for the country, but have yet to participate in the Membership Action Plan.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The Host Country Agreement is an agreement concluded between a State, in this case Finland and NATO, [7] which determines how NATO and its member/other States' forces can establish bases and bring troops into the host country's territory, both in times of peace and crisis.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The treaty obliges the host country to provide support, information and protection to these forces.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[8] The agreement was signed on behalf of Finland by Jarmo Lindberg in 2014.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[9] NATO Decision-Making The NATO Council (, NAC) is the highest decision-making institution in NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

It consists of permanent representatives of the Member States and meets at least once a week.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The Council is chaired by the Secretary-General of NATO and decisions are taken unanimously.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The NATO Council is the only body of the organization to receive its powers from the North Atlantic Treaty.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Among other things, the agreement gives the Council the power to set other institutions.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[10] The NATO Council also meets in the composition of foreign ministers and defense ministers officially once and informally 1—2 times a year.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

There will also be a so-called summit with the composition of the heads of state of the Member States to deal with major decisions on the development of NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[10] The NATO Parliamentary Assembly () is an interparliamentary meeting held twice a year, consisting of representatives of member countries, associate members and observers.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The General Assembly has no formal association with NATO, but cooperation with it is still close.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Associate members such as Finland and Sweden have the right to speak at the meeting, but they do not have the right to vote.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[11] The NATO-Russia Charter of 1997 created a Permanent Cooperation Council in which NATO countries and Russia met.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[12] A special NATO-Russia Council was subsequently created to succeed the Cooperation Council, the creation of which was approved at a summit in Rome on 28 May 2002.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The Council is composed of NATO member countries as well as Russia.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In particular, it focuses on closer cooperation between NATO and Russia, but also on counterterrorism activities, among other things.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[13] The right of veto An individual Member State may be considered to have a great deal of power within the NATO Council, as decision-making must be unanimously.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

A Member State may also, if necessary, refrain from the decision, in which case it does not prevent decision-making.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Participants in or opted out of decision-making may also not participate in the activities that occur as a result of the decision itself.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

However, a member country is not allowed to act against NATO decisions.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[14] NATO Summits Heads of State Meetings Ministerial Meetings History Britain and France already concluded in March 1947 the Dunkirk Agreement on Mutual Cooperation.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The British proposed extending the treaty with Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

On March 17, 1948, a Defense Treaty (Brussels Treaty) was signed in Brussels between Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and France, considered a precursor to NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

To implement it, the Western Union Defence Organisation was established in September 1948.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[19] The United States was not involved in the treaty, and since its military might was seen as an important counterweight to the Soviet Union, further negotiations began almost immediately.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

On 4 April 1949, in addition to the countries signatory to the Treaty of Brussels, a defence treaty was signed in Washington between the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, France, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

1949 is considered the year of NATO's founding, although the organization of the alliance did not emerge for much of it until the 1950s side.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Western Union decided to merge with NATO in December 1951.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[19] Greece and Turkey joined in February 1952.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Australia and New Zealand were excluded from NATO due to their geographical position, but the US entered into an ANZUS treaty with them.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In 1954, the Soviet Union proposed joining NATO to keep peace in Europe.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

But its proposal was rejected by the United States and Britain on suspicion it was trying to limit the deployment of troops in Europe.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[20] West Germany's accession to NATO on 9 May 1955 has been described as a watershed event in European history.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In return for that, the Soviet Union assembled the Warsaw Pact from its allies, the Treaty of which was signed on 14 May.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Thus the two sides of the Cold War confrontation were born.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The creation of NATO meant the need for standardization of weapons systems.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

For example, the 7.62×51 mm NATO cartridge was standardized as a rifle cartridge during the 1950s.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Fabrique Nationale's FN FALs became the most popular 7.62×51 NATO rifle in Europe.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Flight plans were also standardized so that all NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

For example, jet fuel was standardized (Jet Propellant 8 or NATO code F-34).


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

With France's withdrawal from command bodies NATO unity cracked at its initial meters when Charles de Gaulle was elected President of France in 1958.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

De Gaulle criticized the United States' hegemonic position within the organization and the “special relationship” between Britain and the US.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In a memorandum to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958, he called for the creation of a three-member directorate in which France would be in the same position as the United States and Britain, and an extension of NATO's area of operations to those important to France to regions, including Algeria, where France was waging war on independence fighters and wanted NATO auxiliary forces.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

When the response was unsatisfactory, De Gaulle wanted to create an independent defence in France.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

On 11 March 1959, France withdrew its Mediterranean fleet from NATO command and three months later De Gaulle ordered foreign nuclear weapons removed from French soil.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

As a result, the United States withdrew 200 aircraft from France and handed back ten air bases it had operated in France since 1950.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In the meantime, France built its own nuclear weapon and detonated its first nuclear bomb, Gerboise Bleue, on 13 February 1960.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Although France supported NATO actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, De Gaulle continued to create independent defenses, and withdrew the Channel and Atlantic fleets from NATO command.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In 1966, all French forces were withdrawn from NATO command and NATO troops were asked to leave French soil.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

NATO headquarters, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, was moved from Fontainebleau, France, to Casteau, north of Brussels.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

However, France remained a member of NATO and returned to cooperation in 1993.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Cold War During the main Cold War period, NATO maintained troops but did not participate in any military action.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In 1962, U.S. President John F. Kennedy decided to transfer some of the U.S. nuclear weapons to NATO command.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

This was not considered a violation of the NPT because U.S. forces controlled nuclear weapons right up to the war; during that time, the NPT would not be in force.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The 1963 NATO Operation Big Lift showcased the capability for rapid troop reinforcement in Europe when 14,500 men were flown from the United States to West Germany.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In 1966, NATO announced that it would keep the right to use nuclear weapons first if it were necessary to defend member countries.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[20] Due to the 1974 Turkish occupation of Cyprus, Greece withdrew from NATO military structures, but was accepted back in 1980 with Turkish assistance.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

On May 30, 1978, NATO declared its goal not only to maintain security, but also of slimming up.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

This announcement was assumed to mean it would maintain enough troops to respond against the Warsaw Pact invasion, but would not engage in an arms race.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

However, as the Warsaw Pact nuclear capacity grew, NATO ministers approved the deployment of so-called euro-missiles, U.S. cruise and Pershing II battlefield ballistic missiles in Europe.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

When the Warsaw Pact placed the 1983—1984 modern SS-20 mid-range missiles in Europe, NATO responded by deploying new Pershing II missiles that would reach Moscow in a few minutes.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The decision sparked protests from the peace movement across Europe.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Transitioned to democracy, Spain joined NATO on 30 May 1982.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In 1986 a referendum on NATO membership was held in Spain, with a majority (52.54%) in favour of the government's motion to remain in NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[21] During the Cold War, NATO, with support from the CIA and MI6, maintained and trained secret resistance armies in Europe in the event of Soviet occupation.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Their existence remained secret until 1990, when Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti acknowledged the existence of Operation Gladio.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

After the Cold War, the end of the Cold War meant great power political tension subsided and led to a reassessment of NATO's purpose.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Since the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, the trend has been NATO expansion eastward into former Warsaw Pact countries and countries that became independent of the Soviet Union.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The first NATO expansion occurred with the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990, when the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the military alliance, as agreed in the 2+4 Agreement () between Germany and the occupying powers in Moscow on 12 September 1990.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

To achieve Soviet acceptance, it was agreed that no foreign troops or nuclear weapons would be stationed in East Germany.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[22] NATO continued enlargement when it was joined by former Warsaw Pact countries Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic on 12 March 1999, and further on 29 March 2004 with Slovenia, the former Warsaw Pact countries Bulgaria, Romania and Slovakia and the former Soviet republics Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania became members of the Defence League.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

On April 1, 2009, Albania and Croatia also became members of NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Under its 1990 agreement with Russia, NATO cannot deploy permanent troops in its member countries east of Germany like the Baltics.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Security in member countries east of Germany relies on NATO's fast-response force, although there may be 40,000-80,000 Russian troops on mission readiness to the east of them.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[23] Military Operations The first NATO military action was the shooting down of four Bosnia-Herzegovina Serb no-fly planes over Bosnia and Herzegovina on 28 February 1994.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The first larger military operation was Air Force Operation Deliberate Force, which aimed to reduce the Bosnian Serb Army's ability to threaten or attack safe areas and UN forces.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The operation was conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 30 August to 20 September 1995.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Between 1994 and 1997 cooperation bodies were formed between NATO and its neighbors, such as the Partnership for Peace, Mediterranean Dialogue and Euro-Atlantic Cooperation Council.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

NATO's second major military operation Allied Force was conducted in the Kosovo War from 23 March — 10 June 1999.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In this case, NATO conducted an 11-week aerial bombing campaign against Yugoslavia.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The term “humanitarian operation” was used for the operation.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Since no declaration of war was ever made, Yugoslavia accused NATO of undeclared aggression against the UN Charter.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The previous year there had been a war in Kosovo between Albanian guerrillas and Serbian Interior Ministry forces, during which it was claimed that more ethnic Albanians had been killed.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

(There is no precise information on the perished of Serb civilians.)


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

There had been an incident in Račak on the 1999 side, in which more than 40 Albanians were killed.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

NATO positioned itself during the war to support the KLA, despite the fact that prior to that bombing was referred to as a terrorist organization.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[24] [25] After the campaign, the number of victims of the purges was revealed to be 2100.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[26] Human Rights Watch calculated that the operation claimed 489 to 528 civilian casualties.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Unicef estimates the number of dead was “more than 1200".


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[27] As a result, Yugoslavia agreed to the conditions imposed by NATO and Serbian forces withdrew from Kosovo.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Slobodan Milošević still remained in power.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

On May 7, three NATO cruise missiles destroyed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

After the war, KFOR, a NATO-led force under the supervision of the UN, was established that performed a military mission in Kosovo.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The US resisted the attempt to seek UN Security Council approval for the mission because it, according to US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, would undermine NATO's authority, while France and other NATO countries said the alliance would need a UN mandate [28] in Yugoslavia NATO acted first against a sovereign state without UN approval with Russia positioning itself to support Yugoslavia in the Security Council.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[20] In April 1999, Washington rebuffed a German proposal to abandon the possibility of a nuclear first strike by NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[29] Following the September 11 attacks, Article 5 of the NATO Charter was first invoked following the September 12, 2001 terrorist attacks against the United States.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

On 4 October, NATO confirmed the attacks were an attack according to the North Atlantic Treaty.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The allies stood unequivocally in support of the United States and confirmed the introduction of Article Five.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

NATO countries pledged to support the United States by, among other things, pledging their ports, airfields and airspace to its use.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Joint NATO AWACS air surveillance aircraft and warships belonging to the contingency force were also assigned to counter-terrorism activities.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

However, Article 5 did not lead to a joint NATO mission; instead, an operation to destroy the al-Qaida network in Afghanistan was launched under U.S. leadership.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

NATO's limited role in the operation drew criticism from European allies who offered its help.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[30] NATO performed eight missions, the first two of which: Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour in exchange for charter obligations.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Despite this show of solidarity, on February 10, 2003, France and Belgium vetoed the power to block the deployment of NATO troops to Turkey prior to the Iraq War.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Germany did not veto it, but expressed support for it.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Nor did Turkey allow use of its soil to invade Iraq.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

On April 16, 2003, NATO first assumed a mission outside its geographical area of responsibility when it assumed responsibility for the ISAF peacekeeping force in Afghanistan.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The decision was made on the proposal of Germany and the Netherlands and accepted unanimously by all NATO countries.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Jurisdiction in the area was transferred to NATO on August 11.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

On July 31, 2006, a NATO-led force took over a military operation in southern Afghanistan from the U.S.-led coalition against terrorism.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In 2008, the United States warned NATO was on the verge of splitting into two camps unless Europeans took more responsibility for the Afghan mission.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The U.S. says the military alliance must not be divided between those who agree to fight and those who do not.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[31] Organizational change 2003 June 19, 2003 saw major changes in NATO leadership structure when Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic was disbanded.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

A new military headquarters for Allied Command Transformation (ACT) was established in Norfolk, U.S. state of Virginia.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) became Headquarters of Allied Command Operations (ACO) on this occasion.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Administration Secretary-General NATO Operational Activities is headed by the NATO Secretary General.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The first actual Secretary-General was British Hastings Ismay (1952—1957), followed by Belgian Paul-Henri Spaak (1957—1961), Dutchman Dirk Stikker (1961—1964), Italian Manlio Brosio (1964—1971), Dutchman Joseph Luns (1971—1984), British Peter Carington (1984—1988) ) and German Manfred Wörner (1988—1994).


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The eighth Secretary-General was Belgian Willy Claes (1994—95), who was forced to resign from his post as Secretary-General following allegations of bribery related to the purchase of Agusta helicopters by the Belgian Army.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

In 1998, he was sentenced to three years probation in prison and five years with a ban on engaging in public acts.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

He was succeeded as Secretary-General by Spaniard Javier Solana (1994—1999), British George Robertson (1999—2003), Dutchman Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (2003—2009) and Dane Anders Fogh Rasmussen (2009-2014).


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The current Secretary-General, Norwegian Jens Stoltenberg, took up the position on 1 October 2014.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

NATO Commanders as NATO Commander Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) is an American general who, since Ridgway, has also been the commander of United States forces in Europe at the same time.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Dwight D. Eisenhower: April 2, 1951 — 1952 Matthew Ridgway: 1952—1953 Alfred Gruenther: 1953—1956 Lauris Norstad: 1956—1963 Lyman Lemnitzer: 1963—1969 Andrew Goodpaster: 1969—1974 Alexander Haig: 1974—1979 Bernard Rogers: 1979—1987 John Galvin: 1987—1992 Shalikashvili: 1992—93 George Joulwan: 1993—1997 Wesley Clark: 1997—2000 Joseph Ralston: 2000—2003 James L. Jones: 2003—2006 Bantz J. Craddock: 2006— NATO Partnership for Peace NATO Partnership for Peace Program () is intended to build trust and cooperation to grow between NATO and non-member countries.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

NATO does not defend attacks on peace partners, as Article 5 of Defence Cooperation guarantees defence only to NATO members.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The issue arose when Russia, a partner country for peace, annexed itself another NATO partner for peace, Ukraine's southern Crimea region.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The joint was made after a referendum which was not internationally accepted.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

[32] NATO Partnership for Peace member countries include: The Finnish debate on NATO membership in Finland has been the subject of a public debate on the country's relationship with NATO since the 1990s.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

The debate is usually summed up as the question of whether Finland should become a member of NATO or not.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Finland has coordinated its fleet with NATO and is among NATO's peace partners, but has not applied for membership.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

See also Atlantism Western European Union Sources Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Daniele Ganser| title = NATO Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe| others = Translated by Lauri Itäkannas| publisher = Like and Finnish Peace Defenders | year = 2009}} References Literature Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Kivinen, Olli| title = NATO without feel| location = Helsinki| publisher = Finnish Atlantic Society: Financial information| year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-628-450-0| format = [Publication online version] (PDF)}} Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Krohn, Elias (ed.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

) | title= 51 good reasons to say “thank you no” to NATO | location = Helsinki| publisher = Like: Finnish peace defenders | year = 2003| id = ISBN 952-471-160-5}} Salomaa, Markku: Let's talk about NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Docendo, 2015.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

ISBN 978-952-291-129-2.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Citation error, replace with {{cite book| author = Sierla, Antti| title = Impacts of possible Finnish membership in NATO | location = Helsinki| publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs | year = 2007| id = ISBN 978-951-724-631-6| format = [Publication online version] (PDF)}} On the subject elsewhere in Transclusion error: {{En}} is only for use in File namespace.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Use {{lang-en}} or {{en icon}} instead.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

(in French) {{country data {{{1}}} | flaglink/core | variant = | size= | name= | altlink =national rugby union team | altvar =rugby union}} United Kingdom Häkkinen, Teemu:.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Book review of Salomaa, Markku: Let's talk about NATO.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

Docendo, 2015.


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

(Agricola book reviews, April 22, 2015.)


Question: How many countries belong to NATO?

NATO

* Category:Key articles of screening


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The history of cinema spans a generous hundred years.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Most commonly, it is calculated to start from 1895, when the Lumière brothers staged the first actual film screening.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Over the course of its history, the film has followed artistic, technological and political developments and has also been involved in shaping these developments.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The film was the first audiovisual mass media.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Because of this, it was used, among other things, to disseminate news and enlightenment/propaganda all the way to television becoming more prevalent.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Subsequently, film has been used mostly as a medium for art and entertainment.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Genesis The French Lumière brothers were instrumental in inventing the film, and they also staged the first actual film screenings.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The first film shown to the public was Lumièrie's 45-seconds-long Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory, which was shown in 1895 at the Grand Café in Paris.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The factory was the brothers' father's factory where chemicals and photographic plates were manufactured.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The building now houses a cinema. [1].


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The first has also been said to be a performance on 28 December 1895, when a simple documentary about the train arriving at the station, L'Arrivée d'un train en Gare de la Ciotat (1895), premiered in Paris.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Another of the major influencers of the early days of cinema was Georges Méliès, also a Frenchman, who can in turn be considered the father of trickshot photography and fantasy cinema.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Mute and Black and White Movies were for a long time single-coil short films because long films were not considered economically viable, and technically they were simple and unambitious.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The change was brought about by American filmmaker D. W. Griffith, whose forays into film technical culminated in the spectacle film Birth of a Nation (Birth of a Nation, 1915).


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Freely shaping the phases of the American Civil War, the drama not only began large-scale production of feature-length films with its success, but brought many of the technical details established to this day to the film and inspired many film directors who began in the silent period.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The first film industry emerged in Italy at the beginning of the 20th century, but it came to a head because of, among other things, the fierce commission demands of actors and expensive spectacles.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

It was characterised by major historical films, which many times could be shot in the original venues, when the history of Rome was discussed.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Italian filmmakers were characterized by giving great attention to the use of space, with American counterparts at the same time putting emphasis on motion in front of the camera.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The Italians were inspired for their aesthetic choice possibly by their country's long theatrical tradition.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

After Italy, the California of the United States was established as a haven of filmmaking.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

In the early days, movies didn't have their own “superstars” unlike now, because really no one's name was known throughout the industry, which was partly influenced by the fact that most of the films lacked credits.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

This situation was to the liking of the film companies, because when no actor was above the others, everyone could be paid the same salary, which were not yet very high at the time.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

However, the issue changed in 1910 when producer Carl Laemmle leased female actress Florence Lawrence from another company and launched a huge advertising scramble in which her name was revealed.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Later, Lawrence's name was in every commercial for the film he starred in above the others.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Laemmle's plan was successful and Lawrence became the first true “superstar” in film history and soon “star fever” spread around the world and caused soaring rises in premiums and differences between them.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

When in 1912, for example, the Danish Asta Nielsen earned more than $80 thousand per year, Lawrence received an income of $13,000.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

By World War I, theatrical cinema had established itself in industrialised countries as a true big-audience entertainment genre.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Muteness may even have contributed to its spread across language boundaries.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Commercial cinema was almost invariably a black-and-white silent film at the beginning, although much experimentation was done with sound as well as colour.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The most artistically ambitious silent productions were made in Germany on the one hand (expressionist tendency) and on the other in the young Soviet state before the establishment of Stalin's totalitarian regime and cultural bureaucracy.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The makers and theorists of Soviet cinema developed, in particular, a cut, a montage.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Sound The sound film punched itself through the late 1920s, with The Jazz Singer (1927) being the first feature-length dubbed film.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

As sound cinema became more common, many movie stars who had been successful in the silent era were forced to restart their careers.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

For example, there was no longer much demand for Buster Keaton and other silent comedians; audiences longed for the constant banter of comedians like Groucho Marx and Mae West.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

The outright raucousness about the possibility of dialogue was embodied by speech-based Hollywood slapstick and screwball comedies.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Initially, the sound was realized by an optical soundtrack, which was recorded directly on film by the camera like an image.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

However, the sound quality of this technique is generally considered poor, and so with the invention of magnetic sound recording, the sound was later recorded on tape, which was transferred to the perforated magnetic soundtrack of the performance copy.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Today, digital sound technology is normal in film recording.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

During World War II, the film was largely subjugated for propaganda purposes or, in any case, to aid in the war effort.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

In Italy, even before the arms went silent, the Neorealist movement, guided by such names as Roberto Rossellini and Vittorio de Sica, began.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Neorealism was characterized by the association of documentarity with social pathos, as well as the use of amateur actors.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Color Color film became common in the production of feature-length films during the late 1940s, when the Technicolor system was mainly used.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Technicolor divided the image into three different color components (red, green and blue), which were recorded on their own black and white films.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

This technique was able to produce very realistic colours, although very saturated by contemporary standards.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

A composite color film was later invented, incorporating all color components on the same film, although Technicolor was still used in post-production of the film until the late 1970s.


Question: What year was François Truffaut born?

History of cinema

Both sound and color were significant inventions for the film, but their influence was not only technical.